How Medieval Life Almost Collapsed Every Winter | Boring History

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Tonight, my sleep Club of 
Champions, we're heading into 

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medieval winter. 
As a season that arrived every 

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year without fail and somehow 
still managed to surprise 

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everyone for much of the Middle 
Ages Every Day. 

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Life came dangerously close to 
unraveling each winter, not 

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because of dramatic disasters, 
but because food ran low, 

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daylight disappeared, and 
everyone quietly hoped last 

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year's plans would work again. 
If slow history like this helps 

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you unwind. 
You can like the video, 

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subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is, mostly, so we can confirm 

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its warm away. 
You are. 

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Now, dim the light turn on a fan
or some gentle background noise 

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and let's all agree to survive 
the night with minimal effort. 

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If in a time when survival 
itself, followed the rhythm of 

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the seasons and winter was not 
simply cold, it was a test of 

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everything, your community had 
prepared for stored away and 

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hoped would last The medieval 
winter stretched on for months 

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and during those long dark weeks
ordinary life thin to its 

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bearish threads while you and 
your neighbors, waited for the 

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world to thaw. 
This is the story of how you 

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made it through. 
First hard Frost arrives in late

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October, and you feel it before 
you see it. 

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A particular bite in the air, 
that makes your breath visible. 

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And turns the mud in the 
courtyard, rock hard overnight. 

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You wake to find the vegetable 
garden. 

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Transformed the bean plants 
blackened and wilted their 

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leaves hanging like scraps of 
wet cloth. 

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Pumpkins that look so robust 
yesterday Now Sports soft spots 

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that will spread and rock within
days. 

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This Frost is Nature's 
announcement that the abundance 

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season has officially ended and 
you'd better have everything 

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ready because they won't be any 
second chance is the village 

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transforms almost immediately. 
Where children ran freely 

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through Fields just weeks ago. 
Adults now move with purpose. 

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Carrying the last of the root 
vegetables in woven baskets. 

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You join your neighbor's in the 
final Harvest pulling turnips 

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and parsnips from the ground, 
their odd shapes cake in cold 

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Earth, the crumbles differently 
now harder and less forgiving. 

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Every carrot matters, every 
onion gets counted. 

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You've lived through enough 
Winters to know that the 

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difference between plenty and 
hunger can come down to a single

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bushel of grain or one more 
wheel of cheese tucked into the 

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storage cellar. 
The narrowing happens gradually.

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Then all at once. 
The forest that seemed so 

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generous in Autumn offering 
mushrooms nuts. 

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And the occasional rabbit 
becomes a stark collection of 

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bare branches. 
The stream where you caught fish

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in summer, gross, sluggish and 
cold. 

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The fish retreating to deeper 
pools where they're nearly 

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impossible to reach. 
Foraging that reliable 

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supplement to your diet, 
essentially stops the berries 

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along gone, the edible greens 
have died back, even the bark 

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and route that might sustain you
in true desperation a harder 

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access when the ground freezes 
solid. 

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You watch the landscape contract
around you, the common fields 

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where we can ride grew license, 
doubled in empty hosting only 

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crows. 
That pick through the remnant 

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storms. 
The pastures were sheep, grazed 

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turn brown then gray offering 
almost nothing nutritious. 

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Your world which felt expansive 
in summer, now consists 

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primarily of your cottage, the 
immediate Courtyard, the route 

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to The Village Church and 
perhaps the manor house. 

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If you owe labor there, 
everything else becomes 

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difficult to reach uncomfortable
to visit or simply not worth the

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effort when the cold seeps 
through your clothing and the 

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daylight disappears. 
So early The reduction in 

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daylight itself. 
Feels oppressive. 

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You rise in darkness. 
Now fumbling to rekindle the 

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fire from last night's Embers by
the time. 

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You've completed the morning. 
Tasks, feeding animals, breaking

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ice on the water bucket. 
Checking the food stores. 

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The sun has barely climbed above
the Horizon. 

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It hangs their weak and watery. 
Casting Long Shadows that never 

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quite disappear before dusk 
arrives. 

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You might get six hours of 
genuine daylight. 

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If you're lucky and those hours 
must accommodate all outdoor 

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work all travel, and all tasks 
that require seeing clearly. 

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The funny thing about this 
narrowing is how your priority 

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shift without you quite 
noticing. 

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In summer, you worried about 
weeds choking, the guardian 

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about whether the wheat would 
ripen properly, and about a 

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dozen small concerns that seemed
important. 

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Now, you worry about three 
things, staying warm have enough

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to eat and not getting sick. 
Everything else becomes optional

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negotiable or simply abandoned 
until spring. 

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That decorative project you 
started on the cottage wall 

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forgotten. 
The plan to build a better 

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Chicken Coop, postpone d. 
Your world reduces to survival 

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fundamentals. 
And there's something almost 

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clarifying about it. 
Even if you'd never choose it 

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voluntarily, you notice the 
animals sense, this change too, 

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the chickens huddled together. 
More tightly, their usual, 

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squabbling diminished, The cows 
differently, a lower more 

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plaintiff sound that seems to 
ask when green grass will 

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return. 
Even the village dog's move less

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frantically, conserving energy 
and staying close to the fires. 

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They know in what ever way. 
Animals know these things that 

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the easy season has ended Your 
own body responds to the 

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narrowing, you feel hungrier 
more often your stomach wanting 

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to build reserves against the 
cold, you sleep longer. 

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When you can recognizing that 
unconsciousness is warmer than 

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wakefulness and uses, less 
precious energy. 

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Your hands. 
Develop. 

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Calluses in new places from the 
different work of winter. 

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Splitting wood, hauling water 
repairing tools by the fire. 

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The summer, calluses earned from
hoeing and harvesting fade and 

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smooth becoming irrelevant until
spring. 

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The social World Narrows too. 
Visiting neighbors become 

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something you do only when 
necessary not casually. 

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The paths between Cottages grow 
muddy. 

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Then Frozen in uneven ruts that 
make walking treacherous. 

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That friend who lives just 
beyond the next Village, you 

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probably won't see her until 
March. 

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The traveling Merchants who 
brought news and goods through 

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summer gone entirely and with 
them goes your connection to the

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wider World, your Universe 
consists now of perhaps 30 

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people, you see regularly and 
even though those encounters 

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have happened less frequently 
and more briefly with everyone, 

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eager to return to their own 
fires. 

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But here's the strange comfort 
in this narrowing, it makes 

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things simpler. 
You're not wondering what to do 

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with your time or making 
complicated plans, the schedule 

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writes itself. 
Keep the fire burning make the 

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food last protect the livestock 
repair, what breaks prey 

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regularly. 
The reduction of options removes

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a certain kind of stress, even 
as it introduces others, you 

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know, exactly what matters and 
anything that doesn't contribute

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to making it through, winter can
wait. 

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You stand at your cottage door, 
one, early November evening, 

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watching the last Light fade 
from the sky, a cold orange glow

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that promises. 
Nothing but more cold to come. 

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The world has contracted to 
this, your family, your animals,

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your stores of food and fuel and
the long, wait for spring, the 

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narrowing is complete the 
storage Cellar, smells of Earth 

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apples and the particular 
mustiness that comes from root 

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vegetables packed in sand. 
You descend the ladder carefully

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holding a Tallow candle that 
throws flickering Shadows on the

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stone walls. 
This underground room. 

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Barely tall enough to stand in 
contains the entire mathematical

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equation of your winter 
survival, laid out in barrels 

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sacks and carefully stacked 
piles. 

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You count the supplies regularly
because the numbers matter more 

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than almost anything else. 12 
wheels of cheese wrapped in 

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cloth. 
Each one representing a week of 

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milk production from your cow. 
20, bushels of grain stored in 

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wooden bins wheat, Rye, barley 
and oats mixed. 

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According to what the Harvest 
yielded. 

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The wheat, you'll save for 
special occasions for bread, 

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that tastes almost good. 
The Rye forms your staple dark, 

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and dense and reliable. 
The Barley goes into porridge 

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and soup stretching further than
you'd think possible when you 

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add enough water, the oats are. 
So for the animals, mostly 

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though, you'll eat them yourself
when stalls, run lower the 

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apples present, their own 
challenge, you've laid them out 

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carefully, not touching each 
other, checking daily for any 

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that shows, signs of rot, One 
Bad Apple really does spoil the 

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barrel. 
The folk wisdom is absolutely 

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accurate. 
So your vigilant You've already 

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pulled three that showed soft 
spots, cutting away the damaged 

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portions and cooking them 
immediately into a compote 

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sweetened with a pressure 
spoonful of honey. 

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The Good Apples. 
Perhaps 200 of them should last 

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until February if you're careful
and lucky. 

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The turnips and parsnips sit 
packed in boxes of sand, a 

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technique, your grandmother 
taught you. 

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Sand keeps them from drying out 
while preventing them from 

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touching each other and 
spreading any decay. 

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You've got perhaps 60 pounds of 
turnips which sounds like a lot 

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Until you realize that's less 
than one pound per day for a 

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winter lasting. 
Four months the parsnips sweeter

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and more prized number fewer, 
maybe 30 pounds, total Your 

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ration. 
Those carefully. 

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Saving them for days when morale
needs boosting. 

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Onions. 
Hang in braided strings. 

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From The Cellar Rafters their 
papery. 

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Skins rustling. 
When you brush past, you count, 

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47 onions. 
Some large sum, disappointingly 

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small Garlic. 
Hangs, similarly, 23 heads, that

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must flavor all the soups and 
stews between now and spring. 

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The Cabbage fermented in a 
barrel with salt. 

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Bubbles quietly in the corner. 
That sauerkraut represents both 

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preservation genius and acquired
taste. 

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You've never met anyone who 
loves it, but everyone eats it, 

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because fermented cabbage, keeps
when fresh cabbage rocks and you

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need the sustenance. 
The beans dried and stored in 

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clay pots. 
Sealed with wax. 

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Represent protein, you can't get
elsewhere. 

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Once fresh meat runs out, you've
got perhaps 20 pounds of various

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beans favors lentils and 
chickpeas from the manners. 

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Better soil, 20 pounds of dried 
beans can make many pots of 

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soup. 
But only if you use them wisely,

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combining them with grain and 
whatever else stretches the 

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meal. 
Nuts occupy, one precious basket

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hazelnuts and walnuts gathered 
from the forest edges before the

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squirrels could claim them all. 
You've got maybe 10 pounds total

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and you've already decided, 
these will be treats, not 

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Staples. 
A handful of nuts. 

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Makes a dark January afternoon, 
feel less bleak. 

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You can't build meals around 
them. 

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The Salted meat hangs in the 
coolest corner. 

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Two Pig haunches from the Autumn
Slaughter. 

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Flesh dense and brown coated in 
coarse salt crystals. 

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You'll shave portions from these
throughout winter, the salt 

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preserving the meat, but all so 
making every dish, incredibly 

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salty until you learn to soak 
the pieces. 

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First, there's all of bacon, the
fat prize nearly as much as the 

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meat because fat means calories 
and calories mean warmth and 

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warmth means of survival. 
Herbs, hang dried in bundles 

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Sage thyme Rosemary and the 
pressures bay leaves you traded 

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for at Market. 
These don't provide nutrition. 

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Exactly, but they make the 
difference between food that 

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sustains you and food, you can 
actually Bear to eat five months

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running. 
When every meal is porridge or 

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bean soup or turnip stew, the 
herbs are what prevent complete 

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despair. 
You keep a mental calculation 

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running constantly. 
How many people are eating? 

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How much per day and how many 
days until spring, Your family 

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of four yourself, your spouse, 
and two children needs perhaps, 

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8 pounds of food daily to stay 
healthy. 

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That's roughly 250 pounds per 
month which means 1,000 pounds 

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for a four-month winter. 
The number seems impossibly 

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large until you remember that 
much of that weight is water 

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content in fresh vegetables and 
you're working mostly with dried

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and concentrated stores. 
Now, the math shifts constantly,

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If you Slaughter the older 
chicken, that's several days of 

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meat but also several fewer eggs
come spring if you eat more 

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grain. 
Now you'll have less for 

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planting. 
If you open another cheese 

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wheel, that's one less week of 
protein later. 

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Every decision creates ripples 
through the Winter's equation. 

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00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:45,800
The funny part about storage is 
that you can't just lock 

233
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:47,400
everything away and forget about
it. 

234
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:50,400
The supplies require constant 
attention. 

235
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:52,800
The Apple's need checking for 
wrote. 

236
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,600
The Grain needs to stay dry, 
which means monitoring for 

237
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:57,500
leaks. 
In the cellar roof. 

238
00:13:57,500 --> 00:14:01,000
The cheese needs turning 
occasionally, the onions, 

239
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,700
sometimes Sprout, and you have 
to remove the green shoots. 

240
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:05,500
Before the sap, the bulbs 
nutrition. 

241
00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:09,000
The stored food is less like a 
bank account and more like a 

242
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,600
garden that grows backward, 
slowly diminishing, despite your

243
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:16,700
best efforts to slow the loss. 
You also store fuel though 

244
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:20,300
that's kept above ground. 
The wood pile stand against the 

245
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:23,500
Cottages, north wall. 
You've estimated three chords of

246
00:14:23,508 --> 00:14:26,300
split wood, which should be 
enough if the winter isn't too 

247
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:28,700
harsh. 
And if you supplement with Pete 

248
00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:33,700
from the bog, The peat Burns 
slowly and slowly Less Pleasant 

249
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:38,100
than wood, but more abundant. 
You've cut, perhaps 200 blocks 

250
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:41,400
of Pete stacked now in a 
separate pile, covered with old 

251
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,900
that to keep them dry. 
Some foods require active 

252
00:14:44,900 --> 00:14:48,600
monitoring the dried fish bought
at the atem market from 

253
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,700
traveling merchants in the main 
room where you can watch it. 

254
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:55,400
Fish draws Vermin and Vermin in 
your food stores. 

255
00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,700
Can mean disaster, you've 
already killed two mice that 

256
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:01,300
showed interest snapping, their 
necks and simple. 

257
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:04,900
Traps, baited, with grain, you 
can't afford compassion for 

258
00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:07,900
rodents, and winter the beer and
the barrel by the door 

259
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:10,000
represents both calories and 
safety. 

260
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,700
The Brewing process makes the 
water safer to drink and the 

261
00:15:13,700 --> 00:15:17,700
alcohol content mild as it is 
provides warmth and makes hard 

262
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:21,000
days slightly softer. 
You've got about 20 gallons, 

263
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,700
which sounds generous until you 
remember that everyone drinks it

264
00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:27,600
daily, including the children, 
because the alternative is water

265
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,000
that might make you sick. 
You climb back up the ladder, 

266
00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:35,500
the candle burning low. 
The seller inventory is complete

267
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:38,200
enough to survive if nothing 
goes wrong. 

268
00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:42,300
Not enough to feel comfortable. 
This is the position every 

269
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:45,600
household in the village. 
Occupies balanced on the knife 

270
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:49,000
edge between adequate and 
insufficient hoping that luck 

271
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,500
Providence and careful rationing
will carry everyone through to 

272
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:54,600
April. 
Back in the cottage. 

273
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:58,200
You mark the date on a stick by 
The Door Notch. 

274
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,600
As representing each week of 
winter for months, equals 

275
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:07,900
roughly 17 weeks, which is 119 
days, which is 197 separate acts

276
00:16:07,900 --> 00:16:12,100
of making the food stretched. 
Just a little further. the 

277
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:14,700
mathematics of survival is 
simple in concept, but 

278
00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:18,600
exhausting in practice, the 
first month of winter, you don't

279
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:21,900
feel truly hungry. 
The Harvest is recent enough 

280
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:25,800
that meals still carry variety 
and satisfaction you eat 

281
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:29,700
porridge sweetened with dried 
fruit, soups thick with beans 

282
00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:33,900
and turnips and bread that 
actually Rises properly, because

283
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:39,000
the grain is fresh, Your stomach
feels full after meals, you 

284
00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,800
might even have seconds on 
special occasions by the second 

285
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,800
month. 
Deep January, when the snow lies

286
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,400
thick and the wind cuts through 
every Gap in the cottage walls, 

287
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:51,800
hunger becomes a familiar 
companion. 

288
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:57,700
Not starvation, not yet, but a 
persistent hollowness that never

289
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:01,700
quite goes away. 
You eat your morning porridge 

290
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:05,400
and two hours later your stomach
rumbles, as if you haven't eaten

291
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,599
at all, the meals of grown 
smaller without anyone quite 

292
00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:12,099
admitting it, the soup gets more
water, added the bread. 

293
00:17:12,099 --> 00:17:15,099
Slices are cut thinner. 
The cheese portions shrinked 

294
00:17:15,099 --> 00:17:18,000
slivers. 
You develop a new relationship 

295
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,200
with food. 
In some summer. 

296
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,800
Eating was sometimes 
pleasurable, sometimes routine, 

297
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:25,900
and occasionally, even 
indulgent. 

298
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:31,000
Winter eating is pure function. 
You can consume food to generate

299
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:35,600
warmth to maintain strength for 
necessary, work and acquire the 

300
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:39,700
noring sensation in your belly. 
Taste become secondary. 

301
00:17:40,700 --> 00:17:43,700
You eat boiled turnips without 
complaint because turnips are 

302
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:47,200
what you have and being alive to
complain about turnips is better

303
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:51,200
than the alternative. 
Children's hunger. 

304
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,600
Bothers you. 
Most your youngest barely six 

305
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:58,000
asks, when dinner is ready, 
approximately 90 times each day?

306
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:02,500
You've explained that meals come
at set times that asking, 

307
00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:06,100
doesn't make food appear that 
everyone is hungry and everyone 

308
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:09,400
must wait but the child's 
developing brain doesn't really 

309
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:13,200
grasp these Concepts and the 
constant requests wear on your 

310
00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:15,900
patients like water wearing on 
Stone. 

311
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:18,700
You notice your own body 
changing. 

312
00:18:18,700 --> 00:18:22,000
The soft padding you carry from 
Somers abundance. 

313
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,700
Gradually disappears. 
Your ribs become more prominent 

314
00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,200
your face grows. 
Angular your spouse looks 

315
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:31,800
similarly, lean the winter 
sharpening. 

316
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,500
Everyone's features. 
This is normal. 

317
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:37,500
You tell yourself, everyone 
thinks in Winter. 

318
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:39,900
The fat will return in spring 
and summer. 

319
00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:44,000
But you also know that too, much
thinness leads to weakness and 

320
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,600
weakness leads to illness and 
illness in winter is dangerous. 

321
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:50,800
The meals. 
Follow a grinding repetition. 

322
00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:55,800
Breakfast is almost always 
porridge oats or barley, boiled 

323
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,100
with water sometimes with a bit 
of salt. 

324
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:01,400
Occasionally with a precious 
spoonful of Honey on Sunday 

325
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:05,700
mornings. the porridge fills 
your stomach with warm bulk, but

326
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:10,100
the warmth and fullness fade 
quickly Midday brings bread, if 

327
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:13,900
you're lucky or more porridge, 
if grain must be conserved, the 

328
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:17,200
bread is dense and dark made 
from Rye flour that produces 

329
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:19,000
loaves. 
Requiring serious chewing. 

330
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:22,300
You eat it with scraping of 
butter, when butter is available

331
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:25,800
or plain when it's not. 
Even evening meals, vary 

332
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:30,100
slightly more vegetable soups 
beans, stews and occasionally, a

333
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:32,200
bit of The Salted pork to flavor
the pot. 

334
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:35,800
You've become an expert at 
making soup from almost nothing.

335
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:41,600
water turnips and onion some 
dried herbs and maybe a carrot, 

336
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,300
if you're feeling extravagant 
The resulting liquid is thin and

337
00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:49,500
barely flavored but it's Hot and
Hot Food creates the illusion of

338
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:51,900
satisfaction better than cold 
food does. 

339
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:56,900
You find yourself thinking about
food constantly while feeding 

340
00:19:56,900 --> 00:19:58,700
the animals. 
You imagine roast chicken. 

341
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:02,200
While repairing tools by the 
fire, you remember, summer 

342
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,700
berries with an almost painful, 
vividness the memory of fresh 

343
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:10,300
bread warm from baking Hans you.
So does the recollection of peas

344
00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:15,100
eaten straight from the Pod. 
Sweet and crisp, and green a 

345
00:20:15,100 --> 00:20:16,600
color. 
You have not seen in months. 

346
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:21,500
The funny thing about sustained 
hunger is how it reshapes, your 

347
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:25,300
priorities arguments, that would
have seemed important in summer 

348
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:28,400
who should do which chore whose 
turn it is? 

349
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,800
For the better seat by the fire 
evaporate. 

350
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:35,400
Everyone's too tired to fight. 
Much anger requires energy. 

351
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:39,700
You can't spare. 
Instead, a kind of quiet, 

352
00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:43,500
patient, settles over the 
household, you wait for spring 

353
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:46,800
the way you, wait for a 
toothache to fade, knowing that 

354
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:49,100
endurance is the only strategy 
that works. 

355
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:52,500
You also develop tricks to 
manage the hunger. 

356
00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:56,700
Drinking water helps temporarily
filling your stomach with 

357
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,900
weightless bulk. 
Staying busy distracts the Mind 

358
00:20:59,900 --> 00:21:03,500
from its preoccupation with 
food, going to bed, early means 

359
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,400
fewer waking hours to feel 
hungry. 

360
00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:08,500
You've noticed that the worst 
hunger hits in late afternoon 

361
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:12,400
that peculiar time when the day 
small breakfast and smaller 

362
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:16,000
lunch of Thoroughly worn off and
Dennis, still lies hours away. 

363
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:21,300
During that time, you try to do 
engaging work, mending clothes, 

364
00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:25,100
carving, Wooden Spoons, anything
that occupies both hands and 

365
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:28,100
mind. 
The church provides both comfort

366
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:31,900
and complication around hunger. 
The priest reminds everyone that

367
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:35,700
fasting is Holy that Christ 
himself fasted and that 

368
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:38,100
restraint in eating brings one 
closer to God. 

369
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,600
This theology is convenient for 
people who are hungry. 

370
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:45,200
Anyway, offering spiritual 
meaning to physical deprivation.

371
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:50,200
But it's also genuinely helpful 
believing that hunger serves a 

372
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:52,800
higher purpose, makes it 
slightly easier to endure. 

373
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:57,300
You're not just suffering 
randomly, your participating in 

374
00:21:57,300 --> 00:21:59,400
a sacred tradition of 
self-denial. 

375
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,400
Of course, you've also noticed 
that the priest himself doesn't 

376
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:06,700
look particularly thin and the 
manor house residents still 

377
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:09,000
appear. 
Well, fed the Theology of. 

378
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,300
Holy hunger seems to apply more 
strictly to peasant's and to 

379
00:22:12,300 --> 00:22:15,500
those collecting ties. 
You don't voice this 

380
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:18,600
observational allowed but you 
think it's sometimes while 

381
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,500
gnawing on your thin slice of 
bread and watching Smoke Rise 

382
00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:25,308
From the manners kitchen, the 
livestock faced their own 

383
00:22:25,316 --> 00:22:28,500
version of hunger. 
The cowgirls gaunt, despite the 

384
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:32,200
hey you've stored the chicken's 
egg production slows and then 

385
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:34,800
stops entirely. 
They simply don't have the 

386
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,300
nutrition to both stay alive and
produce eggs. 

387
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,700
You understand this completely 
in Winter survival? 

388
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:44,300
Trump's reproduction for every 
species, the horse at the manner

389
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:47,800
you hear has developed a 
concerning cough, likely from 

390
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:51,500
the combination of cold and 
sufficient feed you rationale 

391
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:54,500
carefully, but you also know the
ration is insufficient. 

392
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,200
Truly adequate diet would 
require more food than you 

393
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,800
stored, more than you could 
possibly Store and More Than 

394
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:05,200
grows in your Fields. 
Even in good years, medieval 

395
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,200
agriculture, produces enough to 
survive. 

396
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:11,700
Not enough to thrive entire 
system operates on a deficit 

397
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,700
that winter makes obvious. 
Everyone goes hungry. 

398
00:23:14,700 --> 00:23:18,900
The only question is how hungry 
and whether that hunger will 

399
00:23:18,900 --> 00:23:22,000
lead to something worse? 
Sometimes you do the math, you 

400
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,700
wish you didn't know how to do 
your family needs roughly 2000 

401
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:29,200
calories per person per day to 
maintain weight and health. 

402
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:33,800
That's 8,000 calories total, but
your stores stretched across 

403
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:38,500
four months, provide may be 1500
calories per person daily The 

404
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:42,700
deficit is 3,000 calories per 
day, which your body's make up 

405
00:23:42,708 --> 00:23:45,700
by burning stored fat. 
And when that's depleted, 

406
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:50,200
eventually muscle This is why 
everyone emerges from Winter 

407
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,800
thin and weak. 
This is why spring work feels so

408
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,100
much harder than Autumn work. 
You're running on depleted, 

409
00:23:57,100 --> 00:24:00,700
reserves, trying to plant and 10
new crops while your body 

410
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:03,100
desperately needs. 
What those crops will eventually

411
00:24:03,100 --> 00:24:06,100
produce. 
The hunger creates a particular 

412
00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:09,200
kind of weariness. 
It's not just physical tiredness

413
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:11,000
though. 
There's plenty of that. 

414
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,000
It's a mental exhaustion from 
constantly thinking about food. 

415
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:19,500
Constantly calculating portions 
and constantly reassuring 

416
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:21,200
children that yes, there will be
dinner. 

417
00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:25,300
No, you can't have more now. 
And yes, we're all hungry. 

418
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:30,500
That's just how winter is By 
late February with stores, 

419
00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:33,300
genuinely running low and spring
still weeks away. 

420
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:37,800
The hunger sharpens the porridge
becomes thinner, the bread. 

421
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:42,800
Slices is a transparent, the 
soup is laughably, watery you 

422
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:44,100
eat things. 
You wouldn't have considered 

423
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:48,800
food in Autumn bark tea, 
leather, boiled until it yields,

424
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,700
a minimal nutrition, and the 
green shoots of sprouting grain,

425
00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:54,200
that should be saved for 
planting. 

426
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:59,400
But the Stomach overrules, 
wisdom yet, somehow most 

427
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:03,600
families, make it through the 
hunger hurts weakens and 

428
00:25:03,608 --> 00:25:07,700
depresses, but it doesn't quite 
kill not in normal Winters. 

429
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,600
You survive by accepting a level
of discomfort that would seem 

430
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,000
intolerable if you didn't know, 
it was temporary. 

431
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:19,800
Spring will come food, will grow
hunger, will fade this knowledge

432
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:22,800
sustains, you almost as much as 
the inadequate portions do. 

433
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:26,600
The cottage fire never goes out 
completely from November through

434
00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:30,100
March, but in never provides 
quite enough Heat. 

435
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:34,400
You've become an expert at the 
dance of fire management, adding

436
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,200
wood to boost warmth, letting it
die down to Khols, to conserve 

437
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:42,100
Fuel and banking it at night, 
with ashes to preserve Embers 

438
00:25:42,100 --> 00:25:45,900
until morning. 
Fire is the heart of the house 

439
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:49,200
in Winter and your life 
literally revolves around it. 

440
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:55,700
Even so your always cold. 
Not dramatically dangerously 

441
00:25:55,700 --> 00:26:00,200
cold, like you'd be outside but 
persistently, annoyingly cold. 

442
00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:04,600
The kind of cold that seeps into
your bones and never quite 

443
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:06,900
leave. 
That makes your fingers stiff 

444
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,200
and your nose constantly numb. 
The fire heats the air 

445
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,800
immediately around it. 
Perhaps a radius of 6 feet where

446
00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:17,300
you can actually feel warm. 
Beyond that the cottage 

447
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:21,200
temperature drops precipitously.
The corners are barely warmer 

448
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:25,300
than outside the loft where you 
sleep might be 5 degrees warmer 

449
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:27,900
than the night air, but that 
still means it's well below 

450
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:32,500
freezing on the coldest nights, 
you wear layers, constantly your

451
00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:36,500
linen, under clothes, worn until
they're soft and dingy a wool 

452
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:38,600
tunic over that a second will 
layer. 

453
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:42,300
If you have one, a cloak wrapped
around your shoulders, wool 

454
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:44,800
stockings that never quite dry 
completely because there's no 

455
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,500
where properly warm to dry them.
Shoes, stuffed with straw for 

456
00:26:48,500 --> 00:26:52,600
insulation, even dressed this 
way, you feel the cold probing 

457
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,800
for weaknesses a gap between 
sleeve and glove the collar that

458
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,900
doesn't quite close. 
The inevitable drafts that find 

459
00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:01,500
every crack in the cottage 
walls. 

460
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:05,300
The cottage itself is built to 
retain heat as much as medieval 

461
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:08,100
construction allows, but thats 
not very much. 

462
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:13,100
The walls are wattle and door 
woven branches, + with a mixture

463
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:17,900
of mud, straw, and animal dung. 
When new and well-maintained, 

464
00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:21,000
this provides decent insulation 
butt. 

465
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:26,100
Cracks develop the daub dries 
and crumbles gaps appear around 

466
00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:27,900
the window shutters and the door
frame. 

467
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:31,400
You stuff these gaps with moss 
Rags or anything that might 

468
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,200
block the wind but the wind 
finds new Roots. 

469
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:38,000
Cold air is patient and 
persistent and your cottage is 

470
00:27:38,008 --> 00:27:41,900
full of opportunities. 
The floor is packed Earth, which

471
00:27:41,900 --> 00:27:43,600
means cold radiates Up From 
Below. 

472
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:47,000
You've scattered straw to 
provide a minimal barrier, but 

473
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,500
the straw gets damp and 
compressed and loses, its 

474
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:53,200
insulating value. 
Your feet are always cold at 

475
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:55,000
night. 
You sleep with wraps Stones 

476
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,200
heated by the fire. 
They provide warmth for perhaps 

477
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:00,700
an hour before. 
Becoming just lumpy obstacles 

478
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:03,000
that make finding a comfortable 
position difficult. 

479
00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,700
Morning is the worst time you 
wake in the dark, your breath 

480
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:11,700
visible even inside the cottage.
The fire has died to Bear 

481
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:13,800
Embers. 
The water in the bucket has 

482
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,100
frozen solid. 
The simple Act of getting out 

483
00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:21,100
from under the blankets requires
genuine, courage, because you're

484
00:28:21,100 --> 00:28:23,100
leaving their only warm space 
that exists. 

485
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:27,500
You force yourself up wrap a 
cloak around your night clothes 

486
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,700
and hurry to the fire to cope, 
sit back to life. 

487
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,500
Getting the fire restarted is 
critical. 

488
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:38,300
You kneel by The Hearth 
carefully pushing aside the 

489
00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:40,200
Ashes to find the living coals 
beneath. 

490
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,700
You add dry kindling. 
Precious splinters of wood kept 

491
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:47,700
in a box by the fire 
specifically for this purpose, 

492
00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:51,800
you blow gently and if you're 
lucky and skilled and the wood 

493
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:53,500
is dry enough small Flames 
appear. 

494
00:28:54,300 --> 00:28:58,300
You add larger sticks, then 
split logs and gradually warmth 

495
00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:00,100
returns to your personal 
universe. 

496
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:04,600
The rest of the family wakes to 
this warmth emerging from 

497
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,600
blankets only after the fire is 
clearly established, everyone 

498
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:11,200
huddles near it. 
Putting off the necessary 

499
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:15,200
Ventures into the Cottages cold 
regions, the morning tasks, 

500
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:16,900
require leaving the fires 
warmth. 

501
00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,000
Hitting dressed in The Frigid 
Loft, visiting the outdoor, a 

502
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,100
train where your backside 
freezes fetching, more wood from

503
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:27,300
the pile outside and breaking 
ice on the animals water. 

504
00:29:27,300 --> 00:29:29,800
The animal suffered their own 
cold torments. 

505
00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:33,500
Chickens huddle in their Coop, 
which is barely warmer than 

506
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:35,200
outside. 
But at least blocks the wind 

507
00:29:36,100 --> 00:29:39,200
You've stuffed the walls with 
extra straw, that The Byrds 

508
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,900
still look miserable fluffed up 
to twice their normal size. 

509
00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:46,600
Moving as little as possible. 
The cow in her small barn, 

510
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:50,400
breathes out clouds of steam, 
you can see her ribs more 

511
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:53,200
prominently. 
Now the winter diet and cold 

512
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:57,400
burning through her Reserves. 
When you milk her on the days, 

513
00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:01,300
when she still produces any 
milk, your fingers go numb 

514
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,400
within minutes. 
Washing in winter is a 

515
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,800
theoretical concept. 
You might heat a small pot of 

516
00:30:07,808 --> 00:30:11,000
water and wipe your face and 
hands when they're truly grimy. 

517
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:16,500
But bathing Unthinkable, the 
entire Village goes unwashed 

518
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:19,400
from November to April and you 
will smell like it. 

519
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:23,100
The odor of unwashed human 
bodies stale would smoke and 

520
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:27,100
damp wall become so ubiquitous 
that you stop noticing it. 

521
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:31,200
Only in spring when people 
finally bathe and change into 

522
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,300
cleaner clothes. 
You realize how ranked everyone 

523
00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:37,800
became Cold affect everything 
beyond your body. 

524
00:30:38,700 --> 00:30:42,300
Tools become harder to use the 
wooden handle feel harsh and 

525
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:46,300
rigid and metal components Frost
over and numb your hands. 

526
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,800
Cloth gross stiffen resistant 
leather harnesses, become 

527
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:52,500
inflexible and prone to 
cracking. 

528
00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:55,600
Simple tasks that took minutes 
in summer. 

529
00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:59,000
Require much longer in Winter 
because your cold stiffened 

530
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,200
fingers, fumble and your body 
moves. 

531
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:06,100
Slow trying to conserve Heat. 
You develop a new appreciation 

532
00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:11,200
for the sun on rare winter days 
when it actually shines even 

533
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:15,600
weekly you stop, whatever you're
doing to stand in its light. 

534
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:20,300
The warmth is minimal but 
psychologically powerful, you 

535
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:24,600
turn your face upward, closing, 
your eyes absorbing the palest 

536
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:28,700
suggestion of heat. 
These moments feel sacred gifts 

537
00:31:28,700 --> 00:31:32,000
from a sky, that usually offers 
only gray clouds and colder 

538
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:35,400
winds. 
The wind itself is an enemy when

539
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:39,200
it blows, which is often the 
cold intensifies dramatically. 

540
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:43,600
The wind finds every Gap in your
clothing, every crack in the 

541
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:47,800
cottage and every weakness in 
your defense is wind-driven 

542
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:51,500
cold, feels personal, aggressive
and hostile. 

543
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,100
You've learned to read the 
wind's, moods, the steady 

544
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:57,100
Northern wind. 
That brings weeks of freezing 

545
00:31:57,100 --> 00:32:00,300
temperatures, the variable 
Eastern wind that often 

546
00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:02,800
precedes. 
Snow and the occasional western 

547
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,000
wind that might hint at warmer 
air, but usually just brings 

548
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,900
rain. 
That makes everything worse Snow

549
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:14,000
provides mixed blessings deep 
snow insulate somewhat creating 

550
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,600
a barrier between the frozen 
ground and the air but it also 

551
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:21,500
traps you makes work harder an 
introduces dampness. 

552
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:23,000
That's nearly impossible to 
escape. 

553
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,100
Everything gets wet, your shoes,
your cloak and the Hem of your 

554
00:32:27,108 --> 00:32:30,900
tunic and wet clothing. 
Loses all insulating value, 

555
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:32,800
while actually drawing heat from
your body. 

556
00:32:33,500 --> 00:32:35,800
You've learned to brush snow 
off, immediately, and 

557
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,000
frantically before it can melt 
and soak in. 

558
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:39,800
But you're not always 
successful. 

559
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:43,100
The children handle the cold 
differently than adults. 

560
00:32:43,100 --> 00:32:47,000
They see more resilient in some 
ways still finding energy to 

561
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,200
play, even when everyone else is
listlessly conserving, warmth. 

562
00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:54,200
but they also complain more, 
they're developing Minds less 

563
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,400
capable of the stoic endurance, 
adults of learned, Your youngest

564
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:01,800
cries sometimes from cold feet. 
And there's nothing much you can

565
00:33:01,800 --> 00:33:03,600
do. 
Except hold the child clothes 

566
00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,900
and share body heat, which helps
them while making you colder. 

567
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,400
Night time is its own special 
challenge. 

568
00:33:12,500 --> 00:33:16,900
Fire gets Bank down to conserve 
would The cottage temperature 

569
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:19,900
drops, steadily Through The Dark
Hours, you sleep, in your 

570
00:33:19,908 --> 00:33:24,300
clothes under wool blankets and 
sheep skins often with the whole

571
00:33:24,300 --> 00:33:26,500
family clustered together for 
shared warmth. 

572
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:31,200
Despite these measures, you wake
frequently, two cold to sleep, 

573
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,900
soundly shifting positions to 
find warmth that doesn't quite 

574
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:38,800
exist. 
The funny thing about a 

575
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:43,000
persistent cold is how it 
becomes normalized in October, a

576
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,400
40 degree day would have made 
you bundle up and complain. 

577
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:50,200
By February 40 degree, day feels
practically tropical and you 

578
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,200
might even open the shutters 
briefly to enjoy the warmth. 

579
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:58,600
Your standards are just Comfort 
becomes relative not actively 

580
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,100
freezing counts as a win. 
You also learn that different 

581
00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:06,800
kinds of cold exist dry, cold is
easier to endure than damp cold.

582
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,500
Still cold is manageable 
compared to windy cold. 

583
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,300
The coldest nights are actually 
the clear ones when heat 

584
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:16,800
radiates freely into the 
cloudless sky. 

585
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:19,900
Overcast, Knights, hold warmth 
better. 

586
00:34:19,900 --> 00:34:24,199
You become a connoisseur of 
colds, varieties able to predict

587
00:34:24,199 --> 00:34:26,900
from the evening conditions. 
How brutal the night will be 

588
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:32,000
cold, makes you tired, your body
Burns extra calories, just 

589
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,300
maintaining core temperature, 
which compounds the fatigue from

590
00:34:35,308 --> 00:34:38,699
insufficient food. 
Like evening, your ready for bed

591
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:42,100
embarrassingly early desperate 
to escape into sleep where you 

592
00:34:42,100 --> 00:34:44,100
don't have to actively manage 
being cold. 

593
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:46,699
Sleep is warmer than 
wakefulness. 

594
00:34:46,699 --> 00:34:49,400
Unconsciousness Kinder than 
awareness. 

595
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:52,900
It, you endure. 
The cold doesn't defeat you 

596
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:55,000
because you simply don't have 
the option of defeat. 

597
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:58,400
There's no, where warmer to go. 
This is life. 

598
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,800
This is winter, and you've 
survived it before, and you'll 

599
00:35:01,800 --> 00:35:06,600
survive it again. 
Cold is miserable but not fatal 

600
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:09,600
uncomfortable, but not 
insurmountable. 

601
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:13,000
You persevere. 
Because perseverance is the only

602
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:16,500
choice. 
The coughing starts in late 

603
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:20,100
January and your heart sinks. 
When you hear it, your eldest 

604
00:35:20,100 --> 00:35:22,700
child. 
Usually, robust wakes with a 

605
00:35:22,700 --> 00:35:25,100
harsh dry cough that Echoes In 
The Cottages. 

606
00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:27,900
Close Quarters, you've heard 
this sound before? 

607
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:30,900
You know, where it can lead in 
summer. 

608
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:33,200
A cough is inconvenient in 
winter. 

609
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:37,300
It's potentially deadly. 
You try the remedies, you know? 

610
00:35:38,100 --> 00:35:40,800
Honey mixed with warm water, 
helps soothe the throat. 

611
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:44,200
Teammate from dry time. 
Might ease the chest tightness, 

612
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:48,000
you boil water and have the 
child, breathe, the steam, which

613
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:53,300
provides temporary relief. but 
the cough persists and within 

614
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:57,700
two days, the child develops a 
fever He place your hand on that

615
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,200
too, hot forehead and make rapid
calculations about what you can 

616
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,900
afford to do. 
The Village has no doctor the 

617
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:08,100
nearest physician lives in the 
market Town, two hours away, 

618
00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:11,200
even in good weather, and his 
service is cost more than your 

619
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:15,300
likely to earn in a year. 
You have access instead to Elsa 

620
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:19,000
the village wise woman who knows
herbs and charms and has 

621
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:21,700
accumulated 60 years of 
experience watching. 

622
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:25,800
People sicken and sometimes 
recover, you bundle the child in

623
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:28,700
blankets and carry them through 
the snow to Elsa's Cottage. 

624
00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:32,400
Elsa examines the child with 
practice deficiency. 

625
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:36,900
Checking the tongue feeling the 
lymph nodes and listening to the

626
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:40,000
chest by placing her ear 
directly against the ribs. 

627
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:44,500
She pronounces it a lung fever. 
Not yet fully developed, but 

628
00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:48,200
threatening She provides you 
with a pouch of dried Mullin 

629
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:51,800
leaves for tea instructions, to 
keep the child warm and hydrated

630
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,300
and a charm to wear around the 
neck. 

631
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:59,000
The charms, probably useless but
you'll use it anyway because 

632
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,900
doing something, anything feels 
better than helpless watching. 

633
00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:06,000
Back home. 
You begin the vigil. 

634
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:10,000
The child lies near the fire 
occupying, the warmest spot. 

635
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,900
You brew the Marlene tea. 
Cock spoonfuls past cracked lips

636
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:19,400
and wait. 
Fever produces stranger effects 

637
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:24,400
rambling, speech. 
Glassy eyes alternating chills 

638
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:28,900
and sweats your child talks to 
people who aren't their mistakes

639
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:31,500
you for someone else. 
Seems not to know where they 

640
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:33,400
are. 
This is terrifying. 

641
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:37,200
But also oddly normal. 
Fever transforms Consciousness 

642
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:40,600
in predictable ways. 
The fever breaks, on the fourth 

643
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:44,200
day, you wake to find the 
child's sleeping naturally 

644
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:46,700
rather than in that Restless 
fever State. 

645
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:51,400
The forehead, finally cool to 
your touch The relief is 

646
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,100
overwhelming. 
You sit beside the sleeping 

647
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:57,700
child and cry. 
Quietly, releasing tension, you 

648
00:37:57,708 --> 00:37:59,600
didn't fully acknowledge you 
were carrying. 

649
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:04,600
The child will recover. 
Cough will linger for weeks, but

650
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:09,000
recovery is now the trajectory 
you've dodged catastrophe this 

651
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:11,600
time. 
But not, every family is equally

652
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:13,900
lucky. 
You hear that Thomas, the 

653
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:15,900
blacksmith's. 
Youngest son has died of the 

654
00:38:15,900 --> 00:38:19,100
winter flux. 
The boy was only three and the 

655
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:23,000
flux took him in two days of 
violent, diarrhea that drained 

656
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,100
all moisture and life from his 
small body. 

657
00:38:26,500 --> 00:38:30,600
The mother is inconsolable. 
Father is grimly silent. 

658
00:38:31,900 --> 00:38:35,000
The Village. 
Attends the small funeral, a 

659
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:36,700
frozen Hole In The Frozen 
Ground. 

660
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:40,300
And everyone understands that 
this is simply what happened. 

661
00:38:40,300 --> 00:38:42,600
Some children. 
Don't survive winter. 

662
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,800
The ratio is heartbreaking, but 
consistent, the illnesses have 

663
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:49,300
patterns. 
You've learned to recognize lung

664
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:51,400
fever's, cluster in the coldest 
months. 

665
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:54,700
Striking people, whose 
resistance is lowered by hunger 

666
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:59,400
and cold and damp the winter 
flux appear sporadically in 

667
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,500
Cottages where food is spoiled 
or water has become 

668
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:05,600
contaminated. 
Chill, blames affect, nearly 

669
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:09,600
everyone, painful swelling and 
cracking of fingers and toes 

670
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:13,200
from repeated, cold exposure. 
Your own hands are covered in 

671
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,600
the characteristic red itching 
bumps. 

672
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:20,200
Tooth problems worsen in Winter 
you've got a molar that's been 

673
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,200
troubling you for months. 
And the cold makes it ache 

674
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:25,800
constantly. 
There's nothing to do about it 

675
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:29,200
except chew on the other side 
and hope it doesn't obsess and 

676
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:33,400
abscessed tooth can kill you. 
You've seen it happen but having

677
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:37,000
it pulled is also risky and 
painful and leaves you unable to

678
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:40,300
chew properly for weeks. 
You live with the ache can pray.

679
00:39:40,308 --> 00:39:43,200
It doesn't worse and the old 
people suffer. 

680
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:46,200
Most visibly aching joint 
stiffened. 

681
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:50,400
Further in the cold old injuries
announced the cells with renewed

682
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:55,400
pain, the Widow Margaret. 
Who survived 70 Winters moves? 

683
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:58,000
Now? 
Like every step hurts, which it 

684
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:01,300
probably does. 
A hands are twisted with joint 

685
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:03,900
swelling. 
Barely functional yet. 

686
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:07,800
She persists still managing to 
card wool and tell stories to 

687
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:13,600
children still contributing what
she can. you admire her stubborn

688
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:17,300
survival, even as you fear 
becoming equally diminished if 

689
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:22,600
your fortunate enough to grow 
old, Mental illness, presents 

690
00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:25,400
its own challenges. 
Your neighbor Edmund has what 

691
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:29,300
people call melancholy? 
Sits for hours staring at 

692
00:40:29,300 --> 00:40:32,900
nothing. 
Barely speaking eating only, 

693
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:38,400
when forced winter deepens his 
symptoms, the lack of light, the

694
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,000
isolation, and the grinding, 
sameness of each day, seemed to 

695
00:40:42,008 --> 00:40:44,700
drive him further into his dark 
internal world. 

696
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:49,000
His family tries to engage him 
but nothing reaches through. 

697
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:52,400
You've heard the priest say 
Edmund is being tested by God, 

698
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:56,300
which might be true but doesn't 
help Edmond function. the funny 

699
00:40:56,300 --> 00:40:59,900
thing is that despite all these 
illnesses, most people survive, 

700
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:02,900
Human body is remarkably 
resilient. 

701
00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:07,900
You get sick, you recover, you 
get sick again, and you recover 

702
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:11,000
again. 
The pattern repeats throughout 

703
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:14,900
winter, only the very young, the
very old and the very unlucky 

704
00:41:14,900 --> 00:41:17,700
actually die. 
Everyone else endures 

705
00:41:17,700 --> 00:41:22,300
accumulates minor damage and 
limps into spring battered, but 

706
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:25,000
alive. 
You've also developed a 

707
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:26,300
philosophy about illness that 
helps. 

708
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:29,600
You cope getting sick is not a 
moral failure. 

709
00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:32,200
It doesn't mean you've done 
something wrong or been 

710
00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:37,100
insufficiently, what bodies do 
when stressed by cold and hunger

711
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:40,000
and crowding. 
The church teaching suggests 

712
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,400
otherwise that illness is 
punishment for sin but you've 

713
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:46,300
noticed that the most Pious 
people get just as sick as 

714
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:49,100
everyone else. 
Germs though you don't have that

715
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:51,800
word for them. 
Don't care about your spiritual 

716
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:56,200
State prevention is almost 
impossible you all live too 

717
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,200
close together. 
Share too much and lack any 

718
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:01,100
understanding of disease 
transmission. 

719
00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:06,600
When one family member gets 
sick, everyone is exposed the 

720
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:09,100
Cottages. 
Single room means isolation is 

721
00:42:09,100 --> 00:42:10,900
impossible. 
You breathe. 

722
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:14,700
The same are eat from the same 
pot and sleep within our Arms. 

723
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:17,400
Reach. 
Illness spreads because it has 

724
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:21,000
no where else to go? 
You do what you can, you try to 

725
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,400
keep things clean though, with 
limited water and no 

726
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:27,600
understanding of why cleanliness
matters your efforts are 

727
00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:31,000
inconsistent. 
You feed people as well as your 

728
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,200
stores allowing nutrition 
supports are recovery. 

729
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:39,800
You keep the sick, warm and 
rested beyond that, you pray and

730
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:42,100
hope and wait for the illness to
run. 

731
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:45,100
Its course, some illnesses you 
fearlessly. 

732
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:49,800
The pox where the chicken or 
small can sweep through the 

733
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:52,500
village, killing children and 
terrifying numbers. 

734
00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:55,900
You've been lucky so far. 
No major outbreak this winter, 

735
00:42:55,900 --> 00:42:59,400
but the fear persists, the 
coughing sickness that makes 

736
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,200
people waste away over months. 
Eventually coughing blood is 

737
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:05,800
another Terror. 
It appears sporadically and 

738
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:09,700
kills reliably, you know, three 
people in the village who have 

739
00:43:09,700 --> 00:43:13,200
it and you avoid them, not from 
cruelty, but from Desperate 

740
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:16,200
self-preservation. 
Spring will bring its own 

741
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:20,000
illnesses, the diseases that 
come with thorong and warming 

742
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,100
and increased contact with 
others. 

743
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:24,500
But spring illnesses, feel 
different. 

744
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:29,300
Your body is better fed warmer, 
and stronger, you have more 

745
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:32,400
resources to fight disease when 
the world is green and growing. 

746
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:35,700
Winter illness, feels 
particularly dangerous because 

747
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:39,300
you're already operating at a 
deficit, there's no margin for 

748
00:43:39,300 --> 00:43:42,600
error when your cold and hungry 
and your body is burning 

749
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:44,500
reserves, just to maintain 
temperature. 

750
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:48,700
By late February or almost 
everyone in the village Bears 

751
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:51,500
illness marks. 
The children have lingering 

752
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:54,900
coughs, the adults, move with 
the stiffness of poorly healed 

753
00:43:54,900 --> 00:43:59,900
injuries and chronic pains old 
scars, ache new affliction's 

754
00:43:59,900 --> 00:44:03,700
announced, the cells yet. 
Life continues you work. 

755
00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:07,500
Despite being sick, you care for
others, despite needing care 

756
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:11,600
yourself. 
This is simply how Winter works.

757
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:16,400
The child who had lung fever is 
mostly recovered now though, 

758
00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:18,300
still weak and prone to coughing
fits. 

759
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,900
You're grateful beyond words for
this recovery, you fulfill your 

760
00:44:22,900 --> 00:44:27,100
promises to God made during the 
fever's Peak extra prayers. 

761
00:44:27,100 --> 00:44:31,500
A donation of precious grain to 
the church and A Renewed 

762
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:35,700
commitment to Holy Behavior. 
Whether the prayers helped or 

763
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:38,700
the child's Constitution was 
simply strong enough, you'll 

764
00:44:38,700 --> 00:44:42,700
never know. 
But the child lives and that's 

765
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:45,900
what matters. 
The cows name is best. 

766
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:49,200
And she's probably worth more 
than everything else. 

767
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:53,400
You own combined. 
In Winter caring for her becomes

768
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:57,000
a central preoccupation. 
A task require in Daily 

769
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:02,100
attention and constant worry. 
Best provides milk and from milk

770
00:45:02,100 --> 00:45:05,500
comes butter and cheese. 
She provides cars that can be 

771
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:10,300
sold or raised eventually shall 
provide meat and hide though. 

772
00:45:10,300 --> 00:45:13,000
You try not to think about that 
while looking into her large 

773
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:16,700
patient eyes. 
Best lives in a small structure 

774
00:45:16,700 --> 00:45:19,900
attached to your cottage. 
Barely tall enough for her to 

775
00:45:19,908 --> 00:45:22,500
stand. 
Certainly not spacious, but 

776
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:25,200
warmer than being fully exposed 
to the elements. 

777
00:45:25,900 --> 00:45:29,500
You've stuffed every Gap with 
straw and dung to block drafts. 

778
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,300
Cow's body heat actually helps. 
Warm the cottage through the 

779
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:36,300
shared wall a mutual benefit 
arrangement. 

780
00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:40,100
Her breathing constant, and 
rhythmic is audible from your 

781
00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:42,800
sleeping area. 
You've grown accustomed to the 

782
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:44,800
sound and find it almost 
comforting. 

783
00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:48,400
Feeding her is the challenge you
harvested. 

784
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:51,600
Hey, in summer, dried it 
properly and stored it in the 

785
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:55,200
barns, Loft. 
Calculated you'd need roughly 40

786
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:58,400
pounds of hay per day to keep 
best healthy through winter. 

787
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:01,600
That's over four. 
Tons of hay for a four-month 

788
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:03,700
winter. 
You didn't Harvest quite that 

789
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:05,200
much. 
So, you'll supplementing with 

790
00:46:05,200 --> 00:46:08,300
straw, which has less 
nutritional value, but provides 

791
00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:12,400
bulk. this is losing weight, 
despite your efforts, her ribs 

792
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,900
are visible, her hip bones 
prominent this is normal. 

793
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,700
You tell yourself, everyone 
thinks in Winter cattle 

794
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:23,000
included, The morning and 
evening, feedings create 

795
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:27,000
structure for your day. 
You climb into the Loft, Fork 

796
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,500
down enough hay to fill bess's, 
manger and watch her, eat with 

797
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:33,400
the methodical patients of 
ruminants everywhere. 

798
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:37,300
Choose thoroughly her jaw, 
moving in that side to side 

799
00:46:37,300 --> 00:46:39,100
motion, and you can almost see 
her. 

800
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:42,200
Extracting every possible 
nutrient from the dried grass. 

801
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:46,500
Nothing is wasted in winter. 
Water is almost as challenging 

802
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:49,300
as food. 
The stream freezes solid by 

803
00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:51,800
December. 
So you're hauling water from the

804
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:55,400
village well, breaking ice to 
reach it and carrying heavy 

805
00:46:55,400 --> 00:47:00,500
buckets through snow and cold. 
Best needs perhaps 10 gal daily,

806
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:03,200
which is multiple trips with 
buckets. 

807
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,100
That feel heavier each time you 
lift them, you've developed 

808
00:47:06,100 --> 00:47:09,000
impressive shoulder strength 
from this, winter task alone. 

809
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:11,700
The chickens required different 
attention. 

810
00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:15,800
Six, hens live in a small Coupe,
you build against the Cottages, 

811
00:47:15,800 --> 00:47:19,500
South Wall, they've stopped 
laying entirely, their bodies, 

812
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:21,400
can't support. 
Egg production while trying to 

813
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:24,400
stay alive. 
You feed them grain which feels 

814
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,200
almost criminal. 
When grain is so pressure, the 

815
00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:30,500
chickens that die of starvation,
provide only one meal while 

816
00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:32,500
chickens that survive will lay 
eggs again. 

817
00:47:32,500 --> 00:47:36,100
Come spring, the math favors, 
keeping them alive, despite the 

818
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:39,900
cost You've noticed the chickens
have developed a pecking order 

819
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:44,200
in its most literal sense. 
The largest hen dominates. 

820
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:47,500
The best roosting spot with the 
others arranged in descending 

821
00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:50,600
hierarchy. 
The smallest chicken. 

822
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:53,400
A scraggly thing that you 
probably should have called in 

823
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:56,500
Autumn huddled at the edge and 
gets picked frequently. 

824
00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:00,300
You feel sympathy for this 
Underdog but don't intervene 

825
00:48:00,300 --> 00:48:04,100
chickens run their own society 
and you've got enough human 

826
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:06,700
problems without mediating 
poultry disputes. 

827
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:10,700
The pig was slaughtered in 
November which was both relief 

828
00:48:10,700 --> 00:48:13,800
and loss. 
You miss the pig's cheerful 

829
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:17,500
grunting presence but you don't 
miss the anxiety of keeping it 

830
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:21,000
fed through winter pigs. 
Eat astonishing a mounts. 

831
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,700
And the payoff only comes at 
Slaughter, you and three 

832
00:48:24,700 --> 00:48:28,400
neighbors combined resources to 
keep four pigs, slaughtering 

833
00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:30,400
them, one by one and dividing 
the meat. 

834
00:48:31,300 --> 00:48:35,000
Your share hangs in the cellar 
now, salted and slowly being 

835
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:39,000
consumed. 
The Manor keeps horses and you 

836
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:43,100
hear their suffering horses are 
expensive, high maintenance 

837
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:47,500
animals, that justify their cost
through work capacity, plowing 

838
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:52,100
hauling and transportation. 
But horses need grain to work, 

839
00:48:52,100 --> 00:48:57,100
effectively and grain is scarce.
The manners horses are getting 

840
00:48:57,108 --> 00:49:01,100
thin and one already died. 
Reportedly from a combination of

841
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:04,900
cold and insufficient feed. 
The Lord is unhappy about this 

842
00:49:04,900 --> 00:49:08,200
which means everyone who works 
for him is anxious about his 

843
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:12,500
displeasure you've developed 
rituals around Animal Care each 

844
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:15,700
morning you greet Best. 
Buy name, run your hand along 

845
00:49:15,700 --> 00:49:18,400
her flank and check for any 
signs of illness or injury. 

846
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:22,000
You talk to her while milking a 
one-sided conversation. 

847
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,600
That probably means nothing to 
the cow, but helps you feel less

848
00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:28,700
alone. 
The chickens get similar 

849
00:49:28,700 --> 00:49:32,900
treatment, a greeting, a check 
of their condition and words 

850
00:49:32,900 --> 00:49:35,800
that create connection. 
Even if understanding is absent,

851
00:49:36,800 --> 00:49:38,500
The animals depend on, you 
completely. 

852
00:49:38,500 --> 00:49:41,100
And this responsibility weighs 
heavily. 

853
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:46,400
Unlike humans, who can forage 
migrate or adapt, your livestock

854
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:50,400
are trapped by domestication. 
They exist in these small space 

855
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,800
is eating what you provide 
surviving, only through your 

856
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,700
care. 
If you fail them for forget to 

857
00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:59,400
water them fail to feed them 
neglect. 

858
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:02,500
A notice illness. 
They die and their death 

859
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:04,800
diminishes your family survival 
chances. 

860
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:09,400
The pressure is constant But 
animals also provide comfort. 

861
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:13,900
Bess is warm presence. 
Her patient acceptance of care 

862
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:16,600
and her simple needs that can 
actually be met. 

863
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:21,100
These things are grounding. 
Chickens small movements and 

864
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:25,900
soft cluckin sounds, create 
Pleasant background noise, even 

865
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:29,000
caring for livestock, you'll 
eventually eat creates a 

866
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:32,000
relationship. 
These animals are Partners in 

867
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:34,600
survival, not just resources to 
exploit. 

868
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:38,400
You've noticed your children 
form attachments, despite 

869
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,100
knowing better. 
Your youngest is named the 

870
00:50:41,100 --> 00:50:43,300
smallest, chicken, pip, and 
worries. 

871
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,700
Constantly about her. 
You've explained that pip is not

872
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:50,500
a pet that chicken server 
function and that attachment to 

873
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:55,400
livestock is in practical But 
the child loves pit anyway, you 

874
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:57,200
can't quite bring yourself to 
forbid. 

875
00:50:57,200 --> 00:51:00,900
It maybe caring about small, 
things helps develop, caring 

876
00:51:00,900 --> 00:51:04,200
about larger things. 
Maybe compassion toward chickens

877
00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:05,900
teachers, compassion toward 
humans. 

878
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:09,900
The barn work is physically 
demanding mucking out. 

879
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:12,200
Bestest stalling. 
Fresh straw repairing? 

880
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:13,900
The roof were snow damage 
threatens. 

881
00:51:13,900 --> 00:51:18,500
These tasks require strength. 
You're not sure you have, but 

882
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:20,700
you do them anyway because they 
must be done. 

883
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:24,000
The animals can't wait for you 
to feel stronger or less tired 

884
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:27,100
or better fed. 
The needs are immediate and 

885
00:51:27,100 --> 00:51:30,000
non-negotiable. 
Winter also means Veterinary 

886
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:33,400
challenges, you're unprepared 
for when best develops a cough, 

887
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:36,000
you're terrified. 
Sick. 

888
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:39,100
Cow is disaster. 
And carnate you consult Elsa, 

889
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:42,500
who provides an herbal poultice 
to apply to bess's chest and 

890
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:45,900
instructions for steam 
treatments. you boil water in 

891
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:49,600
the barn, trying to get best to 
breathe the vapors, which she 

892
00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:54,200
finds confusing and resists But 
the coff improves and your 

893
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:58,100
grateful for else's knowledge, 
grateful for luck and grateful 

894
00:51:58,100 --> 00:51:59,900
that disaster was averted this 
time. 

895
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:04,300
The bargain with animals is 
ancient and complicated you 

896
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:06,600
provide food, shelter and 
protection. 

897
00:52:06,600 --> 00:52:11,600
They provide labor products and 
eventually their bodies neither 

898
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:15,700
party chose this Arrangement it 
emerged over centuries of mutual

899
00:52:15,700 --> 00:52:20,500
adaptation But it works mostly 
the animals in your care are 

900
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:22,600
better fed and safer than their 
wild cousins. 

901
00:52:22,600 --> 00:52:26,100
Even in harsh Winters, and your 
better fed and safer because of 

902
00:52:26,100 --> 00:52:29,200
what they provide. 
By late February, your counting 

903
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:32,600
days until pasture grass, 
returns best will be so 

904
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:34,300
relieved. 
To leave her, small barn and 

905
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:38,100
Grace freely, the chickens will 
range, the yard, finding insects

906
00:52:38,100 --> 00:52:40,700
and greens. 
The whole burden of keeping 

907
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:43,900
animals fed will ease as nature 
as humans productivity. 

908
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:48,100
But that's still weeks away. 
And in the meantime, You Haul, 

909
00:52:48,100 --> 00:52:51,600
hay break ice and maintain the 
constant vigilance. 

910
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:55,500
That livestock require Sometimes
you wonder what life would be 

911
00:52:55,500 --> 00:53:00,600
like without animals to tend. 
Simpler, certainly less worry, 

912
00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:06,100
less work, less constraint, but 
also poorer hungrier and more 

913
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:08,700
vulnerable. 
The animals are burden and 

914
00:53:08,700 --> 00:53:11,200
blessing combined and you're 
bound to them. 

915
00:53:11,208 --> 00:53:14,200
As surely as they're bound to 
you, all of you trying to 

916
00:53:14,208 --> 00:53:16,600
survive together until the world
warms again. 

917
00:53:18,000 --> 00:53:20,000
Winter. 
Work is different from Summer 

918
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:26,100
work. in some summer tasks, have
urgently planting must happen at

919
00:53:26,100 --> 00:53:28,700
the right time harvesting. 
Can't wait. 

920
00:53:28,700 --> 00:53:33,400
And hey must be cut before. 
Rain comes winter work is more 

921
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:37,500
about maintenance and survival. 
Tusks that don't transform 

922
00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:40,400
anything but keep everything 
from falling apart. 

923
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:45,400
You work consistently but not 
frantically conserving energy 

924
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:48,500
for the long duration, rather 
than sprinting towards specific 

925
00:53:48,500 --> 00:53:51,400
goals. 
Morning begins with fire 

926
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:54,200
management which you've elevated
to an art form. 

927
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:58,200
You've learned exactly how much 
kindling creates flame without 

928
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:02,600
waste and precisely when to add 
larger pieces and the optimal 

929
00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:05,200
balance between heat output and 
fuel conservation. 

930
00:54:06,500 --> 00:54:10,300
The fire is never just burning. 
It's being actively managed 

931
00:54:10,300 --> 00:54:14,200
constantly adjusted and treated,
as the critical resource it, is 

932
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:17,300
this task alone. 
Consumes perhaps an hour of 

933
00:54:17,300 --> 00:54:21,600
focused attention daily Water. 
Hauling is your second essential

934
00:54:21,600 --> 00:54:24,300
work. 
The well is 60 yards from your 

935
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:28,100
cottage, and you make this trip 
a minimum of four times daily 

936
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:31,300
twice for the household twice 
for the animals. 

937
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:36,200
Each trip requires breaking ice,
lowering the bucket, hauling it 

938
00:54:36,200 --> 00:54:39,400
up, hand over hand and then 
carrying the sloshing weight 

939
00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:42,500
back home. 
Your shoulders, ache perpetually

940
00:54:42,500 --> 00:54:47,000
from this work in Spring, you'll
collect rainwater and use the 

941
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:49,300
stream. 
But winter offers no such 

942
00:54:49,300 --> 00:54:53,900
convenience cooking takes longer
in Winter the food requires more

943
00:54:53,900 --> 00:54:58,100
preparation, dried beans, need 
soaking overnight grain, needs 

944
00:54:58,100 --> 00:55:00,600
grinding and vegetables. 
Need careful. 

945
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:04,600
Checking for wrote and cutting 
away of damaged portions, the 

946
00:55:04,600 --> 00:55:07,800
fire must be fed continuously 
while cooking which means 

947
00:55:07,800 --> 00:55:10,200
interrupting food preparation to
add wood. 

948
00:55:11,100 --> 00:55:13,800
A meal that might take 30 
minutes to prepare in summer. 

949
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:16,900
Can consume two hours of a 
winter afternoon. 

950
00:55:16,900 --> 00:55:21,200
You plan meals days in advance 
soaking beans while making 

951
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:23,900
today's super and grinding 
tomorrow's flower while 

952
00:55:23,900 --> 00:55:28,000
tonight's porridge simmers 
Textile work fills the gaps. 

953
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:32,700
You card will constantly taking 
the raw Tangled fleece and 

954
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:35,200
combing it into a lined fiber 
suitable for spinning. 

955
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:40,200
Your daughter spins these fibers
into yarn on a drop spindle the 

956
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:44,200
weight twirling as she pulls and
twists transforming chaos into 

957
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:45,900
order through patient 
repetition. 

958
00:55:46,900 --> 00:55:48,400
You knit when your hands aren't 
needed. 

959
00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:51,900
Elsewhere socks mostly because 
socks wear through and everyone 

960
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:55,300
needs socks and you can knit 
while also watching children or 

961
00:55:55,300 --> 00:56:00,000
tending fire Mending is endless 
every piece of clothing, 

962
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:04,700
requires constant repair. 
The tunic develops, a tear that 

963
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:08,100
must be stitched. 
The cloaks hair, unravels and 

964
00:56:08,100 --> 00:56:11,700
needs reinforcing. socks, 
develop holes, that must be 

965
00:56:11,700 --> 00:56:16,700
darned before they enlarge You 
patch patches mend previous men 

966
00:56:16,700 --> 00:56:21,000
and accept that nothing will be 
beautiful, but everything must 

967
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:23,700
be functional. 
Your needle moves through wool 

968
00:56:23,700 --> 00:56:27,000
and linen in the firelight 
creating small repairs that fall

969
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:29,200
larger Replacements, you can't 
afford. 

970
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:33,600
Tool maintenance, occupies the 
men's time, your spouse sharp 

971
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:37,200
and the plow blade, oils leather
harnesses and cars. 

972
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:40,400
New handles for tools that broke
during Autumn's hard work. 

973
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:45,200
He checks the cottage structure,
identifying places, where doors 

974
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:48,800
crumbled, where the thatch roof 
is thinned and where repairs 

975
00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:50,200
will be needed. 
Come spring. 

976
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:54,000
He can't do these repairs. 
Now is to cold, the materials 

977
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:57,700
are frozen, but he makes lists 
plans and prepares as much as 

978
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:00,600
possible. 
Wood, cutting never truly ends. 

979
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:03,700
You thought three chords would 
suffice, but you're burning 

980
00:57:03,708 --> 00:57:05,500
through it faster than 
calculated. 

981
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:09,200
So whenever where the permits 
and energy exists, someone is 

982
00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:12,300
out cutting more. 
Felling dead trees, hauling 

983
00:57:12,300 --> 00:57:15,100
branches and splitting 
everything into burnable pieces.

984
00:57:15,900 --> 00:57:19,900
each log split is one more hour 
of warmth secured the pile, 

985
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:24,200
grows disconcertingly slowly, 
despite constant effort The 

986
00:57:24,200 --> 00:57:26,600
funny thing about winter work is
how much of it is about 

987
00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:29,700
preventing bad things rather 
than creating good things. 

988
00:57:30,500 --> 00:57:33,500
You're not building or growing 
or improving your keeping, the 

989
00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:37,500
fire from dying, keeping the 
water from freezing, keeping the

990
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:40,900
animals from starving, keeping 
the cottage from collapsing. 

991
00:57:40,900 --> 00:57:44,600
And keeping everyone from 
getting sick or too cold, or too

992
00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:47,300
hungry. 
Success means nothing. 

993
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:50,500
Terrible happens. 
There's no Harvest to celebrate 

994
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:52,400
know. 
Finished product to admire 

995
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:56,300
success is invisible. 
It's the absence of catastrophe.

996
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:01,100
Children's work matters too. 
Your eldest holds kindling 

997
00:58:01,100 --> 00:58:03,300
Stacks wood and helps with 
Animal Care. 

998
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:08,000
The youngest still too small for
heavy work cards, wool and 

999
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:10,500
watches the fire while you're 
occupied elsewhere. 

1000
00:58:10,500 --> 00:58:15,500
Even small, children, contribute
collecting useful scraps running

1001
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:19,000
messages between Cottages, 
keeping themselves, reasonably 

1002
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:23,300
clean and out of serious danger.
No, one is too young to work in 

1003
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:26,200
a medieval winter. 
Leisure is not a concept that 

1004
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:29,300
applies to your social class. 
Some work is communal. 

1005
00:58:29,300 --> 00:58:33,200
When the village Wells, wrote 
breaks, everyone contributes 

1006
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:37,000
labor to its repair because 
everyone needs the well, When 

1007
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:39,700
old William's, Roof partially 
collapses, under Snow White, 

1008
00:58:39,700 --> 00:58:42,600
neighbor's arrived with 
materials and effort to patch it

1009
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:46,000
before he freezes. 
This cooperation is partly 

1010
00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:48,800
altruism but mostly enlightened 
self-interest. 

1011
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:52,500
You help others knowing you'll 
need similar help of eventually.

1012
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:56,000
The Village survives through 
mutual dependence. 

1013
00:58:56,000 --> 00:59:00,100
The church requires work too. 
You owe labor to the parish 

1014
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:04,100
Helping maintain the church 
building clearing snow from the 

1015
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:06,800
path and keeping the priest 
Cottage habitable. 

1016
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:10,200
This labor is officially 
voluntary but practically 

1017
00:59:10,200 --> 00:59:12,900
mandatory. 
The church is both a spiritual 

1018
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:17,000
center and a social necessity 
and maintaining it benefits. 

1019
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:21,000
Everyone plus refusing. 
A priest request seems unwise 

1020
00:59:21,000 --> 00:59:23,400
when he controls access to 
sacraments you, genuinely 

1021
00:59:23,400 --> 00:59:27,400
believe you need The manner 
demands its portion, even in 

1022
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:31,400
Winter you owe the Lord certain 
Services would be delivered to 

1023
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:34,000
the manor house. 
Repairs must be completed on the

1024
00:59:34,008 --> 00:59:38,200
Lord's property when snow blocks
roads, peasants, clear them. 

1025
00:59:39,100 --> 00:59:42,400
Your labor is not entirely your 
own, a portion belongs. 

1026
00:59:42,400 --> 00:59:46,100
To those of you in the feudal 
hierarchy, you fulfill these 

1027
00:59:46,100 --> 00:59:49,800
obligations without enthusiasm, 
but without open resentment 

1028
00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:52,700
either. 
Resistance is pointless and 

1029
00:59:52,708 --> 00:59:55,500
dangerous. 
You've developed to see tricks 

1030
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:59,400
when hauling water, you can 
combine trips get. 

1031
00:59:59,400 --> 01:00:02,600
Well, water for the household 
while also filling the animals 

1032
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:05,400
bucket. 
When tending, a fire you will 

1033
01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:07,300
also warm food and heat water 
for washing. 

1034
01:00:07,300 --> 01:00:10,700
When carding wool you all. 
Watch the children and keep 

1035
01:00:10,700 --> 01:00:13,400
conversation. 
Going multi-tasking isn't 

1036
01:00:13,400 --> 01:00:15,900
optional. 
You simply can't afford to do 

1037
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:19,100
only one thing at a time when 
every minute of warmth and light

1038
01:00:19,100 --> 01:00:23,200
is precious, The work produces a
particular kind of tiredness. 

1039
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:26,700
Not the good exhaustion of hard 
physical labor, that builds 

1040
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:30,400
things, but a grinding weariness
from constant, small efforts 

1041
01:00:30,400 --> 01:00:34,600
that maintained the status quo, 
you're not too tired to work but

1042
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:36,300
you're too tired to enjoy 
working. 

1043
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:39,600
The tasks blur together into 
repetitive. 

1044
01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:44,300
Sameness wake fire water feed 
cook. 

1045
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:49,500
Mend tend sleep. 
Repeat daily until spring. 

1046
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:54,900
Yet work or so provides purpose.
On days when cold and hunger and

1047
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:58,200
boredom, make you question 
everything have clear tasks 

1048
01:00:58,200 --> 01:01:00,700
helps. 
You can't control the weather or

1049
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:03,800
make food appear or heal the 
sick but you can carve this 

1050
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:05,900
wall. 
Mend this sock and split this 

1051
01:01:05,908 --> 01:01:09,400
wood. smaller accomplishments 
matter, when large ones are 

1052
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:13,200
Impossible by late, winter, your
tired and ways that sleep 

1053
01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:18,100
doesn't fix your body aches from
repetitive motion, your spinning

1054
01:01:18,100 --> 01:01:22,700
hand cramps, your water, hauling
shoulders protest and your fire 

1055
01:01:22,700 --> 01:01:27,000
tending back is perpetually sore
But you're all so proud in a 

1056
01:01:27,008 --> 01:01:30,600
quiet way of your competence. 
You know, how to do difficult 

1057
01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:32,000
things under difficult 
conditions. 

1058
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:36,800
Winter hasn't defeated. 
You the work continues and 

1059
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:40,500
continuing is itself a victory, 
the path to your nearest 

1060
01:01:40,500 --> 01:01:43,400
neighbors Cottage. 
So obvious in summer has 

1061
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:46,500
disappeared beneath snow and 
ice, you could reach them. 

1062
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:50,200
It's only 50 yards, but the 
effort required makes casual 

1063
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:53,500
visits rare. 
You see smoke from their chimney

1064
01:01:53,500 --> 01:01:56,600
and know they're alive. 
And that's enough most days. 

1065
01:01:57,400 --> 01:02:00,200
Social world has contracted to 
the people who share your 

1066
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:03,700
cottage plus weekly Church 
attendance plus occasional 

1067
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:07,500
necessity driven encounters. 
Church on Sunday becomes the 

1068
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:11,200
week's major social event. 
Everyone capable of walking the 

1069
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:13,500
distance. 
Attends, not just for Spiritual 

1070
01:02:13,500 --> 01:02:17,800
reasons, but because humans need
human contact, the service is in

1071
01:02:17,800 --> 01:02:20,600
Latin, which you don't 
understand, but that's almost 

1072
01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:23,400
beside the point. 
What matters is being in the 

1073
01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:26,700
same space with other people 
seeing faces beside your 

1074
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:30,100
families and hearing voices, 
beyond the constant Loop of the 

1075
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:32,000
same. 
Few people saying the same thing

1076
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:36,700
you gather outside after the 
service stamping cold feet and 

1077
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:41,400
exchanging information who sick 
who died, whose running low on 

1078
01:02:41,408 --> 01:02:44,500
food, and who heard news from 
Travelers before the roads 

1079
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:47,900
became impossible. 
The social updates take perhaps 

1080
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:51,500
15 minutes and then everyone 
hurries home before the cold 

1081
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:55,500
becomes unbearable. 
That those 15 minutes feed you 

1082
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:59,600
almost as much as food does. 
You're reminded that you're part

1083
01:02:59,608 --> 01:03:01,700
of something larger than your 
individual struggle. 

1084
01:03:02,300 --> 01:03:04,500
The isolation affects everyone 
differently. 

1085
01:03:04,500 --> 01:03:09,200
Your spouse grows quieter and 
more internal speaking mainly in

1086
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:12,500
Practical sentences, about 
immediate needs your eldest 

1087
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:14,700
child. 
Normally, talkative has fewer 

1088
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:16,600
topics. 
Now that life is narrowed to 

1089
01:03:16,600 --> 01:03:21,000
survival Basics, your youngest 
bables, continuously filling 

1090
01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:23,000
Silence with whatever 
observations occur. 

1091
01:03:23,000 --> 01:03:26,600
And while normally, this might 
annoy you in Winter, your 

1092
01:03:26,600 --> 01:03:29,200
grateful for the noise, you 
missed things. 

1093
01:03:29,200 --> 01:03:32,900
You didn't realize you value the
traveling Pedaler who came 

1094
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:36,200
through in summer, bringing news
and goods and stories from 

1095
01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:38,400
distant places. 
You miss him deeply. 

1096
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:42,600
The seasonal laborers who helped
with Harvest, their different 

1097
01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:46,200
accents and jokes, and ways of 
doing things they're gone to 

1098
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:49,200
wherever such people go. 
And the village is poorer for 

1099
01:03:49,208 --> 01:03:52,000
their absence. 
Even the simple variety of 

1100
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:54,900
seeing different people in the 
fields, on the Perthes. 

1101
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:58,000
Going about their lives provided
stimulation. 

1102
01:03:58,000 --> 01:04:02,200
That's now unavailable. 
The manor, house residents are 

1103
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:04,900
visible occasionally at church 
or riding past your cottage. 

1104
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:07,100
But they inhabit a different 
reality. 

1105
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:10,600
They have more food, warmer 
rooms and better clothing. 

1106
01:04:10,600 --> 01:04:14,300
They suffer winter too. 
But differently the gap between 

1107
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:17,800
your life and theirs. 
Always present becomes more 

1108
01:04:17,800 --> 01:04:20,300
obvious in winter. 
When everyone's circumstances 

1109
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:23,400
are exposed. 
You don't exactly resent them. 

1110
01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:26,500
The social order feels to 
establish to question, 

1111
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:30,700
seriously, but you notice the 
difference and file it away. 

1112
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:34,300
Loneliness. 
Settles over the cottage. 

1113
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,800
Like another layer of cold 
you'll never physically alone. 

1114
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:41,900
Your family is always pressed, 
but you can still feel lonely in

1115
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:44,500
their presents. 
They can't understand your 

1116
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,100
particular thoughts and feelings
any better than you can 

1117
01:04:47,100 --> 01:04:50,100
understand theirs. 
And the same faces day after 

1118
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:53,600
day, create a strange isolation,
even in constant company. 

1119
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:58,700
You develop strategies against 
the loneliness, telling stories 

1120
01:04:58,700 --> 01:05:02,400
helps your account Tales. 
Your grandmother told you making

1121
01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:04,200
them last longer by adding 
details. 

1122
01:05:04,200 --> 01:05:08,500
Your spouse contributes stories 
from their childhood, the 

1123
01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:11,500
children request the same 
favorites repeatedly and you 

1124
01:05:11,508 --> 01:05:14,200
oblige because familiar stories 
Comfort everyone. 

1125
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:18,000
The act of Storytelling creates 
connection even when the stories

1126
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:20,800
themselves are older known 
singing helps too. 

1127
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:26,200
You know, perhaps 20 songs work 
songs, religious hymns and 

1128
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:30,500
ballads about ancient Heroes. 
You sing while working teaching 

1129
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,700
versus to the children, 
occasionally creating Harmony 

1130
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:37,900
when energy permits The songs 
aren't beautiful, your family 

1131
01:05:37,900 --> 01:05:41,100
has no particular musical 
talent, but they fill the 

1132
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:44,700
cottage with sound that isn't 
wind or fire or coughing. 

1133
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:49,700
The funny thing about isolation 
is how it makes you value, even 

1134
01:05:49,700 --> 01:05:53,200
difficult people more. 
Your neighbor Edmond who annoyed

1135
01:05:53,200 --> 01:05:55,100
You In Summer with his constant 
complaining. 

1136
01:05:55,100 --> 01:05:59,100
Now, seems almost dear in his 
consistency at least. 

1137
01:05:59,100 --> 01:06:02,700
He's someone different to talk 
to, at least his complaints are 

1138
01:06:02,700 --> 01:06:06,300
different from your own Variety 
in human contact matters. 

1139
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:08,700
Enormously when variety is 
scarce. 

1140
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,100
You also become more tolerant of
family quirks. 

1141
01:06:12,100 --> 01:06:16,400
Your spouse is habit of humming 
tuna while working, which used 

1142
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:19,600
to drive you mad. 
Now, sounds almost Pleasant your

1143
01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:22,600
child's tendency to ask 
repetitive questions becomes 

1144
01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:26,300
Charming rather than annoying. 
When you only have four people 

1145
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:30,100
to talk to for months, you learn
to find Value in their Auditors 

1146
01:06:30,100 --> 01:06:32,000
rather than being irritated by 
them. 

1147
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:37,200
Letters aren't an option. 
You can't write, and even if you

1148
01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:40,600
could winter mail service 
doesn't exist for people at your

1149
01:06:40,608 --> 01:06:44,000
social level. 
Whatever news reaches, you comes

1150
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:46,500
orally through the few people 
who still travel. 

1151
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:50,500
The priest sometimes shares 
information from his Bishop. 

1152
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:53,800
Occasionally, someone will have 
talked to someone who heard 

1153
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:57,600
something from somewhere the 
information is third hand 

1154
01:06:57,600 --> 01:07:01,900
unreliable and precious anyway 
because it connects you to the 

1155
01:07:01,900 --> 01:07:05,400
larger world. 
You fantasize about spring 

1156
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:09,300
social opportunities, the Easter
celebration, which will bring 

1157
01:07:09,300 --> 01:07:11,700
extra church services and 
communal feasting. 

1158
01:07:12,400 --> 01:07:15,600
The spring fair, if you can 
spare coins to attend is where 

1159
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:17,200
merchants and entertainers 
gather? 

1160
01:07:18,000 --> 01:07:19,600
Simple ability to visit 
neighbors. 

1161
01:07:19,600 --> 01:07:24,100
Casually dropping by to borrow 
tools or share news or just talk

1162
01:07:24,100 --> 01:07:27,700
because conversation is Pleasant
rather than because something is

1163
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:31,300
urgently needed. 
The isolation affects your 

1164
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,700
thinking. 
With limited external input you 

1165
01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:36,800
cycle through the same thoughts 
repeatedly. 

1166
01:07:37,500 --> 01:07:40,400
You worry about the same 
problems, food stores, Health 

1167
01:07:40,400 --> 01:07:44,300
cold because these are the 
problems present and there 

1168
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:49,000
aren't new ones to distract you.
Your mind lacking stimulation 

1169
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:52,200
creates its own and not always 
helpfully. 

1170
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:55,500
You find yourself having 
imaginary conversations with 

1171
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:58,800
absent people rehearsing 
arguments that will never happen

1172
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:01,400
and planning scenarios that 
won't occur. 

1173
01:08:02,500 --> 01:08:04,700
Children suffer their own 
isolation. 

1174
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:09,800
In summer, they played with 
neighbor children daily running 

1175
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:12,900
between Cottages. 
Creating elaborate games. 

1176
01:08:12,900 --> 01:08:17,100
Now, they're confined to your 
cottage with only each other and

1177
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:22,300
occasional parental attention. 
Fight more wine, more and see 

1178
01:08:22,300 --> 01:08:25,200
more emotionally fragile. 
You try to be patient 

1179
01:08:25,200 --> 01:08:28,899
understanding that their 
experiencing real deprivation. 

1180
01:08:28,899 --> 01:08:32,800
Even if they can't articulate 
it, they need friends their age 

1181
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:36,000
very activities and space to 
run. 

1182
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:39,600
They have none of these things. 
You've also noticed how 

1183
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:43,700
isolation affects dreams your 
sleeping mind processes, The 

1184
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:46,300
Limited input of winter life 
into strange scenarios. 

1185
01:08:47,300 --> 01:08:51,500
You dream repeatedly about 
summer about food about warmth 

1186
01:08:51,500 --> 01:08:53,600
and about people you haven't 
seen in months. 

1187
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:59,200
The dreams of vivid and detailed
your mind elaborating scenarios.

1188
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:03,300
It can't experience awake. 
You wake sometimes disappointed 

1189
01:09:03,300 --> 01:09:06,300
to return to the gray reality of
Winter Cottage life. 

1190
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:11,300
But isolation also creates 
intimacy, your family knows each

1191
01:09:11,300 --> 01:09:14,300
other profoundly. 
Now you recognize every 

1192
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:18,800
expression on every face can 
predict responses and understand

1193
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:20,399
moods with minimal 
communication. 

1194
01:09:21,600 --> 01:09:23,700
This depth of knowledge has 
value. 

1195
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,600
These are the people who will 
care for you if you sick and 

1196
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:29,899
will share their portion if 
you're hungrier and hold more. 

1197
01:09:29,899 --> 01:09:33,800
If you die the bonds formed 
through winter isolation are 

1198
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:37,300
strong because their tested 
daily By late February your 

1199
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:39,399
desperately ready for the 
isolation to end? 

1200
01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:43,300
You want new faces, new 
conversations and new anything. 

1201
01:09:43,300 --> 01:09:46,300
The same name. 
This has worn you down more than

1202
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,500
you want to admit. 
But you also recognize that 

1203
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,800
you've survived together. 
That isolation hasn't destroyed 

1204
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:56,300
your family and that the bonds 
formed or strengthened through 

1205
01:09:56,300 --> 01:10:00,400
winter hardship, have their own 
value. spring will bring welcome

1206
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:05,800
variety but winter taught you 
who your true companions are the

1207
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:09,100
church bell rings at dawn midday
and dusk. 

1208
01:10:09,100 --> 01:10:13,000
It sound carrying across the 
Frozen landscape and marking 

1209
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:17,100
time in a season when days blend
in distinguishable. 

1210
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:22,400
You Orient your day around these
bells using them to structure 

1211
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:23,700
time. 
That would otherwise feel 

1212
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:27,100
formless and endless. 
The morning Bell means wake and 

1213
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:30,000
tend the fire. 
The midday Bell means pause for 

1214
01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:33,800
prayer and perhaps a small meal.
The evening Bell means, begin 

1215
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:36,400
preparing for night. 
The bells are practical 

1216
01:10:36,400 --> 01:10:39,500
timekeepers, but there are so 
reminders that your part of 

1217
01:10:39,500 --> 01:10:42,800
something larger than your 
individual survival, Youth 

1218
01:10:42,800 --> 01:10:46,000
deepens in Winter or perhaps it 
just becomes more visible. 

1219
01:10:46,900 --> 01:10:50,300
When your cold and hungry and 
isolated prayer offers comfort, 

1220
01:10:50,300 --> 01:10:52,100
that nothing physical can 
provide. 

1221
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:57,200
You pray for spring to come for 
health, to persist for food to 

1222
01:10:57,200 --> 01:10:59,600
last and for protection from 
catastrophe. 

1223
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:04,300
You pray for specific 
intentions, your sick child, the

1224
01:11:04,300 --> 01:11:08,000
struggling neighbor, and the 
village as a whole, and you 

1225
01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:11,800
pray, generally, repetitively 
using the familiar Latin 

1226
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:14,000
phrases, you've memorized 
without quite understanding 

1227
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:17,100
them. 
The paternoster comes easily. 

1228
01:11:17,100 --> 01:11:20,100
Now, words flowing 
automatically, while your mind, 

1229
01:11:20,100 --> 01:11:23,700
wanders or focuses on the 
prayers meaning whichever seems 

1230
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:25,700
needed. 
Give us this day. 

1231
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:28,400
Our daily bread. 
Resonates powerfully when bread 

1232
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:31,700
is scarce. 
Deliver Us from Evil feels 

1233
01:11:31,700 --> 01:11:34,300
urgent, when Winter's dangers 
press close. 

1234
01:11:34,300 --> 01:11:37,300
The prayers, ancient words, 
connect you to centuries of 

1235
01:11:37,300 --> 01:11:40,200
other Christians who prayed the 
same phrases through their own 

1236
01:11:40,200 --> 01:11:44,300
Winters, their own struggles. 
Sunday mass provides weekly 

1237
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:48,200
structure and reassurance. 
Service follows the same pattern

1238
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:50,700
every week, the same Latin 
liturgy. 

1239
01:11:50,700 --> 01:11:53,400
The same progression through 
prayer and scripture and 

1240
01:11:53,400 --> 01:11:56,500
Eucharist. 
This predictability is deeply 

1241
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:59,700
comforting. 
So much of winter is uncertain. 

1242
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:04,100
Will the food last will illness?
Strike will the roof? 

1243
01:12:04,100 --> 01:12:07,500
Hold but masses reliably, the 
same. 

1244
01:12:08,300 --> 01:12:12,500
The priest voice in tones 
familiar patterns unil Stan and 

1245
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:16,200
respond at the expected moments,
the ritual and folds you in. 

1246
01:12:16,200 --> 01:12:20,200
Its ancient certainly. 
The Eucharist itself becomes 

1247
01:12:20,200 --> 01:12:23,700
more meaningful in winter when 
you're hungry, most of the time.

1248
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:26,900
Receiving even the tiny wafer 
that represents Christ's body 

1249
01:12:26,908 --> 01:12:31,100
feels like significant 
nourishment, you know, it's 

1250
01:12:31,100 --> 01:12:34,100
spiritually, not physically 
sustaining, but the distinction 

1251
01:12:34,100 --> 01:12:38,100
blurs when you're desperate for 
both kinds of sustenance, you 

1252
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:42,100
approach communion with genuine.
Reverence tongue extended to 

1253
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:45,400
receive the blessing, you've 
also developed private 

1254
01:12:45,400 --> 01:12:48,200
devotional. 
Practices each morning after the

1255
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:51,800
fire is established, you pray 
briefly, nothing formal. 

1256
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:55,700
Just speaking to God, as you 
might to a trusted friend, you 

1257
01:12:55,700 --> 01:12:59,600
share your worries, express your
gratitude for survival so far 

1258
01:12:59,600 --> 01:13:01,700
and ask for strength to 
continue. 

1259
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:04,800
These morning conversations 
anchor. 

1260
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:08,400
You providing a moment of 
spiritual connection before the 

1261
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:13,200
days, physical demands, 
overthink the Saints matter more

1262
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:16,100
in winter too. 
You prayed and Anthony, when 

1263
01:13:16,100 --> 01:13:19,600
you've lost something important,
you invoke Saint Agatha against 

1264
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:22,200
illness. 
You asked Christopher for 

1265
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:24,900
protection during the rare 
necessary Journeys through 

1266
01:13:24,900 --> 01:13:28,300
dangerous weather. 
Saints are specific helpers 

1267
01:13:28,300 --> 01:13:32,100
specialists in particular 
problems and you call on them, 

1268
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:35,400
shamelessly, throwing every, 
spiritual resource of the 

1269
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:38,400
challenges you face. 
Funny thing is, that you 

1270
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:40,400
genuinely believe all this 
works. 

1271
01:13:40,400 --> 01:13:43,800
Your faith isn't cynical 
calculation, but sincere 

1272
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:47,000
conviction, that God, hears and 
Saints intercede and religious 

1273
01:13:47,000 --> 01:13:50,100
practice matters. 
When your child recovered from 

1274
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,100
lung fever. 
You attributed it to God's mercy

1275
01:13:53,100 --> 01:13:56,000
and your prayers as much as to 
Elsa's herbs. 

1276
01:13:56,900 --> 01:13:58,800
Two explanations. 
Don't contradict. 

1277
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:03,100
God works through herbs and 
healers, everything is 

1278
01:14:03,100 --> 01:14:06,000
ultimately divine intervention 
if you're inclined to see it 

1279
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:10,100
that way. 
Routine extends Beyond religious

1280
01:14:10,100 --> 01:14:13,200
practice. 
You've created secular rituals 

1281
01:14:13,200 --> 01:14:16,000
that structure time and provide 
psychological Comfort. 

1282
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:19,200
Every morning you check the 
weather through the shutters 

1283
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:21,700
noting wind direction and Sky 
color. 

1284
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:26,500
Every evening you Bank, the fire
using the exact same technique. 

1285
01:14:27,300 --> 01:14:31,400
Midday, you pause to eat 
whatever constitutes lunch, sit 

1286
01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:35,100
in the same spot, following the 
same pattern, these routines 

1287
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:37,900
create islands of predictability
in Winter's chaos. 

1288
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:42,000
Children to routines, help them 
cope your eldest knows that 

1289
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:44,100
after morning tasks. 
There's a period for learning, 

1290
01:14:44,100 --> 01:14:47,700
he teach basic prayer's simple 
counting and maybe a few 

1291
01:14:47,708 --> 01:14:50,100
letters. 
If like permits, your youngest 

1292
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:53,900
knows that before bed their 
story time, these patterns, give

1293
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:58,400
them security assurance that 
even in Winter's World, some 

1294
01:14:58,400 --> 01:15:00,300
things, remain constant and 
reliable. 

1295
01:15:01,300 --> 01:15:05,700
You mark times passage through 
various methods, not just on a 

1296
01:15:05,700 --> 01:15:08,900
stick record each week. 
Survived you track Saints. 

1297
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:12,900
Feast days celebrating minor 
holidays that break Winters 

1298
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:16,900
monotony. 
Send Blaze day in early February

1299
01:15:16,900 --> 01:15:19,600
brings a brief church service 
and blessed candles. 

1300
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:23,500
Candlemass in February marks 
Winters theoretical midpoint 

1301
01:15:23,500 --> 01:15:26,500
though, your skeptical that 
you're really halfway through 

1302
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:30,800
still the occasion provides 
reason for a small celebration, 

1303
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:34,600
lent arrives in late winter and 
its demands. 

1304
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:37,900
Feel almost redundant. 
You're already fasting and 

1305
01:15:37,900 --> 01:15:42,300
voluntarily the food simply 
isn't sufficient but you take on

1306
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:45,600
additional small penances. 
Anyway, giving up the occasional

1307
01:15:45,600 --> 01:15:49,400
luxuries, you still have access 
to Your spouse abandoned the 

1308
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:54,000
weak bear for water during Lent.
You go honey entirely though. 

1309
01:15:54,000 --> 01:15:55,600
You barely have any honey left 
anywhere? 

1310
01:15:56,900 --> 01:16:00,300
The sacrifice is a tiny. 
But intentional offering up 

1311
01:16:00,300 --> 01:16:02,300
Winter's suffering as spiritual 
practice. 

1312
01:16:03,600 --> 01:16:06,700
The Easter promise keeps you 
going you know, that Easter 

1313
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:10,600
comes in Spring that the 
liturgical calendar March is 

1314
01:16:10,600 --> 01:16:14,000
toward resurrection and renewal 
just as the natural calendar. 

1315
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:17,800
March is toward warmth and 
growth Easter represents 

1316
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:22,700
transformation death, giving way
to life, Darkness to light and 

1317
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:26,300
winter to Spring. 
The theological meaning, and the

1318
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:29,800
agricultural meaning aligned 
perfectly you're waiting for 

1319
01:16:29,800 --> 01:16:32,900
Resurrection. 
In every sense, Prayer helps 

1320
01:16:32,900 --> 01:16:37,600
manage fear when the wind howls 
particularly viciously, you 

1321
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:39,500
pray. 
When food stores, look 

1322
01:16:39,500 --> 01:16:44,200
dangerously low, you pray. 
When a child coughs in the 

1323
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:47,800
night, you pray prayer. 
Doesn't eliminate the dangers, 

1324
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:51,300
but it provides a sense of doing
something when physical action 

1325
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:55,500
is insufficient, Your placing 
your fears and God's hands 

1326
01:16:55,500 --> 01:16:58,600
asking for protection. 
You can't provide yourself. 

1327
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:02,900
You've also noticed that Faith 
provides Community, even when 

1328
01:17:02,900 --> 01:17:06,000
physical Community is limited at
Mass. 

1329
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:09,300
You stand alongside neighbors, 
who faced identical challenges. 

1330
01:17:09,300 --> 01:17:12,700
You're all cold hungry and 
scared. 

1331
01:17:12,700 --> 01:17:17,200
You're all praying for survival,
for spring for deliverance. 

1332
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:20,700
This shared, vulnerability 
creates bonds. 

1333
01:17:20,700 --> 01:17:23,400
You're not alone in your 
struggle because everyone is 

1334
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,300
struggling together. 
And God, theoretically cares 

1335
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:30,600
about all of you equally The 
priests sermon's, address 

1336
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:35,100
Winters challenges directly. 
He preaches about job's patients

1337
01:17:35,100 --> 01:17:38,500
about the Israelites, 40 years 
in the wilderness and about 

1338
01:17:38,500 --> 01:17:43,000
Christ for 40 days of fasting. 
The biblical stories become 

1339
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:47,600
mirrors for your own experience.
Job could endure catastrophic 

1340
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:49,200
loss and still. 
Praise God. 

1341
01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:52,800
Surely, you can endure cold and 
hunger if the Israelites could 

1342
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:56,300
wander for 40 years, surely you 
can manage four months. 

1343
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:58,900
Your faith is practical and 
immediate. 

1344
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:01,700
You're not particularly 
interested in abstract, 

1345
01:18:01,700 --> 01:18:05,700
theology, or doctrinal fine 
points, you want prayers that 

1346
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:09,600
work, rituals that comfort and 
beliefs that help you survive. 

1347
01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:13,900
The church provides these things
and in exchange you provide 

1348
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:18,100
labor ties, when you can afford 
them and genuine devotion. 

1349
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:22,100
It's a transaction but it's also
an authentic relationship. 

1350
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:27,500
By late winter, your faith feels
tested, but intact. 

1351
01:18:28,400 --> 01:18:32,100
God hasn't eliminated, Winter's 
hardships but God has helped you

1352
01:18:32,100 --> 01:18:37,400
in the spring will come, you 
believe this absolutely based 

1353
01:18:37,400 --> 01:18:39,200
both on faith in Divine 
Providence. 

1354
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:43,000
And on the empirical observation
that spring always has come 

1355
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:47,700
before your belief and your 
experience alive creating a 

1356
01:18:47,708 --> 01:18:50,600
sturdy foundation. 
For hope that carries you 

1357
01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:54,100
through the darkest weeks. 
You and your neighbor Thomas 

1358
01:18:54,100 --> 01:18:58,100
share a plow this Arrangement 
negotiated years ago works 

1359
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:01,200
because neither family can 
afford a plow individually but 

1360
01:19:01,200 --> 01:19:04,600
together the cost becomes 
manageable in winter. 

1361
01:19:04,600 --> 01:19:08,000
This partnership manifests 
differently, you share 

1362
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:11,300
information about which families
have Surplus grain to trade who 

1363
01:19:11,300 --> 01:19:14,200
needs help repairing their 
Cottage and who's too sick to 

1364
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:17,500
manage alone, the economics of 
mutual survival operate 

1365
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:20,500
year-round, but winter makes 
them essential rather than 

1366
01:19:20,500 --> 01:19:23,600
convenient. 
When the Millers roof, partially

1367
01:19:23,600 --> 01:19:27,400
collapses, under heavy snow, 
eight families, contribute labor

1368
01:19:27,400 --> 01:19:29,900
to repair it, This isn't 
charity. 

1369
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:34,500
It's enlightened self-interest. 
You all need the mill functional

1370
01:19:34,500 --> 01:19:37,400
come spring. 
If the Millicent grind grain, 

1371
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:42,500
because his building is damaged,
everyone suffers So you spend a 

1372
01:19:42,500 --> 01:19:45,500
day hauling Timbers and 
patching, thatch, knowing the 

1373
01:19:45,500 --> 01:19:47,900
Miller will remember who helped 
and who did not when the 

1374
01:19:47,908 --> 01:19:52,500
grinding queue forms in April. 
Food-sharing happens quietly and

1375
01:19:52,500 --> 01:19:55,800
unofficially you have extra 
turnips but a short on grain 

1376
01:19:55,800 --> 01:20:00,400
Margaret has grain but needs 
turn its you trade calling, it 

1377
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:03,600
neighborly help rather than 
Commerce avoiding the man as 

1378
01:20:03,600 --> 01:20:07,800
rules about unauthorized trade. 
Everyone engages in these small 

1379
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:10,600
exchanges because everyone has 
different surpluses and 

1380
01:20:10,600 --> 01:20:13,800
shortages. 
The informal economy of barter 

1381
01:20:13,800 --> 01:20:16,200
Keeps The Village functioning 
when official markets are 

1382
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:20,300
frozen, shut, Kyle is communal 
by necessity. 

1383
01:20:21,100 --> 01:20:23,700
When you're sick, your neighbor 
watches your children. 

1384
01:20:24,600 --> 01:20:27,300
When she needs to hold water. 
You watch hers. 

1385
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:31,500
The children learn from multiple
adults absorb different teaching

1386
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:34,800
styles and hear various versions
of the same stories. 

1387
01:20:35,700 --> 01:20:38,900
This distributed care means, no 
single family Bears. 

1388
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:42,100
All the burden of raising their 
young and it creates a Village 

1389
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:43,800
Wide investment in All 
Children's. 

1390
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:46,800
Welfare. 
Tool sharing, extends beyond the

1391
01:20:46,808 --> 01:20:50,400
plow, you borrow Thomas's better
axe when you need to split 

1392
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:53,500
particularly tough, would he 
borrows your grain grinder? 

1393
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:57,100
When his breaks your spouse 
loans, the leatherworking tools,

1394
01:20:57,100 --> 01:21:00,600
he rarely uses the neighbor's 
wife, shared her best cooking 

1395
01:21:00,600 --> 01:21:04,000
pot for preparing Feasts. 
These tools circulate through 

1396
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:06,800
the village each family using 
what they need when they need 

1397
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:08,600
it. 
Trusting, the others will 

1398
01:21:08,600 --> 01:21:12,500
reciprocate when roles reverse. 
The cooperation isn't always 

1399
01:21:12,500 --> 01:21:15,900
warm or friendly, it's often 
grudging transactional and 

1400
01:21:15,900 --> 01:21:19,500
limited by Mutual suspicion. 
You helped Thomas because 

1401
01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:23,000
refusing would Mark you as 
unreliable and reliability 

1402
01:21:23,000 --> 01:21:26,100
matters when survival depends on
community, Goodwill. 

1403
01:21:26,100 --> 01:21:29,800
He helps you for the same 
reason, you're not necessarily 

1404
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:33,400
friends, but your partners in 
survival and that partnership 

1405
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:36,700
requires certain behaviors, 
regardless of personal feelings,

1406
01:21:37,700 --> 01:21:40,300
The Village maintains common 
resources that require 

1407
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:43,100
Collective labor. 
The well needs periodic, 

1408
01:21:43,100 --> 01:21:46,200
cleaning and repair. 
The roads need clearing after 

1409
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:49,100
heavy snow, the church building 
needs maintenance. 

1410
01:21:49,100 --> 01:21:53,100
No single family, could manage 
these tasks alone but 

1411
01:21:53,100 --> 01:21:57,400
distributed across all families.
The work becomes manageable, you

1412
01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:00,500
can contribute your share 
sometimes, more than your share,

1413
01:22:00,500 --> 01:22:03,500
if you are seeking Community 
Goodwill, nevertheless than your

1414
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:07,800
share, if you want to maintain 
your standing, Information 

1415
01:22:07,800 --> 01:22:10,000
sharing is another form of 
cooperation. 

1416
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:13,800
And someone learns that the 
nearby Market town, has grained 

1417
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:16,800
for sale. 
They share this news when 

1418
01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:20,200
unusual weather approaches 
observations, get passed from 

1419
01:22:20,200 --> 01:22:23,500
household to household. 
When the priest announces a 

1420
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:27,100
special service or the Lord 
issues a new demand the 

1421
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:30,700
information spreads through 
informal networks, you all 

1422
01:22:30,700 --> 01:22:35,700
survived better when you're all 
informed. the funny thing is how

1423
01:22:35,700 --> 01:22:39,800
cooperation coexist with 
competition and resentment, you 

1424
01:22:39,800 --> 01:22:42,500
help your neighbors. 
But you also notice when they 

1425
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:45,800
seem to have more food than you 
do, You cooperate with the 

1426
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:48,600
manners demands, while privately
resenting, the portion of your 

1427
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:52,200
labor and produce, that goes to 
support people who contribute 

1428
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:55,800
less physical work than you do. 
Medieval life contains 

1429
01:22:55,800 --> 01:22:58,600
contradictions, genuine Mutual 
Aid. 

1430
01:22:58,600 --> 01:23:01,800
Alongside. 
Genuine inequality, cooperation,

1431
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:05,500
necessitated by circumstances, 
everyone wishes were different 

1432
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:09,800
Some cooperation is formalized 
through institutions. 

1433
01:23:10,700 --> 01:23:13,700
The Village has a common oven 
where bread gets baked with 

1434
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:15,500
families. 
Taking turns, maintaining the 

1435
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:17,600
fire and paying small fees for 
its use. 

1436
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:21,500
This shared resource means no 
family must build and maintain 

1437
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:25,400
their own oven, but all means 
negotiating schedule's an 

1438
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:27,800
occasionally dealing with 
someone who uses more than their

1439
01:23:27,800 --> 01:23:31,100
fair share of oven time. 
You've also noticed that 

1440
01:23:31,100 --> 01:23:34,200
cooperation has limits. 
Each family ultimately 

1441
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:38,500
prioritizes their own Survival. 
If sharing your last food means 

1442
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:40,600
your children starve. 
So that your neighbor's children

1443
01:23:40,600 --> 01:23:43,600
can eat. 
You don't share the community 

1444
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:46,400
Spirit extends up to the point 
where it threatens your 

1445
01:23:46,400 --> 01:23:49,200
immediate families existence but
not Beyond. 

1446
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:53,400
This isn't cruelty. 
It's the logic of survival in a 

1447
01:23:53,400 --> 01:23:56,500
world where resources truly are 
insufficient for everyone to 

1448
01:23:56,500 --> 01:24:01,000
thrive simultaneously. religious
institutions, encourage 

1449
01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:04,800
cooperation, through moral 
teaching the priest preaches 

1450
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:08,200
about charity about treating 
others, as you would want to be 

1451
01:24:08,200 --> 01:24:12,700
treated about rich, men and 
heaven, and needles eyes, these 

1452
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:16,800
messages have impact, but 
limited impact you give to the 

1453
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:20,500
church when you can and you help
truly desperate Neighbors when 

1454
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:22,500
possible. 
But you also horde your 

1455
01:24:22,508 --> 01:24:25,800
resources against your own 
future need virtue is 

1456
01:24:25,808 --> 01:24:27,900
constrained by survival in 
imperatives. 

1457
01:24:27,900 --> 01:24:32,800
The Mana system itself is a form
of coerced, cooperation, you 

1458
01:24:32,800 --> 01:24:35,400
provide labor, and portion of 
harvest to the Lord. 

1459
01:24:35,400 --> 01:24:38,300
And in exchange, he 
theoretically provides 

1460
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:40,500
protection, Justice and 
stability. 

1461
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:45,900
Whether this exchange is fair is
debatable but it's the system, 

1462
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,600
your Born, Into You cooperate, 
with its demands because 

1463
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:52,000
resistance is dangerous and 
futile. 

1464
01:24:52,000 --> 01:24:56,200
The cooperation is structural 
rather than voluntary, but it 

1465
01:24:56,200 --> 01:24:59,800
still shapes Village Life. 
Women have their own cooperation

1466
01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:03,800
networks, separate from men your
wife shares Child, Care advice, 

1467
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:07,400
Herbal Remedies and emotional 
support with other women. 

1468
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:11,700
These relationships matter 
enormously, when you're pregnant

1469
01:25:11,700 --> 01:25:14,900
frightened or dealing with 
problems, you can't share with 

1470
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:16,800
men. 
You turn to other women who 

1471
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:20,200
understand through shared 
experience The female 

1472
01:25:20,200 --> 01:25:23,500
cooperation Network operates, 
somewhat invisibly, but is 

1473
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:27,500
crucial for survival. 
The children form their own 

1474
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:31,600
cooperation structures. 
Even in Winter's isolation, they

1475
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:35,900
create games share the limited 
toys that exist, and develop 

1476
01:25:35,900 --> 01:25:39,800
complex, social hierarchies, 
that mirror adults Society, 

1477
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:43,900
their learning cooperation, 
early internalizing, the lesson 

1478
01:25:43,900 --> 01:25:47,600
that survival requires Alliance,
that individuals can't Thrive 

1479
01:25:47,600 --> 01:25:51,000
alone and the community 
membership requires both giving 

1480
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:55,500
and receiving By late winter, 
you can identify, which 

1481
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:58,600
cooperation relationships are 
strong and which are strained. 

1482
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:01,900
You know, who you can count on 
in a crisis and who make 

1483
01:26:01,900 --> 01:26:05,000
excuses, you know, who remembers
debts. 

1484
01:26:05,000 --> 01:26:08,300
And who conveniently forgets? 
These are assessments matter 

1485
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:11,300
because spring will bring new 
needs for cooperation. 

1486
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,800
Planting requires, shared 
laboring requires shared 

1487
01:26:15,800 --> 01:26:19,600
knowledge, the whole cycle of 
mutual dependence will intensify

1488
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:25,300
as work demands, increase. 
Cooperation isn't beautiful or 

1489
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:29,700
Noble its pragmatic and 
sometimes resentful but it 

1490
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:32,300
works. 
The Village survives, because 

1491
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:35,500
people help each other, just 
enough share, just enough and 

1492
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:38,400
cooperate, just enough to make 
Collective survival possible. 

1493
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:42,400
You're not doing it out of pure 
altruism, but the outcome helps 

1494
01:26:42,400 --> 01:26:46,800
everyone nonetheless. 
The first real sign appears in 

1495
01:26:46,808 --> 01:26:51,400
early March a day when the sun 
shows actual warmth rather than 

1496
01:26:51,400 --> 01:26:56,300
pale Cold Light you stand in. 
It greatly face turned upward 

1497
01:26:56,300 --> 01:27:01,200
and feel heat penetrating your 
layers of clothing Subtle this 

1498
01:27:01,200 --> 01:27:03,900
warmth. 
Not enough to shed your cloak. 

1499
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:07,900
But it's different from the 
winter Sons impotent Shining. 

1500
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:12,800
This son carries conviction. you
notice water dripping from the 

1501
01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:16,700
thatch roof and snow melting 
into mud, and you allow yourself

1502
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:21,000
to believe that winter is 
genuinely loosening its grip The

1503
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:23,200
birds return before you quite 
register. 

1504
01:27:23,200 --> 01:27:27,200
Their absence One morning, you 
wake to unfamiliar sound 

1505
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:32,000
chirping singing and the complex
vocalizations of creatures that 

1506
01:27:32,000 --> 01:27:33,800
fled South and are now 
returning. 

1507
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:38,100
The noise seems almost excessive
after Winter's quiet, but it's 

1508
01:27:38,100 --> 01:27:40,800
the most welcoming access you've
ever experienced. 

1509
01:27:40,800 --> 01:27:45,000
Birds mean, insects which mean 
warmer weather which means the 

1510
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:49,000
whole ecosystem is reactivating.
You're not alone in this Frozen 

1511
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:52,500
world anymore. 
The first green shoots appear in

1512
01:27:52,508 --> 01:27:56,500
late March, tiny points of color
emerging from the brown Earth. 

1513
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:00,300
You examine them with something 
close to reverence grass. 

1514
01:28:00,300 --> 01:28:04,000
Beginning to grow the earliest 
wild herbs, pushing through the 

1515
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:09,200
thorong ground, your cow best. 
Seems to sense the change. 

1516
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:13,800
She loves differently less 
mournfully as if she too knows 

1517
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:17,100
that green food is coming. 
The chickens emerge from their 

1518
01:28:17,100 --> 01:28:20,300
Coop, more readily. 
Scratching at the slowly 

1519
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:23,600
softening Earth. 
You inventory the food stores 

1520
01:28:23,600 --> 01:28:27,500
with mixed feelings? 
The grain is nearly exhausted. 

1521
01:28:27,500 --> 01:28:31,700
Perhaps, two weeks worth 
Remains, the apples are gone 

1522
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:33,500
entirely the last eaten weeks 
ago. 

1523
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:35,900
The turnips of dwindled to a 
handful. 

1524
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:38,800
Many showing Rock despite 
careful storage. 

1525
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:44,800
You've survived, but barely. 
If spring were delayed by even a

1526
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:46,500
month, you'd be in genuine 
crisis. 

1527
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:49,500
The timing has worked as it 
usually does. 

1528
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:53,500
But the margin feels 
terrifyingly thin, the work 

1529
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:57,200
changes as spring approaches 
instead of pure survival 

1530
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:00,200
maintenance your beginning to 
prepare for the new growing 

1531
01:29:00,200 --> 01:29:05,000
season tools need sharpening for
planting seeds must be sorted 

1532
01:29:05,000 --> 01:29:10,500
and organized the fields Frozen 
and dormant for months need to 

1533
01:29:10,508 --> 01:29:14,100
be assessed for drainage and 
fertility. your transitioning 

1534
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:17,700
from endurance to action from 
waiting to working towards 

1535
01:29:17,700 --> 01:29:21,000
something productive, the social
World reopens gradually 

1536
01:29:21,000 --> 01:29:24,400
neighbors, emerge from their 
Cottages, more frequently, 

1537
01:29:24,400 --> 01:29:28,200
visiting to share, news and 
assess who survived winter 

1538
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:32,000
intact, You learn that two 
Village, Elders died. 

1539
01:29:32,700 --> 01:29:37,100
Neither unexpectedly both simply
worn down by the accumulated 

1540
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:38,800
stress of one. 
Winter to many. 

1541
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:43,000
Three babies were born, which 
feels miraculous given Winters, 

1542
01:29:43,000 --> 01:29:45,300
harshness, The Village has 
changed slightly. 

1543
01:29:45,300 --> 01:29:49,400
Its composition shifted by death
and birth and the random 

1544
01:29:49,400 --> 01:29:53,800
variation of Human Experience. 
The paths between Cottages 

1545
01:29:53,800 --> 01:29:57,700
reappear as snow melts and mud 
drives, you can visit neighbors 

1546
01:29:57,700 --> 01:29:59,400
without struggling through 
snowdrifts. 

1547
01:29:59,400 --> 01:30:02,700
The walk to church becomes 
almost Pleasant on mild days. 

1548
01:30:02,700 --> 01:30:06,900
The world is expanding. 
Again, your universe is no 

1549
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:11,000
longer contracted to the cottage
and immediate surrounding The 

1550
01:30:11,000 --> 01:30:14,400
expansion feel psychological as 
much as physical. 

1551
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:19,700
Possibilities re-emerging. 
Life resuming complexity and 

1552
01:30:19,700 --> 01:30:23,800
variety. 
You notice changes in your self 

1553
01:30:23,800 --> 01:30:28,000
and your family, everyone is 
thin more so than you realize 

1554
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:30,900
while it was happening. 
Gradually Your children have 

1555
01:30:30,900 --> 01:30:33,000
grown. 
Despite insufficient nutrition 

1556
01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:35,100
though, not as much as they 
should have. 

1557
01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:39,600
Your spouse looks older, the 
winter, having etched new lines 

1558
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:42,300
around eyes and mouth. 
You probably look. 

1559
01:30:42,300 --> 01:30:46,700
Similarly aged though, you have 
no mirror to confirm winter 

1560
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:51,000
leaves marks Easter arrives in 
early April and the celebration 

1561
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:54,800
feels genuinely joyful rather 
than merely obligatory. 

1562
01:30:55,700 --> 01:30:57,700
Christ. 
Resurrection, parallels Nature's

1563
01:30:57,700 --> 01:31:01,200
resurrection and both seem 
miraculous after Winters death 

1564
01:31:01,200 --> 01:31:04,400
like suspension. 
You attend the special mass, 

1565
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:07,100
which is longer and more 
elaborate than usual, Sunday, 

1566
01:31:07,100 --> 01:31:09,700
Services. 
You receive communion with 

1567
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:13,600
profound gratitude, you've 
survived to see another Easter 

1568
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:18,000
which is never guaranteed. 
The Easter feast though, modest 

1569
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:21,400
by prosperous standards feels 
extravagant after Winter's 

1570
01:31:21,400 --> 01:31:24,800
deprivation, there's fresh bread
made with the last pressure 

1571
01:31:24,800 --> 01:31:28,000
Suite. 
There's roasted meat contributed

1572
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:30,500
collectively by several 
families, who slaughtered 

1573
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:33,600
animals for the occasion. 
There are the first spring 

1574
01:31:33,600 --> 01:31:37,900
greens tender slightly bitter. 
And utterly delicious after 

1575
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:42,700
months of turnips and grain. 
You eat slowly savoring every 

1576
01:31:42,700 --> 01:31:46,900
bite Eating past fullness for 
the first time in months. 

1577
01:31:49,100 --> 01:31:52,300
Funny thing about Springs, 
arrival is how quickly winter 

1578
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:55,500
begins to seem unreal. 
Was it really that cold that 

1579
01:31:55,500 --> 01:31:59,500
hungry that difficult? 
The memory start to blur, almost

1580
01:31:59,500 --> 01:32:02,900
immediately your mind perhaps 
protecting itself from dwelling 

1581
01:32:02,900 --> 01:32:07,400
on hardship. 
Now that hardship has eased you 

1582
01:32:07,400 --> 01:32:10,700
know, intellectually that winter
was brutal, but the emotional 

1583
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:14,900
memory begins fading as soon as 
the present improves First 

1584
01:32:14,900 --> 01:32:19,000
planting happens in mid-april 
and despite your exhaustion, you

1585
01:32:19,000 --> 01:32:22,400
feel excitement. 
Seeds going into the warming 

1586
01:32:22,400 --> 01:32:25,600
Earth represent, hope investment
in future. 

1587
01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:29,200
Abundance and the beginning of 
the cycle that will hopefully 

1588
01:32:29,200 --> 01:32:32,000
prevent next winter from being 
quite as desperate. 

1589
01:32:33,300 --> 01:32:37,500
You drop seeds into furrows, 
cover them with soil and pray 

1590
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:41,300
for their growth. with the same 
further you prayed for survival 

1591
01:32:41,300 --> 01:32:45,900
weeks earlier, Escos to pass her
in late April and watching her 

1592
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:48,500
graze on Fresh. 
Grass, is nearly as satisfying 

1593
01:32:48,500 --> 01:32:52,700
as eating yourself. 
She moves slowly at first, we 

1594
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:55,700
can buy winter, she's eating 
living food again. 

1595
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:58,000
You can see relief in her large 
eyes. 

1596
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:03,100
The chickens resume laying 
sporadically, one egg here, two 

1597
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:06,800
eggs there gradually increasing 
as their nutrition improves. 

1598
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:10,800
These eggs taste impossibly, 
rich and good after Winter's 

1599
01:33:10,800 --> 01:33:13,900
deprivation. 
You begin the work of restoring 

1600
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:16,900
the cottage, which suffered 
through winter, despite your 

1601
01:33:16,900 --> 01:33:21,300
best efforts, the door needs 
replacing in multiple places. 

1602
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:24,800
That has gaps. 
That must be filled before next 

1603
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:27,300
winter, the whole structure 
needs attention. 

1604
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:32,000
But now you have time daylight 
and slightly better energy to 

1605
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:35,400
address these needs. 
The work is still hard but it's 

1606
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:39,100
hopeful hard building toward 
Improvement rather than merely 

1607
01:33:39,100 --> 01:33:42,100
preventing collapse. 
The Village gradually. 

1608
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:44,900
Resumed its Fuller rhythms. 
Markets. 

1609
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:48,600
Reopen as Merchants resume 
traveling. 

1610
01:33:49,500 --> 01:33:51,600
News arrives from The Wider 
world. 

1611
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:55,400
Stories of what happened during 
winter in places you've never 

1612
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:58,600
seen. 
Workers arrived seeking Harvest 

1613
01:33:58,600 --> 01:34:02,400
employment later in the year. 
The population of faces, you see

1614
01:34:02,408 --> 01:34:05,300
regularly expands and the 
expansion itself. 

1615
01:34:05,300 --> 01:34:07,700
Brings Joy. 
You'd forgotten how much you 

1616
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:08,800
need. 
Variety and Novelty. 

1617
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:14,700
By early May winter feels 
definitively over the mornings. 

1618
01:34:14,700 --> 01:34:17,400
Are warm enough that the fire 
can be allowed to die out during

1619
01:34:17,400 --> 01:34:20,200
the day. 
You open shutters and doors to 

1620
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:24,100
let fresh air circulate through 
the cottage expelling Winters 

1621
01:34:24,100 --> 01:34:27,200
accumulated, staleness. 
The children play outside 

1622
01:34:27,200 --> 01:34:31,200
extensively burning off energy, 
that had nowhere to go during 

1623
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:34,100
confinement. 
Life has resumed. 

1624
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:37,000
Not exactly where it left off in
October. 

1625
01:34:37,000 --> 01:34:41,500
But in a new iteration of the 
Endless cycle, You reflect on 

1626
01:34:41,500 --> 01:34:44,500
what winter taught you though? 
You're not sure you wanted the 

1627
01:34:44,500 --> 01:34:47,200
lessons. 
You learned how little you truly

1628
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:52,100
need to survive warmth basic 
food, shelter, and 

1629
01:34:52,100 --> 01:34:54,400
companionship, reduced to 
Essentials. 

1630
01:34:54,400 --> 01:34:57,700
You learned your own capacity 
for endurance for tolerating 

1631
01:34:57,700 --> 01:35:00,700
discomfort, that seemed 
intolerable you learned, which 

1632
01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:03,700
relationships are truly 
reliable, and which are merely 

1633
01:35:03,700 --> 01:35:07,300
convenient, you learned that 
life Narrows and expands in 

1634
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:10,300
predictable patterns and that 
both the narrowing and the 

1635
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,700
expanding a survival. 
The stores, you'll build this 

1636
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:16,400
summer will be informed by last 
winter shortages. 

1637
01:35:16,400 --> 01:35:20,800
You'll try to harvest more for 
best storm, more grain and 

1638
01:35:20,800 --> 01:35:23,900
preserve more vegetables. 
Whether you'll succeed is 

1639
01:35:23,900 --> 01:35:28,500
uncertain, agriculture remains 
dependent on whether luck and 

1640
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:32,500
factors beyond your control. 
But you'll try. 

1641
01:35:33,400 --> 01:35:36,800
Trying is what you do because 
the alternative is passively 

1642
01:35:36,800 --> 01:35:40,400
accepting next Winter's hardship
rather than working to mitigate 

1643
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:43,000
it. 
You look ahead to Summer with 

1644
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:45,300
anticipation and anxiety, mixed 
together. 

1645
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:51,700
Summer means work hard, 
sustained, crucial work to grow 

1646
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:54,000
and preserve enough to survive 
another winter. 

1647
01:35:55,100 --> 01:35:59,500
Cycle is eternal and exhausting.
But it's also the only life, you

1648
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:02,600
know, and it contains its own 
satisfactions. 

1649
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:06,600
You've survived winter again. 
Spring has returned, as it 

1650
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:10,500
always does, the World Turns the
seasons change and you can 

1651
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:13,500
continue in the ancient Rhythm 
that has sustained your people 

1652
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:18,100
for countless Generations. 
The medieval winter is over your

1653
01:36:18,100 --> 01:36:22,700
tired thin and marked by its 
passage, but you're alive. 

1654
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:27,800
Your family is alive and the 
green world is returning. for 

1655
01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:31,700
now, for this moment, standing 
in May Sunshine with the whole 

1656
01:36:31,700 --> 01:36:41,700
growing season ahead, thats 
enough Leonardo da Vinci was 

1657
01:36:41,708 --> 01:36:48,100
born on April 15th, 1452 or 1452
by the Florentine calendar. 1452

1658
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:52,200
to 1453 by modern Reckoning, in 
the Tuscan Hamlet of anciano 

1659
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,800
near the town of Vinci. 
He came into a world undergoing 

1660
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:59,600
seismic changes Florence was a 
republic brimming with artistic 

1661
01:36:59,600 --> 01:37:02,500
energy and Europe was on the 
cusp of the renaissance's. 

1662
01:37:02,500 --> 01:37:05,100
Full flowering, his father, sir,
Pierre. 

1663
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:08,300
Da Vinci was a notary of 
moderate Renown while his mother

1664
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:11,600
Katarina is believed to have 
been a local woman of humble 

1665
01:37:11,600 --> 01:37:14,400
background. 
The boys illegitimacy meant he 

1666
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:17,200
was never part of the upper 
echelons yet, it freed him from 

1667
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:20,300
certain constraints that might 
have Shackled, a legitimate son 

1668
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:23,700
to family business. 
Even as a child, Leonardo said 

1669
01:37:23,700 --> 01:37:27,200
to have displayed an intense 
curiosity, wandering fields and 

1670
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,600
streams sketching. 
Plants small creatures or 

1671
01:37:30,600 --> 01:37:34,300
swirling Eddies in the water. 
This time, many children in 

1672
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:37,700
Tuscany received minimal formal 
education, but Leonardo's 

1673
01:37:37,700 --> 01:37:41,000
father, recognized the boys, 
precocious mind records. 

1674
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:44,800
Suggest that around h14 Leonardo
began an apprenticeship in 

1675
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:46,800
Florence with Andrea Del 
verrocchio. 

1676
01:37:46,800 --> 01:37:51,300
A master known for sculpture 
metal work, and painting the 

1677
01:37:51,300 --> 01:37:55,700
workshop bustled with talented 
pupils and assistance, forging a

1678
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:58,700
collaborative environment. 
Apprentices learn to prepare 

1679
01:37:58,700 --> 01:38:02,500
pigments, crafty details, and 
replicate the Master's Style. 

1680
01:38:03,400 --> 01:38:07,200
Leonardo's innate knack for 
observation set him apart his 

1681
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,900
notebooks from that era, though.
Mostly lost would have contained

1682
01:38:10,900 --> 01:38:14,200
anatomical. 
Sketches mechanical Doodles and 

1683
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:18,100
fleeting notes on Geometry while
other students memorize standard

1684
01:38:18,100 --> 01:38:22,300
forms, Leonardo probe, the 
underlying structures dissecting

1685
01:38:22,300 --> 01:38:26,300
how limbs attached or how light 
refracted on glossy surfaces an 

1686
01:38:26,300 --> 01:38:29,200
early Turning Point arrived. 
When Rocky, oh assigned him to 

1687
01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:33,400
paint a small angel in the 
corner of the baptism of Christ.

1688
01:38:34,400 --> 01:38:38,000
Legend has it that upon seeing 
Leonardo's contribution for 

1689
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:40,200
occhio. 
Felt overshadowed and vowed 

1690
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:42,900
never to paint again. 
Though, that story might be 

1691
01:38:42,900 --> 01:38:45,300
apocryphal. 
It underscores how swiftly, 

1692
01:38:45,300 --> 01:38:47,000
Leonardo's skill gained 
recognition? 

1693
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:49,500
He brought a Fresh Approach to 
shading. 

1694
01:38:49,500 --> 01:38:53,900
Employing what we now call Kiera
to infuse figures with tangible 

1695
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:56,700
volume. 
While older Masters, often use 

1696
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:00,300
linear outlines, Leonardo 
Blended tones, so that forms 

1697
01:39:00,300 --> 01:39:05,300
emerged gracefully from Shadow 
despite his promise, Leonardo's 

1698
01:39:05,300 --> 01:39:08,100
early years, in Florence, 
carried, frustrations, some 

1699
01:39:08,100 --> 01:39:10,900
commissions fizzled due to 
political upheavals, or Patron, 

1700
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:13,100
shifts. 
Eager to expand his reach 

1701
01:39:13,100 --> 01:39:17,400
Leonardo sought new Vistas 
around 1482. 

1702
01:39:17,400 --> 01:39:21,300
He journeyed to Milan offering 
his services to ludovico's 

1703
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:24,900
Forte, the ruling Duke. 
He wrote a letter extolling, his

1704
01:39:24,900 --> 01:39:29,100
engineering prowess listing 
designs for Bridges, cannons and

1705
01:39:29,100 --> 01:39:31,800
war machines. 
Only concluding with a mention 

1706
01:39:31,800 --> 01:39:35,400
that he could paint This detail 
reveals how Leonardo viewed 

1707
01:39:35,400 --> 01:39:39,500
himself, not merely an artist 
but a multi-faceted engineer who

1708
01:39:39,500 --> 01:39:42,500
happened to paint. 
Sportster intrigued by such 

1709
01:39:42,500 --> 01:39:44,200
potential. 
Welcome to him. 

1710
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:49,100
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 
The ducal court was a center of 

1711
01:39:49,100 --> 01:39:52,600
intellectual Pursuits blending 
Politics, the Arts and emerging 

1712
01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:55,400
Sciences. 
He tackled a massive equestrian 

1713
01:39:55,400 --> 01:39:59,000
statue project for ludovico, 
intending to cast a colossal, 

1714
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:01,700
bronze horse to one of the 
Duke's father for years, 

1715
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:05,700
Leonardo studied horses, 
musculature sketched them in 

1716
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:08,900
various Gates and designed 
elaborate Foundry, technique's. 

1717
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:12,100
Ultimately political Strife 
disrupted the project. 

1718
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:15,400
French armies, invaded and the 
raw bronze. 

1719
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:18,300
Allocated for the statue was 
repurposed into cannons. 

1720
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:21,700
The uncompleted clay model 
became a casualty of War 

1721
01:40:21,700 --> 01:40:26,600
shattered as Milan fell, This 
Fiasco, however did not dampen 

1722
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:28,600
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 
challenges. 

1723
01:40:29,700 --> 01:40:32,600
During his Milanese phase 
Leonardo produced, the virgin of

1724
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:35,400
the Rocks, a painting that 
showcased his Mastery of 

1725
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:38,700
atmospheric perspective. 
He experimented with layered 

1726
01:40:38,700 --> 01:40:42,100
glazes and gentle transitions. 
Making the rocky Grotto and 

1727
01:40:42,108 --> 01:40:44,100
figures radiator and other 
worldly. 

1728
01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:47,300
Hush simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

1729
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:50,400
investigation's dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

1730
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:53,100
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

1731
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:56,800
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

1732
01:40:56,800 --> 01:41:00,500
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan's, environment 

1733
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:03,900
gave him the space to roam 
intellectually bridging Artistry

1734
01:41:03,900 --> 01:41:05,900
with scientific speculation in a
manner. 

1735
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:09,800
Rarely seen before yet these 
Pursuits co-existed with real 

1736
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:13,600
world demands, the sport to 
court needed fortifications, 

1737
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:17,900
Festival designs and mechanical 
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 

1738
01:41:17,900 --> 01:41:21,700
Penning trees is on Geometry, 
building stage sets for pageants

1739
01:41:21,700 --> 01:41:23,700
an engineering ephemeral 
wanders. 

1740
01:41:23,700 --> 01:41:27,900
Some found him xtick especially 
as he scribbled notes in Mira 

1741
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:31,200
writing, others recogn. 
Stem is an inexhaustible thinker

1742
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:34,100
who might at any moment produce 
the next stroke of Genius. 

1743
01:41:35,000 --> 01:41:38,200
By the late 15th century 
Leonardo had established himself

1744
01:41:38,200 --> 01:41:41,100
as a leading figure of the 
Renaissance though, his Restless

1745
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:43,800
mind, kept him. 
Pushing forward, always hungry 

1746
01:41:43,800 --> 01:41:45,200
for the next Frontier of 
knowledge. 

1747
01:41:46,500 --> 01:41:48,900
Leonardo's life in Milan was 
bustling yet. 

1748
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:52,400
Destiny had other terms in store
in 1499. 

1749
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:55,600
French forces under King Louis, 
the 12th Concord Milan. 

1750
01:41:55,600 --> 01:41:59,100
The once powerful sports are 
Dynasty collapsed, leaving 

1751
01:41:59,100 --> 01:42:00,900
Leonardo and his Patron 
scrambling. 

1752
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:04,900
With the city's Patron gone, 
Leonardo lost his secure base. 

1753
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:09,100
He departed Milan, traveling to 
Venice, then briefly to Mantua 

1754
01:42:09,100 --> 01:42:12,400
carrying an uneven portfolio of 
half-finished, commission's and 

1755
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:14,000
a head brimming with 
experiments. 

1756
01:42:14,000 --> 01:42:18,300
The aftermath was a tumultuous 
period marked by shifting 

1757
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:22,500
alliances across Italy city 
states in mansure the Martians 

1758
01:42:22,500 --> 01:42:25,700
Isabella, Destiny welcomed him 
seeking a portrait. 

1759
01:42:26,600 --> 01:42:29,600
She was a formidable Patron but 
Leonardo's restlessness 

1760
01:42:29,600 --> 01:42:32,900
prevailed. 
He quickly moved on, possibly 

1761
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,200
uninterested in the standard 
portrait tasks, by the 

1762
01:42:36,200 --> 01:42:38,400
mid-1500s. 
He found his way back to 

1763
01:42:38,408 --> 01:42:42,100
Florence after two decades away.
The city had changed. 

1764
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:46,000
It was now under the sway of the
Republican government briefly 

1765
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:49,500
influenced by the fiery 
preacher, savonarola tension 

1766
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:53,800
simmered and art commissions had
a new flavor patriotic or 

1767
01:42:53,800 --> 01:42:56,800
moralistic yet. 
Florence remembered Leonardo's 

1768
01:42:56,800 --> 01:43:00,700
early promise he was invited to 
paint a major Altarpiece though 

1769
01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:04,000
negotiations. 
Stalled instead he seized on a 

1770
01:43:04,008 --> 01:43:07,700
more prestigious assignment a 
mural in the Palazzo, Della 

1771
01:43:07,700 --> 01:43:09,800
signoria the seat of Florence's 
government. 

1772
01:43:10,700 --> 01:43:14,700
This mural project known as the 
Battle of anghiari was meant to 

1773
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:17,100
commemorate a 1440, Florentine 
victory. 

1774
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:20,800
Across town, Michelangelo was 
commissioned to do a different 

1775
01:43:20,800 --> 01:43:24,100
battle scene in the same Hall. 
The city braced for a 

1776
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:28,400
competition between two towering
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 

1777
01:43:28,400 --> 01:43:31,600
The mural with an experimental 
technique he planned to use a 

1778
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:35,800
wax based paint to speed drying.
He built a giant scaffold and 

1779
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:38,400
devised Advanced heating systems
to help the paint set. 

1780
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:42,200
But the Innovation backfired 
parts of the mural dripped or 

1781
01:43:42,200 --> 01:43:45,800
refused to adhere despite 
partial success in depicting. 

1782
01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:48,200
Dramatic. 
Cavalry Charges the painting 

1783
01:43:48,200 --> 01:43:51,000
never reached its final form 
over time. 

1784
01:43:51,000 --> 01:43:53,900
The incomplete mural decayed or 
was covered by later. 

1785
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:57,400
Renovations, still the surviving
sketches and copies hint that it

1786
01:43:57,400 --> 01:44:00,500
was a dynamic. 
Swirling composition of men and 

1787
01:44:00,508 --> 01:44:02,700
horses locked in ferocious 
combat. 

1788
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:06,500
During the same stretch, 
Leonardo painted, the Mona Lisa 

1789
01:44:06,500 --> 01:44:10,200
commissioned by Francesco Del 
giocondo for his wife Lisa, it 

1790
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,500
was initially a private portrait
yet, Leonardo spent years 

1791
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:16,500
refining, it working and 
reworking, subtle glazes. 

1792
01:44:17,500 --> 01:44:20,600
The faces elusive smile and 
luminous complexion resulted 

1793
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:24,800
from layering translucent. 
Paint each layer diffused light.

1794
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:28,900
The paintings mysterious Aura 
also came from Leonardo's habit 

1795
01:44:28,900 --> 01:44:32,300
of constantly altering details, 
while smaller than some Grand 

1796
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:34,500
frescoes. 
The peace represented, a 

1797
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:38,500
culmination of his few Technic. 
The backgrounds hazy mountains 

1798
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:41,800
and winding roads, miracle, and 
his fascination with geology and

1799
01:44:41,800 --> 01:44:45,300
fluid dynamics over time. 
He kept the painting with him. 

1800
01:44:45,300 --> 01:44:47,400
Never delivering it to the 
patron. 

1801
01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:50,300
Possibly, he saw it as a 
personal Testament to 

1802
01:44:50,300 --> 01:44:53,600
portraitures Pinnacle. 
Parallel to these artistic 

1803
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:56,900
Feats, Leonardo Advanced, his 
scientific exploration. 

1804
01:44:56,900 --> 01:45:00,700
He dissected human cadavers in 
hospitals, outside Florence 

1805
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,600
sketching, cross-sections of 
muscles and Bones though. 

1806
01:45:04,600 --> 01:45:07,900
Dissection was sensitive certain
hospitals allowed it for 

1807
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:11,200
educational ends. 
His anatomical, drawings some 

1808
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:13,800
discovered. 
Centuries later revealed a near 

1809
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:16,700
modern, understanding of the 
spine, the arrangement of 

1810
01:45:16,700 --> 01:45:19,100
internal organs and the 
skeletons mechanics. 

1811
01:45:19,900 --> 01:45:23,700
He planned an extensive treaters
on Anatomy, combining text with 

1812
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:27,400
the diagrammatic Precision, 
anticipating the modern concept 

1813
01:45:27,400 --> 01:45:30,900
of Illustrated medical 
textbooks, however, like many 

1814
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:33,800
Leonardo projects. 
It was never formally published 

1815
01:45:33,800 --> 01:45:37,600
in his lifetime. 
Politics royalty again, in 1503 

1816
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:39,900
to 1504 when Pisa threatened 
Florence. 

1817
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,200
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

1818
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:46,900
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper pisa's 

1819
01:45:46,900 --> 01:45:50,300
supply lines. 
He drafted, canals levies and 

1820
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:53,800
even considered flooding 
tactics, the plan was bold but 

1821
01:45:53,800 --> 01:45:56,700
face practical obstacles in 
Tuscany terrain though, 

1822
01:45:56,700 --> 01:45:59,700
partially attempted the scheme, 
never fully materialized. 

1823
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:02,600
The episode's highlight 
Leonardo's willingness to tackle

1824
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:05,400
large-scale, engineering 
challenges, blending 

1825
01:46:05,400 --> 01:46:07,800
topographical studies with 
strategic Insight. 

1826
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:10,700
The lessons gleaned would echo 
in his future city. 

1827
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:14,400
Planning, sketches and Water 
Management designs by 5506, 

1828
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:17,400
French rule stabilized in Milan 
opening the city. 

1829
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:21,100
Once more long gone was 
ludovico's Forte but the new 

1830
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:25,000
French government Leonardo. 
Eager to revisit uncompleted 

1831
01:46:25,000 --> 01:46:29,000
ideas like the giant horse 
statue, he returned, Florence, 

1832
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:32,200
parted ways with him under a 
cloud of frustration as the 

1833
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:34,500
Battle of anghiari, lingard 
unfinished. 

1834
01:46:35,000 --> 01:46:37,700
Yet Leonardo's departure 
signaled, that loyalty to a 

1835
01:46:37,700 --> 01:46:39,300
single city. 
Was never his style. 

1836
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:42,600
He roamed following whichever 
environment, let him Chase 

1837
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:46,500
multiple intellectual Pursuits, 
in returning to Milan, he sought

1838
01:46:46,500 --> 01:46:49,400
continuity for the scientific 
and artistic projects left 

1839
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:54,600
behind a decade prior. 
Thus, by the mid-1500s Leonardo 

1840
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:58,000
had become an artist engineer. 
Bridging city-states forging. 

1841
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:00,300
A pattern of partial 
achievements and unfinished 

1842
01:47:00,300 --> 01:47:02,500
Marvels. 
Some critics found him 

1843
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:06,700
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 
yet few denied His Brilliant. 

1844
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:10,300
He left Florence have, 
revolutionized, portraiture and 

1845
01:47:10,300 --> 01:47:13,700
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

1846
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:17,200
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

1847
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:20,900
The stage was set for further 
Meandering in Milan, and 

1848
01:47:20,900 --> 01:47:24,000
eventually Beyond as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

1849
01:47:24,000 --> 01:47:26,600
singular figure. 
A testament to the Renaissance 

1850
01:47:26,600 --> 01:47:30,600
is Union of Art and Science. 
Leonardo's second, in Milan 

1851
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:34,500
began around. 1506 under the 
patronage of Charles de Ambrose,

1852
01:47:34,500 --> 01:47:38,200
the French governor this time. 
The city was controlled by the 

1853
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:40,500
French Crown, not the sports, a 
family. 

1854
01:47:41,400 --> 01:47:45,000
The environment was different 
less personal loyalty, more 

1855
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:48,900
bureaucratic oversight. 
But Leonardo's Fame had grown. 

1856
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:52,800
He was recognized as a 
renaissance man whose counsel 

1857
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:55,900
was prized for everything from 
architecture to Geometry. 

1858
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:58,900
Some records indicate. 
He was granted a Workshop near 

1859
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:02,100
the port of virtually District 
where he resumed anatomical 

1860
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:04,500
mechanical and Artistic 
Endeavors. 

1861
01:48:05,300 --> 01:48:07,800
One ongoing Obsession was the 
equestrian Monument. 

1862
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:10,500
He had once played for 
ludovico's Forza, though. 

1863
01:48:10,500 --> 01:48:13,800
The bronze had been lost to war,
Leonardo still dreamed of 

1864
01:48:13,800 --> 01:48:17,300
building the largest horse, 
statue known, he refined the 

1865
01:48:17,300 --> 01:48:20,600
design, adjusting how a rearing 
stallion might balance on hind 

1866
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:24,300
legs, he sketched Innovative 
casting methods hoping to 

1867
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:26,100
circumvent early meltdown 
issues. 

1868
01:48:26,100 --> 01:48:30,600
However the politics had shifted
with ludovico, deposed the 

1869
01:48:30,600 --> 01:48:33,900
impetus force. 
A memorial dissipated Leonardo 

1870
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:36,900
might have pitched the idea to 
the French Administration but it

1871
01:48:36,900 --> 01:48:39,700
never crystallized. 
You remained Resolute in 

1872
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:44,300
exploring, equine Anatomy, 
capturing every sinew and tendon

1873
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,600
in fresh. 
Skechers during this period 

1874
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:51,500
Leonardo welcomed a youthful. 
Apprentice named Francesco melty

1875
01:48:51,500 --> 01:48:54,200
who would become his most 
devoted disciple and eventually 

1876
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:58,300
executor of his estate. 
Melty from a noble Milanese 

1877
01:48:58,300 --> 01:49:02,600
family, offered loyalty scribing
capabilities and stable 

1878
01:49:02,600 --> 01:49:05,800
finances. 
He accompanied Leonardo on trips

1879
01:49:05,800 --> 01:49:08,900
helped, organize notes and 
became the Masters confidant. 

1880
01:49:09,600 --> 01:49:11,500
The presence of a still were 
respectful. 

1881
01:49:11,500 --> 01:49:14,500
Apprentice might have provided 
Leonardo, the continuity he'd 

1882
01:49:14,500 --> 01:49:16,800
long sought. 
Actually after dealing with 

1883
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:19,800
earlier assistance, who 
sometimes parted on mixed terms,

1884
01:49:19,800 --> 01:49:23,600
meanwhile glimpses of his 
scientific Mania multiplied. 

1885
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:28,000
He dissected more of his filling
notebooks with Nuance drawing of

1886
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:32,600
Hearts muscles, the bronchial 
system, observing that heart, 

1887
01:49:32,600 --> 01:49:36,000
valves directed blood flow. 
He speculated about circulation 

1888
01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:39,900
decades, before William Harvey's
formal discovery, He studied the

1889
01:49:39,900 --> 01:49:43,500
vitreous humor in an ox's. 
I investigating how images 

1890
01:49:43,500 --> 01:49:47,100
formed While the Catholic church
mostly tolerated such 

1891
01:49:47,100 --> 01:49:51,200
dissections for medical 
progress, certain clergy frowned

1892
01:49:51,200 --> 01:49:54,500
on it, so Leonardo often 
performed them discreetly or at 

1893
01:49:54,500 --> 01:49:56,900
night had, he published these 
findings. 

1894
01:49:56,900 --> 01:50:00,400
He might have revolutionized 
medicine, centuries earlier, but

1895
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:03,800
perfectionism and continuous 
revision meant his data State 

1896
01:50:03,808 --> 01:50:07,800
personal locked in cramped 
notebooks and pending a Mira 

1897
01:50:07,800 --> 01:50:11,600
script in parallel Leonardo 
authored treatises on flight 

1898
01:50:11,600 --> 01:50:14,200
fascinated by birds Wing 
structures. 

1899
01:50:14,200 --> 01:50:18,200
He dissected Wings to decode the
interplay of feathers, he built 

1900
01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:21,200
mechanical prototypes 
ornithopters aiming to replicate

1901
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:23,700
flapping flight. 
They never tested on a large 

1902
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:25,800
scale. 
These Contraptions preceded 

1903
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:29,200
modern, Aviation Concepts. 
He recognized that pure flapping

1904
01:50:29,200 --> 01:50:30,700
wouldn't suffice for human 
flight. 

1905
01:50:30,700 --> 01:50:34,500
He studied gliding surfaces. 
Suspecting the air currents 

1906
01:50:34,500 --> 01:50:38,100
could keep acrossed a loft. 
Yet the technology of the era no

1907
01:50:38,100 --> 01:50:42,900
engine's or suitable materials 
curb these ambitions Even so the

1908
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:45,600
sketches reveal an acute 
understanding of aerodynamics. 

1909
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:51,600
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron, 
Charles dunbar's died prompting.

1910
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:54,800
Another shift in Milan's, 
political Circle, Still the 

1911
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:57,300
French King Louis. 
The 12th value in ardot. 

1912
01:50:58,400 --> 01:51:01,600
Another momentous figure emerged
the newly ascendant. 

1913
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:04,300
Giuliano de Medici, brother of 
Pope Leo. 

1914
01:51:04,300 --> 01:51:07,900
The 10th invited Leonardo to 
return to the Florentine orbit 

1915
01:51:07,900 --> 01:51:11,600
or possibly move to Rome where 
the papacy was fueling Grand 

1916
01:51:11,600 --> 01:51:14,300
building projects. 
Leonardo. 

1917
01:51:14,300 --> 01:51:18,500
Now in his late 50s, weighed 
these overtures carefully, The 

1918
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:21,300
Lure of Rome's architectural 
expansions and advanced 

1919
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:25,000
scientific resources, might 
prove irresistible eventually 

1920
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:30,200
around. 1513 Leonardo departed 
Milan, for Rome with an 

1921
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:34,200
Entourage, that included melty 
and some assistance in Rome and 

1922
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:37,400
a Pope Leo, the 10th, the 
artistic seems soared 

1923
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,200
Michelangelo and Raphael 
dominated the city's 

1924
01:51:40,200 --> 01:51:43,100
commission's. 
Sistine Chapel expansion's Grand

1925
01:51:43,100 --> 01:51:46,600
papal Apartments, Leonardo, 
expected a role in major 

1926
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:48,200
architectural or hydraulic 
projects. 

1927
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:52,100
Instead he found himself 
overshadowed by younger Rivals. 

1928
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:56,000
Michelangelo known for Moody 
brilliant's had little patience 

1929
01:51:56,000 --> 01:51:59,900
for Leonardo's diversion while 
Raphael's rising star in thrall 

1930
01:51:59,900 --> 01:52:02,800
the papal Court. 
Leonardo was offered small 

1931
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:05,600
tasks. 
For instance, the pope asked him

1932
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:09,300
to devise mechanical amusements,
or stage designs, but no major 

1933
01:52:09,300 --> 01:52:12,400
papal commission emerged, 
despite the frustration, 

1934
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:16,600
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 
library's continuing anatomical 

1935
01:52:16,600 --> 01:52:20,300
dissections, he took advantage 
of more cadava Supply from local

1936
01:52:20,300 --> 01:52:23,700
hospitals. 
Some rumors suggest friction 

1937
01:52:23,700 --> 01:52:26,900
with the Vatican curia. 
Actually, after a cardinal 

1938
01:52:26,900 --> 01:52:29,800
supposedly saw dismembered 
bodies in Leonardo's quarters, 

1939
01:52:29,800 --> 01:52:34,100
the environment felt stifling He
wrote letters, implying that the

1940
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,100
papal, Circle, favored, 
spectacle over more profound 

1941
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:39,500
research. 
With insufficient official 

1942
01:52:39,500 --> 01:52:42,600
support for his large-scale 
experiments, Leonardo grew 

1943
01:52:42,600 --> 01:52:45,100
Restless again. 
Yet, he found fleeting 

1944
01:52:45,100 --> 01:52:48,400
satisfaction exploring the 
Belvedere Gardens measuring 

1945
01:52:48,400 --> 01:52:50,000
ruins of ancient Roman 
structures. 

1946
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:54,000
He studied geometry with 
Scholars, exchanging ideas about

1947
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:57,900
perspective and the ptolemaic 
universe Perhaps a quieter dream

1948
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:00,000
to unify art and Mathematics 
kept him going. 

1949
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:03,700
Still the Unstoppable politics 
of Italy soon. 

1950
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:07,800
Overshadowed, local tasks. 
The shifting alliances in 1516 

1951
01:53:07,800 --> 01:53:09,600
catapulted France into 
dominance. 

1952
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,400
Once more. 
France is the first became king,

1953
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:17,000
Italy, hungrily for Leonardo. 
The swirling intrigues, spelled 

1954
01:53:17,000 --> 01:53:20,700
an opportunity to Pivot yet. 
Again, the next invitation from 

1955
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:22,200
the French Crown would Beckham 
cross. 

1956
01:53:22,200 --> 01:53:25,000
The Alps for what would become 
the final chapter of his life's 

1957
01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:28,600
remarkable Journey. 
In 1516 King Francis. 

1958
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:32,200
The first of France a young monk
in by our art and Technology 

1959
01:53:32,200 --> 01:53:36,500
extended an invitation to 
Leonardo da Vinci, tired of 

1960
01:53:36,500 --> 01:53:39,400
Roman politics and sing limited 
scope for big projects there. 

1961
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:43,200
Leonardo accepted. 
He traveled north crossing, the 

1962
01:53:43,208 --> 01:53:46,300
Alps at an advanced age. 
Bearing, precious paintings and 

1963
01:53:46,300 --> 01:53:50,100
volumes of notes among them, the
Mona, Lisa and likely Saint, 

1964
01:53:50,100 --> 01:53:53,200
John, the Baptist. 
Francis offered him the manor 

1965
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:56,500
house of Chloe near the Royal 
Chateau dumb was in the Loire 

1966
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:58,600
Valley. 
This Arrangement put Leonardo 

1967
01:53:58,600 --> 01:54:02,700
under Royal patronage granting 
him comfort and a platform for 

1968
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:06,100
his creative urges. 
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 

1969
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:09,600
relative calm gone with a fierce
rivalries of Florence and the 

1970
01:54:09,608 --> 01:54:12,600
ephemeral Commission of Milan. 
Francis. 

1971
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:16,600
The first often, strolled over 
discussing fortifications Canal 

1972
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:19,000
systems or mechanical 
contraptions. 

1973
01:54:19,900 --> 01:54:22,800
The king revered. 
Leonardo is a living legend, a 

1974
01:54:22,800 --> 01:54:24,500
reservoir of Renaissance 
Brilliance. 

1975
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:28,700
The old man reciprocated with 
sketches of improved Weaponry or

1976
01:54:28,700 --> 01:54:32,400
designs for a Grand Palace. 
However, age and ill health, 

1977
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:34,800
limited the impetus for new 
large-scale Ventures. 

1978
01:54:35,700 --> 01:54:38,000
Summer camps. 
Leonardo, tried to outline an 

1979
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:41,300
ideal city for France's merging 
symmetrical layouts with a 

1980
01:54:41,300 --> 01:54:43,400
fishing waterways, but no direct
implementation. 

1981
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:48,100
Followed Omit. 
This peaceful setting Leonardo's

1982
01:54:48,100 --> 01:54:51,000
health issues worsened. 
He wrote fewer lines in his 

1983
01:54:51,008 --> 01:54:54,300
notebooks and his once dexterous
hand might have trembled from 

1984
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:56,300
possible Strokes or nerve 
troubles. 

1985
01:54:56,300 --> 01:54:58,300
Yet his mind remained 
inquisitive. 

1986
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:01,800
He refined old anatomical, 
drawings re-examining them. 

1987
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:03,500
In the quiet orchard near his 
manner. 

1988
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:07,600
Melty, ever faithful organized. 
The piles of manuscripts 

1989
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:12,000
ensuring references to Geometry.
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 

1990
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:15,700
vanish into chaos, the older 
assistance Elie, who had begun 

1991
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:17,700
as a teenage model with a 
mischievous streak. 

1992
01:55:17,700 --> 01:55:21,000
Also lived, there the rumored 
tensions, occasionally fled 

1993
01:55:21,000 --> 01:55:24,000
between him and melty. 
A highlight of this period was 

1994
01:55:24,000 --> 01:55:27,400
visits by French courtiers who 
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 

1995
01:55:27,400 --> 01:55:31,300
They admired her half smile 
rumored to be a representation 

1996
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:35,000
of intangible Grace. 
Francis, the first himself is 

1997
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,700
said to have purchased the 
painting directly from Leonardo 

1998
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:41,900
or inherited it after the artist
death, eventually placing it in 

1999
01:55:41,908 --> 01:55:45,000
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 
to the Louvre later. 

2000
01:55:45,800 --> 01:55:49,300
Another puzzle. 
Saint John, the Baptist a moody 

2001
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:51,100
half-lit figure pointing 
heavenward. 

2002
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:55,900
Also accompanied him to France. 
It swirling, hair and ambiguous 

2003
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:59,000
expression, invited speculation.
That it was a deeply personal 

2004
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:00,700
reflection on spiritual 
transformation. 

2005
01:56:01,900 --> 01:56:05,700
Those slowed physically Leonardo
sometimes, produced ephemeral 

2006
01:56:05,700 --> 01:56:08,900
amusements, for the court. 
Francis might request a 

2007
01:56:08,900 --> 01:56:13,000
mechanical lion that roared or a
winged Contraption to amuse 

2008
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:15,800
guests. 
These ephemeral wonders were 

2009
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:18,300
reminiscent of his younger days 
planning festivals for the 

2010
01:56:18,300 --> 01:56:21,800
Milanese Dukes in letters. 
Watchers described him as 

2011
01:56:21,808 --> 01:56:23,800
gracious. 
But occasionally melancholic 

2012
01:56:23,800 --> 01:56:26,900
lamenting the ephemeral nature 
of grand projects. 

2013
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:30,400
He never completed. the once 
Unstoppable polymath was 

2014
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:34,400
contending with the reality that
time was finite, He also penned 

2015
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:37,400
Reflections on theology, 
bridging, Catholic doctrines 

2016
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:38,800
with his own scientific 
viewpoint. 

2017
01:56:39,600 --> 01:56:42,600
While devout in belief, he had 
long championed rational 

2018
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:45,100
inquiry. 
Sometimes rattling clergy with 

2019
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:47,600
statements about Earth's 
position or the universal laws 

2020
01:56:47,600 --> 01:56:51,100
of nature in France. 
The monarchy had a slightly more

2021
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:54,400
flexible attitude toward 
intellectual exploration. so 

2022
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:57,300
long as loyalties to church, 
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged,

2023
01:56:57,300 --> 01:57:01,100
this gave Leonardo's space to 
fuse, spiritual musics with 

2024
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:05,200
scientific Wonder, A few cryptic
lines in his notebooks hint that

2025
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:07,000
he believed the study of anatomy
and nature. 

2026
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:11,300
Only deepened, reverence for a 
Divine creator Socially the 

2027
01:57:11,300 --> 01:57:14,400
small circle at Chloe was cozy 
Francis. 

2028
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:18,000
The first occasionally dined 
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 

2029
01:57:18,000 --> 01:57:19,900
Tales From Italy's golden 
cities. 

2030
01:57:20,800 --> 01:57:23,200
Melty recorded these dialogues 
though. 

2031
01:57:23,200 --> 01:57:25,300
Few transcripts remain. 
Meanwhile. 

2032
01:57:25,300 --> 01:57:28,000
Rumors circulated about 
Leonardo's final. 

2033
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:31,000
Unseen manuscripts. 
Some believed he was pending a 

2034
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:33,700
definitive Treatise on flight or
universal theory of water. 

2035
01:57:33,700 --> 01:57:37,600
Currents in truth, he likely 
polished segments of older notes

2036
01:57:37,608 --> 01:57:41,300
rather than forging a single 
cohesive magnum opus The 

2037
01:57:41,300 --> 01:57:44,100
scattered nature of his archive.
Meant the future would discover 

2038
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:48,800
His Brilliant piecemeal. during 
the winter of 1518 to the 1519 

2039
01:57:48,800 --> 01:57:52,800
Leonardo's conditioned, 
deteriorated, Chronic arm pains 

2040
01:57:52,800 --> 01:57:55,800
possibly from a stroke, forced 
him to rely heavily on melt sea 

2041
01:57:55,800 --> 01:57:59,200
for every day tasks. 
Francis hearing of the decline 

2042
01:57:59,200 --> 01:58:03,100
visited more often hoping for 
final insights from the Master 

2043
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:06,900
Legend, has it that the King was
at Leonardo's side as he passed 

2044
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:11,300
on May, the 2nd 1519 while 
romanticized accounts to pick 

2045
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:14,300
Leonardo dying in France's arms,
the historical. 

2046
01:58:14,300 --> 01:58:19,200
Veracity is uncertain, still the
bond between them was genuine, a

2047
01:58:19,200 --> 01:58:23,300
deep mutual respect, between an 
aging Renaissance, Titan and a 

2048
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:25,100
monarch hungry for cultural 
ascendancy. 

2049
01:58:25,100 --> 01:58:28,800
Thus ended, Leonardo's mortal 
Journey far from the Tuscan 

2050
01:58:28,800 --> 01:58:32,000
Hills of his birth in a French 
Manor, brightened by orchard 

2051
01:58:32,000 --> 01:58:36,300
blooms, This final French 
chapter was quieter reflective 

2052
01:58:36,300 --> 01:58:40,500
yet, still brimming with Sparks 
of creativity, from building a 

2053
01:58:40,500 --> 01:58:43,200
femoral mechanical Lions to 
preserving the greatest 

2054
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:46,200
paintings. 
Humankind had known, Leonardo's 

2055
01:58:46,200 --> 01:58:50,100
culminating years embodied, a 
spirit that refused to go dim. 

2056
01:58:50,700 --> 01:58:53,500
he might not have erected a 
final Monument, but he left 

2057
01:58:53,500 --> 01:58:57,400
behind a personal realm of 
knowledge, bridging art, science

2058
01:58:57,400 --> 01:59:01,300
and Imagination, a legacy that 
would endure for centuries to 

2059
01:59:01,300 --> 01:59:05,800
come In the immediate aftermath 
of Leonardo da Vinci dying, the 

2060
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:09,100
question arose, what would 
become of his manuscripts and 

2061
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:11,800
personal effects? 
According to some accounts 

2062
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:16,300
Francesco melt C, emerged. 
As the designated are entrusted 

2063
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:19,300
with safeguarding the thousands 
of pages brimming with sketches 

2064
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:24,600
notes and drafts Sallie, an 
early companion, received 

2065
01:59:24,600 --> 01:59:28,200
certain paintings and minor 
possessions yet the sheer volume

2066
01:59:28,200 --> 01:59:32,100
of Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melts, dedicated years

2067
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:35,400
trying to organize them hoping 
to publish coherent treatises, 

2068
01:59:35,400 --> 01:59:38,100
but the scale was daunting over 
time. 

2069
01:59:38,100 --> 01:59:41,700
Bits of the collection were 
dispersed soul'd or gifted by 

2070
01:59:41,700 --> 01:59:45,400
Mel's airs across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

2071
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:49,300
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

2072
01:59:49,300 --> 01:59:51,900
Royal libraries to British 
aristocratic collections. 

2073
01:59:51,900 --> 01:59:54,600
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals. 

2074
01:59:54,600 --> 01:59:58,300
Europe of the 16th century 
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 

2075
01:59:58,300 --> 02:00:02,300
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

2076
02:00:02,300 --> 02:00:05,700
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

2077
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:09,200
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

2078
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:12,100
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her haunting 

2079
02:00:12,100 --> 02:00:15,000
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

2080
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:18,100
genius. 
Engineering drawings, anatomical

2081
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:22,600
plates or treatises on Geometry.
Remained largely hidden the slow

2082
02:00:22,600 --> 02:00:25,300
trickle of discovered, 
manuscripts fuel centuries of 

2083
02:00:25,300 --> 02:00:28,700
fascination. 
In the 17th century, a few 

2084
02:00:28,708 --> 02:00:32,700
scientists glimpsed, certain 
sketches marveling at advanced 

2085
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:36,100
concepts of gear systems or 
diving apparatus, but it wasn't 

2086
02:00:36,100 --> 02:00:38,500
until the 19th century. 
That broader scholarships 

2087
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:41,900
systematically studied his 
codices unveiling a mind. 

2088
02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:45,900
Centuries ahead of his era. 
Leonardo's immediate Legacy in 

2089
02:00:45,900 --> 02:00:48,800
art was clearer. 
His painting style influencer to

2090
02:00:48,808 --> 02:00:51,900
generation of mannerists who 
admired his Smoky transitions 

2091
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:56,300
for motto and Atmospheric depth.
Melanie's artists though, 

2092
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:59,500
overshadowed by the city's 
shifting political fortunes, 

2093
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:04,400
carried forward, elements of his
approach in Florence students, 

2094
02:01:04,400 --> 02:01:08,000
who Glimpse the aborted Battle 
of anghiari mural adapted some 

2095
02:01:08,000 --> 02:01:11,400
compositional ideas, but the 
direct lineage was complicated. 

2096
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:14,200
Leonardo left, no formal 
Academy. 

2097
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:18,500
He taught a few pupils of 
Thoroughly except for melty and 

2098
02:01:18,500 --> 02:01:21,800
a handful of others. 
The intangible Aura of Leonard 

2099
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,200
desk painting permit to the late
Renaissance with its softness of

2100
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:28,300
edges and subtle. 
Interplay of light over the 

2101
02:01:28,300 --> 02:01:30,700
next. 
Centuries, as Barack flamboyance

2102
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:34,800
Rose, certain of Leonardo's 
Works fell out of style others, 

2103
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:38,500
recognized them as Timeless. 
The last supper, for example, 

2104
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:42,100
underwent, multiple Restorations
each attempt often introducing 

2105
02:01:42,100 --> 02:01:45,100
fresh problems, leading to 
controversies about how much of 

2106
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:48,600
Leonardo's original brush. 
Stroke survived, meanwhile in 

2107
02:01:48,608 --> 02:01:51,500
the 19th century, romantic and 
Victorian Scholars. 

2108
02:01:51,500 --> 02:01:54,700
Resurrected, The Cult of the 
Renaissance genius Leonardo 

2109
02:01:54,700 --> 02:01:57,000
emerged as a symbol of the 
solitary Visionary. 

2110
02:01:57,000 --> 02:02:01,200
An introspective figure bridging
reason and art Writers Like 

2111
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,200
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 
essays on the Mona Lisa, 

2112
02:02:04,200 --> 02:02:08,100
describing her as an enigma 
embodying centuries of emotion. 

2113
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:11,800
Such a fusions etched, the 
paintings Fame, deep into 

2114
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:15,100
Western cultural consciousness. 
Only in the modern age. 

2115
02:02:15,100 --> 02:02:18,300
Did the scale of Leonardo's 
scientific Legacy become widely 

2116
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:22,100
recognized as more codices were 
catalogued like the Codex 

2117
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:25,400
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 
historians realized that he had 

2118
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:29,300
conceptualized flying machines, 
armored vehicles and tension 

2119
02:02:29,300 --> 02:02:33,300
based Mechanical Devices he'd 
studied wave patterns sketched, 

2120
02:02:33,300 --> 02:02:36,600
gear differentials and dissected
the human body with an 

2121
02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:40,200
exactitude unmatched for 
centuries art historians Marvel,

2122
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:42,800
that how the same man, who 
painted the lady with an ermine.

2123
02:02:42,800 --> 02:02:45,300
Had also measured the 
mathematical proportions of 

2124
02:02:45,308 --> 02:02:49,100
reflection angles, the Synergy 
of Aesthetics and logic rendered

2125
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:50,500
him. 
The archetype of the Renaissance

2126
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:54,200
Man, modern Architects gleaned 
from his City Planning Concepts 

2127
02:02:54,200 --> 02:02:56,800
while robotic Engineers. 
Found Prelude to Modern 

2128
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:00,800
mechanical linkages in his 
swirling diagrams. for a Time, 

2129
02:03:00,808 --> 02:03:04,100
many described Leonardo was a 
man out of time, but recent 

2130
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:07,400
scholarship refines that 
narrative he was indeed 

2131
02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:12,000
extraordinary but also a product
of a vibrant milieu Italian 

2132
02:03:12,000 --> 02:03:15,000
city-states teamed with 
cross-pollination from Greek, 

2133
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:18,700
Roman Islamic knowledge. 
Leonardo billed on the 

2134
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:22,000
achievements of early maths from
the classical treatises of our 

2135
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:25,300
committees to the reintroduced 
works of Al Hazen on Optics. 

2136
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:28,900
Recognizing that Synergy, 
doesn't lessen his Brilliance, 

2137
02:03:28,900 --> 02:03:32,100
it situates him in the network 
that made such leaps feasible. 

2138
02:03:32,100 --> 02:03:35,200
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 
Leonardo occasionally 

2139
02:03:35,200 --> 02:03:38,600
overshadowed more grounded, 
truths, Tales of him, finishing 

2140
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,100
Commissions in a single burst or
Conjuring Bazaar. 

2141
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:44,600
Contraptions for stage Illusions
became embroidered over time. 

2142
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:48,900
The reality was that he left 
many tasks in complete struggled

2143
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:52,200
with perfectionism and juggled 
ephemeral Court demands. 

2144
02:03:52,200 --> 02:03:55,800
This tension between the 
Unstoppable imagination and the 

2145
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:59,600
Practical burdens of day-to-day 
labor, infuses his story with a 

2146
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:02,700
human Dimension. 
He wasn't some aloof superhuman,

2147
02:04:02,700 --> 02:04:05,900
but an individual forging 
through the same complexities 

2148
02:04:05,900 --> 02:04:09,100
and distractions, we all face 
will be at with an incandescent 

2149
02:04:09,100 --> 02:04:13,500
spark few could rival thus 
centuries after his passing 

2150
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:16,900
Leonardo's name, resonates as 
the embodiment of creative 

2151
02:04:16,900 --> 02:04:20,500
ambition, whether in art 
galleries, engineering Labs or 

2152
02:04:20,500 --> 02:04:24,300
philosophical debates references
to his Fusion of the imagination

2153
02:04:24,300 --> 02:04:29,800
and observation about People see
in him, the ideal of curiosity, 

2154
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:33,800
Unshackled Bridging the 
intangible Rifts between Arts 

2155
02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:37,000
science. 
Beauty, and data that intangible

2156
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:41,300
Legacy more than any single 
painting or device might stand 

2157
02:04:41,300 --> 02:04:43,100
as the core reason. 
We Revere him. 

2158
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:46,900
He left behind not just objects 
but a testament that the Quest 

2159
02:04:46,900 --> 02:04:50,400
for knowledge and Mastery can in
the right hands rewrite, the 

2160
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:54,700
boundaries of possibility in 
contemporary times, Leonardo's 

2161
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:56,400
Legacy. 
Permeates cultural and 

2162
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:59,900
scientific discourse in ways, 
both lofty and mundane the Mona.

2163
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:03,300
Lisa has become a pop icon 
reproduced endlessly, on posters

2164
02:05:03,300 --> 02:05:06,000
and Novelty items. 
It's Rye smile, fueling 

2165
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:09,700
conspiracy theories about hidden
identities or coded messages. 

2166
02:05:10,900 --> 02:05:14,700
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 
continues to Captivate pilgrims 

2167
02:05:14,700 --> 02:05:17,200
and tourists. 
In Milan the advanced ticket 

2168
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:20,000
reservations are required to see
the heavily conserved mural. 

2169
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:23,700
Documentary is dissect. 
Each brushstroke offering 

2170
02:05:23,700 --> 02:05:26,500
competing theories about cryptic
symbolism in the arrangement of 

2171
02:05:26,500 --> 02:05:29,700
bread loaves or Apostolic 
gestures Beyond these famous 

2172
02:05:29,700 --> 02:05:33,400
works Leonardo's name adorns 
everything from children's 

2173
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:37,600
educational kits about invention
to NASA references to lunar 

2174
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:41,100
craters named in his honor, Tek 
innovators, sometimes cite him 

2175
02:05:41,100 --> 02:05:43,800
as a paragon of design thinking,
bridging Aesthetics and 

2176
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:46,900
function. 
The phrase Leonardo like minded,

2177
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:50,600
someone Unbound, by single 
domain Museum, stage 

2178
02:05:50,600 --> 02:05:54,000
Blockbuster, exhibitions 
assembling scattered folios of 

2179
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:57,600
his courtesies Under One Roof. 
Visitors queue for hours to 

2180
02:05:57,600 --> 02:06:00,900
Glimpse the delicate, sketches 
of a fetus in utero or a 

2181
02:06:00,900 --> 02:06:03,700
swirling aerial. 
Screw in, such Gatherings, 

2182
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:06,500
viewers witnessed, the raw lines
of a man who wrestled with 

2183
02:06:06,500 --> 02:06:09,300
Nature's secrets on scraps of 
paper unknowing. 

2184
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:11,000
They'd be revered centuries 
later. 

2185
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:15,600
Yet the question arises, what 
would Leonardo have done with 

2186
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:19,500
modern resources? 
Some imagine him thriving in an 

2187
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,900
era of 3D printers and digital 
imaging or leading biotech 

2188
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:25,200
startups. 
Others caution that the 

2189
02:06:25,200 --> 02:06:28,300
intangible Synergy of 
Renaissance Italy, a World open 

2190
02:06:28,300 --> 02:06:32,000
to invention but also Bound by 
Kraft Traditions shaped him. 

2191
02:06:32,900 --> 02:06:36,400
A modern environment might 
hamper that slow observational 

2192
02:06:36,400 --> 02:06:39,000
approach. 
He thrived in a realm where 

2193
02:06:39,000 --> 02:06:42,000
forging your pigments and 
decking cadavers in candlelit 

2194
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:43,900
Corners built a holistic sense 
of wonder. 

2195
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:46,800
Today's rapid data flow might 
overshadow. 

2196
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:51,000
The meticulous wonder that fuel.
His slow Revelation Scholars. 

2197
02:06:51,000 --> 02:06:53,600
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 
notebooks for overlooked. 

2198
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:56,700
Insights one might find a newly 
deciphered margin note, 

2199
02:06:56,700 --> 02:06:59,500
revealing, how he planed water 
lifting devices for Farmland 

2200
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:02,400
irrigation. 
Another might unearth a fragment

2201
02:07:02,400 --> 02:07:05,700
referencing a missing treaties 
on mirror, making each fresh 

2202
02:07:05,700 --> 02:07:08,300
Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete our 

2203
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:10,600
knowledge remains? 
Because his notebooks were so 

2204
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:13,400
scattered lines, vanish and 
private collections. 

2205
02:07:13,400 --> 02:07:16,600
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

2206
02:07:16,600 --> 02:07:20,200
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

2207
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,800
lesser in 1994. 
Did you guys in Pages for public

2208
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:26,700
curiosity? 
This interplay of private 

2209
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:29,500
ownership and public thirst. 
For knowledge, epitomizes 

2210
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:33,400
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 
One-dimension of modern interest

2211
02:07:33,400 --> 02:07:35,400
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 
life. 

2212
02:07:36,400 --> 02:07:39,300
The few references to Intimate 
Relationships, or sexuality, 

2213
02:07:39,300 --> 02:07:42,500
remain ambiguous. 
Some interpret, his heavy focus 

2214
02:07:42,500 --> 02:07:45,500
on male assistance is indicative
of hidden personal aspects 

2215
02:07:45,500 --> 02:07:47,900
others. 
See, no direct evidence of 

2216
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:50,900
romance in his notes. 
He rarely wrote about personal 

2217
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:54,000
feelings, preferring coded, 
references, or allegorical 

2218
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:56,800
musings. 
The aura of secrecy around his 

2219
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:59,600
private life parallels, the 
guarded manner in which he 

2220
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:04,000
protected his scientific methods
fueling endless speculation at 

2221
02:08:04,000 --> 02:08:07,600
the same time the notion of the 
incomplete genius, resonates 

2222
02:08:07,600 --> 02:08:09,500
with modern anxieties about 
productivity. 

2223
02:08:10,500 --> 02:08:13,600
Leonardo's many half finished 
paintings, and ephemeral designs

2224
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:15,500
illustrate. 
The challenge of reconciling 

2225
02:08:15,500 --> 02:08:19,700
curiosity with the finality of 
deadlines in an age, obsessed 

2226
02:08:19,700 --> 02:08:22,600
with completion and output 
history's. 

2227
02:08:22,600 --> 02:08:25,000
Hints that the path of 
exploration, though. 

2228
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:27,800
Miami. 
Can yield intangible but 

2229
02:08:27,800 --> 02:08:31,500
profound insights that he never 
published his anatomical volumes

2230
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:34,700
didn't negate their Brilliance. 
Their posture humans influence, 

2231
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:37,500
shaped fields from architecture 
to fluid dynamics. 

2232
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:41,600
Many contemporary creatives draw
solace in Leonardo's example, 

2233
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:45,300
creation can be iterative 
perpetually in flux and still 

2234
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:49,200
crucial to progress. 
Even so some critics note, that 

2235
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:51,500
praising Leonardo can 
overshadow, other Renaissance 

2236
02:08:51,500 --> 02:08:54,800
figures like Filippo 
Brunelleschi, who concretely 

2237
02:08:54,800 --> 02:08:58,400
built the Florence Dome, or Luca
pacioli whose mathematics 

2238
02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:01,500
influence him. 
They argue that the Leonardo 

2239
02:09:01,500 --> 02:09:04,900
Legend occasionally 
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 

2240
02:09:04,900 --> 02:09:07,900
while that Synergy was real. 
Credit goes to many. 

2241
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:10,900
Leonardo's singular star 
shouldn't blind us to the 

2242
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:13,800
collective Genius of the period 
but precisely because he 

2243
02:09:13,800 --> 02:09:18,000
integrated so many fields. 
Art science, engineering and 

2244
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:20,700
Anatomy. 
He became an enduring symbol for

2245
02:09:20,700 --> 02:09:24,000
the entire Renaissance moment. 
Capturing the further of 

2246
02:09:24,000 --> 02:09:28,000
bridging knowledge, domains. 
Hence, in the 21st century, 

2247
02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:32,900
Leonardo da Vinci remains less a
static, historical figure, and a

2248
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:36,700
living metaphor for potential. 
Each generation reinterprets him

2249
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:40,200
plugging his name into the 
contexts as varied as Steam, 

2250
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,900
education, cultural diplomacy or
brand marketing. 

2251
02:09:43,900 --> 02:09:47,700
The friction between the legend 
and the historical details keeps

2252
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:50,300
him relevant. 
People yearn for the secret of 

2253
02:09:50,300 --> 02:09:54,500
how a single mind could roam. 
So broadly producing both 

2254
02:09:54,500 --> 02:09:57,500
Timeless artistic wonders and 
notebooks brimming with half 

2255
02:09:57,500 --> 02:10:00,700
realized Marvels. 
That tension between the 

2256
02:10:00,700 --> 02:10:03,800
completed and the fragmentary 
May well be Leonardo's. 

2257
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:06,000
Final gift spurring us to 
question. 

2258
02:10:06,000 --> 02:10:09,100
How far our curiosity might take
us if we refuse to erect 

2259
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:13,000
barriers between the Arts and 
Sciences Story of Leonardo da 

2260
02:10:13,000 --> 02:10:15,200
Vinci serves as the lens on 
lifelong reinvention. 

2261
02:10:16,200 --> 02:10:20,100
Born in a modest Tuscan setting,
he navigated uneven patronage 

2262
02:10:20,100 --> 02:10:24,200
system accepted partial 
successes and found resilience 

2263
02:10:24,200 --> 02:10:27,700
In Perpetual learning. 
Each City he lived in Florence. 

2264
02:10:27,700 --> 02:10:31,700
Millen Rome and ultimately 
France, offered fresh Vantage 

2265
02:10:31,700 --> 02:10:34,300
points. 
Reminding us that Mobility can 

2266
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:36,800
spark renewal at any stage in 
life, though. 

2267
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:39,100
He occasionally lamented in 
complete tasks. 

2268
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:41,500
He pressed forward. 
Bridging discipline. 

2269
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:45,200
After discipline. 
It's worth extracting lessons 

2270
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:49,000
from his approach. 
He cultivated tell an insatiable

2271
02:10:49,000 --> 02:10:51,900
observational habit 
scrutinizing, swirling water, 

2272
02:10:51,900 --> 02:10:54,300
the geometry of a flower's 
petal. 

2273
02:10:54,900 --> 02:10:58,800
Well, the subtle shift of a 
faces muscles even in an era 

2274
02:10:58,800 --> 02:11:02,500
lacking cameras or modern Labs, 
he gleaned Universal patterns by

2275
02:11:02,500 --> 02:11:06,900
focusing on the details. 
As midlife adults we too can 

2276
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:09,700
regain that sense of direct 
observation whether it's 

2277
02:11:09,700 --> 02:11:13,100
noticing minor changes in a 
friend's demeanor or analyzing 

2278
02:11:13,100 --> 02:11:16,500
complexities at work. 
Alana desk perspective 

2279
02:11:16,500 --> 02:11:19,900
encourages seeing a new not 
coasting on assumptions. 

2280
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:24,200
Another facet resonates with 
modern times the Synergy of 

2281
02:11:24,200 --> 02:11:26,200
creative expression and 
methodical research. 

2282
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:29,000
Leonardo was no Carefree 
Dreamer. 

2283
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:34,500
He systematically tested ideas, 
building prototypes, dissecting 

2284
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:39,000
bodies and refining pigments. 
He let imagination drive him but

2285
02:11:39,000 --> 02:11:41,700
insisted on verifying theories 
with experiments. 

2286
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:46,500
For those in middle, adulthood 
managing teams, families or 

2287
02:11:46,500 --> 02:11:49,900
personal projects balancing 
Vision with practicality. 

2288
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:54,800
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 
bristle with micro failures, a 

2289
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:58,200
water lifting device that jammed
a mural technique that appealed,

2290
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:02,000
yet each misstep, taught him, 
something this iterative mindset

2291
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:04,600
Foster's resilience and yields 
deeper expertise. 

2292
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:07,800
Moreover Leonardo's story, 
underscores the role of 

2293
02:12:07,808 --> 02:12:10,300
collaboration. 
He soared highest not in 

2294
02:12:10,308 --> 02:12:14,600
isolation, but in Synergy with 
Patron's mentors and assistance,

2295
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:18,400
the swords are in French courts,
gave him resources to dream big.

2296
02:12:19,100 --> 02:12:22,700
Skilled Workshop, members helped
realize or test Concepts even 

2297
02:12:22,700 --> 02:12:25,300
his competition with 
Michelangelo and Raphael will be

2298
02:12:25,308 --> 02:12:29,000
at fraught with tension. 
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 

2299
02:12:29,000 --> 02:12:32,500
present life Synergy across 
skill sets can amplify outcomes.

2300
02:12:32,500 --> 02:12:35,600
We see parallels and 
cross-functional corporate teams

2301
02:12:35,600 --> 02:12:38,600
or community coalitions that 
blend varied talents to achieve 

2302
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:41,400
breakthroughs. 
However, we also need to address

2303
02:12:41,400 --> 02:12:44,700
the negative aspect. 
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 

2304
02:12:44,700 --> 02:12:48,500
potential, many of Leonardo's 
Grand designs such as the 

2305
02:12:48,500 --> 02:12:51,600
sports, a horse or the treaters 
on flight remained incomplete. 

2306
02:12:52,500 --> 02:12:54,500
Some might interpret him as a 
cautionary, tale about 

2307
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:58,100
perfectionism indeed he 
sometimes spent years layering 

2308
02:12:58,100 --> 02:13:01,100
glazes on a single painting or 
rewriting the same mechanical 

2309
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:03,500
design. 
For busy modern adults. 

2310
02:13:03,500 --> 02:13:05,500
It can be a nudge to find 
closure. 

2311
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:09,500
Not every idea demands in 
definite polishing, finishing 

2312
02:13:09,500 --> 02:13:12,600
and sharing can unlock new 
phases of growth still 

2313
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:15,100
Leonardo's. 
Incomplete one does all so 

2314
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,200
remind us that partial efforts 
can spark future revolution's, 

2315
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:21,000
even if we are selves, never see
them fully bloom. 

2316
02:13:22,200 --> 02:13:24,800
His final years in the French 
Quarter, so highlight that one 

2317
02:13:24,800 --> 02:13:28,200
can remain relevant even in 
advanced stage by building a 

2318
02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:29,600
lifelong reputation for 
Innovation. 

2319
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:32,700
He found fresh Patriots who 
treasured his wisdom. 

2320
02:13:33,400 --> 02:13:36,500
He might not have executed large
Public Works then but he 

2321
02:13:36,508 --> 02:13:39,500
contributed to strategic 
discussions and shaped cultural 

2322
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:42,400
enrichment at the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

2323
02:13:42,400 --> 02:13:45,700
transitioning out of intense, 
early career phases, there is a 

2324
02:13:45,700 --> 02:13:48,400
reminder that mentorship idea 
sharing or specializes 

2325
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:50,600
consultancy. 
Can be equally impactful. 

2326
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:55,300
Leonardo's Twilight wasn't about
retirement in a quiet sense, but

2327
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:58,200
about integrating Decades of 
experience into a culminating 

2328
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:01,100
sphere. 
Another essential angle is how 

2329
02:14:01,100 --> 02:14:04,300
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

2330
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:06,900
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

2331
02:14:07,600 --> 02:14:10,200
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

2332
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:12,100
mechanisms. 
He believed understanding, 

2333
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:16,200
creation's intricacies on the 
Creator in an era where faith in

2334
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:18,700
science. 
Sometimes clashed, he navigated 

2335
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:21,300
a personal path from a modern 
audience frequently. 

2336
02:14:21,300 --> 02:14:23,000
Contending with polarized 
debates. 

2337
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:27,000
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 
model rational, exploration can 

2338
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:30,700
coexist with spiritual death, 
each fuel in gratitude for 

2339
02:14:30,700 --> 02:14:33,700
existence of. 
Marvel's ultimately, the life of

2340
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:36,900
Leonardo de Vinci stands as an 
emblem of boundless curiosity. 

2341
02:14:37,900 --> 02:14:40,200
Bridging disciplines that many 
treaters separate. 

2342
02:14:41,000 --> 02:14:43,600
He embraced incremental 
knowledge acknowledging that 

2343
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,200
each Discovery planted the Seas 
for further Mysteries. 

2344
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:50,700
His notebook though scattered 
and partial reveal a mind and 

2345
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:54,100
thrall by the interplay of form 
motion and Cosmic design. 

2346
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:56,900
Five centuries on, we still 
gleaned from him. 

2347
02:14:56,900 --> 02:15:00,800
The power of Wonder the value of
Doggett experimentation, and the

2348
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:03,700
humility to accept that Mastery 
is a continual Journey. 

2349
02:15:03,700 --> 02:15:07,700
Never fully complete. 
In a world that yearns for 

2350
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:10,900
Innovation and empathy. 
He remains a shining example of 

2351
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:13,700
what a single human can 
accomplish when Guided by the 

2352
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:15,900
persistent, or at the world's 
complexities. 

2353
02:15:15,900 --> 02:15:19,300
And that perhaps is Leonardo's, 
Ultimate gift. 

2354
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:23,300
To remind us that even the 
simplest observation, like a 

2355
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:26,700
swirl of water in a basin can 
unravel entire universes of 

2356
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:28,600
insight. 
If we only dare to look closely 

2357
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:37,700
enough, Imagine waking up on a 
Tuesday Morning in 1963 

2358
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:41,100
somewhere in a modest 
semi-detached house in Suburban 

2359
02:15:41,100 --> 02:15:45,200
Manchester or Birmingham or any 
of a dozen similar cities across

2360
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:48,300
Britain. 
The alarm clock one of those 

2361
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:50,500
wind up affairs with the twin 
bells on top. 

2362
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:53,800
Rattles does life at half past 
six and you Shuffle to the 

2363
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:56,900
bathroom in slippers that have 
seen better days the Britain 

2364
02:15:56,900 --> 02:16:01,300
outside your window is a curious
hybrid of old and new Some homes

2365
02:16:01,300 --> 02:16:02,700
on your street still have 
outside. 

2366
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:07,000
Toilets relics of Victorian 
construction that nobody's 

2367
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:11,200
gotten around to modernizing? 
But there's also a television 

2368
02:16:11,200 --> 02:16:13,700
aerial sprouting from nearly 
every rooftop. 

2369
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:17,000
And if you listen carefully you 
can hear the distant Rumble of 

2370
02:16:17,008 --> 02:16:19,500
morning traffic. 
That's beginning to clogged 

2371
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:21,500
roads. 
Never designed for this many 

2372
02:16:21,500 --> 02:16:24,500
vehicles for detective. 
Inspector Thomas Henley. 

2373
02:16:24,500 --> 02:16:27,100
Let's call him Tom because 
everyone at the station, does 

2374
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,500
this particular Tuesday begins 
like most others? 

2375
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:33,799
He shaves with a safety razor 
over a porcelain sink. 

2376
02:16:33,799 --> 02:16:36,500
The mirror still foggy from The 
Limited hot water. 

2377
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:40,700
His immersion heater provides 
His wife has already been up for

2378
02:16:40,700 --> 02:16:43,799
an hour preparing breakfast, in 
a kitchen, where a new electric 

2379
02:16:43,799 --> 02:16:47,600
kettle, sits proudly next to the
old stove, top one, she can't 

2380
02:16:47,600 --> 02:16:51,100
quite bring herself to discard 
the smell of toast and marmalade

2381
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:54,500
drifts up the stairs. 
This is the Britain of hearty 

2382
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:58,900
breakfasts, where a proper meal 
means fried eggs, bacon grilled 

2383
02:16:58,900 --> 02:17:02,100
tomatoes and toast soldiers. 
If you're feeling particularly 

2384
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:06,100
traditional, Tom's wife believes
a man, can't possibly solve 

2385
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:09,600
crimes on an empty stomach and 
who is he to argue with three 

2386
02:17:09,600 --> 02:17:12,900
decades of married wisdom. 
The newspaper Waiting by his 

2387
02:17:12,900 --> 02:17:16,299
plate carries headlines about 
the perfume most Scandal and the

2388
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:20,100
Beatles latest charts. 
Success, this peculiar moment 

2389
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:23,000
when Britain seems caught 
between its stiff, upper lip 

2390
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:26,700
passed and something looser 
younger and decidedly more 

2391
02:17:26,700 --> 02:17:29,799
colorful. 
But Tom is more interested in 

2392
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:33,400
the local news section. 
Where a small article mentions a

2393
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:35,400
burglary at a chemist shop on 
the High Street. 

2394
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:40,700
Not his case but he reads it 
anyway because a good detective,

2395
02:17:40,700 --> 02:17:44,700
develops habits of attention 
that extend beyond official 

2396
02:17:44,700 --> 02:17:47,700
assignments, his journey to the 
station, takes him through 

2397
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:50,600
streets, that would be 
unrecognizable to someone from 

2398
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:54,400
our time. the corner shop, not 
yet called a convenience store, 

2399
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:58,700
displays hand-lettered signs, 
advertising prices in pounds, 

2400
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:03,100
Shillings and Pence, The 
tobacconist is doing brisk 

2401
02:18:03,100 --> 02:18:05,900
business, even at this hour, 
because smoking is something 

2402
02:18:05,900 --> 02:18:09,600
nearly everyone does everywhere 
all the time. 

2403
02:18:10,900 --> 02:18:14,600
The local pub won't open for 
hours yet but it's windows are 

2404
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:17,400
already being washed by someone 
who takes pride in keeping the 

2405
02:18:17,400 --> 02:18:20,900
etched glass gleaming, Tom 
walks, past the new wimpy bar 

2406
02:18:20,900 --> 02:18:24,000
which opened last month and 
represents the Leading Edge of 

2407
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:27,200
American style, fast food 
culture creeping into British 

2408
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:30,100
life, the teenagers. 
Love it though. 

2409
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:32,900
Tom can't quite understand 
paying money for something 

2410
02:18:32,900 --> 02:18:35,799
called a hamburger when a proper
Fish and Chips shop is right 

2411
02:18:35,799 --> 02:18:39,200
across the street. 
But then again, he's never quite

2412
02:18:39,200 --> 02:18:42,900
understood teenagers, even when 
he was one, the police station 

2413
02:18:42,900 --> 02:18:45,100
is a solid. 
Victorian building, that smells 

2414
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:48,400
perpetually a floor, waxed damp 
wall, and the particular 

2415
02:18:48,400 --> 02:18:51,000
mustiness. 
That seems to accumulate in any 

2416
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:55,299
British institution of 
sufficient age, The front desk, 

2417
02:18:55,299 --> 02:18:58,100
sergeant nods as Tom enters a 
gesture. 

2418
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:01,500
They've exchanged nearly every 
working day for 15 years. 

2419
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:04,799
Some Partnerships are built on 
conversation. 

2420
02:19:04,799 --> 02:19:07,600
Theirs is built on, comfortable 
silence, and shared. 

2421
02:19:07,600 --> 02:19:11,799
Understanding Tom's office is on
the second floor, upstairs that 

2422
02:19:11,799 --> 02:19:14,700
Creek in a way that announces 
visitors long before they 

2423
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:20,299
arrive, The room contains a desk
to filing cabinets, a telephone 

2424
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:23,200
that connects to the switchboard
downstairs through a system of 

2425
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:26,700
mysterious clicks and buzzes and
a window that looks out onto a 

2426
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:28,799
car park. 
Slowly filling with Morris, 

2427
02:19:28,799 --> 02:19:32,900
minors, Ford angliers, and the 
occasional Rover, belonging to 

2428
02:19:32,907 --> 02:19:34,700
someone higher up the chain of 
command. 

2429
02:19:34,700 --> 02:19:37,799
The morning briefing won't start
from another 20 minutes. 

2430
02:19:37,799 --> 02:19:40,900
So Tom uses the time to review 
his Active cases. 

2431
02:19:40,900 --> 02:19:43,799
There's the matter of the 
missing garden gnomes from the 

2432
02:19:43,808 --> 02:19:47,799
residential area in the park 
probably teenagers though. 

2433
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:50,500
Proving it will require either 
catching them in the act or 

2434
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:53,900
someone's mother finding a dozen
ceramic gnomes hidden in their 

2435
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:57,000
son's bedroom. 
There's a string of shoplifting 

2436
02:19:57,000 --> 02:20:00,100
incidents at the Woolworths that
suggests either, the same person

2437
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:03,500
returning repeatedly or a small 
group working together. 

2438
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:07,000
And there's the peculiar 
business of threatening letters 

2439
02:20:07,000 --> 02:20:09,600
being sent to the Headmaster of 
the local, grammar school. 

2440
02:20:09,600 --> 02:20:12,900
Written in Block capitals on 
paper that might have come from 

2441
02:20:12,900 --> 02:20:15,300
anywhere. 
None of these are murders or 

2442
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:17,800
bank robberies or the kinds of 
cases that make headlines. 

2443
02:20:17,800 --> 02:20:22,100
They're the steady unglamorous 
work of maintaining order in a 

2444
02:20:22,100 --> 02:20:24,700
community where most people are 
basically decent but 

2445
02:20:24,700 --> 02:20:27,600
occasionally fall into bad 
decisions or temporary Madness. 

2446
02:20:28,700 --> 02:20:31,300
Thomas solved, exactly three 
murders in his career. 

2447
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:36,100
And each one was sold through 
patience attention to detail and

2448
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:38,800
the kind of shoe leather 
detective work that involves 

2449
02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:41,600
knocking on doors until someone 
mentioned something useful. 

2450
02:20:41,600 --> 02:20:45,400
The tea trolley arrives pushed 
by Mrs. Patterson, who has been 

2451
02:20:45,408 --> 02:20:48,100
providing to police officers 
since before, Tom joined the 

2452
02:20:48,108 --> 02:20:50,800
force. 
She knows everyone's preference,

2453
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:54,900
Tom takes his with milk and one 
sugar though his doctor is 

2454
02:20:54,900 --> 02:20:57,100
suggested, he might want to cut 
back on the sugar. 

2455
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,500
The tea is strong enough to 
stand a spoon in brewed in a pot

2456
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:04,500
that's probably older than some 
of the younger constables and 

2457
02:21:04,500 --> 02:21:07,600
served in cups that don't quite 
match because institutional 

2458
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:11,500
Crockery has a way of gradually 
becoming an Eclectic collection.

2459
02:21:11,500 --> 02:21:16,000
This is how detective work 
begins in 1960s, Britain, not 

2460
02:21:16,000 --> 02:21:20,200
with dramatic car, chases or 
shootouts but with t, paperwork 

2461
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:23,100
and the quiet accumulation of 
small details that might 

2462
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:26,400
eventually form a pattern worth 
investigating. 

2463
02:21:26,400 --> 02:21:30,100
If you've ever watched a modern 
crime show, you've probably seen

2464
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:34,600
detectives request DNA analysis 
checks, surveillance footage and

2465
02:21:34,600 --> 02:21:37,500
pull up computer records that 
tell them everything about a 

2466
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:41,000
suspect in seconds. 
Now imagine doing that same job 

2467
02:21:41,000 --> 02:21:44,000
with none of those tools and 
you'll begin to understand the 

2468
02:21:44,000 --> 02:21:47,500
particular challenges facing 
British detectives in the 1960s 

2469
02:21:47,500 --> 02:21:51,100
Tom's filing cabinets contain 
what passes for a database in 

2470
02:21:51,100 --> 02:21:53,200
this era. 
Folders organized 

2471
02:21:53,200 --> 02:21:56,500
alphabetically, then by date 
containing notes. 

2472
02:21:56,500 --> 02:22:00,000
Typed reports done on manual 
typewriters that require real 

2473
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:03,000
finger strength. 
And photographed in the 

2474
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:06,500
darkroom, in the baseman. 
Finding information means 

2475
02:22:06,500 --> 02:22:09,500
remembering where you filed it 
because there's no search 

2476
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:12,600
function beyond your own memory 
and what ever organizational 

2477
02:22:12,600 --> 02:22:15,700
system, you've managed to 
maintain the telephone on his 

2478
02:22:15,700 --> 02:22:18,700
desk connects to other police 
stations through operators who 

2479
02:22:18,700 --> 02:22:22,000
manually plug cables into 
switchboards, creating 

2480
02:22:22,000 --> 02:22:25,100
connections, that sometimes 
involve waiting several minutes 

2481
02:22:25,100 --> 02:22:28,900
for a line to become available. 
Long distance calls to Scotland 

2482
02:22:28,900 --> 02:22:32,300
Yard in London, require planning
and often involve frustrating 

2483
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,600
delays or you can hear other 
conversations bleeding through 

2484
02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:39,500
the line, ghostly fragments of 
other people's business mixing 

2485
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:42,600
with your own fingerprint 
analysis exists and is 

2486
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:45,900
considered remarkably 
sophisticated but it requires 

2487
02:22:45,900 --> 02:22:48,600
first lifting prints from a 
crime scene using powder and 

2488
02:22:48,608 --> 02:22:52,700
tape, then photographing them, 
then manually comparing them to 

2489
02:22:52,700 --> 02:22:55,400
cards in files, that are 
organized by Patent type. 

2490
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:59,800
Whirls loops and arches an 
experienced fingerprint 

2491
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:01,800
examiner. 
Can perform this matching work 

2492
02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:06,200
with impressive accuracy, but it
takes hours or days rather than 

2493
02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:07,800
the second. 
You see on television 

2494
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:11,300
photography is both essential 
and frustratingly. 

2495
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:15,400
Limited crime, scene photographs
must be taken with film cameras,

2496
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:18,900
which means you get one chance 
to capture each angle correctly.

2497
02:23:19,700 --> 02:23:21,500
There's no deleting and trying 
again. 

2498
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:23,600
No. 
Checking the image on a screen 

2499
02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:27,000
to make sure you got it right. 
The film must be developed, 

2500
02:23:27,000 --> 02:23:31,100
which means, waiting and prints,
must be made, which means, 

2501
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:34,600
waiting more. 
A complete photographic record 

2502
02:23:34,600 --> 02:23:38,100
of a crime scene, might not be 
available until the following 

2503
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:41,600
day, by which time memories have
already started to fade and 

2504
02:23:41,600 --> 02:23:44,300
details to blur. 
The forensic laboratory, that 

2505
02:23:44,300 --> 02:23:47,700
serves Tom's region is located 
in a converted Country House. 

2506
02:23:47,700 --> 02:23:51,400
An hour's Drive Away staffed by 
scientists who work with 

2507
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:55,700
microscopes chemical reagents 
and the kind of meticulous 

2508
02:23:55,700 --> 02:23:58,400
attention to detail that would 
make a watchmaker. 

2509
02:23:58,400 --> 02:24:01,600
Not with approval, they can 
analyze blood types. 

2510
02:24:01,600 --> 02:24:06,900
Examine textile, fibers identify
soil samples, and perform other 

2511
02:24:06,900 --> 02:24:09,500
tests, that would have seemed 
like magic, a generation early. 

2512
02:24:10,700 --> 02:24:14,100
But each test takes time 
requires careful, documentation,

2513
02:24:14,100 --> 02:24:18,300
and produces results that must 
be interpreted by people who 

2514
02:24:18,300 --> 02:24:22,900
understand both science and its 
limitations Thomas learned to 

2515
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:25,400
work within these constraints 
through a combination of 

2516
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:30,200
experienced intuition and what 
he thinks of as a aggressive 

2517
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:33,800
common sense. 
When a burglar strikes, Tom 

2518
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:36,300
doesn't wait for forensic 
results before beginning his 

2519
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:39,600
investigation. 
Instead he walks the 

2520
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:43,700
neighborhood talking to people 
asking about strangers. 

2521
02:24:43,700 --> 02:24:47,900
They might have noticed unusual 
vehicles or anything that broke 

2522
02:24:47,900 --> 02:24:50,300
the normal pattern of their 
daily routines. 

2523
02:24:50,300 --> 02:24:53,300
Most people are surprisingly 
observe and about their own 

2524
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:58,300
streets, even if they don't 
realize it, Mrs Jenkins at 

2525
02:24:58,300 --> 02:25:01,700
number 43 might not think she 
knows anything useful but when 

2526
02:25:01,700 --> 02:25:05,200
Tom asks the right questions she
remembers that there was a van 

2527
02:25:05,200 --> 02:25:08,900
parked on the corner Tuesday 
afternoon unusual because it's 

2528
02:25:08,900 --> 02:25:12,000
normally permit parking only and
she noticed because she was 

2529
02:25:12,008 --> 02:25:13,800
worried about getting a ticket 
herself. 

2530
02:25:14,800 --> 02:25:18,800
That van probably means nothing 
but Tom writes it down anyway 

2531
02:25:18,800 --> 02:25:22,300
because you never know which 
detail will matter until you've 

2532
02:25:22,300 --> 02:25:25,400
assembled enough of them to see 
a pattern, the local Bobby. 

2533
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:27,800
The police Constable who walks 
the same beat every day. 

2534
02:25:27,800 --> 02:25:31,500
Becoming a familiar fixture in 
his neighborhood is one of Tom's

2535
02:25:31,500 --> 02:25:35,500
most valuable resources PC 
Williams knows everyone on his 

2536
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:39,200
patch knows which teenagers are 
heading for trouble and which 

2537
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:42,600
ones are just going through a 
phase knows, which houses have 

2538
02:25:42,600 --> 02:25:46,100
been empty during the day and 
which shops of had new employees

2539
02:25:46,100 --> 02:25:49,000
recently. 
This kind of knowledge can't be 

2540
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:53,300
stored in any filing system. 
It exists only in human memory 

2541
02:25:53,300 --> 02:25:57,100
and the relationships built 
through years of daily contact. 

2542
02:25:57,100 --> 02:25:59,600
When Tom needs to check 
someone's background. 

2543
02:25:59,600 --> 02:26:03,800
He can't simply run their name 
through a computer instead. 

2544
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:08,000
He places telephone calls to 
other stations sends telegrams 

2545
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:11,500
to the central registry and 
sometimes writes actual letters 

2546
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,800
that travel through the post 
waiting days for replies that 

2547
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:18,300
might or might not contain 
useful information criminal 

2548
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:22,100
records exist but their paper 
documents stored in specific 

2549
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:25,600
locations and accessing them 
requires knowing where to look 

2550
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:28,800
and having the patience to wait 
for files to be retrieved and 

2551
02:26:28,800 --> 02:26:32,100
copied the interview room, where
Tom questions, suspects and 

2552
02:26:32,108 --> 02:26:35,300
Witnesses is furnished with a 
table, three chairs and nothing 

2553
02:26:35,300 --> 02:26:38,300
else. 
There's no two-way mirror, no 

2554
02:26:38,300 --> 02:26:41,900
recording equipment, and no 
video cameras, documenting every

2555
02:26:41,900 --> 02:26:45,300
moment. 
Instead a constable sits in the 

2556
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:49,500
corner, taking notes in short 
hand, creating a written record.

2557
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:51,400
That will later be typed up and 
fired. 

2558
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:55,000
The accuracy of this record 
depends entirely on the 

2559
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:58,100
Constable skill, attention and 
honesty. 

2560
02:26:58,100 --> 02:27:01,300
There's no backup. 
No way to review what was 

2561
02:27:01,300 --> 02:27:04,100
actually said beyond. 
What someone wrote down this 

2562
02:27:04,100 --> 02:27:08,000
means that a detectives memory 
observation skills and ability 

2563
02:27:08,000 --> 02:27:12,400
to read people become Paramount.
Thomas trained himself to notice

2564
02:27:12,400 --> 02:27:16,300
body language to hear what 
people aren't saying and to spot

2565
02:27:16,300 --> 02:27:18,800
the small inconsistencies in 
someone's story. 

2566
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:22,400
That might indicate deception or
confusion, he's learned that the

2567
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:24,600
truth. 
Usually emerges not in dramatic 

2568
02:27:24,600 --> 02:27:28,600
confrontations but in Quiet 
Moments when someone lets their 

2569
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:32,700
guard down often over T often 
when they think the formal 

2570
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:36,900
interview has ended the tools of
1960s detective work. 

2571
02:27:36,900 --> 02:27:42,200
A fundamentally human. 
Attention patience persistence 

2572
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:45,600
and the ability to convince 
people to tell you things. 

2573
02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:47,200
They might prefer to keep 
hidden. 

2574
02:27:48,400 --> 02:27:53,100
Technology helps fingerprints, 
photographs forensic analysis, 

2575
02:27:53,100 --> 02:27:56,700
but these are supplements to 
human judgment, rather than 

2576
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,600
replacements for it. 
The morning briefing is held in 

2577
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:03,200
a room with a large map of the 
district pin to one wall marked 

2578
02:28:03,200 --> 02:28:05,400
with colored pins. 
Indicating different types of 

2579
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:10,300
incidents. read for burglaries, 
blue for assaults, green for 

2580
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:13,200
traffic accidents and yellow for
what the sergeant calls 

2581
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:17,400
miscellaneous, mischief, The 
pattern of pins tells a story to

2582
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:20,600
anyone, who knows how to read 
it, clusters near the train 

2583
02:28:20,600 --> 02:28:24,100
station, suggesting 
opportunistic, theft, a line of 

2584
02:28:24,108 --> 02:28:28,100
Red Pins along the main shopping
street, an isolated Blues, in 

2585
02:28:28,100 --> 02:28:31,400
residential areas that usually, 
involve domestic situations. 

2586
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:34,000
Nobody wants to discuss 
detective. 

2587
02:28:34,000 --> 02:28:36,700
Chief Inspector Morrison runs 
these briefings with the 

2588
02:28:36,700 --> 02:28:39,500
efficiency of someone who 
learned his trade during the war

2589
02:28:39,500 --> 02:28:41,900
and sees no reason to waste 
words. 

2590
02:28:42,800 --> 02:28:46,700
He's the sort of man who uses a 
pipe as a prop pointing with it 

2591
02:28:46,700 --> 02:28:50,500
to emphasize certain points. 
Consulting it during thoughtful 

2592
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:53,600
silence is and occasionally. 
Forget getting to actually light

2593
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:56,300
it. 
The younger officers, find this 

2594
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:59,800
mildly amusing. 
But nobody mentioned it because 

2595
02:28:59,800 --> 02:29:03,600
Morrison is both respected and 
slightly feared in the way that 

2596
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:06,900
very competent people. 
Often are Tom's assignment for 

2597
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:09,400
the day, involves following up 
on the threatening letters to 

2598
02:29:09,400 --> 02:29:12,700
the grammar school Headmaster. 
The letters themselves are 

2599
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:14,600
unsettling without being 
explicitly. 

2600
02:29:14,600 --> 02:29:19,900
Dangerous vague warnings about 
consequences and Justice written

2601
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:23,000
in Pence on cheap lined paper 
that could have come from any 

2602
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:27,100
news agent in Britain. 
The handwriting is deliberately 

2603
02:29:27,100 --> 02:29:30,600
disguised each letter. 
Formed carefully and block 

2604
02:29:30,600 --> 02:29:32,900
capitals that tell you. 
Nothing about the writers 

2605
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:36,500
natural hair and the school 
itself is a Victorian Gothic 

2606
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:39,600
structure that was probably 
impressive when it was built, 

2607
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,600
but now just look Stern and 
slightly forbidding The 

2608
02:29:43,600 --> 02:29:47,600
Headmasters office smells of old
books, furniture polish and the 

2609
02:29:47,600 --> 02:29:50,200
peculiar mustiness that seems to
pervade. 

2610
02:29:50,200 --> 02:29:52,200
British educational 
institutions. 

2611
02:29:52,200 --> 02:29:56,600
Headmaster Richardson is a man 
in his late 50s, who still wears

2612
02:29:56,600 --> 02:30:00,300
an academic, gown for assemblies
and believes firmly that 

2613
02:30:00,300 --> 02:30:04,100
education should build character
as well as knowledge, Richardson

2614
02:30:04,100 --> 02:30:06,100
has kept all five letters in a 
folder. 

2615
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:09,400
Handling them by the corners to 
preserve any fingerprints 

2616
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:12,200
though, he's probably 
contaminated than thoroughly 

2617
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:14,700
already. 
Tom examines each one carefully 

2618
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:18,400
noting that their written on 
different paper suggesting 

2619
02:30:18,400 --> 02:30:21,700
either the writer has access to 
multiple sources or is 

2620
02:30:21,700 --> 02:30:23,800
deliberately varying the 
materials. 

2621
02:30:24,500 --> 02:30:26,700
The Messengers are similar but 
not identical. 

2622
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:30,500
Each one slightly escalating, 
the implied threat while 

2623
02:30:30,500 --> 02:30:33,100
remaining just vague enough to 
avoid being actionable. 

2624
02:30:33,100 --> 02:30:35,900
What's interesting, is what the 
letters don't say. 

2625
02:30:35,900 --> 02:30:40,500
There's no specific, grievance 
mentioned no clear demand and no

2626
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:42,600
indication of what the writer 
actually wants. 

2627
02:30:43,400 --> 02:30:46,600
This suggests either someone who
enjoys causing anxiety, for its 

2628
02:30:46,600 --> 02:30:49,400
own sake or someone building 
toward a demand. 

2629
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:53,600
They haven't yet articulated 
Tom's experience tells him. 

2630
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:57,300
This is likely either a 
disgruntled former employee or a

2631
02:30:57,300 --> 02:30:58,900
parent who feels their child was
treated. 

2632
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:02,900
Unfairly The two most common 
sources of grievances against 

2633
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:05,700
School administrators. 
He spends the next several 

2634
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:09,500
hours, conducting interviews, 
the school secretary who has 

2635
02:31:09,500 --> 02:31:12,300
worked there for 20 years and 
knows, everyone can't think of 

2636
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:14,000
anyone who would do such a 
thing. 

2637
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:19,100
The deputy head who handles 
disciplinary matters, mentions. 

2638
02:31:19,100 --> 02:31:22,300
Three recent expulsions but 
doesn't believe any of the 

2639
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:24,600
parents involved would resort to
Anonymous letters. 

2640
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:28,800
Caretaker, who sees the building
from a different angle than the 

2641
02:31:28,808 --> 02:31:32,600
academic staff recalls, that 
someone tried to break into the 

2642
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:34,400
chemistry lab last month, 
though? 

2643
02:31:34,400 --> 02:31:37,200
Nothing was taken. 
Each interview adds a small 

2644
02:31:37,200 --> 02:31:38,800
piece to a puzzle that doesn't 
yet. 

2645
02:31:38,800 --> 02:31:42,300
Have a clear shape, Tom takes 
notes in a pocket notebook, 

2646
02:31:42,300 --> 02:31:44,500
writing in a personal short 
hand. 

2647
02:31:44,500 --> 02:31:48,300
He's developed over decades, not
the formal short-hand used by 

2648
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:52,100
secretaries, but his own system 
of a abbreviations and symbols 

2649
02:31:52,100 --> 02:31:54,000
that would be nearly eligible to
anyone else. 

2650
02:31:55,400 --> 02:31:58,300
The Notebook itself is a 
physical record that he later 

2651
02:31:58,300 --> 02:32:02,400
transcribed into formal reports 
but in the moment it's just a 

2652
02:32:02,408 --> 02:32:06,300
way of capturing thoughts before
they evaporate, lunchtime finds 

2653
02:32:06,300 --> 02:32:09,900
Tom at the local cafe, the sort 
of establishment that serves 

2654
02:32:09,900 --> 02:32:13,700
meat, pies, mashed potatoes, and
tea strong enough to revive the 

2655
02:32:13,700 --> 02:32:16,700
Dead. 
The cafe is run by a woman named

2656
02:32:16,700 --> 02:32:21,100
Doris who has been feeding local
workers for 30 years and has 

2657
02:32:21,100 --> 02:32:24,900
opinions about everything from 
politics to proper pie crust. 

2658
02:32:25,700 --> 02:32:29,100
Tom eats here several times a 
week partly, because the food is

2659
02:32:29,100 --> 02:32:32,900
decent and cheap partly because 
Doris sees and hears everything 

2660
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:37,000
that happens on this street. 
Making her Cafe and unofficial 

2661
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:40,100
intelligence gathering operation
disguised as a working-class 

2662
02:32:40,100 --> 02:32:43,400
restaurant today, Doris 
mentioned that young Billy 

2663
02:32:43,400 --> 02:32:45,300
Thompson. 
One of the teenagers. 

2664
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:49,000
Tom suspects in the garden. 
Gnome thefts was in yesterday, 

2665
02:32:49,000 --> 02:32:51,300
spending money, on the new 
pinball machine. 

2666
02:32:52,200 --> 02:32:55,400
This is notable because Billy's 
family isn't well off an 

2667
02:32:55,400 --> 02:32:58,600
unexplained wealth in a teenage 
boy, usually means either 

2668
02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:02,000
employment that is mother 
doesn't know about or income 

2669
02:33:02,000 --> 02:33:04,100
from activity. 
She definitely doesn't know 

2670
02:33:04,100 --> 02:33:07,900
about It's a small detail, 
possibly meaningless. 

2671
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:11,800
But Tom files it away in the 
mental draw labeled worth. 

2672
02:33:11,800 --> 02:33:16,000
Checking the afternoon is spent 
on the more tedious aspect of 

2673
02:33:16,000 --> 02:33:19,300
police work. 
Typing reports making telephone 

2674
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:22,500
calls and reviewing witness 
statements from other officers. 

2675
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:27,600
Tom's typing is competent but 
not elegant, the product of a 

2676
02:33:27,600 --> 02:33:30,300
brief course years ago that 
taught him hunt and Peck 

2677
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:33,400
efficiency without any claim to 
proper technique. 

2678
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:37,800
Each keystroke requires real 
force on the manual typewriter 

2679
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:41,200
and errors must be corrected 
with a special erasing paper 

2680
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:44,000
that never quite makes the page 
clean again. 

2681
02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:47,300
A telephone call to the paper 
manufacturer reveals that the 

2682
02:33:47,300 --> 02:33:50,400
paper used in the threatening 
letters is sold at approximately

2683
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:54,500
300 shops across the region, two
common to be useful for 

2684
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,200
narrowing down Suspects. 
A call to a handwriting expert 

2685
02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:01,100
suggests, the disguised printing
is probably done by someone 

2686
02:34:01,100 --> 02:34:04,700
educated based on certain letter
for Nations that suggests 

2687
02:34:04,700 --> 02:34:07,800
familiarity with cursive 
writing, these aren't 

2688
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:11,100
breakthroughs but their data 
points, that gradually constrain

2689
02:34:11,100 --> 02:34:13,600
the universe of possibilities by
late. 

2690
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:16,800
After noon, Thomas developed a 
theory that he can't yet prove 

2691
02:34:17,800 --> 02:34:20,000
The letter striking was coming 
from someone with some 

2692
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,700
connection to education, not 
necessarily a teacher but 

2693
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:26,300
someone who speaks the language 
of schools and understands their

2694
02:34:26,308 --> 02:34:29,600
hierarchies. 
The lack of specific grievances.

2695
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:32,600
Suggest someone nursing a 
general resentment rather than a

2696
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:36,800
particular wrong and the careful
preparation, different papers 

2697
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:41,000
disguise, handwriting envelopes 
posted from different locations.

2698
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:45,500
Suggest someone methodical and 
patient he decides to request 

2699
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:48,700
the school's personal records 
for the past ten years looking 

2700
02:34:48,700 --> 02:34:51,700
for anyone who left under 
circumstances, that might breed 

2701
02:34:51,700 --> 02:34:54,200
resentment. 
It's a long shot that will 

2702
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:58,000
require hours of reading through
files but long shots and patient

2703
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:01,800
reading are what detective work.
Actually consists of as opposed 

2704
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:05,000
to the dramatic Revelations that
populate fictional Mysteries. 

2705
02:35:05,000 --> 02:35:08,000
The day ends with Tom walking 
back through streets. 

2706
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:12,200
Now busy with evening, commuters
shops closing for the day and 

2707
02:35:12,200 --> 02:35:15,400
the smell of dinners, cooking 
behind the curtained, windows of

2708
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:19,100
terraced houses. 
He carries his case files home 

2709
02:35:19,100 --> 02:35:21,600
in, a leather satchel that 
starting to show its age 

2710
02:35:21,600 --> 02:35:24,100
planning to spend the evening 
reviewing statements. 

2711
02:35:24,100 --> 02:35:26,600
While his wife watches 
television in the Next Room. 

2712
02:35:26,600 --> 02:35:30,400
This is the rhythm of detective 
work in 1960, Britain. 

2713
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:34,100
Long stretches of routine 
punctuated by moments of 

2714
02:35:34,100 --> 02:35:36,300
significance. 
That only become apparent in 

2715
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:40,400
retrospect. 
Emerging slowly from accumulated

2716
02:35:40,400 --> 02:35:44,700
detail and Truth revealed, not 
through brilliant deduction but 

2717
02:35:44,700 --> 02:35:47,100
through thorough patient and 
glamorous labor. 

2718
02:35:47,100 --> 02:35:51,800
One of the peculiar aspects of 
police work in the 1960s is how 

2719
02:35:51,800 --> 02:35:53,600
visible it remained to ordinary 
citizens. 

2720
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,400
There's no internet to report 
crimes anonymously know, social 

2721
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:03,300
media to follow investigations 
from a distance instead crime 

2722
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:06,600
and its investigation happen in 
physical spaces where people can

2723
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:08,500
see and participate in the 
process. 

2724
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,500
The police box on the corner 
near the main shopping district 

2725
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:15,900
is one of these visible, symbols
of law enforcement It's a blue 

2726
02:36:15,900 --> 02:36:19,200
painted, wooden structure, not 
unlike the Tardis, from Doctor, 

2727
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:22,400
Who containing a telephone, that
connects directly to the 

2728
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:25,400
station. 
Local officers, use it. 

2729
02:36:25,400 --> 02:36:28,400
As a reporting point and 
citizens can use it to report 

2730
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:32,400
crimes or request assistance. 
There's something reassuring 

2731
02:36:32,400 --> 02:36:36,500
about its solid presence. 
A physical reminder that help is

2732
02:36:36,500 --> 02:36:39,200
theoretically available at the 
corner of Oak Street and the 

2733
02:36:39,208 --> 02:36:43,000
high road when a burglary occurs
neighbors, gathered to discuss 

2734
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:46,800
it not on online forums but on 
front steps know regarding 

2735
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:50,100
fence's sharing theories and 
observations with the kind of 

2736
02:36:50,100 --> 02:36:53,400
Engagement that social media 
would later channel into 

2737
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:57,200
different forms. 
Mrs. Patterson saw someone 

2738
02:36:57,200 --> 02:36:59,700
unfamiliar walking past around 
tea time. 

2739
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:02,900
Mr. Chen at the Chinese 
restaurant noticed a vehicle 

2740
02:37:02,900 --> 02:37:06,400
idling where it shouldn't have 
been the postman remembers that 

2741
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:09,300
the house was empty during his 
rounds because usually someone 

2742
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:12,300
answers, when he needs a 
signature, these conversations 

2743
02:37:12,300 --> 02:37:16,100
create an informal network of 
surveillance that predate CCTV 

2744
02:37:16,100 --> 02:37:19,200
by decades. 
People notice things not because

2745
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:22,300
they're particularly observant 
but because the rhythm of daily 

2746
02:37:22,300 --> 02:37:24,400
life in residential 
neighborhoods follows 

2747
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:28,100
predictable patterns deviations 
from those patterns stand out 

2748
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:30,100
like misplaced notes and 
familiar music. 

2749
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,400
Thomas learned to tap into this 
network through Community 

2750
02:37:33,400 --> 02:37:36,400
relationships. 
These carefully cultivated over 

2751
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:40,800
years, The news agent knows him 
by name and often mentions 

2752
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:43,808
unusual purchases. 
Someone buying an odd number of 

2753
02:37:43,816 --> 02:37:47,200
the same newspaper, perhaps or a
stranger asking detailed 

2754
02:37:47,200 --> 02:37:48,700
questions about the 
neighborhood. 

2755
02:37:50,200 --> 02:37:53,400
The librarian at the public 
library, a formidable, woman 

2756
02:37:53,400 --> 02:37:56,500
named Miss Thornberry, who runs 
her institution with the 

2757
02:37:56,500 --> 02:38:00,400
Precision of a military 
operation notices who reads what

2758
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:03,600
and occasionally mentions, when 
someone's interest Striker is 

2759
02:38:03,600 --> 02:38:05,900
unusual. 
This isn't official police work 

2760
02:38:05,900 --> 02:38:08,600
exactly. 
There are no reports filed about

2761
02:38:08,600 --> 02:38:11,800
these casual conversations. 
No, formal records of 

2762
02:38:11,800 --> 02:38:14,900
information gathered while 
buying tobacco or returning 

2763
02:38:14,900 --> 02:38:18,300
library books, but it's the 
substrate on which actual 

2764
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:21,800
investigation, builds the 
community context, that helps 

2765
02:38:21,800 --> 02:38:23,600
detectives understand. 
What's normal. 

2766
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:26,900
And what's not the relationship 
between police and public in 

2767
02:38:26,900 --> 02:38:29,600
1960s. 
Britain exists in an interesting

2768
02:38:29,600 --> 02:38:31,900
space. 
There's more deference to 

2769
02:38:31,900 --> 02:38:34,100
Authority than would be common. 
A generation later. 

2770
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:38,000
Officers are still called Sir by
most people, and there's a 

2771
02:38:38,000 --> 02:38:40,700
general assumption that police 
are basically working on the 

2772
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:43,600
side of good. 
Even if individual officers 

2773
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:47,300
might be more or less competent,
but there's all a weariness 

2774
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:50,000
particularly among working class
communities. 

2775
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:54,300
Where police have historically 
been seen as in forces of rules,

2776
02:38:54,300 --> 02:38:57,500
made by and for other people 
other Tom navigates. 

2777
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:00,900
This territory through a 
combination of fairness honesty 

2778
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:04,700
and what is wife calls his 
Relentless reasonable Miss. 

2779
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:08,200
He doesn't pretend to be 
something he's not, he's clearly

2780
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:10,800
middle class clearly educated 
and clearly part of the 

2781
02:39:10,808 --> 02:39:14,100
establishment. 
He treats everyone with the same

2782
02:39:14,100 --> 02:39:17,200
straightforward respect, whether
he's interviewing a company 

2783
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:21,000
director or a market Porter and 
people generally respond to that

2784
02:39:21,000 --> 02:39:23,800
consistency. 
When a shoplifting case brings 

2785
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:26,800
Tom into contact with a teenage 
girl caught stealing makeup from

2786
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:28,900
boots. 
He doesn't lecture her about 

2787
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:31,300
morality or threatened her with 
dire consequences. 

2788
02:39:31,300 --> 02:39:37,800
Instead he asks her, why not 
aggressively just genuinely 

2789
02:39:37,800 --> 02:39:40,600
curious about what drove this 
particular decision on this 

2790
02:39:40,600 --> 02:39:43,800
particular day? 
The girl expecting to be treated

2791
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:47,600
as a criminal to self instead 
talking to someone who seems 

2792
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:50,200
interested in understanding 
rather than judging. 

2793
02:39:50,200 --> 02:39:53,400
It turns out she was trying to 
impress, an older group of girls

2794
02:39:53,400 --> 02:39:55,300
who had essentially dared her to
steal something. 

2795
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:59,800
Not an excuse exactly. 
But a context that transforms 

2796
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:03,100
the incident from simple 
criminality into something more 

2797
02:40:03,100 --> 02:40:06,000
complex. 
Peer pressure, adolescent 

2798
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,700
insecurity and the desperate 
desire to belong that can drive 

2799
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:12,600
people to decisions. 
They know are wrong even as 

2800
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:15,600
they're making them, Tom 
arranges for the girl to return 

2801
02:40:15,600 --> 02:40:18,600
to the store to apologize and 
work off the value of the stolen

2802
02:40:18,600 --> 02:40:21,100
items through supervised 
community service. 

2803
02:40:21,900 --> 02:40:24,600
It's not official Police 
business to arrange such things,

2804
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:26,600
but the store manager is 
willing. 

2805
02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:30,400
The girl's mother is relieved 
and everyone involved gets 

2806
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:32,600
something closer to Justice than
a formal. 

2807
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:36,100
Prosecution would have provided 
these small interventions 

2808
02:40:36,100 --> 02:40:39,300
unofficial unrecorded, barely 
visible. 

2809
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:42,200
Even to other police officers 
are where Tom does. 

2810
02:40:42,200 --> 02:40:45,900
Some of his most important work,
the newspapers of the era treat 

2811
02:40:45,900 --> 02:40:49,100
crime stories with a particular 
style that blends sensationalism

2812
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:51,100
with peculiarly British 
understatement. 

2813
02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:55,100
A brutal assault, might be 
described as an unfortunate 

2814
02:40:55,100 --> 02:40:58,600
incident, while a garden gnome 
theft, could warrant dramatic 

2815
02:40:58,600 --> 02:41:01,600
headlines. 
If it's a slow news week, Thomas

2816
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:04,400
learned to work with journalists
feeding them, just enough 

2817
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:08,000
information to keep them 
satisfied without compromising 

2818
02:41:08,000 --> 02:41:11,600
investigations or invading 
victims privacy more than 

2819
02:41:11,600 --> 02:41:14,400
necessary. 
One report Jenkins from the 

2820
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:18,700
local paper has been covering 
police news for 15 years and has

2821
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:21,600
developed an almost Supernatural
ability to appear at crime 

2822
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:23,500
scenes shortly after the police 
themselves. 

2823
02:41:24,600 --> 02:41:27,300
Tom suspects Jenkins has 
connections at the station. 

2824
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:30,300
Possibly someone on the 
switchboard who tips him off, 

2825
02:41:30,308 --> 02:41:34,100
but can't prove it and isn't 
entirely sure he wants to. 

2826
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:39,000
Jenkins is generally fair in his
reporting and the relationship 

2827
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:42,900
between police and press. 
While sometimes tense is built 

2828
02:41:42,900 --> 02:41:44,700
on Mutual need and grudging 
respect. 

2829
02:41:45,500 --> 02:41:47,700
The forensic laboratory where 
Tom occasionally visits 

2830
02:41:47,700 --> 02:41:51,000
occupies, a converted manor 
house on the outskirts of the 

2831
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:53,500
city. 
Its Victorian Grandeur now 

2832
02:41:53,500 --> 02:41:57,900
dedicated to the systematic 
analysis of blood fiber and 

2833
02:41:57,908 --> 02:42:01,200
trace evidence. 
The scientists who work here are

2834
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:05,000
a particular breed methodical 
patient and possessed of the 

2835
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:09,000
kind of attention to microscopic
detail that would drive most 

2836
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:12,400
people to distraction. 
Dr. Margaret Chen runs the 

2837
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:16,200
textile analysis section working
with a microscope that she 

2838
02:42:16,200 --> 02:42:19,000
treats with the reverence most 
people reserved for religious 

2839
02:42:19,000 --> 02:42:22,600
artifacts. 
And identify fiber types by 

2840
02:42:22,600 --> 02:42:25,800
their cellular structure, 
distinguished cotton from 

2841
02:42:25,800 --> 02:42:28,700
different regions. 
Based on subtle variations in 

2842
02:42:28,700 --> 02:42:32,300
growth, patterns and determined 
with reasonable accuracy. 

2843
02:42:32,300 --> 02:42:35,300
How long a fibers been separated
from its source material. 

2844
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:38,900
Her testimony in court is 
delivered with the calm 

2845
02:42:38,900 --> 02:42:41,900
Precision of someone. 
Explaining simple facts to 

2846
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:45,600
people who happen to be less 
informed and juries generally 

2847
02:42:45,600 --> 02:42:48,500
believed her because she makes 
complexity feel like accessible 

2848
02:42:48,500 --> 02:42:51,800
without dumbing it down. 
Tom brings her a fiber found on 

2849
02:42:51,800 --> 02:42:56,300
a window, Sila to burglary, seen
a single thread, barely visible 

2850
02:42:56,300 --> 02:42:58,400
caught on, a rough Edge. 
Were someone? 

2851
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:03,200
Presumably climbed through Under
the microscope, it reveals 

2852
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:07,000
itself as wool dyed, a 
particular shade of blue gray 

2853
02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:10,300
that narrows down its likely 
source to certain manufacturers.

2854
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:14,400
Dr, Chen consults, reference 
books, filled with fiber 

2855
02:43:14,400 --> 02:43:17,400
samples, comparing the evidence 
under different lighting, 

2856
02:43:17,400 --> 02:43:21,100
conditions, measuring properties
that Tom barely understands 

2857
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:23,700
three days later she calls with 
results. 

2858
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:27,700
Fiber matches a type of wool 
used primarily in manufacturing 

2859
02:43:27,700 --> 02:43:31,200
industrial coveralls sold 
through Workwear suppliers 

2860
02:43:31,200 --> 02:43:33,000
rather than regular clothing 
stores. 

2861
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:37,700
It's not proof of anything by 
itself but its information that 

2862
02:43:37,700 --> 02:43:41,200
constrains possibilities. 
If Tom's suspect Works in 

2863
02:43:41,200 --> 02:43:44,200
construction or a similar trade,
this becomes corroborating 

2864
02:43:44,200 --> 02:43:47,800
evidence If they work in an 
office and wear suits, it 

2865
02:43:47,800 --> 02:43:50,800
suggests either on a compass or 
a completely different line of 

2866
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:53,500
Investigation. 
The fingerprint Bureau operates 

2867
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:56,700
in a different wing of the 
building staffed by Specialists 

2868
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,600
who view the world through the 
lens of friction Ridge patterns.

2869
02:44:00,500 --> 02:44:03,600
They maintained files of known 
criminals organized by pattern 

2870
02:44:03,600 --> 02:44:07,700
type, allowing for comparison, 
when Prince from crime scenes, a

2871
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:11,000
clear enough to be useful. 
The problem is that prints from 

2872
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:15,800
actual crime scenes or often 
partial smudged, or contaminated

2873
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:19,100
with multiple overlapping 
Impressions that make analysis 

2874
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:22,500
challenging, The fingerprint 
examiner working on Tom's 

2875
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:26,400
burglary case a methodical man 
named Roberts who apparently 

2876
02:44:26,400 --> 02:44:29,600
never hurries. 
Never makes mistakes her spent 

2877
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:32,400
two days. 
Analyzing Prince lifted from a 

2878
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:35,600
medicine cabinet. 
He's identified three distinct 

2879
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:39,500
individuals, the homeowner, the 
homeowner's wife, and a third 

2880
02:44:39,508 --> 02:44:42,400
party whose prints don't match 
anyone in the known criminal 

2881
02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:45,000
files. 
This means either a first-time 

2882
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:48,000
offender or someone who's been 
lucky enough not to be caught 

2883
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:51,600
before Roberts explains this in 
the tone of someone, discussing 

2884
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:54,900
weather patterns showing Tom, 
the comparison images that 

2885
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:58,600
demonstrate his analysis. 
To Tom's untrained eye, the 

2886
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:02,300
prints look nearly identical, 
but Roberts points out specific 

2887
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:06,200
Ridge characteristics, a 
bifurcation here, an ending 

2888
02:45:06,200 --> 02:45:09,700
Ridge there, and a pattern of 
minutiae that he's counted and 

2889
02:45:09,700 --> 02:45:12,200
documented with the Precision of
an accountant. 

2890
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:16,900
Balancing complicated ledgers 
blood analysis in the 1960s can 

2891
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:19,000
determine type but not 
individual identity. 

2892
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:23,600
When blood is found to scene, 
analyst can tell you, whether 

2893
02:45:23,600 --> 02:45:29,500
it's Taipei, b, a b or o which 
might help eliminate suspects, 

2894
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:31,700
but rarely provides to 
definitive proof. 

2895
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:36,200
The science exists in a space 
between useful and frustrating, 

2896
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:39,800
capable of providing information
that narrows possibilities 

2897
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:42,500
without often delivering 
absolute certainty. 

2898
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:46,000
Tom watches a blood analyst 
performed typing on a sample. 

2899
02:45:46,000 --> 02:45:49,500
From an assault case, adding 
reagents that cause reactions 

2900
02:45:49,500 --> 02:45:53,900
visible under specific lighting 
conditions, Processes meticulous

2901
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:58,300
repeated multiple times to 
verify results and documented 

2902
02:45:58,300 --> 02:46:00,900
with the kind of detail 
note-taking that would satisfy 

2903
02:46:00,900 --> 02:46:04,900
the most demanding auditor. 
The analyst explains that the 

2904
02:46:04,908 --> 02:46:09,900
sample is type A positive which 
matches approximately 40% of the

2905
02:46:09,900 --> 02:46:13,600
British population. 
Helpful for eliminating suspects

2906
02:46:13,600 --> 02:46:16,500
who are typos or B useless for 
proving anything. 

2907
02:46:16,500 --> 02:46:20,400
About those who match ballistics
analysis, used, when Firearms 

2908
02:46:20,400 --> 02:46:23,500
are involved relies on the 
prince of Paul, that every gun 

2909
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:26,400
barrel leaves unique markings on
bullets fired through it. 

2910
02:46:27,200 --> 02:46:30,800
The ballistic expert maintains, 
a comparison microscope that 

2911
02:46:30,800 --> 02:46:33,600
allows side by side. 
In analysis of test, fired 

2912
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:36,900
rounds and crime scene, evidence
looking, for matching 

2913
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:39,200
striations, that suggests a 
common origin. 

2914
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:44,200
Thomas seen this expert, spend, 
entire afternoons, examining a 

2915
02:46:44,200 --> 02:46:47,900
single bullet making 
measurements taking photographs 

2916
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:51,200
and building documentation. 
That might eventually support 

2917
02:46:51,200 --> 02:46:54,300
testimony in court. 
What strikes Tom about? 

2918
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:57,000
All these Specialists is their 
patients with uncertainty. 

2919
02:46:57,000 --> 02:47:00,400
They understand that forensic 
science in this era, provides 

2920
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:03,900
suggestions and probabilities 
rather than certainties. 

2921
02:47:04,600 --> 02:47:07,900
That their role is to narrow 
possibilities and support other 

2922
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:11,000
evidence rather than solve cases
single-handedly. 

2923
02:47:11,700 --> 02:47:15,500
They're comfortable saying 
possibly likely and consistent 

2924
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:20,300
with rather than definitely. 
And certainly this stands in 

2925
02:47:20,300 --> 02:47:23,300
interesting contrast to how 
forensic science is, portrayed, 

2926
02:47:23,300 --> 02:47:26,600
in popular culture, where 
laboratory analysis provides, 

2927
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:30,400
clear definitive answers, that 
immediately identify 

2928
02:47:30,400 --> 02:47:35,300
perpetrators. 
The real work is Messier more 

2929
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:39,500
qualified and infinitely, more 
dependent on human judgment than

2930
02:47:39,500 --> 02:47:42,100
the public. 
Generally understands Thomas 

2931
02:47:42,100 --> 02:47:45,500
learned to work within these 
limitations treating forensic 

2932
02:47:45,500 --> 02:47:48,500
evidence as one data source 
among many rather than the 

2933
02:47:48,500 --> 02:47:52,100
ultimate Arbiter of Truth. 
A fiber that matches the 

2934
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:55,300
suspects clothing is 
interesting, but it's not proof.

2935
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:59,600
Clothing, fibers transfer easily
and could have arrived through 

2936
02:47:59,600 --> 02:48:02,600
innocent contact. 
Fingerprints are more 

2937
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:05,000
definitive. 
But only if they're clear enough

2938
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:08,300
for confident matching and found
in locations, that couldn't be 

2939
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:12,100
explained by legitimate access, 
the real power of forensic 

2940
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:14,900
science in this era isn't in 
providing Smoking Gun evidence. 

2941
02:48:14,900 --> 02:48:18,500
But in helping detectives Focus,
their investigations, 

2942
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:22,900
eliminating unlikely scenarios 
and supporting theories that can

2943
02:48:22,900 --> 02:48:25,100
be tested through traditional 
detective work. 

2944
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:29,500
It's a support system for human 
judgment, rather than a 

2945
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:32,100
replacement for it. 
The discovery of a body in the 

2946
02:48:32,100 --> 02:48:35,100
canal near, the industrial 
district creates ripples through

2947
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:38,200
the community that extend far 
beyond the immediate crime 

2948
02:48:38,200 --> 02:48:42,100
scene, This is the sort of event
that transforms abstract, 

2949
02:48:42,100 --> 02:48:45,100
concepts of danger, into 
immediate personal fear. 

2950
02:48:45,100 --> 02:48:48,300
Particularly when the victim is 
identified, as a young woman, 

2951
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:51,600
who worked at the textile mill, 
Tom arrives at the scene. 

2952
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:55,000
In early morning fog, the kind 
of thick clinging Mist that 

2953
02:48:55,000 --> 02:48:56,900
makes everything look slightly 
unreal. 

2954
02:48:58,200 --> 02:49:00,100
The canal path is line with 
officers. 

2955
02:49:00,100 --> 02:49:02,600
Maintaining a perimeter. 
Keeping away. 

2956
02:49:02,600 --> 02:49:05,400
The Curious crowd, the has 
already gathered, despite the 

2957
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:08,000
early hour. 
News travels through 

2958
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:10,600
working-class neighborhoods with
remarkable speed. 

2959
02:49:11,300 --> 02:49:15,000
Passed along through networks of
gossip and concerned that 

2960
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:19,400
operate far faster than official
channels, the woman identified 

2961
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:22,000
from her handbag as Sarah, 
Mitchell appears to have been in

2962
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:25,300
the water for several hours. 
She's wearing a good coat, not 

2963
02:49:25,300 --> 02:49:28,800
expensive but well, kept and 
shoes suitable for walking home 

2964
02:49:28,800 --> 02:49:31,300
from work. 
There's no obvious sign of 

2965
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:33,700
violence, though. 
The pathologist who examined her

2966
02:49:33,700 --> 02:49:34,600
at the scene? 
Notes. 

2967
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:37,300
Bruising that could indicate 
either assault or the body being

2968
02:49:37,300 --> 02:49:40,900
moved by water and debris. 
Tom's initial investigation, 

2969
02:49:40,900 --> 02:49:43,800
focuses on establishing a 
timeline and last known 

2970
02:49:43,800 --> 02:49:46,700
movements. 
Sarah lived with her parents in 

2971
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:49,200
a terrorist house. 15 minutes 
walk from the mill. 

2972
02:49:50,000 --> 02:49:53,700
He typically work the evening 
shift finishing at 10:00 and 

2973
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:55,400
walked home along well-lit 
streets. 

2974
02:49:55,400 --> 02:49:57,000
That should have been reasonably
safe. 

2975
02:49:57,800 --> 02:50:01,200
Her parents expected her home by
half past 10:00 and called the 

2976
02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:02,400
police. 
When she hadn't arrived by 

2977
02:50:02,408 --> 02:50:06,100
midnight the mill manager, a 
harried man named Preston. 

2978
02:50:06,100 --> 02:50:09,500
Who clearly hasn't slept, since 
hearing the news confirms that 

2979
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:13,000
Sarah left work at her normal 
time, wearing the coat and 

2980
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:15,200
carrying the handbag that were 
found with her body. 

2981
02:50:16,200 --> 02:50:18,800
Several co-workers saw her 
leaving, but didn't walk with 

2982
02:50:18,800 --> 02:50:20,900
her. 
She preferred to walk alone. 

2983
02:50:20,900 --> 02:50:24,800
Apparently enjoying the quiet 
after a day of industrial noise,

2984
02:50:24,800 --> 02:50:28,500
the pathologist preliminary 
examination suggests drowning as

2985
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:31,400
the likely cause of death, but 
there are questions that won't 

2986
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:33,900
be answered until a full 
post-mortem examination. 

2987
02:50:34,800 --> 02:50:37,600
The bruises on her arms could 
indicate that someone grabbed 

2988
02:50:37,600 --> 02:50:40,500
her or they could have been 
sustained when she fell into the

2989
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:43,300
water. 
There's no water in her lungs 

2990
02:50:43,300 --> 02:50:45,900
which might suggest she was 
already dead when she entered 

2991
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:49,300
the canal or might simply mean, 
the drowning was rapid enough 

2992
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:52,500
not to leave that evidence. 
The community's reaction to 

2993
02:50:52,500 --> 02:50:56,700
Sarah's death reveals much about
how 1966 Britain processes 

2994
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:00,300
sudden tragedy. 
The mill stops production for a 

2995
02:51:00,300 --> 02:51:02,300
day. 
As a mark of respect, which 

2996
02:51:02,300 --> 02:51:04,500
costs money. 
The company can ill afford, but 

2997
02:51:04,500 --> 02:51:06,700
feels necessary to honor a dead 
employee. 

2998
02:51:07,500 --> 02:51:11,500
The local church holds a special
service attended by people who 

2999
02:51:11,500 --> 02:51:14,700
haven't set foot in the building
for months, but feel compelled 

3000
02:51:14,700 --> 02:51:18,900
to mark this particular loss. 
Sarah Street organizes a 

3001
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:22,400
collection for her parents 
Gathering, small donations, that

3002
02:51:22,400 --> 02:51:25,900
had up to enough for funeral 
expenses, but there's no fear 

3003
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:28,800
particularly among young women 
who work, similar shifts and 

3004
02:51:28,808 --> 02:51:32,200
walks similar route routes. 
The Mills evening shift sees 

3005
02:51:32,200 --> 02:51:35,100
several women who would normally
walk home alone now traveling in

3006
02:51:35,100 --> 02:51:38,300
groups staying later than 
necessary to find companions. 

3007
02:51:39,000 --> 02:51:41,600
Parents who previously allowed 
their daughters Independence? 

3008
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:46,200
Now, insist on escorts or taxi 
services, they can barely afford

3009
02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:48,600
Tom. 
Finds himself conducting, dozens

3010
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:51,700
of interviews, with people who 
didn't really know, Sarah, but 

3011
02:51:51,700 --> 02:51:54,400
feel compelled to share, 
whatever tangential information,

3012
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:58,800
they possess A shopkeeper 
mentions that Sarah sometimes 

3013
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:02,200
stopped on her way home to buy 
cigarettes, a neighbor recalls 

3014
02:52:02,200 --> 02:52:04,500
seeing her the previous week, 
carrying library books. 

3015
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:07,700
The news agent remembers that 
she had a sweet tooth and 

3016
02:52:07,700 --> 02:52:09,500
usually bought chocolate on 
Fridays. 

3017
02:52:09,500 --> 02:52:12,500
None of this is immediately 
useful for determining, what 

3018
02:52:12,500 --> 02:52:15,500
happened? 
The Tomlinson's anyway because 

3019
02:52:15,500 --> 02:52:18,300
sometimes useful information 
emerges from the seemingly 

3020
02:52:18,300 --> 02:52:22,100
irrelevant details and because 
people need to feel their 

3021
02:52:22,100 --> 02:52:24,800
contributing something in the 
face of senseless tragedy. 

3022
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:27,700
The physical evidence is 
frustratingly limited. 

3023
02:52:28,900 --> 02:52:31,600
Canal path, were Sarah, 
presumably entered the water 

3024
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:34,600
show. 
Signs of a scuffle Disturbed, 

3025
02:52:34,600 --> 02:52:36,900
gravel a button. 
That might have come from her 

3026
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:39,600
coat. 
But also shows signs of regular 

3027
02:52:39,600 --> 02:52:42,900
foot traffic that makes 
distinguishing relevant evidence

3028
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:44,700
from background noise, nearly 
impossible. 

3029
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:48,800
There are no clear Footprints 
know conveniently, dropped 

3030
02:52:48,800 --> 02:52:51,200
identification, and no 
Witnesses. 

3031
02:52:51,200 --> 02:52:55,100
Who saw anything definitive 
Tom's investigation expands to 

3032
02:52:55,100 --> 02:52:57,100
include known sex, offenders in 
the area. 

3033
02:52:57,100 --> 02:53:00,600
Men with previous convictions 
for assault or harassment of 

3034
02:53:00,600 --> 02:53:04,200
women and anyone who might have 
reason to be on that Canal path 

3035
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:07,300
of that our Each interview 
follows a similar pattern 

3036
02:53:07,300 --> 02:53:11,500
establishing Alibi, gauging 
reactions and looking for 

3037
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:14,300
inconsistencies that might 
suggest involvement or 

3038
02:53:14,300 --> 02:53:18,600
knowledge, the Breakthrough when
it comes arrives through patient

3039
02:53:18,600 --> 02:53:21,300
persistence rather than dramatic
revelation. 

3040
02:53:22,200 --> 02:53:25,200
A factory worker who uses the 
canal path for his commute 

3041
02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:29,500
mentioned almost as an 
afterthought that he saw someone

3042
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:31,400
running from the area around the
time. 

3043
02:53:31,400 --> 02:53:34,900
Sarah would have been there, 
nothing particularly suspicious,

3044
02:53:34,900 --> 02:53:39,200
people, jog for exercise, but 
unusual enough at that hour, to 

3045
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:42,700
register the running figure was 
made wearing dark clothing and 

3046
02:53:42,700 --> 02:53:45,400
moving away from the city center
along the Canal Park. 

3047
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:49,200
The witness didn't think much of
it at the time, but hearing 

3048
02:53:49,200 --> 02:53:51,400
about Sarah's death. 
Made him wonder if it might be 

3049
02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:54,100
relevant. 
He can't provide a detailed 

3050
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:55,900
description. 
It was dark. 

3051
02:53:55,900 --> 02:53:58,600
He was tired. 
He only glimpsed the figure 

3052
02:53:58,600 --> 02:54:02,000
briefly but he remembers the 
general build and the direction 

3053
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:04,200
of travel. 
This fragment of information 

3054
02:54:04,200 --> 02:54:07,600
combined with patient checking 
of Alibis and whereabouts 

3055
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:12,200
eventually leads Tom to David 
Porter, a foreman at a factory 

3056
02:54:12,200 --> 02:54:15,900
along the canal route. 
Porter's initial Alibi that he 

3057
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:19,300
was home with his wife falls 
apart, when Thomas establishes 

3058
02:54:19,300 --> 02:54:22,000
that his wife was actually 
visiting her mother that evening

3059
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:26,500
under gentle, but persistent 
questioning, Porter's story. 

3060
02:54:26,508 --> 02:54:30,600
Develops inconsistencies, that 
suggests both guilt and poor 

3061
02:54:30,600 --> 02:54:32,300
judgment about how to handle a 
crisis. 

3062
02:54:32,300 --> 02:54:35,500
The truth. 
When it finally emerges is both 

3063
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:39,500
tragic and mundane Porter had 
been having an affair with Sarah

3064
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:43,200
conducted in furtive meetings 
that both parties had hoped to 

3065
02:54:43,200 --> 02:54:46,300
keep Secret. 
On the night in question, they 

3066
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:48,800
argued near the canal. 
Porter wanted to win the 

3067
02:54:48,800 --> 02:54:52,100
relationship and Sarah was 
upset, and perhaps threatened to

3068
02:54:52,100 --> 02:54:55,100
reveal it, to his wife. 
In the Heat of the argument 

3069
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:59,000
Porter, grabbed Sarah's arm, she
pulled away lost her balance and

3070
02:54:59,000 --> 02:55:02,200
fell into the canal. 
Porters subsequent actions 

3071
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:05,200
running from the scene lying 
about his whereabouts. 

3072
02:55:05,200 --> 02:55:09,500
Hoping the death would be ruled 
accidental, transformed, a 

3073
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:13,100
tragic accident in to something,
requiring criminal prosecution. 

3074
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:16,500
His panic and poor 
decision-making turned him from 

3075
02:55:16,508 --> 02:55:19,600
a man who made mistakes and to 
someone facing charges of 

3076
02:55:19,600 --> 02:55:21,900
manslaughter and leaving the 
scene of death. 

3077
02:55:22,700 --> 02:55:25,400
A community's reaction to this 
resolution is complex. 

3078
02:55:26,400 --> 02:55:29,500
His relief that a dangerous 
predator isn't stalking the 

3079
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:33,100
streets, but also discomfort 
with the messiness of real human

3080
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:37,300
behavior, the affair, the 
argument, the series of small 

3081
02:55:37,300 --> 02:55:39,400
decisions that Cascade into 
tragedy. 

3082
02:55:39,400 --> 02:55:43,300
It's harder to process than a 
simple story of good versus evil

3083
02:55:43,300 --> 02:55:46,900
would have been Sarah's. 
Funeral is well attended, the 

3084
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:49,500
service focusing on her life 
rather than her death. 

3085
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:53,500
Her mother accepting condolences
with the dignified grief of 

3086
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:55,200
someone who understands that 
life. 

3087
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:58,900
Sometimes makes no sense. 
And all you can do is Endor. 

3088
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:03,000
The mill returns to its normal 
operations, though. 

3089
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:06,100
Sarah's usual, workstation 
remains empty for several weeks.

3090
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:09,000
For someone new is quietly 
assigned to it. 

3091
02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:11,600
Tom files. 
His final reports with the 

3092
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:15,300
satisfaction of having reached 
truth, if not Justice in any 

3093
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:18,500
simple sense. 
The case will proceed through 

3094
02:56:18,500 --> 02:56:22,100
the courts portal will likely 
face prison time and the 

3095
02:56:22,108 --> 02:56:25,500
community will gradually absorb 
this tragedy into its Collective

3096
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,300
memory. 
Another story told in hushed 

3097
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:31,100
tones about why you should 
always be careful while you 

3098
02:56:31,100 --> 02:56:34,300
should never trust anyone 
completely and why life is 

3099
02:56:34,300 --> 02:56:36,700
fragile in ways. 
We prefer not to acknowledge 

3100
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:39,600
between the headline case is the
deaths. 

3101
02:56:39,600 --> 02:56:44,100
The serious assaults, the crime 
that communities discuss for 

3102
02:56:44,100 --> 02:56:47,500
months afterward lies. 
The vast majority of police 

3103
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:51,900
work, consisting of matters. 
So ordinary they barely register

3104
02:56:51,900 --> 02:56:56,700
as Mysteries at all. 
Yet these cases in their own 

3105
02:56:56,700 --> 02:56:59,200
way. 
Reveal as much about human 

3106
02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:02,600
nature as any dramatic 
investigation, the matter of the

3107
02:57:02,608 --> 02:57:05,100
missing garden gnomes. 
For instance, turns out to 

3108
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:08,100
involving exactly the 
perpetrators Tom suspected from 

3109
02:57:08,100 --> 02:57:11,400
the beginning. 
A group of teenage boys who 

3110
02:57:11,400 --> 02:57:13,900
thought relocating ceramic 
dwarfs to increase. 

3111
02:57:13,900 --> 02:57:16,700
The Absurd locations, was the 
height of Comedy. 

3112
02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:20,600
Tom finds the Gnomes arranged in
elaborate Tableau in an 

3113
02:57:20,600 --> 02:57:23,800
abandoned shed. 
Some fishing in a dry Fountain. 

3114
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:27,800
Others apparently engaged in a 
ceramic cricket match all 

3115
02:57:27,800 --> 02:57:30,500
positioned with the kind of 
creative effort that suggests 

3116
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:33,400
these boys might have actual 
talent if they could find legal 

3117
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:36,400
outlets for it rather than 
formal charges. 

3118
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:38,600
Tom arranges for the boys to 
return. 

3119
02:57:38,600 --> 02:57:42,100
Each known personally, 
apologizing, to the owners face,

3120
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,500
to face, experiencing the 
discomfort of seeing the actual 

3121
02:57:45,500 --> 02:57:48,900
human consequences of what 
seemed like harmless pranks. 

3122
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:53,200
Most of the nommo owners 
confronted with sheepish 

3123
02:57:53,200 --> 02:57:57,500
teenagers rather than faceless 
criminals respond with a mixture

3124
02:57:57,500 --> 02:58:00,900
of relief, and the kind of stern
lectures that British people 

3125
02:58:00,900 --> 02:58:05,000
have perfected over Generations.
One elderly man, whose prized 

3126
02:58:05,000 --> 02:58:07,200
know had gone. 
Missing tells the culprit about 

3127
02:58:07,200 --> 02:58:10,700
receiving it as a gift from his 
late wife, who had bought it on 

3128
02:58:10,700 --> 02:58:15,600
their honeymoon in Brighton, 40 
years ago, The boy suddenly 

3129
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:18,600
understanding that he hadn't 
just stolen a tacky Garden 

3130
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:21,300
ornament, but a tangible 
connection to someone's personal

3131
02:58:21,300 --> 02:58:24,300
history. 
Looks genuinely stricken in a 

3132
02:58:24,300 --> 02:58:27,600
way that no formal punishment 
could have achieved the 

3133
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:30,200
shoplifting ring at Woolworths 
proves more complex and 

3134
02:58:30,200 --> 02:58:32,800
considerably sadder than simple 
teenage theft. 

3135
02:58:33,700 --> 02:58:35,600
Perpetrators are a mother and 
her two. 

3136
02:58:35,600 --> 02:58:38,700
Daughters systematically 
stealing food children's 

3137
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:42,300
clothing and other necessities 
that they can't afford on the 

3138
02:58:42,308 --> 02:58:44,700
mother's meager wages from her 
cleaning job. 

3139
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:48,300
The father left two years ago 
and sends no support. 

3140
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:52,800
The mother is Too Proud to apply
for assistance and convinced 

3141
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:55,000
herself that stealing from a 
large company. 

3142
02:58:55,000 --> 02:58:58,400
That wouldn't even notice was 
somehow less wrong than 

3143
02:58:58,400 --> 02:59:01,600
accepting charity. 
Tom finds himself navigating the

3144
02:59:01,600 --> 02:59:05,300
gap between Laura and compassion
between what the rules require 

3145
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:07,300
and what actual Justice might 
look like. 

3146
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:11,200
The storm manager wants 
prosecution to deter others, 

3147
02:59:11,200 --> 02:59:13,800
which Tom understands from a 
business perspective. 

3148
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:17,400
But finds deeply unsatisfying 
from a human one. 

3149
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:20,500
He eventually broke as a 
compromise where the mother 

3150
02:59:20,500 --> 02:59:23,700
agrees to repay the stolen value
through additional cleaning work

3151
02:59:23,700 --> 02:59:25,800
and to apply for the social 
assistance. 

3152
02:59:25,800 --> 02:59:29,000
She is entitled to while the 
store agrees not to press 

3153
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:32,300
charges. 
It's not elegant and it probably

3154
02:59:32,300 --> 02:59:35,300
wouldn't satisfy anyone looking 
for Clear moral lines. 

3155
02:59:36,000 --> 02:59:37,800
But IT addresses, the actual 
problem. 

3156
02:59:38,700 --> 02:59:42,500
A struggling families desperate 
attempt to survive, rather than 

3157
02:59:42,500 --> 02:59:46,000
just punishing the symptoms. 
Tom drives, the mother to the 

3158
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:49,700
Social Services office himself, 
helping her navigate forms, that

3159
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:54,300
seem deliberately designed to 
confuse and humiliate and feels 

3160
02:59:54,300 --> 02:59:57,500
more satisfaction from this than
from many more celebrated 

3161
02:59:57,500 --> 03:00:00,700
investigative successes, the 
threatening letters to the 

3162
03:00:00,700 --> 03:00:02,800
Headmaster. 
Eventually traced to a former 

3163
03:00:02,800 --> 03:00:04,900
janitor, who was dismissed for 
drinking on the job. 

3164
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,800
A nurse is grievance into an 
elaborate Revenge fantasy. 

3165
03:00:09,600 --> 03:00:12,000
The man turns out to be more 
pitiable than frightening, 

3166
03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:15,700
living alone in a bedsit 
consuming too much Cheap whiskey

3167
03:00:15,700 --> 03:00:19,600
clinging to imagine slights 
because they give shape to a 

3168
03:00:19,600 --> 03:00:22,600
life that is otherwise lost 
meaning Tom Rangers for him to 

3169
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:25,600
receive a caution rather than 
prosecution with the 

3170
03:00:25,600 --> 03:00:28,400
understanding that he'll seek 
help for his drinking and stay 

3171
03:00:28,400 --> 03:00:31,100
away from the school. 
These cases don't make the 

3172
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:34,400
newspapers or feature in annual 
crime statistics as anything 

3173
03:00:34,400 --> 03:00:37,800
more than numbers, but they 
consume the majority of TOMS 

3174
03:00:37,800 --> 03:00:40,500
time and energy. 
Each One require the same 

3175
03:00:40,500 --> 03:00:44,000
patient attention to detail the 
same careful Gathering of 

3176
03:00:44,000 --> 03:00:47,600
evidence and the same navigation
of human complexity that 

3177
03:00:47,600 --> 03:00:50,400
characterizes detective work 
regardless of the crime 

3178
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:53,100
severity. 
If you were to chart Tom's work 

3179
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:56,100
week on a graph. 
It would show a rhythm that 

3180
03:00:56,100 --> 03:01:00,800
Cycles between intense focus and
administrative routine between 

3181
03:01:00,800 --> 03:01:05,000
human interaction and solitary 
contemplation and between the 

3182
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:07,200
immediate demands of Active 
cases. 

3183
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:10,500
And the patient accumulation of 
knowledge that makes future 

3184
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:13,300
investigations possible, Monday 
mornings. 

3185
03:01:13,300 --> 03:01:16,400
Typically begin with the 
weekends accumulated incidents 

3186
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:20,200
domestic disputes that escalated
after Saturday night drinking, 

3187
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:23,100
burglaries committed. 
When families were out visiting 

3188
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:26,900
relatives and traffic accidents.
Involving drivers who misjudged 

3189
03:01:26,900 --> 03:01:29,600
their capacity to handle Sunday,
lunch, followed by Sunday 

3190
03:01:29,600 --> 03:01:32,900
driving. 
Tom reviews reports filed by 

3191
03:01:32,900 --> 03:01:37,300
Weekend Duty Officers deciding 
which require his attention and 

3192
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:39,600
which can be handled by 
uniformed, constables. 

3193
03:01:39,600 --> 03:01:44,200
The paperwork is Relentless and 
multiplying Each investigation, 

3194
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:47,900
generates reports that must be 
typed filed and cross-reference.

3195
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:51,200
Witness statements, require 
careful transcription and 

3196
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:54,900
verification evidence. 
Must be logged stored and 

3197
03:01:54,900 --> 03:01:57,800
tracked through chains of 
custardy that will withstand 

3198
03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:01,300
Court scrutiny. 
Tom spends hours at his 

3199
03:02:01,300 --> 03:02:05,800
typewriter hunting and pecking 
his way through formal language.

3200
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:10,300
That transforms human drama into
bureaucratic prose, Tuesday, and

3201
03:02:10,300 --> 03:02:12,700
Wednesday often involve Court. 
Appearances. 

3202
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:15,500
For cases that have worked their
way through the judicial system.

3203
03:02:16,500 --> 03:02:20,000
Tom sits in witness boxes, 
swearing on Bibles to tell the 

3204
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:23,100
truth, then answering questions 
from barristers who treat 

3205
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:25,600
cross-examination like a 
competitive sport. 

3206
03:02:26,500 --> 03:02:28,800
He's learned to answer precisely
what's asked without 

3207
03:02:28,800 --> 03:02:31,600
volunteering additional 
information to acknowledge 

3208
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:35,200
uncertainty when he's uncertain 
and to present findings in 

3209
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:37,700
language that jurors can 
understand without feeling 

3210
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:41,600
patronized the courts themselves
are exercises in Tradition and 

3211
03:02:41,600 --> 03:02:44,800
formality. 
Judges in wigs and robes 

3212
03:02:44,800 --> 03:02:47,300
barristers in their own wigs, 
addressing each other with 

3213
03:02:47,300 --> 03:02:51,000
elaborate courtesy and a 
ceremonial dignity that some 

3214
03:02:51,000 --> 03:02:54,100
find reassuring and others find 
absurd. 

3215
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:56,700
Tom appreciates, the theater of 
it. 

3216
03:02:56,700 --> 03:03:00,200
Understanding that Justice 
requires, not just correct 

3217
03:03:00,200 --> 03:03:04,200
outcomes, but visible processes 
that Inspire public confidence. 

3218
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:08,600
Thursday's often dedicated to 
community policing visiting 

3219
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:11,900
schools to talk about safety and
law attending neighborhood 

3220
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:15,100
meetings, where residents raised
concerns about parking and noise

3221
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:17,900
and maintaining the 
relationships that make his job 

3222
03:03:17,900 --> 03:03:20,800
possible. 
Tom speaks to a group of primary

3223
03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:23,600
school children about stranger 
danger and road safety. 

3224
03:03:24,400 --> 03:03:28,300
Simplifying complex Concepts 
into memorable rules while 

3225
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:30,300
trying not to terrify them about
the world. 

3226
03:03:30,300 --> 03:03:33,000
They live in the children asked 
questions with the 

3227
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:36,000
unselfconscious directness, that
adults have learned to suppress.

3228
03:03:37,100 --> 03:03:39,700
Have you ever arrested anyone? 
Yes. 

3229
03:03:39,700 --> 03:03:42,600
Have you ever been scared? 
Yes. 

3230
03:03:42,600 --> 03:03:46,700
Do you carry a gun? 
No British police officers. 

3231
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:49,000
Generally. 
Don't Have you ever met the 

3232
03:03:49,000 --> 03:03:52,000
queen? 
Know, but I met the mayor once 

3233
03:03:52,000 --> 03:03:53,400
which seemed impressive at the 
time. 

3234
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:57,100
Friday, afternoons, often 
involve reviewing Active cases 

3235
03:03:57,100 --> 03:04:01,000
with other detectives sharing 
information and theories, and 

3236
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:04,200
informal sessions, that generate
more useful insights than formal

3237
03:04:04,200 --> 03:04:07,400
briefings. 
These discussions range across 

3238
03:04:07,400 --> 03:04:10,400
topics. 
Patterns in recent burglaries 

3239
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:14,600
concerns about a particular 
individual's behavior and 

3240
03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:17,900
techniques for getting reluctant
witnesses to cooperate. 

3241
03:04:19,500 --> 03:04:23,200
The accumulated wisdom of 
experienced officers passed 

3242
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,100
along through conversation 
rather than written procedure 

3243
03:04:26,100 --> 03:04:28,300
forms. 
An invisible curriculum, that 

3244
03:04:28,300 --> 03:04:31,900
new detectives absorbed through 
participation Tom shares, his 

3245
03:04:31,900 --> 03:04:35,200
theory about burglaries tending 
to Cluster near major roads 

3246
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:38,700
where thieves can make quick 
escapes while detective Sergeant

3247
03:04:38,700 --> 03:04:41,500
William's counters that 
proximity to railway stations 

3248
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:45,300
seems equally predictive Neither
can prove their hypothesis 

3249
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:49,400
definitively, but the discussion
sharpens, everyone's attention 

3250
03:04:49,400 --> 03:04:53,100
to these factors when examining 
new cases, the evenings that Tom

3251
03:04:53,100 --> 03:04:56,200
doesn't spend reviewing case 
files are often dedicated to 

3252
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:59,800
reading, not just detective, 
manuals and legal updates, 

3253
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:04,500
psychology sociology and 
anything that helps him 

3254
03:05:04,500 --> 03:05:06,100
understand why people do what 
they do. 

3255
03:05:07,200 --> 03:05:09,700
He's currently working through a
book about adolescent 

3256
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:12,900
development, trying to 
understand the teenage mind, 

3257
03:05:12,900 --> 03:05:16,600
well enough to predict when 
minor misbehavior might escalate

3258
03:05:16,600 --> 03:05:19,800
into serious trouble. 
His wife, occasionally asks, if 

3259
03:05:19,800 --> 03:05:22,700
he ever stops being a detective 
and the honest answer is 

3260
03:05:22,700 --> 03:05:26,100
probably no. 
He notices things constantly, 

3261
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:29,200
the man at the bus. 
Stop, whose watching people to 

3262
03:05:29,200 --> 03:05:33,100
intently, Shop window that has 
the same display we cough after 

3263
03:05:33,108 --> 03:05:35,700
week suggesting. 
The business might be struggling

3264
03:05:35,700 --> 03:05:38,900
and patterns in neighborhood 
foot traffic that might indicate

3265
03:05:38,900 --> 03:05:41,800
nothing or might indicate 
something worth remembering. 

3266
03:05:41,800 --> 03:05:45,400
This constant awareness is both 
the strength and burden of 

3267
03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:48,700
long-term police work. you 
become very good at reading 

3268
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:52,300
environments, and people 
noticing discordance and 

3269
03:05:52,300 --> 03:05:56,500
anomalies But you also lose the 
ability to Simply exist in 

3270
03:05:56,500 --> 03:06:00,900
spaces, without analyzing them. 
Every social Gathering includes 

3271
03:06:00,900 --> 03:06:04,400
mental notes about who's 
drinking more than usual, whose 

3272
03:06:04,400 --> 03:06:07,600
marriage seems under strain, and
which teenagers are gravitating 

3273
03:06:07,600 --> 03:06:11,100
toward trouble Tom's desk drawer
contains the essential equipment

3274
03:06:11,100 --> 03:06:15,300
of 1960s, detective work, a 
collection that would seem quite

3275
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:18,500
quickly inadequate to Modern 
investigators, but represents 

3276
03:06:18,500 --> 03:06:20,800
the best of available technology
of its time. 

3277
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:25,400
There's a magnifying glass, 
genuinely useful for examining 

3278
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:27,500
documents, and small pieces of 
evidence. 

3279
03:06:28,500 --> 03:06:31,000
A measuring tape for documenting
crime scenes. 

3280
03:06:31,900 --> 03:06:34,108
A camera though. 
The good camera is a kept in the

3281
03:06:34,116 --> 03:06:35,800
evidence room and signed out 
when needed. 

3282
03:06:36,800 --> 03:06:40,400
Several notebooks in various 
stages of completion and address

3283
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:42,900
book containing contact 
information for informant 

3284
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:45,600
experts and useful officials 
across the region. 

3285
03:06:45,600 --> 03:06:49,500
The police radio system 
introduced during the 1950s and 

3286
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:53,000
still being expanded allows 
limited communication with 

3287
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:56,500
patrol cars, but requires 
speaking in codes and dealing 

3288
03:06:56,500 --> 03:06:59,900
with interference that sometimes
makes conversations nearly 

3289
03:06:59,900 --> 03:07:04,600
unintelligible. officers learn 
to repeat information, confirm, 

3290
03:07:04,600 --> 03:07:08,100
understanding and accept that 
some messages will need to be 

3291
03:07:08,100 --> 03:07:12,000
delivered through other means 
The squelch and crackle of radio

3292
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:14,100
transmission becomes background 
noise. 

3293
03:07:14,100 --> 03:07:18,200
Occasionally punctuated by 
urgent calls that send everyone 

3294
03:07:18,200 --> 03:07:21,000
scrambling. 
The patrol cars themselves are 

3295
03:07:21,000 --> 03:07:25,100
mostly small, British saloons 
Morris, minors Ford, angliers 

3296
03:07:25,100 --> 03:07:27,900
and occasionally a larger Rover 
for senior officers. 

3297
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:32,700
They're not particularly fast or
powerful but their economical 

3298
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:35,900
and can navigate narrow British 
streets that were challenged 

3299
03:07:35,900 --> 03:07:40,200
American style police cruisers. 
Each car contains basic 

3300
03:07:40,200 --> 03:07:43,700
Emergency Equipment a first aid 
kit, a blanket. 

3301
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:47,400
A torch that always seems to 
have batteries that nearly dead 

3302
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:51,000
and a collection of forms for 
documenting various types of 

3303
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:55,000
incidents photography at crime 
scenes requires actual skill and

3304
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:57,600
judgment. 
The photographer must decide 

3305
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:01,000
which angles matter how to light
scene in buildings without 

3306
03:08:01,000 --> 03:08:04,400
proper illumination and how to 
capture both overview shots, 

3307
03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:08,100
that show context and detail 
shots that documents specific 

3308
03:08:08,100 --> 03:08:11,300
evidence. 
There's no instant review, no 

3309
03:08:11,300 --> 03:08:13,200
digital. 
Deletion of failed attempts, 

3310
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:16,700
each photograph, consumes film. 
That must be carefully. 

3311
03:08:16,700 --> 03:08:20,300
Managed developed and archived. 
The evidence room in the 

3312
03:08:20,308 --> 03:08:23,300
station, basement is a 
fascinating archeology of recent

3313
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:26,000
crime. 
Boxes containing clothing from 

3314
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:30,400
assaults bags of items, stolen 
and recovered weapons ranging 

3315
03:08:30,400 --> 03:08:34,100
from knives to improvise clubs 
and documents photocopied for 

3316
03:08:34,100 --> 03:08:37,900
investigative purposes. 
Each item is tagged with case 

3317
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:41,000
numbers and dates creating a 
physical database. 

3318
03:08:41,000 --> 03:08:44,200
That requires careful 
organization and occasional 

3319
03:08:44,200 --> 03:08:46,100
purges. 
When storage space becomes 

3320
03:08:46,100 --> 03:08:49,100
critical Tom. 
Sometimes, visits this room just

3321
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:52,500
to refresh his memory about 
cases, pulling files and 

3322
03:08:52,500 --> 03:08:55,700
examining evidence that didn't 
quite solve Mysteries, but 

3323
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:59,200
remains available. 
If new information emerges, The 

3324
03:08:59,200 --> 03:09:02,700
unsolved cases bother him more 
than he admits files. 

3325
03:09:02,700 --> 03:09:06,600
That represent questions without
answers victims without Justice 

3326
03:09:06,600 --> 03:09:10,200
and families without closure. 
The interview technique of 

3327
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:13,500
available to detectives in the 
area relying timely on human 

3328
03:09:13,500 --> 03:09:16,500
psychology rather than 
technological AIDS. 

3329
03:09:17,200 --> 03:09:20,800
There's no recording equipment 
to capture exact words and no 

3330
03:09:20,800 --> 03:09:24,000
video to document body language 
and emotional reactions. 

3331
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:29,300
Instead detectives must remember
take notes. 

3332
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,800
And work with Witnesses who may 
be honest but unreliable 

3333
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:37,600
dishonest but revealing or 
simply confused about events 

3334
03:09:37,600 --> 03:09:41,200
that happened quickly in 
stressful circumstances Thomas 

3335
03:09:41,200 --> 03:09:44,100
developed a particular approach 
that combines patients with 

3336
03:09:44,108 --> 03:09:47,700
strategic persistence. 
He doesn't typically confront 

3337
03:09:47,700 --> 03:09:50,100
suspects with aggressive 
questioning or dramatic 

3338
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:55,600
accusations instead he presents 
information gradually, letting 

3339
03:09:55,600 --> 03:09:58,800
people construct their own 
narratives noting where those 

3340
03:09:58,800 --> 03:10:02,400
narratives conflict with 
established facts, Many 

3341
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:06,500
criminals, he's learned want to 
talk about their crimes, not to 

3342
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:11,700
confess necessarily but to 
explain justify or relive 

3343
03:10:11,700 --> 03:10:14,700
significant experiences. 
The gap between what someone 

3344
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:18,600
says and what they reveal 
through a mission, hesitation or

3345
03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:22,100
overemphasis, often tells Tom 
more than direct statements. 

3346
03:10:22,800 --> 03:10:26,900
A suspect to provides an 
extremely detailed Alibi for a 

3347
03:10:26,900 --> 03:10:29,100
specific hour. 
But remains vague about the 

3348
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:32,600
surrounding time may be 
constructing fiction for the 

3349
03:10:32,600 --> 03:10:35,900
period that matters while 
relying on memory for Less 

3350
03:10:35,900 --> 03:10:39,500
critical moments. 
Someone, who answers questions 

3351
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:43,400
about their relationship with a 
victim with unexpected, anger, 

3352
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:47,300
or defense of nurse, maybe 
revealing more than they intend.

3353
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:51,200
As a 1960s progressed toward 
their conclusion, Tom 

3354
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:54,500
increasingly to himself, 
training younger, detectives who

3355
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:58,500
will carry police work into the 
next decade and Beyond These new

3356
03:10:58,500 --> 03:11:02,100
officers have different 
backgrounds, some University 

3357
03:11:02,100 --> 03:11:05,300
educated, bringing academic 
knowledge to compliment, 

3358
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:08,900
practical training, others from 
working class neighborhoods, 

3359
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:12,200
bringing Street, wisdom and 
cultural fluency that helped 

3360
03:11:12,200 --> 03:11:14,100
navigate Community 
relationships. 

3361
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:18,100
Detective Constable Janet 
Morrison represents the slowly 

3362
03:11:18,100 --> 03:11:20,900
increasing presence of women in 
investigative roles. 

3363
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:24,600
She still faces assumptions and 
barriers that male colleagues 

3364
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:27,500
don't encounter. 
Tom makes a point of assigning, 

3365
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:30,600
her cases, based on skill, 
rather than gender. 

3366
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:33,900
Watching her develop the 
particular combination of 

3367
03:11:33,900 --> 03:11:37,300
persistence and empathy that 
characterizes effective 

3368
03:11:37,300 --> 03:11:40,400
detective work. 
She handles interviews with 

3369
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,400
assault victims with the 
sensitivity that some male 

3370
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:46,200
officers struggle to achieve, 
but also demonstrates, the kind 

3371
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:49,000
of analytical rigor, that solves
complex cases. 

3372
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:52,400
The forensic techniques that Tom
learn to use are evolving 

3373
03:11:52,400 --> 03:11:55,200
becoming more sophisticated and 
more reliable. 

3374
03:11:56,200 --> 03:11:59,200
Blood typing is being 
supplemented by enzyme analysis 

3375
03:11:59,200 --> 03:12:01,700
that can provide additional 
identifying information. 

3376
03:12:03,100 --> 03:12:06,000
Fingerprint classification. 
Systems are being refined and 

3377
03:12:06,000 --> 03:12:09,200
expanded. 
New chemical tests for gunshot 

3378
03:12:09,200 --> 03:12:11,800
residue and trace evidence. 
A being developed in 

3379
03:12:11,808 --> 03:12:14,600
Laboratories that have become 
increasingly professionalized 

3380
03:12:14,600 --> 03:12:16,600
Tom. 
Attends workshops on these 

3381
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:19,900
emerging techniques sitting in 
rooms with other middle-aged, 

3382
03:12:19,900 --> 03:12:22,400
detectives learning about 
scientific advances. 

3383
03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:24,700
That would have seemed like 
fantasy when they began their 

3384
03:12:24,700 --> 03:12:27,300
careers. 
The workshops are taught by 

3385
03:12:27,300 --> 03:12:30,500
younger scientists who treat 
established investigators with 

3386
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:33,700
the kind of careful respect you 
show to people who might feel 

3387
03:12:33,700 --> 03:12:37,600
threatened by change and Tom 
appreciates both their knowledge

3388
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:40,300
and their diplomatic handling of
egos. 

3389
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:43,600
The social changes sweeping 
through 1960s. 

3390
03:12:43,600 --> 03:12:45,900
Britain are creating new 
challenges for police work. 

3391
03:12:46,600 --> 03:12:50,900
Drug use previously, limited to 
specific, subcultures is 

3392
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:54,300
spreading among young people 
experimenting with marijuana and

3393
03:12:54,300 --> 03:12:56,200
increasingly with harder 
substances. 

3394
03:12:57,100 --> 03:12:59,700
The sexual Revolution is 
complicating traditional 

3395
03:12:59,700 --> 03:13:03,800
approaches to morality crimes. 
Immigration is diverse flying 

3396
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:07,600
communities, in ways that 
require cultural sensitivity and

3397
03:13:07,600 --> 03:13:11,600
language skills that older 
officers often lack Tom finds 

3398
03:13:11,600 --> 03:13:14,300
himself navigating these changes
with mixed feelings. 

3399
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:17,300
Some shifts seem obviously, 
positive. 

3400
03:13:17,300 --> 03:13:20,600
The increase in willingness to 
tolerate domestic violence, for 

3401
03:13:20,600 --> 03:13:23,600
instance, or the growing 
recognition, that criminal 

3402
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:26,700
justice should serve victims, 
rather than simply punish 

3403
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:29,400
offenders. 
Other changes feel more 

3404
03:13:29,400 --> 03:13:33,500
ambiguous representing the loss 
of shared social norms that may 

3405
03:13:33,500 --> 03:13:36,800
community, policing simpler. 
Even if those Norms weren't 

3406
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:40,300
always just, or Fair, the 
threatening letters to the 

3407
03:13:40,308 --> 03:13:44,400
Headmaster, the shoplifting 
family, the garden gnome 

3408
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:47,100
thieves. 
All these cases, reveal a 

3409
03:13:47,100 --> 03:13:50,200
Britain in transition, caught 
between Traditional Values and 

3410
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:53,600
emerging Alternatives between 
the tight-knit communities of 

3411
03:13:53,600 --> 03:13:56,300
the past and the more 
individualistic Society being 

3412
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,800
born. 
Tom's role increasingly involves

3413
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:04,300
mediating these tensions finding
Justice that serves both lore 

3414
03:14:04,300 --> 03:14:08,200
and human complexity his 
reputation within the force is 

3415
03:14:08,200 --> 03:14:11,200
evolved over decades from 
promising newcomer to Reliable 

3416
03:14:11,200 --> 03:14:15,200
veterans to unofficial mentor. 
Younger detective seek his 

3417
03:14:15,200 --> 03:14:18,800
advice, not just about specific 
cases that about career 

3418
03:14:18,800 --> 03:14:22,700
decisions, ethical dilemmas and 
the challenge of maintaining 

3419
03:14:22,700 --> 03:14:26,400
professional objectivity, while 
remaining emotionally available 

3420
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:30,600
to victims who need compassion. 
Tom answers these questions. 

3421
03:14:30,600 --> 03:14:34,200
As honestly as he can 
acknowledging that experience 

3422
03:14:34,200 --> 03:14:36,800
provides perspective rather than
certainly. 

3423
03:14:36,800 --> 03:14:40,500
And that every detective must 
ultimately find their own path 

3424
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:42,800
through. 
Moral complexity, the regular 

3425
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:45,600
Friday evening gathering at the 
pub, near the station, and 

3426
03:14:45,600 --> 03:14:49,000
informal tradition involving, 
whoever finishes their shift 

3427
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:52,500
around the same time provides 
space for this mentoring to 

3428
03:14:52,500 --> 03:14:55,900
happen naturally. 
Over pints of bitter and packets

3429
03:14:55,900 --> 03:15:00,400
of crisps detectives trade 
stories discuss cases. 

3430
03:15:00,400 --> 03:15:03,600
They can legally discuss and 
gradually transmit the 

3431
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:06,500
accumulated wisdom that makes 
police work something more than 

3432
03:15:06,500 --> 03:15:09,800
just following procedures, Tom 
shares, the story of his first, 

3433
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:13,500
major investigation, a fatal hit
and run that he solved through 

3434
03:15:13,500 --> 03:15:16,700
patient door knocking and 
attention to vehicle damage. 

3435
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:18,300
That most people wouldn't have 
noticed. 

3436
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:22,600
The lesson isn't about the 
specific techniques, but about 

3437
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,900
the value of thorough 
unglamorous work that produces 

3438
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:29,500
results through accumulation 
rather than inspirational. 

3439
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,500
Young detectives nodding over 
their drinks or absorbing, not 

3440
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:37,000
just methods. 
Attitudes and approaches to work

3441
03:15:37,000 --> 03:15:40,100
that will shape their careers 
for decades, the Britain that 

3442
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:43,200
Tom places is a country of 
specific textures and rhythms 

3443
03:15:43,200 --> 03:15:45,500
that will largely Disappear by 
the next decade. 

3444
03:15:46,500 --> 03:15:51,300
Shops close at 5:30 and remain 
firmly shut on Sundays creating 

3445
03:15:51,300 --> 03:15:54,700
weekly cycles of activity and 
rest that structure community 

3446
03:15:54,700 --> 03:15:57,600
life. 
Pub servers, social centers. 

3447
03:15:57,600 --> 03:16:01,300
When neighborhood business gets 
conducted relationships form and

3448
03:16:01,300 --> 03:16:05,000
dissolve and the informal News 
Network that predates, mass 

3449
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:08,400
media continues to flourish, the
High Street near the station 

3450
03:16:08,408 --> 03:16:12,800
contains a butcher, a baker, a 
green grosser, a chemist and a 

3451
03:16:12,800 --> 03:16:16,000
Woolworths that serves as a 
department store for people who 

3452
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:18,100
can't afford actual department 
stores. 

3453
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:22,500
Tom knows the Proprietors of 
most of these establishments, 

3454
03:16:22,500 --> 03:16:25,000
not through formal community 
policing. 

3455
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:27,900
But through the simple fact of 
working in the same area for 

3456
03:16:27,900 --> 03:16:31,500
years, becoming a familiar 
figure whose presence provides 

3457
03:16:31,500 --> 03:16:35,000
reassurance. 
The butcher, a man named Harris.

3458
03:16:35,000 --> 03:16:37,900
Who wears a striped apron 
spotted with blood in ways, that

3459
03:16:37,900 --> 03:16:40,100
would probably violate Modern 
Health codes? 

3460
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:44,000
Occasionally mentions customers 
whose Behavior strikes him as 

3461
03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:48,700
odd. not criminal necessarily, 
but notable Someone buying 

3462
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:52,100
unusual quantities of meat, 
perhaps or asking strange 

3463
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:54,000
questions about cutting 
techniques. 

3464
03:16:54,800 --> 03:16:58,200
These observations rarely lead 
anywhere, but they form part of 

3465
03:16:58,200 --> 03:17:00,800
the texture of information that 
Tom accumulates without 

3466
03:17:00,800 --> 03:17:03,800
conscious effort. 
The chemist is more useful from 

3467
03:17:03,800 --> 03:17:07,600
an investigative perspective 
since poison and pharmaceutical 

3468
03:17:07,600 --> 03:17:11,900
theft occasionally featuring 
cases The chemist maintains 

3469
03:17:11,900 --> 03:17:15,900
meticulous records of controlled
substance prescription noting 

3470
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:19,000
any patterns that might suggest 
Doctor shopping or forged 

3471
03:17:19,000 --> 03:17:22,300
prescription. 
Thomas sold two separate cases, 

3472
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:25,700
involving prescription fraud 
through information provided by 

3473
03:17:25,700 --> 03:17:29,000
this methodological slightly 
fussy man who takes his 

3474
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:31,100
regulatory responsibilities. 
Seriously. 

3475
03:17:31,100 --> 03:17:34,900
The tea rooms were Tom sometimes
conducts informal interviews 

3476
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:38,600
provide neutral territory where 
Witnesses feel less intimidated 

3477
03:17:38,600 --> 03:17:39,900
than they would at the police 
station. 

3478
03:17:41,300 --> 03:17:45,700
Over T and biscuits served on, 
mismatched China, people, share 

3479
03:17:45,700 --> 03:17:47,200
information. 
They might withhold in more 

3480
03:17:47,208 --> 03:17:50,700
formal settings, perhaps because
the domestic setting makes 

3481
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:54,400
conversation feel social rather 
than investigative Thomas 

3482
03:17:54,400 --> 03:17:57,400
learned to read the specific 
vocabulary of British class and 

3483
03:17:57,400 --> 03:17:59,500
region. 
Understanding that how someone 

3484
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:02,500
speaks often tells you as much 
about their background as what 

3485
03:18:02,500 --> 03:18:06,700
they say, a particular accent 
suggests specific neighborhoods,

3486
03:18:06,700 --> 03:18:10,500
certain word choices indicate 
educational level and social 

3487
03:18:10,500 --> 03:18:14,300
class and patterns of speech, 
reveal whether someone is local 

3488
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:17,500
or from elsewhere. 
This isn't profiling in any 

3489
03:18:17,500 --> 03:18:20,500
prejudicial sense, but rather 
the kind of contextual 

3490
03:18:20,500 --> 03:18:23,900
understanding that comes from 
Decades of listening carefully. 

3491
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,800
The telephone in Tom's office 
rings with a particular bell 

3492
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:29,400
tone that is unique to the 
stations. 

3493
03:18:29,400 --> 03:18:33,100
Internal system different from 
external calls in ways that 

3494
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:35,600
allow him to prepare mentally 
for different types of 

3495
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:39,100
conversations. 
Internal calls usually mean, 

3496
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:41,100
assignments, or updates from 
other offices. 

3497
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:45,700
External calls might be 
Witnesses victims, informants, 

3498
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:48,900
or occasionally criminals who 
have decided to turn themselves 

3499
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:52,200
in through this specific 
detective rather than dealing 

3500
03:18:52,200 --> 03:18:55,900
with the front desk, Tom's hand 
writing in his notebooks has 

3501
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:58,800
evolved over the years into a 
personal script that sufficient 

3502
03:18:58,800 --> 03:19:02,900
rather than elegant combining 
abbreviations with symbols, that

3503
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:04,900
would be nearly meaningless to 
anyone else. 

3504
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:08,800
The notebooks themselves become 
physical repositories of 

3505
03:19:08,808 --> 03:19:12,800
Investigations occasionally 
consulted years later when old 

3506
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:16,200
cases developed New Leads or 
when patterns emerge that 

3507
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:20,100
connect seemingly unrelated 
incidents as Tom approaches the 

3508
03:19:20,100 --> 03:19:22,300
end of his career though. 
He'll work several more years 

3509
03:19:22,300 --> 03:19:25,500
before retirement. 
He finds himself reflecting on 

3510
03:19:25,500 --> 03:19:29,300
what Justice actually means in 
practice rather than Theory. 

3511
03:19:30,300 --> 03:19:34,300
The law provides Frameworks and 
procedures, but individual cases

3512
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:36,700
rarely fit neatly into legal 
categories. 

3513
03:19:36,700 --> 03:19:41,600
Real human behavior is Messier 
more complicated and more driven

3514
03:19:41,600 --> 03:19:46,100
by circumstance and emotion than
criminal codes acknowledge Theft

3515
03:19:46,100 --> 03:19:48,800
by the struggling mother, for 
instance was clearly illegal, 

3516
03:19:48,800 --> 03:19:51,500
but was it truly criminal in the
moral sense? 

3517
03:19:51,500 --> 03:19:54,400
The law, says yes. 
But Tom's conscience from 

3518
03:19:54,400 --> 03:19:57,900
remains uncertain. 
He followed procedure sort of, 

3519
03:19:57,900 --> 03:20:01,700
finding a solution that 
addressed underlying problems 

3520
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:03,500
rather than just punishing 
symptoms. 

3521
03:20:03,500 --> 03:20:07,300
Whether this represents good 
policing or overstepping, his 

3522
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:09,100
authority depends on Whose 
perspective. 

3523
03:20:09,100 --> 03:20:13,100
You adopt, the accidental death 
by the canal, followed by a 

3524
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:15,900
panic. 
Cover-up transformed a tragic 

3525
03:20:15,900 --> 03:20:19,700
accident into criminal liability
through David Porter's, 

3526
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:23,600
subsequent choices. 
Was Justice served by his 

3527
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:26,500
prosecution. 
Sarah's mother seemed to think 

3528
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:28,300
so. 
But her daughter remained dead 

3529
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:32,500
regardless of legal outcomes. 
The community received closure, 

3530
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:36,000
perhaps though the messy truth 
satisfied. 

3531
03:20:36,000 --> 03:20:38,000
Nobody's desire for simple 
morality. 

3532
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:40,500
Even the garden gnome theft 
required. 

3533
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:44,500
Judgments about appropriate 
responses, Formal prosecution 

3534
03:20:44,500 --> 03:20:47,100
would have given those boys 
criminal records for essentially

3535
03:20:47,100 --> 03:20:50,500
stupid pranks, potentially 
affecting their future 

3536
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:52,300
employment, and educational 
opportunities. 

3537
03:20:53,600 --> 03:20:56,900
The informal resolution Tomar 
range, probably taught the more 

3538
03:20:56,900 --> 03:20:59,800
useful lessons while avoiding 
disproportionate consequences. 

3539
03:21:01,100 --> 03:21:03,400
But it also meant different 
treatment based on Tom's 

3540
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:06,800
judgment rather than consistent 
application of law. 

3541
03:21:06,800 --> 03:21:10,200
These ambiguity used to bother 
Tom more than they do now. 

3542
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:13,800
Experience has taught him. 
That Justice is a direction. 

3543
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:16,800
You aim toward rather than a 
destination, you reach. 

3544
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:20,600
That most cases involve 
balancing competing Goods rather

3545
03:21:20,600 --> 03:21:22,700
than choosing between obvious 
right and wrong. 

3546
03:21:23,400 --> 03:21:25,200
The law provides useful guard 
rails. 

3547
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:27,700
But the space between those 
guardrails requires human 

3548
03:21:27,700 --> 03:21:29,300
judgment. 
That can't be reduced to 

3549
03:21:29,300 --> 03:21:32,700
procedure a forensic science, he
seemed developed during his 

3550
03:21:32,708 --> 03:21:35,800
career represents Humanity's 
attempt to make Justice, more 

3551
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:40,100
objective to replace subjective 
judgement with measurable facts.

3552
03:21:41,000 --> 03:21:45,800
Blood types, fingerprints and 
fiber analysis, all these reduce

3553
03:21:45,800 --> 03:21:47,900
uncertainty and constrain 
possibilities. 

3554
03:21:48,800 --> 03:21:51,600
But they don't eliminate the 
need for human interpretation 

3555
03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:55,700
for understanding context and 
motivation or for distinguishing

3556
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:59,900
between legal guilt and moral 
culpability, Thomas prosecuted 

3557
03:21:59,900 --> 03:22:03,100
people, he personally liked and 
felt sympathy for because they 

3558
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:06,800
broke laws that serve important 
social purposes regardless of 

3559
03:22:06,800 --> 03:22:10,100
individual circumstances. 
He is also declined. 

3560
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:13,200
To prosecute people who were 
technically guilty, but whose 

3561
03:22:13,200 --> 03:22:15,400
prosecution would serve no 
useful purpose. 

3562
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:19,800
These decisions, haunt him 
sometimes late at night, when 

3563
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:23,300
sleep won't come and he refused 
choices that seem to clear at 

3564
03:22:23,300 --> 03:22:25,400
the time. 
But look more ambiguous in 

3565
03:22:25,400 --> 03:22:29,600
retrospect the victims, he 
served some grateful, some 

3566
03:22:29,600 --> 03:22:32,900
disappointed by outcomes, they 
couldn't control some angry that

3567
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,100
Justice moved to slowly or 
incompletely. 

3568
03:22:35,100 --> 03:22:37,900
Remind him. 
That police work affects real 

3569
03:22:37,900 --> 03:22:40,900
lives in ways that paperwork and
procedures can obscure. 

3570
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:45,100
Assault case might be a 
satisfying check mark on his 

3571
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:48,200
annual review. 
But for the victim, it's the 

3572
03:22:48,200 --> 03:22:51,700
difference between closure and 
endless wandering between 

3573
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:55,800
Vindication and abandonment. 
As you prepare for deep sleep. 

3574
03:22:55,800 --> 03:22:59,400
Or if you are already there, 
consider the detectives who 

3575
03:22:59,400 --> 03:23:01,800
worked tonight in cities across,
Britain and Beyond. 

3576
03:23:02,700 --> 03:23:05,900
People conducting investigations
with tools, that would Astound 

3577
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,800
Tom's generation solving crimes 
through DNA analysis, and 

3578
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:14,100
digital forensics that seem like
magic compared to 1960s 

3579
03:23:14,100 --> 03:23:17,500
technology. 
Yet the fundamental work remains

3580
03:23:17,500 --> 03:23:21,500
unchanged paying attention 
asking questions and 

3581
03:23:21,500 --> 03:23:24,500
accumulating small facts into 
larger truths. 

3582
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:27,800
The Mysteries, Tom investigated 
weren't always dramatic or 

3583
03:23:27,800 --> 03:23:32,800
violent many involve property 
rather than persons mistakes 

3584
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:36,700
rather than malice and human 
weakness rather than calculated 

3585
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:39,500
evil. 
But each one mattered to someone

3586
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:43,000
the elderly, man, whose known 
connected him to his late wife, 

3587
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:46,500
the mother struggling to feed 
her children, the Headmaster, 

3588
03:23:46,500 --> 03:23:50,200
receiving Anonymous threats and 
Sarah Mitchell's parents seeking

3589
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,200
understanding. 
If not Comfort, detective work 

3590
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:56,300
in the 1960s existed in a 
particular historical moment 

3591
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:59,500
after the introduction of 
scientific crime solving. 

3592
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:03,400
But before its full flowering in
communities, cohesive enough to 

3593
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:06,700
notice anomalies, but diverse 
enough to generate friction 

3594
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:10,500
using technology, that was 
revolutionary for its time, but 

3595
03:24:10,500 --> 03:24:14,600
primitive by our standards. 
Tom and his colleagues navigated

3596
03:24:14,600 --> 03:24:19,000
this landscape with tools, both 
crude and sophisticated relying.

3597
03:24:19,000 --> 03:24:22,500
On human, observation. 
Supplemented by laboratory 

3598
03:24:22,500 --> 03:24:25,400
analysis and Community 
relationships, enhanced by 

3599
03:24:25,408 --> 03:24:28,800
careful record-keeping, the 
Britain, they placed his largely

3600
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:33,200
gone now, replaced, by something
faster, more connected, and less

3601
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:35,800
constrained by tradition, and 
social hierarchies. 

3602
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,100
The high streets, where Tom knew
every shopkeeper have been 

3603
03:24:39,108 --> 03:24:41,500
transformed by chain stores and 
online shopping. 

3604
03:24:42,400 --> 03:24:44,600
The close knit neighborhoods 
where everyone knew everyone 

3605
03:24:44,600 --> 03:24:47,700
else's business are fragmented 
into more Anonymous patterns of 

3606
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:50,700
living. 
The deference to Authority that 

3607
03:24:50,700 --> 03:24:53,400
made police work. 
Simpler has been replaced by 

3608
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:56,100
healthy escape to cism. 
That make it more accountable, 

3609
03:24:56,100 --> 03:25:00,500
but human nature, the mix of 
decency and selfishness, courage

3610
03:25:00,500 --> 03:25:03,900
and fear honesty and deception 
remains. 

3611
03:25:03,900 --> 03:25:07,700
Remarkably constant to 
cross-generation people, still 

3612
03:25:07,700 --> 03:25:11,200
steal, when desperate or 
opportunistic still harming each

3613
03:25:11,200 --> 03:25:14,000
other through passional 
calculation, and still make 

3614
03:25:14,000 --> 03:25:16,700
terrible decisions that Cascade 
into tragedy. 

3615
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:20,500
And other people still dedicate 
their careers to sorting through

3616
03:25:20,500 --> 03:25:23,600
these failures. 
Seeking truth and some 

3617
03:25:23,600 --> 03:25:27,300
approximation of Justice Tom's 
Legacy isn't measured in 

3618
03:25:27,300 --> 03:25:30,700
dramatic cases or headlines. 
But in the steady accumulation 

3619
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:36,300
of small successes crime, solved
communities served younger 

3620
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:39,800
officers trained and victims, 
give him, whatever closure the 

3621
03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:44,400
law and human, limitation allow.
His career represents thousands 

3622
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:48,100
of hours spent listening 
observing documenting and 

3623
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:52,000
testifying always working within
a system that's imperfect. 

3624
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:56,400
But striving toward ideals that 
justify the effort, the quiet 

3625
03:25:56,400 --> 03:26:00,300
mysteries of 1960s, Britain 
garden, gnomes and threatening 

3626
03:26:00,300 --> 03:26:03,900
letters accidental deaths and 
opportunistic thefts. 

3627
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:08,500
Reveal a society in transition 
struggling, to maintain order 

3628
03:26:08,500 --> 03:26:13,100
while navigating rapid change. 
Tom's generation of detectives 

3629
03:26:13,100 --> 03:26:16,900
served as guides through this 
transition applying old wisdom, 

3630
03:26:16,900 --> 03:26:20,700
to New Challenges, adapting 
traditional methods to emerging 

3631
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:24,400
circumstances and Building 
Bridges between the Britain that

3632
03:26:24,408 --> 03:26:28,600
was and the Britain, becoming as
you drift towards sleep, you 

3633
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:32,500
might imagine Tom in his later 
years, retired, but still alert 

3634
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:34,900
to the world around. 
Him still noticing 

3635
03:26:34,900 --> 03:26:37,900
discrepancies, and anomalies 
through a habit to deeply 

3636
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:42,000
ingrained to abandon Perhaps he 
volunteers with youth programs, 

3637
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:44,500
sharing stories about Justice 
and consequences. 

3638
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:49,400
Pepsi simply tends his guard and
finding peace and growing things

3639
03:26:49,400 --> 03:26:52,800
rather than hunting people. 
Perhaps the occasionally visits,

3640
03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:56,200
the old station now, updated 
with computers and modern 

3641
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,700
technology and Marvels at how 
much has changed while 

3642
03:26:59,700 --> 03:27:03,600
recognizing how much Remains the
Same the Mysteries continuing 

3643
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:06,300
every year and every place where
humans live together in 

3644
03:27:06,300 --> 03:27:09,400
communities. 
The tools for solving them 

3645
03:27:09,400 --> 03:27:14,400
evolve the social context shift,
but the fundamental work endures

3646
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:18,700
paying attention to what others,
Miss asking questions until 

3647
03:27:18,700 --> 03:27:22,500
truth emerges Seeking Justice in
an imperfect world that 

3648
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:24,600
nonetheless demands. 
The effort sleep. 

3649
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:27,700
Well, knowing that in the long 
tradition of people dedicated 

3650
03:27:27,700 --> 03:27:31,600
that work you've just spent time
with one detective ordinary 

3651
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:34,300
career. 
In an extraordinary moment of 

3652
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:37,500
British history. 
Tom Henley isn't famous and 

3653
03:27:37,500 --> 03:27:40,500
won't be remembered in history 
books, but represents thousands 

3654
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:44,100
of professionals who served 
quietly and competently with 

3655
03:27:44,100 --> 03:27:47,300
more dedication, than glory. 
And perhaps that's the most 

3656
03:27:47,300 --> 03:27:51,200
important mystery solve tonight.
That ordinary work, done with 

3657
03:27:51,200 --> 03:27:54,600
care, and persistence creates 
the foundation of civilization 

3658
03:27:54,600 --> 03:27:58,100
itself. 
The dramatic cases capture 

3659
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:02,200
attention but it's the patient 
unglamorous resolution of 

3660
03:28:02,200 --> 03:28:05,300
everyday Mysteries that actually
holds communities together. 

3661
03:28:12,400 --> 03:28:15,200
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading spot 

3662
03:28:15,200 --> 03:28:18,400
perhaps with a warm cup of tea 
steaming beside you. 

3663
03:28:19,200 --> 03:28:22,600
Tonight, we're going to travel 
back to a time when sleep was as

3664
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:25,000
different from yours, as a 
handwritten letter is from a 

3665
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:27,300
text message. 
You might think sleep is always 

3666
03:28:27,308 --> 03:28:31,000
been the same 8 hours, a pillow,
maybe, some tossing, and 

3667
03:28:31,000 --> 03:28:34,800
turning, but you'd be wrong. 
before Johannes, Guttenberg 

3668
03:28:34,800 --> 03:28:38,500
changed everything around 1440, 
sleep, moved to entirely 

3669
03:28:38,500 --> 03:28:42,500
different rhythms imagine living
in a world where Darkness truly 

3670
03:28:42,500 --> 03:28:45,900
meant silence where the only 
light after Sunset came from 

3671
03:28:45,900 --> 03:28:48,600
flickering, candles that cost 
more than most people earned in 

3672
03:28:48,600 --> 03:28:51,800
a day or Smoky oil lamps that 
made your eyes water, just 

3673
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:56,600
thinking about the In this 
world, your great-great-great 

3674
03:28:56,600 --> 03:28:59,400
and many more great grandmother 
didn't fight the darkness. 

3675
03:29:00,200 --> 03:29:02,600
She surrendered to it like a 
worn out traveler finally 

3676
03:29:02,600 --> 03:29:05,500
reaching home. 
When the sun dipped below the 

3677
03:29:05,500 --> 03:29:08,700
Horizon, most people began their
journey into what historians 

3678
03:29:08,700 --> 03:29:12,700
Now, call segmented sleep. 
Though back then nobody needed a

3679
03:29:12,700 --> 03:29:15,600
fancy name for it. 
It was simply how humans slept, 

3680
03:29:15,600 --> 03:29:18,200
like the way birds fly or fish 
swim. 

3681
03:29:19,100 --> 03:29:21,900
Here's where it gets intriguing.
People didn't sleep for eight 

3682
03:29:21,900 --> 03:29:24,300
straight hours. 
Instead, they slept in two 

3683
03:29:24,300 --> 03:29:27,800
distinct chunks like a delicious
sandwich with a wide filling of 

3684
03:29:27,808 --> 03:29:31,100
wakefulness in between. 
The First Leap began shortly. 

3685
03:29:31,100 --> 03:29:35,000
After Sunset lasting roughly 
four hours then sometime between

3686
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:37,900
midnight and two in the morning.
People would naturally wake up. 

3687
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:41,600
However, the remarkable aspect 
is that they did not panic about

3688
03:29:41,608 --> 03:29:43,200
being awake during the middle of
the night. 

3689
03:29:44,000 --> 03:29:46,700
They did not deceive themselves 
by calculating the number of 

3690
03:29:46,708 --> 03:29:49,100
hours of sleep. 
They were sacrificing or by 

3691
03:29:49,100 --> 03:29:51,600
fretting over potential 
grogginess at work the following

3692
03:29:51,600 --> 03:29:54,000
day. 
In Stead, they Embrace this 

3693
03:29:54,000 --> 03:29:56,600
midnight, Awakening. 
As naturally as you embrace your

3694
03:29:56,600 --> 03:29:59,800
morning coffee routine. 
During these quiet hours between

3695
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:02,600
sleeps people would do the most 
wonderfully human things. 

3696
03:30:02,600 --> 03:30:05,800
They tend to the fire ensuring 
their family, stayed warm 

3697
03:30:05,800 --> 03:30:09,200
through the cold night, they'd 
monitor on children offering 

3698
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:11,500
Comfort to little ones startled 
by dreams. 

3699
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:15,400
Couples would talk softly in the
darkness sharing thoughts and 

3700
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:18,700
feelings that somehow seemed 
easier to express when the world

3701
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:22,700
felt smaller and more intimate. 
Some people use this time for 

3702
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:26,500
prayer or meditation, finding a 
special connection to the Divine

3703
03:30:26,500 --> 03:30:29,200
in those hushed hours. 
When the boundary between day 

3704
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:32,900
and night felt thin as gossip. 
Others would craft simple items 

3705
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:36,400
by firelight mending clothes, 
carving Wooden Spoons, or 

3706
03:30:36,400 --> 03:30:39,400
braiding rope the wealthy. 
Might even visit neighbors 

3707
03:30:39,400 --> 03:30:41,800
because apparently social calls 
at one in the morning were 

3708
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:45,800
perfectly acceptable back then. 
Such Behavior wasn't considered 

3709
03:30:45,800 --> 03:30:49,800
insomnia or a sleep disorder. 
Medical texts from the error 

3710
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:51,900
mentioned first, sleep and 
second sleep. 

3711
03:30:51,900 --> 03:30:54,800
As casually as we might mention,
breakfast, and lunch. 

3712
03:30:55,500 --> 03:30:57,900
People structured their nights 
around this natural pattern 

3713
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:01,100
planning activities for their 
wakeful hours just as carefully 

3714
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:02,700
as they planned their daytime 
tasks. 

3715
03:31:04,600 --> 03:31:06,800
Agnes that surrounded. 
These midnight activities was 

3716
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:09,100
profound in ways we can barely 
imagine today. 

3717
03:31:10,100 --> 03:31:13,300
Step outside your house at night
now and you'll likely see street

3718
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:16,900
lights house lights, the glow 
from Windows, and maybe the 

3719
03:31:16,900 --> 03:31:18,400
distant shine of a shopping 
center. 

3720
03:31:18,400 --> 03:31:22,800
Even in relatively rural areas, 
like pollution, reaches far 

3721
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:27,400
beyond cities, creating what 
astronomers called Sky glow. but

3722
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:30,200
in pre-printing press Europe, 
nighttime, Darkness was 

3723
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:34,000
absolute, the Milky Way, blazed 
overhead, like a river of 

3724
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:37,100
diamonds and people knew the 
constellation's not as romantic 

3725
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:40,700
Notions, but as practical tools 
for navigation and timekeeping, 

3726
03:31:41,600 --> 03:31:44,000
The moon's phases mattered 
deeply because they determined 

3727
03:31:44,000 --> 03:31:46,400
how much natural light you'd 
have for nighttime activities. 

3728
03:31:47,300 --> 03:31:50,500
This Darkness shape, not just 
when people slept but how they 

3729
03:31:50,500 --> 03:31:54,100
thought about rest itself? 
Sleep, wasn't something to be 

3730
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:55,800
optimized or tracked with 
devices. 

3731
03:31:55,800 --> 03:32:00,300
It was a natural surrender to 
the rhythm of light and Shadow a

3732
03:32:00,300 --> 03:32:02,900
time when the boundaries between
Consciousness and dreams became 

3733
03:32:02,900 --> 03:32:05,800
delightfully blurred. 
And when the night held 

3734
03:32:05,800 --> 03:32:10,200
Mysteries that daylight, couldnt
touch, Little did anyone know 

3735
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:12,700
that a Goldsmith son? 
In mines was about to change all

3736
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:15,700
of our lives forever. 
Johannes, Guttenberg probably 

3737
03:32:15,700 --> 03:32:17,700
never intended to revolutionize 
sleep. 

3738
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:20,600
He was simply trying to solve a 
problem that had plagued 

3739
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:22,600
Humanity. 
Since the first person wanted to

3740
03:32:22,600 --> 03:32:26,200
share a story with someone who 
wasn't there to hear it before 

3741
03:32:26,200 --> 03:32:29,100
his invention books were as rare
as unicorns and almost as 

3742
03:32:29,100 --> 03:32:31,500
expensive. 
Each one had to be copied by 

3743
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:35,300
hand, letter by painstaking, 
letter, by scribes who, 

3744
03:32:35,300 --> 03:32:38,400
specialized in beautiful 
handwriting and presumably had 

3745
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:41,800
powerful risks. 
Imagine Desiring to possess a 

3746
03:32:41,800 --> 03:32:44,300
single volume. 
The had a compilation of prayers

3747
03:32:44,300 --> 03:32:47,100
or perhaps a manual on herb 
gardening, you'd need to save 

3748
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:49,100
money for months, maybe even 
years. 

3749
03:32:50,000 --> 03:32:51,900
Single book could cost as much 
as a farm. 

3750
03:32:52,700 --> 03:32:54,700
Most people owned exactly 0 
books. 

3751
03:32:54,700 --> 03:32:58,100
Not because they couldn't read 
though many couldnt, but, 

3752
03:32:58,100 --> 03:33:00,500
because books simply weren't 
available to ordinary folks. 

3753
03:33:01,200 --> 03:33:03,400
The scribes who copied. 
These manuscripts worked in 

3754
03:33:03,408 --> 03:33:06,900
scriptoria, which sounds much 
more glamorous than it actually 

3755
03:33:06,900 --> 03:33:09,900
was. 
Picture a large cold room filled

3756
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:13,300
with monks hunched over wooden 
desks carefully, forming each 

3757
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:16,000
letter with quill pen pens that 
needed constant attention. 

3758
03:33:16,800 --> 03:33:19,100
Sneezing at the wrong moment. 
Could ruin hours of work. 

3759
03:33:19,100 --> 03:33:22,500
One, small mistake meant 
starting an entire page over 

3760
03:33:22,500 --> 03:33:24,800
again. 
These hand-copied books were 

3761
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:27,200
gorgeous. 
Works of art decorated with 

3762
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:30,500
elaborate illustrations and or 
Nate initial letters that look 

3763
03:33:30,500 --> 03:33:34,400
like tiny masterpieces. 
But they were also riddled with 

3764
03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:37,700
errors errors. 
Often creep in when humans copy 

3765
03:33:37,700 --> 03:33:39,900
text by hand. 
Much like weeds in a garden 

3766
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:42,800
ascribe. 
My accidentally skip a line, 

3767
03:33:42,808 --> 03:33:46,300
misspelled, a word or correct. 
Something they thought was 

3768
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:49,000
wrong. 
Several copies of a text might 

3769
03:33:49,000 --> 03:33:52,700
only bear a passing resemblance 
to the original Gutenberg with 

3770
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:55,600
his Goldsmith's precision and 
apparent gift for seeing 

3771
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:59,000
Solutions, where others saw, 
only problems developed movable 

3772
03:33:59,000 --> 03:34:02,400
type printing. 
Instead of carving entire pages 

3773
03:34:02,400 --> 03:34:05,800
into wooden blocks which have 
been tried before he created 

3774
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:08,900
individual metal letters, that 
could be arranged and rearranged

3775
03:34:08,900 --> 03:34:10,600
to form different words and 
pages. 

3776
03:34:11,600 --> 03:34:14,000
It was akin to possessing a 
highly Advanced collection of 

3777
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:16,400
alphabet blocks. 
Yet these blocks have the 

3778
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:18,300
potential to fundamentally alter
the world. 

3779
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:21,400
His printing, press could 
produce books faster than a 

3780
03:34:21,400 --> 03:34:24,700
scribe could even read them. 
Where it might take a monks, six

3781
03:34:24,700 --> 03:34:28,900
months to copy a single book, 
gutenberg's press, could prints 

3782
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,400
of copies in the same time. 
Suddenly books weren't precious 

3783
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:35,100
unicorns, they were becoming 
more like Friendly Neighborhood,

3784
03:34:35,100 --> 03:34:38,500
Cats still special but no longer
impossibly rare. 

3785
03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:43,500
First book Gutenberg chose to 
print was the Bible, which made 

3786
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:45,700
perfect sense. 
Since most literacy, at the time

3787
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:48,700
was connected to religious 
practice, but here's where our 

3788
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,300
sleep story. 
Really begins to unfold as 

3789
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:54,100
printing presses spread across 
Europe, faster than the news of 

3790
03:34:54,100 --> 03:34:56,600
a royal Scandal. 
They didn't just make books more

3791
03:34:56,600 --> 03:34:58,800
available. 
They made Reading itself a 

3792
03:34:58,800 --> 03:35:02,400
different activity. 
Before printing, most reading 

3793
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:04,700
was done allowed in groups, 
families. 

3794
03:35:04,700 --> 03:35:07,200
Might gather to hear someone 
read from one of their precious 

3795
03:35:07,200 --> 03:35:10,000
few books. 
Reading was a social activity 

3796
03:35:10,000 --> 03:35:13,300
like sharing a meal or telling 
stories around a fire. 

3797
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:16,300
People read during daylight 
hours when they could see 

3798
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:18,500
clearly. 
And reading sessions were often 

3799
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:20,400
planned events that brought 
communities together. 

3800
03:35:21,600 --> 03:35:24,000
But printed books changed this 
Dynamic entirely. 

3801
03:35:24,800 --> 03:35:28,000
Suddenly, you could own multiple
books and reading became 

3802
03:35:28,000 --> 03:35:30,100
something you could do alone 
quietly. 

3803
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:33,000
Whenever you want it. 
You didn't need to coordinate 

3804
03:35:33,000 --> 03:35:35,500
with others or wait for someone 
else to finish with the family. 

3805
03:35:35,500 --> 03:35:38,300
Single volume. 
You could read in bed by 

3806
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:40,700
candlelight in the privacy of 
your thoughts. 

3807
03:35:40,700 --> 03:35:43,100
This shift from communal to 
private. 

3808
03:35:43,100 --> 03:35:46,300
Reading happened gradually Like 
the Way seasons change. 

3809
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,800
You don't notice it day by day 
but suddenly you realize 

3810
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:53,100
everything is different. 
People began staying up later 

3811
03:35:53,100 --> 03:35:56,500
reading by whatever light. 
They could afford can handle 

3812
03:35:56,500 --> 03:35:59,200
makers, probably started having 
much better business years 

3813
03:35:59,200 --> 03:36:02,900
without fully understanding why.
The content of books began to 

3814
03:36:02,908 --> 03:36:05,400
change too. 
Along with the religious texts, 

3815
03:36:05,400 --> 03:36:08,400
printers started producing. 
What we might recognize as the 

3816
03:36:08,400 --> 03:36:10,100
world's first entertainment 
reading. 

3817
03:36:10,800 --> 03:36:13,800
Stories. 
Poetry accounts of Adventures in

3818
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:17,100
distant lands, and even early 
versions of self-help books. 

3819
03:36:17,800 --> 03:36:20,600
For the first time in human 
history, you could disappear 

3820
03:36:20,600 --> 03:36:23,900
into a fictional World. 
Whenever you wanted transported 

3821
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:27,000
by nothing, more than words on a
page in your own imagination. 

3822
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:30,700
This was revolutionary in ways 
that go far beyond just having 

3823
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:33,100
more books, to read for 
thousands of years. 

3824
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:36,400
Humans, had lived primarily in 
the physical world immediately 

3825
03:36:36,400 --> 03:36:39,000
around them. 
Your entertainment came from the

3826
03:36:39,000 --> 03:36:42,200
people, you knew the stories, 
they told and the songs they 

3827
03:36:42,200 --> 03:36:44,700
sang. 
But books opened up infinite 

3828
03:36:44,700 --> 03:36:47,900
worlds, all accessible from the 
comfort of your home, or even 

3829
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:51,300
your bed. the printing press had
inadvertently created the 

3830
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:55,100
world's first truly portable 
Entertainment System, As printed

3831
03:36:55,100 --> 03:36:58,000
books read through European 
towns, like, honey, through warm

3832
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:01,100
bread, something curious began 
happening to the night. 

3833
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:04,600
You have to remember this 
transformation didn't occur 

3834
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:07,500
overnight. 
It unfolded across Generations. 

3835
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:11,300
The way a river slowly carves, a
new channel through Rock, but 

3836
03:37:11,300 --> 03:37:15,500
the change once it began was as 
irreversible as mourning 

3837
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:18,400
following Darkness. 
The most immediate shift was 

3838
03:37:18,400 --> 03:37:23,200
practical people who could now 
afford books and by 1500 a 

3839
03:37:23,200 --> 03:37:25,400
printed book cost roughly. 
What you might spend on a 

3840
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:28,700
luxurious dinner today, Suddenly
had a reason to extend their 

3841
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:31,100
waking hours. 
The new book owners found 

3842
03:37:31,100 --> 03:37:33,300
themselves negotiating with the 
Knight while. 

3843
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:35,800
Previous generations, 
surrendered to Darkness, as 

3844
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:37,400
naturally as flowers close at 
sunset. 

3845
03:37:38,500 --> 03:37:42,100
Reading by candlelight evolved 
into a unique art form you 

3846
03:37:42,100 --> 03:37:45,000
learned to position yourself. 
Just so to avoid casting Shadows

3847
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:48,000
on the page, while preventing 
wax from dripping onto your 

3848
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:51,100
precious book. 
Candle making evolved too with 

3849
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:54,200
Craftsman, developing longer 
burning cleaner, burning candles

3850
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:57,200
specifically for readers. 
The wealthy began investing in 

3851
03:37:57,200 --> 03:38:01,000
multiple candles oil lamps, with
better Wix and even early 

3852
03:38:01,000 --> 03:38:03,500
versions of reading glasses to 
make the most of their dim 

3853
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:06,600
light, but here's where it gets 
fascinating, from a sleep 

3854
03:38:06,608 --> 03:38:09,200
perspective. 
People weren't just staying up 

3855
03:38:09,200 --> 03:38:11,800
later, they were changing what 
nighttime meant. 

3856
03:38:12,800 --> 03:38:15,300
Previously the hours between 
Sunset and sleep, had been 

3857
03:38:15,308 --> 03:38:18,800
family time Community time or 
practical time for essential 

3858
03:38:18,800 --> 03:38:21,700
tasks. 
Now night time became personal 

3859
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:25,400
time, private time and thinking 
Time, picture yourself as a 

3860
03:38:25,408 --> 03:38:29,200
merchant in 1520 Antwerp, 
finally able to afford a small 

3861
03:38:29,200 --> 03:38:32,200
collection of printed books 
after a day of buying and 

3862
03:38:32,200 --> 03:38:35,200
selling negotiating with 
customers and managing your 

3863
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:36,800
shop. 
You discover that reading offers

3864
03:38:36,800 --> 03:38:41,400
something unprecedented Escape 
Not only does reading provide a 

3865
03:38:41,400 --> 03:38:44,500
physical escape to distant lands
described in travel narratives, 

3866
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:47,400
but it also provides a mental 
escape from the immediate 

3867
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:51,000
concerns of daily life. 
This mental Escape had profound 

3868
03:38:51,000 --> 03:38:54,500
effects on sleep itself. 
For the first time in human 

3869
03:38:54,500 --> 03:38:58,100
history, significant numbers of 
people were going to bed with 

3870
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:01,300
their minds racing, not from the
days physical labors or 

3871
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:04,900
immediate social concerns. 
But from the ideas stories, and 

3872
03:39:04,900 --> 03:39:06,800
emotions they had absorbed from 
books. 

3873
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:10,800
Their dreams began incorporating
elements from fictional worlds 

3874
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:14,300
characters they'd never met and 
places they'd never seen. 

3875
03:39:15,700 --> 03:39:19,000
The old pattern of segmented, 
sleep began to shift all though,

3876
03:39:19,000 --> 03:39:20,500
it did not immediately 
disappear. 

3877
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:24,000
People still often woke in the 
middle of the night, but in 

3878
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,600
stead of using that time for 
practical tasks or quiet 

3879
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:29,300
conversation, they increase the 
turn to reading. 

3880
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:32,900
Those midnight hours became 
precious reading time when the 

3881
03:39:32,908 --> 03:39:35,000
house was quiet and distractions
minimal. 

3882
03:39:35,800 --> 03:39:38,800
This created the first real 
tension between artificial light

3883
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:42,900
and natural sleep patterns 
Candlelight while dim by our 

3884
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:45,700
standards was bright enough to 
suppress the body's natural 

3885
03:39:45,700 --> 03:39:49,100
production of sleep-inducing 
hormones. people began 

3886
03:39:49,100 --> 03:39:52,000
experiencing what we now 
recognize as the early stages of

3887
03:39:52,000 --> 03:39:55,400
artificial lights impact on 
circadian rhythms even though 

3888
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:57,700
they lacked a scientific 
framework to understand the 

3889
03:39:57,700 --> 03:40:01,500
changes occurring, Religious 
authorities, noticed the change 

3890
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:04,800
and weren't entirely pleased 
church leaders began warning 

3891
03:40:04,800 --> 03:40:08,400
against excessive nighttime 
reading, particularly of secular

3892
03:40:08,400 --> 03:40:11,000
books worried they realized 
that. 

3893
03:40:11,000 --> 03:40:13,600
People were literally losing 
sleep over, fictional stories 

3894
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:15,700
and worldly. 
Concerns time. 

3895
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:17,800
They could have better spent in 
prayer or rest. 

3896
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:21,300
Some sermons, from this period, 
specifically mentioned the 

3897
03:40:21,308 --> 03:40:24,900
dangers of night reading and its
effects on both, spiritual and 

3898
03:40:24,900 --> 03:40:27,400
physical health. 
Medical practitioners of the 

3899
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:30,000
time, began documenting new 
types of sleep complaints. 

3900
03:40:30,000 --> 03:40:34,900
Physicians noted that patients 
particularly educated ones were 

3901
03:40:34,900 --> 03:40:37,900
reporting more difficulty, 
falling asleep, more restless 

3902
03:40:37,900 --> 03:40:40,800
nights and more Vivid complex 
dreams. 

3903
03:40:41,900 --> 03:40:44,200
The term. 
Scholars insomnia, appeared in 

3904
03:40:44,208 --> 03:40:47,200
medical texts. 
Describing a condition primarily

3905
03:40:47,200 --> 03:40:50,500
affecting people who read 
extensively the printing 

3906
03:40:50,500 --> 03:40:53,500
Revolution also democratized 
knowledge in ways that affected 

3907
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:57,000
sleep indirectly, but 
significantly people could now 

3908
03:40:57,000 --> 03:41:00,100
access medical information, 
including advice about sleep and

3909
03:41:00,100 --> 03:41:03,900
health without relying solely on
local practitioners or folk 

3910
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:06,100
wisdom. 
This led to the first wave of 

3911
03:41:06,100 --> 03:41:09,000
people actively contemplating 
and trying to optimize their 

3912
03:41:09,000 --> 03:41:12,200
sleep rather than simply 
accepting whatever rest came 

3913
03:41:12,200 --> 03:41:15,700
naturally. 
Books on health diet and daily 

3914
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,500
routines became popular. 
Many offering advice about 

3915
03:41:18,500 --> 03:41:21,500
proper sleep habits. 
Ironically people were staying 

3916
03:41:21,500 --> 03:41:23,600
up late, reading books, about 
how to sleep better. 

3917
03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:26,500
The more information they 
consumed about sleep, the more 

3918
03:41:26,508 --> 03:41:29,600
conscious they became of their 
sleep patterns, which often made

3919
03:41:29,600 --> 03:41:32,400
sleep more elusive. 
Meanwhile, the book industry 

3920
03:41:32,400 --> 03:41:35,400
itself was creating entirely new
nighttime economies. 

3921
03:41:36,100 --> 03:41:38,700
Printers worked long hours to 
meet growing demand. 

3922
03:41:39,400 --> 03:41:42,500
Bookbinders paper makers and 
type Founders extended their 

3923
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:45,500
working days. 
Candlemakers and lamp oil 

3924
03:41:45,500 --> 03:41:49,400
producers experienced 
unprecedented demand an entire 

3925
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:53,200
ecosystem of night jobs, emerged
to support the growing appetite 

3926
03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:56,600
for reading. 
By the late 1500s complaints, 

3927
03:41:56,600 --> 03:41:59,200
about neighbors, reading late 
into the night became common in 

3928
03:41:59,200 --> 03:42:02,200
urban areas. 
The soft glow of Candlelight 

3929
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,700
from Windows previously, a sign 
that someone was sick or dealing

3930
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:09,200
with an emergency increasingly. 
Just meant someone was enjoying 

3931
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:11,500
a good. 
Buy paper makers, becoming less 

3932
03:42:11,500 --> 03:42:13,200
about rest and more about 
choice. 

3933
03:42:14,000 --> 03:42:16,500
The stage was set for sleep to 
become something entirely 

3934
03:42:16,500 --> 03:42:18,600
different from what humans had 
known for millennia. 

3935
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,800
Something magical happened as 
books became cheaper and more of

3936
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:27,800
a abundant They began migrating 
from public spaces into the most

3937
03:42:27,800 --> 03:42:30,200
private space of all the 
bedroom. 

3938
03:42:31,600 --> 03:42:33,300
This wasn't just a matter of 
convenience. 

3939
03:42:33,300 --> 03:42:37,300
It represented a fundamental 
shift in how humans related to 

3940
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:41,500
both sleep and stories. 
For the first time in history, 

3941
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:44,300
the last thing, many people 
experience before sleep. 

3942
03:42:44,300 --> 03:42:47,700
Wasn't the voice of a family 
member, the crackle of a Dying 

3943
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:50,000
Fire or the settling sounds of 
their house. 

3944
03:42:50,800 --> 03:42:53,500
But words on a page, that 
transported them to entirely 

3945
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:56,800
different worlds. 
The practice of bedtime reading 

3946
03:42:56,800 --> 03:43:00,100
emerged gradually, like a new 
tradition, nobody planned, but 

3947
03:43:00,100 --> 03:43:01,900
everyone seemed to discover 
independently. 

3948
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:05,600
Parents who could afford books 
began reading to their children 

3949
03:43:05,600 --> 03:43:08,700
at bedtime creating the first 
generation of humans to 

3950
03:43:08,700 --> 03:43:11,200
associate the transition to 
sleep with storytelling. 

3951
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:15,000
These were the oral folk tales 
that had been passed down 

3952
03:43:15,000 --> 03:43:17,700
through generations. 
These were printed stories 

3953
03:43:17,700 --> 03:43:20,800
consistent in their telling 
often accompanied by 

3954
03:43:20,808 --> 03:43:23,000
illustration and infinitely. 
Repeatable. 

3955
03:43:23,900 --> 03:43:25,500
Children raised on bedtime 
stories. 

3956
03:43:25,500 --> 03:43:28,700
Develop different relationships 
with both sleep and Imagination.

3957
03:43:28,700 --> 03:43:32,100
Instead of drifting off to sleep
thinking of the days events or 

3958
03:43:32,100 --> 03:43:34,500
tomorrow's chores. 
They fell asleep with their 

3959
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:37,600
minds full of fictional, 
characters, imaginary places and

3960
03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:41,400
narrative possibilities their 
dreams began, incorporating more

3961
03:43:41,400 --> 03:43:44,500
complex storylines. 
And many reported dreams that 

3962
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:47,700
seem to continue stories from 
their bedtime books or create 

3963
03:43:47,700 --> 03:43:50,600
entirely new adventures for 
featuring beloved characters. 

3964
03:43:50,600 --> 03:43:55,200
Adults to discover the peculiar 
pleasure of reading in bed, the 

3965
03:43:55,200 --> 03:43:59,000
combination of physical Comfort,
dim light and engaging stories, 

3966
03:43:59,000 --> 03:44:02,100
created a uniquely conducive 
environment for relaxation. 

3967
03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:06,400
But it also created something 
unprecedented the Cliffhanger 

3968
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:09,200
bed time. 
For the first time, people were 

3969
03:44:09,200 --> 03:44:11,700
deliberately putting themselves 
into emotional suspense right 

3970
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:14,400
before sleep, their minds 
actively wandering. 

3971
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:16,200
What would happen next in their 
stories? 

3972
03:44:16,900 --> 03:44:19,700
This led to what historians now 
recognized as the first 

3973
03:44:19,700 --> 03:44:22,800
wide-spread occurrence a 
voluntary, sleep delay for 

3974
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:25,800
entertainment purposes. 
People would tell themselves 

3975
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:28,500
they'd read just one more 
chapter then find themselves 

3976
03:44:28,500 --> 03:44:33,600
still turning Pages hours later.
The phrase I couldn't put it 

3977
03:44:33,600 --> 03:44:37,000
down, entered common usage 
during this period, though. 

3978
03:44:37,000 --> 03:44:39,600
It originally referred 
specifically to the difficulty 

3979
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:43,000
of stopping reading at bed time,
the types of books, people chose

3980
03:44:43,000 --> 03:44:45,300
for bedtime reading began to 
influence the content, 

3981
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:48,600
Publishers produced. 
Adventure stories with chapter 

3982
03:44:48,600 --> 03:44:51,900
ending Cliffhangers. 
Proved enormously popular as did

3983
03:44:51,900 --> 03:44:54,700
Romantic tales that left. 
Reader's emotionally satisfied 

3984
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:57,600
but eager for more Publishers 
discovered that book 

3985
03:44:57,600 --> 03:44:59,700
specifically marketed for 
bedtime reading. 

3986
03:44:59,700 --> 03:45:03,300
Sold exceptionally well leading 
to the development of what we 

3987
03:45:03,308 --> 03:45:06,000
might recognize as the first 
genre of fiction, specifically 

3988
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:07,800
designed for nighttime 
consumption. 

3989
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:11,500
Religious bedtime reading, 
remained popular, but even 

3990
03:45:11,500 --> 03:45:14,300
devotional books, began adapting
to bedtime, reading, habits 

3991
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,400
prayer books started. 
Including shorter sections 

3992
03:45:17,400 --> 03:45:20,300
suitable for nighttime, reading,
and collections of brief, 

3993
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:22,500
comforting religious passages 
became common. 

3994
03:45:23,400 --> 03:45:26,400
The practice of reading Assam or
brief devotional, passage before

3995
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,800
sleep became so wide-spread that
furniture makers, began 

3996
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:33,000
designing bedside tables 
specifically, to hold books, and

3997
03:45:33,000 --> 03:45:36,300
candles the wealthy began 
commissioning special bedroom, 

3998
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:40,100
libraries small collections of 
books, selected specifically for

3999
03:45:40,100 --> 03:45:43,200
nighttime reading. 
These typically included poetry,

4000
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:46,700
easy to read, in short, 
segments, inspiring or 

4001
03:45:46,700 --> 03:45:48,900
comforting pros. 
And what Publishers began 

4002
03:45:48,900 --> 03:45:52,800
calling, gentle Adventures, 
exciting enough to be engaging 

4003
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:54,900
but not so thrilling as to 
prevent sleep. 

4004
03:45:55,900 --> 03:45:57,900
Medical opinion on bedtime 
reading was mixed. 

4005
03:45:57,900 --> 03:46:01,000
Some Physicians warned that 
exciting stories could 

4006
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:04,800
overstimulate the mine and 
prevent restful sleep. others 

4007
03:46:04,800 --> 03:46:07,000
argued that reading help 
transition the Mind from the 

4008
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:11,300
days concerns to a more peaceful
State, conducive to rest, This 

4009
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:14,300
debate marked the beginning of 
what would become centuries of 

4010
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:16,900
discussion about the 
relationship between mental 

4011
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:21,600
stimulation and Sleep Quality. 
The practice of reading in bed, 

4012
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:25,100
created new intimacies between 
Couples married Partners, began 

4013
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:28,400
sharing books, reading aloud to 
each other and discussing 

4014
03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:31,000
stories as a regular part of 
their bedtime routine. 

4015
03:46:31,600 --> 03:46:33,900
Some couples developed elaborate
systems for sharing. 

4016
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:37,100
Limited reading light, taking 
turns holding candles, or 

4017
03:46:37,100 --> 03:46:38,800
reading aloud. 
While the other rested their 

4018
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:41,200
eyes. 
This sharing of stories in the 

4019
03:46:41,200 --> 03:46:42,600
marriage. 
Bed represented something 

4020
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:44,400
entirely new in human 
relationships. 

4021
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:48,100
Previously, the most intimate 
conversations between couples 

4022
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:52,100
typically focused on practical 
matters, family, concerns daily 

4023
03:46:52,100 --> 03:46:56,200
events, plans and problems. 
But bedtime reading introduce 

4024
03:46:56,200 --> 03:46:59,700
shared fictional experience's 
imaginary worlds, that couples 

4025
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:02,400
could explore together and 
characters, they could discuss 

4026
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:05,800
and debate Children growing up 
in households with bed time 

4027
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:08,600
reading began asking for their 
books earlier than previous 

4028
03:47:08,600 --> 03:47:10,400
generations had shown interest 
in Reading. 

4029
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:14,600
The association between books 
and comfort books and the safety

4030
03:47:14,600 --> 03:47:17,700
of home and books on the 
transition to sleep created 

4031
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,600
powerful, positive associations,
with reading that lasted 

4032
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:24,900
throughout their lives. 
By 1600, a significant portion 

4033
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:27,800
of the literate population had 
Incorporated reading into their 

4034
03:47:27,800 --> 03:47:31,000
bedtime routines. 
What had begun as a practical 

4035
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,000
way to make use of expensive 
books had evolved into a new 

4036
03:47:34,008 --> 03:47:36,900
cultural ritual. 
One that transformed both how 

4037
03:47:36,900 --> 03:47:40,100
people fell asleep and what they
dreamed about when they finally 

4038
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:43,000
closed their eyes. 
The night was no longer just 

4039
03:47:43,000 --> 03:47:46,500
Nature's signal for rest, it had
become reading time. 

4040
03:47:47,100 --> 03:47:50,200
By the early, 1600s something 
unprecedented was happening in 

4041
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:53,400
bedrooms across literate Europe.
People were lying awake, 

4042
03:47:53,400 --> 03:47:57,100
contemplating sleep itself. 
For the first time in human 

4043
03:47:57,100 --> 03:48:00,300
history, significant numbers of 
people were actively analyzing 

4044
03:48:00,300 --> 03:48:03,100
their rest. 
Comparing their sleep experience

4045
03:48:03,100 --> 03:48:06,300
to advice, they'd read in books 
and trying to optimize their 

4046
03:48:06,300 --> 03:48:09,300
nighttime hours. 
The printing press had 

4047
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:12,100
accidentally created the world's
first generation of sleep 

4048
03:48:12,100 --> 03:48:16,500
conscious individuals, Medical 
books, once accessible only to 

4049
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:19,900
Physicians were now available to
anyone who could read and afford

4050
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:22,600
them. 
These texts introduced Ordinary 

4051
03:48:22,600 --> 03:48:26,200
People to Concepts, like humeral
balance and the idea that diet 

4052
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:29,300
exercise and daily habits could 
affect Sleep Quality. 

4053
03:48:30,300 --> 03:48:33,600
People began experimenting with 
the timing of their meals, the 

4054
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:36,800
firmness of their mattresses and
even the direction, their beds 

4055
03:48:36,800 --> 03:48:39,100
face. 
All based on printed advice from

4056
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:42,600
medical authorities. 
This marked a fascinating shift 

4057
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:44,800
from passive acceptance to 
active management. 

4058
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:49,100
Your ancestors had simply slept 
when they were and woken when 

4059
03:48:49,100 --> 03:48:52,100
they weren't But the new book 
reading population began 

4060
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:55,400
tracking their sleep patterns 
noting, which activities helped 

4061
03:48:55,400 --> 03:48:58,400
or hindered their rest and 
developing personal theories 

4062
03:48:58,400 --> 03:49:02,300
about optimal sleep conditions. 
The results were mixed to put it

4063
03:49:02,300 --> 03:49:05,200
gently. 
Many people armed with partial 

4064
03:49:05,200 --> 03:49:07,200
medical knowledge and 
conflicting advice from 

4065
03:49:07,200 --> 03:49:11,100
different books began, creating 
elaborate bedtime routines, that

4066
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:12,700
probably did more harm than 
good. 

4067
03:49:13,500 --> 03:49:16,000
Some would spend an hour before 
bed preparing this sleeping 

4068
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:18,900
environment, according to what 
ever book, they'd most recently 

4069
03:49:18,900 --> 03:49:22,900
read adjusting ventilation 
rearranging furniture or 

4070
03:49:22,900 --> 03:49:25,700
consuming specific Foods 
supposed to promote restful 

4071
03:49:25,700 --> 03:49:28,100
sleep. 
Meanwhile, the mere Act of 

4072
03:49:28,108 --> 03:49:31,200
reading about sleep often made 
it more elusive people would lie

4073
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:33,900
in bed analyzing whether they 
felt sufficiently relaxed, 

4074
03:49:33,900 --> 03:49:36,900
whether they're breathing match 
the patterns described in their 

4075
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:39,500
health books and whether their 
mattress was positioned 

4076
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:41,400
correctly. 
According to the latest printed,

4077
03:49:41,400 --> 03:49:44,800
advise the more, they thought 
about sleep the harder, it 

4078
03:49:44,800 --> 03:49:48,700
became Publishers recognizing a 
profitable Trend began producing

4079
03:49:48,700 --> 03:49:52,700
books specifically about sleep 
Improvement. titles like the 

4080
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:55,500
complete guide to restful 
Slumber and natural methods for 

4081
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,000
perfect sleep, became 
bestsellers, these books 

4082
03:49:58,000 --> 03:50:00,600
typically promise, Simple 
Solutions to sleep problems 

4083
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:03,300
while simultaneously making 
readers more anxious about 

4084
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,700
whether they were sleeping 
correctly, The wealthy began 

4085
03:50:06,700 --> 03:50:10,100
investing in elaborate sleep, 
optimization equipment, based on

4086
03:50:10,108 --> 03:50:14,600
printed recommendations, special
mattresses, pillows designed. 

4087
03:50:14,600 --> 03:50:17,300
According to particular 
theories, bedroom, furniture 

4088
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:20,600
arranged to promote better, 
rest, and even clothing designed

4089
03:50:20,600 --> 03:50:24,200
specifically for sleeping. 
This period saw the birth of the

4090
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:27,300
idea that Sleep Quality could be
purchased and optimized through 

4091
03:50:27,300 --> 03:50:30,500
the right products. 
An idea we'd recognize today. 

4092
03:50:31,300 --> 03:50:34,100
Religious authorities continue 
to voice their concerns about 

4093
03:50:34,100 --> 03:50:36,500
the evolving relationship 
between books and bedtime. 

4094
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:40,100
But their focus shifted from 
moral objections to practical 

4095
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:43,200
health concerns. 
Church leaders began preaching 

4096
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:45,800
about the importance of proper 
rest for spiritual life. 

4097
03:50:45,800 --> 03:50:49,800
Arguing that people too fatigued
from staying up reading were 

4098
03:50:49,800 --> 03:50:52,200
less able to focus during prayer
or church services. 

4099
03:50:53,100 --> 03:50:56,000
The emerging scientific 
revolution of the 1600s brought 

4100
03:50:56,000 --> 03:50:59,400
new complexity to sleep advice 
books, began presenting, 

4101
03:50:59,400 --> 03:51:02,900
competing theories about what 
happened during sleep by dreams 

4102
03:51:02,900 --> 03:51:07,100
occurred and how rest affected 
health People found themselves 

4103
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:09,200
trying to sleep while mentally 
debating. 

4104
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:12,700
Whether sleep was primarily for 
physical restoration, mental 

4105
03:51:12,700 --> 03:51:16,500
processing, or spiritual 
renewal, Coffee introduced to 

4106
03:51:16,500 --> 03:51:19,200
Europe during the same period 
added another layer of 

4107
03:51:19,200 --> 03:51:21,000
complexity to The Sleep 
equation. 

4108
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:24,300
Popular books, about coffee 
stimulating effects, led to 

4109
03:51:24,308 --> 03:51:26,900
elaborate rules about when 
coffee consumption could occur 

4110
03:51:26,900 --> 03:51:28,600
without affecting nighttime 
rest. 

4111
03:51:29,400 --> 03:51:31,400
People began timing, their 
coffee consumption. 

4112
03:51:31,400 --> 03:51:34,800
Based on printed advice often 
creating more anxiety about 

4113
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:36,800
their sleep than the coffee 
itself caused. 

4114
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:39,900
The practice of keeping sleep 
journals emerged among the 

4115
03:51:39,900 --> 03:51:42,900
educated classes. 
People began recording their 

4116
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:46,100
bedtimes, wake times, dream, 
content, and energy levels 

4117
03:51:46,100 --> 03:51:49,500
comparing their experiences to 
advice, they'd read in books. 

4118
03:51:49,500 --> 03:51:53,100
These personal sleep studies 
represented Humanity's first, 

4119
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:55,600
systematic attempts to 
understand in individual sleep 

4120
03:51:55,600 --> 03:51:58,900
patterns. though, the data was 
often more confusing than 

4121
03:51:58,900 --> 03:52:02,600
Illuminating, Physicians began 
reporting, a new category of 

4122
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:05,400
patient complaints. 
People who felt their sleep was 

4123
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:07,200
inadequate. 
Not because they were worn out, 

4124
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:09,800
but because their sleep didn't 
match descriptions. 

4125
03:52:09,800 --> 03:52:12,900
They'd read in books, healthy 
individuals with normal sleep 

4126
03:52:12,900 --> 03:52:15,400
patterns, sought medical help 
because they worried their rest 

4127
03:52:15,400 --> 03:52:18,100
wasn't optimized according to 
the latest printed theories. 

4128
03:52:19,500 --> 03:52:22,200
This period also saw the 
emergence of sleep-related 

4129
03:52:22,200 --> 03:52:25,300
social anxiety. 
People began comparing their 

4130
03:52:25,300 --> 03:52:27,800
sleep habits. 
To those described in popular 

4131
03:52:27,800 --> 03:52:32,000
books worrying that their 
bedtime routines mattresses or 

4132
03:52:32,000 --> 03:52:35,200
sleep positions, mark them as 
unsophisticated or unhealthy. 

4133
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:38,800
Sleep, which had been a private 
largely unconscious activity, 

4134
03:52:38,800 --> 03:52:41,600
became a topic of social 
discussion and comparison. 

4135
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:46,300
Everyone recognized the irony, 
some writers of the time noted 

4136
03:52:46,300 --> 03:52:49,100
that Humanity had survived for 
Millennia with perfectly 

4137
03:52:49,100 --> 03:52:51,200
adequate sleep. 
Before anyone thought to write 

4138
03:52:51,200 --> 03:52:54,100
books about it, they observed 
that the more people read about 

4139
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:56,800
sleep, the more problems, they 
seem to develop with sleeping 

4140
03:52:56,800 --> 03:53:01,000
but there was no going back. 
Printing, press at fundamentally

4141
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:03,200
altered, Humanity's relationship
with rest. 

4142
03:53:03,200 --> 03:53:07,000
Transforming sleep from a 
natural surrender to Darkness 

4143
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:10,900
into a complex activity. 
That could be studied analyzed 

4144
03:53:10,900 --> 03:53:15,900
optimized and worry about Sleep 
had become homework as the 1600s

4145
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:19,700
progressed in to the 1700s. 
Something profound was slipping 

4146
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:23,200
away from Human Experience. 
So gradually that no one quite 

4147
03:53:23,200 --> 03:53:24,800
noticed until it was nearly 
gone. 

4148
03:53:24,800 --> 03:53:28,300
The ancient pattern of 
segmented, sleep first. 

4149
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:32,600
Sleep, wakeful period, second 
sleep, was dissolving, like, 

4150
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:35,600
Morning Mist, replaced by 
something entirely, different 

4151
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:39,100
books weren't just changing when
people slept, they were 

4152
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:42,500
fundamentally altering, how 
people slept The transition 

4153
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:46,100
happened differently in cities 
than in rural areas and faster 

4154
03:53:46,100 --> 03:53:48,800
among the wealthy than the poor,
but the direction was 

4155
03:53:48,800 --> 03:53:51,500
unmistakable. 
People were beginning to sleep 

4156
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:54,900
in single Consolidated blocks 
much like you do today. 

4157
03:53:56,100 --> 03:53:59,400
This transition might seem like 
a minor technical change but it 

4158
03:53:59,408 --> 03:54:02,100
represented one of the most 
significant shifts in human 

4159
03:54:02,100 --> 03:54:04,700
behavior since the development 
of agriculture. 

4160
03:54:05,800 --> 03:54:09,000
Urban areas LED this 
transformation cities meant more

4161
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:12,700
artificial, light more scheduled
activities, and more access to 

4162
03:54:12,700 --> 03:54:15,200
books. 
And printed entertainment City 

4163
03:54:15,200 --> 03:54:16,800
dwellers found their old 
midnight. 

4164
03:54:16,800 --> 03:54:18,900
Wake periods increasingly 
inconvenient. 

4165
03:54:19,800 --> 03:54:22,500
If you had to be at work by a 
specific time and needed to 

4166
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:25,800
maintain your energy throughout 
the day, the segmented sleep 

4167
03:54:25,800 --> 03:54:28,300
pattern began to feel in 
efficient rather than natural. 

4168
03:54:29,000 --> 03:54:30,900
Books played a crucial role in 
this shift. 

4169
03:54:30,900 --> 03:54:33,300
The growing practice of bedtime 
reading. 

4170
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:36,200
Meant people were staying awake 
later in the evening pushing 

4171
03:54:36,200 --> 03:54:40,300
their first sleep period later. 
And later eventually many people

4172
03:54:40,300 --> 03:54:42,500
were going to bed. 
So late that their natural wake 

4173
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:45,900
period occurred uncomfortably 
close to Dawn, rather than wake 

4174
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:47,600
for an hour or two. 
In the middle of the night. 

4175
03:54:47,600 --> 03:54:50,000
They began sleeping straight 
through until morning. 

4176
03:54:50,000 --> 03:54:52,700
This changed didn't happen 
without consequences. 

4177
03:54:52,700 --> 03:54:56,700
People raised on segmented. 
Sleep patterns often struggled 

4178
03:54:56,700 --> 03:54:58,300
with the new Consolidated 
approach. 

4179
03:54:59,200 --> 03:55:01,700
They'd lie awake during what her
traditionally been their 

4180
03:55:01,700 --> 03:55:04,900
midnight active period, not 
understanding why sleep alluded 

4181
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:07,200
them. 
Physicians began documenting 

4182
03:55:07,200 --> 03:55:10,900
what they called, Midnight, 
Melancholy periods of wakeful 

4183
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:13,100
anxiety that occurred when 
people fought against their 

4184
03:55:13,100 --> 03:55:15,000
natural tendency to wake during 
the night. 

4185
03:55:15,800 --> 03:55:18,600
The loss of segmented sleep 
meant The Disappearance of those

4186
03:55:18,600 --> 03:55:21,900
precious midnight hours that had
traditionally been used for 

4187
03:55:21,900 --> 03:55:25,700
quiet conversation. 
Prayer, meditation and gentle 

4188
03:55:25,700 --> 03:55:29,100
activities. 
Couples lost that intimate time 

4189
03:55:29,100 --> 03:55:30,800
of soft conversation in the 
Darkness. 

4190
03:55:31,700 --> 03:55:34,300
Family, stopped sharing those 
peaceful moments of tending, the

4191
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:37,800
fire and checking on children 
together instead, all the 

4192
03:55:37,800 --> 03:55:41,000
evening's activities 
conversation reading planning 

4193
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:44,500
and reflection became compressed
into the hours between dinner 

4194
03:55:44,500 --> 03:55:47,500
and bedtime. 
This intensification of evening,

4195
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:50,600
activities created, a faster 
pace of life, that many found 

4196
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:53,600
over. 
The gentle rhythm of segmented 

4197
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:56,400
sleep had provided natural 
breaks in the days, emotional 

4198
03:55:56,400 --> 03:56:00,000
and mental processing. 
But books, began reflecting and 

4199
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:03,700
reinforcing this new sleep 
pattern, authors started writing

4200
03:56:03,700 --> 03:56:06,300
longer chapters. 
Assuming readers would want 

4201
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:09,100
substantial content for their 
extended evening reading, 

4202
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:13,300
session's The concept of the 
page Turner a book. 

4203
03:56:13,308 --> 03:56:16,600
So engaging, you'd read late 
into the night became a 

4204
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:20,100
marketing Advantage Publishers 
discovered that books that kept 

4205
03:56:20,100 --> 03:56:23,100
people reading past their 
traditional First bedtime were 

4206
03:56:23,100 --> 03:56:26,000
most likely to become popular. 
The wealthy began designing 

4207
03:56:26,000 --> 03:56:30,000
their homes around Consolidated,
sleep patterns bedrooms became 

4208
03:56:30,000 --> 03:56:33,100
more elaborate and comfortable 
designed for longer periods of 

4209
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:36,600
occupancy. 
The concept of the bedroom is a 

4210
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:40,100
retreat, a personal Sanctuary 
designed specifically for rest 

4211
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:42,700
and relaxation, emerged During 
the period. 

4212
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:47,400
Previously bedrooms had been 
more utilitarian places to sleep

4213
03:56:47,400 --> 03:56:50,800
certainly but not necessarily 
places to lingo or relax. 

4214
03:56:51,700 --> 03:56:54,500
Reading Nooks within bedrooms 
became fashionable among those 

4215
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:57,200
who could afford them. 
These were specifically designed

4216
03:56:57,200 --> 03:57:00,600
spaces for pre-sleep reading 
with comfortable chairs, good, 

4217
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:02,800
lighting and convenient books 
storage. 

4218
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:05,500
The bedroom was transforming 
from a place. 

4219
03:57:05,500 --> 03:57:08,200
You went only to sleep into a 
place where you might spend 

4220
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:11,700
several hours each evening 
reading, relaxing and gradually 

4221
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:15,400
transitioning towards sleep. 
This architectural, shift 

4222
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:18,500
reflected a deeper change in how
people thought about rest and 

4223
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:21,000
privacy. 
The bedroom was becoming the 

4224
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,600
first truly private space. 
In most people's homes, a place 

4225
03:57:24,608 --> 03:57:27,100
where you could Retreat from 
social obligations and family 

4226
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:30,000
responsibilities to engage with 
books and your thoughts. 

4227
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:33,600
Children growing up during this 
transition experience. 

4228
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:36,500
Something unprecedented. 
They were the first generation 

4229
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:40,400
to sleep through the night as a 
normal expected pattern, their 

4230
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:43,100
parents and grandparents had 
grown up expecting to wake 

4231
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:45,200
during the night. 
But these children learn to 

4232
03:57:45,200 --> 03:57:47,100
sleep for eight or nine, 
continuous hours. 

4233
03:57:47,900 --> 03:57:50,500
This created different 
relationships with both sleep 

4234
03:57:50,500 --> 03:57:53,500
and darkness and different 
capacities for sustained, 

4235
03:57:53,500 --> 03:57:55,600
attention and energy throughout 
long days. 

4236
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:59,900
The old folk wisdom about sleep 
began to see obsolete saying, 

4237
03:57:59,900 --> 03:58:04,200
like the hour before midnight is
worth two, after made less sense

4238
03:58:04,200 --> 03:58:06,400
to people who were going to bed 
at midnight or later. 

4239
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:10,100
Traditional advice about using 
wakeful periods for prayer or 

4240
03:58:10,100 --> 03:58:12,700
meditation. 
Seemed irrelevant people who no 

4241
03:58:12,700 --> 03:58:15,300
longer experienced regular 
midnight, wake periods. 

4242
03:58:16,300 --> 03:58:20,500
By 1750 Consolidated, sleep had 
become the new normal for most 

4243
03:58:20,500 --> 03:58:24,200
of the literate population. 
The segmented sleep pattern that

4244
03:58:24,200 --> 03:58:27,000
had characterized human rest for
Millennia survived. 

4245
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:29,700
Mainly in rural areas where 
artificial light was still rare 

4246
03:58:29,700 --> 03:58:33,100
and daily schedules remained 
tied to natural daylight Cycles.

4247
03:58:34,200 --> 03:58:37,000
Medical authorities of the time,
noted the change, but generally 

4248
03:58:37,000 --> 03:58:40,600
approved of it Consolidated. 
Sleep seemed more efficient. 

4249
03:58:40,600 --> 03:58:43,900
Better suited to the 
increasingly complex demands of 

4250
03:58:43,900 --> 03:58:46,900
Modern Life. 
If you realize that Humanity was

4251
03:58:46,900 --> 03:58:49,500
abandoning arrest pattern that 
had evolved over thousands of 

4252
03:58:49,500 --> 03:58:52,800
years, replacing it with 
something entirely unprecedented

4253
03:58:52,800 --> 03:58:56,100
in Human Experience. 
The printing, press had 

4254
03:58:56,100 --> 03:58:58,700
accidentally engineered the most
significant change in human 

4255
03:58:58,700 --> 03:59:01,400
sleep patterns, since we learned
to control fire. 

4256
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:04,600
Here you are centuries. 
Later settling into your 

4257
03:59:04,600 --> 03:59:07,000
comfortable bed with perhaps a 
book on your nightstand, 

4258
03:59:07,000 --> 03:59:10,500
completely unaware that your 
entire relationship with sleep 

4259
03:59:10,500 --> 03:59:13,400
was shaped by a Goldsmith's 
invention from the 1400s. 

4260
03:59:14,500 --> 03:59:18,000
The Consolidated sleep pattern 
you can consider a natural 8 

4261
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:20,700
hours of continuous. 
Rest would have seemed a strange

4262
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:23,200
to your medieval ancestors as 
their segmented. 

4263
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:24,800
Sleep routine seems to you 
today. 

4264
03:59:26,200 --> 03:59:29,000
The Transformations, the 
printing, press began continues 

4265
03:59:29,000 --> 03:59:33,200
to Ripple through your nights in
ways, both obvious, and subtle. 

4266
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:36,400
Every time you reach for your 
phone to read, just one more 

4267
03:59:36,400 --> 03:59:39,500
article before sleep, your 
participating in a tradition 

4268
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:41,200
that began. 
When the first personality 

4269
03:59:41,200 --> 03:59:44,800
candle to read just one more 
chapter, The eternal struggle 

4270
03:59:44,800 --> 03:59:48,000
between I should go to sleep and
I'll just read a little longer 

4271
03:59:48,000 --> 03:59:51,000
started with those early book 
owner's and has never really 

4272
03:59:51,000 --> 03:59:53,200
ended. 
Your bedroom itself is a 

4273
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:54,500
testament to this 
transformation. 

4274
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,800
The idea that you need a 
comfortable private space, 

4275
03:59:57,800 --> 04:00:00,000
specifically designed for rest 
and relaxation. 

4276
04:00:00,000 --> 04:00:03,900
Complete with good lighting for 
reading comfortable, seating and

4277
04:00:03,900 --> 04:00:06,000
easy, access to ebooks or 
digital devices. 

4278
04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:09,200
Would have been incomprehensible
to people who simply slept 

4279
04:00:09,200 --> 04:00:11,900
wherever they could identify a 
safe warm spot. 

4280
04:00:13,200 --> 04:00:16,300
The printing press didn't just 
change what people read, it 

4281
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:19,800
changed how they think. 
The ability to access multiple 

4282
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:23,900
perspectives, compared different
ideas and engage with complex 

4283
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:27,300
narratives trained human Minds 
to be more active, more 

4284
04:00:27,300 --> 04:00:31,200
analytical and more imaginative.
These more active Minds 

4285
04:00:31,200 --> 04:00:34,400
naturally took longer to settle 
into sleeping, longer, 

4286
04:00:34,400 --> 04:00:37,400
transition periods, and more 
comfortable environments. 

4287
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:41,000
Modern sleep science, has 
rediscovered, some wisdom from 

4288
04:00:41,000 --> 04:00:43,400
the pre-printing era, sleep 
researchers. 

4289
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,100
Now, understand that the 
Consolidated 8-hour sleep 

4290
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,400
pattern while workable isn't 
necessarily optimal for 

4291
04:00:49,400 --> 04:00:52,100
everyone. 
Some people naturally function 

4292
04:00:52,100 --> 04:00:55,800
better with segmented sleep or 
alternative patterns, but are 

4293
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:58,900
modern world of scheduled work 
and artificial lighting makes 

4294
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:02,500
these patterns difficult to 
maintain The books that line, 

4295
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:05,600
your shelves, the reading light,
beside your bed, and the 

4296
04:01:05,600 --> 04:01:07,800
comfortable chair, where you 
might read before sleep. 

4297
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,300
All of these represent Victory 
is in Humanity's ongoing 

4298
04:01:11,300 --> 04:01:15,400
negotiation with Darkness each 
generation since Gutenberg has 

4299
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:19,000
pushed bedtime a little later 
made a little brighter and 

4300
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:21,600
filled the hours before sleep 
with more, mental stimulation. 

4301
04:01:22,400 --> 04:01:24,500
Your dreams themselves, carry 
the legacy of this 

4302
04:01:24,500 --> 04:01:27,500
transformation. 
The Complex narrative Rich 

4303
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:30,800
dreams, that many people 
experience today, reflect Minds 

4304
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:33,000
trained on centuries of 
Storytelling tradition. 

4305
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:36,700
You're sleeping, brain 
processes, not just the days, 

4306
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:40,800
immediate experience is, but 
also the characters, plots and 

4307
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:42,600
ideas. 
You've absorbed from books 

4308
04:01:42,600 --> 04:01:46,100
creating dreams that would have 
been impossible for preliterate,

4309
04:01:46,100 --> 04:01:49,100
humans to imagine. 
The Sleep problems that plague 

4310
04:01:49,100 --> 04:01:52,800
Modern Life difficulty, falling 
asleep, racing thoughts at 

4311
04:01:52,800 --> 04:01:56,600
bedtime the temptation to read 
or check devices and of sleeping

4312
04:01:56,600 --> 04:01:58,600
all have their roots in that 
moment. 

4313
04:01:58,600 --> 04:02:01,300
When humans first chose 
artificial light and mental 

4314
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:03,500
stimulation over natural 
darkness and rest. 

4315
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:07,000
We traded the simple surrender 
to sleep for the complex, 

4316
04:02:07,000 --> 04:02:09,700
pleasure of extended 
Consciousness, and we're still 

4317
04:02:09,708 --> 04:02:12,300
learning to manage the 
consequences but perhaps this 

4318
04:02:12,300 --> 04:02:15,200
trade-off was worth it. 
The same printing, press 

4319
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:17,000
Revolution that complicated 
sleep. 

4320
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:21,100
Also democratized knowledge 
spread literacy enabled, the 

4321
04:02:21,100 --> 04:02:24,200
Scientific Revolution and 
created the foundation for every

4322
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:27,100
book you've ever loved. 
Those late nights reading by 

4323
04:02:27,100 --> 04:02:29,000
candlelight. 
Gave birth to the modern world 

4324
04:02:29,000 --> 04:02:31,600
with all its complexities and 
possibilities. 

4325
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:35,400
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, your participating in a

4326
04:02:35,400 --> 04:02:37,600
ritual that would be 
recognizable to readers from 

4327
04:02:37,608 --> 04:02:41,900
centuries past. 
The details of changed electric 

4328
04:02:41,900 --> 04:02:46,100
lights and of candles printed 
books, or digital screens and of

4329
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:49,400
hand copied manuscripts. 
But the basic pattern remains 

4330
04:02:49,400 --> 04:02:52,800
you're using artificial light to
extend Consciousness Beyond its 

4331
04:02:52,800 --> 04:02:56,200
natural limits, filling your 
mind with stories and ideas that

4332
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:59,700
will accompany you to sleep and 
perhaps to dreams the printing, 

4333
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:01,200
press taught Humanity that 
night. 

4334
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,000
Doesn't have to mean the end of 
thought the darkness can be 

4335
04:03:04,008 --> 04:03:07,000
filled with light and stories 
and that sleep can be a 

4336
04:03:07,000 --> 04:03:10,300
transition to Worlds even more 
fantastic than the ones we read 

4337
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:13,300
about. 
Changing how we sleep changed us

4338
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:17,600
as a species more thoughtful 
imaginative and connected to 

4339
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:21,500
ideas and stories than before. 
So tonight, as you finally turn 

4340
04:03:21,500 --> 04:03:24,600
off the light and settle into 
sleep, your carrying forward, a 

4341
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,700
tradition that began. 
When the first person decided 

4342
04:03:27,700 --> 04:03:30,200
that Sunset didn't have to mean 
the end of reading time. 

4343
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:33,800
Sweet dreams, their brought to 
you by Hannah Gutenberg and 

4344
04:03:33,800 --> 04:03:41,700
everyone who ever stayed up late
reading, just one If I 

4345
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:44,600
pronounced any words wrong, 
please know that I'm trying my 

4346
04:03:44,600 --> 04:03:48,300
best. 
Now, picture Athens in the year 

4347
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:52,000
316 BCE when the city still 
carries the architectural 

4348
04:03:52,000 --> 04:03:55,300
Grandeur of its golden age. 
But the political confidence has

4349
04:03:55,300 --> 04:03:58,500
begun to fade like paint on 
Temple, walls exposed to too 

4350
04:03:58,500 --> 04:04:02,200
many Mediterranean Summers. 
The Parthenon stands on the 

4351
04:04:02,208 --> 04:04:05,500
Acropolis. 
It's Marble columns catching the

4352
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:08,200
afternoon light in ways that 
make the stones seem almost 

4353
04:04:08,200 --> 04:04:10,900
translucent. 
But the Empire that built it has

4354
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:13,700
been humbled by Sparta and 
reduced to a shadow of its 

4355
04:04:13,700 --> 04:04:17,300
former reach in this diminished,
Athens lives and elderly, man 

4356
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:21,800
named Plato around 70 years old.
Now, his beard gone completely 

4357
04:04:21,800 --> 04:04:25,600
white and His Hands marked by 
the kind of age spots that 

4358
04:04:25,600 --> 04:04:27,300
remind you of your own 
mortality. 

4359
04:04:28,600 --> 04:04:31,000
He walks slowly through the 
colonnade of his Academy. 

4360
04:04:31,800 --> 04:04:34,900
Philosophical school. 
He founded decades earlier where

4361
04:04:34,900 --> 04:04:38,500
young men gather to debate 
questions about Justice Beauty. 

4362
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:42,600
And the nature of reality 
itself, Plato has spent his life

4363
04:04:42,600 --> 04:04:46,800
thinking about perfection, not 
The Superficial kind, not the 

4364
04:04:46,800 --> 04:04:50,100
perfect hair cut or the perfect 
dinner party, but the Deep 

4365
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:53,700
structural Perfection of forms 
and ideas that exist somewhere 

4366
04:04:53,700 --> 04:04:58,700
beyond our messy physical world.
He believed or at least argues 

4367
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:02,300
that everything we experience is
merely a shadow of some ideal 

4368
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:05,700
version that exists in a realm 
of pure thought. 

4369
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:10,400
The chair, your city in is just 
an imperfect copy of the idea of

4370
04:05:10,400 --> 04:05:14,000
chair itself. 
The Justice you see in 

4371
04:05:14,000 --> 04:05:16,000
courtrooms is a pale reflection 
of justice. 

4372
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:19,400
As it truly exists. 
This philosophical obsession 

4373
04:05:19,400 --> 04:05:23,000
with ideal forms has led Plato 
to imagine ideal societies, 

4374
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:27,800
ideal governments, an ideal ways
of organizing human life to 

4375
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:29,600
achieve something approaching 
perfection. 

4376
04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:35,300
His earlier work, the Republic. 
Outlined a vision of a perfect 

4377
04:05:35,300 --> 04:05:38,400
city-state governed by 
philosopher Kings, who would 

4378
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:42,000
rule with wisdom rather than 
ambition, where every citizen 

4379
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:45,800
would be educated according to 
their abilities and positioned. 

4380
04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:49,500
According to their talents, the 
ideas, expressed as abstract 

4381
04:05:49,500 --> 04:05:53,200
philosophy can feel dry like 
reading an instruction manual 

4382
04:05:53,200 --> 04:05:56,700
for living. 
So, Plato to understand how 

4383
04:05:56,700 --> 04:06:00,700
human Minds actually work, often
wraps his philosophy and 

4384
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:03,400
stories. 
He creates myths and allegories 

4385
04:06:03,400 --> 04:06:06,100
that make his points more 
memorable than any logical 

4386
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:09,000
argument could. 
He is already given us the 

4387
04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:12,400
allegory of the cave where 
prisoners mistake Shadows for 

4388
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:16,000
reality. 
Now in his old age, he is about 

4389
04:06:16,008 --> 04:06:18,100
to give us something even more 
enduring. 

4390
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,500
The specific occasion for 
Plato's story about Atlantis 

4391
04:06:21,500 --> 04:06:24,000
comes during a series of 
philosophical dialogues. 

4392
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:25,400
He writes near the end of his 
life. 

4393
04:06:26,200 --> 04:06:30,100
These dialogues feature, his old
teacher, Socrates dead for 

4394
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:33,900
decades now executed by Athens 
for corrupting the youth with 

4395
04:06:33,900 --> 04:06:36,800
too many uncomfortable 
questions, along with other 

4396
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:40,300
historical figures engaging in 
the kind of sophisticated dinner

4397
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:44,100
party conversation that ancient 
Greeks excelled at in these 

4398
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:48,200
dialogues titled tamiris. 
And critias, Plato has one of 

4399
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:51,100
his characters recount a story 
supposedly passed down through 

4400
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:54,300
generations. 
Originally told to Solon the 

4401
04:06:54,300 --> 04:06:57,800
greater than law Giver by 
Egyptian priests during his 

4402
04:06:57,800 --> 04:07:01,300
travels to centuries earlier. 
Framing device. 

4403
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:04,200
That gives the story, both 
ancient Authority and convenient

4404
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:07,900
distance, Plato isn't claiming 
to have witnessed any of this 

4405
04:07:07,900 --> 04:07:11,700
himself, merely preserving 
knowledge, supposedly handed 

4406
04:07:11,700 --> 04:07:14,800
down through time. 
The story emerges naturally, 

4407
04:07:14,800 --> 04:07:18,300
from a philosophical discussion,
about ideal States, and the 

4408
04:07:18,300 --> 04:07:22,100
nature of civilization. after 
outlining his vision of a 

4409
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:26,400
perfect Society, Plato has his 
character's Wonder Such a 

4410
04:07:26,408 --> 04:07:30,800
society ever actually existed. 
Could the abstract ideals. 

4411
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:33,600
He's been describing ever 
manifest in the physical world. 

4412
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:37,800
And in answering this, 
hypothetical question, Plato 

4413
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:40,700
creates Atlantis. 
But before we dive into the 

4414
04:07:40,700 --> 04:07:43,400
story itself is worth 
considering what Athens must 

4415
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:45,000
have felt like to an old 
philosopher. 

4416
04:07:45,000 --> 04:07:47,700
Watching his City struggle with 
its diminished State status. 

4417
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:50,500
The Persian wars were ancient 
history. 

4418
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:55,100
Now, the Glory Days of Pericles 
had faded into nostalgic memory 

4419
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:58,400
and Athens had lost. 
Its devastating conflict with 

4420
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,700
Sparta. 
The city that had once dominated

4421
04:08:01,700 --> 04:08:05,500
the Aegean through a combination
of Naval power democratic 

4422
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:09,000
ideals, and cultural 
sophistication was now just 

4423
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:13,900
another Mediterranean city state
important, but no longer 

4424
04:08:13,900 --> 04:08:18,400
exceptional in this context, 
Plato's Mind by naturally turned

4425
04:08:18,400 --> 04:08:21,900
to questions about rise and fall
about whether greatness can be 

4426
04:08:21,908 --> 04:08:25,200
sustained or whether it contains
the seeds of its own 

4427
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:28,600
destruction. 
These were abstract 

4428
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:32,600
philosophical question for him. 
They were observations about his

4429
04:08:32,600 --> 04:08:36,900
own societies trajectory Athens 
had been great and was now 

4430
04:08:36,900 --> 04:08:40,700
diminished what lessons could be
drawn from that experience? 

4431
04:08:40,700 --> 04:08:44,500
The Mediterranean world that 
Plato inhabits is one where the 

4432
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:48,600
sea connects rather than divides
From his vantage point in 

4433
04:08:48,600 --> 04:08:52,100
Athens, you can see how Maritime
trade creates webs of connection

4434
04:08:52,100 --> 04:08:57,000
linking cities around the entire
Mediterranean basin. ships 

4435
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:01,900
carry, not just cargo but also 
ideas Stories, the news of 

4436
04:09:01,900 --> 04:09:06,200
distant places, Sailors returned
from voyages with Tales of 

4437
04:09:06,200 --> 04:09:10,600
strange lands unusual customs 
and cities that excel in 

4438
04:09:10,608 --> 04:09:13,700
different Arts than Athens. 
Does this Maritime 

4439
04:09:13,700 --> 04:09:16,400
Consciousness? 
This awareness of a world much 

4440
04:09:16,400 --> 04:09:20,200
larger than one's own City 
permeates Greek thinking in ways

4441
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:24,300
that might not be immediately 
obvious to us When Plato 

4442
04:09:24,300 --> 04:09:28,000
imagines Atlantis, he places it 
in the ocean, specifically 

4443
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:30,900
beyond the pillars of Hercules. 
What we now call the Strait of 

4444
04:09:30,908 --> 04:09:34,500
Gibraltar in the vast, Atlantic 
that Greeks regarded with a 

4445
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:38,700
mixture of Fascination and 
trepidation The Mediterranean 

4446
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:41,500
was their Pond yet. 
Atlantic was something more 

4447
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:44,400
mysterious a realm of 
possibility, where anything 

4448
04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:46,500
might exist. 
Plato himself. 

4449
04:09:46,500 --> 04:09:50,800
Probably never traveled far by 
sea his voyages to Sicily to 

4450
04:09:50,800 --> 04:09:54,000
advise the Tyrant of Syracuse 
were about, as adventurous as he

4451
04:09:54,000 --> 04:09:56,200
got. 
And those trips were motivated 

4452
04:09:56,200 --> 04:10:00,000
by his hope of implementing 
philosophical governance in a 

4453
04:10:00,000 --> 04:10:03,400
real city rather than any desire
for maritime Adventure. 

4454
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:07,600
Like most educated Greeks, he 
would have absorbed. 

4455
04:10:07,600 --> 04:10:11,500
Countless stories from 
Travelers, Traders and returning

4456
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:15,500
Sailors about distant lands and 
unusual people's the physical 

4457
04:10:15,500 --> 04:10:19,100
experience of being by the sea, 
in ancient Greece, would have 

4458
04:10:19,100 --> 04:10:21,800
been quite different from our 
modern Beach vacations. 

4459
04:10:23,300 --> 04:10:26,100
The Mediterranean isn't the 
gentle tourist friendly? 

4460
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:29,000
Body of water. 
It often appears to be in 

4461
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,100
contemporary photographs. 
It can turn violent with 

4462
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:35,300
stunning speed transforming from
glassy. 

4463
04:10:35,300 --> 04:10:38,300
Calm to White capped Fury in the
time. 

4464
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:42,200
It takes to finish a meal. 
Greek Sailors, respected, and 

4465
04:10:42,200 --> 04:10:44,600
feared. 
The sea in equal measure seeing 

4466
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:47,500
it as a realm where human 
control was always provisional 

4467
04:10:47,500 --> 04:10:51,400
and Nature's power. 
Absolute this relationship with 

4468
04:10:51,400 --> 04:10:53,200
Maritime? 
Unpredictability would have 

4469
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:56,000
influenced how Greeks thought 
about civilization itself. 

4470
04:10:57,100 --> 04:11:00,000
Cities could rise and fall as 
quickly as storms could appear. 

4471
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:04,000
Trading networks, that seemed 
permanent could be disrupted by 

4472
04:11:04,000 --> 04:11:07,300
piracy war or shifts in 
political power. 

4473
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:12,000
The sea connected people, but 
also reminded them of their 

4474
04:11:12,000 --> 04:11:15,300
vulnerability. 
An island civilization. 

4475
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:19,600
However, powerful would always 
be subject to forces Beyond its 

4476
04:11:19,600 --> 04:11:24,200
control, Plato's decision to set
his imaginary civilization on an

4477
04:11:24,200 --> 04:11:28,300
island and then isn't arbitrary.
Islands are naturally, bounded, 

4478
04:11:28,300 --> 04:11:32,100
finite space is where social 
organization Can Be Imagined in 

4479
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:35,800
its complete form. 
They're also inherently fragile.

4480
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:39,700
Dependent on Maritime 
connections for survival and 

4481
04:11:39,700 --> 04:11:42,400
vulnerable to Naval attack or 
natural disaster. 

4482
04:11:42,400 --> 04:11:45,000
An island. 
Civilization is a perfect 

4483
04:11:45,000 --> 04:11:48,100
setting for exploring questions 
about the sustainability of 

4484
04:11:48,100 --> 04:11:51,700
power and the relationship 
between human ambition and 

4485
04:11:51,700 --> 04:11:54,900
natural limits, as you drift 
deeper towards sleep. 

4486
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:59,400
Imagine yourself in Plato's 
position an elderly thinker 

4487
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:02,200
reflecting on your life's work 
on the society. 

4488
04:12:02,200 --> 04:12:06,000
That raised you and on the gap 
between ideal visions and actual

4489
04:12:06,000 --> 04:12:09,600
human behavior. 
What story would you tell to 

4490
04:12:09,600 --> 04:12:11,400
capture everything? 
You've learned about how 

4491
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:16,000
civilization succeed and fail? 
What details would you include 

4492
04:12:16,000 --> 04:12:17,700
to make your philosophical 
points? 

4493
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:22,200
Feel real lived and experienced 
rather than merely theorized. 

4494
04:12:22,200 --> 04:12:26,300
This is the mindset from which 
Atlantis emerges, not as 

4495
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:29,600
historical reporting, but as 
philosophical teaching clothed 

4496
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:34,100
in narrative, form designed to 
make abstract ideas concrete and

4497
04:12:34,100 --> 04:12:37,200
memorable. 
Plato's about to create a story.

4498
04:12:37,200 --> 04:12:41,500
So vivid so detailed. 
So convincing that people will 

4499
04:12:41,500 --> 04:12:44,400
still be looking for Atlantis 
more than two Millennia. 

4500
04:12:44,400 --> 04:12:48,300
After writes it Despite his 
never claiming it was anything 

4501
04:12:48,300 --> 04:12:52,000
more than an illustrative Tale. 
The Atlantis that Plato 

4502
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:55,900
describes emerges in layers, 
like a painting, being completed

4503
04:12:55,900 --> 04:13:00,000
detail by careful detail. 
Each brushstroke adding depth to

4504
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:03,000
the overall vision. 
He doesn't simply announce that 

4505
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:06,300
a great civilization once 
existed, he builds it before 

4506
04:13:06,300 --> 04:13:09,100
your mind's eye, with the kind 
of specificity that makes 

4507
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:13,000
imagination feel like memory 
begin with the geography because

4508
04:13:13,000 --> 04:13:17,600
that's where Plato starts. 
Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean 

4509
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:21,400
beyond the pillars of Hercules 
positioned when no Greek ship 

4510
04:13:21,400 --> 04:13:25,300
would venture in Plato's time. 
The island itself is larger than

4511
04:13:25,300 --> 04:13:28,600
Libya and Asia combined, which 
in Greek geographical 

4512
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:30,900
understanding means it 
absolutely massive. 

4513
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:34,500
Continental landmass rather than
a mere Island. 

4514
04:13:35,900 --> 04:13:39,200
Already Plato is signaling that 
this is a story operating on a 

4515
04:13:39,208 --> 04:13:41,800
grand scale. 
Dealing with a civilization, 

4516
04:13:41,800 --> 04:13:45,900
whose physical size matches its 
cultural Ambitions, the islands 

4517
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:49,500
landscape features, a large 
coastal, plain rectangular in 

4518
04:13:49,500 --> 04:13:52,100
shape and surrounded by 
mountains that shelter at from 

4519
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:55,000
northern winds. 
These mountains aren't Barren, 

4520
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:58,600
Rock faces, but a rich with 
forests, Villages and streams 

4521
04:13:58,600 --> 04:14:02,500
that feed the plane below. 
The plane itself measures about 

4522
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:09,100
330, by 220, Mi Plato gives 
precise measurements, the kind 

4523
04:14:09,100 --> 04:14:12,100
of specificity that lends 
credibility to the description. 

4524
04:14:12,900 --> 04:14:16,200
And through this plane Engineers
have cut a channel connecting 

4525
04:14:16,200 --> 04:14:19,200
the coast to a circular series 
of waterways at the center of 

4526
04:14:19,208 --> 04:14:22,500
the island at the island. 
Heart sits, the capital city. 

4527
04:14:22,500 --> 04:14:26,500
And here Plato's description 
becomes almost architectural in 

4528
04:14:26,500 --> 04:14:30,100
its precision. 
Picture concentric circles of 

4529
04:14:30,100 --> 04:14:34,300
alternating water and land like 
a Target pattern, visible from 

4530
04:14:34,300 --> 04:14:37,200
above. 
Central island measures about 

4531
04:14:37,200 --> 04:14:40,500
five stadium in diameter. 
Roughly half a mile. 

4532
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:45,500
And on this elevated Center sit 
the Royal Palace and the temples

4533
04:14:45,500 --> 04:14:48,200
of Poseidon and cleito the 
Divine. 

4534
04:14:48,200 --> 04:14:51,000
And mortar ancestors of the 
Atlantean, Royal Line 

4535
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:54,500
surrounding the central island 
are alternating rings of water 

4536
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:56,600
and land, each precisely 
measured. 

4537
04:14:57,400 --> 04:15:00,200
The rings of water serve as both
defensive moats, and 

4538
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:03,700
transportation channels, 
connected by tunnels, large 

4539
04:15:03,700 --> 04:15:07,100
enough to allow ships to pass 
from the outer ocean through to 

4540
04:15:07,100 --> 04:15:10,400
the innermost Harbor. 
The rings of land feature. 

4541
04:15:10,400 --> 04:15:13,900
Walls covered in Precious 
Metals, brass on the outer wall,

4542
04:15:13,900 --> 04:15:17,800
tin on the middle wall and a 
mysterious metal called Oracle 

4543
04:15:17,800 --> 04:15:21,200
on the innermost wall, which 
glows with a ruddy light, like 

4544
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:23,800
fire. 
This is the part where Plato's 

4545
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:26,600
imagination for detail becomes 
almost overwhelming. 

4546
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:31,000
He describes Bridges, connecting
the land, Rings underground, 

4547
04:15:31,000 --> 04:15:34,800
passages, allowing ships to move
between the circular harbors and

4548
04:15:34,800 --> 04:15:37,900
a sophisticated system of docks 
and Naval facilities. 

4549
04:15:37,900 --> 04:15:40,400
That would make. 
Even our modern Port planners 

4550
04:15:40,400 --> 04:15:43,000
envious. 
The engineering required to 

4551
04:15:43,000 --> 04:15:47,100
create such a city would be 
staggering Excavating millions 

4552
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:50,200
of tons of Earth. 
Constructing, massive retaining 

4553
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:53,900
walls, managing, water flow 
between the circular channels 

4554
04:15:53,900 --> 04:15:57,200
and maintaining the structural 
Integrity of an entire 

4555
04:15:57,200 --> 04:16:00,500
artificial landscape but Plato 
isn't finished with his 

4556
04:16:00,500 --> 04:16:03,700
architectural vision. 
He describes the Temple's in 

4557
04:16:03,700 --> 04:16:06,300
detail as suggests. 
He's thought deeply about what 

4558
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:10,000
buildings in an ideal 
civilization would look like the

4559
04:16:10,000 --> 04:16:13,600
Temple of Poseidon features a 
roof adorned with Ivory walls 

4560
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:17,500
plated with silver and a golden 
statue of the Sea Gods standing 

4561
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:19,400
in a chariot pulled by winged 
horses. 

4562
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:25,200
So tall it touches the temple. 
Sealing Around the temple, a 

4563
04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:28,300
golden statues of the original 
10 Kings of Atlantis and their 

4564
04:16:28,300 --> 04:16:31,200
wives along with many other 
offerings that speak to the 

4565
04:16:31,200 --> 04:16:33,500
wealth and piety of Atlanta and 
Society. 

4566
04:16:33,500 --> 04:16:37,900
The city includes Hot and Cold 
Springs convenient for bathing 

4567
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:41,900
which Greeks considered 
essential to civilize Life along

4568
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:45,100
with a labret bathhouses for 
common citizens and separate 

4569
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:48,800
facilities for royalty. 
There are gymnasia for athletic 

4570
04:16:48,800 --> 04:16:52,900
training race courses for horses
and Gardens that suggests 

4571
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:56,100
atlanteans appreciated Beauty as
much as functionality. 

4572
04:16:57,600 --> 04:17:00,200
The attention to public. 
Amenities indicates a 

4573
04:17:00,200 --> 04:17:03,300
civilization, that valued its 
citizens, well-being, and 

4574
04:17:03,300 --> 04:17:06,500
understood, that great societies
require more than military. 

4575
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:09,200
Might moving beyond the Central 
City. 

4576
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:12,200
Plato describes the broader 
island with equal attention to 

4577
04:17:12,200 --> 04:17:15,500
detail. 
The rectangular plane is divided

4578
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:20,000
into 60,000 sections, each 
measuring about 10, stadia 

4579
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:22,300
square. 
And each section is responsible 

4580
04:17:22,300 --> 04:17:25,100
for providing one military unit 
to the Kingdom's. 

4581
04:17:25,100 --> 04:17:29,100
Defence Force's, this level of 
administrative organization, 

4582
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:32,900
keeping track of thousands of 
districts managing their 

4583
04:17:32,900 --> 04:17:35,900
contributions coordinating. 
Their military obligations 

4584
04:17:35,900 --> 04:17:40,300
suggests, a bureaucratic 
sophistication that Rivals. 

4585
04:17:40,300 --> 04:17:43,700
Any ancient empire. 
The planes fertility is 

4586
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:47,900
legendary and Plato's telling it
produces two Harvest annually, 

4587
04:17:47,900 --> 04:17:51,300
watered by winter rains. 
And summer irrigation from 

4588
04:17:51,300 --> 04:17:53,500
streams flowing down from the 
mountains. 

4589
04:17:54,400 --> 04:17:58,300
The irrigation system itself is 
a Marvel of engineering, a 

4590
04:17:58,300 --> 04:18:00,300
network of channels cutting 
across the plane. 

4591
04:18:00,300 --> 04:18:03,800
At regular intervals, allowing 
water to be distributed wherever

4592
04:18:03,800 --> 04:18:07,300
crops needed any farmer reading.
Plato's description would 

4593
04:18:07,300 --> 04:18:10,300
recognize the kind of 
coordinated labor and long-term 

4594
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:13,400
planning such a system would 
require Beyond agriculture, 

4595
04:18:13,400 --> 04:18:17,400
Atlantis excels in every form of
production and crafts. 

4596
04:18:18,200 --> 04:18:21,700
The mountains provide timber for
shipbuilding, not just ordinary 

4597
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:25,700
wood, but varieties suited to 
different purposes chosen by 

4598
04:18:25,700 --> 04:18:28,400
skilled Foresters who understand
their materials. 

4599
04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:34,200
Miners, yield precious metals in
such abundance that are calcium 

4600
04:18:34,200 --> 04:18:37,300
which Plato describes a second, 
only to gold in value. 

4601
04:18:38,000 --> 04:18:41,100
Can be used as decorative 
plating on walls and buildings. 

4602
04:18:42,000 --> 04:18:44,500
Craftsman. 
Work in every medium, Stone 

4603
04:18:44,500 --> 04:18:49,300
metal wood textiles producing 
Goods that blend utility with 

4604
04:18:49,300 --> 04:18:51,700
beauty. 
The islands fauna includes 

4605
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:55,100
everything from domestic animals
to elephant's, which Plato, 

4606
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:57,800
specifically mentioned, to 
emphasize the islands, 

4607
04:18:57,800 --> 04:18:59,800
extraordinary, diversity and 
richness. 

4608
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:04,100
This detail always strikes 
readers as either charmingly 

4609
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:08,100
naive or brilliantly strategic. 
Depending on whether they think,

4610
04:19:08,100 --> 04:19:11,000
Plato believed elephants 
actually lived in the Atlantic 

4611
04:19:11,000 --> 04:19:15,400
or was intentionally including 
an exotic detail to underscore 

4612
04:19:15,400 --> 04:19:18,400
how different this civilization 
was from anything in the Greek 

4613
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:20,800
World. 
Plato also describes the 

4614
04:19:20,800 --> 04:19:23,900
Atlantean diet with the kind of 
attention, that suggests his 

4615
04:19:23,900 --> 04:19:26,000
thought about what an ideal 
society would eat. 

4616
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:31,000
They have fruits and Grains 
roots and herbs wine and oils 

4617
04:19:31,000 --> 04:19:34,500
everything necessary. 
Not just for survival, but for 

4618
04:19:34,500 --> 04:19:37,600
the kind of sophisticated 
Cuisine that Greeks associated 

4619
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:41,600
with civilized living, The 
mention of specific agricultural

4620
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:45,900
products grounds, the story and 
physical reality, making 

4621
04:19:45,900 --> 04:19:50,100
Atlantis feel like a place where
actual people lived actual lives

4622
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:54,100
rather than an abstract 
philosophical construct, the 

4623
04:19:54,100 --> 04:19:57,000
political organization of 
Atlantis reflects Plato's 

4624
04:19:57,000 --> 04:20:00,100
philosophical interests, while 
avoiding the kind of rigid 

4625
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:01,900
structure. 
He proposed in the Republic. 

4626
04:20:03,000 --> 04:20:06,300
Ten Kings ruled the island. 
Each descended from one of 

4627
04:20:06,300 --> 04:20:08,300
Poseidon's Sons by the Mortal 
woman. 

4628
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:11,900
Clayto, These Kings govern their
own territories but meet 

4629
04:20:11,900 --> 04:20:14,300
regularly make decisions 
affecting the entire 

4630
04:20:14,300 --> 04:20:17,900
civilization. 
The laws are inscribed on a 

4631
04:20:17,900 --> 04:20:21,700
pillar of Oracle in the temple 
of Poseidon and before making 

4632
04:20:21,700 --> 04:20:25,700
any significant decision, the 
kingsman elaborate ritual 

4633
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:29,600
involving the sacrifice of a 
bull chosen without weapons 

4634
04:20:29,600 --> 04:20:33,700
implying some sort of consensual
selection that hints at the 

4635
04:20:33,708 --> 04:20:36,800
king's Divine connection. 
This political structure is 

4636
04:20:36,800 --> 04:20:40,200
interesting because it combines 
monarchy with something like 

4637
04:20:40,200 --> 04:20:43,200
federalism. 
Recognizing that large 

4638
04:20:43,200 --> 04:20:45,800
territories, might be better 
governed by distributed 

4639
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,900
Authority and buy a single 
centralized power. 

4640
04:20:50,100 --> 04:20:53,100
The regular meetings of the 
Kings suggest Plato imagines 

4641
04:20:53,100 --> 04:20:56,100
Atlantis, as having developed 
sophisticated protocols for 

4642
04:20:56,100 --> 04:21:00,000
Collective decision-making, ways
of balancing different Regional 

4643
04:21:00,000 --> 04:21:03,500
interests while maintaining 
overall Unity, the military 

4644
04:21:03,500 --> 04:21:06,200
organization receives details, 
attention as well. 

4645
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:10,700
Each of the 60,000 districts on 
the plane provides specific 

4646
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:16,100
military resources in infantry, 
Cavalry chariots Sailors, 

4647
04:21:16,100 --> 04:21:19,500
creating an Army and Navy of 
enormous size. 

4648
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,300
Plato. 
Calculates, the total military 

4649
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:26,100
strength with mathematical 
Precision, giving exact numbers 

4650
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:30,400
for different types of units. 
The Navy alone requires 1 200 

4651
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:33,000
ships each crewed by train 
Sailors. 

4652
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:36,500
Suggesting both the maritime 
focus of Atlantean civilization 

4653
04:21:36,500 --> 04:21:41,100
and the logistical complexity of
maintaining such a force but 

4654
04:21:41,100 --> 04:21:44,400
perhaps most revealing is what 
Plato says about Atlantean 

4655
04:21:44,400 --> 04:21:47,500
culture and values. 
For many generations. 

4656
04:21:47,500 --> 04:21:51,000
He tells us the atlanteans 
remain true to their Divine 

4657
04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:55,000
ancestry valuing wisdom, 
overwhelmed and treating their 

4658
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:58,300
prosperity as a trust to be 
managed rather than a resource 

4659
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:01,400
to be exploited. 
They lived according to laws 

4660
04:22:01,400 --> 04:22:04,300
that prioritized Justice and 
Collective well-being, over 

4661
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:08,300
individual gain. 
This golden age of Atlantean 

4662
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:12,700
civilization represented the 
ideal Society, made manifest not

4663
04:22:12,700 --> 04:22:15,900
perfect. 
Because Perfection doesn't exist

4664
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:19,800
in the physical world but as 
close to the ideal forms, as 

4665
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:23,200
human civilization, might 
actually achieve the physical 

4666
04:22:23,200 --> 04:22:27,300
details to provide the precise 
measurements, the specific 

4667
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:31,800
materials, the calculated 
military strengths all serve a 

4668
04:22:31,800 --> 04:22:35,000
philosophical purpose. 
They make Atlantis feel real 

4669
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:37,500
enough to believe in while 
demonstrating what a 

4670
04:22:37,500 --> 04:22:39,600
civilization organized around, 
right. 

4671
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,300
Prince of principles. 
Might actually accomplish the 

4672
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:45,600
engineering Marvels show. 
What becomes possible when human

4673
04:22:45,600 --> 04:22:49,000
intelligence is directed toward 
Collective, flourishing, rather 

4674
04:22:49,000 --> 04:22:52,700
than individual or grand eyes 
when The administrative 

4675
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:55,600
sophistication demonstrates. 
What Justice looks like when 

4676
04:22:55,600 --> 04:22:58,600
implemented through practical 
governance, rather than abstract

4677
04:22:58,600 --> 04:23:01,300
theorizing. 
As you let these images settle 

4678
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,100
into your mind like sediment 
drifting down through water. 

4679
04:23:04,100 --> 04:23:08,300
Notice how Plato's Atlantis 
combines Grandeur with human 

4680
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:12,200
scale. 
Yes, the city is massive and the

4681
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:15,500
civilization is powerful, but 
it's also a place where people 

4682
04:23:15,500 --> 04:23:20,600
bathe in public baths in 
gymnasia, grow crops and 

4683
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:24,300
Gathering temples. 
It's not an alien world, but a 

4684
04:23:24,300 --> 04:23:27,400
human one, just organized. 
According to better principles 

4685
04:23:27,400 --> 04:23:29,700
than the Greeks. 
Managed in their actual cities. 

4686
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:33,900
This is the world Plato imagined
wealthy, but not decadent 

4687
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:38,400
powerful, but not tyrannical 
sophisticated, but not corrupt, 

4688
04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:42,500
at least not yet. 
Because the story of Atlantis 

4689
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:45,800
isn't ultimately about sustained
Perfection but about the 

4690
04:23:45,800 --> 04:23:49,800
impossibility of maintaining it,
the transformation of Atlantis, 

4691
04:23:49,800 --> 04:23:52,600
from ideal civilization to 
cautionary, tale happened. 

4692
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:57,100
Gradually in Plato's telling him
like watching fruit ripen and 

4693
04:23:57,100 --> 04:24:01,700
then spoil in slow motion. 
This isn't a dramatic collapse 

4694
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:05,100
triggered by a single 
catastrophic event at least not 

4695
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:08,500
initially. 
Instead, it's a quiet 

4696
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:11,800
deterioration of character that 
eventually calls down disaster 

4697
04:24:11,800 --> 04:24:14,700
as its natural consequence, 
Plato describes. 

4698
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:18,400
How over many generations. 
The Divine element in Atlantean 

4699
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:22,000
nature became diluted Mixed 
repeatedly with Mortal 

4700
04:24:22,000 --> 04:24:24,000
characteristics. 
Through generations of 

4701
04:24:24,008 --> 04:24:27,400
reproduction, the Divine spark 
that made the original 

4702
04:24:27,400 --> 04:24:31,500
atlanteans wise and temperate, 
grew fainter, and fainter like a

4703
04:24:31,508 --> 04:24:34,400
signal degrading as it travels 
further from its source. 

4704
04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:38,000
This isn't about genetics in the
modern sense, but about 

4705
04:24:38,000 --> 04:24:41,800
spiritual and moral inheritance.
The idea that Excellence of 

4706
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:44,800
character must be actively 
maintained or inevitably 

4707
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:48,700
declines, the visible symptoms 
of this moral deterioration. 

4708
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:51,900
Appear. 
First, in changing attitude, 

4709
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:56,000
toward wealth and power. 
Where earlier generations of 

4710
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:59,000
atlanteans had viewed their 
prosperity as a sacred trust 

4711
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:03,300
later generations began treating
it, as personal property to be 

4712
04:25:03,300 --> 04:25:08,400
enjoyed, displayed and expanded 
the metals that once plated 

4713
04:25:08,400 --> 04:25:12,100
walls as offering to Gods became
symbols of personal status. 

4714
04:25:13,300 --> 04:25:17,400
The agricultural abundance that 
had fed everyone, well became a 

4715
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:19,500
means of accumulating Surplus 
wealth. 

4716
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:22,200
That could be converted into 
political influence. 

4717
04:25:22,200 --> 04:25:25,100
You can imagine how this 
transformation might have felt 

4718
04:25:25,100 --> 04:25:27,100
to an observant atlante and 
living through it. 

4719
04:25:27,100 --> 04:25:31,200
Like watching your neighborhood 
slowly changed character as 

4720
04:25:31,200 --> 04:25:32,800
different priorities. 
Take hold. 

4721
04:25:34,300 --> 04:25:37,100
The old families who remembered 
the Traditional Values would 

4722
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:40,200
notice first? 
Younger generation seemed less 

4723
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:43,600
interested in, maintaining the 
temples and more focused on 

4724
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:45,500
expanding their personal 
Estates. 

4725
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:49,500
Conversations at public bath, 
gradually shifted from 

4726
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:53,000
philosophical discussions to 
comparisons of wealth and 

4727
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:56,700
achievement. 
The gymnasia once places where 

4728
04:25:56,700 --> 04:25:59,900
citizens developed their bodies,
as temples of divine Spirit 

4729
04:25:59,900 --> 04:26:03,800
became venues for competitive 
display military. 

4730
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:07,800
Ambition provides another 
symptom of Atlantean decline the

4731
04:26:07,800 --> 04:26:10,100
Navy and army that had been 
maintained for defensive 

4732
04:26:10,100 --> 04:26:13,100
purposes and to ensure Justice 
within their sphere of 

4733
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,800
influence, began to be seen as 
tools for expansion and 

4734
04:26:16,800 --> 04:26:20,400
Conquest. 
Plato describes how Atlanta's 

4735
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:24,600
began subjugating other people's
extending their control beyond 

4736
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:26,900
their Island to Coastal 
territories around the 

4737
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:30,900
Mediterranean. 
A Concord Libya as far as Egypt 

4738
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,800
and Europe as far as tirania. 
Essentially dominating the 

4739
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:38,800
entire Western Mediterranean 
Basin, this Imperial expansion 

4740
04:26:38,800 --> 04:26:41,800
represents more than just 
territorial ambition. 

4741
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,600
It signals a fundamental shift 
in Atlanta and 

4742
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:48,800
self-understanding. 
Instead of seeing themselves as 

4743
04:26:48,800 --> 04:26:52,500
stewards of an ideal society 
that might Inspire others, 

4744
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:56,300
through its example, they began 
viewing their civilization as 

4745
04:26:56,300 --> 04:27:00,200
Superior in ways that justified 
dominating inferior peoples. 

4746
04:27:01,200 --> 04:27:04,400
The philosophical commitment to 
Justice, became subordinated, to

4747
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:08,700
the Practical exercise of power.
Might began to make right in 

4748
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:11,900
ways that would have horrified 
earlier generations of Atlantean

4749
04:27:11,900 --> 04:27:15,200
thinkers the specific trigger 
for Atlantis is Ultimate 

4750
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:17,200
Destruction. 
Comes when they decide to attack

4751
04:27:17,200 --> 04:27:22,600
Athens or rather ancient Athens 
that existed 9,000 years before 

4752
04:27:22,600 --> 04:27:25,900
Plato's time back, when the 
Mediterranean world was 

4753
04:27:25,900 --> 04:27:29,900
supposedly very different from 
the one here habits This detail 

4754
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:33,000
is important because it connects
Plato's Atlantis, story to 

4755
04:27:33,000 --> 04:27:36,200
Athenian Glory. 
Making Athens the city that 

4756
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:39,900
stood against Atlantean 
imperialism and won Plato's 

4757
04:27:39,900 --> 04:27:43,100
account of this conflict is 
brief and somewhat frustrating 

4758
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:45,700
for anyone, hoping for details 
battle descriptions. 

4759
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:50,600
He tells us that Athens despite 
being smaller and less wealthy 

4760
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:54,600
than Atlantis successfully, 
resisted the Atlantean Invasion 

4761
04:27:54,600 --> 04:27:58,000
through a combination of 
Courage, Superior political 

4762
04:27:58,000 --> 04:28:00,500
organization and commitment to 
Justice. 

4763
04:28:01,500 --> 04:28:04,700
The Athenians embodied the 
virtues that atlanteans had 

4764
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:07,700
lost. 
They fought not for Conquest, 

4765
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:12,100
but for Freedom not to dominate 
but to preserve their way of 

4766
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:14,700
life. 
This reversal is philosophically

4767
04:28:14,700 --> 04:28:18,400
significant, it demonstrates 
that moral Excellence provides 

4768
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:20,600
advantages. 
That material power cannot 

4769
04:28:20,600 --> 04:28:23,900
overcome that are just City 
organized around, right 

4770
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:27,700
principles can defeat a 
wealthier larger more 

4771
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:30,400
technologically advanced 
opponent if that opponent has 

4772
04:28:30,400 --> 04:28:33,100
lost touch with the virtues that
originally made it great. 

4773
04:28:34,000 --> 04:28:37,200
Its Plato's way of suggesting 
that Athens in his own time, 

4774
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:40,700
might yet recover greatness. 
If it returns to the values, 

4775
04:28:40,700 --> 04:28:44,200
that made it exceptional during 
its golden age, but the military

4776
04:28:44,200 --> 04:28:48,000
defeat isn't the end of Atlantis
that comes from nature itself, 

4777
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:51,300
from forces, so much more 
powerful than human armies. 

4778
04:28:51,300 --> 04:28:53,400
That military might become 
irrelevant. 

4779
04:28:54,300 --> 04:28:57,800
After the conflict with Athens, 
Plato tells us there came a 

4780
04:28:57,800 --> 04:29:01,600
single day and night of violent,
earthquake, and floods, the 

4781
04:29:01,600 --> 04:29:05,200
entire Atlantean civilization 
disappeared beneath the waves 

4782
04:29:05,200 --> 04:29:09,300
swallowed by the ocean that had 
once been its Highway for trade 

4783
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:12,700
and Conquest, the destruction is
complete and total. 

4784
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:17,100
The circular Harbors, the taken 
generations to construct Phil 

4785
04:29:17,100 --> 04:29:21,500
with seawater and sediment. 
The palace walls plated with 

4786
04:29:21,500 --> 04:29:24,200
precious metals sink Beyond 
human reach. 

4787
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:28,000
The temples were Bulls. 
Had been sacrificed and laws 

4788
04:29:28,000 --> 04:29:32,700
solemnly proclaimed collapse 
under waves, that recognize no 

4789
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:36,600
human authority. 
The agricultural plain with its 

4790
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:40,000
sophisticated irrigation 
channels, becomes an underwater 

4791
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:42,400
landscape. 
Where fish swim over? 

4792
04:29:42,400 --> 04:29:46,200
What were once fields of grain, 
Plato emphasizes that after 

4793
04:29:46,200 --> 04:29:50,100
Atlantis sank, the ocean in that
region, became unnavigable full 

4794
04:29:50,100 --> 04:29:52,900
of mud and shallow Waters, that 
made passage impossible. 

4795
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:55,700
This detail serves multiple 
purposes. 

4796
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:57,200
It explains. 
Why? 

4797
04:29:57,200 --> 04:30:00,500
No one in Plato's time can find 
physical evidence of Atlantis. 

4798
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:05,000
It's buried under Oceanic silt 
in an area ship's cannot reach. 

4799
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:08,600
It also suggests that some 
transgressions against Natural 

4800
04:30:08,600 --> 04:30:13,000
order, leave permanent scars on 
the landscape itself that the 

4801
04:30:13,000 --> 04:30:16,008
destruction of Atlantis wasnt 
just punishment, but a kind of 

4802
04:30:16,016 --> 04:30:18,600
cosmic editing that removed the 
civilization. 

4803
04:30:18,600 --> 04:30:23,100
So completely it left, only 
traces, two faint to follow the 

4804
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:26,600
gentle, almost quiet way, Plato 
describes this catastrophe. 

4805
04:30:26,600 --> 04:30:29,700
Make it more rather than less 
unsettling. 

4806
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:32,600
There's no dramatic. 
Final battle. 

4807
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:37,100
No heroic Last Stand and no 
opportunity for Redemption 

4808
04:30:37,100 --> 04:30:40,900
through courageous resistance. 
The earthquakes and floods, 

4809
04:30:40,900 --> 04:30:45,000
simply come in different to 
Atlantic and achievements wealth

4810
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:48,800
or power. 
Nature reasserts its Primacy 

4811
04:30:48,800 --> 04:30:52,800
over human, pretensions with a 
finality that leaves no room for

4812
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:55,900
appeals or second chances. 
What makes this ending 

4813
04:30:55,900 --> 04:30:58,900
particularly poignant, is that 
it comes just when Atlantis has 

4814
04:30:58,900 --> 04:31:03,800
reached Peak power, The Empire 
is at its largest extent, its 

4815
04:31:03,800 --> 04:31:08,100
military at maximum strength. 
Its wealth seemingly Unlimited 

4816
04:31:09,200 --> 04:31:11,100
From a purely material 
standpoint. 

4817
04:31:11,100 --> 04:31:13,700
Atlantis has never been more 
successful. 

4818
04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:18,400
But success measured in 
conventional terms territory. 

4819
04:31:18,400 --> 04:31:23,200
Wealth power has become 
decoupled from the virtues that 

4820
04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:26,900
originally Justified and 
sustained that success the 

4821
04:31:26,900 --> 04:31:30,100
catastrophe functions in Plato's
story as what we might Now call 

4822
04:31:30,100 --> 04:31:34,400
a systems correction. 
When civilizations grow powerful

4823
04:31:34,400 --> 04:31:37,600
enough to dominate their 
Regional environment, they 

4824
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:40,500
sometimes forget, they remain 
embedded in larger natural 

4825
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:44,300
systems that don't care about 
human higher is or ambitions. 

4826
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:48,600
Atlantis is disappearance 
beneath the ways is Plato's way 

4827
04:31:48,608 --> 04:31:53,100
of saying that, no civilization,
however, Advanced or powerful 

4828
04:31:53,100 --> 04:31:56,600
can indefinitely, violate the 
principles that make flourishing

4829
04:31:56,600 --> 04:31:59,100
possible without eventually 
facing consequences. 

4830
04:31:59,100 --> 04:32:03,500
As you let this image, settle an
entire civilization slipping 

4831
04:32:03,500 --> 04:32:07,300
beneath dark Waters, its rings 
of Harbors filling with the 

4832
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:11,100
ocean that once brought it. 
Well, its temples and palaces 

4833
04:32:11,100 --> 04:32:15,100
becoming homes for fish and 
seaweed notice how Plato has 

4834
04:32:15,100 --> 04:32:18,300
transformed a philosophical 
argument into something visceral

4835
04:32:18,300 --> 04:32:21,000
and memorable. 
Strat points about the 

4836
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:25,000
relationship between virtue and 
sustainability, become the story

4837
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:28,000
of an island Empire that 
literally sinks under the weight

4838
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:31,700
of its own moral failure. 
The fall of Atlantis happens. 

4839
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:35,300
Both suddenly and slowly. 
suddenly, in the sense that the 

4840
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:39,500
final destruction comes in a day
and night, Slowly in that, the 

4841
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:42,400
moral deterioration that makes 
destruction inevitable. 

4842
04:32:42,400 --> 04:32:46,700
Unfolds across Generations. 
This double temporality reflects

4843
04:32:46,700 --> 04:32:49,400
how civilizational collapsed 
actually works. 

4844
04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:54,700
The underlying causes accumulate
gradually often invisibly until 

4845
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:57,800
some triggering event, reveals 
how fragile, the whole structure

4846
04:32:57,800 --> 04:33:01,300
is become Plato. 
Never explicitly Morales is 

4847
04:33:01,308 --> 04:33:05,900
about atlantis's destruction. 
He doesn't need to The story 

4848
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:09,400
itself carries the philosophical
weight, demonstrating how 

4849
04:33:09,400 --> 04:33:14,300
Prosperity without wisdom power 
without Justice, an expansion 

4850
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:17,500
Without Limits. 
Eventually cooled down disaster,

4851
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:21,200
the sinking of Atlantis into the
ocean becomes a physical 

4852
04:33:21,200 --> 04:33:25,300
metaphor for what happens when 
civilizations sink into moral 

4853
04:33:25,300 --> 04:33:28,599
confusion. 
Peer beneath forces. 

4854
04:33:28,599 --> 04:33:31,800
They once thought, they 
controlled leaving only stories 

4855
04:33:31,800 --> 04:33:35,700
to Mark, where they stood now 
that the story has been told the

4856
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:39,400
rise imagined and the full 
described we can step back and 

4857
04:33:39,400 --> 04:33:43,300
consider what Plato was actually
doing when he created Atlantis. 

4858
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:46,599
This was never meant to be 
history in the sense. 

4859
04:33:46,599 --> 04:33:49,300
We usually understand it. 
It was philosophy. 

4860
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:51,900
Dressed in narrative clothes 
clothing ideas. 

4861
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:54,900
Give an form through fictional 
geography and a Machinery 

4862
04:33:54,900 --> 04:33:57,700
catastrophe. 
The first thing to understand is

4863
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:01,000
that Plato's audience would have
a story very differently than we

4864
04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:04,900
do modern readers and counter 
Atlantis as an ancient mystery 

4865
04:34:04,900 --> 04:34:08,400
wandering, where the such a 
place ever existed and searching

4866
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:11,700
for archaeological evidence that
might confirm or disprove the 

4867
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:14,099
account. 
Ancient Greeks would have 

4868
04:34:14,099 --> 04:34:16,800
recognized immediately. 
The Plato was doing what he 

4869
04:34:16,800 --> 04:34:20,599
always did, using story to make 
philosophical, arguments more 

4870
04:34:20,599 --> 04:34:23,599
Vivid, and memorable than 
abstract reasoning alone. 

4871
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:27,200
Could have think about how Plato
typically argues in his 

4872
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:29,900
dialogues. 
He rarely makes straightforward 

4873
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:31,800
statements about truth or 
virtue. 

4874
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:36,200
Instead, he constructs, 
elaborate thought, experiments, 

4875
04:34:36,200 --> 04:34:40,599
extended, analogies, and 
hypothetical scenarios that let 

4876
04:34:40,599 --> 04:34:43,900
readers discover principles for 
themselves through imaginative 

4877
04:34:43,900 --> 04:34:47,099
engagement. 
The allegory of the cave doesn't

4878
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:49,800
work because prisoners were 
actually chained in a cave 

4879
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:53,400
watching Shadows, it works 
because the scenario 

4880
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:56,099
illuminates, something true 
about knowledge and perception, 

4881
04:34:56,099 --> 04:35:00,400
Atlantis operates the same way. 
The philosophical content 

4882
04:35:00,400 --> 04:35:03,800
embedded in the Atlantis story. 
Concerns, several of Plato's 

4883
04:35:03,800 --> 04:35:08,500
most persistent preoccupations 
First, there's the question of 

4884
04:35:08,500 --> 04:35:12,200
whether ideal Society is can 
exist in the physical world or 

4885
04:35:12,200 --> 04:35:15,200
whether Perfection remains 
eternally limited to the realm 

4886
04:35:15,200 --> 04:35:18,700
of forms. 
By creating Atlantis as a nearly

4887
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:23,700
ideal society that existed. 
But didn't last Plato suggested 

4888
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:26,900
that Excellence is achievable 
but not sustainable. 

4889
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:31,700
Human civilizations can approach
the ideal but cannot permanently

4890
04:35:31,700 --> 04:35:34,300
embody it. 
This connects to a deeper 

4891
04:35:34,300 --> 04:35:37,500
pessimism about material 
existence that runs throughout 

4892
04:35:37,500 --> 04:35:41,599
Plato's mature, philosophy. 
The physical world in his view 

4893
04:35:41,599 --> 04:35:46,800
is always corrupted, by change 
Decay and the contamination of 

4894
04:35:46,800 --> 04:35:50,599
matter. 
Pure ideas, exist, eternally and

4895
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:53,200
unchanging, and some 
Transcendent realm. 

4896
04:35:53,200 --> 04:35:56,500
But when those ideas take 
physical form, they become 

4897
04:35:56,500 --> 04:35:59,099
subject to time and 
deterioration. 

4898
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:04,000
Atlantis, embodies this 
principle even Divine wisdom 

4899
04:36:04,000 --> 04:36:07,700
dilutes across Generations. 
As the physical aspect of human 

4900
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:11,900
nature dominate, the spiritual 
ones second, the Atlantis story 

4901
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:14,700
illustrates the relationship 
between virtue and political 

4902
04:36:14,700 --> 04:36:17,400
success. 
Plato has been arguing 

4903
04:36:17,400 --> 04:36:20,200
throughout his career that 
Justice isn't just ethically, 

4904
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:23,300
right? 
But practically effective that 

4905
04:36:23,300 --> 04:36:26,500
cities, organized around wisdom 
and Justice will flourish while 

4906
04:36:26,500 --> 04:36:29,099
those governed by ambition and 
Corruption will fail. 

4907
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:33,599
Atlantis provides a case study 
demonstrating the principle 

4908
04:36:33,599 --> 04:36:37,599
across multiple Generations. 
Showing both how virtue creates 

4909
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:40,599
flourishing and how Vice leads 
to destruction. 

4910
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:43,800
The timing of Atlantis is fall 
is significant here. 

4911
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,099
They're destroyed not well, we 
can corrupt, but at the peak of 

4912
04:36:47,108 --> 04:36:50,500
their Imperial power just after 
conquering, much of the 

4913
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:55,300
Mediterranean This suggests that
visible success measured in 

4914
04:36:55,300 --> 04:36:59,200
conventional terms like wealth 
territory and military strength 

4915
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:01,700
Ken mask, underlying moral 
bankruptcy. 

4916
04:37:03,300 --> 04:37:06,900
Civilization can appear strong 
precisely when its most 

4917
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:09,700
vulnerable. 
Because the very strength, it 

4918
04:37:09,700 --> 04:37:12,300
displays comes from having 
abandoned the principles that 

4919
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:16,099
would make that strength. 
Sustainable third, Plato uses 

4920
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:18,900
Atlantis, to explore. 
The relationship between human 

4921
04:37:18,900 --> 04:37:23,300
ambition and natural limits, the
engineering marvels of Atlantean

4922
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:26,000
civilization. 
The circular Harbors, the 

4923
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:28,900
irrigation systems, the massive 
architectural Works. 

4924
04:37:28,900 --> 04:37:33,099
Demonstrate human capacity to 
reshape the physical world, 

4925
04:37:33,099 --> 04:37:37,099
according to rational plans, but
the final destruction by 

4926
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:40,300
earthquake and flood reminds us.
That human power remains 

4927
04:37:40,300 --> 04:37:42,500
limited. 
That nature, ultimately 

4928
04:37:42,500 --> 04:37:45,400
constrains, what civilizations 
can achieve, no matter how 

4929
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:48,500
sophisticated their technology 
becomes, this isn't 

4930
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,800
anti-technology, or 
anti-progress, in some simple 

4931
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:55,900
scents, Plato, clearly admires 
Atlantean engineering and seize 

4932
04:37:55,900 --> 04:37:58,500
the practical application of 
geometric and mathematical 

4933
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:02,900
knowledge as properly human. 
But he's also insisting that 

4934
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:06,400
technical capacity must be 
balanced by wisdom about 

4935
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:10,000
appropriate ends and moral 
constraints on how power should 

4936
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:14,000
be used. 
Technology without wisdom leads 

4937
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:17,000
to the kind of Imperial 
overreach that cools down 

4938
04:38:17,000 --> 04:38:20,000
disaster. 
The comparison between Atlantis.

4939
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:22,800
Ancient Athens serves additional
philosophical purposes. 

4940
04:38:22,800 --> 04:38:27,400
Athens in Plato's story is 
smaller, less wealthy, and 

4941
04:38:27,400 --> 04:38:31,300
technologically less advanced 
than Atlantis yet it 

4942
04:38:31,300 --> 04:38:34,700
successfully defends itself and 
represents the more genuinely 

4943
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:38,300
just Society. 
This reverses, the usual 

4944
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:40,599
assumption that bigger and 
richer means better. 

4945
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:44,599
Suggesting that quality of 
political organization and moral

4946
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:48,500
character, Mata more than 
quantity of resources for 

4947
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:51,500
Plato's contemporary audience 
and fourth Century Athens. 

4948
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:54,700
This comparison would have 
carried particular resonance 

4949
04:38:54,700 --> 04:39:00,200
Athens had lost its Empire. 
Been humiliated by Sparta and 

4950
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:02,599
seemed to be declining from its 
golden age. 

4951
04:39:03,500 --> 04:39:07,099
Plato's story offers both, 
consolation and challenge. 

4952
04:39:08,000 --> 04:39:12,099
Consolation in suggesting that 
Athens once embodied the virtues

4953
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:15,700
that defeated a more powerful 
Foe and Challenge and asking 

4954
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:19,599
whether contemporary Athens 
still maintains those virtues or

4955
04:39:19,599 --> 04:39:22,900
has become more like Atlantis. 
In its decline, the warning 

4956
04:39:22,900 --> 04:39:25,599
embedded in the Atlantis story 
is subtle but clear. 

4957
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:30,000
Imperial success can corrupt the
virtues that made success 

4958
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:33,500
possible in the first place. 
Athens had built an Empire based

4959
04:39:33,500 --> 04:39:36,599
on Naval. 
Power cultural achievement and 

4960
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:40,500
democratic ideals but 
maintaining the Empire required.

4961
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:44,200
Increasingly aggressive tactics,
extraction of wealth from 

4962
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:47,600
subject cities and political 
maneuvering that compromise 

4963
04:39:47,600 --> 04:39:52,600
those original ideals Was Athens
becoming Atlantis would 

4964
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:55,700
prosperity and power lead to 
moral Decay and eventual 

4965
04:39:55,700 --> 04:39:57,300
catastrophe. 
Plato. 

4966
04:39:57,300 --> 04:40:00,600
Never makes this parallel 
explicit, but he didn't need to 

4967
04:40:00,600 --> 04:40:03,200
his readers would have 
recognized the pattern. 

4968
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:07,400
The Atlantis story functions as 
a mirror in which Athenians 

4969
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:10,500
might recognize uncomfortable 
truths about their own 

4970
04:40:10,500 --> 04:40:14,800
civilizations trajectory. 
The luxury to see this miracle 

4971
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:18,300
clearly to consider whether 
wealth and power were corrupt in

4972
04:40:18,300 --> 04:40:22,600
civic virtue, was itself 
Possible only because Athens had

4973
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:26,200
lost enough power to force 
reflection on what had been lost

4974
04:40:26,200 --> 04:40:30,400
and why the choice to set 
Atlantis in the distant past 

4975
04:40:30,400 --> 04:40:35,400
9,000 years before Plato's time,
rather than presenting it as a 

4976
04:40:35,408 --> 04:40:38,200
contemporary civilization 
creates useful distant. 

4977
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:43,500
By pushing the story back into 
mythical time before recorded 

4978
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:46,900
history, Plato, frees himself 
from the constraints of 

4979
04:40:46,908 --> 04:40:51,000
historical accuracy, while also 
suggesting that the patterns, 

4980
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:55,000
he's describing a timeless. 
Civilizations have always faced 

4981
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:58,600
the same tensions between virtue
and Corruption, wisdom and 

4982
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:01,900
ambition, and sustainable, 
flourishing and overreaching 

4983
04:41:01,900 --> 04:41:04,800
destruction. 
The detail about Atlantis is 

4984
04:41:04,800 --> 04:41:07,800
location beyond the pillars of 
Hercules serve similar purposes.

4985
04:41:08,900 --> 04:41:12,300
Placing the Lost Civilization in
the vast Atlantic rather than 

4986
04:41:12,300 --> 04:41:15,200
the familiar Mediterranean 
locate it in a realm of 

4987
04:41:15,200 --> 04:41:17,500
possibility rather than 
historical fact. 

4988
04:41:18,500 --> 04:41:22,000
The Atlantic represented, the 
unknown, the area where mythical

4989
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:24,400
geography blended into pure 
speculation. 

4990
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,900
Putting Atlantis their signals. 
That this is a story operating 

4991
04:41:28,900 --> 04:41:33,200
in symbolic, rather than literal
geography using physical space 

4992
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:35,300
to represent philosophical 
Concepts. 

4993
04:41:35,300 --> 04:41:38,700
Finally, there's something to 
notice about what Plato doesn't 

4994
04:41:38,700 --> 04:41:41,300
say. 
He never claims to have visited 

4995
04:41:41,300 --> 04:41:43,400
Atlantis or spoken with 
survivors. 

4996
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,700
He attributes the story to 
ancient traditional passed 

4997
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:48,200
through. 
Multiple generations of 

4998
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:50,900
retailing with these layer of 
transmission. 

4999
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:55,000
Providing plausible deniability 
This framing allows him to 

5000
04:41:55,000 --> 04:41:57,700
present detailed descriptions 
without claiming historical 

5001
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:01,000
Authority. 
To create Vivid World building 

5002
04:42:01,000 --> 04:42:03,700
while maintaining that he's 
merely preserving an old tale, 

5003
04:42:03,700 --> 04:42:06,600
this narrative strategy, 
accomplishes two things 

5004
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:09,300
simultaneously. 
It makes the story more 

5005
04:42:09,300 --> 04:42:12,200
believable by giving it the 
patina of ancient tradition 

5006
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:15,500
while also protecting Plato from
being called a liar. 

5007
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:19,500
If anyone questions the accounts
historicity He can always 

5008
04:42:19,500 --> 04:42:22,100
Retreat to. 
This is what I was told. 

5009
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:24,500
These are the Traditions, I'm 
preserving. 

5010
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:27,400
Stories. 
Truth value lies in its 

5011
04:42:27,400 --> 04:42:31,300
philosophical insights, rather 
than its historical accuracy. 

5012
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:35,100
A distinction that ancient 
audience is understood better 

5013
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:38,500
than many modern readers do as 
you rest with these layers of 

5014
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:41,200
meaning. 
Notice how a story that seems 

5015
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:45,600
simple on the surface, a great 
civilization exists becomes 

5016
04:42:45,600 --> 04:42:48,800
corrupt. 
And gets to destroyed actually 

5017
04:42:48,800 --> 04:42:53,300
carries philosophical arguments 
about knowledge virtue, power 

5018
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:57,100
sustainability, and the 
relationship between human 

5019
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:01,300
ambition and natural limits. 
Plato has created something 

5020
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:05,200
rare, a myth that functions, 
simultaneously, as 

5021
04:43:05,200 --> 04:43:09,300
entertainment, moral 
instruction, political warning 

5022
04:43:09,300 --> 04:43:13,200
and metaphysical speculation, 
the meaning behind, The Myth 

5023
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:16,800
isn't singular, but multiple 
shifting, depending on which 

5024
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,400
aspects, you focus on and what 
questions you bring to the 

5025
04:43:19,400 --> 04:43:22,300
story. 
This richness of interpretation 

5026
04:43:22,300 --> 04:43:26,500
isn't a bug but a feature it's 
why Atlantis has remained 

5027
04:43:26,500 --> 04:43:28,700
compelling across cultures and 
centuries. 

5028
04:43:29,500 --> 04:43:32,500
By each generation, find 
something relevant, in the tale 

5029
04:43:32,500 --> 04:43:35,900
of the island Empire. 
That sank beneath the waves, the

5030
04:43:35,900 --> 04:43:39,400
moment Plato finished writing 
about Atlantis or perhaps even 

5031
04:43:39,400 --> 04:43:43,100
before he completed the account.
People began wondering whether 

5032
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,600
the story was true. 
Not true in the philosophical 

5033
04:43:46,600 --> 04:43:49,200
sense. 
Everyone recognized Plato was 

5034
04:43:49,200 --> 04:43:52,300
making arguments about ideal 
societies and moral Decay. 

5035
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:54,500
But true in the historical 
sense. 

5036
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:58,000
At such a civilization actually 
existed. 

5037
04:43:58,000 --> 04:44:01,500
This question is generated an 
industry of speculation, 

5038
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:06,800
exploration and occasionally 
outright fantasy that spans more

5039
04:44:06,800 --> 04:44:10,400
than two millennia. 
The search for Atlantis says, as

5040
04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:13,000
much about the Searchers and 
their historical moments. 

5041
04:44:13,000 --> 04:44:15,700
As it does about Plato's 
original story. 

5042
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:19,300
Each year has looked for 
Atlantis in ways that reflect 

5043
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:23,400
its own preoccupations 
Technologies and assumptions 

5044
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:27,400
about what loss civilizations 
might teach us Plato's immediate

5045
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:29,900
success as a coach the story 
with appropriate skepticism. 

5046
04:44:31,300 --> 04:44:33,800
Aristotle. 
Plato's most famous student, 

5047
04:44:33,800 --> 04:44:37,900
apparently thought his teacher 
had invented, Atlantis entirely 

5048
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:41,800
creating it, merely to serve 
philosophical purposes, and then

5049
04:44:41,800 --> 04:44:45,600
destroying it. 
Just as conveniently, This 

5050
04:44:45,600 --> 04:44:48,900
reading suggests that educated 
Greeks in the generation after 

5051
04:44:48,900 --> 04:44:51,600
Plato. 
Understood his methodology using

5052
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:53,900
fictional scenarios to 
illustrate philosophical 

5053
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:57,800
principles, wasn't considered 
dishonest, but pedagogically 

5054
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:00,800
effective. 
However, other ancient writers 

5055
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:04,000
took the account more literally 
Some tried to rationalize 

5056
04:45:04,000 --> 04:45:07,800
elements of the story suggesting
that Plato had exaggerated 

5057
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:11,700
details, but preserved memories 
of some actual Bronze Age 

5058
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:15,000
civilization that had been 
destroyed by natural disaster. 

5059
04:45:16,400 --> 04:45:19,500
Others attempted to identify 
Atlantis with known places. 

5060
04:45:19,500 --> 04:45:23,700
Perhaps it was Crete, which had 
been devastated by volcanic, 

5061
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:27,800
eruption and tsunami when 
Pharaoh exploded around 1600, 

5062
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:32,500
BCE destroying the meno and 
civilization, the Crete Theory 

5063
04:45:32,500 --> 04:45:36,000
emerged because ancient writers 
recognized patterns in Plato's 

5064
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:39,300
description that matched what 
they knew about and culture. 

5065
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:44,400
The emphasis on Naval power, the
sophisticated architecture, and 

5066
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:46,000
the central role of bull 
worship. 

5067
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:50,100
All these elements, characterize
minoan civilization as Greeks, 

5068
04:45:50,100 --> 04:45:54,300
understood it from ruins and 
lingering, cultural memories. 

5069
04:45:55,500 --> 04:46:00,000
Perhaps Plato or his sources, 
had preserved garbled accounts 

5070
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:04,100
of minoan glory and it sudden 
destruction with details 

5071
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:07,600
becoming exaggerated through 
centuries of retelling, but the 

5072
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:11,500
chronology presented problems. 
Plato specifically placed 

5073
04:46:11,500 --> 04:46:15,700
Atlantis 9,000 years before 
solon's time which would be 

5074
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:22,400
roughly 9,600 BCE if we take the
numbers literally This predates,

5075
04:46:22,400 --> 04:46:25,600
any known civilization with the 
kind of architectural and 

5076
04:46:25,600 --> 04:46:29,400
Engineering sophistication. 
Plato describes some ancient 

5077
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:32,400
interpreters suggested that 
Plato or his Egyptian sources 

5078
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:37,000
had confused years with months, 
or use some alternative system, 

5079
04:46:37,000 --> 04:46:40,900
but this requires assuming 
fundamental numerical errors in 

5080
04:46:40,908 --> 04:46:43,800
a story that's otherwise 
remarkably precise about 

5081
04:46:43,800 --> 04:46:46,900
measurements and quantities as 
classical civilization, 

5082
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:50,700
transitioned into late Antiquity
and then the medieval period 

5083
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:55,300
interest in Atlantis Wayne and 
Christian Scholars, who 

5084
04:46:55,300 --> 04:46:58,400
inherited Greek learning were 
more interested in reconciling 

5085
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:02,900
Pagan philosophy with Biblical 
truth and in pursuing stories 

5086
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:06,600
about sunken Islands. 
If Atlantis appeared in medieval

5087
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:10,900
texts at all, it was usually as 
a minor curiosity, or as an 

5088
04:47:10,908 --> 04:47:12,500
allegory that could be 
reinterpreted. 

5089
04:47:12,500 --> 04:47:15,800
In Christian terms, the 
Renaissance brought renewed 

5090
04:47:15,800 --> 04:47:18,800
fascination with classical texts
and the world Beyond Europe. 

5091
04:47:19,900 --> 04:47:23,400
As explorers discovered the 
Americas, some theorists 

5092
04:47:23,400 --> 04:47:26,400
suggested that these continents 
might be remnants of Atlantis, 

5093
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:30,400
or that Atlantean survivors had 
established civilizations in the

5094
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:34,100
New World. 
This speculation mixed genuine 

5095
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:37,600
puzzlement about how complex 
societies like the Aztecs and 

5096
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:41,700
Incas developed with racist 
assumptions, that indigenous 

5097
04:47:41,700 --> 04:47:45,200
peoples couldn't have achieved 
such sophistication without 

5098
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,300
outside influence. 
Francis Bacon's new Atlantis. 

5099
04:47:48,300 --> 04:47:53,600
Published in 1627 reimagine, 
Plato's story as utopian Vision 

5100
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:55,300
located somewhere in the 
Pacific. 

5101
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:59,300
Bacon, wasn't claiming 
historical accuracy, but rather 

5102
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:02,500
using Atlantis, as a framework 
for describing, an ideal 

5103
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:06,500
scientific Society, much as 
Plato had used it to explore 

5104
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:08,500
questions, about virtue and 
governance. 

5105
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:12,800
The name had become a kind of 
short-hand for Imagined. 

5106
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:17,100
Perfect Society, its specifics 
less important than its function

5107
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:20,300
as a thought experiment. 
The 19th century brought more 

5108
04:48:20,300 --> 04:48:24,400
systematic attempts to locate, 
Atlantis, geographically, This 

5109
04:48:24,400 --> 04:48:28,200
reflected the era's confidence 
in the scientific method and its

5110
04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:30,900
belief that Mysteries could be 
sold through careful 

5111
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:32,700
investigation and rational 
analysis. 

5112
04:48:33,800 --> 04:48:37,500
Ignatius, Donnelly an American 
politician and amateur 

5113
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:41,900
archaeologist published 
Atlantis, the antediluvian World

5114
04:48:41,900 --> 04:48:46,800
in 1882. arguing that Atlantis 
had really existed in the 

5115
04:48:46,800 --> 04:48:50,700
Atlantic and that it explained 
various cultural similarities 

5116
04:48:50,700 --> 04:48:54,400
between old and new world 
civilizations Donnelly's book 

5117
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:58,000
was enormously popular, going 
through dozens of printings and 

5118
04:48:58,000 --> 04:49:00,800
establishing many tropes that 
still dominate, popular, 

5119
04:49:00,800 --> 04:49:05,100
Atlantis theories, he argued 
that Atlantean refugees had 

5120
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:07,900
spread to both sides of the 
Atlantic after their Homeland 

5121
04:49:07,900 --> 04:49:10,200
sank bringing Advanced 
knowledge. 

5122
04:49:10,200 --> 04:49:13,800
That jumps started, Egyptian 
Mesopotamian and Central 

5123
04:49:13,800 --> 04:49:18,700
American civilizations. 
Every pyramid, every flood myth 

5124
04:49:18,700 --> 04:49:23,300
and every seemingly inexplicable
technological achievement became

5125
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:25,500
potential evidence of Atlantean 
influence. 

5126
04:49:25,500 --> 04:49:28,700
The theory was creative, but 
required ignoring actual 

5127
04:49:28,700 --> 04:49:30,500
chronology in archaeological 
evidence. 

5128
04:49:31,400 --> 04:49:35,200
Egyptian civilization developed 
gradually over Melania with each

5129
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:37,500
Advanced building on previous 
work in ways, that 

5130
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:40,600
archaeologists can trace through
physical remains. 

5131
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,900
The same goes for Mesopotamian, 
Chinese Indus Valley and 

5132
04:49:44,900 --> 04:49:49,100
Mesoamerican civilizations. 
The old show clear developmental

5133
04:49:49,100 --> 04:49:52,100
sequences rather than sudden 
acquisition of advanced 

5134
04:49:52,100 --> 04:49:54,800
Knowledge from outside. 
But Donnelly's imaginative 

5135
04:49:54,800 --> 04:49:57,500
approach to evidence established
a pattern, that subsequent 

5136
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:01,100
Atlantis Hunters would follow. 
Start with Plato's account, 

5137
04:50:01,100 --> 04:50:04,400
selectively incorporate details,
that fit your preferred 

5138
04:50:04,400 --> 04:50:08,800
location, ignore contradictions,
and interpret, any ancient 

5139
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:10,400
achievement. 
That seems impressive as 

5140
04:50:10,400 --> 04:50:14,500
possible Atlantean influence. 
This methodology produces 

5141
04:50:14,500 --> 04:50:17,000
exciting narratives but terrible
history. 

5142
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:19,900
The 20th century brought even 
more exotic. 

5143
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:23,300
Atlantis theories, often 
disconnected from Plato's 

5144
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:26,200
original account. 
Some esoteric movements. 

5145
04:50:26,200 --> 04:50:29,400
Positioned Atlantis is the 
homeland of ancient spiritual 

5146
04:50:29,400 --> 04:50:32,100
wisdom. 
Scribing it as having possessed,

5147
04:50:32,100 --> 04:50:35,100
technology and Consciousness 
that modern humans have lost. 

5148
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:38,700
Helena blavatsky is theosophical
society. 

5149
04:50:38,700 --> 04:50:43,100
Gave Atlantis a central role in 
its elaborate mythology about 

5150
04:50:43,100 --> 04:50:47,000
human spiritual Evolution 
describing multiple Atlantean 

5151
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:50,100
races and civilizations spanning
millions of years. 

5152
04:50:50,100 --> 04:50:54,000
These mystical interpretations, 
transformed Atlantis from a 

5153
04:50:54,000 --> 04:50:57,500
philosophical thought experiment
into something like a religious 

5154
04:50:57,500 --> 04:51:02,100
Revelation positioning it as the
source of all ancient wisdom and

5155
04:51:02,100 --> 04:51:04,100
the key to human spiritual 
advancement. 

5156
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:07,800
Plato would probably have been 
bemused by this development. 

5157
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:11,100
His story was meant to 
illustrate how civilizations 

5158
04:51:11,100 --> 04:51:15,300
fall when they abandoned wisdom,
not to suggest that some loss 

5159
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:18,600
civilization, possessed secret 
knowledge, we should recover the

5160
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,300
development of modern archeology
and oceanography should have 

5161
04:51:21,308 --> 04:51:24,300
settled questions about 
atlantis's historical existence 

5162
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:29,600
but instead it just spawned new 
theories, when scientists 

5163
04:51:29,600 --> 04:51:32,800
discovered the Mid-Atlantic 
Ridge, some enthusiasts 

5164
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:35,500
suggested, this underwater 
mountain range, might be the 

5165
04:51:35,500 --> 04:51:39,700
remnant of a sunken continent. 
Fact that the geology doesn't 

5166
04:51:39,700 --> 04:51:43,800
support this interpretation. 
The Ridges spreading apart, not 

5167
04:51:43,800 --> 04:51:47,800
syncing, and has been underwater
for millions of years, did 

5168
04:51:47,800 --> 04:51:51,600
little to discourage speculation
each new archaeological 

5169
04:51:51,600 --> 04:51:55,200
Discovery in the Mediterranean 
regions sparked fresh claims. 

5170
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:59,400
That the real Atlantis had been 
found the island of Santorini. 

5171
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:03,900
With its spectacular, volcanic 
caldera and evidence of Bronze 

5172
04:52:03,900 --> 04:52:05,600
Age. 
Civilization, buried under 

5173
04:52:05,600 --> 04:52:08,400
volcanic, ash became a favorite 
candidate. 

5174
04:52:09,100 --> 04:52:11,900
The minoan settlement of 
accurate Theory preserved like 

5175
04:52:11,900 --> 04:52:15,000
Pompeii under layers of pumice, 
showed sophisticated 

5176
04:52:15,000 --> 04:52:19,000
architecture vibrant frescoes 
and an advanced Urban culture. 

5177
04:52:19,000 --> 04:52:23,100
Everything one might expect from
a civilization like Atlantis. 

5178
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:27,400
The Santorini theory has several
advantages, the volcanic 

5179
04:52:27,400 --> 04:52:31,500
eruption, and subsequent 
tsunamis around 1600, BCE did 

5180
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:33,800
destroy a powerful Maritime 
civilization. 

5181
04:52:34,900 --> 04:52:38,000
The Minoans were in decali 
advanced and influential 

5182
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:42,100
throughout the Aegean. 
The geographical details, an 

5183
04:52:42,100 --> 04:52:44,500
island with a wealthy city, 
destroyed by volcanic 

5184
04:52:44,500 --> 04:52:48,000
catastrophe match, key elements 
of Plato's account. 

5185
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:51,900
You can visit the ruins today 
and see what an Atlantis like 

5186
04:52:51,900 --> 04:52:55,200
Civilization actually looked. 
Like the main problem, of 

5187
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:58,000
course, is that Santorini is in 
the wrong ocean at the wrong 

5188
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:02,000
time and on the wrong scale. 
Plato specified the Atlantic 

5189
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:07,700
Beyond Gibraltar not the Aegean.
He dated Atlantis to 9600 BCE 

5190
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:13,000
not 1600, BCE He described an 
island larger than Libya and 

5191
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:16,300
Asia combined not a modest 
Mediterranean island. 

5192
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:20,600
Identifying Santorini's Atlantis
requires dismissing. 

5193
04:53:20,600 --> 04:53:25,200
Most of Plato's specific details
as errors or exaggerations other

5194
04:53:25,200 --> 04:53:28,500
proposed, Atlantis locations, 
include off the coast of Spain 

5195
04:53:28,500 --> 04:53:32,900
near the Strait of Gibraltar in 
the Black Sea before post Ice 

5196
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:37,300
Age, sea level, rise flooded 
that region in Antarctica base 

5197
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:39,700
on Fringe theories. 
About ancient maps, showing 

5198
04:53:39,700 --> 04:53:44,100
ice-free, coastlines, and even 
in the Bahamas were underwater 

5199
04:53:44,100 --> 04:53:47,500
rock formation sometimes create 
patterns, that enthusiastic 

5200
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:52,400
interpreters read as evidence of
ancient roads or buildings each 

5201
04:53:52,400 --> 04:53:56,400
Theory follows similar logic. 
Identify some archaeological 

5202
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:59,700
site or geographical feature 
that vaguely matches some 

5203
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:02,700
element of Plato's description 
interpret. 

5204
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:05,800
Everything supporting this 
identification as evidence 

5205
04:54:05,800 --> 04:54:09,900
dismiss contradictions as 
copyist errors, or exaggerations

5206
04:54:09,900 --> 04:54:13,400
and present the result as 
finally solving the Atlantis 

5207
04:54:13,400 --> 04:54:16,200
mystery. 
Repeaters needed whenever a new 

5208
04:54:16,200 --> 04:54:19,500
underwater formation or ancient.
Ruin is discovered the 

5209
04:54:19,500 --> 04:54:22,800
Persistence of Atlantis hunting,
despite the complete lack of 

5210
04:54:22,800 --> 04:54:26,300
confirming evidence tells us 
something important about human 

5211
04:54:26,300 --> 04:54:29,300
psychology. 
We want to believe in Lost 

5212
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:33,300
Golden Ages in ancient wisdom 
that modern civilization has 

5213
04:54:33,300 --> 04:54:36,600
forgotten and in Mysteries that 
might still be solved if we just

5214
04:54:36,600 --> 04:54:39,900
look in the right place. 
Atlantis serves these emotional 

5215
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:42,600
needs regardless of, whether it 
ever existed, historically, 

5216
04:54:42,600 --> 04:54:46,200
modern, Scholars, generally, 
agree, that Plato invented 

5217
04:54:46,200 --> 04:54:49,900
Atlantis as a philosophical 
device and that searching for 

5218
04:54:49,900 --> 04:54:53,400
historical Atlantis, makes no 
more sense than searching for 

5219
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:55,900
the actual cave in his allegory 
of the Cave. 

5220
04:54:55,900 --> 04:54:59,700
The stories power comes from its
symbolic and philosophical 

5221
04:54:59,700 --> 04:55:04,100
content, not from historical 
accuracy but this scholarly 

5222
04:55:04,100 --> 04:55:07,600
consensus has done little to 
dampen popular fascination with 

5223
04:55:07,600 --> 04:55:10,800
finding the lost continent. 
The search for Atlantis has 

5224
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:15,100
generated, countless books, 
documentaries, Expeditions and 

5225
04:55:15,108 --> 04:55:17,800
debates. 
It is inspired serious 

5226
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:21,100
archaeological. 
Work researchers investigating 

5227
04:55:21,100 --> 04:55:24,200
whether memories of Bronze Age, 
catastrophes might have 

5228
04:55:24,200 --> 04:55:27,100
influence Greek mythology and 
complete nonsense. 

5229
04:55:27,900 --> 04:55:30,300
Theories. 
Involving aliens crystals and 

5230
04:55:30,300 --> 04:55:33,500
psychic powers. 
The line between legitimate 

5231
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:37,400
historical inquiry and 
imaginative speculation becomes 

5232
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:39,700
blurry when dealing with 
something that probably never 

5233
04:55:39,700 --> 04:55:42,300
existed. 
What's interesting is how the 

5234
04:55:42,300 --> 04:55:46,000
search itself has changed over 
time, reflecting developments in

5235
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:50,600
technology and methodology. 
Early searches relied on textual

5236
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:54,600
analysis and geographical 
speculation. 19th century, 

5237
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:57,600
investigators, added 
archaeological comparisons and 

5238
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:01,400
geological theories. 
Modern Hunters, use sonar 

5239
04:56:01,400 --> 04:56:05,400
mapping satellite imagery and 
computer analysis of ancient 

5240
04:56:05,400 --> 04:56:08,300
texts. 
Each era, brings its most 

5241
04:56:08,300 --> 04:56:12,500
advanced tools to the search. 
Finding an Atlantis, whatever 

5242
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:15,600
those tools are capable of 
revealing perhaps, the most 

5243
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:19,200
honest assessment is that 
Atlantis exists precisely, where

5244
04:56:19,200 --> 04:56:22,100
Plato put it in a philosophical 
dialogue. 

5245
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:26,600
Designed to make arguments about
virtue power and civilizational 

5246
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:30,800
sustainability. 
The geographical Atlantis beyond

5247
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:34,700
the pillars of Hercules was 
always metaphorical a location 

5248
04:56:34,700 --> 04:56:37,800
in possibility space rather than
physical geography. 

5249
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:42,400
Looking for it with sonar and 
submarines make sense only, if 

5250
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:45,600
we fundamentally misunderstood, 
what kind of story Plato was 

5251
04:56:45,600 --> 04:56:48,900
telling as you drift deeper 
towards Sleek consider that? 

5252
04:56:48,908 --> 04:56:51,400
Sometimes the most important 
truths are found not by 

5253
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:55,100
discovering new facts, but by 
understanding more deeply what 

5254
04:56:55,100 --> 04:57:00,100
we already know The search for 
Atlantis across ocean floors. 

5255
04:57:00,100 --> 04:57:04,100
And ancient ruins might be less 
productive than reflecting on 

5256
04:57:04,100 --> 04:57:07,300
what Plato's story teaches about
the relationship between virtue 

5257
04:57:07,300 --> 04:57:11,200
and sustainability. 
Between wisdom and power and 

5258
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:13,900
between human ambition and 
natural limits. 

5259
04:57:15,200 --> 04:57:18,300
These lessons don't require 
archaeological confirmation. 

5260
04:57:18,300 --> 04:57:21,300
They require only thoughtful 
attention to the world. 

5261
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:24,500
We actually inhabit. 
The physical search for Atlantis

5262
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:27,700
has produced mostly 
disappointment, but the mental 

5263
04:57:27,700 --> 04:57:32,000
Atlantis, the one that exists in
imagination art, and cultural 

5264
04:57:32,000 --> 04:57:35,900
mythology has proven remarkably 
fertile and enduring. 

5265
04:57:36,700 --> 04:57:40,900
This imaginary Atlantis tells us
less about ancient history, that

5266
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:45,400
about how different eras of 
understood Perfection loss, and 

5267
04:57:45,400 --> 04:57:48,900
the relationship between past 
and present in literature 

5268
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:52,900
Atlantis, inspired countless 
retellings, each adapting 

5269
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:56,700
Plato's basic framework to 
explore contemporary concerns. 

5270
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:01,000
Jules Verne sent Captain Nemo to
explore underwater. 

5271
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:05,900
Atlantean in 20,000 Leagues 
Under the Sea using the Lost 

5272
04:58:05,900 --> 04:58:09,300
Civilization as a symbol of 
Humanity's accumulated knowledge

5273
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:11,700
flying just beyond reach beneath
the ways. 

5274
04:58:12,700 --> 04:58:14,800
His Atlantis represented, the 
19th. 

5275
04:58:14,800 --> 04:58:18,700
Centuries fascination with 
archaeological Discovery and the

5276
04:58:18,700 --> 04:58:21,100
technological capacity to reach 
previously. 

5277
04:58:21,100 --> 04:58:24,000
Inaccessible places, science 
fiction. 

5278
04:58:24,000 --> 04:58:28,100
Writers have been particularly 
drawn to Atlantis reimagining it

5279
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,800
as an advanced technological 
Society, whose achievements were

5280
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:36,400
only now beginning to match or 
surpass, These stories often 

5281
04:58:36,400 --> 04:58:39,000
position, Atlantis, as a 
civilization that developed 

5282
04:58:39,000 --> 04:58:42,200
differently from ours. 
Perhaps emphasizing different 

5283
04:58:42,200 --> 04:58:44,900
Technologies or organizing 
society around different 

5284
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,000
principles. 
And ask what we might learn from

5285
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:51,400
studying, an alternative path of
development fantasy. 

5286
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:54,100
Literature tends to treat 
Atlantis more mystically. 

5287
04:58:54,100 --> 04:58:58,400
As a civilization, that mastered
magic or spiritual practices, 

5288
04:58:58,400 --> 04:59:00,200
that modern Humanity has 
forgotten. 

5289
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:05,100
These versions often suggest 
that material progresses come at

5290
04:59:05,100 --> 04:59:08,200
the cost of spiritual wisdom. 
That something important was 

5291
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:09,900
lost. 
When rational scientific 

5292
04:59:09,900 --> 04:59:13,900
thinking displays older more 
intuitive ways of understanding 

5293
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,200
the world. 
Atlantis becomes a symbol of 

5294
04:59:17,208 --> 04:59:20,200
this hypothetical lost knowledge
representing. 

5295
04:59:20,200 --> 04:59:23,700
What we gave up to gain? 
What we have the tension in 

5296
04:59:23,700 --> 04:59:26,600
these imaginative treatments is 
always between two competing 

5297
04:59:26,600 --> 04:59:30,300
visions of the past. 
One sees history as progress, 

5298
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:34,000
we're better off now than people
were there with more knowledge 

5299
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:37,400
better technology and more 
Humane values. 

5300
04:59:37,400 --> 04:59:41,200
The other Seas history as a 
declined from an early wiser 

5301
04:59:41,200 --> 04:59:44,500
age, when people understood 
things we've forgotten Atlantis 

5302
04:59:44,500 --> 04:59:47,100
can represent either Vision 
depending on how the story is 

5303
04:59:47,100 --> 04:59:48,600
framed. 
Children's. 

5304
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:51,600
Media has particularly embraced 
Atlantis, as a setting for 

5305
04:59:51,600 --> 04:59:55,600
adventure and wonder animated 
films depicted as a colorful 

5306
04:59:55,600 --> 04:59:59,200
underwater Kingdom full of 
exotic architecture and strange 

5307
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:02,200
technology. 
A place where anything seems 

5308
05:00:02,200 --> 05:00:05,900
possible because it's freed from
mundane historical constraints. 

5309
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:09,600
These versions rarely engage 
with Plato's philosophical 

5310
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:13,300
concerns about virtue and 
Corruption focusing instead on 

5311
05:00:13,308 --> 05:00:16,400
the sheer imaginative, pleasure 
of a lost world waiting to be 

5312
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:20,500
discovered the Disney animated 
film Atlantis, the Lost Empire 

5313
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:22,700
offers. 
A good example of how modern 

5314
05:00:22,700 --> 05:00:26,300
retellings work. 
It keeps Plato's basic premise, 

5315
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:31,100
ancient Advanced civilization, 
circular architecture, powerful 

5316
05:00:31,100 --> 05:00:34,700
technology while adding elements
from latest speculation and 

5317
05:00:34,700 --> 05:00:37,800
wholesale invention. 
The result is visually 

5318
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:41,900
spectacular and narratively 
engaging while having almost 

5319
05:00:41,900 --> 05:00:44,100
nothing to do with Plato's 
actual story. 

5320
05:00:44,100 --> 05:00:48,000
This is Atlantis as pure 
creative inspiration, rather 

5321
05:00:48,000 --> 05:00:52,000
than historical or philosophical
inquiry video games, have found,

5322
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:54,600
Atlantis useful. 
As a setting that requires no 

5323
05:00:54,600 --> 05:00:57,800
explanation. 
Players except that such a place

5324
05:00:57,800 --> 05:01:01,700
might have existed because it's 
so culturally familiar allowing 

5325
05:01:01,700 --> 05:01:04,900
game designers to create 
elaborate underwater or ancient 

5326
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:07,700
civilization without extensive 
exposition. 

5327
05:01:08,700 --> 05:01:11,400
Atlantis in gaming. 
Becomes what ever, the gameplay 

5328
05:01:11,400 --> 05:01:16,600
requires a dungeon to explore a 
civilization to manage a mystery

5329
05:01:16,600 --> 05:01:20,000
to solve? 
Freed entirely from historical 

5330
05:01:20,000 --> 05:01:22,700
constraints, even academic 
philosophy. 

5331
05:01:22,700 --> 05:01:25,400
Continues to find Value in 
Atlantis as a thought 

5332
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:28,000
experiment. 
Political theorists. 

5333
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:30,600
Use it to explore questions 
about ideal governance. 

5334
05:01:31,400 --> 05:01:34,400
Sustainability and the 
relationship between power and 

5335
05:01:34,400 --> 05:01:37,700
virtue. 
Environmental Scholars, cite 

5336
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:39,600
Atlantis. 
As an early example of 

5337
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:43,400
ecological thinking, A 
recognition that civilizations 

5338
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:47,200
exist within natural systems, 
they cannot control and will be 

5339
05:01:47,200 --> 05:01:50,400
destroyed if they exceed those 
systems carrying capacity. 

5340
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:53,300
The environmental reading of 
Atlantis has becoming 

5341
05:01:53,300 --> 05:01:56,000
increasingly prominent as 
climate change, and ecological 

5342
05:01:56,000 --> 05:01:59,400
crisis have moved to the center 
of public consciousness. 

5343
05:02:00,500 --> 05:02:04,100
In this interpretation Atlantis 
serves as a warning about what 

5344
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:07,800
happens when civilization ignore
natural limits in pursuit of 

5345
05:02:07,808 --> 05:02:12,400
endless growth and expansion. 
Sinking beneath the waves 

5346
05:02:12,400 --> 05:02:16,200
becomes a metaphor for 
ecological collapse, not Divine 

5347
05:02:16,200 --> 05:02:19,300
punishment, but a natural 
consequence of treating, the 

5348
05:02:19,300 --> 05:02:23,100
Earth as an unlimited resource. 
This environmental Atlantis 

5349
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:25,500
resonates differently than 
traditional religious or 

5350
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:28,800
mystical interpretations. 
It doesn't require believe in 

5351
05:02:28,800 --> 05:02:31,600
Lost, spiritual wisdom, or 
ancient super technology. 

5352
05:02:32,400 --> 05:02:36,000
It simply asks us to notice that
Plato's story describes a 

5353
05:02:36,008 --> 05:02:39,400
civilization that grew to 
powerful expanded to 

5354
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:43,300
aggressively and ultimately 
faced destruction from natural 

5355
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:44,800
forces. 
It couldn't control. 

5356
05:02:46,400 --> 05:02:49,400
The parallel to Modern 
industrial civilization is 

5357
05:02:49,400 --> 05:02:52,300
uncomfortable, and obvious 
psychologists have been 

5358
05:02:52,308 --> 05:02:55,200
interested in. 
Why Atlantis exercises, such a 

5359
05:02:55,200 --> 05:02:59,000
hold over human imagination. 
Carl Jung and his followers, saw

5360
05:02:59,000 --> 05:03:02,400
it as an archetype. 
Fundamental pattern in human 

5361
05:03:02,400 --> 05:03:06,400
consciousness that recurs across
cultures because it addresses 

5362
05:03:06,400 --> 05:03:11,700
Universal psychological needs. 
In this reading, Atlantis 

5363
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:15,300
represents the ideal sell for 
society that we imagine but 

5364
05:03:15,300 --> 05:03:19,100
cannot quite achieve forever 
just Out Of Reach beneath the 

5365
05:03:19,100 --> 05:03:22,900
waves of time and forgetfulness 
the Golden Age thinking that 

5366
05:03:22,900 --> 05:03:27,200
Atlantis embodies appears in 
virtually every culture. most 

5367
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:30,300
human societies have myths about
a better time in the past when 

5368
05:03:30,300 --> 05:03:34,300
people lived longer or wise and 
existed in harmony with nature 

5369
05:03:34,300 --> 05:03:38,000
and each other, These Golden 
Ages ended through some kind of 

5370
05:03:38,000 --> 05:03:43,000
fall humans, sinned Divine 
punishment or simply the 

5371
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:47,700
inevitable decay of all things. 
Atlantis fits this pattern 

5372
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:51,600
perfectly giving Greek Golden 
Age thinking a specific 

5373
05:03:51,600 --> 05:03:56,000
geographical and historical form
this persistent Nostalgia for 

5374
05:03:56,000 --> 05:03:58,600
Imagined better times raises 
interesting questions. 

5375
05:03:59,500 --> 05:04:02,400
Why do people so often assume 
the past was superior to the 

5376
05:04:02,408 --> 05:04:05,500
present? 
Is it genuine historical memory 

5377
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:09,400
distorted by time until only the
positive aspects remain. 

5378
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:13,600
Is it psychological compensation
for present difficulties 

5379
05:04:13,600 --> 05:04:17,100
creating an imaginary past? 
That provides comfort and 

5380
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:19,600
Escape? 
Or is it something more 

5381
05:04:19,600 --> 05:04:22,800
fundamental about how human 
consciousness relates to time? 

5382
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:26,800
All always projecting Perfection
into an inaccessible past or 

5383
05:04:26,800 --> 05:04:30,000
future rather than finding it in
the experience to present 

5384
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:33,100
artists have been drawn to 
Atlantis for obvious reasons. 

5385
05:04:33,100 --> 05:04:36,700
It combines visual spectacle 
with philosophical depth, 

5386
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:40,200
allowing for both stunning 
imagery and meaningful content. 

5387
05:04:41,400 --> 05:04:43,800
Painting of Atlantis. 
Often show the moment of 

5388
05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:47,600
Destruction with massive waves, 
overwhelming, elaborate 

5389
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:52,000
architecture while tiny figures,
flea hopelessly These images 

5390
05:04:52,000 --> 05:04:54,900
capture both the Grandeur of 
human achievement and its 

5391
05:04:54,900 --> 05:04:58,100
ultimate fragility material 
Splendor rendered. 

5392
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:01,900
Temporary by natural forces 
beyond control contemporary 

5393
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:05,300
interest in Atlantis, often 
focuses on what the story might 

5394
05:05:05,300 --> 05:05:07,700
teach about our own 
civilization's trajectory. 

5395
05:05:08,700 --> 05:05:12,700
Are we the new Atlantis, 
wealthy, powerful and 

5396
05:05:12,700 --> 05:05:17,300
technologically sophisticated? 
But losing touch with the values

5397
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:19,000
that would make us success. 
Sustainable. 

5398
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:22,400
The parallel seems obvious 
enough that political 

5399
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:25,700
commentators across the Spectrum
invoke Atlantis, when warning 

5400
05:05:25,700 --> 05:05:28,100
about various threats to Modern 
civilization. 

5401
05:05:28,700 --> 05:05:31,200
Whether those threats come from 
environmental degradation 

5402
05:05:31,200 --> 05:05:34,700
political corruption, social 
Decay or technological 

5403
05:05:34,700 --> 05:05:37,400
overreach. 
The fact that Atlantis can be 

5404
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:41,700
invoked to support contradictory
political positions as both a 

5405
05:05:41,700 --> 05:05:44,500
warning about government 
overreach and about insufficient

5406
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:47,500
Collective action. 
As both, an example of cultural 

5407
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:51,200
decadence and of Imperial 
ambition demonstrates its 

5408
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:55,500
flexibility as a symbol. 
Like any sufficiently Rich myth.

5409
05:05:56,100 --> 05:05:59,900
It contains enough complexity to
be interpreted multiple ways 

5410
05:05:59,900 --> 05:06:02,500
depending on which elements you 
emphasize and which you 

5411
05:06:02,500 --> 05:06:06,900
background in popular culture, 
Atlantis has become short-hand 

5412
05:06:06,900 --> 05:06:09,600
for lost Advanced civilization 
in general. 

5413
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:13,800
When someone refers to something
as the Atlantis of a particular 

5414
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:17,400
Regional period, they mean an 
impressive civilization that 

5415
05:06:17,400 --> 05:06:21,600
mysteriously disappeared. 
This usage treats Atlantis as a 

5416
05:06:21,608 --> 05:06:23,900
category, rather than a specific
Place. 

5417
05:06:23,900 --> 05:06:26,700
Anything sufficiently ancient 
impressive. 

5418
05:06:26,700 --> 05:06:31,800
And vanished can be an Atlantis,
the mental life of Atlantis, its

5419
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:33,400
existence, and Imagination and 
culture. 

5420
05:06:33,400 --> 05:06:37,300
Rather than geography as proven 
far more vigorous than any 

5421
05:06:37,300 --> 05:06:41,100
attempt to locate it physically.
This shouldn't surprise us given

5422
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:43,300
how Plato created the story in 
the first place? 

5423
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:48,200
He invented Atlantis as an idea,
a philosophical proposal about 

5424
05:06:48,200 --> 05:06:52,000
what happens when civilizations 
prioritize power over wisdom. 

5425
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:56,000
The idea is proven durable, 
precisely because it addresses 

5426
05:06:56,000 --> 05:06:59,400
something real about human 
social organization, even if the

5427
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,700
specific civilization was 
fictional as you settle more 

5428
05:07:02,700 --> 05:07:06,200
deeply into rest. 
Notice how a story that began as

5429
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:08,400
a philosophical. 
Thought experiment in ancient 

5430
05:07:08,400 --> 05:07:12,000
Athens has become a cultural 
Touchstone that each generation 

5431
05:07:12,000 --> 05:07:14,900
reinvents according to its own 
needs and concerns. 

5432
05:07:16,300 --> 05:07:20,600
The Atlantis, in our minds 
changes shape like water flowing

5433
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:23,900
into whatever conceptual spaces 
are particular, historical 

5434
05:07:23,900 --> 05:07:26,800
moment. 
Provides always maintaining its 

5435
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:30,200
basic four, while adapting, its 
details to new contexts. 

5436
05:07:30,200 --> 05:07:34,800
This mental, Atlantis 
infinitely, flexible, endlessly 

5437
05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:38,600
reinterpret, never quite pinned 
down, might be the 

5438
05:07:38,600 --> 05:07:41,100
civilizations, most remarkable 
achievement. 

5439
05:07:42,300 --> 05:07:44,200
By not existing in physical 
space. 

5440
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:48,600
It can exist everywhere in 
imaginative space available to 

5441
05:07:48,600 --> 05:07:51,200
whoever needs a symbol for lost 
perfection. 

5442
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:55,200
Vanished wisdom or 
civilizational fragility. 

5443
05:07:56,200 --> 05:07:59,900
Plato, created something more 
lasting than any actual City 

5444
05:07:59,900 --> 05:08:03,600
could have been. 
An idea that survives precisely 

5445
05:08:03,600 --> 05:08:06,500
because it was never limited by 
the constraints of historical 

5446
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:09,700
fact, as we come to rest at the 
end of our journey through 

5447
05:08:09,700 --> 05:08:13,400
Atlantis, the imagined, the 
search for and the endlessly 

5448
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:17,100
reinterpreted it's worth 
spending these final moments 

5449
05:08:17,100 --> 05:08:21,000
reflecting on what the story is 
meant across the centuries and 

5450
05:08:21,000 --> 05:08:23,500
what it might still offer to 
anyone willing to think quietly 

5451
05:08:23,500 --> 05:08:27,100
about its implications. 
Patriarch yourself floating just

5452
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:31,000
beneath the surface of a calm 
sea perhaps near where Plato 

5453
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:35,000
imagined, Atlantis wants stood, 
The water is clear enough. 

5454
05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:38,900
That sunlight penetrates down to
where you drift creating those 

5455
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:41,800
moving patterns of light and 
Shadow on the sand below. 

5456
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:45,700
That shift with each passing 
wave of the pressure of the 

5457
05:08:45,700 --> 05:08:49,400
water provides gentle even 
resistance to any movement, 

5458
05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:52,500
that's sensation of being 
supported and surrounded. 

5459
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:55,900
That makes floating. 
So restful in this imagined 

5460
05:08:55,900 --> 05:08:58,700
underwater space, you can see 
the outlines of what might want 

5461
05:08:58,700 --> 05:08:59,800
to be. 
Building's. 

5462
05:08:59,800 --> 05:09:03,600
Geometric, forms, warned Smooth 
by centuries of current 

5463
05:09:03,600 --> 05:09:08,200
colonized Now by corals and 
seaweed that soften all the hard

5464
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,200
edges. 
Small fish move through spaces 

5465
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:14,800
that might once have been 
windows or doorways, indifferent

5466
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:17,500
to whatever human purposes, the 
structures originally served. 

5467
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:20,400
Everything that was sharp has 
been rounded. 

5468
05:09:20,400 --> 05:09:23,900
Everything that was solid has 
been infiltrated by growing 

5469
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:26,300
things. 
And everything that was dry has 

5470
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:30,100
been saturated with salt water. 
This Is What Becomes of human 

5471
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:34,200
Ambitions given enough time. 
Not just destroyed exactly. 

5472
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:37,900
But transformed into something 
no longer recognizable for its 

5473
05:09:37,900 --> 05:09:41,900
original purposes. 
The stone remains, but serves as

5474
05:09:41,908 --> 05:09:45,700
a habitat now. 
The careful geometric planning 

5475
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:49,600
is still visible but reads as a 
natural formation to anyone who 

5476
05:09:49,600 --> 05:09:53,600
doesn't know its history. 
What was made becomes unmade 

5477
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:58,500
gradually patiently through. 
Processes that care nothing for 

5478
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:02,200
preserving, human meaning. 
There's something deeply restful

5479
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:05,100
of about this vision. 
Not the catastrophic 

5480
05:10:05,100 --> 05:10:08,300
destruction. 
Plato described earthquake's and

5481
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:11,300
floods consuming a civilization 
in a day and night. 

5482
05:10:12,100 --> 05:10:15,600
But the slow transformational 
that comes after when natural 

5483
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:19,700
processes reclaim human 
constructions and incorporate 

5484
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:23,900
them into new patterns of life. 
The coral growing on Atlantean 

5485
05:10:23,900 --> 05:10:25,800
walls, doesn't mourn. 
The civilization. 

5486
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:28,800
That fell Fish swimming through 
the palace. 

5487
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:32,100
Make no judgments about whether 
the Kings who once ruled there 

5488
05:10:32,100 --> 05:10:35,700
were wise or corrupt. 
Everything simply continues a 

5489
05:10:35,700 --> 05:10:37,800
new forms. 
This longer view offers 

5490
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:40,600
perspective on all human 
achievement and failure. 

5491
05:10:41,400 --> 05:10:45,000
The things we build physical 
structures, social institutions,

5492
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:49,100
cultural Traditions, all seem so
solid and permanent, while we're

5493
05:10:49,100 --> 05:10:51,900
building them. 
We imagine their last forever 

5494
05:10:51,900 --> 05:10:55,400
that we're creating something 
that will stand against time and

5495
05:10:55,400 --> 05:10:58,900
sometimes are constructions. 
Do last a remarkably long time 

5496
05:10:58,900 --> 05:11:03,300
but eventually everything we 
make becomes raw material for 

5497
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:06,800
whatever comes next Plateau. 
Understood this at some level 

5498
05:11:07,600 --> 05:11:10,900
That's why he set Atlantis in 
the distant past rather than the

5499
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:14,700
present and why he had it 
destroyed rather than evolving 

5500
05:11:14,700 --> 05:11:18,900
into something. 
New Story needed the finality of

5501
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:22,600
total Destruction to make its 
philosophical point about the 

5502
05:11:22,600 --> 05:11:25,100
relationship between virtue and 
sustainability. 

5503
05:11:26,300 --> 05:11:29,300
But the actual process of 
civilizational change is usually

5504
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:33,900
less dramatic more like erosion 
than earthquake more, like fish 

5505
05:11:33,900 --> 05:11:37,200
moving into abandoned buildings 
than waves overwhelming 

5506
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:39,800
inhabited ones. 
The lesson isn't that nothing 

5507
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:41,400
matters? 
Because everything eventually 

5508
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:45,600
changes form, rather, it's the 
what matters isn't permanent but

5509
05:11:45,600 --> 05:11:48,800
how we inhabit. 
The time we have the atlanteans 

5510
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:51,600
lived. 
Meaningful lives raised families

5511
05:11:51,600 --> 05:11:57,000
created Art, built buildings, 
governed cities, even though 

5512
05:11:57,000 --> 05:12:01,000
their civilization was temporary
Fact that it ended doesn't 

5513
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:03,500
retroactively render their 
existence meaningless. 

5514
05:12:04,400 --> 05:12:06,900
They lived as fully as they 
could give them what they need 

5515
05:12:06,900 --> 05:12:11,300
and the circumstances they face 
this applies to our own lives 

5516
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:14,300
and civilization as well. 
We build knowing that what we 

5517
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:17,500
build won't last forever but we 
build anyway because the 

5518
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:22,200
building itself has value 
independent of its durability We

5519
05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:24,800
create societies knowing they'll
eventually transformed into 

5520
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:29,000
something we wouldn't recognize 
but we try to make them just and

5521
05:12:29,000 --> 05:12:32,300
flourishing anyway because 
Justice and flourishing matter 

5522
05:12:32,300 --> 05:12:35,600
in the present, regardless of 
future obsolescence, the 

5523
05:12:35,600 --> 05:12:38,200
underwater Atlantis of 
imagination offers another kind 

5524
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:40,000
of lesson about depth and 
surface. 

5525
05:12:40,000 --> 05:12:43,600
The visible world. 
The one we usually attend to is 

5526
05:12:43,600 --> 05:12:47,400
like the surface of the ocean 
agitated by wind and current 

5527
05:12:47,400 --> 05:12:50,900
constantly changing never quite 
stable. 

5528
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:55,100
Below the surface like deeper 
patterns and structures the 

5529
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:58,500
underlying reality that supports
surface phenomena without being 

5530
05:12:58,500 --> 05:13:01,000
immediately. 
Visible Plato's philosophy. 

5531
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:03,800
Always insisted on the 
distinction between surface 

5532
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:07,600
appearance and underlying 
reality His theory of forms, 

5533
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:11,500
suggested that true reality 
exists in an eternal realm of 

5534
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:15,000
perfect ideas. 
While physical existence offers 

5535
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:17,100
only in perfect copies and 
shadows. 

5536
05:13:17,900 --> 05:13:20,300
Atlantis functions. 
As a story about this 

5537
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:24,100
distinction, the beautiful 
surface civilization built on 

5538
05:13:24,100 --> 05:13:26,400
foundations. 
That were slowly weakening. 

5539
05:13:26,400 --> 05:13:29,700
The visible success masking 
invisible. 

5540
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:33,600
Moral Decay for us, this might 
translate into paying attention 

5541
05:13:33,600 --> 05:13:37,400
to foundation's asking whether 
our visible achievements, rest, 

5542
05:13:37,400 --> 05:13:41,600
on sustainable bases, where the 
surface success masks deeper 

5543
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:45,900
problems were ignoring It's the 
kind of reflection that doesn't 

5544
05:13:45,900 --> 05:13:48,600
come naturally, when things seem
to be going well, but becomes 

5545
05:13:48,600 --> 05:13:50,900
urgent. 
When we notice cracks and 

5546
05:13:50,900 --> 05:13:53,700
structures, we thought were 
solid, the gentle consistent 

5547
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:57,200
pressure of water on the 
imagined Atlantean ruins offers 

5548
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:00,600
a final metaphor worth 
considering Time and natural 

5549
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:02,300
processes. 
Don't attack human 

5550
05:14:02,300 --> 05:14:05,400
constructions. 
Violently they simply persist 

5551
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:09,000
applying steady pressure in ways
that eventually wear down any 

5552
05:14:09,000 --> 05:14:12,200
resistance. 
What seems solid proves to be 

5553
05:14:12,208 --> 05:14:14,900
temporary when subjected to 
forces that operate on 

5554
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:18,100
geological rather than human 
time scales? 

5555
05:14:18,100 --> 05:14:20,700
This isn't depressing. 
If you think about it properly, 

5556
05:14:20,700 --> 05:14:24,600
it's actually freeing. 
The pressure to make everything 

5557
05:14:24,600 --> 05:14:28,600
permanent to create achievements
that will last forever to ensure

5558
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:31,100
your significance Echoes through
eternity. 

5559
05:14:32,000 --> 05:14:35,500
These pressures dissolve when 
you recognize that nothing lasts

5560
05:14:35,500 --> 05:14:39,400
forever in physical form, you 
can relax into creating things 

5561
05:14:39,400 --> 05:14:43,000
that matter now, serving 
purposes in the present without 

5562
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:45,200
needing to guarantee Eternal 
relevance. 

5563
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:48,800
Fish don't care, whether they're
swimming through the ruins of a 

5564
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:52,000
great civilization or natural 
rock formation. 

5565
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:56,200
They're just living, their fish,
lives eating, smaller fish, 

5566
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:59,300
avoiding, larger fish and 
reproducing. 

5567
05:14:59,300 --> 05:15:03,100
When conditions permit There's 
something admirable about this 

5568
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:06,200
pragmatic, indifference to human
hierarchies of meaning. 

5569
05:15:07,000 --> 05:15:10,400
The ocean doesn't distinguish 
between Grand palaces and simple

5570
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,100
homes. 
Once both have been underwater 

5571
05:15:13,100 --> 05:15:16,700
long enough, this might be the 
deepest teaching of Atlantis. 

5572
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:20,300
That all our status 
distinctions, all our 

5573
05:15:20,300 --> 05:15:24,300
categorizations of important and
trivial, great and ordinary will

5574
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:27,100
eventually be leveled by time 
and natural processes. 

5575
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:30,700
Not because nothing matters but 
because everything matters 

5576
05:15:30,700 --> 05:15:34,300
equally in its own time and 
place the coral doesn't prefer 

5577
05:15:34,300 --> 05:15:37,200
growing on Palace walls over 
growing on humble homes. 

5578
05:15:38,000 --> 05:15:42,100
The sand fills all structures 
with the same patient to see if 

5579
05:15:42,100 --> 05:15:45,200
Atlantis did exist and did sink 
beneath the waves. 

5580
05:15:45,200 --> 05:15:49,200
This is what would have become 
of it by now, not a treasure 

5581
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,900
Trove of ancient wisdom, waiting
to be recovered, but a series of

5582
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:56,300
formations where marine life 
goes about its business, where 

5583
05:15:56,300 --> 05:16:00,200
sediment accumulates and where 
natural processes have long. 

5584
05:16:00,200 --> 05:16:04,200
Since erased, most traces of 
human intention, And that's 

5585
05:16:04,200 --> 05:16:07,300
fine. 
That's how the world Works human

5586
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:12,000
civilizations, arise flourished 
declined and are Incorporated 

5587
05:16:12,000 --> 05:16:14,700
back into the natural systems 
from which they emerged. 

5588
05:16:14,700 --> 05:16:17,800
As you drift now towards sleep, 
you might carry with you. 

5589
05:16:17,800 --> 05:16:21,100
This image of underwater in 
where fish swim through empty 

5590
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:25,200
windows and coral decorates 
forgotten walls. not as 

5591
05:16:25,200 --> 05:16:28,700
something sad, but as something 
peaceful, a reminder that all 

5592
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:32,400
our striving eventually, finds 
rest That the pressure to 

5593
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:35,600
achieve and build and leave 
permanent marks can be released 

5594
05:16:35,600 --> 05:16:39,200
into the patient processes that 
transform everything over time. 

5595
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:43,400
The water supports you the 
gentle movement of the current 

5596
05:16:43,400 --> 05:16:46,300
rocks. 
You slowly rhythmically like a 

5597
05:16:46,300 --> 05:16:48,500
parent rocking a child towards 
sleep. 

5598
05:16:49,400 --> 05:16:51,600
Below. 
You the sand holds, whatever 

5599
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:54,500
remains of things that mattered 
intensely to people now long 

5600
05:16:54,500 --> 05:16:56,300
gone. 
Above you. 

5601
05:16:56,300 --> 05:16:59,700
The surface catches sunlight and
transforms it into moving 

5602
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:02,900
patterns, that dance across 
every underwater surface. 

5603
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:08,600
Float between the two suspended 
in the present moment supported 

5604
05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:10,400
by water. 
That's been cycling through 

5605
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:14,300
Ocean's for millions of years. 
This is what Plato's Atlantis 

5606
05:17:14,300 --> 05:17:17,900
offers us. 
Finally, not historical mystery 

5607
05:17:17,900 --> 05:17:21,800
to solve or a technological 
achievement to recover, but a 

5608
05:17:21,800 --> 05:17:25,100
contemplative space where we can
reflect on achievement and loss,

5609
05:17:25,100 --> 05:17:28,200
building and Decay. 
And the difference between 

5610
05:17:28,200 --> 05:17:30,800
surface success and deep 
sustainability. 

5611
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:35,500
The story creates room for 
thinking about how we live what 

5612
05:17:35,500 --> 05:17:38,700
we build and what we leave 
behind when time and nature 

5613
05:17:38,700 --> 05:17:41,900
eventually reclaim everything. 
The remarkable thing about 

5614
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:45,200
Atlantis is that it exists. 
Now, more vigorously than it 

5615
05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:50,600
ever did in Plato's imagination.
The story has been retold so 

5616
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:55,200
many times adapted to so many 
purposes that it's become a 

5617
05:17:55,200 --> 05:17:57,400
permanent part of human cultural
inheritance. 

5618
05:17:58,600 --> 05:17:59,800
Story. 
We Tell ourselves about 

5619
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:03,600
ourselves about our capacity for
achievement and our tendency 

5620
05:18:03,600 --> 05:18:07,800
towards self-destruction, Plato,
wrote, perhaps 15 pages about 

5621
05:18:07,800 --> 05:18:11,800
Atlantis in his dialogues. 
Those 15 pages of generated, 

5622
05:18:11,800 --> 05:18:16,700
millions of pages of speculation
interpretation and imaginative 

5623
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:19,700
elaboration. 
The return on investment is 

5624
05:18:19,700 --> 05:18:22,700
extraordinary. 
Few authors of created 

5625
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:25,700
something, so durable from such 
an economical initial 

5626
05:18:25,700 --> 05:18:29,600
description. 
The spa specificity of Plato's 

5627
05:18:29,600 --> 05:18:33,400
Account Details, in enough to 
seem real, vague enough to 

5628
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:37,000
invite interpretation, created 
space for everyone who came 

5629
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:40,600
after to project, their own 
ideas about lost perfection in 

5630
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:44,000
this way, Atlantis has become a 
truly collaborative creation, 

5631
05:18:44,000 --> 05:18:47,500
built not by one author, but by 
thousands of people across 

5632
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:51,100
dozens of centuries, each adding
their interpretation while the 

5633
05:18:51,100 --> 05:18:55,500
core story remains recognizable.
It's like a ship that's been at 

5634
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:57,000
Sea. 
So long, that every plank has 

5635
05:18:57,000 --> 05:19:00,400
been replaced multiple times 
yet, it still somehow the same 

5636
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:05,000
ship, the continuity exists in 
pattern and function rather than

5637
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:07,900
material substance for a bedtime
story. 

5638
05:19:07,900 --> 05:19:10,200
Atlantis Works beautifully 
because it operates on the 

5639
05:19:10,200 --> 05:19:13,900
border between knowledge and 
dream, it specific enough that 

5640
05:19:13,900 --> 05:19:17,600
you can visualize it clearly, 
those circular Harbors, those 

5641
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:21,200
walls plated with mysterious 
Metals those fountains and 

5642
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:25,200
Gardens and temples but 
dreamlike enough that the images

5643
05:19:25,200 --> 05:19:28,200
can shift and flow as 
Consciousness moves towards 

5644
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:31,300
sleep. 
The story provides structure 

5645
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:34,900
without rigid boundaries and 
guidance without constraint as 

5646
05:19:34,900 --> 05:19:37,200
Consciousness. 
Releases his grip on waking 

5647
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:40,100
concerns. 
The Mind often drifted into a 

5648
05:19:40,100 --> 05:19:43,100
liminal space where metaphor and
reality blur together. 

5649
05:19:44,000 --> 05:19:46,600
Where the distinction between 
historical, fact, and 

5650
05:19:46,600 --> 05:19:48,800
philosophical truth, becomes 
less important. 

5651
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:52,400
This is the space where 
Atlantis, as always existed, 

5652
05:19:52,400 --> 05:19:55,900
most vividly not in any 
particular ocean depth or 

5653
05:19:55,900 --> 05:19:59,300
geographical coordinates, but in
the Twilight region where we 

5654
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:04,400
think about human possibility, 
achievement, limitation and loss

5655
05:20:04,400 --> 05:20:06,300
tomorrow. 
You'll wake to whatever 

5656
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:09,000
challenges and opportunities 
your particular moment in 

5657
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:13,100
history provides You'll navigate
social structures and natural 

5658
05:20:13,100 --> 05:20:16,600
environments that are neither is
perfect as Atlantis in its 

5659
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:20,200
golden age nor as doomed as 
Atlantis and its decline. 

5660
05:20:20,900 --> 05:20:23,900
Like most Human Experience, your
actual life will be mixed 

5661
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:27,900
containing elements of 
achievement, and failure, wisdom

5662
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:31,600
and Folly sustainable practices 
and unsustainable pressures. 

5663
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:35,300
But you'll carry with you, 
perhaps unconsciously the 

5664
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:37,900
patterns and questions that 
Atlantis raises. 

5665
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:41,300
When you see visible success 
built on questionable 

5666
05:20:41,300 --> 05:20:44,400
foundations, you might remember 
the civilization. 

5667
05:20:44,400 --> 05:20:48,900
That seemed most powerful just 
before it sank. when you notice 

5668
05:20:48,900 --> 05:20:52,100
how difficult it is to maintain 
standards and values across 

5669
05:20:52,100 --> 05:20:56,000
Generations, you might recall 
how Divine wisdom was gradually 

5670
05:20:56,000 --> 05:21:00,700
diluted in Atlantean bloodlines 
When you recognize the gap 

5671
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:03,900
between ideal vision and 
practical realities, your 

5672
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:07,100
engaging with exactly the 
tensions Plato explored through 

5673
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:10,400
his imaginary civilization, 
these aren't ancient questions 

5674
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,300
their human questions as 
relevant. 

5675
05:21:13,300 --> 05:21:16,100
Now, as they were in fourth 
Century, Athens as urgent in 

5676
05:21:16,100 --> 05:21:18,800
every era that has ever grappled
with how to build. 

5677
05:21:18,800 --> 05:21:24,700
Sustainable, just flourishing 
Society is Atlantis endures 

5678
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:27,700
because it addresses something 
permanent in Human Experience 

5679
05:21:27,700 --> 05:21:32,800
the desire for Perfection the 
tendency toward corruption the 

5680
05:21:32,800 --> 05:21:36,700
relationship between virtue and 
Fortune and the inevitability of

5681
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:40,900
change and loss the ocean that 
swallowed Atlantis continues to 

5682
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:43,700
move in. 
Its rhythmic patterns waves 

5683
05:21:43,700 --> 05:21:46,800
rising and falling as they've 
risen and fallen for millions of

5684
05:21:46,800 --> 05:21:51,800
years before human civilizations
existed and will continue rising

5685
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:55,100
and falling long after our 
particular moment passes into 

5686
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:59,500
history. this continuity 
provides context for human 

5687
05:21:59,500 --> 05:22:03,700
striving were participating in 
something much larger and longer

5688
05:22:03,700 --> 05:22:07,900
than individual lives or even 
civilizations part of natural 

5689
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:10,200
processes that operate on 
scales. 

5690
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:13,900
We can barely comprehend rest 
now in this knowledge. 

5691
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:18,800
Whatever your building whatever 
concerns occupy your waking 

5692
05:22:18,800 --> 05:22:23,600
hours, whatever achievements or 
failures Mark your day all of it

5693
05:22:23,600 --> 05:22:27,400
takes place within this larger 
pattern of a rising flourishing 

5694
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:31,200
declining and transforming into 
something new. 

5695
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:35,200
You're held in the same way. 
The imagined underwater ruins 

5696
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:38,900
are held by the ocean, not 
gripped tightly, but supported 

5697
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:42,900
gently allowed to be exactly 
what you are in this moment 

5698
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:46,200
while time and nature do their 
patient work of transformation, 

5699
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:48,400
the philosopher, Plato long 
dead. 

5700
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:51,200
Now his body returned to the 
elements that composed it 

5701
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:53,100
nevertheless. 
Continues. 

5702
05:22:53,100 --> 05:22:55,500
Speaking to anyone willing to 
listen to his story about 

5703
05:22:55,500 --> 05:22:58,700
Atlantis. 
Not because he discovered some 

5704
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:01,000
secret history or preserved. 
Some ancient wisdom. 

5705
05:23:01,600 --> 05:23:04,700
But because he understood 
something true about how human 

5706
05:23:04,700 --> 05:23:08,200
civilizations work and found a 
way to express that 

5707
05:23:08,200 --> 05:23:11,500
understanding through memorable 
narrative, his greatest 

5708
05:23:11,500 --> 05:23:14,200
achievement wasn't the 
philosophical system, he built 

5709
05:23:14,200 --> 05:23:17,900
or the political theories, he 
proposed it was creating stories

5710
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:20,900
that would Outlast Stone. 
Stories that exist. 

5711
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:24,900
Now, in millions of Minds across
the world changing slightly with

5712
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:27,500
each retelling while maintaining
their essential character. 

5713
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:32,300
Stories that help us think about
who we are how we live and what 

5714
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:34,700
we might become, if we pay 
attention to the patterns 

5715
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:37,200
repeating throughout human 
history, sleep. 

5716
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:40,400
Well, knowing that your part of 
this ongoing conversation about 

5717
05:23:40,400 --> 05:23:43,900
human possibility and limitation
that stretches back through 

5718
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,800
centuries and forward into an 
uncertain future. 

5719
05:23:48,000 --> 05:23:52,200
The questions Plato raised 
through Atlantis about virtue 

5720
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:56,700
and power, wisdom and 
Corruption, sustainability and 

5721
05:23:56,700 --> 05:24:00,600
collapse, are your questions. 
Now, to be answered through how 

5722
05:24:00,600 --> 05:24:04,200
you live, and what you choose to
build, or preserve or transform,

5723
05:24:04,200 --> 05:24:08,000
and perhaps in your dreams, 
you'll swim through underwater 

5724
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:11,700
ruins where sunlight filters 
down through Clearwater and 

5725
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:15,600
small fish, move unconcerned 
through spaces, that once held 

5726
05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:19,800
human hopes and ambitions You'll
see how time and nature are the 

5727
05:24:19,800 --> 05:24:23,200
ultimate artists taking 
everything we make and slowly 

5728
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:27,200
patiently transforming it into 
something beautiful, in entirely

5729
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:31,200
new ways, you'll understand that
this transformation isn't lost 

5730
05:24:31,200 --> 05:24:36,100
but continuation, not ending, 
but a change of form the story 

5731
05:24:36,100 --> 05:24:40,000
of Atlantis ends where it begins
in imagination. 

5732
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:43,500
In the space, where we reflect 
on what it means to be human. 

5733
05:24:43,500 --> 05:24:47,400
And to build civilizations that 
are always temporary, always 

5734
05:24:47,400 --> 05:24:50,200
imperfect. 
And yet, always meaningful for 

5735
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:54,900
those who inhabit them. 
This reflection carry you gently

5736
05:24:54,900 --> 05:24:59,900
into sleep into dreams into the 
rest that allows tomorrow's 

5737
05:24:59,900 --> 05:25:09,900
building to begin a game. 
William Tecumseh, Sherman was 

5738
05:25:09,900 --> 05:25:13,800
born on February 8th 1820 in 
Lancaster, Ohio. 

5739
05:25:13,800 --> 05:25:17,000
The Frontier Town on the verge 
of tremendous development. 

5740
05:25:17,000 --> 05:25:20,900
His mother dubbed him camp. 
And he displayed a Restless 

5741
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:24,000
Spirit from a young age for 
shadowing, the vast influence. 

5742
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:26,300
He would one day wheeled on the 
nation's battlefields. 

5743
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,900
Although his father, Charles 
Robert, Sherman was a respected,

5744
05:25:29,900 --> 05:25:33,300
Ohio Supreme Court Judge the 
family struggled, financially, 

5745
05:25:33,300 --> 05:25:36,000
then tragedy came. 
When Sherman was nine years old,

5746
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:39,900
his father died abruptly leaving
behind a poor household, the 

5747
05:25:39,900 --> 05:25:43,500
boys future while uncertain 
found a guiding influence in the

5748
05:25:43,508 --> 05:25:46,700
form of his father's close 
friend, Thomas Ewing who 

5749
05:25:46,700 --> 05:25:50,100
welcomed him into his own Lively
home, growing up in the Ewing 

5750
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:53,300
household exposure and to a more
privileged Society, but it was 

5751
05:25:53,300 --> 05:25:55,900
not Carefree Ewing was 
politically connected. 

5752
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:59,100
Having worked in government 
positions, that expose Sherman 

5753
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:02,400
to the complexity of national 
policy and political squabbling.

5754
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:05,900
Something about those encounters
prepared him to see the country 

5755
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:11,000
as a web of dynamic forces, law,
commas and ambition, interacting

5756
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:14,300
in ways that altered entire 
neighborhoods despite his 

5757
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:17,400
academic abilities. 
He was never a standout student 

5758
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:20,300
in the traditional sense. 
His true, aptitude was in 

5759
05:26:20,308 --> 05:26:24,100
observation and the ability to 
translate what he saw into dear 

5760
05:26:24,100 --> 05:26:27,400
strategic insights Sherman. 
Absorbed the action with an 

5761
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:28,900
intensity. 
That occasionally surprised 

5762
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:31,100
others. 
Whether it was a local election 

5763
05:26:31,100 --> 05:26:35,300
or heated dinner table dispute, 
Sherman was 16 when he received 

5764
05:26:35,300 --> 05:26:38,300
a coveted invitation to the 
United States Military Academy 

5765
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:41,800
at West Point, Thanks in part to
Ewing's political clout. 

5766
05:26:42,700 --> 05:26:46,000
When he arrived at West Point in
1836, he discovered that the 

5767
05:26:46,000 --> 05:26:49,300
regiment was both difficult and 
stimulating, mathematics 

5768
05:26:49,300 --> 05:26:52,300
engineering and tactics. 
Dominated the curricular 

5769
05:26:52,300 --> 05:26:56,400
combining practical skills with 
theoretical knowledge, although 

5770
05:26:56,400 --> 05:27:00,400
he did not Excel academically. 
He graduated sixth in his class.

5771
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:03,300
He was known for being clever, 
pragmatic. 

5772
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:05,300
And unromantic about his 
military service. 

5773
05:27:06,400 --> 05:27:09,300
Classmates noticed his Frank 
demeanor, which would become a 

5774
05:27:09,308 --> 05:27:11,600
defining feature of his 
personality throughout his 

5775
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:15,000
career. 
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 

5776
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:16,700
a second lift tenant in the 
third US. 

5777
05:27:16,700 --> 05:27:19,400
Artillery. 
After graduating in 1840. 

5778
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:23,400
He served in many outposts from 
Florida to the distant Frontiers

5779
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:27,600
dealing with the problems of 
arising Nation, the Florida job.

5780
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:30,900
Embroiled him in the Seminole 
Wars, a brutal milieu of swamp 

5781
05:27:30,900 --> 05:27:33,800
Warfare and uncertain goals. 
Sherman quietly. 

5782
05:27:33,800 --> 05:27:36,900
Recorded the lessons combat was 
chaotic objectives, shifted 

5783
05:27:36,900 --> 05:27:39,800
quickly, and success, required a
combination of planning and 

5784
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:42,900
sheer tenacity. 
He also developed a dislike for 

5785
05:27:42,900 --> 05:27:45,900
half-hearted confrontations 
believing that, if a battle was 

5786
05:27:45,900 --> 05:27:48,500
unavoidable, it must be pursued 
with utmost. 

5787
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:52,100
Determination despite periodic 
promotions in the Allure of new 

5788
05:27:52,100 --> 05:27:54,600
assignments. 
Sherman, never felt completely 

5789
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:58,100
at ease in the peace time Army. 
Bureaucratic, red tape 

5790
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:02,000
restricted chances, for growth 
and a desire for new experience 

5791
05:28:02,000 --> 05:28:05,000
is Nord at him. 
His restlessness prompted him to

5792
05:28:05,000 --> 05:28:09,100
quit from the Army in 1853 in 
the decade that followed, he 

5793
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:12,100
dabbled in various Endeavors, 
including banking in San 

5794
05:28:12,100 --> 05:28:15,200
Francisco law, practice and 
Company Management in New York. 

5795
05:28:15,200 --> 05:28:18,400
Each position deepened, his 
understanding of the fundamental

5796
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:21,400
principles of American Business,
the importance of risk-taking 

5797
05:28:21,400 --> 05:28:24,800
and the vulnerability of trust 
in a period marked by frequent 

5798
05:28:24,800 --> 05:28:28,800
booms and busts. 
The banking crisis of 1857 

5799
05:28:28,800 --> 05:28:32,200
devastated, him financially 
demonstrating how rapidly 

5800
05:28:32,200 --> 05:28:34,300
richest might vanish when 
markets crashed. 

5801
05:28:35,100 --> 05:28:38,100
During his civilian years, 
Sherman made friends from both 

5802
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:41,300
the North and the South 
including plantation owners and 

5803
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:44,200
entrepreneurs. 
He noticed the growing conflict 

5804
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:47,600
over slavery, state rights and 
economic disparities. 

5805
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:51,100
While living in Louisiana. 
He was the superintendent of the

5806
05:28:51,100 --> 05:28:54,000
Louisiana state, Seminary of 
learning and Military Academy 

5807
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:56,900
which would eventually become 
Louisiana State University. 

5808
05:28:57,900 --> 05:29:00,600
He was recognized for his 
organizational talents, but he 

5809
05:29:00,600 --> 05:29:02,800
treaded carefully when 
discussions became political 

5810
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:07,000
Despite not being a passionate 
abolitionist, he did not take to

5811
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:09,800
the concept of secession. 
For Sherman. 

5812
05:29:09,800 --> 05:29:13,100
Unity was America's best Hope 
For Success. 

5813
05:29:13,100 --> 05:29:17,300
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 
signals of Discord and concluded

5814
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:19,000
that the country was on the 
verge of War. 

5815
05:29:19,900 --> 05:29:22,500
Sherman on the verge of the 
Civil War stood at a pivotal 

5816
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:25,500
juncture. 
He had a family, a diverse set 

5817
05:29:25,500 --> 05:29:28,600
of experience is in both service
and civilian sectors and a 

5818
05:29:28,600 --> 05:29:30,600
perspective that grassed how 
badly the country was 

5819
05:29:30,600 --> 05:29:33,600
fracturing. 
He was concerned war occurred. 

5820
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:36,400
It would be unlike the 
small-scale battles of previous 

5821
05:29:36,400 --> 05:29:38,700
decades. 
The tremendous industrial 

5822
05:29:38,700 --> 05:29:42,200
potential of both parts. 
Combined with the moral further 

5823
05:29:42,200 --> 05:29:46,200
around slavery, predicted a 
devastating Clash despite his 

5824
05:29:46,200 --> 05:29:49,500
reluctance to enter the battle. 
Sherman returned to service in 

5825
05:29:49,500 --> 05:29:53,600
early, 1861 motivated by a sense
of responsibility to maintain 

5826
05:29:53,600 --> 05:29:56,500
the Union. 
In the early months of the Civil

5827
05:29:56,500 --> 05:29:59,300
War, William to come to Sherman.
Served in several positions 

5828
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:02,900
looking for a secure footing, in
a war that appeared chaotic from

5829
05:30:02,900 --> 05:30:05,800
the start, initially assigned to
a training facility. 

5830
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:09,300
He disagreed with authorities 
when he anticipated that the 

5831
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:12,600
fight would require at least 
200,000 men in his area alone. 

5832
05:30:13,300 --> 05:30:16,300
His forthright remarked that the
union was underestimating, the 

5833
05:30:16,300 --> 05:30:19,500
scale of the Insurrection 
enlisted suspicion if not 

5834
05:30:19,500 --> 05:30:22,200
derision. 
However, time would vindicate, 

5835
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:27,000
his misgivings By late 1861. 
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,

5836
05:30:27,000 --> 05:30:30,600
an important border state with 
conflicting loyalties, he was 

5837
05:30:30,608 --> 05:30:33,300
responsible for the Cumberland 
Department there, but he quickly

5838
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:36,900
became overwhelmed reports of 
Confederate, military movements 

5839
05:30:36,900 --> 05:30:40,300
armed shortages and conflicting 
orders from Washington, left, 

5840
05:30:40,300 --> 05:30:42,900
him tired. 
Some sources suggest he was on 

5841
05:30:42,900 --> 05:30:44,000
the verge of a nervous 
breakdown. 

5842
05:30:44,000 --> 05:30:48,500
He requested relief from command
and when he left rumors 

5843
05:30:48,500 --> 05:30:51,600
circulated about his 
instability, such suspicions 

5844
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:53,500
threatened to wreck his career 
in an era. 

5845
05:30:53,500 --> 05:30:55,700
When mental stress was less, 
tolerated. 

5846
05:30:55,700 --> 05:31:00,300
Nevertheless Sherman, recovered 
gained new Purpose with General 

5847
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:04,100
Ulysses, S Grant's direct help. 
Their bond will form the 

5848
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:09,000
foundation of Union success 
Grant was calm silent and 

5849
05:31:09,000 --> 05:31:12,600
unyielding under duress where a 
Sherman was more combustible 

5850
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:15,500
publicly expressing concerns or 
complaints. 

5851
05:31:16,500 --> 05:31:19,600
Their Mutual regard, however, 
was established through shared 

5852
05:31:19,600 --> 05:31:23,200
Battlefield experiences in early
1862. 

5853
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,400
Grants daring Maneuvers at Fort 
Henry, and Fort, Donaldson 

5854
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:29,900
secured, critical Confederate. 
Outposts and Sherman's role 

5855
05:31:29,900 --> 05:31:31,800
though. 
Subordinate, displayed 

5856
05:31:31,800 --> 05:31:33,300
dependability in the face of 
Fire. 

5857
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:37,500
The Battle of Shiloh in April, 
1862 would be Sherman's. 

5858
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:41,600
True baptism into large-scale 
fighting Confederate, surprise 

5859
05:31:41,600 --> 05:31:45,100
strike near Pittsburgh upon 
Landing in Tennessee waves of 

5860
05:31:45,100 --> 05:31:47,300
enemy soldiers. 
Smashed the union defenses, 

5861
05:31:47,300 --> 05:31:50,300
Sherman's division took the 
brunt of the early fighting 

5862
05:31:50,300 --> 05:31:54,500
despite being taken by surprise.
He rallied his troops riding 

5863
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:56,600
along. 
The front lines, ignoring her 

5864
05:31:56,600 --> 05:31:58,700
personal danger, an encouraging 
them to hold. 

5865
05:31:59,700 --> 05:32:02,800
Despite massive fatalities 
Union, with stood the attack and

5866
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:05,600
Grant's counter-attack the 
following day Force. 

5867
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:08,900
The Confederates to retire. 
Sherman's leadership under 

5868
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:12,200
duress gained him to a promotion
to Major General and more 

5869
05:32:12,200 --> 05:32:16,000
crucial, strengthened, his 
alliance with Grant, The two men

5870
05:32:16,000 --> 05:32:18,200
came from Shiloh with the 
stronger determination to 

5871
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:20,400
achieve total Victory 
acknowledging. 

5872
05:32:20,400 --> 05:32:23,700
The confederacies to NASA tea. 
Sherman followed Shiloh with 

5873
05:32:23,700 --> 05:32:25,400
operations along the Mississippi
River. 

5874
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:28,800
Ending in the Vicksburg campaign
Vicksburg. 

5875
05:32:28,800 --> 05:32:32,200
A fortress strong-hold was 
essential to Confederate control

5876
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,700
of the Mississippi River, Union,
soldiers and anticipated that 

5877
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:39,200
seizing it with the Confederacy,
in two isolating, the state's 

5878
05:32:39,200 --> 05:32:42,500
west of the river. 
Grant Siege was long with supply

5879
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:46,100
line strained and morale, shaky 
Sherman's, involvement included,

5880
05:32:46,100 --> 05:32:49,400
skirmishes, faints and ensuring 
that Confederate reinforcements,

5881
05:32:49,400 --> 05:32:50,800
could not break through the 
siege. 

5882
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:57,000
Vicksburg finally fell on July 
4th 1863 marking a watershed 

5883
05:32:57,000 --> 05:33:01,800
moment in the western theater. 
Sherman's Fame sword, although 

5884
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:05,100
he frequently downplayed 
personal responsibility publicly

5885
05:33:05,100 --> 05:33:09,100
praising Grant strategic vision.
Sherman did not take command of 

5886
05:33:09,100 --> 05:33:13,000
Union forces in the west until 
1864, when Grant was ordered to 

5887
05:33:13,000 --> 05:33:17,400
the Eastern theater to confront 
property, Lee His primary aim is

5888
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:20,100
Atlantis. 
The city was a confederate hub 

5889
05:33:20,100 --> 05:33:22,500
for railroads manufacturing and 
supply. 

5890
05:33:23,400 --> 05:33:25,700
Taking, it could jeopardize the 
southern battle effort. 

5891
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:28,500
Sherman launched. 
The Atlantic campaign in May 

5892
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:33,500
1864 moving across North Eastern
Georgia, confederate, general 

5893
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:37,700
Joseph E, Johnson utilized an 
effective defensive plan but 

5894
05:33:37,700 --> 05:33:41,000
Sherman's numerical superiority,
and willingness to engage in 

5895
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:43,600
flanking actions, gradually 
pushed Johnston back. 

5896
05:33:44,400 --> 05:33:47,600
Johnston's replacement, by the 
more aggressive, John Bell, Hood

5897
05:33:47,600 --> 05:33:51,500
increased Confederate. 
Casualties by September 

5898
05:33:51,500 --> 05:33:55,700
Sherman's Army had conquered at 
Lanta dealing a strategic and 

5899
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:58,100
cycle. 
Blow to the South, the cities 

5900
05:33:58,100 --> 05:34:01,300
fall echoed throughout the north
helping President, Lincoln's 

5901
05:34:01,300 --> 05:34:05,100
re-election, chances, Sherman 
believed that simply occupying 

5902
05:34:05,100 --> 05:34:08,300
Atlanta would be insufficient. 
He wanted to crippled the 

5903
05:34:08,308 --> 05:34:10,700
Confederate capacity for future 
resistance. 

5904
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:14,400
After ordering civilian 
evacuations, he permitted 

5905
05:34:14,400 --> 05:34:16,800
elements of the city's 
infrastructure to be destroyed. 

5906
05:34:17,700 --> 05:34:20,200
fueling suspicions that he was 
carrying out a destruction 

5907
05:34:20,200 --> 05:34:23,800
campaign, Sherman then focused 
on a bold and controversial 

5908
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:27,900
strategy, the march to the sea. 
The plan was to cut lines of 

5909
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:31,500
communication damage resources, 
critical to the southern War 

5910
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:34,500
Machine and show that 
Confederate authorities could no

5911
05:34:34,500 --> 05:34:39,300
longer Safeguard their heart. 
In mid-november 1864, he led 

5912
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:42,900
60,000 men from Atlanta to 
Savannah, cutting a path across 

5913
05:34:42,900 --> 05:34:45,700
Georgia, unlike traditional 
movements tethered by supply 

5914
05:34:45,700 --> 05:34:48,800
lines Sherman's columns would 
live off the land. 

5915
05:34:48,800 --> 05:34:52,400
Foraging freely demolishing 
railroads Madden targeting 

5916
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:56,500
Factory is this bold tactic at 
the time, attempted to break the

5917
05:34:56,500 --> 05:34:58,200
South's resolve to continue 
fighting. 

5918
05:34:59,400 --> 05:35:02,400
During these campaigns Sherman's
views on Wars, solidified. 

5919
05:35:02,400 --> 05:35:05,600
He believed that the faster and 
harder the conflict was pursued 

5920
05:35:05,600 --> 05:35:07,400
the sooner, it would be 
resolved. 

5921
05:35:08,100 --> 05:35:11,800
In his letters to subordinates. 
He emphasized a harsh Lord 

5922
05:35:11,800 --> 05:35:14,300
logic. 
If southern people felt the 

5923
05:35:14,300 --> 05:35:16,900
effects of the war, the 
confederacy's morale would 

5924
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:20,500
plummet While many union leaders
sought Victory, through pitched 

5925
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:24,600
battles alone, Sherman embraced,
Total War leaving a reputation. 

5926
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:27,000
That would Eclipse his other 
accomplishments, and, to find 

5927
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,600
his place in American military 
history, the march to the sea 

5928
05:35:30,600 --> 05:35:35,700
started on November 1564 as 
Union troops departed, from the 

5929
05:35:35,708 --> 05:35:39,200
charred remains of Atlanta, The 
trip to Savannah covered about 

5930
05:35:39,200 --> 05:35:44,800
300 miles calculating about 483 
kilometers and lasted almost a 

5931
05:35:44,800 --> 05:35:46,800
month. 
Contrary to popular belief, 

5932
05:35:46,800 --> 05:35:49,500
Sherman didn't order his 
soldiers to burn every home or 

5933
05:35:49,500 --> 05:35:53,500
Farm they encountered, however, 
the foraging so wide-spread 

5934
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:56,700
occasionally turning into 
looting, the local population's 

5935
05:35:56,700 --> 05:36:00,000
remembered the campaign with 
lasting bitterness Union 

5936
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,800
Soldiers. 
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 

5937
05:36:02,800 --> 05:36:05,300
them into what was mockingly 
called, Sherman's neckties 

5938
05:36:05,300 --> 05:36:10,600
warehouses and factories. 
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and

5939
05:36:10,600 --> 05:36:14,000
livestock taken. 
Many Southern civilians fled 

5940
05:36:14,000 --> 05:36:16,400
before the advancing columns 
While others remained, 

5941
05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:20,200
witnessing Guardians Barnes and 
personal property, consumed by 

5942
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:23,000
Union, torches or opportunistic 
soldiers. 

5943
05:36:24,000 --> 05:36:26,500
Sherman's official position, was
that his troop should only 

5944
05:36:26,500 --> 05:36:30,000
target items with military or 
logistical significance? 

5945
05:36:30,000 --> 05:36:34,200
But in practice those boundaries
quickly became unclear years 

5946
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,300
later. 
The question lingered were these

5947
05:36:36,300 --> 05:36:39,800
acts Justified militarily or 
simply avenge for Rampage. 

5948
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:43,500
Sherman supporters claimed that 
the confederacy's capacity to 

5949
05:36:43,500 --> 05:36:46,700
fight relied on its Agricultural
and Industrial resources 

5950
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:50,200
rendering such destruction of 
regrettable necessity. 

5951
05:36:51,100 --> 05:36:54,100
Critics argued that the campaign
violated moral boundaries by 

5952
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:57,500
punishing innocent civilians 
Sherman believed that only by 

5953
05:36:57,500 --> 05:37:00,500
breaking the South's ability and
determination to fight could the

5954
05:37:00,500 --> 05:37:02,400
wars violence be decisively 
ended. 

5955
05:37:03,500 --> 05:37:06,000
Sherman's forces entered 
Savannah on December the 20th 

5956
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:11,300
1864 facing minimal resistance. 
He sent a telegram to President 

5957
05:37:11,300 --> 05:37:14,500
Lincoln proposing the city of 
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 

5958
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,800
The capture of the nearly intact
Port of a strategic base on the 

5959
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:21,800
Atlantic coast. 
In enabling Union forces to 

5960
05:37:21,800 --> 05:37:25,400
advance into the Carolinas 
Northern newspapers celebrated 

5961
05:37:25,400 --> 05:37:29,600
the success lording Sherman as a
master strategist Southern 

5962
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:32,800
newspapers erupted in Anger 
portraying him as a ruthless 

5963
05:37:32,800 --> 05:37:36,500
Destroyer Confederate civilians 
criticized the perceived 

5964
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:39,900
barbarism in Diaries and letters
while some Northern voices 

5965
05:37:39,900 --> 05:37:42,600
discomfort at the campaigns 
brutality. 

5966
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:47,600
The union War Machine continued 
and Sherman's prominence grew in

5967
05:37:47,600 --> 05:37:51,200
early 1865 Sherman North to 
unite with Grant. 

5968
05:37:51,900 --> 05:37:54,600
The Carolinas campaign sought to
pressure Confederate resources 

5969
05:37:54,600 --> 05:37:57,600
from a new angle. 
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 

5970
05:37:57,600 --> 05:38:01,500
Lee's army between two. 
Formidable Union forces as his 

5971
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:05,000
men move through South Carolina,
the birthplace of succession 

5972
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:09,800
Sherman's tactics, became even 
harsher. in February 1865, 

5973
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:13,800
Columbia burned with ongoing 
debate over whether Union or 

5974
05:38:13,800 --> 05:38:17,700
Confederate forces started the 
fire Sherman denied starting the

5975
05:38:17,700 --> 05:38:22,100
fire but suspicion remains woven
into local, tales that the union

5976
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:24,500
intentionally set, a blaze, the 
birthplace of rebellion. 

5977
05:38:25,400 --> 05:38:28,200
Sherman Advanced into North 
Carolina with a slightly softer 

5978
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:31,700
approach, recognizing that the 
state had not been as eager to 

5979
05:38:31,700 --> 05:38:34,700
see to South Carolina. 
The operational logic. 

5980
05:38:34,700 --> 05:38:39,500
Persisted weaken, Confederate 
capabilities, disrupt, railroads

5981
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:42,000
and harassed. 
The demoralized southern forces 

5982
05:38:42,000 --> 05:38:45,300
in April. 
It was reported that Lee's army 

5983
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:47,100
of Northern Virginia, 
surrendered to granted 

5984
05:38:47,100 --> 05:38:50,000
Appomattox. 
Sherman's, men sensed the war 

5985
05:38:50,000 --> 05:38:53,000
was nearing its conclusion, 
hopes rose that they could 

5986
05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:54,400
finish the campaign without more
major. 

5987
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:58,500
Clashes An unforeseen twist 
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 

5988
05:38:58,500 --> 05:39:03,500
assassinated President Lincoln 
on April 14th 1865, shockingly 

5989
05:39:03,500 --> 05:39:07,900
entire Union, High command, 
grief and anger surged through 

5990
05:39:07,900 --> 05:39:11,500
Sherman's ranks. 
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 

5991
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:14,400
with confederate general, Joseph
E Johnston in North Carolina 

5992
05:39:14,400 --> 05:39:18,400
became increasingly strained. 
Sherman aiming for a quick 

5993
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:21,800
reconciliation proposed terms 
that many in Washington viewed 

5994
05:39:21,800 --> 05:39:25,200
as excessively generous 
including political concessions 

5995
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:29,100
that exceeded his authority. 
The war department shaken by 

5996
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:31,500
Lincoln's assassination and 
favoring tougher actions 

5997
05:39:31,500 --> 05:39:35,600
rejected Shermans agreement. 
Reports suggested that Sherman 

5998
05:39:35,600 --> 05:39:37,200
was either naive or 
overreaching. 

5999
05:39:37,200 --> 05:39:39,900
The Fiasco, briefly damaged, his
reputation. 

6000
05:39:39,900 --> 05:39:43,000
A revised negotiation resulted 
in Johnston. 

6001
05:39:43,000 --> 05:39:46,500
Surrender on April 26th, 
effectively ending the war in 

6002
05:39:46,500 --> 05:39:50,000
the Carolinas, Sherman's desire 
to heal wounds quickly 

6003
05:39:50,000 --> 05:39:52,700
conflicted with the mood in 
Washington creating 

6004
05:39:52,700 --> 05:39:54,800
misunderstanding that would 
persist for years. 

6005
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:58,600
Despite the friction points, the
north celebrated Sherman as a 

6006
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:02,400
hero, his soldiers, admired him 
referring to him as Uncle Billy 

6007
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:05,700
impressed by his Relentless 
energy and talent for boosting 

6008
05:40:05,700 --> 05:40:08,100
morale. 
Southerners, condemned him as 

6009
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:11,700
the cause of Devastation, he 
really attempted to soften that 

6010
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:15,500
image stating that war was 
cruelty and efforts to refine. 

6011
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:19,000
It were pointless. 
That straightforward view shaped

6012
05:40:19,000 --> 05:40:22,100
his strategic approach. 
Sherman believed that war should

6013
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:26,100
be pursued with full commitment 
or not at all after the four 

6014
05:40:26,100 --> 05:40:28,400
Sherman oversaw military 
districts in the South 

6015
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,400
attempting to maintain order 
during reconstructions tumult. 

6016
05:40:32,100 --> 05:40:35,200
He found the political 
squabbling exhausting, favoring 

6017
05:40:35,200 --> 05:40:38,000
direct military leadership over 
the complexities of civil 

6018
05:40:38,000 --> 05:40:40,800
policy. 
Sherman's Legacy was solidified 

6019
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:43,700
by his wartime campaigns. 
Despite the post-war 

6020
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:45,000
complexities that overshadowed 
it. 

6021
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:48,800
The challenge for him. 
And for the nation was how to 

6022
05:40:48,800 --> 05:40:51,900
address the resentment caused by
Total War, while also focusing 

6023
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:56,100
on rebuilding a unified country.
After hostilities concluded, 

6024
05:40:56,100 --> 05:40:59,000
William to come to Sherman 
expected. 

6025
05:40:59,000 --> 05:41:02,000
The clear structure of war-time,
command to translate into a 

6026
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:05,300
simple post-war position. 
However, the aftermath of 

6027
05:41:05,300 --> 05:41:09,400
conflict, rarely produces smooth
transitions in 1865. 

6028
05:41:09,400 --> 05:41:11,900
He was appointed commander of 
the military division of the 

6029
05:41:11,900 --> 05:41:15,900
Mississippi covering most of the
devastated South During 

6030
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:18,900
Reconstruction conflicts arose, 
between President and Andrew 

6031
05:41:18,900 --> 05:41:22,000
Johnson's, conciliatory, 
approach, and the severe demands

6032
05:41:22,000 --> 05:41:23,500
of Radical Republicans and 
Congress. 

6033
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,400
Sherman proceeded gingerly in 
this climate avoiding political 

6034
05:41:28,400 --> 05:41:30,700
disputes. 
He constantly differed with 

6035
05:41:30,700 --> 05:41:33,400
civil officials and politicians 
about how to best manage. 

6036
05:41:33,400 --> 05:41:36,900
The amounts of painted African 
American population, former 

6037
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:39,400
Confederates and the regions 
destroyed infrastructure. 

6038
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:43,600
Sherman believed the Army's job 
was to maintain order, not to 

6039
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:45,900
influence, the inevitable social
upheaval. 

6040
05:41:46,700 --> 05:41:49,200
He questioned whether Union 
troops should remain in the 

6041
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:52,300
South indefinitely. 
Citing the lack of a quick way 

6042
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:54,700
to heal. 
Grave wounds his reluctance to 

6043
05:41:54,700 --> 05:41:56,000
fully Embrace reconstruction 
ideas. 

6044
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:59,400
Frustrated, radical reformers, 
who wanted strong Federal 

6045
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:03,300
enforcement of civil rights, 
white Southerners, apprehensive 

6046
05:42:03,300 --> 05:42:05,300
of the northern presence 
frequently. 

6047
05:42:05,300 --> 05:42:09,000
Opposed even basic Army 
commands, understanding that he 

6048
05:42:09,000 --> 05:42:12,300
was in a precarious situation. 
Sherman, sought solace in his 

6049
05:42:12,308 --> 05:42:16,200
family. 
Life in 1866, he relocated to 

6050
05:42:16,200 --> 05:42:18,800
Saint Louis. 
Missouri to oversee the military

6051
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:21,700
division of Missouri. 
The territory stretched from the

6052
05:42:21,700 --> 05:42:23,700
Mississippi River to the 
Rockies. 

6053
05:42:25,100 --> 05:42:28,000
Conflict Fred Westwood as 
American expansion collided with

6054
05:42:28,000 --> 05:42:31,300
numerous indigenous groups. 
Sherman's order's, required him,

6055
05:42:31,300 --> 05:42:32,900
to protect settlers and 
railroads. 

6056
05:42:33,600 --> 05:42:36,500
Which frequently resulted in 
battles with tribes that opposed

6057
05:42:36,500 --> 05:42:39,800
the invasion of their areas this
period of Sherman's career is 

6058
05:42:39,800 --> 05:42:41,200
not as well. 
Known as his Civil War 

6059
05:42:41,200 --> 05:42:44,000
achievements. 
Native people beset with 

6060
05:42:44,008 --> 05:42:47,300
violated treaties and forced 
relocations met Sherman. 

6061
05:42:47,300 --> 05:42:50,700
A military figure who advocated 
employing Superior, Force to 

6062
05:42:50,708 --> 05:42:53,500
achieve Federal objectives 
Sherman's perspective. 

6063
05:42:53,500 --> 05:42:56,100
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his
entire War philosophy. 

6064
05:42:56,100 --> 05:43:00,400
Decisively smash resistance to 
minimize prolonged Carnage. 

6065
05:43:00,400 --> 05:43:03,000
He ordered campaigns that 
destroyed communities, 

6066
05:43:03,000 --> 05:43:06,700
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 
pushed people onto reserves 

6067
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:10,800
historians decried, his measures
likening them to his previous 

6068
05:43:10,800 --> 05:43:13,500
scorched. 
Earth policies, Sherman strategy

6069
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:17,300
was straightforward. 
Smash any opposition as quickly 

6070
05:43:17,300 --> 05:43:20,800
and decisively as possible. 
He perceived, no, ethical 

6071
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:23,600
dilemma in forcefully. 
Displacing indigenous peoples in

6072
05:43:23,608 --> 05:43:25,400
pursuit of the nation's ultimate
goal. 

6073
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:29,500
This unwavering stance cemented,
his reputation as a sort of 

6074
05:43:29,500 --> 05:43:32,900
strong answers. 
Changes in Washington impacted 

6075
05:43:32,900 --> 05:43:37,300
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 
S Grant became president in 1869

6076
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:40,300
and Sherman was appointed 
Commanding General of the United

6077
05:43:40,300 --> 05:43:43,900
States Army, His new position 
allowed wide oversight of 

6078
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:46,500
military operations but 
disagreements with the water 

6079
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:49,900
department arose fast. 
Sherman believed that the line 

6080
05:43:49,900 --> 05:43:52,600
of command was harmed by 
civilian authorities, desire for

6081
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:54,200
greater control, over Army 
matters. 

6082
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:57,500
The tension Rose under Secretary
of War, William W. 

6083
05:43:58,600 --> 05:44:00,900
Belknap who resigned under 
scandal? 

6084
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:04,900
Sherman's private letters into 
indicated, this displeasure with

6085
05:44:04,900 --> 05:44:07,600
the political milia, and a 
desire for the discipline 

6086
05:44:07,600 --> 05:44:11,400
cooperation of wartime. 
Sherman suffered family issues, 

6087
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:15,200
Ellen, hailed from a devout 
Catholic household where a 

6088
05:44:15,200 --> 05:44:17,900
Sherman had no interest in 
organized religion, there are 

6089
05:44:17,900 --> 05:44:20,000
opposing viewpoints 
occasionally, produced tension, 

6090
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:24,600
one son, Willie died, tragically
during the war leaving an 

6091
05:44:24,600 --> 05:44:27,800
emotional scar on the family. 
Another son Thomas, Ewing, 

6092
05:44:27,800 --> 05:44:30,600
Sherman. 
Became a Jesuit priest, which 

6093
05:44:30,600 --> 05:44:33,300
Sherman? 
Reluctantly accepted Sherman 

6094
05:44:33,300 --> 05:44:35,300
composed. 
His Memoirs during these changes

6095
05:44:35,300 --> 05:44:37,500
and they were first published in
1875. 

6096
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:41,900
This two-volume book, Memoirs of
General William T. 

6097
05:44:41,900 --> 05:44:45,200
Sherman gives a plain account of
his life from birth until the 

6098
05:44:45,200 --> 05:44:48,400
Civil War critics praised, its 
readability, and honesty. 

6099
05:44:48,400 --> 05:44:51,500
While several Express concern 
about a mission and biases. 

6100
05:44:51,500 --> 05:44:54,800
He openly said at the outset 
that he would report of events 

6101
05:44:54,800 --> 05:44:58,000
as he saw them, regardless of 
whether they Disturbed anyone, 

6102
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:01,900
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 
perception of him as a general 

6103
05:45:01,900 --> 05:45:04,700
who believed in direct action 
and open communication. 

6104
05:45:05,500 --> 05:45:08,100
Sherman, headed, an army that 
was struggling to find its place

6105
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:10,000
in a changing country in the 
1870s. 

6106
05:45:10,000 --> 05:45:14,100
Industrialization accelerated 
questions about global 

6107
05:45:14,100 --> 05:45:16,900
development arose and the 
frontier vanished. 

6108
05:45:17,600 --> 05:45:20,600
The Army shrank overshadowed by 
new Millionaires and the 

6109
05:45:20,600 --> 05:45:22,900
volatile politics of the Gilded 
Age. 

6110
05:45:23,500 --> 05:45:25,800
Sherman frequently. 
Bemoaned that the populace had 

6111
05:45:25,800 --> 05:45:27,400
grown complacent about National 
Defense. 

6112
05:45:28,400 --> 05:45:32,100
Ignoring the painful lessons of 
the Civil War in quieter 

6113
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:34,900
moments, he realized that a 
diminished Army presence was 

6114
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:37,000
precisely what a reunited 
country needed. 

6115
05:45:37,000 --> 05:45:41,500
Even if it left him feeling a 
little lost, the great Railroad 

6116
05:45:41,500 --> 05:45:45,100
Strike of 1877, which saw 
federal troops dispatched to 

6117
05:45:45,100 --> 05:45:48,500
quell labor unrest. 
Was the final major dispute of 

6118
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:51,300
his tenure. 
Sherman struck a compromise 

6119
05:45:51,300 --> 05:45:54,200
between compassion for workers 
concerns and the necessity for 

6120
05:45:54,200 --> 05:45:57,800
order directing a reaction that 
sought to minimize Bloodshed. 

6121
05:45:57,800 --> 05:46:01,200
The incident pointed at a new 
sort of internal conflict 

6122
05:46:01,200 --> 05:46:04,700
industrial turmoil, supplanting 
sectional conflicts. 

6123
05:46:05,600 --> 05:46:09,300
Sherman noted for his directness
and rigidity was reminded that 

6124
05:46:09,300 --> 05:46:12,200
war is never static. 
It changes with the intricacies 

6125
05:46:12,200 --> 05:46:16,700
of civilization As the 1880s 
began William to come to Sherman

6126
05:46:16,700 --> 05:46:21,000
entered retirement but stayed a 
notable public figure in 1882 he

6127
05:46:21,000 --> 05:46:24,500
stepped down as Commanding 
General concluding nearly 20 

6128
05:46:24,500 --> 05:46:26,900
years of consistent leadership 
in a transforming Army. 

6129
05:46:27,800 --> 05:46:31,200
Civic groups, lecture circuits 
and political activists often 

6130
05:46:31,200 --> 05:46:33,600
pursued him. 
Some urged him to run for 

6131
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:36,200
president thinking. 
His combat experience and 

6132
05:46:36,200 --> 05:46:39,000
integrity would resonate with 
Americans Sherman famously 

6133
05:46:39,000 --> 05:46:42,700
declined stating. 
I will not accept if nominated 

6134
05:46:42,700 --> 05:46:46,000
and will not serve if elected 
the statement reflected his 

6135
05:46:46,000 --> 05:46:48,500
post-war identity as a someone 
who had witnessed the harsh 

6136
05:46:48,500 --> 05:46:51,500
reality of politics, leading him
to avoid more profound 

6137
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:55,000
involvement, his reluctance, to 
run for government came from 

6138
05:46:55,000 --> 05:46:58,000
several factors. 
He was wary of the constant 

6139
05:46:58,000 --> 05:47:00,200
maneuvering that characterized 
national elections. 

6140
05:47:00,200 --> 05:47:03,400
His straightforward attitude 
conflicted with the need to 

6141
05:47:03,400 --> 05:47:06,600
appease groups and trade favors.
He understood that his 

6142
05:47:06,600 --> 05:47:09,600
reputation forged through tough 
tactics in Georgia, and the 

6143
05:47:09,608 --> 05:47:12,400
Carolinas could provoke 
significant backlash in the 

6144
05:47:12,408 --> 05:47:14,200
South and among moderate 
Northern voters. 

6145
05:47:15,300 --> 05:47:18,000
He felt his skills were better 
suited for organizing and 

6146
05:47:18,000 --> 05:47:19,500
leading in challenging 
situations. 

6147
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:22,200
Rather than in standard 
governance. 

6148
05:47:22,200 --> 05:47:26,300
Negotiations Sherman traveled 
extensively, giving speeches on 

6149
05:47:26,300 --> 05:47:29,300
Civil War events, and promoting 
a strong practical military 

6150
05:47:29,300 --> 05:47:31,800
policy, even after leaving 
formal duties. 

6151
05:47:32,600 --> 05:47:36,900
He seldom softened his remarks a
veterans reunions, he portrayed 

6152
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,200
the stern, Uncle reminding 
formats, that war was not a 

6153
05:47:40,200 --> 05:47:43,000
glorious Adventure, he 
emphasized to younger audiences 

6154
05:47:43,000 --> 05:47:46,100
that the Civil War was much more
complex than just heroes and 

6155
05:47:46,108 --> 05:47:48,600
villains. 
He stood firm in his decisions 

6156
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:51,300
asserting that his aggressive 
campaigns had reduced the 

6157
05:47:51,300 --> 05:47:54,100
conflicts length. 
He was honest about his views on

6158
05:47:54,100 --> 05:47:57,300
reconstructions outcomes, he 
observed the South's economic 

6159
05:47:57,300 --> 05:48:01,000
recovery, the emergence of Jim 
Crow laws and ongoing social 

6160
05:48:01,000 --> 05:48:04,900
inequalities he did not advocate
for radical solutions to racial 

6161
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:08,600
disparity viewing, it mainly. 
As a civilian issue, some 

6162
05:48:08,600 --> 05:48:11,600
critics viewed Sherman's 
attitude as a veces claiming he 

6163
05:48:11,600 --> 05:48:13,300
was dodging moral 
responsibility. 

6164
05:48:13,300 --> 05:48:16,600
He said his main name was to 
preserve the union, not to 

6165
05:48:16,600 --> 05:48:19,600
create an equal Society. 
Well though Sherman was 

6166
05:48:19,600 --> 05:48:22,100
strategically skilled his 
limited view on. 

6167
05:48:22,100 --> 05:48:25,300
Social fairness reflects the 
shortcomings of his era which is

6168
05:48:25,300 --> 05:48:29,100
clear in hindsight. 
At the same time narratives 

6169
05:48:29,100 --> 05:48:31,000
about his private life became 
gentler. 

6170
05:48:31,000 --> 05:48:35,300
He enjoyed engaging with former 
allies, especially Ulysses, S 

6171
05:48:35,300 --> 05:48:38,700
Grant whose presidency concluded
amid controversy and failure. 

6172
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:42,400
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 
honoring their bond from the war

6173
05:48:42,400 --> 05:48:45,600
despite any controversies, they 
occasionally gathered to voice 

6174
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,100
their discontent regarding how 
their legacies turned into 

6175
05:48:48,100 --> 05:48:52,700
political issues. when grant 
deed in 1885 Sherman mourned 

6176
05:48:52,700 --> 05:48:56,200
publicly, delivering eulogies 
that highlighted Loyalty, The 

6177
05:48:56,200 --> 05:48:59,800
Virtue that had United them, 
through numerous conflicts, In 

6178
05:48:59,800 --> 05:49:02,900
the 1880s, new Industries and 
Technologies, captured public 

6179
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:06,700
attention railroaded. 
The continent telephones, 

6180
05:49:06,700 --> 05:49:09,100
connected people, and 
corporations grew. 

6181
05:49:10,400 --> 05:49:13,000
Sherman felt horn after 
observing these changes, he 

6182
05:49:13,000 --> 05:49:16,100
appreciated America's ambition 
for growth, but worried about 

6183
05:49:16,100 --> 05:49:19,900
possible, societal instability, 
the great Railroad Strike 

6184
05:49:19,900 --> 05:49:22,300
indicated, Rising unrest among 
industrial workers. 

6185
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:25,700
He warned that class tensions 
were handled correctly. 

6186
05:49:25,700 --> 05:49:28,400
They could erupt violently well,
though. 

6187
05:49:28,408 --> 05:49:31,500
He wasn't an economist, he 
identified conflict patterns, 

6188
05:49:31,500 --> 05:49:34,100
and warned political leaders 
that neglecting labor demands 

6189
05:49:34,100 --> 05:49:37,000
could lead to chaos, similar to 
the devastation of War. 

6190
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:40,800
Sherman, who relocated to New 
York City later in the decade 

6191
05:49:40,800 --> 05:49:44,400
joined various clubs and wrote 
letters condemning the rise of 

6192
05:49:44,400 --> 05:49:47,500
Sensational journalism. 
He was accustomed to Media 

6193
05:49:47,500 --> 05:49:50,100
scrutiny during the war. 
He was portrayed as either a 

6194
05:49:50,100 --> 05:49:54,400
hero or a criminal tabloids 
thrived on sensationalism making

6195
05:49:54,400 --> 05:49:57,800
him cautious about interviews. 
Young journalists sought his 

6196
05:49:57,800 --> 05:50:01,200
views on military issues. 
He emphasized that future Wars 

6197
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:03,000
could lead to unimaginable 
destruction. 

6198
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:07,100
If not quickly contained 
particularly with Advanced 

6199
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:11,200
Weaponry, he insisted that the 
only real strategy was to either

6200
05:50:11,200 --> 05:50:13,400
fully engage in war or not at 
all. 

6201
05:50:14,900 --> 05:50:16,600
Sherman's Health declined as he 
got older. 

6202
05:50:17,600 --> 05:50:21,200
Stiff joints, persistent pain, 
and years of fatigue, in uniform

6203
05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:24,200
consumed him. 
He refused to disguise himself 

6204
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:28,200
as a weak elderly General. 
He walked through the streets of

6205
05:50:28,200 --> 05:50:30,800
Manhattan in casual clothes 
tipping his hat. 

6206
05:50:30,800 --> 05:50:34,000
To those who noticed his 
distinctive gray hair, he 

6207
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:35,500
visited West Point and other 
Army locations. 

6208
05:50:35,500 --> 05:50:39,700
Rarely providing straightforward
advice train with discipline. 

6209
05:50:39,700 --> 05:50:42,300
That hope you never have to use 
it in a civil war. 

6210
05:50:42,300 --> 05:50:44,600
Listeners felt that beneath his 
tough. 

6211
05:50:44,600 --> 05:50:48,100
Exterior would deep wounds shape
by the harsh realities of war. 

6212
05:50:48,100 --> 05:50:51,200
In his later years, the people 
embraced him as a grandfather 

6213
05:50:51,200 --> 05:50:54,300
figure his once. 
Fierce demeanor mellowed over 

6214
05:50:54,300 --> 05:50:57,300
time fundamentally. 
He was the man who bravely 

6215
05:50:57,300 --> 05:50:59,800
marched through Georgia firmly, 
believe in that. 

6216
05:50:59,800 --> 05:51:03,400
Such harshness was essential. 
In the evolving landscape of 

6217
05:51:03,400 --> 05:51:07,300
modern America, William Tecumseh
Sherman remained prominent his 

6218
05:51:07,300 --> 05:51:09,400
influence softened, rather than 
faded. 

6219
05:51:09,400 --> 05:51:13,000
A reminder of when cities 
trembled at the sight of blue, 

6220
05:51:13,000 --> 05:51:16,300
clad troops, William to comes as
Sherman spent his final months 

6221
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:18,400
in New York, surrounded by 
family and friends. 

6222
05:51:18,400 --> 05:51:21,600
He was stoic yet he 
occasionally, made sad remarks 

6223
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:23,700
about how the Civil War ruined 
his reputation. 

6224
05:51:23,700 --> 05:51:27,200
He recognized that for many 
Southerners, his name, 

6225
05:51:27,200 --> 05:51:31,000
symbolized Terror, a reminder of
burned houses, ruined, railroads

6226
05:51:31,000 --> 05:51:34,400
and the unrelenting. 
March of Union forces to many 

6227
05:51:34,400 --> 05:51:37,200
particularly in the north, he 
was the driving Factor behind 

6228
05:51:37,200 --> 05:51:40,500
the confederacy's demise 
ultimately sparing, many lives, 

6229
05:51:40,500 --> 05:51:45,100
by ending the war, The dichotomy
left him, resigned historical 

6230
05:51:45,100 --> 05:51:48,900
assessments are really balanced,
especially for those who shaped 

6231
05:51:48,900 --> 05:51:52,200
conflict in new disputed ways. 
Sherman became ill with 

6232
05:51:52,200 --> 05:51:55,900
pneumonia in January 1891, 
doctors tried to restore his 

6233
05:51:55,900 --> 05:51:59,200
health, but difficulties 
occurred by early February. 

6234
05:51:59,200 --> 05:52:01,100
It was clear. 
He was unlikely to recover. 

6235
05:52:01,900 --> 05:52:03,300
He faced his declined, 
discreetly. 

6236
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:06,800
Assuming some treatments and 
facing his mortality with the 

6237
05:52:06,800 --> 05:52:10,700
same candle, he used in strategy
Family members watched him 

6238
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:14,200
closely recalling how the once 
Unstoppable man appeared weak 

6239
05:52:14,200 --> 05:52:15,600
under the light of the bedside 
lamp. 

6240
05:52:15,600 --> 05:52:21,900
He died on February 14th, 1891 
at the age of 71 new spread 

6241
05:52:21,900 --> 05:52:24,600
across the country Southerners 
reacted, calmly to the 

6242
05:52:24,608 --> 05:52:28,000
announcement, some newspapers, 
ran brief obituaries, While 

6243
05:52:28,000 --> 05:52:31,000
others recalled, the misery 
caused in the north. 

6244
05:52:31,000 --> 05:52:34,800
Praises poured in hailing him as
a hero who broke the walls 

6245
05:52:34,800 --> 05:52:36,600
Illusions, and drove the South 
to its knees. 

6246
05:52:36,600 --> 05:52:40,200
Foreign commentators reflected 
on how the American Civil War 

6247
05:52:40,200 --> 05:52:42,200
influenced worldwide military 
thinking. 

6248
05:52:42,200 --> 05:52:45,600
Observing that Sherman's death 
marked, the end of an era of 

6249
05:52:45,608 --> 05:52:48,400
bold large-scale. 
Maneuver a Warfare. 

6250
05:52:49,200 --> 05:52:51,900
Sherman's funeral in New York, 
Drew massive crowds to the 

6251
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:55,300
streets veterans, wearing 
uniforms saluted, the casket 

6252
05:52:55,300 --> 05:52:57,700
young. 
Observers were captivated by The

6253
05:52:57,700 --> 05:53:00,200
Legend and listened to Serious 
comments from generals who had 

6254
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:03,100
served under him. 
The Army provided full honors as

6255
05:53:03,108 --> 05:53:04,700
a final. 
Homage to the man, whose 

6256
05:53:04,700 --> 05:53:07,100
worldview was defined by his 
dedication to duty. 

6257
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:10,400
Pall, bearers included, notable 
Civic and Military figures, 

6258
05:53:10,400 --> 05:53:13,300
emphasizing his life's impact on
American growth. 

6259
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:16,900
They brought his remains to 
Saint Louis with quiet solemnity

6260
05:53:16,900 --> 05:53:20,400
where he was buried. 
Alongside his wife, Ellen who 

6261
05:53:20,400 --> 05:53:23,300
had died a few years before 
afterwards newspapers and 

6262
05:53:23,300 --> 05:53:26,800
magazines began to look back 
writers, debated, morality and 

6263
05:53:26,800 --> 05:53:30,500
necessity determines campaigns 
enhance combat or spark new 

6264
05:53:30,500 --> 05:53:33,500
conflicts. 
Some editorial lists credited 

6265
05:53:33,500 --> 05:53:37,100
him with inventing the concept 
of modern Total War emphasizing 

6266
05:53:37,100 --> 05:53:41,000
how entire communities not just 
soldiers become involved in 

6267
05:53:41,000 --> 05:53:44,100
massive Warfare. 
Some voiced worried about the 

6268
05:53:44,100 --> 05:53:45,900
impact on civilian, life and 
property. 

6269
05:53:46,600 --> 05:53:48,500
Claiming that his approach 
called into question. 

6270
05:53:48,500 --> 05:53:51,400
The ethics of War military 
academies around the world 

6271
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:54,100
evaluated. 
His Maneuvers adopting or 

6272
05:53:54,100 --> 05:53:58,200
criticizing his ideas before 
World War 1 German officers 

6273
05:53:58,200 --> 05:54:01,400
thoroughly researched the march 
to the sea to establish their 

6274
05:54:01,400 --> 05:54:04,300
philosophy. 
Sherman's notion that war should

6275
05:54:04,308 --> 05:54:07,300
be conducted. 
Decisively eliminating Illusions

6276
05:54:07,300 --> 05:54:09,300
and safe. 
Haven's has far-reaching 

6277
05:54:09,300 --> 05:54:11,200
consequences Beyond American 
borders. 

6278
05:54:12,100 --> 05:54:15,200
Many nations romanticized, 
notion of combat, would conflict

6279
05:54:15,200 --> 05:54:18,400
with the brutal reality. 
He highlighted Decades. 

6280
05:54:18,400 --> 05:54:21,300
Later, European nations would 
participate in even more 

6281
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:24,400
devastating Wars prompting. 
The question was Sherman. 

6282
05:54:24,400 --> 05:54:27,000
A Visionary, a prophet of 
mechanized destruction. 

6283
05:54:27,900 --> 05:54:30,400
Personal stories about Uncle. 
Billy were well known among 

6284
05:54:30,400 --> 05:54:34,400
aging Union, veterans, Hannah's 
show him pausing to speak with a

6285
05:54:34,400 --> 05:54:36,600
terrified child or having a 
humble lunch with a rural 

6286
05:54:36,600 --> 05:54:39,000
household. 
These pieces attempted to 

6287
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,500
portray the man who was 
frequently despised by many 

6288
05:54:41,500 --> 05:54:44,300
Southerners. 
Historians who read his letters 

6289
05:54:44,300 --> 05:54:47,900
discovered that he had a comic 
side frequently calming tense 

6290
05:54:47,900 --> 05:54:52,000
situations with dry humor. 
Contradictions are bound a kind,

6291
05:54:52,000 --> 05:54:55,000
Father Figure to his men and 
unrelenting Terror to his 

6292
05:54:55,008 --> 05:54:58,300
adversaries and escaping critic 
of half measures in combat. 

6293
05:54:59,000 --> 05:55:02,400
Sherman along with Grant Lee and
Jackson was recognized as 

6294
05:55:02,400 --> 05:55:06,600
pivotal figures in the Civil War
over time, statues appeared some

6295
05:55:06,600 --> 05:55:09,700
in the north depicting him on 
Horseback with a determined 

6296
05:55:09,700 --> 05:55:12,600
expression and fewer in the 
South where he was frequently 

6297
05:55:12,600 --> 05:55:16,200
overshadowed by Local Heroes. 
The older generation that lived 

6298
05:55:16,200 --> 05:55:17,800
through the conflict as died 
away. 

6299
05:55:17,800 --> 05:55:21,900
Leaving a legacy characterized 
by textbooks speeches and 

6300
05:55:21,900 --> 05:55:24,500
Battlefield tours. 
Sherman's historical 

6301
05:55:24,500 --> 05:55:27,400
significance, was substantial, 
but challenging for a nascent 

6302
05:55:27,400 --> 05:55:29,700
Nation. 
Historians developed fresh 

6303
05:55:29,700 --> 05:55:32,800
perspectives over time. 
Some of them investigated the 

6304
05:55:32,800 --> 05:55:35,300
cycle impact of the Florida 
Wetlands on the young. 

6305
05:55:35,300 --> 05:55:38,300
Lieutenant, some have suggested 
that his family's links to 

6306
05:55:38,308 --> 05:55:40,900
Thomas, Ewing had an important 
impact on his early success. 

6307
05:55:41,800 --> 05:55:44,300
many questioned his performance 
during the Indian Wars 

6308
05:55:44,300 --> 05:55:47,200
questioning, how a commander 
known for defending the union 

6309
05:55:47,200 --> 05:55:51,000
could Advocate harsh measures 
against indigenous tribes These 

6310
05:55:51,000 --> 05:55:53,100
layers underscore the 
complexities of his life. 

6311
05:55:53,100 --> 05:55:57,200
He was neither a simple hero or 
a villain, but rather, a figure 

6312
05:55:57,200 --> 05:56:00,900
of a changing America managing 
crises technological 

6313
05:56:00,900 --> 05:56:03,300
developments and expanding 
Frontiers. 

6314
05:56:04,300 --> 05:56:07,300
Sherman's name conjures up, 
pictures of Relentless columns 

6315
05:56:07,300 --> 05:56:10,400
flaming Depots and a war that 
changed the face of conflict. 

6316
05:56:11,200 --> 05:56:14,000
William to come says, Sherman is
still regarded as a key 

6317
05:56:14,000 --> 05:56:16,900
character in The Civil War 
Pantheon, yet views of his 

6318
05:56:16,908 --> 05:56:21,300
actions continue to shift over 
130 years after his death, 

6319
05:56:21,300 --> 05:56:24,600
historians military Scholars and
interested. 

6320
05:56:24,600 --> 05:56:27,700
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 
search of nuanced insights. 

6321
05:56:28,600 --> 05:56:31,900
Many people are talking about 
his hard War Theory, which holds

6322
05:56:31,900 --> 05:56:34,700
that determinate a struggle and 
Nation must attack. 

6323
05:56:34,700 --> 05:56:37,700
The opponents of ability to 
sustain itself, rather than 

6324
05:56:37,700 --> 05:56:41,700
simply defeating forces in open 
battle His Effectiveness in this

6325
05:56:41,700 --> 05:56:44,700
area is widely attributed to 
hastening the confederacies 

6326
05:56:44,700 --> 05:56:47,400
demise. 
Sherman's techniques are 

6327
05:56:47,400 --> 05:56:50,300
sometimes compared to those used
in 20th century, total conflicts

6328
05:56:50,300 --> 05:56:53,700
in which entire economies and 
civilian populations, are 

6329
05:56:53,700 --> 05:56:57,300
targeted critics, questioned if 
the practices establishes a 

6330
05:56:57,300 --> 05:56:59,700
troubling precedent that moral 
barriers can be crossed for the 

6331
05:56:59,700 --> 05:57:03,500
sake of expediency, others argue
that Sherman's, tough attitude, 

6332
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:07,200
undoubtedly shortened, the walls
duration preventing thousands of

6333
05:57:07,200 --> 05:57:10,700
further Battlefield casualties. 
When military doctrines 

6334
05:57:10,700 --> 05:57:13,800
developed Beyond Frontline, 
engagements the tension between 

6335
05:57:13,800 --> 05:57:16,600
practicality and morality 
becomes increasingly essential. 

6336
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:20,500
In the South memories of Sherman
are still shaped by 

6337
05:57:20,500 --> 05:57:23,000
generational. 
Stories families. 

6338
05:57:23,000 --> 05:57:25,900
Carried down stories about 
ancestors, who lost my houses 

6339
05:57:25,900 --> 05:57:30,100
animals were Enterprises long, 
his path museums in Georgia, 

6340
05:57:30,100 --> 05:57:33,200
South Carolina and other states.
Periodically display, 

6341
05:57:33,200 --> 05:57:35,900
exhibitions about the march to 
the Seas local influence. 

6342
05:57:35,900 --> 05:57:39,100
Some historians worked to 
differentiate myth from reality 

6343
05:57:39,100 --> 05:57:43,800
was not every fire was started 
by a Union soldier nor was every

6344
05:57:43,800 --> 05:57:47,100
structured torched. 
However, the psychological toll 

6345
05:57:47,100 --> 05:57:50,100
of an Unstoppable Army marching 
across the countryside was 

6346
05:57:50,100 --> 05:57:54,100
evident Meanwhile, Northern 
cities that formerly supported 

6347
05:57:54,100 --> 05:57:56,200
him attempt to analyze his full 
Legacy. 

6348
05:57:56,200 --> 05:57:59,900
War memorials in areas like New 
York and Ohio depict him as a 

6349
05:57:59,900 --> 05:58:01,700
pivotal figure in the Union's 
Deliverance. 

6350
05:58:02,600 --> 05:58:05,600
School textbooks, stress his 
Devotion, to Grant his 

6351
05:58:05,600 --> 05:58:08,300
operational genius. 
And the conclusion, he helped 

6352
05:58:08,300 --> 05:58:10,900
bring to award the threatened to
fracture the country 

6353
05:58:10,900 --> 05:58:14,000
irrevocably. 
A few paragraphs might describe 

6354
05:58:14,000 --> 05:58:16,900
how he disliked political power 
and preferred clear command. 

6355
05:58:17,700 --> 05:58:21,200
Younger generation's perceive a 
nearly cinematic, figure Brazen 

6356
05:58:21,200 --> 05:58:25,300
Unstoppable, a contradiction of 
savagery and compassion who 

6357
05:58:25,300 --> 05:58:27,300
altered Americans perceptions of
battle. 

6358
05:58:28,100 --> 05:58:32,000
Sherman's personal document. 
Which are preserved in libraries

6359
05:58:32,000 --> 05:58:36,200
illustrate, the intricacies of 
his relationships, letters to 

6360
05:58:36,200 --> 05:58:38,400
his wife, Ellen express love, 
and parental care. 

6361
05:58:38,400 --> 05:58:41,100
Particularly, when they lost 
their son, William Memphis. 

6362
05:58:42,100 --> 05:58:45,100
Correspondence with fellow 
officers illustrates the stress 

6363
05:58:45,100 --> 05:58:47,400
that weighed on him. 
Particularly in the Dark 

6364
05:58:47,400 --> 05:58:50,000
Knights, preceding important 
operations. 

6365
05:58:50,000 --> 05:58:52,800
There's a fleeting impression 
that beneath the stern 

6366
05:58:52,800 --> 05:58:55,700
General's. 
Public face a man struggled with

6367
05:58:55,700 --> 05:58:58,800
the internal reservations about 
the Unstoppable machine. 

6368
05:58:58,800 --> 05:59:03,500
He'd set in Motion in scholarly 
areas studies of reconstruction 

6369
05:59:03,500 --> 05:59:07,000
address his post-war Deeds. 
Some argue that despite his 

6370
05:59:07,000 --> 05:59:10,200
ability to affect Southern 
reintegration, he mostly 

6371
05:59:10,200 --> 05:59:13,000
deferred to Civil Authorities 
and focused on limited Army 

6372
05:59:13,000 --> 05:59:15,300
duties. 
Did he demonstrate smart 

6373
05:59:15,300 --> 05:59:17,300
statesmanship? 
Or did he allow systemic 

6374
05:59:17,300 --> 05:59:20,700
Injustice to continue? 
The discussion continues, 

6375
05:59:20,700 --> 05:59:24,700
according to the record Sherman,
considered himself, first and 

6376
05:59:24,700 --> 05:59:27,600
foremost, to Soldier. 
And he rarely saw the Army as an

6377
05:59:27,600 --> 05:59:29,400
instrument for sweeping social 
engineering. 

6378
05:59:30,200 --> 05:59:33,100
This perspective aligning with 
his pragmatic approach 

6379
05:59:33,100 --> 05:59:36,500
significantly shaped the course 
of reconstruction, both 

6380
05:59:36,500 --> 05:59:39,600
positively and negatively, 
Sherman's image appears in 

6381
05:59:39,600 --> 05:59:43,000
novels documentaries and 
historical dramas, that aimed to

6382
05:59:43,000 --> 05:59:44,400
capture the passion of the Civil
War. 

6383
05:59:45,100 --> 05:59:48,700
Filmmakers show, him poised on 
Horseback watching a horizon. 

6384
05:59:48,700 --> 05:59:52,400
Tinged orange by fires or in 
frenetic staff meetings with 

6385
05:59:52,400 --> 05:59:55,700
maps strewn out over. 
Rickety tables these portrayals 

6386
05:59:55,700 --> 05:59:57,800
frequently exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

6387
05:59:58,600 --> 06:00:02,000
But they reflect a long-standing
fascination with the man who 

6388
06:00:02,008 --> 06:00:06,100
accepted the brutal facts of war
and forced the South to taste. 

6389
06:00:06,100 --> 06:00:09,800
The bitter fruit of defeat the 
conflict between actuality and 

6390
06:00:09,800 --> 06:00:13,300
myth is rarely resolved. 
Expressing the essence of a 

6391
06:00:13,300 --> 06:00:15,000
character who thrived on 
contradiction. 

6392
06:00:15,800 --> 06:00:19,400
Finally, Sherman's story is a 
microcosm of American history in

6393
06:00:19,400 --> 06:00:23,000
the mid-19th century, a country.
Stumbling from compromised, to 

6394
06:00:23,000 --> 06:00:26,100
confrontation debating, whether 
to remain a single political 

6395
06:00:26,100 --> 06:00:29,600
unit or split irreparably. 
Sherman's life. 

6396
06:00:29,600 --> 06:00:32,400
Followed that trajectory from 
Frontier, Boyhood to the 

6397
06:00:32,400 --> 06:00:35,800
Pinnacle of military leadership 
from the sorrow of personal loss

6398
06:00:35,800 --> 06:00:38,600
to the molding of an unwavering 
approach in The Crucible of 

6399
06:00:38,608 --> 06:00:42,000
battle. his traces are still 
visible, not only on Georgian 

6400
06:00:42,000 --> 06:00:45,100
territory but also in how 
American deals with the duties 

6401
06:00:45,100 --> 06:00:48,400
and costs of military conflict, 
For those looking for simple 

6402
06:00:48,400 --> 06:00:51,900
labels hero or villain Visionary
or brute Sherman. 

6403
06:00:51,900 --> 06:00:55,100
Defies the mall reminding us 
that history is woven from the 

6404
06:00:55,100 --> 06:00:59,100
threads of both success and the 
tragedy sculpted by the Steely 

6405
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will of individuals who wants 
marched across the stage of an 

6406
06:01:02,300 --> 06:01:03,300
evolving National drama.