What It Was Like to Be a Librarian in Ancient Alexandria | Black Screen, Rain

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Hey everyone. 
Tonight we're opening the doors 

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to one of the most legendary 
places in human history. 

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The Library of Alexandria. 
Imagine being a librarian there 

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not just to keeper of Scrolls, 
but a guardian of the world's 

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knowledge, you won't just 
organizing shelves, you were 

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cataloging the cosmos Could you 
imagine the minds that Traverse 

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those marble halls? 
Thinkers philosophers, and 

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scientists were all striving to 
push the boundaries of human 

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understanding. 
So before you get comfortable, 

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let me know down in the comments
where you're listening from and 

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what time it is for you, as I 
love seeing how far these 

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stories travel now, get the 
light slow. 

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Maybe switch on your fan or 
something soft like the hum of a

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distant Sea Breeze. 
Let's slip quietly into the past

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and find ourselves amongst ink 
stained fingertips and the 

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whispered rustle of papyrus, 
This is what it was like to be a

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librarian in ancient Alexandria.
You wake up Before Dawn in your 

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small quarters Behind The Great 
Library of Alexandria. 

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And the first thing you notice 
is that Mediterranean humidity 

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clinging to everything, your 
simple tunic feels damp already 

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and you have to even stepped out
side yet. 

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This is your life. 
Now you're the chief librarian 

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of the most important collection
of knowledge in the known world.

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Yet you find yourself worried 
about sweaty clothes, The 

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Roosters are doing their thing 
across the city, but you've got 

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bigger concerns than poultry 
today. 

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Like every day for the past 
three years, you need to figure 

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out how to organize roughly 
400,000 Scrolls, without losing 

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your mind. 
And trust me some days that 

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second part feels harder than 
the first, you water on your 

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face from the base. 
And by your bed, the water's 

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been sitting there since 
yesterday, but it'll have to do 

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Palace life. 
This isn't You're more like a 

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very educated. 
Custodian who happens to know 

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seven languages and can debate 
philosophy with the best of 

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them. 
Your mother back in Athens, 

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still doesn't quite understand 
what you do for a living. 

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You read Scrolls all day she 
asks in her letters. 

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Well yes but also no, it's 
complicated. 

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The Morning Light filtered 
through the small window, 

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creating Long Shadows, that 
cover your workspace. 

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You've got three Scrolls. 
Open on your desk from last 

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night's cataloging session. 
Once scroll is a treat is on 

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astronomy written by a fellow 
from Babylon. 

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Another contains a collection of
medical procedures that could 

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make your stomach turn and the 
third is a philosophical work. 

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That is either brilliant or 
complete nonsense you'll still 

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deciding Your assistant Marcus 
won't arrive for another hour. 

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He's a talented kid enthusiastic
about learning, but he has this 

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unfortunate habit of dropping 
things important things. 

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Last week, it was a scroll about
engineering principles that took

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two scribes three months to 
copy. 

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You heard it. 
Hit the floor from three rooms 

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away and felt your soul. 
Leave your body for a moment. 

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You pull on your sandals and 
head towards the main hall? 

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the library at this hour is 
peaceful, almost sacred know, 

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Scholars arguing about whether 
home was one person or seven 

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know, politicians demanding to 
see maps of territories their 

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planning to conquer and no 
Physicians debating whether the 

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heart or the brain controls 
human emotion, it's to you. 

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The Scrolls and the gentle sound
of your footsteps on the marble.

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The smell hits you first Papyrus
ink. 

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And that particular mustiness 
that comes from housing. 

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Hundreds of thousands of written
works in a building near the 

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sea. 
It's not unpleasant exactly. 

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It's become the smell of home. 
Your friends back in Athens, 

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think your crazy for leaving a 
perfectly good teaching position

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to come manage a library but 
they don't understand the magic 

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of having all these knowledge in
one place, you'd like the oil 

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lamps in your section and start 
your daily routine. 

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First check for any Scrolls that
might have been damaged, causes 

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significant damage to Papyrus 
and you have honed your ability 

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to identify. 
You've learned to spot. 

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The early signs of 
deterioration, a scroll, that's 

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perfectly fine. 
One day can be crumbling the 

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next if you're not careful, 
you've developed what you call 

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Papyrus. 
Paranoia constantly checking 

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touching and adjusting Next, you
review the requests that came in

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yesterday. 
Scholar from Rome wants 

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everything you have on Egyptian,
burial practices, a merchant 

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from Syria needs maps of trade, 
routes to India, a young student

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is looking for anything about 
mathematics. 

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That doesn't make his head hurt.
You make notes about where to 

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find these materials knowing 
that the finding part is often 

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more challenging than the 
knowing part. 

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The library's organization 
system is your invention born 

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from necessity and refined 
through trial and error. 

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If you're being honest, it's 
mostly through trial and error. 

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You have organized the items by 
subject, then by region, and 

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finally, by author, but only 
when you know, the authorship of

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each item, it works most of the 
time. 

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But sometimes you'll spend half 
a day looking for a scroll that 

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turns out to be, where it should
be. 

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Just not where you thought by 
the time, the sun is properly up

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your first visitors. 
Start arriving. 

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Today's crowd is typical a mix 
of serious Scholars, curious 

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Travelers. 
And the occasional person who's 

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clearly just trying to get out 
of the heat, you've learned to 

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distinguish between them pretty 
quickly. 

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The serious Scholars arrived 
with specific questions and 

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infinite patience. 
They'll spend hours reading 

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taking notes and asking 
thoughtful questions you enjoy 

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working with them. 
Even when they're questions, 

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send you scrambling through 
sections, you haven't visited in

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months. 
Today's first scholar is a 

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middle-aged woman from Crete. 
Whose researching ancient 

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cooking methods. 
She is particularly interested 

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in how different cultures 
preserved meet which sounds 

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mundane Until you realize, she's
trying to solve practical 

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problems for sea voyages. 
You guide her to the domestic 

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arts section which is tucked 
between Agriculture and animal 

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husbandry. 
She settles in with a stack of 

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Scrolls and a wax tablet for 
notes and you know you won't 

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hear from her again until the 
Sun starts setting. 

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Scholars like her are a 
Librarians dream, they know what

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they want. 
They're careful with the 

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materials and they clean up 
after themselves. 

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The Curious Travelers are more 
challenging they want to see the

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famous library, but don't have 
specific research needs. 

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There are essentially tourists 
even though the term tourist has

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not yet been coined. 
You've developed a standard tool

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that covers the highlights 
without getting too deep into 

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the organizational details, that
would bore them. 

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You show them, the astronomy 
section point out some of the 

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more impressive medical texts 
and always end with the Poetry 

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collection because people seem 
to like that, Today's tourist is

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a merchant from Gaul who's heard
about Alexandria's reputation 

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for learning. 
He speaks possible, Greek and 

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appears genuinely interested as 
he asks questions about how you 

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acquire new texts. 
And if you have any from his 

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homeland, You don't, 
unfortunately, but you make a 

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note to ask the next Trader from
that region to bring back 

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anything written building a 
universal collection means being

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opportunistic about sources. 
Then, there are other 

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heatseekers Alexandria summer is
brutally hot and the library is 

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one of the few places in the 
city that stays relatively cool,

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the thick walls, and high 
ceilings, creating natural 

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refuge. 
And you've learned tolerate, the

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people who come in just to 
escape the Sun as long as 

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they're quiet and don't touch 
anything, you let them stay 

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around midday, you get a visitor
who doesn't fit any of your 

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usual categories. 
He's well-dressed speaks with 

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the accent of the educated 
classes and claims to be 

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researching the nature of 
knowledge itself. 

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His claim sounds impressive 
Until you realize he's one of 

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those philosophers who like to 
ask questions that don't have 

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answers. 
What is the difference between 

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knowing something and 
understanding it? 

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He asks you want to tell him 
that right now? 

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The difference is that you 
understand he's going to make 

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your day more complicated than 
it needs to be. 

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You set him up in the philosophy
section with some basic texts 

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and hope he'll get absorbed in 
Reading instead of pestering you

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with unanswerable questions. 
Philosophies important, you know

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that you've got practical 
problems to solve, The confusion

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between your astronomy and 
Mathematics Scrolls arises from 

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the apparent, inability of 
ancient Scholars to 

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differentiate between the two 
disciplines. 

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Marcus arrives during the lunch 
hour, apologetic about being 

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late but carrying news from the 
harbor. 

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The ship from Rhodes has arrived
with a cargo that includes 

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several Scrolls, the captain is 
willing to trade. 

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This is how you acquire a lot of
your collection through trade 

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purchase and the occasional 
generous donation from Scholars 

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who want their work preserved. 
You send markers to negotiate 

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with the ship's Captain. 
While you handle the afternoon, 

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crowd the afternoon, people are 
different from the morning 

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people, there are often local 
residents who finish their daily

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work and want to spend time 
reading for pleasure. 

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We've got a regular crowd of 
aleksandra residents who come in

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to read, poetry browse the 
historical texts or just sit 

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quietly with the scroll about 
guardians or cooking. 

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One of your regulars is an 
elderly man named Demetrius, who

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worked as a scribe before his 
hands. 

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Got to shaky for detail work. 
He comes in most afternoons to 

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read military, histories, 
particularly accounts of 

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Alexander the Great's campaigns.
He fought in some of those 

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battles as a young man, and he 
enjoys comparing his memories 

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with the official accounts. 
Sometimes he'll mutter 

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corrections to the Scrolls which
would be amusing if you weren't 

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worried about other people 
overhearing and thinking your 

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collection contained errors, the
afternoon brings one of your 

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favorite parts of the job 
though. 

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It's also one of the most 
stressful. 

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Marcus returns from the harbor 
with news about the roads 

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Scrolls, and you must decide 
what to buy, and how much to pay

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this stage is where your job 
becomes part. 

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Scholarship part negotiation and
part detective work. 

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The captain has brought five 
Scrolls and his willing to let 

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you examine them before, making 
an offer. 

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Three of the scrolls are copies 
of works. 

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You already possess but this 
isn't necessarily a problem. 

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Multiple copies of valuable 
especially when your existing 

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versions are showing where but 
you need to compare them to see 

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if these new copies, might have 
different versions of the text 

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additional passages or 
Corrections that make them worth

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aquaring. 
The fourth scroll is something 

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you've never seen before. 
Treat is on navigation, 

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techniques, used by Egyptian 
sailors. 

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This material is potentially 
valuable since your collection 

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has very little practical 
Maritime knowledge. 

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The 5th scroll is the real prize
the collection of mathematical 

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problems and solutions that 
appears to be original work by a

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scholar from Rhodes whose name 
you recognize from other texts, 

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you spend an hour examining each
scroll checking for damage 

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authenticity and content 
quality. 

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The navigation scroll has some 
water damage but is still 

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readable. 
The mathematics scroll is in 

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excellent condition that 
expensive. 

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The captain knows what he has 
and isn't going to let it go 

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cheaply. 
Negotiating for Scrolls requires

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a delicate balance, you can't 
appear to eager for the price. 

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Will go up but you can't be too 
casual either or you might lose 

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the opportunity entirely. 
You've learned to ask questions 

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that demonstrate your knowledge 
without revealing exactly how 

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interested you are. 
Interesting approach to start 

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navigation. 
You might say while examining a 

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scroll Though, I noticed the 
author doesn't address the 

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seasonal variations that most 
Sailors consider essential the 

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captain is experienced at this 
game too. 

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He mentions casually that 
another library in pergamon has 

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expressed interest in the 
mathematics scroll the statement

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might be true or it might be a 
negotiating tactic. 

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Either way it adds pressure to 
your decision-making process, 

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you end up purchasing the 
navigation, scroll in the 

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mathematics, scroll plus one of 
the duplicates because it 

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contains marginalia that might 
be interesting to Scholars. 

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The total cost will put a dent 
in your quarterly budget but 

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good materials are worth the 
investment. 

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You arrange for the Scrolls to 
be delivered, to the library, 

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the next morning. 
After you've had time to prepare

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proper storage for them. 
While your handling, the 

233
00:11:34,300 --> 00:11:37,100
acquisition Marcus is dealing 
with a different kind of 

234
00:11:37,100 --> 00:11:40,700
challenge a group of visiting 
Scholars from Bergman as arrived

235
00:11:40,700 --> 00:11:43,400
and they're not here for 
friendly research, their 

236
00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:45,200
conducting. 
What amounts to competitive 

237
00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:48,200
intelligence trying? 
To determine what Alexandria has

238
00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:50,900
that they don't? 
Libraries in the ancient world 

239
00:11:50,900 --> 00:11:52,700
are Prestige projects for their 
cities. 

240
00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:55,600
And there's definitely rivalry 
between major collections. 

241
00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,600
The permanent Scholars are 
polite but persistent. 

242
00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:02,000
They want to know about your 
acquisition practices, your 

243
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:04,600
cataloging methods, and 
particularly your sources for 

244
00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,400
rare techs. 
You can't be openly hostile. 

245
00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:10,700
Scholarly cooperation is 
important, and you might need 

246
00:12:10,700 --> 00:12:14,200
favors from them someday. 
But you also can't give away 

247
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:15,800
information. 
That might compromise 

248
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:17,800
Alexandria's competitive 
advantages. 

249
00:12:18,500 --> 00:12:21,500
You decide to give them the 
standard tour, emphasizing the 

250
00:12:21,500 --> 00:12:24,300
size and scope of your 
collection without getting into 

251
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:26,500
specifics about rare or unique 
items. 

252
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:29,900
You show them impressive, but 
not Irreplaceable texts. 

253
00:12:29,900 --> 00:12:32,700
And you, make sure they 
understand that Alexandria's 

254
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:35,100
real strength is the 
comprehensive of the collection 

255
00:12:35,100 --> 00:12:37,400
rather than any particular 
Treasures. 

256
00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:41,200
One of the visiting Scholars 
asks about your medical texts 

257
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:44,500
which makes you nervous. 
Alexandria has the best medical 

258
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:47,300
collection in the world, 
including some unique surgical 

259
00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:49,000
procedures and anatomical 
observations. 

260
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,200
You show them some of the more 
common medical Works while 

261
00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:54,500
steering them away from the 
truly valuable items. 

262
00:12:54,500 --> 00:12:58,700
The visit ends cordially with 
polite expression of mutual 

263
00:12:58,700 --> 00:13:01,700
respect and vague promises to 
share information in the future.

264
00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:05,300
Your sure, they learned more 
than you want it but less than 

265
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,100
they hoped. 
Its kind of diplomatic balancing

266
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:11,000
act as part of the job you never
expected when you took the 

267
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,500
position. 
As the Pokemon delegation 

268
00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:15,400
leaves. 
You notice that one of them, 

269
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,000
spent a lot of time, looking at 
your organizational system. 

270
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,700
Library's are starting to copy 
each other's methods, which is 

271
00:13:21,708 --> 00:13:25,300
flattering, but also concerning 
you've put a lot of thought into

272
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:28,300
your cataloging approach and you
prefer to keep some of those 

273
00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:31,600
Innovations in Alexandria. 
As the day, winds down, you 

274
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:33,700
face, one of the constant 
challenges of Library 

275
00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:36,600
management, the scholars who 
want to work late Into the 

276
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,800
Night. 
Oil for lamps is expensive and 

277
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:41,300
keeping the building properly 
lit. 

278
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:43,200
After Sunset requires careful 
planning. 

279
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,400
But serious research, often 
requires extended hours, and 

280
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:49,500
turning away. 
Dedicated, Scholars were 

281
00:13:49,500 --> 00:13:51,000
damaged, Alexandria's 
reputation. 

282
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,100
You've developed an informal 
system for late-night. 

283
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:56,700
Access Scholars. 
Who demonstrate serious 

284
00:13:56,700 --> 00:13:58,800
research? 
Needs can request permission to 

285
00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:01,800
work after normal hours, but 
they need to provide their oil 

286
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:03,900
and commit to following strict 
safety procedures. 

287
00:14:03,900 --> 00:14:08,300
Fire is your greatest fear. 
One careless moment with a lamp 

288
00:14:08,308 --> 00:14:10,600
could destroy centuries of 
accumulated knowledge. 

289
00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:14,500
Tonight's late night scholar is 
a physician from Syria, whose 

290
00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:18,000
researching eye diseases He's 
been working on A Treatise about

291
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,100
surgical procedures for treating
cataracts. 

292
00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:23,200
He needs to compare different 
approaches described in your 

293
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,400
medical collection. 
This is exactly the kind of work

294
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,000
that justifies extended hours, 
practical research, that could 

295
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,600
help people. 
You set him up in a corner of 

296
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:34,600
the medical section. 
With clear instructions, about 

297
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:36,200
lamps safety, and scroll 
handling. 

298
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,000
He's worked here before so you 
trust him to be careful. 

299
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:42,300
Still you'll check on him 
periodically throughout the 

300
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:44,500
evening to make sure 
everything's going smoothly. 

301
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,300
While he settles in with his 
research, you tackle one of your

302
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:51,800
least favorite, but most 
necessary tasks inventory 

303
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,400
management. 
Every few months, you need to 

304
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:56,500
conduct a systematic review of 
The Collection. 

305
00:14:56,500 --> 00:15:00,100
Checking for damage Scrolls, 
missing items, and 

306
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,800
organizational problems. 
Tedious work but essential for 

307
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:05,500
maintaining the collections 
integrity. 

308
00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:09,400
Tonight, you're working on the 
astronomy section, which has 

309
00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:11,600
been growing rapidly. 
Thanks to active scholarly 

310
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:13,400
interest in Celestial 
observations. 

311
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:16,400
The problem is that astronomy 
overlaps with mathematics 

312
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:20,100
navigation and even medicine. 
So you're constantly deciding 

313
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:22,600
whether Scrolls belong in this 
section or somewhere else. 

314
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:26,900
You discover three Miss shelled,
Scrolls, likely the result of 

315
00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:29,700
well-intentioned Scholars, 
attempting to reassign materials

316
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:33,600
to the incorrect locations. 
This is an ongoing challenge in 

317
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:35,200
individuals. 
Often believe that placing 

318
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,700
Scrolls in roughly the correct 
areas beneficial but it actually

319
00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:41,600
increases your workload. 
You've learned to check the most

320
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:44,200
obvious wrong locations. 
When you can't find something 

321
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:48,500
where it should be, The real 
Discovery tonight is a scroll 

322
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:51,500
that you thought was lost. 
Its A Treatise on predicting 

323
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:54,200
eclipses that disappeared from 
the astronomy section three 

324
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:58,000
months ago you finally find it 
by some mathematical texts 

325
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,900
probably not back there. 
Accidentally finding it brings 

326
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:04,400
immense relief as the loss of 
Irreplaceable. 

327
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:07,300
Materials is a librarian's 
greatest concern. 

328
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:11,100
Around midnight, you take a 
break to check on the Syrian 

329
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,600
physician, he's made excellent 
progress and has several wax 

330
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,600
tablets covered with notes. 
More importantly, he's been 

331
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,200
careful with the lamp and has 
kept his workspace organized. 

332
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:23,700
You bring him some water and a 
small meal, partly out of 

333
00:16:23,708 --> 00:16:26,100
hospitality. 
And partly to give yourself an 

334
00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,000
excuse to verify that everything
still under control. 

335
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:32,300
He's excited about his research 
and wants to share his findings.

336
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:35,400
Apparently, he's discovered that
three different medical 

337
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:38,500
Traditions have developed 
similar but slightly different 

338
00:16:38,500 --> 00:16:42,800
approaches to cataract surgery. 
By comparing them, he thinks he 

339
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,300
can develop an improved 
technique that combines the best

340
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:48,500
elements of each approach. 
This is why the library matters.

341
00:16:48,500 --> 00:16:52,300
It's not just about preserving 
knowledge, but about neighboring

342
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:54,500
new discoveries through the 
combination of different 

343
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:56,600
sources. 
You listen to him. 

344
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,900
Intently the part of your focus 
is on the lamp flame and the 

345
00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:03,700
Scrolls around his desk. 
Scholarly enthusiasm is 

346
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:06,700
wonderful but it can make people
care, less about practical, 

347
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:08,900
safety concerns. 
You've learned to balance 

348
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:11,500
encouragement with gentle 
reminders, about being careful 

349
00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:15,200
as you return to your inventory 
work, you reflect on how much 

350
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,500
your job has changed since you 
started initially. 

351
00:17:18,500 --> 00:17:21,200
You thought you'd spend your 
time reading and discussing 

352
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:24,900
ideas with visiting Scholars, 
the reality involves much more 

353
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,500
practical management tracking 
materials, negotiating 

354
00:17:28,500 --> 00:17:32,000
Acquisitions maintaining 
building security and dealing 

355
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,800
with the endless Logistics of 
keeping a large collection 

356
00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:38,300
accessible to researchers, but 
nights, like this remind you, 

357
00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:41,600
why the work matters. 
A Syrian physician will return 

358
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,500
home with new knowledge that 
could improve medical treatment 

359
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,600
for his patients, The Scholar 
from Crete will develop better 

360
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,000
food preservation techniques 
that could make sea voyages 

361
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:52,500
safer. 
The mathematic scroll, you 

362
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,300
acquired today might contain 
insights that Inspire, new 

363
00:17:55,300 --> 00:17:58,800
discoveries, you're not just 
managing a collection, your 

364
00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:01,000
supporting a network of 
knowledge that spams, the Known 

365
00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:03,000
World. 
The next morning, brings a 

366
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,200
challenge. 
You've been dreading a visit 

367
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,700
from government officials who 
want to discuss the library's 

368
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:10,700
role in supporting Alexandria's 
political interests. 

369
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:13,900
This is the delicate dance. 
You perform, regularly 

370
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:16,700
maintaining the library's 
scholarly Independence while 

371
00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:19,000
satisfying, the political 
authorities, who fund your 

372
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,500
operations. 
The delegation includes a 

373
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:25,000
representative from the Royal 
Court, a military officer, and a

374
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,000
trade official their polite. 
But clearly have an agenda, The 

375
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,200
Royal representative explains 
that Alexandria is negotiating a

376
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:33,400
treaty with a neighboring 
Kingdom. 

377
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:35,900
And they need information about 
that, Region's military 

378
00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:39,300
capabilities, natural resources,
and trade relationships. 

379
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:41,300
This puts you in an awkward 
position. 

380
00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:45,700
The library contains exactly the
information, they're seeking 

381
00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:50,100
military, histories geographical
surveys, an economic analysis. 

382
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,600
But providing this information 
for political purposes, feels 

383
00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:55,300
like a betrayal of the scholarly
trust. 

384
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,200
That makes your collection, 
possible Scholars, share their 

385
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:00,300
knowledge with you because they 
believe it will be used for 

386
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:02,200
learning, not for political 
Advantage. 

387
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,800
You navigate this carefully 
explaining that you can provide 

388
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,300
access to publicly available 
information but cannot conduct 

389
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:12,800
targeted intelligence research. 
You offer to show them relevant 

390
00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:14,700
materials and let them draw 
their own conclusions. 

391
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:18,600
But you won't compile reports or
make recommendations this 

392
00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:20,700
Arrangement. 
Satisfies their immediate needs 

393
00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:22,800
while preserving your scholarly 
neutrality. 

394
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,600
The military officer is 
particularly interested in your 

395
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,000
maps and geographical texts. 
You show him some general 

396
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,700
materials about the region in 
question that you avoid 

397
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:35,200
mentioning the details military 
surveys that are kept in a 

398
00:19:35,208 --> 00:19:38,000
Restricted Section. 
You know, to be careful about 

399
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,000
what you share as some 
information is too sensitive for

400
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:43,800
the public. 
Trade official wants information

401
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:45,900
about commercial routes and 
market conditions. 

402
00:19:45,900 --> 00:19:49,500
This is easier to provide since 
much of this information is 

403
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,800
contained in travel accounts and
Merchants records that are 

404
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:56,000
genuinely scholarly in nature. 
You spend an hour, helping him, 

405
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,300
locate relevant materials and he
seems satisfied with what he 

406
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:02,200
finds. 
After the officials leave you 

407
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,400
deal with a different kind of 
political challenge, a group of 

408
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,200
local, religious leaders has 
requested, a meeting to discuss 

409
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:09,700
some of the materials in your 
collection. 

410
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:12,700
They're concerned about texts. 
That present, alternative 

411
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:15,500
religious viewpoints, or 
challenged traditional beliefs. 

412
00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:19,400
This is always a sensitive issue
in a diversity, like Alexandria,

413
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,500
where different cultural and 
religious Traditions coexist, 

414
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:26,200
You meet with them in your 
office serving wine and trying 

415
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:29,200
to keep the conversation, 
friendly, their leader explains 

416
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,100
that they're not asking you to 
remove materials, but they want 

417
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,900
to ensure that potentially 
controversial texts are clearly 

418
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:38,100
identified so that people can 
make informed decisions about 

419
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:40,800
what to read. 
The request, seems reasonable on

420
00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:43,200
the surface, but you're wary of 
anything that might lead to 

421
00:20:43,208 --> 00:20:46,800
censorship or restricted access.
You explain that the library's 

422
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,200
mission is to preserve Knowledge
from all sources and traditions.

423
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,200
And that scholarly inquiry 
requires exposure to different 

424
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,200
viewpoints, you offer to work 
with them to develop better 

425
00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:58,000
descriptions of controversial 
materials. 

426
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,200
But you stress that you won't 
restrict access to legitimate 

427
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,500
scholarly resources, a 
conversation remains cordial. 

428
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:06,700
But you can sense underlying 
tensions. 

429
00:21:06,700 --> 00:21:09,900
Some of the religious leaders 
are clearly uncomfortable with 

430
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:12,000
the idea that their beliefs 
might be challenged by 

431
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,300
alternative viewpoints others 
appear more concerned with 

432
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:18,000
accurately representing their 
own Traditions within the 

433
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:20,400
collection. 
You played to scrutinize the 

434
00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,200
description of various religious
and philosophical traditions in 

435
00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:26,600
Catalogs seeking to offer more 
impartial and precise 

436
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,300
information. 
Meanwhile, Marcus is dealing 

437
00:21:29,308 --> 00:21:32,600
with a practical political 
problem, a wealthy Merchant has 

438
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,100
offered to donate a significant 
collection of Scrolls to the 

439
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:38,600
library, but he wants his name, 
prominently, displayed and 

440
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,000
expects special recognition for 
his generosity. 

441
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,600
This kind of patronage is 
important for your funding, but 

442
00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,300
it creates complications when 
donors try to influence how 

443
00:21:47,300 --> 00:21:50,300
their contributions are used. 
You review, the proposed 

444
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:53,700
donation with Marcus, the 
scrolls are valuable mostly 

445
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:55,800
historical and literary works, 
that would enhance your 

446
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:58,500
collection. 
But the merchants terms include 

447
00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:01,200
rules on how to display the 
materials and who can access 

448
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:05,100
them your willing to acknowledge
his generosity publicly, but you

449
00:22:05,108 --> 00:22:07,500
can't accept limitations on 
scholarly access. 

450
00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:10,700
Your Ranger meeting with the 
merchant for the following week 

451
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:14,000
planning to negotiate terms. 
That satisfy his desire for 

452
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:17,000
recognition, while preserving 
the library's principles. 

453
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,400
This kind of diplomacy is an 
increasingly important part of 

454
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,800
your job as the library's 
reputation grows. 

455
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:27,600
And attracts more high-profile 
supporters. the afternoon brings

456
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:30,400
a different kind of political 
challenge, when two rival, 

457
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,700
Scholars arrive to research the 
same topic, their both working 

458
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,000
on history of recent military 
campaigns and they clearly see 

459
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:40,400
each other as competitors rather
than colleague's You need to 

460
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,900
provide equal access to both 
while preventing their rivalry 

461
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:45,600
from disrupting other Scholars 
work. 

462
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,700
You set them up in different 
sections of the historical 

463
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:52,000
materials ensuring that each has
access to the resources. 

464
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,400
They need without forcing them 
to work in close proximity. 

465
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,900
Additionally, you ensure that 
they comprehend the importance 

466
00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,700
of resolving, any disputes 
regarding interpretation or 

467
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:05,000
methodology outside the library.
You dedicate your space to 

468
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,800
research not to scholarly 
disputes late in the afternoon 

469
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,800
your cataloging a recently, 
acquired collection, when you 

470
00:23:11,808 --> 00:23:14,300
make a discovery that reminds 
you, why you love this work? 

471
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,400
Hidden among a stack of routine.
Administrative documents is a 

472
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,700
scroll that contains what 
appears to be a lost work by a 

473
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:24,000
philosopher? 
You've studied for years, the 

474
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,200
text is fragmentary and the 
Papyrus is badly damaged. 

475
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,400
But enough remains to suggest 
that this could be a significant

476
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:33,500
find. 
Your hands Shake slightly as you

477
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:36,700
examine the scroll, if this is 
authentic, it could change 

478
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:39,900
scholarly understanding of this 
philosophers work but 

479
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,700
authenticating ancient texts as 
complex, requiring careful. 

480
00:23:43,700 --> 00:23:47,200
Analysis of writing styles, 
material composition and 

481
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:50,300
historical context. 
You'll need to consult experts 

482
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:53,600
and compare this text with other
known works for making any 

483
00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:57,200
claims about its significant. 
Be carefully wrap the scroll in 

484
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:00,200
protective cloth and place it in
a secure storage area. 

485
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,600
Tomorrow, you'll begin the 
process of detailed examination.

486
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,600
But tonight, you want to save 
the excitement of Discovery? 

487
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:10,300
These moments are rare. 
Most of your Acquisitions are 

488
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:13,000
routine additions, to existing 
knowledge, rather than genuine 

489
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:16,100
surprises. 
The discovery reminds you of why

490
00:24:16,100 --> 00:24:18,400
Scholars are willing to travel, 
hundreds of miles to work in 

491
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,100
Alexandria. 
Your collection contains, not 

492
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:24,400
just the well-known works that 
exists in multiple copies, but 

493
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:27,000
also unique materials that can't
be found anywhere else. 

494
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,000
Some of these items arrive 
through careful, acquisition. 

495
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,200
But others are accidental. 
Discoveries like tonight's fine.

496
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:37,300
As your securing, the scroll 
markers approaches with news 

497
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:39,600
about the Syrian physician who 
worked late last night. 

498
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:43,200
He's completed, his research and
wants to leave a copy of his 

499
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:46,200
notes for future Scholars, 
working on similar problems. 

500
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:50,300
This is one of the ways, your 
collection, grows Scholars 

501
00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:52,900
contribute, their own research 
findings to supplement, the 

502
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:56,800
existing materials you review 
his notes, which a detail and 

503
00:24:56,808 --> 00:25:00,200
well organized, his documented, 
his sources carefully and 

504
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:01,600
explained his reasoning. 
Clearly. 

505
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,100
This kind of contribution is 
valuable because it shows how 

506
00:25:05,100 --> 00:25:07,600
existing knowledge can be 
synthesized and applied to 

507
00:25:07,608 --> 00:25:10,300
practical problems. 
You'll add is notes to the 

508
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:12,400
medical section with proper 
attribution. 

509
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,100
The evening, brings your weekly 
meeting with the other senior 

510
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:17,100
staff members. 
There are four of you 

511
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:19,600
responsible for different 
aspects of Library, operations 

512
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:24,000
collections, Building 
Maintenance, security, and 

513
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,400
external relations. 
These meetings help coordinate 

514
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:29,800
your activities and address 
problems before they become 

515
00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:32,900
serious issues. 
Tonight's main topic is the 

516
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:35,600
growing space problem. 
The Collection is expanding 

517
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:37,500
faster than the building can 
accommodate it. 

518
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:39,900
You're running out of room for 
new acquisitions. 

519
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:43,100
Several Solutions are under 
consideration including 

520
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:46,400
expanding the existing structure
establishing satellite 

521
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,800
collections or implementing more
selective acquisition policies. 

522
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:54,100
Each option has advantages and 
drawbacks This expansion would 

523
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:56,600
be expensive and disruptive to 
ongoing operations. 

524
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,400
Satellite collections would 
reduce the library's 

525
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,500
Effectiveness by scattering 
related materials across 

526
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:06,100
multiple locations. 
More selective acquisition would

527
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:08,700
limit the collections 
comprehensive nests which is one

528
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:11,000
of Alexandria's main competitive
advantages. 

529
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:14,800
You advocate for expansion 
arguing that the short-term 

530
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,900
costs are justified by the 
long-term benefits of 

531
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:19,600
maintaining a comprehensive 
collection. 

532
00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:22,800
The building maintenance 
supervisor worries about the 

533
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,300
structural challenges of adding 
new Wings to the existing 

534
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:28,200
structure. 
The security Chief is concerned 

535
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:31,100
about protecting a larger 
facility with the same number of

536
00:26:31,108 --> 00:26:34,800
guards, the external relations 
manager, reports that several 

537
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:38,000
wealthy patrons have expressed 
interest in funding expansion 

538
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:42,600
projects in exchange for naming 
rights to new sections. the 

539
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,900
arrangement could solve the 
funding problem while creating 

540
00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:48,500
new political complications, 
you'll need to balance donor 

541
00:26:48,500 --> 00:26:50,600
recognition with scholarly 
Independence. 

542
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:54,500
No decisions are made to night, 
but you agree to develop detail 

543
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:57,700
proposals for each option. 
These will be presented to the 

544
00:26:57,708 --> 00:27:00,700
Royal Court for final approval 
since major changes to the 

545
00:27:00,708 --> 00:27:02,500
library require governmental 
support. 

546
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:05,800
You hope the decision-makers 
understand that the library's 

547
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,300
value to Alexandria depends on 
its ability to continue growing 

548
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:14,100
and adapting to scholarly needs.
After the meeting you spend time

549
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:16,800
reviewing acquisition requests 
that have accumulated during the

550
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:18,100
day. 
Scholars. 

551
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:20,100
And collectors. 
Regularly contact you about 

552
00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:23,100
materials, their willing to 
sell, or donate each request 

553
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:26,500
requires, evaluation of the 
materials quality relevant to 

554
00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:28,400
your collection, and 
authenticity. 

555
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:32,100
As your day wine down, you find 
yourself in the quietest me 

556
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:35,800
section, surrounded by Scrolls 
that map, the movements of stars

557
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,500
and planets. 
The evening light filtering 

558
00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:41,500
through the high Windows creates
Long Shadows across the reading 

559
00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:44,800
tables and you can hear the 
distant sounds of Alexandria 

560
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,900
settling into night. 
Merchants closing, their shops, 

561
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:51,400
families gathering for dinner 
ships, creaking in the harbor. 

562
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,400
You're checking on a scroll, 
that's been giving you trouble. 

563
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:57,300
It's A Treatise on planetary 
movements that arrived last 

564
00:27:57,300 --> 00:27:59,900
month from a scholar in Babylon,
but the mathematical 

565
00:27:59,900 --> 00:28:02,700
calculations don't match. 
Other works on the same subject.

566
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:06,300
Either this scholar has made 
errors or he's discovered 

567
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:09,000
something that challenges 
existing astronomical Theory. 

568
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,400
Determining, which is the case 
requires, careful, comparison 

569
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:15,100
with other sources, and possibly
consultation with 

570
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:19,000
mathematicians, this is the kind
of problem that makes your job 

571
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,700
intellectually. 
Satisfying, you're not just 

572
00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:24,800
organizing and preserving 
knowledge, your helping to 

573
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,200
advance it by identifying 
inconsistencies comparing 

574
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,600
different approaches. 
And for facilitating, the 

575
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:34,400
scholarly discussions that lead 
to new discoveries, The library 

576
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,500
isn't just a repository, it's an
active participant in the 

577
00:28:37,508 --> 00:28:40,600
creation of knowledge. 
As you work, you notice that the

578
00:28:40,608 --> 00:28:43,600
astronomer section has become 
popular with a new type of 

579
00:28:43,608 --> 00:28:47,500
visitor practical Navigators who
use star positions for sea 

580
00:28:47,500 --> 00:28:49,700
travel. 
They're less interested in 

581
00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:52,100
theoretical astronomy than 
inaccurate. 

582
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:54,200
Usable information about 
Celestial navigation. 

583
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:57,900
This scenario creates an 
interesting challenge for your 

584
00:28:57,908 --> 00:29:01,200
organization System since the 
same information serves both 

585
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:02,900
scholarly and practical 
purposes. 

586
00:29:04,300 --> 00:29:06,300
You plan to discuss this with 
markers tomorrow. 

587
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:09,400
Perhaps you need to create 
cross-references that help 

588
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,000
different types of users, find 
relevant materials without 

589
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,300
disrupting The Logical 
organization of the collection. 

590
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:18,400
The library's success depends on
its ability to serve diverse 

591
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:20,600
needs while maintaining 
scholarly integrity. 

592
00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:23,500
The building grows quieter as 
evening. 

593
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:26,600
Approaches most Scholars, have 
finished their work for the day 

594
00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:29,300
and the few remaining 
researchers are settling into 

595
00:29:29,300 --> 00:29:32,400
focused study. 
You enjoy these peaceful hours 

596
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:34,200
when the library feels most 
sacred. 

597
00:29:34,900 --> 00:29:36,800
A temple to human curiosity and 
learning. 

598
00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:40,400
You think about the scroll you 
discovered earlier the one that 

599
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:42,900
might be a lost philosophical 
work tomorrow. 

600
00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:46,400
You'll begin the careful process
of authentication but tonight 

601
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,900
your content to know that it's 
safely, stored and waiting for 

602
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:53,600
proper examination. 
Whether it proves to be a 

603
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,800
significant Discovery or just an
interesting curiosity, it 

604
00:29:56,800 --> 00:29:59,600
represents the ongoing adventure
of scholarly exploration. 

605
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:03,300
Your work continues long after 
the sun sets. 

606
00:30:03,900 --> 00:30:07,000
By Lamplight, you review the 
days activities and plan, 

607
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,100
tomorrow's priorities. 
The Syrian physician has left 

608
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:13,300
detailed notes about his 
research, the visiting Scholars 

609
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:15,300
from pergamon have departed with
polite. 

610
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:18,300
Expressions of gratitude, The 
government officials have the 

611
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:20,800
information they needed. 
The religious leaders have 

612
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:22,800
received your promise to review 
the catalog. 

613
00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:26,100
Descriptions the wealthy. 
Merchants donation, awaits 

614
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,700
negotiation, each interaction. 
Represents a different aspect of

615
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:32,000
your role as keeper of 
Alexandria's intellectual 

616
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,700
Treasures, your simultaneously, 
a scholar, a diplomat, and 

617
00:30:35,700 --> 00:30:39,000
negotiator, and a guardian. 
The work is more complex than 

618
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,000
you anticipated when you 
accepted the position but it's 

619
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,900
also more rewarding than you 
imagined. 

620
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:46,500
As you prepare to lock up the 
library for the night. 

621
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,000
You walk through the main hall 
one more time, the oil lamps 

622
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,700
casting Shadows on the walls 
line, with Scrolls creating an 

623
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:55,700
atmosphere of mystery and 
possibility. 

624
00:30:56,500 --> 00:31:00,000
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries new 

625
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,900
opportunities, to support the 
advancement of human knowledge. 

626
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:06,300
You've learned that being a 
librarian in ancient Alexandria 

627
00:31:06,300 --> 00:31:08,000
isn't just about organizing 
information. 

628
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,000
It's about nurturing. 
The intellectual curiosity, that

629
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,900
drives human progress. 
Every scroll, you acquire, every

630
00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:17,200
scholar, you assist. 
And every problem you solve 

631
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:20,000
contributes to the vast network 
of learning that connects 

632
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,800
thinkers across cultures and 
centuries. 

633
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:25,400
The work will continue as long 
as humans are curious about the 

634
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,600
world tonight. 
Your satisfied knowing that 

635
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:31,200
you've played a small, but 
important role in keeping the 

636
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,100
flame of knowledge. 
Burning Brightly in this. 

637
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:36,500
Remarkable City by the Sea. 
You blow out the last lamp, 

638
00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:39,100
secure the doors and head to 
your quarters. 

639
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:44,500
Outside Alexandria sleeps, under
a canopy of stars that your 

640
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:46,100
astronomical Scrolls have helped
humans. 

641
00:31:46,100 --> 00:31:47,700
Understand just a little bit 
better. 

642
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:50,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
questions, new discoveries and 

643
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:53,400
new opportunities to serve. 
The endless human quest, for 

644
00:31:53,400 --> 00:32:04,000
knowledge and understanding 
Imagine yourself strolling 

645
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:07,200
along, Strasburg cobblestone 
streets on a typical July 

646
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,400
Morning. 
In 1518, the sun is warming your

647
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:14,100
face merchants or Hawking their 
Wares and you're thinking about 

648
00:32:14,100 --> 00:32:17,300
what's for dinner. 
Then as you turn a corner, you 

649
00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:19,600
encounter something that prompts
you to wonder if you've 

650
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:21,900
inadvertently stumbled into a 
surreal Realm. 

651
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:24,400
There's a woman in the town 
square dancing. 

652
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:27,000
Her dancing is not the pleasant 
festive. 

653
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:30,100
Kind you'd expected a wedding or
harvest celebration, but rather 

654
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:33,400
frantic desperate. 
She's been dancing for hours, 

655
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:35,200
her feet bleeding her dress 
horn. 

656
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:39,100
Her name is Frau and she is 
about to become the most famous 

657
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:41,100
dancer in medieval history, 
though. 

658
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:44,100
Not for reasons she'd ever want.
You'd think someone would stop 

659
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:45,500
her right? 
Help her. 

660
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:49,000
Maybe fetch a physician or a 
priest but here's where things 

661
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,300
get genuinely weird. 
Instead of one person, dancing 

662
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:55,300
themselves to exhaustion more 
people start joining in. 

663
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:58,700
Not because they want to mind 
you but because they literally 

664
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:01,700
can't stop themselves. 
It's like watching a terrible 

665
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:04,600
magic trick where the magician 
has lost control of the spell. 

666
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:08,600
Within a week about 30, people 
are dancing non-stop in the 

667
00:33:08,608 --> 00:33:11,700
Square by the end of the month. 
That number had swelled to 

668
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:15,400
around 400, 400 people, dancing 
until their feet. 

669
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,700
Bleed until they collapse from 
exhaustion until some of them 

670
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:21,900
actually die from it. 
The local authorities are 

671
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,200
baffled. 
The church is calling it Divine 

672
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:26,800
punishment. 
Physicians are perplexed and 

673
00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:29,900
proposing increased dancing as a
remedy, a suggestion, as 

674
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:32,400
affective as prescribing fire 
for burning injuries. 

675
00:33:33,100 --> 00:33:35,800
What your seeing is one of 
History, strangest, massive 

676
00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:39,000
stereo events, though, the 
people living through it, don't 

677
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:42,400
know that they call it the 
dancing plague or some 

678
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:47,300
fighters', dance vitus's dance. 
And it's just one example of how

679
00:33:47,300 --> 00:33:49,900
entire communities could lose 
their Collective Minds in 

680
00:33:49,900 --> 00:33:53,800
medieval times Now, you might be
wondering how something like 

681
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,200
this could possibly happen. 
After all, you live in an age 

682
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,200
where you can Google. 
Why am I dancing uncontrollably?

683
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:03,500
And get 17 different medical 
explanations before you finish 

684
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:07,100
your morning coffee? 
But imagine living in a world 

685
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,800
where every unexplained 
phenomenon is either a miracle, 

686
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:15,699
a curse or divine retribution. 
Where the line between the 

687
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:19,100
physical and spiritual world is 
about as clear as mud after a 

688
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:21,000
rainstorm. 
The dancing plague of 

689
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,400
Strasbourg, wasn't an isolated 
incident either. 

690
00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,300
Similar outbreaks have been 
recorded across Europe for 

691
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:28,400
centuries. 
There was the great dancing 

692
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:32,100
epidemic of 1374 that swept 
through the Holy Roman Empire. 

693
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:35,600
Affecting thousands of people 
across multiple cities. 

694
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,800
Towns would wake up to find 
their neighbor's gyrating in the

695
00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,500
streets. 
Unable to stop, making for help 

696
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:44,800
between gasps for air. 
What makes these episodes, 

697
00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:47,300
particularly fascinating is how 
they spread. 

698
00:34:48,199 --> 00:34:50,900
Not through the air like the 
plague but through sight and 

699
00:34:50,900 --> 00:34:53,900
suggestion. 
As you observed, your neighbor 

700
00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,000
dancing frantically, a sudden, 
realization occurred in your 

701
00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,300
mind. 
Suddenly your feet would start 

702
00:34:59,300 --> 00:35:02,400
tapping your body would start 
moving without your consent. 

703
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:06,400
It was, as if Madness itself was
contagious, spreading from 

704
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:10,300
person to person like gossip at 
a market, the authorities, tried

705
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:12,200
everything. 
They brought in musicians, 

706
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,000
thinking that if people needed 
to dance they might as well 

707
00:35:15,008 --> 00:35:18,400
dance to proper music. 
They built stages hired 

708
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,100
professional dancers and even 
brought in Priest to perform 

709
00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:23,200
exorcisms. 
Nothing worked. 

710
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:26,900
The dancing continued day and 
night until The Afflicted 

711
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:29,700
collapsed from sheer exhaustion 
eventually. 

712
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:33,000
The outbreaks would burn 
themselves out leaving behind a 

713
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:34,800
community, traumatized and 
Confused. 

714
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:38,700
The survivors would wake up as 
if from a dream, their feet 

715
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:43,000
mangled their body's broken with
no clear memory of why. 

716
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,100
They'd been compelled to dance 
in the first place? 

717
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:49,000
The dead would be buried, the 
injured would heal and life 

718
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,900
would return to normal until the
next outbreak struck somewhere 

719
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:54,500
else. 
But the dancing plague was just 

720
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:57,300
the beginning of our story about
medieval, massive stereo. 

721
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:00,900
It was the opening act in a much
larger theater of collective 

722
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,300
Madness that would sweep across 
Europe for centuries. 

723
00:36:03,300 --> 00:36:06,800
Your settling into your evening 
routine now maybe with a warm 

724
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,400
drink and a comfortable chair 
and you're probably thinking 

725
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:11,500
that dancing plays are about as 
strangers. 

726
00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:15,700
Medieval Madness gets well, 
buckle up, because we're about 

727
00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:18,300
to travel to a small, French 
town, where things got so 

728
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:20,600
bizarre, that Hollywood would 
reject the script as two 

729
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:24,600
unbelievable. 
The year is 1632, and you're in 

730
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:27,000
ludan a sleepy town in Western 
France. 

731
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,100
It's the kind of place where 
everyone knows everyone else's 

732
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:32,300
business. 
Where the most exciting thing 

733
00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:34,500
that usually happens is the 
weekly Market Day. 

734
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:38,300
The town has a Convent. 
The convent of the earthlings 

735
00:36:38,300 --> 00:36:41,400
where a group of nuns lives, a 
quiet life of prayer and 

736
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:44,200
contemplation, or at least 
that's what they're supposed to 

737
00:36:44,208 --> 00:36:47,300
be doing. 
Sister Xander's. 

738
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:50,200
The Mother Superior starts 
having what she describes as 

739
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:52,700
visions. 
But these aren't the peaceful 

740
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:55,100
Heavenly Visions you might 
expect from a nun. 

741
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:58,200
She claims that demons possess 
her during these violent 

742
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:00,900
disturbing episodes. 
She can talk to her body in 

743
00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:03,200
impossible, ways speaks in 
languages. 

744
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:05,900
She's never learned and displays
knowledge of things. 

745
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:09,800
She couldn't possibly know. 
Now if the case were just one 

746
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:13,300
nun, having a spiritual crisis, 
it might have been handled 

747
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:14,900
quietly within the convent 
walls. 

748
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:19,100
But possession, like yawning 
turns out to be remarkably 

749
00:37:19,100 --> 00:37:22,300
contagious. 
Soon other nuns start, 

750
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,500
exhibiting the same symptoms. 
They rise on the floor, speaking

751
00:37:25,500 --> 00:37:28,600
tongues and claim to be 
inhabited by demons with names, 

752
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:33,700
like as modius astroth and blze 
quite the roster of biblical bad

753
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:37,600
guys, the local authorities are 
called in and their face with a 

754
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:39,900
problem that would challenge 
even modern crisis management 

755
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:43,200
teams. 
An entire Convent of nuns 

756
00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:46,700
believed to be the most holy 
women in the community asserts 

757
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:49,800
that demons possess them. 
It's like finding out that your 

758
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,200
local fire department has been 
setting fires or that your 

759
00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:55,100
Town's safety. 
Inspector is afraid of ladders. 

760
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:58,800
The church brings in exorcists 
because that's what you do when 

761
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:00,500
demon show up to the party 
uninvited. 

762
00:38:01,500 --> 00:38:03,300
But here's where the story takes
a turn. 

763
00:38:03,308 --> 00:38:06,000
That would make a soap opera 
writer, feel embarrassed the 

764
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,600
nuns in their possessed State. 
Start naming the person 

765
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:11,900
responsible for their condition,
their accused a local priest, 

766
00:38:11,900 --> 00:38:15,300
hurbane grandi of practicing, 
Witchcraft, and cursing them 

767
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:18,800
from afar. 
Grandier by all accounts, was 

768
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:20,200
not a particularly popular 
fellow. 

769
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:24,000
He was handsome and charismatic,
and had a reputation for being a

770
00:38:24,008 --> 00:38:27,500
bit too friendly with the local 
women, in a small town, that's 

771
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:30,200
like painting a Target on your 
back and then wondering why 

772
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:33,900
people keep shooting arrows at 
you, the possessed nuns asserted

773
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:37,400
that he had spiritually seduced,
the infiltrating their dreams 

774
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,200
and compelling them to commit, 
sins fit for a sailor. 

775
00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:44,100
The whole of fair becomes a 
public spectacle, people travel 

776
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:47,600
from miles around to witness the
exorcisms, like some kind of 

777
00:38:47,608 --> 00:38:50,700
medieval reality show. 
The nuns perform their 

778
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:54,400
possessions in front of crowds 
speaking in demonic voices 

779
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:57,900
revealing supposed secrets and 
putting on displays that would 

780
00:38:57,908 --> 00:39:02,200
make a circus performer jealous.
But here's what makes this story

781
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,500
particularly tragic. 
Grundy probably wasn't guilty of

782
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:08,800
anything more serious than being
unpopular and maybe a bit too 

783
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:12,200
fond of wine and women. 
The evidence against him 

784
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:14,700
consisted mainly of the 
testimonies of the possessed 

785
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:17,900
nuns and some dubious packs with
the devil that looks 

786
00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:19,900
suspiciously. 
Like they'd been by someone 

787
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:22,500
trying unsuccessfully to forge 
medieval handwriting. 

788
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:26,400
The case becomes a legal and 
religious nightmare you have 

789
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:28,600
Civil Authorities Church 
officials and Royal 

790
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:30,500
Representatives all getting 
involved. 

791
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:34,100
Everyone wants to be the one who
solved the great demon crisis of

792
00:39:34,100 --> 00:39:36,900
ludum. 
Meanwhile, the poor nuns 

793
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:39,900
attracted in their performance. 
Unable to stop the charade 

794
00:39:39,900 --> 00:39:42,600
without admitting fraud, which 
would land them in serious 

795
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:45,900
trouble, the exorcisms, continue
for months, with crowds 

796
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:49,000
Gathering to watch the 
spectacle, the nuns rise and 

797
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:53,600
scream, The Exorcist chant and 
pray, and the whole town becomes

798
00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:55,700
consumed by this Supernatural 
drama. 

799
00:39:56,500 --> 00:39:58,700
It's like having a horror movie 
playing in your town square 

800
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:01,300
every day except everyone 
insisted its real. 

801
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:05,400
Eventually grandiose arrested 
tried and executed for 

802
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,800
witchcraft, the nuns 
conveniently begin to recover 

803
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:12,500
shortly after his death, their 
demons apparently satisfied with

804
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:14,700
their Revenge pack up and leave 
town. 

805
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:19,600
The crowds disperse, the 
excitement dies down and Loudoun

806
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:21,700
returns to being. 
Just another quiet French town 

807
00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:24,800
with a fascinating story, to 
tell by now, you probably 

808
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:27,400
believe that possess nuns 
represent the height of medieval

809
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:31,900
strangeness, but you would be 
mistaken at times mass hysteria 

810
00:40:31,900 --> 00:40:35,800
manifested in less terrifying 
and more well, let's just say 

811
00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:39,100
ridiculous forms. 
Picture yourself in a German 

812
00:40:39,108 --> 00:40:40,800
Convent. 
Sometime in the Middle Ages. 

813
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:43,800
You're Expecting The Usual 
sounds of monastic. 

814
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:47,500
Life gentle chanting The Whisper
of pages turning. 

815
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:50,900
Maybe the soft Shuffle of 
sandaled feet on Stone floors. 

816
00:40:51,700 --> 00:40:55,000
Instead your greeted by a sound 
that makes you wonder if you've 

817
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,200
accidentally wandered into a pet
store. 

818
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:01,900
The nuns of meowing the entire 
Convent not just one or two is 

819
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:06,100
meowing me out during prayers. 
They all during meals and they 

820
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:09,200
meow while they're supposed to 
be working, it starts with just 

821
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:12,500
one sister who begins making 
small cat like sounds during 

822
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:15,500
evening prayers. 
The other nuns try to ignore it 

823
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:18,600
at first but soon they find 
themselves fighting the urge to 

824
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,900
meow long within days. 
The whole Convent sounds like a 

825
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:25,000
medieval Cat Cafe. 
The Mother Superior is beside 

826
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,700
herself, trying to maintain 
order while her charges are 

827
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:29,900
sitting in their pews going 
meow, meow. 

828
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:33,100
Meow in what might be the 
world's strangest quiet 

829
00:41:33,100 --> 00:41:35,800
performance. 
The local townspeople start 

830
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:37,500
Gathering outside the convent 
walls. 

831
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:40,200
Not sure whether to be concerned
or amused. 

832
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,700
The church authorities are 
called in and they're faced with

833
00:41:43,708 --> 00:41:45,600
a problem. 
That doesn't exactly have a 

834
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:47,000
chapter in the official 
handbook. 

835
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:49,700
How do you perform an exorcism 
on a cat? 

836
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:51,500
Do you sprinkle? 
Holy water. 

837
00:41:51,500 --> 00:41:53,800
Do you attempt to reason with 
demons? 

838
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:55,600
Who seem to possess a humorous 
nature? 

839
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:58,800
The whole situation is like 
trying to have a serious 

840
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,700
theological discussion with a 
room full of people who keep 

841
00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:05,900
interrupting with meow, However,
it's important to note that 

842
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:08,600
masses stereo doesn't always 
make sense or adhere to the 

843
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:12,000
expected rules. 
The meowing nuns were possessed 

844
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,600
by demons or cursed by witches. 
They were experiencing what we 

845
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:18,700
now recognize as a form of 
conversion disorder where 

846
00:42:18,700 --> 00:42:22,800
psychological stress manifests 
as physical symptoms Their minds

847
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,600
were dealing with the pressures 
of religious life, the isolation

848
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:29,200
of the convent, and the general 
stress of medieval existence by 

849
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:32,800
turning them into cats. 
The solution when it finally 

850
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:35,100
came was both simple and 
ridiculous. 

851
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:38,900
The local authorities threatened
to bring in soldiers to whip the

852
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:42,900
nuns and they stopped meowing. 
Apparently the threat of beating

853
00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:45,700
them, broke, whatever, 
psychological speller, turned 

854
00:42:45,708 --> 00:42:49,500
them into felines the meowing 
stopped, almost immediately and 

855
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:52,900
the convent returned to its 
normal quiet routine, similar 

856
00:42:52,900 --> 00:42:56,300
cases, popped up across Europe. 
There were nuns who barked like 

857
00:42:56,300 --> 00:42:59,500
dogs, others who claim to be 
chickens and insisted on laying 

858
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:02,500
eggs though, they were 
disappointingly unsuccessful at 

859
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:05,600
this endeavor, some convents 
experienced outbreaks of 

860
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,500
uncontrollable laughter, which 
sounds delightful. 

861
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:12,600
And you realize these women were
laughing for hours on end unable

862
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:15,700
to stop even when they were 
exhausted and their sides ached.

863
00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:19,300
These episodes tell us something
important about medieval life. 

864
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,000
Particularly for women in 
religious communities. 

865
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,700
Imagine being locked away from 
the world expected to be 

866
00:43:25,708 --> 00:43:28,300
perfect. 
And holy with no outlet for 

867
00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:30,000
normal human emotions, or 
desires. 

868
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:32,600
Your days are meticulously 
planned. 

869
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:36,500
Your thoughts are expected to be
pure and any deviation from the 

870
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:40,600
ideal is deemed sinful. 
In this environment, the mine 

871
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:42,700
sometimes finds creative ways to
Rebel. 

872
00:43:42,700 --> 00:43:46,800
If you can't express anger or 
frustration directly, maybe 

873
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:50,000
you'll start barking like a dog.
If you can't have fun or be 

874
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,200
playful, perhaps you'll become a
cat who meows during prayers. 

875
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:57,600
It's as if your psyche engages 
in a metamorphosis discovering 

876
00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:01,100
methods to convey taboo elements
of human nature within the 

877
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:04,500
shelter of perceived insanity. 
The authorities didn't 

878
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:06,800
understand this. 
Of course, they saw these 

879
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:09,700
outbreaks as either Divine 
punishment or demonic influence,

880
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,800
the idea that stress and 
repression could cause physical 

881
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:15,000
symptoms was foreign to Medieval
thinking. 

882
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,200
They lived in a world where the 
spiritual and physical were 

883
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,500
intimately connected or your 
souls conditioned directly 

884
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:24,900
affected your body's health. 
What's particularly intriguing 

885
00:44:24,900 --> 00:44:28,000
is how these episodes spread 
through communities one person, 

886
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:30,300
psychological break becomes a 
template for others 

887
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:31,700
experiencing. 
Similar stress. 

888
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:35,300
It's like cyclical contagion 
where seeing someone else's 

889
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:37,500
symptoms, gives your mind 
permission to express his 

890
00:44:37,500 --> 00:44:41,000
distress in the same way. 
The meowing nuns of eventually 

891
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,200
returned to their normal lives, 
that their story became part of 

892
00:44:44,208 --> 00:44:46,000
the rich tapestry of Medieval 
Madness. 

893
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:49,800
A reminder that sometimes the 
human mind copes with unbearable

894
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:53,800
circumstances, like becoming 
delightful absurdly creative. 

895
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:56,500
You're getting comfortable with 
these stories of Medieval 

896
00:44:56,500 --> 00:44:59,200
Madness, but now we need to talk
about one of the most 

897
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:02,200
heartbreaking examples of mass 
hysteria in history. 

898
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:07,000
Story that involves children 
religious fervor and the kind of

899
00:45:07,008 --> 00:45:09,400
tragic ending that makes you 
want to hug every kid. 

900
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,800
You know, the year is 1212 and 
you're in the French Countryside

901
00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:16,700
near the town of cloyes. 
In the midst of Summer, a 12 

902
00:45:16,700 --> 00:45:19,000
year old Shepherd boy, named 
Steven tending. 

903
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:23,500
His flock experiences a vision. 
Jesus Christ himself appears to 

904
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:27,200
the boy, hands him a letter and 
tells him to lead a crusade to 

905
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:29,900
the Holy Land. 
This is not an army of knights 

906
00:45:29,900 --> 00:45:32,500
and soldiers but rather a 
crusade led by children. 

907
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:36,500
Now, you might assume that 
adults would dismiss a 12 year 

908
00:45:36,500 --> 00:45:39,500
old, he claims to have received 
Divine instructions, to lead a 

909
00:45:39,500 --> 00:45:42,000
military campaign and sent him 
back to his sheep. 

910
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:46,100
But these are medieval times 
when Miracles and Visions are 

911
00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:49,000
common, and the crusades have 
been going on for over a century

912
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:52,600
with mixed results. 
Maybe the thinking goes God 

913
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:55,600
wants to try a different 
approach, Stephen begins 

914
00:45:55,600 --> 00:45:57,300
preaching and his message is 
simple. 

915
00:45:57,300 --> 00:46:01,200
Mediterranean Sea will park 
before the children, just like 

916
00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:04,200
the Red Sea. 
Parted for Moses, a walk across 

917
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,100
the sea floor to the holy land, 
where their pure hearts and 

918
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:10,400
innocent faith will succeed 
where armed Knights of failed. 

919
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,000
The site of these holy children,
will so move the Muslims that 

920
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:16,000
they will instantly convert to 
Christianity. 

921
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:19,300
It's a beautiful naive idea. 
That would make a lovely 

922
00:46:19,300 --> 00:46:22,800
children story, if it worked. 
So tragic. but here's the thing 

923
00:46:22,808 --> 00:46:26,000
about massive stereo, it doesn't
always involve dancing or 

924
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:29,100
meowing or possession 
Occasionally, it takes the form 

925
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:32,000
of shared delusions, where 
entire communities, become 

926
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:34,800
convinced of something that 
seems impossible to Outsiders. 

927
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:38,500
Word of Steven's Mission rapidly
disseminates throughout the 

928
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,400
French Countryside, children, 
start leaving their homes, 

929
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:45,000
abandoning their families, and 
flocking to join this Divine 

930
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,600
Crusade. 
But talking about thousands of 

931
00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:51,400
children, some as young as six 
years old, all convinced that 

932
00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:53,700
their part of God's plan to 
reclaim Jerusalem. 

933
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:56,300
The movement isn't limited to 
France either. 

934
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,000
Around the same time, a German 
boy, named Nicholas starts his 

935
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:02,400
children. 
His Crusade claiming that he too

936
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:03,900
has received Divine 
instructions. 

937
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,400
The two movements feed off each 
other, creating a wave of 

938
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:09,600
religious hysteria that sweeps 
across Europe. 

939
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:12,700
You have to understand the 
context to grasp how such an 

940
00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:15,900
event could happen. 
Medieval children lived in a 

941
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:18,000
world where religious stories 
were more real than reality 

942
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:20,500
itself. 
They grew up hearing Tales of 

943
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:24,100
Miracles of saints, who could 
work wonders and of divine 

944
00:47:24,100 --> 00:47:28,100
interventions in human affairs. 
The idea that God might choose 

945
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:31,400
children for a special Mission, 
didn't seem farfetched, it 

946
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:33,400
seemed like the kind of thing 
that happened in the stories 

947
00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:36,900
they heard every day. 
The other response was mixed. 

948
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:40,700
Some parents try to stop their 
children, but others saw the 

949
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:44,000
movement as genuinely Divine. 
Local clergy were divided 

950
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:46,900
between those who supported the 
Crusade, and those who tried to 

951
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:50,000
discourage it. 
The church hierarchy were mostly

952
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:52,900
opposed but their messages 
didn't always reach, the local 

953
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:55,900
level in time to prevent The 
Exodus as the children. 

954
00:47:55,900 --> 00:47:58,600
Marched toward the coast, 
reality begins to intrude on 

955
00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:01,900
their Vision. 
Their hungry worn out and far 

956
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:04,300
from home. 
Some turned back, but others, 

957
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,000
press on driven by faith in the 
momentum of the crowd. 

958
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:10,400
When they finally reached the 
Mediterranean the sea does not 

959
00:48:10,408 --> 00:48:12,800
part. 
The children stand on the beach.

960
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:15,700
Waiting for their miracle and 
nothing happened. 

961
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:19,800
What follows is a tragedy that 
medieval chroniclers struggled 

962
00:48:19,800 --> 00:48:22,500
to record some children try to 
return home? 

963
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:25,700
Only to find that their families
have rejected them all that? 

964
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:29,100
They can't survive the journey. 
Others are taking advantage of 

965
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:32,300
by unscrupulous adults. 
You see an opportunity to profit

966
00:48:32,300 --> 00:48:35,600
from their Misfortune many end 
up in slavery or worse. 

967
00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:39,700
The Children's Crusade as it 
came to be known, wasn't really 

968
00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:44,200
a crusade at all massive stereo 
disguise as religious further. 

969
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:47,700
Ignited a shared delusion that 
resonated deeply in the medieval

970
00:48:47,700 --> 00:48:50,200
psyche. 
It was the desperate, hope that 

971
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:52,700
innocence and Faith could 
succeed where violence and 

972
00:48:52,700 --> 00:48:56,600
politics had failed. 
The story became Legend growing 

973
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,900
in the telling until it was hard
to separate fact, from fiction. 

974
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:05,200
However, the fundamental tragedy
persists, thousands of children 

975
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:08,100
engulfed in a surge of religious
further. 

976
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,300
Endured the consequences of 
adult shortcomings and medieval 

977
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:13,100
Faith. 
You're probably ready for 

978
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:16,400
something, a little less tragic 
than the Children's Crusade, but

979
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:19,200
I'm afraid, we're diving into 
another dark chapter of Medieval

980
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:22,800
Madness this time. 
It's not about possessed nuns or

981
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:26,000
dancing plagues but about a 
mysterious illness that could 

982
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:28,800
kill you in a day and had an 
entire Kingdom living in Terror,

983
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:32,800
the year is 1485. 
And in England, just after the 

984
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:36,300
battle of Bosworth field, Henry,
Tudor has just defeated Richard.

985
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:39,100
The third and become Henry, the 
seventh starting the Tudor 

986
00:49:39,100 --> 00:49:42,300
dynasty, It should be a time of 
Celebration and New Beginnings 

987
00:49:42,300 --> 00:49:45,800
but in Stead a mysterious 
illness appears that will haunt 

988
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:49,700
England for the next 70 years. 
They call it the sweating, 

989
00:49:49,700 --> 00:49:52,800
sickness or English sweat and 
it's unlike anything the 

990
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:56,500
medieval world has seen before. 
The symptoms of terrifying in 

991
00:49:56,500 --> 00:50:00,000
this speed and intensity, you 
wake up feeling fine, maybe 

992
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,200
noticing a slight headache or a 
bit of fatigue within hours, 

993
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:07,100
your drenched in sweat burning 
with fever and experience, a 

994
00:50:07,100 --> 00:50:10,700
sense of impending doom that so 
intense, it feels like the Hand 

995
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:12,500
of Death itself is reaching for 
you. 

996
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:17,100
The sweating sickness doesn't 
discriminate it effects, both 

997
00:50:17,100 --> 00:50:20,200
the rich, and the poor, The 
Young, and the old, the healthy 

998
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,900
and the infirm. 
In fact, it seems to prefer the 

999
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:26,200
wealthy and well fed, which is 
the opposite of most medieval 

1000
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:29,200
diseases. 
The poor who usually bore the 

1001
00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:31,300
brunt of epidemics often 
escaped. 

1002
00:50:31,300 --> 00:50:35,300
This one entirely, it's as if 
the disease has a twisted sense 

1003
00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:38,100
of social justice. 
What makes the sweating 

1004
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:40,800
sickness? 
Particularly terrifying is its 

1005
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:43,600
speed. 
Most medieval diseases. 

1006
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,700
Give you time to prepare to say 
goodbye and put your Affairs in 

1007
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:48,700
order. 
A plague might take weeks to 

1008
00:50:48,700 --> 00:50:50,400
kill you. 
Giving you plenty of time to 

1009
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:52,500
contemplate your sins and make 
peace with God. 

1010
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:54,900
Is the sweating sickness a 
threat. 

1011
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:58,000
You could be dead within 24 
hours of feeling the first 

1012
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:00,800
symptoms, the treatment, 
protocols, that develop around 

1013
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:02,700
the disease, or as bizarre as 
the illness itself. 

1014
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:07,300
Positions insist that patients 
must stay awake for 24 hours 

1015
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:08,500
after symptoms. 
Begin. 

1016
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:12,200
If you fall asleep, you'll die. 
Families. 

1017
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:14,800
Take shifts to keep their loved 
ones awake by slapping, them 

1018
00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:17,900
talking to them and doing 
anything else to prevent them. 

1019
00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:20,600
From drifting off. 
They also prohibit you from 

1020
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:23,700
eating or drinking anything for 
the first 24 hours. 

1021
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:27,400
This procedure is supposed to 
help your body, sweat out the 

1022
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:29,900
illness. 
Imagine being, feverish, 

1023
00:51:29,900 --> 00:51:33,700
terrified, and exhausted. 
And being told, you can't have 

1024
00:51:33,700 --> 00:51:36,700
so much as a sip of water. 
It's like being tortured. 

1025
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:39,600
In the name of medical 
treatment, the sweating sickness

1026
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:41,900
creates a culture of paranoia 
and fear. 

1027
00:51:41,900 --> 00:51:46,100
People become afraid to travel 
afraid to gather in groups and 

1028
00:51:46,100 --> 00:51:49,200
afraid to leave their homes. 
The disease seems to strike 

1029
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:52,300
without warning or pattern 
making it impossible to predict 

1030
00:51:52,300 --> 00:51:54,400
or prevent. 
It's like living under the 

1031
00:51:54,400 --> 00:51:56,200
threat of a random lightning 
strike. 

1032
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:59,400
Except the lightning is 
invisible and can kill you in 

1033
00:51:59,400 --> 00:52:01,600
your sleep. 
King Henry, the seventh himself 

1034
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:03,100
becomes obsessed with the 
disease. 

1035
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:05,500
Constantly fleeing from one 
residence. 

1036
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:08,700
To another whenever cases are 
reported nearby, his court 

1037
00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:12,100
becomes a traveling circus of 
fear packed up and moved at the 

1038
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:14,300
first sign of sweating sickness 
in the area. 

1039
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:18,400
The king of England, the most 
powerful man in the country is 

1040
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:20,000
reduced to running from an 
enemy. 

1041
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:23,800
He can't see or understand. 
The disease comes in waves, 

1042
00:52:23,800 --> 00:52:27,500
appearing suddenly, killing 
hundreds or thousands of people 

1043
00:52:27,500 --> 00:52:29,900
then disappearing just as 
mysteriously. 

1044
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:36,900
Strikes in 1485, 1508, 1517 
1528. 

1045
00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:40,400
And finally in 1551 before 
Vanishing forever. 

1046
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:44,600
Each outbreak brings fresh 
Terror as people wonder if the 

1047
00:52:44,600 --> 00:52:46,400
next outbreak will be the one 
that kills them. 

1048
00:52:47,900 --> 00:52:50,100
What's particularly maddening 
about the sweating? 

1049
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:53,200
Sickness is that it remains a 
mystery to this day. 

1050
00:52:54,200 --> 00:52:57,000
Modern medical historians have 
proposed various theories. 

1051
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:00,300
It might have been a form of 
hantavirus or perhaps a type of 

1052
00:53:00,308 --> 00:53:02,600
influenza or even a form of 
anthrax. 

1053
00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:04,600
But we'll never know for 
certain. 

1054
00:53:04,600 --> 00:53:07,900
What caused this strange illness
that appeared from nowhere and 

1055
00:53:07,900 --> 00:53:09,500
disappeared just as 
mysteriously. 

1056
00:53:10,500 --> 00:53:13,400
The psychological impact of the 
sweating sickness was enormous. 

1057
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:16,800
It created a generation of 
people who lived in constant 

1058
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,600
fear of sudden death who saw 
every headache. 

1059
00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:22,500
As a potential death sentence, 
who couldn't trust their own 

1060
00:53:22,500 --> 00:53:25,800
bodies to keep them alive. 
From one day to the next, There 

1061
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:29,100
was a slow-moving wave of 
massive stereo, a collective 

1062
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:33,000
anxiety that engulfed, an entire
Kingdom for decades, now that 

1063
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:35,500
we've covered, most of the ways 
medieval people could lose their

1064
00:53:35,500 --> 00:53:37,500
minds. 
Collectively, there's one more 

1065
00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:39,400
type of Madness. 
We need to discuss. 

1066
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:43,200
The kind that happens when 
reality becomes too much to bear

1067
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:47,900
and people Retreat into fantasy.
This story isn't about dancing 

1068
00:53:47,900 --> 00:53:50,900
or possession or mysterious 
illnesses that about the 

1069
00:53:50,900 --> 00:53:53,300
delicate line between sanity and
dreams. 

1070
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:57,200
Let's travel to the Spanish 
region of La Mancha in the late 

1071
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,900
medieval period when the age of 
chivalry is dying but refuses to

1072
00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:03,300
admit it. 
You're in a landscape of 

1073
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:06,700
windmills and Dusty Planes, 
where the old ways are crumbling

1074
00:54:06,700 --> 00:54:08,300
under the weight of Changing 
Times. 

1075
00:54:08,300 --> 00:54:11,900
The knights errant, who once 
roamed the countryside to right 

1076
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:15,200
wrongs and rescue, damsels are 
becoming obsolete, as they are 

1077
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:17,900
replaced by Merchants 
bureaucrats and the grinding 

1078
00:54:17,900 --> 00:54:21,500
Machinery of Modern Life. 
Into this world steps a man 

1079
00:54:21,508 --> 00:54:24,200
whose real name. 
We never learn but whom we know 

1080
00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:27,700
as donkey xote. 
He's not particularly young, not

1081
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:30,700
particularly strong and 
certainly not particularly sane 

1082
00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:33,800
by conventional standards. 
But he's read too many books 

1083
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:37,300
about chivalry and romance, and 
his mind has become so saturated

1084
00:54:37,300 --> 00:54:40,400
with these stories that he can 
no longer distinguish between 

1085
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:44,100
fiction and reality. 
Don Quixote sees the world not 

1086
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:48,300
as it is, but as he believes it 
should be Windmills become 

1087
00:54:48,300 --> 00:54:52,600
Giants to be fought, ins become 
Castle's to be defended, and 

1088
00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:54,400
peasant. 
Girls become princesses to be 

1089
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:57,200
rescued. 
His Madness is complete and 

1090
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:00,500
systematic. 
He's created an entire alternate

1091
00:55:00,500 --> 00:55:03,400
reality where the rules of 
Chevelle Rick romance still 

1092
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:05,500
apply. 
What makes Don? 

1093
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:08,400
Quixote's story relevant to our 
discussion of Medieval Madness 

1094
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:11,400
is how it reflects a broader 
cultural phenomenon. 

1095
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:14,500
The late medieval period, was 
full of people who couldn't 

1096
00:55:14,500 --> 00:55:18,200
quite accept that the world was 
changing who clung to outdated 

1097
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:22,300
ideals and impossible Dreams. 
Don Quixote's individual Madness

1098
00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:25,200
mirrors, the collective Madness 
of a society and transition. 

1099
00:55:26,200 --> 00:55:29,200
The windmills that Don Quixote 
famously attacks aren't just 

1100
00:55:29,200 --> 00:55:32,400
windmills their symbols of the 
new world that's replacing the 

1101
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:34,300
old. 
They represent technology 

1102
00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:39,100
efficiency and the mechanization
of life when he charges at them 

1103
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:41,900
with his Lance he is not just 
fighting imaginary Giants. 

1104
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:44,200
He's fighting the entire modern 
world. 

1105
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:47,800
But here's what's beautiful 
about Don Quixote's, Madness, 

1106
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:51,200
it's not entirely without Merit.
Yes, he is delusional. 

1107
00:55:51,200 --> 00:55:53,800
But his delusions are based on 
Nobel Idols. 

1108
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,900
He wants to protect the 
innocent, defend the weak and 

1109
00:55:56,900 --> 00:56:00,200
right wrongs. 
His methods are crazy, but his 

1110
00:56:00,208 --> 00:56:03,700
motivations are admirable. 
He resembles a shattered compass

1111
00:56:03,700 --> 00:56:07,200
that persistently guides towards
the true north despite its 

1112
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:11,000
inability to Aid in navigation. 
The people donkey hoeing, 

1113
00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:13,600
counters on his adventures 
respond to his Madness in 

1114
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:16,400
various ways while some attempt 
to heal him. 

1115
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:19,700
Others seek to take advantage of
him and still others. 

1116
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:22,300
Find solace in his unattainable 
ideals. 

1117
00:56:23,500 --> 00:56:27,500
His full companion, Sancho Panza
represents the voice of Common 

1118
00:56:27,500 --> 00:56:31,500
Sense constantly trying to bring
his master back to reality while

1119
00:56:31,500 --> 00:56:33,800
being gradually infected by his 
dreams. 

1120
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:39,100
Killing is how Don Quixote's 
Madness affects those around 

1121
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:41,200
him. 
People start playing along with 

1122
00:56:41,200 --> 00:56:44,900
his delusions, sometimes out of 
kindness, sometimes out of 

1123
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:48,500
Cruelty and sometimes out of a 
secret longing, for the magical 

1124
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:52,700
world, he inhabits his Madness 
becomes contagious, not in the 

1125
00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:55,400
way of the dancing plague, or 
the possessed nuns. 

1126
00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:59,100
But in the way that Dreams Can 
Be, transmissible The Windmills 

1127
00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:02,000
of lamancha, become a metaphor 
for the impossible battles. 

1128
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:06,700
We all fight against the forces 
of change and reality, haute's 

1129
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:08,700
Madness is both tragic and 
heroic. 

1130
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:11,300
Tragic. 
Because it's based on delusions 

1131
00:57:11,300 --> 00:57:14,700
heroic because it refuses to 
surrender to a world that has 

1132
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:18,600
lost its capacity for Wonder. 
In the end, Don Don Quixote 

1133
00:57:18,600 --> 00:57:21,500
story is about the fine line 
between Madness and vision 

1134
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:26,700
between delusion and hope he's 
mad certainly but he's also the 

1135
00:57:26,700 --> 00:57:29,400
only one who still believes in 
the possibility of magic in a 

1136
00:57:29,400 --> 00:57:30,700
world. 
That's becoming increasingly 

1137
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:35,000
mechanical and mundane His 
windmill stand as monuments to a

1138
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:38,600
particular kind of Medieval 
Madness, The Madness of refusing

1139
00:57:38,600 --> 00:57:41,900
to accept that the age of 
Miracles is over of insisting 

1140
00:57:41,900 --> 00:57:44,600
that they're still room in the 
world for impossible Dreams and 

1141
00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:47,100
impractical ideals. 
You've come with me on this 

1142
00:57:47,100 --> 00:57:50,300
journey, through Medieval 
Madness from dancing plagues to 

1143
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:52,400
possessed, nuns to delusional 
Knights. 

1144
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:54,500
You might be wondering what it 
all means. 

1145
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:57,300
What can these strange episodes 
of collective? 

1146
00:57:57,300 --> 00:57:59,000
Insanity. 
Tell us about the people who 

1147
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:01,200
live through them and perhaps 
about ourselves. 

1148
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:05,000
The first thing to understand is
that Medieval Madness wasn't 

1149
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:09,100
really about Madness at all. 
It was about stress pressure and

1150
00:58:09,100 --> 00:58:11,900
the human Minds remarkable 
ability to find Creative 

1151
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:13,600
Solutions, to Impossible 
problems. 

1152
00:58:13,600 --> 00:58:17,600
All of these episodes from the 
most tragic to the most absurd, 

1153
00:58:17,600 --> 00:58:20,700
the reactions to truly 
unbearable situations. 

1154
00:58:20,700 --> 00:58:23,500
Think about the dancing plague 
of Strasbourg. 

1155
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:27,300
This incident was not happening 
in a vacuum, it was occurring 

1156
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:29,100
during a time of terrible 
hardship. 

1157
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:32,600
The city was dealing with famine
disease and social upheaval. 

1158
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:37,300
People were dying of starvation,
the economy was collapsing and 

1159
00:58:37,300 --> 00:58:39,900
there seemed to be no. 
Hope for improvement in this 

1160
00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:42,600
context, the dancing plague 
becomes not a mysterious 

1161
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,400
Supernatural event but a 
perfectly understandable. 

1162
00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:49,500
Psychological response to 
unbearable stress. when your 

1163
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:52,000
world is falling apart and you 
have no control over any of it, 

1164
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:56,000
sometimes your mind finds ways 
to Take Back Control, even if 

1165
00:58:56,000 --> 00:58:59,800
those ways seem completely 
irrational The dancers couldn't 

1166
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:03,000
stop the famine or cure the 
plague, but they could dance, 

1167
00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:05,700
they could turn their 
helplessness into action. 

1168
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:09,500
Even if that action was 
ultimately self-destructive, The

1169
00:59:09,500 --> 00:59:12,000
possessed nuns of ludu and were 
dealing with their form of 

1170
00:59:12,008 --> 00:59:15,900
impossible pressure. they were 
expected to be perfect to 

1171
00:59:15,900 --> 00:59:19,300
suppress, all human desires, and
emotions and to live lives of 

1172
00:59:19,308 --> 00:59:23,500
absolute Purity in a world that 
was anything, but pure Their 

1173
00:59:23,500 --> 00:59:26,700
possession gave them permission 
to express all the anger 

1174
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:30,600
sexuality and Rebellion that 
their religious vows forbade 

1175
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:33,800
them to acknowledge. 
They found a loop hole as nuns. 

1176
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:37,500
They could not be angry lustful 
or defiant, but as possessed 

1177
00:59:37,500 --> 00:59:41,100
people, they could. 
The demon served as convenient 

1178
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:42,600
scapegoats. 
For human emotions. 

1179
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:46,700
That lacked any other Outlet. 
The children of the Children's 

1180
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:49,100
Crusade were reacting to a 
distinct form of pressure. 

1181
00:59:49,100 --> 00:59:52,300
The strain of existing in a 
world that appeared to have lost

1182
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:55,500
its direction. 
The adult Crusades had failed 

1183
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:58,900
the church was mired in 
corruption and the promised 

1184
00:59:58,900 --> 01:00:01,000
Kingdom of Heaven seemed farther
away than ever. 

1185
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:04,500
The Children's Crusade was an 
attempt to return to a pure 

1186
01:00:04,500 --> 01:00:08,500
simple faith, that could succeed
or adult complexity had failed, 

1187
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:11,800
even donkey hotel's, Madness 
makes sense when you understand 

1188
01:00:11,800 --> 01:00:15,000
it as a response to a world that
had lost its sense of meaning 

1189
01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:17,800
and purpose. 
Couldn't accept that the age of 

1190
01:00:17,808 --> 01:00:21,200
Heroes was over that the world 
had become mundane and 

1191
01:00:21,200 --> 01:00:25,300
mechanical his Madness, was a 
form of protest, a refusal to 

1192
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:28,300
accept that magic and wonder had
no place in the modern world. 

1193
01:00:28,300 --> 01:00:31,200
What's fascinating about all 
these episodes is how they 

1194
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:35,400
spread Medieval Madness was 
contagious, but not in the way, 

1195
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:39,000
we typically think of contagion 
it spread through suggestion, 

1196
01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:42,100
through the power of shared 
belief and through the human 

1197
01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:44,700
tendency to mirror the behavior 
of those around us. 

1198
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:48,100
When you saw your neighbor 
dancing uncontrollably part of 

1199
01:00:48,108 --> 01:00:51,400
your mind, began to wonder what 
it would feel like to let go of 

1200
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:54,100
control. 
So completely this incident 

1201
01:00:54,100 --> 01:00:56,400
tells us something important 
about medieval Society. 

1202
01:00:56,400 --> 01:00:59,400
It was a world where the 
boundaries between individual 

1203
01:00:59,400 --> 01:01:01,900
and Community were much more 
fluid than they are today. 

1204
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:06,700
People lived in close proximity,
shared common beliefs, and fears

1205
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:09,800
and were highly attuned to the 
emotional state of those around 

1206
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:13,600
them and such a World Cycle 
distress could spread rapidly. 

1207
01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:17,500
But perhaps the most important 
thing, these stories tell us is 

1208
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:20,300
that the human mind is 
remarkably resilient and 

1209
01:01:20,300 --> 01:01:24,700
creative it Rebels against the 
unchangeable finds ways to cope 

1210
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:27,800
and expresses the inexpressible 
in impossible situations 

1211
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:31,900
Sometimes these coping 
mechanisms look like Madness to 

1212
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:34,600
Outsiders but they serve 
important psychological 

1213
01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:36,500
functions for the people 
experiencing them. 

1214
01:01:36,500 --> 01:01:39,200
The dancing play. 
Gave people a way to express 

1215
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:41,800
their Despair and helplessness 
the possessed. 

1216
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:43,900
Nuns found a way to rebel 
against impossible. 

1217
01:01:43,900 --> 01:01:47,600
Expectations, the Children's 
Crusade provided hope in a 

1218
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:50,400
hopeless World. 
Don Quixote's, delusions allowed

1219
01:01:50,400 --> 01:01:53,000
him to maintain his ideals in a 
world that had abandoned them. 

1220
01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:56,600
In the end Medieval Madness, 
wasn't really about losing one's

1221
01:01:56,600 --> 01:01:58,900
mind. 
It was about finding alternative

1222
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:01,400
ways to use one's brain when 
conventional approaches fail. 

1223
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:05,200
It was about the human spirit 
steadfastness in the face of 

1224
01:02:05,200 --> 01:02:08,900
seemingly insurmountable 
circumstances, these episodes 

1225
01:02:08,900 --> 01:02:11,900
remind us that the line between 
sanity and Madness is thinner 

1226
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:14,600
than we like to think. 
And that sometimes what looks 

1227
01:02:14,600 --> 01:02:17,600
like Madness from the outside is
actually a perfectly reasonable 

1228
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:19,700
response to unreasonable 
circumstances. 

1229
01:02:19,700 --> 01:02:23,100
They also remind us that we're 
all connected in ways. 

1230
01:02:23,100 --> 01:02:26,400
We don't always understand and 
the distress of one person can 

1231
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,400
become the distress of many So, 
the next time your face in 

1232
01:02:29,408 --> 01:02:32,300
impossible, circumstances, 
remember the dance of 

1233
01:02:32,300 --> 01:02:36,600
Strasbourg, the nuns of lutein, 
the children, Crusaders, and the

1234
01:02:36,608 --> 01:02:39,700
night of La Mancha. 
Remember that the human mind is 

1235
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:43,400
endlessly creative in finding 
ways to cope to express and to 

1236
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:45,800
Hope. 
And remember that some times the

1237
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:49,500
most rational response to an 
irrational world is to embrace a

1238
01:02:49,500 --> 01:02:52,600
little Madness of your own. 
After all, in a world full of 

1239
01:02:52,608 --> 01:02:54,100
windmills that pretend to be 
giant. 

1240
01:02:54,100 --> 01:02:57,000
Maybe the crazed ones of the 
only one who seek clearly. 

1241
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:11,900
In the year, 1325 a 21 year old 
legal scholar from Tangier 

1242
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:15,800
named, IBN battuta mounted, his 
horse to embark on the Hedge 

1243
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:18,100
pilgrimage to Mecca. 
What distinguished, this 

1244
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:21,600
particular Journey was not its 
beginning but its end or rather 

1245
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:25,200
the absence of one when ibomber 
tutor finally returned home, 

1246
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:28,400
nearly three decades later. 
He had traversed approximately 

1247
01:03:28,400 --> 01:03:31,900
75,000 miles visiting, 
territories equivalent to 

1248
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:34,500
roughly 44, modern countries 
yet. 

1249
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:37,100
Perhaps, the most remarkable 
aspect of his story is that 

1250
01:03:37,100 --> 01:03:41,600
traveling was never his passion 
or intention, unlike Marco Polo.

1251
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:44,500
His Mercantile family had 
prepared him for Journeys abroad

1252
01:03:44,500 --> 01:03:47,700
or Jiang. 
He commanded massive Chinese 

1253
01:03:47,700 --> 01:03:52,100
treasure Fleet with Imperial 
backing hidden stumbled into 

1254
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:55,400
exploration almost accidentally.
His contemporaries would have 

1255
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:59,100
considered him bookish and 
conventional a deviant of 

1256
01:03:59,100 --> 01:04:00,900
Malachi School of Islamic 
jurisprudence. 

1257
01:04:00,900 --> 01:04:05,500
Who had memorized the Quran and 
studied legal precedents his 

1258
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:07,200
early as writing was reveal a 
young man. 

1259
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:09,700
More concerned with proper 
prayer techniques than with the 

1260
01:04:09,700 --> 01:04:13,800
adventures and distant lands. 
I set out alone having neither 

1261
01:04:13,800 --> 01:04:15,600
fellow traveler in whose 
companionship. 

1262
01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:17,900
I might find cheering or Caravan
whose party. 

1263
01:04:17,908 --> 01:04:21,500
I might join who wrote of his 
departure, his statement was not

1264
01:04:21,500 --> 01:04:25,200
the romanticized Declaration of 
an Intrepid explorer that the 

1265
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:27,000
lament of a somewhat anxious 
young man. 

1266
01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:31,100
The Solitude was not by choice. 
He had missed the pilgrim 

1267
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:33,200
Caravan, while attending his 
sister's funeral. 

1268
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,000
IBN battuta's first 
transformative experience, came 

1269
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:40,100
not from natural wonders or 
architectural Marvels, but 

1270
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:43,300
through an unexpected fever that
struck him outside the town of 

1271
01:04:43,308 --> 01:04:47,300
Tunis delirious and alone. 
He fell from his horse and was 

1272
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:49,600
discovered by a passing traveler
who nursed him back to health. 

1273
01:04:49,600 --> 01:04:53,200
This stranger a Tunisian poet 
returning from Al andalus, 

1274
01:04:53,200 --> 01:04:56,300
shared stories of Courts. 
He had visited while even to 

1275
01:04:56,300 --> 01:05:00,000
recuperated the Young jurists 
World expanded through these 

1276
01:05:00,000 --> 01:05:03,700
second-hand tails before he had 
even left North Africa upon 

1277
01:05:03,700 --> 01:05:07,000
reaching Alexandria in battuto 
and countered, another pivotal 

1278
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:11,000
figure, a Mystic named bahane 
Aldean, who lived in isolation 

1279
01:05:11,000 --> 01:05:14,800
in the city's lighthouse. 
During their meeting the holy 

1280
01:05:14,808 --> 01:05:16,500
man made an astonishing 
prediction. 

1281
01:05:16,500 --> 01:05:19,000
Your visit my brother Farid in 
India. 

1282
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:21,200
My brother, rook and Aldine in 
sin. 

1283
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:25,000
And my brother burhan in China, 
convey, my greetings to them. 

1284
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,500
Even batuta would later claim 
this prophecy, guided his 

1285
01:05:29,500 --> 01:05:32,200
extended travels though. 
Historians note, these 

1286
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:35,000
destinations weren't uncommon 
for medieval Muslim Travelers. 

1287
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:38,900
His early Journey revealed a 
complex tension in his character

1288
01:05:38,900 --> 01:05:41,800
while he craved The Prestige of 
scoli appointments. 

1289
01:05:41,800 --> 01:05:45,300
He repeatedly abandoned secure 
positions after brief 10 years 

1290
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:48,400
and Damascus. 
He secured a respectable judge 

1291
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:52,200
ship but departed after just 
days the same pattern occurred 

1292
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:55,500
in Delhi years later. 
This behavioral inconsistency, 

1293
01:05:55,500 --> 01:05:58,200
puzzled his contemporaries and 
continues to challenge, modern 

1294
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,300
biographer's. 
The geographic scope of Evan 

1295
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:04,600
battuta's travels exceeded, even
the expansive Muslim world of 

1296
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:07,200
his time. 
Yet he maintained a peculiar 

1297
01:06:07,200 --> 01:06:11,100
form of provincialism throughout
often rejecting local Customs. 

1298
01:06:11,100 --> 01:06:14,500
Despite his explosion to the 
traveled through Society with 

1299
01:06:14,500 --> 01:06:17,500
dramatically different Norms, 
but remained committed to 

1300
01:06:17,500 --> 01:06:20,100
judging them by the standards of
his McGrady upbringing. 

1301
01:06:20,100 --> 01:06:23,300
Unlike many Travelers, whose 
Horizon's broadened through 

1302
01:06:23,308 --> 01:06:27,200
exposure to different cultures, 
even batuta frequently, hardened

1303
01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:29,300
his positions. 
When confronted with alternative

1304
01:06:29,300 --> 01:06:32,700
perspectives, What truly 
distinguished him was not his 

1305
01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:35,900
openness to new experience's, 
that his remarkable adaptability

1306
01:06:35,900 --> 01:06:39,100
within his own rigid framework. 
He could navigate foreign 

1307
01:06:39,100 --> 01:06:42,200
courts, established temporary 
households and distance cities 

1308
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:44,700
and integrated himself into 
trading networks without 

1309
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:46,600
fundamentally changing his 
worldview. 

1310
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:50,700
This paradoxical quality being 
simultaneously adaptable and 

1311
01:06:50,700 --> 01:06:54,000
inflexible defined both his 
travels, and his written 

1312
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:56,700
account. 
By the time IBN number tutor 

1313
01:06:56,700 --> 01:06:58,900
completed his first Hajj in 
1326. 

1314
01:06:58,900 --> 01:07:02,400
Something had fundamentally 
shifted in his approach to life,

1315
01:07:02,400 --> 01:07:04,600
though. 
He had fulfilled his religious 

1316
01:07:04,600 --> 01:07:07,500
obligation. 
He chose not to return home but 

1317
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:10,600
instead headed North toward Iraq
his explanation was 

1318
01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:12,100
characteristically 
straightforward. 

1319
01:07:12,100 --> 01:07:14,900
I set out not knowing to what 
land. 

1320
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:18,300
My journey would lead me. 
The Reluctant traveler had 

1321
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:20,900
discovered something, 
unexpected, not a passion for 

1322
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:24,500
exploration, but a curious 
restlessness that would Propel 

1323
01:07:24,500 --> 01:07:27,700
him across continents for the 
next 24 years, the greatest 

1324
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:30,600
misconception about Edinburgh 
tutors, travels concerns, the 

1325
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:33,100
economics that supported, his 
Decades of movement across 

1326
01:07:33,100 --> 01:07:35,400
continents. 
Unlike state-sponsored, 

1327
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:38,900
explorers or wealthy merchants 
funded his extraordinary, 

1328
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:41,900
Odyssey, through a patchwork of 
what we might Now, call gig 

1329
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:45,000
work, leveraging his credentials
and a system that modern 

1330
01:07:45,000 --> 01:07:47,500
Travelers. 
Would barely recognize the 

1331
01:07:47,500 --> 01:07:50,600
medieval Islamic World operated 
on a sophisticated network of 

1332
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:54,700
patronage that rewarded learned 
men, who crossed borders this 

1333
01:07:54,700 --> 01:07:57,700
system known as the adult 
culture valued the 

1334
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:00,100
cross-pollination of ideas 
through traveling Scholars. 

1335
01:08:01,000 --> 01:08:04,200
IBN battuta exploited, the 
economy with remarkable skill. 

1336
01:08:05,100 --> 01:08:08,700
Transforming his Malachi legal 
training into a portable career 

1337
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:12,300
that functioned across cultural 
boundaries in Cairo. 

1338
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:15,700
He served briefly as an 
assistant cardi judge, hearing 

1339
01:08:15,700 --> 01:08:19,500
minor cases relating to 
commercial disputes in Damascus.

1340
01:08:19,500 --> 01:08:23,000
He leveraged recommendations 
from previous hosts to secure. 

1341
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:26,600
Temporary teaching appointments,
these positions, rarely lasted, 

1342
01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:29,500
more than a few months, but they
provided critical financial 

1343
01:08:29,500 --> 01:08:32,399
resources and enhanced his 
credentials for the next 

1344
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:35,800
destination. 
When I arrived in any City, he 

1345
01:08:35,800 --> 01:08:37,800
noted particularly candid 
passage. 

1346
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:41,200
The first place is I visited 
with a mosque and madrasas 

1347
01:08:41,200 --> 01:08:43,399
seeking out the renowned 
Scholars of each town. 

1348
01:08:44,500 --> 01:08:47,200
These meetings were not merely 
scholarly exchanges, but 

1349
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:49,200
calculated networking 
opportunities. 

1350
01:08:49,200 --> 01:08:52,600
A favorable impression might 
result in an invitation to 

1351
01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:56,500
dinner, temporary, lodging or 
most valuable of all Peter of 

1352
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:59,000
introduction to influential 
figures in the next city on his 

1353
01:08:59,000 --> 01:09:01,700
route. 
His most lucrative opportunities

1354
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:05,399
came through the system of 
diplomatic gift exchange, when 

1355
01:09:05,399 --> 01:09:07,700
rulers dispatched, envoys to 
foreign courts. 

1356
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:09,700
They often included scholars in 
their daily. 

1357
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:13,600
Gation IBN battuta secure. 
These appointments multiple 

1358
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:16,200
times. 
Most lucrative, and Sultan 

1359
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:19,100
Muhammad been took. 
Look of Delhi, designated him as

1360
01:09:19,100 --> 01:09:22,300
an invoice to the UN dynasty in 
China, though, the Diplomatic 

1361
01:09:22,300 --> 01:09:24,800
Mission ultimately fails. 
The appointment came with 

1362
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:28,500
substantial compensation, 
including 13 bags of gold coins 

1363
01:09:28,500 --> 01:09:30,500
that Finance. 
His subsequent travels through 

1364
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:33,399
South East Asia. 
Even batutas Financial 

1365
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:37,399
strategies occasionally bordered
on exploitation, he became Adept

1366
01:09:37,399 --> 01:09:39,300
at what historians have termed 
credential inflation. 

1367
01:09:39,300 --> 01:09:43,100
Gradually elevating, his claimed
expertise and Authority as he 

1368
01:09:43,100 --> 01:09:46,200
moved farther from North Africa 
where his actual qualifications 

1369
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:48,899
might be verified. 
By the time he reached the 

1370
01:09:48,908 --> 01:09:52,100
Maldives he presented himself as
a chief legal Authority despite 

1371
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:53,899
having only modest training in 
his youth. 

1372
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:57,700
His pattern of accumulating and 
abandoning wives reveals another

1373
01:09:57,700 --> 01:10:01,200
dimension of his economic 
approach to travel throughout 

1374
01:10:01,200 --> 01:10:03,500
his journeys. 
He married at least 10 women 

1375
01:10:03,500 --> 01:10:06,400
across various regions though. 
Some Scholars suggest the actual

1376
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:09,500
number exceeded 15. 
These marriages offered him 

1377
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:13,000
integration into local 
communities household management

1378
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:17,600
during Extended Stays and 
crucially, accessed Heroes and 

1379
01:10:17,608 --> 01:10:20,800
matrimonial gifts, when to 
parting a region, he typically 

1380
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:23,900
divorced these women sometimes 
leaving behind children as well.

1381
01:10:25,100 --> 01:10:27,800
The material reality of 
long-distance travel in the 14th

1382
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:30,200
century. 
Imposed constraints that shape 

1383
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:33,600
in patters itinerary. 
He deliberately followed trade 

1384
01:10:33,600 --> 01:10:37,100
routes, where caravan's rise 
offered secure logging avoided 

1385
01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:40,700
territories without established 
Muslim communities and time to 

1386
01:10:40,700 --> 01:10:43,700
his journeys to coincide with 
Merchant, Caravans that provided

1387
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:47,000
safety in numbers. 
His account downplays the 

1388
01:10:47,008 --> 01:10:50,300
pragmatic considerations that 
determined his path instead 

1389
01:10:50,300 --> 01:10:53,900
emphasizing religious 
motivations or pure wonderlust. 

1390
01:10:54,700 --> 01:10:58,700
Perhaps most remarkably IBN 
battuta operated within an 

1391
01:10:58,700 --> 01:11:01,700
economic system. 
That valued his very foreignness

1392
01:11:01,700 --> 01:11:04,700
as courts throughout the Islamic
World sought to demonstrate 

1393
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:08,400
their cosmopolitanism hosting 
travelers from distant regions, 

1394
01:11:08,400 --> 01:11:10,200
became a form of cultural 
capital. 

1395
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:13,300
The Moroccan scholar. 
Could leverage his exotic 

1396
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,700
background increasingly 
embellished as he traveled and 

1397
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:19,100
to opportunities that local 
Scholars could not access. 

1398
01:11:19,900 --> 01:11:23,500
This created a self-reinforcing 
cycle, the father, he traveled, 

1399
01:11:23,500 --> 01:11:26,900
the more valuable, his presence 
became to subsequent hosts. 

1400
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:31,300
When resources fail, as they 
occasionally, did it but Toto 

1401
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:34,400
resorted to more desperate 
measures in the steps, north of 

1402
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:37,600
the Black Sea, he was robbed of 
nearly all possessions and 

1403
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:40,700
survived, by attaching himself 
to a passing Caravan as an 

1404
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:43,800
informal religious advisor in 
the mountains of turkey. 

1405
01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:47,200
He worked briefly as a copyist 
producing manuscripts for a 

1406
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:51,000
local madrasa. these episodes of
vulnerability rarely appear in 

1407
01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:53,900
his polish narrative, but 
emerged through inconsistencies,

1408
01:11:53,900 --> 01:11:58,000
in his timeline and oblique 
references By the time, even 

1409
01:11:58,000 --> 01:12:00,100
batuta returned to Morocco in 
1349. 

1410
01:12:00,100 --> 01:12:03,400
He had mastered, the economic 
architecture of medieval travel 

1411
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:06,700
transforming, his modest, legal 
credentials into a career, that 

1412
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:09,900
spanned continents and cultures,
the conventional Narrative of 

1413
01:12:09,900 --> 01:12:12,600
IBN battuta, portrays him. 
As a solitary, male traveler 

1414
01:12:12,600 --> 01:12:16,300
moving through a world dominated
by men yet his own account. 

1415
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:19,500
When read against the grain, 
reveals dozens of women who 

1416
01:12:19,500 --> 01:12:22,700
profoundly influenced his 
experiences provided critical 

1417
01:12:22,700 --> 01:12:26,000
assistance and occasionally 
redirected his journey entirely 

1418
01:12:26,800 --> 01:12:30,000
Their stories often reduced a 
brief mentions in his text 

1419
01:12:30,000 --> 01:12:33,600
illuminate, aspects of medieval 
Islamic Society, typically 

1420
01:12:33,600 --> 01:12:38,000
obscured in historical accounts 
in Damascus, Eben, Toyota 

1421
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:41,300
encountered zainab bint Hamad a 
scholar. 

1422
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:44,600
Who held the prize ijazah 
teaching license for the 

1423
01:12:44,608 --> 01:12:46,200
collected works of Hadith 
scholar. 

1424
01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:50,700
Albacore despite his only legal 
training hibernate lacked the 

1425
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:54,400
first digital credential He 
studied under her for several 

1426
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:57,400
months joining classes that 
included both male and female 

1427
01:12:57,400 --> 01:12:59,900
students before receiving his 
only jazzhr. 

1428
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:03,800
The male scholar from Morocco 
would seek instruction from a 

1429
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:06,100
woman challenges. 
Simplified narratives about 

1430
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:10,700
gender in medieval Islamic 
educational, The most remarkable

1431
01:13:10,700 --> 01:13:14,700
woman I met hidden battuta wrote
unexpectedly was the Turkish 

1432
01:13:14,700 --> 01:13:18,900
princess by a loon. 
This daughter of the Byzantine, 

1433
01:13:18,900 --> 01:13:22,500
emperor had married, the Mongol 
Khan as beg, but maintained her 

1434
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:25,400
Christian faith. 
When the Khan dispatched her to 

1435
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,800
visit her father, in 
Constantinople IBN battuta 

1436
01:13:28,800 --> 01:13:30,600
secured permission to join her 
Entourage. 

1437
01:13:30,600 --> 01:13:33,800
Providing him rare access to 
presenting territories, 

1438
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:35,500
typically closed and Muslim 
Travelers. 

1439
01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:39,300
Throughout this journey by Alune
effectively served as his 

1440
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:42,800
protector and guide, determining
the itinerary and managing 

1441
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:47,200
diplomatic interactions in the 
Maldives, where I even to served

1442
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:50,300
briefly, as chief judge, he 
described as a society with 

1443
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:52,700
striking features of matricula 
quality. 

1444
01:13:52,700 --> 01:13:56,100
Their husbands, moved into the 
households of their wives and 

1445
01:13:56,100 --> 01:14:00,300
women maintained control over 
their divorce. 

1446
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:05,400
Noted with evident discomfort. 
No, man would eat food except 

1447
01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:07,700
what has been prepared in his 
wife's house. 

1448
01:14:08,600 --> 01:14:11,500
And to eat in one's own house, 
would bring great shame. 

1449
01:14:12,700 --> 01:14:15,400
His attempts to impose stricter 
gender segregation during his 

1450
01:14:15,400 --> 01:14:18,400
judge ship generated significant
resistance from local women, 

1451
01:14:18,400 --> 01:14:21,700
ultimately contributing to his 
departure from the islands. 

1452
01:14:22,700 --> 01:14:25,400
His most consequential romance 
occurred in Bukhara with a 

1453
01:14:25,408 --> 01:14:27,900
Merchant's daughter named Aisha,
though. 

1454
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:31,000
He mentions her only briefly 
contextual evidence suggests, 

1455
01:14:31,000 --> 01:14:34,000
she traveled with him for nearly
eight months including through 

1456
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:37,500
the dangerous mountain, passes 
of Central Asia, when she fell 

1457
01:14:37,500 --> 01:14:40,300
ill in Samarkand IBN battuta 
faced a pivotal Choice. 

1458
01:14:40,300 --> 01:14:42,700
Continue his journey or remain 
with her. 

1459
01:14:42,700 --> 01:14:46,400
He chose to proceed a decision. 
He later described with 

1460
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:50,500
uncharacteristic regret. 
Of all the paths not taken the 

1461
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:52,900
road back to Isha remains most 
Vivid in my memory. 

1462
01:14:54,100 --> 01:14:57,800
IBN battuta's account reveals a 
pattern in which female slaves 

1463
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:00,700
frequently served as linguistic 
and cultural intermediaries. 

1464
01:15:01,500 --> 01:15:05,100
In Bengal, he purchased a slave 
girl who spoke both Persian and 

1465
01:15:05,108 --> 01:15:07,900
Bengali relying on her 
translations during his 

1466
01:15:07,900 --> 01:15:11,400
six-month day. 
Similarly in Constantinople he 

1467
01:15:11,400 --> 01:15:14,300
employed a Greek speaking slave 
who negotiated his access to 

1468
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:17,100
various sites including the 
Hagia Sophia. 

1469
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:21,500
These women are named in his 
text performed critical 

1470
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,700
functions that made his travel 
possible yet received minimal 

1471
01:15:24,700 --> 01:15:27,800
acknowledgment. 
Perhaps most revealing is in 

1472
01:15:27,800 --> 01:15:31,100
batutas interaction with 
Khadijah daughter of the ruler 

1473
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:34,000
of Mali. 
During his West African travels,

1474
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:37,000
he committed a serious breach of
protocol when addressing her 

1475
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,800
father, rather than having him 
punished Khadijah intervened, 

1476
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:43,800
explaining to Edinburgh tutor, 
the proper Court etiquette. 

1477
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:47,700
She later granted him access to 
women's quarters of the palace 

1478
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:51,500
spaces entirely closed to most 
male visitors where he observed 

1479
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:55,200
and documented female political 
influence in the Mali Empire 

1480
01:15:55,200 --> 01:15:57,500
that would otherwise remain 
unrecorded. 

1481
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:01,700
The pattern of IBM batters 
marriages reveals a calculated 

1482
01:16:01,700 --> 01:16:05,800
approach to Intimacy in regions 
where he planned Extended Stays.

1483
01:16:05,800 --> 01:16:09,400
He typically married women from 
politically connected families, 

1484
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:12,800
providing him with both domestic
comfort and valuable social 

1485
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:15,700
networks, when to parting 
usually exercise. 

1486
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,000
The Islamic of unilateral 
divorce though, occasionally 

1487
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:22,600
economic circumstances or family
intervention's complicated these

1488
01:16:22,600 --> 01:16:25,700
separation. while his 
descriptions of women, often 

1489
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:28,700
reflect the prejudices of his 
time and background occasionally

1490
01:16:28,700 --> 01:16:32,500
contains surprising insights In 
describing, female, religious 

1491
01:16:32,500 --> 01:16:35,800
Scholars, and Damascus. 
He observed their knowledge. 

1492
01:16:35,800 --> 01:16:39,300
Often exceeds that of men for 
they devote themselves entirely 

1493
01:16:39,300 --> 01:16:41,900
to study while men are 
distracted by worldly Pursuits. 

1494
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:45,800
this recognition of how gendered
expectations might actually 

1495
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:49,500
Advantage, female scholars in 
specific contexts demonstrates, 

1496
01:16:49,500 --> 01:16:54,000
an analytical depth rarely 
credited to him Through these 

1497
01:16:54,000 --> 01:16:57,200
fragmentary references. 
A different understanding of 

1498
01:16:57,200 --> 01:17:01,100
even the tutors Journey emerges,
not as the adventure of an 

1499
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:04,700
independent male traveler, but 
as a complex, social Endeavor 

1500
01:17:04,700 --> 01:17:08,400
shaped by numerous women whose 
assistants knowledge and 

1501
01:17:08,400 --> 01:17:10,700
relationships. 
Made his unprecedented travels 

1502
01:17:10,700 --> 01:17:14,700
possible in 1335 somewhere 
between the cities of astrakhan.

1503
01:17:14,700 --> 01:17:18,500
And Sarai along the Volga River 
IBN battuta experience. 

1504
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:21,400
What modern psychologists would 
like to classify as a severe 

1505
01:17:21,400 --> 01:17:24,300
mental health crisis though? 
He never named it as such 

1506
01:17:24,300 --> 01:17:27,900
lacking the vocabulary or 
conceptual framework his writing

1507
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:30,400
from this period. 
Reveals profound psychological 

1508
01:17:30,400 --> 01:17:32,800
distress. 
That nearly terminated his 

1509
01:17:32,800 --> 01:17:35,900
travels entirely. 
The episode began with physical 

1510
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:39,600
symptoms insomnia, that lasted 
weeks followed by what he 

1511
01:17:39,600 --> 01:17:42,200
described as a heaviness of 
spirit that prevented even the 

1512
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:45,800
simplest decisions. 
He abandoned his plan, Eastwood 

1513
01:17:45,800 --> 01:17:49,400
Journey, three times each time 
returning to astrocare after 

1514
01:17:49,400 --> 01:17:52,800
traveling just a few miles. 
Local Merchants noted, his 

1515
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:55,800
erratic Behavior. 
Particularly his son aversion to

1516
01:17:55,800 --> 01:17:58,500
crowds and marketplaces, that 
had previously been Central to 

1517
01:17:58,500 --> 01:18:01,900
his daily routine. 
I found myself unable to recall 

1518
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:04,100
the first lines of even the most
familiar prayers. 

1519
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:08,000
He wrote in a passage, rarely 
highlighted by historians words.

1520
01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:10,100
I had known since childhood 
became foreign to me. 

1521
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:14,300
This cognitive disruption, 
coincided with an unusually 

1522
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:18,000
harsh winter, during which IBN 
battuta remained. 

1523
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:21,400
Largely confined to a small room
provided by a sympathetic 

1524
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:23,700
Iranian physician named Al 
tabari. 

1525
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:27,100
Several factors. 
Likely contributed to this 

1526
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:30,900
cycle, collapse. 
Just months earlier even batuta 

1527
01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:33,600
had received news of his 
father's death, delivered by a 

1528
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:37,400
merchant from Tangier meaning, 
encountered unexpectedly and 

1529
01:18:37,400 --> 01:18:39,900
Damascus. 
This loss coincided with the 

1530
01:18:39,900 --> 01:18:42,900
10th anniversary of his 
departure from home, triggering 

1531
01:18:42,900 --> 01:18:45,900
what his writing suggests was an
intense period of grief and 

1532
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:48,600
regret over his absence during 
his father's final Year's 

1533
01:18:48,600 --> 01:18:51,100
compounding. 
This emotional strain was a 

1534
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:54,000
severe case of frostbite. 
That damaged several toes on his

1535
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:57,700
right foot Injury left, him 
temporarily immobile and 

1536
01:18:57,700 --> 01:18:59,600
dependent on Strangers for basic
needs. 

1537
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:02,900
A profound vulnerability for a 
man who had cultivated 

1538
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,500
self-sufficiency throughout his 
travels the physical pain, 

1539
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:09,100
limited mobility and forced 
dependents. 

1540
01:19:09,100 --> 01:19:11,800
Created conditions, ripe for 
psychological distress. 

1541
01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:16,100
Even berta's recovery came 
through, an unexpected Source, a

1542
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:20,600
Sufi Shaikh named Noman Alcala. 
He practiced, an unconventional 

1543
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:24,400
form of therapy, rather than 
offering religious Council the 

1544
01:19:24,400 --> 01:19:27,500
Sheik prescribed daily immersion
in Hot Springs outside the city,

1545
01:19:27,500 --> 01:19:31,700
followed by structured 
conversations, focusing not on 

1546
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:35,700
spiritual matters but on 
concrete memories Each day, he 

1547
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:38,100
asked me to describe a single 
Street or building from my home 

1548
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:42,400
town with complete Precision 
ibutton noted through these 

1549
01:19:42,400 --> 01:19:44,800
Recollections by mind, began to 
clear. 

1550
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:49,800
The crisis transformed as 
approached to his travels before

1551
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:53,400
this episode. 
His writing displays an almost 

1552
01:19:53,408 --> 01:19:56,100
clinical Detachment when 
describing various cultures 

1553
01:19:56,100 --> 01:19:59,500
afterward his observations 
become more empathetic, 

1554
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:02,600
particularly regarding 
individuals experiencing forms 

1555
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:06,300
of suffering or displacement. 
He began seeking hospitals and 

1556
01:20:06,300 --> 01:20:08,100
charitable institutions in each 
City. 

1557
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:11,800
He visited spaces, he had 
previously ignored during this 

1558
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:14,500
period. 
He also abandon a project, he 

1559
01:20:14,500 --> 01:20:17,300
had carried for years. 
The ambitious legal Treatise, 

1560
01:20:17,300 --> 01:20:19,800
comparing, Judicial Systems 
across different Islamic 

1561
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:22,800
territories, his notes for this 
work, which he occasionally 

1562
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:25,300
references in his later, 
travelogue were left with a 

1563
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:28,000
scholar in. 
Sarai this abandonment of 

1564
01:20:28,000 --> 01:20:31,800
scholarly ambition suggests a 
fundamental re-evaluation of 

1565
01:20:31,800 --> 01:20:36,200
priorities following his cycle 
crisis, most significantly, even

1566
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,200
batuta emerged from this period 
with an altered relationship to 

1567
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:41,600
home. 
Before his breakdown, his 

1568
01:20:41,600 --> 01:20:44,300
writings reveal an assumption 
that he would eventually return 

1569
01:20:44,300 --> 01:20:46,500
to Morocco. 
To occupy a prestigious judicial

1570
01:20:46,500 --> 01:20:49,300
position. 
Afterward he began 

1571
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:53,000
conceptualizing himself as 
permanently transient identity 

1572
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:55,100
shift. 
That allowed him to engage more 

1573
01:20:55,100 --> 01:20:58,800
deeply with each location rather
than viewing it instrumental as 

1574
01:20:58,800 --> 01:21:00,800
material for future. 
Scholarly work. 

1575
01:21:02,200 --> 01:21:05,700
The psychological vulnerability 
IBN battuta experienced 

1576
01:21:05,700 --> 01:21:08,200
contrasts sharply with the 
confident Persona. 

1577
01:21:08,200 --> 01:21:11,400
He cultivates through most of 
his narrative, this tension 

1578
01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:14,500
between public performance and 
private struggle characterized 

1579
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:18,900
much of his journey in Delhi 
Constantinople and later in 

1580
01:21:18,900 --> 01:21:22,500
Mali, he presented himself as a 
composed authoritative figure 

1581
01:21:22,500 --> 01:21:25,500
while privately grappling with 
recurring episodes of what he 

1582
01:21:25,500 --> 01:21:30,100
called, the darkness of spirit. 
IBN battuta's Mental Health 

1583
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:33,500
crisis provides a rare window 
into the cycle dimension of 

1584
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,900
medieval travel, the cognitive 
and emotional toll of sustained.

1585
01:21:36,900 --> 01:21:39,900
Displacement identity, 
disruption and cultural 

1586
01:21:39,900 --> 01:21:43,800
dissonance His experience, 
challenges romanticized, Notions

1587
01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:47,600
of pre-modern exploration 
revealing, the profound personal

1588
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:49,800
cost that accompanied his 
Geographic Mobility. 

1589
01:21:49,800 --> 01:21:55,400
By Spring 1336, Eben battuta had
recovered sufficiently to resume

1590
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:58,600
his Eastwood Journey. 
Yet the cycle patterns 

1591
01:21:58,600 --> 01:22:02,100
established during the crisis, 
including periodic withdrawals 

1592
01:22:02,100 --> 01:22:05,100
into isolation and recurring 
battles with what appears to be 

1593
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,200
situational depression would 
resurface throughout his 

1594
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:11,500
subsequent travels, particularly
during his difficult final years

1595
01:22:11,500 --> 01:22:14,500
in Mali. 
And Spain among Peter's most 

1596
01:22:14,500 --> 01:22:17,300
valuable contributions to 
historical knowledge, is his 

1597
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:20,600
detail to count of killer a 
prosperous East African Coastal.

1598
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:23,300
Sultanate that dominated in the 
Ocean trade networks for 

1599
01:22:23,308 --> 01:22:26,400
centuries, yet remains largely 
absent from Western Historical 

1600
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:29,100
awareness. 
His documentation provides one 

1601
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:31,000
of the few contemporary 
descriptions of this 

1602
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:34,700
sophisticated commercial power 
before its eventual, disruption 

1603
01:22:34,700 --> 01:22:37,800
by Portuguese forces, in the 
early 16th century. 

1604
01:22:38,800 --> 01:22:42,500
Ive number tutor arrived in 
kilworth in modern Tanzania, in 

1605
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:46,100
1331 having traveled down the 
East African Coast from 

1606
01:22:46,100 --> 01:22:49,000
Mogadishu. 
What he encountered defied, his 

1607
01:22:49,008 --> 01:22:52,500
expectations and challenges 
persistent misconceptions about 

1608
01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:56,200
pre-colonial African States. 
I have seen no more beautiful 

1609
01:22:56,200 --> 01:22:59,000
city in all my travels he wrote 
through with uncharacteristic 

1610
01:22:59,000 --> 01:23:01,300
and enthusiasm. 
Its buildings are constructed 

1611
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:06,100
entirely of wood expertly joined
without nails or pegs and roofed

1612
01:23:06,100 --> 01:23:09,000
with panels of red, Mangrove 
that shine like polished metal 

1613
01:23:09,000 --> 01:23:11,900
Under the Sun. 
The killer he described was the 

1614
01:23:11,900 --> 01:23:14,600
center of a commercial Network 
that stretched from the interior

1615
01:23:14,600 --> 01:23:18,300
goldfields of Zimbabwe to the 
northern ports of India. its 

1616
01:23:18,300 --> 01:23:21,100
Harbour, accommodated hundreds 
of vessels ranging from Coastal 

1617
01:23:21,100 --> 01:23:24,800
dowels to Deepwater Merchant 
ships from Gujarat and China. 

1618
01:23:25,500 --> 01:23:28,200
even better noted with 
particular interests with the 

1619
01:23:28,200 --> 01:23:31,100
standardized system of 
commercial, documentation used 

1620
01:23:31,100 --> 01:23:34,900
in Killers Customs houses, A 
sophisticated predecessor to 

1621
01:23:34,900 --> 01:23:38,400
Modern bills of lading. 
Facilitated complex commercial 

1622
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:42,500
Arrangements, across linguistic 
boundaries the ruler IBN battuta

1623
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:46,600
encountered Sultan Al Hassan, 
Suleman represented, the 

1624
01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:49,100
culmination of a dynastic 
tradition that traced its 

1625
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:52,400
Origins to Persian settlers who 
had intermarried with local 

1626
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:55,100
Bantu populations. 
The resulting cultural 

1627
01:23:55,100 --> 01:23:56,800
synthesis. 
Had produced a distinctive 

1628
01:23:56,800 --> 01:24:00,700
Swahili civilization, that IBN 
battuta recognized as neither 

1629
01:24:00,700 --> 01:24:03,900
purely, African or middle 
eastern, but something uniquely 

1630
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:07,300
integrated. 
The sultan himself maintained a 

1631
01:24:07,300 --> 01:24:10,700
court protocol that combined 
elements from Abbasid, Fatimid 

1632
01:24:10,700 --> 01:24:14,500
an indigenous African 
traditions, killed was economic 

1633
01:24:14,500 --> 01:24:17,400
Foundation rested on its control
of gold trade from the interior,

1634
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,900
particularly from what IBN 
battuta called, the land of 

1635
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:25,700
yufu, in the Zimbabwe plateau, 
This gold travel traveled along 

1636
01:24:25,700 --> 01:24:28,200
protected trade routes 
maintained by the salt Nate 

1637
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:31,100
through a series of Inland 
administrative centers. 

1638
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:35,100
Even battuto observed one 
caravan's, arrival noting the 

1639
01:24:35,100 --> 01:24:38,600
elaborate security measures that
protected the precious cargo and

1640
01:24:38,600 --> 01:24:41,700
the sophisticated weighing and a
say techniques used to verify 

1641
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:45,000
the Gold's purity. 
The religious life of killer, 

1642
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:48,700
particularly impressed in the 
tutor and counted more than 40 

1643
01:24:48,700 --> 01:24:50,400
substantial Moss within the 
city. 

1644
01:24:50,400 --> 01:24:54,100
Walls, the Grand Mosque portions
of which still stand today. 

1645
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:57,900
Featured in of architectural 
elements, including sailing, 

1646
01:24:57,900 --> 01:25:01,700
derived tensioning systems that 
allowed its Dome to span a 

1647
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:03,900
greater distance than typical 
Islamic structures of the 

1648
01:25:03,900 --> 01:25:06,600
period. 
Even batuta specifically 

1649
01:25:06,600 --> 01:25:09,700
commented on the mosques 
distinctive octagonal minaret, 

1650
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:13,100
which Incorporated acoustic 
enhancements, that carried the 

1651
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:15,100
muizen call across the entire 
Harbor. 

1652
01:25:16,000 --> 01:25:20,000
Most remarkable was killed was 
monetary system, which utilized 

1653
01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:22,300
standardized gold coins known as
midcal. 

1654
01:25:22,300 --> 01:25:25,800
That circulated us alongside 
copper tokens for smaller 

1655
01:25:25,800 --> 01:25:29,000
transactions. 
IBN battuta noted that these 

1656
01:25:29,000 --> 01:25:31,800
coins were accepted without 
question throughout the trading 

1657
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:35,800
networks, extending to India, a 
testament to kill was reputation

1658
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:38,900
for commercial Integrity. 
He recorded watching Court. 

1659
01:25:38,900 --> 01:25:42,300
Metallurgists testing, incoming,
gold, shipments and striking new

1660
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:44,100
coins under the direct 
supervision. 

1661
01:25:45,300 --> 01:25:48,400
The social structure of killer 
revealed complex stratification,

1662
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:51,000
that defied IBN battuta's 
attempts at simple 

1663
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:53,900
categorization, the urban 
population included in 

1664
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:57,300
indigenous Africans, Arab and 
Persian, descendants mixed, 

1665
01:25:57,300 --> 01:25:59,600
Heritage individuals, who 
occupied various social 

1666
01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:01,200
positions. 
Without rigid, racial 

1667
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:04,900
boundaries, he observed, that 
Takeya administrative positions 

1668
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:07,800
were filled based on Merit and 
familial connections rather than

1669
01:26:07,800 --> 01:26:11,300
ethnic background creating a 
meritocratic system that 

1670
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:13,400
contrasted with more hereditary 
structures. 

1671
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,200
He had encountered, elsewhere 
women in Kill were occupied 

1672
01:26:16,200 --> 01:26:18,300
positions of significant 
economic independence. 

1673
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:22,800
Particularly in the textiles 
sector, Urban tutor described 

1674
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:25,500
workshops, where women control 
the production of the finely 

1675
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:27,800
woven cotton cloth that served 
as a major export. 

1676
01:26:28,700 --> 01:26:31,300
The mistresses of these 
establishments and he noted 

1677
01:26:31,300 --> 01:26:34,200
maintained their own accounts 
and negotiate directly with 

1678
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:37,700
foreign Merchants requiring, no 
male intermediaries. 

1679
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:41,500
This economical autonomy 
extended to property ownership 

1680
01:26:41,500 --> 01:26:44,400
with IBN battuta recording his 
surprise at learning. 

1681
01:26:44,400 --> 01:26:47,500
That nearly a third of kill was 
Urban real estate was held by 

1682
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:50,600
women. 
When IBN patuto departed, killer

1683
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:53,800
after a three-month, stay he 
carried with him documentation. 

1684
01:26:53,800 --> 01:26:56,000
That would later prove 
invaluable to a story and 

1685
01:26:56,000 --> 01:26:59,200
precise observations of a 
sophisticated African urban 

1686
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:02,600
center that operated as an equal
participant in Indian Ocean, 

1687
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,600
trade Networks. 
His account contradicts 

1688
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:08,100
persistent narratives that 
portray pre-colonial African 

1689
01:27:08,100 --> 01:27:11,500
societies as isolated or 
technologically primitive. 

1690
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:15,600
Instead revealing killers and 
Innovative commercial power that

1691
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:18,200
combined multiple cultural 
traditions in to a distinctive 

1692
01:27:18,200 --> 01:27:21,500
and successful synthesis. 
The final destination in 

1693
01:27:21,500 --> 01:27:25,100
Edinburgh tutors, Epic Journey 
China during the UN Dynasty, 

1694
01:27:25,100 --> 01:27:28,000
represents his most 
controversial claim in his most 

1695
01:27:28,000 --> 01:27:31,100
significant failure. 
Unlike his details accounts of 

1696
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:33,200
other regions. 
His description of China 

1697
01:27:33,200 --> 01:27:37,100
contains geographical and 
consistency employers timelines 

1698
01:27:37,100 --> 01:27:39,800
and passages that appear 
borrowed from other Travelers 

1699
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:41,700
reports. 
Centuries. 

1700
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:45,100
Historians have debated whether 
IBN battuta actually reached 

1701
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:47,900
China or fabricated this portion
of his narrative. 

1702
01:27:48,700 --> 01:27:52,200
Recent scholarships suggested, a
more nuanced possibility that 

1703
01:27:52,200 --> 01:27:55,200
IBN battuta did indeed enter 
your in territory but 

1704
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:58,300
experienced a series of setbacks
that prevented him from acts 

1705
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:00,100
accessing the cultural and 
political centers. 

1706
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:03,900
He had intended to visit his 
subsequent account represents an

1707
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:07,300
attempt to salvage reputation 
from failure through a 

1708
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:10,000
combination of borrowed details 
and strategic emissions. 

1709
01:28:10,000 --> 01:28:13,800
Even Butters China travels began
before he even reached its 

1710
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:18,800
borders in 1345 while in Calicut
modern Kerala, India. 

1711
01:28:18,800 --> 01:28:22,600
He bordered a Chinese treasure 
ship found for Joe with most of 

1712
01:28:22,600 --> 01:28:25,800
his accumulated possessions 
including gifs intended for the 

1713
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,800
UN emperor. 
When a storm Force the ship to 

1714
01:28:28,800 --> 01:28:32,200
Anchor near Calicut overnight 
IBN battuta went ashore to 

1715
01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:36,000
attend prayers during his 
absence of violence storm, drove

1716
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,900
the ship out to sea. 
All my possessions remained on 

1717
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:42,100
board, who wrote, including the 
slave girls, and gifts that the 

1718
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,600
Sultan of Delhi had sent with me
to the Emperor of China. 

1719
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:49,100
This catastrophic loss left IBM.
Battuta in a precarious 

1720
01:28:49,100 --> 01:28:51,200
position. 
Expected to continue his 

1721
01:28:51,200 --> 01:28:54,500
diplomatic Mission without the 
gifts that would secure proper 

1722
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:57,200
reception. 
After several months attempting 

1723
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:00,200
to rebuild his resources in 
Southern India, he embarked 

1724
01:29:00,200 --> 01:29:03,400
again on a different vessel. 
This ship was attacked by 

1725
01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:07,200
pirates in the Strait of Malacca
and even the tutor narrowly 

1726
01:29:07,200 --> 01:29:09,900
escaped with his life. 
Losing what remained of his 

1727
01:29:09,908 --> 01:29:12,000
possessions. 
When he finally reached what 

1728
01:29:12,000 --> 01:29:15,900
appears to have been fujian 
province in late 1346 even 

1729
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:18,000
batuta and counted a political 
situation. 

1730
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:22,200
He was unprepared to navigate 
the UN Dynasty established by 

1731
01:29:22,200 --> 01:29:25,500
Mongol conquerors maintained, a 
rigid classification system that

1732
01:29:25,500 --> 01:29:27,900
placed foreign Muslims and 
specific administrative 

1733
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:29,400
categories with limited 
privileges. 

1734
01:29:30,700 --> 01:29:33,700
Without proper diplomatic 
credentials and Gifts, even 

1735
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:36,800
batuta could not secure the 
state of necessary to access the

1736
01:29:36,800 --> 01:29:38,800
Imperial Court or major cultural
centers. 

1737
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:42,500
His writing suggests, he spent 
approximately four months in 

1738
01:29:42,500 --> 01:29:46,100
China's territory primarily in 
coastal regions with established

1739
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:49,000
Muslim merchants communities. 
These end claves while 

1740
01:29:49,000 --> 01:29:52,400
technically within China. 
Functioned as cultural is where 

1741
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:56,200
Arabic and Persian were commonly
spoken and his Customs 

1742
01:29:56,200 --> 01:30:00,900
maintained From these limited 
Vantage points even batuta 

1743
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:03,900
Glimpse Chinese Society but 
never experience the immersive 

1744
01:30:03,900 --> 01:30:06,300
engagement that characterized 
his travels elsewhere. 

1745
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:09,900
The Yuan China section of his 
narrative contains telling gaps 

1746
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:14,400
Unlike his accounts of India or 
Molly, where he named specific 

1747
01:30:14,400 --> 01:30:18,000
individuals who hosted him his 
Chinese interactions remain 

1748
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:20,800
strikingly anonymous, he 
describes no extended 

1749
01:30:20,800 --> 01:30:24,000
conversations with Chinese 
Scholars or officials suggesting

1750
01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:26,100
very limited contact Beyond 
Merchant. 

1751
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:29,500
Intermediaries his observations 
for Focus predominantly on the 

1752
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:33,300
material culture Ceramics, paper
currency shipbuilding, 

1753
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:36,800
technique's, rather than social,
or political systems, he could 

1754
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:40,100
only have understood through 
sustained interaction Most 

1755
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:43,600
revealing is even but tooters 
omission of any mention of the 

1756
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:46,300
Grand Canal. 
China's most impressive 

1757
01:30:46,300 --> 01:30:48,800
infrastructure project that 
connected Beijing to Hangzhou. 

1758
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,800
This absence is particularly 
striking given his pattern of 

1759
01:30:52,800 --> 01:30:55,200
documenting major engineering 
Works throughout his travels. 

1760
01:30:55,200 --> 01:30:58,500
Similarly, he fails to mention 
the distinctive Chinese 

1761
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:00,400
examination system for civil 
service. 

1762
01:31:00,400 --> 01:31:03,500
A unique administrative 
Innovation that would have 

1763
01:31:03,500 --> 01:31:07,000
fascinated a train Juris. 
These gaps strongly suggest 

1764
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,600
limited access to China's 
interior regions and 

1765
01:31:09,600 --> 01:31:13,900
administrative centers. 
What even protected essentially 

1766
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:18,400
was Maritime China. 
The coastal interface where 

1767
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:21,500
foreign Merchants conducted 
heavily regulated trade under un

1768
01:31:21,500 --> 01:31:23,900
supervision. 
When he realized, he could not 

1769
01:31:23,900 --> 01:31:26,100
penetrate Beyond this. 
Periphery without proper 

1770
01:31:26,100 --> 01:31:28,900
credentials, he appears to have 
supplemented his limited 

1771
01:31:28,900 --> 01:31:32,500
first-hand observations with 
accounts, from Persian and Arab 

1772
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:36,000
Merchants, who had better access
this experience of failure was 

1773
01:31:36,008 --> 01:31:39,400
not unique to China in even but 
tutors travels throughout his 

1774
01:31:39,400 --> 01:31:42,000
nearly three decades of 
journeying he experienced 

1775
01:31:42,000 --> 01:31:45,700
numerous, setbacks redirections 
and outright disasters. 

1776
01:31:45,700 --> 01:31:49,300
What distinguishes, the China 
episode, is his unwillingness to

1777
01:31:49,300 --> 01:31:52,500
acknowledge these limitations, 
in his subsequent account, like 

1778
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,500
he because China represented the
easternmost extent of his 

1779
01:31:55,500 --> 01:31:58,400
travels and therefore, held 
symbolic in Portland to his 

1780
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:02,200
overall narrative, Even Beto's 
partially invented, China 

1781
01:32:02,200 --> 01:32:05,800
becomes fascinating case, study 
in travel literatures complex 

1782
01:32:05,800 --> 01:32:09,100
relationship with truth. 
Rather than viewing his account 

1783
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:13,100
as either factual and we might 
understand it as an negotiation 

1784
01:32:13,100 --> 01:32:17,400
between experience expectation 
and reputation management. 

1785
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:22,300
His China narrative reveals how 
many evil Travelers constructed 

1786
01:32:22,300 --> 01:32:26,200
authoritative accounts evil when
their actual experience is fell 

1787
01:32:26,200 --> 01:32:31,100
short of their ambitions. 
By early 1347 IBN battuta had 

1788
01:32:31,100 --> 01:32:33,700
abandoned his Chinese 
aspirations and began the long 

1789
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:37,100
journey that would eventually 
return him to Morocco the China 

1790
01:32:37,100 --> 01:32:40,300
episode with its blend of 
limited observation and borrowed

1791
01:32:40,300 --> 01:32:43,500
detail represents not just 
Geographic terrain, but the 

1792
01:32:43,508 --> 01:32:46,500
boundaries of IBM Butters 
remarkable adaptability as a 

1793
01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:49,800
traveler, the conventional 
Narrative of IBN battuta 

1794
01:32:49,800 --> 01:32:53,600
concludes with his return to 
Morocco in 1349 and the 

1795
01:32:53,600 --> 01:32:55,200
subsequent dictation of his 
travels. 

1796
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:58,900
To even Jose who compiled, the 
famous reload Journey, that 

1797
01:32:58,900 --> 01:33:01,100
secured even better to his 
historical Legacy. 

1798
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:05,200
Yet this account, emits a 
significant Final Chapter his 

1799
01:33:05,200 --> 01:33:07,900
journey through Muslim Spain, 
and the North African interior, 

1800
01:33:07,900 --> 01:33:11,100
that occupied the last decade of
his life and revealed a man 

1801
01:33:11,100 --> 01:33:15,100
transformed by his early travels
in 1350, just months after 

1802
01:33:15,100 --> 01:33:16,900
completing. 
The initial dictation of his 

1803
01:33:16,900 --> 01:33:20,500
epic travelogue Eben, battuta 
embarked on a journey to the 

1804
01:33:20,500 --> 01:33:23,400
kingdom of Granada. 
The last remaining Muslim state 

1805
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:26,400
in Iberia. 
His motivation for this trip 

1806
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:29,800
differed markedly from his early
travels rather than seeking 

1807
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:33,100
Adventure or career advancement.
The travel does a cultural 

1808
01:33:33,100 --> 01:33:36,500
Ambassador concerned with the 
erosion of Islamic governance in

1809
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:38,900
territories being steadily 
reconquered by Christian 

1810
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:41,600
kingdoms. 
I found in Grenada people 

1811
01:33:41,600 --> 01:33:44,500
clinging to Traditions. 
They scarcely remembered he 

1812
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:47,000
wrote in passages excluded from 
the standard rittler. 

1813
01:33:47,000 --> 01:33:50,400
They maintain the forms of 
Muslim practice while forgetting

1814
01:33:50,400 --> 01:33:53,500
their substance. 
Tickle perspective. 

1815
01:33:53,500 --> 01:33:56,500
Reflective number tutors 
Evolution from an observer of 

1816
01:33:56,500 --> 01:33:59,600
cultural differences to an 
active advocate for religious 

1817
01:33:59,600 --> 01:34:04,100
authenticity as he defined it. 
The Granada Journey initiated a 

1818
01:34:04,100 --> 01:34:07,000
period of what even battuta 
called purposeful travel 

1819
01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:09,600
Journeys. 
Undertaken, not for exploration,

1820
01:34:09,600 --> 01:34:14,200
but for specific cultural 
interventions between 1352 and 

1821
01:34:14,200 --> 01:34:17,000
1355. 
He traversed the middle Atlas 

1822
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:20,400
Mountains of Morocco, visiting 
remote Berber communities. 

1823
01:34:20,400 --> 01:34:22,900
Whereas lamech practices had 
blended with indigenous 

1824
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:25,600
Traditions. 
Unlike his earlier descriptive 

1825
01:34:25,600 --> 01:34:28,900
approach to cultural difference.
These accounts, reveal active 

1826
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:30,600
efforts to modify local 
practices. 

1827
01:34:30,600 --> 01:34:32,800
He deemed inconsistent with 
Orthodox, Islam. 

1828
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:36,700
This late-life transformation 
from travel to reformer 

1829
01:34:36,700 --> 01:34:40,000
culminated in his. 
Most overlooked Journey, an 

1830
01:34:40,000 --> 01:34:42,400
expedition to the Mali Empire in
1352. 

1831
01:34:42,400 --> 01:34:46,700
This West African Kingdom had 
already embraced Islam but IBN 

1832
01:34:46,700 --> 01:34:48,200
battuta approached it with 
Mission. 

1833
01:34:48,200 --> 01:34:51,800
Reveal nonetheless, his account 
of Marley differs strikingly 

1834
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:54,900
from his earlier, writing's 
focusing almost exclusively on 

1835
01:34:54,900 --> 01:34:57,900
religious practices, rather than
the commercial and political 

1836
01:34:57,900 --> 01:35:03,100
systems that had previously 
captured his attention Molly IBN

1837
01:35:03,100 --> 01:35:06,600
battuta experienced his. 
Most significant rejection after

1838
01:35:06,600 --> 01:35:08,600
attempting to implement 
stricter, religious 

1839
01:35:08,600 --> 01:35:11,100
interpretations at the court of 
Mansa Suleiman. 

1840
01:35:11,100 --> 01:35:14,500
He was effectively, sidelined 
signed comfortable but in 

1841
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:16,700
consequential duties that 
limited his influence. 

1842
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:21,200
After six months of frustration,
he departed Northwood leaving 

1843
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,300
behind a rare written record of 
his failure. 

1844
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:26,300
I found myself unable to bend 
this Kingdom toward the 

1845
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:28,500
practices. 
I had witnessed in Mecca for 

1846
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:31,500
their Islam has taken root in 
forms adapted to their 

1847
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:34,800
circumstances. 
The final years of Edinburgh, 

1848
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,600
Peters life, reveal a pattern, 
common to many long-term 

1849
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:41,100
Travelers the complicated 
experience of returning home 

1850
01:35:41,100 --> 01:35:44,700
after transformative Journeys 
following his Molly Expedition, 

1851
01:35:44,700 --> 01:35:48,300
he accepted a modest judicial 
position in fairs, where 

1852
01:35:48,300 --> 01:35:50,800
colleague's regarded him with a 
mixture of respect for his 

1853
01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:53,300
travels and suspicion of the 
foreign influences, he had 

1854
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:55,600
absorbed Court records from this
period. 

1855
01:35:55,600 --> 01:35:58,700
Show him frequently being 
overruled in his legal opinions.

1856
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:02,200
Especially when he referenced 
practices from distant Islamic 

1857
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:04,200
territories. 
IBN battuta's. 

1858
01:36:04,200 --> 01:36:06,400
Last recorded Journey came in 
1359. 

1859
01:36:06,400 --> 01:36:09,400
When he traveled to Taft, Lal 
and South Eastern Morocco. 

1860
01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:12,700
A remote Oasis region 
experienced in religious revival

1861
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:15,100
movements. 
His written observations from 

1862
01:36:15,100 --> 01:36:17,500
this period reveal a man. 
Attempting to reconcile his 

1863
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:20,700
Global Experience. 
As with local realities seeking 

1864
01:36:20,700 --> 01:36:23,700
to apply lessons from distant as
lamech societies to his home 

1865
01:36:23,700 --> 01:36:26,900
region. 
This final Journey produced, no 

1866
01:36:26,900 --> 01:36:29,900
spectacular discoveries but 
represented his mature 

1867
01:36:29,900 --> 01:36:32,700
integration of Decades of 
cross-cultural experience. 

1868
01:36:33,600 --> 01:36:36,100
When IBN battuta died around 
1368. 

1869
01:36:36,100 --> 01:36:39,900
The exact date remains 
uncertain, he had come full 

1870
01:36:39,900 --> 01:36:42,100
circle from a young man 
embarking on a standard. 

1871
01:36:42,100 --> 01:36:44,600
Pilgrimage to a seasoned 
cultural intermediary, 

1872
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:47,600
attempting to connect disparate 
parts of the Islamic world. 

1873
01:36:47,600 --> 01:36:51,100
He had experienced firsthand 
contemporary accounts of his 

1874
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:54,400
funeral mention, only, a modest 
attendance suggesting that, 

1875
01:36:54,400 --> 01:36:58,000
despite his extraordinary, 
travels, his immediate impact on

1876
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:01,600
Moroccan Society, remained 
Limited The enduring Paradox 

1877
01:37:01,600 --> 01:37:05,100
within two tutor is that his 
most significant Legacy came not

1878
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:08,200
through his intended, religious 
and legal contributions that 

1879
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:10,700
through the travelogue here. 
Initially considered secondary 

1880
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:13,700
while his attempts at cultural 
reform faded quickly. 

1881
01:37:13,700 --> 01:37:17,100
After his death, his Geographic,
and ethnographic observations 

1882
01:37:17,100 --> 01:37:19,000
preserved. 
In the reeler, provided 

1883
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:22,300
invaluable documentation of 
societies across Africa, Asia, 

1884
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:24,700
during a pivotal historical 
period. 

1885
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:28,500
In the centuries, following his 
death, IBN battuta's account 

1886
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:31,100
circulated primarily among 
scholars in North Africa. 

1887
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:34,400
Never achieving The Wider 
recognition in the medieval 

1888
01:37:34,400 --> 01:37:37,700
period that it deserved. 
Only in the mid-19th century. 

1889
01:37:37,700 --> 01:37:40,800
When French Colonial officials 
discovered manuscripts of the 

1890
01:37:40,808 --> 01:37:43,300
Ricola. 
Did his extraordinary Journey 

1891
01:37:43,300 --> 01:37:46,700
begin receiving Global 
acknowledgment The Traveler who 

1892
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:50,000
once sought to change the world 
through religious reform instead

1893
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:52,700
left his Mark by simply bearing 
witness to the remarkable 

1894
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:54,700
diversity of medieval 
civilization. 

1895
01:38:03,200 --> 01:38:06,800
When we think of Kings our minds
conjure images of why Solomon, 

1896
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:10,200
Brave, Arthur or Noble Henry, 
the 5th leading charge at Adrian

1897
01:38:10,200 --> 01:38:13,100
Corps, but for every ruler who 
earned their place in history 

1898
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:16,900
Hall of Fame, there's another 
who stumbled spectacularly into 

1899
01:38:16,900 --> 01:38:19,700
its Hall of Shame. 
His monarchs didn't just fail. 

1900
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:22,100
They fail with such remarkable 
consistency. 

1901
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:25,300
That their Reigns became 
cautionary tales whispered in 

1902
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:29,200
Palace corridors for centuries. 
The crown that Golden Circle of 

1903
01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:32,400
ultimate Authority has adorned 
some truly unworthy heads 

1904
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:36,500
throughout history. 
It's A peculiar world of divine 

1905
01:38:36,500 --> 01:38:40,400
writing on Earthly power often. 
Sat at mines incapable of ruling

1906
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:45,000
a chicken coop, let alone vast 
kingdoms It's the very nature of

1907
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:47,200
hereditary monarchy that creates
this problem. 

1908
01:38:47,200 --> 01:38:50,600
After all leadership skills 
don't necessarily pass through 

1909
01:38:50,600 --> 01:38:52,700
Bloodlines like blue eyes or 
prominent noses. 

1910
01:38:53,600 --> 01:38:55,500
Consider the fundamental 
challenge. 

1911
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:59,600
These men faced inheriting, 
absolute power in their teens or

1912
01:38:59,600 --> 01:39:01,600
twenties surrounded by 
sycophants. 

1913
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:04,400
Whose livelihoods depended on 
agreeing with every Royal whim, 

1914
01:39:04,400 --> 01:39:08,600
no matter how cattle or a 
catastrophically stupid, it's 

1915
01:39:08,600 --> 01:39:10,900
akin to entrusting. 
A teenager with the keys to both

1916
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,300
the Ferrari and a nuclear 
reactor then reacting with 

1917
01:39:14,300 --> 01:39:17,400
surprised when things go awry. 
The worst kings in history, 

1918
01:39:17,400 --> 01:39:20,000
share certain characteristics. 
That transcend times and 

1919
01:39:20,008 --> 01:39:23,200
cultures they possessed an 
almost Supernatural ability to 

1920
01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:26,700
make the wrong decision in any 
given situation as if Guided by 

1921
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:29,500
some malevolent compass that 
always pointed toward disaster. 

1922
01:39:30,500 --> 01:39:33,200
They combined breathtaking 
arrogance with staggering 

1923
01:39:33,200 --> 01:39:37,100
incompetence, creating a perfect
storm of Royal dysfunction, that

1924
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:40,500
left their subjects longing for 
the Glorious old days of plague 

1925
01:39:40,500 --> 01:39:42,900
and famine. 
What makes these rulers 

1926
01:39:42,900 --> 01:39:45,900
particularly fascinating isn't 
just their individual failures 

1927
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:48,600
but how they Collective 
incompetence shake the very 

1928
01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:52,800
nature of monarchy itself. 
Spectacular Royal meltdown. 

1929
01:39:52,800 --> 01:39:55,900
Contributed to the gradual 
erosion of the divine, right of 

1930
01:39:55,908 --> 01:39:59,500
kings proving that perhaps God 
wasn't quite as involved in 

1931
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:03,000
royal succession as previously 
advertised their reign served, 

1932
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:05,700
as Stark reminders of the 
corrupting nature of absolute 

1933
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:09,100
power and the impracticality of 
having a single individual make 

1934
01:40:09,100 --> 01:40:10,800
all the decisions for millions 
of people. 

1935
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:14,100
The stories of these 
monarchical, disasters aren't 

1936
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:17,400
just historical Curiosities. 
Their mirrors reflecting 

1937
01:40:17,400 --> 01:40:20,100
fundamental truths about 
leadership power and human 

1938
01:40:20,100 --> 01:40:22,200
nature. 
They remind us that position 

1939
01:40:22,200 --> 01:40:25,600
doesn't create competence that 
Authority without wisdom is 

1940
01:40:25,600 --> 01:40:28,500
chaos with a crown. 
And that sometimes the most 

1941
01:40:28,500 --> 01:40:31,500
important service are ruler can 
provide their people as a swift 

1942
01:40:31,500 --> 01:40:34,500
abdication. 
From the decadent palaces of 

1943
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,800
Rome to the drafty castle of 
medieval Europe from the 

1944
01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:39,600
elaborate quarts of France, to 
the fog. 

1945
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:43,200
Shrouded fortresses of England. 
These Kings managed to transform

1946
01:40:43,200 --> 01:40:45,700
their Realms into laboratory of 
Miss rule. 

1947
01:40:46,500 --> 01:40:49,200
They proved that it's entirely 
possible to inherit everything 

1948
01:40:49,200 --> 01:40:53,100
and achieve nothing to possess 
unlimited power and accomplished

1949
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:56,200
unlimited damage. 
Their range were just political 

1950
01:40:56,200 --> 01:40:58,100
failures. 
They were comprehensive 

1951
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:00,000
disaster. 
That touched every aspect of 

1952
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:04,000
this Society is they missed 
economics with the enthusiasm of

1953
01:41:04,000 --> 01:41:07,100
toddlers playing with matches 
conducted diplomacy, with all 

1954
01:41:07,100 --> 01:41:10,100
the subtlety of a bulldozer in 
China shop and approached 

1955
01:41:10,100 --> 01:41:12,700
military strategy with the 
Tactical Acumen of lemmings, 

1956
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:16,200
approaching a cliff Yeah, 
perhaps there's something oddly 

1957
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:17,900
comforting about these Royal 
train wrecks. 

1958
01:41:18,700 --> 01:41:21,100
In an age where we're constantly
told about the importance of 

1959
01:41:21,108 --> 01:41:23,900
leadership and Excellence. 
These monarchs remind us that 

1960
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:26,600
even people with every possible 
Advantage can fail 

1961
01:41:26,600 --> 01:41:30,900
spectacularly, a serve as living
examples of how incompetence can

1962
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:34,800
hire anyone regardless of this 
social status inherited wealth 

1963
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:38,300
or Divine mandate? 
Embark on this journey through 

1964
01:41:38,300 --> 01:41:41,900
history's, most magnificent 
failures will discover that bad 

1965
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:45,700
kingship is a unique art form. 
Requiring a particular 

1966
01:41:45,700 --> 01:41:48,900
combination of ego, ignorance 
and timing that few of mastered.

1967
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:53,900
So completely Nero Claudius, 
Caesar Augustus, germanicus the 

1968
01:41:53,900 --> 01:41:54,900
name. 
So, grandiose it. 

1969
01:41:54,900 --> 01:41:57,800
Practically demanded 
disappointment ruled, Rome from 

1970
01:41:57,800 --> 01:42:01,700
54 to 68, ad and managed to 
transform the mightiest Empire 

1971
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:04,200
in the world, in his personal 
theater of absurdity. 

1972
01:42:05,300 --> 01:42:07,900
History remembers him for 
allegedly fiddling while Rome 

1973
01:42:07,900 --> 01:42:11,200
burned a historians. 
Now, tell us, he probably didn't

1974
01:42:11,200 --> 01:42:14,200
own a fiddle and wasn't even in 
the city during the Great Fire 

1975
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,400
of 64 ad. 
But when you're reputation for 

1976
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:20,400
catastrophic leadership runs, so
deep that people invented 

1977
01:42:20,400 --> 01:42:24,100
additional disaster to attribute
to you, perhaps it's time for 

1978
01:42:24,100 --> 01:42:28,900
some serious self-reflection. 
Nero's path to power began with 

1979
01:42:28,900 --> 01:42:32,500
his mother and rapina. 
A woman whose ambition made Lady

1980
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:34,800
Macbeth look like a casual 
weekend warrior. 

1981
01:42:34,800 --> 01:42:37,300
She poisoned her husband, 
Emperor. 

1982
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:40,300
Claudius to secure the throne 
for her 16 year old son. 

1983
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:42,400
Apparently operating under the 
delusion. 

1984
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:45,500
That teenagers make excellent. 
Absolute rulers. 

1985
01:42:45,500 --> 01:42:48,700
It was rather like handing the 
controls of a jumbo jet to 

1986
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:50,700
someone who just gotten their 
learner's permit. 

1987
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:55,000
Initially Nero showed promise 
Guided by the philosopher Seneca

1988
01:42:55,000 --> 01:42:56,900
and the praetorian prefect 
Burris. 

1989
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:01,300
The five years, the queen nerone
is represented competent 

1990
01:43:01,300 --> 01:43:04,500
governance proving that even 
future disasters can 

1991
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:07,000
occasionally stumble into 
success when surrounded by 

1992
01:43:07,000 --> 01:43:10,500
competent advisors unfortunately
like many teenagers who 

1993
01:43:10,500 --> 01:43:14,700
initially accept rentals near of
eventually decided he knew 

1994
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:16,200
better than everyone else in the
room. 

1995
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:20,000
The transformation began. 
When Nero discovered, his true 

1996
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:24,500
passion performing his 
passionate, nor in military 

1997
01:43:24,500 --> 01:43:28,500
strategy, nor an economic 
policy, but in performing he 

1998
01:43:28,500 --> 01:43:31,600
fancied. 
He considered himself a great 

1999
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:34,700
artist musician and actor, 
apparently confusing. 

2000
01:43:34,700 --> 01:43:37,200
The role of Emperor with that of
an Entertainer. 

2001
01:43:38,000 --> 01:43:41,200
He began appearing on the stake.
You competing in chariot races 

2002
01:43:41,200 --> 01:43:44,100
and hosting elaborate artistic 
competitions, where he 

2003
01:43:44,100 --> 01:43:47,300
invariably won every prize 
because nothing says Fair 

2004
01:43:47,300 --> 01:43:49,700
competition. 
Like having the power to execute

2005
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:53,000
the judges, his artistic 
potentials might have been 

2006
01:43:53,000 --> 01:43:56,000
merely embarrassing if they 
hadn't come at the expense of 

2007
01:43:56,000 --> 01:43:59,500
actual leadership. 
While Nero practice his liar and

2008
01:43:59,500 --> 01:44:02,400
rehearse tragic. 
Solicits the Empire's borders 

2009
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:05,900
faced increasing pressure from 
Germanic tribes British Rebels 

2010
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:09,100
and parthian conflicts. 
It was rather like a ship's 

2011
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:11,300
Captain deciding to take up 
interpretive dance. 

2012
01:44:11,300 --> 01:44:14,900
While his vessels sailed through
a hurricane The domestic 

2013
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:18,800
situation proved equally 
disastrous paranoia reached 

2014
01:44:18,800 --> 01:44:20,800
spectacular Heights. 
When he ordered the murder of 

2015
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:25,300
his mother in 59 ad Agrippina 
had become inconveniently 

2016
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:28,400
critical of her son's policies. 
Apparently forget getting that 

2017
01:44:28,400 --> 01:44:30,600
criticism. 
And absolute monarchy mixed 

2018
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:34,700
about as well, as gasoline and 
lit matches near his solution. 

2019
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:37,800
Demonstrated the kind of problem
solving skills that would make a

2020
01:44:37,800 --> 01:44:39,200
medieval surgeon looks 
sophisticated. 

2021
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:44,200
His relationship with his wives.
Proved equally catastrophic he 

2022
01:44:44,200 --> 01:44:47,700
divorced and later executed his 
first wife Octavia then, 

2023
01:44:47,700 --> 01:44:50,700
literally kicked his second wife
for payer to death while she was

2024
01:44:50,700 --> 01:44:53,500
pregnant. 
These actions were calculated 

2025
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:56,900
and not motivated by Passion. 
Indicating a level of domestic 

2026
01:44:56,900 --> 01:44:59,200
dysfunction, that would 
challenge, even the most 

2027
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:04,300
experienced marriage counselors.
The Great Fire of Rome in 64 ad 

2028
01:45:04,300 --> 01:45:07,900
where the Nero caused it or not.
Provided the perfect opportunity

2029
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:10,700
to showcase his unique approach 
to crisis management. 

2030
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:14,800
Rather than focusing solely on 
relief efforts, he used the 

2031
01:45:14,800 --> 01:45:18,100
destruction as an excuse to 
build his enormous Palace the 

2032
01:45:18,100 --> 01:45:21,900
domus aurea. 
Complete with a 120 foot statue 

2033
01:45:21,900 --> 01:45:25,400
of himself. 
This was urban planning executed

2034
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:27,700
by a narcissist as if someone 
had granted. 

2035
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:30,000
Donald Trump. 
Absolute power along with a 

2036
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:31,800
blank canvas, the size of a 
city. 

2037
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:35,400
Near his financial management 
followed similar principles of 

2038
01:45:35,408 --> 01:45:39,900
spectacular irresponsibility his
building projects games and 

2039
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,500
artistic competitions. 
Drained the Imperial treasury 

2040
01:45:42,500 --> 01:45:45,000
faster than a teenager with 
their first credit card. 

2041
01:45:45,900 --> 01:45:48,200
He responded to budget 
shortfalls by debasing. 

2042
01:45:48,200 --> 01:45:51,200
The current sea and confiscating
property from wealthy citizens, 

2043
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,600
economic policies that would 
make modern politicians blush. 

2044
01:45:55,500 --> 01:45:58,000
The end came swiftly. 
When his pretorian guard of 

2045
01:45:58,000 --> 01:46:02,200
abandoned him in 68 ad facing 
Rebellion from his generals and 

2046
01:46:02,200 --> 01:46:05,200
certain death or Exile Nero 
committed suicide. 

2047
01:46:05,200 --> 01:46:09,500
Reportedly lamenting what an 
artist dies in me even in his 

2048
01:46:09,500 --> 01:46:12,400
final moments, he remained 
committed to the delusion that 

2049
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:15,600
his primary contribution to 
human civilization was artistic 

2050
01:46:15,600 --> 01:46:19,600
rather than administrative 
Nero's Reign, demonstrated that 

2051
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:22,800
absolute power in the hands of 
someone who confuses governance 

2052
01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:25,900
with performance art creates a 
particularly devastating form of

2053
01:46:25,908 --> 01:46:28,400
Chaos. 
He proved that it's entirely 

2054
01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:30,500
possible to possess unlimited 
authority. 

2055
01:46:30,500 --> 01:46:34,300
Over millions of people while 
remaining fundamentally unsuited

2056
01:46:34,300 --> 01:46:37,100
for any form of responsibility. 
More complex than choosing 

2057
01:46:37,100 --> 01:46:41,200
breakfast, cereal King, John of 
England, reigning from 1199 to 

2058
01:46:41,200 --> 01:46:44,300
1216 holds the unique 
distinction of being, the only 

2059
01:46:44,300 --> 01:46:46,800
English Monarch to never have 
another king named after him. 

2060
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:50,300
A historical rejection that 
amply demonstrates his enduring 

2061
01:46:50,300 --> 01:46:52,900
Legacy. 
If royal names were performance 

2062
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:56,300
reviews, John received the 
equivalent of please don't apply

2063
01:46:56,300 --> 01:46:58,700
here again. 
He managed to lose an Empire 

2064
01:46:58,700 --> 01:47:01,500
bankrupted Kingdom and 
accidentally create one of 

2065
01:47:01,508 --> 01:47:03,300
history's. 
Most important constitutional 

2066
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:06,500
documents all while maintaining 
the kind of spectacular and 

2067
01:47:06,500 --> 01:47:08,600
competence that make. 
You wonder if failure was 

2068
01:47:08,608 --> 01:47:12,500
actually his secret Talent, John
inherited the entrepreneur from 

2069
01:47:12,500 --> 01:47:15,000
his brother, Richard the 
lionheart a collection of 

2070
01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:17,400
territory stretching from 
Scotland to the Pyrenees that 

2071
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:19,800
represented the Pinnacle of 
medieval English Power. 

2072
01:47:19,800 --> 01:47:23,600
It was rather like inheriting a 
successful family business and 

2073
01:47:23,600 --> 01:47:25,600
immediately deciding to use it 
as kindling. 

2074
01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:29,200
Within 15 years, John had lost 
most of these Continental 

2075
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:31,600
possessions to fill up Augustus 
of France earning himself. 

2076
01:47:31,600 --> 01:47:35,500
The nickname Lackland though, 
couldn't keep land, might have 

2077
01:47:35,508 --> 01:47:37,900
been more accurate. 
Not only was the loss of 

2078
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:42,000
Normandy in 1284, a military 
defeat but it also served as a 

2079
01:47:42,000 --> 01:47:44,100
lesson in the art of conducting 
medieval warfare. 

2080
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:47,800
Despite having Superior 
resources, experienced 

2081
01:47:47,800 --> 01:47:51,100
commanders and defensive 
advantages John managed to 

2082
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,200
snatch defeat from the brink of 
Victory, through a combination 

2083
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:56,900
of strategic incompetence and 
tactical cowardice. 

2084
01:47:57,500 --> 01:47:58,900
His approach to military 
leadership. 

2085
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:01,400
Resembled someone trying to win 
chess by eating the pieces. 

2086
01:48:01,400 --> 01:48:04,600
John's domestic policies. 
Proved equally disastrous 

2087
01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:07,300
demanded. 
Excessive taxes to fund his 

2088
01:48:07,300 --> 01:48:10,300
unsuccessful attempts to reclaim
his French territories. 

2089
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:13,600
Essentially asking his subjects 
to finance their oppression. 

2090
01:48:14,500 --> 01:48:17,400
His Tax Collectors became as 
popular as played carriers and 

2091
01:48:17,400 --> 01:48:20,500
about as welcoming English 
Villages the king seem to 

2092
01:48:20,500 --> 01:48:23,300
operate under the Revolutionary.
Economic theory that money grows

2093
01:48:23,300 --> 01:48:27,200
on trees and those trees 
belonged exclusively to him his 

2094
01:48:27,200 --> 01:48:30,000
relationship with the church 
provided another Avenue for 

2095
01:48:30,000 --> 01:48:33,300
spectacular failure. 
John's dispute with Pope 

2096
01:48:33,300 --> 01:48:34,800
Innocent. 
The third over the appointment 

2097
01:48:34,800 --> 01:48:37,800
of the Archbishop of Canterbury 
resulted in England, being 

2098
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:42,500
placed onto paper, interdict 
from 1208 to 1214 this process, 

2099
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:46,300
meant no religious Services, No 
Church weddings and no proper 

2100
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:48,900
burials. 
Essentially turning England into

2101
01:48:48,900 --> 01:48:53,000
a spiritual Wasteland It was 
ecclesiastical Warfare with John

2102
01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:55,700
playing the role of the person 
who brings a water pistol to a 

2103
01:48:55,700 --> 01:48:59,500
gunfight, the interdict wasn't 
just spiritually devastating, it

2104
01:48:59,500 --> 01:49:02,900
was politically catastrophic. 
Medieval people took their 

2105
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:06,200
religion seriously and a king 
who couldn't maintain proper 

2106
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:08,500
relations with God's 
representative on Earth was 

2107
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:10,600
clearly unsuited for Earthly 
leadership. 

2108
01:49:11,400 --> 01:49:14,200
John had managed to make himself
Persona non-grata with both 

2109
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,600
Heaven and Earth, simultaneously
and achievement that required. 

2110
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,900
Genuine dedication to 
incompetence John's Judicial 

2111
01:49:20,900 --> 01:49:23,700
System operated on principles, 
that would make modern autocrats

2112
01:49:23,700 --> 01:49:25,800
blush. 
He sold Justice to the highest 

2113
01:49:25,800 --> 01:49:28,900
bidder imprisoned Noble's 
without trial, and seized 

2114
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:31,000
property on whims that would 
make a toddlers decision. 

2115
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:33,100
Making process look measured and
thoughtful. 

2116
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:37,300
His thoughts became marketplaces
where Justice was auctions to 

2117
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:40,300
the highest bidder creating a 
legal system, that combined the 

2118
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:43,000
fairness of a rigged casino with
the efficiency of medieval 

2119
01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:45,400
bureaucracy. 
The baronial Revolt that 

2120
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:48,000
produced Magna. 
Carter in 1215 wasn't a sudden 

2121
01:49:48,000 --> 01:49:49,700
explosion of democratic 
idealism. 

2122
01:49:49,700 --> 01:49:53,600
It was the inevitable result of 
years of accumulated grievances 

2123
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:56,200
against a king. 
Who treated his realm, like his 

2124
01:49:56,200 --> 01:49:59,800
personal piggy bank, the Barons 
were not revolutionary 

2125
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:03,500
Democrats, but rather they were 
arrested who had grown weary of 

2126
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:05,700
their supposed leaders. 
Systematic robbery in 

2127
01:50:05,700 --> 01:50:08,600
humiliation. 
The Magna Carta itself 

2128
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,100
represented. 
Lesser Triumph of John's wisdom 

2129
01:50:11,100 --> 01:50:15,100
than a testament to his failure.
The document essentially forced 

2130
01:50:15,100 --> 01:50:17,900
the king to promise to stop 
behaving like a complete Tyrant 

2131
01:50:17,900 --> 01:50:20,900
which tells you everything you 
need to know about his previous 

2132
01:50:20,900 --> 01:50:23,400
conduct. 
It was the Medieval equivalent 

2133
01:50:23,400 --> 01:50:26,400
of making someone sign a 
contract promising not to steal 

2134
01:50:26,400 --> 01:50:29,300
your lunch money. 
Even after agreeing to the Magna

2135
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:31,800
Carta, John immediately began 
scheming to overturn it. 

2136
01:50:32,600 --> 01:50:35,100
Proving that his signature was 
worth approximately as much as 

2137
01:50:35,100 --> 01:50:38,200
Confederate Currency. 
He appealed to Pope Innocent. 

2138
01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:41,000
The third who obligingly 
declared the charter null and 

2139
01:50:41,008 --> 01:50:44,100
void before loses apparently. 
Both King and Pope had missed 

2140
01:50:44,100 --> 01:50:47,000
the point entirely. 
He's events led to the first 

2141
01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:49,900
Barons War which was still 
ongoing when John conveniently 

2142
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:53,700
died in 1216. 
Possibly from distant tree, A 

2143
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:56,300
fitting end for a rain that had 
been largely consistent from a 

2144
01:50:56,300 --> 01:51:00,200
constitutional perspective. 
John's Legacy proves that 

2145
01:51:00,200 --> 01:51:03,000
sometimes the most important 
historical contributions come 

2146
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:06,700
from people who fail. 
So spectacularly that they force

2147
01:51:06,700 --> 01:51:09,200
everyone else to create 
safeguards against future 

2148
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,500
similar disasters. 
We didn't create Magna Carta 

2149
01:51:12,500 --> 01:51:15,300
through wisdom or foresight, he 
created it through being. 

2150
01:51:15,300 --> 01:51:18,800
So, comprehensively awful, that 
his subjects had no choice but 

2151
01:51:18,800 --> 01:51:21,600
to invent constitutional 
monarchy as an alternative to 

2152
01:51:21,600 --> 01:51:25,500
Royal tyranny in 1774. 
Louis the 16th of France 

2153
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:28,100
ascended to the throne with the 
same enthusiasm. 

2154
01:51:28,100 --> 01:51:31,700
As someone asked to defuse a 
bomb while blindfolded, the 20 

2155
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:34,100
years old, he inherited a 
kingdom, drowning in debt, 

2156
01:51:34,100 --> 01:51:37,200
seething with social tension and
groaning under the weight of an 

2157
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:40,600
outdated feudal system that had 
outlived its usefulness by about

2158
01:51:40,600 --> 01:51:43,400
three centuries. 
It was rather like being handed.

2159
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:46,000
The captain's wheel of the 
Titanic just as the lookout 

2160
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:48,800
spotted, the iceberg, except the
iceberg had been visible for 

2161
01:51:48,800 --> 01:51:51,400
decades and everyone had been 
politely pretending it. 

2162
01:51:51,400 --> 01:51:54,400
Wasn't there, the young king 
possessed, many admirable 

2163
01:51:54,400 --> 01:51:57,400
personal qualities. 
He was kind well intentioned. 

2164
01:51:57,400 --> 01:52:00,100
Genuinely concerned about his 
subjects, welfare. 

2165
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:03,700
Unfortunately he also possessed 
the decisive leadership. 

2166
01:52:03,700 --> 01:52:06,900
Abilities of a confused, dear 
Court in headlights which proved

2167
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:09,400
somewhat problematic when 
governing a nation on the brink 

2168
01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:12,600
of revolution. 
Louis, the 16th wasn't evil or 

2169
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:15,700
militias, he was simply 
catastrophically unsuited for 

2170
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:18,200
the job, like a pointing a 
talented musician. 

2171
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:22,000
To perform brain surgery. 
France's financial crisis, had 

2172
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:25,400
been building for Generations, 
fueled by expensive Wars and 

2173
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:28,600
inefficient tax system, and the 
kind of Court spending that 

2174
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:30,300
would make modern celebrities 
look frugal. 

2175
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:33,200
The monarchy had borrowed money 
with the same. 

2176
01:52:33,200 --> 01:52:36,000
Casual enthusiasm that 
teenagers, use credit cards. 

2177
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:38,900
Apparently operating under the 
assumption that debt was 

2178
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:40,100
something that happened to other
people. 

2179
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:44,400
By the time Louis the 16th 
inherited the throne France was 

2180
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:46,900
spending more on debt service 
than on the entire military, 

2181
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:49,900
which created the kind of 
physical situation that would 

2182
01:52:49,900 --> 01:52:51,700
make bankruptcy attorney 
salivate. 

2183
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:55,500
The king's attempts at Financial
reform, demonstrated. 

2184
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,700
His fundamental misunderstanding
of both economics and politics. 

2185
01:52:58,700 --> 01:53:02,500
He appointed competent Finance 
ministers like Jack's Necker and

2186
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:06,400
Charles Alexandre de colon, then
systematically undermined, their

2187
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:09,400
efforts, whenever they threaten 
the Privileges of the nobility 

2188
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:12,000
or clergy. 
It was rather like hiring a 

2189
01:53:12,008 --> 01:53:15,000
personal trainer and then 
refusing to exercise or change 

2190
01:53:15,000 --> 01:53:17,700
your diet while wondering why 
you wearing healthier. 

2191
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:22,200
Louis, the 16th in decisive 
became legendary among his 

2192
01:53:22,200 --> 01:53:24,700
contemporaries. 
He would agree to reforms in the

2193
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:26,300
morning. 
We consider them by our 

2194
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:28,600
afternoon and reverse them 
entirely by evening. 

2195
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:31,200
Creating a governmental process 
that resembled a political 

2196
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:34,600
Weathervane in a hurricane. 
His Council meetings became 

2197
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:37,600
exercises in elaborate 
procrastination where every 

2198
01:53:37,600 --> 01:53:41,100
decision was discussed, debated,
postponed and ultimately 

2199
01:53:41,100 --> 01:53:42,600
abandoned in favor of 
discussing. 

2200
01:53:42,600 --> 01:53:46,700
The same issues again next week.
Louis, the 16th demonstrated, 

2201
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:49,700
his exceptional political Acumen
at the Assembly of notables in 

2202
01:53:49,700 --> 01:53:53,200
1787. 
Faced with a financial crisis 

2203
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:56,200
that threatened the monarchies. 
Existence he convened, a 

2204
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:58,700
gathering of Nobles and clergy 
to discuss tax reform. 

2205
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:01,900
Apparently expecting them to 
voluntarily surrender. 

2206
01:54:01,900 --> 01:54:04,300
Their tax exemptions out of 
patriotic Spirit. 

2207
01:54:04,300 --> 01:54:08,000
It was roughly equivalent to 
asking wolves to babysit sheep 

2208
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:11,000
while expecting them to resist, 
temptation out of professional 

2209
01:54:11,000 --> 01:54:13,800
courtesy. 
When that predictably fails 

2210
01:54:13,800 --> 01:54:17,600
Louis, the 16th made the Fateful
decision to convene the estate's

2211
01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:19,800
general for the first time since
1614. 

2212
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:23,400
Apparently, not realizing that 
three centuries of accumulated 

2213
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:26,300
grievances. 
Might produce some awkward 

2214
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,000
conversations. 
The estate's general had been 

2215
01:54:29,000 --> 01:54:31,800
dormant for so long that nobody 
even remembered, the proper 

2216
01:54:31,800 --> 01:54:34,200
procedures, which should have 
been a warning sign that 

2217
01:54:34,200 --> 01:54:36,700
perhaps, this wasn't the ideal 
moment for constitutional 

2218
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:39,800
innovation. 
Louis, the 16th was completely 

2219
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:41,800
unprepared for the 
transformation of the Estates 

2220
01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:43,200
General into the National 
Assembly. 

2221
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:46,500
As if he had anticipated a small
dinner party but inadvertently 

2222
01:54:46,500 --> 01:54:49,500
invited the entire neighborhood,
his response to this 

2223
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,700
constitutional Revolution. 
Demonstrated the kind of Crisis 

2224
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:54,500
management skills that would 
make the captain of the 

2225
01:54:54,508 --> 01:54:58,200
Hindenburg look competent. 
He vacillated between accepting 

2226
01:54:58,200 --> 01:55:02,000
the new reality and attempting 
to resist it satisfying nobody 

2227
01:55:02,000 --> 01:55:04,500
in convincing everyone that he 
was either duplicitous or 

2228
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:07,400
incompetent. 
Louis the 16th flight to Verne 

2229
01:55:07,400 --> 01:55:11,100
in 1791 represented perhaps the 
most poorly planned escape 

2230
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:14,700
attempt in, Royal history. 
The Royal Family's Journey to 

2231
01:55:14,700 --> 01:55:17,800
the Austrian border involved, a 
conspicuous Carriage multiple 

2232
01:55:17,800 --> 01:55:20,600
stops and the kind of 
operational security that would 

2233
01:55:20,600 --> 01:55:24,400
embarrass amateur shoplifters. 
They were recognized captured 

2234
01:55:24,400 --> 01:55:27,400
and returned to Paris or any 
remaining Illusions about the 

2235
01:55:27,400 --> 01:55:28,900
king's commitment to 
constitutional. 

2236
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:32,600
Monarchy, evaporated to the 
morning dew in August, the 

2237
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:36,900
king's trial and execution in 
1793, Mark, the end of more than

2238
01:55:36,908 --> 01:55:40,800
a millennium of French monarchy.
The 16th seemed genuinely 

2239
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:43,400
surprised that years of 
indecision and apparent 

2240
01:55:43,400 --> 01:55:47,000
duplicity might have 
consequences his final speech 

2241
01:55:47,000 --> 01:55:49,500
from the scaffold. 
Demonstrated the same disconnect

2242
01:55:49,500 --> 01:55:52,300
from reality that had 
characterized his entire reign 

2243
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:55,200
as he can continue to believe 
that Divine, Right? 

2244
01:55:55,200 --> 01:55:59,500
Trumped revolutionary further. 
Louis, the 16th tragedy wasn't 

2245
01:55:59,500 --> 01:56:02,200
that he was evil, but that he 
was fundamentally an adequate 

2246
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,700
for the challenges. 
He faced he possessed the 

2247
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:07,100
political instincts of a 
librarian thrust into a cage 

2248
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,000
match with professional. 
The wrestlers, and the results 

2249
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:13,500
were precisely what you'd expect
his Reign, proved that good 

2250
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:15,900
intentions without competent, 
execution can be more 

2251
01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:18,800
destructive than a malicious 
competence and that sometimes 

2252
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:21,900
The Road to Revolution is paved 
with royal indecision Richard. 

2253
01:56:21,900 --> 01:56:25,800
The third of England, ruled for 
barely two years from 1483 to 

2254
01:56:25,800 --> 01:56:30,400
1485 yet, managed to pack more 
controversy, alleged villainy 

2255
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:33,400
and historical debate into that 
brief period, Then most monks 

2256
01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:36,500
accumulating decades Thanks 
largely to William, 

2257
01:56:36,500 --> 01:56:39,500
Shakespeare's masterful 
character assassination, Richard

2258
01:56:39,500 --> 01:56:42,700
has come down to us as the 
archetypal King, a hunchbacked 

2259
01:56:42,700 --> 01:56:45,400
schema who murdered his way to 
the throne and terrorized his 

2260
01:56:45,400 --> 01:56:48,200
subjects, until Divine Justice, 
finally caught up with him at 

2261
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:51,000
Bosworth field. 
Historians have discovered that 

2262
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:53,700
the reality of Richard's reign 
is considerably more complex, 

2263
01:56:53,700 --> 01:56:56,800
and it may have been worse than 
Shakespeare's portrayal or be it

2264
01:56:56,800 --> 01:56:59,500
in different ways. 
Richard began his Royal career. 

2265
01:56:59,500 --> 01:57:01,100
As the loyal Young Brother of 
Edward. 

2266
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:03,800
The Fourth earning a reputation 
as a competent military 

2267
01:57:03,800 --> 01:57:06,100
commander and administrator in 
the north of England. 

2268
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:09,700
He seemed destined for the kind 
of supporting role that history,

2269
01:57:09,700 --> 01:57:13,200
barely remembered the capable 
Royal sibling who holds down the

2270
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:15,900
provinces while his brother 
handles the Glamorous business 

2271
01:57:15,900 --> 01:57:19,500
of actually being King. 
Unfortunately, for everyone 

2272
01:57:19,500 --> 01:57:22,900
involved, Edward the Fourth had 
the poor timing to Die. 

2273
01:57:22,900 --> 01:57:26,000
Young leaving behind two minor 
sons and a realm that was about 

2274
01:57:26,000 --> 01:57:28,600
as politically stable as a house
of cards in a windstorm. 

2275
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:32,100
The succession crisis that 
followed Edward, the Fourth 

2276
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:36,100
death in 1483, showcased 
medieval politics at its most 

2277
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:39,700
brutally efficient Richard as 
Lord protector for his 12 year 

2278
01:57:39,700 --> 01:57:40,000
old. 
Nephew. 

2279
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:42,800
Ed with the fifth faced, the 
challenge of maintaining Royal 

2280
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:45,500
Authority while a various 
factions maneuvered for control.

2281
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:48,500
His solution. 
Showcased a direct approach that

2282
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:50,200
would astonish modern 
politicians. 

2283
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:53,300
He declared his nephew's 
illegitimate and asserted his 

2284
01:57:53,300 --> 01:57:56,400
own claim to the throne. 
With just one well-timed 

2285
01:57:56,400 --> 01:57:59,700
announcement, he masterfully 
transformed, a family dispute in

2286
01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:03,300
to a constitutional crisis. 
The infamous disappearance of 

2287
01:58:03,300 --> 01:58:06,300
the princes in the tower, Edward
the 5th and his younger brother.

2288
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:09,200
Richard remains one of history 
is most enduring Mysteries, 

2289
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:11,100
though. 
Contemporary opinion, held 

2290
01:58:11,100 --> 01:58:13,400
Richard responsible with the 
kind of certainty, usually 

2291
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:16,500
reserved from mathematical 
theorems, Whether he actually 

2292
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:19,000
ordered their deaths or simply 
fail to prevent them. 

2293
01:58:19,000 --> 01:58:23,500
The political damage was a media
and catastrophic, A king who 

2294
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:26,500
couldn't protect children in his
care, wasn't likely to inspire 

2295
01:58:26,500 --> 01:58:29,000
confidence in his ability, to 
protect an entire Kingdom. 

2296
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:33,200
Richard's attempts to legitimize
his reign with steeped in the 

2297
01:58:33,200 --> 01:58:36,100
time on a tradition of Royal 
propaganda albeit with the 

2298
01:58:36,108 --> 01:58:37,900
subtlety of a medieval Siege 
engine. 

2299
01:58:38,600 --> 01:58:42,200
He claimed Divine approval, 
Noble blood and popular support 

2300
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:45,200
while simultaneously dealing 
with rebellions defections and 

2301
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:48,600
the kind of General unrest, that
suggested his subjects weren't 

2302
01:58:48,600 --> 01:58:50,400
entirely convinced by his 
arguments. 

2303
01:58:50,400 --> 01:58:54,400
His coronation was magnificent. 
This public relations were 

2304
01:58:54,400 --> 01:58:57,500
enthusiastic and his actual 
support base was shrinking 

2305
01:58:57,500 --> 01:58:59,500
faster than his list of living 
relatives. 

2306
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:03,800
The Buckingham rebellion in 
1483, led by one of Richard's 

2307
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:06,800
former supporters, demonstrated 
how quickly political 

2308
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:10,200
allegiances could shift in late,
medieval England, Henry, 

2309
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:13,700
Stafford Duke of Buckingham went
from enthusiastic supporters to 

2310
01:59:13,700 --> 01:59:15,400
Armed Rebel, in the space of 
months. 

2311
01:59:15,400 --> 01:59:18,100
Apparently deciding that 
Richards leadership style was 

2312
01:59:18,100 --> 01:59:21,100
less strong and decisive and 
more terrifying and unstable. 

2313
01:59:22,000 --> 01:59:25,400
The Rebellion ultimately failed,
demonstrating the fragility of 

2314
01:59:25,400 --> 01:59:28,300
Richardson's, hold on power, 
which is administrative 

2315
01:59:28,300 --> 01:59:30,700
policies. 
Showed genuine competence, which

2316
01:59:30,700 --> 01:59:33,900
makes his political failures, 
all the more remarkable he 

2317
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:37,700
implemented, legal reforms, 
encouraged trade, and attempted 

2318
01:59:37,700 --> 01:59:40,300
to address some of the social 
issues that had played previous 

2319
01:59:40,300 --> 01:59:42,400
rains. 
It was rather like watching 

2320
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:44,900
someone officially organized 
their deaths while their house 

2321
01:59:44,900 --> 01:59:48,100
burned down around them, 
technically, impressive, but 

2322
01:59:48,100 --> 01:59:50,800
missing the larger point about 
priorities and crisis 

2323
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:54,100
management. 
The invasion of Henry Tudor in 

2324
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:58,200
1485 quart Richard and a classic
medieval dilemma, he could fight

2325
01:59:58,200 --> 02:00:01,500
and risk everything in a single 
battle or he couldn't negotiate 

2326
02:00:01,500 --> 02:00:04,800
and risk appearing weak to 
supporters who expected their 

2327
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:06,900
King to solve problems with 
sharp objects. 

2328
02:00:06,900 --> 02:00:10,700
Richard chose to fight 
demonstrating you the admirable,

2329
02:00:10,700 --> 02:00:14,000
courage, or catastrophic 
misjudgment, depending on your 

2330
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:17,900
perspective on the virtues of 
tactical Retreat versus glorious

2331
02:00:17,900 --> 02:00:20,300
death. 
The Battle of Bosworth field 

2332
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:22,800
became Richard's final 
performance review and the 

2333
02:00:22,808 --> 02:00:24,500
results were decisively 
negative. 

2334
02:00:24,500 --> 02:00:28,900
His death in battle reportedly 
fighting bravely to the end, at 

2335
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:31,400
least provided him with the kind
of dramatic conclusion that 

2336
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:34,800
Shakespeare would later. 
Appreciate Richard died, as he 

2337
02:00:34,800 --> 02:00:38,000
had ruled dramatically 
controversially, and with enough

2338
02:00:38,000 --> 02:00:40,600
ambiguity to keep historians 
arguing for centuries. 

2339
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:44,300
The discovery of Richard's 
remains in 2012, under a lesser 

2340
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:46,900
parking lot, provided a fitting 
metaphor for his historical 

2341
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:51,000
reputation buried forgotten and 
covered over by the mundane 

2342
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:54,400
concerns of daily life. 
The friends at Kevin's verified 

2343
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:57,600
that Richard possessed a curved 
spine, or be it not the dramatic

2344
02:00:57,600 --> 02:00:59,700
Hunchback betrayed in 
Shakespearean Legends. 

2345
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:02,600
It was a final reminder. 
That the truth about Richard 

2346
02:01:02,600 --> 02:01:06,200
third lies somewhere between the
monster of popular imagination 

2347
02:01:06,200 --> 02:01:09,000
and the competent administrator 
of revisionist History. 

2348
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:13,200
Richard the third's Reign proves
that in politics perception 

2349
02:01:13,200 --> 02:01:16,400
often matters more than reality 
and that a brief, but dramatic 

2350
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:18,300
failure. 
Can overshadow Decades of 

2351
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:21,200
competent service. 
You remains history's, most 

2352
02:01:21,200 --> 02:01:25,100
famous two-year disaster a king 
whose Reign was so brief and 

2353
02:01:25,100 --> 02:01:26,700
troubled. 
That it became a cautionary. 

2354
02:01:26,700 --> 02:01:29,200
Tale about the dangers of 
combining ambition, with poor 

2355
02:01:29,200 --> 02:01:32,300
judgment and worst timing. 
The discovery of Richard's 

2356
02:01:32,300 --> 02:01:35,700
remains in 2012, under a lesser 
parking lot, provided a fitting 

2357
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:39,600
metaphor for his historical 
reputation, buried forgotten and

2358
02:01:39,600 --> 02:01:42,300
covered over by the mundane 
concerns of daily life. 

2359
02:01:43,000 --> 02:01:45,700
The forensic evidence verified 
that Richard possessed a curved 

2360
02:01:45,700 --> 02:01:48,800
spine will be it not the 
dramatic Hunchback portrayed in 

2361
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:51,500
Shakespearean Legends it was a 
final reminder. 

2362
02:01:51,500 --> 02:01:54,600
That the truth about Richard 
third lies somewhere between the

2363
02:01:54,600 --> 02:01:57,700
monster of popular imagination 
and the competent administrator 

2364
02:01:57,700 --> 02:02:01,100
of revisionist History. 
Richard the third's Reign proves

2365
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:04,600
that in politics perception 
often matters more than reality 

2366
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,000
and that a brief but dramatic 
failure. 

2367
02:02:07,000 --> 02:02:09,200
Can overshadow Decades of 
competent service. 

2368
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:13,600
He remains history's, most 
famous two-year disaster a king 

2369
02:02:13,608 --> 02:02:16,300
whose Reign was so brief and 
troubled that it became a 

2370
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:17,700
cautionary. 
Tale about the dangers of 

2371
02:02:17,700 --> 02:02:20,500
combining ambition with poor 
judgment and worst timing. 

2372
02:02:20,500 --> 02:02:23,200
During this period, the king's 
Financial strategies, 

2373
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:26,300
demonstrated a level of fiscal 
creativity that would leave 

2374
02:02:26,300 --> 02:02:30,100
modern tax authorities in awe. 
Originally an emergency Naval 

2375
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:32,800
tax for Coastal counties. 
The reasoning behind the 

2376
02:02:32,800 --> 02:02:35,600
extension of ship money to 
Inland areas would challenge, 

2377
02:02:35,600 --> 02:02:37,600
the flexibility of Olympic 
gymnasts. 

2378
02:02:39,000 --> 02:02:41,500
Charles apparently discovered 
that if you squinted hard enough

2379
02:02:41,500 --> 02:02:43,700
at legal precedents while 
ignoring common sense of 

2380
02:02:43,700 --> 02:02:47,000
entirely, you could justify 
almost any form of Taxation 

2381
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:51,500
religious policy provided a 
another Avenue for Charles to 

2382
02:02:51,500 --> 02:02:54,900
demonstrate his talent for 
turning manageable problems into

2383
02:02:54,900 --> 02:02:58,200
catastrophic crisis. 
Is attempts to impose uniformity

2384
02:02:58,200 --> 02:03:01,500
on the Church of England 
influenced by Archbishop 

2385
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:04,100
Lourdes. 
High Church preferences managed 

2386
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:07,400
to alienate both Puritans who 
thought he was too Catholic and 

2387
02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:10,200
Catholics who knew he wasn't 
Catholic enough. 

2388
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:15,000
This approach was ecumenical 
diplomacy executed with a 

2389
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:17,500
sledgehammer. 
Achieving the remarkable feat of

2390
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:20,100
uniting, his religious subjects 
against his policies. 

2391
02:03:21,400 --> 02:03:26,300
The Scottish crisis from 1639 to
1640 perfectly Illustrated, 

2392
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:29,400
Charles's approach to 
international relations, his 

2393
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:31,700
attempt to impose the English 
book of common prayer on 

2394
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:34,600
Presbyterian, Scotland. 
Produced the Bishops Wars 

2395
02:03:34,600 --> 02:03:37,500
conflicts that combined, the 
military effectiveness of a 

2396
02:03:37,500 --> 02:03:40,300
church social with the 
theological intensity of the 

2397
02:03:40,300 --> 02:03:43,500
crusade's. 
The Scots armed resistance to 

2398
02:03:43,500 --> 02:03:45,600
Charles's religious, 
innovation's forced him to 

2399
02:03:45,600 --> 02:03:49,000
recall parliament in, ding his 
11 year experiment, in personal 

2400
02:03:49,000 --> 02:03:51,800
rule, with all the success of 
the hindenburg's landing 

2401
02:03:51,800 --> 02:03:54,600
strategy. 
The long parliament summoned in 

2402
02:03:54,608 --> 02:03:58,700
1640 approached its relationship
with Charles rather like divorce

2403
02:03:58,700 --> 02:04:01,000
attorneys negotiating with a 
spouse who had been hiding 

2404
02:04:01,000 --> 02:04:03,900
assets. 
Years of accumulated grievances 

2405
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:08,000
illegal Taxation and religious 
controversy had created, a 

2406
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:10,600
constitutional crisis that 
required either the genuine 

2407
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:12,300
compromise or complete 
capitulation. 

2408
02:04:13,400 --> 02:04:16,300
Charles characteristically opted
for a third course of action. 

2409
02:04:16,300 --> 02:04:19,100
Disguising the crisis as 
non-existent while. 

2410
02:04:19,100 --> 02:04:22,500
Clandestinely strategizing its 
resolution through coercion. 

2411
02:04:22,500 --> 02:04:25,500
The Kings attempt to arrest 
five, members of parliament, in 

2412
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,700
1642 represented, perhaps the 
most catastrophic miscalculation

2413
02:04:29,700 --> 02:04:33,500
in English constitutional 
history, His personal invasion 

2414
02:04:33,500 --> 02:04:35,700
of the House, of Commons 
demanding, the surrender of his 

2415
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:38,900
political opponents, violated 
parliamentary privilege. 

2416
02:04:38,900 --> 02:04:41,600
So flagrantly, that it made 
previous constitutional 

2417
02:04:41,600 --> 02:04:44,100
disputes, look like minor 
etiquette, disagreements. 

2418
02:04:45,000 --> 02:04:47,900
This situation was politically 
equivalent to bringing a gun to 

2419
02:04:47,900 --> 02:04:50,300
a chess match and it was just as
ineffective. 

2420
02:04:51,300 --> 02:04:55,400
The English Civil War that 
followed from 1642 to 1651 

2421
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:58,700
showcase, Charles's military 
leadership skills, which proved 

2422
02:04:58,700 --> 02:05:00,900
to be roughly equivalent to his 
political acumen. 

2423
02:05:01,800 --> 02:05:04,600
Despite initial advantages and 
resources and experienced 

2424
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:07,800
commanders, the royalist cause 
gradually collapsed under the 

2425
02:05:07,808 --> 02:05:10,800
weight of parliamentary, 
determination Puritan forever 

2426
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:13,200
and Oliver cromwell's 
increasingly, professional New 

2427
02:05:13,200 --> 02:05:16,200
Model Army. 
Charles managed to lose a civil 

2428
02:05:16,200 --> 02:05:18,200
war while possessing. 
Most of the traditional 

2429
02:05:18,200 --> 02:05:21,100
advantages of astonished 
Authority, which required 

2430
02:05:21,100 --> 02:05:23,500
genuine dedication to strategic 
incompetence. 

2431
02:05:24,600 --> 02:05:28,800
Charles's trial and execution. 
In 1649 marked the first time in

2432
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:32,200
European history that a reigning
monarch was formally tried. 

2433
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:35,900
And executed by his subjects, 
even his enemies were impressed 

2434
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:38,700
by his dignity during the 
proceedings, despite it being a 

2435
02:05:38,700 --> 02:05:41,500
later attempt to salvage, his 
political reputation, even as 

2436
02:05:41,500 --> 02:05:43,700
the Executioner prepared to 
provide a definitive 

2437
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:47,100
counterargument, to that 
constitutional Theory the king 

2438
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:49,600
maintained, his belief in 
divine, right in his final 

2439
02:05:49,600 --> 02:05:53,900
speech, Charles the first Reign 
demonstrated that sincerely held

2440
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:57,400
beliefs about Royal Authority, 
when combined with complete and 

2441
02:05:57,400 --> 02:05:59,000
flexibility and poor political 
judgment. 

2442
02:06:00,000 --> 02:06:03,500
Can Transformer constitutional 
monarchy in to a republic faster

2443
02:06:03,500 --> 02:06:06,900
than anyone thought possible? 
He proved that Divine Right? 

2444
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:10,500
Is only a strong as Earthly 
support and that sometimes the 

2445
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:13,300
most devout Believers in 
absolute, monarchy of the ones 

2446
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:16,500
who do the most to discredit it,
the rogue's gallery of Royal 

2447
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:19,800
disaster as we've examined from 
Niro's theatrical delusions to 

2448
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:21,800
Charles. 
The first Divine miscalculation 

2449
02:06:21,800 --> 02:06:25,100
reveals patterns of failure that
transcend, centuries and 

2450
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:27,600
cultures. 
These were not random accidents 

2451
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:30,200
of heredity, or cruelty of his 
historical fate. 

2452
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:33,200
They were systematic 
demonstrations of how aptly 

2453
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:36,700
power when combined with 
inadequate, wisdom creates a 

2454
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,900
perfect storm of governmental. 
Dysfunction, their Collective 

2455
02:06:39,900 --> 02:06:43,500
Reigns read like a medieval 
instruction manual titled, how 

2456
02:06:43,500 --> 02:06:46,600
not to rule a comprehensive 
guide to Royal failure. 

2457
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:50,500
Perhaps the most striking Common
Thread among these monological, 

2458
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:53,600
disasters was their profound 
disconnection from reality. 

2459
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:57,500
Each King seem to inhabit a 
parallel universe where the 

2460
02:06:57,500 --> 02:07:00,500
subjects existed primarily to 
fund their fantasies where 

2461
02:07:00,500 --> 02:07:03,600
criticism was treason and where 
the normal laws of cause and 

2462
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:06,100
effect somehow didn't apply to 
Royal decisions. 

2463
02:07:07,100 --> 02:07:09,000
Nero believed. 
He was an artist first and 

2464
02:07:09,000 --> 02:07:11,600
Emperor. 
Second John thought taxation was

2465
02:07:11,600 --> 02:07:14,400
a renewable resource. 
Louis the 16th. 

2466
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,000
Imagine that ignoring problems 
would make them disappear. 

2467
02:07:17,000 --> 02:07:21,100
Richard 3rd, assumed loyalty was
transferable and Charles. 

2468
02:07:21,100 --> 02:07:24,100
The first was convinced that God
would override Parliament if 

2469
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:27,000
necessary. 
This reality Gap wasn't just a 

2470
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:30,500
personal failing, it was a 
systemic feature of absolute 

2471
02:07:30,500 --> 02:07:33,200
monarchy itself. 
When you surround someone with 

2472
02:07:33,200 --> 02:07:36,200
courtiers who survival depends 
on agreeing with everything they

2473
02:07:36,200 --> 02:07:39,600
say, when you insulate them, 
from the consequences of their 

2474
02:07:39,600 --> 02:07:41,600
decisions. 
And when you tell them from 

2475
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:44,100
birth that their divinely 
appointed to rule over others, 

2476
02:07:44,100 --> 02:07:47,100
perhaps it shouldn't surprise us
that they've occasionally lose 

2477
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:49,700
touch with the Practical world 
where the rest of us live. 

2478
02:07:50,500 --> 02:07:53,600
The economic literacy, displayed
by these Kings would be amusing.

2479
02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:56,800
If it were so consistently 
catastrophic, These Kings 

2480
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:59,200
approached, Royal finance's with
a level of sophistication. 

2481
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:01,900
Akin to children playing 
Monopoly with real money. 

2482
02:08:02,700 --> 02:08:05,400
Seemingly assuming that kingdoms
were equipped with Limitless 

2483
02:08:05,400 --> 02:08:08,500
credit cards and that bankruptcy
was a phenomenon exclusive to 

2484
02:08:08,500 --> 02:08:11,100
their subjects. 
Their Collective fiscal 

2485
02:08:11,100 --> 02:08:13,000
policies. 
Could serve as a masterclass in 

2486
02:08:13,000 --> 02:08:15,700
how to transform prosperous 
Realms into economic basket, 

2487
02:08:15,700 --> 02:08:18,400
cases through sheer, 
determination and Creative 

2488
02:08:18,400 --> 02:08:21,200
Accounting yet their failures 
weren't entirely without benefit

2489
02:08:21,200 --> 02:08:24,900
to human civilization. 
Each spectacular Royal meltdown,

2490
02:08:24,900 --> 02:08:27,300
contributed to the gradual 
evolution of constitutional, 

2491
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:30,100
government proving through 
negative example, that perhaps 

2492
02:08:30,100 --> 02:08:32,100
concentrating all power in a 
single person. 

2493
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:34,500
Wasn't the most reliable system 
of governance. 

2494
02:08:35,400 --> 02:08:39,000
Magna Carta emerged from John's 
tyranny, the English Civil War 

2495
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:42,000
produced modern, parliamentary 
democracy and the French 

2496
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,900
Revolution launched the age of 
popular sovereignty. these Kings

2497
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:49,200
didn't intend to advance human 
freedom, but their incompetence 

2498
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:52,200
accomplished what generation of 
political philosophers had only 

2499
02:08:52,200 --> 02:08:54,800
dreamed about Their military 
disaster. 

2500
02:08:54,800 --> 02:08:57,700
Followed, similar patterns of 
overconfidence meeting reality 

2501
02:08:57,700 --> 02:08:59,600
with predictably painful 
results. 

2502
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:03,400
Each King seemed to believe that
Royal Blood somehow conferred, 

2503
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:07,200
tactical genius, that loyalty 
could substitute for competence.

2504
02:09:07,200 --> 02:09:10,300
And that Divine favor was more 
reliable than adequate 

2505
02:09:10,300 --> 02:09:12,700
Logistics. 
Their battlefields became 

2506
02:09:12,700 --> 02:09:15,300
laboratory for testing where The
Wishful Thinking, could overcome

2507
02:09:15,300 --> 02:09:18,600
Superior strategy, and the 
results were remarkably 

2508
02:09:18,600 --> 02:09:20,500
consistent to cross centuries 
and cultures. 

2509
02:09:21,300 --> 02:09:23,200
The personal lives of these 
rulers revealed. 

2510
02:09:23,200 --> 02:09:26,700
Another consistent theme, the 
inability to distinguish between

2511
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:30,100
loyalty and fear between respect
and subservience between love 

2512
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:33,100
and intimidation. 
Their courts became theaters of 

2513
02:09:33,100 --> 02:09:36,300
performed devotion, where 
genuine relationships with it 

2514
02:09:36,300 --> 02:09:39,000
under, the pressure of absolute 
power and existential 

2515
02:09:39,000 --> 02:09:42,600
insecurity, it's rather telling 
that so many died alone 

2516
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:46,300
abandoned by subjects, who had 
spent years pretending to adore 

2517
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:50,300
the Most notably these Kings 
managed to fail upward for a 

2518
02:09:50,300 --> 02:09:52,900
remarkable length of time. 
Maintaining power long. 

2519
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:55,300
After their incompetence had 
become obvious to everyone 

2520
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,900
except themselves. 
The ability of medieval 

2521
02:09:57,900 --> 02:10:00,400
institutions to withstand years 
or even Decades of 

2522
02:10:00,400 --> 02:10:03,000
catastrophically. 
Poor leadership is Testament to 

2523
02:10:03,000 --> 02:10:05,800
their resilience yet, even the 
most durable systems of 

2524
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:09,100
eventually reach their limits. 
Their Collective Legacy reminds 

2525
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:13,300
us that leadership is a skill, 
not a Birthright that power 

2526
02:10:13,300 --> 02:10:16,200
without accountability, 
inevitably corrupts and that 

2527
02:10:16,208 --> 02:10:19,200
sometimes the most important 
service, a ruler can provide is 

2528
02:10:19,200 --> 02:10:21,700
serving as a cautionary tale for
future Generations. 

2529
02:10:22,700 --> 02:10:25,300
These Kings didn't set out to 
become historical laughing 

2530
02:10:25,300 --> 02:10:28,300
stocks, but they approach their 
responsibilities with such 

2531
02:10:28,300 --> 02:10:30,900
consistent and competence that 
failure became their most, 

2532
02:10:30,900 --> 02:10:34,200
lasting contribution to human 
knowledge in our Modern Age of 

2533
02:10:34,200 --> 02:10:36,500
democratic government, and 
constitutional limitations. 

2534
02:10:36,500 --> 02:10:40,500
These Royal disaster, serve as 
reminders of why we had checks 

2535
02:10:40,500 --> 02:10:43,800
and balances term limits and the
radical idea that perhaps 

2536
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:46,300
leaders should be chosen for 
their competence rather than 

2537
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:49,700
their heredity. 
They proved that while power May

2538
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:52,500
corrupt, absolute power, 
corrupts with remarkable 

2539
02:10:52,500 --> 02:10:54,700
efficiency, and often 
spectacular, entertainment 

2540
02:10:54,700 --> 02:10:57,900
value, the worst kings in 
history, ultimately taught us 

2541
02:10:57,908 --> 02:11:00,900
that the divine right of kings 
is only as strong as the Earthly

2542
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:03,900
competence of the person wearing
the crown and that sometimes the

2543
02:11:03,900 --> 02:11:06,800
best thing, an absolute monarch 
can do for their subjects is 

2544
02:11:06,800 --> 02:11:08,700
provide them with compelling 
reasons to abolish. 

2545
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:12,800
Absolute monarchy entirely, 
Their failures became Humanities

2546
02:11:12,800 --> 02:11:16,000
gain though, it took centuries 
and countless lives to learn 

2547
02:11:16,000 --> 02:11:19,000
these lessons. perhaps that's 
the ultimate irony of their 

2548
02:11:19,000 --> 02:11:22,200
Reigns in trying to establish 
their greatness, they 

2549
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:24,500
established in Stead the 
greatness of the systems that 

2550
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:35,100
replace the Cheer yourself 
standing in the shadow of the 

2551
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:38,900
path and the Mediterranean Sun 
beating down on marble columns, 

2552
02:11:38,900 --> 02:11:42,100
that have witnessed 25 centuries
of human Folly. 

2553
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:44,700
You're about to embark on a 
journey through ancient 

2554
02:11:44,700 --> 02:11:49,000
Greece's, most peculiar judicial
practices a world where Justice 

2555
02:11:49,000 --> 02:11:52,100
wasn't just blind, but 
occasionally, completely, 

2556
02:11:52,100 --> 02:11:56,000
unhinged Before we embark on 
this journey of strangeness, 

2557
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:59,000
keep in mind that the Greeks who
devised, these ancient 

2558
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:01,600
punishments believe they were 
perfectly reasonable. 

2559
02:12:01,600 --> 02:12:05,100
After all, when your 
civilization invented democracy 

2560
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:09,000
philosophy and theater, why not 
get creative with criminal 

2561
02:12:09,000 --> 02:12:12,100
justice too? 
The ancient Greeks didn't mess 

2562
02:12:12,100 --> 02:12:14,100
around when it came to 
maintaining order. 

2563
02:12:14,800 --> 02:12:17,100
Their approach to punishment was
like their approach to 

2564
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:21,100
everything else, dramatic 
philosophical and occasionally 

2565
02:12:21,100 --> 02:12:24,300
bordering on the theatrical. 
They believed that punishment 

2566
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:28,100
should fit, not just the crime, 
but also serve as a spectacular 

2567
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:31,500
lesson for society. 
Think of it as ancient reality 

2568
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,600
television, except the 
consequences were decidedly more

2569
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:36,900
permanent. 
You might assume that ancient 

2570
02:12:36,900 --> 02:12:39,900
punishments were simply brutal, 
Affairs involving Dungeons and 

2571
02:12:39,900 --> 02:12:43,100
executioners while the Greek 
certainly had their share of 

2572
02:12:43,100 --> 02:12:45,500
harsh sentences. 
They also possessed an almost 

2573
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:48,800
artistic Flair for crafting 
punishments that were cycle. 

2574
02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:52,300
Logically sophisticated, 
symbolically rich, and sometimes

2575
02:12:52,300 --> 02:12:55,700
downright bizarre. 
They understood the True Justice

2576
02:12:55,700 --> 02:12:57,700
required, more than mere 
physical suffering. 

2577
02:12:57,700 --> 02:13:00,800
It demanded a kind of poetic 
appropriate nurse that would 

2578
02:13:00,800 --> 02:13:04,500
resonate through the ages. take 
the concept of hubris for 

2579
02:13:04,500 --> 02:13:08,900
instance, The crime wasn't just 
excessive Pride, it was a cosmic

2580
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:12,200
offense against the natural 
order. when someone committed 

2581
02:13:12,200 --> 02:13:15,500
hubris the punishment had to 
match the grandiosity of the 

2582
02:13:15,500 --> 02:13:19,300
transgression, the situation led
to some remarkably creative 

2583
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:22,400
judicial solutions, that would 
make modern legal Scholars. 

2584
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:25,400
Scratch their heads in 
bewilderment, the Greek City, 

2585
02:13:25,400 --> 02:13:29,700
State's each developed their own
flavor of Justice Athens with 

2586
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:32,600
its democratic ideals favored 
punishments that involve public 

2587
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:37,100
humiliation and Civic exile. 
Sparta ever, practical preferred

2588
02:13:37,100 --> 02:13:40,400
methods that were both efficient
and educational the Island 

2589
02:13:40,400 --> 02:13:43,500
community is developed their own
maritime-themed penalties that 

2590
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:45,000
reflected their seafaring 
culture. 

2591
02:13:45,000 --> 02:13:48,000
What's particularly fascinating 
is how these punishments 

2592
02:13:48,000 --> 02:13:50,000
reflected Greek values and 
worldview. 

2593
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:52,500
They believed in the 
interconnectedness, of all 

2594
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:55,900
things that a person's actions 
rippled outward to affect the 

2595
02:13:55,900 --> 02:13:58,600
entire Community. 
Therefore, punishment wasn't 

2596
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:00,200
just about deterrence or 
retribution. 

2597
02:14:00,200 --> 02:14:05,000
It was about restoring Cosmic 
balance. when someone disrupted,

2598
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:07,500
the social fabric, the 
punishment had to be equally 

2599
02:14:07,500 --> 02:14:10,900
disruptive, but in a way that 
ultimately reinforced societal 

2600
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:14,400
norms, You'll notice as we 
explore these tales that the 

2601
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:17,600
Greeks had a particular genius 
for matching the punishment, the

2602
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:21,100
personality of the offender. 
They studied human nature with 

2603
02:14:21,100 --> 02:14:23,700
the same intensity, they applied
to mathematics and astronomy. 

2604
02:14:24,900 --> 02:14:27,900
This cycle sophistication meant 
that punishments were often 

2605
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:31,500
tailored to exploit the specific
weaknesses or character flaws 

2606
02:14:31,500 --> 02:14:35,400
that led to the original crime. 
The role of shaming Greek 

2607
02:14:35,400 --> 02:14:38,800
society cannot be overstated. 
While many ancient cultures 

2608
02:14:38,800 --> 02:14:42,500
relied primarily on physical 
pain or death as deterrents, the

2609
02:14:42,500 --> 02:14:45,600
Greeks understood that socialism
could be far more devastating 

2610
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:49,200
than any bodily harm. 
They weaponized embarrassment 

2611
02:14:49,200 --> 02:14:52,300
with surgical Precision creating
punishments that would haunt 

2612
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:54,700
offenders long after any 
physical wounds at healed, 

2613
02:14:54,700 --> 02:14:58,600
religious considerations also 
played a crucial role, the 

2614
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:01,400
Greeks lived in a world 
populated by capricious Gods, 

2615
02:15:01,400 --> 02:15:04,600
who demanded respect and proper 
ritual, observance, many 

2616
02:15:04,600 --> 02:15:06,400
punishments. 
Had religious Dimensions 

2617
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:09,900
designed to appease Divine wrath
or demonstrate piety to the 

2618
02:15:09,900 --> 02:15:12,400
community. 
This spiritual element added 

2619
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,300
layers of meaning, that 
transformed simple legal 

2620
02:15:15,300 --> 02:15:18,100
consequences into profound moral
statements. 

2621
02:15:18,900 --> 02:15:21,600
As we journey through the seven,
tails of Greek judicial 

2622
02:15:21,600 --> 02:15:24,900
creativity, you'll encounter 
punishments that range from the 

2623
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:27,500
ingeniously appropriate to the 
utterly mystified. 

2624
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:30,400
Some will make you laugh at 
their absurdity. 

2625
02:15:30,400 --> 02:15:33,100
Others will make you wince at 
their cleverness. 

2626
02:15:33,100 --> 02:15:37,700
He was gone. 
So so and there's a few might 

2627
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:39,400
make you wonder if the Ancients 
were right. 

2628
02:15:40,100 --> 02:15:42,500
Each story reveals not just how 
the Greeks dealt with 

2629
02:15:42,508 --> 02:15:46,300
lawbreakers but also how they 
understood human nature, social 

2630
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,500
responsibility and the delicate 
balance between individual 

2631
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:53,200
freedom and Collective welfare. 
These were not merely punitive 

2632
02:15:53,200 --> 02:15:54,800
measures. 
They were tangible, 

2633
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:56,800
manifestations of philosophical 
ideas. 

2634
02:15:56,800 --> 02:16:00,100
Akin to theatrical performance 
is on the public stage. 

2635
02:16:00,100 --> 02:16:03,100
This grand tour of Greek 
judicial creativity, begins in 

2636
02:16:03,100 --> 02:16:05,800
classical Athens. 
The birthplace of democracy 

2637
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:08,800
where a Citizens social 
reputation could quickly 

2638
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:11,700
determine their fate. 
The Athenians had elevated 

2639
02:16:11,700 --> 02:16:14,700
public shaming to an art form 
that would make modern social 

2640
02:16:14,700 --> 02:16:17,400
media pylons. 
Look like gentle suggestions, 

2641
02:16:17,400 --> 02:16:21,100
imagine being an Athenian 
citizen in the 5th Century, BC 

2642
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:23,900
when your reputation was 
literally your most valuable 

2643
02:16:23,900 --> 02:16:26,500
possession. 
The Athenians understood 

2644
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:28,800
something that modern 
psychologists are only now 

2645
02:16:28,800 --> 02:16:31,700
rediscovering. 
Social Exile can be more 

2646
02:16:31,700 --> 02:16:33,400
devastating Than Physical 
punishment. 

2647
02:16:33,400 --> 02:16:36,000
They developed. 
A sophisticated system of 

2648
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:37,900
shame-based, penalties that 
targeted. 

2649
02:16:37,900 --> 02:16:41,400
The very core of Greek identity.
One standing in the community. 

2650
02:16:42,500 --> 02:16:45,299
Ostracism was the most famous 
but it may not be what you think

2651
02:16:45,299 --> 02:16:48,500
every year. 
Athenian citizens could vote to 

2652
02:16:48,500 --> 02:16:51,100
temporarily Exile. 
One prominent person for 10 

2653
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:54,700
years not because they'd 
committed a specific crime but 

2654
02:16:54,700 --> 02:16:58,100
because they'd become too 
powerful or influential picture 

2655
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:01,299
of the ultimate Democratic time 
out where success itself became 

2656
02:17:01,299 --> 02:17:04,900
grounds for punishment. 
The person could return after a 

2657
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:07,299
decade with full rights 
restored, but their political 

2658
02:17:07,299 --> 02:17:10,799
career was effectively ruined. 
The experience was a king to 

2659
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:14,299
losing a beloved job with the 
entire city functioning as your 

2660
02:17:14,299 --> 02:17:17,799
human resources department. 
But ostracism was just the 

2661
02:17:17,799 --> 02:17:21,299
beginning, the Athenians 
developed an entire spectrum of 

2662
02:17:21,308 --> 02:17:24,600
Shame based punishments, that 
demonstrated their profound, 

2663
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:26,100
understanding of human 
psychology. 

2664
02:17:26,100 --> 02:17:28,400
Take the practice of a team 
here. 

2665
02:17:28,400 --> 02:17:30,500
Literally. 
Meaningless honor. 

2666
02:17:31,299 --> 02:17:33,000
That steak wasn't just losing 
face. 

2667
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:36,200
So it was a legal status that 
Stripped Away, citizenship 

2668
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:38,799
rights, while leaving the person
physically present in the 

2669
02:17:38,808 --> 02:17:42,200
community, you could walk the 
streets of Athens but you 

2670
02:17:42,200 --> 02:17:45,200
couldn't vote hold office or 
even speak in court to defend 

2671
02:17:45,200 --> 02:17:47,700
yourself. 
You became a ghost haunting your

2672
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:51,299
life, The Genius of athenia lay 
in its graduated nature, 

2673
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:55,600
different crimes, resulted in 
different levels of Dishonor, a 

2674
02:17:55,600 --> 02:17:58,000
tax evader, might lose the right
to hold office but could still 

2675
02:17:58,000 --> 02:17:59,700
participate in religious 
festivals. 

2676
02:17:59,700 --> 02:18:03,100
Someone who shirked military 
duty might be barred from the 

2677
02:18:03,108 --> 02:18:06,200
Agora, the bustling Marketplace,
that was the heart of Athenian 

2678
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:08,900
social life. 
The punishment was precisely 

2679
02:18:08,900 --> 02:18:12,100
calibrated to the offense like a
master Craftsman, adjusting the 

2680
02:18:12,100 --> 02:18:15,700
tension on Elias string. 
One particularly creative form 

2681
02:18:15,700 --> 02:18:17,200
of Athenian. 
Justice involved. 

2682
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:20,700
The use of public monuments to 
shame when someone committed 

2683
02:18:20,700 --> 02:18:23,400
fraud or betrayed the city. 
Their punishment might include 

2684
02:18:23,400 --> 02:18:26,500
having their crime literally 
carved in stone and displayed in

2685
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:29,900
a prominent location. 
Unlike modern criminal records. 

2686
02:18:29,900 --> 02:18:31,400
That gather dust in filing 
cabinets. 

2687
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,400
These marble testimonials to 
poor judgements, stood in the 

2688
02:18:34,400 --> 02:18:36,200
busiest parts of the city for 
Generations. 

2689
02:18:36,200 --> 02:18:40,299
Imagine having your worst moment
chiseled in Granite and placed 

2690
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:44,400
where everyone you know would 
see it daily The Athenians also 

2691
02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:46,900
pioneered the concept of 
financial punishment of social 

2692
02:18:46,900 --> 02:18:49,400
surgery. 
They didn't just find people. 

2693
02:18:49,400 --> 02:18:53,299
They structured finds to 
maximize social impact, a 

2694
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:54,600
wealthy Merchant caught 
cheating. 

2695
02:18:54,600 --> 02:18:58,299
Might have to pay, not just 
compensation to his victims, but

2696
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:01,600
also fund a public festival or 
donate, a warship to the Navy. 

2697
02:19:02,500 --> 02:19:05,500
the punishment transformed 
private wrongdoing into public 

2698
02:19:05,500 --> 02:19:09,200
spectacle forcing the offender 
to buy their way back into 

2699
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:11,900
society's. 
Good graces through conspicuous 

2700
02:19:11,900 --> 02:19:15,900
generosity. 
Perhaps, most ingeniously Athens

2701
02:19:15,900 --> 02:19:18,700
developed punishments, that 
turned social connections into 

2702
02:19:18,700 --> 02:19:21,500
instruments of Justice. 
If you were found guilty of 

2703
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:24,400
certain crimes, your father tie,
your tribal Kinsmen would 

2704
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:26,799
collectively bear some 
responsibility for your actions.

2705
02:19:26,799 --> 02:19:30,400
These individuals created an 
entire network of social 

2706
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:33,299
surveillance and intervention. 
If your cousin new he might 

2707
02:19:33,308 --> 02:19:35,000
share in the consequences of 
your failure. 

2708
02:19:35,000 --> 02:19:37,799
He would reconsider lending you 
money for a questionable 

2709
02:19:37,799 --> 02:19:40,500
business venture the Athenian 
approached to punishment. 

2710
02:19:40,500 --> 02:19:43,299
Reflected their belief that 
crime was primarily a social 

2711
02:19:43,308 --> 02:19:45,700
disease rather than individual 
moral failure. 

2712
02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:48,700
A treated criminals, like 
patients who needed to be 

2713
02:19:48,708 --> 02:19:52,400
reintegrated into the community,
rather simply eliminated from 

2714
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:54,600
it. 
Their approach required a 

2715
02:19:54,600 --> 02:19:57,900
surgical Precision in their 
penalties cut too little and the

2716
02:19:57,900 --> 02:20:00,000
offense would Fester cut too 
much. 

2717
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:03,600
And you destroy the patient 
along with the disease, women 

2718
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:07,200
face their own unique forms of 
social punishment in Athens 

2719
02:20:07,200 --> 02:20:10,500
since they were already excluded
from most public, life 

2720
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:14,000
traditional forms of Civic. 
Dishonor were ineffective 

2721
02:20:14,000 --> 02:20:17,900
instead Athenian, Lord of 
elaborate systems of domestic. 

2722
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:20,500
Shame. 
An adulteress might be barred 

2723
02:20:20,500 --> 02:20:22,400
from participating in religious 
festivals. 

2724
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:26,100
The one area of public life 
where women could shine, she 

2725
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:28,600
would become invisible at the 
very moments when her community 

2726
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:31,000
gathered, to celebrate their 
shared identity. 

2727
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:34,700
The Athenians understood the 
effective punishment required an

2728
02:20:34,700 --> 02:20:37,100
audience, many of their 
penalties were designed to be 

2729
02:20:37,108 --> 02:20:40,700
witnessed and discussed turning 
the entire city into a theater 

2730
02:20:40,700 --> 02:20:42,600
of Justice. 
Where every citizen was both 

2731
02:20:42,600 --> 02:20:44,400
spectator and potential 
performer. 

2732
02:20:45,400 --> 02:20:47,600
Such an approach wasn't cruelty 
for its own sake. 

2733
02:20:47,600 --> 02:20:50,900
It was recognition that social 
bonds require constant 

2734
02:20:50,900 --> 02:20:53,800
maintenance and occasionally 
that maintenance required public

2735
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:57,000
demonstrations of what happened 
when those Bonds were broken. 

2736
02:20:57,000 --> 02:21:00,100
Now shift your perspective from 
the bustling democracy of Athens

2737
02:21:00,100 --> 02:21:03,800
to the Stark military efficiency
of Sparta where punishment 

2738
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:06,700
wasn't just about Justice. 
It was about forging the perfect

2739
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:09,800
Warrior Society. 
If Athens was a theater of 

2740
02:21:09,808 --> 02:21:13,300
social drama Sparta was a 
laboratory of human endurance 

2741
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:15,600
and their punishments. 
Reflected this fundamental 

2742
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:18,800
difference in values, you've 
probably heard about Spartan 

2743
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:21,800
military training, but we, but 
you might not realize how their 

2744
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:24,500
approach to criminal justice was
simply an extension of their 

2745
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:28,500
educational philosophy. 
The Spartans believe that every 

2746
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:31,600
experience Pleasant or painful 
should serve to strengthen the 

2747
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:35,300
individual in the state, their 
punishments were just penalties.

2748
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:38,800
They were lessons guys to 
suffering designed to create 

2749
02:21:38,800 --> 02:21:42,200
better citizens through 
carefully calibrated adversity. 

2750
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:45,500
Consider the fate of sparkling 
cowards. 

2751
02:21:45,500 --> 02:21:47,800
Perhaps the most despised 
criminals in this Warrior 

2752
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:51,800
Society rather than execution, 
or Exile, which would simply 

2753
02:21:51,800 --> 02:21:55,100
remove the problem spot and 
subjected cowards to a fate 

2754
02:21:55,108 --> 02:21:57,800
worse than death. 
They were required to live among

2755
02:21:57,800 --> 02:22:00,600
their fellow citizens while 
bearing visible marks of their 

2756
02:22:00,600 --> 02:22:04,600
shame, they were required to 
shave half their beards, Dawn, 

2757
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:07,700
distinctive clothing. 
And refrain from taking part in 

2758
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:10,800
communal meals or exercises. 
Imagine being permanently 

2759
02:22:10,800 --> 02:22:13,100
labeled as the only person who 
fail while everyone else. 

2760
02:22:13,100 --> 02:22:16,900
Succeeded constant, reminder of 
What Not to become such Behavior

2761
02:22:16,900 --> 02:22:20,100
wasn't random cruelty, the 
Spartans understood, that 

2762
02:22:20,100 --> 02:22:22,800
courage was contagious but so 
was cowardice. 

2763
02:22:23,600 --> 02:22:26,600
Like keeping cowards visible, 
but Dishonored, they created 

2764
02:22:26,600 --> 02:22:29,900
living examples that reinforced 
Brave behavior in everyone else.

2765
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:34,800
The punishment served multiple 
functions simultaneously, it 

2766
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:38,300
deterred future cowardice, 
provided ongoing education for 

2767
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:41,500
young Spartans and offered the 
remote possibility of redemption

2768
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:44,600
for the offender. 
Theft in Sparta received, 

2769
02:22:44,600 --> 02:22:48,400
perhaps the most paradoxical 
punishment in ancient Greece. in

2770
02:22:48,400 --> 02:22:50,600
of punishing, the act of 
stealing, they punished 

2771
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:54,000
individuals for being caught 
while stealing their decision 

2772
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:56,600
wasn't because Spartans and 
courage theft, but because 

2773
02:22:56,600 --> 02:23:00,700
they'd cunning and stealth as 
military virtues, A successful 

2774
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:03,800
Thief demonstrated skills that 
could be useful in Warfare or 

2775
02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:06,200
Espionage. 
However, catching the revealed 

2776
02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:09,200
either poor planning or 
inadequate execution, flaws that

2777
02:23:09,200 --> 02:23:11,900
could prove fatal in battle the 
punishment for court. 

2778
02:23:11,900 --> 02:23:14,400
Thieves was brilliant in its 
educational value. 

2779
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:17,600
The public flogging they endured
was not, merely a form of 

2780
02:23:17,608 --> 02:23:20,500
Retribution. 
Peers administered, the beating 

2781
02:23:20,500 --> 02:23:24,300
in front of the entire Community
transforming punishment into a 

2782
02:23:24,300 --> 02:23:26,900
performance. 
Young Spartans learned about 

2783
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:30,100
both the acceptable limits of 
cunning and the consequences of 

2784
02:23:30,100 --> 02:23:32,600
failure. 
Some historians record that 

2785
02:23:32,600 --> 02:23:35,500
particularly stoic thieves, who 
endured their punishment without

2786
02:23:35,500 --> 02:23:38,100
crying out, were eventually 
praised for their endurance 

2787
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:40,900
transforming. 
Shame into honor through sheer 

2788
02:23:40,900 --> 02:23:44,300
toughness. 
Spartan women who enjoyed far 

2789
02:23:44,300 --> 02:23:45,600
more freedom than their 
Athenian. 

2790
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:48,100
Counterparts faced 
correspondingly unique 

2791
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:51,000
punishments. 
A woman who failed in her duties

2792
02:23:51,000 --> 02:23:54,800
as a mother might be required to
participate in public ceremonies

2793
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:58,300
where her shortcomings were 
richly acknowledged, but true to

2794
02:23:58,300 --> 02:24:01,500
see these ceremonies were 
designed to be educational 

2795
02:24:01,500 --> 02:24:05,000
rather than merely humiliating. 
Other women learned from 

2796
02:24:05,000 --> 02:24:07,800
observing both the punishment 
and the offenders response to 

2797
02:24:07,800 --> 02:24:10,100
it. 
Perhaps the most psychologically

2798
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:13,700
sophisticated Spartan punishment
involved, the practice of perio 

2799
02:24:13,700 --> 02:24:17,200
Eastside decoration. 
Citizens who violated certain 

2800
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:20,500
laws might be reduced to the 
status of period, free 

2801
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:22,700
residents, who lacked full 
citizenship rights. 

2802
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:25,900
This punishment was particularly
devastating because it was 

2803
02:24:25,908 --> 02:24:29,700
hereditary your crime, wouldn't 
just affect you, it would impact

2804
02:24:29,700 --> 02:24:33,000
your children and their 
children. the Spartans 

2805
02:24:33,000 --> 02:24:35,800
understood that the threat of 
generational consequences was a 

2806
02:24:35,800 --> 02:24:39,300
powerful deterrent, especially 
in a society that prized family 

2807
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:42,800
honor above individual 
achievement, The Spartans also 

2808
02:24:42,800 --> 02:24:45,100
developed unique punishments for
military failures. 

2809
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:47,100
That went beyond individual 
cowardice. 

2810
02:24:47,100 --> 02:24:50,800
If a unit underperformed, the 
Spartans might assign them to 

2811
02:24:50,800 --> 02:24:53,300
domestic duties normally 
reserved for their enslaved. 

2812
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:56,700
Population known as hell's 
Warriors would find themselves 

2813
02:24:56,700 --> 02:24:59,600
cooking cleaning and maintaining
equipment instead of training 

2814
02:24:59,600 --> 02:25:02,400
for battle. 
They intended the role reversal 

2815
02:25:02,400 --> 02:25:04,900
to be so psychologically 
uncomfortable that it would 

2816
02:25:04,900 --> 02:25:06,500
motivate better performance in 
the future. 

2817
02:25:07,600 --> 02:25:10,500
What made Spartan punishment? 
Particularly effective was its 

2818
02:25:10,500 --> 02:25:12,500
integration into their broader 
social system. 

2819
02:25:13,400 --> 02:25:16,400
Unlike other Greek cities where 
punishment was often an 

2820
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:19,600
interruption of normal life, in 
Sparta, it was woven into the 

2821
02:25:19,608 --> 02:25:23,200
fabric of daily existence. 
Training exercises, regularly 

2822
02:25:23,200 --> 02:25:26,500
included, elements of controlled
suffering making the transition 

2823
02:25:26,500 --> 02:25:29,100
from education to punishment 
almost seamless. 

2824
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:33,500
The Spartans recognized that 
this Society survival depended 

2825
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:36,200
on everyone understanding and 
accepting their role in the 

2826
02:25:36,200 --> 02:25:38,900
collective defense of the state 
punishments. 

2827
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:41,600
Were therefore designed to 
reinforce social hierarchy and 

2828
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:45,400
shared values rather than simply
deter specific behaviors. 

2829
02:25:46,200 --> 02:25:48,900
Every penalty served as a 
reminder of what the community 

2830
02:25:48,900 --> 02:25:52,200
expected and what happened? 
When those expectations weren't 

2831
02:25:52,200 --> 02:25:56,300
met There are approach was 
remarkably forward-thinking in 

2832
02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:58,200
its recognition. 
That punishment should serve 

2833
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:00,300
multiple purposes 
simultaneously. 

2834
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:03,900
Modern criminologists still 
struggle to balance deterrence, 

2835
02:26:03,900 --> 02:26:06,800
Rehabilitation and social 
cohesion, in their 

2836
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:08,900
recommendations for Criminal 
Justice Reform. 

2837
02:26:09,800 --> 02:26:12,900
The Spartans integrated all 
three goals into a system that 

2838
02:26:12,900 --> 02:26:16,600
while harsh by modern standards 
was internally consistent and 

2839
02:26:16,600 --> 02:26:19,400
remarkably effective at 
maintaining social stability, 

2840
02:26:19,400 --> 02:26:22,100
your journey through, Greek 
judicial creativity. 

2841
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:25,700
Now takes you to the scattered 
islands of the Egyptian, a 

2842
02:26:25,700 --> 02:26:28,100
community surrounded by endless 
Blu, develop their own 

2843
02:26:28,100 --> 02:26:29,600
distinctive approaches to 
punishment. 

2844
02:26:30,800 --> 02:26:33,000
When you're living on a small 
island where everyone knows 

2845
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:35,800
everyone else's business and 
escaped, his only possible by 

2846
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:39,300
boat traditional forms of 
Justice require some serious 

2847
02:26:39,300 --> 02:26:42,800
adaptation Island, communities 
face, unique challenges that 

2848
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:44,300
shape their approach to criminal
justice. 

2849
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:48,000
You couldn't simply Exile 
someone to another city state 

2850
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:50,200
when the nearest land might be 
days away by sale. 

2851
02:26:51,300 --> 02:26:54,300
Similarly, maintaining prisons 
was in Practical when every 

2852
02:26:54,300 --> 02:26:56,100
resource had to be imported or 
carefully. 

2853
02:26:56,100 --> 02:26:59,900
Conserved This Geographic 
reality forced Greek, Islanders 

2854
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:02,100
to develop some of the most 
creative punishments in the 

2855
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:05,800
ancient world. 
Take The Islander to seos famous

2856
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:08,100
for what you might call 
Democratic suicide. 

2857
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:11,600
When someone committed a serious
crime, that disrupted Community 

2858
02:27:11,600 --> 02:27:15,100
Harmony, they were given a 
choice face trial with potential

2859
02:27:15,100 --> 02:27:17,600
execution or drink Hemlock 
voluntarily in a public 

2860
02:27:17,600 --> 02:27:20,100
ceremony. 
The Twist was that the community

2861
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:22,700
would gather to witness the 
event and The Condemned person 

2862
02:27:22,700 --> 02:27:25,500
was expected to give a speech 
explaining their actions and 

2863
02:27:25,500 --> 02:27:28,300
accepting responsibility. 
The speech wasn't just 

2864
02:27:28,300 --> 02:27:30,500
punishment. 
It was therapy for the entire 

2865
02:27:30,500 --> 02:27:33,200
Community, allowing them to 
process the crime, and its 

2866
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,700
consequences collectively. 
The Genius of this system was 

2867
02:27:36,700 --> 02:27:39,500
that it transformed the most 
serious punishment into an act 

2868
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:41,800
of personal choice rather than 
Community violence. 

2869
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:44,900
The criminal maintained some 
dignity while still paying the 

2870
02:27:44,900 --> 02:27:49,000
ultimate price and the community
of the cycle bird of executing 

2871
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:52,100
one of their own, it was like a 
tragic play performed for an 

2872
02:27:52,108 --> 02:27:54,900
audience of friends and 
neighbors with real estate, but 

2873
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:58,200
a cathartic resolution. 
Maritime crimes received, 

2874
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:00,600
particularly inventive, 
punishments, that reflected the 

2875
02:28:00,600 --> 02:28:02,300
island. 
As relationship with the sea 

2876
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,400
Pirates, caught in Ireland 
Waters, might be sentenced to 

2877
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:09,000
Sea walking essentially, an 
early form of keelhauling where 

2878
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:12,600
the offender was dragged behind 
a ship through Rough Waters, but

2879
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:14,800
the creative part wasn't the 
physical punishment. 

2880
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:18,900
It was the symbolic element. 
The Condemned pirate would be 

2881
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:21,900
dressed in the finest clothes, 
stolen from their victims. 

2882
02:28:21,900 --> 02:28:24,600
Transforming them into a 
grotesque parody of wealth. 

2883
02:28:24,600 --> 02:28:28,200
Before the sea, reclaimed both 
criminal and treasure some 

2884
02:28:28,200 --> 02:28:30,300
islands developed. 
Elaborate rituals around the 

2885
02:28:30,300 --> 02:28:32,900
punishment of theft, 
particularly theft of fishing 

2886
02:28:32,900 --> 02:28:35,600
equipment or boats crime. 
That could threaten the survival

2887
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:38,800
of the entire Community, the 
thief might be required to fast 

2888
02:28:38,800 --> 02:28:41,700
for several days, then swim to a
designated rock formation 

2889
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:43,800
offshore. 
While the community watched from

2890
02:28:43,800 --> 02:28:46,000
the beach. 
If the thief successfully 

2891
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:49,000
completed the swim the community
considered their punishment 

2892
02:28:49,000 --> 02:28:54,100
complete and welcome them back. 
If they fail, the sea had 

2893
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:57,000
rendered, his verdict. 
This trial by deal was an 

2894
02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:00,300
arbitrary cruelty. 
It served multiple psychological

2895
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:03,400
and social functions the 
physical challenge, tested, the 

2896
02:29:03,400 --> 02:29:06,300
offenders commitment to 
Redemption while the community's

2897
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,000
witness meant everyone 
participated in the resolution 

2898
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:11,900
of the crime. 
The successful completion of the

2899
02:29:11,900 --> 02:29:14,700
trial, demonstrated both Divine 
approval, and personal 

2900
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:17,900
transformation, making 
reintegration into society 

2901
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:20,000
psychologically easier for 
everyone involved. 

2902
02:29:21,100 --> 02:29:23,500
Island communities. 
Also refine their methods of 

2903
02:29:23,508 --> 02:29:25,900
punishment by using isolation 
instead of Exile. 

2904
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:29,500
On larger islands, criminals 
might be required to live alone 

2905
02:29:29,500 --> 02:29:31,800
on the uninhabited. 
Portions of the land for 

2906
02:29:31,800 --> 02:29:34,300
specified periods. 
They would be provided with 

2907
02:29:34,300 --> 02:29:37,400
minimal supplies and tools, 
forcing them to survive through 

2908
02:29:37,400 --> 02:29:39,100
their skills. 
While remaining technically 

2909
02:29:39,100 --> 02:29:42,400
within the community's territory
villagers would check on the 

2910
02:29:42,400 --> 02:29:46,000
Imperial creating a system of 
monitored Solitude that combined

2911
02:29:46,000 --> 02:29:49,700
punishment with rehabilitation. 
This form of punishment was 

2912
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:52,100
particularly effective because 
it addressed one of the root 

2913
02:29:52,100 --> 02:29:55,200
causes of many crimes, the 
inability to function 

2914
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:57,300
independently within social 
constraints. 

2915
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:00,100
By forcing criminals to survive 
alone. 

2916
02:30:00,100 --> 02:30:03,300
The community was essentially 
providing intensive training in 

2917
02:30:03,300 --> 02:30:04,900
self-reliance and resource 
management. 

2918
02:30:05,900 --> 02:30:08,900
When the punishment period ended
the offended often returned with

2919
02:30:08,900 --> 02:30:11,600
enhance skills and a deeper 
appreciation for Community 

2920
02:30:11,600 --> 02:30:14,300
Support. 
The islands also developed 

2921
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:17,300
unique approaches to dealing 
with adultery and other sexual 

2922
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:20,100
crime. 
Rather than the violent 

2923
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:23,700
punishments in Mainland, Greece 
Island, community's often 

2924
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,000
employed, ritualized 
humiliation, that involved the 

2925
02:30:26,000 --> 02:30:29,700
entire population. the guilty 
parties might be required to 

2926
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:32,000
walk through the village, 
wearing distinctive garments 

2927
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:35,100
that identified their offense, 
while the community sank 

2928
02:30:35,100 --> 02:30:37,100
traditional songs that told 
stories of similar 

2929
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:40,300
transgressions and their 
consequences, These musical 

2930
02:30:40,300 --> 02:30:43,200
punishments served multiple 
purposes, they provided 

2931
02:30:43,200 --> 02:30:45,900
emotional release for the 
community educated. 

2932
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:49,500
Young people about sexual morays
and gave the offenders a 

2933
02:30:49,500 --> 02:30:51,300
structured way to acknowledge 
their wrongdoing. 

2934
02:30:52,200 --> 02:30:55,000
The songs often included verses 
about redemption and 

2935
02:30:55,000 --> 02:30:58,100
forgiveness, creating a pathway 
back to respectability. 

2936
02:30:58,100 --> 02:30:59,600
That was both public and 
personal. 

2937
02:31:00,700 --> 02:31:04,000
Perhaps most remarkably some 
islands developed seasonal 

2938
02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:06,700
punishments that aligned with 
their Agricultural and fishing 

2939
02:31:06,700 --> 02:31:09,500
Cycles. 
Some islands banned serious, 

2940
02:31:09,500 --> 02:31:12,700
offenders from participating in 
specific, seasonal activities, 

2941
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:15,600
such as the olive Harvest 
fishing Seasons or religious 

2942
02:31:15,600 --> 02:31:17,600
festivals, which Define 
community life. 

2943
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:21,400
These restrictions created with 
punishment and reintegration 

2944
02:31:21,400 --> 02:31:24,000
that matched the natural cycles 
of Island life. 

2945
02:31:25,500 --> 02:31:27,900
Effectiveness of Island Justice 
lay in its recognition. 

2946
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:30,200
That small communities could not
afford to lose members 

2947
02:31:30,200 --> 02:31:33,000
permanently, but they also 
couldn't tolerate behavior that 

2948
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:35,900
threatened groups, survival, 
your exploration of Greek 

2949
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:37,700
punishment. 
Now leads you into the realm 

2950
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:41,100
where Justice meets Divine will,
where the gods themselves were 

2951
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:45,100
believed to participate in the 
judicial process. places like 

2952
02:31:45,100 --> 02:31:48,200
Delphi, where the famous Oracle 
delivered, cryptic prophecies 

2953
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:51,700
the lines between Earthly law 
and Heavenly judgment became 

2954
02:31:51,700 --> 02:31:55,900
beautifully bizarrely blurred 
You need to understand that for 

2955
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:59,400
the ancient Greeks crime wasn't 
just a violation of human law. 

2956
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:02,400
It was a disruption of cosmic 
order that demanded Divine 

2957
02:32:02,400 --> 02:32:05,000
attention. 
This belief led to some of the 

2958
02:32:05,000 --> 02:32:07,600
most psychologically 
sophisticated punishments in the

2959
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:10,500
ancient world where offenders 
faced not just human 

2960
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:14,100
consequences, but the perceived 
Wrath of immortal beings with 

2961
02:32:14,100 --> 02:32:17,100
very long, memories and creative
approaches to vengeance. 

2962
02:32:18,000 --> 02:32:19,900
The Oracle at Delphi 
occasionally prescribed 

2963
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:23,800
punishments, that were, as 
enigmatic as her prophecies when

2964
02:32:23,800 --> 02:32:27,300
someone committed sacrilege or 
violated religious law, they 

2965
02:32:27,300 --> 02:32:31,400
might be told to carry water to 
the dry place or feed the hungry

2966
02:32:31,400 --> 02:32:33,900
stones. 
These were not random 

2967
02:32:33,900 --> 02:32:36,300
instructions, they were 
elaborate metaphorical 

2968
02:32:36,300 --> 02:32:39,300
punishments that required 
interpretation and often years 

2969
02:32:39,300 --> 02:32:42,700
to complete properly. 
Consider the case of a merchant 

2970
02:32:42,700 --> 02:32:46,600
who cheated Temple pilgrims 
rather than simple restitution. 

2971
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:50,400
The Oracle commanded him to 
count every grain of sand on the

2972
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:52,700
sacred Beach and return. 
When the number matches the 

2973
02:32:52,700 --> 02:32:55,100
Stars, this wasn't literally 
possible. 

2974
02:32:55,100 --> 02:32:58,000
Of course, but the merchants 
spent three years attempting 

2975
02:32:58,000 --> 02:33:01,400
with the task during which time 
he experienced profound personal

2976
02:33:01,400 --> 02:33:06,300
transformation, He learned 
humility developed patience and 

2977
02:33:06,300 --> 02:33:08,700
became more familiar with the 
infinite nature of divine 

2978
02:33:08,700 --> 02:33:11,600
Justice. 
When he finally returned to ask 

2979
02:33:11,600 --> 02:33:14,000
for clarification the priest, 
declared his punishment 

2980
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:16,100
complete. 
Not because he'd finished the 

2981
02:33:16,100 --> 02:33:18,500
impossible task. 
But because he'd become someone 

2982
02:33:18,500 --> 02:33:20,600
who would never commit the 
original crime again. 

2983
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:23,900
Religious punishments, often 
involved what you might call. 

2984
02:33:23,900 --> 02:33:27,800
Divine Comedy situations where 
the punishment was so perfectly 

2985
02:33:27,800 --> 02:33:30,400
matched to the crime that it 
revealed a kind of cosmic humor.

2986
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:34,400
A priest who had been selling 
false blessings was required to 

2987
02:33:34,400 --> 02:33:37,300
Tender Garden, where nothing 
would grow spending each day 

2988
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:39,900
caring for Barren soil, while 
contemplating, the difference 

2989
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:44,000
between genuine and counterfeit 
spiritual nourishment. after 

2990
02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:46,900
months of fruitless Labour, he 
finally understood that, his 

2991
02:33:46,900 --> 02:33:50,300
fraudulent blessings had been 
equally Barren and genuine 

2992
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:54,100
remorse, led to his eventual 
forgiveness Some punishments 

2993
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:56,900
required offenders to reenact 
mythological scenes, turning 

2994
02:33:56,900 --> 02:33:59,600
classical literature into 
Rehabilitation therapy. 

2995
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:03,300
An individual guilty of hubris, 
might be required to spend time.

2996
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:06,800
Each day recreating sister's 
Eternal task of rolling. 

2997
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:09,900
A boulder up a hill, but their 
version would be temporary and 

2998
02:34:09,900 --> 02:34:11,900
educational rather than Eternal 
and torturous. 

2999
02:34:13,000 --> 02:34:15,500
The physical labor was less 
important than the symbolic 

3000
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:17,700
understanding learning through 
repetition. 

3001
02:34:17,700 --> 02:34:20,700
What it meant to struggle 
against impossible, odds and 

3002
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:23,400
Find meaning in the effort 
itself, the Greeks also 

3003
02:34:23,400 --> 02:34:26,100
developed elaborate purification
rituals that served as both 

3004
02:34:26,100 --> 02:34:29,500
punishment and Redemption. 
These weren't simple religious 

3005
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:32,300
ceremonies but complex 
psychological processes that 

3006
02:34:32,300 --> 02:34:35,800
could take years to complete. 
An offender might be required to

3007
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:38,100
visit specific. 
Sacred sites, throughout Greece,

3008
02:34:38,100 --> 02:34:40,700
performing designated tasks at 
each location. 

3009
02:34:40,700 --> 02:34:43,000
While following strict 
behavioral guidelines. 

3010
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:46,700
These ritual Journeys were 
brilliant in this psychological 

3011
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:50,100
sophistication, they removed 
criminals from their familiar 

3012
02:34:50,100 --> 02:34:53,500
environment, forced them to 
interact with strangers who knew

3013
02:34:53,500 --> 02:34:55,800
nothing of their crimes and 
provided structured 

3014
02:34:55,800 --> 02:34:58,300
opportunities for reflection and
personal growth. 

3015
02:34:59,100 --> 02:35:01,800
Many offenders reported that the
journey changed the more 

3016
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:04,500
profoundly than any conventional
punishment could have. 

3017
02:35:05,600 --> 02:35:08,100
Temple punishments, often 
involved service to the gods, 

3018
02:35:08,100 --> 02:35:11,400
specifically designed to address
the spiritual dimension of the 

3019
02:35:11,400 --> 02:35:13,900
crime. 
Someone who had broken an oath 

3020
02:35:13,900 --> 02:35:17,200
might be required to serve as a 
temple messenger, carrying 

3021
02:35:17,200 --> 02:35:20,300
sacred Communications, between 
different religious sites. 

3022
02:35:20,300 --> 02:35:23,700
These conditions forced them to 
repeatedly handle and deliver 

3023
02:35:23,700 --> 02:35:26,200
messages of Truth and 
commitment, literally 

3024
02:35:26,200 --> 02:35:29,400
surrounding the cells with the 
values they had violated. 

3025
02:35:30,200 --> 02:35:31,800
The Genius of religious 
punishment. 

3026
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:34,400
Laying its recognition, that 
many crime stemmed from 

3027
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:37,400
spiritual emptiness, or 
disconnect from Community 

3028
02:35:37,400 --> 02:35:41,300
Values, rather than simply 
inflicting suffering, these 

3029
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:43,900
punishments provided 
opportunities for genuine 

3030
02:35:43,900 --> 02:35:47,500
transformation, Fenders were 
given the chance to rebuild 

3031
02:35:47,500 --> 02:35:50,500
their relationship with the 
Divine while also serving their 

3032
02:35:50,500 --> 02:35:54,000
human community. 
Most remarkably the design of 

3033
02:35:54,000 --> 02:35:56,800
some religious punishments made 
them impossible to complete 

3034
02:35:56,800 --> 02:36:00,600
without divine intervention. 
Such an approach wasn't cruelty.

3035
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:03,900
It was recognition that some 
offenses were so serious, that 

3036
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:06,400
human effort alone could not 
provide adequate Redemption. 

3037
02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:10,100
The punishment became a form of 
extended prayer where the 

3038
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:13,100
offender had to genuinely seek 
Divine forgiveness to achieve 

3039
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:15,600
resolution. 
Often these impossible, 

3040
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:19,300
punishments entails, paradoxical
tasks that defied conventional 

3041
02:36:19,300 --> 02:36:21,900
Solutions. 
An offender might be told to 

3042
02:36:21,900 --> 02:36:25,600
find the beginning of a circle 
or speaker word that has never 

3043
02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:28,600
been spoken. 
The resolution came not through 

3044
02:36:28,600 --> 02:36:32,300
completing the task, but through
understanding its impossibility 

3045
02:36:32,300 --> 02:36:35,300
and accepting the need for Grace
Beyond human achievement. 

3046
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:39,000
What made Divine punishment? 
Particularly effective was its 

3047
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:42,200
integration of personal 
transformation with Community. 

3048
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:45,500
Healing religious offence, is 
harmed, not just individuals, 

3049
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:48,200
but the entire Community is a 
relationship with the walls. 

3050
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,300
The elaborate punishments 
demonstrated to everyone that 

3051
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:54,500
the offense was being taken 
seriously while providing a 

3052
02:36:54,500 --> 02:36:56,200
pathway for restoring Cosmic 
balance. 

3053
02:36:56,200 --> 02:36:59,200
Now, as you can continue your 
journey, through Greek Justice, 

3054
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:02,000
you will enter the realm of 
philosophical punishment, where 

3055
02:37:02,000 --> 02:37:04,500
thinkers such as Plato and 
Aristotle, theorized about 

3056
02:37:04,500 --> 02:37:06,400
Justice and completely 
redesigned it. 

3057
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:09,900
In this intellectual landscape 
punishment became an opportunity

3058
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:13,400
to explore the deepest questions
of human nature, moral 

3059
02:37:13,400 --> 02:37:16,300
responsibility and the purpose 
of society itself. 

3060
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:20,400
Picture yourself in ancient 
Athens where philosophy wasn't 

3061
02:37:20,400 --> 02:37:23,700
an abstract academic discipline 
but a practical tool for 

3062
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:26,100
creating better human beings and
more just communities. 

3063
02:37:27,200 --> 02:37:29,500
The great philosophers 
approached criminal justice with

3064
02:37:29,500 --> 02:37:32,200
the same analytical rigor. 
They apply to mathematics and 

3065
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,400
ethics producing punishments 
that were as intellectually 

3066
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:37,800
sophisticated as they were 
practically effective. 

3067
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:41,000
Plato's Republic outlined 
punishments that were 

3068
02:37:41,000 --> 02:37:44,900
essentially educational programs
designed to cure the soul rather

3069
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:48,900
than simply inflict suffering. 
He believed that crime resulted 

3070
02:37:48,900 --> 02:37:52,600
from ignorance, not factually 
ignorance but a fundamental 

3071
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:56,100
misunderstanding of what would 
truly make a person happy and 

3072
02:37:56,100 --> 02:37:59,100
fulfilled. 
Therefore punishment should be 

3073
02:37:59,100 --> 02:38:02,100
therapeutic, helping criminals 
discover the era in their 

3074
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:04,300
thinking and choose better paths
for wood. 

3075
02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:07,700
Consider how this philosophy 
translated into practice. 

3076
02:38:08,900 --> 02:38:11,900
The thief in Plato's ideal city 
wooden just return, stolen goods

3077
02:38:11,900 --> 02:38:14,400
and pay a fine. 
They would be a sign to study 

3078
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:16,900
with philosophers who would help
them understand why they 

3079
02:38:16,900 --> 02:38:18,800
believed stealing would improve 
their lives. 

3080
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:21,200
They would engage in structured.
Dialogues. 

3081
02:38:21,200 --> 02:38:23,000
Designed to reveal the 
contradictions in their 

3082
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:26,700
reasoning and guide them toward 
more productive ways of meeting 

3083
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:29,900
their needs. 
This wasn't soft treatment, it 

3084
02:38:29,900 --> 02:38:33,000
was incredibly demanding. 
Imagine being required to 

3085
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:35,900
examine every assumption. 
You've ever made about right and

3086
02:38:35,900 --> 02:38:38,800
wrong to defend, your choices in
front of brilliant, thinkers, 

3087
02:38:38,800 --> 02:38:40,800
who could expose every floor in 
your logic. 

3088
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:44,200
Many criminals found this 
intellectual punishment, more 

3089
02:38:44,200 --> 02:38:47,100
challenging than physical 
Suffering, The Core, because it 

3090
02:38:47,100 --> 02:38:49,800
required them to confront the 
reality of their own poor 

3091
02:38:49,800 --> 02:38:52,300
judgment. 
Aristotle, took a different but 

3092
02:38:52,300 --> 02:38:55,900
equally sophisticated approach. 
He believed that virtue as a 

3093
02:38:55,900 --> 02:38:58,500
habit developed through practice
and that criminal Behavior 

3094
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:01,200
resulted from bad habits, that 
could be corrected through 

3095
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,100
proper training. 
His punishments were like more 

3096
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,500
exercise programs designed to 
strengthen the ethical more 

3097
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:11,100
muscles that had grown weak 
through misuse and arrested. 

3098
02:39:11,100 --> 02:39:14,100
Helium punishment, might require
a dishonest Merchants to spend 

3099
02:39:14,100 --> 02:39:15,900
time. 
Each day practice in small acts 

3100
02:39:15,900 --> 02:39:18,700
of honesty, gradually building 
up to more significant 

3101
02:39:18,700 --> 02:39:22,300
challenges The merchants would 
start by accurately, describing 

3102
02:39:22,300 --> 02:39:25,000
the quality of goods to 
customers then progressed to 

3103
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:27,800
admitting mistakes or offering 
fair prices without negotiation.

3104
02:39:28,600 --> 02:39:31,200
Each day would bring new 
opportunities to practice virtue

3105
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:33,500
until honest, Behavior became As
Natural. 

3106
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:36,800
As the original dishonesty had 
been the stoic philosophers 

3107
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:39,400
contributed, their own unique 
perspective on punishment. 

3108
02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:42,700
They held the belief that 
external circumstances could not

3109
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:45,800
truly harm a person, unless they
actively chose to do. 

3110
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:48,700
So this belief led to 
punishments that focused on 

3111
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:51,400
internal transformation rather 
than external suffering. 

3112
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:54,800
Stoic judge, might sentence, 
someone to spend time each day 

3113
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:57,500
contemplating their crime and 
writing about what they learned 

3114
02:39:57,500 --> 02:40:00,900
from the experience. 
These written Reflections were 

3115
02:40:00,900 --> 02:40:03,400
just busy work. 
They were sophisticated 

3116
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:06,200
psychological exercises, 
designed to help offenders 

3117
02:40:06,200 --> 02:40:08,600
develop emotional resilience and
moral clarity. 

3118
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:12,400
The daily practice of examining 
their thoughts and motivations 

3119
02:40:12,400 --> 02:40:15,500
gradually built the Inner 
Strength needed to resist future

3120
02:40:15,500 --> 02:40:18,100
Temptations. 
Many of these philosophical 

3121
02:40:18,100 --> 02:40:20,800
journals survived and offer 
intriguing details about the 

3122
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:23,900
Criminal Minds journey toward 
Redemption. through the 

3123
02:40:23,900 --> 02:40:27,500
development of group punishment,
schemes, certain philosophical, 

3124
02:40:27,500 --> 02:40:30,500
schools transformed criminal 
justice into a form of Community

3125
02:40:30,500 --> 02:40:34,000
Education, When someone 
committed a crime, they would be

3126
02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,300
assigned to participate in 
philosophical discussions with 

3127
02:40:36,300 --> 02:40:39,500
other offenders exploring 
questions related to their 

3128
02:40:39,500 --> 02:40:42,900
specific types of wrongdoing. 
These were not support groups in

3129
02:40:42,900 --> 02:40:45,600
the modern sense, but rigorous 
intellectual workshops were 

3130
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:48,500
participants had to defend their
ideas and examine their beliefs 

3131
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:51,400
under scrutiny. 
The cynics known for their 

3132
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:54,300
rejection of social conventions,
created punishments, that 

3133
02:40:54,300 --> 02:40:57,100
challenge Defenders to question 
the assumptions, underlying 

3134
02:40:57,100 --> 02:40:59,900
their crime. 
Someone caught cheating in 

3135
02:40:59,900 --> 02:41:02,100
business might be required to 
live as a beggar for several 

3136
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:04,700
months. 
Experiencing firsthand the 

3137
02:41:04,700 --> 02:41:07,200
insecurities and Desperation 
that drove many people to 

3138
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:09,500
dishonesty. 
The outcome wasn't just 

3139
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:11,200
punishment. 
It was immersive. 

3140
02:41:11,200 --> 02:41:13,600
Education in the social 
conditions that contributed to 

3141
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:16,800
Crime most remarkably. 
Some philosophers designed their

3142
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:20,500
punishments to be voluntary and 
self-administered offenders 

3143
02:41:20,500 --> 02:41:22,900
would be given detailed 
instructions for programs of 

3144
02:41:22,900 --> 02:41:25,300
self-examination. 
And moral development, then 

3145
02:41:25,300 --> 02:41:27,500
trusted to carry them out 
without supervision. 

3146
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:30,500
The community would check their 
progress periodically. 

3147
02:41:30,500 --> 02:41:33,400
But the real accountability came
from the offenders own 

3148
02:41:33,400 --> 02:41:35,400
conscience and commitment to 
Improvement. 

3149
02:41:36,600 --> 02:41:38,900
This approach recognized that 
lasting change. 

3150
02:41:38,900 --> 02:41:41,800
Had to come from within rather 
than being imposed from outside.

3151
02:41:41,800 --> 02:41:46,600
External punishment, might deter
future crime through fear, but 

3152
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:49,700
only internal transformation 
could eliminate the desire to 

3153
02:41:49,700 --> 02:41:53,300
commit crime in the first place.
The philosophers understood that

3154
02:41:53,300 --> 02:41:56,500
True Justice required changing 
hearts and Minds, not just 

3155
02:41:56,500 --> 02:41:58,500
Behavior. 
The effectiveness of 

3156
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:00,600
philosophical punishment in its 
recognition. 

3157
02:42:00,600 --> 02:42:03,400
That crime was often a symptom 
of deeper problems. 

3158
02:42:03,400 --> 02:42:06,800
Confusion about values, poor 
reasoning skills, lack of 

3159
02:42:06,800 --> 02:42:10,400
purpose and direction. 
By addressing these root causes 

3160
02:42:10,400 --> 02:42:13,700
philosophical punishments. 
Offer genuine Solutions, rather 

3161
02:42:13,700 --> 02:42:16,800
than temporary deterrents. 
Modern cognitive behavioral 

3162
02:42:16,800 --> 02:42:19,500
therapy owes much to these 
ancient Greek Innovations in. 

3163
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:22,700
Using intellectual exercises to 
change destructive patterns of 

3164
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:25,900
thinking and behavior as your 
journey through the bizarre 

3165
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:28,900
punishments of ancient Greece, 
draws to a close, you find 

3166
02:42:28,900 --> 02:42:31,700
yourself standing once again in 
the shadow of the pathanon. 

3167
02:42:31,700 --> 02:42:34,400
But now with a deeper 
appreciation for the complex 

3168
02:42:34,400 --> 02:42:37,700
civilization, that created both 
architectural, Marvels, and 

3169
02:42:37,700 --> 02:42:40,200
judicial innovations that 
continue to influence our 

3170
02:42:40,200 --> 02:42:43,800
understanding of Justice today. 
The ancient Greeks bequeathed 

3171
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:46,600
us, something far more valuable 
than simply colorful stories of 

3172
02:42:46,608 --> 02:42:49,700
unusual punishments. 
They demonstrated that Justice 

3173
02:42:49,700 --> 02:42:52,000
could be creative. 
There are reputed and 

3174
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:54,200
transformative rather than 
merely retributive. 

3175
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:57,400
Their approach to criminal 
justice was fundamentally 

3176
02:42:57,400 --> 02:42:59,600
optimistic. 
They believed people could 

3177
02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:03,200
change communities could heal 
and Society could improve 

3178
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,900
through thoughtful application 
of consequences that served 

3179
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:07,700
multiple purposes 
simultaneously. 

3180
02:43:07,700 --> 02:43:10,800
You've seen how different Greek 
communities adapted, their 

3181
02:43:10,800 --> 02:43:13,700
approach to punishment, based on
their unique circumstances and 

3182
02:43:13,700 --> 02:43:16,400
values. 
Athens emphasized, social 

3183
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:19,700
reintegration, through 
controlled shames Sparta focused

3184
02:43:19,700 --> 02:43:22,600
on strengthening both individual
character and Collective Defence

3185
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,800
Island communities developed 
Solutions, appropriate to their 

3186
02:43:25,800 --> 02:43:29,700
geographic isolation, religious 
authorities, integrated Divine 

3187
02:43:29,700 --> 02:43:33,100
will with human judgment and 
philosophers treated crime. 

3188
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:36,100
As an educational opportunity. 
This diversity wasn't 

3189
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:38,100
accidental. 
It reflected, the Greek 

3190
02:43:38,100 --> 02:43:41,300
understanding that Justice must 
be tailored to specific context 

3191
02:43:41,300 --> 02:43:44,800
rather than applied uniformly 
regardless of circumstances. 

3192
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:48,800
They recognized that what worked
in a military Society like 

3193
02:43:48,800 --> 02:43:51,300
Sparta might be 
counterproductive in a 

3194
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:54,200
commercial democracy like 
Athens, this flexibility and 

3195
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:56,900
willingness to experiment with 
different approaches provides 

3196
02:43:56,900 --> 02:43:59,900
helpful lessons for modern 
criminal justice systems 

3197
02:43:59,900 --> 02:44:01,300
struggling with similar 
challenges. 

3198
02:44:02,300 --> 02:44:04,600
Consider how Greek Innovation 
and anticipate modern 

3199
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:08,000
developments in criminology and 
psychology, their recognition, 

3200
02:44:08,000 --> 02:44:09,900
that shame could be more 
powerful than physical 

3201
02:44:09,900 --> 02:44:12,200
punishment. 
Predated, our understanding of 

3202
02:44:12,200 --> 02:44:16,300
Social Psychology by Melania, 
they use of community and the 

3203
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:20,000
Justice process for shadowed, 
restorative justice programs. 

3204
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:23,800
Their emphasis on Rehabilitation
and transformational and 

3205
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:26,500
anticipated the therapeutic 
model of Criminal Justice that 

3206
02:44:26,500 --> 02:44:29,900
emerged in the 20th century, the
Greek Insight that punishment 

3207
02:44:29,900 --> 02:44:33,100
should serve education rather 
than mere deterrence remains 

3208
02:44:33,100 --> 02:44:36,200
revolutionary. 
Even today, most modern criminal

3209
02:44:36,200 --> 02:44:38,800
justice systems, still struggle 
to balance punishment with 

3210
02:44:38,800 --> 02:44:42,800
Rehabilitation often emphasizing
one at the expense of the other.

3211
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:46,100
The Greeks demonstrated that 
this was a false Choice, 

3212
02:44:46,100 --> 02:44:49,200
punishment could be educational 
and education. 

3213
02:44:49,200 --> 02:44:52,200
Could be punitive if properly 
designed and implemented. 

3214
02:44:53,300 --> 02:44:56,200
Perhaps most importantly, the 
Greeks understood that effective

3215
02:44:56,200 --> 02:44:58,600
Justice required, Community 
participation. 

3216
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:01,900
Crime wasn't just a matter 
between offender and victim, But

3217
02:45:01,900 --> 02:45:04,700
A disruption of social fabric 
that required Collective 

3218
02:45:04,700 --> 02:45:07,100
healing. 
Their punishments were designed 

3219
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:09,800
to engage the entire community 
in the process of restoration, 

3220
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:12,600
ensuring that everyone learned 
from each instance of 

3221
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,100
wrongdoing, this communal 
approach to Justice. 

3222
02:45:15,100 --> 02:45:18,300
Offers a stark contrast to the 
increasingly impersonal nature 

3223
02:45:18,300 --> 02:45:21,300
of modern legal systems. 
Where Justice is administered by

3224
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:23,600
professional bureaucrats, with 
little connection to the 

3225
02:45:23,600 --> 02:45:27,500
community's affected by crime. 
The Greek models suggest that 

3226
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:31,500
Justice is too important to be 
left entirely to Specialists it 

3227
02:45:31,500 --> 02:45:33,500
requires the active 
participation of ordinary 

3228
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:36,400
citizens, who understand local 
conditions and relationships, 

3229
02:45:36,400 --> 02:45:38,500
the creativity of Greek 
punishment. 

3230
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:41,400
Also challenges our assumptions 
about the purposes of Criminal 

3231
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:45,000
Justice, rather than focusing 
primarily on deterrents or 

3232
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:48,100
retribution, they emphasized 
transformation and education. 

3233
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:51,500
They asked not just to how can 
we prevent this crime from 

3234
02:45:51,500 --> 02:45:55,200
happening again but also how can
we use this opportunity to 

3235
02:45:55,200 --> 02:45:57,600
create better people and 
stronger communities. 

3236
02:45:57,600 --> 02:46:00,100
They're willingness to 
experiment with different 

3237
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:03,600
approaches, from the theatrical 
humiliation of Athens, to the 

3238
02:46:03,608 --> 02:46:07,100
military discipline of Sparta to
the philosophical dialogue. 

3239
02:46:07,100 --> 02:46:10,300
Of the Academy's demonstrates, 
the value of treating justice, 

3240
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:13,800
as an ongoing experiment rather 
than a fixed system, they were 

3241
02:46:13,808 --> 02:46:16,800
constantly learning from their 
experiences and adapting their 

3242
02:46:16,800 --> 02:46:20,400
methods based on what worked and
what didn't modern criminal 

3243
02:46:20,400 --> 02:46:22,000
justice reformers are 
rediscovering. 

3244
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:25,400
Many Greek Innovations. 
There are people at courts that 

3245
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:28,500
address, underlying causes a 
criminal Behavior, community 

3246
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,000
service programs that connect 
offenders with the people 

3247
02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:34,900
they've harmed and restorative 
justice processes that emphasize

3248
02:46:34,900 --> 02:46:38,000
healing over punishment. 
These contemporary developments 

3249
02:46:38,000 --> 02:46:40,500
suggest that the Greeks were 
onto something profound in their

3250
02:46:40,508 --> 02:46:43,900
approach to Justice. 
As you reflect on these ancient 

3251
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:46,800
stories, consider how they 
challenged contemporary 

3252
02:46:46,800 --> 02:46:48,400
assumptions about crime and 
punishment. 

3253
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:52,000
The Greeks remind us that 
Justice is not a natural 

3254
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,400
phenomenon with fixed laws, but 
a human creation that reflects 

3255
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,100
our values, priorities and 
understanding of human nature. 

3256
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:03,000
The bizarre punishments were 
actually sophisticated attempts 

3257
02:47:03,000 --> 02:47:06,400
to solve Timeless problems. 
How do we maintain social order,

3258
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:08,000
while preserving individual 
dignity? 

3259
02:47:08,000 --> 02:47:11,200
How do we deter crime while 
offering opportunities for 

3260
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:13,500
Redemption? 
How do we balance the needs of 

3261
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:15,700
victims? 
Offenders and the broader 

3262
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:19,000
community? 
The Greek Legacy and criminal 

3263
02:47:19,000 --> 02:47:23,100
justice is not a set of specific
practices to be copied but an 

3264
02:47:23,100 --> 02:47:25,500
approach to thinking about 
Justice that remains relevant 

3265
02:47:25,500 --> 02:47:28,900
across, cultures and centuries. 
They taught us that punishment 

3266
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:31,900
can be art. 
Justice can be creative and even

3267
02:47:31,900 --> 02:47:34,200
serious crimes can be learning 
opportunities. 

3268
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:38,600
Their most important lesson may 
be that Justice, like democracy 

3269
02:47:38,600 --> 02:47:42,300
and philosophy requires active 
participation from thoughtful 

3270
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:46,200
citizens, willing to experiment 
with new approaches and learn 

3271
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:47,900
from both successes and 
failures. 

3272
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:51,400
The bizarre punishments of 
ancient Greece were not the 

3273
02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:55,000
products of primitive brutality,
but sophisticated attempts by 

3274
02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:59,200
civilized people to create a 
more just society and aspiration

3275
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:01,900
that remains as relevant today. 
As it was 25. 

3276
02:48:11,900 --> 02:48:13,500
Julius. 
Caesar wasn't always the 

3277
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:16,100
Towering figure. 
We picked picture draped in a 

3278
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:18,700
bright red cloak, and commanding
the world's greatest Empire, 

3279
02:48:19,500 --> 02:48:23,800
Before he was that Legend. 
He was simply guys, Julius born 

3280
02:48:23,800 --> 02:48:27,000
into a patrician, family with 
fading clout in a room that 

3281
02:48:27,008 --> 02:48:30,600
seemed to change every week. 
In those early days, the city 

3282
02:48:30,600 --> 02:48:33,000
itself wasn't the polished 
marble Wonder of later. 

3283
02:48:33,000 --> 02:48:36,500
Centuries with curving streets 
that spread gossip more quickly 

3284
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:39,200
than chariots. 
It was a noisy crowded Center of

3285
02:48:39,200 --> 02:48:42,400
ambition and politics people. 
Lived on top of each other in 

3286
02:48:42,400 --> 02:48:45,500
shabby Apartments, while 
Aristocrats planned lavish 

3287
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:48,800
feasts in their Villa Courtyards
hoping to lure allies for the 

3288
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:51,900
next election. 
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 

3289
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:55,200
all the noise of Street vendors,
Hawking figs, and fish the 

3290
02:48:55,200 --> 02:48:58,100
heated oratory in the Forum and 
The Whispers behind every 

3291
02:48:58,100 --> 02:49:01,300
statues. 
Column Even as a child sees, had

3292
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:03,900
a curiosity that led him to 
corners of Rome others, avoided 

3293
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:07,100
dimly lit taverns. 
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 

3294
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,100
River and rows of cramped 
bookshops were scribes copied 

3295
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:13,600
Scrolls for hours on end. 
These experience is seasoned him

3296
02:49:13,608 --> 02:49:16,400
with a knowledge of every day. 
Life that most upper-class 

3297
02:49:16,400 --> 02:49:20,000
Romans rarely bothered with he'd
watch workers at the Docks 

3298
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:23,000
fascinated by the different 
languages from Traders coming in

3299
02:49:23,000 --> 02:49:25,200
from the East. 
Gave him an early taste for the 

3300
02:49:25,200 --> 02:49:29,000
diversity, that existed Beyond 
Rome's walls, and no matter how 

3301
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:31,700
chaotic it got, he never seemed 
overwhelmed. 

3302
02:49:32,600 --> 02:49:35,800
Instead he carefully absorb how 
each piece of society, 

3303
02:49:35,800 --> 02:49:39,500
functioned and filed the 
information away in his early 

3304
02:49:39,500 --> 02:49:42,600
teens, while many aristocratic 
boys took lessons in rhetoric 

3305
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:45,600
under Fame, tutors Caesar did 
too but he did more than 

3306
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:47,900
rehearse speeches from ancient 
Greek texts. 

3307
02:49:47,900 --> 02:49:51,500
He peppered his teachers with 
questions about how words could 

3308
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:54,500
shift emotions. 
He realizes that command respect

3309
02:49:54,500 --> 02:49:58,100
in Rome, you needed to shape 
minds and hearts not just bodies

3310
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,700
on a Battlefield. 
This flare for our tree would 

3311
02:50:01,700 --> 02:50:05,300
become one of his trademarks. 
Before he wore the Laurel 

3312
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:07,800
wreath. 
Caesar was already making a name

3313
02:50:07,808 --> 02:50:09,600
for himself in smaller, legal 
cases. 

3314
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:12,900
He wowed the courts with a 
perfect blend of reason. 

3315
02:50:13,800 --> 02:50:17,300
Passion and style that made 
older more experienced pleaders.

3316
02:50:17,300 --> 02:50:20,400
Look foolish. 
His household was not exactly a 

3317
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:23,400
fortress of Tranquility 
tension's brewed under its roof 

3318
02:50:23,400 --> 02:50:25,700
fed by old feuds and 
expectations that could 

3319
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:28,800
suffocate a young man. 
If you were a patrician 

3320
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,000
tradition, dictated you, climb 
certain ladders, hold a few 

3321
02:50:32,008 --> 02:50:33,900
officers, Curry favor with the 
Senate. 

3322
02:50:33,900 --> 02:50:38,100
Play by Rome's Unwritten rules. 
Yet sees his mother really 

3323
02:50:38,100 --> 02:50:42,000
sensed something different in 
his eyes sparked with ambition 

3324
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:44,000
beyond the norm. 
Quietly. 

3325
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:47,000
She encouraged him to break 
molds but do so intelligently. 

3326
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:50,100
She knew that living like a 
chameleon, in Rome's, political 

3327
02:50:50,100 --> 02:50:54,100
ecosystem, switching Shades were
necessary was the path to real 

3328
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:56,500
power. 
Of course, Caesar's early 

3329
02:50:56,500 --> 02:50:59,600
Journey wasn't smooth. 
He found himself in snared in 

3330
02:50:59,608 --> 02:51:03,600
the Civil disputes between 
Marius his uncle by marriage and

3331
02:51:03,600 --> 02:51:06,300
sulla which tore Rome into 
factions. 

3332
02:51:06,300 --> 02:51:09,900
As a teenager Caesar had to flee
or risk execution, when the 

3333
02:51:09,900 --> 02:51:13,500
dictatorial solar took over. 
But even on the Run, he refused 

3334
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:15,000
to remain hidden in a corner of 
Italy. 

3335
02:51:16,100 --> 02:51:18,900
Stead, he traveled. 
Discreetly learning about local 

3336
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:22,700
communities, forging bonds, with
minor officials and gaining a 

3337
02:51:22,700 --> 02:51:24,800
sense for the shifting alliances
that propped up Roman 

3338
02:51:24,800 --> 02:51:27,700
government. 
Ever cunning, he avoided solar's

3339
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:30,600
Men by staying, a step ahead of 
them sometimes disguising 

3340
02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:33,700
himself or traveling in the 
company of probable companions 

3341
02:51:33,700 --> 02:51:36,500
like foreign Traders or even 
wandering performers. 

3342
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:39,900
Eventually Caesar returned to 
Rome after solar's death. 

3343
02:51:39,900 --> 02:51:43,400
But he'd learned that when power
is on the table, trust is a 

3344
02:51:43,400 --> 02:51:46,700
fragile commodity. 
He had seen men switch loyalties

3345
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:49,500
for a promise of gold or turn in
a friend to keep their own head 

3346
02:51:49,500 --> 02:51:52,900
that lesson never left him upon 
coming home. 

3347
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:56,000
He immediately set about 
re-establishing, his social ties

3348
02:51:56,000 --> 02:51:58,900
attending, Banquets and forging 
friendships with men who had 

3349
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:03,100
once I'd him with suspicion. 
Yes, Caesar was Adept at reading

3350
02:52:03,100 --> 02:52:05,500
faces. 
If he caught even a flicker of 

3351
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:09,300
duplicity, he dodged that Bond 
elegantly, perhaps with an 

3352
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:11,700
extravagant greeting, followed 
by a subtle distancing. 

3353
02:52:12,600 --> 02:52:15,000
One could never be too. 
Careful in Rome, swirling 

3354
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:17,800
politics. 
A remarkable moment came when he

3355
02:52:17,800 --> 02:52:21,300
took on the role of priests to 
Jupiter only to lose it during 

3356
02:52:21,300 --> 02:52:24,800
sula's purges. 
It was a blow public piety. 

3357
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:27,900
After all was a stepping stone 
for an aspiring politician. 

3358
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:32,400
Caesar's resilience was already 
in full bloom, he picked himself

3359
02:52:32,400 --> 02:52:35,800
up Found A New Path and ventured
into the world of politics from 

3360
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:38,200
a different angle. 
Securing lesser offices, that 

3361
02:52:38,200 --> 02:52:39,600
would eventually open bigger 
doors. 

3362
02:52:40,400 --> 02:52:43,700
He began building a personal 
brand of generosity soon. 

3363
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:46,200
People, whispered about the, 
Banquets he held and the funds 

3364
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:49,400
he provided for Public Works. 
Senators, wondered how he 

3365
02:52:49,400 --> 02:52:52,800
managed to gather such a Deep 
Pockets, it wasn't old family. 

3366
02:52:52,800 --> 02:52:55,900
Well, hello, Caesar had a 
network of supporters and many 

3367
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:58,200
believed in him precisely 
because of his willingness to 

3368
02:52:58,200 --> 02:53:01,400
think outside the conventional 
lines of patronage and nepotism.

3369
02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:05,300
By his mid-20s Caesar had 
cultivated a reputation for 

3370
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:09,200
being both bold and adaptable. 
He hadn't yet, reshaped Rome for

3371
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:12,400
the seeds with their his path. 
Wasn't about simple heroics or 

3372
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:15,000
the typical childhood prophecy 
that he was destined for 

3373
02:53:15,000 --> 02:53:17,800
greatness. 
Rather, it was a quieter 

3374
02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:20,400
accumulation of experiences that
prepared him for the challenges 

3375
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,200
ahead. 
Each piece is exposure to 

3376
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:25,400
Everyday. 
Romans his brush with danger, 

3377
02:53:25,400 --> 02:53:28,900
during sula's regime. 
His love of rhetoric lined up 

3378
02:53:28,908 --> 02:53:31,800
perfectly to form a foundation 
Rome. 

3379
02:53:31,800 --> 02:53:34,700
Full of swirling rivalries and 
unspoken rules. 

3380
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:38,500
Had no idea that this relatively
unremarkable, young man with a 

3381
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:41,100
quick tongue and quick mind was 
about to upend everything. 

3382
02:53:41,900 --> 02:53:44,500
Before he was a seasoned 
Commander or the Colossus 

3383
02:53:44,500 --> 02:53:47,600
striding across the Rubicon. 
Caesar had an Escapade that 

3384
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:49,300
shaped his perspective on the 
power. 

3385
02:53:49,300 --> 02:53:51,000
More than any lecture in the 
Senate ever. 

3386
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:54,400
Could his abduction by solution 
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 

3387
02:53:54,400 --> 02:53:58,300
It's a tale rarely told in the 
mainstream but it offers a raw 

3388
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:01,200
glimpse into his character. 
Seesaw was traveling to 

3389
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,200
strengthen his oratory skills, 
under a, renowned teacher on the

3390
02:54:04,200 --> 02:54:07,100
island, roads. 
Something Aristocrats often did.

3391
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,100
But the Seas teamed with Pirates
Who thrived on Rants and it 

3392
02:54:11,100 --> 02:54:13,800
wasn't long before his ship was 
seized the Pirates. 

3393
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:16,400
Who captured him expected a 
frightened Roman Aristocrat. 

3394
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:19,700
Instead they encountered a man 
whose boldness made them 

3395
02:54:19,700 --> 02:54:22,600
question, who truly been 
captured when they demanded 

3396
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:24,500
around some of 20 talents of 
silver? 

3397
02:54:25,300 --> 02:54:27,900
Caesar reportedly scoffed, that 
they were underselling him. 

3398
02:54:27,900 --> 02:54:32,400
He insisted, they asked for 50. 
The Pirates amused yet. 

3399
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:35,300
Intrigued took his suggestion 
for several weeks. 

3400
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:38,900
Caesar lived among them, waiting
for friends, to gather the Sun, 

3401
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:41,600
during that time, he treated 
them as if he were the one in 

3402
02:54:41,608 --> 02:54:45,100
charge, ordering them to keep 
quiet when he slept even 

3403
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:47,900
reciting poems and speeches and 
telling them to appreciate the 

3404
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:52,200
Artistry or else to the Pirates 
credit they indulged him. 

3405
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:55,100
Perhaps wondering if they had 
accidentally kidnapped a 

3406
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:57,600
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 
arrogant. 

3407
02:54:57,600 --> 02:54:59,900
He was displaying confidence and
unpredictability. 

3408
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:04,200
In a precarious situation, fear 
can be an exploitable weakness 

3409
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:06,900
by acting as if you were the 
authority figure. 

3410
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:11,000
Sees a force, the Pirates to 
respect him or at least treated 

3411
02:55:11,000 --> 02:55:14,200
him carefully. 
When the ransom finally arrived 

3412
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:17,500
and Caesar was freed, he 
quickly, organized a naval Force

3413
02:55:17,500 --> 02:55:19,900
hunted. 
Those same Pirates down and have

3414
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:22,200
them crucified. 
It was an act of lethal 

3415
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:25,000
retribution laced with the 
cunning, that would characterize

3416
02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:28,000
his later campaigns. 
The memory of that Ransom 

3417
02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:31,200
demanded and of Caesar's 
outlandish performance on the 

3418
02:55:31,208 --> 02:55:34,600
Pirates Island helped shape his 
entire approach to dealing with 

3419
02:55:34,600 --> 02:55:38,400
adversaries, dramatic strategic,
and always with an eye to the 

3420
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:41,900
outcome. 
Back in Rome, Caesar resumed his

3421
02:55:41,900 --> 02:55:44,300
climb yet, he carried a certain 
Swagger. 

3422
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:47,400
Now a sense that his life was 
fated for something. 

3423
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:51,800
Extraordinary after all, how 
many young Roman Nobles had 

3424
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:55,100
stared down, Pirates and lived 
to spin the tail, a political 

3425
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:58,100
Gatherings, people whispered 
behind their cups of wine 

3426
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:01,200
speculating on whether that 
story was just sees as brand of 

3427
02:56:01,208 --> 02:56:04,700
theatrics or pure truth. 
But it was undeniable that he 

3428
02:56:04,700 --> 02:56:07,100
managed to secure enough 
influence to become a military 

3429
02:56:07,100 --> 02:56:09,900
Tribune. 
Soon, he was off to gain 

3430
02:56:09,900 --> 02:56:12,600
experience in the provinces, 
which gave him intimate 

3431
02:56:12,600 --> 02:56:14,200
knowledge of the armies, he 
would one day command. 

3432
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:17,000
The politics? 
He left in Rome were no less 

3433
02:56:17,000 --> 02:56:20,100
complicated. 
He forged a delicate packed with

3434
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:23,600
Pompey and don't Crassus later 
known as the first triumvirate. 

3435
02:56:24,600 --> 02:56:27,200
This was not a formal 
institution, but rather a 

3436
02:56:27,200 --> 02:56:30,100
private handshake that United 
three men with distinct 

3437
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:34,200
strengths pompies, military, 
Prestige, Caesars wealth, and 

3438
02:56:34,200 --> 02:56:37,800
Caesars political cunning. 
People often assume sees are 

3439
02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:40,300
just lucked into that 
Arrangement but it was actually 

3440
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:43,600
the culmination of countless 
dinners private agreements and 

3441
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,900
carefully, Bartered favors. 
Season you that if you wanted to

3442
02:56:46,908 --> 02:56:50,200
climb higher, he needed to bring
Rome's big players into his 

3443
02:56:50,200 --> 02:56:53,800
corner at least temporarily. 
If that meant moderating, his 

3444
02:56:53,800 --> 02:56:56,500
own Ambitions in the short run 
to secure pompey's trust. 

3445
02:56:56,500 --> 02:57:01,400
He do it without blinking, with 
their support Caesar aimed for a

3446
02:57:01,400 --> 02:57:03,400
new goal. 
A position that would not only 

3447
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:06,400
confer Prestige, but also 
provide him with the chance to 

3448
02:57:06,400 --> 02:57:08,400
broaden his Network and bolster 
his army. 

3449
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:11,600
With devoted Soldiers, the 
governorship of hispania 

3450
02:57:11,600 --> 02:57:15,100
ulterior or Gaul where fortunes 
could be made and reputation. 

3451
02:57:15,100 --> 02:57:19,200
Cemented seemed ideal Not only 
would it allow him to command 

3452
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:21,500
armies? 
It would offer a stage to 

3453
02:57:21,500 --> 02:57:24,000
Showcase his genius in both 
Administration and warfare. 

3454
02:57:25,000 --> 02:57:27,900
In time he secured the pro 
consulship of Gaul. 

3455
02:57:28,900 --> 02:57:33,300
Was vast populated by diverse 
tribes each with its own 

3456
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:35,300
Traditions alliances and 
grudges. 

3457
02:57:35,300 --> 02:57:39,800
Were lesser, men might see only 
from here to exploit Caesar saw 

3458
02:57:39,800 --> 02:57:41,500
a chess board with dozens of 
moving pieces. 

3459
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:45,000
He relished the challenge. 
This was after all the man who 

3460
02:57:45,000 --> 02:57:48,100
wants Carly dined with 
kidnappers Gathering Legions 

3461
02:57:48,100 --> 02:57:49,500
known for their discipline and 
grit. 

3462
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:52,800
He departed North determined to 
do more than just play. 

3463
02:57:52,800 --> 02:57:56,300
Caretaker, you wanted to knit, 
those tribes into Rome sphere of

3464
02:57:56,300 --> 02:57:59,900
influence, forging, New Roads 
and alliances while showcasing 

3465
02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:03,200
Roman Supremacy. 
Before he launched significant 

3466
02:58:03,200 --> 02:58:06,600
campaigns, Caesar did his 
homework, he arranged meetings 

3467
02:58:06,600 --> 02:58:09,700
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 
carefully to their rivalries, 

3468
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:11,500
and hearing their pleas for 
Roman protection. 

3469
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:14,300
Was it genuine concern or a 
ploy? 

3470
02:58:14,900 --> 02:58:18,100
Caesar would wage statement. 
Reading not just the words, but 

3471
02:58:18,100 --> 02:58:19,500
the shifts in tone and eye 
contact. 

3472
02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:23,900
If he sensed an opportunity like
a tribe longing for revenge on 

3473
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:27,200
its neighbor, he promised 
support extracting pledges of 

3474
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:30,600
loyalty in many ways. 
His tactics mirrored, the hush, 

3475
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:34,200
hush political dealings, he'd 
honed back in Rome only now the 

3476
02:58:34,200 --> 02:58:36,700
stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

3477
02:58:36,700 --> 02:58:39,800
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

3478
02:58:39,800 --> 02:58:42,200
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona 

3479
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:46,700
he'd cultivated, he was no mere 
bureaucrat, he was that daring 

3480
02:58:46,700 --> 02:58:48,700
Aristocrat who'd outwitted 
Pirates. 

3481
02:58:48,700 --> 02:58:52,200
The dynamic orator who 
electrified the courts and the 

3482
02:58:52,200 --> 02:58:55,100
cunning negotiator who found 
common ground with Pompey and 

3483
02:58:55,100 --> 02:58:58,400
Caesar each success. 
In Gaul was reported back to 

3484
02:58:58,400 --> 02:59:02,000
Rome Vice and Sensational 
dispatchers, komentaryo so 

3485
02:59:02,000 --> 02:59:05,900
written with Clarity and Flair. 
People in the city devoured 

3486
02:59:05,900 --> 02:59:08,900
them, as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

3487
02:59:08,900 --> 02:59:11,200
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

3488
02:59:11,200 --> 02:59:13,700
imagination. 
The Senate, reading the official

3489
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:17,700
versions found themselves, both 
impressed and weary Caesar was 

3490
02:59:17,700 --> 02:59:21,000
quickly becoming too big to 
ignore these initial steps and 

3491
02:59:21,000 --> 02:59:24,900
Gaul some alliances, struck some
small skirmishes, one emboldened

3492
02:59:24,900 --> 02:59:28,000
him, he sensed that if he could 
bring all of Gaul under Roman 

3493
02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:29,800
control. 
He'd move from being just 

3494
02:59:29,800 --> 02:59:33,700
another ambitious politician to 
a legendary conqueror that 

3495
02:59:33,700 --> 02:59:36,500
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 
might have left Behind The 

3496
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:39,700
Pirates Who Wants threatened him
but the memory of that captivity

3497
02:59:39,700 --> 02:59:41,800
fueled his hunger for absolute 
control. 

3498
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:45,800
If he had his way, no one be 
their tribal Chief or a Roman 

3499
02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:48,800
Senator would ever have the 
power to hold him captive again.

3500
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:52,600
The gallic wars, the seasons 
campaigns would come to be 

3501
02:59:52,600 --> 02:59:55,400
called weren't just about 
marching Legions, across fields 

3502
02:59:55,400 --> 02:59:56,700
and building. 
Wooden Palisades. 

3503
02:59:56,700 --> 03:00:00,800
They were about psychological 
warfare diplomacy and the 

3504
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:04,500
cunning exploitation of 
intertribal rivalries Rome's 

3505
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:07,400
dominance always hung on its 
ability to divide and conquer. 

3506
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,500
With Caesar at the helm that 
strategy took on fresh new ones,

3507
03:00:11,500 --> 03:00:15,300
in the early phases Caesar 
Consolidated, Roman gains by 

3508
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:17,500
constructing a network of roads 
and fortifications. 

3509
03:00:17,500 --> 03:00:21,700
This was hardly glamorous labor,
Roman soldiers would spend weeks

3510
03:00:21,700 --> 03:00:25,300
hacking through forests and bogs
to erect outposts sometimes 

3511
03:00:25,300 --> 03:00:28,900
under the threat of Ambush yet. 
Each New Roman style Fort 

3512
03:00:28,900 --> 03:00:31,700
complete with straight lines and
carefully measured in totals, 

3513
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:35,400
sent a message of permanents. 
These weren't just makeshift 

3514
03:00:35,400 --> 03:00:38,400
Garrison's, they were statements
that Rome had come to stay. 

3515
03:00:39,100 --> 03:00:41,800
People often remember, Caesar's 
Brilliance on the battlefield. 

3516
03:00:42,700 --> 03:00:45,300
But his true strength laying 
methodical organization. 

3517
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:49,900
Considered Logistics as vital as
sword and shield, the various 

3518
03:00:49,900 --> 03:00:53,700
gallic tribes, watched uneasily,
some rushing to Caesar's side 

3519
03:00:53,700 --> 03:00:56,100
others forming alliances against
him. 

3520
03:00:56,900 --> 03:00:59,700
Caesar capitalized on the 
smallest of division. 

3521
03:00:59,700 --> 03:01:03,400
If one tribe feuded with 
another, he'd arrived as a 

3522
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:06,200
peace, broker offering Roman 
friendship and military aid 

3523
03:01:06,200 --> 03:01:09,200
against arrival. 
Soon enough as tribe would find 

3524
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:12,900
itself Bounty, season by, Mutual
benefit, and Shackled, by Roman 

3525
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:15,700
expectations. 
The Brilliance in making it 

3526
03:01:15,700 --> 03:01:17,900
seem, as if the tribe had chosen
this path freely. 

3527
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:22,000
Not that Caesars campaign was 
devoid of Bloodshed certain 

3528
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:25,500
tribes, resisted fiercely, 
resentful of foreign occupation.

3529
03:01:26,300 --> 03:01:29,100
The Belgian in the north, for 
instance, marshaled. 

3530
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:33,400
Huge forces that tested Roman 
discipline Caesar never Squamish

3531
03:01:33,400 --> 03:01:36,300
deployed tactics to crush 
resistance, decisively 

3532
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:40,000
destroying crops, capturing 
strategic points and sometimes 

3533
03:01:40,000 --> 03:01:42,500
resulting to brutal reprisals 
that sent a chill through 

3534
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:45,900
neighboring tribes, He didn't 
Revel in cruelty for its own 

3535
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:49,000
sake, but he understood the 
Roman tradition of deterrence 

3536
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:52,500
ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn-out rebellion. 

3537
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:56,000
This approach while effective 
also laid the seeds for future 

3538
03:01:56,000 --> 03:01:59,700
animosity, especially among 
Fierce Defenders of Gaelic 

3539
03:01:59,700 --> 03:02:02,200
Independence. 
Like the singer tricks vs, 

3540
03:02:02,200 --> 03:02:05,600
Northern Ian Chieftain. 
Who recognized that the gallic 

3541
03:02:05,600 --> 03:02:08,900
tribes needed Unity more than 
ever. he wasn't some hot-headed 

3542
03:02:08,900 --> 03:02:12,800
Bandit chief, he was methodical 
charismatic and had a strategic 

3543
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:16,400
mind that could rival Caesars 
While Caesar was off campaigning

3544
03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:18,700
on another front. 
The Cinco tricks rally. 

3545
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:22,000
Disparate tribes under the 
banner of gallic Pride, when 

3546
03:02:22,000 --> 03:02:24,600
Caesar got wind of this 
resistance, he recognized at 

3547
03:02:24,600 --> 03:02:27,000
once that The Kinks was no 
ordinary adversary. 

3548
03:02:28,000 --> 03:02:31,100
The typical trick of exploiting 
old rivalries might not work 

3549
03:02:31,100 --> 03:02:33,700
here. 
The confrontation between Caesar

3550
03:02:33,700 --> 03:02:37,300
and Visitor's, escalated into 
one of the defining struggles of

3551
03:02:37,300 --> 03:02:40,400
the gallic wars, versing. 
Get her ex adopted, a 

3552
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,200
scorched-earth policy 
instructing villages to destroy 

3553
03:02:43,200 --> 03:02:45,000
their own supplies and talents 
to starve. 

3554
03:02:45,000 --> 03:02:48,000
The Roman Legions of resources. 
There was a grim strategy 

3555
03:02:48,000 --> 03:02:52,400
burning fields and uprooting 
harvests but it slowed Caesar's 

3556
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:55,100
Advanced creating logistical 
nightmares for Roman soldiers 

3557
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:58,400
accustomed to living off the 
land for a man who prided 

3558
03:02:58,400 --> 03:03:01,100
himself on controlling every 
variable, Caesar found himself 

3559
03:03:01,108 --> 03:03:03,000
confronting the unpredictable 
Factor. 

3560
03:03:03,000 --> 03:03:07,200
The charismatic, local leader, 
who matched him in cunning still

3561
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:10,300
Caesar was a master of 
adaptation, recognizing the 

3562
03:03:10,300 --> 03:03:13,800
challenge he can, solidated his 
troops and chose to besiege key 

3563
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:17,000
Galaxy strongholds, Most 
famously, he surrounded. 

3564
03:03:17,000 --> 03:03:20,400
The Fortress town of Alesia, 
whoever thinking tourx had taken

3565
03:03:20,400 --> 03:03:22,400
Refuge with tens of thousands of
Warriors. 

3566
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:26,200
The Siege of Eliza would become 
a testament to Caesar's ability 

3567
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:28,900
to think in layers. 
He constructed a ring of 

3568
03:03:28,900 --> 03:03:31,000
fortifications around the city 
to starve out. 

3569
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:34,700
Versing a tricks. 
His forces and anticipating a 

3570
03:03:34,700 --> 03:03:39,700
Galaxy Ring facing outwards to 
protect his Legions, from an 

3571
03:03:39,700 --> 03:03:42,700
attack from outside. 
This double fortification was 

3572
03:03:42,700 --> 03:03:46,800
more dacious engineering project
involving miles of ditches. 

3573
03:03:46,800 --> 03:03:51,100
Ramparts and what towers enough 
to give any modern city planner 

3574
03:03:51,100 --> 03:03:56,600
Paul's The days wore on under a 
Relentless Sun, the besieged 

3575
03:03:56,600 --> 03:04:00,700
goals inside Alicia ran short of
food women and children were 

3576
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:04,000
turned out of the Fortress. 
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 

3577
03:04:04,000 --> 03:04:06,800
left stranded between the city 
walls and the Roman lines. 

3578
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:11,600
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 
force of various gallic tribes 

3579
03:04:11,600 --> 03:04:15,500
arrived, attempting to break 
Seasons, outer defenses during 

3580
03:04:15,500 --> 03:04:19,100
one critical night, seemed Rome 
might collapse under the weight 

3581
03:04:19,100 --> 03:04:21,600
of the onslaught. 
Caesar himself, rallied. 

3582
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:23,200
His men darting from post to 
post. 

3583
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:25,200
He knew her Felicia was 
relieved. 

3584
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:29,700
Gaul could unite behind versing 
goettee's entire campaign might 

3585
03:04:29,700 --> 03:04:34,500
unravel against for Middle odds.
The Roman lines held exhausted 

3586
03:04:34,500 --> 03:04:37,200
from repeated attacks and 
lacking a coherent strategy. 

3587
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:41,800
The relief Force finally broke 
inside Elysia with supplies gone

3588
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:45,300
in and morale shatters the 
singer's surrendered. 

3589
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:48,500
The sight of this defiant, 
gallic Chieftain handing over 

3590
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:51,900
his weapons under School. 
The Turning Point Rome had 

3591
03:04:51,900 --> 03:04:55,100
asserted, its dominance and 
Caesar stood at the Pinnacle of 

3592
03:04:55,100 --> 03:04:58,200
Victory yet. 
For all the glory, the end of 

3593
03:04:58,208 --> 03:04:59,900
The Siege left many goals in 
bittered. 

3594
03:04:59,900 --> 03:05:03,500
Caesar might have pacified the 
region but a smoldering 

3595
03:05:03,500 --> 03:05:06,000
resentment would eventually lurk
beneath the official, peace 

3596
03:05:06,000 --> 03:05:09,000
treaties. 
When Caesar returned to Rome, he

3597
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:12,000
was hailed as a hero, his 
campaigns and Gaul had 

3598
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:14,700
quadrupled, roams domain and 
filled the Republic's coffers 

3599
03:05:14,700 --> 03:05:16,700
with wealth from newly conquered
territories. 

3600
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:21,000
The senator awarded him Grand 
triumphs parades were caged. 

3601
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:24,300
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 
the crowd roared with delight. 

3602
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:28,000
in these processions, Caesar's 
name became synonymous with 

3603
03:05:28,000 --> 03:05:31,700
military genius and Roman might 
yet the very success that 

3604
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:34,800
elevated him threatened to 
unbalance the precarious 

3605
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:38,500
political framework in Rome men 
like Pompey and Crassus. 

3606
03:05:38,500 --> 03:05:42,400
Once his allies couldn't help 
but feel overshadowed by the 

3607
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:44,700
sheer magnitude of Caesar's 
achievements. 

3608
03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:47,300
The Old Guard in the Senate, 
grew uneasy. 

3609
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:50,200
They murmured that sees, as 
ambition was too large for the 

3610
03:05:50,208 --> 03:05:53,500
Republic even allies wondered if
they could remain relevant 

3611
03:05:53,500 --> 03:05:57,400
while, seasoned up the glory. 
Caesar for his part believed. 

3612
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,100
He had only just begun his 
vision extended Beyond The 

3613
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:03,000
Spoils of Gaul. 
He wanted to transform Rome 

3614
03:06:03,000 --> 03:06:07,200
itself Carve out a position 
where no single factional rival 

3615
03:06:07,200 --> 03:06:10,900
could stifle him again. 
Set the stage for an inevitable 

3616
03:06:10,900 --> 03:06:15,000
Clash, Caesar's Maneuvers and 
Gaul while triumphant had also 

3617
03:06:15,000 --> 03:06:17,500
sown suspicion and envy and 
suspicion. 

3618
03:06:17,500 --> 03:06:21,500
And Envy in Rome often led to 
Civil War assassinations and 

3619
03:06:21,500 --> 03:06:23,800
chaos. 
But if Caesar was worried he 

3620
03:06:23,800 --> 03:06:27,100
hardly showed it, Fresh from the
greatest victory of his career. 

3621
03:06:27,100 --> 03:06:29,100
He was welcomed like a 
Conquering Hero. 

3622
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:31,800
He stepped onto the marble 
streets of Rome with a 

3623
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,000
confidence forged in The 
Crucible of countless battles. 

3624
03:06:34,000 --> 03:06:40,300
The final The uneasy Alliance of
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often

3625
03:06:40,300 --> 03:06:42,500
called. 
The first triumvirate had always

3626
03:06:42,500 --> 03:06:46,600
been a marriage of convenience, 
Each man saw it as a tool to 

3627
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,800
secure power, but once Caesar's 
gallic conquests made him the 

3628
03:06:49,800 --> 03:06:52,900
darling of the masses. 
Resentment began to simmer 

3629
03:06:52,900 --> 03:06:55,900
Pompeii Rome's. 
Previous Superstar, General 

3630
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:59,000
noticed public attention 
drifting from him to seize her 

3631
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:04,100
tragic end in an ill-advised 
campaign against the parthians 

3632
03:07:04,100 --> 03:07:07,400
leaving, Caesar and Pompey as 
the two principal contenders for

3633
03:07:07,400 --> 03:07:10,300
the heart of Rome. 
An undercurrent of tension. 

3634
03:07:10,300 --> 03:07:13,700
Now, pulse through the city 
Senators whispered in corridors 

3635
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:17,300
choosing side's Pompey cozy up 
to conservative factions in the 

3636
03:07:17,308 --> 03:07:20,000
Senate who viewed Caesar as a 
threat to the old Republican 

3637
03:07:20,000 --> 03:07:23,500
system, Caesar still away in 
Gaul understood. 

3638
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:25,900
He would need to solidify his 
position back home soon. 

3639
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:29,600
The term of his governorship was
drawing to a close and if he 

3640
03:07:29,600 --> 03:07:32,500
returned to Rome merely as a 
private citizen, his enemies 

3641
03:07:32,500 --> 03:07:35,700
could bring him to trial for 
various alleged misdeeds and 

3642
03:07:35,700 --> 03:07:37,300
effectively ended his political 
career. 

3643
03:07:38,100 --> 03:07:41,000
His solution. 
He demanded to run for Consul in

3644
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:43,300
absentia. 
Seeking an extension of the 

3645
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:47,100
immunity and power he held as 
proconsul the Senate refused 

3646
03:07:47,100 --> 03:07:49,400
with Pompey supporting that 
refusal. 

3647
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:53,500
This was the point of no return.
Caesar stood at the banks of the

3648
03:07:53,500 --> 03:07:56,800
Rubicon river, the boundary 
Beyond which laterally proper 

3649
03:07:56,800 --> 03:08:01,800
Roman law was crystal clear. 
No, General was allowed to bring

3650
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:03,700
his army into Italy. 
To do. 

3651
03:08:03,708 --> 03:08:07,200
So amounted, to a declaration of
war on a Winter's Night. 

3652
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:11,600
In 49, BCE sees are made his 
choice marched across the 

3653
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:16,000
Rubicon, uttering the phrase, 
Aaliyah yacta SST, the dye is 

3654
03:08:16,000 --> 03:08:20,700
caste if the anecdotes hold any 
truth Overnight Rome system of 

3655
03:08:20,700 --> 03:08:25,000
Alliance is shattered, the Civil
War had begun Pompey and many 

3656
03:08:25,000 --> 03:08:26,900
senators. 
Fled Rome to gather forces in 

3657
03:08:26,900 --> 03:08:30,300
the East confident they'd must 
armies far greater than Caesars 

3658
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:33,100
They had the backing of 
traditional Elites wealthy 

3659
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:37,400
province's, and they believed 
time on their side, Caesar, 

3660
03:08:37,400 --> 03:08:39,400
however, wasn't known for 
cautious delay. 

3661
03:08:39,400 --> 03:08:43,300
He pressed forward at Breakneck 
speed, towns and cities along 

3662
03:08:43,300 --> 03:08:46,500
the way, open their Gates, some 
out of admiration, for Caesar 

3663
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:50,200
others, out of fear, The 
Unstoppable momentum. 

3664
03:08:50,200 --> 03:08:53,700
Took Pompey by surprise, forcing
him to evacuate Italy 

3665
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:56,400
altogether. 
Caesar entered Rome unopposed, 

3666
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:58,500
but taking Rome was just the 
beginning. 

3667
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:01,700
The real challenge was 
confronting pompey's Legions, 

3668
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:05,300
which were regrouping in Greece,
Caesar leaving a minimal 

3669
03:09:05,300 --> 03:09:08,600
Garrison behind sailed across 
the Adriatic to chase, down his 

3670
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:10,400
rival. 
It was a frantic race. 

3671
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:13,800
Both men vying for resources and
key strategic points. 

3672
03:09:14,600 --> 03:09:17,800
Caesar's forces were often 
outnumbered pompei's alliances 

3673
03:09:17,800 --> 03:09:19,800
spanned. 
Vast portions of the Republic 

3674
03:09:19,800 --> 03:09:22,100
yet. 
Caesar, leveraged, speed, 

3675
03:09:22,100 --> 03:09:25,000
surprise. 
And the Loyalty he turned from 

3676
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:28,300
Legions, who'd fought alongside 
him in Gaul battles erupted 

3677
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:31,000
across multiple theater's Spain,
Africa. 

3678
03:09:31,000 --> 03:09:34,700
And ultimately The Plains of 
fossilis in Greece, The Battle 

3679
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:39,200
of fastest in 48, BC e, became a
defining moment, Pompey, 

3680
03:09:39,200 --> 03:09:42,300
confident in his Superior 
numbers formed, a traditional 

3681
03:09:42,300 --> 03:09:44,700
line and anticipating a swift 
victory. 

3682
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:49,900
Caesar outmanned, a reserve line
of cohorts, by his Cavalry on 

3683
03:09:49,900 --> 03:09:53,200
the right flank and anticipating
pompei's, Horsemen would try to 

3684
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:56,000
envelop him. 
When the Cavalry Clash began 

3685
03:09:56,000 --> 03:10:00,000
sees as hidden cohorts surged 
forward, routing pompey's 

3686
03:10:00,000 --> 03:10:03,700
Cavalry, this triggered a domino
effect pompey's infantry. 

3687
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:07,500
Once they saw the Cavalry in 
Flight lost cohesion Caesar's 

3688
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:09,600
legion's. 
Hardened by years of Frontier 

3689
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:14,600
Warfare exploited every Gap. 
It was a massacre escaped, but 

3690
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:16,000
the psychological damage was 
done. 

3691
03:10:16,700 --> 03:10:18,800
Men who had once sworn loyalty 
to Pompey. 

3692
03:10:18,800 --> 03:10:22,700
Began to slip away, or switch 
sides, sensing the tides of 

3693
03:10:22,708 --> 03:10:27,500
fated, turned poppy fled to 
Egypt, hoping to regroup, but 

3694
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:30,800
the ptolemaic officials came to 
a pcsa betrayed him. 

3695
03:10:30,800 --> 03:10:35,300
On his arrival Pompey, was 
assassinated his head presented 

3696
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:39,300
as a seizure as a perverse gift.
Caesar was horrified despite 

3697
03:10:39,300 --> 03:10:42,300
their rivalry Pompey. 
Had once been his son-in-law 

3698
03:10:42,300 --> 03:10:44,400
Caesar's daughter. 
Julia had been married to 

3699
03:10:44,400 --> 03:10:46,900
Pompey. 
Caesar publicly wept at the 

3700
03:10:46,908 --> 03:10:50,200
sight of Pompey, severed head, 
then ordered the execution of 

3701
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:51,800
the men responsible for the 
Betrayal. 

3702
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:56,200
This act, conveyed a message 
Caesar might be ruthless but he 

3703
03:10:56,200 --> 03:10:59,100
upheld the Dignity of Roman 
nobility and detested dishonor 

3704
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:01,600
Egypt. 
However, offered its own 

3705
03:11:01,600 --> 03:11:05,300
elaborate of politics Cleopatra.
And her brother, Tommy were 

3706
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:07,400
locked in a power struggle, 
Caesar. 

3707
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:10,300
Now the most influential Roman 
of the region found himself 

3708
03:11:10,300 --> 03:11:13,800
arbitrating their dispute. 
Cleopatra saw an opportunity. 

3709
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:18,300
She smuggled herself into 
season's presence in a carpet. 

3710
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:21,900
So the story goes and Charmed 
him with her intellect wit and 

3711
03:11:21,900 --> 03:11:25,900
Grand Vision for Egypt, Caesar 
never want to resist or dasetty 

3712
03:11:25,900 --> 03:11:28,100
or intelligence sided with 
Cleopatra. 

3713
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:33,200
The pair Consolidated, power in 
Alexandria, defeating ptolemies 

3714
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:35,500
forces and installing Cleopatra 
as Queen. 

3715
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:38,000
Their liaison was more than 
romantic. 

3716
03:11:38,000 --> 03:11:41,300
It was a strategic Alliance that
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 

3717
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:42,900
wealth. 
While securing clear patra's 

3718
03:11:42,900 --> 03:11:45,500
throne. 
Rome watched these events with 

3719
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:49,100
Fascination and growing anxiety.
Caesar was off, forging 

3720
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:51,700
alliances and fathering a child 
with a foreign Queen. 

3721
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:54,900
Caesarean while Italy braced for
whatever came next. 

3722
03:11:55,900 --> 03:11:58,900
Though, Pompey was dead segments
of the Roman Republic. 

3723
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:02,600
Still resisted Caesar's rule. 
Caesar marched on quelling 

3724
03:12:02,600 --> 03:12:05,800
resistance in Asia Minor with 
such speed that he famously 

3725
03:12:05,800 --> 03:12:11,400
declared Veni Vidi Vicky. 
I came I saw I conquered Then he

3726
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:15,300
headed to Africa clashing with 
remaining Pompeii and forces and

3727
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:18,600
eventually subduing them. 
By 45 BC. 

3728
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:22,100
Caesar stood unchallenged as 
ROMs Paramount leader. 

3729
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:26,100
Senate, most of whose members 
owed him, their lives or careers

3730
03:12:26,100 --> 03:12:29,200
filled his hands with powers 
that stretch the limits of 

3731
03:12:29,200 --> 03:12:32,300
Rome's traditions. 
He was named dictator for 10 

3732
03:12:32,300 --> 03:12:34,400
years eventually dictator for 
life. 

3733
03:12:35,100 --> 03:12:38,400
Some called it a tyranny. 
Caesar for his part claimed. 

3734
03:12:38,400 --> 03:12:40,800
He was trying to restore order 
enacted. 

3735
03:12:40,800 --> 03:12:44,000
Sweeping reforms revising. 
The calendar into the Julian 

3736
03:12:44,000 --> 03:12:48,600
model, restructuring debts. 
Expanding the Senate granting 

3737
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:52,200
citizenship to Loyal allies and 
distant provinces and planning, 

3738
03:12:52,200 --> 03:12:55,000
massive building projects that 
aim to beautify the city. 

3739
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:59,100
He also introduced social 
measures like Distributing land 

3740
03:12:59,100 --> 03:13:02,500
to veterans in these moves, 
Caesar walked to tightrope. 

3741
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,800
Consolidating, power while 
giving just enough to the masses

3742
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:07,800
and Senate to keep them largely 
compliant. 

3743
03:13:08,500 --> 03:13:11,300
But something in the Roman 
psyche, chafed at one man, rule?

3744
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:15,800
Rome prided itself on hating 
Kings, their entire identity was

3745
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:18,900
built around a republic even if 
that Republic was often 

3746
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:22,700
manipulated by the powerful, 
Caesar's acceptance of lavish on

3747
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:26,100
us and his centralization of 
power made some worry that he 

3748
03:13:26,100 --> 03:13:28,900
sought to Crown himself. 
Others found him dangerously 

3749
03:13:28,900 --> 03:13:32,800
modern someone who might change 
roam beyond recognition and 

3750
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:35,100
behind Caesar's Unstoppable. 
Force layer. 

3751
03:13:35,100 --> 03:13:38,600
Silent question was the Republic
just to Stage for one man's 

3752
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:42,400
ambition or could it endure? 
When Caesar finally returned to 

3753
03:13:42,400 --> 03:13:45,400
Roman Triumph, the city was a 
buzz with rumors and festivals 

3754
03:13:45,400 --> 03:13:47,308
though. 
War still simmered in the 

3755
03:13:47,316 --> 03:13:51,100
distant corners of the Republic,
Caesar's personal, magnetism and

3756
03:13:51,100 --> 03:13:53,600
the promise of stability 
temporarily silenced. 

3757
03:13:53,600 --> 03:13:57,700
Most discontent The orchestrated
spectacular public games and 

3758
03:13:57,700 --> 03:14:00,400
feasts showering. 
The populace with free grain 

3759
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:03,100
statues and monuments sprang up 
in his honor. 

3760
03:14:03,100 --> 03:14:06,600
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,
the core of Roman tradition. 

3761
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:10,200
Those Unwritten rules guarding 
the Republic from monarchy felt 

3762
03:14:10,200 --> 03:14:13,600
under siege. 
One example of Caesar's Larger 

3763
03:14:13,600 --> 03:14:16,600
than Life Persona was his 
attempt to reshape the calendar,

3764
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:20,000
which was no small matter. 
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 

3765
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:23,400
had become hopelessly misaligned
with the seasons, creating 

3766
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:25,400
confusion in festivals and Civic
life. 

3767
03:14:26,100 --> 03:14:29,400
Caesar advised by astronomers 
including sausage of Alexandria.

3768
03:14:29,400 --> 03:14:33,800
Introduced the Julian calendar, 
a solar base system with a leap 

3769
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:36,200
year cycle. 
This was a major administrative 

3770
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:38,200
reform that didn't just tidy 
update. 

3771
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:41,600
It demonstrated Caesar's 
willingness to override 

3772
03:14:41,600 --> 03:14:43,800
centuries of practice. 
If he believed he had a better 

3773
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:46,400
way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

3774
03:14:46,400 --> 03:14:49,500
of the new calendar offered, but
they also sensed that if Caesar 

3775
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:52,700
could reorder time itself, what 
else might he feel entitled to 

3776
03:14:52,700 --> 03:14:54,800
reorder? 
In poured money into 

3777
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:58,300
construction under Caesar's 
Direction, new building's 

3778
03:14:58,300 --> 03:15:02,500
temples and public spaces. 
Sprouted symbolizing a Rome 

3779
03:15:02,500 --> 03:15:05,400
reborn. 
The form, grew more magnificent.

3780
03:15:06,100 --> 03:15:09,000
Commissioned Grand projects that
not only beautified the city, 

3781
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:12,500
but gave work to thousands of 
laborers, elevating Caesar's 

3782
03:15:12,500 --> 03:15:16,100
popularity, among the common 
folk at the same time, expanded 

3783
03:15:16,100 --> 03:15:20,200
the Senate from roughly 600 to 
as many as 900 members, adding 

3784
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:23,500
allies from the provinces and 
diluting the power of the older 

3785
03:15:23,500 --> 03:15:27,000
aristocratic families. 
Some saw this as an inclusive 

3786
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:30,800
move, broadening representation 
within the Roman State, others 

3787
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:34,500
viewed it as an egregious, power
play away for Caesar to stack. 

3788
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:37,200
The Senate with loyalists who 
owed their positions, to him 

3789
03:15:37,200 --> 03:15:39,600
alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

3790
03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:42,500
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

3791
03:15:42,500 --> 03:15:45,000
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

3792
03:15:45,800 --> 03:15:48,200
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

3793
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:51,800
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

3794
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:55,300
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed never to Neil before 

3795
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:57,800
another. 
So when statues of Caesar began 

3796
03:15:57,800 --> 03:16:01,200
appearing in public places, 
crowned with diems some 

3797
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:03,900
citizens, felt a chill Caesar 
claimed. 

3798
03:16:03,900 --> 03:16:07,100
These were tokens of respect 
from admirers, not Declaration 

3799
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,500
of monarchy butts. 
Lingard at a public Festival, 

3800
03:16:10,500 --> 03:16:14,200
Marcus Antonius, a favored 
left-handed attempted to place a

3801
03:16:14,200 --> 03:16:18,000
diet on season's head season 
dramatically refused stating. 

3802
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:20,400
Only Jupiter is King of the 
Romans. 

3803
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:23,200
But the crowds reaction was 
mixed. 

3804
03:16:24,000 --> 03:16:27,600
Some cheered, his refusal, 
others suspected, a theatrical 

3805
03:16:27,600 --> 03:16:30,600
performance designed to test 
public opinion on a monarchy. 

3806
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:33,700
The dissonance grew sharper as 
Caesar took on the title. 

3807
03:16:34,500 --> 03:16:38,800
Dictator for life. 
In theory a dictator in Roman 

3808
03:16:38,808 --> 03:16:41,900
history, was an emergency 
measure appointed for six months

3809
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:45,500
in times of dire threat and then
required to relinquish power. 

3810
03:16:46,400 --> 03:16:49,900
Like extending this temporary 
position indefinitely, Caesar 

3811
03:16:49,900 --> 03:16:52,100
strained, the very definitions 
of Roman governance. 

3812
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:54,700
His supporters insisted Roman 
needed. 

3813
03:16:54,700 --> 03:16:56,500
Strongly leadership gives all 
the unrest. 

3814
03:16:57,300 --> 03:16:59,700
But his critics argued, that 
Caesar was snuffing out, the 

3815
03:16:59,700 --> 03:17:03,100
Republican Flame. 
Seeds of conspiracy began to 

3816
03:17:03,100 --> 03:17:06,400
sprout Senators, who longed for 
a return, to the old order. 

3817
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:10,800
Such as gas, Cassius, longinus, 
and Marcus Junius Brutus, 

3818
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:15,100
started meeting discreetly. 
Brutus stood out, he dissented 

3819
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:18,800
from Lucius Junius, Brutus the 
fabled founder of the Republic 

3820
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:22,400
who drove out the ancient Kings.
Caesar had shown Brutus 

3821
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:26,000
remarkable favor, even rumored 
to have paternal affection for 

3822
03:17:26,000 --> 03:17:28,400
him. 
Yet this complicated Bond, 

3823
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:30,200
didn't stifle brutus's 
conviction. 

3824
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,500
That sees his power threatened, 
the Republic's core values. 

3825
03:17:33,500 --> 03:17:38,000
Cassius a cunning figure with a 
far darker Edge, found the 

3826
03:17:38,000 --> 03:17:42,100
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 

3827
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:44,200
duty to protect Rome from a 
tyrant. 

3828
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:48,300
Meanwhile sees a seemed to sense
an undercurrent of danger. 

3829
03:17:48,300 --> 03:17:52,000
He went about with guards, but 
he also believed that living in 

3830
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:56,400
constant fear would diminish his
stature, On the surface, he 

3831
03:17:56,400 --> 03:17:58,500
continued orchestrating 
elaborate plans. 

3832
03:17:58,500 --> 03:18:01,600
He was preparing a massive 
campaign against pathri in the 

3833
03:18:01,608 --> 03:18:05,000
East and tending to surpass. 
Even pompey's conquests 

3834
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:08,600
returning to Rome from that 
Victory, Caesar likely 

3835
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:12,400
envisioned a final consolidation
of power and unassailable. 

3836
03:18:12,400 --> 03:18:16,600
Legacy his mind overflowed with 
new ideas for governance law 

3837
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:18,300
codes and expansion of citizens 
rights. 

3838
03:18:19,300 --> 03:18:22,300
He can find it in close allies 
that his rule would transform in

3839
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:25,400
to a cohesive Empire, rather 
than a loose Confederation of 

3840
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:28,500
territories. 
Yet those grand Visions. 

3841
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:31,000
Collided, with the simmering 
resentment of the senatorial 

3842
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:33,900
class, many of them. 
Had gone along with Caesar out 

3843
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:37,200
of pragmatism, biding their time
waiting for a chance to assert 

3844
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:39,100
the old ways. 
They resented. 

3845
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,700
How Caesars reforms undermine 
their Prestige, how is populist 

3846
03:18:42,700 --> 03:18:45,800
measures made the people less 
reliant on senatorial patreons, 

3847
03:18:46,700 --> 03:18:48,800
Some conspirators. 
Hope to reinstate a pure 

3848
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:51,700
Republic with limited terms, of 
office, and caulifla balanced 

3849
03:18:51,700 --> 03:18:54,200
Powers. 
Others simply wanted Caesar gone

3850
03:18:54,200 --> 03:18:57,200
viewing him as an existential 
threat to their personal 

3851
03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,000
standing. 
So, a sees a walk, the marble 

3852
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:03,500
floors of the curia, conferring 
with Senators, not all who 

3853
03:19:03,500 --> 03:19:05,200
greeted him warmly were true 
allies. 

3854
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:08,700
The facade of unity was just 
that facade. 

3855
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:12,600
Whispers circulated about the 
Ides of March, a date. 

3856
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:16,400
The conspirators had marked as 
pivotal Caesar distracted by 

3857
03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:19,400
preparations for upcoming 
campaigns, either dismissed or 

3858
03:19:19,400 --> 03:19:21,800
downplayed the signs of looming 
treachery. 

3859
03:19:21,800 --> 03:19:25,700
He was after all Julius. 
Caesar the man who escaped 

3860
03:19:25,700 --> 03:19:29,100
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 
overcame Pompey. 

3861
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:32,200
To him. 
Fear was a cage, he refused to 

3862
03:19:32,208 --> 03:19:35,900
live in to the conspirators. 
His confidence was both an 

3863
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:39,200
insult and an opportunity. 
The stage was set and all of 

3864
03:19:39,200 --> 03:19:40,600
Rome felt the tension in the 
air. 

3865
03:19:40,600 --> 03:19:44,300
The days, leading up to the Ides
of March had a strange energy in

3866
03:19:44,300 --> 03:19:46,500
Rome. 
Senators bustled about with 

3867
03:19:46,500 --> 03:19:49,300
Force Smiles. 
While scribes noted, a flurry of

3868
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,400
edicts and proposals Caesar aim 
to finalize before departing on 

3869
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:55,200
campaign. 
Craftsman, labored on newly 

3870
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:58,300
commissioned statues and 
inscription as achievements. 

3871
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:01,900
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 
seeped through the city, 

3872
03:20:01,900 --> 03:20:05,200
swirling in the Smoky corners of
tabs and the hush of 

3873
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:08,700
aristocratic dinner parties. 
Caesar himself oscillated 

3874
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:11,400
between excitement for his pathy
and Expedition and vague 

3875
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:14,000
apprehension. 
Omens were a big deal in Roman 

3876
03:20:14,000 --> 03:20:17,200
society and several other 
currencies had stoked. 

3877
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:21,500
Superstitions reports of strange
lights in the sky or a 

3878
03:20:21,500 --> 03:20:24,900
soothsayer who warns Caesar to 
where the Ides of March. 

3879
03:20:25,700 --> 03:20:29,000
Caesar rational yet not entirely
dismissive of command orgas 

3880
03:20:29,000 --> 03:20:31,700
seemed torn between curiosity 
and disbelief. 

3881
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:35,400
Joked about the warnings telling
Friends, The Ides of March had 

3882
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:37,000
arrived and nothing had happened
yet. 

3883
03:20:37,000 --> 03:20:41,200
But behind the levity hints of 
caution surfaced, he was known 

3884
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:45,400
to have shared concerns with 
Calpurnia, his wife who begged 

3885
03:20:45,400 --> 03:20:48,000
him on to be vigilant, the 
conspiracy gained. 

3886
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:52,600
Momentum, Cassius worked 
tirelessly approaching Senators,

3887
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:55,600
who felt displaced by Caesar's 
sweeping reforms, or who bought 

3888
03:20:55,600 --> 03:20:58,500
personal grudges persuading 
Brutus had been the linchpin, 

3889
03:20:58,500 --> 03:21:02,400
brutus's moral standing, and 
family Legacy offered a veneer 

3890
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:05,200
of honor to what might otherwise
look like a naked Power, grab 

3891
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:08,600
With Brutus on board recruiting 
others became easier. 

3892
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:12,500
Each conspirator had different 
reasons some to fight for the 

3893
03:21:12,508 --> 03:21:15,800
Republic's Freedom, others, 
sought personal gain or Revenge 

3894
03:21:15,800 --> 03:21:19,700
yet the United under, a single 
dramatic resolution Caesar must 

3895
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:22,200
be removed. 
One version of their plan 

3896
03:21:22,200 --> 03:21:25,100
involved attacking season during
a senate session when he would 

3897
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:28,300
be relatively. 
Unguarded in theory, the 

3898
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:30,700
presence of so many senators, 
served as a public Shield, 

3899
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:34,000
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 
attack in the heart of Roman 

3900
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:36,600
governance. 
The conspirators believe that. 

3901
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:38,800
Once the deed was done, they 
could Proclaim themselves 

3902
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:42,300
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 
the people to restore Republican

3903
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:45,400
ideals despite the risk. 
None could deny the planes or 

3904
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:48,500
dacious simplicity. 
The Senate meeting on the Ides 

3905
03:21:48,500 --> 03:21:50,300
of March, beckoned like a grim 
appointment. 

3906
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:55,600
The morning of the Ides, arrived
Calpurnia shaken, by nightmares 

3907
03:21:55,600 --> 03:22:00,100
implored season, not to go, some
historians claim, she dreamed of

3908
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:03,600
a statue of Caesar spouting 
blood or of him lying slain In 

3909
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:07,000
Her Arms. 
Moved by her distress sees her 

3910
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:10,500
initially decided to stay home. 
Possibly rescheduling the Senate

3911
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:13,800
session At alone could have 
altered history but the 

3912
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:15,900
conspirators panicked. 
When they hit the hood sees a 

3913
03:22:15,900 --> 03:22:18,500
might not come he dispatched 
Decimus Brutus. 

3914
03:22:18,500 --> 03:22:22,300
No relation to Marcus Brutus but
another close Ally to persuade, 

3915
03:22:22,300 --> 03:22:26,000
Caesar Decimus fainted concerned
that Caesar would insult the 

3916
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:28,900
Senate by his absence 
diminishing his standing right 

3917
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:33,500
before his Grand campaign. 
So despite calpurnia's, please 

3918
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:37,400
Caesar relented. 
He dont his sermon onion, toga 

3919
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:40,000
and left for the curia. 
Inside the Senate meeting. 

3920
03:22:40,000 --> 03:22:42,400
The atmosphere was thick with 
tension, though. 

3921
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:46,500
It started off with formalities.
Caesar took his seat, the group 

3922
03:22:46,500 --> 03:22:49,400
of conspirators approached 
pretending to ask a favor on 

3923
03:22:49,400 --> 03:22:53,100
behalf of a political exile. 
They surrounded him as if to 

3924
03:22:53,100 --> 03:22:54,600
press their case more 
passionately. 

3925
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:59,000
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal daggers appeared, the 

3926
03:22:59,000 --> 03:23:00,900
first strike came from casca and
others. 

3927
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:04,400
Joined accounts vary some saves 
his tried to defend himself 

3928
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:06,000
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

3929
03:23:06,000 --> 03:23:09,800
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

3930
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:14,700
prompting Caesars legendary and 
possibly apocryphal utterance at

3931
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:19,400
2 route. 
In moments, it was over Cesar 

3932
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:21,100
laid at the foot of Pompey 
statue. 

3933
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:24,200
A cruel twist of fate for the 
man who had once wept for 

3934
03:23:24,200 --> 03:23:27,400
pompey's demise. 
The Senators spattered with 

3935
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:30,500
blood Proclaim, they had 
liberated Rome from tyranny. 

3936
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:33,200
They expected the city that a 
greet them as Heroes. 

3937
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:35,500
Yet the immediate reaction was 
shock. 

3938
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:40,500
Not Jubilation citizens fled. 
The Courier unsure where the 

3939
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:43,600
more violence would follow. 
The conspirators had planned for

3940
03:23:43,608 --> 03:23:46,600
season's death, but they hadn't 
planned for the emotional 

3941
03:23:46,600 --> 03:23:48,300
vacuum. 
It would create among the Roman 

3942
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:51,300
populace. 
The question remained had, they 

3943
03:23:51,308 --> 03:23:54,200
truly saved the Republic which 
were just Unleashed chaos. 

3944
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:57,700
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm
the city with speeches, 

3945
03:23:57,700 --> 03:24:01,700
invoking, the memory of their 
ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, 

3946
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:06,100
who banished, Rome's Last Kings 
centuries before they insisted, 

3947
03:24:06,100 --> 03:24:08,800
they had restored the Republic 
but the people who had witnessed

3948
03:24:08,800 --> 03:24:12,900
seizes generality his banquet 
land distribution's public 

3949
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:17,100
games, many commoners, revered 
him anger and sorrow brooded. 

3950
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:20,100
In the streets word spread of 
the Savage Butchery in the 

3951
03:24:20,108 --> 03:24:22,900
Senate far from celebrating the 
conspirators. 

3952
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:25,000
Many citizens demanded 
vengeance. 

3953
03:24:26,100 --> 03:24:29,000
Mark, Antony, who had not 
participated in the conspiracy 

3954
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:32,900
seized, this public sentiment. 
He delivered a funeral oration 

3955
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:34,600
for Caesar that became 
legendary. 

3956
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:38,600
Anthony spoke with passion 
displaying Caesar's 

3957
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:42,000
blood-stained, toga stirring the
crowd into a frenzy against the 

3958
03:24:42,000 --> 03:24:45,000
conspirators. 
Some historians say, Caesar's 

3959
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:47,900
body was burned in the form 
itself with the Flames fed by 

3960
03:24:47,900 --> 03:24:50,400
citizens, who tossed in 
furniture and items as 

3961
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,400
offerings. 
The conspirators realizing the 

3962
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:57,900
tidied turned fled. 
The city outraged Sword and the 

3963
03:24:57,900 --> 03:25:01,100
once proud Senate found Itself, 
overshadowed by the populist 

3964
03:25:01,100 --> 03:25:04,000
Fury that sees her. 
So skillfully harnessed in life.

3965
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:07,500
Thus, the killing that was 
intended to save the Republic. 

3966
03:25:07,500 --> 03:25:09,500
Actually accelerated. 
Its declined. 

3967
03:25:09,500 --> 03:25:12,000
Power soon. 
Consolidated, not around a 

3968
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:14,600
restored, Senate, but around. 
New, strongman. 

3969
03:25:14,600 --> 03:25:18,700
Mark Antony. 
Octavian sees as young are and 

3970
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:22,300
adopted son and others who were 
jockey for command in the 

3971
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:24,400
following years. 
In death. 

3972
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:27,600
Caesar had transcended mortality
to become an icon. 

3973
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:29,800
Some would say a martyr while 
the vision of a renewed 

3974
03:25:29,800 --> 03:25:33,600
Republic, ironically slipped 
further away, the aftermath of 

3975
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:36,800
Caesar's assassination was as 
turbulent as any period Rome had

3976
03:25:36,800 --> 03:25:41,700
ever seen the city already tense
from years of civil conflict. 

3977
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:44,600
Discovered that removing one 
towering figure didn't 

3978
03:25:44,600 --> 03:25:48,500
automatically restore the Old 
Republic instead a new power 

3979
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:52,100
vacuum emerged quickly filled by
those with the ambition and 

3980
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:55,700
resources to claim it. 
Mark, Antony Caesars closest. 

3981
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:59,200
Lieutenant was first, on the 
scene, leveraging his connection

3982
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:02,800
to the slain dictator to Rally 
the masses, but Caesar had named

3983
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:05,500
a surprise are in his will gays,
Octavius. 

3984
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:09,900
Better known as Octavian. 
His Grand, nephew only 19 years.

3985
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:13,100
Old Octavian, carried Caesar's 
name, and soon enough. 

3986
03:26:13,100 --> 03:26:16,800
Caesar's Legions would rally 
around him too Brutus and 

3987
03:26:16,800 --> 03:26:19,200
Cassius fled, Rome hoping to 
raise armies. 

3988
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:22,200
In the Eastern, provinces a 
published declarations 

3989
03:26:22,200 --> 03:26:26,100
defending, the assassination as 
an act of patriotic duty but the

3990
03:26:26,100 --> 03:26:27,800
events in Rome worked against 
them. 

3991
03:26:27,800 --> 03:26:31,400
The funeral oration by Anthony 
had painted them as traitors to 

3992
03:26:31,400 --> 03:26:35,300
Caesar and by extension enemies 
of the Roman people. 

3993
03:26:36,000 --> 03:26:37,800
Legions. 
Loyal to seize a scorned, the 

3994
03:26:37,808 --> 03:26:41,800
conspirators lines. 
Hardened, another round of Civil

3995
03:26:41,800 --> 03:26:45,500
Wars seemed inevitable as one 
man's ambition had morphed into 

3996
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:47,100
a generational crisis of 
identity. 

3997
03:26:47,100 --> 03:26:50,300
For Rome though, Anthony and 
Octavian, initially ID. 

3998
03:26:50,300 --> 03:26:53,100
Each other with suspicion, they 
realized they stood a better 

3999
03:26:53,108 --> 03:26:55,300
chance against the conspirators 
if they cooperated. 

4000
03:26:55,300 --> 03:26:58,800
Along with Marcus lepidus, a 
trusted Commander. 

4001
03:26:58,800 --> 03:27:00,400
They formed the second 
triumvirate. 

4002
03:27:00,400 --> 03:27:02,900
Unlike Seasons, informal 
Arrangement. 

4003
03:27:02,900 --> 03:27:06,500
This triumphant was legally, 
sanctioned granting the three 

4004
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:09,900
men near absolute power to 
reorganize the state and 

4005
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:11,200
reorganize it. 
They did. 

4006
03:27:12,000 --> 03:27:15,900
Prescriptions lists of enemies 
of the state were published men 

4007
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:17,900
of wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

4008
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:21,700
Outlawed the triumvirate seized 
property and executed opponents,

4009
03:27:21,700 --> 03:27:24,700
echoing, the Grim days of solars
dictatorship. 

4010
03:27:24,700 --> 03:27:28,300
The conspirators. 
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the

4011
03:27:28,308 --> 03:27:31,500
East culminating in the 
climactic Battle of Philippi in 

4012
03:27:31,500 --> 03:27:36,400
42 BCE Brutus and Cassius were 
defeated and they chose suicide 

4013
03:27:36,400 --> 03:27:39,400
over capture. 
Caesar's murderers hoped for a 

4014
03:27:39,400 --> 03:27:42,100
Renaissance of Republican 
ideals, they had Gravely 

4015
03:27:42,100 --> 03:27:44,900
miscalculated. 
Rome was now torn between 

4016
03:27:44,900 --> 03:27:48,700
competing strong men after 
Philippi tensions, Rose between 

4017
03:27:48,700 --> 03:27:52,800
Antony and Octavian, Anthony 
headed east forming an alliance 

4018
03:27:52,800 --> 03:27:55,600
and famously. 
A romance with Cleopatra in 

4019
03:27:55,600 --> 03:28:00,000
Egypt, Octavian, solidified his 
base in Rome in the Senate 

4020
03:28:00,000 --> 03:28:04,100
recognized him as the principal 
are to seize his legacy by 31 

4021
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:08,600
BCE the Rivalry exploded into 
another civil war culminating in

4022
03:28:08,600 --> 03:28:13,200
the naval battle of actium. 
Octavian, prevailed, Antony and 

4023
03:28:13,200 --> 03:28:16,500
Cleopatra fled and later took 
their own lives and the stage 

4024
03:28:16,500 --> 03:28:18,400
was set for Octavian to become 
Augustus. 

4025
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:22,300
The first Roman Emperor, the 
Republic in its old form was 

4026
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,200
gone. 
And what of Caesar's Legacy, his

4027
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:29,300
name Caesar would become 
synonymous with rulership itself

4028
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:34,500
from Kaiser in German to tesar 
in Russian leaders in distant 

4029
03:28:34,500 --> 03:28:36,100
lands. 
Would adopt the moniker as a 

4030
03:28:36,100 --> 03:28:40,400
badge of Imperial might his 
reforms, especially the Julian 

4031
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:44,400
calendar outlived him by 
centuries influencing how 

4032
03:28:44,400 --> 03:28:47,800
millions of people marked time. 
His writings particularly the 

4033
03:28:47,800 --> 03:28:50,800
commentaries on the gallic and 
Civil Wars, remained essential 

4034
03:28:50,800 --> 03:28:54,600
reading for generations of 
statement, and Generals admired 

4035
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:57,100
for their Clarity and rhetorical
brilliantes. 

4036
03:28:58,300 --> 03:29:01,700
In a strange twist. 
The Senate that once feared him 

4037
03:29:01,700 --> 03:29:05,800
voted to DFI sees, after his 
death, proclaiming him Diva. 

4038
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:09,700
Julius shrines and temples to 
the Divine Julius sprang up 

4039
03:29:09,700 --> 03:29:11,500
turning him into a figure of 
worship. 

4040
03:29:11,500 --> 03:29:15,600
This posture must deification 
gave Octavian and added Aura of 

4041
03:29:15,608 --> 03:29:19,200
legitimacy. 
He was now Divi Filius, the son 

4042
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:21,700
of a god. 
One might argue, it was the 

4043
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:25,100
final irony, the same 
institution that bristled at his

4044
03:29:25,108 --> 03:29:27,700
ambition. 
Now raised him to Divine status,

4045
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:31,000
this transformation reflected 
the contradictory nature of 

4046
03:29:31,000 --> 03:29:35,800
Roman politics, practical to the
core yet steeped in Superstition

4047
03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:39,500
and reverence for signs and 
wonders public memory of Caesar 

4048
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:41,700
remained divided. 
Many admired him for 

4049
03:29:41,700 --> 03:29:45,000
championing, the lower classes 
taking decisive action to end 

4050
03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:47,800
Rome's, internal strife and 
extending Roman influence 

4051
03:29:47,800 --> 03:29:50,500
abroad. 
Others condemned him as the man 

4052
03:29:50,500 --> 03:29:53,500
who shattered the Republic's 
checks and balances, making a 

4053
03:29:53,500 --> 03:29:56,000
single man rule inevitable over 
time. 

4054
03:29:56,000 --> 03:29:59,400
Historians playwrights and 
orators distilled his story and 

4055
03:29:59,400 --> 03:30:02,700
to dramatic beats the brilliant 
General, the cunning politician 

4056
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:05,700
that betrayed friend. 
Those wanting a moral lesson, 

4057
03:30:05,700 --> 03:30:08,700
found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

4058
03:30:08,700 --> 03:30:11,800
unchecked ambition others. 
As an example of visionary 

4059
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:16,100
leadership, undone by a petty 
jealousy Yet there's a deeper 

4060
03:30:16,100 --> 03:30:19,300
layer to see his life, one less 
recounted in popular law. 

4061
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,700
He was profoundly curious about 
the world about languages, 

4062
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:25,100
cultures, and the mechanics of 
governance. 

4063
03:30:26,700 --> 03:30:29,100
From his youth, in the streets 
of Rome to his kidnapping by 

4064
03:30:29,100 --> 03:30:32,200
Pirates From the Muddy 
battlefields of gold, the marble

4065
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:35,300
corridors of the curia. 
He sought to understand and 

4066
03:30:35,300 --> 03:30:39,700
master every environment he 
touched He wasn't content to 

4067
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:43,600
play by the rules, he rewrote 
them not all admired his methods

4068
03:30:43,600 --> 03:30:47,400
but few could deny his results 
for those living in Rome after 

4069
03:30:47,400 --> 03:30:50,900
Caesar's demise daily life. 
Eventually stabilized under 

4070
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:53,800
augustus's reign. 
The city grew Grandeur, the 

4071
03:30:53,800 --> 03:30:57,100
Empire expanded, and a new 
system, the principled took 

4072
03:30:57,100 --> 03:30:59,700
shape, but an undercurrent of 
nostalgia. 

4073
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:02,700
Persisted among some Senators 
who recalled a republic where 

4074
03:31:02,700 --> 03:31:05,700
men like Cicero and Cato wants 
debated, the future of Rome. 

4075
03:31:06,400 --> 03:31:10,300
They wondered if in slaying, 
Caesar they had severed the last

4076
03:31:10,300 --> 03:31:13,900
chance to preserve a republican 
dignity or if Caesars very 

4077
03:31:13,900 --> 03:31:15,700
presence, had doomed. 
It from the start. 

4078
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:19,200
And so the figure of Julius 
Caesar stands in Roman history, 

4079
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:22,800
not simply as a conqueror or a 
dictator, but as a turning point

4080
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:27,300
he harnessed ambition popular 
piece support and raw military 

4081
03:31:27,300 --> 03:31:30,900
skill to reshape the world's 
greatest Republic and in doing 

4082
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:33,100
so he cleared a path for 
Imperial rule. 

4083
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:36,300
Some see him as a hero 
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 

4084
03:31:36,300 --> 03:31:40,700
Horizons, others view him as the
ultimate user betraying, the 

4085
03:31:40,700 --> 03:31:43,600
collective governance that had 
once to find the city's spirit. 

4086
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:48,400
Perhaps both are true in the 
end, Julius Caesar's story 

4087
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:52,100
reminds us that history rarely 
lends itself to neat labels, the

4088
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:55,200
arcs of power. 
Destiny and personal will often 

4089
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:58,200
weave together in ways that defy
easy, categorization. 

4090
03:31:58,200 --> 03:32:01,600
And if there's one lesson that 
resonates across the centuries, 

4091
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:05,300
it might be this when a single 
individual grows too large for 

4092
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:07,500
the existing order 
transformation. 

4093
03:32:07,500 --> 03:32:10,700
However, exhilarating or 
destructive becomes inevitable 

4094
03:32:19,800 --> 03:32:22,500
Paul Revere's name, of Oaks 
images of a midnight ride, 

4095
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:26,100
urgent calls for malicious and 
the onset of the American 

4096
03:32:26,100 --> 03:32:30,300
Revolution, Yet few realized the
full scope of The Man Behind the

4097
03:32:30,300 --> 03:32:33,800
iconic alarm. 
He was a silver myth and Graver 

4098
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:37,500
early industrialists and a 
shrewd, networker who navigated 

4099
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:41,100
Boston circle of Artisans, 
merchants, and political 

4100
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:45,300
agitators. 
Born on January the 1st 1735 old

4101
03:32:45,300 --> 03:32:49,300
style to Apollo's rivoire, a 
French, Hugo, immigrant and 

4102
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:51,500
Deborah hitch, born a Boston 
native. 

4103
03:32:52,500 --> 03:32:55,500
Revere was destined to bridge 
cultures and communities at a 

4104
03:32:55,500 --> 03:32:58,700
time when colonial society 
seized with discontent, under 

4105
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:02,100
British rule, Apollos revoir. 
Who soon anglicized? 

4106
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:05,100
His name to Paul Revere taught 
his son, the art of silverwork. 

4107
03:33:05,900 --> 03:33:08,200
This trade anchored, the younger
pulls fortunes. 

4108
03:33:08,200 --> 03:33:10,300
He grew up in Boston's North 
End. 

4109
03:33:10,300 --> 03:33:14,100
Surrounded by Wolves taverns and
religious meeting houses 

4110
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:17,800
absorbing The rhythms of a busy 
Port City while modern 

4111
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:19,400
retellings. 
Jumped straight to his 

4112
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:22,900
patriotic, escapades. 
His formative years shaped his 

4113
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:27,300
Destiny and more subtle Ways by 
age, 15 the death of his father,

4114
03:33:27,300 --> 03:33:29,400
thrust him into the role of 
family provider. 

4115
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,400
The teenager Apprentice had to 
complete his training manage the

4116
03:33:33,408 --> 03:33:36,500
family's Affairs and Forge 
connections with established 

4117
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:39,600
silversmiths and Merchants 
during the 1750s. 

4118
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:43,500
Revere served briefly in the 
provincial Army in the French 

4119
03:33:43,500 --> 03:33:47,100
and Indian War. 
And experience that gave him a 

4120
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:50,100
glimpse of Britain's broader. 
Colonial entanglements Upon 

4121
03:33:50,100 --> 03:33:52,500
returning to Boston. 
He embraced the trade of 

4122
03:33:52,500 --> 03:33:55,300
silversmithing, wholeheartedly 
creating not just decorative 

4123
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:58,100
pieces, but also practical 
items, like buckles and 

4124
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:01,000
utensils. 
The prided himself on detail 

4125
03:34:01,000 --> 03:34:04,400
marketing, his Wares to a 
clientele that span from Modest 

4126
03:34:04,400 --> 03:34:07,900
Craftsman to the colonies, 
Rising middle class invoices 

4127
03:34:07,900 --> 03:34:10,800
preserve from this period reveal
that reveal offered credit 

4128
03:34:10,800 --> 03:34:14,400
Advance, new designs, and 
constantly hustled for 

4129
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:17,600
Commissioners that brand of 
entrepreneurial Spirit would 

4130
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:20,100
later fuel his ability to 
mobilize networks for 

4131
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:24,500
revolutionary purposes. 
By the early 1760s tensions 

4132
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:27,500
simmered throughout 
Massachusetts, the Sugar Act, 

4133
03:34:27,500 --> 03:34:29,600
the Stamp Act and subsequent 
taxes. 

4134
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:31,800
Outraged merchants and 
tradespeople alike. 

4135
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:35,200
Revere found himself among a 
group of Boston Artisans who 

4136
03:34:35,208 --> 03:34:37,700
gathered at local taverns to 
vent frustrations. 

4137
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:40,800
These enclaves brewed the 
earliest forms of organized 

4138
03:34:40,800 --> 03:34:42,900
protests. 
Revere soon. 

4139
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:45,700
Discovered he possessed a knack 
for articulating grievances 

4140
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:48,600
through his Engravings. 
It was not only an art form, but

4141
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:52,000
also a political tool 
effectively circulating ideas 

4142
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:54,800
and staking public sentiment 
against perceived British 

4143
03:34:54,800 --> 03:34:59,000
overreach His iconic engraving 
of the Boston Massacre, all be 

4144
03:34:59,000 --> 03:35:01,700
it dramatized helped radicalize 
many colonists. 

4145
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:06,500
Apart from engraving Revere, 
proved versatile, forging social

4146
03:35:06,500 --> 03:35:08,500
bonds. 
He was active in the Masonic 

4147
03:35:08,500 --> 03:35:11,300
Lodge of Sandra very crossed 
paths with influential figures 

4148
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:15,100
like Joseph Warren. 
He joined local fire clubs and 

4149
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:17,900
essential Community fixture at a
time when wooden buildings, 

4150
03:35:17,900 --> 03:35:20,900
pose, constant, fire hazards, 
the same network that helped, 

4151
03:35:20,900 --> 03:35:24,000
keep Boston safe from Flames. 
Also, functioned as a 

4152
03:35:24,008 --> 03:35:26,200
communication Hub. 
When secrecy was Paramount 

4153
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:30,300
reverse involvement in such 
clubs, honed his skills at 

4154
03:35:30,300 --> 03:35:32,600
organizing committees and 
planning contingencies. 

4155
03:35:34,000 --> 03:35:36,400
Revere witness, the growing 
tension between the British 

4156
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:38,200
authorities and Colonial 
protesters. 

4157
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:41,200
As the decade progressed. 
He witnessed the formation of 

4158
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,100
the Sons of Liberty, a 
loosely-knit group bent on 

4159
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:47,100
resisting British policy, 
through boycotts demonstrations 

4160
03:35:47,100 --> 03:35:50,700
and occasionally more aggressive
tactics, while Samuel Adams and 

4161
03:35:50,700 --> 03:35:52,400
John Hancock corner of the 
spotlight. 

4162
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:57,000
Revere operated just beneath it 
linking Tradesmen, printers and 

4163
03:35:57,000 --> 03:36:00,400
Mariners to the cause and 
carried messages, across town 

4164
03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:03,500
utilized, his Network to 
fundraise for boycotts and 

4165
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:07,100
orchestrated covid. 
Gatherings in summary, the man 

4166
03:36:07,108 --> 03:36:09,600
played a significant role in the
turbulent of events that 

4167
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:13,200
preceded the revolution. 
His silver shot bustled by day 

4168
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:16,400
forging items for well to do 
Patron's while by night. 

4169
03:36:16,400 --> 03:36:18,800
He frequently huddled with 
Patriots in back rooms. 

4170
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:22,700
This dual existence. 
Both an honest Craftsman in 

4171
03:36:22,700 --> 03:36:26,200
broad daylight in a clandestine 
activists in the Twilight gave 

4172
03:36:26,200 --> 03:36:28,100
Revere and uncommon advantage 
point. 

4173
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:31,800
He understood the Grievances of 
merchants taxed by Parliament 

4174
03:36:31,800 --> 03:36:35,000
and the resentments of sailors 
Harris by British Naval patrols 

4175
03:36:35,000 --> 03:36:39,400
the precarious, existence of 
apprentices who found 

4176
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:41,600
themselves. 
Jobless whenever tensions flared

4177
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:45,700
In the early 17th is Revere face
to crucial decision. 

4178
03:36:45,700 --> 03:36:49,000
He could either maintain his 
status as a respected Craftsman 

4179
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,500
and avoid radical elements or he
could fully dedicate himself to 

4180
03:36:52,500 --> 03:36:54,300
the resistance that was forming 
around him. 

4181
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:57,600
That choice would Define his 
role in the uncertain months 

4182
03:36:57,600 --> 03:37:01,100
ahead, as Britain tightened, its
grip, and Boston, braced for 

4183
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:04,000
confrontation, his decision to 
lean into activism. 

4184
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:06,700
Would soon thrust him into 
history's pages, though. 

4185
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:08,900
He never guessed that. 
A single midnight ride would 

4186
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:11,300
overshadow Decades of other 
contributions. 

4187
03:37:12,400 --> 03:37:14,600
As Britain stepped up in the 
enforcement of colonial 

4188
03:37:14,600 --> 03:37:17,400
policies, Revere and his 
compatriots adapted. 

4189
03:37:18,200 --> 03:37:22,000
No single figure commanded the 
burgeoning movement instead it 

4190
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:25,400
operated through committees 
correspondences and Loosely 

4191
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:29,400
Affiliated networks of Tradesmen
small merchants and outspoken 

4192
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:32,500
Patriots. 
Revere, proved instrumental, in 

4193
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:35,300
bridging these circles. 
He was neither the wealthiest 

4194
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:38,800
Merchants, nor the most fiery 
orator, but his profound 

4195
03:37:38,800 --> 03:37:41,800
knowledge of Boston's geography,
and his wide array of personal 

4196
03:37:41,800 --> 03:37:43,800
relationships made him 
indispensable. 

4197
03:37:44,500 --> 03:37:46,600
He played a key role in the 
intelligence game, that 

4198
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:50,200
developed as tensions, Rose the 
British, suspecting the colonies

4199
03:37:50,200 --> 03:37:54,000
of seditious intent, planted 
informants and seized letters. 

4200
03:37:54,000 --> 03:37:57,000
Meanwhile Patriot leaders, 
formed Committees of 

4201
03:37:57,000 --> 03:37:59,900
Correspondence in every town, 
forging a parallel Information 

4202
03:37:59,900 --> 03:38:01,900
Network that bypassed Royal 
officials. 

4203
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:05,900
Revere often served as a courier
riding to distant towns. 

4204
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:09,300
Worcester Salem, even Portsmouth
to update them on the latest 

4205
03:38:09,300 --> 03:38:11,500
developments. 
These Journeys were not 

4206
03:38:11,500 --> 03:38:14,800
glamorous winter roads, were 
treacherous lodgings minimal. 

4207
03:38:15,400 --> 03:38:18,600
But reverse Skillet traveling, 
in cognito, changing routes, 

4208
03:38:18,600 --> 03:38:21,900
unpredictably and winning. 
Trust at local, taverns, kept 

4209
03:38:21,900 --> 03:38:25,300
the chain of communication, 
robust Beyond his Courier work. 

4210
03:38:25,300 --> 03:38:30,100
Continuing political cartoons, 
his depiction of the Boston Tea 

4211
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:34,100
Party, for instance, circulated 
wide Lee, capturing the moment 

4212
03:38:34,100 --> 03:38:38,000
when Patriot's dumped British 
tea into the harbor, the 

4213
03:38:38,000 --> 03:38:41,200
incident itself was more chaotic
than reversing suggested. 

4214
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:46,400
He presented it at home today. 
As a unified discipline act in 

4215
03:38:46,400 --> 03:38:50,500
image that bolstered the Patriot
of moral High Ground He also 

4216
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:53,000
contributed subtly altered, 
Prince of the governor, or 

4217
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:55,700
British officers turning them 
into caricatures for 

4218
03:38:55,700 --> 03:39:00,000
distribution among synthesizers 
these images in print shops or 

4219
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:03,300
posted in meeting Halls, served 
a rallying symbols. 

4220
03:39:04,500 --> 03:39:07,400
One lesson owned chapter in 
Revere's life involved. 

4221
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:12,400
The Suffolk resolves, drafted in
1774 by Boston leaders, these 

4222
03:39:12,400 --> 03:39:15,000
resolutions rejected the 
coercive acts and called for 

4223
03:39:15,000 --> 03:39:18,000
civil disobedience. 
Revere was entrusted with 

4224
03:39:18,008 --> 03:39:20,400
delivering a copy to the First 
Continental Congress. 

4225
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:24,000
In Philadelphia, the journey 
South exposed him to a broader 

4226
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,600
Colonial landscape, forging 
connections with their Levy, 

4227
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:29,700
Louis from other colonies, He 
returned more convinced than 

4228
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:32,200
ever that Massachusetts was not 
alone in protesting. 

4229
03:39:32,200 --> 03:39:36,100
Meanwhile his reliability as a 
messenger sword in the eyes of 

4230
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:38,500
figures. 
Like John Adams, yet Revere was 

4231
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:40,100
not purely a political 
operative. 

4232
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:44,100
He had a family. 
His first wife, Sarah Owen and 

4233
03:39:44,100 --> 03:39:48,300
born him several children before
passing away in 1773 and he 

4234
03:39:48,300 --> 03:39:51,200
later, married, Rachel Walker 
who will became part of the 

4235
03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:54,000
extended. 
Revere Clan balancing domestic 

4236
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,300
life with clandestine Patriot 
activity, proved stressful. 

4237
03:39:58,100 --> 03:39:59,900
Friends recalled that reverse 
shots. 

4238
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:03,500
Sometimes functioned as an 
unofficial meeting site though. 

4239
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:06,400
It remained primarily a 
commercial Venture, you might 

4240
03:40:06,408 --> 03:40:11,600
sit at his workbench forging 
spools or teapots while Patriots

4241
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:14,600
gathered in a small side room to
whisper about British troop 

4242
03:40:14,600 --> 03:40:18,400
movements. 
By 1775 British authorities 

4243
03:40:18,400 --> 03:40:21,700
began to suspect that Boston's 
Artisans played a larger role in

4244
03:40:21,700 --> 03:40:25,100
the unrest than previously 
assumed regular army officers 

4245
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:27,400
roamed. 
The city searching for hidden 

4246
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:31,400
arms, Depots rumors swirled of 
British plans, to arrest key, 

4247
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:34,700
Rebel leaders, particularly John
Hancock and Samuel Adams who had

4248
03:40:34,708 --> 03:40:36,900
left Boston for the relative 
safety in Lexington. 

4249
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:40,300
And Concord, meanwhile, 
Massachusetts Patriots, had 

4250
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:44,000
stored, gunpowder in Concord, a 
small town, west of Boston and 

4251
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:47,800
anticipating a confrontation. 
As both sides prepared for the 

4252
03:40:47,800 --> 03:40:50,500
potential next move, tensions 
escalated. 

4253
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:54,700
During this turbulent period. 
The Patriot leadership developed

4254
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:57,800
to Signal system should the 
British launcher sudden strike 

4255
03:40:57,800 --> 03:41:01,400
Watchers at the old North Church
would hangeland to indicate 

4256
03:41:01,400 --> 03:41:04,300
whether the troops moved by land
or by boat across the Charles 

4257
03:41:04,300 --> 03:41:06,700
River. 
Revere was part of the group 

4258
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:10,600
that set this plan in motion, 
but to reduce risk, it was a 

4259
03:41:10,600 --> 03:41:13,700
friend Robert Newman, who would 
hang the lanterns. 

4260
03:41:13,700 --> 03:41:17,000
Revere himself, would undertake 
the Hazardous ride to warn 

4261
03:41:17,000 --> 03:41:19,900
Hancock and Adams and Rouse the 
militias along the Route. 

4262
03:41:21,400 --> 03:41:24,600
In the days, leading to that 
famous night, reverse guest 

4263
03:41:24,600 --> 03:41:28,100
ghastly sled. 
He conferred with Dr. Joseph 

4264
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:30,300
Warren. 
Who was privy to Fresh 

4265
03:41:30,300 --> 03:41:32,800
intelligence, suggesting British
movements were imminent. 

4266
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:35,400
The plan was bold. 
The stakes enormous. 

4267
03:41:35,400 --> 03:41:39,100
If the British discovered it, 
Revere faced, imprisonment or 

4268
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:41,700
worse. 
But he recognized that a swift 

4269
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:44,700
warning might unify thousands of
militiamen before the Royal 

4270
03:41:44,700 --> 03:41:46,400
troops. 
Could seize arms or arrest 

4271
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:48,500
leaders. 
No, single Courier. 

4272
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:50,100
Could accomplish the entire job 
alone. 

4273
03:41:50,100 --> 03:41:52,700
Others, like William Dawes 
shared. 

4274
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:56,500
The load still reverse role 
would become legendary 

4275
03:41:56,500 --> 03:42:00,100
overshadowing. 
The fact that a network, not one

4276
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:05,200
man, fueled that night's alert. 
Hence, as April 1775 dawned 

4277
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:09,400
reverse stood on a precipice, 
all the clandestine work, the 

4278
03:42:09,400 --> 03:42:12,300
rides to scattered towns of the 
coded signals at church. 

4279
03:42:12,300 --> 03:42:16,200
Steeples led to this junker. 
The next sales would test his 

4280
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:19,800
resourcefulness, bravely and 
knack for quiet coordination 

4281
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:23,500
traits honed over years. 
Now, culminating in a midnight 

4282
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:27,000
Dash that would echo through 
American law on the evening of 

4283
03:42:27,000 --> 03:42:31,200
April 18th, 1775 Paul, Revere 
prepared to leave. 

4284
03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:34,500
Boston British officers had 
become conspicuous near the 

4285
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:37,200
docks though. 
Many bastions, loyalists 

4286
03:42:37,200 --> 03:42:39,900
included, believe the troops 
would attempt to show. 

4287
03:42:40,200 --> 03:42:44,400
Force the next day, Revere. 
However, suspected otherwise. 

4288
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:48,200
Navigated through dark streets 
to the Charles River's Edge 

4289
03:42:48,200 --> 03:42:51,800
where a small boat awaited two 
friends, wrote him quietly 

4290
03:42:51,800 --> 03:42:54,500
across muffling, all locks with 
cloth to avoid drawing the 

4291
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:56,800
attention of the British warship
anchored to nearby. 

4292
03:42:57,800 --> 03:43:00,600
Revere reached the Charles Town 
side and found a borrowed horse 

4293
03:43:00,600 --> 03:43:03,700
waiting. 
Simultaneously Robert Newman 

4294
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:06,400
stood at the old. 
North Church Tower prepared to 

4295
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:08,000
hoist. 
Two lanterns in the event of 

4296
03:43:08,008 --> 03:43:09,600
British troops, launching from 
the water. 

4297
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:12,600
Those signals would inform 
watches in Charlestown. 

4298
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:15,300
Who would then spread the Alarm 
by alternative routes. 

4299
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:19,300
Revere's task was to ride 
directly to Lexington, rousing 

4300
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:22,900
the countryside as he went 
Another Rider William Dawes 

4301
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:26,600
would take a separate path in 
Turing that if one was stopped 

4302
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:29,600
the other might succeed. 
Mounting his horse. 

4303
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:33,100
Revere began the journey at 
first, the roads lay eerily 

4304
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:36,600
quiet, it only By Moonlight or 
the occasional Lantern in a 

4305
03:43:36,600 --> 03:43:38,500
window. 
He knocked on Farmhouse doors, 

4306
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:42,000
calling to sleeping Patriots. 
The regulars are on the move or 

4307
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:44,500
words to that effect, he never 
actually shouted. 

4308
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:47,900
The British are coming since 
many colonists, still considered

4309
03:43:47,900 --> 03:43:51,900
themselves British instead, he 
typically used phrases like the 

4310
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:56,000
regulars are out to alert local,
militias families, woke groggy 

4311
03:43:56,000 --> 03:43:59,600
but recognized Revere by name or
from prior visits, swiftly, they

4312
03:43:59,600 --> 03:44:02,700
dressed collected. 
Muskets began passing word to 

4313
03:44:02,700 --> 03:44:04,900
neighbors. 
Further, Inland the ride was not

4314
03:44:04,900 --> 03:44:08,300
free of peril at one point. 
Reverse spotted, two British 

4315
03:44:08,300 --> 03:44:12,400
offers on Horseback fearing 
capture evaded them by dashing 

4316
03:44:12,400 --> 03:44:15,600
off on the side path relying on 
his memory of the terrain. 

4317
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:19,500
The nearing counter height. 
In his urgency, every minute 

4318
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:21,600
counted. 
If the British marched swiftly, 

4319
03:44:21,600 --> 03:44:24,900
they could seize the arms and 
conquered or intercept Hancock 

4320
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:29,200
and Adams before local militias 
mustard, Arriving in Lexington 

4321
03:44:29,200 --> 03:44:33,500
around midnight, Revere found 
Hancock and Adams lodging at the

4322
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:37,700
home of Reverend Jonas Clark. 
He delivered his News, British 

4323
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:40,300
forces would soon move to 
confiscate Colonial weapons and 

4324
03:44:40,300 --> 03:44:44,700
possibly arrest Patriot leaders,
the two men, hesitated uncertain

4325
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:47,600
whether the threat was 
immediate, meanwhile locals 

4326
03:44:47,600 --> 03:44:49,800
debated. 
The best course having done his 

4327
03:44:49,800 --> 03:44:53,000
duty of warning them. 
Revere prepared to continue on 

4328
03:44:53,000 --> 03:44:55,900
to conquer to spread the alarm 
further by coincidence. 

4329
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:59,500
Doors arrived in Lexington. 
Shortly after Revere having 

4330
03:44:59,500 --> 03:45:03,200
navigated a separate route, they
connected with another Rider to 

4331
03:45:03,200 --> 03:45:06,400
Samuel Prescott who agreed to 
guide them to Concord being 

4332
03:45:06,400 --> 03:45:09,500
intimately familiar with the 
area the trio set off, 

4333
03:45:09,500 --> 03:45:12,800
determined to alert. 
The entire region not far along 

4334
03:45:12,800 --> 03:45:16,200
a British Patrol in weight. 
The Red Coats tried to block 

4335
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,700
them on an arrow Road doors. 
Managed to slip away though, he 

4336
03:45:19,708 --> 03:45:23,200
lost his horse soon after 
Prescott and agile ride a 

4337
03:45:23,200 --> 03:45:25,800
voltage offense into the woods 
and escaped captivity 

4338
03:45:25,800 --> 03:45:30,800
successfully, reaching Concord. 
Revere however was detained. 

4339
03:45:31,800 --> 03:45:34,600
The officers interrogated, 
Revere suspects and he carried 

4340
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:37,300
vital intelligence. 
He admitted British troops were 

4341
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:40,100
heading to Concord but did not 
conceal that the militias had 

4342
03:45:40,100 --> 03:45:43,200
been forewarned. 
By his Candor, the officers 

4343
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:45,600
tried to hustle him along to 
figure out the scope of the 

4344
03:45:45,600 --> 03:45:48,600
Patriot plan. 
They soon heard gunfire in the 

4345
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:51,100
distance, the sound of 
militiamen already mobilizing 

4346
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:53,500
alarm that their mission was 
compromised. 

4347
03:45:53,500 --> 03:45:55,300
The officers. 
Let Revere go. 

4348
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:58,900
He found his way back to 
Lexington on foot arriving. 

4349
03:45:58,900 --> 03:46:01,300
Just in time to witness the 
earliest skirmishes on 

4350
03:46:01,300 --> 03:46:05,300
Lexington, Green at dawn, thus, 
ended Revere's ride and thus 

4351
03:46:05,300 --> 03:46:08,000
began open conflict in the war. 
That would shape a nation. 

4352
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:11,800
The malicious converged as 
intended though, the British 

4353
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:13,900
pressed onto Concord, then 
counted. 

4354
03:46:13,900 --> 03:46:15,600
A growing throng of armed 
colonists. 

4355
03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:19,300
The day ended in a chaotic 
Retreat for the Red Coats, an 

4356
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,100
event that echoed far beyond 
Massachusetts news of this 

4357
03:46:22,108 --> 03:46:24,800
standoff would spark the 
colonies transformation from 

4358
03:46:24,800 --> 03:46:27,200
scattered protests into a full 
blown Revolution. 

4359
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:30,500
Paul Revere's role on that. 
Pivotal Knight was merely one 

4360
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:34,400
component of a larger chain 
others doors, Prescott local, 

4361
03:46:34,400 --> 03:46:37,200
Watchers played equally critical
roles yet. 

4362
03:46:37,200 --> 03:46:40,500
Over time, popular mythology. 
Spotlighted Revere as the Lone 

4363
03:46:40,500 --> 03:46:44,200
Hero Galloping through the 
countryside decades, later 

4364
03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:47,400
Henry, Wadsworth longfellow's 
poem, which condense the story 

4365
03:46:47,400 --> 03:46:51,200
into a stirring to Arms, greatly
contributed to reverse Fame. 

4366
03:46:52,000 --> 03:46:55,400
In reality Revere's Ride was, 
but one expression of a complex 

4367
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,600
strategy, however, it was 
sufficient to permanently 

4368
03:46:58,600 --> 03:47:00,800
inscribe him in America's 
Collective Consciousness. 

4369
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:04,400
As the individual who raised the
alarm, thereby altering the 

4370
03:47:04,400 --> 03:47:08,200
course of history. once the 
battles at Lexington and Concord

4371
03:47:08,200 --> 03:47:13,400
he ignited Warfare, Paul 
Revere's story did not pause, he

4372
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:15,900
continued serving the 
Revolutionary cause in Myriad 

4373
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:20,500
ways some unsung others 
overshadowed by the flash of his

4374
03:47:20,500 --> 03:47:24,600
midnight ride in the following 
months, Boston became a hotbed 

4375
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:26,600
of tension, the British held the
city. 

4376
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:30,600
While Colonial forces encircled.
It Revere worked on intelligence

4377
03:47:30,600 --> 03:47:34,700
and logistical tasks using his 
expertise in messaging and crowd

4378
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:36,700
coordination to keep Patriots, 
informed. 

4379
03:47:37,900 --> 03:47:40,800
One key project saw him turning 
from Silver to metal of Another 

4380
03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:45,400
Kind Massachusetts needed. 
Canon shot another who other 

4381
03:47:45,400 --> 03:47:49,700
Munitions as a skilled artist 
and Revere adapted his workshop 

4382
03:47:49,700 --> 03:47:52,700
for manufacturing though. 
Not a large scale operation. 

4383
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:56,000
His Foundry, contributed metal 
fittings and Small Arms 

4384
03:47:56,000 --> 03:47:58,100
components. 
He tinkered with the ways to 

4385
03:47:58,100 --> 03:48:00,800
produce gunpowder though that 
challenge required. 

4386
03:48:00,800 --> 03:48:04,400
Specialized Mills Meanwhile, 
Revere participated in local 

4387
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:06,900
committees that govern the 
region in the absence of Rachel 

4388
03:48:06,900 --> 03:48:08,800
Authority. 
In daily life. 

4389
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:13,000
Continued amid chaos. 
Amid these labors tragedy struck

4390
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:16,700
Dr. Joseph Warren. 
Reverse friend and fellow 

4391
03:48:16,700 --> 03:48:21,200
Patriots was killed in June 1775
at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 

4392
03:48:22,000 --> 03:48:26,000
Warren's death, hit Revere hard,
the two had collaborated closely

4393
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:27,900
in Booking the earliest 
resistance. 

4394
03:48:28,800 --> 03:48:31,900
And Warren's medical skill had 
saved countless lives in Prior 

4395
03:48:31,900 --> 03:48:35,700
skirmishes, the Heartbreak 
sharpened Revere's resolved, the

4396
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,100
cost of Independence was high 
yet men like Warren believed in 

4397
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:42,100
it, passionately. 
Revere channeled that sorrow 

4398
03:48:42,100 --> 03:48:45,000
into further commitments, 
traveling frequently between 

4399
03:48:45,000 --> 03:48:47,800
revolutionary committees in 
Cambridge and outlying towns. 

4400
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:53,300
The British finally evacuated 
Boston in March, 1776, a turning

4401
03:48:53,300 --> 03:48:55,300
point that caused Jubilation 
among the Patriots. 

4402
03:48:55,300 --> 03:48:59,000
Revere moved back into the city 
reclaiming, his silver shop. 

4403
03:48:59,000 --> 03:49:02,600
But founded in disarray, after 
months, of occupation repairs 

4404
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:04,500
were needed before. 
Normal business could resume, 

4405
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:07,900
however, normal business had 
become a distant memory by that 

4406
03:49:07,900 --> 03:49:11,400
point, the Warhead shifted to 
other colonies and reverse 

4407
03:49:11,400 --> 03:49:14,500
skill, set remained valuable. 
You volunteered for militia 

4408
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:17,100
service and was appointed a 
lieutenant colonel of artillery.

4409
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:20,100
In the Massachusetts militia 
this role combined 

4410
03:49:20,100 --> 03:49:22,800
administrative oversight in 
troops, had supplies and 

4411
03:49:22,808 --> 03:49:26,100
equipment with strategic input 
drawing on his knowledge of 

4412
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:29,200
local fortifications. 
In 1778. 

4413
03:49:29,200 --> 03:49:32,800
Revere, participated in the 
ill-fated Penobscot Expedition, 

4414
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:36,800
an attempt by the Massachusetts 
militia to oust British forces 

4415
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:40,300
in present day, Maine. 
The Expedition ended in disaster

4416
03:49:40,300 --> 03:49:44,000
with the colonial Fleet scuttled
and troops forced to Retreat 

4417
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:47,300
through the wilderness. 
Revere faced criticism for his 

4418
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:49,500
actions. 
There the specially regarding 

4419
03:49:49,500 --> 03:49:53,400
disputes over the chain of 
command, a court, martial ensued

4420
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:56,300
questioning whether he had 
disobeyed orders or abandoned 

4421
03:49:56,300 --> 03:49:59,300
his post. 
While eventually exonerated the 

4422
03:49:59,300 --> 03:50:03,200
incident left, a sour note in 
his military career, contrasting

4423
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:07,900
sharply with the heroic Aura of 
his earlier ride Undeterred, he 

4424
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,700
continued assisting in local 
defenses, forging, new 

4425
03:50:10,700 --> 03:50:14,100
connections with revolutionary 
leaders in the final years of 

4426
03:50:14,100 --> 03:50:16,800
the war. 
Revere balanced militia duties 

4427
03:50:16,800 --> 03:50:20,100
with attempts to stabilize his 
personal livelihood, the 

4428
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:23,200
prolonged conflict had 
disrupted, normal Commerce, and 

4429
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:24,800
Craftsmen across the colonies 
struggled. 

4430
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:29,300
Reverse adaptability, Sean wants
more introduced new techniques, 

4431
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:31,500
such as rolling, copper sheets 
for Naval. 

4432
03:50:31,500 --> 03:50:34,600
Use precursor to his later, 
achievements in metalworking. 

4433
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:38,700
That would flourish post war. 
Throughout these years, reverse 

4434
03:50:38,700 --> 03:50:41,300
engaged in the social fabric of 
the budding Republic. 

4435
03:50:42,200 --> 03:50:44,700
He joined Society is discussing 
ways to structure the new 

4436
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,100
nation's governance. 
He was active in the movement 

4437
03:50:47,100 --> 03:50:49,700
that eventually produced the 
Massachusetts Constitution. 

4438
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:53,600
Among his lesson known efforts 
was involvement with the local 

4439
03:50:53,600 --> 03:50:57,600
intelligence apparatus to verify
rumors of British Espionage or 

4440
03:50:57,600 --> 03:51:00,200
infiltration. 
He was not a central spymaster 

4441
03:51:00,200 --> 03:51:03,100
but he knew the city intimately 
and could trace suspicious 

4442
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:05,700
activity. 
The same street smarts that 

4443
03:51:05,708 --> 03:51:08,600
fueled his 1775 ride. 
Aided him once again. 

4444
03:51:09,600 --> 03:51:12,200
When the Treaty of Paris finally
ended the Revolutionary War in 

4445
03:51:12,200 --> 03:51:17,400
1783 Revere was approaching 50. 
He had served as Craftsmen 

4446
03:51:17,400 --> 03:51:20,000
Courier militia officer and 
Community. 

4447
03:51:20,000 --> 03:51:23,600
Organizer Rolls overshadowed by 
that single night's Galloping to

4448
03:51:23,608 --> 03:51:26,300
Legend. 
Yet he emerged from the war with

4449
03:51:26,300 --> 03:51:29,600
a moderate standing, his 
Workshop battered but not 

4450
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:33,000
ruined. 
Boston's economy was in flux but

4451
03:51:33,000 --> 03:51:36,900
reverse or opportunity ahead you
recognize that the new United 

4452
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:40,500
States short on domestic. 
Manufacturing would need local 

4453
03:51:40,500 --> 03:51:43,000
Industries to replace Imports 
once applied by Britain. 

4454
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:48,100
Thus as the guns fell silent 
Revere pivoted from the chaos of

4455
03:51:48,100 --> 03:51:51,400
War to the prospect of Peace. 
He had learned about 

4456
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:53,700
large-scale, metal work from 
wartime demands. 

4457
03:51:53,700 --> 03:51:56,700
Now he sought to Parlay that 
knowledge into a business 

4458
03:51:56,700 --> 03:51:59,600
Advantage. 
He opened new Ventures, such as 

4459
03:51:59,600 --> 03:52:02,600
a hardware store and a Foundry 
capable of casting bells and 

4460
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:05,100
cannons. 
This transformation signaled. 

4461
03:52:05,100 --> 03:52:08,100
His next chapter, a shift from 
revolutionary operative to 

4462
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:12,100
pioneering industrialist despite
everything he held onto the 

4463
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:14,100
memory of Bunker Hill lost 
friends. 

4464
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:17,100
And that ride on a moonlit 
night, which shaped him into a 

4465
03:52:17,100 --> 03:52:20,700
man determined to help Forge a 
stable prosperous future for the

4466
03:52:20,700 --> 03:52:22,100
Republic. 
He helped birth. 

4467
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:26,000
In the postwar era Paul Revere, 
harnessed on entrepreneurial 

4468
03:52:26,000 --> 03:52:28,600
Spirit to elevate Boston's 
manufacturing capabilities. 

4469
03:52:28,600 --> 03:52:32,300
While many Americans clung to 
small-scale artisanal methods, 

4470
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:35,900
envisioned something grander, an
industrial growth that could 

4471
03:52:35,908 --> 03:52:39,500
rival, Europe's established 
foundries, His experience is 

4472
03:52:39,500 --> 03:52:42,500
role in Copper for Naval uses 
and casting small cannons during

4473
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:46,700
the war prime him for expansion 
through determined trial and 

4474
03:52:46,700 --> 03:52:49,000
error. 
Revere, built a thriving copper 

4475
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,800
Works in Enterprise, it began 
with smaller tasks producing 

4476
03:52:52,800 --> 03:52:56,200
copper bolts Spike's and 
fittings for local shipyards. 

4477
03:52:56,200 --> 03:52:59,800
Boston, a bustling Maritime Hub,
offered a ready Market? 

4478
03:53:00,800 --> 03:53:03,600
Over time Revere realized the 
potential for roofing large 

4479
03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:06,800
buildings with copper sheets. 
A technique popular in European 

4480
03:53:06,800 --> 03:53:09,100
Cathedrals but rare in the young
United States. 

4481
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:11,900
He also recognized the 
possibility of sheathing. 

4482
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:15,000
The hulls of Wooden Ships with 
copper to prevent wood-boring. 

4483
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:19,300
Pests and reduce Marine growth 
If widely adopted, copper 

4484
03:53:19,300 --> 03:53:20,900
sheathing. 
Could dramatically enhance a 

4485
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:24,200
vessels speed and lifespan. 
Improving profitability for 

4486
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:28,600
shipping companies yet Capital 
was scarce River searched for 

4487
03:53:28,600 --> 03:53:33,400
partners or backers but often 
found skepticism most believed 

4488
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:38,300
large-scale metal work to risky.
Unfazed Revere used his personal

4489
03:53:38,300 --> 03:53:42,300
savings a accumulated from 
Decades of silver work taking on

4490
03:53:42,300 --> 03:53:45,900
loans at high interest range 
shipments of raw Copper from 

4491
03:53:45,900 --> 03:53:47,600
mines and kinetic or further 
afield. 

4492
03:53:48,600 --> 03:53:51,600
By the late 1780s, operated a 
modest Rolling Mill. 

4493
03:53:51,600 --> 03:53:54,400
Over struggled to match, the 
consistency of British Imports 

4494
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:57,400
undeterred. 
He labored to refine techniques 

4495
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:00,300
tinkering with furnace 
temperatures and rolling machine

4496
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:04,500
designs alongside forging a 
copper Empire Revere remained 

4497
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,300
active in Civic life. 
He joined the Massachusetts 

4498
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:10,600
charitable mechanical 
Association which championed 

4499
03:54:10,600 --> 03:54:13,300
tradesman's rights and Advanced 
Mechanical Innovations. 

4500
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:17,000
In addition he oversaw Community
initiatives aimed at improving 

4501
03:54:17,000 --> 03:54:20,900
infrastructure, Boston's roads, 
Bridges and fire services. 

4502
03:54:20,900 --> 03:54:24,100
This Synergy of public service 
and private Enterprise mirror. 

4503
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:27,700
The developing ethos of the new 
Republic were personal success 

4504
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:30,700
and Collective well-being, 
intertwined His family also 

4505
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:34,900
expanded, father to a large 
brood Revere, expected his 

4506
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:37,600
children to learn a trade or 
assist in the family businesses.

4507
03:54:38,300 --> 03:54:41,200
Sons began helping in The 
Foundry learning practical 

4508
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:44,800
skills from their father. 
Daughters were often educated 

4509
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:48,200
enough to maintain household 
finances and even dabble in 

4510
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:50,700
commercial tasks. 
The Revere Clan became a 

4511
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:53,400
microcosm of the emergent middle
class part tradition. 

4512
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:57,300
Bound part 4, looking at times, 
dinner discussions, likely 

4513
03:54:57,300 --> 03:54:59,800
encompassed, everything from 
forging techniques to local 

4514
03:54:59,800 --> 03:55:02,200
politics. 
During this period, the new 

4515
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:04,600
federal government sought to 
strengthen America's Naval 

4516
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:09,300
capacity, threats loomed off the
Barbary Coast where Pirates, 

4517
03:55:09,300 --> 03:55:12,500
seized Merchant ships. 
The US Navy needed, warships, 

4518
03:55:12,500 --> 03:55:16,200
and reverse or his charms. 
He pitched his copper sheathing 

4519
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:19,000
to the government. 
Arguing, that adopting homegrown

4520
03:55:19,000 --> 03:55:21,800
manufacturing would reduce to 
pendants on foreign supplies 

4521
03:55:21,800 --> 03:55:25,300
despite initial reservations 
officials recognize the 

4522
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:30,000
Strategic Advantage by the 
mid-1790s reverse copper found 

4523
03:55:30,000 --> 03:55:33,300
its way onto the USS 
Constitution nicknamed Old 

4524
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:35,900
Ironside. 
A famed frigate and Boston. 

4525
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:39,700
This success was huge 
demonstrated that domestic 

4526
03:55:39,700 --> 03:55:42,200
production could match or exceed
British quality. 

4527
03:55:43,100 --> 03:55:45,900
With pride. 
Revere marched his workers to 

4528
03:55:45,900 --> 03:55:48,800
the Charlestown Navy, yard to 
see the Constitution, outfitted 

4529
03:55:48,800 --> 03:55:50,400
the event. 
Symbolized. 

4530
03:55:50,400 --> 03:55:53,200
The Synergy of industrial 
progress and National Defense. 

4531
03:55:54,000 --> 03:55:56,800
In an era when many still saw 
the us as an agrarian 

4532
03:55:56,800 --> 03:56:00,800
Confederation reverse Pursuits 
hinted at a more industrial 

4533
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:04,500
future, he began receiving more 
orders for Belle, casting too 

4534
03:56:04,500 --> 03:56:07,200
churches. 
Across New England wanted bells 

4535
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,700
that combined pleasing acoustics
with durability, Revere's 

4536
03:56:10,700 --> 03:56:13,200
Foundry, delivered. 
Some of these bells still ring 

4537
03:56:13,200 --> 03:56:15,900
today. 
Even as Revere's renowned grew 

4538
03:56:15,900 --> 03:56:18,300
in manufacturing circles, he 
remained. 

4539
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:20,700
Surprisingly modest about the 
famous midnight ride. 

4540
03:56:20,700 --> 03:56:24,800
He occasionally recounted it for
new acquaintances specially if 

4541
03:56:24,800 --> 03:56:27,900
they recognized his name from 
rumors, but he never wrote a 

4542
03:56:27,908 --> 03:56:29,800
grand Memoir or boasted 
publicly. 

4543
03:56:29,800 --> 03:56:33,900
He seemed more captivated by 
forging new Wares and proving 

4544
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:37,400
his foundries output. 
The ride that would define him 

4545
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:40,900
for posterity was just one 
chapter in his own eyes by the 

4546
03:56:40,900 --> 03:56:44,100
early 1800s. 
Paul Revere was recognized as a 

4547
03:56:44,100 --> 03:56:46,000
leading industrial innovator in 
Massachusetts. 

4548
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:49,900
The Aging Patriots was no longer
the lean Courier bounding off 

4549
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:52,600
into the night. 
Instead he was a solid figure 

4550
03:56:52,600 --> 03:56:55,800
with graying hair strolling 
through a noisy Foundry. 

4551
03:56:55,800 --> 03:56:59,200
Checking the quality of molten 
copper and guiding younger 

4552
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:01,600
Craftsman. 
The remaining engaged in local 

4553
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:04,500
politics advocating for a 
balanced approached Connor's. 

4554
03:57:05,500 --> 03:57:08,200
Occasionally, he accepted 
invitations to speak at 

4555
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:10,900
associations of mechanics, or 
veterans groups, though. 

4556
03:57:10,900 --> 03:57:13,700
These gatherings rarely match 
the Grandeur of modern rallies. 

4557
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,000
Kept the focus on practical 
improvements and communal 

4558
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:20,100
responsibilities values. 
Forged in a life that bridged 

4559
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,600
Revolution and the forging of a 
new economic order. 

4560
03:57:22,600 --> 03:57:26,600
Thus, Paul, Revere Advanced from
revolutionary Messenger to 

4561
03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:30,100
full-fledged industrial Pioneer 
where once he had hammered 

4562
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:33,400
silver teapots, he now shaped 
the nation's Naval might the 

4563
03:57:33,400 --> 03:57:36,600
drive for Independence, which 
once motivated him to ride 

4564
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:39,000
overnight. 
Now fueled, an economic vision 

4565
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:43,100
for a stable, self-reliant to 
America and ambition that amply 

4566
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:45,400
demonstrated, the Synergy 
between Enterprise and 

4567
03:57:45,400 --> 03:57:47,500
patriotism. 
Paul Revere's. 

4568
03:57:47,500 --> 03:57:50,600
Final decades saw him celebrated
in local circles as an 

4569
03:57:50,600 --> 03:57:53,600
accomplished businessman 
installed at voice in civic 

4570
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:55,100
affairs. 
Yet. 

4571
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:58,200
Ironically, his renowned as a 
revolutionary hero was 

4572
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:00,200
comparatively subdued during his
lifetime. 

4573
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,300
Public commemoration of the war.
Typically highlighted generals 

4574
03:58:04,300 --> 03:58:08,200
like Washington or statement 
like franklyn. the intra cases 

4575
03:58:08,200 --> 03:58:10,400
of Revere's, midnight ride were 
known amongst certain 

4576
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:14,600
bostonians, but no single poem, 
all Whiteley circulated account 

4577
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:17,800
yet in his role As the 19th 
century. 

4578
03:58:17,800 --> 03:58:22,300
Dawned River watched Boston 
transform the City's population,

4579
03:58:22,300 --> 03:58:25,700
swelled new commercial 
opportunities arose, along the 

4580
03:58:25,708 --> 03:58:28,500
waterfront. 
He kept pace with these changes 

4581
03:58:28,500 --> 03:58:31,300
updating his foundries 
techniques and occasionally 

4582
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:34,900
pretending Innovations. 
He also mentored younger artists

4583
03:58:34,900 --> 03:58:37,600
passing along the same ethos of 
diligence and 

4584
03:58:37,608 --> 03:58:39,300
community-mindedness that guided
him. 

4585
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:43,000
And Quiet Moments. 
He reflected on Friends lost or 

4586
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:46,600
scattered by War on how an 
unassuming silversmith like him 

4587
03:58:46,600 --> 03:58:49,700
once walked a perilous line 
between colonial law and 

4588
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:53,700
Rebellion, his personal life 
remained anchored in family by 

4589
03:58:53,700 --> 03:58:56,600
now, multiple children assisted 
in The Foundry. 

4590
03:58:57,300 --> 03:59:01,100
Grandchildren scampered through 
the workshop yard, occasionally,

4591
03:59:01,100 --> 03:59:05,700
mesmerized by glowing furnaces 
Revere, most Stern, about safety

4592
03:59:05,700 --> 03:59:08,000
allowed them. 
Glimpses of the molten copper 

4593
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:12,600
hoping to spark curiosity rather
than fear Letters from this 

4594
03:59:12,600 --> 03:59:15,900
period reveal a man juggling 
paternal Pride Financial 

4595
03:59:15,900 --> 03:59:19,700
concerns and deep gratitude for 
living to see an independent 

4596
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:21,900
republic. 
Flourish, the occasionally 

4597
03:59:21,900 --> 03:59:23,900
traveled to observe new 
industrial sites. 

4598
03:59:24,600 --> 03:59:27,600
One visit to Philadelphia's Iron
Works fascinated him. 

4599
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:31,900
He swapped him notes with other 
entrepreneurs about scale costs 

4600
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:34,300
and workforce management 
everywhere. 

4601
03:59:34,300 --> 03:59:38,200
He went people recognized him, 
as that Boston Craftsman who had

4602
03:59:38,200 --> 03:59:40,200
helped found an American 
manufacturing base. 

4603
03:59:41,000 --> 03:59:43,500
The dinners or Tavern. 
Gatherings he sometimes heard 

4604
03:59:43,500 --> 03:59:45,800
Recollections of the Revolution 
with others. 

4605
03:59:45,800 --> 03:59:49,900
Praising famous generals while 
Revere, politely listened If 

4606
03:59:49,900 --> 03:59:55,000
asked directly about April 18th 
1775, he shared details, but 

4607
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:58,500
mostly he avoided embellishment.
He never sought to overshadow. 

4608
03:59:58,500 --> 04:00:01,500
The memory of the many patriots 
who fought and fell after that 

4609
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:05,800
fateful night. 
In 1811 Revere decided to retire

4610
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:08,900
officially from daily management
hand in control of The Foundry 

4611
04:00:08,900 --> 04:00:12,100
to his sons and other trusted 
Associates by that point. 

4612
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:15,500
His name carried, waiting 
commercial contracts, the Revere

4613
04:00:15,500 --> 04:00:19,700
brand as it were gave Assurance 
of quality Freed From The Grind 

4614
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:21,900
of business. 
He spent more time reflecting on

4615
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:25,200
the young nation's political 
evolution, the War of 1812 

4616
04:00:25,200 --> 04:00:28,300
erupted soon. 
After pitting, the US again 

4617
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:31,500
against Brooklyn from his 
Vantage Revere found it both 

4618
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:34,600
disheartening and validating 
disheartening that conflict 

4619
04:00:34,600 --> 04:00:37,600
re-emerged yet validating 
because it underscored the 

4620
04:00:37,608 --> 04:00:40,100
importance of domestic industry 
in times of strife. 

4621
04:00:41,100 --> 04:00:44,000
Despite his Advanced stage 
Revere, occasionally wrote 

4622
04:00:44,000 --> 04:00:47,000
letters of encouragement to 
militia officers, reminding them

4623
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:49,600
of the vital role. 
Local defense played during the 

4624
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:52,800
early Revolution. 
He also supported volunteer 

4625
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:56,400
committees raising funds for 
fortifications, not being active

4626
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:59,800
on the front lines, he 
remembered the lessons of 1775. 

4627
04:00:59,800 --> 04:01:02,900
Local preparedness could 
significantly influence the 

4628
04:01:02,908 --> 04:01:05,200
outcome. 
Some historians note, that 

4629
04:01:05,200 --> 04:01:08,300
behind the scenes Revere's 
Foundry, contributed Canon 

4630
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:11,000
parts, for the war effort 
though, on a smaller scale than 

4631
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:13,000
before. 
Paul Revere died. 

4632
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:18,400
On May 10th 1818 at the age of 
83 obituaries in Boston 

4633
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:20,200
newspapers. 
Praised him as a master 

4634
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:23,800
silversmith, an industrious 
founder and a patriot of the 

4635
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:26,800
Revolution that they offered 
only cursory mention of his 

4636
04:01:26,800 --> 04:01:29,000
midnight ride instead of 
mourning. 

4637
04:01:29,000 --> 04:01:32,300
A legendary figure, the city 
mourned a respected, Community 

4638
04:01:32,300 --> 04:01:35,800
pillar indeed. 
Reverse funeral was a modest 

4639
04:01:35,800 --> 04:01:39,200
Affair attended by family 
friends and fellow artists and 

4640
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:42,200
to them. 
He was old Mr. Revere wise in 

4641
04:01:42,200 --> 04:01:44,300
Council and wavering and 
principles. 

4642
04:01:45,100 --> 04:01:47,700
Over the ensuing decades, 
memories of the Revolution 

4643
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:49,600
Consolidated into a national 
myth. 

4644
04:01:50,300 --> 04:01:53,500
Monumental events, overshadowed 
the gritty day-to-day 

4645
04:01:53,500 --> 04:01:55,300
contributions of ordinary 
Patriots. 

4646
04:01:55,300 --> 04:02:00,100
Then in 1860 Henry, Wadsworth 
Longfellow published Paul 

4647
04:02:00,100 --> 04:02:03,700
Revere's Ride, immortalizing 
Revere as the Lone Hero, who 

4648
04:02:03,700 --> 04:02:06,600
raised the alarm. 
The poem while stirring took 

4649
04:02:06,600 --> 04:02:10,200
Liberties omitting the network 
of compatriots and crediting 

4650
04:02:10,200 --> 04:02:12,600
Revere with Feats shared among 
multiple Riders. 

4651
04:02:12,600 --> 04:02:17,200
Its dramatic lines though. 
Historically imprecise resonated

4652
04:02:17,200 --> 04:02:20,600
with Americans on the brink of 
Civil War, reminding them of the

4653
04:02:20,600 --> 04:02:25,500
unity once forged in crisis. 
Thus ironically Revere's, 

4654
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:28,200
posthumous Fame soared to 
Heights, he never experienced 

4655
04:02:28,200 --> 04:02:31,600
while alive. 
Statues Rose textbooks 

4656
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:34,100
proclaimed him the prime 
instigator of the revolution's 

4657
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:37,600
opening, Salvo the complexity of
his broader life. 

4658
04:02:37,600 --> 04:02:41,500
His industrial Ventures. 
His engraving, his lesser known 

4659
04:02:41,508 --> 04:02:45,600
military Fiasco's, often Faded 
by the single story of a 

4660
04:02:45,600 --> 04:02:48,900
midnight dash yet. 
Reverse life exemplifies, more 

4661
04:02:48,900 --> 04:02:51,700
than an iconic ride. 
It reflects the Synergy of 

4662
04:02:51,708 --> 04:02:56,000
Kraft, Commerce activism and 
civic responsibility, in shaping

4663
04:02:56,000 --> 04:02:59,800
a fledgling Nation. that Synergy
perhaps is the greatest 

4664
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:04,000
Testament to the man who ended 
As an unassuming elderly 

4665
04:03:04,000 --> 04:03:07,100
industrialist yet endures and 
Collective memory are Strider. 

4666
04:03:07,100 --> 04:03:11,600
Galloping horse long after Paul 
Revere's passing historians 

4667
04:03:11,600 --> 04:03:13,300
piece together a fuller portrait
of his life. 

4668
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:17,400
Transcending, the narrow lens of
that famous ride, documents 

4669
04:03:17,400 --> 04:03:20,700
emerged shop, Ledges personal 
letters Court. 

4670
04:03:20,700 --> 04:03:22,700
Martial records from the 
Penobscot Expedition. 

4671
04:03:22,700 --> 04:03:26,100
Showcasing a man constantly 
evolving with the times. 

4672
04:03:27,000 --> 04:03:29,400
Such evidence clarified that 
Revere significance. 

4673
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:33,000
Lay not in one heroic Knight but
in a sustained commitment to 

4674
04:03:33,000 --> 04:03:37,100
building Community ties, forging
new Industries and championing a

4675
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:40,000
cause he believed just In modern
Boston. 

4676
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,500
Tourists throng, the Freedom 
Trail winding pass site. 

4677
04:03:43,500 --> 04:03:46,400
Like the old North Church where 
docents recount the signal 

4678
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:50,200
lanterns Revere's. 
House painstakingly preserved, 

4679
04:03:50,200 --> 04:03:54,500
stanzas and example of 17th 
century architecture adapted by 

4680
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:58,600
an 18th century Craftsman, 
visitors, Marvel at the cramped 

4681
04:03:58,600 --> 04:04:00,700
rooms where children must have 
crowded together. 

4682
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:04,400
And at the workshop, space out 
back where Revere chased 

4683
04:04:04,400 --> 04:04:07,700
creative ideas that shaped 
silver into everything from 

4684
04:04:07,700 --> 04:04:10,900
teapots to intricate Buckles in 
the yard. 

4685
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:13,600
One can almost imagine him 
conferring with secret 

4686
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:16,400
committees or stepping out at 
dusk for a quiet conversation 

4687
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:18,400
with a fellow Sons of Liberty 
member. 

4688
04:04:19,200 --> 04:04:23,500
Reverse industrial Legacy. 
Also lingers the copper, clad 

4689
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:27,500
USS Constitution still floats. 
In the Charlestown Navy Yard a 

4690
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:29,500
testament to his metallurgical 
foresight. 

4691
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,000
Bells cast in his Foundry 
continued to ring in churches, 

4692
04:04:33,000 --> 04:04:35,800
across New England. 
These artifacts speak to a 

4693
04:04:35,808 --> 04:04:39,400
principal Revere championed that
self-sufficiency and local 

4694
04:04:39,400 --> 04:04:42,100
craftsmanship. 
Buttress, freedom in a young 

4695
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:43,700
Republic uncertain of its 
future. 

4696
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:47,800
He demonstrated that made in 
America was not a pipe dream but

4697
04:04:47,800 --> 04:04:50,600
a workable reality. 
Given enough Ingenuity and 

4698
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:54,400
perseverance. 
Academic discourse has also. 

4699
04:04:54,400 --> 04:04:57,500
Refined Revere's place in 
Revolutionary history while 

4700
04:04:57,500 --> 04:05:00,000
Longfellows poem, romanticized 
Alone Ryder. 

4701
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,800
Scholarship highlights a broader
Network known as the intelligent

4702
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:07,600
and alarm system dozens of 
riders, Watchers and committee 

4703
04:05:07,600 --> 04:05:11,900
members, made that April 1775 
next to success Revere's role 

4704
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:14,200
was crucial, but not singular, 
even. 

4705
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:17,800
So the poems popularity stuck, 
capturing the hearts of 

4706
04:05:17,800 --> 04:05:20,200
generations who found 
inspiration in the notion that 

4707
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:24,200
one person fueled by conviction,
might Rouse a people to defend 

4708
04:05:24,200 --> 04:05:26,700
Liberty, some argue that the 
Legends. 

4709
04:05:26,700 --> 04:05:28,900
Simplicity overshadowed the 
truth of collective action, 

4710
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:32,700
While others contend it provided
a rallying simple more powerful 

4711
04:05:32,700 --> 04:05:37,000
than any purely factual account.
contemporary portrayals whether 

4712
04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:40,000
in children's books or 
historical dramas, balance the 

4713
04:05:40,000 --> 04:05:43,600
factual Paul Revere with the 
Mythic figure, They mention his 

4714
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:46,600
silver shop, his involvement in 
the Boston Tea Party and his 

4715
04:05:46,600 --> 04:05:48,900
lesson known Feats on the famed 
ride. 

4716
04:05:48,900 --> 04:05:53,200
They note how he bridged 
multiple roles Artisan, father 

4717
04:05:53,200 --> 04:05:56,900
activist Soldier, and 
entrepreneur, Teachers use his 

4718
04:05:56,900 --> 04:05:59,400
story to illustrate how 
revolutions depend on every day.

4719
04:05:59,400 --> 04:06:03,600
Citizens stepping forward not 
just charismatic, generals In 

4720
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:06,800
this sense, Revere embodies the 
idea that significant changes 

4721
04:06:06,800 --> 04:06:11,000
fueled by many hands each 
contributing specialized talents

4722
04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:15,100
reverse transformation into a 
national icon, carries lessons 

4723
04:06:15,100 --> 04:06:18,100
about how history and memory 
intercept, he left behind. 

4724
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,800
No bombastic, Diaries rather, 
his records were pragmatic 

4725
04:06:21,800 --> 04:06:24,700
receipts for silver items. 
Letters about shipments of 

4726
04:06:24,708 --> 04:06:27,700
copper brief. 
Note on local militia tasks, the

4727
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:30,300
shift from Modest business 
documents to Mythic status 

4728
04:06:30,300 --> 04:06:31,800
suggests. 
That wants a narrative. 

4729
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,800
Resonates with national 
sentiment, it acquires a life of

4730
04:06:34,808 --> 04:06:38,500
its own Paul Revere, the stands 
as both a historical figure 

4731
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:42,400
verifiable multifaceted and a 
cultural emblem shaped by 

4732
04:06:42,400 --> 04:06:46,000
poetry, public monuments, and 
retellings, the emphasized drama

4733
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:48,600
of nuance. 
For people reflecting on the 

4734
04:06:48,600 --> 04:06:51,000
Revere's life. 
Today he offers a model of 

4735
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:54,600
adaptability he was not locked 
into a single path facing 

4736
04:06:54,600 --> 04:06:57,700
challenges where the paternal 
loss in adolescents, British 

4737
04:06:57,700 --> 04:06:59,900
crackdowns or post-war economic 
chaos. 

4738
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:04,300
He recalibrated That 
adaptability underscores. 

4739
04:07:04,300 --> 04:07:07,600
A universal truth. 
The capacity to Pivot in crises 

4740
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:11,300
Fosters resilience, whether in 
the forging of a new nation or 

4741
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:15,000
impersonal life transitions. 
Ultimately, the Paul Revere 

4742
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:16,700
story is more than an evening 
Dash. 

4743
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:19,000
It's a tapestry of 
craftsmanship. 

4744
04:07:19,700 --> 04:07:22,500
Activism community building and 
Industrial ambition. 

4745
04:07:22,500 --> 04:07:26,100
Each thread adds depth to the 
Revolutionary narrative. 

4746
04:07:27,100 --> 04:07:30,600
And while the phrase one, if by 
land two, if by Sea Rings 

4747
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:33,900
Through the Ages The Reel. 
Revere thrived on forging 

4748
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:37,600
alliances and relentlessly 
solving problems his memory in 

4749
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:41,400
dues in hammered silver in The 
Echoes of church bells and in 

4750
04:07:41,400 --> 04:07:42,800
the forging of a collective 
identity. 

4751
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:45,200
That transcends, any single 
heroic moment. 

4752
04:07:46,100 --> 04:07:50,300
In that sense, reverse life. 
Exemplifies how a determined 

4753
04:07:50,300 --> 04:07:53,900
citizen can indeed shape 
history, quietly weaving, 

4754
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:57,000
purpose into every role. 
He fills leaving behind an 

4755
04:07:57,000 --> 04:07:59,800
imprint that resonates well 
beyond the midnight calls War. 

4756
04:08:09,100 --> 04:08:11,800
picture yourself settling into 
the evening, warmth of your 

4757
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:17,400
shelter, 30,000 years ago, The 
fire crackles softly beside you,

4758
04:08:17,400 --> 04:08:21,300
casting dancing Shadows, on 
stone walls, that have become 

4759
04:08:21,300 --> 04:08:25,200
more familiar than any home 
you've ever known. outside the 

4760
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:27,300
wind carries a different song 
than it did in your 

4761
04:08:27,308 --> 04:08:31,500
grandfather's time sharper 
colder with an edge that speaks 

4762
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:35,300
of changes, your people are 
still learning to understand You

4763
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:37,400
weren't born when the world 
began its slow. 

4764
04:08:37,400 --> 04:08:40,800
Slide toward endless winter. 
Your grandmother used to tell 

4765
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:44,700
stories of forest that stretched
Beyond the Horizon of berries. 

4766
04:08:44,700 --> 04:08:48,600
So abundantly, they stained your
fingers purple for days and of 

4767
04:08:48,600 --> 04:08:50,900
rivers that never wore their 
Crystal armor of ice. 

4768
04:08:51,600 --> 04:08:55,700
Those Tails, like dreams warm 
and impossible told around fires

4769
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:57,500
that seemed smaller each passing
season. 

4770
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:02,000
Changed didn't announce itself 
with Fanfare nature. 

4771
04:09:02,000 --> 04:09:06,400
Rarely does in whispered its 
intentions through subtle signs 

4772
04:09:06,400 --> 04:09:10,300
that took generations to decode.
Winter's stretched a little 

4773
04:09:10,308 --> 04:09:13,000
longer. 
Spring arrived with hesitant 

4774
04:09:13,000 --> 04:09:15,400
steps. 
The great herds began their 

4775
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:18,600
migrations earlier. 
Then later along paths that made

4776
04:09:18,600 --> 04:09:21,400
no sense to Hunters who had 
followed the same routes for 

4777
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:25,100
countless Seasons, your people 
adapted the way humans always 

4778
04:09:25,100 --> 04:09:29,100
have not with grand gestures but
with 1,000 small adjustments, 

4779
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:32,700
that felt natural at the time. 
When the familiar berry bushes, 

4780
04:09:32,700 --> 04:09:35,400
fail to thrive you learned which
bark could be tuned for 

4781
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,100
sustenance. 
When the streams began freezing 

4782
04:09:38,100 --> 04:09:41,800
solid, you discovered that 
certain Stones when heated by 

4783
04:09:41,800 --> 04:09:44,800
the fire, could be wrapped in 
high and tucked against your 

4784
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:47,800
body to ward off the bone, deep 
cold that crept in during the 

4785
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:50,700
longest nights. 
The mammoths those walking 

4786
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:54,000
mountains of fur and wisdom 
became your unwitting teachers. 

4787
04:09:54,000 --> 04:09:58,000
You watched them strip bark from
trees with their enormous Trunks

4788
04:09:58,000 --> 04:10:00,900
and learned which varieties held
the most nutrition. 

4789
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:04,800
You observed, how they use their
tusks to dig through snow, to 

4790
04:10:04,800 --> 04:10:07,500
reach the Hardy grasses, 
beneath, and copied their 

4791
04:10:07,500 --> 04:10:10,200
technique with your tools, crude
but effective. 

4792
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:13,800
But perhaps the most important 
lesson came from watching how 

4793
04:10:13,800 --> 04:10:16,900
they moved together. 
Never alone always in their 

4794
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:20,600
family groups, sharing warmth, 
sharing knowledge, and sharing 

4795
04:10:20,600 --> 04:10:24,300
the burden of survival. 
Your people had always been so 

4796
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:26,900
social creatures, but the 
growing cold taught you that 

4797
04:10:26,908 --> 04:10:28,400
cooperation wasn't just 
Pleasant. 

4798
04:10:28,400 --> 04:10:32,700
It was essential caves, you 
called home, grew more crowded, 

4799
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:36,400
but also more warm Bodies 
pressed together meant sharing 

4800
04:10:36,400 --> 04:10:41,700
heat stories and Hope. 
The elders, once content to sit 

4801
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:44,900
apart in quiet, contemplation 
became the keepers of crucial 

4802
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:47,200
knowledge. 
They remembered which plants 

4803
04:10:47,200 --> 04:10:50,500
could be dried and stored, which
animal behaviors, predicted 

4804
04:10:50,500 --> 04:10:53,100
harsh weather and which 
technique worked best for 

4805
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:56,800
preserving meat when hunting was
beneficial, you learned to read 

4806
04:10:56,800 --> 04:11:00,200
the sky with new eyes cloud, 
formations that, once simply 

4807
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:02,200
promised rain. 
Now held messages about the 

4808
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:07,000
severity of coming storms, The 
way snowfall thickened wet or 

4809
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:09,000
fine. 
And stinging told you whether to

4810
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:12,200
venture out for supplies or 
hunker down for days, even the 

4811
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:14,800
behavior of small creatures 
became a language, you needed to

4812
04:11:14,800 --> 04:11:18,000
understand. 
When the hardy ground squirrels 

4813
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:20,900
disappeared deeper into their 
boroughs, you knew to do the 

4814
04:11:20,900 --> 04:11:22,600
same. 
The fire never went out. 

4815
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:26,600
That became your tribes, most 
sacred rule more important than 

4816
04:11:26,600 --> 04:11:30,200
any ceremony or tradition. 
Someone always watch the Flames.

4817
04:11:30,200 --> 04:11:33,900
Fed them carefully hoarded Fuel 
and protected them from wind and

4818
04:11:33,900 --> 04:11:36,900
rain and the thousand things 
that could steal away your 

4819
04:11:36,900 --> 04:11:40,600
Lifeline to warmth and light the
FireKeepers developed an almost 

4820
04:11:40,600 --> 04:11:44,800
mystical understanding of wood 
and Tinder knowing instinctively

4821
04:11:44,800 --> 04:11:47,900
which materials would burn 
longest which would provide the 

4822
04:11:47,900 --> 04:11:51,300
most heat and which could be 
coaxed into flame even when damp

4823
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:54,500
As you lay here, listening to 
the internal conversation 

4824
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:57,000
between flame and fuel. 
You can almost sense the 

4825
04:11:57,008 --> 04:12:00,600
generations of your ancestors 
who sat in similar spots, watch 

4826
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:03,800
similar fires and made daily 
decisions that determined 

4827
04:12:03,800 --> 04:12:06,500
whether they would see another 
sunrise or succumb to the cold, 

4828
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:08,800
There was some flows through 
you. 

4829
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:12,000
Like warmth from the half and 
inheritance more pressure than 

4830
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:14,600
any material. 
Treasure morning, arrives with 

4831
04:12:14,600 --> 04:12:17,400
the particular silence. 
That only deep snow can create 

4832
04:12:18,400 --> 04:12:21,700
You wake to a world muffled and 
transformed where Familiar 

4833
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:25,600
landmarks hide beneath white 
blankets and every step outside 

4834
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:30,100
requires, careful consideration.
This is your daily puzzle. 

4835
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:33,500
Now, reading the landscape that 
changes overnight learning to 

4836
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:35,300
see opportunity where others 
might see. 

4837
04:12:35,300 --> 04:12:38,800
Only obstacle your feet have 
grown wise over the years 

4838
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:42,100
knowing without looking where 
the hidden rocks creates solid 

4839
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:43,900
footing. 
And where the snow might give 

4840
04:12:43,900 --> 04:12:46,000
way to reveal a twisted ankle or
worse. 

4841
04:12:46,800 --> 04:12:49,500
You've learned to trust the 
subtle messages, your body sends

4842
04:12:49,500 --> 04:12:52,800
the way your breathing changes 
in different kinds of cold. 

4843
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:55,800
How your skin tingles, when the 
air holds the promise of more 

4844
04:12:55,800 --> 04:12:58,100
snow than the particular aching 
your joints? 

4845
04:12:58,100 --> 04:13:00,200
That means the weather will 
shift before nightfall. 

4846
04:13:00,200 --> 04:13:04,400
The hunting has changed becoming
more of a chess game than a 

4847
04:13:04,400 --> 04:13:06,600
Chase. 
The large prey animals have 

4848
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,800
developed their own Survival 
strategies, clustering and 

4849
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,400
sheltered valleys. 
Growing thicker coats and 

4850
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:14,400
becoming more wary and difficult
to approach. 

4851
04:13:15,500 --> 04:13:17,000
But you've noticed something 
interesting. 

4852
04:13:17,000 --> 04:13:19,900
There are also becoming more 
predictable in some ways 

4853
04:13:19,900 --> 04:13:24,200
desperation creates patterns and
Trends create opportunities for 

4854
04:13:24,200 --> 04:13:26,100
those patient enough to observe 
and learn. 

4855
04:13:26,100 --> 04:13:29,700
You found that tracking in snow 
presents, both advantages and 

4856
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:32,600
challenges compared to the mud 
during warmer seasons. 

4857
04:13:33,500 --> 04:13:36,500
The prince tell clearer stories.
How long ago the creature 

4858
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:39,700
passed, whether it was healthy 
or struggling, whether it was 

4859
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:43,600
alone or part of a group. 
However, snow also deceived 

4860
04:13:43,600 --> 04:13:48,000
shifting and drifting concealing
tracks, or generating false ones

4861
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:50,300
as wind patterns, manipulate the
accumulated power. 

4862
04:13:51,400 --> 04:13:56,300
The smaller prey has become your
specialty, rabbits Ptarmigan the

4863
04:13:56,300 --> 04:13:59,600
occasional beaver when you can 
find Open Water a creatures that

4864
04:13:59,600 --> 04:14:01,700
might have gone unnoticed in 
times of Plenty. 

4865
04:14:01,700 --> 04:14:04,500
That now represent the 
difference between a successful 

4866
04:14:04,500 --> 04:14:08,800
day and an empty belly You've 
learned to think like them to 

4867
04:14:08,800 --> 04:14:12,000
understand how they move through
their Frozen world where they 

4868
04:14:12,000 --> 04:14:15,200
shelter, and what drives them 
from safety into the open where 

4869
04:14:15,200 --> 04:14:16,300
patient Hunters. 
Wait. 

4870
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:19,700
Ice fishing has become an art 
form in your tribe. 

4871
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:23,600
The eldest, teach youngsters to 
read the ice like a book where 

4872
04:14:23,600 --> 04:14:26,500
it's thick enough to support a 
person's weight, where the fish 

4873
04:14:26,508 --> 04:14:29,500
Gather in the deeper Pockets 
that don't freeze solid and how 

4874
04:14:29,500 --> 04:14:32,200
to cut holes without creating 
dangerous weaknesses in the 

4875
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:35,100
surface. 
There's a meditative quality to 

4876
04:14:35,100 --> 04:14:38,500
sitting beside these holes 
wrapped in Furs waiting for the 

4877
04:14:38,500 --> 04:14:39,800
subtle tug. 
That means dinner. 

4878
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:43,300
But perhaps the most crucial 
skill you've developed is the 

4879
04:14:43,300 --> 04:14:46,000
ability to recognize what you 
call gift days. 

4880
04:14:46,800 --> 04:14:49,400
Those unexpected breaks in the 
weather when the sun shines with

4881
04:14:49,400 --> 04:14:53,400
almost forgotten warmth when the
wind dies down to a whisper when

4882
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:57,200
the world briefly remembers what
kindness feels like these days 

4883
04:14:57,200 --> 04:15:00,000
are precious beyond measure 
opportunities, to venture 

4884
04:15:00,000 --> 04:15:03,600
farther from shelter. 
Check trap lines and gather, the

4885
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:06,400
last stubborn berries that 
somehow survived the latest 

4886
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:10,600
freeze, On gift days, you can 
almost pretend that this endless

4887
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:13,900
winter, might be temporary that 
Somewhere Beyond the Horizon. 

4888
04:15:13,900 --> 04:15:17,600
The world still holds green 
places where life continues in 

4889
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:20,400
the old ways. 
But you've grown to wise to let 

4890
04:15:20,400 --> 04:15:23,700
such thoughts Ling along, hope 
is useful, but only when 

4891
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,100
balanced with realistic 
preparation for what tomorrow 

4892
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:29,500
might bring the night sky is 
become your calendar and compass

4893
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:33,100
with so many landmarks buried 
under snow navigation. 

4894
04:15:33,100 --> 04:15:36,000
Relies more heavily on the stars
that shine with crystalline 

4895
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:38,700
clarity through the cold thin 
air. 

4896
04:15:39,800 --> 04:15:42,600
You've learned constellations 
your grandmother never needed to

4897
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,400
know and seasonal patterns that 
help track the slow passage of 

4898
04:15:46,408 --> 04:15:48,800
time. 
When each day Blends into the 

4899
04:15:48,800 --> 04:15:53,200
next, in an endless cycle of 
survival tasks, your hands have 

4900
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:55,700
become tools as specialized as 
any carved. 

4901
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:58,700
Implement your fingers can 
detect the difference between 

4902
04:15:58,700 --> 04:16:02,100
snow that will compact into 
building material and snow that 

4903
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:03,500
will only frustrate 
construction. 

4904
04:16:03,500 --> 04:16:06,300
Efforts your palms. 
Can Engage The Heat radiating 

4905
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:09,600
from Stones around the fire 
knowing precisely when they're 

4906
04:16:09,600 --> 04:16:12,800
ready to be used for warming 
beds or drying damp clothing. 

4907
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:16,100
The rhythm of your days is 
settled into patterns that would

4908
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:18,400
seem monotonous to someone from 
easier times. 

4909
04:16:18,400 --> 04:16:21,600
But you've learned to find 
subtle variations that keep life

4910
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:24,200
exciting. 
The way morning, light hits the 

4911
04:16:24,200 --> 04:16:27,700
ice formation's outside your 
shelter changes daily, creating 

4912
04:16:27,700 --> 04:16:30,200
a natural artwork that costs 
nothing to enjoy. 

4913
04:16:31,900 --> 04:16:34,400
The Sounds your fellow tribe 
members make as they go about 

4914
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:37,400
their tasks become a familiar 
Symphony, that speaks of safety 

4915
04:16:37,400 --> 04:16:41,100
and Community, even your dreams 
have adapted to this Frozen 

4916
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:44,400
World filled with images of 
warmth and abundance that feel 

4917
04:16:44,400 --> 04:16:47,700
less like memories and more like
promises vision of a future. 

4918
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:50,200
When the ice Retreats and the 
world remembers how to be green.

4919
04:16:50,200 --> 04:16:53,200
Again, you've become a master of
the almost good enough, the 

4920
04:16:53,200 --> 04:16:56,600
nearly perfect solution and the 
creative workaround, that turns 

4921
04:16:56,600 --> 04:17:00,300
potential disaster into mining 
inconvenience every morning. 

4922
04:17:00,300 --> 04:17:03,900
Just like every other presents, 
a small crisis that requires 

4923
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:07,000
resolution using whatever 
materials are readily available 

4924
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:11,000
within your shelter's reach. 
Today's challenge The Binding on

4925
04:17:11,000 --> 04:17:14,300
your best winter boot. 
Has finally given up worn 

4926
04:17:14,300 --> 04:17:17,500
through by countless miles of 
walking on surfaces that would 

4927
04:17:17,500 --> 04:17:21,300
have destroyed Footwear in days,
rather than Seasons back when 

4928
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:23,100
replacement materials were 
easily found. 

4929
04:17:24,500 --> 04:17:26,900
But replacement isn't really the
right word anymore. 

4930
04:17:26,900 --> 04:17:30,600
Nothing gets replaced, 
everything gets repaired 

4931
04:17:30,600 --> 04:17:34,200
repurposed and reimagined into 
something that serves the same 

4932
04:17:34,200 --> 04:17:36,500
function more or less for a 
little while longer. 

4933
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:40,200
You evaluate your options with 
the expertise of someone who has

4934
04:17:40,200 --> 04:17:43,300
tackled similar issues. 
Numerous times, the leather 

4935
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:46,500
strips you've been saving might 
work but there are earmarked for

4936
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:49,000
a repair to the shelter's door 
covering that becomes more 

4937
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,700
urgent with each windstorm. 
The sinew from last week's 

4938
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:56,300
successful Hunters already spoke
in for promise to reinforce the 

4939
04:17:56,300 --> 04:17:59,100
handle on tools that can't 
afford to fail at crucial 

4940
04:17:59,100 --> 04:18:01,800
moments. 
Then you remember the inner bark

4941
04:18:01,800 --> 04:18:05,100
technique, one of the elders, 
demonstrated last Autumn back 

4942
04:18:05,100 --> 04:18:08,100
when such knowledge like 
intriguing trivia rather than 

4943
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:12,900
essential survival skills. 
Certain trees even in their 

4944
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:15,500
winter dormancy hold flexible 
fibers. 

4945
04:18:15,500 --> 04:18:19,400
Just beneath their out of bark. 
Finding the right tree means a 

4946
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:22,600
cold walk through snow, that 
comes up to your thighs, but the

4947
04:18:22,600 --> 04:18:25,200
alternative is spending the rest
of winter within adequate 

4948
04:18:25,200 --> 04:18:27,600
Footwear, which isn't really an 
alternative at all. 

4949
04:18:27,608 --> 04:18:30,900
The Expedition becomes an 
opportunity to check the Trap 

4950
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:32,900
lines. 
You set three days ago, a 

4951
04:18:32,900 --> 04:18:35,100
hopeful exercise that pays off 
more often than you might 

4952
04:18:35,100 --> 04:18:37,800
expect. 
Small creatures continue to move

4953
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:40,800
through their Frozen World, 
following needs and instincts 

4954
04:18:40,800 --> 04:18:43,300
that make them predictable to 
anyone who has learned to think 

4955
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:47,500
like prey rather than Predator. 
You find evidence of activity. 

4956
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:51,200
Tracks that speak of desperate 
hunger, overcoming natural 

4957
04:18:51,200 --> 04:18:53,400
caution. 
The kind of desperation that 

4958
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:57,200
drives animals into situations. 
They would normally avoid this 

4959
04:18:57,200 --> 04:19:00,200
knowledge feels like holding a 
secret understanding. 

4960
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:03,100
Something about how survival 
changes behavior in ways that 

4961
04:19:03,100 --> 04:19:06,500
can be anticipated and used the 
bark harvesting requires, 

4962
04:19:06,500 --> 04:19:09,000
patience and technique that 
would have baffled your youngest

4963
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:11,300
self. 
If you are overly aggressive, 

4964
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,100
you risk, damaging the tree 
Beyond its capacity to recover 

4965
04:19:14,100 --> 04:19:18,000
when the warmer weather returns.
If you are overly cautious, you 

4966
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:20,700
may not obtain sufficient 
material to justify the effort. 

4967
04:19:21,600 --> 04:19:24,600
The balance point exists in that
narrow space between waist and 

4968
04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:27,700
want the place where most of 
your decisions live these days 

4969
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:30,600
back at the shelter, the work of
preparation begins. 

4970
04:19:30,600 --> 04:19:34,500
We must process soften and 
braid, the bark to make it 

4971
04:19:34,508 --> 04:19:37,500
sturdy enough to withstand 
another season of rigorous use. 

4972
04:19:38,200 --> 04:19:40,300
Your hands know this work. 
Intimately now. 

4973
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:42,900
Fingers. 
Moving with practice efficiency 

4974
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:45,800
while your mind, wanders to 
other problems that need solving

4975
04:19:45,800 --> 04:19:49,200
the food stores, require 
constant attention and creative 

4976
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:51,600
management. 
What seemed like adequate 

4977
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:53,500
supplies when the snow began to 
fall. 

4978
04:19:53,500 --> 04:19:56,200
Now need to be stretched further
than originally planned. 

4979
04:19:56,200 --> 04:19:59,200
You've learned to make soup from
ingredients, that would have 

4980
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:02,900
been discarded in easier times 
bones boiled until they release 

4981
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:05,500
every possible. 
Nutrient vegetation that 

4982
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:09,200
provides bulk if not flavor and 
combinations that work better 

4983
04:20:09,200 --> 04:20:11,500
than their individual components
suggests, they should. 

4984
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:14,600
But perhaps the most important 
thing, you've learned is how to 

4985
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:16,800
turn scarcity into a kind of 
game. 

4986
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:20,600
Discovering Innovative methods 
to utilize well known materials 

4987
04:20:20,600 --> 04:20:23,400
turns into a challenge in task 
that is rewarding in its own 

4988
04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:26,100
right? 
Creating comfort from unlikely 

4989
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:28,600
sources. 
Develops into a skill set, that 

4990
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:31,900
makes you valuable to your 
community in ways that go beyond

4991
04:20:31,900 --> 04:20:36,200
simple survival. 
The evening fire becomes your 

4992
04:20:36,200 --> 04:20:38,900
Workshop. 
A place where damaged items get 

4993
04:20:38,900 --> 04:20:42,900
a valuated for repair potential.
Where materials get sorted and 

4994
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:46,300
assess for future projects. 
And where the days small victory

4995
04:20:46,300 --> 04:20:49,300
is get shared with others who 
understand the satisfaction of 

4996
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:51,100
making something work when it 
really shouldn't. 

4997
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:54,800
Your fellow tribe members have 
developed their own Specialties 

4998
04:20:54,800 --> 04:20:58,600
born from necessity one member 
of your tribe discovered how to 

4999
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:00,800
make glue from Fishbones and 
tree sap. 

5000
04:21:01,400 --> 04:21:04,000
One individual has mastered the 
art of weaving grass into 

5001
04:21:04,000 --> 04:21:07,000
waterproof containers. 
The individual who learned to 

5002
04:21:07,000 --> 04:21:09,300
predict weather changes by 
watching, how the smoke from 

5003
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:12,400
your fire behaves in different 
atmospheric conditions, these 

5004
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:14,800
skills, create a web of 
interdependence that makes 

5005
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:18,300
everyone more secure. 
When your boot repair technique 

5006
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:20,500
works perfectly others, learn 
from watching. 

5007
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:24,300
When someone else solves a 
problem, you've been struggling 

5008
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:27,700
with the knowledge becomes 
shared property, part of the 

5009
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:29,600
collective wisdom that keeps the
group alive. 

5010
04:21:29,600 --> 04:21:32,400
The satisfaction that comes from
successful. 

5011
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:35,400
Improvisation feels different 
from any pleasure, you 

5012
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:38,500
experience in easier times. 
It's deeper more. 

5013
04:21:38,500 --> 04:21:42,200
Fundamental tied to the basic 
animal pleasure of continued. 

5014
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:45,900
Existence each small solution, 
builds confidence for facing the

5015
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:48,900
next challenge, creating a 
foundation of competence that 

5016
04:21:48,900 --> 04:21:51,000
makes even serious problems feel
manageable. 

5017
04:21:51,800 --> 04:21:55,600
Tonight, as you test your repair
Boot and find its solid flexible

5018
04:21:55,600 --> 04:21:58,800
and ready for whatever 
tomorrow's Journey demands, you 

5019
04:21:58,800 --> 04:22:01,200
realize that this Force 
creativity has changed you in 

5020
04:22:01,208 --> 04:22:04,500
ways that go beyond simple. 
Skill acquisition, You see 

5021
04:22:04,508 --> 04:22:07,000
possibilities, where others 
might see only problems and 

5022
04:22:07,000 --> 04:22:08,900
opportunities. 
Where others notice only 

5023
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,100
obstacles. 
The morning you wake to find the

5024
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:12,700
valley empty of the great 
Caribou. 

5025
04:22:12,700 --> 04:22:14,700
Herd hits, like a physical blow 
to your stomach. 

5026
04:22:15,700 --> 04:22:18,900
For six seasons, their migration
through your territory had been 

5027
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:23,600
as reliable as Sunrise providing
meat, hide, bone, and antler. 

5028
04:22:24,400 --> 04:22:27,000
Essentially, everything, your 
people needed to survive another

5029
04:22:27,000 --> 04:22:30,200
harsh, winter cycle. 
But nature, as you've learned 

5030
04:22:30,200 --> 04:22:33,300
repeatedly, makes no promises 
about consistency. 

5031
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:36,900
Standing at the edge of what to 
be their feeding ground. 

5032
04:22:36,900 --> 04:22:40,200
You read the story written in 
Disturbed snow and Scattered 

5033
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:42,500
dropping. 
They were here three days ago, 

5034
04:22:42,500 --> 04:22:48,500
maybe four Then something where 
the pattern Predator pressure or

5035
04:22:48,500 --> 04:22:51,100
simply some Instinct bred into 
them over thousands of years, 

5036
04:22:51,100 --> 04:22:54,800
convinced them to alter a route 
that had seemed permanent as the

5037
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:58,100
mountains themselves. 
Your tracking party spreads out,

5038
04:22:58,100 --> 04:23:01,600
looking for clues about which 
direction they chose, but the 

5039
04:23:01,600 --> 04:23:05,500
recent snowfall has obscured. 
Most signs, what remains tells a

5040
04:23:05,500 --> 04:23:08,700
story of sudden decision rapid 
movement animals. 

5041
04:23:08,700 --> 04:23:11,200
Following leaders who seem to 
know something about coming 

5042
04:23:11,200 --> 04:23:15,900
conditions that human observers 
missed entirely The implication 

5043
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:19,600
settle over your group like cold
fog, winter, still has months to

5044
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:22,600
run and the stored supplies that
seemed adequate when 

5045
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:26,200
supplemented by predictable 
hunting now look disturbingly 

5046
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:29,400
insufficient. 
This is the kind of Crisis that 

5047
04:23:29,400 --> 04:23:32,400
separates surviving tribes from 
those that become cautionary. 

5048
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:36,200
Tales told around other people's
fires, but Panic serves no 

5049
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:39,300
purpose, and your people have 
faced resource crises before. 

5050
04:23:40,200 --> 04:23:42,800
The discussion that evening 
around the fire focuses on 

5051
04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:45,400
practical Alternatives, 
immediate adjustments. 

5052
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:47,800
That can be implemented. 
While longer term Solutions. 

5053
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:51,100
Develop rationing becomes more 
strict but not desperately. 

5054
04:23:51,100 --> 04:23:54,800
So not yet hunting parties will 
range further. 

5055
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:58,000
Followed different patterns 
Target, prey that requires 

5056
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:00,100
different techniques but might 
be more reliable. 

5057
04:24:00,900 --> 04:24:03,500
You remember stories from your 
grandfather about the winter. 

5058
04:24:03,500 --> 04:24:06,700
When the salmon fail to run, 
forcing his people to develop 

5059
04:24:06,700 --> 04:24:10,400
fishing techniques for species. 
They had previously ignored the 

5060
04:24:10,400 --> 04:24:12,900
winter, when a rock slide 
blocked, access to their primary

5061
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:16,500
Gathering Grounds leading to the
discovery of new food sources in

5062
04:24:16,500 --> 04:24:21,300
previously unexplored territory.
Crisis in these stories, often 

5063
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:24,400
became the mother of innovation.
The small game hunting 

5064
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:28,700
intensifies, becomes more 
systematic and scientific every 

5065
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:31,300
member of The Hunting Party 
develops expertise, and reading 

5066
04:24:31,300 --> 04:24:34,300
the subtle signs that indicate 
where rabbit shelter during 

5067
04:24:34,300 --> 04:24:37,500
storms, how Ptarmigan move 
between feeding and roosting 

5068
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:40,300
areas which valleys provide 
protection for the Hardy 

5069
04:24:40,300 --> 04:24:42,600
creatures that don't migrate 
away from Winter's worst 

5070
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:45,500
conditions. 
Your trap lines multiply and 

5071
04:24:45,500 --> 04:24:49,200
become more sophisticated. 
What started as simple snares 

5072
04:24:49,200 --> 04:24:52,400
evolve into complex systems that
funnel prey toward capture 

5073
04:24:52,400 --> 04:24:54,500
points? 
That trigger automatically when 

5074
04:24:54,500 --> 04:24:57,700
animals pass through that remain
effective, even when snow 

5075
04:24:57,700 --> 04:25:01,300
conditions change dramatically, 
The engineering challenges 

5076
04:25:01,300 --> 04:25:03,400
become puzzles worth solving for
their own sake. 

5077
04:25:03,400 --> 04:25:07,000
Mental exercises that keep mind 
sharp during The Long Dark 

5078
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:10,500
months, ice, fishing transforms 
from an occasional supplement to

5079
04:25:10,500 --> 04:25:13,900
a primary protein source. 
The techniques that seemed 

5080
04:25:13,900 --> 04:25:16,700
exotic when fish were merely a 
pleasant addition to Abundant 

5081
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:19,400
meet now become essential 
survival skills. 

5082
04:25:20,200 --> 04:25:23,400
Every adult learns to read ice 
conditions, to find the spots 

5083
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:26,300
where fish Gathering winter and 
to construct, and maintain the 

5084
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:28,400
tools necessary for consistent 
success. 

5085
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:31,900
But perhaps, the most important 
change is psychological. 

5086
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:35,400
The loss of the expected heard 
forces, everyone to stop 

5087
04:25:35,400 --> 04:25:38,300
thinking, like people who live 
in a world of reliable abundance

5088
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:40,900
and start thinking, like 
inhabitants of a place, where 

5089
04:25:40,900 --> 04:25:43,500
resources are always 
questionable, where backup 

5090
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:47,000
planes need, backup plans and 
where flexibility matters more 

5091
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:50,500
than efficiently. 
The children adapt fastest, as 

5092
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:53,700
children always do, they turn 
the new hunting technique into 

5093
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:57,100
games compete to see who can 
spot the most promising trap 

5094
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:00,500
locations, and treat the 
challenge of finding food in an 

5095
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:03,200
apparently empty, landscape as 
an adventure rather than a 

5096
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:05,600
crisis. 
Their enthusiasm becomes 

5097
04:26:05,600 --> 04:26:09,600
infectious reminding, the adults
that Innovation can be fun even 

5098
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:13,500
when motivated by necessity. 
New alliances form with 

5099
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:16,800
neighboring groups information 
about game movements becomes 

5100
04:26:16,800 --> 04:26:19,000
currently traded for access to 
different hunting. 

5101
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:22,600
Territories knowledge about food
preservation techniques and 

5102
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:25,500
stories about how other tribes 
of handled similar challenges 

5103
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:29,100
isolation which might have 
seemed like safety and easier 

5104
04:26:29,100 --> 04:26:30,700
times. 
Now feels like dangerous 

5105
04:26:30,700 --> 04:26:33,900
vulnerability. 
The season progresses with the 

5106
04:26:33,908 --> 04:26:37,500
Rhythm different from previous 
Winters, less predictable that 

5107
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:41,100
somehow more intriguing. 
Each successful hunt feels like 

5108
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:42,800
a small victory worth 
celebrating. 

5109
04:26:42,800 --> 04:26:46,300
Each new technique that proves 
effective becomes a gift to 

5110
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:49,700
Future Generations. 
Each day that ends with adequate

5111
04:26:49,700 --> 04:26:53,300
food and fuel for warmth feels 
like evidence that adaptation 

5112
04:26:53,300 --> 04:26:55,500
works when approached with 
patience and creativity. 

5113
04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:59,400
You begin to understand that the
herds absence while initially 

5114
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:02,300
terrifying, he might ultimately 
make your people stronger. 

5115
04:27:03,200 --> 04:27:06,200
Dependence on any single 
resource creates vulnerability. 

5116
04:27:07,000 --> 04:27:09,700
I first vacation creates 
resilience the skills. 

5117
04:27:09,700 --> 04:27:12,300
You're developing out of 
desperate necessity, might serve

5118
04:27:12,300 --> 04:27:15,300
you. 
Well even when if easier times 

5119
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:19,500
return the long nights provide 
time for planning for sharing 

5120
04:27:19,500 --> 04:27:22,500
knowledge, and for developing 
the mental and social strategies

5121
04:27:22,500 --> 04:27:26,300
that complement the Practical 
techniques of survival, Stories 

5122
04:27:26,300 --> 04:27:29,400
become more than entertainment. 
They become repositories of 

5123
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:32,500
wisdom, ways of passing along, 
successful, approaches to 

5124
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:35,500
problems that every generation 
faces in different forms. 

5125
04:27:35,500 --> 04:27:39,200
By midwinter the crisis has 
transformed into a different 

5126
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:43,600
kind of normal challenging, but 
manageable, requiring constant 

5127
04:27:43,600 --> 04:27:45,500
attention. 
But no longer generating the 

5128
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:48,500
fear, that accompany those first
empty Mornings in the abandoned 

5129
04:27:48,500 --> 04:27:51,500
Valley February arrives. 
Wearing its traditional mask of 

5130
04:27:51,508 --> 04:27:54,400
deception days that hint at 
Spring's approach. 

5131
04:27:54,400 --> 04:27:57,300
While Knights that remind you 
winter still has teeth. 

5132
04:27:58,200 --> 04:28:01,400
Your people call this the hunger
moon when stored supplies run 

5133
04:28:01,400 --> 04:28:04,800
lowest and hunting becomes most 
difficult, when the gap between 

5134
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:07,600
what you have and what you need 
grows wide enough to keep 

5135
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:10,600
everyone awake, listening to 
their stomachs argue with their 

5136
04:28:10,600 --> 04:28:12,700
resolve. 
The morning, ritual of 

5137
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:15,300
inventory, has become a 
meditation on sketch City. 

5138
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:18,800
You count dried strips of meat 
that have grown steadily smaller

5139
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:22,100
and tougher examined preserved. 
Berries that looked abundant in 

5140
04:28:22,100 --> 04:28:25,100
the Autumn. 
But now seem pitifully, few and 

5141
04:28:25,100 --> 04:28:27,900
assess the remaining cash of 
nuts and seeds, that represent 

5142
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:30,800
your backup plan. 
Mathematics has never felt so 

5143
04:28:30,800 --> 04:28:35,000
personal or so urgent, but 
hunger, you've discovered is not

5144
04:28:35,000 --> 04:28:38,100
the simple thing you want. 
Thought it was there's the 

5145
04:28:38,100 --> 04:28:41,900
immediate hunger that follows a 
missed meal, sharp and demanding

5146
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:44,400
attention. 
There's the deeper hunger that 

5147
04:28:44,400 --> 04:28:47,800
comes from weeks of reduced, 
portions annoying, companion, 

5148
04:28:47,800 --> 04:28:50,700
that colors, every decision and 
makes concentration difficult. 

5149
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:53,800
And then there's what you've 
come to think of as smart 

5150
04:28:53,800 --> 04:28:56,000
hunger. 
The alert awareness that comes 

5151
04:28:56,000 --> 04:28:58,800
when your body begins operating 
with the heightened efficiency 

5152
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:00,500
of an organism, fighting for 
survival. 

5153
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:04,700
Smart hunger, sharpens your 
senses in unexpected, ways 

5154
04:29:04,700 --> 04:29:08,200
sounds become clearer smells 
more distinct and visual 

5155
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:09,500
details. 
That would normally Escape 

5156
04:29:09,500 --> 04:29:12,000
notice suddenly seemed important
and worth remembering. 

5157
04:29:12,900 --> 04:29:16,000
Your body learns to extract 
maximum value from every 

5158
04:29:16,000 --> 04:29:19,400
calorie, allowing it to function
effectively on less fuel than 

5159
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:22,300
you would have thought possible.
It's uncomfortable, but it's 

5160
04:29:22,300 --> 04:29:26,200
also oddly educational. 
The Hunting Party success rates 

5161
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:29,500
have improved dramatically over 
the past month, but not in ways 

5162
04:29:29,500 --> 04:29:32,700
that would have been predictable
early, the large game remains 

5163
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:36,500
scarce and unpredictable, but 
your understanding of small prey

5164
04:29:36,500 --> 04:29:38,500
has evolved to an almost 
Supernatural level. 

5165
04:29:38,500 --> 04:29:42,500
You can predict with remarkable 
accuracy, where rabbits will be 

5166
04:29:42,500 --> 04:29:45,800
moving at different times of 
day, which areas will hold Tom. 

5167
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:48,700
Again, after different weather 
patterns, and how ice conditions

5168
04:29:48,700 --> 04:29:52,300
affect fishing success. 
Your trap lines have become 

5169
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:54,500
works of art. 
Efficient systems. 

5170
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:57,700
That seem to catch animals 
almost by Magic but actually 

5171
04:29:57,700 --> 04:30:01,000
work through careful observation
of animal behavior patterns. 

5172
04:30:01,000 --> 04:30:05,100
You've learned to think like 
prey to understand how hunger 

5173
04:30:05,100 --> 04:30:08,200
affects decision-making in 
creatures, who survival, depends

5174
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:10,300
on avoiding exactly the kind of 
traps. 

5175
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:13,200
You're setting the psychological
aspects of hunger management 

5176
04:30:13,200 --> 04:30:16,900
becomes important as the 
physical ones, mood regulation 

5177
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:19,800
energy, conservation, and 
maintaining hope when 

5178
04:30:19,800 --> 04:30:23,600
circumstances suggest despair 
these skills, develop alongside 

5179
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:27,100
the Practical techniques of 
finding food The evening 

5180
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:30,100
Gatherings around the fire serve
purposes that go beyond sharing 

5181
04:30:30,100 --> 04:30:33,500
warmth and light they become 
group therapy session where 

5182
04:30:33,500 --> 04:30:36,100
people share strategies for 
coping with discomfort and 

5183
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:38,500
techniques for maintaining 
mental Clarity. 

5184
04:30:38,500 --> 04:30:41,600
When the body's running on 
reserves food, preparation has 

5185
04:30:41,600 --> 04:30:45,700
evolved into high art Every 
scrap gets used every possible. 

5186
04:30:45,700 --> 04:30:49,300
Nutrient, extracted, every meal 
plan to provide maximum 

5187
04:30:49,300 --> 04:30:51,300
satisfaction from minimum 
ingredients. 

5188
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:55,000
Suits, that would have seemed 
thin and inadequate in times of 

5189
04:30:55,008 --> 04:30:56,800
Plenty. 
Now, tastes rich and nourishing 

5190
04:30:56,800 --> 04:31:00,200
combinations of ingredients that
would never have been tried. 

5191
04:31:00,200 --> 04:31:01,400
When better options were 
available. 

5192
04:31:01,400 --> 04:31:04,400
Turn out to create surprisingly,
satisfying meals. 

5193
04:31:05,200 --> 04:31:08,100
The children handle the 
situation with remarkable Grace,

5194
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:11,100
that because they lack adult 
memories of easier times for 

5195
04:31:11,100 --> 04:31:13,300
comparison. 
They approach each meal as 

5196
04:31:13,300 --> 04:31:16,300
adequate rather than 
insufficient except smaller 

5197
04:31:16,300 --> 04:31:18,600
portions as normal, rather than 
hardship. 

5198
04:31:19,300 --> 04:31:21,800
Find entertainment in the 
creative food combinations. 

5199
04:31:21,800 --> 04:31:25,100
That necessity produces their 
resilience becomes a source of 

5200
04:31:25,108 --> 04:31:26,800
strength. 
For adults who struggle more 

5201
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:30,300
with the cycle aspects of 
scarcity, But perhaps, the most 

5202
04:31:30,300 --> 04:31:33,100
remarkable change is how the 
community is drawn closer 

5203
04:31:33,100 --> 04:31:36,000
together. 
Shared hardship creates bonds. 

5204
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:37,800
That comfortable times. 
Never Forge. 

5205
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:40,700
People who might have had minor 
conflicts in easier 

5206
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:44,100
circumstances now, Focus 
entirely on Mutual support. 

5207
04:31:45,000 --> 04:31:48,500
Individual competitiveness gives
way to group cooperation since 

5208
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:51,400
everyone, understands that the 
survival of each depends on the 

5209
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:55,000
survival of all information. 
Sharing becomes more complete 

5210
04:31:55,000 --> 04:31:58,800
and systemic successful hunting 
techniques, get demonstrated, 

5211
04:31:58,800 --> 04:32:01,900
and practiced and until everyone
mastered as the food 

5212
04:32:01,900 --> 04:32:04,800
preservation methods get refined
through group experimentation 

5213
04:32:04,800 --> 04:32:08,400
even small discoveries. 
The new plant that can be eaten 

5214
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:10,200
safely. 
A different way to prepare 

5215
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:13,200
familiar ingredients, get 
communicated quickly throughout 

5216
04:32:13,200 --> 04:32:15,900
the group. 
The daily routine has adapted to

5217
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:18,700
conserve energy while 
maintaining necessary activities

5218
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:21,800
movement becomes more economical
with fewer. 

5219
04:32:21,800 --> 04:32:25,000
Unnecessary trips outside the 
shelter, more careful, planning 

5220
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:28,400
of a central tasks, rest periods
are scheduled to maximize 

5221
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:32,000
recovery work periods, organized
to use available energy, most 

5222
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:35,400
efficiently, Sleep patterns 
change in interesting ways. 

5223
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:38,500
The long nights that once seemed
oppressive now feel like 

5224
04:32:38,500 --> 04:32:42,300
opportunities for deep rest, but
helps the body manage stress and

5225
04:32:42,300 --> 04:32:46,100
conserve resources, dreams 
become more Vivid, perhaps 

5226
04:32:46,100 --> 04:32:49,200
because the sleeping mind has 
fewer distractions from hunger 

5227
04:32:49,200 --> 04:32:52,400
and discomfort Some people 
report dreams that seem to 

5228
04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:55,100
provide useful information about
finding food or solving 

5229
04:32:55,100 --> 04:32:58,600
practical problems. 
As the month progresses, you 

5230
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:01,500
begin to understand that this 
experience is teaching lessons 

5231
04:33:01,500 --> 04:33:04,500
that go beyond simple. 
Survival techniques, your 

5232
04:33:04,500 --> 04:33:07,500
learning about your own capacity
to adapt about the difference 

5233
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:10,800
between wants and needs about 
how Community bonds strengthened

5234
04:33:10,800 --> 04:33:13,599
under pressure. 
The hunger moon is revealing 

5235
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:16,500
strengths, you didn't know you 
possessed and showing you that 

5236
04:33:16,500 --> 04:33:19,599
humans can function effectively 
under conditions that once would

5237
04:33:19,599 --> 04:33:21,000
have seemed impossible to 
endure. 

5238
04:33:22,099 --> 04:33:25,099
The anticipation of spring takes
on meaning that City dwellers 

5239
04:33:25,099 --> 04:33:28,400
could never understand. 
It becomes a hope so fundamental

5240
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:31,200
it feels like prayer. 
The first sign comes not through

5241
04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:33,700
sight or sound but through 
something deeper. 

5242
04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:37,500
A subtle shift in the quality of
light, that your winter trained 

5243
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:40,599
senses detect before your 
conscious mind processes. 

5244
04:33:40,599 --> 04:33:44,300
What to change. 
The snow still Falls, the wind 

5245
04:33:44,300 --> 04:33:47,099
still carries, its bitter Edge 
but something in the are 

5246
04:33:47,099 --> 04:33:50,000
Whispers of transformation 
beginning in ways to small to 

5247
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:54,400
see but two important to ignore.
You notice it first in the 

5248
04:33:54,400 --> 04:33:57,900
behavior of the small creatures 
who survival depends on reading 

5249
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:00,099
environmental cues with absolute
accuracy. 

5250
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:03,500
The arctic foxes seem less 
desperate in their hunting, 

5251
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:06,200
moving with a confidence. 
That suggests they sense 

5252
04:34:06,200 --> 04:34:10,200
abundance coming. 
The Ravens, those black-winged 

5253
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:13,400
profits of change Gather in 
larger groups and call to each 

5254
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:15,500
other in patterns that sound 
almost celebratory. 

5255
04:34:16,700 --> 04:34:20,300
The ice on the streams, begin 
singing different songs where it

5256
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,300
once grown with the solid weight
of deep freeze. 

5257
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:27,500
It now produces subtle sounds 
tiny cracks and shifts that 

5258
04:34:27,500 --> 04:34:31,000
speak of expansion and 
contraction of a frozen World 

5259
04:34:31,000 --> 04:34:32,599
beginning to remember 
flexibility. 

5260
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:36,200
These sounds become your 
morning, weather report more 

5261
04:34:36,200 --> 04:34:38,500
reliable than visual observation
for predicting. 

5262
04:34:38,500 --> 04:34:41,700
What the day will bring. 
But change in the natural world 

5263
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:44,599
never arrives as suddenly as 
human impatience would prefer. 

5264
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:49,300
Bring his not an event but a 
process, a gradual negotiation 

5265
04:34:49,300 --> 04:34:52,000
between Winter's Retreat and 
warmth returned. 

5266
04:34:53,000 --> 04:34:56,599
Some days, bring false promises 
temperatures that rise enough to

5267
04:34:56,599 --> 04:34:59,500
create hope, followed by storms 
that remind you. 

5268
04:34:59,500 --> 04:35:04,000
Why patients matters more than 
optimism The hunting changes. 

5269
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:07,800
Again, requiring new strategies 
for prey animals, whose Behavior

5270
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:10,400
shifts with the subtle 
environmental cues their far 

5271
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:12,400
better at reading than any human
Observer. 

5272
04:35:13,300 --> 04:35:16,900
Migration patterns begin to 
reverse slowly and tentatively 

5273
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,599
as creatures. 
Start their gradual movement 

5274
04:35:19,599 --> 04:35:22,500
toward a summer territories that
have been empty and Frozen for 

5275
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,099
months. 
Your body begins responding to 

5276
04:35:25,099 --> 04:35:27,900
changes. 
You can't quite identify energy 

5277
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:31,900
levels fluctuate in new ways 
sleep, patterns, shift, and 

5278
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:35,400
appetite changes from the Grim 
determination of deep winter to 

5279
04:35:35,400 --> 04:35:37,900
something that occasionally 
resembles, actual pleasure in 

5280
04:35:37,900 --> 04:35:40,200
food. 
It's as if some ancient 

5281
04:35:40,200 --> 04:35:42,700
biological clock is beginning to
reset itself. 

5282
04:35:42,700 --> 04:35:46,099
Preparing for conditions that 
aren't here yet but are 

5283
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:48,800
definitely coming. 
The social dynamics of your 

5284
04:35:48,800 --> 04:35:52,400
group start evolving as well. 
The intense cooperation Force by

5285
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,700
Christ's gives way to more 
relaxed interactions though, the

5286
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:58,099
bonds forged during the hardest 
months remain strong. 

5287
04:35:58,900 --> 04:36:01,300
People begin talking about 
projects, they want to tackle 

5288
04:36:01,300 --> 04:36:03,300
when movement becomes easier 
plans. 

5289
04:36:03,300 --> 04:36:05,700
They want to implement, when 
resources, become more abundant 

5290
04:36:05,700 --> 04:36:08,400
and changes, they want to make 
to improve next, Winter's 

5291
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:11,800
preparations. 
But perhaps the most significant

5292
04:36:11,800 --> 04:36:15,300
change is psychological. 
The bone deep Weir in the 

5293
04:36:15,300 --> 04:36:18,300
settled over everyone during the
darkest months, begins lifting 

5294
04:36:18,300 --> 04:36:21,900
by something that feels almost 
like anticipation. 

5295
04:36:21,900 --> 04:36:25,500
This is not celebration as it 
would be premature and 

5296
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:27,900
potentially dangerous. 
But rather cautious Readiness, 

5297
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:31,099
for better times ahead, the 
daily routine that kept everyone

5298
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:34,000
sane during Winter's worst. 
Now feel slightly less essential

5299
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,700
The rigid scheduling of tasks, 
the careful rationing of 

5300
04:36:37,700 --> 04:36:41,099
resources and the conservative 
approach to energy expenditure. 

5301
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:44,900
These survival strategies remain
important that they no longer 

5302
04:36:44,908 --> 04:36:47,500
feel like the only thing 
standing between life and death.

5303
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:50,800
Snow conditions become 
unreliable in ways that are both

5304
04:36:50,808 --> 04:36:54,500
frustrating and encouraging. 
Temperature, fluctuations, 

5305
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:58,599
create layers of ice slush, and 
powder, making navigation 

5306
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:01,300
challenging on surfaces that 
were reliable for travel 

5307
04:37:01,300 --> 04:37:03,800
yesterday. 
But these same changes create 

5308
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,400
new opportunities for hunting 
and gathering in areas that were

5309
04:37:06,400 --> 04:37:09,800
previously inaccessible. 
Fires Behavior changes too, 

5310
04:37:09,800 --> 04:37:12,800
responding to atmospheric 
conditions that shift more 

5311
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:15,000
rapidly than they did. 
During Winter's, stable deep 

5312
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:17,800
freeze. 
Smoked patterns become harder to

5313
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:20,200
predict drafts. 
Create new challenges for 

5314
04:37:20,200 --> 04:37:23,200
maintaining consistent heat, but
the amount of fuel needed to 

5315
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:25,400
keep warm begins to decrease in 
small, but noticeable. 

5316
04:37:25,400 --> 04:37:28,300
Increments equipment. 
Maintenance takes on new 

5317
04:37:28,300 --> 04:37:32,000
importance as gear that survived
winter steady conditions faces 

5318
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:34,400
the stress of temperature 
changes, moisture, fluctuations 

5319
04:37:34,400 --> 04:37:38,500
and increased activity levels. 
Tools that work perfectly and 

5320
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:41,000
consistent cold now, require 
adjustment for conditions that 

5321
04:37:41,000 --> 04:37:43,300
change hourly. 
It's a different kind of 

5322
04:37:43,300 --> 04:37:46,599
challenge less desperate than 
winter survival, but requiring 

5323
04:37:46,599 --> 04:37:49,000
different skills and attention. 
The night. 

5324
04:37:49,000 --> 04:37:52,000
Sky tells new stories as Cloud 
patterns become more variable 

5325
04:37:52,000 --> 04:37:55,300
star visibility changes with 
atmospheric conditions. 

5326
04:37:55,300 --> 04:37:58,599
And the Aurora displays shift in
intensity and frequency 

5327
04:37:58,599 --> 04:38:01,700
navigation, becomes more 
complex, but also more 

5328
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:04,000
interesting. 
Requiring adaptation of 

5329
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:06,500
techniques that worked well 
during Winters predictable 

5330
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:09,000
conditions. 
Food Gathering opportunities 

5331
04:38:09,000 --> 04:38:13,200
begin appearing in unexpected 
places and times ice, fishing 

5332
04:38:13,200 --> 04:38:16,400
remains productive, but requires
new techniques as ice conditions

5333
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:20,099
become less reliable. 
Small game Behavior changes as 

5334
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:23,200
animals, prepare for their own 
spring, transitions creating 

5335
04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:26,200
different, hunting opportunities
that require modified approaches

5336
04:38:26,200 --> 04:38:30,500
your people begin to discussing 
some of preparations topics that

5337
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:33,500
would have seemed impossibly 
optimistic just weeks ago. 

5338
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:37,400
Conversation's turn toward tool 
repairs that can wait for better

5339
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:40,599
weather shelter improvements 
that will require materials not 

5340
04:38:40,599 --> 04:38:43,900
yet available and strategic 
planning for taking advantage of

5341
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:46,500
the abundance that seasonal 
change promises to bring. 

5342
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:50,900
The community's mood lifts 
perceptibly, though, everyone 

5343
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:53,599
remains to experience to let 
Hope override caution. 

5344
04:38:54,599 --> 04:38:56,599
We won't forget the lessons 
learned during the most 

5345
04:38:56,599 --> 04:38:59,500
challenging months, but they no 
longer feel like the only 

5346
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,400
valuable knowledge. 
Spring brings its own challenges

5347
04:39:02,400 --> 04:39:05,700
and opportunities, requiring 
different wisdom and strategies 

5348
04:39:05,700 --> 04:39:08,300
for success. 
As you sit by tonight's fire 

5349
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:11,200
watching Flames danced with the 
effortless confidence, of a 

5350
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:14,300
blaze that no longer requires 
constant feeding and anxious 

5351
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:16,400
tending. 
You realize that something 

5352
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:19,400
fundamental has shifted in your 
understanding of what it means 

5353
04:39:19,400 --> 04:39:23,000
to be human in a world that 
makes no promises about Comfort 

5354
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:25,900
or ease. 
The winter that seemed like it 

5355
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:29,000
would never end has indeed ended
though, not with the dramatic 

5356
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:30,400
flourish, you might have 
expected. 

5357
04:39:31,700 --> 04:39:33,099
Spring arrived through a 
thousand. 

5358
04:39:33,099 --> 04:39:35,700
Small negotiations between ice 
and warmth. 

5359
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:39,300
Between scarcity and abundance 
and between the survival 

5360
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:42,800
strategies that kept you alive, 
and the adaptation strategies 

5361
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,300
that will carry you forward, you
survived. 

5362
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:49,300
But more than that, you learn to
thrive in conditions that wants 

5363
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:50,800
would have seemed impossible to 
endure. 

5364
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,100
Your hands of become library of 
practical knowledge knowing 

5365
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:58,200
without conscious thought, how 
to assess ice thickness? 

5366
04:39:58,200 --> 04:40:01,400
How to determine which would 
will burn longest in different 

5367
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:04,700
weather conditions and how to 
read animal tracks in various 

5368
04:40:04,700 --> 04:40:07,900
types of snow and soil. 
Your eyes have learned to see 

5369
04:40:07,900 --> 04:40:11,100
opportunities, where others 
might notice only obstacles to 

5370
04:40:11,100 --> 04:40:13,800
spot the subtle signs that 
indicate where food can be 

5371
04:40:13,808 --> 04:40:17,200
found, where shelter can be 
improved and where danger might 

5372
04:40:17,200 --> 04:40:19,800
be developing. 
But perhaps the most important 

5373
04:40:19,800 --> 04:40:22,500
change is in how you think about
security itself. 

5374
04:40:23,600 --> 04:40:27,400
The old assumptions about what 
constitutes safety, abundant 

5375
04:40:27,400 --> 04:40:31,100
stored, resources, predictable, 
seasonal patterns, reliable 

5376
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:33,200
sources of everything, 
necessary, for comfortable, 

5377
04:40:33,200 --> 04:40:36,700
survival have been replaced, by 
something more flexible, and 

5378
04:40:36,700 --> 04:40:40,100
ultimately more reliable 
confidence, in your ability to 

5379
04:40:40,100 --> 04:40:42,400
adapt to whatever conditions 
actually exists. 

5380
04:40:42,400 --> 04:40:45,200
Rather than what ever conditions
you might prefer. 

5381
04:40:46,200 --> 04:40:49,400
The community that emerges from 
this extended trial, feels 

5382
04:40:49,400 --> 04:40:51,100
different from the group that 
entered it. 

5383
04:40:51,900 --> 04:40:55,000
Bonds forged by shared hardship,
create a social Foundation 

5384
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:57,200
stronger than convenience or 
traditional alone. 

5385
04:40:57,200 --> 04:41:00,500
Could provide everyone has seen 
everyone else function Under 

5386
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:04,100
Pressure, contributes solutions,
to Shared problems, and maintain

5387
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:05,000
hope. 
And humour. 

5388
04:41:05,000 --> 04:41:08,300
When circumstances suggested 
despair, these are people. 

5389
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:10,700
You know, you can depend on 
because you've already depended 

5390
04:41:10,700 --> 04:41:14,500
on the successfully skills 
developed out of desperate 

5391
04:41:14,500 --> 04:41:17,600
necessity, have become sources 
of Pride and pleasure, that 

5392
04:41:17,600 --> 04:41:19,900
extend far beyond their survival
value. 

5393
04:41:20,900 --> 04:41:24,000
Trial and error led to the 
evolution of trap designs, which

5394
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:27,200
now stand as both artistic 
achievements and functional 

5395
04:41:27,200 --> 04:41:29,900
tools. 
The food preparation techniques,

5396
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:32,800
born from scarcity. 
Have created cuisine that 

5397
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:35,400
satisfies in ways that go beyond
simple nutrition. 

5398
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:38,400
The resource management 
strategies developed for 

5399
04:41:38,400 --> 04:41:41,100
survival have applications, that
will improve life. 

5400
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:44,700
Even when abundance returns. 
Your relationship with the 

5401
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:47,500
natural world has deepened in 
ways that might seem paradoxical

5402
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:50,600
to outside observers the 
environment that once seemed 

5403
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:53,600
hostile and threatening. 
Now feels like a complex 

5404
04:41:53,600 --> 04:41:57,300
partner, in an ongoing 
negotiation You understand, its 

5405
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,600
moods and patterns more 
intimately and can read its 

5406
04:42:00,600 --> 04:42:04,000
signals more accurately. 
You also respect its power and 

5407
04:42:04,000 --> 04:42:05,600
unpredictability more 
completely. 

5408
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:10,400
It's not that nature has become 
friendly, is that you've learned

5409
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,400
to be a more worthy participant 
in its ongoing processes. 

5410
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:16,600
Your mind is already shaping the
stories that will unfold during 

5411
04:42:16,600 --> 04:42:19,200
the era. 
These are not Tales of heroic 

5412
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:22,700
Conquest over Natural Forces but
rather Tales of successful 

5413
04:42:22,700 --> 04:42:26,200
adaptation creative problem 
solving and Community. 

5414
04:42:26,200 --> 04:42:30,000
Resilience these stories will 
serve future Generations, not as

5415
04:42:30,000 --> 04:42:32,200
entertainment. 
But as practical wisdom, 

5416
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:35,100
templates for handling 
challenges that will inevitably 

5417
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:39,300
arise in different forms. 
Sleep comes easier now not 

5418
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:42,400
because conditions have become 
completely comfortable, but 

5419
04:42:42,400 --> 04:42:45,200
because you've learned to find 
rest, even when circumstances 

5420
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:49,900
aren't ideal your dreams, have 
also transformed, now, brimming 

5421
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:52,600
with imaginative visions of 
unexplored possibilities, 

5422
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:56,100
instead of fearful scenarios of 
things going wrong. 

5423
04:42:57,200 --> 04:42:59,700
The future feels like something.
You can engage with actively 

5424
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:01,800
rather than something that 
simply happens to you. 

5425
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:05,600
The morning rituals that once 
focused primarily on assessment 

5426
04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:07,400
of resources and planning for 
survival. 

5427
04:43:07,400 --> 04:43:10,600
Now, include time for 
appreciation of Beauty for 

5428
04:43:10,600 --> 04:43:12,900
pleasure, in simple 
accomplishments and for 

5429
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:15,900
anticipation of projects that 
serve purposes Beyond men 

5430
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:20,400
necessity. life has regained 
some of its richness even while 

5431
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:23,000
remaining grounded in realistic 
awareness of what the world 

5432
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:27,600
actually offers rather than what
it might ideally provide As the 

5433
04:43:27,600 --> 04:43:30,300
fire settles in to the steady 
burn that will carry warmth 

5434
04:43:30,300 --> 04:43:32,500
through the night. 
You understand that this 

5435
04:43:32,500 --> 04:43:35,700
experience has prepared you for 
whatever comes next in ways that

5436
04:43:35,700 --> 04:43:38,500
go far beyond the specific 
skills of Ice Age survival. 

5437
04:43:39,400 --> 04:43:42,400
You've learned to pay attention 
to subtle changes to respond 

5438
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:44,300
creatively to unexpected 
challenges. 

5439
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:47,400
And To find satisfaction in 
making the best of whatever 

5440
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:50,300
circumstances. 
Actually exist tomorrow will 

5441
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:53,400
bring its own puzzles and 
opportunities small crises and 

5442
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:57,000
unexpected gifts. 
But tonight surrounded by the 

5443
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,600
quiet, breathing of your 
sleeping Community warmed by 

5444
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:02,600
fire and Furs and the Deep 
satisfaction of another day 

5445
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:06,400
successfully navigated you rest 
in the knowledge that humans are

5446
04:44:06,400 --> 04:44:08,800
a remarkably capable creatures 
when they need to be. 

5447
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:12,400
And that you are in all the ways
that matter remarkably and 

5448
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:15,700
wonderfully human. 
Outside the world continues. 

5449
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:19,200
Its ancient conversation between
Challenge and adaptation. 

5450
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:23,100
Between the difficulties that 
test survival and the creativity

5451
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:26,800
that makes survival worth Wild. 
You've learned to speak this 

5452
04:44:26,800 --> 04:44:29,800
language fluently, and that 
knowledge will serve you well in

5453
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:40,900
whatever Seasons lie ahead. 
William Tecumseh, Sherman was 

5454
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:46,300
born on February 8th 1820 in 
Lancaster, Ohio, a Frontier Town

5455
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:48,000
on the verge of tremendous 
development. 

5456
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:51,800
His mother dubbed him come. 
And he displayed a Restless 

5457
04:44:51,800 --> 04:44:55,000
Spirit from a young age for 
shadowing, the vast influence, 

5458
04:44:55,000 --> 04:44:57,300
who would one day wheeled on the
nation's battlefields? 

5459
04:44:57,300 --> 04:45:01,000
Well though, his father Charles 
Robert, Sherman was a respected,

5460
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:04,200
Ohio Supreme Court Judge the 
family struggled, financially, 

5461
04:45:04,200 --> 04:45:07,000
then tragedy came. 
When Sherman was nine years old,

5462
04:45:07,000 --> 04:45:10,100
his father died, abruptly 
leaving behind a poor household.

5463
04:45:11,000 --> 04:45:14,600
The boys future while uncertain 
found a guiding influence in the

5464
04:45:14,608 --> 04:45:17,800
form of his father's close 
friend, Thomas Ewing who 

5465
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:21,200
welcomed him into his own Lively
home, growing up in the Ewing 

5466
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:24,400
household exposure and to a more
privileged Society, but it was 

5467
04:45:24,400 --> 04:45:27,100
not Carefree Ewing was 
politically connected. 

5468
04:45:27,100 --> 04:45:30,200
Having worked in government 
positions, that expose Sherman 

5469
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:33,600
to the complexity of national 
policy and political squabbling.

5470
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:36,900
Something about those encounters
prepared him to see the country 

5471
04:45:36,900 --> 04:45:42,000
as a web of dynamic forces, law,
commas and ambition, interacting

5472
04:45:42,000 --> 04:45:45,300
in ways that altered entire 
neighborhoods despite his 

5473
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:48,500
academic abilities. 
He was never a standout student 

5474
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:51,400
in the traditional sense. 
His true app to dude was in 

5475
04:45:51,400 --> 04:45:54,900
observation and the ability to 
translate what he saw into Deer 

5476
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:58,400
strategic insights Sherman 
absorbed the action with an 

5477
04:45:58,400 --> 04:46:00,300
intensity, that occasionally 
surprised others. 

5478
04:46:00,300 --> 04:46:04,100
Whether it was a local election 
or heated dinner table dispute, 

5479
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:07,700
Sherman was 16 when he received 
a coveted invitation to the 

5480
04:46:07,708 --> 04:46:11,700
United States Military Academy 
at West Point, Thanks in part to

5481
04:46:11,700 --> 04:46:15,200
Ewing's political clout. 
When he arrived at West Point in

5482
04:46:15,200 --> 04:46:18,500
1836, he discovered that the 
regiment was both difficult and 

5483
04:46:18,500 --> 04:46:22,200
stimulating mathematics 
engineering and tactics. 

5484
04:46:22,200 --> 04:46:25,400
Dominated the curriculum 
combining practical skills with 

5485
04:46:25,400 --> 04:46:28,900
theoretical knowledge, although 
he did not Excel academically 

5486
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:33,300
graduated sixth in his class. 
He was known for being clever 

5487
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:36,400
pragmatic, and romantic about 
his military service. 

5488
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:40,700
Classmates noticed his Frank 
demeanor, which would become a 

5489
04:46:40,700 --> 04:46:42,700
defining feature of his 
personality throughout his 

5490
04:46:42,700 --> 04:46:46,100
career. 
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 

5491
04:46:46,100 --> 04:46:47,600
a second lieutenant in the 
third. 

5492
04:46:47,600 --> 04:46:51,500
US Artillery. 
After graduating in 1840, He 

5493
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:54,300
served in many outposts from 
Florida to the distant Frontiers

5494
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:58,700
dealing with the problems of 
arising Nation, the Florida job.

5495
04:46:58,700 --> 04:47:01,900
Embroiled him in the Seminole 
Wars, a brutal milieu of swamp 

5496
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:04,800
Warfare and uncertain goals. 
Sherman quietly. 

5497
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:07,900
Recorded the lessons combat was 
chaotic objectives, shifted 

5498
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:10,800
quickly, and success, required a
combination of planning and 

5499
04:47:10,800 --> 04:47:14,000
sheer tenacity. 
He also developed a dislike for 

5500
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:16,900
half-hearted confrontations 
believing that, if a battle was 

5501
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:19,600
unavoidable, it must be pursued 
with utmost. 

5502
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:23,400
Determination despite periodic 
promotions of the Allure of new 

5503
04:47:23,400 --> 04:47:25,800
assignments. 
Sherman, never felt completely 

5504
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:29,200
at ease in the peace time Army. 
Bureaucratic, red tape 

5505
04:47:29,200 --> 04:47:33,100
restricted chances, for growth 
and a desire for new experience 

5506
04:47:33,100 --> 04:47:36,100
is Nord at him. 
His restlessness prompted him to

5507
04:47:36,100 --> 04:47:40,100
quit from the Army in 1853 in 
the decade that followed, he 

5508
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:43,200
dabbled in various Endeavors, 
including banking in San 

5509
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:46,300
Francisco law, practice and 
Company Management in New York. 

5510
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:49,400
Each position deepened, his 
understanding of the fundamental

5511
04:47:49,400 --> 04:47:52,400
principles of American Business,
the importance of risk-taking 

5512
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:55,900
and the vulnerability of trust 
in a period marked by frequent 

5513
04:47:55,900 --> 04:47:59,900
booms and busts. 
The banking crisis of 1857 

5514
04:47:59,900 --> 04:48:03,400
devastated, him financially 
demonstrating how rapidly 

5515
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:05,400
richest Mike vanish when markets
crashed. 

5516
04:48:06,300 --> 04:48:09,200
During his civilian years, 
Sherman made friends from both 

5517
04:48:09,200 --> 04:48:12,400
the North and the South 
including plantation owners and 

5518
04:48:12,400 --> 04:48:15,300
entrepreneurs. 
He noticed the growing conflict 

5519
04:48:15,300 --> 04:48:18,700
over slavery, state rights, and 
economic disparities. 

5520
04:48:18,700 --> 04:48:22,200
While living in Louisiana. 
He was the superintendent of the

5521
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:25,100
Louisiana state, Seminary of 
learning and Military Academy 

5522
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:29,200
which would eventually become 
Louisiana State University. he 

5523
04:48:29,200 --> 04:48:31,600
was recognized for his 
organizational talents but he 

5524
04:48:31,608 --> 04:48:33,900
treaded carefully when 
discussion became political 

5525
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:38,100
Despite not being a passionate 
abolitionist, he did not take to

5526
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:42,100
the concept of secession. 
For Sherman University was 

5527
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:44,200
America's best, Hope For 
Success. 

5528
04:48:44,200 --> 04:48:48,400
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 
signals of Discord and concluded

5529
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:50,100
that the country was on the 
verge of War. 

5530
04:48:50,900 --> 04:48:53,600
Sherman on the verge of the 
Civil War stood at a pivotal 

5531
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:56,600
juncture. 
He had a family, a verse set of 

5532
04:48:56,600 --> 04:48:58,800
experience in both service and 
civilian sectors. 

5533
04:48:58,800 --> 04:49:01,700
And a perspective that grasped 
how badly the country was 

5534
04:49:01,700 --> 04:49:04,700
fracturing. 
He was concerned war occurred, 

5535
04:49:04,700 --> 04:49:07,500
it would be unlike the 
small-scale battles of previous 

5536
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:10,600
decades, the tremendous 
industrial potential of both 

5537
04:49:10,600 --> 04:49:13,200
parts. 
Combined with the moral further 

5538
04:49:13,200 --> 04:49:17,300
around slavery, predicted a 
devastating Clash despite his 

5539
04:49:17,300 --> 04:49:20,600
reluctance to enter the battle. 
Sherman returned to service in 

5540
04:49:20,600 --> 04:49:24,700
early, 1861 motivated by a sense
of responsibility to maintain 

5541
04:49:24,700 --> 04:49:27,600
the Union. 
In the early months of the Civil

5542
04:49:27,600 --> 04:49:30,300
War, William to come to Sherman.
Served in several positions 

5543
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:34,000
looking for a secure footing, in
a war that appeared chaotic from

5544
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:36,900
the start, initially assigned to
a training facility. 

5545
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:40,500
He disagreed with authorities 
when he anticipated that the 

5546
04:49:40,500 --> 04:49:43,600
fight would require at least 
200,000 men in his area alone. 

5547
04:49:44,400 --> 04:49:47,400
His forthright remarked that the
union was underestimating the 

5548
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,500
scale of the Insurrection of 
listed suspicion if not 

5549
04:49:50,500 --> 04:49:53,300
derision. 
However, time would vindicate, 

5550
04:49:53,300 --> 04:49:56,400
his misgivings? 
By late 1861. 

5551
04:49:56,400 --> 04:49:59,900
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,
an important border state with 

5552
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:02,800
conflicting loyalties, he was 
responsible for the Cumberland 

5553
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:06,500
Department there and he quickly 
became overwhelmed reports of 

5554
04:50:06,500 --> 04:50:10,300
Confederate, military movements 
armed shortages and conflicting 

5555
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:12,000
orders from Washington, left him
tired. 

5556
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:14,800
Some sources suggest he was on 
the verge of a nervous 

5557
04:50:14,800 --> 04:50:17,500
breakdown. 
He requested relief from command

5558
04:50:17,500 --> 04:50:20,500
and when he left rumors 
circulated about his 

5559
04:50:20,500 --> 04:50:24,300
instability, such suspicions 
threatened to his career in an 

5560
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:26,800
era, when mental stress was less
tolerated. 

5561
04:50:27,600 --> 04:50:31,400
Nevertheless Sherman, recovered 
gained new Purpose with General 

5562
04:50:31,400 --> 04:50:35,100
Ulysses, S Grant's direct help 
their bond will form the 

5563
04:50:35,100 --> 04:50:40,100
foundation of Union success. 
Grant was calm silent and 

5564
04:50:40,100 --> 04:50:43,800
unyielding under duress, whereas
Sherman was more combustible 

5565
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:48,500
publicly expressing concerns or 
complaints, Their Mutual regard,

5566
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:52,100
however, was established through
shared Battlefield experiences 

5567
04:50:52,100 --> 04:50:56,600
in early 1862. 
Grants daring Maneuvers at Fort 

5568
04:50:56,600 --> 04:50:59,000
Henry, and Fort, Donaldson 
secured, critical Confederate. 

5569
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:01,400
Outposts and Sherman's role 
though. 

5570
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,000
Subordinate, displayed 
dependability in the face of 

5571
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:07,100
Fire. 
The Battle of Shiloh in April, 

5572
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:10,200
1862 would be Sherman's. 
True baptism into large-scale 

5573
04:51:10,200 --> 04:51:14,200
fighting Confederate, surprise 
strike near Pittsburgh upon 

5574
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:16,800
Landing in Tennessee waves of 
enemy soldiers. 

5575
04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:20,200
Smashed the union defenses, 
Sherman's division took the 

5576
04:51:20,200 --> 04:51:23,400
brunt of the early fighting 
despite being taken by surprise.

5577
04:51:23,400 --> 04:51:25,900
He rallied his troops riding 
along. 

5578
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:29,400
The front lines, ignoring her 
personal danger, an encouraging 

5579
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:31,800
them to hold. 
Despite massive fatalities 

5580
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:35,600
Union, with stood the attack and
Grant's counter-attack the 

5581
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:37,800
following day Force. 
The Confederates to retire. 

5582
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:41,800
Sherman's leadership under 
duress gained him to a promotion

5583
04:51:41,800 --> 04:51:44,700
to Major General and more 
crucial, strengthened, his 

5584
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:48,000
alliance with Grant, The two men
came from Shiloh with the 

5585
04:51:48,008 --> 04:51:51,500
stronger determination to 
achieve total Victory, ignoring 

5586
04:51:51,500 --> 04:51:54,800
the confederacy's tenacity. 
Sherman followed Shiloh with 

5587
04:51:54,808 --> 04:51:58,300
operations along the Mississippi
River ending in the Vicksburg 

5588
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:01,700
campaign Vicksburg. 
A fortress stronghold was 

5589
04:52:01,700 --> 04:52:05,200
essential to Confederate control
of the Mississippi River, Union,

5590
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:08,000
soldiers and anticipated that 
seizing, it would split the 

5591
04:52:08,000 --> 04:52:11,000
Confederacy in two isolating, 
the state's west of the river. 

5592
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:14,600
Grant, Siege was long with 
supply lines strained and 

5593
04:52:14,600 --> 04:52:17,100
morale, shaky Sherman's, 
involvement included, 

5594
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:20,400
skirmishes, faints and ensuring 
that Confederate reinforcements,

5595
04:52:20,400 --> 04:52:21,900
could not break through the 
siege. 

5596
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:28,100
Vicksburg finally fell on July 
4th 1863 marking a water shed 

5597
04:52:28,100 --> 04:52:32,800
moment in the western theater. 
Sherman's fames soared, although

5598
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:36,100
he frequently downplayed 
personal responsibility publicly

5599
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:40,200
praising Grant strategic vision.
Sherman did not take command of 

5600
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:44,100
Union forces in the west until 
1864, when Grant was ordered to 

5601
04:52:44,100 --> 04:52:48,500
the Eastern theater to confront 
property, Lee His primary aim is

5602
04:52:48,500 --> 04:52:51,200
a Lanta. 
The city was a confederate hub 

5603
04:52:51,200 --> 04:52:53,600
for railroads manufacturing and 
supply. 

5604
04:52:54,500 --> 04:52:56,800
Taking, it could jeopardize the 
southern battle effort. 

5605
04:52:57,700 --> 04:52:59,600
Sherman launched. 
The Atlantic campaign in May 

5606
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:04,600
1864 moving across North Eastern
Georgia, confederate, general 

5607
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:08,800
Joseph E, Johnson utilized an 
effective defensive plan but 

5608
04:53:08,800 --> 04:53:12,100
Sherman's numerical superiority,
and willingness to engage in 

5609
04:53:12,100 --> 04:53:14,700
flanking actions, gradually 
pushed Johnston back. 

5610
04:53:15,500 --> 04:53:18,700
Johnston's replacement, by the 
more aggressive, John Bell Hood 

5611
04:53:18,700 --> 04:53:22,500
increased Confederate 
casualties. by September 

5612
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:26,900
Sherman's Army, had conquered 
Atlanta, dealing a strategic and

5613
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:30,100
psychological blow to the South,
the cities fall echoed 

5614
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:32,400
throughout the north helping 
President, Lincoln's 

5615
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:36,100
re-election, chances, Sherman 
believed that simply occupying 

5616
04:53:36,100 --> 04:53:39,400
at Lanta would be insufficient. 
He wanted to crippled the 

5617
04:53:39,400 --> 04:53:41,700
Confederate capacity for future 
resistance. 

5618
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:45,500
After ordering civilian 
evacuations, he permitted 

5619
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:47,900
elements of the city's 
infrastructure to be destroyed. 

5620
04:53:48,800 --> 04:53:51,300
fueling suspicions that he was 
carrying out a destruction 

5621
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:54,900
campaign, Sherman then focused 
on a bold and controversial 

5622
04:53:54,900 --> 04:53:59,000
strategy, the march to the sea. 
The plan was to cut lines of 

5623
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:02,500
communication damage resources, 
critical to the southern War 

5624
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:05,600
Machine and show that 
Confederate authorities could no

5625
04:54:05,600 --> 04:54:10,400
longer Safeguard their heart. 
In mid-november 1864, he led 

5626
04:54:10,400 --> 04:54:13,900
60,000 men from Atlanta to 
Savannah, cutting a path across 

5627
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:16,800
Georgia and like traditional 
movements tethered by supply 

5628
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:19,900
lines Sherman's columns. 
Would live off the land. 

5629
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:23,500
Foraging freely demolishing, 
railroads Madden targeting 

5630
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:26,200
factorize. 
This bold tactic at the time, 

5631
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:29,200
attempted to break the South's 
resolved to continue fighting. 

5632
04:54:30,400 --> 04:54:33,500
During these campaigns Sherman's
views on Wars, solidified. 

5633
04:54:33,500 --> 04:54:36,800
He believed that the faster and 
harder the conflict was pursued 

5634
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:38,600
the sooner, it would be 
resolved. 

5635
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:43,000
In his letters to subordinates. 
He emphasized a harsh little 

5636
04:54:43,000 --> 04:54:45,400
door logic. 
If southern people felt the 

5637
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:48,000
effects of the war, the 
confederacy's morale would 

5638
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:51,700
plummet While many union leaders
sought Victory, through pitched 

5639
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:54,300
battles alone. 
Sherman embraced Total War 

5640
04:54:54,300 --> 04:54:56,700
leaving a reputation. 
That would Eclipse his other 

5641
04:54:56,700 --> 04:54:59,200
accomplishments and Define his 
place in American military 

5642
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:02,100
history. 
The march to the Seas started on

5643
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:06,800
November 15th 1864 as Union 
troops to parted from the 

5644
04:55:06,800 --> 04:55:10,200
charred remains of Atlanta, the 
trip to Savannah covered about 

5645
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:15,800
300 miles calculating about 483 
kilometers and lasted almost a 

5646
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:17,900
month. 
Contrary to popular belief, 

5647
04:55:17,900 --> 04:55:20,600
Sherman didn't order his 
soldiers to burn every home or 

5648
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:23,400
Farmland. 
Countered, however, the foraging

5649
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:27,100
so wide, spread occasionally 
turning into looting, the local 

5650
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:29,800
population's remembered the 
campaign with lasting bitterness

5651
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:33,900
Union Soldiers. 
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 

5652
04:55:33,900 --> 04:55:36,400
them into what was mockingly 
called, Sherman's neckties 

5653
04:55:36,400 --> 04:55:41,700
warehouses and factories. 
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and

5654
04:55:41,700 --> 04:55:45,100
livestock taken. 
Many Southern civilians fled 

5655
04:55:45,100 --> 04:55:47,500
before the advancing columns 
While others remained, 

5656
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:51,300
witnessing Gardens Barnes and 
personal property, consumed by 

5657
04:55:51,300 --> 04:55:54,100
Union, torches or opportunistic 
soldiers. 

5658
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:57,600
Sherman's official position, was
that his troop should only 

5659
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:01,100
target items with military or 
logistical significance? 

5660
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:05,300
But in practice those boundaries
quickly became unclear years 

5661
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:07,400
later. 
The question lingered were these

5662
04:56:07,400 --> 04:56:10,800
acts Justified militarily or 
simply a vengeful Rampage. 

5663
04:56:11,800 --> 04:56:14,600
Sherman supporters claimed that 
the confederacies capacity to 

5664
04:56:14,600 --> 04:56:17,800
fight relied on its Agricultural
and Industrial resources. 

5665
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:21,200
Rendering such destruction are 
regrettable necessity. 

5666
04:56:22,200 --> 04:56:25,100
Critics argued that the campaign
violated moral boundaries by 

5667
04:56:25,100 --> 04:56:28,500
punishing innocent civilians. 
Sherman believed that only by 

5668
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:30,900
breaking the South's ability and
determination to fight. 

5669
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:33,400
Could the wars violence, be 
decisively ended. 

5670
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:37,000
Sherman's forces entered 
Savannah on December the 20th. 

5671
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:40,000
1864 faceing, minimal 
resistance. 

5672
04:56:41,100 --> 04:56:44,100
He sent a telegram to President 
Lincoln proposing the city of 

5673
04:56:44,100 --> 04:56:48,000
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 
Capture of the nearly intact 

5674
04:56:48,000 --> 04:56:49,900
Port. 
Offered a strategic base on the 

5675
04:56:49,900 --> 04:56:53,200
Atlantic coast. 
Enabling Union forces to advance

5676
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:56,600
into the Carolinas Northern 
newspapers, celebrated the 

5677
04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:59,600
success lording. 
Sherman as a master strategist, 

5678
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:03,500
Southern newspapers erupted in 
Anger, portraying him as a 

5679
04:57:03,508 --> 04:57:06,300
ruthless Destroyer Confederate 
civilians. 

5680
04:57:06,300 --> 04:57:09,200
Criticized, the perceived 
barbarism in Diaries and letters

5681
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:12,600
while some Northern voices also 
voiced discomfort at the 

5682
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:16,500
campaign's brutality, the union 
War Machine continued and 

5683
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:21,300
Sherman's prominence grew in 
early 1865 Sherman turned North 

5684
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:24,800
to unite with Grant. 
The Carolinas campaign sought to

5685
04:57:24,800 --> 04:57:26,600
pressure Confederate resources 
from a new angle. 

5686
04:57:27,300 --> 04:57:30,100
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 
Lee's army between two. 

5687
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:33,400
Formidable Union forces as his 
men, moved through South 

5688
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:37,400
Carolina, the birthplace of 
succession Sherman's tactics, 

5689
04:57:37,400 --> 04:57:41,900
became even harsher. 
In February 1865, Columbia 

5690
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:45,300
burned with ongoing debate over 
where the union or Confederate, 

5691
04:57:45,300 --> 04:57:48,800
forces started the fire. 
Sherman denied starting the 

5692
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:52,100
fire, that suspicion remains 
woven into local. 

5693
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:54,500
Tales that the union 
intentionally set, a blaze, the 

5694
04:57:54,500 --> 04:57:57,800
birthplace of rebellion. 
Sherman advanced in to North 

5695
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:01,200
Carolina with a slightly softer 
approach, recognizing that the 

5696
04:58:01,200 --> 04:58:03,800
state had not been as eager to 
see to South Carolina. 

5697
04:58:03,800 --> 04:58:08,100
The operational logic. 
Persisted weaken, Confederate 

5698
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:11,600
capabilities disrupt, railroads 
and harassed. 

5699
04:58:11,600 --> 04:58:14,400
The demoralized southern forces 
in April. 

5700
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:17,700
It was reported that Lee's army 
of Northern Virginia surrendered

5701
04:58:17,700 --> 04:58:21,300
to Grant at Appomattox. 
Sherman's men sense the war was 

5702
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:24,400
nearing its conclusion, hopes 
rose that they could finish the 

5703
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:27,800
campaign without more major. 
Clashes And unforeseen twist 

5704
04:58:27,800 --> 04:58:30,900
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 
assassinated President Lincoln 

5705
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:36,000
on April 1465, shocking the 
entire Union, High command, 

5706
04:58:36,000 --> 04:58:39,900
grief and anger surged through 
Sherman's ranks. 

5707
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:44,100
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 
with confederate general, Joseph

5708
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,100
E Johnston in North Carolina 
became increasingly strained. 

5709
04:58:47,800 --> 04:58:51,600
Sherman aiming for a quick 
reconciliation proposed terms 

5710
04:58:51,600 --> 04:58:54,200
that many in Washington viewed 
as excessively generous 

5711
04:58:54,200 --> 04:58:57,500
including political concessions 
that exceeded his authority. 

5712
04:58:57,500 --> 04:59:01,300
The ward Apartments shaken by 
Lincoln's assassination and 

5713
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:04,000
favoring tougher. 
Actions rejected Shermans 

5714
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:07,700
agreement, Reports suggested 
that Sherman was either naive or

5715
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:10,600
overreaching. 
The Fiasco, briefly damaged, his

5716
04:59:10,600 --> 04:59:13,500
reputation. 
A revised negotiation resulted 

5717
04:59:13,500 --> 04:59:15,700
in Johnston. 
Surrender on April 26th, 

5718
04:59:15,700 --> 04:59:20,000
effectively ending the war in 
the Carolinas, Sherman's desire 

5719
04:59:20,000 --> 04:59:22,200
to heal wounds quickly 
conflicted with the mood in 

5720
04:59:22,200 --> 04:59:25,000
Washington creating 
misunderstanding that would 

5721
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:28,200
persist for years. 
Despite the friction points, the

5722
04:59:28,200 --> 04:59:31,700
north celebrated Sherman as a 
hero, the soldiers, admired him 

5723
04:59:31,700 --> 04:59:35,200
referring to him as Uncle Billy 
impressed by his Relentless 

5724
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:37,300
energy and talent for boosting 
morale. 

5725
04:59:37,900 --> 04:59:40,700
Southerners condemned him as the
cause of Devastation. 

5726
04:59:40,700 --> 04:59:44,600
He rarely attempted to soften 
that image stating that war was 

5727
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:47,400
cruelty and efforts to refine. 
It were pointless. 

5728
04:59:48,500 --> 04:59:51,100
That straightforward view shaped
his strategic approach. 

5729
04:59:51,100 --> 04:59:54,400
Sherman believed that war should
be pursued with full commitment 

5730
04:59:54,400 --> 04:59:58,200
or not at all. 
After the war Sherman oversaw. 

5731
04:59:58,200 --> 05:00:00,900
Military districts in the South 
attempting to maintain order 

5732
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:03,900
during reconstructions tumult. 
He found the political 

5733
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:07,800
squabbling exhausting, favoring 
direct military leadership over 

5734
05:00:07,800 --> 05:00:11,300
the complexities of civil 
policy, Sherman's Legacy was 

5735
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:13,200
solidified by his wartime 
campaigns. 

5736
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:15,900
Despite the post-war 
complexities that overshadowed 

5737
05:00:15,900 --> 05:00:17,800
it. 
The challenge for him. 

5738
05:00:17,800 --> 05:00:21,100
And for the nation was how to 
address the resentment caused by

5739
05:00:21,100 --> 05:00:24,700
Total War, while also focusing 
on rebuilding a unified country.

5740
05:00:25,700 --> 05:00:28,900
After hostilities concluded, 
William to come to Sherman 

5741
05:00:28,900 --> 05:00:31,500
expected. 
The clear structure of wartime 

5742
05:00:31,500 --> 05:00:34,100
command to translate into a 
simple post-war position. 

5743
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:38,100
However, the aftermath of 
conflict, rarely produces smooth

5744
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:41,900
transitions in 1865. 
He was appointed commander of 

5745
05:00:41,900 --> 05:00:44,900
the military division of the 
Mississippi covering most of the

5746
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:48,800
devastated South During 
Reconstruction conflicts arose, 

5747
05:00:48,800 --> 05:00:51,400
between President and Andrew 
Johnson's consulate, tree 

5748
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:54,300
approach and the Sevier demands 
of Radical Republicans and 

5749
05:00:54,300 --> 05:00:57,500
Congress. 
Sherman proceeded gingerly in 

5750
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,000
this climate avoiding political 
disputes. 

5751
05:01:00,800 --> 05:01:03,700
Constantly differed with civil 
officials and politicians about 

5752
05:01:03,700 --> 05:01:06,400
how to best manage the 
emancipated African-American 

5753
05:01:06,400 --> 05:01:10,000
population, former Confederates 
and the regions destroyed 

5754
05:01:10,000 --> 05:01:13,400
infrastructure, Sherman believed
the Army's job was to maintain 

5755
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:17,000
order, not to influence, the 
inevitable social upheaval. 

5756
05:01:17,900 --> 05:01:20,200
He questioned whether Union 
troops should remain in the 

5757
05:01:20,208 --> 05:01:23,200
South indefinitely. 
Citing the lack of a quick way 

5758
05:01:23,200 --> 05:01:25,600
to heal. 
Grave wounds his reluctance to 

5759
05:01:25,600 --> 05:01:27,100
fully Embrace reconstruction 
ideas. 

5760
05:01:27,100 --> 05:01:30,400
Frustrated, radical reformers, 
who wanted strong Federal 

5761
05:01:30,400 --> 05:01:34,300
enforcement of civil rights, 
white Southerners, apprehensive 

5762
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:37,600
of the northern presents 
frequently, opposed even basic 

5763
05:01:37,600 --> 05:01:40,700
Army commands understanding that
he was in a precarious 

5764
05:01:40,700 --> 05:01:43,300
situation. 
Sherman, sought solace in his 

5765
05:01:43,308 --> 05:01:47,500
family life in 1866. 
He relocated Saint Louis. 

5766
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,700
Missouri, to oversee the 
military division of Missouri. 

5767
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:54,300
The territory stretched from the
Mississippi River to the 

5768
05:01:54,300 --> 05:01:57,500
Rockies. 
Conflicts Fred Westwood as 

5769
05:01:57,500 --> 05:02:00,400
American expansion collided with
numerous indigenous groups. 

5770
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:03,400
Sherman's orders, required him 
to protect settlers and 

5771
05:02:03,408 --> 05:02:07,000
railroads, which frequently 
resulted in battles with tribes 

5772
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:08,700
that opposed the invasion of 
their areas. 

5773
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:11,100
This period of Sherman's career 
is not as well. 

5774
05:02:11,100 --> 05:02:12,900
Known as his Civil War 
achievements. 

5775
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:16,800
Native people beset with 
violated treaties and forced 

5776
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:20,400
relocations met Sherman. 
A military figure who advocated 

5777
05:02:20,400 --> 05:02:22,900
employing, Superior, Force to 
achieve Federal objectives 

5778
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:25,900
Sherman's perspective. 
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his

5779
05:02:25,908 --> 05:02:30,000
entire War philosophy. 
Decisively smash resistance to 

5780
05:02:30,000 --> 05:02:33,000
minimize prolonged Carnage. 
He ordered campaigns that 

5781
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:36,400
destroyed communities, 
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 

5782
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:40,000
pushed people onto reserve's 
historians decried, his measures

5783
05:02:40,000 --> 05:02:42,400
likening them to his previous 
scorched. 

5784
05:02:42,400 --> 05:02:45,300
Earth policies, Sherman's 
strategy was straightforward, 

5785
05:02:45,300 --> 05:02:49,800
smash any opposition as quickly 
and decisively as possible. 

5786
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:53,100
He perceived, no, ethical, 
dilemma in forcefully. 

5787
05:02:53,100 --> 05:02:55,700
Displacing indigenous peoples, 
in pursuit of the nation's 

5788
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:59,000
ultimate goal. 
This unwavering stance cemented 

5789
05:02:59,000 --> 05:03:01,600
his reputation as a sort of 
strong Arts answers. 

5790
05:03:02,400 --> 05:03:06,100
Changes in Washington impacted 
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 

5791
05:03:06,100 --> 05:03:10,100
S Grant became president in 1869
and Sherman was appointed 

5792
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:13,800
Commanding General of the United
States Army, His new position 

5793
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:16,300
allowed wide oversight of 
military operations but 

5794
05:03:16,300 --> 05:03:19,000
disagreements with the water 
department arose fast. 

5795
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:22,000
Sherman believed that the line 
of command was harmed by 

5796
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:24,900
civilian authorities, desire for
greater control, over Army 

5797
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:27,700
matters. 
The tension Rose under Secretary

5798
05:03:27,700 --> 05:03:31,400
of War, William W. 
Belknap who were resigned under 

5799
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:34,700
scandal? 
Sherman's private letters into 

5800
05:03:34,700 --> 05:03:37,700
indicated, his displeasure with 
the political maliar and a 

5801
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,000
desire for the disciplined 
cooperation of wartime. 

5802
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:44,300
Sherman suffered family issues, 
Ellen, hailed from a devout 

5803
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:47,300
Catholic household where a 
Sherman had no interest in 

5804
05:03:47,300 --> 05:03:49,800
organized religion, there are 
opposing viewpoints 

5805
05:03:49,800 --> 05:03:54,100
occasionally, produced tension, 
one son, Willie died, tragically

5806
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:56,700
during the war leaving an 
emotional scar on the family. 

5807
05:03:56,700 --> 05:03:59,300
Another son Thomas, Ewing, 
Sherman. 

5808
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:02,000
Became a Jesuit priest, which 
Sherman? 

5809
05:04:02,000 --> 05:04:04,800
Reluctantly accepted Sherman 
composed. 

5810
05:04:04,800 --> 05:04:07,700
His Memoirs during these changes
and they were first published in

5811
05:04:07,700 --> 05:04:11,900
1875. 
This two-volume book, Memoirs of

5812
05:04:11,908 --> 05:04:14,700
General William t-shirt and 
gives a plane account of his 

5813
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:18,300
life from birth until the Civil 
War critics praised, its 

5814
05:04:18,300 --> 05:04:21,200
readability, and honesty. 
While several Express concern 

5815
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:24,600
about a mission and biases. 
He openly said at the outset 

5816
05:04:24,600 --> 05:04:27,800
that he would report of events 
as he saw them, regardless of 

5817
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:32,000
whether they Disturbed anyone, 
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 

5818
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:34,400
perception of him as a general 
who believed in direct action 

5819
05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:37,900
and open communication. 
Sherman, headed, an army that 

5820
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:40,200
was struggling to find its place
in a changing country in the 

5821
05:04:40,208 --> 05:04:43,600
1870s. 
Industrialization accelerated 

5822
05:04:43,600 --> 05:04:46,700
questions about global 
development arose and the 

5823
05:04:46,708 --> 05:04:50,600
frontier vanished. 
The Army shrank overshadowed by 

5824
05:04:50,600 --> 05:04:53,500
new Millionaires and the 
volatile politics of the Gilded 

5825
05:04:53,500 --> 05:04:56,000
Age. 
Sherman frequently, bemoan that 

5826
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:58,100
the populace had grown 
complacent about National 

5827
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:01,000
Defense. 
Ignoring the painful lessons of 

5828
05:05:01,000 --> 05:05:04,900
the Civil War in quieter 
moments, he realized that a 

5829
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:07,400
diminished Army presence was 
precisely what a reunited 

5830
05:05:07,400 --> 05:05:10,300
country needed. 
Even if it left him feeling a 

5831
05:05:10,300 --> 05:05:14,800
little lost, the great Railroad 
Strike of 1877, which saw 

5832
05:05:14,800 --> 05:05:17,100
federal troops dispatched to 
quell labor unrest. 

5833
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:20,000
Was the final major dispute of 
his tenure. 

5834
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:23,600
Sherman struck a compromise 
between compassion for workers 

5835
05:05:23,600 --> 05:05:27,700
concerns and the city for order.
Directing a reaction that sought

5836
05:05:27,700 --> 05:05:31,000
to minimize Bloodshed. 
The incident pointed as a new 

5837
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:34,800
sort of internal conflict 
industrial turmoil, supplanting 

5838
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:38,700
sectional conflicts Sherman 
noted for his darkness and 

5839
05:05:38,700 --> 05:05:41,400
rigidity was reminded that war 
is never static. 

5840
05:05:41,400 --> 05:05:46,200
It changes with the intricacies 
of civilization As the 1880s 

5841
05:05:46,200 --> 05:05:49,600
began William to come to Sherman
entered retirement but stayed a 

5842
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:53,200
notable public figure in 1882 he
stepped down as Commanding 

5843
05:05:53,200 --> 05:05:56,900
General concluding nearly 20 
years of consistent leadership 

5844
05:05:56,900 --> 05:06:00,600
in a transforming Army. 
Civic groups, lecture circuits 

5845
05:06:00,600 --> 05:06:02,900
and political activists often 
pursued him. 

5846
05:06:03,700 --> 05:06:06,000
Some urged him to run for 
president thinking. 

5847
05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:08,600
His combat experience and 
integrity would resonate with 

5848
05:06:08,600 --> 05:06:11,800
Americans Sherman famously 
declined stating. 

5849
05:06:11,800 --> 05:06:15,500
I will not accept if nominated 
and will not serve if elected 

5850
05:06:15,500 --> 05:06:18,500
the statement reflected his 
post-war identity as a someone 

5851
05:06:18,500 --> 05:06:21,400
who had witnessed the harsh 
realities of politics, leading 

5852
05:06:21,400 --> 05:06:23,200
him to avoid more profound 
involvement. 

5853
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:26,500
His reluctance to run for 
government came from several 

5854
05:06:26,500 --> 05:06:29,100
factors. 
He was wearing of the constant 

5855
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:31,300
maneuvering that characterized 
national elections. 

5856
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:34,500
His straightforward attitude 
conflicted with the need to 

5857
05:06:34,500 --> 05:06:37,700
appease groups and trade favors.
He understood that his 

5858
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:40,700
reputation forged through tough 
tactics in Georgia, and the 

5859
05:06:40,708 --> 05:06:43,500
Caroline as could provoke 
significant backlash in the 

5860
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:47,700
South and among modern voters. 
He felt his skills were better 

5861
05:06:47,700 --> 05:06:50,200
suited for organizing and 
leading in challenging 

5862
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:52,600
situations. 
Rather than in standard 

5863
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:55,300
governance. 
Negotiations Sherman traveled 

5864
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:58,800
extensively, giving speeches on 
Civil War events, and promoting 

5865
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:02,100
a strong practical military 
policy, even after leaving 

5866
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:06,500
formal duties, he seldom 
softened his remarks a veterans 

5867
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:10,200
reunions, he portrayed the 
stern, Uncle reminding formats, 

5868
05:07:10,200 --> 05:07:13,500
that war was not a glorious 
Adventure, he emphasized to 

5869
05:07:13,500 --> 05:07:16,500
younger audiences that the Civil
War was much more complex than 

5870
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:19,700
just heroes and villains. 
He stood firm in his decisions 

5871
05:07:19,700 --> 05:07:22,400
asserting that his aggressive 
campaigns had reduced the 

5872
05:07:22,400 --> 05:07:25,200
conflicts length. 
He was honest about his views on

5873
05:07:25,200 --> 05:07:28,400
reconstructions outcomes, he 
observed the South's economic 

5874
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:32,000
recovery, the emergence of Jim 
Crow laws and ongoing social 

5875
05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:36,000
inequalities he did not advocate
for radical solutions to racial 

5876
05:07:36,000 --> 05:07:39,700
disparity viewing, it mainly. 
As a civilian issue, some 

5877
05:07:39,700 --> 05:07:42,700
critics viewed Sherman's 
attitude as a veces claiming he 

5878
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:44,400
was dodging moral 
responsibility. 

5879
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,100
He said his name was to preserve
the union, not to create an 

5880
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:50,600
equal Society. 
Although Sherman was 

5881
05:07:50,600 --> 05:07:54,100
strategically skilled his 
limited view on social fairness 

5882
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:57,200
reflects the shortcomings of his
era which is clear in hindsight.

5883
05:07:58,200 --> 05:08:01,500
At the same time narrative is 
about his private life became 

5884
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:04,000
gentler. 
He enjoyed engaging with former 

5885
05:08:04,000 --> 05:08:07,900
allies Especially Ulysses, S, 
Grant whose presidents. 

5886
05:08:07,900 --> 05:08:09,800
He concluded a mid controversy 
and failure. 

5887
05:08:10,400 --> 05:08:13,500
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 
honoring their bond from the war

5888
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:16,500
despite any controversies. 
They occasionally gathered to 

5889
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:19,200
voice their discontent regarding
how their legacies turned into 

5890
05:08:19,200 --> 05:08:23,300
political issues. 
When grant deed in 1885 Sherman 

5891
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:26,300
mourned publicly, delivering 
eulogies that highlighted 

5892
05:08:26,300 --> 05:08:29,300
Loyalty, The Virtue that had 
United them, through numerous 

5893
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:33,200
conflicts, In the 1880s, new 
Industries and Technologies, 

5894
05:08:33,200 --> 05:08:36,100
captured public attention 
railroaded. 

5895
05:08:36,100 --> 05:08:39,100
The continent telephones, 
connected people, and 

5896
05:08:39,100 --> 05:08:42,700
corporations grew. 
Sherman felt torn after 

5897
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:46,000
observing these changes, he 
appreciated America's ambition 

5898
05:08:46,000 --> 05:08:48,800
for growth, but worried about 
possible, societal instability. 

5899
05:08:49,800 --> 05:08:52,600
The great Railroad Strike 
indicated, Rising unrest among 

5900
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:55,900
industrial workers. 
He warned that class tensions 

5901
05:08:55,900 --> 05:08:59,400
were handled correctly. 
They could erupt violently well,

5902
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:01,300
though. 
He wasn't an economist, the 

5903
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:03,700
identified conflict patterns, 
and warned, political leaders 

5904
05:09:03,700 --> 05:09:07,000
that neglecting labor demands 
could lead to chaos, similar to 

5905
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:10,700
the devastation of War. 
Sherman, who relocated to New 

5906
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:13,900
York City later in the decade 
joined various clubs and wrote 

5907
05:09:13,900 --> 05:09:16,300
letters condemning the rise of 
Sensational journalism. 

5908
05:09:17,200 --> 05:09:19,600
He was accustomed to Media 
scrutiny during the war. 

5909
05:09:19,600 --> 05:09:23,400
He was portrayed as either a 
hero or a criminal tabloids 

5910
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:27,000
thrived on sensationalism making
him cautious about interviews. 

5911
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:29,900
Young journalists sought his 
views on military issues. 

5912
05:09:29,900 --> 05:09:33,400
He emphasized that future Wars 
could lead to unimaginable 

5913
05:09:33,400 --> 05:09:36,300
destruction. 
If not quickly contained 

5914
05:09:36,300 --> 05:09:40,100
particularly with Advanced 
Weaponry insisted that. 

5915
05:09:40,100 --> 05:09:43,900
The only real strategy was to 
either fully engage in war or 

5916
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:47,400
not at all. 
Sherman's Health declined as he 

5917
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:50,400
got older. 
Stiff joints, persistent pain 

5918
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:53,200
years of fatigue, in uniform 
consumed him. 

5919
05:09:53,900 --> 05:09:57,500
He refused to discuss himself as
a weak elderly General. 

5920
05:09:58,200 --> 05:10:00,600
He walked through the streets of
Manhattan in casual clothes 

5921
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:03,000
tipping his hat. 
To those who noticed his 

5922
05:10:03,000 --> 05:10:06,000
distinctive gray hair, he 
visited West Point and other 

5923
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:08,500
Army locations. 
Rarely providing straightforward

5924
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:12,500
advice train with discipline. 
That hope you never have to use 

5925
05:10:12,500 --> 05:10:15,400
it in a civil war. 
Listeners felt that beneath his 

5926
05:10:15,400 --> 05:10:17,600
tough. 
Exterior would deep wounds shape

5927
05:10:17,600 --> 05:10:21,200
by the harsh realities of war. 
In his later years, the people 

5928
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:23,700
embraced him as a grandfather 
figure his once. 

5929
05:10:23,700 --> 05:10:27,700
Fierce dimona mellowed over time
fundamentally, he was the man 

5930
05:10:27,700 --> 05:10:30,800
who bravely marched through 
Georgia firmly, believing that 

5931
05:10:30,800 --> 05:10:34,400
such harshness was essential. 
In the evolving landscape of 

5932
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:37,800
modern America, William to come 
to Sherman remained prominent 

5933
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:40,500
his influence softened rather 
than faded. 

5934
05:10:40,500 --> 05:10:43,500
A reminder of when cities 
trembled at the sight of 

5935
05:10:43,508 --> 05:10:47,200
blue-clad troops, William to 
comes as Sherman spent his final

5936
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:49,500
months in New York, surrounded 
by family and friends. 

5937
05:10:49,500 --> 05:10:53,100
He was stoic, Yeti occasionally,
made sad remarks about how the 

5938
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:56,800
Civil War ruined his reputation.
He recognized that for many 

5939
05:10:56,800 --> 05:11:00,200
Southerners, his name, 
symbolized Terror, a reminder of

5940
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:03,300
burned houses, ruined, 
railroads, and the unrelenting. 

5941
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:07,100
March of Union forces to many 
particularly in the north, he 

5942
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:09,400
was the driving Factor behind 
the confederacy's demise 

5943
05:11:09,400 --> 05:11:14,100
ultimately sparing, many lives, 
by ending the war, The dichotomy

5944
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:17,900
left him, resigned historical 
assessments are really balanced 

5945
05:11:17,900 --> 05:11:21,500
specially for those who shape 
conflict in new disputed ways. 

5946
05:11:21,500 --> 05:11:25,100
Sherman became ill with 
pneumonia, in January 1891, 

5947
05:11:25,100 --> 05:11:28,400
doctors tried to restore his 
health, but difficulties 

5948
05:11:28,400 --> 05:11:30,900
occurred by early February. 
It was clear. 

5949
05:11:30,900 --> 05:11:33,800
He was unlikely to recover. 
He faced his declined, 

5950
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,900
discreetly, the stewing some 
treatments and facing his 

5951
05:11:36,900 --> 05:11:40,800
mortality, with the same candle,
he used in strategy Family 

5952
05:11:40,800 --> 05:11:43,500
members watched him closely 
recalling how the once 

5953
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:46,400
Unstoppable man appeared weak 
under the light of the bedside 

5954
05:11:46,400 --> 05:11:49,800
lamp. 
He died on February 14th, 1891 

5955
05:11:49,800 --> 05:11:54,800
at the age of 71 new spread 
across the country Southerners 

5956
05:11:54,800 --> 05:11:57,400
reacted, calmly to the 
announcement, some newspapers, 

5957
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:00,400
ran brief obituaries, While 
others recalled, the misery 

5958
05:12:00,400 --> 05:12:04,500
caused in the north. 
Praises poured in hailing him as

5959
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:06,900
a hero who broke the walls 
Illusions, and drove the South 

5960
05:12:06,900 --> 05:12:09,800
to its knees. 
Foreign commentators reflected 

5961
05:12:09,800 --> 05:12:12,900
on how the American Civil War 
influenced worldwide military 

5962
05:12:12,900 --> 05:12:15,600
thinking. 
Observing that Sherman's death 

5963
05:12:15,600 --> 05:12:18,400
marked, the end of an era of 
bold large-scale. 

5964
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:21,600
Maneuver a Warfare. 
Sherman's funeral in New York, 

5965
05:12:21,600 --> 05:12:24,700
Drew massive crowds to the 
streets veterans, wearing 

5966
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:28,400
uniforms saluted, the car skit. 
Young observers were captivated 

5967
05:12:28,400 --> 05:12:31,000
by The Legend and listened to 
Serious comments from generals. 

5968
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:34,200
Who had served under him. 
The Army provided full honors as

5969
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:35,700
a final. 
Homage to the man, whose 

5970
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:38,200
worldview was defined by his 
dedication to duty. 

5971
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:41,400
Pall, bearers included, notable 
Civic and Military figures, 

5972
05:12:41,400 --> 05:12:44,400
emphasizing his life's impact on
American growth. 

5973
05:12:44,400 --> 05:12:47,700
They brought his remains to 
Saint Louis with quiet Selena 

5974
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:51,500
tea where he was buried. 
Alongside his wife, Ellen who 

5975
05:12:51,500 --> 05:12:54,400
had died a few years before 
afterward newspapers and 

5976
05:12:54,400 --> 05:12:57,800
magazines began to look back 
writers debated morality and 

5977
05:12:57,800 --> 05:13:01,400
necessity to Sherman's campaigns
and hearts combat or spark new 

5978
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:04,600
conflicts. 
Some editorial lists credited 

5979
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:08,200
him with inventing the concept 
of modern Total War emphasizing 

5980
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:12,100
how entire communities not just 
soldiers become involved in 

5981
05:13:12,100 --> 05:13:15,200
massive Warfare. 
Some voiced worried about the 

5982
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:18,300
impact on civilian life and 
property claiming that his 

5983
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:21,300
approach called into question, 
the ethics of War military 

5984
05:13:21,300 --> 05:13:23,400
academies around the world 
evaluated. 

5985
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:27,200
His Maneuvers adopting or 
criticizing his ideas before 

5986
05:13:27,200 --> 05:13:30,600
World War 1 German officers 
thoroughly researched the march 

5987
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:33,100
to the sea to establish their 
philosophy. 

5988
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:35,700
Sherman's notion that war should
be conducted. 

5989
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:38,900
Decisively eliminating Illusions
and safe. 

5990
05:13:38,900 --> 05:13:41,900
Haven's has far reaching 
consequences Beyond American 

5991
05:13:41,900 --> 05:13:44,700
borders. 
Many nations romanticized, 

5992
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:47,400
notion of combat, would conflict
with the brutal reality. 

5993
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:51,100
He highlighted Decades later 
European nation's would 

5994
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:53,900
participate in even more 
devastating Wars prompting. 

5995
05:13:53,900 --> 05:13:56,800
The question was Sherman. 
A Visionary, a prophet of 

5996
05:13:56,808 --> 05:14:00,200
mechanized destruction. 
Personal stories about Uncle. 

5997
05:14:00,200 --> 05:14:03,800
Billy were well known among 
aging, Union, veterans, hanak, 

5998
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:06,600
show him pausing to speak with a
terrified child or having a 

5999
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:08,100
humble lunch with auroral 
household. 

6000
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:11,200
These pieces attempted to 
portray the man who was 

6001
05:14:11,208 --> 05:14:13,100
frequently despised by many 
Southerners. 

6002
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:16,500
Historians who read his letters 
discovered that he had a comic 

6003
05:14:16,500 --> 05:14:20,300
side frequently calming tense 
situations with dry humor. 

6004
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:24,800
Contradictions are bound a kind,
Father Figure to his men and 

6005
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:27,800
unrelenting Terror to his 
adversaries and a scathing 

6006
05:14:27,800 --> 05:14:29,400
critic of half measures in 
combat. 

6007
05:14:30,100 --> 05:14:33,500
Sherman along with Grant Lee and
Jackson was recognized as 

6008
05:14:33,500 --> 05:14:37,800
pivotal figures in the Civil War
over time, statues appeared some

6009
05:14:37,800 --> 05:14:40,800
in the north depicting him on 
Horseback with a determined 

6010
05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:43,700
expression and fewer in the 
South where he was frequently 

6011
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:47,200
overshadowed by Local Heroes. 
The older generation that lived 

6012
05:14:47,200 --> 05:14:48,900
through the conflict as died 
away. 

6013
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:53,000
Leaving a legacy characterized 
by textbooks speeches and 

6014
05:14:53,000 --> 05:14:55,600
Battlefield tours. 
Sherman's historical 

6015
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:58,400
significance, was substantial, 
but challenging for a nascent 

6016
05:14:58,400 --> 05:15:00,800
Nation. 
Historians developed fresh 

6017
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:03,900
perspectives over time. 
Some of them investigated the 

6018
05:15:03,900 --> 05:15:06,300
cycle impact of the Florida 
Wetlands on the young 

6019
05:15:06,300 --> 05:15:09,400
Lieutenant, some of suggested 
that his family's links to 

6020
05:15:09,400 --> 05:15:11,900
Thomas, Ewing had an important 
impact on his early success. 

6021
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:15,400
many questioned his performance 
during the Indian Wars 

6022
05:15:15,400 --> 05:15:18,300
questioning, how a commander 
known for defending the union 

6023
05:15:18,300 --> 05:15:22,100
could Advocate harsh measures 
against indigenous tribes These 

6024
05:15:22,100 --> 05:15:24,200
layers called the complexities 
of his life. 

6025
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:28,200
He was neither a simple hero or 
a villain, but rather a figure 

6026
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:32,000
of a changing America managing 
crises technological 

6027
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:34,400
developments and expanding 
Frontiers. 

6028
05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:38,400
Sherman's name conjures up, 
pictures of Relentless columns 

6029
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:41,500
flaming Depots and a war that 
changed the face of conflict. 

6030
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:44,900
William to come says, Sherman is
still regarded as a key 

6031
05:15:44,900 --> 05:15:47,900
character in The Civil War 
Pantheon, yet views of his 

6032
05:15:47,908 --> 05:15:52,400
actions continue to shift over 
130 years after his death, 

6033
05:15:52,400 --> 05:15:55,700
historians military Scholars and
interested. 

6034
05:15:55,700 --> 05:15:58,800
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 
search of nuanced insights. 

6035
05:15:59,700 --> 05:16:03,000
Many people are talking about 
his hardwar theory which holds 

6036
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:05,800
that determinate a struggle and 
Nation must attack. 

6037
05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:08,800
The opponents of ability to 
sustain itself rather than 

6038
05:16:08,800 --> 05:16:12,800
simply defeating forces in open 
battle His Effectiveness in this

6039
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:15,800
area is widely attributed to 
hastening the confederacies 

6040
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:18,200
demise. 
Sherman's techniques are 

6041
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:20,500
sometimes compared to those used
in 20th century. 

6042
05:16:20,500 --> 05:16:23,900
Total conflicts in which entire 
economies and civilian 

6043
05:16:23,900 --> 05:16:26,600
populations are targeted 
critics, questioned. 

6044
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:29,500
If the practice establishes a 
troubling precedent that moral 

6045
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:33,400
barriers can be crossed for the 
sake of expediency, others argue

6046
05:16:33,400 --> 05:16:36,000
that Sherman's, tough attitude, 
undoubtedly shortened, the walls

6047
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:39,700
duration preventing thousands of
further Battlefield casualties. 

6048
05:16:40,800 --> 05:16:43,600
When military doctrines develop 
the on Frontline, engagements 

6049
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:46,600
the tension between practicality
and morality becomes 

6050
05:16:46,600 --> 05:16:50,700
increasingly essential. 
In the South memories of Sherman

6051
05:16:50,700 --> 05:16:52,400
are still shaped by 
generational. 

6052
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:56,000
Stories families, carry down 
stories about ancestors. 

6053
05:16:56,000 --> 05:16:59,500
Who lost my houses animals were 
Enterprises long, his path 

6054
05:16:59,508 --> 05:17:03,200
museums in Georgia, South 
Carolina, and other states. 

6055
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:05,700
Periodically display, 
exhibitions about the march to 

6056
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:09,300
the Seas local influence, some 
historians work to differentiate

6057
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:12,600
myth from reality. 
And was not every fire was 

6058
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:16,000
started by a Union soldier nor 
was every structured torched. 

6059
05:17:16,000 --> 05:17:20,200
However, the cycle of an 
Unstoppable Army marching across

6060
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:24,300
the countryside was evident 
Meanwhile, Northern cities that 

6061
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:27,300
formerly supported him attempt 
to analyze his full Legacy. 

6062
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:31,200
War memorials in areas like New 
York and Ohio depict him as a 

6063
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:32,800
pivotal figure in the Union's 
Deliverance. 

6064
05:17:33,700 --> 05:17:36,700
School textbooks, stress his 
Devotion, to Grant his 

6065
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,800
operational genius, and the 
conclusion, he helped to bring 

6066
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:42,100
to a war that threatened to 
fracture the country 

6067
05:17:42,100 --> 05:17:45,200
irrevocably. 
A few paragraphs might describe 

6068
05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:47,900
how he disliked political power 
and preferred clear command 

6069
05:17:47,900 --> 05:17:51,300
younger Generations. 
Perceive nearly cinematic figure

6070
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:55,400
Brazen Unstoppable, a 
contradiction of savagery and 

6071
05:17:55,400 --> 05:17:58,300
compassion who altered Americans
perceptions of battle. 

6072
05:17:59,100 --> 05:18:02,400
Sherman's personal documents, 
which are preserved in 

6073
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:06,000
libraries, Illustrate, the 
intricacies of his relationships

6074
05:18:06,000 --> 05:18:09,500
letters to his wife, Ellen 
express love, and parental care.

6075
05:18:09,500 --> 05:18:12,100
Particularly, when they lost 
their son, William Memphis. 

6076
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,200
Correspondence with fellow 
officers illustrates the stress 

6077
05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:18,400
that weighed on him. 
Particularly in the Dark 

6078
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:21,000
Knights, preceding important 
operations. 

6079
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:24,200
There's a fleeting impression 
that beneath the stern generals 

6080
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:26,900
public face. 
A man struggled with the 

6081
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:30,400
internal reservations about the 
Unstoppable machine, he'd set in

6082
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:34,500
Motion in scholarly areas 
studies of reconstruction 

6083
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:38,100
address his post-war Deeds. 
Some argue that despite his 

6084
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:41,300
ability to affect Southern 
reintegration, he mostly 

6085
05:18:41,300 --> 05:18:44,100
deferred to Civil Authorities 
and focused on limited Army 

6086
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:46,300
duties. 
Did he demonstrate smart 

6087
05:18:46,300 --> 05:18:48,400
statesmanship? 
Or did he allow systemic 

6088
05:18:48,400 --> 05:18:51,700
Injustice to continue? 
The discussion continues, 

6089
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:55,800
according to the record Sherman,
considered himself, first and 

6090
05:18:55,800 --> 05:18:58,600
foremost to Soldier. 
He really saw the Army as an 

6091
05:18:58,600 --> 05:19:00,500
instrument for sweeping social 
engineering. 

6092
05:19:01,200 --> 05:19:04,200
This perspective aligning with 
his pragmatic approach 

6093
05:19:04,200 --> 05:19:07,600
significantly shaped the course 
of reconstruction, both 

6094
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:10,700
positively and negatively, 
Sherman's image appears in 

6095
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:13,900
novels documentaries and 
historical dramas, that aim to 

6096
05:19:13,908 --> 05:19:15,400
capture the passion of the Civil
War. 

6097
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:19,700
Filmmakers show, him poised on 
Horseback watching a horizon. 

6098
05:19:19,700 --> 05:19:23,400
Tinged orange by fires or in 
frenetic staff meetings with 

6099
05:19:23,408 --> 05:19:26,700
maps strewn out over. 
Rickety tables these portrayals 

6100
05:19:26,700 --> 05:19:28,900
frequently exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

6101
05:19:29,600 --> 05:19:33,100
But they reflect a long-standing
fascination with the man who 

6102
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:37,200
accepted the brutal facts of war
and forced the South to taste 

6103
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:40,700
the bitter fruit of defeat. 
The conflict between actuality 

6104
05:19:40,700 --> 05:19:42,600
and myth is rarely fully 
resolved. 

6105
05:19:43,300 --> 05:19:45,500
It's expressing the essence of a
character who thrived on 

6106
05:19:45,500 --> 05:19:48,800
contradiction. 
Finally, Sherman story is a 

6107
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:52,600
microcosm of American history in
the mid-19th century, a country.

6108
05:19:52,608 --> 05:19:55,800
Stumbling from compromised, to 
come from Plantation debating, 

6109
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:58,400
whether to remain a single 
political unit or split 

6110
05:19:58,400 --> 05:20:00,700
irreparably. 
Sherman's life. 

6111
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:03,500
Followed that trajectory from 
Frontier, Boyhood to the 

6112
05:20:03,500 --> 05:20:06,900
Pinnacle of military leadership 
from the sorrow of personal loss

6113
05:20:06,900 --> 05:20:09,700
to the molding of an unwavering 
approach in The Crucible of 

6114
05:20:09,708 --> 05:20:12,000
battle. 
His traces are still visible, 

6115
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:15,500
not only on Georgian territory, 
but also in how America deals 

6116
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,600
with the duties and costs of 
military conflict. 

6117
05:20:18,300 --> 05:20:21,700
For those looking for simple 
labels hero or villain Visionary

6118
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:24,800
or brute Sherman. 
Defies the mall reminding us 

6119
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:27,800
that history is woven from the 
threads of both success and the 

6120
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:30,500
tragedy. 
Sculpted by the Steely will of 

6121
05:20:30,508 --> 05:20:33,700
individuals who wants marched 
across the stage of an evolving 

6122
05:20:33,700 --> 05:20:37,700
National drama. 
Picture this. you're settling in

6123
05:20:37,708 --> 05:20:41,400
for the night, maybe with a warm
cup of something comforting and 

6124
05:20:41,400 --> 05:20:44,700
someone asks you to imagine 
ancient Italy not the Italy of 

6125
05:20:44,708 --> 05:20:48,800
pasta and espresso though, 
wouldn't that be nice but a wild

6126
05:20:48,800 --> 05:20:51,200
Untamed place where every Hill 
might hide. 

6127
05:20:51,200 --> 05:20:53,100
A god, having a particularly 
dramatic day. 

6128
05:20:54,200 --> 05:20:57,900
Our Story begins with Mars, the 
God of War who apparently had 

6129
05:20:57,900 --> 05:21:00,900
nothing better to do than fall 
head over sandals for a young 

6130
05:21:00,908 --> 05:21:04,700
woman named Rhea Silvia, Now 
real wasn't just anyone. 

6131
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:08,400
She was a Vestal Virgin which 
meant she'd taken a sacred vow 

6132
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:10,900
to stay single and ten the 
eternal flame in the temple. 

6133
05:21:11,600 --> 05:21:14,500
Imagine it as the most stringent
employment agreement in the 

6134
05:21:14,500 --> 05:21:18,000
ancient world where violating it
could result in death rather 

6135
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:21,600
than mere termination. 
And gods, as you've probably 

6136
05:21:21,600 --> 05:21:23,200
noticed. 
If you've ever read mythology, 

6137
05:21:23,200 --> 05:21:28,000
particularly good at respecting 
human rules, Mars swept down 

6138
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:31,100
from his Celestial perch like a 
Divine hurricane and before you 

6139
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:34,900
could say workplace harassment 
complaint rear found herself 

6140
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:38,400
pregnant with twins. 
The event created what ancient 

6141
05:21:38,400 --> 05:21:41,000
Romans might have called a 
situation though. 

6142
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:45,300
They probably use more colorful 
language king of nulease Uncle 

6143
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:47,500
and the current rule was 
understandably pleased. 

6144
05:21:47,500 --> 05:21:50,900
He'd already stolen the throne 
from his brother and wasn't keen

6145
05:21:50,900 --> 05:21:53,800
on potential heirs popping up to
complicate his retirement plans.

6146
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:57,900
When the Twins were born two 
healthy boys, who would someday 

6147
05:21:57,900 --> 05:22:01,000
be called Romulus and Remus 
emulous made the kind of 

6148
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,300
executive decision that makes 
modern corporate restructuring. 

6149
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:07,300
Look gentle, he ordered the 
babies to be thrown into the 

6150
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:09,800
Tiber River. 
Now, if this were a modern story

6151
05:22:09,800 --> 05:22:13,100
we'd call Child Protective 
Services but the setting was 

6152
05:22:13,100 --> 05:22:16,800
ancient Rome where Rivers were 
apparently considered acceptable

6153
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:19,800
babysitters and wolves had 
better parenting skills than 

6154
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:23,200
most humans. 
The servant tasked with this 

6155
05:22:23,200 --> 05:22:25,800
Grim Duty. 
Let's call him reluctant middle 

6156
05:22:25,800 --> 05:22:28,500
management. 
Placed the babies in a basket 

6157
05:22:28,500 --> 05:22:31,900
and set them afloat, probably 
hoping someone up River would 

6158
05:22:31,900 --> 05:22:34,500
fish them out and wondering if 
his job description at always 

6159
05:22:34,508 --> 05:22:38,200
included in fantasy side. 
The tyburs swollen with spring 

6160
05:22:38,200 --> 05:22:41,100
rains, carried the basket. 
Downstream like Nature's, only 

6161
05:22:41,100 --> 05:22:43,800
lazy river. 
Accept considerably less fun. 

6162
05:22:43,800 --> 05:22:47,400
And with much higher Stakes, you
can imagine the baby's bobbing 

6163
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:48,900
along. 
Probably thinking, this wasn't 

6164
05:22:48,900 --> 05:22:51,700
quite the welcome to the world. 
They'd been expecting though, at

6165
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,800
their age, their concerns were 
likely limited to warmth food 

6166
05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:58,500
and Dry Diapers. 
None of which a river provides 

6167
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:02,100
particularly well, The basket of
eventually washed ashore near 

6168
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:05,500
the base of the Palatine Hill in
a spot where a fig tree cast 

6169
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:07,100
dappled Shadows on the muddy 
Bank. 

6170
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:11,700
This is the pivotal moment in 
our story as it seems. 

6171
05:23:11,700 --> 05:23:13,600
The gods were not yet done 
intervening. 

6172
05:23:14,700 --> 05:23:16,500
Ewolf, probably out for her 
morning, constitutional 

6173
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:19,700
discovered the crying infants 
and made a decision that would 

6174
05:23:19,700 --> 05:23:22,500
echo through history, instead of
seeing breakfast. 

6175
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:26,900
She saw babies in need this wolf
and you have to admire her 

6176
05:23:26,900 --> 05:23:29,200
maternal, instincts began, 
nursing the twins as if they 

6177
05:23:29,200 --> 05:23:33,000
were her Cubs picture. 
This scene, two human babies 

6178
05:23:33,000 --> 05:23:34,900
being raised by a wolf under a 
fig tree. 

6179
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:38,100
Like some sort of ancient 
daycare center run by wildlife. 

6180
05:23:39,100 --> 05:23:41,200
The kind of image that makes. 
You wonder if maybe we've been 

6181
05:23:41,208 --> 05:23:44,400
overthinking child care all 
these centuries, the twins 

6182
05:23:44,400 --> 05:23:46,100
thrived under their 
unconventional, upbringing 

6183
05:23:46,100 --> 05:23:49,700
growing strong on Wolf's Mill 
and whatever else their adoptive

6184
05:23:49,700 --> 05:23:52,400
mother could provide they 
learned to crawl among the roots

6185
05:23:52,400 --> 05:23:55,900
of the Fig Tree to understand 
the language of the wild and to 

6186
05:23:55,908 --> 05:23:58,600
see the world through eyes. 
That knew no fear of Beast or 

6187
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:00,600
storm. 
In many ways. 

6188
05:24:00,600 --> 05:24:03,400
They were getting an education. 
No, Roman school could provide. 

6189
05:24:04,300 --> 05:24:06,800
Though, it was probably lacking 
in mathematics and rhetoric. 

6190
05:24:07,700 --> 05:24:09,800
This Arrangement could have 
persisted indefinitely 

6191
05:24:09,800 --> 05:24:13,100
establishing the world's first, 
truly alternative family 

6192
05:24:13,100 --> 05:24:17,600
structure, but Destiny had other
intentions as often happens in 

6193
05:24:17,600 --> 05:24:19,800
the best stories. 
Just when you think, you know 

6194
05:24:19,800 --> 05:24:22,500
where things are heading a 
Shepherd, appears over the hill 

6195
05:24:22,500 --> 05:24:26,000
and everything changes. 
Once again, Faust Julius was the

6196
05:24:26,000 --> 05:24:27,900
kind of Shepherd who paid 
attention to things, that 

6197
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:30,800
weren't strictly his concern, 
which is either admirable 

6198
05:24:30,800 --> 05:24:33,500
curiosity, or professional 
nosiness depending on your 

6199
05:24:33,500 --> 05:24:36,800
perspective. 
On this particular morning as he

6200
05:24:36,800 --> 05:24:38,400
guided his flock toward better 
grazing. 

6201
05:24:38,400 --> 05:24:41,300
He spotted something that made 
him stop dead in his tracks. 

6202
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,300
And in the shepherd business 
stopping, when you should be 

6203
05:24:44,300 --> 05:24:45,600
moving. 
Usually, means you've seen 

6204
05:24:45,608 --> 05:24:48,500
something worth investigating or
you're about to become something

6205
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:51,200
else's breakfast. 
What he saw was a she-wolf, 

6206
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:53,300
nursing two. 
Human babies under a fig tree, 

6207
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,600
which even by ancient Roman 
standards was unusual enough to 

6208
05:24:56,600 --> 05:24:59,800
Warrant a second look. 
Most people finding themselves 

6209
05:24:59,800 --> 05:25:02,500
witness to such a scene. 
Might have backed away slowly 

6210
05:25:02,500 --> 05:25:04,300
and reconsidered their breakfast
choices. 

6211
05:25:05,200 --> 05:25:08,000
But Faust, Julius possessed that
particular mixture of courage 

6212
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:11,300
and poor judgment, that drives 
people to adopt stray animals 

6213
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:13,500
and investigate strange noises 
in the basement. 

6214
05:25:14,600 --> 05:25:17,200
He approached carefully not 
because he was afraid of the 

6215
05:25:17,208 --> 05:25:19,600
wolf from mind you. 
But because interrupting a 

6216
05:25:19,600 --> 05:25:22,400
nursing mother of any species 
tends to end badly for all 

6217
05:25:22,400 --> 05:25:26,000
involved. 
The wolf, perhaps sensing that 

6218
05:25:26,000 --> 05:25:28,500
her unconventional Child Care 
Arrangement was about to be 

6219
05:25:28,500 --> 05:25:31,800
discovered looked up at Faust, 
Julius with the kind of steady 

6220
05:25:31,800 --> 05:25:34,400
gaze that suggested. 
She was evaluating whether he 

6221
05:25:34,400 --> 05:25:37,600
represented help or hindrance 
What happened? 

6222
05:25:37,600 --> 05:25:40,200
Next depends on which version of
the story you prefer. 

6223
05:25:41,100 --> 05:25:42,800
Some say, the wolf simply walked
away. 

6224
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:46,700
Her Duty done, like a Divine 
babysitter who shifted ended. 

6225
05:25:47,400 --> 05:25:50,700
Others claimed she adopted false
too, which would have made for 

6226
05:25:50,700 --> 05:25:52,200
interesting dinner 
conversations. 

6227
05:25:52,800 --> 05:25:56,000
Most practical versions suggests
that wolf and Shepherd, reached 

6228
05:25:56,000 --> 05:25:59,400
some sort of understanding the 
kind of wordless negotiation. 

6229
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:01,900
That happens between adults who 
suddenly find themselves 

6230
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:04,600
responsible for children. 
Neither of them had planned for 

6231
05:26:05,500 --> 05:26:09,000
Fabulous, gathered up the twins.
Probably wondering how he was 

6232
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:11,800
going to explain this to his 
wife, Aquila larentia. 

6233
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:15,600
You can imagine him practicing 
the conversation during the walk

6234
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:18,300
home. 
Honey, you know how we always 

6235
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:21,100
talked about having children. 
Well, funny story. 

6236
05:26:22,100 --> 05:26:24,800
Most wives might have questions 
about babies appearing out of 

6237
05:26:24,800 --> 05:26:26,900
nowhere, but AKA bless her 
practical. 

6238
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:29,700
Heart took one. 
Look at the healthy wolf raised,

6239
05:26:29,700 --> 05:26:32,900
infants, and apparently decided 
that origin stories were less 

6240
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:36,600
important than diaper duty. 
The couple raised Romulus and 

6241
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:39,300
Remus as their sons though, they
could not quite hide. 

6242
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:41,400
The fact that these boys were 
different from the average 

6243
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:44,300
Shepherds children. 
For one thing, they grew like 

6244
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:49,100
weeds in a rainy season, tall, 
strong and seemingly immune to 

6245
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:51,600
the normal childhood ailments 
that kept other parents up at 

6246
05:26:51,608 --> 05:26:54,300
night. 
For another, they displayed a 

6247
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:56,600
natural confidence that 
suggested they'd never learned 

6248
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:59,400
to be afraid of anything, which 
was either inspiring or 

6249
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:02,000
concerning, depending on your 
parenting philosophy. 

6250
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:05,900
The twins learned the shepherd's
trade, but they approached it 

6251
05:27:05,900 --> 05:27:08,200
with the kind of innovation that
comes from Thinking Outside 

6252
05:27:08,200 --> 05:27:11,400
traditional boundaries. 
While other young men were 

6253
05:27:11,400 --> 05:27:14,100
content to follow established 
grazing routes and time-honored 

6254
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:17,700
methods of flock management 
Romulus and Remus seemed to view

6255
05:27:17,700 --> 05:27:19,900
the entire landscape as their 
personal domain. 

6256
05:27:20,800 --> 05:27:24,100
They knew every cave and stream 
within miles could track any 

6257
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:27,400
animal through the hills and had
an uncanny ability to sense 

6258
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:30,700
trouble before it arrived. 
This last skill, proved 

6259
05:27:30,700 --> 05:27:33,800
particularly useful because the 
hills around their home, were 

6260
05:27:33,800 --> 05:27:36,600
not exactly what you'd call a 
peaceful suburb. 

6261
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:40,800
Bandits roamed the area like 
ancient Highway robbers except 

6262
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:43,900
the highways were mostly goat 
paths and the robbery often 

6263
05:27:43,900 --> 05:27:47,600
involves stealing entire flocks 
rather than just wallets these 

6264
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:49,600
Bandits had grown comfortable in
their profession. 

6265
05:27:49,600 --> 05:27:53,000
Operating with the confidence of
people who'd never met serious 

6266
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:55,200
opposition. 
They were about to learn that 

6267
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:56,900
confidence. 
Can be a fragile thing 

6268
05:27:56,900 --> 05:27:59,900
especially when it encounters 
two young men who'd been raised 

6269
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:02,600
by wolves and taught by 
Shepherds who understood that 

6270
05:28:02,600 --> 05:28:05,800
protecting your flock sometimes 
required, more than just a Stern

6271
05:28:05,800 --> 05:28:09,700
talking to The twins began 
organizing, the local Shepherds 

6272
05:28:09,700 --> 05:28:11,900
and to something resembling a 
neighborhood watch program. 

6273
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:15,800
If neighborhood watch programs 
involved, strategic ambushes and

6274
05:28:15,800 --> 05:28:18,100
the kind of justice that doesn't
require paperwork. 

6275
05:28:19,000 --> 05:28:20,800
Returned Bandit hunting into 
something. 

6276
05:28:20,800 --> 05:28:24,000
Approaching an art form using 
their knowledge of the terrain 

6277
05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:26,900
and their wolf taught instincts 
to outmaneuver criminals who had

6278
05:28:26,900 --> 05:28:30,400
grown lazy from Easy victories. 
Word of their success. 

6279
05:28:30,400 --> 05:28:33,600
Spread through the hills like 
smoke from a well-tended fire 

6280
05:28:33,600 --> 05:28:35,500
and soon. 
People were traveling 

6281
05:28:35,500 --> 05:28:38,500
considerable distances. 
Just to see these young men who 

6282
05:28:38,500 --> 05:28:42,000
made the roads safe again. 
Some visitors came seeking 

6283
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:44,200
protection. 
Others hoping to join their 

6284
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:46,900
group and a few simply wanted to
hear the stories that were 

6285
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:50,800
already growing in the telling 
That success as anyone who's 

6286
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:53,700
ever had a particularly 
excellent year at work knows as 

6287
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:56,800
a way of attracting the wrong, 
kind of attention, you know how 

6288
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:58,700
it is when you're doing 
something well and word gets 

6289
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:01,100
around. 
Suddenly, everyone wants a piece

6290
05:29:01,108 --> 05:29:04,000
of Your Action, including 
people, you'd rather not meet in

6291
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:06,400
a well-lit place. 
Let alone a dark alley. 

6292
05:29:07,900 --> 05:29:11,100
King emulous himself had heard 
about the twins reputation for 

6293
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:14,700
dealing with Bandits. 
Now Amelia's was the sort of 

6294
05:29:14,708 --> 05:29:17,500
ruler who preferred his subjects
to be grateful for what ever 

6295
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:20,000
protection. 
He provided which in Practical 

6296
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:22,900
terms meant very little 
protection, but considerable 

6297
05:29:22,900 --> 05:29:26,000
taxation for the privilege. 
The idea that two young 

6298
05:29:26,000 --> 05:29:29,300
shepherds were handling security
better than his forces was not 

6299
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:31,800
the kind of news that improved 
his mood during breakfast. 

6300
05:29:32,600 --> 05:29:35,700
But emelius had bigger problems 
than freelance law enforcement 

6301
05:29:35,700 --> 05:29:39,500
his brother namito the one he'd 
overthrown years earlier was 

6302
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:42,400
still alive and still had 
supporters who remembered when 

6303
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:45,200
the kingdom had been run by 
someone who actually cared about

6304
05:29:45,200 --> 05:29:48,500
effective governance. 
These supporters had an annoying

6305
05:29:48,500 --> 05:29:51,100
habit of pointing out, the 
numerous rule had been marked by

6306
05:29:51,100 --> 05:29:54,600
prosperity and justice. 
While emulous is tenure was more

6307
05:29:54,600 --> 05:29:58,000
notable for Creative Taxation 
and the kind of paranoia that 

6308
05:29:58,000 --> 05:30:00,100
comes from knowing you're not 
actually supposed to be in 

6309
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,000
charge. 
The king's paranoia was about to

6310
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:05,900
prove Justified because the 
Twins were approaching the age. 

6311
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,300
When young men start asking 
uncomfortable questions about 

6312
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:11,600
their Origins. 
AKA had done their best to 

6313
05:30:11,600 --> 05:30:14,700
provide satisfying answers about
where Romulus and Remus had come

6314
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:17,700
from but their story about 
finding babies by the river. 

6315
05:30:17,700 --> 05:30:21,200
Was the kind of explanation that
works for children and becomes 

6316
05:30:21,200 --> 05:30:24,000
increasingly inadequate as those
children grow into adults with 

6317
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:27,000
functioning critical thinking, 
skills Romulus. 

6318
05:30:27,000 --> 05:30:30,300
The more directive of the two 
had started pressing for details

6319
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:33,300
with the Persistence of someone 
who'd inherited, both Divine 

6320
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:37,400
stubbornness and wolfish 
determination Remus more 

6321
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:40,000
diplomatic. 
But equally curious had been 

6322
05:30:40,000 --> 05:30:41,700
asking around among the local 
Elders. 

6323
05:30:41,700 --> 05:30:45,100
Piecing together, fragments of 
old stories and half remembered 

6324
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:47,500
gossip like an ancient 
detective. 

6325
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:50,800
Working a Cold Case, Their 
investigation might have 

6326
05:30:50,800 --> 05:30:53,700
continued indefinitely, 
allegedly pursuit of family 

6327
05:30:53,700 --> 05:30:57,200
history that bothered no one, 
except the king amulius, chose. 

6328
05:30:57,200 --> 05:31:00,300
This moment to make one of those
decisions that seemed reasonable

6329
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:02,700
in the short term. 
But catastrophic in hindsight, 

6330
05:31:02,700 --> 05:31:05,000
he decided to have Remus 
arrested. 

6331
05:31:05,700 --> 05:31:08,700
The charge was cattle rustling, 
which ancient times was serious 

6332
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:12,000
business but also the kind of 
accusation that could be leveled

6333
05:31:12,000 --> 05:31:14,200
against any Shepherd who'd ever 
moved. 

6334
05:31:14,200 --> 05:31:17,200
Livestock across disputed 
boundaries in reality. 

6335
05:31:17,200 --> 05:31:20,600
Amelia said probably heard about
the twins growing influence and 

6336
05:31:20,600 --> 05:31:23,400
decided to remove them before, 
they became a genuine threat to 

6337
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:26,200
his rule. 
Arresting one, twin he reasoned 

6338
05:31:26,200 --> 05:31:28,900
would either eliminate half the 
problem or Draw the other into a

6339
05:31:28,908 --> 05:31:32,600
trap. his reasoning was the kind
of strategic thinking that 

6340
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:36,200
explains why some people succeed
in politics and others end up as

6341
05:31:36,200 --> 05:31:39,800
cautionary tales in bed time 
stories Remus was brought 

6342
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:43,100
before, king of iulius in 
Chains, which Have been quite a 

6343
05:31:43,100 --> 05:31:45,200
sight. 
The young man who'd been raised 

6344
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:48,300
by wolves and trained by 
Shepherds standing in a palace 

6345
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:52,600
throne room like a wild creature
suddenly caged. but if a nulease

6346
05:31:52,600 --> 05:31:55,500
expected intimidation or 
pleading, he'd seriously 

6347
05:31:55,500 --> 05:31:59,500
underestimated, his prisoner, 
Rhema stood straight met the 

6348
05:31:59,508 --> 05:32:02,600
king's gays without flinching 
and answered questions with the 

6349
05:32:02,600 --> 05:32:05,600
kind of calm confidence that 
comes from knowing you've never 

6350
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:09,000
done anything truly wrong. 
He's bearing was so naturally 

6351
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:13,200
Regal courtiers later remarked, 
they'd never seen anyone wear 

6352
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:17,000
chains with such dignity. 
This was unfortunate for emulous

6353
05:32:17,000 --> 05:32:20,800
because numerator happened to be
present at court that day, kept 

6354
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:23,500
around as a sort of living, 
reminder of Concord opposition. 

6355
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:26,600
But still sharp enough to 
recognize something significant 

6356
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:29,600
when he saw it. 
As numerator. 

6357
05:32:29,600 --> 05:32:32,500
Watched this young prisoner 
certain details began clicking 

6358
05:32:32,500 --> 05:32:34,200
into place like pieces of a 
puzzle. 

6359
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:35,900
He'd been trying to solve for 20
years. 

6360
05:32:36,700 --> 05:32:39,100
The timing was right. 
The age was right? 

6361
05:32:39,900 --> 05:32:42,400
And there was something about 
the young man's features, his 

6362
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:45,700
bearing, and the way he held 
himself, even in captivity that 

6363
05:32:45,700 --> 05:32:48,900
stirred memories of his daughter
Ria Sylvia and whispered 

6364
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:51,500
possibilities that had been 
buried under years of grief and 

6365
05:32:51,500 --> 05:32:54,600
resignation. 
Meanwhile Romulus was 

6366
05:32:54,600 --> 05:32:57,200
discovering that his brothers 
arrested triggered something in 

6367
05:32:57,200 --> 05:33:00,500
him that felt less like worried 
and more like controlled Fury. 

6368
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:04,400
He began Gathering allies with 
the focused intensity of someone

6369
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:07,900
who'd found his true calling and
it turned out that his true 

6370
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:09,600
calling involved. 
The kind of leadership that 

6371
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:11,700
makes people willing to follow 
you into battle against 

6372
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:14,900
overwhelming odds. 
So none of the participants 

6373
05:33:14,900 --> 05:33:18,000
quite realized it yet. 
They set the stage for a family 

6374
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:20,000
reunion that would change the 
course of history. 

6375
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:23,500
Dramatic timing. 
Holds significance, the numerous

6376
05:33:23,500 --> 05:33:25,700
extensive experience in 
politics, enabled him to 

6377
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:29,100
identify a crucial moment as it 
loomed across a throne room 

6378
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:32,300
while King emulous was busy. 
Congratulating himself on 

6379
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:35,900
capturing one of the Troublesome
Shepherds numer was conducting 

6380
05:33:35,900 --> 05:33:38,800
his own quiet investigation into
questions that had haunted him 

6381
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:42,100
for two decades. 
He began with discreet enquiries

6382
05:33:42,100 --> 05:33:45,100
the kind of careful questioning 
that comes naturally to. 

6383
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:48,400
Deposed rulers, who have learned
that Curiosity must be balanced 

6384
05:33:48,400 --> 05:33:50,900
with survival. 
He spoke with servants, who 

6385
05:33:50,900 --> 05:33:52,900
remembered the night? 
His grandsons had been taken 

6386
05:33:52,900 --> 05:33:56,300
guards, who recalled the orders.
They'd been given and even 

6387
05:33:56,300 --> 05:33:58,600
Tracked Down The Man. 
Who'd been commanded to drown 

6388
05:33:58,600 --> 05:34:02,000
the babies in the Tiber. 
What he discovered was the kind 

6389
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:04,800
of story that explains why some 
people believe in divine 

6390
05:34:04,800 --> 05:34:07,900
intervention and others start 
questioning the competence of 

6391
05:34:07,908 --> 05:34:10,900
their subordinates. 
Servant it turned out had 

6392
05:34:10,900 --> 05:34:13,400
possessed just enough conscience
to make him terrible at 

6393
05:34:13,400 --> 05:34:16,500
infanticide. 
Instead of drowning the babies, 

6394
05:34:16,500 --> 05:34:20,000
he'd set them afloat in a basket
probably telling himself that 

6395
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:22,700
such actions counted as 
following orders while leaving 

6396
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:25,300
room for the gods to intervene 
if they were so inclined. 

6397
05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:28,800
It was the kind of creative 
interpretation of instructions 

6398
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:32,300
that either makes you a hero or 
gets you executed, depending on 

6399
05:34:32,300 --> 05:34:36,500
how things turn out. 
Timeline matched perfectly the 

6400
05:34:36,500 --> 05:34:39,600
location where the twins had 
been found was exactly where a 

6401
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:41,700
basket launched into the type of
would have washed ashore. 

6402
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:45,400
And there were physical 
resemblances that became more 

6403
05:34:45,400 --> 05:34:46,900
obvious. 
Once you knew what to look for, 

6404
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:50,800
the set of the jaw, The Way They
Carried themselves, certain 

6405
05:34:50,800 --> 05:34:53,000
gestures that echoed his 
murdered daughter. 

6406
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:58,000
No matter private meeting with 
Remus using the kind of 

6407
05:34:58,000 --> 05:35:01,000
political maneuvering that keeps
deposed Kings alive long enough 

6408
05:35:01,000 --> 05:35:04,800
to see Their Kingdoms restored. 
What passed between them in that

6409
05:35:04,800 --> 05:35:07,600
conversation was probably one of
those moments that feels like 

6410
05:35:07,600 --> 05:35:10,200
Destiny. 
Clicking into place, the young 

6411
05:35:10,200 --> 05:35:12,200
man learning. 
He was descended from gods and 

6412
05:35:12,208 --> 05:35:15,000
Kings and an old man discovering
that his family line hadn't 

6413
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:19,000
ended in the Tiber after all. 
However, understanding one's 

6414
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:22,100
identity and taking action to 
change it present in entirely 

6415
05:35:22,100 --> 05:35:25,100
different challenges. 
Remus was still in Chains. 

6416
05:35:25,100 --> 05:35:28,600
Emelius still held the throne 
and Romulus was somewhere in the

6417
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:30,900
Hills Gathering what a mounted 
to a shepherd's Army. 

6418
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:35,100
The situation called for the 
kind of careful planning that 

6419
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:38,700
balances Justice with practical 
politics except that, none of 

6420
05:35:38,700 --> 05:35:40,700
the people involved were 
particularly known for their 

6421
05:35:40,700 --> 05:35:43,300
patients. 
Romulus, meanwhile was 

6422
05:35:43,300 --> 05:35:46,000
discovering that leadership came
to him as naturally as 

6423
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:49,800
breathing. the local Shepherds 
and farmers who benefited from 

6424
05:35:49,800 --> 05:35:52,400
the twins Bandit clearing 
activities were eager to help 

6425
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:55,900
rescue Remus But Romulus was 
thinking bigger than a simple 

6426
05:35:55,908 --> 05:35:59,300
jailbreak, he was beginning to 
Envision the kind of solution 

6427
05:35:59,300 --> 05:36:01,100
that would ensure. 
This problem, never arose. 

6428
05:36:01,100 --> 05:36:04,200
Again, he sent messages to 
everyone who had reason to 

6429
05:36:04,200 --> 05:36:07,400
dislike a newly as rule, which 
turned out to be a surprisingly 

6430
05:36:07,400 --> 05:36:09,100
large portion of the local 
population. 

6431
05:36:10,100 --> 05:36:13,800
Farmers, tired of excessive 
taxation, Merchants frustrated 

6432
05:36:13,800 --> 05:36:16,400
by arbitrary. 
Trade restrictions and Nobles 

6433
05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:18,700
who remembered when the kingdom 
had been governed with something

6434
05:36:18,700 --> 05:36:22,600
approaching competence, all 
found themselves quietly invited

6435
05:36:22,600 --> 05:36:25,500
to consider whether the current 
Arrangement was really working 

6436
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:27,400
for anyone, except the king 
himself. 

6437
05:36:28,400 --> 05:36:31,100
The response was more 
enthusiastic than Romulus are 

6438
05:36:31,100 --> 05:36:33,600
dead hope. 
Apparently emulous had been even

6439
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:37,000
less popular than anyone 
realized ruling through fear and

6440
05:36:37,000 --> 05:36:39,200
inertia, rather than genuine 
support. 

6441
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:43,600
When given an alternative people
were remarkably willing to 

6442
05:36:43,600 --> 05:36:46,500
consider change. 
Especially when that change was 

6443
05:36:46,500 --> 05:36:48,800
being organized by young men who
had already proven their 

6444
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:50,200
effectiveness at solving 
problems. 

6445
05:36:51,700 --> 05:36:54,800
The revolution when it came was 
almost anti-climactic. 

6446
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:58,400
Amelia had spent so much energy 
watching for threats from 

6447
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:01,500
established Nobles that he'd 
completely missed the danger 

6448
05:37:01,500 --> 05:37:03,200
approaching from Shepherds and 
farmers. 

6449
05:37:04,300 --> 05:37:07,300
By the time he realized what was
happening Romulus, was already 

6450
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:10,100
at the palace gates, with enough
supporters to make resistance 

6451
05:37:10,100 --> 05:37:12,800
pointless. 
What followed was the kind of 

6452
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:16,300
regime change that historians 
later described as surprisingly 

6453
05:37:16,300 --> 05:37:19,600
bloodless, which is another way 
of saying that, sometimes people

6454
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:22,100
are ready for Change and just 
need someone competent to 

6455
05:37:22,100 --> 05:37:25,600
organize it. 
Emulous was removed from Power 

6456
05:37:25,600 --> 05:37:28,200
with the same efficiency of the 
Twins and want to apply to 

6457
05:37:28,200 --> 05:37:30,600
Bandit problems. 
Numerator, found himself 

6458
05:37:30,600 --> 05:37:33,900
restored to a throne he'd never 
expected to see again, the 

6459
05:37:33,900 --> 05:37:37,100
family reunion that followed was
probably worth the wait, two 

6460
05:37:37,100 --> 05:37:39,500
young men learning. 
They were Prince's a 

6461
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:41,300
grandfather. 
Discovering, his grandsons, had 

6462
05:37:41,300 --> 05:37:44,200
not only survived but thrived 
and a kingdom. 

6463
05:37:44,200 --> 05:37:46,600
Finally getting the kind of 
leadership at had been missing 

6464
05:37:46,600 --> 05:37:49,900
for 20 years It was the sort of 
ending that would have been 

6465
05:37:49,900 --> 05:37:52,300
perfectly satisfying. 
If this had been the end of the 

6466
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:55,200
story, But this was really just 
the beginning. 

6467
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:57,900
You might think that 
overthrowing a tyrant and 

6468
05:37:57,900 --> 05:38:00,900
restoring a beloved king would 
be the kind of achievement that 

6469
05:38:00,900 --> 05:38:04,400
leads to comfortable, retirement
and grateful citizens building 

6470
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:07,600
statues in your honor. 
And for most people, that would 

6471
05:38:07,600 --> 05:38:09,800
probably be enough excitement 
for one lifetime. 

6472
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:14,600
But Romulus and Remus had been 
raised by wolves and trained by 

6473
05:38:14,600 --> 05:38:17,900
Shepherds who understood that 
standing still in dangerous 

6474
05:38:17,900 --> 05:38:22,000
territory is usually a mistake. 
The problem was that success had

6475
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:24,400
given them a taste for 
leadership and Leadership. 

6476
05:38:24,400 --> 05:38:27,700
Once you've experienced, it 
tends to be addictive in the way

6477
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:30,500
that solving puzzles becomes 
compulsive for people who are 

6478
05:38:30,500 --> 05:38:32,700
good at it. 
They discovered, they had a 

6479
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:36,700
talent for organizing people, 
settling disputes and turning 

6480
05:38:36,700 --> 05:38:39,200
chaotic situations into 
functional communities. 

6481
05:38:39,200 --> 05:38:43,300
It was deeply, satisfying work. 
The kind that makes you wonder 

6482
05:38:43,300 --> 05:38:45,600
what else you might accomplish 
with the right resources and 

6483
05:38:45,600 --> 05:38:49,100
enough time, but no limit, as 
Kingdom while grateful for their

6484
05:38:49,100 --> 05:38:52,000
help was already well 
established with its Traditions 

6485
05:38:52,000 --> 05:38:53,800
hierarchies and ways of doing 
things. 

6486
05:38:55,300 --> 05:38:57,600
The twins found themselves in 
the position of successful 

6487
05:38:57,600 --> 05:39:00,800
Consultants, who'd completed 
their project and worked quite 

6488
05:39:00,800 --> 05:39:02,300
sure what to do with themselves 
next. 

6489
05:39:03,100 --> 05:39:05,800
They were too young to settle 
into comfortable advisory roles 

6490
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:08,500
and two ambitious to be 
satisfied with the relatively 

6491
05:39:08,500 --> 05:39:12,400
quiet life of reformed Prince's.
The solution when it came to 

6492
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:14,200
them was both obvious and old 
dacious. 

6493
05:39:14,200 --> 05:39:18,000
They would found their City, 
they aimed to establish a 

6494
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:20,200
genuine City that had the 
potential to grow into something

6495
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:23,600
significant, not just a small 
settlement or an expanded 

6496
05:39:23,600 --> 05:39:26,600
Village It was the kind of 
project that appeals to people 

6497
05:39:26,600 --> 05:39:29,000
who've never been taught that 
certain things are impossible, 

6498
05:39:29,000 --> 05:39:32,700
which is either the advantage of
a wolf raised education or 

6499
05:39:32,700 --> 05:39:35,000
evidence that some kinds of 
ignorance are actually useful. 

6500
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:38,700
They gather their most loyal 
followers, the Shepherds and 

6501
05:39:38,700 --> 05:39:40,600
farmers who supported their 
Revolution. 

6502
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:44,000
Young men, eager for adventure 
and anyone else, who found the 

6503
05:39:44,008 --> 05:39:47,200
idea of building something new 
or appealing than maintaining 

6504
05:39:47,200 --> 05:39:49,700
something old? 
It was the sort of group that 

6505
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:54,100
forms naturally around ambitious
projects part, idealists part 

6506
05:39:54,100 --> 05:39:57,100
opportunists, and part people 
who simply couldn't imagine 

6507
05:39:57,100 --> 05:40:00,200
doing anything else. 
The first decision was where to 

6508
05:40:00,200 --> 05:40:02,800
build their city which should 
have been a straightforward 

6509
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:05,200
question of geography water 
access and defensive 

6510
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:08,200
positioning. 
Instead, it became the kind of 

6511
05:40:08,200 --> 05:40:10,800
disagreement that reveals 
fundamental differences in 

6512
05:40:10,800 --> 05:40:14,100
personality and approach. 
To problem, solving Romulus had 

6513
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:17,300
a preference for the Palatine 
Hill, the location where their 

6514
05:40:17,300 --> 05:40:19,600
Wolfmother had found them as 
babies and raised them. 

6515
05:40:19,600 --> 05:40:23,600
It had symbolic significance. 
Excellent defensive potential 

6516
05:40:23,600 --> 05:40:26,700
and the kind of commanding view 
that makes visitors take you 

6517
05:40:26,700 --> 05:40:29,600
seriously. 
From a practical standpoint, it 

6518
05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:32,900
was an excellent choice. 
High Ground access to the river 

6519
05:40:32,900 --> 05:40:36,900
and room for expansion. 
Remus preferred the Aventine 

6520
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:38,900
Hill, which offered different 
advantages. 

6521
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:43,100
Better trade routes more 
accessibility to Merchants and a

6522
05:40:43,100 --> 05:40:45,500
position to take advantage of 
river traffic that could bring 

6523
05:40:45,500 --> 05:40:47,800
Prosperity along with strategic 
importance. 

6524
05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:51,000
His choice, reflected a more 
commercial vision of their 

6525
05:40:51,000 --> 05:40:53,200
future city. 
One that would grow through 

6526
05:40:53,200 --> 05:40:57,300
trade and diplomacy rather than 
Conquest intimidation Both 

6527
05:40:57,300 --> 05:41:00,500
locations had Merit which made 
the choice more difficult rather

6528
05:41:00,500 --> 05:41:03,200
than easier. 
In a perfect world, they might 

6529
05:41:03,200 --> 05:41:06,100
have flipped a coin, built two 
cities or found some other 

6530
05:41:06,108 --> 05:41:07,900
compromised that honored, both 
Visions. 

6531
05:41:07,900 --> 05:41:11,300
But the twins had inherited 
their Divine fathers competitive

6532
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:14,200
nature along with their human 
grandfathers political 

6533
05:41:14,200 --> 05:41:17,100
instincts, and neither was 
particularly inclined, to defer,

6534
05:41:17,100 --> 05:41:19,100
to the others judgment on such a
crucial decision. 

6535
05:41:20,400 --> 05:41:22,600
They decided to settle the 
matter through divination 

6536
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:26,300
reading Omens in the flight 
patterns of birds which was the 

6537
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:28,100
ancient Roman equivalent of 
Consulting. 

6538
05:41:28,100 --> 05:41:31,100
Focus groups and market 
research, it seemed like a 

6539
05:41:31,100 --> 05:41:34,400
reasonable way to let the gods, 
make the final decision removing

6540
05:41:34,400 --> 05:41:37,400
personal preference from the 
equation while maintaining the 

6541
05:41:37,400 --> 05:41:41,200
appearance of divine guidance. 
The contest was simple. 

6542
05:41:41,200 --> 05:41:45,100
Each brother would stand on his 
chosen Hill and count the birds.

6543
05:41:45,100 --> 05:41:47,300
That flew overhead within a 
specified time. 

6544
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:50,600
The brother who saw more birds 
would receive Divine approval 

6545
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:53,000
for his site selection. 
While the other brother would 

6546
05:41:53,000 --> 05:41:56,900
gracefully accept the decision, 
the solution was Flawless until 

6547
05:41:56,900 --> 05:42:00,800
it came to reality. 
Rhema Saw 6 vouchers circling 

6548
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:04,100
over the Aventine Hill, which he
took as a strong sign of divine 

6549
05:42:04,100 --> 05:42:06,600
favor. 
Vultures, after all were 

6550
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:09,500
associated with Mars, who was 
considered their Divine father, 

6551
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:13,100
and the number six was 
respectable suggesting serious, 

6552
05:42:13,100 --> 05:42:16,400
Celestial attention. 
He was probably already planning

6553
05:42:16,400 --> 05:42:18,400
the layout of streets and public
buildings. 

6554
05:42:18,400 --> 05:42:21,500
When Messengers arrived with 
news from the Palatine Hill, 

6555
05:42:22,200 --> 05:42:25,700
Romulus had seen 12 volts which 
was either twice as good as his 

6556
05:42:25,700 --> 05:42:28,900
brother's result or the kind of 
divine joke that God's find 

6557
05:42:28,900 --> 05:42:31,400
amusing and Mortals considered 
troubling. 

6558
05:42:32,100 --> 05:42:35,800
The number 12 had significance 
in Roman religious thinking, it 

6559
05:42:35,800 --> 05:42:39,600
suggested completion Perfection 
and the kind of cosmic approval,

6560
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:41,400
that's hard to argue with 
mathematically. 

6561
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:45,400
What should have settled the 
dispute instead intensified it 

6562
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:48,400
because now they were arguing, 
not just about location but 

6563
05:42:48,400 --> 05:42:52,000
about interpretation timing with
the gods were speaking clearly 

6564
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:54,100
or just enjoying themselves at 
Mortal expense. 

6565
05:42:54,100 --> 05:42:57,800
The problem with Divine signs is
that their remarkably open to 

6566
05:42:57,800 --> 05:43:00,800
interpretation especially when 
the people reading them have 

6567
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:03,000
strong, opinions about what the 
gods ought to be saying. 

6568
05:43:04,000 --> 05:43:07,800
Until you started examining the 
details Romulus is 12 vultures 

6569
05:43:07,800 --> 05:43:11,300
seem decisive and Remus was 
precisely the type of person who

6570
05:43:11,300 --> 05:43:15,400
believed details mattered and 
Romulus actually seen 12 birds 

6571
05:43:15,400 --> 05:43:17,500
or had he counted. 
Some of them twice as they 

6572
05:43:17,508 --> 05:43:20,600
circled where they all vultures 
or had. 

6573
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:23,700
He included other species to 
reach his impressive total and 

6574
05:43:23,700 --> 05:43:26,100
most importantly, who would seem
their Birds first? 

6575
05:43:26,100 --> 05:43:29,200
Because surely priority should 
count for something in Divine 

6576
05:43:29,208 --> 05:43:31,500
mathematics. 
These were the kinds of 

6577
05:43:31,500 --> 05:43:33,300
questions that might have been 
resolved through. 

6578
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:36,600
Calm discussion Between Brothers
who trusted each other's honesty

6579
05:43:36,600 --> 05:43:40,500
and shared a common goal. 
unfortunately, the Twins were 

6580
05:43:40,500 --> 05:43:43,100
discovering that wolfed 
confidence and divine Heritage 

6581
05:43:43,100 --> 05:43:46,800
could combine in ways that made 
compromise feel less like wisdom

6582
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:50,800
and more like weakness, the 
argument escalated in the way 

6583
05:43:50,800 --> 05:43:53,300
that disagreements do. 
When both parties are absolutely

6584
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:55,800
certain, their right? 
And neither is particularly 

6585
05:43:55,800 --> 05:44:00,100
skilled at backing down 
gracefully what had started as a

6586
05:44:00,100 --> 05:44:03,100
practical discussion about City 
Planning was becoming a 

6587
05:44:03,100 --> 05:44:06,800
fundamental Clash over 
leadership Authority and who had

6588
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:09,700
the right to make decisions that
would affect thousands of future

6589
05:44:09,700 --> 05:44:12,900
citizens. 
Romulus initiated construction 

6590
05:44:12,900 --> 05:44:16,600
on the Palatine Hill arguing 
that the superiority of 12 volts

6591
05:44:16,600 --> 05:44:19,400
was over, 6 was reasonable and 
that taking action was 

6592
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:22,900
preferable to an endless debate.
He marked out the boundaries of 

6593
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:26,600
his future city with a plow, 
creating the sacred Faro that 

6594
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:29,300
would define the limits of what 
he was already calling Rome. 

6595
05:44:30,400 --> 05:44:33,000
It was the kind of bold move 
that either demonstrates 

6596
05:44:33,000 --> 05:44:36,500
decisive, leadership, or forces 
everyone else to choose sides. 

6597
05:44:37,400 --> 05:44:41,000
Remus feeling is perfectly valid
concerns ignored watched, his 

6598
05:44:41,008 --> 05:44:43,200
brothers preparations with 
growing frustration. 

6599
05:44:43,900 --> 05:44:46,100
The Aventine Hill remained 
unbroken ground. 

6600
05:44:46,100 --> 05:44:49,000
But more importantly the 
principle of shared 

6601
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:51,700
decision-making was being 
abandoned in favor of what looks

6602
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:55,500
suspiciously like dictatorship. 
The pivotal moment occurred when

6603
05:44:55,500 --> 05:44:58,300
Remus chose to challenge, the 
arbitrary nature of boundaries 

6604
05:44:58,300 --> 05:45:01,200
and the dubious legitimacy of 
his brothers Authority. 

6605
05:45:01,200 --> 05:45:04,600
He jumped over the freshly 
plowed Furrow that marked Rome's

6606
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:07,700
border probably intending it as 
a gesture of contempt. 

6607
05:45:07,700 --> 05:45:10,900
A way of demonstrating that 
imaginary lines in the dirt 

6608
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:13,800
don't automatically deserve 
respect just because someone 

6609
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:17,100
claims Divine approval for 
drawing them if the ancient 

6610
05:45:17,100 --> 05:45:20,700
world hadn't taken symbol. 
So, seriously, this symbolic 

6611
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:23,900
protest could have been 
effective but Romulus had just 

6612
05:45:23,900 --> 05:45:26,000
spent considerable effort 
establishing that this 

6613
05:45:26,000 --> 05:45:28,800
particular line in the dirt 
represented, something sacred, 

6614
05:45:28,800 --> 05:45:32,400
and enviable the boundary of a 
city blessed by the gods, and 

6615
05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:35,200
protected, by Divine will What 
happened? 

6616
05:45:35,200 --> 05:45:38,400
Next was the kind of moment that
demonstrates why family disputes

6617
05:45:38,400 --> 05:45:40,000
are often the most dangerous 
kind. 

6618
05:45:40,900 --> 05:45:44,400
Romulus killed his brother 
either in a fit of rage, or as a

6619
05:45:44,400 --> 05:45:46,800
calculated decision to not, 
allow a challenge to his 

6620
05:45:46,800 --> 05:45:49,300
authority. 
The exact details were probably 

6621
05:45:49,300 --> 05:45:52,500
lost in the shock and grief that
followed, but the result was 

6622
05:45:52,500 --> 05:45:55,100
unmistakable. 
Twin who had shared everything 

6623
05:45:55,100 --> 05:45:58,900
from Wolf's milk to Revolution 
was dead by his brother's hand. 

6624
05:46:00,300 --> 05:46:03,200
The Killing might have been 
impulsive driven by anger and 

6625
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:07,100
competitive Pride rather than 
calculated malice but intention 

6626
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:10,100
mattered less than consequence. 
And the consequence was that 

6627
05:46:10,100 --> 05:46:13,600
Rome's, Foundation story would 
forever be marked by fratricide.

6628
05:46:14,400 --> 05:46:16,600
Brother, killing brother over 
questions of power and 

6629
05:46:16,600 --> 05:46:19,300
presidents. 
Romulus was left to found his 

6630
05:46:19,300 --> 05:46:22,400
city alone, carrying the weight 
of what he'd done along with the

6631
05:46:22,400 --> 05:46:25,700
responsibility of leadership. 
he'd gotten his way about the 

6632
05:46:25,700 --> 05:46:28,700
location and the authority, but 
at a cost that would haunt him 

6633
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:33,100
and Define his City's character 
for centuries to come Rome would

6634
05:46:33,100 --> 05:46:35,400
grow to become the greatest City
in the ancient world. 

6635
05:46:35,400 --> 05:46:39,500
The center of an Empire that 
stretched across continents and 

6636
05:46:39,500 --> 05:46:41,400
influence civilization for 
millennia. 

6637
05:46:42,400 --> 05:46:44,900
But it would always bear the 
mark of its violent beginning. 

6638
05:46:44,900 --> 05:46:48,300
The knowledge that its first law
had been written in a Brother's 

6639
05:46:48,300 --> 05:46:51,800
blood and its first lesson had 
been that power often comes 

6640
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:53,900
through the elimination of those
who challenge it. 

6641
05:46:55,300 --> 05:46:57,500
The tragic. 
Irony was that both brothers had

6642
05:46:57,500 --> 05:46:59,300
been right about their Visions 
for the city. 

6643
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:02,800
Rome's success would ultimately 
depend on both military. 

6644
05:47:02,800 --> 05:47:06,600
Strength Romulus is specialty 
and Commercial Prosperity. 

6645
05:47:06,600 --> 05:47:10,100
Rumors is preference. 
The city would need the defense 

6646
05:47:10,100 --> 05:47:12,900
of advantages of the Palatine 
Hill and the trade 

6647
05:47:12,900 --> 05:47:15,100
opportunities, that connected it
to the wider world. 

6648
05:47:15,900 --> 05:47:18,800
But that understanding would 
come later built on the 

6649
05:47:18,800 --> 05:47:21,800
foundation of one Brothers, 
ambition and another's death. 

6650
05:47:21,800 --> 05:47:25,100
There's something particularly 
sobering about getting 

6651
05:47:25,100 --> 05:47:27,500
everything you thought you 
wanted and discovering, it 

6652
05:47:27,500 --> 05:47:31,600
tastes like ashes in your mouth.
Romulus stood on his chosen 

6653
05:47:31,600 --> 05:47:34,100
Hill. 
Surrounded by loyal followers 

6654
05:47:34,100 --> 05:47:37,900
and blessed by Divine signs with
the authority to build whatever 

6655
05:47:37,900 --> 05:47:41,000
kind of City he could envision. 
He should have been triumphant 

6656
05:47:41,000 --> 05:47:43,400
instead. 
He was learning that some 

6657
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:47,200
victories cost more than defeat 
ever could the city that rose on

6658
05:47:47,200 --> 05:47:50,600
the Palatine Hill, grew with 
remarkable speed, as if Romulus 

6659
05:47:50,600 --> 05:47:52,900
was trying to build something 
large enough to contain his 

6660
05:47:52,900 --> 05:47:55,900
grief or impressive enough to 
justify what he'd done to 

6661
05:47:55,900 --> 05:47:58,700
achieve it. 
His followers worked with the 

6662
05:47:58,708 --> 05:48:01,200
Zeal of those who knew they were
part of something historic. 

6663
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:04,200
But also with the Quiet 
efficiency of those who'd seen 

6664
05:48:04,200 --> 05:48:07,000
their leaders decisiveness and 
didn't want to test his 

6665
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:09,700
patience. 
Rome attracted people the way 

6666
05:48:09,708 --> 05:48:13,300
successful projects always do 
refugees, seeking safety, 

6667
05:48:13,300 --> 05:48:17,400
Traders drawn by opportunity, 
young men, looking for adventure

6668
05:48:17,400 --> 05:48:20,500
and families hoping for a fresh 
start in a place that wasn't 

6669
05:48:20,500 --> 05:48:23,700
burdened by old grudges and 
established hierarchies. 

6670
05:48:25,200 --> 05:48:28,100
Romulus welcomed them all with 
the kind of inclusive policies. 

6671
05:48:28,100 --> 05:48:30,400
That suggested he'd learned 
something from his brother's 

6672
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:32,200
vision of a commercially 
successful City. 

6673
05:48:33,400 --> 05:48:36,400
But the rapid growth created, 
new problems that required the 

6674
05:48:36,408 --> 05:48:40,300
kind of pragmatic solutions that
don't appear in heroic songs or 

6675
05:48:40,300 --> 05:48:43,300
romantic histories. 
Most of the early settlers were 

6676
05:48:43,300 --> 05:48:47,100
men, which meant Rome had a 
promising economic future but a 

6677
05:48:47,100 --> 05:48:49,900
questionable demographic. 
One, you can't build a lasting 

6678
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:53,200
civilization without families. 
You can't have families without 

6679
05:48:53,200 --> 05:48:55,100
women willing to participate in 
the project. 

6680
05:48:56,300 --> 05:48:58,300
Romulus, approached this 
challenge with the same 

6681
05:48:58,300 --> 05:49:01,000
systematic. 
Thinking he'd applied to Bandit 

6682
05:49:01,000 --> 05:49:02,600
elimination and political 
revolution. 

6683
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:06,300
Organized festivals and trade. 
Gatherings invited. 

6684
05:49:06,300 --> 05:49:08,600
Neighboring, communities to 
participate in religious 

6685
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:11,600
ceremonies and generally did 
everything possible to create 

6686
05:49:11,600 --> 05:49:14,700
opportunities for social 
interaction, between Rome's 

6687
05:49:14,700 --> 05:49:17,400
male, heavy population, and the 
daughter's of nearby 

6688
05:49:17,400 --> 05:49:19,800
settlements. 
The results were mixed. 

6689
05:49:20,500 --> 05:49:22,700
Some marriages occurred 
naturally through these events, 

6690
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:26,000
creating the kind of alliances 
that, strengthened Rome's 

6691
05:49:26,000 --> 05:49:28,600
position while addressing its 
population concerns. 

6692
05:49:29,600 --> 05:49:32,800
However, many neighboring 
communities continue to harvest 

6693
05:49:32,800 --> 05:49:36,500
suspicions towards this rapidly 
expanding City, due to its 

6694
05:49:36,500 --> 05:49:38,600
reputation for drawing 
individuals who could be 

6695
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:42,600
described as adventurous and 
less charitably as fugitive 

6696
05:49:42,600 --> 05:49:46,100
Seeking Justice elsewhere. 
The solution Romulus of 

6697
05:49:46,100 --> 05:49:48,800
eventually implemented was the 
kind of strategy that works in 

6698
05:49:48,808 --> 05:49:51,800
the short term while creating 
long-term complications. 

6699
05:49:51,800 --> 05:49:55,800
That future Generations, have to
manage During a particularly 

6700
05:49:55,800 --> 05:49:59,300
well, attended Festival, Roman 
men, systematically abducted, 

6701
05:49:59,300 --> 05:50:03,000
women from the visiting Sabine 
tribe, not random violence, but 

6702
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:05,400
organized recruitment that 
Rome's leaders presented as a 

6703
05:50:05,400 --> 05:50:08,000
emergency matrimony rather than 
kidnapping. 

6704
05:50:09,100 --> 05:50:12,200
This event known to history as 
the rape of the Sabine, Women 

6705
05:50:12,200 --> 05:50:15,700
was probably less brutal than 
the name suggests but more 

6706
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:18,100
coercive than modern 
sensibilities would tolerate. 

6707
05:50:18,900 --> 05:50:21,600
The Roman version emphasized 
that the women were treated with

6708
05:50:21,600 --> 05:50:24,900
respect offered genuine, 
marriages rather than temporary 

6709
05:50:24,900 --> 05:50:27,800
arrangements and give them the 
opportunity to become founding 

6710
05:50:27,800 --> 05:50:31,100
mothers of a great city rather 
than just wives and traditional 

6711
05:50:31,100 --> 05:50:34,900
communities. whether the Sabine 
Women saw it that way, as a 

6712
05:50:34,900 --> 05:50:37,200
question, that ancient 
historians didn't spend much 

6713
05:50:37,200 --> 05:50:40,800
time, exploring But the 
Practical result was that roam 

6714
05:50:40,800 --> 05:50:42,600
required. 
Both the population basic needed

6715
05:50:42,600 --> 05:50:46,000
for long-term stability, and a 
war with the Sabine tribe. 

6716
05:50:46,000 --> 05:50:49,300
That tested every military and 
diplomatic skill Romulus had 

6717
05:50:49,300 --> 05:50:52,000
developed the conflict that 
followed demonstrated that 

6718
05:50:52,000 --> 05:50:54,400
Romulus had learned more from 
his grandfather numitor. 

6719
05:50:54,400 --> 05:50:56,400
Then just how to overthrow 
tyrants. 

6720
05:50:56,400 --> 05:51:00,300
He fought when fighting was 
necessary but also negotiated 

6721
05:51:00,300 --> 05:51:04,000
when negotiation offered better 
outcomes, eventually the war 

6722
05:51:04,000 --> 05:51:07,800
ended not with Conquest but with
integration the Sabinas joining 

6723
05:51:07,800 --> 05:51:10,500
Rome as equal Partners rather 
than defeated enemies. 

6724
05:51:10,500 --> 05:51:14,800
Their King Titus tatius ruling 
jointly with Romulus in an 

6725
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:17,500
arrangement that doubled the 
City's population and political 

6726
05:51:17,500 --> 05:51:21,500
complexity. this integration was
probably the kind of outcome 

6727
05:51:21,500 --> 05:51:24,700
that Remus would have approved 
of growth through inclusion 

6728
05:51:24,700 --> 05:51:28,200
rather than just Conquest 
Prosperity through cooperation, 

6729
05:51:28,200 --> 05:51:32,700
rather than simple domination. 
It suggested that Romulus had in

6730
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:36,000
his own way found room for his 
brother's Vision within the city

6731
05:51:36,000 --> 05:51:39,100
he'd alone. 
The years that followed were 

6732
05:51:39,100 --> 05:51:41,900
marked by the kind of steady 
development that historians find

6733
05:51:41,900 --> 05:51:44,000
less dramatic than Wars and 
revolution's. 

6734
05:51:44,000 --> 05:51:47,400
But which actually determines 
whether civilizations Thrive or 

6735
05:51:47,400 --> 05:51:50,900
merely survive, Rome grew into a
genuine City with laws 

6736
05:51:50,900 --> 05:51:54,400
institutions and the kind of 
Civic culture that attracts 

6737
05:51:54,400 --> 05:51:58,500
visitors and inspires imitators.
It became the kind of place 

6738
05:51:58,500 --> 05:52:00,900
where people chose to live 
rather than just the place where

6739
05:52:00,900 --> 05:52:04,800
they happen to end up. 
Romulus ruled for nearly four 

6740
05:52:04,800 --> 05:52:08,400
decades long enough to see his 
experimental City become an 

6741
05:52:08,400 --> 05:52:12,200
established Regional power. 
When he finally disappeared the 

6742
05:52:12,200 --> 05:52:14,900
gods reclaiming him in a world 
wind according to those who 

6743
05:52:14,900 --> 05:52:17,200
preferred dramatic endings. 
He left behind. 

6744
05:52:17,200 --> 05:52:20,000
Something that had grown far, 
beyond one man's Vision or 

6745
05:52:20,000 --> 05:52:22,800
ambition. 
Rome would continue for more 

6746
05:52:22,800 --> 05:52:26,300
than 1,000 years growing from a 
single City to an Empire. 

6747
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:29,600
That encompassed most of the 
known world, its influence on 

6748
05:52:29,600 --> 05:52:33,100
law, language, architecture. 
And political thought would 

6749
05:52:33,100 --> 05:52:36,900
Outlast the Empire itself. 
Shaping civilizations that arose

6750
05:52:36,900 --> 05:52:39,500
centuries after the last Roman 
emperor had been forgotten. 

6751
05:52:40,900 --> 05:52:44,200
And through all of that history,
Rome carried the memory of its 

6752
05:52:44,200 --> 05:52:47,000
beginning. 
Twin brothers, raised by wolves 

6753
05:52:47,000 --> 05:52:51,700
saved by Shepherds and separated
by a disagreement that ended in 

6754
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:54,200
tragedy. 
It was a story that reminded 

6755
05:52:54,200 --> 05:52:58,200
every generation that greatness 
often comes at a price that the 

6756
05:52:58,208 --> 05:53:01,500
most important battles are 
sometimes fought between people 

6757
05:53:01,500 --> 05:53:04,900
who love each other. 
And that cities like, people a 

6758
05:53:04,900 --> 05:53:07,100
shape does much by their 
sorrows, as their triumphs. 

6759
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:09,500
The wolf twins. 
Had grown up to found the 

6760
05:53:09,508 --> 05:53:12,400
greatest City in the ancient 
world, but they'd also 

6761
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:15,500
demonstrated that even the most 
extraordinary Beginnings. 

6762
05:53:15,500 --> 05:53:18,000
Can't protect us from the 
ordinary tragedies that Define 

6763
05:53:18,000 --> 05:53:21,200
Human Experience. 
In the end, that might be the 

6764
05:53:21,200 --> 05:53:24,100
most important lesson. 
Their story teachers, not that 

6765
05:53:24,100 --> 05:53:27,300
we're destined for greatness, 
but that greatness itself is 

6766
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:30,500
never quite what we expect it to
be when we finally achieve it. 

6767
05:53:31,300 --> 05:53:34,600
Rome began with a Brother's 
dream and a brother's death and 

6768
05:53:34,600 --> 05:53:37,800
perhaps that's exactly the right
foundation for a city that would

6769
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:40,600
teach the world. 
Both the possibilities and the 

6770
05:53:40,600 --> 05:53:44,100
costs of human ambition. 
Some stories end with everyone 

6771
05:53:44,100 --> 05:53:47,600
living happily ever after. 
But the best stories, the ones 

6772
05:53:47,600 --> 05:53:50,200
that stay with you long after 
the telling end with the 

6773
05:53:50,200 --> 05:53:54,300
understanding that happiness and
sorrow Triumph and tragedy are 

6774
05:53:54,300 --> 05:53:56,900
often just different ways of 
describing the same complex 

6775
05:53:56,900 --> 05:54:01,200
experience of being human. 
And that really is why we still 

6776
05:54:01,200 --> 05:54:03,000
tell the story of Romulus and 
Remus. 

6777
05:54:03,000 --> 05:54:06,300
After all these centuries, not 
because it has a perfect ending,

6778
05:54:06,300 --> 05:54:07,900
but because it has a true one