Life as a Pioneer on the Oregon Trail & more | Boring History

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Hey, my lovely people. tonight, 
we're following the Oregon 

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Trail, not the computer game 
version where everyone dies of 

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dysentery, but the real story of
how Ordinary People manage to 

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sleep eat and live through one 
of History's Greatest migrations

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This is a tale of 
resourcefulness determination. 

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And the surprisingly cozy 
moments that kept families 

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together across 2000 miles of 
wilderness. 

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Let's keep the Legacy going. 
So, before you get comfortable, 

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take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe as it helps so 

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much. 
Also, please let me know. 

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Where are you listening from? 
And what time it is for you? 

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Now, dim those lights turn on a 
fan for some noise and let's 

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start And Cedar organizing a 
2000 mile 6 month camping trip 

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where you would need to pack 
everything you would need to 

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start over at the end. 
Now, picture doing this in 1843 

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when the only content of 
available on the internet was 

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what your neighbor might have 
heard from someone whose cousin 

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traveled West the previous year.
Families. 

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Preparing to hike. 
The Oregon Trail had to deal 

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with this reality and their 
planning process involved. 

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A combination of science 
speculation and Blind Faith. 

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The average Pioneer Family, 
spent months preparing for their

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Westwood Journey, which included
the logistical challenges of 

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cross country relocation along 
with the stress of wedding 

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planning. 
Fathers would write lists and do

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calculations by candlelight on 
winter, evenings, with the same 

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intense Focus as someone 
planning, the longest camping 

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trip in history. 
Knowing that they might not find

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what they had forgotten until 
they arrived in Oregon. 

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Mothers would make a list of 
everything. 

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They owned including extra 
buttons, cooking pots and fabric

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Choosing a wagon was the first 
big decision that would affect 

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how comfortable you were for the
next six months of your life. 

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The majority of families chose 
what was known as a Prairie. 

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Schooner basically a big wooden 
box that was four feet wide and 

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10 feet long on Wheels and 
covered in canvas. 

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Imagine it like a mobile closet 
where you would also sleep cook 

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and call home for six months. 
Tightly stretched over wooden 

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Hoops. 
The canvas top formed a 

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comfortable tunnel. 
That would resemble your 

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childhood bedroom. 
It was like solving the most 

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significant three-dimensional 
puzzle in the world. 

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When loading the wagon families 
created packing techniques, that

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would impress contemporary 
efficiency experts because every

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square inch counted bags of 
flour, barrels of salt pork and 

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spare wagon parts were placed on
the bottom because they were 

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heavier space is between and 
along the sides were occupied by

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bedding clothing and Priceless 
family belongings. creating a 

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rolling household that could 
continue to run, even if you 

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were unable to unpack every 
night was the AIM, The 

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quartermaster's mathematical 
prowess and the foresight of 

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someone who knew that buffalo 
meat wasn't always going to be 

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available at the Neighborhood. 
Grocery Store were needed for 

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food planning. 
Along with bacon, beans coffee 

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sugar and salt families, usually
packed 200 pounds of flour per 

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person. 
These were not Gourmet 

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ingredients that they were foods
that could be cooked over an 

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open fire with little cooking 
equipment and would not go bad 

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during months of travel. 
Women had a particularly 

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difficult time, choosing what to
wear, because they had to strike

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a balance between 1840s social 
norms and practicality people in

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Oregon would judge you before, 
you'd even found a place to 

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live. 
So you couldn't exactly show up 

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there in ripped and filthy 
clothes. 

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Women, therefore, plan to wear 
their most expensive clothing on

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the actual Journey, while 
packing their best dresses at 

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the bottom of trunks. 
Many developed the ability to 

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wear skirts over functional 
Bloomers, to create respectable 

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looking on sambals that 
accommodated the physical 

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demands of Trail life. 
Parents had to think of 

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themselves as both providers and
entertainers for a six-month 

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Journey. 
Without playgrounds rest, stops,

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or toys stores. 
Their children needed special 

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attention. 
Books were heavy but necessary 

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for both evening entertainment 
and education, making them 

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valuable cargo. 
On tough days. 

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Simple toys like cloth dolls or 
carved wooden figures offered 

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Solace during months of travel 
and Outdoor Living parents 

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frequently packed extra fabric. 
Not only for repairs, but also 

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because they knew that by the 
end of the journey, their 

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children would need new clothes 
because they had outgrown their 

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starting sizes. 
Another important factor was 

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medical supplies and families, 
put together what amounted to a 

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traveling Pharmacy, using 
whatever medical knowledge they 

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could find and focus wisdom. 
Knowing that everyone would be 

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impacted by the change in water 
and diet. 

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They packed herbs for Digestive 
issues on a path 100s of miles. 

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From the closest physician, 
bandages, Lorden for pain relief

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and various tonic's occupied 
valuable. 

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Trunks space signifying, the 
difference between minor 

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setbacks and possible disaster. 
The most difficult aspect of 

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preparation was probably the 
emotional preparation. 

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Families were leaving behind 
whole networks of connections, 

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support systems and a custom 
lifestyles. 

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In addition to specific 
locations, they would bring 

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family, Bible's that functioned 
as both spiritual consolation 

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and family history, books 
letters from loved ones and 

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small momentos from home 
churches. 

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Although these objects were 
heavy and took up valuable 

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space. 
They gave people who were going 

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into an unknown future 
psychological stability. 

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families would get together for 
church services, farewell visits

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and last communal meals as 
departure, time Drew near These 

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gatherings had the Bittersweet 
feel of occasions that everyone 

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knew might be final farewells. 
In addition to offering last 

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minute, tips and forgotten 
supplies, neighbors would also 

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pledged to write letters that 
they all hoped would somehow 

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make it to Oregon Territory. as 
families left friends and family

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wondered if they would ever 
cross paths again, causing 

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entire Community, social fabric 
to be revived in Most families 

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had what we might now identify 
as a mix of pre examining 

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anxiety and Christmas Eve 
excitement the night before 

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departure for the final time 
children would lie in their 

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comfortable beds while their 
parents made last minute, 

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preparations down stairs. 
While attempting to commit 

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details of homes. 
They might never see again to 

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memory. 
Adults would stroll through 

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empty rooms, making sure nothing
important had been overlooked. 

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Any sleeping Arrangements they 
could make in and around their 

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wagon would take the place of 
their actual beds tomorrow. 

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There are Custom Kitchens would 
be converted into dutch ovens 

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and campfires any group of 
families that happen to be on 

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their Wagon, Train would become 
their neighborhood. 

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Everything that was familiar and
comfortable was about to change 

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into an adventure that would put
all of their preparations to the

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test. 
Imagine being gently roused by 

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the sounds of someone rekindling
a campfire and the soft rustle 

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of canvas as your neighbors, 
start their day. 

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Rather than an alarm clock on an
Oregon Trail morning. 

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Your kitchen was any level area.
You could clear around a fire 

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pit. 
Your bathroom was wherever you 

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could find privacy and your 
bedroom was a wagon. 

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At 4:38 a.m. when the air was 
cool and The Oxen were resting 

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from their night of grazing, 
nearby. 

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The usual Trail day started 
Before Sunrise. 

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Families had discovered the 
importance of starting early. 

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Not only to get as much distance
as possible before the midday 

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heat, but also because people 
and animals have the most energy

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in the morning for the 
challenges of the day. 

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The first thing you would notice
when you woke up would be the 

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strange rigidity that results 
from sleeping on the ground, 

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which never felt like a proper 
mattress. 

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No matter how hard you tried 
family soon. 

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Discovered how to distinguish 
the subtle difference is between

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different types of prairie, 
ground such as witch places, 

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offered the best balance of 
support and softness, which 

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areas drained. 
Well, after rain, and which 

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areas provided win protection 
without retaining morning. 

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Moisture, the rhythm of the 
morning ritual would grow as 

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ingrained as breathing. 
The other parent would check on 

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the animals, making sure the 
horses mules or oxen, but not 

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wandered far, during their night
of grazing. 

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While the other parent 
rekindled, the cooking fire from

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carefully preserved coals When 
they were old enough to assist 

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children would be given jobs 
like collecting Buffalo chips 

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for fuel, which may seem like a 
bad job until you realize that 

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these dry droppings burn cleanly
and were frequently. 

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The only fuel available on 
planes without trees. 

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The meal was typically 
straightforward but comforting 

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and breakfast preparation 
started, while the stars were 

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still visible. 
In addition to its caffeine 

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content coffee was necessary 
because the morning ritual 

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offered cycle Solace and a sense
of normalcy in another wise, 

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utterly bizarre way of life, In 
battered tin pots. 

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The coffee was brewed over fires
that seemed to have their own 

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personalities, and moods and was
frequently strong enough to 

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dissolve horseshoes. 
Since they could be made quickly

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with basic ingredients and 
cooked on flat stones or iron 

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griddles heated over the fire. 
Pancakes were a popular 

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breakfast option. 
The batter could consist of what

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ever was on hand. 
Sometimes just flour and water. 

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Sometimes enhanced with eggs, if
the family's chickens were still

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laying and sometimes sweetened 
with molasses or precious sugar 

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for special occasions or when 
Spirits needed to be raised. 

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Families would start the 
difficult process of breaking 

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Camp. 
While breakfast was being 

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prepared and this daily ritual. 
Evolved into a meticulously 

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planned, dance of efficiency to 
keep the bedding dry and usable 

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for the following night. 
It had to be folded aired and 

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packed. 
Since soap was too valuable to 

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be wasted on. 
Daily dishwashing cooking 

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utensils needed to be cleaned 
frequently with sand and hot 

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water. 
More thorough bathing was a 

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luxury save for Sunday. 
Rest days or river crossing due 

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to privacy and water 
availability. 

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So, personal washing occurred 
quickly and usually involved 

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only washing hands and faces at 
the latest. 

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The Wagon Train would start to 
move by 7 a.m. and the speed of 

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the journey established its own 
daily Cadence. 

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People frequently chose to walk 
beside their wagons rather than 

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riding inside them because oxen 
could travel up to two miles per

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hour on good days, in reality, 
walking was better for a number 

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of reasons. 
It, spared the animals from the 

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startling, bone-shaking 
experience of riding in a wagon 

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with out, suspension It allowed 
them to get food and fuel or it 

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was just a chance to stretch 
legs that had been crammed in to

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make shift sleeping quarters 
during the night. 

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By developing games. 
That could be played while 

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keeping the steady Pace required
to cover 15 to 20 miles. 

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Each day, children discovered 
ways to make the daily walk in 

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to entertainment. 
They could compete to find 

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Wildlife gather unique rocks or 
practice skills. 

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Their mothers taught them like 
identifying edible plants. 

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As they traveled, the miles 
required to get to Oregon 

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before. 
Winter parents, use the daily 

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walk as an unofficial School 
period to teach their kids 

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geography, natural history and 
practical skills known as 

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newning. 
The midday halt, gave both 

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humans and animals the much 
needed respite, they needed 

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during the hottest part of the 
day. 

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In order to give animals the 
opportunity to graze and rest in

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any available shade families 
would unhitch. 

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Their teams this two to 
three-hour break developed into 

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a crucial social moment during 
which families could exchange 

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supplies discussed news or just 
have pleasant chats with people 

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outside of their immediate 
family. 

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Women frequently used newning to
complete tasks. 

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That were challenging to 
complete while traveling such as

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mending clothing journaling or 
cooking, which required more 

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Focus than walking could 
provide. 

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While the Wagon Train was in 
motion, kids might play games 

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that were useful or take naps in
whatever shade was available. 

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Usually men use this time to 
inspect Machinery. 

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Fix problems. 
We'll talk with the Wagon Train 

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Captain about the next course. 
The afternoon, commute was 

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frequently more difficult than 
the morning. 

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One, everybody was starting to 
feel the cumulative weariness of

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weeks on the trail. 
The heat made walking more 

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challenging and the dust kicked 
up by dozens of wagons, created 

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its own weather system. 
Because decision making was more

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difficult when everyone was 
exhausted hot and possibly 

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irritable. 
This was the time when families 

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truly valued the structure and 
routines, they had established 

234
00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,000
The complicated process of 
setting up camp, came in the 

235
00:11:47,008 --> 00:11:50,200
evening and families device 
systems that struck a balance 

236
00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:53,900
between comfort and efficiency. 
The best campsites provided 

237
00:11:53,900 --> 00:11:57,200
natural windbreaks drainage to 
avoid issues in the event of 

238
00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,900
nighttime rain and access to 
water, fire Fuel and animals in 

239
00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:04,200
With months of practice, 
seasoned Travelers. 

240
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,300
Could quickly. 
Assess water quality, where the 

241
00:12:06,308 --> 00:12:09,900
security and neighbor proximity 
while of evaluating possible 

242
00:12:09,900 --> 00:12:13,200
campsite with the help of 
professional Scouts, the 

243
00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,000
atmosphere of the Wagon Train 
would change as the sun sank 

244
00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,500
from the concentrated efficiency
of travel to the more laid back 

245
00:12:19,500 --> 00:12:21,100
rhythms of Camp life in the 
evening. 

246
00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:25,100
Fires would start to appear all 
over the camp, cooking smoked 

247
00:12:25,100 --> 00:12:28,300
would produce its own fragrant 
atmosphere, and the sounds of 

248
00:12:28,308 --> 00:12:30,400
plodding, oxen, and creaking 
Wagon Wheels. 

249
00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:33,800
Would give way to conversations 
children playing and the evening

250
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,500
chores that got families ready 
for another night Under the 

251
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:39,400
Stars. 
This daily routine which was 

252
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:42,600
repeated for months, 
strengthened Family Ties, and 

253
00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:45,300
produced skills that turned 
common people into masters of 

254
00:12:45,308 --> 00:12:49,100
animal husbandry outdoor living 
and Building Homes, wherever 

255
00:12:49,100 --> 00:12:50,600
their wagons halted for the 
night. 

256
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:54,600
Imagine attempting to manage a 
restaurant with a fire pit in 

257
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,900
the kitchen whatever fits in a 
wooden box for the pantry and 

258
00:12:57,900 --> 00:13:01,000
wherever you can find level 
ground that isn't too muddy or 

259
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,200
Dusty for the dining area 
feeding families. 

260
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,500
On the Oregon Trail was a daily 
reality where mothers developed 

261
00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:09,700
into skilled outdoor cooks and 
everyone discovered that using 

262
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:12,400
limited ingredients creatively 
made the difference between 

263
00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,700
meals that lifted people's 
spirits and meals that served a 

264
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:18,800
functional purpose. 
Modern backpacking enthusiasts 

265
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,600
would be impressed by the camp 
kitchen, which was a Masterwork 

266
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:24,500
of portability and efficiency, 
everything had to be 

267
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:27,500
multi-functional and compact. 
A cast iron. 

268
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:30,700
Dutch oven was used as a general
cooking pot roasting pan and 

269
00:13:30,708 --> 00:13:33,500
bread Baker. 
Tin plates served as serving 

270
00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:36,700
platters and cutting boards. 
In addition to making coffee and

271
00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:38,700
tea coffee pots were 
occasionally used to cook 

272
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:42,200
vegetables while other pots were
in use, when cooking called, for

273
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:44,900
additional containers, even the 
wooden water buckets were 

274
00:13:44,900 --> 00:13:48,600
converted into mixing bowls. 
Family spent weeks honing their 

275
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:50,500
craft of setting up the evening 
cooking area. 

276
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:53,400
No one wanted this sleeping 
space to smell like a barbecue 

277
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,000
pit all night. 
So the fire had to be oriented 

278
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,300
to benefit from the prevailing 
winds for both heat distribution

279
00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:03,400
and smoke directions. 
Flat Stones were used as serving

280
00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:06,900
areas and countertops and rocks 
were arranged to form pot 

281
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:10,100
supports and windscreens. 
As a result, an outdoor kitchen 

282
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:13,500
was created, that could use the 
most basic ingredients to create

283
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:18,100
surprisingly complex meals. 
Modern Bakers would find the 

284
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:20,700
skills needed to make bread on 
the trail, both familiar and 

285
00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:23,200
difficult. 
Like Priceless, heirlooms 

286
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,200
sourdough starters were 
maintained with care and passed 

287
00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:29,500
down through the generations. 
Because a healthy starter meant 

288
00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:33,000
fresh bread, all the way, while 
a dead starter meant months of 

289
00:14:33,008 --> 00:14:36,900
hardship and disappointment, the
starter lived in jars or Crocs 

290
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:39,900
that traveled in wagons with the
same attention to detail. 

291
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:43,700
Typically reserved for fragile, 
China, timing, temperature, and 

292
00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:47,100
technique had to be precisely 
synchronized when baking bread 

293
00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:49,800
in a dutch oven, which was 
similar to conducting, a small 

294
00:14:49,808 --> 00:14:52,400
Orchestra. 
The heavy iron pot was covered 

295
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:55,700
with coals, which created an 
oven effect that could result in

296
00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:59,400
surprisingly light crusty 
loaves, In order to develop an 

297
00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:02,100
intuitive sense of temperature, 
that would be useful in kitchens

298
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:05,600
they would construct in Oregon. 
Season Trail Bakers would hold 

299
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:07,800
their hands, close to the coals 
and count slowly. 

300
00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,200
Along the trail. 
There were special opportunities

301
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:13,900
and challenges related to meet 
preparation and preservation. 

302
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:17,600
Families had to swiftly, 
transform, vast quantities of 

303
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,100
fresh meat into forms, that 
would keep without 

304
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:22,700
Refrigeration, after hunting was
successful. 

305
00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:26,500
When they were available 
Buffalo, provided roasts stakes,

306
00:15:26,500 --> 00:15:29,800
and jerky, raw materials that 
can be used for weeks to augment

307
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,600
stored supplies. 
The Wagon Train spontaneously 

308
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,000
celebrated the sharing of fresh 
meat, because butchering large 

309
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,600
animals was a communal activity.
The daily ritual of preparing, 

310
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,900
beans demanded patients and 
forethought, which contemporary 

311
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:44,300
Cooks may find hard to 
understand. 

312
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:47,900
Pots that traveled with the 
wagons were used to soak the 

313
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,100
dried beans overnight and then 
cook them slowly throughout the 

314
00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:54,000
day. 
The beans would be flavorful and

315
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,800
soft by the afternoon, ready to 
be mixed with wild onions. 

316
00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:01,000
Salt pork or what ever 
vegetables could be picked from 

317
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,000
the trail. 
A successful pot of beans could 

318
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,300
provide a family with food for 
days and give them the comfort 

319
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:10,100
and protein they needed to get 
through challenging parts of the

320
00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:12,900
journey. 
Collecting wild food turned into

321
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:15,300
a daily routine that 
complemented Provisions that 

322
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,900
were kept in storage and added 
much-needed diversity to diets 

323
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:21,400
that could get boring after 
weeks of the same Staples 

324
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:25,000
youngsters, were able to 
recognize wild onions, which 

325
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,000
gave flavor to bland food, and 
contained, vital nutrients that 

326
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,600
helped ward off scurvy. 
When wild berries were 

327
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,800
discovered, they were treated 
like Priceless jewels and either

328
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:37,900
preserved for special occasions 
or consumed freshers treats. 

329
00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:40,800
Even plants that are now 
regarded as weeds. 

330
00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,800
Like dandelion greens were 
welcomed additions to meals, 

331
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:48,300
that mostly consisted of bread 
bacon and beans in part because 

332
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:51,600
good coffee was vital to morale.
And in part because the ritual 

333
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:53,800
of making coffee offered a 
reassuring routine. 

334
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:58,700
In otherwise unpredictable days 
coffee preparation was elevated 

335
00:16:58,700 --> 00:17:01,800
to an art form on the trail 
families came to favor, various 

336
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:03,900
Brewing, grinding and roasting 
methods. 

337
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:07,300
While some learned to stretch 
limited resources by combining 

338
00:17:07,300 --> 00:17:09,099
coffee with chicory or other 
flavoring. 

339
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:12,400
Additives that added flavor 
without using up their supplies 

340
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:14,400
others. 
Preferred coffee that was strong

341
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,700
enough to float horseshoes, the 
Social Hub of Camp life was the 

342
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:20,800
evening meal when families could
unwind after a long day of 

343
00:17:20,808 --> 00:17:23,599
travel and concentrate on 
savoring food and conversing, 

344
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:27,599
Tables could be made out of 
anything flat such as blanket 

345
00:17:27,599 --> 00:17:31,500
spread out on the ground boards 
balanced on rocks or wagon 

346
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:34,400
tailgates. 
Families up held meal customs 

347
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:36,100
and table manners. 
Despite the Primitive 

348
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:39,400
surroundings, which helped to 
maintain a sense of normalcy and

349
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:41,800
civilization in an otherwise 
chaotic setting. 

350
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:45,300
The trails food experience is 
for kids were instructive and 

351
00:17:45,300 --> 00:17:48,100
constricting. 
They developed taste for wild 

352
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:49,800
foods. 
That most modern children never 

353
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:53,200
experienced learn to appreciate 
simple Foods prepared. 

354
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:57,200
Well, and realized how much 
effort goes into each meal, not 

355
00:17:57,200 --> 00:17:59,100
because Trail food was 
especially tasty. 

356
00:17:59,100 --> 00:18:02,500
But rather, because it was 
connected to Adventure, family, 

357
00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:06,000
time around campfires and the 
satisfaction of meals that were 

358
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:07,900
genuinely earned through the 
days work. 

359
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:11,100
Many kids later, recalled it 
with surprisingly positive 

360
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,800
feelings, wagon, food storage, 
required ongoing care to avoid 

361
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,700
pest damage, deterioration and 
contamination from moisture and 

362
00:18:18,700 --> 00:18:21,700
dust. 
Barrels of flour were sealed and

363
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:24,400
periodically inspected for 
moisture damage or Weaverville 

364
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:27,000
activity. 
The brine used to store salt 

365
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,000
pork needed to be periodically 
refilled. 

366
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,500
Containers used for the storage 
of dried goods were designed to 

367
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:35,100
keep their contents dry and 
usable for everyday use. 

368
00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:37,900
While withstanding, the frequent
jarring of wagon travel. 

369
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:42,000
After dinner, there was a 
community cleanup that bonded, 

370
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,300
family, and got everyone ready 
for the challenges of the 

371
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,100
following day. 
When soap was too valuable to 

372
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:50,500
spare sand was used as an 
abrasive in hot water heated, 

373
00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:51,900
over the campfire to wash 
dishes. 

374
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:55,700
Cooking tools were washed dried 
and packed to prevent damage 

375
00:18:55,700 --> 00:18:58,600
during the night and to ensure 
they were available for meal 

376
00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:01,600
preparation in the morning. 
The cozy sounds and sense of 

377
00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,400
dozens of small communities, 
celebrating the Tranquil, 

378
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,700
conclusion of another day on the
trail would permeate the camp as

379
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:10,500
families, gathered around their 
fires following evening meals. 

380
00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:13,900
Despite the challenges and 
uncertainty of the journey. 

381
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:17,600
The atmosphere created by the 
smell of coffee would smoke and 

382
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:19,900
cooking food offered moments of 
true. 

383
00:19:19,900 --> 00:19:23,300
Contentment and family closeness
that many people later recalled 

384
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:25,000
as some of the happiest times of
their lives. 

385
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:28,900
Imagine yourself flying on your 
back and gazing up at more stars

386
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:30,300
than you've ever seen in your 
life. 

387
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:32,700
There are no streetlights or 
City Lights. 

388
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:36,700
Just a huge Dome of sparkling 
points of light, that makes you 

389
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:39,900
feel both incredibly small and 
Incredibly connected to 

390
00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:44,200
something vast and eternal. 
On the Oregon Trail families, 

391
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:45,700
learned to find rest and 
comfort. 

392
00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:48,800
During this time of night in 
circumstances, that would be 

393
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:50,600
difficult for even seasoned 
campers. 

394
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:53,400
Today, one of the biggest 
changes that families had to 

395
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:56,000
make was the gradual shift from 
house sleeping to Wagon 

396
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,600
sleeping, which occurred as they
established routines and systems

397
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,600
that made their mobile homes in 
to passively comfortable places 

398
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,500
to sleep. 
The interior of a covered wagon 

399
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,200
was about the size of a 
contemporary walk-in closet, but

400
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:11,900
it had to provide a family with 
a bedroom storage and shelter 

401
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,600
during months of travel. 
And in all types of weather, 

402
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:17,700
most people didn't realize they 
had the engineering skills 

403
00:20:17,700 --> 00:20:19,700
necessary to create sleeping 
Arrangements. 

404
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:22,900
If there were mattresses at all,
they were typically made of 

405
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:25,700
feather ticks or straw, which 
could be replaced with new 

406
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,100
materials as needed. 
More often families made 

407
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:32,300
Sleeping surfaces out of 
blankets, quilts and whatever 

408
00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:34,800
padding they could arrange out 
of soft items like clothing. 

409
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,200
The objective was to use 
materials, that could be readily

410
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,600
packed and rearranged every day 
to provide enough cushioning to 

411
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:43,400
make sleeping on Hardwick and 
Floors. 

412
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,300
Bearable children, sleeping 
Arrangements, frequently 

413
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:49,500
required the most Ingenuity 
because their developing bodies 

414
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:52,900
required more rest than adults. 
But small spaces could not 

415
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:54,900
accommodate, everyone lying flat
at once. 

416
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:58,800
Family established a rangements 
in, which, in favorable weather 

417
00:20:58,800 --> 00:21:02,700
children, slept in hammocks hung
from the wagon bells, or in 

418
00:21:02,708 --> 00:21:05,400
which younger children slept 
crosswise at the wagons foot. 

419
00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:09,600
While parents, slept lengthwise 
To make the most of the vertical

420
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:12,600
space within the whacking. 
Cover some families constructed 

421
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,900
sleeping shells families. 
Likely sleeping Arrangements 

422
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:17,500
were greatly influenced by the 
weather. 

423
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:21,000
Many people prefer to sleep 
outside under the stars, when 

424
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,200
the weather was nice taking 
advantage of the space and fresh

425
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,500
air that came with sleeping 
outside while also using the 

426
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:29,700
wagon for storage and weather 
protection around the dying. 

427
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,400
Campfire, families would set up 
their bedrolls so that they were

428
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,600
close enough to enjoy the last 
of the warmth, but far enough 

429
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:37,300
away to keep smoke and Sparks 
out. 

430
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:40,800
Along the trail, the Bedtime 
ritual developed into a 

431
00:21:40,808 --> 00:21:44,200
treasured family, custom that 
offered security and solace in a

432
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:46,800
setting that was otherwise 
undergoing constant change. 

433
00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:49,500
They would gather the children 
from their evening play. 

434
00:21:49,500 --> 00:21:53,400
Wash their hands and faces with 
precious water and say prayers, 

435
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:56,400
which frequently included asking
for protection for the night 

436
00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:59,700
ahead and expressing gratitude 
for the day's safe travel. 

437
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:02,900
While adjusting to the 
particulars of Trail life. 

438
00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:05,800
These routines helped families. 
Stay connected to their home. 

439
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,000
Traditions families used 
Innovative combinations of 

440
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,000
canvas screens. 
Well, placed wagons, an 

441
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:14,400
Unwritten agreements about 
respecting one another's needs 

442
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,700
for personal space to deal with 
the ongoing problem of privacy 

443
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:21,700
bathing changing clothes and 
other personal tasks required 

444
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,800
preparation and collaboration, 
which strained everyone's 

445
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,200
patience and flexibility while 
strengthening Family Ties. 

446
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,600
There was a certain atmosphere 
created by the sounds of a 

447
00:22:31,608 --> 00:22:32,900
wagon. 
Train going to sleep. 

448
00:22:32,900 --> 00:22:36,300
The night would be filled with 
the sounds of settling animals 

449
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:40,700
distant, coyote calls, and the 
soft creaking of wagon covers in

450
00:22:40,708 --> 00:22:44,100
evening, breezes as fire 
subsided and conversations 

451
00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:48,000
cooled, These sounds which at 
first frightened, those used to 

452
00:22:48,008 --> 00:22:51,500
sleeping indoors, eventually 
grew reassuring and recognizable

453
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:54,100
and nighttime. 
Symphony that symbolized 

454
00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:57,400
security camaraderie and the 
prospect of another days 

455
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,800
advancement toward Oregon, In 
order to regulate the 

456
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:03,600
temperature in the sleeping 
quarters of wagons layering 

457
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,000
techniques, that would appeal to
contemporary outdoor, 

458
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,800
enthusiasts were necessary, 
families discovered how to 

459
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,000
modify their sleeping plans. 
According to the weather, 

460
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,800
putting on, or taking off, 
layers of clothing, and blankets

461
00:23:13,800 --> 00:23:17,600
to stay warm during nights that 
could start out warm and end in 

462
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,700
Frost, or start out warm and 
turn into storms, that put the 

463
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:22,600
waterproofing of wagon, covers 
to the test. 

464
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,300
For wagon sleepers, rain posed 
unique difficulties. 

465
00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:28,800
Because although the canvas 
covers were reasonably 

466
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:32,000
waterproof when they were first 
installed weeks of exposure to 

467
00:23:32,008 --> 00:23:35,400
the sun, wind and weather caused
leaks and weeks, spots to form 

468
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,500
families, discovered, how to 
determine which parts of their 

469
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,700
wagon covers were most prone to 
leak, arranging sleeping 

470
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:44,500
quarters to prevent drips, while
maintaining the dryness of 

471
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:48,200
necessary items in order to 
divert water away from sleeping 

472
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,600
areas during storms, some 
families created complex systems

473
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:55,500
of internal tarps and channels. 
Trail sleeping, psychological 

474
00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:58,800
components were just as crucial 
as its logistical components, 

475
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,800
those who had always slept in 
permanent buildings had to get 

476
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,400
used to the constant movement, 
the strange noises and the 

477
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,400
realization that they were only 
a thin canvas away from the 

478
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,600
wild. 
While adults, occasionally found

479
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,400
it difficult to cope with the 
vulnerability and exposure. 

480
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,500
That came with sleeping outside,
children frequently found this 

481
00:24:17,500 --> 00:24:19,400
to be exciting rather than 
frightening. 

482
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:25,400
Around 4:30 a.m. the camp began 
to come alive, and the trail 

483
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:29,000
gradually began to wake up. 
Usually the first sounds with a 

484
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,600
soft movements of early risers 
checking on livestock and 

485
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:33,400
someone rekindling cooking 
fires. 

486
00:24:34,100 --> 00:24:36,800
Because the days journey would 
soon begin and everyone needed 

487
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,400
to be prepared to break camp and
depart with the Wagon Train 

488
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:41,900
families. 
Learn to wake up quietly and 

489
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:44,900
effectively every morning, 
regardless of the weather or 

490
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:49,000
time constraints bedding had to 
be aired dried and repacked this

491
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,500
daily practice became was 
important to feeding the animals

492
00:24:51,500 --> 00:24:54,600
or making breakfast because damp
bedding could result in mold 

493
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:58,300
sickness and sleepless nights. 
Families, devised effective 

494
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:01,500
bedding, handling procedures 
that save time and guaranteed 

495
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:03,800
that everything would be cozy 
and dry for the following 

496
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,800
night's sleep water, 
availability and privacy, 

497
00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:09,200
concerns, limited personal 
hygiene before bed. 

498
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:13,100
But family stuck to whatever 
routines they could washing 

499
00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:15,200
one's face. 
And hands was commonplace when 

500
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:17,200
water was available and 
families. 

501
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,000
Frequently saved a little heated
water from cooking in the 

502
00:25:20,008 --> 00:25:23,400
evening for washing before bed, 
which was both hygienic and 

503
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,900
psychologically soothing. 
Nighttime security measures 

504
00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:29,500
mirrored, the realities of 
traversing areas where they 

505
00:25:29,500 --> 00:25:32,400
could be threats from both 
people and animals when 

506
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:36,200
necessary Wagon Train Set up 
defensive circles with guards 

507
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,100
stationed. 
To keep an eye out for issues 

508
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,500
and livestock. 
Kept inside families were able 

509
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:42,900
to share the Comforts and 
difficulties of Trail life in 

510
00:25:42,900 --> 00:25:46,000
small intimate camping 
communities while, still having 

511
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:49,700
physical security, thanks to 
these Arrangements. families 

512
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:52,200
were engaging in one of 
Humanity's oldest practices 

513
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:55,600
creating shelter and finding 
rest in makeshift locations 

514
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,400
during lengthy travels as they 
formed their sleeping 

515
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:01,500
Arrangements, each night The 
knowledge and memories they 

516
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:04,400
acquired during these late hours
were incorporated into family. 

517
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:06,800
Tales that would be passed down 
through the generations, 

518
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:10,200
introducing children, and 
grandchildren to the spirit of 

519
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,700
Adventure and tenacity, that 
drove their forefathers across 

520
00:26:13,700 --> 00:26:16,900
the continent in pursuit of New 
Opportunities and homes. 

521
00:26:17,700 --> 00:26:20,100
This part of our story will make
you appreciate modern 

522
00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:23,600
conveniences, like hospitals, 
weather forecasts, and the 

523
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:25,600
ability to call for help when 
things go wrong. 

524
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,400
So settle down a little more in 
your cozy bed, families were put

525
00:26:29,408 --> 00:26:32,100
to the test in ways they could 
never have predicted back in 

526
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:35,100
their cozy, homes along the 
Oregon Trail, which was more 

527
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:37,200
than just a picturesque route 
through breathtaking 

528
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:40,500
Countryside. 
The most dramatic and perilous 

529
00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:42,200
obstacles that families had to 
deal with. 

530
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,800
Were probably River Crossings 
which turn tranquil streams into

531
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,300
barriers that could quickly 
endanger lives or destroy 

532
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:51,500
everything, a family owned 
Unlike the Meandering Rivers. 

533
00:26:51,500 --> 00:26:54,200
You might paddle on a weekend 
camping trip, the rivers, that 

534
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,400
crossed the Oregon Trail were 
frequently, Swift deep, and 

535
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,900
erratic capable of rising 
overnight as a result of distant

536
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,600
storms or seasonal, snowmelt. 
The entire Community would stop.

537
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,300
When a wagon train arrived at 
significant River Crossing 

538
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:11,000
allowing, seasoned travelers to 
evaluate the situation and 

539
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:14,200
determine the best course of 
action wagons could be used to 

540
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:17,300
cross some of the crossings. 
So careful, reconnaissance was 

541
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:20,700
needed to identify the safest 
shallowest paths, across Rocky, 

542
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:24,100
or Sandy Bottoms. 
Even successful Crossing's 

543
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:27,900
frequently resulted in wagons 
becoming stuck tiping or 

544
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:30,200
absorbing water that could 
destroy months worth of 

545
00:27:30,208 --> 00:27:32,400
supplies. 
So, families would take 

546
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:35,300
everything valuable out of their
wagons and carry it across 

547
00:27:35,300 --> 00:27:38,400
separately. 
Other rivers required ferrying. 

548
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,800
A process that combined the cost
of paying Ferry operators with 

549
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,600
the stress of entrusting, your 
whole household to a boat or 

550
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:48,100
raft run by strangers, whose 
main qualification was that they

551
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:51,600
owned watercraft, rather than 
necessarily knowing how to use 

552
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,800
it safely in the hopes that 
everyone would be safely 

553
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,100
reunited on the other side. 
Families would watch as their 

554
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:01,200
valuable wagons animals and 
belongings vanished across 

555
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,300
perilous water. 
Even seasoned Travelers were 

556
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:06,600
taken aback by how quickly the 
weather on the planes could 

557
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,600
change from Pleasant to 
dangerous in the open Prairie. 

558
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,000
Thunderstorms were not like 
those most families had 

559
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,200
encountered in their settled or 
wooded home areas. 

560
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,900
Prairie storms, which could 
scatter livestock flood, 

561
00:28:17,900 --> 00:28:21,500
campsite, and turn, wagon covers
into ineffective, umbrellas that

562
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:24,700
offered little protection from 
horizontal, rain appeared, like 

563
00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:28,300
freight trains of rain hail and 
lightning because there were no 

564
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:30,000
trees or structures to break the
wind. 

565
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:32,900
Because they could quickly 
destroy months worth of 

566
00:28:32,900 --> 00:28:35,800
carefully stored, Food Supplies 
and pose a risk of injury to 

567
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:38,400
humans and animals with ice 
chunks, the size of chicken 

568
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,100
eggs, hailstorms were specially 
destructive. 

569
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:44,700
Even seasoned Travelers could be
caught off guard by storms that 

570
00:28:44,708 --> 00:28:47,000
formed more quickly than they 
could be evacuated. 

571
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:50,300
Even though families learned to 
identify the warning signs of 

572
00:28:50,300 --> 00:28:53,700
severe weather and created, 
emergency, protocols to protect 

573
00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,000
themselves and their belongings 
as Waters dried up and 

574
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,400
temperatures Rose above what 
most families had ever 

575
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,200
experienced. 
Heat waves and droughts 

576
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,800
presented distinct. 
But equally severe difficulties 

577
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,200
making travel into a battle for 
survival. 

578
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,400
Extreme heat caused terrible 
suffering for oxen and other 

579
00:29:11,408 --> 00:29:13,100
draft animals, and their 
suffering. 

580
00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:15,100
Put families ability to travel 
at risk. 

581
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:18,300
When it was feasible, people 
learned to travel at night when 

582
00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:21,700
it was cooler but this led to 
new navigational challenges and 

583
00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:23,700
a higher chance of accidents in 
the dark. 

584
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,700
Since medical assistants was 
frequently, hundreds of miles 

585
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:31,100
away and folk remedies had to be
used in place of Professional 

586
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:34,900
Medical Care illness on the 
trail was every family's worst. 

587
00:29:34,900 --> 00:29:38,700
Nightmare the most dreaded 
disease was cholera which killed

588
00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:41,800
healthy adults, within days of 
the onset of symptoms and spread

589
00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:45,100
quickly, through wagon, trains 
in communities with doctors and 

590
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:46,500
adequate. 
Medical supplies. 

591
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:49,500
Families would witness friends 
and neighbors pass away from 

592
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:51,000
illnesses. 
That could have been prevented 

593
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:55,800
from injuries from Falls Animal 
kicks or mishaps with cooking 

594
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:59,100
fires and tools to digestive 
issues brought on by changes in 

595
00:29:59,100 --> 00:30:01,700
diet and water. 
Children were especially 

596
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:05,100
susceptible to the health 
hazards of Trail Life, as a 

597
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:08,700
result of necessity parents 
learned, how to treat wounds set

598
00:30:08,700 --> 00:30:12,100
broken bones and distinguish 
between symptoms that needed to 

599
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:14,100
be treated right away. 
And those that could be handled 

600
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:18,100
with rest and simple cures. 
When replacement parts weren't 

601
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:20,500
available and the closest 
blacksmith was weeks away, 

602
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:23,800
equipment failures could turn a 
small annoyance into a serious 

603
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,500
emergency. 
Common issues, included, broken 

604
00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:30,100
Wagon Wheels, deteriorated axles
and harness failures, all of 

605
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:31,900
which needed inventive fixes 
made. 

606
00:30:31,900 --> 00:30:35,000
With whatever resources were on 
hand families, learned how to 

607
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:38,500
fix nearly anything using rope 
wire would scraps and desperate 

608
00:30:38,500 --> 00:30:41,200
Ingenuity becoming Adept at 
makeshift repairs. 

609
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:44,900
Because animals were both a 
major Financial investment. 

610
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:47,900
And a means of transportation 
that many families couldn't 

611
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:51,000
afford to replace the loss of 
livestock was, especially 

612
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:56,100
devastating overworked illness, 
poisonous plants or wounds that 

613
00:30:56,100 --> 00:30:58,400
could have been healed with the 
right Veterinary Care where the 

614
00:30:58,408 --> 00:31:01,900
causes of oxen's deaths. 
Families were forced to make the

615
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,500
difficult decisions of trying to
buy replacement animals from 

616
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:06,400
other. 
Travelers had exorbitant prices.

617
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,900
All leaving behind belongings to
continue with smaller teams. 

618
00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:13,800
When drafted animals were lost, 
His hunting grew less successful

619
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:17,300
and stored supplies around low 
food, shortages, progressively 

620
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:20,300
emerged forcing families, to 
make more challenging choices, 

621
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:22,200
regarding resource allocation 
and rationing. 

622
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:25,700
In order for adults to have the 
strength to handle, the wagons 

623
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:29,400
and animals children may go with
out food families would exchange

624
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,500
valuables for food from other 
Travelers or tried desperately 

625
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,400
to collect wild foods that could
offer vital nourishment. 

626
00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:39,100
On a path where Landmark 
recognition was the main means 

627
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:42,300
of navigation and weather could 
block out familiar features for 

628
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:45,400
days at a time. 
Getting lost was a constant 

629
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:47,300
worry. 
Wagon. 

630
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:49,400
Trains, that made incorrect 
turns, could end up in places 

631
00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:53,400
without water, enough grass for 
animals or practical paths for 

632
00:31:53,408 --> 00:31:57,300
wagons carrying a lot of cargo. 
Within Wagon, Train communities,

633
00:31:57,300 --> 00:32:00,200
Family Ties, and Leadership 
structures were put to the test 

634
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:03,100
by the cycle. 
Strain of getting lost and the 

635
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:05,600
Practical difficulties of 
figuring out the right path. 

636
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,100
Wagon Train disputes led to 
emotional and social suffering 

637
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,100
that was frequently more 
difficult to handle Than 

638
00:32:11,100 --> 00:32:14,400
Physical difficulties. 
Under the pressure of daily 

639
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:18,000
travel and group decision making
personality is that appear to 

640
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:19,400
get along. 
Well, during the journeys 

641
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:21,000
planning stages made 
drastically. 

642
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,700
Diverge wagon trains, may be 
divided into rival groups that 

643
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:27,700
offered less security and 
support to one another due to 

644
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:29,900
disagreements. 
Over leadership, resource 

645
00:32:29,900 --> 00:32:32,600
sharing travel speed and Route 
choice. 

646
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:37,000
Most families managed to adjust,
get past and keep going in the 

647
00:32:37,008 --> 00:32:41,800
direction of Oregon in spite of 
all these obstacles. when they 

648
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:44,200
finally arrived at their 
destination and face, the 

649
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:47,400
difficulty of starting over in 
Uncharted Territory, the 

650
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,300
survival skills and Family Ties,
they developed during their 

651
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:53,600
shared struggles, were 
invaluable, Families ability to 

652
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,500
bounce back from adversity on 
the trail became a part of their

653
00:32:56,500 --> 00:33:00,800
Pioneer Heritage and family, 
identity, resulting entails of 

654
00:33:00,808 --> 00:33:04,000
tenacity and resourcefulness. 
That would be passed down 

655
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,200
through generations of 
descendants, who might never 

656
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,400
fully comprehend, how their 
ancestors overcame such 

657
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:12,600
incredible obstacles. 
With such limited resources. 

658
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:15,400
Think about the neighborhoods, 
you might encounter on your 

659
00:33:15,408 --> 00:33:18,800
daily commute from amiable 
store, owners to traveling 

660
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,200
entertainers, to people whose 
entire lifestyle was entirely 

661
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,800
different from your own, This 
was the social reality of the 

662
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:29,100
Oregon Trail, where families 
came across a remarkable array 

663
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:32,400
of individuals, cultures and 
circumstances that expanded 

664
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:34,400
their worldview beyond, what 
could have been discovered 

665
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,900
through, reading or conversation
at home because the reality was 

666
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:41,100
much more complicated and 
generally more tranquil than the

667
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:44,300
dramatic tales that later gained
popularity in books and films, 

668
00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:47,500
Native, American encounters were
among the most important and 

669
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:49,500
misinterpreted aspects of Trail 
life. 

670
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,500
In trains and Native Americans, 
interactive primarily on a 

671
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,600
commercial basis with both 
parties benefiting from Trading 

672
00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:58,300
Goods. 
That each group had in excess 

673
00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:01,700
from Necessities, informally 
acting as guides, Native 

674
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:04,300
Americans frequently. 
Provided information about water

675
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:08,300
sources, safe River, Crossings 
and the terrain ahead, which 

676
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:11,800
could help wagon, trains avoid 
hazardous areas, or save days of

677
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:15,400
arduous travel. 
Usually native people's would 

678
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,400
trade this information for food 
manufactured goods or other 

679
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,000
Commodities that they valued. 
Families. 

680
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,600
Learned about Advanced cultures 
that had been successfully 

681
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:25,500
occupying. 
In governing, the western 

682
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,500
territories for many generations
as a result of these encounters.

683
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:31,500
The resulting trading 
Partnerships were frequently 

684
00:34:31,500 --> 00:34:33,600
cordial and advantageous to both
parties. 

685
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:37,000
In return for coffee, sugar, or 
manufactured goods. 

686
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,600
Like Fabric or metal tools, 
Native Americans, may offer 

687
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:42,500
fresh meat vegetables or other 
Foods. 

688
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:45,500
During these interactions 
children from both cultures 

689
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:48,300
would occasionally play 
together, sharing games and 

690
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:50,900
showing interest in one 
another's, cultures, despite 

691
00:34:50,900 --> 00:34:53,400
communication difficulties 
caused by language barriers 

692
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:55,600
wagon. 
Trains were given the chance to 

693
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:59,500
rest resupply and learn about 
the conditions that lay ahead 

694
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:02,900
during 14 counters which also 
offered them, a fleeting return 

695
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:07,100
to a more civilized society. 
The trail was interspersed with 

696
00:35:07,100 --> 00:35:09,900
military Forts and trading 
posts, which made them 

697
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:12,600
invaluable always sees where 
families could buy supplies. 

698
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:16,200
They had run out of right to 
family in the United States and 

699
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,600
receive news from both sides. 
Families might come across, 

700
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:23,300
Mexican Traders, French fur, 
Trappers military personnel, 

701
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:26,000
from different ethnic 
backgrounds and other Travelers 

702
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:27,700
traveling. 
In both directions across the 

703
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:30,500
continent at these forts, which 
were cultural and National 

704
00:35:30,500 --> 00:35:33,500
melting pots. 
Families. 

705
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,300
Found education about the wider 
world at the stops to be both 

706
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:38,700
fascinating, and occasionally 
overwhelming. 

707
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:41,900
As the diversity of people, 
there was frequently greater 

708
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:43,800
than anything. 
They had encountered back home 

709
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,800
families, who came across 
mountain men, fur Trappers 

710
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,800
along, the trail were captivated
and occasionally taken aback by 

711
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:51,300
the entirely different way of 
life. 

712
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:54,700
They represented these men 
appeared belong more to Nature 

713
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:57,800
than to civilized society 
because they had adapted to 

714
00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:02,000
Wilderness life so thoroughly. 
Although they were encyclopedic 

715
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,400
in their knowledge of wilderness
resources, navigation and 

716
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:08,200
survival. 
Tactics years of isolation had 

717
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:10,000
frequently eroded their social 
skills. 

718
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:14,300
In exchange for supplies or cash
some mountain men worked as 

719
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:17,400
whacking trained guides offering
their invaluable knowledge of 

720
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,400
river crossing route selection 
and Hazard avoidance. 

721
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,400
The tales of Explorations 
discoveries and near misses 

722
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:28,200
entertained campfires in the 
evening's and their real world 

723
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:30,200
expertise. 
Assisted families in avoiding 

724
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:33,100
hazards and locating resources, 
they might have otherwise 

725
00:36:33,100 --> 00:36:36,300
overlooked the daily routine of 
traveling with their own wagon. 

726
00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:39,300
Train companions was broken up 
by the opportunities for social 

727
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:43,400
interaction Supply trading, a 
Music Exchange created by other 

728
00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:45,600
immigrant families traveling, in
different directions. 

729
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:49,600
Families traveling back East 
either because they had made the

730
00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:52,200
decision to stop or because they
had finished their journey and 

731
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,000
were going back to see family 
offered important information 

732
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:57,600
about the travel conditions and 
what to anticipate when they 

733
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:00,200
arrived in Oregon. 
These interactions with 

734
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:02,800
returning tourists were 
especially crucial for families 

735
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:05,100
who were starting to 
second-guess their choice. 

736
00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:08,000
To leave the country. 
During challenging parts of the 

737
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:12,100
trip, hearing first-hand reports
of Oregon's opportunities land, 

738
00:37:12,100 --> 00:37:14,700
availability and successful 
settlement helped. 

739
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:17,800
Keep Spirits high. 
On the other hand learning about

740
00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:21,200
mistakes, set backs or 
unforeseen difficulties, helped 

741
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,600
families psychologically, get 
ready for potential realities as

742
00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,800
diverse and Unforgettable as The
Human Experience. 

743
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:30,300
As were the animal encounters on
the Oregon Trail Range from 

744
00:37:30,300 --> 00:37:33,500
dangerous circumstances that put
family's capacity to defend 

745
00:37:33,500 --> 00:37:37,000
themselves and their livestock 
to the test to breathtaking 

746
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:40,500
Wildlife viewing opportunities. 
Buffalo herds were one of the 

747
00:37:40,508 --> 00:37:44,400
most amazing sights that 
families would ever see hundreds

748
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,300
of animals, stretching to the 
Horizon producing their own 

749
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,000
sound effects with the rumble of
thousands of hooves and their 

750
00:37:51,008 --> 00:37:53,500
own weather systems with the 
dust they raised. 

751
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:57,300
Well, though, hunting Buffalo 
produced enough meat to sustain 

752
00:37:57,300 --> 00:38:00,700
a wagon train for several days? 
It'll required skills. 

753
00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:03,300
That most emigrants had to pick 
up from more seasoned Hunters 

754
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:07,200
while they were on the trail. 
In addition, to uniting, Wagon, 

755
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:10,000
Train members the communal task 
of butchering. 

756
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:13,000
Such massive animals taught 
important lessons, about 

757
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:17,100
cooperation resource sharing and
food preservation that would 

758
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:19,800
benefit families once they 
arrived at their destinations, 

759
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:22,100
although they were less frequent
than the media. 

760
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:25,700
Made them seem Predator. 
Encounters did happen and forced

761
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:28,400
families to come up with ways to
keep both themselves, and their 

762
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:32,100
livestocks safe, the center of 
food and the presence of 

763
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:35,400
domesticated animals, Drew 
wolves, mountain lions and bears

764
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,600
to whack and trains. 
Families learned to keep weapons

765
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:42,000
on hand in case of emergencies 
maintain sufficient, Fires, for 

766
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,400
protection and deterrents and 
set up their camps defensively. 

767
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:48,900
Although they occasionally made 
wagons and livestock dangerous, 

768
00:38:48,900 --> 00:38:52,300
prairie, dogs, ground squirrels 
and other small animals 

769
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:56,200
entertained children. 
Miles Long Prairie, Dog towns 

770
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:59,000
could result in places where 
wagon wheels or animal hooves 

771
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,400
could enter borrows and cause 
harm, or damage to equipment. 

772
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:03,900
Families. 
Learn to read terrain more 

773
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:05,300
carefully and to foresee 
dangers. 

774
00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:06,600
That weren't immediately 
apparent. 

775
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:09,600
As a result of these experiences
families from the Eastern 

776
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:11,600
regions were hunting and habitat
loss. 

777
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:15,000
Had already reduced Wildlife, 
populations were often astounded

778
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,600
by the species and abundance of 
birds along the trail. 

779
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:21,500
The daily entertainment and 
sporadic hunting opportunities 

780
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:26,000
offered by migratory waterfowl. 
Birds of Prey and songbirds 

781
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,500
complimented, Food Supplies, and
connected families to the 

782
00:39:28,508 --> 00:39:33,600
continents and the Seasons 
natural rhythms. every night as 

783
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:37,200
wagons circled for safety, and 
Company domestic animals from 

784
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:40,400
other wagon trains, develop 
their own social dynamics, as 

785
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:44,600
dogs cats, Chickens and other 
pets interacted across the 

786
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:48,000
makeshift communities. 
Dogs would form their own social

787
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,200
groups and hierarchies which 
occasionally reflected the bonds

788
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:52,900
that were growing within their 
human families. 

789
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:56,300
Once they made it through the 
trip cats were useful in keeping

790
00:39:56,300 --> 00:39:58,900
rodents out of the way of food 
supplies that were being stored,

791
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:02,200
people who are chosen unusual 
life paths and were on the trail

792
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:05,700
for reasons that didn't fit, the
usual emigration patterns were 

793
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:07,200
frequently. 
The subjects of the most 

794
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:11,100
unexpected encounters. 
The trail Community was in 

795
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:14,500
richest with diversity and 
stimulating discussions from 

796
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:16,900
missionaries who are going to 
start churches, among Native 

797
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:19,700
American communities. 
Scientists who are gathering 

798
00:40:19,700 --> 00:40:22,900
specimens for institutions, in 
the East artists, who were 

799
00:40:22,900 --> 00:40:25,900
recording the Western landscape 
and adventurers, who were 

800
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:27,900
looking for experience as rather
than settlement. 

801
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,200
These Oddball explorers 
frequently had abilities 

802
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:36,100
insights or knowledge, that 
helped entire wagon trains a 

803
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:38,200
missionaries Proficiency in a 
language could help them 

804
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:39,900
communicate with Native 
Americans. 

805
00:40:40,700 --> 00:40:44,000
In times of medical, emergency a
scientist, medical knowledge 

806
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,800
could be extremely helpful. 
It's possible that an artist's 

807
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:51,200
ability to observe things help 
them recognize landmarks or 

808
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:53,700
predict weather patterns, more 
precisely than the average 

809
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:57,000
immigrant through dramatic, 
encounters with male carriers 

810
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,500
and express. 
Riders Trail families, were able

811
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:02,100
to re-establish a connection 
with the wider world that they 

812
00:41:02,100 --> 00:41:05,700
had temporarily abandoned. 
Between distant communities and 

813
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,400
government outposts. 
These professional Travelers, 

814
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:12,500
transported letters newspapers, 
and official Communications at a

815
00:41:12,508 --> 00:41:16,700
far far faster Pace than wagon, 
trains When they reached Wagon 

816
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:19,000
Train campsites. 
There was a lot of excitement 

817
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:21,900
and a chance to communicate with
anxious family members back in 

818
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:25,100
the United States. 
As families, grew closer, to one

819
00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:27,700
another under the harsh 
circumstances of shared travel, 

820
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:31,400
and mutual Reliance the social 
dynamics within individual 

821
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:33,400
wagon, trains changed 
continuously. 

822
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,100
It is possible for people who 
appear to get along during the 

823
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:40,000
planning stages to have 
personality conflicts that only 

824
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,400
surface under pressure. 
On the other hand families that 

825
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:46,100
had previously appeared to have 
little in common, they become 

826
00:41:46,108 --> 00:41:49,400
friend for many generations. 
Wagon, Train leadership 

827
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,300
structures were continuously 
evaluated and improved because 

828
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:55,400
various circumstances required 
various kinds of knowledge and 

829
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,100
judgment. 
The elected Captain may have 

830
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:00,800
great route planning skills, but
struggle with interpersonal 

831
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,300
conflict resolution. 
During certain difficulties such

832
00:42:04,300 --> 00:42:08,300
as crossing rivers, experiencing
medical crises or coming across 

833
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:11,200
potentially hostile groups. 
Other Travelers may show 

834
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:14,500
themselves to be natural 
leaders. children learned things

835
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:16,800
from the diverse range of 
people, they met on the trail 

836
00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:20,100
that they could not have learned
in a homeschool They developed 

837
00:42:20,100 --> 00:42:22,400
social skills that would be 
useful in the diverse 

838
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:24,200
communities. 
They would assist in creating an

839
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,300
Oregon Territory learned, how to
communicate across language. 

840
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,700
Barriers and appreciated various
cultural approaches to common 

841
00:42:30,700 --> 00:42:33,800
problems. 
Generations of descendants were 

842
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,700
introduced to the adventure and 
variety of the trail experience 

843
00:42:36,700 --> 00:42:39,500
through the cherished. 
Family stories that grew out of 

844
00:42:39,500 --> 00:42:41,900
these encounters. 
Grandchildren would hear about 

845
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:44,600
the Native American Chief who 
helped their grandfather's Wagon

846
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:46,300
Train find water during a 
drought. 

847
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:49,500
A French Trapper who taught 
their grandmother to identify 

848
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:52,300
edible plants. 
All the returning, Emirates, who

849
00:42:52,300 --> 00:42:55,100
alerted them, to a hazardous 
River Crossing in time to save 

850
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:58,000
lives and property. 
Imagine the moment you see the 

851
00:42:58,008 --> 00:43:01,500
end of your Journey coming, Not 
Just Another River to Cross or 

852
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:04,300
another range of Hills to 
Traverse, but the real 

853
00:43:04,300 --> 00:43:06,900
destination that has kept your 
hopes alive through every 

854
00:43:06,900 --> 00:43:10,300
hardship and challenge of the 
trail after months of waking up 

855
00:43:10,300 --> 00:43:13,500
to the sound of creaking wheels 
and the routine of setting Camp 

856
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:15,800
Before Dawn. 
Families. 

857
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:18,200
Who had spent months 
concentrating on the day-to-day 

858
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:21,000
difficulties of travel without 
fully understanding how 

859
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:23,900
different their new home would 
be from everything they'd known 

860
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:26,200
before. 
Found the approach to Oregon 

861
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:28,900
territory. 
To be both exhilarating and 

862
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:31,800
daunting gradually. 
The terrain started to shift 

863
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:34,500
from the Arid Splendor of the 
high plains and desert to the 

864
00:43:34,500 --> 00:43:37,200
woods and mountains, that would 
eventually become their new 

865
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:40,300
home. 
The initial view of the Columbia

866
00:43:40,300 --> 00:43:43,600
River was a poignant moment for 
many families signaling, the 

867
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:45,800
actual start of the end of their
Trail experience. 

868
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:49,500
The highway that would take them
to the Willamette Valley and the

869
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:52,000
Farmland they had fantasized 
about during the challenging 

870
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:55,600
months of travel was this 
enormous Waterway which also 

871
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:59,500
served as the last significant 
challenge to be overcome After 

872
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:02,500
the dry conditions of a large 
portion of the trail, it was 

873
00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:04,400
nearly over Welling to see that 
much water. 

874
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:07,200
There were particular 
opportunities and challenges 

875
00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:09,600
associated with the last river 
trip, down the Columbia. 

876
00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:13,000
Family had to choose between 
attempting, the challenging 

877
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,500
Barlow Road over the Cascade 
Mountains or taking a chance on 

878
00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:18,800
the perilous River, Passage 
through the Columbia Gorge, 

879
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:22,000
neither Choice was simple and 
both needed energy and 

880
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:23,700
resources. 
That families may have believed.

881
00:44:23,700 --> 00:44:25,700
They had already used up on the 
Overland trip. 

882
00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:29,800
Those who took the river route 
were forced to hire boatmen or 

883
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:32,300
load their wagons onto 
improvised rafts in order to 

884
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,000
move their belongings through 
Rapids, that had destroyed a 

885
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:37,000
great deal of property and taken
many lives. 

886
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:40,700
For families who had preserved 
their possessions over 2000 

887
00:44:40,700 --> 00:44:43,600
miles of Overland travel. 
The irony of possibly losing 

888
00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:46,300
everything within sight of their
destination was not lost. 

889
00:44:47,300 --> 00:44:48,900
Families. 
That opted for the mountain 

890
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:51,800
route encountered. 
Distinct difficulties as they 

891
00:44:51,808 --> 00:44:54,600
learned that the Cascade 
Mountains offered a landscape. 

892
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:57,000
That was different from what 
they had experienced during the 

893
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:01,100
Prairie sections of their trip. 
Steep grades dense forests and 

894
00:45:01,100 --> 00:45:04,900
undeveloped roads presented new 
challenges for their animals and

895
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:08,400
Equipment while also offering 
breathtaking views that served 

896
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:11,300
as a reminder of the original 
reason for their Journey after 

897
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,400
months of waiting and adversity.
The actual arrival in the 

898
00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:16,300
Willamette Valley was frequently
unimpressive. 

899
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:20,300
Many families found themselves 
in an area that will beautiful 

900
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,100
and fertile needed the same 
pioneering skills. 

901
00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:25,800
They developed on the trail to 
build the homes and communities.

902
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:28,300
They'd imagined without a 
welcoming committee or 

903
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:31,400
established Community 
infrastructure for families, who

904
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:33,500
were suddenly faced with 
decisions, that would impact 

905
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:36,100
generations of their 
Descendants, the land selection 

906
00:45:36,100 --> 00:45:38,100
process, was both thrilling and 
daunting. 

907
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:42,000
Large tracts of land remained 
available for families prepared.

908
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:45,400
To put in the effort to clear 
forests start farms and 

909
00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:47,800
construct the infrastructure 
required for long-term 

910
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:49,900
settlement. 
Even though the best land was 

911
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:53,300
frequently already claimed by 
previous emigrants together 

912
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:57,100
families, who had experienced 
the trail together a newcomers 

913
00:45:57,100 --> 00:45:59,500
who had arrived at different 
times, or by different routes 

914
00:45:59,500 --> 00:46:02,400
came together, to build the 
first shelter families, use the 

915
00:46:02,408 --> 00:46:05,500
skills they had learned from 
months of camping and improvised

916
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:08,300
living to build temporary 
shelter, that would keep them 

917
00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:11,700
safe during their first Oregon 
winter, while they worked on 

918
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:14,900
more permanent buildings. 
Many families found the shift 

919
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:17,800
from Trail life to settled life,
to be more challenging than they

920
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:20,500
had expected. 
The routine of clearing land 

921
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:22,900
planting crops and building 
permanent homes could feel 

922
00:46:22,900 --> 00:46:26,500
restrictive and monotonous after
months, of continuous, movement,

923
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:29,700
and daily change. 
Some family members suffered 

924
00:46:29,700 --> 00:46:32,600
from a sort of homesickness for 
the nomadic lifestyle, they had 

925
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:36,000
left behind, especially the kids
who had enjoyed the trail 

926
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:39,600
Adventure families, from diverse
backgrounds, with varying, 

927
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:43,100
opinions about the best way to 
organize communities and varying

928
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:46,500
methods of problem solving from 
their Trail experience's, had to

929
00:46:46,508 --> 00:46:49,400
work together and compromise in 
order to establish communities 

930
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,300
in Oregon Territory for the 
establishment of the government 

931
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,500
agencies, churches and schools 
that were transformed Oregon 

932
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:57,300
territory into a livable 
community. 

933
00:46:58,100 --> 00:47:00,900
The social skills acquired 
during months of wagon, train, 

934
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:04,200
travel proved crucial. 
Families that had saved money 

935
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,200
for trail supplies and equipment
found it difficult to adjust to 

936
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:09,600
the economic realities of 
starting over in a new 

937
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,700
territory. 
They now had to create revenue 

938
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:13,600
streams, while pursuing their 
land claims. 

939
00:47:14,800 --> 00:47:17,600
Many families were forced to 
combine farming with other jobs 

940
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,000
using new skills. 
They learned on the trail or 

941
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:23,500
skills they had honed back home.
Because the demands of frontier 

942
00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:27,000
life, demanded adaptability and 
resourcefulness that went beyond

943
00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:30,100
conventional gender boundaries 
women's roles in Oregon 

944
00:47:30,100 --> 00:47:33,500
Territory frequently expanded 
beyond what had been feasible in

945
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:36,200
their prior homes. 
These skills were crucial for 

946
00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:39,000
Frontier homemaking for women 
who had gained experience in 

947
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,700
managing outdoor cooking 
handling, livestock and 

948
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:43,600
repairing equipment during the 
trail experience. 

949
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:48,200
Children's education became a 
community priority, requiring 

950
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:50,600
families to work together to 
build schools, and hire 

951
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:52,200
teachers. 
In places, without such 

952
00:47:52,200 --> 00:47:55,200
facilities. 
Children who were educated by 

953
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:57,900
walking beside wagons, and 
learning useful skills around 

954
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:00,700
campfires frequently, 
demonstrated greater 

955
00:48:00,700 --> 00:48:03,300
adaptability to the learning 
conditions of the frontier that 

956
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:07,200
adults at anticipated. 
Within a few years of the large 

957
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:09,700
immigration, the success stories
from Oregon Territory. 

958
00:48:09,700 --> 00:48:12,700
Started to reach, friends and 
family, back in the United 

959
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:16,800
States, inspiring more families,
to follow suit, and generating a

960
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:18,900
feedback loop that kept the 
Westward Movement, going for 

961
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:22,100
decades. 
More waves of emigration were 

962
00:48:22,100 --> 00:48:24,800
spurred by letters that describe
the country's rich soil 

963
00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:28,500
temperate climate and prospects 
for growth, but not all Oregon 

964
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:31,900
Tales were triumphs families. 
Also described the hardships of 

965
00:48:31,908 --> 00:48:35,200
frontier life, the distance from
loved ones and familiar 

966
00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:38,200
surroundings and the arduous 
physical work needed to start 

967
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:40,700
successful farms in densely 
forested areas. 

968
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:44,100
Later emigrants were better 
equipped to handle the 

969
00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:46,000
difficulties. 
They would encounter after 

970
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,600
finishing, the trail Journey, 
thanks to these more realistic 

971
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:50,900
accounts. 
Families that had walked the 

972
00:48:50,900 --> 00:48:53,100
trail together. 
Continue to have close ties, and

973
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:55,400
support networks. 
That helped everyone adjust to 

974
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:58,400
their new surroundings forming 
Community networks, that were 

975
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,200
frequently based on the shared 
experience of the trail in 

976
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:04,700
Oregon Territory. 
The ties Ford during these 

977
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:07,800
months of mutual Reliance and 
adversity, turned out to be 

978
00:49:07,800 --> 00:49:09,800
enduring underpinning for the 
communities. 

979
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:12,700
That would come to characterize 
Oregon's early growth through 

980
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:15,700
letters that shared updates from
both sides, and occasionally 

981
00:49:15,700 --> 00:49:19,700
urged more family members to 
travel, West Trail families in 

982
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:22,100
touch with friends and family, 
who had stayed in the United 

983
00:49:22,100 --> 00:49:24,800
States. 
These correspondents networks, 

984
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:27,600
offered emotional support to 
people adjusting to drastically 

985
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:31,100
different lives and assisted in 
maintaining Family Ties over 

986
00:49:31,100 --> 00:49:35,500
great distances more than 150 
years after the last major 

987
00:49:35,500 --> 00:49:37,900
wagon, trains finished their 
Journeys to Oregon Territory. 

988
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:40,900
Think about how the adventures 
we've been following together 

989
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:44,700
still shape American culture and
family tales as you sink deeper 

990
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:48,700
into your cozy bed and pull your
blanket a little closer along 

991
00:49:48,700 --> 00:49:51,200
with their belongings. 
The families, who travel the 

992
00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:54,700
Oregon Trail carried with them 
stories skills and values that 

993
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:57,100
would impact the character of 
communities across the region 

994
00:49:57,100 --> 00:50:00,900
and help shape the future of the
American West, the trail itself 

995
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:03,400
turned into a life-changing 
event, that altered people's 

996
00:50:03,400 --> 00:50:07,200
perspectives on difficulties 
teamwork, and the potential for 

997
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:10,400
establishing new types of 
communities in addition to where

998
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:12,900
they lived. 
Children who grew up in 

999
00:50:12,900 --> 00:50:15,100
established agricultural 
communities, had a different 

1000
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:17,500
relationship with nature than 
children, who had spent their 

1001
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,700
early years, walking beside 
wagons learning to identify 

1002
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:23,800
edible plants and assisting with
livestock management. 

1003
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:27,900
With the perspectives and 
abilities that proved crucial 

1004
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:29,800
for success in Frontier 
conditions. 

1005
00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:33,700
These Trail educated, kids 
frequently Rose to prominence as

1006
00:50:33,700 --> 00:50:36,300
leaders and innovators in their 
Oregon communities. 

1007
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:39,600
Families ability to solve 
problems such as repairing 

1008
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:41,800
equipment using, whatever 
materials were available. 

1009
00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:44,900
Coming up with inventive ways. 
To deal with food and water, 

1010
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:48,500
shortages, and modifying daily 
routines to accommodate shifting

1011
00:50:48,500 --> 00:50:50,700
weather. 
And terrain conditions was 

1012
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:53,600
shaped by months of Trail travel
and lived on in Western 

1013
00:50:53,600 --> 00:50:57,400
communities for Generations. 
In Frontier societies where 

1014
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:00,400
survival occasionally hinged on 
everyone's ability to carry out 

1015
00:51:00,400 --> 00:51:03,800
whatever tasks were required 
regardless of traditional gender

1016
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:07,500
expectations, women who had 
managed outdoor cooking handled 

1017
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:10,300
livestock and made crucial 
decisions during Trail. 

1018
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:12,800
Emergencies frequently 
discovered that these 

1019
00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:15,300
experiences had prepared them 
for expanded roles. 

1020
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:19,400
An extensive oral history that 
links generations of Western 

1021
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:22,600
families to their immigrant 
ancestors was produced by the 

1022
00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:25,700
storytelling Customs that grew 
out of Trail experience's 

1023
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:29,300
grandchildren who had never seen
a covered wagon would be raised 

1024
00:51:29,300 --> 00:51:31,400
on elaborate Tales of Buffalo 
hunts. 

1025
00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:34,500
River crossing the hardships of 
spending months sleeping 

1026
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:38,500
outside, the themes of tenacity 
resourcefulness and cooperation 

1027
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:41,700
that became fundamental values 
in Western societies were 

1028
00:51:41,700 --> 00:51:45,000
frequently highlighted in these 
family, Tales Through 

1029
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:47,100
preparation cooperation and 
perseverance. 

1030
00:51:47,100 --> 00:51:50,300
The trail experience showed that
regular people could overcome 

1031
00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:53,200
extraordinary obstacles lessons 
that were applicable. 

1032
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:55,600
Well beyond the initial 
immigration context. 

1033
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:59,700
The distinctive American 
mythology that emphasized both 

1034
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:03,900
individual success and teamwork 
was also produced by the trail. 

1035
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:08,000
Families had to be independent 
and resourceful to successfully 

1036
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:10,300
complete. 
The Oregon Trail Journey, but 

1037
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,300
they also had to rely on their 
Wagon Train fellows for support 

1038
00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:16,300
and assistance in times of need 
the experiential. 

1039
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,700
Practical learning that had 
defined Trail education had an 

1040
00:52:19,700 --> 00:52:22,000
impact on educational 
establishments in Oregon 

1041
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:24,400
Territory and later Oregon 
State. 

1042
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:28,100
The recognition that frontier 
life required individuals who 

1043
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:31,400
could combine intellectual 
capacity with practical problem.

1044
00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:34,800
Solving abilities was reflected 
in schools that placed an 

1045
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:37,600
emphasis on practical skills. 
In addition to traditional 

1046
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:41,400
academic subjects Early 
conservation attitudes in 

1047
00:52:41,408 --> 00:52:44,200
Western communities were shaped 
by the environmental 

1048
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:47,000
Consciousness, that families 
gained from months of intimate 

1049
00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:51,100
observation of weather patterns 
seasonal, variations and the 

1050
00:52:51,100 --> 00:52:52,600
availability of Natural 
Resources. 

1051
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:56,700
In individuals who had 
personally witnessed the effects

1052
00:52:56,700 --> 00:53:00,200
of resource, depletion, water, 
pollution and overgrazing were 

1053
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:02,700
frequently more in favor of 
sustainable land management 

1054
00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:05,300
techniques. 
The experience of the trail 

1055
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:07,700
itself, altered and adapted, the
religious, and cultural 

1056
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:10,900
Traditions that made their way 
west in covered wagons during 

1057
00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:13,900
months, when worship sessions 
were conducted Outdoors around 

1058
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:17,500
campfires, rather than in 
conventional buildings churches 

1059
00:53:17,500 --> 00:53:20,100
in Oregon Territory frequently 
reflected, a more pragmatic 

1060
00:53:20,100 --> 00:53:22,700
informal approach to religious 
practice. 

1061
00:53:23,500 --> 00:53:26,100
Wagon trains had employed, 
Democratic decision-making 

1062
00:53:26,100 --> 00:53:29,900
procedures to settle conflicts, 
choose routes and oversee local 

1063
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:33,300
resources which had an impact on
the political institutions that 

1064
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:37,400
arose in Oregon Territory. 
On the trail Town, meetings and 

1065
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:41,200
Community collaboration had been
crucial survival tactics and 

1066
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:43,900
these methods of governance, 
permeated early, Oregon 

1067
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:48,100
community's political systems. 
The folk medicine and practical.

1068
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:50,600
First Aid skills, that families 
had acquired through Trail 

1069
00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:52,300
travel. 
Had an impact on medical 

1070
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:54,100
practices in Frontier 
communities. 

1071
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:57,700
Community healers frequently 
combined traditional remedies 

1072
00:53:57,700 --> 00:54:01,300
with techniques, learned through
trial experience, Having learned

1073
00:54:01,300 --> 00:54:03,800
how to treat illnesses and 
injuries with little money and 

1074
00:54:03,800 --> 00:54:06,500
no professional medical 
assistance lessons, learned 

1075
00:54:06,500 --> 00:54:08,400
about soil. 
Conservation crop 

1076
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:11,300
diversification and sustainable 
farming practices. 

1077
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,200
During the trail Journey were 
reflected in the agricultural 

1078
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:16,100
practices that emerged in Oregon
Territory. 

1079
00:54:17,100 --> 00:54:19,800
During their westward, migration
families frequently. 

1080
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:22,200
Applied the lessons they had 
learned about the negative 

1081
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:24,800
environmental effects of poor 
Land Management to their own 

1082
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:28,400
farming operations. 
relationships and Trust built 

1083
00:54:28,400 --> 00:54:31,400
during shared Trail experiences 
frequently, served as the 

1084
00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:34,400
foundation for the business and 
economic networks, that emerged 

1085
00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:38,100
in early, Oregon communities, As
they founded companies and 

1086
00:54:38,100 --> 00:54:41,500
economic alliances in their new 
communities, people who had 

1087
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:44,900
shared resources, exchanged 
goods and worked together in 

1088
00:54:44,900 --> 00:54:48,100
times of need maintain these 
connections, the Practical 

1089
00:54:48,100 --> 00:54:51,300
functional approach to problem 
solving that families had 

1090
00:54:51,300 --> 00:54:52,400
developed over months of 
building. 

1091
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,900
Temporary shelters and setting 
up effective campsites under 

1092
00:54:55,900 --> 00:54:59,400
difficult circumstances was 
reflected in the architectural 

1093
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:02,800
Styles and Community planning 
techniques that Define early 

1094
00:55:02,800 --> 00:55:05,700
Oregon settlements. 
In Oregon and other Western 

1095
00:55:05,700 --> 00:55:08,800
States contemporary family, 
reunions and Heritage 

1096
00:55:08,800 --> 00:55:11,500
celebrations. 
Frequently, focus on honoring 

1097
00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:13,200
the bravery and tenacity of 
trailer. 

1098
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:16,600
Ancestors, giving descendant 
families, a chance to reconnect 

1099
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:19,600
with their pioneering Heritage 
and come to understand the 

1100
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:22,700
struggles. 
Their ancestors faced The unique

1101
00:55:22,700 --> 00:55:26,100
American optimism regarding the 
potential for self-reinvention 

1102
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:29,700
starting over and generating 
better opportunities through 

1103
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:32,800
perseverance and hard work was 
in Florence by the Oregon Trail 

1104
00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:36,300
experience. 
This Fresh Start mindset became 

1105
00:55:36,300 --> 00:55:39,300
a Hallmark of American culture 
and still shapes people's 

1106
00:55:39,300 --> 00:55:41,100
perspectives on individual and 
Collective. 

1107
00:55:41,100 --> 00:55:44,800
Growth interpretation programs 
help modern people comprehend 

1108
00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:48,000
the enormity of the challenge 
that 19th century families faced

1109
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:50,600
when they packed their 
belongings into covered wagons 

1110
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:52,800
and set out. 
West toward uncertain, Futures 

1111
00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:55,100
while. 
Historical preservation efforts 

1112
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:57,500
along the Oregon, Trail route 
have given modern families. 

1113
00:55:57,500 --> 00:56:00,600
The chance to experience 
something of what trail travel 

1114
00:56:00,600 --> 00:56:03,700
was like. 
The trail experience also had an

1115
00:56:03,700 --> 00:56:07,700
impact on American literature 
art and popular culture in ways 

1116
00:56:07,700 --> 00:56:10,400
that still shape American 
societies perceptions of the 

1117
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,900
Westwood, migration frontier 
life and the interplay between 

1118
00:56:13,900 --> 00:56:16,500
individual success and group 
collaboration. 

1119
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:20,900
As our time on the Oregon Trail 
draws to a close picture 

1120
00:56:20,900 --> 00:56:24,000
yourself, sleeping in your own 
bed, for the night, not a 

1121
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:26,700
bedroll by a smoldering camp 
fire or a small room inside a 

1122
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:30,300
canvas covered wagon, but your 
own cozy bed with cozy pillows, 

1123
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:33,900
Dependable warmth and the safety
of sturdy walls surrounding you 

1124
00:56:33,900 --> 00:56:37,400
as they change from travelers to
settlers from Emigrant to 

1125
00:56:37,400 --> 00:56:39,700
oregonians. 
And from people heading toward 

1126
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:43,000
an uncertain future to those 
creating permanent communities. 

1127
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:44,100
That would endure for 
Generations. 

1128
00:56:44,100 --> 00:56:47,300
The families whose stories we 
have been following tonight, 

1129
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:50,100
ultimately found their own forms
of this comfort. 

1130
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:53,800
Eventually, the children who had
learned to sleep to the sounds 

1131
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:57,100
of wagon covers flapping in 
Prairie, winds and coyotes 

1132
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:01,100
calling, grew up in homes with 
glass windows, wooden, floors 

1133
00:57:01,100 --> 00:57:03,500
and enough room for everyone to 
have a bed. 

1134
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:07,200
However, a number of them 
subsequently stated that they 

1135
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:10,700
never fully lost their love of 
sleeping outside or their 

1136
00:57:10,700 --> 00:57:13,500
capacity to find solace in basic
sleeping Arrangements when 

1137
00:57:13,500 --> 00:57:16,500
necessary. 
Eventually the parents who had 

1138
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:18,700
been anxious every night about 
their family's safety in the 

1139
00:57:18,708 --> 00:57:22,800
wilderness found themselves in 
towns with churches, schools and

1140
00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:25,200
neighbors. 
Who they could rely on, in times

1141
00:57:25,200 --> 00:57:27,600
of need though, they had found 
the security. 

1142
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,600
They had sought by moving West, 
the independence and 

1143
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:32,400
resourcefulness they'd gained 
along the way. 

1144
00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:35,400
Remained traits, They Carried 
with them for the rest of their 

1145
00:57:35,400 --> 00:57:38,000
lives. 
The Farms businesses and 

1146
00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:39,700
communities. 
They established in Oregon 

1147
00:57:39,700 --> 00:57:41,500
Territory were built on the 
skills. 

1148
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:44,300
They had acquired over months of
cooking, over campfires, 

1149
00:57:44,300 --> 00:57:47,300
repairing equipment, and 
managing resources. 

1150
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:50,500
There are approached to 
Community Development and 

1151
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:52,500
problem, solving remained 
characterized by the 

1152
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:54,900
collaboration, and support that 
had been crucial for trail 

1153
00:57:54,900 --> 00:57:57,700
survival. 
The tales of their experiences 

1154
00:57:57,700 --> 00:58:00,200
on the trail became cherished, 
family heirlooms that were 

1155
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:01,300
handed down through the 
generations. 

1156
00:58:01,300 --> 00:58:04,600
Bridging the Gap between 
ancestors who had risked, 

1157
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,000
everything on the hope of 
establishing better lives in 

1158
00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:10,600
Uncharted Territory and children
who had never seen a covered 

1159
00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:13,000
wagon. 
These Tales frequently focused 

1160
00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:15,200
on the Practical aspects of 
everyday life. 

1161
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:18,700
The value of planning and 
teamwork and the Fulfillment 

1162
00:58:18,700 --> 00:58:20,600
that came from. 
Conquering obstacles with 

1163
00:58:20,600 --> 00:58:23,900
perseverance and support from 
one another rather than the 

1164
00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:26,900
romantic adventure that would 
later be celebrated in popular 

1165
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:29,500
culture. 
When modern families, Trace 

1166
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:32,600
their roots to Oregon Trail 
emigrants, they frequently 

1167
00:58:32,600 --> 00:58:35,200
discover that the attitudes and 
viewpoints that kept their 

1168
00:58:35,200 --> 00:58:36,700
ancestors. 
Going during the westward, 

1169
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:39,800
migration still have an impact 
on family culture, generation's 

1170
00:58:39,800 --> 00:58:44,000
later, these include attitudes 
toward problem, solving, methods

1171
00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:46,800
for getting involved in the 
community and an appreciation of

1172
00:58:46,800 --> 00:58:50,000
both Independence and 
interdependence the Oregon Trail

1173
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:51,700
story. 
Showed that regular people could

1174
00:58:51,700 --> 00:58:55,600
have extraordinary Feats by 
combining practical skills with 

1175
00:58:55,600 --> 00:58:58,300
the belief that their efforts 
would have, eventually result in

1176
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:01,900
better opportunities for their 
families, individual willpower 

1177
00:59:01,900 --> 00:59:05,700
with Community collaboration and
meticulous preparation with 

1178
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:10,900
adaptability Tonight, as you get
comfortable in your own bed, you

1179
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:13,600
may consider how the safety and 
convenience you take for. 

1180
00:59:13,600 --> 00:59:17,300
Granted, are the result of 
people overcoming obstacles and 

1181
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:20,600
creating communities by leaving 
behind comfortable surroundings 

1182
00:59:20,600 --> 00:59:24,200
in pursuit of better futures for
their kids and grandkids the 

1183
00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:27,100
soft sounds of your contemporary
evening, possibly the distant 

1184
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:30,500
hum of your heating systems, the
distant sound of traffic, or the

1185
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:33,800
familiar Creeks of your house 
settling at the same as the 

1186
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:36,800
reassuring campfire, sounds that
eventually made it easier for 

1187
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:39,200
trail families to go to sleep 
each night knowing that they 

1188
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:42,100
were surrounded by people who 
shared their objectives and 

1189
00:59:42,100 --> 00:59:44,500
would support them through any 
difficulties that might arise 

1190
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:47,700
the next day. 
The trail families eventually 

1191
00:59:47,700 --> 00:59:51,300
found what they were looking for
not just Richland or lucrative 

1192
00:59:51,300 --> 00:59:53,800
prospects, but the Fulfillment 
that comes from showing 

1193
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:57,600
themselves and their kids that 
willpower teamwork and Ingenuity

1194
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:00,600
could overcome seemingly 
insurmountable challenges and 

1195
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:03,400
open up new possibilities where 
none had previously existed, 

1196
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:06,300
their legacy endures, not only 
in the neighborhoods, they 

1197
01:00:06,300 --> 01:00:08,100
established and the families 
they reared. 

1198
01:00:08,100 --> 01:00:11,000
But also in the enduring 
American conviction, that 

1199
01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:13,900
individuals can better their lot
in life by working hard 

1200
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:17,200
supporting one another and 
having the guts to go where 

1201
01:00:17,200 --> 01:00:20,700
others have gone in pursuit of 
better opportunities as you fall

1202
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:24,200
asleep tonight during engaging 
in the same fundamental human 

1203
01:00:24,200 --> 01:00:27,400
activity that those Trail 
families engaged in at the end 

1204
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:31,100
of each day finding Solace and 
rest after the hardships of the 

1205
01:00:31,100 --> 01:00:34,800
day, regaining strength for the 
opportunities of tomorrow and 

1206
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:37,400
retaining the belief that 
perseverance and teamwork can 

1207
01:00:37,400 --> 01:00:39,300
overcome any challenges that may
arise. 

1208
01:00:40,500 --> 01:00:42,600
Rest easy. 
Knowing that you are part of a 

1209
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,900
long line of people who, despite
the most trying circumstances, 

1210
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,400
managed to provide Comfort 
security, and a sense of 

1211
01:00:49,400 --> 01:00:52,200
community. 
They also left behind enduring 

1212
01:00:52,200 --> 01:00:55,400
values and useful skills. 
That continue to shape how 

1213
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:57,300
families handle opportunities 
and challenges. 

1214
01:00:57,300 --> 01:01:01,000
Even though the Oregon Trail was
a band and more than 150 years 

1215
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:05,600
ago, the spirit of Adventure 
tenacity and camaraderie that 

1216
01:01:05,600 --> 01:01:09,000
Define the trail experience 
still serves as motivation for 

1217
01:01:09,000 --> 01:01:12,500
those, who embark on their own 
difficult and unknown Journeys 

1218
01:01:12,500 --> 01:01:16,300
in search of better futures. 
Sweet visions of campfire, 

1219
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:19,800
dinners covered wagons and the 
Fulfillment that comes from 

1220
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:23,400
realizing that regular people 
can achieve genuinely remarkable

1221
01:01:23,400 --> 01:01:34,900
Feats when they band together 
and help one another. oh yes, 

1222
01:01:34,900 --> 01:01:38,100
we're taking a gentle Journey 
Through Time back to a place 

1223
01:01:38,100 --> 01:01:41,500
where Empires were built not by 
committees or corporations but 

1224
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:44,800
by dreamers who started with 
nothing more than a vision and a

1225
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:49,100
lot of stubborn determination 
Our Story begins in the hills of

1226
01:01:49,108 --> 01:01:50,600
Anatolia in. 
What's now? 

1227
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:55,300
Turkey around 1299 You know how 
sometimes the most extraordinary

1228
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:57,300
things start in the most 
ordinary places? 

1229
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:01,100
Well this is one of those 
stories there was a man named 

1230
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:05,400
Osman and yes, that's where 
ottoman comes from though. 

1231
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:07,900
It got a bit Lost in Translation
over the century is like a game 

1232
01:02:07,908 --> 01:02:11,900
of telephone played across 
continents Osman was essentially

1233
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:14,000
a tribal leader which in those 
days. 

1234
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:17,000
Was a bit like being the mayor 
of a tiny, very mobile Town. 

1235
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:20,700
His people were Nomads, moving 
their sheep and goats across the

1236
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:23,800
Rolling Hills living in tents. 
That could be packed up fast of 

1237
01:02:23,800 --> 01:02:26,600
the new could fold a fitted 
sheet, the probably with 

1238
01:02:26,600 --> 01:02:28,400
considerably less swearing 
involved. 

1239
01:02:29,600 --> 01:02:32,500
In those days, the Byzantine 
Empire continued to plot along 

1240
01:02:32,500 --> 01:02:36,500
akin to an ancient car that 
starts most mornings, but amidst

1241
01:02:36,500 --> 01:02:39,800
unsettling noises. 
When it turns a Bend, it had 

1242
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:43,300
been the mighty Eastern Roman 
Empire once but by Osmond's 

1243
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:45,400
time, it was more like a 
neighborhood watch committee 

1244
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:48,600
trying to patrol a city. 
The byzantines. 

1245
01:02:48,600 --> 01:02:51,500
Controlled Constantinople and 
patches of territory here and 

1246
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:55,300
there, but there were gaps and 
Osmond being a practical man. 

1247
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:58,500
Noticed these gaps, what made 
Osman different from other 

1248
01:02:58,500 --> 01:03:01,400
tribal leaders wasn't that he 
was particularly Fierce or 

1249
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:04,400
clever though? 
He was both, he was that he had 

1250
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:06,900
this knack for making people 
want to follow him. 

1251
01:03:07,600 --> 01:03:10,400
You know, those people who just 
have that quality, they're not 

1252
01:03:10,408 --> 01:03:13,200
necessarily the loudest in the 
room, but when they speak, 

1253
01:03:13,200 --> 01:03:15,900
others, listen, Osman was one of
those. 

1254
01:03:15,900 --> 01:03:19,800
He started small, as most great 
things do Osman. 

1255
01:03:19,800 --> 01:03:23,200
Consistently treated, captured 
enemies with respect a rare and 

1256
01:03:23,200 --> 01:03:26,000
noteworthy practice while other 
leaders were busy. 

1257
01:03:26,000 --> 01:03:28,200
Making enemies. 
Osman was making allies. 

1258
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:31,800
He'd capture a bazan teen fought
and then hire the Byzantine 

1259
01:03:31,800 --> 01:03:34,700
soldiers to help him run it. 
He was like getting a promotion 

1260
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:38,300
during a hostile takeover. 
His son orhan can continue this 

1261
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:40,900
approach. 
Expanding their territory, bite 

1262
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:43,900
by bite, like someone 
methodically working their way 

1263
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:47,200
through a box of chocolates. 
Will hand figured out something 

1264
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:50,200
important if you want to build 
an Empire you need more than 

1265
01:03:50,200 --> 01:03:52,600
just Warriors. 
You need administrators 

1266
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:56,100
Engineers teachers and people 
who know how to keep things 

1267
01:03:56,100 --> 01:03:57,800
running when the exciting part 
is over. 

1268
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:01,400
So the Ottomans began their 
peculiar habit of adopting. 

1269
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:04,700
The best ideas from everyone. 
They encountered, they borrowed 

1270
01:04:04,700 --> 01:04:08,000
military techniques from the 
bazan teens administrative 

1271
01:04:08,000 --> 01:04:11,100
systems from the Persians and 
Architectural styles from the 

1272
01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:13,000
Arabs. 
It was like being at a potluck 

1273
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:15,000
dinner where everyone brings 
their best dish. 

1274
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:18,500
Except instead of casseroles 
people brought entire 

1275
01:04:18,500 --> 01:04:22,100
civilizations by the time 
osman's grandson Marauders came 

1276
01:04:22,108 --> 01:04:23,900
along. 
The Ottomans had crossed into 

1277
01:04:23,900 --> 01:04:25,400
Europe and were eyeing, the 
Balkans? 

1278
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:27,700
Like a cat eyeing, a 
particularly plump bird? 

1279
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:30,400
Morad established the Janice 
Aries. 

1280
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:33,200
Elite soldiers who were 
recruited as children and 

1281
01:04:33,200 --> 01:04:35,100
trained in the finest military 
traditions. 

1282
01:04:35,900 --> 01:04:39,300
It sounds harsh by today's 
standards, but these boys often 

1283
01:04:39,300 --> 01:04:42,300
ended up with better education 
and more opportunities than they

1284
01:04:42,300 --> 01:04:46,100
would have had otherwise, Many 
became poets Scholars and 

1285
01:04:46,100 --> 01:04:48,100
administrators not just 
soldiers. 

1286
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:50,900
The Ottomans were building 
something. 

1287
01:04:50,900 --> 01:04:54,600
Unprecedented a multi-ethnic 
multi-religious Empire that 

1288
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:58,000
actually worked. 
Christians, Muslims and Jews 

1289
01:04:58,000 --> 01:05:01,100
lived side by side each 
contributing their skills and 

1290
01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:04,000
knowledge. 
The Ottomans operated akin to a 

1291
01:05:04,000 --> 01:05:07,000
medieval version of the United 
Nations but with a focus on 

1292
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:11,200
effective governance by 1400 
what had started as a small 

1293
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:14,600
tribal Confederation had become 
a regional power that made the 

1294
01:05:14,600 --> 01:05:17,800
remaining Byzantine territories 
look like a few Islands in an 

1295
01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:19,900
ottoman sea. 
The shepherd's dream was 

1296
01:05:19,900 --> 01:05:22,800
becoming reality one careful 
step at a time. 

1297
01:05:22,808 --> 01:05:25,400
You know how some people are 
just natural at everything. 

1298
01:05:25,400 --> 01:05:28,200
They try. 
Well, if the early Ottomans were

1299
01:05:28,200 --> 01:05:31,500
good at Empire building, their 
descendants were absolutely 

1300
01:05:31,500 --> 01:05:35,700
brilliant at it as our narrative
unfolds, we encounter one of 

1301
01:05:35,700 --> 01:05:39,300
history's most captivating 
figures mehmed the second who 

1302
01:05:39,300 --> 01:05:41,600
earned the moniker the conqueror
through challenging 

1303
01:05:41,600 --> 01:05:45,500
circumstances. 
Her Med became salted in 1451 at

1304
01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:49,100
the age of 19, which might seem 
young until you consider that 

1305
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:51,800
most 19 year olds today, can 
barely conquer their laundry. 

1306
01:05:52,700 --> 01:05:55,900
This young man looked at 
Constantinople the city that had

1307
01:05:55,900 --> 01:06:00,400
stood unconquered for over 1,000
years and essentially said, hold

1308
01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:03,600
my coffee. 
Constantinople was like the 

1309
01:06:03,600 --> 01:06:07,200
ultimate medieval Fortress, it 
sat on a peninsula, surrounded 

1310
01:06:07,200 --> 01:06:10,700
by water, on three, sides, with 
massive walls that had turned 

1311
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:13,000
back. 
Countless armies, The city 

1312
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,100
controlled the Bosphorus the 
narrow straight, connecting 

1313
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:19,100
Europe and Asia, making it one 
of the most strategically 

1314
01:06:19,100 --> 01:06:20,500
important locations in the 
world. 

1315
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:23,900
Taking it would be like winning 
the lottery while simultaneously

1316
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:28,300
solving world hunger. 
The siege of Constantinople in 

1317
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:32,300
1453 was a military operation 
that would Inspire Envy in 

1318
01:06:32,300 --> 01:06:35,600
modern generals mehmed didn't 
just attack the city he 

1319
01:06:35,600 --> 01:06:38,500
reimagined. 
How seizures could work When his

1320
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:41,100
ships couldn't get into the 
Golden Horn, because the bazan 

1321
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:44,200
teens had stretched a massive 
chain across the entrance mehmed

1322
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:45,900
did something. 
So audacious it sounds like 

1323
01:06:45,900 --> 01:06:50,200
fiction, he had his men dragged,
70 ships, Overland across a hill

1324
01:06:50,200 --> 01:06:53,900
and launched them in to the 
harbor behind the chain. imagine

1325
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:57,200
being a Byzantine Defender 
looking out from your supposedly

1326
01:06:57,200 --> 01:07:00,600
impregnable position and seeing 
enemy ships sailing where ships 

1327
01:07:00,600 --> 01:07:04,000
had no business being It was 
like finding your neighbor's car

1328
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,000
parked in your backyard. 
The Ottomans also brought the 

1329
01:07:07,000 --> 01:07:09,200
biggest cannons. 
Anyone had ever seen. 

1330
01:07:10,100 --> 01:07:12,200
These were not your typical 
medieval CJ engines. 

1331
01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:15,300
These were massive bronze 
monsters that could hurlstone 

1332
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:17,700
balls. 
The size of small cars, the 

1333
01:07:17,700 --> 01:07:21,600
largest Canon required 60 oxen 
for its Transportation, an 

1334
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:23,600
onsite to assembly when it 
fired. 

1335
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:26,100
The sound could be heard for 
miles and the ground shook like 

1336
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:29,300
a minor earthquake after 57 days
of seed. 

1337
01:07:29,300 --> 01:07:33,100
Constantinople fell. 
The last Byzantine emperor, 

1338
01:07:33,100 --> 01:07:36,300
Constantine, the 11th died 
fighting on the walls. 

1339
01:07:36,300 --> 01:07:39,400
Ending an Empire that had lasted
for over 1,000 years. 

1340
01:07:40,700 --> 01:07:43,700
Amid immediately declared the 
city safe for all inhabitants 

1341
01:07:43,700 --> 01:07:47,400
and began rebuilding it as his 
new capital demonstrating. 

1342
01:07:47,400 --> 01:07:49,300
The kind of class that made him 
a great leader. 

1343
01:07:50,300 --> 01:07:53,100
Mehmed and his successors, 
transformed Istanbul into a 

1344
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:56,000
Global treasure. 
The Ottomans built stunning, 

1345
01:07:56,000 --> 01:07:59,800
mosques established schools, and
hospitals, and created a 

1346
01:07:59,800 --> 01:08:03,200
Cosmopolitan atmosphere that 
attracted Scholars artists and 

1347
01:08:03,200 --> 01:08:04,800
Merchants from a cross. 
The known world. 

1348
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:08,300
It was like Renaissance 
Florence, but with better coffee

1349
01:08:08,300 --> 01:08:09,800
and more impressive 
architecture. 

1350
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:13,200
The Empire continued expanding 
under base in the second, and 

1351
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:16,200
then selling the first who 
conquered, Egypt and Syria. 

1352
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:19,200
Bringing the holy cities of 
Mecca, and Medina under ottoman 

1353
01:08:19,200 --> 01:08:21,800
control. 
These events made the ottoman 

1354
01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:25,399
Sultan the protector of Islam's 
holiest sites, adding religious 

1355
01:08:25,399 --> 01:08:27,399
authority to their growing 
temporal power. 

1356
01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:30,000
But the real show stopper was 
Suleiman. 

1357
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,000
The Magnificent who took the 
throne in 1520. 

1358
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:36,600
If mened was the Conqueror 
Suleiman was the perfector. 

1359
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:40,899
He combined military genius with
administrative brilliant, and a 

1360
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:42,200
genuine love of arts and 
culture. 

1361
01:08:43,200 --> 01:08:46,500
Under his rule, the Ottoman 
Empire reached, its golden age 

1362
01:08:46,500 --> 01:08:49,207
stretching from the gates of 
Vienna to the shores of the 

1363
01:08:49,216 --> 01:08:52,000
Persian Gulf. 
Suleiman's arm is operated 

1364
01:08:52,000 --> 01:08:55,899
smoothly and efficiently. 
They moved with Precision fought

1365
01:08:55,899 --> 01:08:58,200
with discipline and concurred 
with style. 

1366
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:01,700
The janissaries had evolved into
one of the most formidable 

1367
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:04,700
military forces in the world. 
And ottoman engineering had 

1368
01:09:04,700 --> 01:09:07,800
reached New Heights. 
They built roads, that connected

1369
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:11,000
distant provinces aqueducts. 
That brought fresh water to 

1370
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:13,399
cities and bridges that stood 
for centuries. 

1371
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:16,399
The Empire wasn't just about 
Conquest anymore. 

1372
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:20,200
It was about creating a 
civilization that could last the

1373
01:09:20,200 --> 01:09:22,399
Ottomans developed a 
sophisticated legal system. 

1374
01:09:23,200 --> 01:09:26,500
Established trade networks that 
connected Europe with Aja and 

1375
01:09:26,500 --> 01:09:29,100
fostered, an atmosphere of 
learning that attracted the best

1376
01:09:29,100 --> 01:09:33,100
minds of the age. 
By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had 

1377
01:09:33,100 --> 01:09:37,200
emerged as the dominant force of
its era, causing European Kings 

1378
01:09:37,200 --> 01:09:40,000
to lose their sleep and 
Merchants to dream of prophet. 

1379
01:09:40,899 --> 01:09:44,500
The Thunder of Conquest to build
something magnificent settle 

1380
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:47,300
back a bit deeper into your 
chair because we're entering 

1381
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:50,200
what might be the most 
remarkable period in our story. 

1382
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:54,200
The era when the Ottoman Empire 
wasn't just powerful but 

1383
01:09:54,200 --> 01:09:59,200
genuinely magnificent. picture 
the late afternoon, sun casting 

1384
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:02,900
long, Golden Shadows, across 
Palace Courtyards Illuminating 

1385
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:07,200
an Empire at its absolute Peak 
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled 

1386
01:10:07,200 --> 01:10:13,300
for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566.
And during this time the Ottoman

1387
01:10:13,300 --> 01:10:15,600
Empire became something 
unprecedented in world history. 

1388
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:18,200
It wasn't just the largest 
Empire of its time. 

1389
01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:21,100
It was arguably the most 
efficiently, run, most 

1390
01:10:21,100 --> 01:10:23,500
culturally diverse. 
And most economically 

1391
01:10:23,500 --> 01:10:25,700
sophisticated political entity 
on Earth. 

1392
01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:29,300
Let's talk about what daily life
was like for you. 

1393
01:10:29,300 --> 01:10:31,700
An ordinary person living in 
this Empire. 

1394
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:35,100
If you were a merchant in 
Istanbul, you might start your 

1395
01:10:35,100 --> 01:10:37,700
morning in the Grand Bazaar. 
One of the world's first 

1396
01:10:37,700 --> 01:10:40,700
shopping malls, the Grand Bazaar
wasn't just a market. 

1397
01:10:40,700 --> 01:10:44,100
It was a city within a city, 
with 4,000 shops. 

1398
01:10:44,100 --> 01:10:46,900
Its own police force, and even 
its own banking system. 

1399
01:10:47,700 --> 01:10:51,500
You could purchase silk from 
China spices, from India, first 

1400
01:10:51,500 --> 01:10:54,900
from Russia, and Amber from the 
Baltic, all within the same 

1401
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:58,300
premises, there was like Amazon,
but with more carpet dealers and

1402
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:00,800
better coffee. 
The coffee, by the way, was a 

1403
01:11:00,800 --> 01:11:03,900
recent Innovation coffee houses.
Had started appearing in 

1404
01:11:03,900 --> 01:11:07,500
Istanbul in the 1540s, and they 
quickly became centers of social

1405
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:09,900
life. 
Men would gather to drink this 

1406
01:11:09,900 --> 01:11:14,300
new beverage play chess, discuss
politics and share news from 

1407
01:11:14,300 --> 01:11:16,900
across the empire. 
The government was initially 

1408
01:11:16,900 --> 01:11:18,700
suspicious of these 
establishments. 

1409
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:21,500
They worry that people Gathering
to drink stimulants and talk. 

1410
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:24,500
Politics might lead to trouble. 
They weren't entirely wrong. 

1411
01:11:24,500 --> 01:11:27,600
But coffee had already conquered
the Empire more thoroughly than 

1412
01:11:27,600 --> 01:11:31,200
any army ever could. 
If you were a student, you might

1413
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:33,900
attend one of the many schools, 
the ottomans are established 

1414
01:11:33,900 --> 01:11:37,300
throughout the empire. the 
ottoman educational system was 

1415
01:11:37,300 --> 01:11:40,500
remarkably Advanced for its time
students could study 

1416
01:11:40,500 --> 01:11:46,900
mathematics, astronomy medicine 
law, Theology and literature The

1417
01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:49,700
best students regardless of 
their background could rise to 

1418
01:11:49,700 --> 01:11:51,000
the highest positions in 
government. 

1419
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:55,200
It was a meritocracy wrapped in 
an Empire which was unusual 

1420
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:57,200
enough to be revolutionary 
women. 

1421
01:11:57,200 --> 01:11:58,600
In the Ottoman Empire had 
rights. 

1422
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:00,400
That would have shot their 
European contemporaries. 

1423
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:04,600
They could own property engage 
in business and even appear in 

1424
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:08,600
court to defend their interests.
The ottoman legal system, 

1425
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:11,000
recognized different laws for 
different communities 

1426
01:12:11,000 --> 01:12:13,300
Christians. 
Followed Christian law in civil 

1427
01:12:13,300 --> 01:12:16,500
matters, Jews followed Jewish 
law and Muslims, followed 

1428
01:12:16,500 --> 01:12:18,900
Islamic law. 
There was like, having a legal 

1429
01:12:18,908 --> 01:12:22,500
system with multiple operating 
systems, all running smoothly on

1430
01:12:22,500 --> 01:12:25,300
the same computer. 
The Empire's military was 

1431
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:28,900
equally impressive, the 
janissaries had evolved into a 

1432
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:31,700
professional Army that was 
feared and respected throughout 

1433
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:34,400
Europe and Asia. 
They weren't just soldiers. 

1434
01:12:34,400 --> 01:12:37,800
They were engineers 
administrators and often 

1435
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:40,200
Scholars. 
They received training in 

1436
01:12:40,200 --> 01:12:44,200
everything from Siege Warfare to
diplomatic protocol, and many 

1437
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:47,400
were proficient in. 
Multiple languages Suleiman 

1438
01:12:47,400 --> 01:12:49,200
himself was a fascinating 
character. 

1439
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:53,100
He was called the magnificent in
Europe, but his people called 

1440
01:12:53,100 --> 01:12:56,300
him the law Giver because of his
contributions to the Empire's 

1441
01:12:56,300 --> 01:12:59,000
legal system. 
He was also a poet who wrote 

1442
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:22,800
Under the pen name. 
Reportedly said that the Spanish

1443
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:25,800
King had impoverished his 
country to enrich, the Ottoman 

1444
01:13:25,800 --> 01:13:28,100
Empire. 
These Jewish refugees brought 

1445
01:13:28,100 --> 01:13:31,100
with them skills, in medicine, 
finance and craftsmanship that 

1446
01:13:31,100 --> 01:13:32,800
greatly benefited, their new 
home. 

1447
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:35,300
Ottoman architecture. 
During this period was 

1448
01:13:35,300 --> 01:13:37,900
breathtaking. 
The great architect mimar. 

1449
01:13:37,900 --> 01:13:41,400
Sinan designed buildings. 
That seem to defy gravity with 

1450
01:13:41,400 --> 01:13:44,300
dome's that appeared to float 
and minarets that reached toward

1451
01:13:44,300 --> 01:13:47,600
heaven. 
The suleimani mosque in 

1452
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:52,400
Istanbul, completed in 1557, was
his Masterpiece, a building, so 

1453
01:13:52,400 --> 01:13:54,900
perfectly proportioned that it 
seems to have grown from the 

1454
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:58,700
earth, rather than being built 
by human hands, trade flourished

1455
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,700
under ottoman rule, the Empire 
controlled the routes between 

1456
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:04,300
Europe and Asia. 
And ottoman Merchants became 

1457
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:07,500
wealthy facilitating. 
This exchange, the Empire's 

1458
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:10,500
currency was stable. 
Its roads were safe and its 

1459
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:13,800
legal system was predictable. 
It was like having a medieval 

1460
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:16,800
version of the European Union 
but one that actually worked 

1461
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:21,100
efficiently By 1600 the Ottoman 
Empire. 

1462
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:24,200
Controlled three continents and 
influenced the lives of millions

1463
01:14:24,200 --> 01:14:26,500
of people. 
It was an empire built on 

1464
01:14:26,500 --> 01:14:29,800
practical tolerance, 
administrative, efficiency, and 

1465
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:32,700
Military excellence. 
The gold and afternoons. 

1466
01:14:32,700 --> 01:14:36,700
Sean brightly, casting Long 
Shadows that extended far into 

1467
01:14:36,700 --> 01:14:39,400
the evening of History, you 
know, how some evening's just 

1468
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:41,700
seemed to go on forever with the
light fading. 

1469
01:14:41,700 --> 01:14:43,300
So gradually that you don't 
notice. 

1470
01:14:43,300 --> 01:14:46,000
It's getting dark until you're 
already reaching for the lamp. 

1471
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:49,000
That's what happened to the 
Ottoman Empire in the 17th 

1472
01:14:49,000 --> 01:14:51,700
century. 
The sun was still shining, but 

1473
01:14:51,700 --> 01:14:53,300
the Shadows were definitely 
getting longer. 

1474
01:14:54,200 --> 01:14:57,400
The problem started, oddly 
enough with success the Empire 

1475
01:14:57,400 --> 01:15:00,000
had grown so large that it was 
becoming difficult to manage. 

1476
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:03,900
Imagine trying to run a family 
business that had expanded from 

1477
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:06,800
a corner store to a 
multinational corporation, but 

1478
01:15:06,800 --> 01:15:08,900
you are still using the same 
filing system. 

1479
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:12,900
You'd started with the ottoman 
administrative system, which had

1480
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:14,300
worked brilliantly for a 
smaller. 

1481
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:17,500
Empire was starting to Creak 
under the weight of governing 

1482
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:19,300
territories from Hungary to 
Yemen. 

1483
01:15:19,900 --> 01:15:23,200
The Sultans were changing too 
the early ottoman rulers had 

1484
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,300
been Warriors who led from the 
front learning statecraft 

1485
01:15:26,300 --> 01:15:30,300
through experience. 
But by the 1600s Sultans were 

1486
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:34,200
increasingly isolated in their 
palaces surrounded by advisors 

1487
01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:35,800
who told them what they wanted 
to hear? 

1488
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:39,700
It was like getting all your 
news from social media you end 

1489
01:15:39,708 --> 01:15:41,500
up in a bubble that doesn't 
reflect reality. 

1490
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:47,500
Sultan Ahmed, the first who 
ruled from 1603 to 1617 was a 

1491
01:15:47,500 --> 01:15:49,700
decent man who built the 
beautiful blue mosque in 

1492
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:52,800
Istanbul. 
But he was also the first Sultan

1493
01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:55,400
in ottoman history to come to 
power without having served as a

1494
01:15:55,408 --> 01:15:58,100
provincial governor. 
He learned to be an emperor by 

1495
01:15:58,100 --> 01:16:00,900
being an emperor which is a bit 
like learning to drive by 

1496
01:16:00,900 --> 01:16:05,000
entering the Indianapolis 500. 
The Empire's military was facing

1497
01:16:05,000 --> 01:16:08,200
new challenges, too. 
The Janice series Once the 

1498
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:10,300
Empire's greatest strengths were
becoming a problem. 

1499
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:13,700
They had evolved from an elite 
fighting force into something 

1500
01:16:13,700 --> 01:16:17,700
more like a privileged Guild, 
they married had children and 

1501
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:20,300
began to think of their 
positions as hereditary rights 

1502
01:16:20,300 --> 01:16:22,900
rather than earned privileges 
worse. 

1503
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:24,800
They were becoming politically 
active. 

1504
01:16:24,800 --> 01:16:28,900
Sometimes deposing Sultans they 
didn't like it was like having 

1505
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:31,500
your army double as a very 
well-armed Union with strong 

1506
01:16:31,500 --> 01:16:35,400
opinions about management. 
Meanwhile European military 

1507
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:37,000
technology was advancing 
rapidly. 

1508
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:40,300
The Ottomans had once been the 
innovators in military 

1509
01:16:40,300 --> 01:16:44,100
engineering, but now they were 
falling behind European. 

1510
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:46,500
Armies were becoming more 
professional more disciplined, 

1511
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:49,200
and better equipped Lighter more
mobile. 

1512
01:16:49,200 --> 01:16:52,100
Artillery was surpassing the 
Empire's once world renowned 

1513
01:16:52,100 --> 01:16:55,200
great Siege cannons. 
The economy was struggling to 

1514
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:58,800
the discovery of the Americas 
had shifted global trade routes,

1515
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:01,800
reducing the ottoman Empires 
role as the middleman between 

1516
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:04,700
Europe and Asia. 
It was like being a travel agent

1517
01:17:04,700 --> 01:17:07,600
in the age of the internet. 
Your old business model was 

1518
01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:10,200
becoming obsolete, but you 
hadn't figured out what to 

1519
01:17:10,200 --> 01:17:14,000
replace it with yet. the Empire 
suffered a major defeat at the 

1520
01:17:14,008 --> 01:17:18,300
Battle of Vienna in 1683, when a
coalition of European powers 

1521
01:17:18,300 --> 01:17:21,900
turned back the Ottomans of the 
Austrian capital This wasn't 

1522
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:24,700
just a military defeat, it was a
psychological one. 

1523
01:17:24,700 --> 01:17:28,000
The Ottoman Empire found itself.
Clearly on the defensive for the

1524
01:17:28,000 --> 01:17:31,200
first time, in centuries, the 
Empire that had once seemed 

1525
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:33,500
Unstoppable, was now being 
stopped regularly. 

1526
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:37,100
But here's the thing about the 
Ottomans, they were remarkably 

1527
01:17:37,100 --> 01:17:41,300
adaptable when they needed to be
The cup, rulu Grand viziers a 

1528
01:17:41,300 --> 01:17:43,900
family of Administrators who 
effectively ran the empire for 

1529
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:47,200
several decades implemented 
serious reforms. 

1530
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:51,100
They reorganized the military 
reformed the tax system and 

1531
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:54,400
tried to root out corruption. 
It was like, having a phenomenal

1532
01:17:54,400 --> 01:17:57,800
management consulting firm come 
in and restructure your entire 

1533
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:00,700
organization. 
The Empire Auto began to 

1534
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:02,800
modernize its military along 
European lines. 

1535
01:18:02,800 --> 01:18:07,100
They hired European advisors, 
imported new weapons and 

1536
01:18:07,100 --> 01:18:08,800
established new training 
programs. 

1537
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:12,100
The Jana series resisted these 
changes naturally. 

1538
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:15,400
But gradually, the Empire began 
to adopt more modern military 

1539
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,600
practices, cultural life 
remained vibrant throughout this

1540
01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:21,000
period. 
The Ottomans continued to build 

1541
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:23,600
beautiful. 
Mosques write poetry and 

1542
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:25,800
maintain their reputation for 
religious tolerance. 

1543
01:18:25,800 --> 01:18:29,400
Istanbul was still one of the 
most Cosmopolitan cities in the 

1544
01:18:29,400 --> 01:18:32,600
world and ottoman Scholars. 
Continue to make contributions 

1545
01:18:32,600 --> 01:18:35,200
to mathematics astronomy and 
Medicine. 

1546
01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:38,800
The Empire's Diplomatic Corps 
became more sophisticated too, 

1547
01:18:38,800 --> 01:18:42,300
ottoman ambassadors, were sent 
to European capitals and the 

1548
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:45,000
Empire began to engage more 
actively in the European balance

1549
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:47,100
of power. 
They learned to play The 

1550
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:49,400
Diplomatic game. 
According to European Norms, 

1551
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:54,000
forming alliances, and forging 
treaties with former enemies. by

1552
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:57,500
1700 the Ottoman Empire was 
still a major power but it was 

1553
01:18:57,500 --> 01:19:01,300
no longer the superpower it had 
once been The long Twilight was 

1554
01:19:01,300 --> 01:19:03,500
beginning, but it would. 
Last for more than two 

1555
01:19:03,500 --> 01:19:06,600
centuries, the empire was 
changing adapting and learning 

1556
01:19:06,600 --> 01:19:08,600
to survive in a world that was 
already rapidly. 

1557
01:19:08,600 --> 01:19:10,800
Changing as we enter a new 
century. 

1558
01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:13,700
It's as if we're witnessing a 
person attempting to renovate 

1559
01:19:13,700 --> 01:19:16,500
her house during a thunderstorm.
The Ottoman Empire. 

1560
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:20,800
In the 1700s was simultaneously,
trying to modernize fight Wars 

1561
01:19:20,800 --> 01:19:24,100
and maintain its identity. 
All the world around. 

1562
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:26,400
It was changing faster than a 
teenager's mood. 

1563
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:30,400
Europe was experiencing its 
Enlightenment and the Ottomans 

1564
01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:34,100
were falling behind. 
It wasn't that ottoman Scholars 

1565
01:19:34,100 --> 01:19:37,500
were brilliant. 
They were it was more like being

1566
01:19:37,500 --> 01:19:40,000
excellent at chess while 
everyone else was learning to 

1567
01:19:40,000 --> 01:19:41,200
play a completely different 
game. 

1568
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:46,100
The Scientific Revolution new 
military Technologies and 

1569
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:49,400
changing economic systems were 
transforming the world and the 

1570
01:19:49,400 --> 01:19:52,400
Ottomans found themselves. 
Playing catch up Sultan Ahmed 

1571
01:19:52,400 --> 01:19:56,300
the third who ruled from 1703 to
1730, tried to bridge. 

1572
01:19:56,300 --> 01:19:58,200
This Gap by embracing what 
historians. 

1573
01:19:58,200 --> 01:20:01,600
Call the Tulip period. 
The period wasn't just about 

1574
01:20:01,600 --> 01:20:02,700
flowers. 
Though. 

1575
01:20:02,700 --> 01:20:05,300
The Ottomans did develop a 
serious obsession with tulips. 

1576
01:20:05,300 --> 01:20:07,000
That would have made Dutch 
investors. 

1577
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:11,500
Blush Ahmed the third encouraged
European style art architecture 

1578
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:14,500
and literature. 
He invited European experts to 

1579
01:20:14,500 --> 01:20:17,500
Istanbul and sent ottoman 
students to study in European 

1580
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:20,200
universities. 
The result was fascinating but 

1581
01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:22,900
also a bit awkward. 
Imagine trying to blend 

1582
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:25,500
traditional ottoman culture, 
with European Enlightenment 

1583
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:28,900
ideas, you'd get beautiful, 
palaces, that looked like, they 

1584
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:31,600
couldn't decide whether they 
were Turkish or French, and 

1585
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:34,600
poetry, that makes classical 
ottoman themes with European 

1586
01:20:34,600 --> 01:20:38,100
romantic sensibilities. 
It was cultural Fusion before 

1587
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:42,100
anyone to call it, the military 
reforms were more urgent and 

1588
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,400
more controversial. 
The Janice series were. 

1589
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:47,600
Now thoroughly entrenched as a 
hereditary caste more interested

1590
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:49,300
in their privileges than in 
fighting. 

1591
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:52,200
They were like a medieval 
laborer Union that had somehow 

1592
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:55,000
acquired cannons, and a really 
strong opinion about management 

1593
01:20:55,000 --> 01:20:57,800
decision. 
Any attempt to reform the met 

1594
01:20:57,800 --> 01:21:01,500
with resistance that could turn 
violent Sultan selim the third 

1595
01:21:01,500 --> 01:21:06,000
who ruled from 1789 to 1807 made
a serious attempt at 

1596
01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:09,300
comprehensive reform. 
He created a new military force.

1597
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:12,600
Called the nizami Shaded New 
Order trained by European 

1598
01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:14,600
officers and equipped with 
modern weapons. 

1599
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:19,100
He also tried to reform the tax 
system, modernize the Navy and 

1600
01:21:19,100 --> 01:21:22,100
established permanent diplomatic
missions in European capitals. 

1601
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:25,300
The timing was particularly 
challenging because Europe was 

1602
01:21:25,300 --> 01:21:27,100
convulsing with revolutionary 
changes. 

1603
01:21:28,000 --> 01:21:30,400
The French Revolution had begun 
in 1789. 

1604
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:34,500
The same year selim, the third 
came to power, the Ottomans 

1605
01:21:34,500 --> 01:21:37,400
watched nervously as European 
monarchs were overthrown and 

1606
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:39,100
traditional Authority was 
challenged. 

1607
01:21:39,100 --> 01:21:42,200
It was like trying to renovate 
your house while your neighbor's

1608
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:44,500
were having a very loud, very 
violent block party. 

1609
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:48,600
Selling the third's reforms were
ultimately undone by a janissary

1610
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:52,900
Revolt in 1807. the janissaries 
supported by conservative 

1611
01:21:52,900 --> 01:21:55,900
religious leaders deposed him 
and installed his cousin, 

1612
01:21:55,900 --> 01:21:59,200
Mustafa for the fourth as sultan
It was a clear message that 

1613
01:21:59,200 --> 01:22:01,600
changed would not come easily to
the Ottoman Empire. 

1614
01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:04,900
The Empire's territorial losses 
continued throughout the 

1615
01:22:04,900 --> 01:22:07,500
century. 
The austrians and Russians made 

1616
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:10,900
steady gains in the Balkans and 
around the Black Sea, the Empire

1617
01:22:10,900 --> 01:22:13,800
lost control of Hungary, much of
Ukraine, and the Crimea. 

1618
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:17,300
Each loss felt like losing a 
portion of the family business 

1619
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:21,200
to more efficient competitors. 
Economic challenges were equally

1620
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:23,700
pressing. 
The Empire's traditional role as

1621
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:26,800
a middleman and global trade was
diminishing as European 

1622
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:30,400
Merchants found new routes and 
established direct relationships

1623
01:22:30,400 --> 01:22:34,500
with a Asian suppliers. 
Ottoman artists found themselves

1624
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:36,500
competing with mass produced 
European Goods. 

1625
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:40,400
It was like being a skilled 
crafts person, in the early days

1626
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:44,100
of industrialization, your 
products were often superior but

1627
01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:45,900
they cost more and took longer 
to make. 

1628
01:22:45,900 --> 01:22:50,300
Yet the Empire showed remarkable
resilience provincial Governors,

1629
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:53,800
often acting independently 
implemented, their reforms and 

1630
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:57,400
maintained stability in their 
regions, the Empire's, cultural 

1631
01:22:57,400 --> 01:23:00,300
and religious diversity. 
Remained a source of strength as

1632
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:02,600
different communities 
contributed, their skills and 

1633
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:06,300
knowledge to the common cause 
The Ottomans also proved Adept 

1634
01:23:06,300 --> 01:23:08,100
at playing European powers 
against each other. 

1635
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,100
They formed alliances with 
France against Austria. 

1636
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:14,100
Then with Britain against 
Russia, it was like being 

1637
01:23:14,100 --> 01:23:17,300
Switzerland, but with more 
territory and stronger opinions 

1638
01:23:17,300 --> 01:23:19,100
about who could use your 
mountain passes. 

1639
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,100
By 1800 the Ottoman Empire was 
clearly. 

1640
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:26,700
No longer the superpower it had 
once been but it was still a 

1641
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:28,800
major regional power with global
influence. 

1642
01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:32,500
The struggle to modernize and 
reform while maintaining 

1643
01:23:32,500 --> 01:23:35,700
identity and preserving 
stability would continue into 

1644
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:38,800
the next century. 
The empire was learning that 

1645
01:23:38,800 --> 01:23:41,500
survival in the modern world 
required constant adaptation, 

1646
01:23:41,500 --> 01:23:45,200
but also, the adaptation didn't 
necessarily mean abandoning 

1647
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,600
everything that made you who you
were lean back and take a deep 

1648
01:23:48,600 --> 01:23:51,400
breath, because we're about to 
witness one of history's. 

1649
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:53,700
Most dramatic attempts at 
Reinventing an Empire. 

1650
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,400
The 19th century for the 
Ottomans was like watching 

1651
01:23:57,400 --> 01:24:00,300
someone try to rebuild a ship 
while sailing through a 

1652
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:03,900
hurricane technically possible. 
But, requiring, extraordinary, 

1653
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:08,700
skill, luck, and determination. 
The century began with another 

1654
01:24:08,700 --> 01:24:11,700
attempt at military reform, 
Sultan Mahmud. 

1655
01:24:11,700 --> 01:24:15,600
The second who came to power in 
1808 was determined to succeed 

1656
01:24:15,600 --> 01:24:17,300
where his predecessors had 
failed. 

1657
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:21,700
But first he had to deal with 
the janissaries who were like a 

1658
01:24:21,700 --> 01:24:24,400
cancerous growth that had to be 
removed, even though the 

1659
01:24:24,400 --> 01:24:25,800
operation might kill the 
patient. 

1660
01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:29,300
Mahmood. 
The second spent years carefully

1661
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:32,200
preparing for what he would be a
decisive confrontation. 

1662
01:24:33,400 --> 01:24:35,400
He built support among other 
military units. 

1663
01:24:35,400 --> 01:24:39,300
Gain the backing of religious 
leaders and created alternative 

1664
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:42,400
institutions that could function
if the janissary is were 

1665
01:24:42,400 --> 01:24:48,500
eliminated, then in 1826, he 
struck when the Janice is 

1666
01:24:48,500 --> 01:24:51,900
revolted against his latest 
reform efforts Mahmood, the 

1667
01:24:51,900 --> 01:24:55,900
second used artillery to bombard
their barracks in Istanbul The 

1668
01:24:55,900 --> 01:24:58,300
janissary corps which had 
existed for nearly five. 

1669
01:24:58,300 --> 01:25:00,300
Centuries was destroyed in a 
single day. 

1670
01:25:01,200 --> 01:25:04,600
The event was called the Orbison
incident, which sounds like the 

1671
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:07,300
kind of euphemism, you'd used to
describe a particularly 

1672
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:09,000
successful corporate 
restructuring. 

1673
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:12,500
But it worked. 
With the janitor is gone 

1674
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:14,400
Mahmood. 
The second could finally 

1675
01:25:14,400 --> 01:25:18,300
Implement serious military 
reforms He created a new Army 

1676
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,400
trained by European officers, 
established a military academy, 

1677
01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:24,400
and began the process of 
modernizing, the Ottoman 

1678
01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:28,200
military along European lines. 
The reform period that followed 

1679
01:25:28,200 --> 01:25:31,800
known as the tanzimat 
reorganization was like a 

1680
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:33,900
comprehensive makeover of the 
entire Empire. 

1681
01:25:34,800 --> 01:25:38,300
The Ottomans tried to modernize 
Everything at Once legal system.

1682
01:25:38,300 --> 01:25:42,200
The administrative structure the
educational system, the economy,

1683
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:44,900
and even the Empire's 
relationship with its diverse 

1684
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:50,700
population, the hutter sheriff 
of Gullah issued in 1839 was 

1685
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:53,600
essentially the ottoman Empire's
Declaration of modernization. 

1686
01:25:53,600 --> 01:25:58,000
It guaranteed, the security of 
Life, honor and property for all

1687
01:25:58,000 --> 01:26:02,000
subjects regardless of their 
religion, it promised to Quality

1688
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:04,500
before the law and an end to 
arbitrary taxation. 

1689
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:08,000
It was like a constitutional 
monarchies greatest hits album 

1690
01:26:08,000 --> 01:26:11,800
performed in ottoman, Turkish. 
The results were mixed, but 

1691
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:14,600
fascinating. 
The empire built Railways 

1692
01:26:14,600 --> 01:26:18,100
Telegraph lines and modern 
schools, the established a 

1693
01:26:18,108 --> 01:26:20,700
modern legal system based on 
European models while 

1694
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:22,900
maintaining religious Courts for
personal matters. 

1695
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:26,900
Ottoman student studied in 
European universities and 

1696
01:26:26,900 --> 01:26:30,300
returned with new ideas about 
science, technology and 

1697
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:32,600
government. 
The Empire also became 

1698
01:26:32,600 --> 01:26:34,700
increasingly connected to the 
global economy. 

1699
01:26:34,700 --> 01:26:38,400
Ottoman Merchants traded with 
Partners around the world and 

1700
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:41,600
European investors began to take
interest in ottoman projects. 

1701
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:45,700
Unfortunately these developments
also meant that the Empire 

1702
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:48,400
became dependent on European 
loans to finance its 

1703
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:51,200
modernization efforts. 
It was like renovating your 

1704
01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:55,100
house with credit cards. 
You get a beautiful result but 

1705
01:26:55,100 --> 01:27:00,400
you're also deeply in debt. 
The Crimean War of 1853 to 1856 

1706
01:27:00,400 --> 01:27:03,600
marked a pivotal moment. 
The Ottomans found themselves 

1707
01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:06,900
allied with Britain and France 
against Russia and for the first

1708
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:09,900
time in centuries they were on 
the winning side of a major 

1709
01:27:09,900 --> 01:27:12,900
European conflict. 
The victory demonstrated that 

1710
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:16,000
the ottoman military reforms 
were working but it also showed 

1711
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:19,200
how dependent the Empire had 
become on European support the 

1712
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:20,700
later. 
Part of the century saw the 

1713
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:23,700
Empire grappling with 
nationalism, the Greek war of 

1714
01:27:23,708 --> 01:27:26,500
independence in the 1820s had 
been just the beginning 

1715
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:30,700
throughout the 1800s, various 
ethnic groups within the Empire 

1716
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:35,300
began demanding Independence or 
autonomy Bulgarians served 

1717
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:39,300
Romanians and others all sort to
create their own nation states. 

1718
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:42,700
It was like managing a large 
family where all the teenagers 

1719
01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:45,400
had suddenly decided they wanted
to move out and start their 

1720
01:27:45,400 --> 01:27:47,900
households. 
The Empire's response was 

1721
01:27:47,900 --> 01:27:50,700
complex. 
Sometimes it fought to maintain 

1722
01:27:50,700 --> 01:27:52,300
control. 
Sometimes it. 

1723
01:27:52,300 --> 01:27:54,100
Negotiated autonomy, 
arrangements. 

1724
01:27:54,100 --> 01:27:57,100
And sometimes it simply 
acknowledged the inevitable and 

1725
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:00,100
granted Independence. 
The Ottomans were learning to be

1726
01:28:00,108 --> 01:28:03,400
flexible, but each loss of 
territory was painful and 

1727
01:28:03,400 --> 01:28:05,900
expensive. 
Sultan Abdul Hamid, the second 

1728
01:28:05,900 --> 01:28:10,300
who ruled from 1876 to 1909, 
tried a different approach. 

1729
01:28:10,300 --> 01:28:14,100
He emphasized the empires 
Islamic identity and appealed to

1730
01:28:14,100 --> 01:28:16,200
Muslim solidarity to hold the 
empire together. 

1731
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:19,700
He also invested heavily in 
infrastructure, building 

1732
01:28:19,700 --> 01:28:22,500
schools, hospitals, and Railways
throughout the empire. 

1733
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:26,200
His Reign was marked by economic
growth and cultural flowering, 

1734
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:29,400
but also by increasing 
authoritarianism as he tried to 

1735
01:28:29,408 --> 01:28:33,100
control the forces of change. 
The Empire's cultural life 

1736
01:28:33,100 --> 01:28:37,100
remained vibrant throughout this
period, ottoman writers poets 

1737
01:28:37,100 --> 01:28:40,900
and artists engaged with 
European ideas while maintaining

1738
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:43,800
their own distinctive 
Traditions, the ottoman press 

1739
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:45,900
flourished. 
At least when it wasn't being 

1740
01:28:45,900 --> 01:28:48,700
sentenced and ottoman 
intellectuals debated questions 

1741
01:28:48,700 --> 01:28:51,500
of identity modernization and 
reform. 

1742
01:28:52,500 --> 01:28:55,000
By 1900, the Ottoman Empire had 
been transformed. 

1743
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:58,800
It was no longer the medieval 
Empire, it had been in 1800, but

1744
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:00,600
it wasn't quite a modern 
European State either. 

1745
01:29:00,600 --> 01:29:05,200
It was something new and unique 
a multi-ethnic multi-religious 

1746
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:07,600
Empire trying to find its place 
in the modern world. 

1747
01:29:08,500 --> 01:29:10,900
The desperate dance of Reform 
had changed the Empire 

1748
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:14,600
fundamentally, but it also left 
it exhausted, and vulnerable 

1749
01:29:14,600 --> 01:29:17,200
settle in for the final chapter 
of our long journey. 

1750
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:20,400
Dear listener, sometimes the 
most poignant stories are about 

1751
01:29:20,400 --> 01:29:24,000
endings and the story of how the
Ottoman Empire, finally laid 

1752
01:29:24,000 --> 01:29:27,300
down, its burden is both 
heartbreaking and Strangely 

1753
01:29:27,300 --> 01:29:29,900
Beautiful. 
Like watching the sun, set over 

1754
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:31,400
a city, you've loved for a 
lifetime. 

1755
01:29:32,300 --> 01:29:35,300
The 20th century began with what
seemed like promise. 

1756
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:38,400
The Young Turk revolution of 
1908 restored. 

1757
01:29:38,400 --> 01:29:41,400
The ottoman Constitution and 
seemed to offer a path toward, 

1758
01:29:41,400 --> 01:29:44,000
genuine modernization and 
Democratic governance. 

1759
01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:46,900
The Empire's remaining 
territories were buzzing with 

1760
01:29:46,908 --> 01:29:50,300
new ideas about citizenship 
nationalism and progress. 

1761
01:29:50,300 --> 01:29:53,300
There was like watching someone 
finally get their life together 

1762
01:29:53,300 --> 01:29:56,600
after years of struggle. 
However, the empire was about to

1763
01:29:56,600 --> 01:30:00,500
face a formidable challenge, the
Balkan Wars of 1912 to 1913 

1764
01:30:00,500 --> 01:30:02,600
Stripped Away. 
Most of the Empire's, remaining 

1765
01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:06,300
European territories. 
Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, 

1766
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:09,700
and Greece, formed an alliance 
and attacked the Ottomans who 

1767
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:11,900
found themselves fighting on 
multiple fronts simultaneously. 

1768
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:15,300
It was like being mugged by a 
gang while you were already 

1769
01:30:15,300 --> 01:30:19,000
dealing with family problems. 
The Young Turks led by figures 

1770
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:22,500
like Emperor and tala Pasha. 
Try to salvage the situation 

1771
01:30:22,500 --> 01:30:26,000
through a combination of 
modernization and nationalism. 

1772
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:30,300
They promoted the idea of 
ottomanism the notion that all 

1773
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:33,500
citizens of the Empire, 
regardless of ethnicity or 

1774
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:36,200
religion. 
Could be ottoman Patriot, it was

1775
01:30:36,200 --> 01:30:39,100
a noble idea, but it came too 
late and in too difficult 

1776
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:42,900
circumstances to really take 
hold, then came the Great War 

1777
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:45,000
and with it. 
The decision that would 

1778
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:48,900
ultimately Doom the empire. 
The ottoman leadership convinced

1779
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:51,900
that Germany would win entered 
World War 1 on the side of the 

1780
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:56,000
Central Powers in 1914. 
It was akin to placing a bet on 

1781
01:30:56,000 --> 01:30:58,600
the Family Farm in a horse race,
where winning could 

1782
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:02,400
theoretically be achieved but 
losing could be catastrophically

1783
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:05,100
costly. 
The war was devastating for the 

1784
01:31:05,108 --> 01:31:07,900
Empire. 
Ottoman forces fought bravely on

1785
01:31:07,900 --> 01:31:11,200
multiple fronts against the 
British in Mesopotamia, and 

1786
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:14,800
Palestine against the Russians 
in the Caucasus and against the 

1787
01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:18,400
Allies at Gallipoli. 
The Gallipoli campaign in 

1788
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:20,600
particular showed that the 
ottoman military could still 

1789
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:23,400
fight with distinction when 
properly LED and equipped. 

1790
01:31:24,500 --> 01:31:27,800
Under the command of Mustafa 
Kemal, later, known as Atta 

1791
01:31:27,800 --> 01:31:31,000
took, ottoman forces turned 
back, a major Allied invasion. 

1792
01:31:31,600 --> 01:31:35,800
However, the Empire's resources 
faced extreme the economy 

1793
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:37,700
collapsed under the strain of 
Total War. 

1794
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:41,500
Famine spread through many 
provinces, the Empire's 

1795
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:43,900
infrastructure which had been 
steadily improving throughout 

1796
01:31:43,900 --> 01:31:47,000
the 19th century, began to 
crumble, under the demands of 

1797
01:31:47,008 --> 01:31:50,500
military logistics, the war also
witnessed some of the darkest 

1798
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:54,200
chapters in ottoman history. 
The deportation and Massacre of 

1799
01:31:54,208 --> 01:31:58,400
Armenians in 1915 was a tragedy 
that stained the Empire's 

1800
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:01,200
Legacy. 
The Young Turks under pressure 

1801
01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:04,600
from multiple rebellions and 
invasions made decisions that 

1802
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:07,000
violated the Empire's 
Traditional Values of Tolerance 

1803
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:09,900
and diversity. 
It was like watching someone you

1804
01:32:09,900 --> 01:32:12,800
admired, for years, make choices
that were completely out of 

1805
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:15,500
character. 
When Germany in its allies, 

1806
01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:19,300
finally surrendered in 1918, the
Ottoman Empire was effectively 

1807
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:21,700
finished. 
The Empire had lost, not just 

1808
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:24,700
the war, but most of its 
territory, its economic base, 

1809
01:32:24,700 --> 01:32:29,400
and its political legitimacy. 
Allied Forces occupied Istanbul 

1810
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:32,400
and the Treaty of Sarah's in 
1920 would have reduced the 

1811
01:32:32,400 --> 01:32:34,800
Empire to a small rump state in 
central Anatolia. 

1812
01:32:34,800 --> 01:32:37,800
But here's where the story takes
an unexpected turn. 

1813
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:40,200
From the Ashes of the Ottoman 
Empire. 

1814
01:32:40,200 --> 01:32:44,100
Rose something new and different
Mustafa Kemal, the hero of 

1815
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,000
Gallipoli organized a 
nationalist resistance movement,

1816
01:32:47,000 --> 01:32:50,000
that rejected both the Sultan's 
Authority and the Allied 

1817
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:52,500
occupation. 
The Turkish war of independence 

1818
01:32:52,500 --> 01:32:55,000
that followed was Like a Phoenix
Rising From the Ashes. 

1819
01:32:55,000 --> 01:32:58,900
Something new and vital emerging
from what everyone thought was a

1820
01:32:58,908 --> 01:33:02,500
complete destruction. 
The last ottoman Sultan mehmed 

1821
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:06,400
the sixth was deposed in 1922 
and the Empire that had lasted 

1822
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:08,800
for over six centuries. 
Finally came to an end. 

1823
01:33:09,500 --> 01:33:13,100
The new Turkish Republic 
proclaimed in 1923 was 

1824
01:33:13,100 --> 01:33:15,300
explicitly. 
Not an Empire, but a nation 

1825
01:33:15,308 --> 01:33:18,100
state. 
It was like watching a family 

1826
01:33:18,100 --> 01:33:20,600
business that had been passed 
down through generations. 

1827
01:33:20,600 --> 01:33:24,000
Finally closes doors but with 
the family members going on to 

1828
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:27,200
start successful new Ventures, 
The ottoman Empire's. 

1829
01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:29,800
End wasn't, just the conclusion 
of a political entity. 

1830
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:32,800
It was the end of a way of 
organizing Human Society. 

1831
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:36,900
The Ottomans had shown that it 
was possible to govern a diverse

1832
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:40,700
multi-ethnic multi-religious 
population with relative Justice

1833
01:33:40,700 --> 01:33:43,500
and stability. 
Their empire been a bridge 

1834
01:33:43,500 --> 01:33:47,300
between Europe and Asia between 
Christianity and Islam and 

1835
01:33:47,300 --> 01:33:49,100
between the medieval and modern 
worlds. 

1836
01:33:50,100 --> 01:33:53,100
As we close our story, it's 
worth remembering that the 

1837
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:56,900
ottoman Empire's Legacy lived on
in the institute's customs and 

1838
01:33:56,900 --> 01:33:59,700
cultures of the dozens of 
countries that emerged from its 

1839
01:33:59,700 --> 01:34:02,500
former territories. 
From the coffee houses, of 

1840
01:34:02,500 --> 01:34:06,300
Istanbul to the architecture of 
Budapest from the legal systems 

1841
01:34:06,300 --> 01:34:08,300
of the Balkans. 
To The Culinary traditions of 

1842
01:34:08,308 --> 01:34:11,600
the Middle East, the ottoman 
influence permeated the fabric 

1843
01:34:11,600 --> 01:34:14,800
of entire civilizations. 
The Empire that began with a 

1844
01:34:14,800 --> 01:34:18,200
shepherd's dream in the hills of
Anatolia had grown to Encompass.

1845
01:34:18,200 --> 01:34:20,500
Three, continents and influence 
the lives of millions. 

1846
01:34:20,500 --> 01:34:25,400
It had been magnificent flawed 
adaptable and ultimately mortal 

1847
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:27,900
much like the human beings who 
built it. 

1848
01:34:27,900 --> 01:34:30,300
Sustained it and finally let it 
go. 

1849
01:34:30,300 --> 01:34:34,700
And now as we finish our journey
together, perhaps it's time to 

1850
01:34:34,700 --> 01:34:37,500
turn off the lamp and let the 
gentle darkness of a well-told 

1851
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:39,200
story. 
Carry us toward our dreams. 

1852
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:51,300
We're starting off with the 
veteran and the sacred Springs 

1853
01:34:51,300 --> 01:34:56,200
Republic second century BC. 
Marcus licinius let out a pained

1854
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:59,100
breath as he lowered his battle.
Scarred body into the steaming 

1855
01:34:59,100 --> 01:35:01,800
Stone. 
Baseman midday Sun filtered 

1856
01:35:01,800 --> 01:35:03,300
through. 
Olive trees around The Rustic 

1857
01:35:03,300 --> 01:35:05,600
Bath House. 
Turning the rising Vapors, 

1858
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:09,600
golden From a man who had spent 
years renting in frigid Camp 

1859
01:35:09,600 --> 01:35:11,900
Rivers. 
This language heat was a luxury.

1860
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:16,200
He closed his eyes feeling old 
Javelin wounds in his shoulder 

1861
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,000
and thighs for the first time 
since the wars against Carthage.

1862
01:35:19,900 --> 01:35:22,100
Standing nearby. 
The Greek physician feel on 

1863
01:35:22,100 --> 01:35:26,200
watched and smiled knowingly 
ladling scented warm water over 

1864
01:35:26,200 --> 01:35:29,300
the veterans back. 
These Greek contrivances. 

1865
01:35:29,300 --> 01:35:33,500
Marcus began to Grumble but his 
voice softened into a sigh as 

1866
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:37,000
warmth, seeped into his bones. 
Bathing was a custom introduced 

1867
01:35:37,000 --> 01:35:40,100
to Italy from Greece only 
recently and traditional Romans 

1868
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:42,400
like him still met with equal 
parts. 

1869
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:46,000
Curiosity and skepticism yet 
pain had a way of overcoming 

1870
01:35:46,000 --> 01:35:48,100
Pride. 
Film, on recalled. 

1871
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:51,000
How Marcus had limped into the 
Grove that morning leaning on a 

1872
01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:54,400
staff and refusing help. 
Now, the soothing Aromas of 

1873
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:57,900
lavender and Laurel in the water
softened, the soldiers hard 

1874
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:00,400
expression. 
Feel had come to Rome as a 

1875
01:36:00,408 --> 01:36:03,300
captive Greek healer, an earned 
his freedom through medical 

1876
01:36:03,300 --> 01:36:04,900
skill. 
Back home. 

1877
01:36:04,900 --> 01:36:08,900
He was understood the power of 
balm the bath as a place of 

1878
01:36:08,900 --> 01:36:11,300
cure. 
He had learned illness came from

1879
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:14,400
imbalances within and believed 
water and heat could help 

1880
01:36:14,400 --> 01:36:17,200
restore Harmony. 
The Physician gently helped 

1881
01:36:17,200 --> 01:36:20,900
Markus lean against the pools 
Edge and with a bronze drill 

1882
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:25,600
began, scraping sweat and oil 
from the skin removing Grime as 

1883
01:36:25,600 --> 01:36:27,600
well as what he called, Bad 
humors. 

1884
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:32,000
Marcus did not fully grasp the 
theory of the four humors but he

1885
01:36:32,008 --> 01:36:35,300
understood one thing, the ritual
felt cleansing and oddly. 

1886
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:37,600
Renewing. 
They were not alone in this 

1887
01:36:37,600 --> 01:36:39,600
modest bathhouse by the sacred 
spring. 

1888
01:36:40,400 --> 01:36:43,300
Nearby a pair of villagers 
quietly, soaked their aching 

1889
01:36:43,300 --> 01:36:45,600
Limbs and inhaled herbal Steam 
for stubborn. 

1890
01:36:45,600 --> 01:36:47,800
Coughs. 
The atmosphere was hushed and 

1891
01:36:47,800 --> 01:36:50,400
reverent. 
This place wasn't a grand public

1892
01:36:50,400 --> 01:36:53,200
Therma. 
But a simple balmiere beside an 

1893
01:36:53,208 --> 01:36:56,900
ancient spring, long believed to
be touched by the gods, Marcus 

1894
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:59,800
recalled, Tales of miraculous 
Waters, curing, The Afflicted, 

1895
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:03,300
the spring fed a small, hot bath
chamber, and a cold pool 

1896
01:37:03,300 --> 01:37:06,300
Downstream and its reputation. 
Had spread after soldiers, 

1897
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:08,700
claimed wounds healed, faster 
here than elsewhere. 

1898
01:37:09,600 --> 01:37:13,000
As Marcus's body grew at 
Clemente, to the heat on guided 

1899
01:37:13,000 --> 01:37:14,500
him to the next step of the 
regiment. 

1900
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:18,300
Now, for the cold plunge, The 
Physician said Marcus grimmest, 

1901
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:22,200
but complied, hobbling to the 
Frigidaire him, a circular Stone

1902
01:37:22,200 --> 01:37:26,700
pool under the Open, Sky you to 
himself and descended the cold 

1903
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:28,800
water gripped. 
His skin like an icy fist. 

1904
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:32,800
Drawing a sharp gas, every 
Instinct screamed to LEAP out 

1905
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:36,700
but Marcus stayed recalling ones
Council that the sudden change 

1906
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:39,100
in temperature would stimulate 
his blood and invigorate the 

1907
01:37:39,108 --> 01:37:42,300
body. 
After a few breaths, the ache in

1908
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:44,100
his leg, dulled to a manageable 
throb. 

1909
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:47,600
Shock of cold following. 
The Deep warmth left in 

1910
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:50,800
breathless yet, strangely 
revitalized Shivering. 

1911
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:54,500
But smiling Marcus emerged and 
wrapped himself in a Woolen 

1912
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:56,400
Tower. 
Offered by an attendant, he 

1913
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:58,200
rolled his shoulder and found it
looser. 

1914
01:37:58,200 --> 01:38:02,300
The usual stabbing pain, notably
diminished, perhaps there is 

1915
01:38:02,300 --> 01:38:05,600
something to These Bars after 
all he admitted Meeting felons 

1916
01:38:05,600 --> 01:38:08,600
eyes. 
The Greek patted, his arm, not 

1917
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:11,400
magic. 
Friend Nature's gift, he didn't 

1918
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:13,400
water can do more than any 
salve. 

1919
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:17,500
Marcus had to agree that the 
edge of the Springfed pools. 

1920
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:19,800
Stood, a small altered in thank 
offerings. 

1921
01:38:19,800 --> 01:38:23,500
Play voted shaped like Limbs and
tablets etched with words of 

1922
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:26,700
gratitude. 
Despite years of battle hardened

1923
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:29,200
skepticism. 
Marcus felt compelled to step 

1924
01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:31,200
over. 
He murdered a few words to 

1925
01:38:31,200 --> 01:38:34,500
escalate Pius, the god of 
healing giving, quite thanks in 

1926
01:38:34,500 --> 01:38:37,300
the old way a breeze. 
Russell, the olive branches 

1927
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:40,700
overhead, as if in gentle 
approval, Markus stood taller. 

1928
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:44,000
The weight of his armor was 
gone, replaced by a lightness, 

1929
01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:47,600
he hadn't felt in decades, In 
the silence broken. 

1930
01:38:47,600 --> 01:38:51,300
Only by trickling water a battle
weary, Roman discovered a new 

1931
01:38:51,300 --> 01:38:54,700
kind of Victory, the healing 
power of water and rest. 

1932
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:59,300
With felons helped Marcus donned
his tunic, the veterans scars 

1933
01:38:59,300 --> 01:39:02,000
would remain, but he felt that a
piece of the wars burden had 

1934
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:05,000
been lifted from him left behind
in those sacred Waters. 

1935
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:09,200
As they Departed, the Grove 
Marcus glanced back at the 

1936
01:39:09,200 --> 01:39:12,800
spring one last time in that 
tranquil Refuge of warmth and 

1937
01:39:12,808 --> 01:39:14,400
Faith. 
He had found hope that even the 

1938
01:39:14,408 --> 01:39:18,200
deepest wounds might One Day Men
A Day At A gripper's thermae 

1939
01:39:18,200 --> 01:39:23,000
between 27 BC and 12 BC. 
Early Empire, steam swirled 

1940
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:26,100
through the cavernous caldarium 
as Lucius suggested a bronze 

1941
01:39:26,100 --> 01:39:29,100
pipe redirecting hot air beneath
the marble floor. 

1942
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:33,100
He was a service Bell near Arias
bath attendant in the 

1943
01:39:33,100 --> 01:39:36,500
Magnificent baths of a gripper 
starting work before Dawn in the

1944
01:39:36,508 --> 01:39:40,400
furnace room face flushed from 
stoking the Wood Fired hippo 

1945
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:43,800
course Lucius finally climbed 
out into the main Halls carrying

1946
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:46,100
baskets of fresh olive oil and 
folded Linens. 

1947
01:39:46,100 --> 01:39:48,300
The bars are already coming 
alive. 

1948
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:52,900
Aristocrats in a Lincoln togas, 
whether legionaries Merchants 

1949
01:39:52,900 --> 01:39:55,400
from afar and even freedmen and 
slaves. 

1950
01:39:55,400 --> 01:39:58,700
Scraped together, the tiny fee 
for entry all arriving in the 

1951
01:39:58,700 --> 01:40:01,700
Morning, Light. 
Social distinctions melted away.

1952
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:05,600
Once inside Senators, Merchant 
soldiers and even slaves. 

1953
01:40:05,600 --> 01:40:08,700
Mingled freely here on Common 
Ground by mid-morning. 

1954
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:10,800
They stationed Lucius in the 
appetite area. 

1955
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:13,800
The changing room filled with 
cubbyholes for clothes. 

1956
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:18,600
A kindly Senator pressed, a 
quadrans, the customary fee into

1957
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:21,600
Lucius Palm. 
As a gratuity since a grip is 

1958
01:40:21,600 --> 01:40:24,100
death, the Magnificent thermae 
were left free to the people. 

1959
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:26,800
So any payment now was a 
personal gift. 

1960
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:29,600
Lucius smiled gratefully and 
tucked. 

1961
01:40:29,600 --> 01:40:33,200
The coin away suddenly a shout 
at The Far Side signal that 

1962
01:40:33,200 --> 01:40:38,100
obeys could Gone Missing. 
Lucius stomach dropped theft in 

1963
01:40:38,108 --> 01:40:40,900
the crowded bars was 
unfortunately, common in the 

1964
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:43,500
gods would receive another 
bitter prayer against a thief 

1965
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:46,100
before nightfall. 
As the rush of bathers. 

1966
01:40:46,100 --> 01:40:48,000
Slowed Lucius took a moment to 
breathe. 

1967
01:40:48,000 --> 01:40:51,700
He wondered through the 
tepidarium the warm room where 

1968
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:53,800
clusters of men reclined on 
heated benches. 

1969
01:40:54,700 --> 01:40:57,500
Two Scholars soaked and debated 
in Greek about Aristotle, 

1970
01:40:57,500 --> 01:41:00,300
nearby. 
A poet Declan new verses to an 

1971
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:03,200
appreciative Circle. 
He often saw philosophers and 

1972
01:41:03,200 --> 01:41:05,300
Poets here, sharing wisdom with 
anyone. 

1973
01:41:05,300 --> 01:41:09,500
Who would listen Though he did 
not interject Lucius, felt proud

1974
01:41:09,500 --> 01:41:12,300
to work in a place where 
knowledge flowed as freely as 

1975
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:15,300
water. 
His reprieve was briefed a call 

1976
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:18,400
from the palace yard sent him 
running. 

1977
01:41:19,100 --> 01:41:22,000
One of the wrestling trainers 
needed more oil for athletes to 

1978
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:25,100
anoint themselves. 
Lucius fetched a jug of scented 

1979
01:41:25,100 --> 01:41:27,500
oil and marveled at the 
surroundings as he trotted 

1980
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:30,700
through a Colonnade. 
Agrippa's complex was not only 

1981
01:41:30,700 --> 01:41:35,400
bars and gyms but also Gardens 
and promenades through arched 

1982
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:38,500
doorways, he glimpsed manicured 
Courtyards and Colonnades like 

1983
01:41:38,500 --> 01:41:42,700
the Greek gymnasia but even more
sumptuous Patron strolled those 

1984
01:41:42,700 --> 01:41:46,400
paths to cool down surrounded by
statues and Greenery, a 

1985
01:41:46,400 --> 01:41:48,400
carefully crafted landscape of 
leisure and health. 

1986
01:41:49,500 --> 01:41:52,400
Back in the main bath Hall. 
Lucius carefully poured oil into

1987
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:55,300
the hands of a Burley veteran 
preparing for a massage. 

1988
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:59,300
The man nodded in thangs scars. 
Criss, Crossing his back. 

1989
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:02,900
He mentioned that his old war, 
wounds paint him less after a 

1990
01:42:02,900 --> 01:42:06,700
hot soak, Lucius offered a 
polite smile and moved on, but 

1991
01:42:06,700 --> 01:42:08,700
inside, he felt a spark of 
satisfaction. 

1992
01:42:08,700 --> 01:42:12,000
He saw daily, how much relief 
the baths brought to weary 

1993
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:14,200
bodies? 
People left, these Halls walking

1994
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:18,100
taller than when they entered. 
By late afternoon, the crowds 

1995
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:20,300
thinned Lucius helped, sweet 
the. 

1996
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:24,000
Now empty Frigidaire area, the 
cold plunge room, shivering, a 

1997
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:27,500
bit in the clam are left behind.
Gathered strace triggers and 

1998
01:42:27,500 --> 01:42:30,800
tidied shelves of oils at last 
as dusk approached. 

1999
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:35,600
The Thurman closed for cleaning.
Saw an exhausted Lucius crept to

2000
01:42:35,600 --> 01:42:38,900
a quiet corner of the caldarium.
With no patrons around, he 

2001
01:42:38,900 --> 01:42:41,300
finally dared to slip into the 
warm bath himself. 

2002
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:44,800
The Embrace of hot water was 
immediate Bliss to his aching 

2003
01:42:44,800 --> 01:42:48,800
muscles eyes closed he floated 
for a minute letting healing 

2004
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:51,900
warmth wash over him in that 
brief moment. 

2005
01:42:51,900 --> 01:42:55,500
The grand bath, he served each 
day became his Sanctuary 2 

2006
01:42:55,500 --> 01:42:58,600
Lamplight flickers in the 
corridors as he finished his 

2007
01:42:58,600 --> 01:43:01,300
duties. 
Before leaving, he pulls by the 

2008
01:43:01,300 --> 01:43:03,700
small altar, where patrons 
offered thanks to the goddess of

2009
01:43:03,708 --> 01:43:06,100
Health Sailors and bowed his 
head. 

2010
01:43:06,900 --> 01:43:10,600
He had witnessed both doors of 
Nobles and workers, find Solace 

2011
01:43:10,600 --> 01:43:14,000
cleanliness and companionship 
beneath these voltage. 

2012
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:16,800
Ceilings Lucius locked, the 
massive, bronze doors from 

2013
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:19,200
outside in the Amber glow of 
Sundown. 

2014
01:43:19,200 --> 01:43:23,400
The baths of a gripper, stood 
silent and steamy behind him and

2015
01:43:23,400 --> 01:43:27,100
enduring gift to Rome tomorrow 
at dawn, he would return to 

2016
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:29,800
ignite its fires in you. 
Knowing that within those walls,

2017
01:43:29,800 --> 01:43:34,000
the aches of rich and poor alike
with the same Healing Waters in 

2018
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:39,200
The Sacred Waters of soulless. 
Britannia second century ad. 

2019
01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:42,300
Baraka lifted. 
Her hands above the steaming 

2020
01:43:42,300 --> 01:43:44,600
pool as Dawn's. 
First light crept through the 

2021
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:47,400
open roof as a priestess of 
Solace, Minerva. 

2022
01:43:47,400 --> 01:43:50,100
She began each day in Prayer by 
The Sacred spring. 

2023
01:43:50,900 --> 01:43:54,700
Tendrils of mist curled around 
her and the loan Roman veteran 

2024
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:56,600
who stood shivering in the cool 
morning air. 

2025
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:00,500
Marcus Julius a retired 
Centurion had traveled. 

2026
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:04,100
Hundreds of miles to aquae sulis
in hopes these famous thermal 

2027
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:05,900
Waters. 
Might ease the agonizing pain. 

2028
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:08,900
In his joints, he watched with 
cautious reverence as the 

2029
01:44:08,900 --> 01:44:12,400
Priestess invoke. 
The goddess suis Minerva healer 

2030
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:16,600
reveals bless us, she intoned. 
Suis was venerated as a healing 

2031
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:19,300
Divinity, whose sacred Hot 
Springs, could cure physical and

2032
01:44:19,300 --> 01:44:22,300
spiritual suffering and a 
barakah felt the goddess as 

2033
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:26,200
presence in the rising Steam. 
At her nod, Mark, Marcus 

2034
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:30,400
destroyed, his toll scared frame
gingerly, descended the stone 

2035
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:34,300
steps into the great bath. 
He inhaled sharply the water was

2036
01:44:34,300 --> 01:44:38,100
near scolding rich with sulfur 
and minerals that tinged it, a 

2037
01:44:38,100 --> 01:44:40,200
translucent green. 
Every day. 

2038
01:44:40,200 --> 01:44:44,000
A bureau newcomers, react the 
same way, a gas, but the heat 

2039
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:48,400
then a sigh as the warmth 
penetrated aching Bone's Marcus 

2040
01:44:48,400 --> 01:44:51,400
settled Neck Deep his muscles 
gradually unclenching. 

2041
01:44:52,100 --> 01:44:56,500
Took up a shallow pewter bowl, 
dipped it and slowly poured, the

2042
01:44:56,500 --> 01:44:58,700
hot mineral water. 
Over the veteran shoulders. 

2043
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:01,200
This act was part of the healing
ritual. 

2044
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:04,200
The water trickling off his body
was thought to carry the 

2045
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:06,000
Spring's. 
Healing Essence in to him. 

2046
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:09,700
The Centurion closed his eyes 
while the Priestess gently 

2047
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:12,800
poured the shimmering water. 
Again and again murmuring 

2048
01:45:12,800 --> 01:45:15,500
prayers in both Latin. 
And the ancient brittonic tongue

2049
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:17,600
of this land. 
All around them. 

2050
01:45:17,600 --> 01:45:19,800
The baths of soulless were 
stirring awake. 

2051
01:45:20,400 --> 01:45:23,700
Fellow pilgrims and local 
townsfolk began to arrive their 

2052
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:25,300
footsteps. 
Echoing under the Portico 

2053
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:28,900
families with sick children and 
elderly Farmers with crutches 

2054
01:45:28,900 --> 01:45:33,000
came seeking relief. 
Abraca greeted each quietly, the

2055
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:36,100
Rome governed Britannia. 
Now in this complex, the goddess

2056
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:39,600
welcomed all with Healing Waters
within the adjacent Temple, 

2057
01:45:39,600 --> 01:45:42,600
acolytes prepared, offerings of 
food and carved plaques to 

2058
01:45:42,608 --> 01:45:46,600
present miners altar. 
The air smelled of moist Stone, 

2059
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:49,800
burning incense and the metallic
Tang of the spring. 

2060
01:45:51,000 --> 01:45:53,400
For a moment, a barakah glanced 
toward the temples, in a 

2061
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:56,800
sanctum, where a gilded bronze 
statue of the Goddess caught the

2062
01:45:56,800 --> 01:45:59,000
light. 
She whispered a promise under 

2063
01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:02,200
her breath that suits, his power
would never be forsaken here. 

2064
01:46:02,200 --> 01:46:06,800
Even as foreign Customs swirled 
around her, Marcus Rouse her 

2065
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:07,400
from her. 
Thoughts. 

2066
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:10,400
With a quiet grown. 
He'd been soaking for a while 

2067
01:46:10,400 --> 01:46:12,900
eyes. 
Half closed as the thermal heat 

2068
01:46:12,900 --> 01:46:15,400
worked on him. 
The Priestess stepped to The 

2069
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:17,200
Waters Edge. 
How do you feel? 

2070
01:46:17,200 --> 01:46:20,500
She asked softly. 
The soldier rolled his shoulder.

2071
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:22,300
Experimentally beneath the green
surface. 

2072
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:26,500
Better. 
I think he replied and no one in

2073
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:28,500
his voice. 
He moved his knee that had been 

2074
01:46:28,508 --> 01:46:31,600
stiff with arthritis. 
It was still in flexible, but 

2075
01:46:31,600 --> 01:46:35,100
the stabbing pain had lessened. 
The goddess Smiles on you. 

2076
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:37,300
A bureaucracy said with a gentle
smile. 

2077
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:40,800
She offered him a cup of the 
spring water, many believe, 

2078
01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:42,800
drinking it cleansed one from 
within as well. 

2079
01:46:43,600 --> 01:46:46,900
Marcus drank, the warm metallic 
tasting water and managed to 

2080
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:48,900
grin. 
It was the first time ever after

2081
01:46:48,900 --> 01:46:51,000
had seen the stern man, smile 
that morning. 

2082
01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:54,400
By midday Marcus. 
Now wrapped in a Woolen cloak 

2083
01:46:54,400 --> 01:46:57,500
joined deeper Acer and other 
supplicants of the circular 

2084
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:00,000
spring for a communal ritual. 
One by one. 

2085
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:02,700
They placed tokens in the 
bubbling water in, thanks or 

2086
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:06,700
petition, Marcus dropped a warn 
Legion pendant in to the depths 

2087
01:47:06,700 --> 01:47:09,200
as an offering. 
While others tossed coins. 

2088
01:47:09,200 --> 01:47:11,800
That glinted beneath. 
The ripples the group then 

2089
01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:13,900
charted. 
A whim of healing in unison. 

2090
01:47:14,700 --> 01:47:17,300
Their Latin and ratownik prayers
intermingling onto the high 

2091
01:47:17,300 --> 01:47:20,200
roof. 
A baraka's voice, Rose strong 

2092
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:23,800
and clear, invoking Solace. 
As a nourishing mother and 

2093
01:47:23,800 --> 01:47:28,400
Vigilant maneuver all at once. 
When the rights concluded at 

2094
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:30,600
Baraka noticed, tears in the 
centurion's eyes. 

2095
01:47:31,600 --> 01:47:34,100
A film New Again, markers 
whispered, amazed. 

2096
01:47:34,900 --> 01:47:37,100
He flexed his hands finding the 
usual morning. 

2097
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:40,200
Stiffness gone. 
Despite his scars from war and 

2098
01:47:40,200 --> 01:47:42,900
age, the hot Waters. 
Had restored, his vitality. 

2099
01:47:43,800 --> 01:47:46,500
Ybarek helped him to his feet 
and guided him to give. 

2100
01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:49,700
Thanks at the altar, Marcus 
bowed deeply and left his old 

2101
01:47:49,708 --> 01:47:52,100
crutch. 
Propped against a pillar a 

2102
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:54,200
silent testimony that he hoped 
not to need it again. 

2103
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:56,800
That evening, as the last ever 
tease. 

2104
01:47:56,800 --> 01:47:59,700
Departed, a bureau lingard. 
Thank the goddess. 

2105
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:03,100
She sprinkled rose petals into 
the steaming pool and fed the 

2106
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:06,900
altar fire until it glowed. 
Many were depart acquire, a 

2107
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:09,600
soulless carrying Tales of 
relief and healing back to their

2108
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:12,500
homes. 
Priestess a barakah offered one 

2109
01:48:12,500 --> 01:48:16,200
final prayer that the sacred 
Springs would remain a sanctuary

2110
01:48:16,200 --> 01:48:18,400
of healing for all who truly 
needed it. 

2111
01:48:18,400 --> 01:48:23,000
The Physicians Council roam. 
See one 888 Julius from Tina's 

2112
01:48:23,000 --> 01:48:26,900
arrived at the baths of trajan 
at dawn, A trained physician, he

2113
01:48:26,900 --> 01:48:29,700
often met patients here amid. 
The marble halls and Healing 

2114
01:48:29,700 --> 01:48:32,200
Waters. 
This morning, he had invited his

2115
01:48:32,200 --> 01:48:34,900
friend Fabius for a private 
consultation in the bars 

2116
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:37,800
soothing environment. 
Fabius had been listless and 

2117
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:40,900
sorrowful since losing his wife,
last winter, a classic 

2118
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:44,700
Melancholia as Julius saw it 
Julius, believed the bars could 

2119
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:47,800
succeed, where months of 
mourning had failed to restore. 

2120
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:51,000
His friends body and spirit by 
rebalancing, the humours thrown 

2121
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:53,900
off by grief. 
They found a quiet corner of the

2122
01:48:53,900 --> 01:48:57,500
tepidarium where gentle warmth 
emanated from the floors and 

2123
01:48:57,500 --> 01:49:00,300
walls. 
Julius encouraged Fabius to 

2124
01:49:00,300 --> 01:49:03,900
recline on a heated bench. 
We will begin here to warm your 

2125
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:08,000
blood he explained in the soft 
light mosaics of hygeia looked 

2126
01:49:08,000 --> 01:49:11,900
down as if supervising therapy 
Julius mixed a few drops of 

2127
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:15,000
eucalyptus oil into fabulous 
Palm trick he had learned to 

2128
01:49:15,008 --> 01:49:18,400
open the lungs and lift the mood
as Fabius inhaled the sharp 

2129
01:49:18,400 --> 01:49:21,100
scent Julius noted, his friends 
posture change. 

2130
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:24,500
The Philosopher's shoulders. 
Long tents began to relax. 

2131
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:28,000
Gradual warmth was known to 
purge unholster, some Vapors and

2132
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:32,200
prepare the body to release its 
birds and indeed fabia's chest 

2133
01:49:32,200 --> 01:49:33,700
seemed to lighten with each 
breath. 

2134
01:49:34,600 --> 01:49:37,900
Next Julius LED his friend into 
the caldarium, the hot steam 

2135
01:49:37,900 --> 01:49:42,600
chamber, a wave of moist heat in
the Fabius frowned at the 

2136
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:46,500
discomfort, but Julius Satin by 
The Hot Fountain and urged him 

2137
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:49,900
to breathe deeply. 
Soon, sweat was streaming down 

2138
01:49:49,900 --> 01:49:53,100
fabi's body. 
Julius gently, scraped it away 

2139
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:55,800
with a bronze struggle. 
As if peeling off a layer of 

2140
01:49:55,800 --> 01:49:59,600
Sorrow along with the sweat, the
intense heat began to loosen his

2141
01:49:59,600 --> 01:50:02,300
stiff muscles and even ease his 
tight chest. 

2142
01:50:02,300 --> 01:50:05,500
Fabulous is breathing shallow at
first grew deeper and more 

2143
01:50:05,500 --> 01:50:08,000
rhythmic. 
After a thorough, sweat Julius, 

2144
01:50:08,000 --> 01:50:11,000
guided the trembling philosopher
toward the domed Frigidaire 

2145
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:15,800
area. a circular pool of cold 
Clear Water, awaited Fabius 

2146
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:19,800
balked on the edge eyeing, the 
chili Basin with Dread Trust me,

2147
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:23,800
Julius said, with the support of
arm, he helped Fabia step down 

2148
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:26,300
the cold, hit him with a brutal 
shock. 

2149
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:30,700
Fabius, Gaston almost bolted 
out, but Julius held him a 

2150
01:50:30,700 --> 01:50:34,100
moment until the Panic passed. 
His heart pounded and his skin 

2151
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:37,400
tingled such as Sudden Change in
temperature was believed to 

2152
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:41,000
stimulate circulation and 
sharpen the senses and indeed, 

2153
01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:43,000
Fabius felt more alert than he 
had in ages. 

2154
01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:47,300
He waited out of the pool on his
own, a look of astonishment and 

2155
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:49,500
his face. 
A feel away. 

2156
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:51,600
He marveled through chattering 
teeth. 

2157
01:50:52,300 --> 01:50:55,300
Julius, briskly rubbed him down 
with a course, towel restoring 

2158
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:58,900
warmth to his skin. 
Color returned to fabi's cheeks 

2159
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:02,000
and a light to his eyes. 
They rested in a sunlit 

2160
01:51:02,000 --> 01:51:05,600
courtyard in Fresh Linen, robes 
and sipping watered wine. 

2161
01:51:06,300 --> 01:51:08,300
Fabrics, limbs were loose in his
mind. 

2162
01:51:08,300 --> 01:51:11,600
Clear. 
Grassed julius's hand greatly 

2163
01:51:11,600 --> 01:51:16,000
grief, had driven his humans to 
imbalance but nature, aided by 

2164
01:51:16,008 --> 01:51:18,300
hot water, and cold, had helped 
restore. 

2165
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:21,700
What was lost Julius gently 
reminded him, that regular 

2166
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:24,400
bathing purifies the body of 
toxins and cannot lift the 

2167
01:51:24,400 --> 01:51:27,000
spirit. 
As they prepared to depart 

2168
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:30,000
Julius observed, a cluster of 
men by The Colonnade engaged in 

2169
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:34,600
a lively debate on Aristotle's. 
Ethics The Physician smiled 

2170
01:51:34,600 --> 01:51:37,700
bathhouses, often served as 
informal forums for Scholars and

2171
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:40,500
Physicians alike. 
He himself had exchanged 

2172
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,600
remedies and insights in these 
Halls, many times knowledge, 

2173
01:51:43,600 --> 01:51:45,700
flowing freely among those 
dedicated to Wellness. 

2174
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,300
Indeed, this place cared for the
spirit just as much as the body.

2175
01:51:50,100 --> 01:51:53,200
He noted that Fabius now sat 
upright, calmly watching the 

2176
01:51:53,200 --> 01:51:55,700
morning, bustle, the haunted. 
Look gone from his face. 

2177
01:51:56,700 --> 01:51:59,700
Before departing Julius gave 
Fabius a small vial of soothing 

2178
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:02,300
herbal oil, instructing him to 
use it each night. 

2179
01:52:03,100 --> 01:52:06,100
Fairies thanked him and promised
to return to the bath soon. 

2180
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:10,400
Not as a patient, but as a 
friend, For Julius. 

2181
01:52:10,400 --> 01:52:14,300
This was the true reward of 
medicine easing an ailment and 

2182
01:52:14,300 --> 01:52:17,900
seeing hope rekindled in the 
vaulted Halls of the bars. 

2183
01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:21,100
Assault weighed down by sorrow 
had truly, been lightened, 

2184
01:52:21,100 --> 01:52:24,700
healing had come through hot and
cold water medicine and 

2185
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:27,800
friendship. 
All in harmony together in Rome,

2186
01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:32,900
2717 add a merchant at Carroll's
bars named lysandra of Tire 

2187
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:35,500
stepped through the Towering 
entrance of the baths of 

2188
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:38,500
caracalla and felt his breath 
catch in his throat. 

2189
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:41,900
He had traveled across half the 
Empire, but never seen a 

2190
01:52:41,900 --> 01:52:45,500
monument to Leisure as 
magnificent as this a vast Hall 

2191
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:48,600
stretched before him, its 
voltage ceiling held a loft by 

2192
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:52,300
dozens of columns everywhere, 
stood, marble statues of gods 

2193
01:52:52,300 --> 01:52:55,000
and heroes. 
Colossal Hercules leaning on his

2194
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:58,500
Club, dominated the scene. 
The complex was renowned for its

2195
01:52:58,500 --> 01:53:02,200
unparalleled lavish decoration, 
the merchant, past bronze, 

2196
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:06,100
fountains tinkling gently, their
water music, echoing off, the 

2197
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:09,900
high walls, Clad only in a 
simple loincloth provided at the

2198
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:12,800
entrance by sander moved, from 
the grand Atrium into the 

2199
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:17,000
bustling of poo Diario. 
Here garments of rich, and poor 

2200
01:53:17,000 --> 01:53:20,400
hung side by side in the wall. 
Natchez two young bath 

2201
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:22,400
attendants helped Lysander in 
his belongings. 

2202
01:53:23,300 --> 01:53:27,200
Caster side toward his Satchel 
of precious spices until an 

2203
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:28,700
attendant assured him. 
It would be safe. 

2204
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:32,700
With a knot of thangs, like 
Sandra stepped gingerly onward. 

2205
01:53:32,700 --> 01:53:35,900
The smooth marble floor. 
Warm under his bare feet. 

2206
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:37,400
Thanks to the hyperstreet fires 
below. 

2207
01:53:38,400 --> 01:53:42,100
He first entered, the tepidarium
a warm chamber, where inviting 

2208
01:53:42,100 --> 01:53:46,100
heat caressed, his travel weary 
muscles, Golden Light, filtered 

2209
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:49,100
through high Windows, 
Illuminating mosaic's of sea 

2210
01:53:49,100 --> 01:53:52,400
creatures across the floor, 
Groups of men reclined on heated

2211
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:55,300
benches, along the walls 
chatting in a dozen tongues 

2212
01:53:55,300 --> 01:54:00,300
Latin Greek Egyptian Aramaic and
even his native Syriac despite 

2213
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:04,500
differences in speech and Status
here, all were simply bathers at

2214
01:54:04,508 --> 01:54:07,500
ease. 
A portly Roman negotiator struck

2215
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:10,800
up a friendly conversation about
Caravan routes and even offered.

2216
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:14,700
Lysander a dab of citrus scented
oil from his flask the merchant 

2217
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:18,600
graciously, accepted rubbing it 
into his skin as the tension of 

2218
01:54:18,600 --> 01:54:20,800
months on the road began to melt
from his shoulders. 

2219
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:24,900
Next, he followed the flow of 
bathers into the caldarium, the 

2220
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,100
enormous hot room at one end of 
this. 

2221
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:30,600
Cavernous Hall Road, a circular 
pool of steaming Water flanked 

2222
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:33,900
by enormous marble tubs. 
The air was thick and steamy 

2223
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:36,500
muffling. 
Every sound to a murmur like 

2224
01:54:36,500 --> 01:54:39,800
sander, eased himself into the 
central hot pool, the water 

2225
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:43,200
embraced him almost too hot at 
first, but he slowly sank up to 

2226
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:47,400
his chest waves of heat unfolded
through his limbs dissolving, 

2227
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:50,500
the stiffness in his spine, from
weeks of jostling, and a camel 

2228
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:53,500
drawn wagon. 
Nearby, a pair of off-duty, 

2229
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:56,500
legionaries sighed with relief 
as they submerge themselves. 

2230
01:54:57,400 --> 01:55:00,100
I sand a closed, his eyes and 
let's sweat bead on his brow. 

2231
01:55:00,100 --> 01:55:03,000
A bath attendant appeared with a
bronze drill. 

2232
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:05,900
And Lysander allowed, the young 
man to briskly scrape. 

2233
01:55:05,900 --> 01:55:07,700
The purse operation and oil from
his skin. 

2234
01:55:08,400 --> 01:55:11,500
He marveled at the sight of even
this humble task in the Palace 

2235
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:14,300
of well-being. 
Properly steamed and scrubbed. 

2236
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:17,800
Lysander was ready for the final
trial the Frigidaire. 

2237
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:22,100
He braced himself as he stepped 
into the next chamber and Airy 

2238
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:23,900
Hall with a vast cold Swimming 
Pool. 

2239
01:55:23,900 --> 01:55:28,900
Ntachi opened to the sky, the 
sun climbed higher now, its 

2240
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:30,500
raised dancing on the turquoise 
water. 

2241
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:34,100
With a hearty Excel by sander 
plunged forward. 

2242
01:55:34,100 --> 01:55:37,600
The cold, shocked him to his 
core gasped. 

2243
01:55:37,600 --> 01:55:40,600
As the chill enveloped, his 
overheated skin, When he 

2244
01:55:40,600 --> 01:55:42,600
surfaced invigorated, he was 
glad for it. 

2245
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:47,400
He laughed out loud and surprise
some nearby bathers chuckled at 

2246
01:55:47,400 --> 01:55:50,200
his shocked face. 
And he grinned back the sudden 

2247
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:53,100
contrast from hot to cold Cent 
new energy coursing through his 

2248
01:55:53,100 --> 01:55:55,700
veins. 
Leaving him alert and renewed. 

2249
01:55:56,800 --> 01:55:59,400
After swimming, like sander 
wandered into a landscape 

2250
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:03,100
gardening, the natatorium 
clipped Hedges and fruit trees 

2251
01:56:03,100 --> 01:56:06,100
offered dappled shade. 
He strolled along a portico 

2252
01:56:06,100 --> 01:56:07,800
where others Lounge, cooling 
off. 

2253
01:56:07,800 --> 01:56:11,500
Some enjoying a light snack. 
In one corner, stood a small 

2254
01:56:11,508 --> 01:56:13,800
Shrine to escalate Pius the god 
of healing. 

2255
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:18,200
Though not to Devout man, like 
Santa Paws to Bow his head and 

2256
01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:20,300
offer a silent. 
Thanks to the powers watching 

2257
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:22,900
over weary Travelers. 
Only that morning. 

2258
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:26,100
He had arrived in Rome bone, 
tired, and soar in every joint 

2259
01:56:26,100 --> 01:56:29,000
now. 
He felt practically Reborn. 

2260
01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:32,900
As he prepared to leave Lysander
felt the day's burdens 

2261
01:56:32,900 --> 01:56:36,100
completely lifted. 
Stepping back out through the 

2262
01:56:36,100 --> 01:56:38,000
Grand doors into the bustling 
streets. 

2263
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:41,000
The Syrian Merchants carried 
with him, a newfound Vigor. 

2264
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:44,600
The bards of caracalla had, 
cleansed the dust from his skin 

2265
01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:46,700
and washed away, the weariness 
of his long journey. 

2266
01:56:47,500 --> 01:56:50,400
Refreshed and optimistic, 
Lysander hefted, his Satchel of 

2267
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:54,400
spices surprisingly lighter on 
his shoulders now and set off to

2268
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:57,400
conclude his business in the 
capital rejuvenated, by the 

2269
01:56:57,400 --> 01:57:00,800
restorative powers of Rome's 
granddads, the saint of the 

2270
01:57:00,808 --> 01:57:06,400
barthes roam sea 428. 
The late afternoon sun cast Long

2271
01:57:06,400 --> 01:57:10,000
Shadows through the half, empty,
baths of Titus, Illuminating 

2272
01:57:10,000 --> 01:57:12,500
moats of dust swirling, about 
the tepidarium pool. 

2273
01:57:12,500 --> 01:57:16,500
Flavia a middle-aged Deaconess 
of the Christian Church, rang 

2274
01:57:16,500 --> 01:57:20,000
out, a linen cloth in warm water
and gently laid at over an old 

2275
01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:24,200
woman's arthritic knees around 
them, a handful of the sick and 

2276
01:57:24,200 --> 01:57:26,800
poor soaked quietly in the small
bath Hall. 

2277
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:31,000
This once Grand facility had 
seen better days, mosaic's, 

2278
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:34,500
missing tiles, a dry Fountain 
Niche, where a statue of Apollo 

2279
01:57:34,500 --> 01:57:38,200
had stood yet to Flavia. 
It was a sacred place of 

2280
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:41,200
healing. 
In the corner where a fresco of 

2281
01:57:41,200 --> 01:57:44,100
nymphs was fading, a simple 
wooden cross hung on the wall. 

2282
01:57:44,700 --> 01:57:46,500
She offered a silent prayer as 
she worked. 

2283
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:50,700
Not to Pagan, nymphs or Gods. 
But asking Christ to bless these

2284
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:52,700
Waters as he wants to the pool 
of Bethesda. 

2285
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:57,200
The city's Elite now shunned 
public, baths, preferring 

2286
01:57:57,200 --> 01:57:59,500
private tubs or avoiding them on
moral grounds. 

2287
01:57:59,500 --> 01:58:03,100
Church leaders condemned 
bathhouses as dens of sin. 

2288
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:06,500
Outlawing mixed bathing and 
segregating men and women Buy 

2289
01:58:06,500 --> 01:58:09,100
hours. 
Many once great bath, complexes 

2290
01:58:09,100 --> 01:58:12,900
were closing due to neglect but 
flavius saw opportunity in the 

2291
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:16,400
decline with few Pleasure 
Seekers left, One Wing of the 

2292
01:58:16,400 --> 01:58:20,900
baths of Titus, now served as an
unofficial Infirmary, It's warm 

2293
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:23,600
rooms and water. 
Comforted those two poor or ill 

2294
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:28,000
to that home her patients. 
This day, included septimius a 

2295
01:58:28,000 --> 01:58:31,700
feverish stonemason near us, 
retired legionary with a 

2296
01:58:31,700 --> 01:58:35,000
festering leg, wound. 
An old Olivia, whose knees 

2297
01:58:35,000 --> 01:58:38,800
throbbed with arthritis, one by 
one Flavia guide did them 

2298
01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:42,200
through a gentle bathing 
regiment in the tepidarium mild 

2299
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:45,700
warmth stiff, joints loosened 
and fevers began to break. 

2300
01:58:46,800 --> 01:58:49,400
He crushed a bit of Rosemary and
Eucalyptus into hot water, 

2301
01:58:49,400 --> 01:58:53,300
filling the air with sharp 
cleansing Vapors that Drew a 

2302
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:55,300
weak smile from feverish 
septimius. 

2303
01:58:56,000 --> 01:58:59,100
Next with help from a few 
volunteers, former bath 

2304
01:58:59,100 --> 01:59:02,100
attendance now serving as 
Christian helpers, Flavia 

2305
01:59:02,100 --> 01:59:03,800
brought them into the small 
caldarium. 

2306
01:59:04,400 --> 01:59:08,300
In the hazy steam, she softly 
sang A Hymn nerius, the old 

2307
01:59:08,300 --> 01:59:11,000
Soldier closed his eyes and 
joined in between deep. 

2308
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:14,600
Breaths of hot air. 
This beats the Army Camps, he 

2309
01:59:14,600 --> 01:59:17,900
murmured with a faint grin. 
Even if we sing to a different 

2310
01:59:17,900 --> 01:59:21,000
God. 
Now, Flavia chuckled even as 

2311
01:59:21,000 --> 01:59:24,000
times changed, the enduring 
practice of soothing weary 

2312
01:59:24,000 --> 01:59:28,500
bodies with heat remained After 
the steam bath, Flavia led the 

2313
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:31,500
group to The Frigid area. 
Only a trickle of cold water 

2314
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:34,300
still flowed. 
But it was enough Olivia 

2315
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:37,000
ghastly, a porter bowl of the 
cool water over her. 

2316
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:41,500
Swollen knees, easy flavius 
soothed, the brief cold shock 

2317
01:59:41,500 --> 01:59:44,900
brought relief Olivia sighed as 
the inflammation in her joints. 

2318
01:59:44,900 --> 01:59:48,100
Ease Flavia thought of how 
ancient Physicians praise. 

2319
01:59:48,100 --> 01:59:51,700
The contrast of hot and cold to 
stimulate healing and how even a

2320
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:54,300
Christian Bishop had heard the 
use of god-given Remedies like 

2321
01:59:54,300 --> 01:59:57,300
bars. 
Their circuit complete Flavia 

2322
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:00,000
helped, the weakened, by these 
dry off and rest along the 

2323
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:01,500
courtyard Colonnade for fresh 
air. 

2324
02:00:02,500 --> 02:00:05,700
Twilight approached a breeze 
carrying in the center of olive 

2325
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:08,900
trees outside. 
She ladled out cups of warm 

2326
02:00:08,900 --> 02:00:12,500
broth from a pot simmering where
perfumed oils were once heated 

2327
02:00:12,500 --> 02:00:16,100
in the fading light, the group 
murmured prayers of thanks. 

2328
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:21,000
Septimius is fever had broken 
sweat beaded on his brow but his

2329
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:23,700
eyes were clear. 
Nearest, flexed, his leg and 

2330
02:00:23,708 --> 02:00:27,800
found the wound, clean, the pain
abated, Livia, squeezed flavius,

2331
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:31,000
hand, and gratitude. 
And for the first time in weeks,

2332
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:35,900
Livia felt her pain knees. 
As Flavia packed away, her 

2333
02:00:35,900 --> 02:00:38,400
supplies, young. 
Acolyte lit a few oil lamps 

2334
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:41,300
along the walls. 
Their gentle glow fell on faded 

2335
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:44,400
painting of Roman gods, and the 
simple crosses scratched by the 

2336
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:47,100
Fateful. 
The old and new converged here. 

2337
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:51,300
These Bars once echoed with 
Pagan Odes and idle gossip. 

2338
02:00:51,300 --> 02:00:53,100
Now, they heard prayers and 
hymns. 

2339
02:00:53,100 --> 02:00:56,800
The water that Romans wants 
dedicated to escalate was now 

2340
02:00:56,800 --> 02:00:59,900
blessed in Christ's name. 
Different prayers led to the 

2341
02:00:59,900 --> 02:01:03,000
same Healing Waters. 
Before closing for the night 

2342
02:01:03,000 --> 02:01:06,100
flavian, knelt by the pool and 
dipped her hand into the warm 

2343
02:01:06,100 --> 02:01:09,600
water Whispering. 
A final prayer of thangs, this 

2344
02:01:09,600 --> 02:01:12,500
derelict Bath House. 
Turned in fermery felt as holy 

2345
02:01:12,500 --> 02:01:16,600
to her as any Chapel place where
suffering was eased and dignity 

2346
02:01:16,600 --> 02:01:19,300
restored. 
With that thought warming her 

2347
02:01:19,300 --> 02:01:23,700
heart, Flavia shuttered, the 
doors, the baths of Titus fell 

2348
02:01:23,700 --> 02:01:26,600
into quiet Darkness, say for The
Gleam of the wooden cross on the

2349
02:01:26,600 --> 02:01:30,500
wall, a reminder that even as 
Empires fade, the call to care 

2350
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:34,700
for the sick endures under a 
legend winter Sky, Marcus pushed

2351
02:01:34,700 --> 02:01:37,100
open the heavy doors of the 
baths of Diocletian. 

2352
02:01:37,100 --> 02:01:41,400
In our final story of the 
Twilight of the thermae, romae 

2353
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:45,700
537, add a sharp wind followed 
him in swirling. 

2354
02:01:45,700 --> 02:01:49,400
Fallen leaves across the floor, 
only a dozen patrons huddled in 

2355
02:01:49,400 --> 02:01:52,100
the vast complex. 
The baths emptiness was 

2356
02:01:52,100 --> 02:01:56,800
palpable, Markus had served as 
curator a water engineer for 

2357
02:01:56,800 --> 02:02:00,600
over 30 years, tending, Rome's 
aqueducts and bathhouses. 

2358
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:04,000
He remembered when these Halls 
echoed with laughter each after 

2359
02:02:04,000 --> 02:02:08,500
noon, now, many pools, set dry 
or lukewarm still, he made his 

2360
02:02:08,500 --> 02:02:11,800
rounds determined to offer what 
Comfort he could to those few 

2361
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:16,100
Romans who clung to the old ways
in the tepidarium only two 

2362
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:18,900
loyal. 
Patrons lingard, In the lukewarm

2363
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:22,600
pool, Marcus checked, the water 
with his hand cooler than it 

2364
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:25,100
should be. 
The furnaces had barely any fuel

2365
02:02:25,100 --> 02:02:27,500
left would be being scared 
during the seed. 

2366
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:32,300
He fed the last bits of charcoal
into the boiler coaxing Amiga 

2367
02:02:32,300 --> 02:02:34,900
flame, moving on. 
He passed through the empty 

2368
02:02:34,900 --> 02:02:38,900
palestra now, strewn with dust. 
In a corner weed sprouted 

2369
02:02:38,900 --> 02:02:42,600
between cracked marble tiles. 
Where athletes once wrestled He 

2370
02:02:42,600 --> 02:02:44,400
sighed and entered the 
caldarium. 

2371
02:02:45,000 --> 02:02:48,400
Only one pool here was still in 
use fed by a trickle of warm 

2372
02:02:48,400 --> 02:02:51,200
water. 
A gaunt mother bathed her young 

2373
02:02:51,200 --> 02:02:53,800
son in the shallows of the one 
remaining warm pool. 

2374
02:02:54,600 --> 02:02:57,600
The same need for warmth and 
water, which had sustained so 

2375
02:02:57,600 --> 02:03:01,500
many before them drew them here.
The mother looked up at Marcus 

2376
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:04,700
and gave a polite hopeful smile,
Markus mustered. 

2377
02:03:04,700 --> 02:03:07,800
And in return, even as his heart
clenched with the knowledge, he 

2378
02:03:07,800 --> 02:03:11,700
bore Dawn Marcus had scouted the
aqueduct outside the city and 

2379
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:15,000
discovered the Grim truth. 
Gothic soldiers had cut the 

2380
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:17,600
aquamar topping. 
Its arches to choke off Rome's 

2381
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:20,000
water. 
The lifeblood of the bars was 

2382
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:22,100
severed. 
What little water remained in 

2383
02:03:22,100 --> 02:03:25,500
the pools was all there would 
ever be. by tomorrow, the bars 

2384
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:31,300
of He made his way to The Frigid
area, a cavernous Hall that once

2385
02:03:31,300 --> 02:03:33,500
housed a cold swimming pool 
larger than a forum. 

2386
02:03:33,500 --> 02:03:37,200
Now it was dry the Mosaic of 
Neptune on its floor exposed and

2387
02:03:37,200 --> 02:03:39,800
dull. 
Marcus ran a hand along a 

2388
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:42,700
cracked column, how many 
generations had cooled their 

2389
02:03:42,700 --> 02:03:45,100
brows here. 
After the steam, he could almost

2390
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:46,800
hear ghostly, splashes, and 
Youthful. 

2391
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:50,100
Shouts from centuries, past 
returning to the tepidarium 

2392
02:03:50,100 --> 02:03:52,600
Marcus gently informed. 
The few remaining bathers that 

2393
02:03:52,600 --> 02:03:56,500
he baths would likely close. 
After today, the old men bowed 

2394
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:59,000
their heads in resigned 
understanding and the young 

2395
02:03:59,000 --> 02:04:02,000
mothers eyes primed with tears 
as she held her son closer. 

2396
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:06,700
Patron placed a rolled parchment
into Marcus's hand as a token of

2397
02:04:06,700 --> 02:04:09,700
appreciation for his years of 
service calls, causing markers 

2398
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:13,200
to swallow a lump in his throat.
He promised the mother, he would

2399
02:04:13,200 --> 02:04:16,000
direct her to a nearby church 
offering heated rooms for 

2400
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:20,600
refugees a small solace. 
As Twilight fell in the last 

2401
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:23,200
bathers. 
Departed, Markus remained alone 

2402
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:25,900
in the cooling Caldera, the hiss
of water gone. 

2403
02:04:26,700 --> 02:04:29,800
He sat by an empty basement and 
old saying echoed. 

2404
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:36,400
While the baths remain Rome 
remains but Rome had changed its

2405
02:04:36,400 --> 02:04:40,300
people scattered. 
Its aqueducts broken communal 

2406
02:04:40,300 --> 02:04:43,300
bathing once the pride of Roman 
life was now slipping into 

2407
02:04:43,300 --> 02:04:45,700
memory. 
Yet in the Gathering, Darkness 

2408
02:04:45,700 --> 02:04:49,700
Marcus felt a measure of Peace. 
The legacy of the therme would 

2409
02:04:49,700 --> 02:04:53,400
not vanish. 
In the Eastern Empire, massive 

2410
02:04:53,400 --> 02:04:56,100
bath, still thrived. 
And in country Villages, people 

2411
02:04:56,100 --> 02:04:59,400
still sought natural hot springs
for Relief just as they always 

2412
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,300
had. 
Rome had introduced the world to

2413
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:05,200
the benefits of bathing. 
And subsequent Generations, 

2414
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:08,900
would continue this Legacy. 
Perhaps future Generations. 

2415
02:05:08,900 --> 02:05:12,800
In better times would build new 
bathhouses or find new ways to 

2416
02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:16,500
use waters Healing Touch. 
Marcus Rose and made his final 

2417
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:19,100
rounds, snuffing out lamps and 
securing doors. 

2418
02:05:19,100 --> 02:05:21,700
He took one last look at the 
silent Halls. 

2419
02:05:21,700 --> 02:05:26,100
This chapter was closing, but he
did not feel despair water. 

2420
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:29,500
Soothing power was eternal and 
he believed that someday its 

2421
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:31,500
fountains would flow again for 
those in need. 

2422
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:35,400
With that hope, Marcus Fallon's 
left, the baths of dire, 

2423
02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:37,000
cliches, and shut its doors 
behind him. 

2424
02:05:37,000 --> 02:05:40,000
In the fading light. 
The great complex, stood dark, 

2425
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,000
and still sleeping giant. 
Waiting a new dawn in some 

2426
02:05:43,000 --> 02:05:54,000
distant future. 
Cyrus the Great came into a 

2427
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:57,400
world teeming with Mythic haze 
around 600. 

2428
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:02,800
BCE in a corner of Southwestern.
Iran known as anshan later ages 

2429
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:05,700
wove Legends of how his Destiny 
was prophesied before birth. 

2430
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:10,100
Tradition says his mother 
mandane was the daughter of 

2431
02:06:10,100 --> 02:06:13,600
estia. 
Guz the median King alarmed by a

2432
02:06:13,600 --> 02:06:16,700
dream suggesting her child would
topple him as Jiggies ordered 

2433
02:06:16,700 --> 02:06:19,800
the infant Cyrus's death. 
Yet the official tasked with 

2434
02:06:19,808 --> 02:06:22,200
murder found the baby too. 
Innocent to slaughter. 

2435
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:25,000
He handed him to a shepherd's 
family instead. 

2436
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:29,300
So The Story Goes ensuring, 
Cyrus survived, an obscurity. 

2437
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:33,300
Whether or not these details 
ring strictly true, they reveal.

2438
02:06:33,300 --> 02:06:37,300
How from the start storytellers 
recognized an extraordinary 

2439
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:40,800
quality in him someone rising 
from Peril to shape and Empire 

2440
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,000
In early. 
Boyhood it said, Cyrus. 

2441
02:06:44,000 --> 02:06:47,900
Displayed remarkable empathy. 
Bridging differences among local

2442
02:06:47,900 --> 02:06:50,900
tribes, the South-Western Fringe
of the Zagros. 

2443
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:54,200
Mountains was, no calm territory
Warlords. 

2444
02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:57,700
Vied over water sources, trade 
routes and farmland. 

2445
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:02,000
Yet Cyrus reputedly navigate 
these tensions with an uncanny 

2446
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:05,400
mix of kindness and resolve. 
Forging friendships among 

2447
02:07:05,400 --> 02:07:08,100
Shepherds and minor Chiefs? 
Over time. 

2448
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:11,200
The local talk was less about a 
hidden, child saved from a 

2449
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:15,100
king's wrath and more about a 
charismatic youth unafraid to 

2450
02:07:15,100 --> 02:07:18,200
challenge older, men's 
assumptions, Elders. 

2451
02:07:18,200 --> 02:07:21,500
They're weary found him 
unexpectedly persuasive. 

2452
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:26,500
When Cyrus reached adolescence. 
His lineage demanded, he connect

2453
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:29,500
with the court in anshan. 
He discovered that his father 

2454
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:32,700
can buy the first was a vassal 
to the Meads. 

2455
02:07:32,700 --> 02:07:36,100
The median, suzerainty 
overshadowed the region with a 

2456
02:07:36,108 --> 02:07:39,800
Stag's reigning in EK, Botana, 
and older Metropolis perched, 

2457
02:07:39,800 --> 02:07:43,100
among mountains, that 
overshadowing rankled, the once 

2458
02:07:43,100 --> 02:07:45,800
proud, Kings of anshan had 
accepted vassal status for 

2459
02:07:45,800 --> 02:07:48,700
decades. 
Cyrus gleaned quickly that many 

2460
02:07:48,700 --> 02:07:51,800
in the southwestern region, 
chafed under median taxes and 

2461
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,000
arbitrary demands observing 
resentments carefully. 

2462
02:07:55,800 --> 02:07:58,600
He concluded that if he ever 
Rose to power, he might 

2463
02:07:58,600 --> 02:08:02,200
Galvanize these frustration into
a cohesive front though, 

2464
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:05,500
overshadowed by the maids and 
shun maintained, a distinct 

2465
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:09,000
cultural identity, the Realms. 
Traditions, traced back to 

2466
02:08:09,000 --> 02:08:12,600
elamite and Persian routes 
forging a tapestry of customs. 

2467
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:16,800
Cyrus open to absorbing 
knowledge studied the Region's 

2468
02:08:16,800 --> 02:08:19,600
older languages gleaning law 
from Wise Men. 

2469
02:08:19,600 --> 02:08:22,300
Versed in archaic myths, one 
result. 

2470
02:08:22,300 --> 02:08:25,800
A worldview that placed bridging
cultural divides at the center 

2471
02:08:25,800 --> 02:08:28,900
of leadership. 
He recognized that stable ruled 

2472
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:31,800
demanded acknowledging local 
Traditions rather than imposing 

2473
02:08:31,800 --> 02:08:34,500
a single rigid system. 
This concept would later 

2474
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:37,600
manifest in how he governed a 
sprawling Empire with Myriad 

2475
02:08:37,600 --> 02:08:41,000
people's. 
As a Young Man Cyrus served 

2476
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:44,000
briefly in the median Army. 
Perhaps under the watchful eye 

2477
02:08:44,008 --> 02:08:47,100
of a stage is the counts differ 
on how cordial that relationship

2478
02:08:47,100 --> 02:08:50,600
was some sources claim. 
The older King ironically found 

2479
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:53,300
Cyrus appealing. 
Only belatedly realizing the 

2480
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:56,800
youths growing ambition. 
Others proposed that a stage is 

2481
02:08:56,800 --> 02:08:58,800
kept him. 
Close precisely to forestall 

2482
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:01,500
rebellion. 
In either case Osiris saw the 

2483
02:09:01,500 --> 02:09:05,100
medes weaknesses from within. 
They boasted strong Cavalry and 

2484
02:09:05,100 --> 02:09:09,000
Fortress, but corruption and 
complacency riddled sdrs is 

2485
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,100
bureaucracy. 
The king's courtiers squabbled 

2486
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:17,000
indulging in luxurious feasts. 
Meanwhile, lesson States seethed

2487
02:09:17,000 --> 02:09:20,300
under burdened some tribute. 
The stage was set for a Revolt 

2488
02:09:20,300 --> 02:09:23,600
if sparked by the right figure. 
Pond campuses. 

2489
02:09:23,600 --> 02:09:27,100
The first death Cyrus became the
nominal ruler of anshan. 

2490
02:09:27,100 --> 02:09:31,900
He faced immediate tension with 
EK putana, sometime around 550 

2491
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:37,000
BC, Cyrus launched an uprising, 
unifying Persians under his 

2492
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:39,500
Banner, The old stories depict 
him. 

2493
02:09:39,500 --> 02:09:42,000
Proclaiming that the time had 
come to cast off median 

2494
02:09:42,000 --> 02:09:45,500
overlordship forging, a new 
order that recognized Persian 

2495
02:09:45,500 --> 02:09:48,500
leadership. 
He marched North leveraging 

2496
02:09:48,500 --> 02:09:50,700
alliances with other disaffected
tribes. 

2497
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:54,600
Osteocytes. 
But discovered many loyal 

2498
02:09:54,600 --> 02:09:58,600
officers had turned coat enticed
by Cyrus's promise of a fairer 

2499
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:01,100
rule. 
In a surprising turn, Cyrus 

2500
02:10:01,100 --> 02:10:05,300
captured equitana with minimal 
resistance, Cyrus seized as 

2501
02:10:05,300 --> 02:10:07,400
Jegs. 
Thereby ending, his rule with 

2502
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:11,200
the meat skins subdued Cyrus did
something unusual for a 

2503
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:13,600
conqueror. 
He spared as the ages, his life 

2504
02:10:13,600 --> 02:10:17,100
absorbing the median, capital 
and aristocracy without Mass 

2505
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:19,500
Slaughter. 
This approach hinted at the 

2506
02:10:19,500 --> 02:10:22,800
Hallmark of his future Empire. 
Respect for local Elites 

2507
02:10:22,800 --> 02:10:26,800
provided they served under him 
Some ancient kingdoms might have

2508
02:10:26,800 --> 02:10:29,100
sacked at botana, to destroy it,
permanently. 

2509
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:32,300
Cyrus recognized the value. 
In co-opting the existing 

2510
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:35,500
Administration. 
Forging a dual monarchy of sorts

2511
02:10:35,500 --> 02:10:40,700
median and Persian Already 
onlookers noticed that Cyrus was

2512
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:43,300
no typical warlord driven solely
by Conquest. 

2513
02:10:44,100 --> 02:10:45,600
He had a cunning sentence of 
policy. 

2514
02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:49,000
The newly minted King of the 
Persians and media's reigned 

2515
02:10:49,000 --> 02:10:52,800
from equator, adopting median 
structures, while weaving in 

2516
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:56,700
Persian influences, he 
reorganized the Army, combining 

2517
02:10:56,700 --> 02:10:59,300
median, heavy Cavalry with 
Persian infantry discipline, 

2518
02:11:00,100 --> 02:11:03,700
Within a few short years news of
a rising power in the Iranian 

2519
02:11:03,700 --> 02:11:07,800
Plateau, spread Westwood 
reaching Lydia in Anatolia and 

2520
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:11,500
the ages of Mesopotamia. 
Many scoffed at a newly minted, 

2521
02:11:11,500 --> 02:11:13,000
Persian Kingdom couldn't 
overshadow. 

2522
02:11:13,000 --> 02:11:15,200
Establish powers like Lydia or 
Babylon. 

2523
02:11:15,800 --> 02:11:19,600
Cyrus unperturbed busied 
himself, forging alliances 

2524
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:23,100
building, supply lines and 
reinforcing Frontiers. 

2525
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:27,400
He sent that other Horizons, 
beckoned lands ruled by Kings 

2526
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,500
who viewed him as a mere. 
Upstart, the next chapter would 

2527
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:34,100
prove them wrong, the Cyrus's 
Unstoppable expansions would 

2528
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:36,200
reshape the entire Region's 
political map. 

2529
02:11:36,900 --> 02:11:40,500
Securing the median, Throne was 
but a first step Cyrus turned, 

2530
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:45,300
his gaze West toward Lydia ruled
by the wealthy King krises famed

2531
02:11:45,300 --> 02:11:47,900
for controlling vast gold 
reserves and forging alliances 

2532
02:11:47,900 --> 02:11:51,400
with Greek city-states. 
Croesus had observed, the 

2533
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:53,300
Persian takeover of media with a
lamb. 

2534
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:55,600
He reasoned that a swiftly. 
Rising. 

2535
02:11:55,600 --> 02:11:57,800
Cyrus might threaten Lydia's 
eastern border. 

2536
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:01,400
Some Council suggested forging, 
an alliance with the new version

2537
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:05,800
King but Crowes proud of Lydia's
riches and alliance's opted for 

2538
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:09,000
confrontation. 
The impetus came when Cyrus 

2539
02:12:09,000 --> 02:12:11,400
Advanced from the Zagros region 
to the Harris River. 

2540
02:12:11,400 --> 02:12:15,000
Boundary croesus marched out and
participate dissipating. 

2541
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:18,600
The Swift campaign to impart a 
lesson to Persia However, after 

2542
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:21,900
some inconclusive battles winter
approached and closest, 

2543
02:12:21,900 --> 02:12:24,200
retreated believing Warfare 
would pause. 

2544
02:12:24,200 --> 02:12:27,200
He sent mercenaries home 
planning to resume hostilities 

2545
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:31,000
and spring. 
Cyrus defying, typical seasonal 

2546
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:34,000
Norms, pursued the lydians 
relentlessly during winter. 

2547
02:12:35,200 --> 02:12:39,300
This bold move caught, croesus 
unprepared, a swirl of smaller 

2548
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:41,900
engagements left. 
Lydia's, outposts reeling. 

2549
02:12:42,600 --> 02:12:46,500
By the time Cruces scrambled. 
His allies again, Cyrus was at 

2550
02:12:46,500 --> 02:12:49,400
Lydia's, doorstep, the 
culminating Siege of Sardis, 

2551
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:52,000
Lydia's Capital became 
legendary. 

2552
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:56,600
The city's walls, perched on 
steep Cliffs Cyrus scanning. 

2553
02:12:56,600 --> 02:13:00,200
The Fortress Found A seeming, 
weakness one Cliff face, that 

2554
02:13:00,200 --> 02:13:04,300
looked unclimbable to Defenders,
thus less guarded and a cover of

2555
02:13:04,308 --> 02:13:08,500
night, his men scaled that near 
vertical slope surprising the 

2556
02:13:08,500 --> 02:13:12,700
watch they gained entry opening 
the gates for the main Persian 

2557
02:13:12,700 --> 02:13:15,800
Force. 
Sardis fell and Chris was 

2558
02:13:15,800 --> 02:13:19,000
captured tradition says that 
Cyrus initially played to 

2559
02:13:19,000 --> 02:13:22,300
execute creases on a funeral 
pyre, but he changed his mind. 

2560
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:25,300
Some say it was after hearing 
Chris as lament about the 

2561
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:29,100
cruelty of Fortune, 
alternatively, an oracle or a 

2562
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:32,700
retainers Council, might have 
Spurs as Clemente Chris was 

2563
02:13:32,700 --> 02:13:35,000
spared. 
However, and given an honorary 

2564
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:38,300
position in his new government. 
The gesture signaled. 

2565
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:42,000
A Pac-Man, Cyrus subdued Rivals,
yet frequently integrated them 

2566
02:13:42,000 --> 02:13:45,200
preserving local structures if 
they accepted his authority. 

2567
02:13:46,000 --> 02:13:49,700
with Lydia subdued Cyrus 
effectively inherited, its 

2568
02:13:49,700 --> 02:13:52,900
Anatolian possessions, including
Greek city-states along the 

2569
02:13:52,900 --> 02:13:57,500
Aegean Coast Those ionian Greeks
had treated with croesus, but 

2570
02:13:57,500 --> 02:13:59,200
were uncertain about Persian 
rule. 

2571
02:13:59,800 --> 02:14:02,400
Some tried resisting. 
Cyrus assigned. 

2572
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:05,500
Local satraps Governors, who 
demanded tribute, but otherwise 

2573
02:14:05,500 --> 02:14:09,500
left local Customs intact. 
Over time his ionian 

2574
02:14:09,500 --> 02:14:12,500
city-states, realized Persian 
governance could be quite 

2575
02:14:12,500 --> 02:14:15,500
hands-off if tributes were paid.
The approach. 

2576
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:18,600
Partially is tensions, their 
pockets of Revolt remained. 

2577
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:22,200
The Persians recognized that 
shipping was crucial for a giant

2578
02:14:22,200 --> 02:14:24,300
Commerce. 
So Cyrus refrained from 

2579
02:14:24,300 --> 02:14:27,900
heavy-handed oppression, that 
might stifle trade in effect. 

2580
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:31,500
I only in city states, found 
themselves overshadowed by a 

2581
02:14:31,500 --> 02:14:35,100
more tolerant conqueror than 
they might have feared then came

2582
02:14:35,100 --> 02:14:38,300
the inevitable confrontation 
with Babylon, the famed Empire 

2583
02:14:38,300 --> 02:14:43,100
controlling Mesopotamia. 
Babylon's, King nedus was known 

2584
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:44,600
for eccentric, religious 
policies. 

2585
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:47,300
Alienating certain factions 
within the city. 

2586
02:14:47,300 --> 02:14:51,100
Many priests of Marduk disliked 
an abundant as his focus on the 

2587
02:14:51,100 --> 02:14:51,900
moon. 
God sin. 

2588
02:14:51,900 --> 02:14:56,800
Meanwhile outline province's of 
Babylon, grew restive, Cyrus 

2589
02:14:56,800 --> 02:15:00,300
aimed to exploit these Rifts, he
maintained correspondence with 

2590
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:03,800
Babylonian dissidents presenting
himself as a liberator who would

2591
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:06,600
restore worship of Marduk and 
rectify neglect from the 

2592
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:09,100
monarchy. 
Propaganda tablets found 

2593
02:15:09,100 --> 02:15:10,900
centuries. 
Later suggests that some 

2594
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:16,800
Babylonian Elites welcomed him. 
By 539 BCE Cyrus marched to 

2595
02:15:16,800 --> 02:15:20,300
Babylon defeating the main Army 
at Opus with minimal trouble. 

2596
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:25,000
Then in an event overshadowed by
myth, the gates of Babylon 

2597
02:15:25,000 --> 02:15:28,300
opened letting him enter 
peacefully the cities, 

2598
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:31,400
inhabitants. 
Possibly fatigued by nappiness 

2599
02:15:31,400 --> 02:15:32,100
is. 
Miss rule. 

2600
02:15:32,100 --> 02:15:35,000
Found little cores to resist 
with that. 

2601
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:37,800
The storied Metropolis fell 
quietly to a new Empire. 

2602
02:15:38,800 --> 02:15:41,400
Cyrus formalized, these 
conquests into what we know as 

2603
02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:44,400
the Akai men at Empire. 
He proclaimed a policy of 

2604
02:15:44,408 --> 02:15:46,300
respecting local, religions and 
traditions. 

2605
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,900
Seeing in this approach, a key 
to stable governance across vast

2606
02:15:49,900 --> 02:15:52,500
distances. 
Most famous artifact of The 

2607
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:56,000
Stance, is the Cyrus cylinder. 
Discovered Millennia later 

2608
02:15:56,000 --> 02:16:00,000
inscribed in cuneiform. 
It Praises Cyrus as chosen by 

2609
02:16:00,008 --> 02:16:04,000
Marduk to restore proper Worship
in Babylon in records, how he 

2610
02:16:04,000 --> 02:16:07,700
repatriated displaced, people's 
forging, an image of a tolerant 

2611
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:11,800
or most benevolent conqueror. 
Historians debate, the extent of

2612
02:16:11,800 --> 02:16:15,300
Tolerance noting that tribute 
demand still weighed heavy on 

2613
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:18,900
subject people's however by the 
standards of the era, his 

2614
02:16:18,900 --> 02:16:20,600
approach was more lenient to the
typical. 

2615
02:16:20,600 --> 02:16:24,300
He rarely burned cities or 
enslaved entire populations. 

2616
02:16:24,300 --> 02:16:28,300
Rather he integrated local 
Elites weaving them into such 

2617
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:31,300
tropical structures. 
This policy extended to the 

2618
02:16:31,300 --> 02:16:35,200
Hebrews exiled in Babylon, Cyrus
famously, permit them to return 

2619
02:16:35,200 --> 02:16:36,600
to Jerusalem and rebuild their 
Temple. 

2620
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:39,600
Hebrew scriptures, Lord him as 
an anointed figure. 

2621
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:43,299
A foreign King recognized as an 
instrument of divine will. 

2622
02:16:44,100 --> 02:16:47,100
The uniqueness of a mess of 
Potomac Empire that championed 

2623
02:16:47,100 --> 02:16:50,400
the restoration of a local 
temple abroad was not lost on 

2624
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:54,400
contemporary Observers. 
For Cyrus this meant forging 

2625
02:16:54,400 --> 02:16:56,000
loyalty, across a mosaic of 
cultures. 

2626
02:16:56,000 --> 02:17:00,000
He recognized that the Empire's 
core, a not just in fear of 

2627
02:17:00,000 --> 02:17:03,900
Persian arms, but in a sense of 
prosperity and religious freedom

2628
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:08,200
under Persian oversight, By the 
mid 530s BCE. 

2629
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,299
The Empire sprawled from the 
fringes of Anatolia to the edge 

2630
02:17:12,299 --> 02:17:15,500
of the Iranian Plateau with 
Babylon as a second capital. 

2631
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:19,299
Cyrus oversaw the creation of 
Roads, linking these domains 

2632
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:21,900
encouraging Caravans to travel 
more securely. 

2633
02:17:22,700 --> 02:17:26,799
A new administrative pattern 
emerged each province satrapy 

2634
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:30,299
had a satrap typically local 
nobility, loyal to the throne, 

2635
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:34,400
balanced by a roving inspectors 
and lines of communication to 

2636
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:36,799
Cyrus. 
Freed from local Wars. 

2637
02:17:36,799 --> 02:17:39,900
Trade flourished. 
Western sources, sometimes 

2638
02:17:39,900 --> 02:17:43,200
labeled him a lawgiver though. 
He never compiled a code, akin 

2639
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:45,799
to hamari. 
Instead, he simply refrained 

2640
02:17:45,799 --> 02:17:48,200
from supplying, local codes, and
less necessary. 

2641
02:17:48,200 --> 02:17:51,000
Letting them continue under a 
broader Imperial. 

2642
02:17:51,000 --> 02:17:54,500
Canopy. 
In forging, this Empire Cyrus 

2643
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,299
overshadowed, the older pattern 
of fractious City Kingdom. 

2644
02:17:57,299 --> 02:18:02,700
Now, a single rule United Myriad
tongues from ionian, Greek to 

2645
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:07,500
Aramaic from lydian to elamite. 
For the moment, all seemed 

2646
02:18:07,500 --> 02:18:09,900
Unstoppable. 
But an Empire. 

2647
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:13,000
So vast inevitably brushed 
against fresh, Frontiers 

2648
02:18:13,000 --> 02:18:17,000
beckoning the next wave of 
expansion or would caution 

2649
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:20,200
Council consolidation. 
The man who ascended from 

2650
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,000
rumored infancy in a shepherd's 
Hut to commanding, half the 

2651
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:26,700
known region. 
Now face, the question, Was the 

2652
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:30,600
Empire's thirst for growth ever?
Sated or did Destiny push him 

2653
02:18:30,608 --> 02:18:32,200
onward. 
Risking new hazards. 

2654
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:35,100
With Babylon integrated into his
Empire. 

2655
02:18:35,100 --> 02:18:37,600
Cyrus contemplated the Eastern 
Frontier. 

2656
02:18:38,500 --> 02:18:42,299
The Iranian Plateau merged in to
Central Asian, steppes home to 

2657
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:46,200
nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes 
known for mobile Warfare Legend.

2658
02:18:46,200 --> 02:18:49,100
Say that Cyrus's father, can buy
sees the First. 

2659
02:18:49,100 --> 02:18:52,600
Once warned him that subduing, 
such tribes required persistent 

2660
02:18:52,600 --> 02:18:56,700
vigilance as they sell them 
recognized stable borders, but 

2661
02:18:56,700 --> 02:18:59,100
the new Empire needed to Anchor 
its eastern flank. 

2662
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:03,100
A specially of trade routes from
the Indus Valley or bacteria 

2663
02:19:03,100 --> 02:19:07,299
this set of Channel Goods across
Persian heartlands, Cyrus 

2664
02:19:07,299 --> 02:19:09,700
recognized, the Dual impetus 
secure. 

2665
02:19:09,700 --> 02:19:13,500
Those roots and ensure, no flank
vulnerability, He dispatched, 

2666
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:17,100
armies along the oxus river and 
mood Daria, forging alliances 

2667
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:21,100
with local Chieftains. 
Some steppe tribes in by the 

2668
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:23,600
prospect of stable, trade and 
potential gifts from the great 

2669
02:19:23,600 --> 02:19:28,500
king cooperated others, resisted
needing to skirmishes in desert.

2670
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:30,900
Canyons. 
Cyrus accompanied part of the 

2671
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:33,700
campaign employing. 
The same tolerance approach 

2672
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,600
tribes that submitted 
maintained, local leadership, 

2673
02:19:36,600 --> 02:19:40,100
paying tribute, but enjoying 
relative autonomy that 

2674
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:43,799
overshadowed the old practice of
forced relocations or decimation

2675
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:47,200
Yet his men found the 
environment harsh with 

2676
02:19:47,200 --> 02:19:50,400
punishing, Heat by day and 
frigid nights Complicated by 

2677
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:54,800
elusive tribal, Raiders adapted.
Ambushes in bacteria, Cyrus 

2678
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:57,100
encountered a settled 
civilization, older than many 

2679
02:19:57,100 --> 02:19:59,700
realized. 
An area with fortresses 

2680
02:19:59,700 --> 02:20:03,400
irrigation and a lineage of 
trade connections within India. 

2681
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:07,300
He found skillful artists and 
wise men with knowledge of local

2682
02:20:07,300 --> 02:20:11,400
religions, some worshiping her a
Mazda under variants of 

2683
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:15,300
zoroastrian practice This 
encounter, possibly reaffirmed 

2684
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:17,800
his approach of letting each 
region keep its faith. 

2685
02:20:18,500 --> 02:20:22,800
Indeed coins from that era show,
local imagery mixed with Persian

2686
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:26,100
inscriptions, reflecting a 
Synergy rather than forced 

2687
02:20:26,100 --> 02:20:29,100
uniformity historians. 
See in this pattern, the seeds 

2688
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:31,500
of an Empire tolerant enough to 
last for centuries 

2689
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:34,700
overshadowing, the ephemeral 
expansions of earlier 

2690
02:20:34,700 --> 02:20:36,800
conquerors, who imposed uniform 
codes? 

2691
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:40,100
Yet the East never fully bowed 
Cyrus soon. 

2692
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:42,800
Realized that Beyond bacteria 
lay more, formidable, tribes, 

2693
02:20:43,500 --> 02:20:46,500
Surviving inscriptions mention a
feared group referred to as the 

2694
02:20:46,500 --> 02:20:49,700
master Getty dwelling across the
Jacksons River. 

2695
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:53,200
They were skilled horse, 
archers, famously led by a 

2696
02:20:53,200 --> 02:20:56,400
warrior Queen named tamiris. 
The problem was that direct 

2697
02:20:56,400 --> 02:20:59,100
conflict with the mint venturing
into semi-desert lands were 

2698
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,400
supply line collapsed. 
That Cyrus's ambition on 

2699
02:21:02,400 --> 02:21:06,300
necessity, drove him to attempt 
an incursion around 5:30 BCE. 

2700
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:09,800
Some sources, suggest he built a
bridging strategy. 

2701
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:13,700
He possibly Bridging the Jack's 
arts or else luring the massager

2702
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:16,800
into friendly a Terrain. 
The outcome was tragic for him. 

2703
02:21:16,800 --> 02:21:20,200
Herodotus claims a pitched 
battle saw, the Persian forces 

2704
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:22,500
eventually out maneuvered, Cyrus
himself. 

2705
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:26,200
Refusing retreat, was either 
captured or killed in the melee 

2706
02:21:26,900 --> 02:21:29,000
Legend has it. 
Queen Tamara's dipped. 

2707
02:21:29,000 --> 02:21:31,900
His severed head in a bag of 
blood cursing. 

2708
02:21:31,900 --> 02:21:35,100
Him for devouring her people. 
We cannot confirm the dramatic 

2709
02:21:35,100 --> 02:21:39,400
details with absolute certainty.
Ancient accounts vary. 

2710
02:21:40,200 --> 02:21:43,500
Some say, Cyrus died from 
wounds, others claim an 

2711
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:44,800
accident, in the swirling 
desert. 

2712
02:21:45,500 --> 02:21:48,100
However, all accounts agree that
his demise occurred on the 

2713
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:51,400
Eastern Frontier. 
This abrupt end, overshadowed, 

2714
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:54,300
the notion that he'd have 
Consolidated further expansions,

2715
02:21:54,300 --> 02:21:58,200
without him, the Empire, 
defaulted to his son combines 

2716
02:21:58,200 --> 02:22:01,400
the second who turned attention 
to Egyptian campaigns. 

2717
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:04,300
If not for that, fatal Eastern 
gamble. 

2718
02:22:04,300 --> 02:22:08,400
Cyrus might have had decades to 
refine governance bridging Asia,

2719
02:22:08,400 --> 02:22:12,100
Minor to the Indus under a 
carefully balanced rule fate, 

2720
02:22:12,100 --> 02:22:15,200
intervened bequeathing, us only 
partial glimpses of what might 

2721
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:19,600
have been Back in the heartlands
news of Cyrus's death Unleashed 

2722
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:21,700
grief. 
He had reigned for around three 

2723
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:24,900
decades, forging, the largest 
Empire, the region had witnessed

2724
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:29,100
Even many respondents felt 
useful sorrow in Babylon. 

2725
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:31,900
Priests who previously lauded 
him as marduk's chose and 

2726
02:22:31,900 --> 02:22:35,100
recognized that a new chapter 
approached under cam BC's shadow

2727
02:22:35,100 --> 02:22:39,600
in Southwestern Persia folktale 
circulated praising father 

2728
02:22:39,600 --> 02:22:42,100
Cyrus. 
Who delivered them from median? 

2729
02:22:42,100 --> 02:22:46,000
Oppression ionian Greeks though.
Not always content with Persian 

2730
02:22:46,000 --> 02:22:48,500
rule. 
Ionically expressed more respect

2731
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:51,800
for Cyrus than for subsequent 
Kings praising, his measured 

2732
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:55,000
approach Cyrus's body. 
Presumably recovered from the 

2733
02:22:55,000 --> 02:22:58,400
battlefield was laid in a tomb 
in posadi a site. 

2734
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:01,800
He had chosen early The ancient 
Travellers described it as a 

2735
02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:06,300
simple yet, dignified structure 
with a gabled roof, overshadowed

2736
02:23:06,300 --> 02:23:09,400
by know, elaborate Temple. 
But set him in a garden in 

2737
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:12,300
subsequent errors, every 
Persian, king revered that tomb,

2738
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:16,500
ensuring none, defiled it, 
Alexander the Great centuries. 

2739
02:23:16,500 --> 02:23:19,800
Later visited and reportedly 
found the tomb with a simple 

2740
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:22,400
inscription, praising Cyrus as 
the founder of an Empire 

2741
02:23:22,400 --> 02:23:26,100
summoning, the reflection that 
every conqueror, no matter how 

2742
02:23:26,100 --> 02:23:30,300
Grand meets mortality. 
That tomb though, occasionally 

2743
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:34,400
looted or neglected endures in 
partial ruins, a quiet Testament

2744
02:23:34,400 --> 02:23:36,800
to amounts of ephemeral. 
Hold on a vast territory. 

2745
02:23:36,800 --> 02:23:40,100
His death on settled, the 
monarchies immediate stability, 

2746
02:23:40,900 --> 02:23:43,600
Can be seized the second in 
barked on expansion's into 

2747
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:48,300
Egypt, overshadowing local satra
attention. the memory of Cyrus, 

2748
02:23:48,300 --> 02:23:51,900
however never dissipated each 
subsequent Persian ruler from 

2749
02:23:51,900 --> 02:23:55,700
campuses to Darius Tracy 
legitimacy to Cyrus's lineage 

2750
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,000
They credited him with forging. 
A national identity that 

2751
02:23:59,000 --> 02:24:03,200
encompassed diverse, languages, 
faiths, and social Customs under

2752
02:24:03,200 --> 02:24:05,600
a unified. 
Administrative framework in 

2753
02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:09,100
every corner of the Empire, from
the ionian shore, to the Indus 

2754
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:11,300
Valley. 
The idea of the king of kings 

2755
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:13,600
who protected, local Traditions,
while demanding loyalty 

2756
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:15,600
remained, a Cornerstone of 
Imperial ideology. 

2757
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:19,800
Cyrus Even In Absentia, 
overshadowed, the realm with his

2758
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:23,100
moral laced, approach to 
rulership. the achaemenid 

2759
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:25,900
dynasty that Cyrus initiated 
endured for two centuries 

2760
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:29,000
overshadowed eventually by 
Alexander's Conquest in the 

2761
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:33,200
fourth Century BCE Yet even as 
Alexander marched across the 

2762
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,500
Persian Empire. 
Local memory of Cyrus spurred, a

2763
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:39,700
measure of Pride and unity. 
Some communities upon 

2764
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:43,200
Alexander's, arrival recounted, 
how Cyrus had first liberated 

2765
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:46,700
them from repressive rule. 
Alexander intrigued by these 

2766
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:51,400
accounts visited Cyrus's tomb, 
ate in 3:30 BCE. 

2767
02:24:52,300 --> 02:24:54,900
And I witnessed described the 
tomb as humble yet dignified 

2768
02:24:54,900 --> 02:24:58,400
with a stone chamber and the 
remains resting on a golden 

2769
02:24:58,400 --> 02:25:01,000
beer. 
Alexander allegedly ordered 

2770
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:04,100
repairs after discovering the 
tomb rifled by unscrupulous 

2771
02:25:04,100 --> 02:25:06,900
soldiers. 
This gesture signified, How 

2772
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:09,900
Deeply Cyrus's reputation for 
magnanimous leadership. 

2773
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:12,600
Struck even his empires of 
eventual conqueror. 

2774
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:16,800
Greek sauce is like, Zenfone, 
Cyrus further, Amplified, 

2775
02:25:16,800 --> 02:25:21,800
Cyrus's Legacy, Zenfone depicted
him as an exemplary ruler wise, 

2776
02:25:21,800 --> 02:25:26,300
just and beloved by Soldier and 
subjects are like Scholars 

2777
02:25:26,300 --> 02:25:28,100
debate. 
How factual xenophon's, 

2778
02:25:28,100 --> 02:25:31,600
portrayal is some seaters half 
moral Treasures, half historical

2779
02:25:31,600 --> 02:25:34,800
novel, but the syrup pedia 
shaped Western ideas of King 

2780
02:25:34,800 --> 02:25:38,400
ship, overshadowing alternative 
narratives Roman thinkers like 

2781
02:25:38,400 --> 02:25:41,500
Cicero or Machiavelli. 
Cited Cyrus as a model for Weis,

2782
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:44,200
monarchy. 
Indeed, the phrase benevolent 

2783
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:47,600
conqueror found perhaps its 
earliest champion and how Greeks

2784
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:50,400
were cast him. 
The reality of his campaigns 

2785
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:54,300
like forcibly subduing, Lydia or
merciless battles in the East 

2786
02:25:54,300 --> 02:25:58,100
fell into the background in 
these moral sketches. meanwhile 

2787
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:01,800
in later Persian tradition Cyrus
emerged, almost as a cultural 

2788
02:26:01,800 --> 02:26:06,500
hero overshadowing even Darius 
in terms of moral reverence Some

2789
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:08,700
medieval Islamic scholars wrote 
of him as due. 

2790
02:26:08,700 --> 02:26:12,700
Alkane the two horned one in 
certain interpretive Traditions,

2791
02:26:12,700 --> 02:26:16,500
linking him to a figure in the 
Quran who travelled widely and 

2792
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:20,200
overcame great challenges. 
Not universally accepted that 

2793
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:23,100
Association, underscored how 
wide he his image range and 

2794
02:26:23,100 --> 02:26:26,000
cultural memory. 
People in West Asia recognized 

2795
02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:29,000
him as a champion of religious 
tolerance referencing. 

2796
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:32,000
The famed cylinder in which he 
declared marduk's blessing. 

2797
02:26:32,700 --> 02:26:35,800
Others found in him, an early 
blueprint for Empire Building 

2798
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:39,000
balance by moral codes during 
the Renaissance in Europe, 

2799
02:26:39,000 --> 02:26:41,400
renewed interest in classical 
texts. 

2800
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:44,600
Revived Cyrus's story. 
Again, overshadowed, though it 

2801
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,200
was by more immediate local 
concerns princes, might glance 

2802
02:26:48,200 --> 02:26:51,200
at Zen's treated as an allegory 
for how to rule with both 

2803
02:26:51,200 --> 02:26:55,600
Justice and might In the 18th 
century Enlightenment and 

2804
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:58,800
thinkers, too, referenced him 
while discussing Universal 

2805
02:26:58,800 --> 02:27:00,500
monarchy or the philosophy of 
Tolerance. 

2806
02:27:01,800 --> 02:27:04,000
Voltaire. 
For instance, the occasionally 

2807
02:27:04,000 --> 02:27:07,400
invoked Cyrus as an example of a
more enlightened conqueror 

2808
02:27:07,400 --> 02:27:10,100
compared to the brutal 
expansions of certain European 

2809
02:27:10,100 --> 02:27:13,200
Empires. 
Yet ironically the earliest 

2810
02:27:13,200 --> 02:27:15,300
archaeological Revelations about
Cyrus. 

2811
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:19,100
Such as the unearthing of the 
Cyrus cylinder in 1879 

2812
02:27:19,100 --> 02:27:23,000
reaffirmed, that the Persian 
kings of Tolerance weren't 

2813
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,300
purely myth, that artifact 
discovered in the ruins of 

2814
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:30,500
Babylon, inscribed in akkadian. 
Cuneiform outlines, how Cyrus 

2815
02:27:30,500 --> 02:27:33,800
restored shrines and returned to
people's to their homelands. 

2816
02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:37,100
The cylinder stands as one of 
History's early as known 

2817
02:27:37,100 --> 02:27:38,900
Declaration of religious 
freedom. 

2818
02:27:38,900 --> 02:27:42,500
Overshadowing older examples 
that typically validated 

2819
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:45,600
conquests with deities, but 
rarely promised a pressed 

2820
02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:49,300
people's new liberties 
historians debate, the precise 

2821
02:27:49,300 --> 02:27:52,900
context, maybe it was partly 
propaganda to legitimize his new

2822
02:27:52,900 --> 02:27:55,700
rule, but it remains a striking 
departure from the standard 

2823
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:57,700
Force to simulation typical of 
the era. 

2824
02:27:58,600 --> 02:28:01,900
Modern Iranians view Cyrus with 
a blend of national pride and 

2825
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:03,400
Fascination. 
Some. 

2826
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:05,800
See him as a unifying. 
Father figure of the Iranian 

2827
02:28:05,800 --> 02:28:09,200
identity overshadowing, the 
fractiousness of medieval and 

2828
02:28:09,200 --> 02:28:11,900
modern periods. 
Even secular nationalists of the

2829
02:28:11,908 --> 02:28:14,900
20th century embraced him as a 
symbol of a culturally Rich 

2830
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:19,100
tolerant heritage. 
For instance, the Shah of Iran 

2831
02:28:19,100 --> 02:28:22,900
in 1971, staged, a massive 
ceremonial event at paciello. 

2832
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:26,300
Sepali referencing Cyrus as the 
Empire's founder this 

2833
02:28:26,300 --> 02:28:29,500
Extravaganza. 
Ironically, overshadowed by a 

2834
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:32,900
modern discontent showed how 
deeply as memory resonated. 

2835
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:36,400
Revolutionaries later disdained,
the monarchy's appropriation of 

2836
02:28:36,408 --> 02:28:40,000
ancient glories, but not 
necessarily disclaiming Cyrus's 

2837
02:28:40,000 --> 02:28:43,300
historical, significance. 
One under explored, angle is the

2838
02:28:43,308 --> 02:28:45,500
possibility that Cyrus is style 
of leadership. 

2839
02:28:45,500 --> 02:28:48,000
Strongly influenced, how 
subsequent Middle Eastern Powers

2840
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:51,100
approached Empire. 
The notion that subjugated 

2841
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:54,600
people's might keep their local 
laws worship and aristocracies 

2842
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:56,900
in exchange for paying tribute 
and remaining loyalist 

2843
02:28:56,900 --> 02:29:00,400
established a president. 
The Ottoman Empire centuries 

2844
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:04,500
later had a millet system that 
rang with Echoes of Cyrus's 

2845
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:07,000
approach. 
This overshadowing Legacy 

2846
02:29:07,000 --> 02:29:11,200
remained subtle yet persistent 
thus Cyrus's story flows across 

2847
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:15,900
epochs from a child room to have
escaped and execution order to a

2848
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:19,400
cunning statement uniting, 
Persians and midaz to a 

2849
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:20,700
conqueror. 
Forging an Empire that 

2850
02:29:20,700 --> 02:29:24,300
overshadowed old Regional 
politics culminating in a 

2851
02:29:24,300 --> 02:29:26,000
cultural hero for multiple 
civilizations. 

2852
02:29:27,200 --> 02:29:30,500
Ichiro reinterprets him, some 
extolling him as the ultimate 

2853
02:29:30,500 --> 02:29:33,800
wise, King, others cautioning 
that the realities of Conquest, 

2854
02:29:33,800 --> 02:29:37,700
always bear a darker side but no
matter how the narrative shifts 

2855
02:29:37,700 --> 02:29:40,800
the essential thread is that of 
a man forging a novel Empire 

2856
02:29:40,800 --> 02:29:44,100
with broad tolerance 
overshadowing the archaic 

2857
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:47,300
tyranny or Petty squabbling that
proceeded him and leaving a 

2858
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:50,200
blueprint that outlived the 
ephemeral politics of the day. 

2859
02:29:50,900 --> 02:29:53,800
when we examine how Cyrus 
governed, the structure of his 

2860
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:57,200
Empire stands out, instead of 
imposing Persian officials 

2861
02:29:57,200 --> 02:30:01,200
everywhere, he created satrapies
granting, local Elites, some 

2862
02:30:01,200 --> 02:30:03,900
autonomy, so long as they 
pledged Allegiance, and taxes to

2863
02:30:03,900 --> 02:30:07,400
the great king, Each satrap 
managed, daily Affairs, 

2864
02:30:07,400 --> 02:30:10,900
overshadowed only by the king's 
Authority and roving inspectors 

2865
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:13,200
called the eyes and ears of the 
king. 

2866
02:30:13,200 --> 02:30:17,100
This system reduced Rebellion 
like, likely Hood as local 

2867
02:30:17,100 --> 02:30:20,900
Customs largely stayed intact. 
the difference from older 

2868
02:30:20,900 --> 02:30:24,900
Empires, like the Assyrians, who
often deported population's or 

2869
02:30:24,900 --> 02:30:29,200
used Terror attacks was 
striking, People recognized a 

2870
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,500
new brand of rule, where a 
simulation demanded fewer forced

2871
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:34,900
migration and more recognition 
of local identity. 

2872
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:38,400
Cyrus is approached to Water 
Management tells a compelling 

2873
02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:42,200
story of miles. 
In certain arid provinces older 

2874
02:30:42,200 --> 02:30:45,600
feuds erupted over irrigation, 
ditches, the Persian 

2875
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:49,200
Administration introduced 
consistent oversight, ensuring 

2876
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:51,600
Farmland disputes were 
arbitrated by official judges. 

2877
02:30:51,600 --> 02:30:55,900
This reduced local Klan violence
boosting agricultural output. 

2878
02:30:56,700 --> 02:30:59,600
Some speculate that the reason 
the Empire thrived economically 

2879
02:30:59,600 --> 02:31:03,500
was precisely these micro level 
reforms overshadowing. 

2880
02:31:03,500 --> 02:31:05,400
The simpler older pattern of a 
warlord. 

2881
02:31:05,400 --> 02:31:07,800
Merely collecting tribute 
through intimidation 

2882
02:31:07,800 --> 02:31:13,000
diplomatically Cyrus engaged in 
inter Empire marriages the 

2883
02:31:13,000 --> 02:31:16,300
melding of Persian and median. 
Lines was the earliest example. 

2884
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:19,800
But he also welcomed lydian 
Aristocrats in to his court. 

2885
02:31:20,400 --> 02:31:24,800
Forging alliances with families.
Once loyal to croesus in rare 

2886
02:31:24,800 --> 02:31:27,900
cases a princess or daughter 
from a subdued region. 

2887
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:30,700
Might join the Persian Court. 
These events over. 

2888
02:31:30,700 --> 02:31:33,500
Shout shadowed, the typical 
scenario forcibly taking 

2889
02:31:33,500 --> 02:31:36,800
hostages instead. 
Cyrus wanted them to partake. 

2890
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:39,600
In the Empire's Splendor, 
weaving them into a social 

2891
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:43,500
fabric that dissuaded Rebellion.
The old hostage system became 

2892
02:31:43,500 --> 02:31:47,400
more subtle shading into an 
inclusive aristocracy, the local

2893
02:31:47,400 --> 02:31:50,400
leaders found new status as part
of the Arca Menards nobility. 

2894
02:31:51,200 --> 02:31:54,400
Spiritually Cyrus's, personal 
faith remains debated. 

2895
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:58,700
Some Modern Iranians claimed him
as a zoroastrian, but direct 

2896
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:02,100
evidence is scarce. 
The extant sources, suggest he 

2897
02:32:02,100 --> 02:32:04,800
revered a horror Mazda 
reflecting Zoar, Astron 

2898
02:32:04,800 --> 02:32:07,900
influence, but never forced that
worship on diverse Realms. 

2899
02:32:07,900 --> 02:32:12,100
The Cyrus cylinder emphasizes 
marduk's acceptance into Babylon

2900
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:15,000
while Greek accounts mentioned 
that among Persian Elites 

2901
02:32:15,000 --> 02:32:18,400
certain rights to the elements 
like the sky and fire were 

2902
02:32:18,400 --> 02:32:20,800
honored. 
He overshadowed early Warlords 

2903
02:32:20,800 --> 02:32:24,200
by not imposing a single 
religious identity indeed. 

2904
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:26,800
Many credit him with forging an 
Empire that for centuries 

2905
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:28,500
maintained. 
A measure of tolerance for local

2906
02:32:28,500 --> 02:32:31,800
temples, overshadowing the 
simpler approach of idle 

2907
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:35,800
smashing or forced conversions. 
Cyrus's Persona in the eyes of 

2908
02:32:35,800 --> 02:32:39,000
Greek, contemporaries varied 
some depicted him as a gentle 

2909
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:42,500
Father Figure others found him 
cunning exploiting tolerance 

2910
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:46,400
only to keep rebellious Hearts 
subdued in ionian, Greek city 

2911
02:32:46,400 --> 02:32:49,800
states certain segments, admired
him for toppling, Lydia's 

2912
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:53,400
cruises, who had overshadowed 
them, ironically forging a 

2913
02:32:53,400 --> 02:32:57,400
liberator narrative, But I only 
an elite soon realized Persian 

2914
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:02,100
Susan tea had its demands. 
Tribute Garrison's complicated, 

2915
02:33:02,100 --> 02:33:04,400
negotiations of. 
They wanted to maintain local 

2916
02:33:04,400 --> 02:33:07,000
autonomy. 
Despite celebrating their 

2917
02:33:07,000 --> 02:33:10,700
commercial expansions under 
Persian rule, the ionian elites 

2918
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:13,500
were vigilant for potential 
changes in the Imperial stance. 

2919
02:33:14,500 --> 02:33:17,500
At the most surprising Dimension
is how Cyrus never crowned 

2920
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:19,500
himself with an elaborate New 
Riegel title. 

2921
02:33:19,500 --> 02:33:22,700
Akin to emperor of all lands 
instead. 

2922
02:33:22,700 --> 02:33:26,700
He used older Traditions, like 
king of anshan King of the medes

2923
02:33:26,700 --> 02:33:30,200
and Persians or king of Babylon 
in official inscriptions, 

2924
02:33:30,200 --> 02:33:33,300
linking them in a chain that 
overshadowed old rivalries. 

2925
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:36,200
Which region saw him. 
A successor to its last 

2926
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:39,500
legitimate monarchy. 
This acceptance across diverse 

2927
02:33:39,500 --> 02:33:40,800
lands. 
Is a reasonably Empire 

2928
02:33:40,800 --> 02:33:43,700
stabilized? 
Swiftly, overshadowing typical 

2929
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:47,400
post Conquest chaos. 
The Synergy of recognized King 

2930
02:33:47,400 --> 02:33:50,300
ship and practical policies. 
Prevented many local revolts 

2931
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:54,100
even in the Eastern, Frontiers 
only the fiercely independent 

2932
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:57,300
steppe tribes remained wholly, 
Beyond easiest simulation, 

2933
02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:00,200
Modern archaeologists rummaging 
through sights. 

2934
02:34:00,200 --> 02:34:06,500
Like Pasadena unearthing Grant 
titles and praising Cyrus's 

2935
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:10,400
benevolence However they also 
find glimpses of force tribute 

2936
02:34:10,400 --> 02:34:13,700
on scribbly. 
Reminding us that no Empire 

2937
02:34:13,700 --> 02:34:17,400
extends without cost. 
The difference is that Cyrus 

2938
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:19,500
balance. 
Typical harshness with broader 

2939
02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:22,600
leniency instead of mass 
enslavement or forced 

2940
02:34:22,600 --> 02:34:24,700
relocations? 
You practice strategic 

2941
02:34:24,700 --> 02:34:27,700
generosity. 
A city that surrendered might 

2942
02:34:27,700 --> 02:34:31,500
keep its local Council paying 
only partial tributes for a 

2943
02:34:31,500 --> 02:34:34,100
time. 
A rebellious region once subdued

2944
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:37,300
found him open to restitution if
they accepted Imperial 

2945
02:34:37,300 --> 02:34:40,400
suzerainty. 
This pattern repeated across 

2946
02:34:40,400 --> 02:34:45,000
Anatolia Mesopotamia and Beyond 
forging an Empire that outlived 

2947
02:34:45,000 --> 02:34:47,900
him by centuries. 
One wonders how the world might 

2948
02:34:47,900 --> 02:34:50,500
have changed had Cyrus not died 
in that Eastern campaign. 

2949
02:34:51,400 --> 02:34:54,200
Perhaps he'd have established a 
definitive Capital, bridging 

2950
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:56,100
Persian and Mesopotamian 
Aesthetics. 

2951
02:34:56,100 --> 02:34:59,300
He might have expanded further 
into the industry region, 

2952
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:02,000
overshadowing future expansion 
by Darius. 

2953
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:04,100
The abruptness of his death 
left. 

2954
02:35:04,100 --> 02:35:05,900
Many of those, what ifs 
unresolved? 

2955
02:35:06,700 --> 02:35:09,700
Yet his blueprint was so robust 
that successes like can buy 

2956
02:35:09,700 --> 02:35:13,800
seasoned or Darius was this 
built upon its seamlessly rarely

2957
02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:16,300
discarding the system of 
satrapies or the approach to 

2958
02:35:16,308 --> 02:35:20,400
local autonomy, this continuity 
underscores, How Deeply Cyrus's 

2959
02:35:20,400 --> 02:35:23,700
approach was woven into the 
Empire's Bedrock his policies. 

2960
02:35:23,700 --> 02:35:27,000
Akin to the reformed water 
channels, permeated, the 

2961
02:35:27,000 --> 02:35:30,000
Imperial veins surpassing the 
fleeting preferences of 

2962
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:33,400
subsequent Kings, In the 
centuries, following Cyrus's 

2963
02:35:33,400 --> 02:35:37,100
Empire wave after wave of 
Conquest battered West, Asia 

2964
02:35:37,100 --> 02:35:40,400
Alexander's Invasion. 
The seleucid Empire the 

2965
02:35:40,400 --> 02:35:44,900
parthians and the sasanian 
dynasty Each new regime State 

2966
02:35:44,900 --> 02:35:47,300
claims over the old heartlands 
yet. 

2967
02:35:47,300 --> 02:35:50,700
Repeated references to the old 
ways of Cyrus appearing. 

2968
02:35:50,700 --> 02:35:53,800
Local Legends overshadowing, 
short-term rule. 

2969
02:35:54,300 --> 02:35:57,000
Cyrus's system became a 
benchmark for managing a 

2970
02:35:57,000 --> 02:35:59,800
multi-ethnic domain. 
Even the storied House of 

2971
02:35:59,800 --> 02:36:02,800
Sasson. 
Centuries, later argued they 

2972
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:06,700
recaptured the spirit of a clear
mid monarchy, their coinage or 

2973
02:36:06,700 --> 02:36:09,900
Rock relief, sometimes, invoked 
motifs reminiscent of Cyrus's 

2974
02:36:09,900 --> 02:36:13,000
era overshadowed by a new 
version of Persian identity. 

2975
02:36:14,000 --> 02:36:16,800
That cyclical pattern of 
referencing Cyrus indicates. 

2976
02:36:16,800 --> 02:36:19,600
He was not just a fleeting 
conqueror, but a permanent 

2977
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:24,400
archetype. outside the Middle 
East, Greek authors, transmitted

2978
02:36:24,400 --> 02:36:29,100
an idealized account, 
Culminating in xenophon's, Kira 

2979
02:36:29,100 --> 02:36:32,300
pedia which painted Cyrus as a 
paragon of King, Lee virtue. 

2980
02:36:33,600 --> 02:36:37,200
Over the next two Millennia that
text influence statement from 

2981
02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:39,900
Machiavelli to the founding 
fathers of the United States. 

2982
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:44,200
They gleaned from it lessons on 
balancing fear and love forging 

2983
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:48,700
alliances and uniting diverse 
people's ironically, the real 

2984
02:36:48,700 --> 02:36:51,500
Cyrus might have been more 
pragmatic and occasionally 

2985
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:54,700
ruthless than xenophon's moral 
hero, but the overshadowing 

2986
02:36:54,700 --> 02:36:57,800
effect of the text shaped 
Western political thought, 

2987
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:00,200
Early. 
Modern Europe's fascination. 

2988
02:37:00,200 --> 02:37:03,500
With enlightened absolutism 
found in Cyrus a distant model. 

2989
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:07,200
Someone who overcame fractious 
Petty Lords by imposing a 

2990
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:08,900
central Authority, tempered by 
tolerance. 

2991
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:12,100
Back in his homeland tumor at 
Pasad. 

2992
02:37:12,100 --> 02:37:17,200
Endured storms and conquests 
overshadowing ephemeral shrines 

2993
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:22,100
when Alexander visited, he left 
it intact, later, pathian, or 

2994
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:26,200
sasanian Kings though, not 
worshipers of Cyrus recognized 

2995
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:29,400
the tomb, significance as a link
to an illustrious Iranian 

2996
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:32,200
heritage Under the Muslim 
Conquest. 

2997
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,600
Centuries later, Legends 
persisted around the tomb. 

2998
02:37:35,600 --> 02:37:41,600
Some calling it carbon aulum of 
Solomon's mother though, the 

2999
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:45,100
local population, like the 
memory that it was Cyrus's final

3000
02:37:45,100 --> 02:37:48,300
resting place. 
Rare travelers from Venetian 

3001
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:51,600
Merchants to ottoman, envoys 
occasionally documented, a 

3002
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:54,100
solitary Tower like structure in
the Iranian Plateau, 

3003
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:56,700
overshadowed by know massive 
City. 

3004
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:00,900
Inside Lane inscription or 
faint, carvings referencing a 

3005
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:04,200
king who wants bestowed. 
The region like a Colossus in 

3006
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:07,900
the 20th century as modern. 
Iranian nationalism, stirred 

3007
02:38:07,900 --> 02:38:12,400
Cyrus's memory was rehabilitated
as an emblem of national unity 

3008
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:15,900
in his historical grandeur. 
Razor sharp Tel Aviv visited 

3009
02:38:15,900 --> 02:38:18,500
posadi. 
Staging ceremonies that 

3010
02:38:18,500 --> 02:38:20,300
overshadowed, the sights 
archaeological. 

3011
02:38:20,300 --> 02:38:23,300
Hush the monarchy sought 
symbolic links to an ancient 

3012
02:38:23,300 --> 02:38:26,900
lineage championing Cyrus's 
cylinder as an early human 

3013
02:38:26,900 --> 02:38:30,000
rights Charter. 
This overshadowed complexities 

3014
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:33,100
like the Imperial nature of his 
conquests, but offered a 

3015
02:38:33,100 --> 02:38:35,600
rallying point for Iranian 
identity, even 

3016
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:39,000
post-revolutionary Iran while 
reinterpreting pre-islamic 

3017
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,300
glories, cannot fully disregard 
Cyrus's significance. 

3018
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:45,300
Pilgrim. 
Still come some quietly leaving 

3019
02:38:45,300 --> 02:38:48,000
Flowers by the tomb to honor. 
The father of the Persian realm 

3020
02:38:48,000 --> 02:38:51,900
overshadowing theological 
differences, In the global 

3021
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,100
sphere. 
The Cyrus cylinder tours. 

3022
02:38:54,100 --> 02:38:57,000
Museums sparking discussions on 
religious tolerance. 

3023
02:38:57,000 --> 02:39:00,100
Good governance and The 
Narrative of enlightened Empire.

3024
02:39:01,300 --> 02:39:03,900
Some critics caution that while 
the cylinder of reveals a 

3025
02:39:03,900 --> 02:39:06,200
progressive tone for its era, we
shouldn't attack. 

3026
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:09,800
Chronically label, Cyrus a 
modern Democrat, he was after 

3027
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:13,300
all and absolute monarch 
nonetheless, the overshadowing 

3028
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:16,200
message of leniency and 
returning Exiles stands out in a

3029
02:39:16,208 --> 02:39:19,000
time when many ancient 
conquerors pillaged and 

3030
02:39:19,000 --> 02:39:22,200
enslaved. 
Indeed, the notion of a state 

3031
02:39:22,200 --> 02:39:24,800
respecting, local gods and 
temples was Radical for the 

3032
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:27,700
period. 
Yet, it's not as if Cyrus 

3033
02:39:27,700 --> 02:39:30,200
overcame all cruelty. 
In certain provinces that 

3034
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:34,400
resisted the Persian armies 
could be ruthless using Siege 

3035
02:39:34,400 --> 02:39:37,400
tactics to Star City 
populations, but once victory 

3036
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:40,500
was secured the mercy or 
acceptance of local practices. 

3037
02:39:40,500 --> 02:39:44,500
Overshadowed total subjugation 
Scholars highlight that such a 

3038
02:39:44,500 --> 02:39:46,400
measured approach. 
Likely, prevented constant 

3039
02:39:46,400 --> 02:39:50,000
revolts people under Persian 
rule, might pay taxes and serve 

3040
02:39:50,000 --> 02:39:53,600
in the army that they kept 
shrines, local councils, and a 

3041
02:39:53,600 --> 02:39:56,900
measure of cultural autonomy. 
This delicate, interplay formed,

3042
02:39:56,900 --> 02:40:00,200
the Empire's, core strength, 
overshadowing older Mesopotamian

3043
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:03,000
or Neo Assyrian methods reliant 
on sheer Terror. 

3044
02:40:03,800 --> 02:40:07,200
As we revisit Cyrus's life, in 
total, we see an interplay of 

3045
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:10,000
Epic achievements. 
And ephemeral, mortality, he 

3046
02:40:10,000 --> 02:40:12,900
rose from a rumored near in 
fantasy to forging a realm from 

3047
02:40:12,900 --> 02:40:16,900
the Aegean to Eastern Iran 
overshadowing King's, who wants 

3048
02:40:16,900 --> 02:40:21,000
boasted on a saleable might yet 
he too succumb to the hazards of

3049
02:40:21,008 --> 02:40:24,900
Frontier Warfare. 
The Grand Empire remained shaped

3050
02:40:24,900 --> 02:40:28,500
by his administrative blueprint 
overshadowing, the ephemeral 

3051
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:32,600
nature of any single mortal. 
Even in death, he overshadowed 

3052
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:35,500
the typical memory of Warlords 
by becoming a cherished Legend 

3053
02:40:35,500 --> 02:40:39,700
in multiple cultures. 
The cyclical references to Cyrus

3054
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:44,200
over Millennia by Greeks, Romans
Iranians, and modern Statesmen. 

3055
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:47,400
Affirm that the imprint he left 
on governance and tolerance was 

3056
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,100
never fully erased. 
Overshadowing the typical 

3057
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:54,100
ephemeral Conquest that vanished
into dust reflecting on Cyrus 

3058
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:57,000
the Great's Journey. 
A picture emerges of a ruler who

3059
02:40:57,008 --> 02:41:01,000
both embodies the archetype of 
ancient conqueror and subverts 

3060
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:03,700
it. 
His life, Bridging the mid sixth

3061
02:41:03,700 --> 02:41:07,000
Century, BCE shaped an enduring 
Empire that overshadowed 

3062
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:10,800
ephemeral local kingdoms. 
He fused compassionate with 

3063
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:14,600
power forging, a blueprint of 
rule that soared Beyond typical 

3064
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:18,400
tyranny, used violence to 
conquer and woven multi-ethnic 

3065
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:22,500
fabric under the academy. 
In the swirl of centuries, 

3066
02:41:22,500 --> 02:41:25,600
intangible threads of his 
approach, satrapies cultural 

3067
02:41:25,600 --> 02:41:29,600
respect an integrated 
Administration, surface 

3068
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:32,600
repeatedly in later. 
State's governance, take for 

3069
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:35,900
instance, the phenomenon of 
repatriating exiled, people's 

3070
02:41:35,900 --> 02:41:39,400
the Hebrew text describing 
Cyrus's decree for the judeans 

3071
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:42,000
to rebuild their Temple 
highlighter, radical departure 

3072
02:41:42,000 --> 02:41:45,800
from Norms Empires often, exile 
population's, to quell 

3073
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:49,900
Rebellion, Cyrus reversed that 
policy overshadowing earlier 

3074
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:52,600
cruelty with the stance that 
returning exiled groups might 

3075
02:41:52,600 --> 02:41:56,400
yield loyal gratitude This 
perspective resonates in modern 

3076
02:41:56,400 --> 02:41:57,900
dialogues about religious 
freedom. 

3077
02:41:57,900 --> 02:42:01,800
Indeed, some interpret, the 
cylinders references to various 

3078
02:42:01,800 --> 02:42:04,400
shrines as an early Charter of 
Rights though. 

3079
02:42:04,400 --> 02:42:06,900
Historians caution about 
overstating it as a universal 

3080
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:09,400
human rights document. 
The overshadowing principle 

3081
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:12,900
remains for the 6th Century BCE.
It was remarkably 

3082
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:16,800
forward-thinking Consider all 
the architecture of Pasadena 

3083
02:42:16,800 --> 02:42:21,000
Cyrus's Capital known for its 
symmetrical Gardens and a design

3084
02:42:21,000 --> 02:42:24,800
mixing median elamite and local 
Persian Styles. 

3085
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:28,100
It overshadowed simplistic 
Fortress cities of older times 

3086
02:42:28,100 --> 02:42:31,800
Greek visitors centuries later 
found it distinctively Airy and 

3087
02:42:31,808 --> 02:42:35,400
open as if the City layout 
reflected Cyrus's, inclusive 

3088
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:39,200
policies, the tomb there. 
So unpretentious yet, dignified,

3089
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:43,800
Peaks volume about how he 
conceptualized rulership not as 

3090
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:46,300
an aloof god king. 
But As a caretaker bridging 

3091
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:50,200
lands, While subsequent palaces 
like persepolis overshadowed 

3092
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:54,600
Pasadena's, scale the latter's 
multi-ethnic decorative elements

3093
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:57,300
reveal a microcosm of the entire
synergy. 

3094
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:00,900
Final puzzle is whether we can 
glean Cyrus's personal 

3095
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:02,900
temperament behind the annals 
and legends. 

3096
02:43:03,600 --> 02:43:06,100
Greek sources paint him. 
As kindly though, they were 

3097
02:43:06,100 --> 02:43:08,500
motivated to highlight the good 
Oriental King. 

3098
02:43:09,200 --> 02:43:12,200
The Babylonian Chronicle calls 
him, the chosen of Marduk 

3099
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:15,100
overshadowing older conquerors. 
Who defiled the city? 

3100
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:19,000
Persian lore emphasizes his 
cunning rise from near-death 

3101
02:43:19,000 --> 02:43:21,800
infancy. 
Different perspectives, idealize

3102
02:43:21,800 --> 02:43:24,800
him likely. 
The real Cyrus was at times 

3103
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:28,300
ruthless at times, merciful and 
always pragmatic. 

3104
02:43:29,100 --> 02:43:32,200
He overrode Petty local Customs 
when they hindered stable rule 

3105
02:43:32,200 --> 02:43:34,700
but mostly let communities 
maintain their identity. 

3106
02:43:35,700 --> 02:43:38,500
He believed that an Empire 
spanning from Lydia to Gandara 

3107
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:41,600
needed cohesive laws, but 
flexible local governance. 

3108
02:43:42,500 --> 02:43:45,100
That strategic approach 
overshadowed, simpler warlord, 

3109
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:48,100
tyranny in subsequent, Iranian 
National Consciousness. 

3110
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,900
He emerges as the father of the 
country, overshadowing the 

3111
02:43:51,900 --> 02:43:53,800
ephemeral Wars that battered the
region. 

3112
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:57,200
The cyclical invocation of his 
name in times of Crisis or 

3113
02:43:57,200 --> 02:44:00,900
reform underscores How Deeply he
impacted the Iranian sense of 

3114
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:04,400
historical continuity. 
Even diaspora Community is 

3115
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:07,200
scattered by centuries of 
migration, might refer to him as

3116
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:10,200
an emblem of tolerant. 
Monarchy rare in an age, 

3117
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:13,500
typically remembered for 
desperate, as the West 

3118
02:44:13,500 --> 02:44:15,600
rediscovered Antiquity outside 
the region. 

3119
02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:18,400
Cyrus a Klipsch. 
Many lesson known figures. 

3120
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:22,200
Emerging In classical 
references, as a conqueror, who 

3121
02:44:22,200 --> 02:44:26,100
maintained his moral integrity. 
From a modern Viewpoint, we 

3122
02:44:26,100 --> 02:44:28,100
might weigh whether his 
expansions cause moral, 

3123
02:44:28,100 --> 02:44:31,600
dissonance can one hail a 
conqueror's great, who still 

3124
02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:33,000
inflicted Bloodshed on 
resistors? 

3125
02:44:33,000 --> 02:44:37,000
The question spiraled, the 
ancient world's Norms where Mike

3126
02:44:37,000 --> 02:44:40,200
typically equaled, right? 
The Hallmark of Cyrus was a 

3127
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,500
partial departure from that Norm
applying might, but overlaying 

3128
02:44:43,500 --> 02:44:45,600
it with a veneer of diplomacy 
and local respect. 

3129
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:49,900
That bridging stance singled him
out among his peers unlike the 

3130
02:44:49,900 --> 02:44:53,100
more brutal expansions of the 
Assyrians or the narrower 

3131
02:44:53,100 --> 02:44:56,700
religious Zeal of some later 
rulers. perhaps, the abiding 

3132
02:44:56,700 --> 02:44:59,400
lesson is that leadership 
emerges from forging alliances 

3133
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:02,400
across boundaries Acting 
different sizes, while. 

3134
02:45:02,400 --> 02:45:05,400
Forging common Kors. 
Cyrus is key achievements, 

3135
02:45:05,400 --> 02:45:09,400
unifying diverse, population's 
fostering trade routes and 

3136
02:45:09,400 --> 02:45:12,700
standardizing administration 
didn't revolve solely Around 

3137
02:45:12,700 --> 02:45:17,000
Battlefield, triumphs They also 
hinged on compromise negotiation

3138
02:45:17,000 --> 02:45:20,000
and an awareness that towering 
fractions divisions was 

3139
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:23,100
essential to build an Empire 
that endured Beyond his life 

3140
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:26,100
time. 
Indeed, though he died in a 

3141
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:29,100
frontier Skirmish the Empire's 
scaffolding carried on for 

3142
02:45:29,100 --> 02:45:31,300
centuries. 
The ephemeral nature of any 

3143
02:45:31,300 --> 02:45:36,000
single rulers lifespan and so as
we close the pages of Cyrus the 

3144
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:40,200
Great, we clean an image of a 
man who both harnessed power and

3145
02:45:40,200 --> 02:45:43,000
recognized that an Empire's 
heartbeat in a, bridging 

3146
02:45:43,000 --> 02:45:47,500
cultural mosaic He overcame the 
swirl of petty Wars and I caked 

3147
02:45:47,500 --> 02:45:50,400
tyrannies setting an example of 
pragmatic tolerance. 

3148
02:45:51,700 --> 02:45:55,300
In the tapestry of world 
conquerors some Savage, some 

3149
02:45:55,300 --> 02:45:57,700
cunning he stands out for 
weaving, the threads of 

3150
02:45:57,700 --> 02:46:01,500
compassion into Conquest. 
Showcasing a purely brutal 

3151
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:04,400
approach. 
The centuries that followed from

3152
02:46:04,400 --> 02:46:07,900
Alexander's or to Modern 
retellings, a firm that his 

3153
02:46:07,900 --> 02:46:11,000
Memory Remains luminous an 
archetype of how Unstoppable 

3154
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:13,400
ambition can be tempered by a 
genuine concern. 

3155
02:46:13,400 --> 02:46:16,800
For the governed, forging an 
Empire that obliterated old 

3156
02:46:16,800 --> 02:46:19,000
patterns and set new standards 
for rulership. 

3157
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:31,300
Albert Einstein was born on 
March 14th, 1879 in the modest 

3158
02:46:31,300 --> 02:46:34,900
city of all in the German 
Empire, his father, Herman 

3159
02:46:34,900 --> 02:46:38,900
managed small, electric chemical
Ventures and his mother Pauline 

3160
02:46:38,900 --> 02:46:40,400
nurtured. 
A love of Music. 

3161
02:46:40,400 --> 02:46:43,300
Contrary to later myths, he 
wasn't a poor student. 

3162
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:45,400
Rather. 
He disliked wrote memorization 

3163
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:49,000
and preferred exploring ideas on
his own at age 5. 

3164
02:46:49,000 --> 02:46:53,000
He received a simple compass. 
Its unwavering needle Guided by 

3165
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:56,300
an unseen Force, left him 
Spellbound hinting at Hidden 

3166
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:59,600
laws in nature in school. 
He often seemed preoccupied 

3167
02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:02,800
building intricate houses of 
cards or lost in thought. 

3168
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:06,000
Though, teachers labeled him 
indifferent, he was quite 

3169
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:09,100
constructing mental pictures 
that reached far beyond mundane 

3170
02:47:09,100 --> 02:47:11,800
lessons music also shaped his 
early life. 

3171
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,600
Pauline insisted he learned 
violin and they reluctant at 

3172
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:18,500
first He found a kinship with 
Mozart's compositions. 

3173
02:47:19,700 --> 02:47:22,700
This link between artistic 
Harmony and orderly principles 

3174
02:47:22,700 --> 02:47:25,700
of the universe captivated him. 
Even as a child. 

3175
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:28,400
He sensed that creativity and 
logic could coexist 

3176
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:31,800
productively. 
His family's moves first to 

3177
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:34,400
Munich then to Italy, created in
him. 

3178
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:38,000
A sense of displacement rather 
than fitting snugly into any 

3179
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:39,900
single cultural or academic 
mold. 

3180
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:43,700
He became an observer 
questioning, everything around 

3181
02:47:43,700 --> 02:47:45,800
him during a stint at a 
Catholic. 

3182
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:49,000
Elementary school, he briefly 
embraced religious devotion, 

3183
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:52,400
Yet, he soon gravitated toward a
more personal sense. 

3184
02:47:52,400 --> 02:47:57,200
Of wonder One Unbound by strict 
Doctrine later, he would speak 

3185
02:47:57,200 --> 02:48:01,100
of a cosmic religious feeling a 
reverence for the unfathomable 

3186
02:48:01,100 --> 02:48:04,900
mysteries of existence. 
The German educational system 

3187
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:06,600
clashed with his inquisitive 
spirit. 

3188
02:48:07,500 --> 02:48:11,600
Teachers focused on memorization
while Einstein was enthralled by

3189
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:14,700
independent exploration. 
He pulled over geometry and 

3190
02:48:14,700 --> 02:48:18,700
calculus texts in his free time,
often out pacing his peers and 

3191
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:22,800
conceptual understanding One 
tutor noticed his neck for the 

3192
02:48:22,800 --> 02:48:26,100
secting problems from multiple 
angles, an early sign of the 

3193
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:28,200
thought experiments he would 
later make famous. 

3194
02:48:28,200 --> 02:48:31,600
Meanwhile Herman's business 
Pursuits, met with limited 

3195
02:48:31,600 --> 02:48:34,500
success adding Financial strain 
to the household. 

3196
02:48:35,300 --> 02:48:38,500
Yet in that uncertainty, 
Einstein found pockets of 

3197
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:41,000
Freedom. 
His parents rarely scolded him 

3198
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:43,700
for daydreaming. 
Instead, they recognized his 

3199
02:48:43,700 --> 02:48:45,700
inclination to probe and 
analyze. 

3200
02:48:46,500 --> 02:48:49,900
When he built card Towers. 
It was more than play, he 

3201
02:48:49,900 --> 02:48:53,700
studied balanced structure and 
resilience qualities. 

3202
02:48:53,700 --> 02:48:55,600
He would apply to his 
theoretical work. 

3203
02:48:56,300 --> 02:48:58,800
Overlooked details of his youth 
further, illustrate his 

3204
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:02,200
distinctive perspective. 
He wants spent hours, trying to 

3205
02:49:02,208 --> 02:49:04,900
visualize how a beam of light 
might appear, if one could race 

3206
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:07,800
alongside it. 
These musings were embryonic 

3207
02:49:07,800 --> 02:49:10,500
glimpses of the relativity. 
He would formalize years later. 

3208
02:49:10,500 --> 02:49:14,800
Far from Mere fanciful flights. 
They were a training ground from

3209
02:49:14,800 --> 02:49:17,100
mind unafraid to question 
conventional frames of 

3210
02:49:17,100 --> 02:49:20,100
reference. 
Another seldom noted aspect was 

3211
02:49:20,100 --> 02:49:23,300
his relationship with language 
raised in a multilingual 

3212
02:49:23,300 --> 02:49:27,000
environment at home occasionally
Italian outside. 

3213
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:30,800
He developed a new monster 
appreciation for Words later in 

3214
02:49:30,800 --> 02:49:32,500
life. 
He would craft carefully. 

3215
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:35,400
Balanced scientific papers where
Clarity took precedence over 

3216
02:49:35,400 --> 02:49:39,700
flourish. but as a boy, he 
simply recognized that words 

3217
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:44,000
were imperfect vessels for ideas
sparking, a habit of visualizing

3218
02:49:44,000 --> 02:49:47,800
Concepts to grasp the more 
deeply By his early teens 

3219
02:49:47,800 --> 02:49:51,300
Einstein grew increasingly 
restless with formal schooling. 

3220
02:49:51,300 --> 02:49:55,000
The Lewis Paul gymnasium in 
Munich with its strict regimen 

3221
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:59,300
clashed with his burgeoning 
interests feeling stifled, he 

3222
02:49:59,300 --> 02:50:02,400
began to defy conventional 
academic paths in a decision 

3223
02:50:02,400 --> 02:50:05,700
that alarmed his teachers. 
He left school before graduation

3224
02:50:05,700 --> 02:50:07,300
and followed his family to 
Italy. 

3225
02:50:07,300 --> 02:50:10,500
To sum it looked like a rash 
move yet. 

3226
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:12,900
It was an act of 
self-determination fueled by a 

3227
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:14,400
longing to learn without 
constraint. 

3228
02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:18,700
During this period, he explored 
philosophy as well, delving into

3229
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:20,800
council's works and pondering 
the nature of reality. 

3230
02:50:21,800 --> 02:50:24,500
Such reading's reinforced his 
conviction, that genuine 

3231
02:50:24,500 --> 02:50:27,800
understanding required, more 
than reciting facts, he craved 

3232
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:31,300
first handing counters with the 
puzzles of the Universe from the

3233
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:33,200
motion of planets to the 
properties of light. 

3234
02:50:34,300 --> 02:50:37,000
Though his childhood did not 
revolve solely around science, 

3235
02:50:37,000 --> 02:50:41,100
he played violin enjoyed walks 
and showed flashes of humour. 

3236
02:50:41,100 --> 02:50:43,400
It was imbued with a special 
kind of curiosity. 

3237
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:46,700
He was neither the hapless 
student or the overnight Prodigy

3238
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:50,300
that later narratives would 
portray instead, he was a 

3239
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:53,100
reflective somewhat solitary 
child who found, meaning in 

3240
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:56,900
probing life's deeper questions,
his early experience is compass 

3241
02:50:56,900 --> 02:51:00,400
in Hand cards, neatly stacked 
violin tucked under his chin, 

3242
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:02,500
crystallized into the core of a 
worldview. 

3243
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:04,800
That would soon turn the 
scientific World on its head. 

3244
02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:08,400
Ultimately the disparate strands
of his youth would unite in a 

3245
02:51:08,400 --> 02:51:10,300
bold questioning of the 
established order. 

3246
02:51:11,100 --> 02:51:13,600
Few recognized how far his 
curiosity would carry him. 

3247
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:17,600
Einstein's choice to abandon the
Lewis, Paul gymnasium, before 

3248
02:51:17,600 --> 02:51:21,600
graduating startled his teachers
but he felt stifled by rote 

3249
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:24,400
drills. 
He rejoined, his family in Milan

3250
02:51:24,400 --> 02:51:26,300
where Herman hoped to save his 
faltering business. 

3251
02:51:26,300 --> 02:51:31,100
Finally freed from rigid, school
routines, Einstein studied math 

3252
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:34,000
and philosophy on his own 
devouring Cuts. 

3253
02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:36,700
Works nurturing an obsession 
with the universe's hidden 

3254
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:39,300
structure. 
Still the need for formal 

3255
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:43,300
credentials loomed in. 1895 he 
applied to the Swiss Federal 

3256
02:51:43,300 --> 02:51:46,500
Polytechnic in Zurich known for 
its Forward Thinking curriculum.

3257
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:50,900
Though he excelled in math and 
physics, he flunked the entrance

3258
02:51:50,900 --> 02:51:54,900
exams other parts undeterred. 
He spent a transformative year 

3259
02:51:54,900 --> 02:51:57,700
at the cantonal school in aarau 
Switzerland. 

3260
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:02,800
This school's Progressive, ethos
welcomed curiosity and debate an

3261
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:04,400
environment in which Einstein 
thrived. 

3262
02:52:05,100 --> 02:52:06,600
Living with the winter are 
family. 

3263
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:10,400
He formed close bonds, he 
briefly romanced their daughter 

3264
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:15,100
Marie but also made lifelong 
friendships armed with improved 

3265
02:52:15,100 --> 02:52:17,500
preparation. 
He passed the Polytechnic 

3266
02:52:17,500 --> 02:52:21,200
entrance exam in 1896 and 
pursued a teaching deployment in

3267
02:52:21,208 --> 02:52:24,300
math and physics. 
Zurich's intellectual pulse 

3268
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:28,300
invigorated him by day, he 
endured lectures by night. 

3269
02:52:28,300 --> 02:52:31,300
He wrestled with scientific 
texts or debated Theory and 

3270
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,700
cafes lesson for all with rope 
note taking, he favored 

3271
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:38,400
independent study, though, he 
admired some professors others, 

3272
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:42,100
saw him as dismissive and unruly
reputation, that would later 

3273
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:46,200
cost him solid references. 
During this period Einstein 

3274
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:49,700
MetLife marriage, the only woman
in their physics cohort, she was

3275
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:53,500
bright and tenacious undertired 
by an academic world, largely 

3276
02:52:53,500 --> 02:52:56,500
unwelcoming to women. 
Their bond in to twined 

3277
02:52:56,500 --> 02:53:00,100
intellectual exchange, and 
romantic attraction. letters 

3278
02:53:00,100 --> 02:53:03,200
between them, reveal Lively 
dialogues about abstract science

3279
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:06,700
and the deeper questions of 
existence, Critics. 

3280
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:09,300
Sometimes question, the extent 
of maleva contributions to 

3281
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:12,800
Einstein's, early work, But it 
certain she engaged in 

3282
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:15,700
stimulating discussions, at a 
formative time in his career, 

3283
02:53:15,700 --> 02:53:20,500
Einstein graduated in 1900. 
Despite his clear gift for 

3284
02:53:20,500 --> 02:53:22,900
physics? 
Job prospects were scarce 

3285
02:53:22,900 --> 02:53:25,600
dismissed by some professors as 
headstrong. 

3286
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:29,900
He received only lukewarm 
recommendations over the next 

3287
02:53:29,900 --> 02:53:32,800
two years. 
He subsisted on tutoring gigs 

3288
02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:35,400
and part-time teaching roles, 
struggling to pay rent. 

3289
02:53:35,400 --> 02:53:38,800
His relationship with Malaysia 
grew more serious. 

3290
02:53:38,800 --> 02:53:43,000
They had a daughter liezel whose
fate remains one of the murkiest

3291
02:53:43,000 --> 02:53:45,800
aspects of Einstein's life 
records suggests. 

3292
02:53:45,800 --> 02:53:49,400
She may have been adopted, but 
details are sparse Financial 

3293
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:51,500
anxiety. 
Nord at him and paternal 

3294
02:53:51,500 --> 02:53:55,100
disapproval of Malaysia added 
stress, yet his scientific 

3295
02:53:55,100 --> 02:53:58,100
passion, never dimmed, whenever 
he found a spare. 

3296
02:53:58,100 --> 02:54:01,900
Our Einstein tackled research 
problems in thermodynamics or 

3297
02:54:01,900 --> 02:54:05,100
statistical mechanics. 
Despite their lack of widespread

3298
02:54:05,100 --> 02:54:08,800
attention, the small papers, 
demonstrated Einstein's capacity

3299
02:54:08,800 --> 02:54:11,100
to critically examine 
conventional assumptions. 

3300
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:14,600
A modest Beacon of stability 
arrived in 1902. 

3301
02:54:14,600 --> 02:54:18,900
Einstein secured a post as a 
technical expert third class at 

3302
02:54:18,900 --> 02:54:21,200
the Swiss patent office in Byrne
while. 

3303
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:24,400
Many might view patent reviewing
as mundane the job offered a 

3304
02:54:24,400 --> 02:54:27,300
predictable schedule and a 
steady wage precisely what he 

3305
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,600
needed. crucially, it also left 
him mental space, for 

3306
02:54:30,600 --> 02:54:33,300
independent thought, Far from 
being a lull. 

3307
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:35,900
This period set the stage for 
his most significant 

3308
02:54:35,900 --> 02:54:39,200
breakthroughs. 
Burn itself was unassuming but 

3309
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:41,600
it possessed an understated 
cultural Vitality. 

3310
02:54:41,600 --> 02:54:45,100
Einstein ever sociable in an 
understated way. 

3311
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:47,500
Found a small circle of 
like-minded acquaintances. 

3312
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:51,300
They shared books, debated 
philosophical, ideas, and 

3313
02:54:51,300 --> 02:54:54,400
sometimes playfully referred to 
themselves as the Olympia 

3314
02:54:54,400 --> 02:54:57,200
Academy. 
The groups, informal Spirit 

3315
02:54:57,200 --> 02:54:58,900
aligned perfectly with 
Einstein's. 

3316
02:54:58,900 --> 02:55:02,600
Own approach, free wheeling. 
Yet anchored by a deep respect, 

3317
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:05,900
for rational inquiry. 
Meanwhile his personal life, 

3318
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:09,000
moved forward he and Malaysia 
married in 1903. 

3319
02:55:09,000 --> 02:55:13,200
Hoping to create a steel home. 
A union was hardly perfect 

3320
02:55:13,200 --> 02:55:16,200
fraught with the usual 
challenges of newlyweds. 

3321
02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:19,400
Compounded by Einstein's 
preoccupation with science and 

3322
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:22,800
ongoing money worries. 
Still having a supportive 

3323
02:55:22,800 --> 02:55:24,700
partner with a keen interest in 
physics. 

3324
02:55:24,700 --> 02:55:27,800
Likely encouraged his 
intellectual wandering during 

3325
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:33,200
these formative years. 
Between 1902 and 1904 Einstein 

3326
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:36,800
churned through patent 
applications by day, evaluating 

3327
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:39,100
new inventions for novelty and 
feasibility. 

3328
02:55:39,700 --> 02:55:43,400
At night, he scribbled equations
and chased the big questions 

3329
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:45,800
that had haunted him. 
Since childhood, the nature of 

3330
02:55:45,800 --> 02:55:48,800
light the structure of time and 
whether the cosmos had 

3331
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:52,300
fundamental certainties little 
did anyone suspect that his 

3332
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:55,900
quiet hours in Burn would yield 
a series of scientific papers 

3333
02:55:55,900 --> 02:55:59,200
that would upend centuries of 
accepted physics and elevator 

3334
02:55:59,200 --> 02:56:03,200
once errant student to the front
ranks of modern science in a few

3335
02:56:03,200 --> 02:56:04,900
years. 
He would unleash a torrent of 

3336
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:09,300
revolutionary ideas proving that
unorthodox paths can lead to 

3337
02:56:09,300 --> 02:56:13,400
remarkable destinations Settled 
at the Swiss patent office in 

3338
02:56:13,400 --> 02:56:16,100
Byrne. 
Einstein was a Clarke, reviewing

3339
02:56:16,100 --> 02:56:19,900
applications for new inventions 
unofficially, he was a theorist 

3340
02:56:19,900 --> 02:56:23,200
probing, the Bedrock of physics,
the job's predictable routine. 

3341
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,800
Left him, time to explore the 
mysteries of light motion and 

3342
02:56:26,800 --> 02:56:29,200
energy questions that had 
haunted him. 

3343
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:33,500
Since childhood, his personal 
life had stabilized someone, he 

3344
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:37,100
in Malaysia now, married lived 
modestly mindful of every 

3345
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:42,300
expense Their son hands, Albert,
born in 1904 added new 

3346
02:56:42,300 --> 02:56:46,400
responsibilities, own physics. 
Background made her supportive 

3347
02:56:46,400 --> 02:56:48,700
Confidant for Einstein's musics 
though. 

3348
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:51,000
The precise scope of her 
influence remains debated. 

3349
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:56,700
In 1905, Einstein Unleashed four
seminal papers in anal. 

3350
02:56:56,700 --> 02:57:00,400
Endear physic the first explain 
the photoelectric effect by 

3351
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:03,800
treating light as particles 
helping seed, the future field 

3352
02:57:03,800 --> 02:57:07,700
of quantum mechanics. next came 
his work on Brownian motion 

3353
02:57:07,700 --> 02:57:11,400
using statistics to confirm the 
existence of atoms and molecules

3354
02:57:12,500 --> 02:57:15,900
Then in his special theory of 
relativity he shattered the old 

3355
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:19,700
notion of absolute time 
proposing that simultaneity 

3356
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:23,300
depends on an observer's motion 
finally in a spare. 

3357
02:57:23,300 --> 02:57:27,900
But dazzling note heard E equals
MC is squared revealing the 

3358
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:32,100
profound equivalents of mass and
energy at first these radical 

3359
02:57:32,100 --> 02:57:35,400
ideas mixed responses some 
Scholars found them to 

3360
02:57:35,400 --> 02:57:38,800
speculative others grasped their
seismic potential. 

3361
02:57:39,600 --> 02:57:43,400
Over time the consensus grew 
Einstein had transformed physics

3362
02:57:43,400 --> 02:57:46,800
from the inside out, his 
reputation slowly spread. 

3363
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:51,500
Though, he remained a patent 
Clark until 1909 yearned for an 

3364
02:57:51,500 --> 02:57:54,200
academic post, but faced 
challenges, he lacked the usual 

3365
02:57:54,200 --> 02:57:57,400
pedigrees and some professors 
gave tepid recommendations. 

3366
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:00,600
Eventually the University of 
Zurich appointed him as a 

3367
02:58:00,600 --> 02:58:03,400
lecturer opening the door to 
more formal scientific 

3368
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:06,100
community. 
Malaysia, manage their growing 

3369
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:10,400
family, which now included a 
second son, Edward, while 

3370
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:14,300
Einstein wrestled with teaching 
duties and ongoing research, But

3371
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:17,700
their marriage started to show 
cracks strained by the financial

3372
02:58:17,700 --> 02:58:20,700
pressures and Einstein's 
single-minded Devotion to work. 

3373
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:24,500
Despite domestic tension his 
scientific profile Rose, 

3374
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:27,600
swiftly. 
Younger physicists Marvel at his

3375
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:30,900
knack for taking early insights 
such as those from hendrik, 

3376
02:58:30,900 --> 02:58:33,700
lorentz, and honorary, poincare 
and unifying them into a 

3377
02:58:33,700 --> 02:58:37,000
cohesive vision. 
The outcome was more than a 

3378
02:58:37,000 --> 02:58:40,900
patchwork of theories, it was a 
radical recasting of how energy 

3379
02:58:40,900 --> 02:58:46,300
space and time interlock. 
He left Bern for Zurich in 1909,

3380
02:58:46,300 --> 02:58:49,900
then moved to Prague in 1911 for
another professorship. 

3381
02:58:50,900 --> 02:58:54,800
Maleva followed, but the demands
of uprooting and the complexity 

3382
02:58:54,800 --> 02:58:58,500
of raising children chipped away
at their partnership in Prague. 

3383
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:02,300
Einstein refined his thoughts on
gravity, hinting at a broader 

3384
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:05,500
framework to come though. 
Overshadowed by cultural and 

3385
02:59:05,500 --> 02:59:07,400
political tensions. 
In the austro-hungarian Empire, 

3386
02:59:07,400 --> 02:59:10,300
the city still offered pockets 
of intellectual. 

3387
02:59:10,300 --> 02:59:12,800
Firmament. 
Einstein found colleagues 

3388
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:15,200
intrigued by his work and critic
skeptical of it. 

3389
02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:18,600
He thrived on debate defending 
his theories with calm 

3390
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:22,700
conviction by 1912, who was back
in Zurich at the Polytechnic. 

3391
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:26,300
Now, as a professor, this time 
he delved deeper into the 

3392
02:59:26,300 --> 02:59:29,100
mathematics needed to extend 
relativity to gravitational 

3393
02:59:29,100 --> 02:59:31,500
fields. 
His collaboration with 

3394
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:35,100
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 
was vital laying the groundwork 

3395
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:37,300
for what would become the 
general theory of relativity? 

3396
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,400
While special relativity had 
reconfigured space and time on a

3397
02:59:41,400 --> 02:59:43,800
flat stage. 
Einstein, now aimed to show how 

3398
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:47,300
massive objects could warp that 
stage itself in parallel 

3399
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:51,000
tensions at home, worsened. 
Malev has hopes for our own 

3400
02:59:51,000 --> 02:59:54,100
scientific contributions had 
faded into domestic obligations 

3401
02:59:54,100 --> 02:59:57,700
Einstein's growing Fame, mint, 
invitations to speak, and 

3402
02:59:57,700 --> 03:00:01,300
collaborate pulling him away for
extended periods at times 

3403
03:00:01,308 --> 03:00:03,900
letters. 
Reveal a coldness creeping into 

3404
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:07,600
their marriage, he could be 
absent, minded impatient and 

3405
03:00:07,600 --> 03:00:10,200
increasingly dismissive of 
malays as emotional needs. 

3406
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:14,200
The personal costs of Genius 
were mounting even if the 

3407
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:18,100
broadest world was beginning to 
admire him as a visionary By the

3408
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:20,700
end of 1912 Einstein's, 
Ambitions were clear. 

3409
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:24,200
He had cemented a reputation as 
the Mind behind special 

3410
03:00:24,200 --> 03:00:26,900
relativity and he was on the 
cusp of unveiling, a more 

3411
03:00:26,908 --> 03:00:30,400
comprehensive framework to 
explain gravity University's 

3412
03:00:30,400 --> 03:00:33,400
courted him and scientific 
Society began to Lord his 

3413
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:35,800
insights. 
Yet beneath this rise like 

3414
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:39,000
private Discord. 
Tensions that would escalate 

3415
03:00:39,000 --> 03:00:41,300
once his career carried him to 
Lynn for. 

3416
03:00:41,300 --> 03:00:44,800
Now though, Heinen's path, LED 
an extra to toward one of the 

3417
03:00:44,800 --> 03:00:48,600
greatest intellectual Feats in 
history fueled, by that same 

3418
03:00:48,600 --> 03:00:51,200
Restless curiosity, that once 
made him walk away from 

3419
03:00:51,200 --> 03:00:54,500
gymnasium classes and questions 
the simplest wanders of nature 

3420
03:00:54,500 --> 03:00:57,500
despite turmoil his momentum was
Unstoppable. 

3421
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:02,900
The stage was set for him to 
finalize a theory of gravity, a 

3422
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:05,700
masterpiece that would reshape 
Humanities view of the cosmos. 

3423
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:10,900
In 1913 the Prussian Academy of 
Sciences in Berlin Bays, 

3424
03:01:10,900 --> 03:01:14,100
beckoned Albert Einstein with a 
prestigious post that required 

3425
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:17,900
minimal teaching. 
By 1914 he was in the German 

3426
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:21,500
Capital poised to perfect his 
theory of gravity yet the move 

3427
03:01:21,500 --> 03:01:23,800
magnified personal and political
tensions. 

3428
03:01:23,800 --> 03:01:27,400
His marriage to maleva was 
fracturing and Europe, stood on 

3429
03:01:27,400 --> 03:01:30,200
the brink of War. 
A pacifist at heart. 

3430
03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:33,600
Einstein found himself at odds, 
with the fervent nationalism 

3431
03:01:33,600 --> 03:01:36,900
gripping, Germany unperturbed by
the storm outside. 

3432
03:01:36,900 --> 03:01:40,200
He pushed forward on general 
relativity, aided by 

3433
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:43,600
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 
Their goal was to show that 

3434
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:47,500
gravity arose from curved 
space-time a radical notion 

3435
03:01:47,500 --> 03:01:52,200
demanding complex tensor 
calculus by 1915, Einstein had, 

3436
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:54,800
refined the field equations, 
describing how massive form 

3437
03:01:54,800 --> 03:01:57,400
space-time and how that 
curvature dictates motion. 

3438
03:01:58,500 --> 03:02:01,000
A Triumph soon. 
Followed the new Theory 

3439
03:02:01,000 --> 03:02:04,100
explained, Mercury's orbital 
quirks better than Newtonian 

3440
03:02:04,100 --> 03:02:07,600
physics. 
Overjoyed Einstein wrote to a 

3441
03:02:07,600 --> 03:02:10,600
friend that is heart shivered 
upon seeing the data aligned 

3442
03:02:10,600 --> 03:02:13,600
with his calculations, but his 
personal world was unraveling 

3443
03:02:14,500 --> 03:02:18,100
Maleva struggled in Berlin, 
stifling atmosphere and felt 

3444
03:02:18,100 --> 03:02:21,900
increasingly isolated. 
Meanwhile, Einstein grew close 

3445
03:02:21,900 --> 03:02:25,400
to his cousin Elsa. 
Louvin tile letters, show me 

3446
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:27,600
lavers Despair and Einstein's 
emotional withdrawal. 

3447
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:30,600
She took their sons back to 
Switzerland and the marriage 

3448
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:32,800
ended in divorce. 
He later wed. 

3449
03:02:32,800 --> 03:02:35,400
Elsa igniting gossip about his 
private life. 

3450
03:02:36,500 --> 03:02:40,000
Even as general relativity gain 
traction among physicists, his 

3451
03:02:40,000 --> 03:02:42,700
personal reputation became 
fodder for public speculation. 

3452
03:02:43,800 --> 03:02:47,000
World War one had also 
splintered scientific exchanges 

3453
03:02:47,000 --> 03:02:51,300
while many German intellectuals.
In the war Einstein stood nearly

3454
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:53,700
alone. 
Signing anti-war petitions and 

3455
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:57,600
voicing pacifist views, his 
stance stirred resentment at 

3456
03:02:57,600 --> 03:03:00,300
home. 
Still foreign scientists such as

3457
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,200
the British astronomer Arthur 
Edington recognized, the 

3458
03:03:03,200 --> 03:03:07,300
significance of Einstein's work 
heading to 1990 Eclipse, 

3459
03:03:07,300 --> 03:03:09,900
Expedition tested, whether 
Starlight passing near the sun 

3460
03:03:09,900 --> 03:03:11,500
would bend. 
According to Einstein's 

3461
03:03:11,500 --> 03:03:15,300
predictions, the measurements 
matched, electrifying the global

3462
03:03:15,300 --> 03:03:18,700
press, and to throwing Newton 
in, the public eye overnight, 

3463
03:03:18,700 --> 03:03:21,400
Einstein became a symbol of 
modern genius. 

3464
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:25,800
Newspapers everywhere, featured.
His thoughtful gaze and unruly 

3465
03:03:25,800 --> 03:03:29,900
hair invitations, rained down 
from universities and societies.

3466
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:33,600
While he believed in Sharing 
knowledge openly, he disliked 

3467
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:37,100
the frenzied attention and grew 
uneasy with Germany's renewed 

3468
03:03:37,100 --> 03:03:41,200
nationalism post-war turmoil, 
fanned political flames and 

3469
03:03:41,200 --> 03:03:44,000
Einstein's pacifism Drew ire 
from right-wing groups. 

3470
03:03:44,900 --> 03:03:48,200
Nevertheless, the validation of 
general relativity, cemented his

3471
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:50,100
place at the scientific 
hierarchy. 

3472
03:03:50,800 --> 03:03:53,900
Even Skeptics admitted that his 
calculations matched observable 

3473
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:56,900
reality in a way. 
No previous Theory could with 

3474
03:03:56,900 --> 03:04:00,500
malays in Zurich caring for 
their sons, Einstein found, both

3475
03:04:00,500 --> 03:04:05,200
freedom and loneliness. 
He married Elsa in 1919 on her 

3476
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:08,400
to manage his crowded schedule 
and mitigate public demands. 

3477
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:12,600
As the 1920s donned Einstein, 
was heralded as a Visionary, 

3478
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:15,600
whose equations recast, the 
universe as a playable fabric 

3479
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:19,500
shape by energy and mass These 
Notions pave, the way for Cosmic

3480
03:04:19,500 --> 03:04:21,900
models, that would soon. 
Suggest an expanding Universe 

3481
03:04:21,900 --> 03:04:26,200
involving astronomers like Edwin
Hubble Initially, Einstein 

3482
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:30,100
proposed a cosmological constant
to keep the universe static but 

3483
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:33,100
later deemed that idea a 
mistake, a rare admission of 

3484
03:04:33,100 --> 03:04:35,800
error from a man idolized for 
brilliant. 

3485
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:39,200
Meanwhile, he turned his 
attention back to Quantum 

3486
03:04:39,200 --> 03:04:41,900
Mechanics, a field. 
He had an advertently sparked 

3487
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:45,300
with his photoelectric paper. 
Newcomers like Werner, 

3488
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:48,400
Heisenberg and urban 
Schrodinger, Advanced ideas that

3489
03:04:48,400 --> 03:04:50,300
clashed with Einstein's comfort 
zone. 

3490
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:53,100
He balked at the probabilistic 
nature, they proposed. 

3491
03:04:53,100 --> 03:04:56,500
Insisting, there must be a 
deeper deterministic layer. 

3492
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:01,100
Thus began the famed series of 
debates with Niels Bohr with 

3493
03:05:01,100 --> 03:05:04,100
Einstein challenging, the notion
that reality might hinge on 

3494
03:05:04,100 --> 03:05:08,200
randomness. by mid-decade 
Einstein's travel schedule 

3495
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:11,800
ballooned He turned the United 
States and parts of Europe, 

3496
03:05:11,800 --> 03:05:16,500
drawing huge, crowds Statesman 
celebrities and fellow Scholars 

3497
03:05:16,500 --> 03:05:18,700
courted, his presence in 
Germany. 

3498
03:05:18,700 --> 03:05:21,800
However, he faced mounting 
hostility from nationalist, 

3499
03:05:21,800 --> 03:05:24,300
factions who died in his 
theories, as Jewish science. 

3500
03:05:25,300 --> 03:05:28,800
Unfazed. 
He pressed on confident that 

3501
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:31,500
empirical evidence would Outlast
Prejudice. 

3502
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:34,800
His personal realm. 
Now Tethered to Elsa offered 

3503
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:39,000
stability, she shielded him from
ceaseless demands allowing him 

3504
03:05:39,000 --> 03:05:40,600
to pursue his ideas and 
relative. 

3505
03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:43,300
Peace. 
Yet the creeping political tide 

3506
03:05:43,300 --> 03:05:45,500
would soon overshadow even 
Einstein's lofty. 

3507
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:49,000
Pursuits at the door. 
Of the next decade, Einstein 

3508
03:05:49,000 --> 03:05:52,600
found himself a global icon yet 
behind that famously deeper 

3509
03:05:52,600 --> 03:05:54,800
struggles, and fresh challenges,
that would shape his destiny. 

3510
03:05:55,900 --> 03:06:00,000
The 1920s were a whirlwind 
frying, blending scientific 

3511
03:06:00,000 --> 03:06:02,000
Milestones with Worldwide 
acclaim. 

3512
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:05,600
Ever the Restless thinker. 
He spent these years grappling 

3513
03:06:05,600 --> 03:06:08,000
with quantum theory while 
maintaining his fascination with

3514
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:10,600
relativity. 
Though, his general theory of 

3515
03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:12,300
relativity was universally 
hailed. 

3516
03:06:12,300 --> 03:06:15,600
He grew increasingly uneasy 
about the indeterminate flavor 

3517
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:19,200
of quantum mechanics to him. 
The idea that fundamental 

3518
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:22,800
processes could be governed by 
pure chance seemed incomplete. 

3519
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:27,500
Einstein's Public Image soared 
as he told Europe and North 

3520
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:31,800
America lecture Halls. 
Overflowed audiences were drawn,

3521
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:36,000
not just to his ideas but also 
to his Persona rumpled suits, 

3522
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:39,500
mischievous humor and an aura of
introspective brilliant. 

3523
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:44,000
Journalists clamored for 
interviews often distorting his 

3524
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:47,700
words into simplistic sound 
bites, despite Elsa's best 

3525
03:06:47,700 --> 03:06:49,300
efforts to safeguard his 
privacy. 

3526
03:06:49,300 --> 03:06:53,200
The Cult of Personality grew 
Politicians hoped his presence 

3527
03:06:53,200 --> 03:06:56,800
would lend Prestige to their 
events and luminaries from other

3528
03:06:56,800 --> 03:07:01,100
fields sought his endorsement. 
Beneath the accolades Einstein 

3529
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:04,000
remained wary of Fame. 
He believed that genuine 

3530
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:07,300
Discovery flourished in quiet 
reflection, not in the spotlight

3531
03:07:07,300 --> 03:07:11,200
whenever possible you escape to 
the Alps or the countryside 

3532
03:07:11,200 --> 03:07:14,100
reveling in Mountain, walks and 
violin practice. 

3533
03:07:14,900 --> 03:07:17,700
Music provided a counterbalance 
to the rigors of theoretical 

3534
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:21,600
work, reinforcing his belief 
that Art and Science, shared a 

3535
03:07:21,600 --> 03:07:24,600
quest for harmony. 
Meanwhile in academic circles, 

3536
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:28,900
the quantum Revolution thundered
on physicists like Niels, Bohr 

3537
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:32,700
Vernor, Heisenberg and Max born 
claimed that probabilities lay 

3538
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:34,100
at the heart of physical 
reality. 

3539
03:07:34,100 --> 03:07:38,200
Einstein countered that God does
not play dice questioning. 

3540
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:39,900
Whether Randomness was the final
word. 

3541
03:07:40,700 --> 03:07:44,400
Their debates polite yet 
intense, fueled a new era of 

3542
03:07:44,400 --> 03:07:48,500
theoretical exploration. the 
young Quantum guard, revered 

3543
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:51,600
Einstein's contributions, but 
insisted that his skepticism 

3544
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:55,100
missed the theories core 
Elegance At the same time, 

3545
03:07:55,100 --> 03:07:58,500
Europe was experiencing social 
and political upheavals in the 

3546
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:02,800
aftermath of World War 1. 
Germany's bimar Republic, veered

3547
03:08:02,800 --> 03:08:05,000
between fragile democracy. 
And looming chaos, 

3548
03:08:05,000 --> 03:08:07,500
hyperinflation devastated, the 
middle class. 

3549
03:08:08,500 --> 03:08:11,200
Streamers factions, including 
the nascent knots Nazi party 

3550
03:08:11,200 --> 03:08:14,800
exploited, economic despair 
promoting xenophobia, and 

3551
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:18,200
anti-Semitism, Einstein, as a 
Jewish intellectual of an 

3552
03:08:18,200 --> 03:08:21,700
outspoken pacifist, became a 
prime target for nationalists. 

3553
03:08:22,400 --> 03:08:25,800
Hate mail arrived with 
disturbing regularity, accusing 

3554
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:28,200
him of undermining, Germany, 
scientific heritage. 

3555
03:08:29,200 --> 03:08:31,800
Despite these threats Einstein 
refused to hide. 

3556
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:34,600
He rallied for disarmament and 
international cooperation, 

3557
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:37,700
endorsing pacifist. 
Causes that were deeply 

3558
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:39,500
unpopular among nationalist 
circles. 

3559
03:08:39,500 --> 03:08:43,800
His celebrity magnified, the 
visibility of his stance, making

3560
03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:45,800
him a lightning rod for 
political hatred. 

3561
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:49,300
Some colleagues implored him to 
be more guarded, but he believed

3562
03:08:49,300 --> 03:08:53,500
moral convictions, outweighed, 
personal safety. in 1922 

3563
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:57,300
Einstein was awarded the Nobel 
Prize in physics, not for 

3564
03:08:57,300 --> 03:09:00,300
relativity, surprisingly, but 
for his earlier explanation of 

3565
03:09:00,308 --> 03:09:05,000
the photoelectric effect, By, 
then, the Nobel committee had 

3566
03:09:05,000 --> 03:09:08,200
become weary of the ongoing 
debate about relativity yet. 

3567
03:09:08,200 --> 03:09:10,700
They could not ignore his 
contributions to Quantum Theory.

3568
03:09:10,700 --> 03:09:15,400
When news arrived, was traveling
in Asia, embarked on a tour that

3569
03:09:15,400 --> 03:09:18,700
took him to Japan, where he was 
met by enthralled crowds, and 

3570
03:09:18,700 --> 03:09:22,300
showered with gifts notes, from 
that trip reveal a man torn 

3571
03:09:22,300 --> 03:09:25,200
between gratitude for the 
adulation and a desire for 

3572
03:09:25,200 --> 03:09:27,800
solitude. 
Upon returning to Germany, 

3573
03:09:27,800 --> 03:09:30,600
Einstein found the political 
climate darker. 

3574
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:34,200
The early stirring of Nazi 
ideology were creeping into 

3575
03:09:34,200 --> 03:09:35,700
University's and public 
discourse. 

3576
03:09:35,700 --> 03:09:39,300
Well though he tried to remain 
above Petty bickering, vicious 

3577
03:09:39,300 --> 03:09:43,000
attacks on his own German 
physics intensified right wing 

3578
03:09:43,000 --> 03:09:45,200
publication's branded 
relativity, a hoax. 

3579
03:09:45,200 --> 03:09:47,800
Some of his lectures were 
disrupted by hostile, 

3580
03:09:47,800 --> 03:09:51,200
demonstrators and rumors of 
assassination, plots circulated.

3581
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:56,400
Elsa deeply concerned urged him 
to consider emigrating Yet, 

3582
03:09:56,400 --> 03:09:59,700
Einstein hesitated. 
He felt a profound connection to

3583
03:09:59,700 --> 03:10:03,500
german-speaking intellectual 
life despite recognizing its 

3584
03:10:03,500 --> 03:10:06,000
dangerous currents. 
He also clung to the hope that 

3585
03:10:06,000 --> 03:10:10,400
reason and Goodwill might 
Prevail when not entangled in 

3586
03:10:10,400 --> 03:10:13,500
politics, he continued refining.
His approach to Quantum puzzles,

3587
03:10:14,200 --> 03:10:16,900
He developed thought experiments
aimed at exposing hidden 

3588
03:10:16,900 --> 03:10:19,300
variables or revealing 
contradictions in the quantum 

3589
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:22,000
framework. 
Each new exchange with bore 

3590
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:24,400
underscored. 
The chasm between Einstein's 

3591
03:10:24,400 --> 03:10:27,400
quest for determinism and the 
Copenhagen schools acceptance of

3592
03:10:27,408 --> 03:10:31,700
uncertainty by the late 1920s. 
Einstein statue had grown 

3593
03:10:31,700 --> 03:10:34,700
colossal but so had his 
disillusionment with Europe's 

3594
03:10:34,700 --> 03:10:37,500
volatile mood. 
Whispers of an eventual 

3595
03:10:37,500 --> 03:10:41,300
departure grew louder in public.
He spoke calmly about the 

3596
03:10:41,300 --> 03:10:44,000
spiritual crisis. 
Afflicting the continent. 

3597
03:10:44,900 --> 03:10:48,300
Privately he pondered where his 
future, lay the man who had once

3598
03:10:48,300 --> 03:10:51,300
roamed Italy in his youth, 
yearning for free thought. 

3599
03:10:51,300 --> 03:10:56,100
Again stood, at a Crossroads, 
When Adolf Hitler Rose to power 

3600
03:10:56,100 --> 03:11:01,300
in 1933 Einstein's predicament 
crystallized, the Nazis targeted

3601
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:04,900
Jewish scientists as scapegoats 
accusing them of corrupting 

3602
03:11:04,900 --> 03:11:08,300
German culture. 
For Einstein an international 

3603
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:11,800
admired thinker yet domestic 
Pariah remaining in Germany. 

3604
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:15,800
Became untenable acting on Elsa 
urgings and his own sense of 

3605
03:11:15,800 --> 03:11:18,300
imminent danger. 
He left Berlin for what would 

3606
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:22,400
become a permanent exile. 
Stopping briefly in Europe, he 

3607
03:11:22,400 --> 03:11:24,300
announced his resignation from 
the Prussian Academy. 

3608
03:11:25,100 --> 03:11:27,100
The move was both symbolic and 
pragmatic. 

3609
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:30,000
He refused to serve an 
institution bent on persecuting 

3610
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,000
him. 
Although his name still 

3611
03:11:32,000 --> 03:11:34,200
commanded, respect abroad in 
Germany. 

3612
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:37,700
His books were publicly burned 
and officials seized his assets.

3613
03:11:37,700 --> 03:11:41,700
Nazi propaganda labeled him. 
The arch enemy of true science 

3614
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:46,600
unfazed by Paris and attacks. 
Einstein worried about friends 

3615
03:11:46,600 --> 03:11:49,100
and colleague's trapped in a 
regime that suppress free 

3616
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:51,300
thought. 
He soon found refuge in the 

3617
03:11:51,308 --> 03:11:54,300
United States, accepting an 
appointment at the newly 

3618
03:11:54,300 --> 03:11:57,200
established Institute for 
advanced study in Princeton New 

3619
03:11:57,200 --> 03:12:00,300
Jersey, Princeton offered 
Serenity and intellectual 

3620
03:12:00,300 --> 03:12:02,700
autonomy with no formal teaching
duties. 

3621
03:12:02,700 --> 03:12:06,300
The institutes wooded campus and
quiet community reminded 

3622
03:12:06,300 --> 03:12:08,700
Einstein of the Tranquility. 
He wants treasured in 

3623
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:11,300
Switzerland. 
He took up residence in a modest

3624
03:12:11,300 --> 03:12:14,700
house on Mercer Street. 
Where Curious townsfolk would 

3625
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:19,400
spot him on daily walks unruly 
hair type in hand lost in 

3626
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:22,300
reflection. 
Yet, Exile weighed on him. 

3627
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:26,400
The grateful for safety, he 
missed the vibrant cafes of 

3628
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:29,600
Europe and lamented the plight 
of Jewish refugees barred from 

3629
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,700
many countries. 
He became an outspoken advocate 

3630
03:12:32,700 --> 03:12:34,700
for civil rights and 
international cooperation 

3631
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:37,900
determined to counter the Nazi 
threat. 

3632
03:12:38,600 --> 03:12:41,200
He supported various relief 
organizations, assisting 

3633
03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:44,600
displaced Scholars letters from 
this period reflector mix of 

3634
03:12:44,608 --> 03:12:49,000
relief, sorrow and moral urgency
scientifically. 

3635
03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:51,000
Einstein. 
Continued to question the 

3636
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:52,300
underpinning of quantum 
mechanics. 

3637
03:12:52,300 --> 03:12:56,400
He collaborated with Boris 
podolsky and Nathan Rosen on the

3638
03:12:56,400 --> 03:13:00,900
famous 1935 epr, Paradox 
asserting that quantum theory 

3639
03:13:00,900 --> 03:13:03,700
was incomplete. 
This paper challenge, the 

3640
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:07,500
Copenhagen interpretation by 
suggesting that spooky action at

3641
03:13:07,500 --> 03:13:10,400
a distance conflicted with the 
principles of locality and 

3642
03:13:10,400 --> 03:13:13,400
realism though intended to 
reveal quantum mechanics 

3643
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:16,100
shortcomings. 
The paper instead pave the way 

3644
03:13:16,100 --> 03:13:19,300
for future breakthroughs in 
quantum, entanglement research, 

3645
03:13:19,300 --> 03:13:25,200
ironically fueling the very 
field Einstein doubted Meanwhile

3646
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:30,100
Global tensions escalated as 
Nazi Germany, expanded its Mill 

3647
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:32,600
of juristic Ambitions. 
Einstein was drawn into 

3648
03:13:32,600 --> 03:13:36,300
geopolitical concerns. 
He had tried to avoid Friends 

3649
03:13:36,300 --> 03:13:38,500
cautioned him about the 
possibility of an atomic bomb. 

3650
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:41,700
Highlighting the dire 
consequences of Hitler's regime.

3651
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:43,500
Managed to harness nuclear 
fission first. 

3652
03:13:43,500 --> 03:13:46,400
Ironically it was Einstein's own
mass energy. 

3653
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,300
Equivalence E equals MC squared.
That foreshadowed the 

3654
03:13:49,308 --> 03:13:52,900
destructive power of splitting 
the atom Alarmed by such 

3655
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:55,600
Prospect. 
He allowed Hungarian emigres 

3656
03:13:55,600 --> 03:13:57,600
physicist. 
Leo, silard to draft a letter in

3657
03:13:57,600 --> 03:14:00,900
1939. 
Alerting US President Franklin, 

3658
03:14:00,900 --> 03:14:03,800
D, Roosevelt to the possibility 
of a German Atomic program. 

3659
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:08,000
This letter bearing Einstein's 
signature catalyzed the 

3660
03:14:08,008 --> 03:14:10,900
Manhattan Project, though, 
Einstein himself never worked 

3661
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:15,100
directly on Atomic weapons. 
Regret haunted him in later 

3662
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:17,400
Recollections. 
He lamented that had. 

3663
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:19,900
He foreseen the scale of 
Devastation nuclear arms would 

3664
03:14:19,900 --> 03:14:21,800
bring. 
He might never have signed the 

3665
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:24,800
warning yet at the time 
Einstein's. 

3666
03:14:24,800 --> 03:14:27,000
Pacifist. 
Leanings clashed with real 

3667
03:14:27,000 --> 03:14:30,100
politic a painful contradiction.
He carried to the end of his 

3668
03:14:30,108 --> 03:14:33,300
life. 
Princeton gradually became home.

3669
03:14:33,300 --> 03:14:36,300
Einstein strolled its streets in
tattered sweaters. 

3670
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:39,600
Occasionally offering an 
impromptu violin performance for

3671
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:42,000
friends. 
You feel did letters from admire

3672
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:45,600
as worldwide often replying with
brief but thoughtful notes 

3673
03:14:46,300 --> 03:14:49,800
Photos from the era show. 
A gentle face figure equal parts

3674
03:14:49,800 --> 03:14:53,600
grandfather and inscrutable He 
advised younger scientists 

3675
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,400
although his own research 
shifted away from mainstream 

3676
03:14:56,400 --> 03:15:00,100
physics fixated on unifying 
gravity with electromagnetic 

3677
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:02,200
forces. 
He pursued a theory of 

3678
03:15:02,208 --> 03:15:05,100
everything that increasingly 
isolated him from The Cutting 

3679
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:08,900
Edge, work on Quantum, Fields 
outside, the academic sphere, 

3680
03:15:08,900 --> 03:15:11,300
Einstein gained a voice in 
public debates. 

3681
03:15:11,300 --> 03:15:15,200
He spoke out Against Racism. 
In America comparing it to the 

3682
03:15:15,200 --> 03:15:18,300
anti-jewish sentiments. 
He had witnessed in Europe, He 

3683
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:20,900
supported civil rights activists
and forged friendships with 

3684
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:23,800
prominent black leaders despite 
the era's pervasive 

3685
03:15:23,800 --> 03:15:26,900
discrimination. 
Occasionally, he faced criticism

3686
03:15:26,900 --> 03:15:30,200
for meddling in social issues 
rather than sticking to science.

3687
03:15:31,300 --> 03:15:34,500
But I Einstein considered moral 
responsibility Inseparable from 

3688
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:38,400
intellectual freedom. 
As World War 2, rage Einstein's 

3689
03:15:38,400 --> 03:15:42,700
heartbreak was twofold. 
Germany is intellectual cradle, 

3690
03:15:42,700 --> 03:15:46,100
had become a synonym for 
barbarity, while the Allies were

3691
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:48,600
forced to develop weapons of 
unprecedented lethality. 

3692
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:52,600
He could only watch from afar 
offering moral support and 

3693
03:15:52,600 --> 03:15:54,600
condemnation of fascist 
ideologies. 

3694
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:58,900
In the aftermath of World War 2 
Albert Einstein status as a 

3695
03:15:58,908 --> 03:16:02,500
global on solidified. 
Yet his latter years were marked

3696
03:16:02,500 --> 03:16:05,000
by reflection in a sense of 
unresolved questions. 

3697
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:08,500
Despite pushing physics towards 
quantum theory, he remained 

3698
03:16:08,500 --> 03:16:10,100
resistant to its probabilistic 
core. 

3699
03:16:11,600 --> 03:16:14,600
Though, the Manhattan Project 
had validated the destructive 

3700
03:16:14,600 --> 03:16:16,500
potential of E equals MC 
squared. 

3701
03:16:17,900 --> 03:16:19,800
It also weighed heavily on his 
conscience. 

3702
03:16:20,900 --> 03:16:23,700
He loathed the arms race that 
followed and spoke openly 

3703
03:16:23,700 --> 03:16:27,800
against nuclear proliferation. 
Living in Princeton. he 

3704
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:31,100
continued his quest for a 
unified field Theory, an 

3705
03:16:31,100 --> 03:16:33,800
ambitious bid to reconcile 
electromagnetism and gravity 

3706
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:37,000
under one framework He toiled 
over complex equations, 

3707
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:40,200
convinced that nature possessed 
an underlying simplicity. 

3708
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:43,300
Critics. 
Meanwhile, argued that he was 

3709
03:16:43,300 --> 03:16:45,500
out of touch with emerging 
Quantum field, theories, 

3710
03:16:45,500 --> 03:16:49,800
undeterred Einstein pursued his 
unification program almost in 

3711
03:16:49,800 --> 03:16:53,600
solitude like in himself to 
alone travel or on a Winding 

3712
03:16:53,600 --> 03:16:56,200
Road. 
Younger physicists acknowledged 

3713
03:16:56,200 --> 03:16:58,900
his genius but often parted ways
with his methods. 

3714
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:02,100
Embracing instead the quantum 
approach, he had always found 

3715
03:17:02,100 --> 03:17:05,300
unsettling Beyond science. 
Einstein's. 

3716
03:17:05,300 --> 03:17:07,200
Voice resonated in global 
debates. 

3717
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:10,500
He championed a supernatural 
government to curb, the risk of 

3718
03:17:10,508 --> 03:17:13,500
nuclear war advocating 
collective security over 

3719
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:16,600
nationalism. 
Despite controversies many 

3720
03:17:16,600 --> 03:17:20,200
admired, his stance seeing in 
him a moral compass shape, by 

3721
03:17:20,200 --> 03:17:22,400
first-hand experience of 
authoritarianism. 

3722
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:24,500
He wrote letters to world 
leaders. 

3723
03:17:24,500 --> 03:17:28,400
Sometimes scoring partial 
victories, often meeting polite 

3724
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,300
in difference. 
Yeti pressed on believing that 

3725
03:17:31,300 --> 03:17:34,500
scientific Insight conferred, a 
duty to safeguard Humanity from 

3726
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:37,500
its inventions. 
His private life in Prince and 

3727
03:17:37,500 --> 03:17:40,700
had a gentle routine. 
Each morning brought a steady 

3728
03:17:40,700 --> 03:17:42,500
stream of letters. 
Seeking his opinion on 

3729
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:45,000
everything from cosmic theories 
to personal woes. 

3730
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:48,800
He obliged when he could, but 
dismissed frivolous requests 

3731
03:17:48,800 --> 03:17:52,100
after noon's, often involved 
slow walks or reading classical 

3732
03:17:52,100 --> 03:17:55,500
literature, evening's might find
him improvising on the violin 

3733
03:17:55,500 --> 03:17:58,800
seeking solace in music. 
Structured for Freedom friends, 

3734
03:17:58,800 --> 03:18:01,500
found him warm, but occasionally
aloof an introvert. 

3735
03:18:01,500 --> 03:18:04,500
Who value genuine conversation, 
yet, disdained Small Talk, 

3736
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:09,300
Elsa's death in 1936 had left an
emotional Gap that you filled 

3737
03:18:09,300 --> 03:18:13,200
through companionship with his 
stepdaughter, Margot and a 

3738
03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:17,600
circle of close confidants. 
His older son's Albert pursued 

3739
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:20,500
an engineering career. 
While younger son, Edward 

3740
03:18:20,500 --> 03:18:23,600
battled health challenges that 
Einstein struggled to comprehend

3741
03:18:23,600 --> 03:18:26,700
but he remained steadfast in 
providing financial and 

3742
03:18:26,700 --> 03:18:31,400
emotional support from afar. 
As the Cold War, donned Einstein

3743
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:33,800
found himself in a complicated 
political environment. 

3744
03:18:34,600 --> 03:18:38,800
Paradoxically the FBI kept files
on him viewing his pacifist, 

3745
03:18:38,800 --> 03:18:42,700
leanings and Global Outlook as 
potentially subversive rumors 

3746
03:18:42,700 --> 03:18:45,100
circulated that he was 
sympathetic to communist causes 

3747
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:46,900
though. 
He consistently denounced 

3748
03:18:46,900 --> 03:18:51,400
stalinist oppression instead, 
Einstein championed Universal 

3749
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:55,500
human rights, he grew vocally 
critical of McCarthyism branding

3750
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:57,200
it in assault, on intellectual 
Freedom. 

3751
03:18:57,200 --> 03:18:58,800
Akin to the political witch 
hunts. 

3752
03:18:58,800 --> 03:19:02,800
He had fled in Germany. 
By the early 1950s health 

3753
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:04,800
issues, nudged him toward a 
quieter pace? 

3754
03:19:05,600 --> 03:19:09,300
Yet his mind remained agile, and
he sometimes engaged in public 

3755
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:12,600
letters, urging scientists to 
unite for peaceful Endeavors. 

3756
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:16,500
He admired young luminaries like
Kurt girdle and conversed with 

3757
03:19:16,500 --> 03:19:19,700
them about the nature of logic 
and Mathematics, but he found 

3758
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:22,300
little common ground with the 
new wave of particle physics. 

3759
03:19:22,300 --> 03:19:26,300
Students worldwide still saw him
as an emblem of pure genius, 

3760
03:19:26,300 --> 03:19:29,100
while Einstein himself 
downplayed personal accolades. 

3761
03:19:29,100 --> 03:19:32,400
Insisting, he had simply 
followed his curiosity wherever 

3762
03:19:32,400 --> 03:19:36,500
it led. 
In 1955, Einstein experienced 

3763
03:19:36,500 --> 03:19:39,700
internal bleeding from an 
abdominal aneurysm though. 

3764
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:43,100
Doctors recommended surgery. 
He refused declaring that. 

3765
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:44,800
It was his time to go with 
dignity. 

3766
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:47,300
True to form. 
He spent his final days. 

3767
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:49,500
Revising a speech. 
He intended to deliver for 

3768
03:19:49,500 --> 03:19:52,200
Israel's seventh. 
Anniversary reflecting his 

3769
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:54,900
long-standing support for Jewish
communities, while advocating, 

3770
03:19:54,900 --> 03:19:59,100
peaceful coexistence. 
He died on April 18th, 1955, 

3771
03:19:59,100 --> 03:20:02,500
leaving behind notes, and half 
finished equations in search of 

3772
03:20:02,500 --> 03:20:05,200
that. 
Elusive unified field news of 

3773
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:08,700
his passing reverberated across 
the globe, world leaders and 

3774
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:10,900
fellow scientists. 
Paid tribute to the man who had 

3775
03:20:10,900 --> 03:20:14,500
reshaped our understanding of 
space time and energy. 

3776
03:20:15,500 --> 03:20:18,200
Yet Einstein's Legacy extended 
Beyond equation. 

3777
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:21,700
He embodied the principle that 
moral conviction, and 

3778
03:20:21,700 --> 03:20:25,700
intellectual daring can, and 
must co-exist in death. 

3779
03:20:25,700 --> 03:20:29,400
He became even more iconic. 
His name synonymous with 

3780
03:20:29,400 --> 03:20:32,300
Visionary genius and his 
photograph instantly 

3781
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:35,000
recognizable as a totem of human
possibility. 

3782
03:20:35,000 --> 03:20:39,300
Today, Einstein's, work 
undergirds Technologies from GPS

3783
03:20:39,300 --> 03:20:42,100
to nuclear power. 
His debate about quantum 

3784
03:20:42,100 --> 03:20:45,000
mechanics, remain at the heart 
of physics pointing toward 

3785
03:20:45,000 --> 03:20:47,300
Frontiers in entanglement and 
information Theory. 

3786
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:50,500
In that tension between 
breathtaking Discovery and 

3787
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:53,600
ethical uncertainty lies. 
The fullest measure of Albert 

3788
03:20:53,600 --> 03:20:55,500
Einstein's. 
Singular complex Legacy. 

3789
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:07,500
Let me tell you about a boy who 
would grow up to touch the 

3790
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:09,400
ceiling of the most famous 
Chapel in the world. 

3791
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:13,500
Imagine yourself relaxing in a 
cozy chair, on a calm evening. 

3792
03:21:14,700 --> 03:21:19,600
He was born on March, 6th 1475 
in the small Hillside town of 

3793
03:21:19,600 --> 03:21:23,100
capris where the Morning Mist 
clung to Old Stone houses like 

3794
03:21:23,100 --> 03:21:26,400
slumbering cats. 
His name was Michelangelo, born 

3795
03:21:26,400 --> 03:21:28,600
a roti, but his friends just 
called him, Michelle. 

3796
03:21:28,600 --> 03:21:31,600
Do you know how certain things 
appeal to certain kids? 

3797
03:21:32,600 --> 03:21:34,500
While some people chase 
butterflies and others? 

3798
03:21:34,500 --> 03:21:37,500
Adore books, young Michelle had 
a peculiar Obsession. 

3799
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:41,200
He was gathering Pebbles and 
examining their shapes turning 

3800
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:44,200
them over in his tiny hands. 
As if they were Secrets while 

3801
03:21:44,200 --> 03:21:46,300
other six year olds were playing
with wooden toys. 

3802
03:21:47,300 --> 03:21:50,900
His father, lot of Vico was a 
local magistrate, think of him 

3803
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:54,200
as the town's official paper 
pusher and he had Grand plans 

3804
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:56,900
for his son, that definitely 
didn't involve getting Dusty 

3805
03:21:56,900 --> 03:21:59,700
with the rocks. 
When Michelle was little the 

3806
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:03,000
family relocated to Florence 
which would later serve as both 

3807
03:22:03,000 --> 03:22:07,600
his inspiration and playground. 
In the 1480s Florence was more 

3808
03:22:07,600 --> 03:22:10,300
than just a city. 
It was like living inside a 

3809
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:14,000
jewelry box with ideas and art 
glistening on every surface, the

3810
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:16,600
Medici family ruled there as 
wealthy patrons who collected 

3811
03:22:16,600 --> 03:22:19,500
artists in the same way that 
some people collect rare coins. 

3812
03:22:20,200 --> 03:22:23,400
But they were not Kings when 
Michelle was just six years old,

3813
03:22:23,400 --> 03:22:25,200
his mother Francesca passed 
away. 

3814
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:29,400
Children are shaped by Los. 
Sometimes it pushes them towards

3815
03:22:29,400 --> 03:22:31,900
something bigger and other 
times, it makes them Retreat 

3816
03:22:31,900 --> 03:22:34,100
inward. 
It appeared to do both from 

3817
03:22:34,100 --> 03:22:36,100
Shell. 
He grew quieter and more 

3818
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:39,500
perceptive spending hours, 
observing stone masons fixed 

3819
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:42,100
structures because he was 
captivated by their ability to 

3820
03:22:42,100 --> 03:22:45,100
bend hard marble. 
In an attempt to guide him 

3821
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:48,700
toward a respectable career in 
banking or government his father

3822
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:51,300
enrolled him in Grammar School. 
Michelle. 

3823
03:22:51,300 --> 03:22:55,000
However, had different plans. 
He would doodle in the margins 

3824
03:22:55,000 --> 03:22:57,100
of his books. 
Instead of focusing on letting 

3825
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:01,100
conjugations creating intricate 
drawings of hands faces and the 

3826
03:23:01,100 --> 03:23:04,300
way light fell across a 
windowsill Michelle couldn't 

3827
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:07,800
help himself but his teachers 
were amused for him. 

3828
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:09,900
Creating art was more than just 
a hobby. 

3829
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:14,100
It was a way of life. 
At the age of 13, Mitchell 

3830
03:23:14,100 --> 03:23:17,600
joined Domenico, ghirlandaio one
of Florence's most prosperous 

3831
03:23:17,600 --> 03:23:20,300
painters as an apprentice 
defying. 

3832
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:22,400
His father's wishes and likely 
amid. 

3833
03:23:22,400 --> 03:23:26,100
Some heated family disputes, you
can appreciate lot of ecos 

3834
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:27,300
horror. 
If you can picture your 

3835
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:30,000
adolescent today, declaring 
their dropping out to pursue a 

3836
03:23:30,000 --> 03:23:33,200
career as a street artist. 
However, as is often the case 

3837
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:37,400
with future Geniuses Michelle 
was obstinate The girl and I are

3838
03:23:37,400 --> 03:23:39,000
Workshop. 
Resembled, an art Factory from 

3839
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:42,200
the Renaissance apprentices 
prepared canvases, ground 

3840
03:23:42,200 --> 03:23:44,700
pigments and picked up skills by
imitating. 

3841
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:47,700
The Masters methods, For 
Michelle painting was a bit 

3842
03:23:47,700 --> 03:23:51,100
confining but most boys were 
excited to eventually paint a 

3843
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:54,900
small portion of a larger piece.
The three-dimensional challenge 

3844
03:23:54,900 --> 03:23:56,600
of bringing life from inanimate 
Stone. 

3845
03:23:56,600 --> 03:24:00,400
He continued to gravitate 
towards sculpture his story 

3846
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:02,100
takes an intriguing turn at this
point. 

3847
03:24:02,100 --> 03:24:06,200
In his Garden's Lorenzo. 
De Medici also known as Lorenzo 

3848
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:09,200
the Magnificent had established 
to sort of art academy. 

3849
03:24:09,200 --> 03:24:13,000
Young Artists could study 
classical sculpture and receive 

3850
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:15,600
instruction from the best at 
this experimental School. 

3851
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:19,800
Michelle was invited to join 
after Lorenzo scouts or his 

3852
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:22,100
work. 
The boy who had been Gathering 

3853
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:25,200
Pebbles was now touching marble 
that had been carved before the 

3854
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,000
birth of Christ and strolling 
through Garden's, brimming with 

3855
03:24:28,000 --> 03:24:31,300
statues, from ancient Rome, it 
was like winning the Renaissance

3856
03:24:31,300 --> 03:24:35,400
Lottery to live in the Medici 
household. ideas crackled in the

3857
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:39,400
air like logs on a fire poets, 
recited new verses and 

3858
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:42,700
philosophers debated at the 
tables where you ate even though

3859
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:46,200
Miesha was only 15 and still 
developing his lanky frame, he 

3860
03:24:46,200 --> 03:24:50,000
was taking in everything, the 
art, the conversations, and the 

3861
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:52,900
realization that people could 
make beautiful things that would

3862
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:56,900
last He once carved a sleeping 
Cupid, that was so realistic and

3863
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:00,300
expertly done that someone 
proposed artificially aging it 

3864
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:02,900
and marketing, it as an antique 
Roman item. 

3865
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,400
The strategy was successful 
until the buyer realized the 

3866
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:10,800
fraud The Collector however, was
impressed, rather than incense, 

3867
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:13,800
who was this young person 
capable of deceiving 

3868
03:25:13,800 --> 03:25:16,500
professionals. 
At that moment, Michelle became 

3869
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,600
aware of a significant aspect of
himself. 

3870
03:25:18,600 --> 03:25:23,500
He was not merely talented, but 
exceptionally so, This type of 

3871
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:27,400
talent only occurs, perhaps once
every generation like learning 

3872
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:29,500
you can fly but not being sure. 
You want to take off. 

3873
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:31,700
It was both exhilarating and 
terrifying. 

3874
03:25:32,700 --> 03:25:35,700
As you go to sleep tonight, 
visualize that young man 

3875
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:39,600
standing among marble statues. 
In those Medici Gardens, his 

3876
03:25:39,600 --> 03:25:41,600
hands already smeared with stone
dust. 

3877
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:45,500
His mind racing with ideas, he 
had not yet been able to grasp 

3878
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:49,300
When Michelle was 21 years old 
and packing his few possessions 

3879
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:52,900
for Rome in 1496. 
He felt as though the world was 

3880
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:57,900
waiting for him, his school had 
been Florence, but Rome, ah, 

3881
03:25:57,900 --> 03:26:00,700
Rome was the birthplace of 
Legends and the making of 

3882
03:26:00,700 --> 03:26:03,800
reputations. 
Imagine him traveling toward the

3883
03:26:03,800 --> 03:26:07,400
city that had ruled the world on
that dusty road, most likely on 

3884
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:10,500
a borrowed horse with his 
Sketchbook securely tucked away 

3885
03:26:10,500 --> 03:26:14,100
in his saddlebag. 
In the late 1400s Rome resembled

3886
03:26:14,100 --> 03:26:17,300
a huge archaeological site where
people continue to live and 

3887
03:26:17,300 --> 03:26:19,600
work. 
There were pieces of the ancient

3888
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:22,600
empire everywhere. 
You looked walls constructed 

3889
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:25,800
from stones that had seen 
Caesar's Victory is marble 

3890
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:29,000
statues with out arms, but still
exuding strength and broken 

3891
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:30,700
columns, supporting Tavern 
roofs. 

3892
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:34,400
It was like entering Paradise 
for an artist who was enamored 

3893
03:26:34,400 --> 03:26:37,100
with classical Beauty. 
A French Cardinal who wanted 

3894
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:40,200
something unique for his tomb. 
Gave Michelle is first 

3895
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:45,200
significant Commission The young
sculptor proposed, a Peter Mary,

3896
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:48,100
holding the dead Christ and 
spent months, sketching, 

3897
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:51,000
studying anatomy and preparing 
for what would become his 

3898
03:26:51,000 --> 03:26:53,700
Masterpiece. 
The problem with marble however,

3899
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:58,100
is that it is not forgiving of 
Errors, a bad cut cannot be 

3900
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:02,600
repaired or erased each chisel. 
Stroke is a tiny Act of Faith. 

3901
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:05,800
He spent whole days in the 
workshop, working on the pieter 

3902
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:09,100
like a man possessed coming out 
with marble dust under his 

3903
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:12,600
fingernails, and in his hair. 
Tenderness of the sculpture he 

3904
03:27:12,600 --> 03:27:16,300
made was revolutionary Mitchell 
carved marrying Christ as 

3905
03:27:16,300 --> 03:27:19,200
though, they were actual people 
caught in a moment of great 

3906
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:21,900
sorrow and Grace. 
In contrast, to the conventional

3907
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:24,900
medieval style, that made 
figures appear rigid and 

3908
03:27:24,908 --> 03:27:28,000
symbolic. 
However, something annoying 

3909
03:27:28,000 --> 03:27:31,000
occurred when the piece was 
revealed after admiring. 

3910
03:27:31,000 --> 03:27:34,700
It visitors would inquire who 
carved this and shake their 

3911
03:27:34,700 --> 03:27:37,300
heads and credulous when 
informed that it was a young man

3912
03:27:37,300 --> 03:27:40,500
from Florence. 
One night, Michelle did 

3913
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:42,300
something he would never do 
again in his career. 

3914
03:27:43,200 --> 03:27:46,000
Sneaked back and carved. 
His name directly on Mary sash 

3915
03:27:46,000 --> 03:27:51,000
saying Colangelo Bono Roti 
Florentine made this like a 

3916
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:53,100
Renaissance graffiti artist 
claiming credit. 

3917
03:27:53,100 --> 03:27:56,400
It's funny to imagine this 
future Universe Master sneaking 

3918
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,100
around, Saint Peter's Basilica 
in the dark with his chisel. 

3919
03:27:59,100 --> 03:28:02,900
However, it was successful. 
Everyone in Rome was suddenly 

3920
03:28:02,900 --> 03:28:06,000
aware of Michelangelo's identity
after the Pierre established his

3921
03:28:06,000 --> 03:28:09,000
reputation. 
He also produced his well-known 

3922
03:28:09,000 --> 03:28:12,800
sculpture of the Roman wine. 
God, Bacchus around this period.

3923
03:28:13,800 --> 03:28:16,800
Now, the majority of artists 
depicted back us as a god-like 

3924
03:28:16,800 --> 03:28:19,600
and dignified figure. 
But Michelle had a different 

3925
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:23,400
vision. his Backus has the soft 
body of someone who has had too 

3926
03:28:23,400 --> 03:28:25,900
much good living and he appears 
to be a little inebriated 

3927
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:30,300
swaying, a little it was witty 
and clever demonstrating that 

3928
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:33,000
Michelle was aware of human 
nature even when he was 

3929
03:28:33,000 --> 03:28:37,700
portraying gods, The achievement
presented new difficulties Rich 

3930
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:40,600
customers started vying for his 
attention by paying 

3931
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:42,900
progressively higher prices for 
his sculptures. 

3932
03:28:43,800 --> 03:28:45,700
Michelle. 
However was picky about his 

3933
03:28:45,700 --> 03:28:48,100
commission's. 
He desired projects that would 

3934
03:28:48,100 --> 03:28:51,100
challenge his abilities and 
allow him to test the limits of 

3935
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:54,200
what marble could accomplish. 
Not just financial gain. 

3936
03:28:55,000 --> 03:28:57,700
Representatives from Florence, 
showed up one day with an 

3937
03:28:57,700 --> 03:29:00,900
interesting proposal. 
Huge block of marble that had 

3938
03:29:00,900 --> 03:29:04,200
been there for decades, was in 
the city after a few attempts 

3939
03:29:04,200 --> 03:29:06,900
earlier, sculptors as an 
abandoned, it claiming it was 

3940
03:29:06,900 --> 03:29:10,300
defective and useless. 
The florentines pondered where 

3941
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:13,300
the Michelle would want to look 
the block would have to be moved

3942
03:29:13,300 --> 03:29:16,100
back to Florence because it was 
so big 17 ft High. 

3943
03:29:16,900 --> 03:29:18,900
Like a physician examining a 
patient, Michelle. 

3944
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:22,300
Studied the marble. 
He walked around it, felt its 

3945
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,500
surface with his hands and 
examined, the cuts and grain he 

3946
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:28,400
saw potential where other 
sculptors or problems, he could 

3947
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:30,500
already picked the figure in 
prison in side. 

3948
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:32,200
Awaiting release in his 
imagination. 

3949
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:37,100
This commission would become 
David, it wasn't just any 

3950
03:29:37,100 --> 03:29:39,700
Commission. 
Months passed during the 

3951
03:29:39,700 --> 03:29:42,400
negotiations. 
Michelle desired a suitable 

3952
03:29:42,400 --> 03:29:45,300
workspace. 
Sufficient compensation and 

3953
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:49,200
total creative control. 
The city officials agreed to 

3954
03:29:49,200 --> 03:29:52,300
everything, possibly believing 
that someone would solve their 

3955
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:54,900
marble problem. 
They were unaware that they were

3956
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:57,100
commissioning the world's most 
well-known sculpture. 

3957
03:29:57,100 --> 03:30:00,300
Michelle took a final stroll 
through the historic streets of 

3958
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:03,200
Rome, as he got ready to head 
back to Florence, he was 

3959
03:30:03,200 --> 03:30:06,000
departing as a master having 
arrived as a budding Young 

3960
03:30:06,000 --> 03:30:08,300
artist. 
He had learned from the Eternal 

3961
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:10,700
City that beauty could endure 
centuries of conflict. 

3962
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:13,400
And turmoil, that art could 
transcend Empires. 

3963
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:16,900
And that a talented hand could 
transform Stone into a language 

3964
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,700
that would endure forever. 
As you drift off to sleep 

3965
03:30:19,700 --> 03:30:23,400
tonight, picture, Michelle 
already seeing David's face in 

3966
03:30:23,400 --> 03:30:25,800
his dreams. 
Loading that massive block of 

3967
03:30:25,800 --> 03:30:29,000
marble onto a cart. 
Those times when everything in 

3968
03:30:29,000 --> 03:30:31,600
your life falls into place, when
all of your knowledge and 

3969
03:30:31,600 --> 03:30:34,400
abilities come together to work 
on the ideal project at the 

3970
03:30:34,408 --> 03:30:38,600
ideal moment have a certain 
Allure that moment for Michelle 

3971
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:42,100
was Now 26. 
And back in Florence was when he

3972
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:45,300
first saw the enormous block of 
marble that would eventually 

3973
03:30:45,300 --> 03:30:48,100
become David. 
The marble had a fascinating 

3974
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:52,800
backstory decades before it had 
been taken from Carrara and used

3975
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:56,500
to make a sculpture of David for
Florence cathedral. two, 

3976
03:30:56,500 --> 03:31:00,000
previous sculptors had attempted
it Agostino di duccio had 

3977
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,300
started carving, but abandoned 
it and Antonio rossellino had 

3978
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:07,900
been commissioned to continue 
but also gave up 1501 the block,

3979
03:31:07,900 --> 03:31:11,100
which the locals called, the 
giant had devolved into a Public

3980
03:31:11,100 --> 03:31:14,200
Disgrace, akin to a costly piece
of exercise, equipment 

3981
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:18,300
collecting dust in a corner. 
In order to safeguard his work 

3982
03:31:18,300 --> 03:31:21,100
and his privacy Michelle 
constructed a wooden shelter 

3983
03:31:21,100 --> 03:31:24,100
around the marble in the 
cathedral Courtyard where he set

3984
03:31:24,100 --> 03:31:27,300
up his Workshop. 
This was his world for the next 

3985
03:31:27,300 --> 03:31:29,500
three years. 
He would get there before the 

3986
03:31:29,500 --> 03:31:32,400
sun came up and work until it 
went out frequently. 

3987
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:35,400
Skipping meals. 
City officials defended their 

3988
03:31:35,400 --> 03:31:38,200
investment, despite complaints 
from The Neighbors about the 

3989
03:31:38,200 --> 03:31:40,400
continuous tapping of a chisel 
on Stone. 

3990
03:31:41,200 --> 03:31:43,800
They had a sneaking suspicion 
that something extraordinary was

3991
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:45,700
taking place behind those wooden
walls. 

3992
03:31:46,500 --> 03:31:49,400
Reimagining a well known tale 
was more important to David's 

3993
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:53,100
creation than technical 
proficiency early artists are 

3994
03:31:53,100 --> 03:31:54,800
depicted. 
David standing over Goliath 

3995
03:31:54,800 --> 03:31:56,300
severed head, following his 
victory. 

3996
03:31:57,200 --> 03:32:00,700
Michelle, however, saw things 
differently, his David has shown

3997
03:32:00,700 --> 03:32:04,300
just before the fight, his 
muscles, tensed his gaze. 

3998
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:08,100
Fixed on the approaching giant. 
A young man mustering the will 

3999
03:32:08,100 --> 03:32:12,100
to fight an impossible battle. 
David represented everyone who 

4000
03:32:12,100 --> 03:32:15,900
had ever had to overcome in some
mountable odds, which in plague 

4001
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:17,700
stricken, warn Renaissance, 
Italy. 

4002
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:21,300
Mental, most everyone, The 
physical difficulties were 

4003
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:25,500
tremendous the marble weighed 
more than six tons and stood 17 

4004
03:32:25,500 --> 03:32:28,600
feet tall. 
Michelle had to climb ladders 

4005
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:31,000
and Scaffolding constantly 
changing his perspective. 

4006
03:32:31,000 --> 03:32:34,600
In order to check his 
proportions, he devised a method

4007
03:32:34,608 --> 03:32:38,200
for creating tiny wax models and
then in enlarging them applying 

4008
03:32:38,200 --> 03:32:41,500
mathematical ratios to translate
his Concepts onto the enormous 

4009
03:32:41,500 --> 03:32:43,800
Stone. 
There were disadvantages to 

4010
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:47,400
working alone on some days when 
a certain muscles wouldn't look 

4011
03:32:47,400 --> 03:32:49,200
right? 
Or the marble showed an 

4012
03:32:49,200 --> 03:32:51,700
unexpected floor. 
Doubt would creep in like 

4013
03:32:51,700 --> 03:32:55,300
morning fog. 
A time Michelle would dedicate 

4014
03:32:55,300 --> 03:32:59,000
whole days to carve in revving. 
A single finger until it reached

4015
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:00,700
the level of perfection, he had 
imagined. 

4016
03:33:01,600 --> 03:33:04,700
His hands were permanently, 
discolored his back hurt from 

4017
03:33:04,700 --> 03:33:07,300
looking up all the time. 
And he became known for being 

4018
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:09,900
anti-social though. 
This was partially due to the 

4019
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:12,200
fact that he simply had no time 
for socializing. 

4020
03:33:13,400 --> 03:33:17,400
It was a slow breakthrough 
months went by and David shaped 

4021
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:19,700
appeared on the stone, like a 
sunrise cresting Hills. 

4022
03:33:20,500 --> 03:33:24,000
The fundamental form came first 
followed by the definition of 

4023
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:27,200
the muscles and features. 
And lastly, the amazing detail 

4024
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:30,700
that gave the appearance of 
living flesh to Marble Mitchell 

4025
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,900
focused, particularly on David's
eyes, which still appear to 

4026
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:37,200
track movement and His Hands, 
which were large to highlight 

4027
03:33:37,200 --> 03:33:41,500
his humanity and resolved by 
1504 word had gotten out that. 

4028
03:33:41,508 --> 03:33:44,100
Something extraordinary was 
taking place in that Workshop. 

4029
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:46,400
In Florence. 
The response was Swift and 

4030
03:33:46,400 --> 03:33:49,400
overwhelming when David was 
finally unveiled by officials 

4031
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:53,400
crowds of citizens gathered. 
Merely to gaze to learn the 

4032
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:57,700
technique artists traveled from 
all over Italy, even people who 

4033
03:33:57,700 --> 03:34:00,000
knew nothing about art could 
sense, they were seeing 

4034
03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:01,800
something that would outlive 
them all. 

4035
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:06,700
But then came a delightful 
problem where to put a 17 foot 

4036
03:34:06,700 --> 03:34:09,400
naked, man. 
David was supposed to be 

4037
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:12,300
positioned high on the cathedral
but the sculpture was too 

4038
03:34:12,300 --> 03:34:14,300
magnificent to be concealed on a
roof top. 

4039
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:17,500
The placement was discussed by a
commission of citizens and 

4040
03:34:17,500 --> 03:34:20,800
artists including Leonardo da 
Vinci who had his own views. 

4041
03:34:22,000 --> 03:34:25,200
As a representation of the power
of the Republic, some wanted 

4042
03:34:25,200 --> 03:34:27,200
David to stand in front of the 
plateau. 

4043
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:31,500
Others favored, a more secure 
area The topic of politics came 

4044
03:34:31,500 --> 03:34:34,800
up like David and Goliath 
Florence was a republican 

4045
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:38,600
circled by hostile territories. 
The sculpture came to represent 

4046
03:34:38,600 --> 03:34:41,000
Democratic principles of pausing
oppression. 

4047
03:34:41,900 --> 03:34:44,700
When David was eventually 
erected in front of the Palazzo 

4048
03:34:44,700 --> 03:34:47,600
Vecchio, it was both an artistic
and a political statement. 

4049
03:34:48,400 --> 03:34:52,000
The installation was a feat of 
engineering using an intricate 

4050
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:55,000
system of ropes and wooden 
rollers. 40 men, moved David. 

4051
03:34:55,000 --> 03:34:58,300
The half-mile from the workshop 
to The Piazza over the course of

4052
03:34:58,300 --> 03:35:01,000
four days. 
The procession turned into an 

4053
03:35:01,000 --> 03:35:03,800
unplanned celebration of civic 
pride as people gathered in the 

4054
03:35:03,808 --> 03:35:07,900
streets to watch. 
Michelle, who is now 29 and give

4055
03:35:07,900 --> 03:35:11,100
him Florence and icon. 
In addition to a sculpture In 

4056
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:14,200
addition to his artistic 
accomplishments David embodied 

4057
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:16,800
the Renaissance belief that 
anyone could achieve anything 

4058
03:35:16,800 --> 03:35:20,300
with Talent bravery and 
willpower. as you fall asleep, 

4059
03:35:20,300 --> 03:35:23,100
imagine the moment when the 
scaffolding was finally taken 

4060
03:35:23,100 --> 03:35:26,500
down, and David was standing 
there in all his Splendor 

4061
03:35:26,500 --> 03:35:30,500
prepared to take on any Giants, 
the world might send something 

4062
03:35:30,500 --> 03:35:32,100
happens. 
That completely upend 

4063
03:35:32,100 --> 03:35:33,700
everything. 
You believe to be true about 

4064
03:35:33,700 --> 03:35:35,900
yourself. 
Just when you think life is 

4065
03:35:35,900 --> 03:35:39,400
settled into a comfortable 
pattern, Pope, Julius the second

4066
03:35:39,400 --> 03:35:42,900
who combined the artistic 
aspirations of Lorenzo de Medici

4067
03:35:42,900 --> 03:35:45,200
the temperament of a Renaissance
Warlord. 

4068
03:35:45,200 --> 03:35:48,700
The Spiritual Authority of the 
papacy was the source of that 

4069
03:35:48,700 --> 03:35:52,700
disruption for Michelle. in 
order to design and sculpt a 

4070
03:35:52,700 --> 03:35:55,100
massive tomb, that would rival, 
The Monuments of the ancient 

4071
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:59,300
Emperors Julius had called 
Michelle to Rome With dozens of 

4072
03:35:59,300 --> 03:36:01,100
figures, adorning the 
three-story marble. 

4073
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:03,900
Masterpiece Michelle spent 
months making models and 

4074
03:36:03,900 --> 03:36:07,000
drawings his sculpture Legacy 
would be the work of a lifetime.

4075
03:36:08,400 --> 03:36:12,300
Then Julius had second thoughts.
Imagine Michelle's annoyance, 

4076
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:14,700
your guests decide. 
They would rather have pizza 

4077
03:36:14,700 --> 03:36:17,400
after you've prepared the 
perfect dinner party purchased 

4078
03:36:17,400 --> 03:36:19,900
all the necessary supplies and 
began cooking. 

4079
03:36:20,900 --> 03:36:23,400
The pope was the guest in this 
instance, though, and you 

4080
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:25,500
couldn't exactly dispute, papal,
Authority. 

4081
03:36:26,300 --> 03:36:27,900
Julius came up with a novel 
idea. 

4082
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:31,400
He wanted Michelle to paint the 
Sistine Chapel ceiling. 

4083
03:36:32,200 --> 03:36:34,400
Michelle objected, but I'm a 
Sculptor. 

4084
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:37,600
And he was correct. 
He had a little experience 

4085
03:36:37,600 --> 03:36:41,000
painting and he'd never tried 
anything as large as Julius had 

4086
03:36:41,000 --> 03:36:45,300
in mind. 68 feet to the ground, 
the Sistine Chapel ceiling, 

4087
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:49,300
covered more than 5,000 square 
feet of curved surface lying on 

4088
03:36:49,308 --> 03:36:50,800
your back. 
Would be like painting the 

4089
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:54,600
interior of a cathedral meals 
worries, didn't interest 

4090
03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:57,000
Julia's. 
Discussions were short and 

4091
03:36:57,000 --> 03:36:59,400
obedience was expected when the 
pope made a request. 

4092
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:04,100
According to some historians 
romantic the Pope's architect 

4093
03:37:04,100 --> 03:37:06,900
suggested, Michelle for the 
project despite the fact that it

4094
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:10,000
was all but impossible in the 
hopes that the sculptor would 

4095
03:37:10,008 --> 03:37:12,500
falter and withdraw from the 
race for julius's favor. 

4096
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,600
If that's the case, they 
misjudged Michelle stubbornness.

4097
03:37:17,500 --> 03:37:22,600
In 1508 Michelle was 33 years 
old and looking up at a ceiling 

4098
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:25,700
that seemed to go on forever. 
Trying to figure out how to turn

4099
03:37:25,700 --> 03:37:29,300
plain plaster into the most 
amazing painted surface in 

4100
03:37:29,300 --> 03:37:31,400
Christian art. 
He would have to come up with 

4101
03:37:31,408 --> 03:37:34,200
ways to paint above without 
getting blinded by paint 

4102
03:37:34,200 --> 03:37:37,100
dripping in his eyes designed 
scaffolding, that wouldn't 

4103
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:40,000
collapse and somehow come up 
with a cohesive composition, 

4104
03:37:40,000 --> 03:37:44,100
that made sense from 68 feet 
below, The topic was just as 

4105
03:37:44,100 --> 03:37:47,600
intimidating. 
Julius wanted prophets sibyls 

4106
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:51,200
and hundreds of other characters
to surround scenes from Genesis 

4107
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:54,800
such as the creation of the 
world, Adam and Eve and Noah's 

4108
03:37:54,800 --> 03:37:56,900
flood. 
It was more than just a 

4109
03:37:56,900 --> 03:37:58,400
painting. 
It was a comprehensive 

4110
03:37:58,400 --> 03:38:01,500
theological program that had to 
function as both separate scenes

4111
03:38:01,500 --> 03:38:05,000
and a cohesive whole reasoning 
that he would begin the story, 

4112
03:38:05,000 --> 03:38:07,700
chronologically Michelle started
with the flood scene. 

4113
03:38:07,700 --> 03:38:11,200
However, it was extremely 
challenging to work overhead 

4114
03:38:11,200 --> 03:38:14,800
while lying on scaffolding. 
His neck ached from the awkward 

4115
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:16,700
position, paint, dripped 
continuously. 

4116
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:19,500
And the figures he thought were 
Flawless up clothes looked 

4117
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:23,000
warped down from floor level. 
He struggled for weeks before 

4118
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:24,700
scraping everything off and 
starting over. 

4119
03:38:25,500 --> 03:38:28,800
This time working backwards 
through Genesis, he started with

4120
03:38:28,800 --> 03:38:31,200
God, distinguishing between 
light and darkness. 

4121
03:38:32,200 --> 03:38:35,700
Created clever methods such as 
thickening his paint, mixtures 

4122
03:38:35,700 --> 03:38:39,200
to minimize dripping making 
cartoon templates to project 

4123
03:38:39,200 --> 03:38:42,500
designs onto the ceiling, and 
modifying proportions to take 

4124
03:38:42,500 --> 03:38:44,200
the viewing angle into 
consideration. 

4125
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:47,800
Most significantly, he 
discovered that the ceiling was 

4126
03:38:47,800 --> 03:38:50,300
an architectural space, that 
could give the impression of 

4127
03:38:50,300 --> 03:38:52,700
depth and movement rather than a
flat surface. 

4128
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:56,700
The work took up all of his time
during his four years. 

4129
03:38:56,708 --> 03:38:59,500
As a painter, he frequently 
worked by himself in the chapel 

4130
03:38:59,500 --> 03:39:02,300
after dark using only candles 
for illumination. 

4131
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:06,400
Every brushstroke of those. 
Magnificent figures was created 

4132
03:39:06,400 --> 03:39:09,500
by his hand but his assistant 
prepared, the paints and 

4133
03:39:09,508 --> 03:39:13,700
cartoons his owner mental poem 
about becoming a hunchback from 

4134
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,500
looking up all the time, 
describes the chronic neck, and 

4135
03:39:16,508 --> 03:39:19,400
back pain, he developed that, 
would follow him for the rest of

4136
03:39:19,400 --> 03:39:21,800
his life. 
Psychological pressure. 

4137
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:25,200
Matched the physical toll. 
Julius would show up out of the 

4138
03:39:25,200 --> 03:39:28,400
blue scaling, the scaffolding to
check on progress and give 

4139
03:39:28,400 --> 03:39:31,400
unsolicited advice. 
The pope was impatient 

4140
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:34,100
constantly asking when the work 
would be finished. 

4141
03:39:35,100 --> 03:39:37,100
Michelle almost got hit with 
julius's walking. 

4142
03:39:37,100 --> 03:39:39,400
Stick for his well known reply 
when it's finished. 

4143
03:39:40,300 --> 03:39:44,100
But over time magic occurred 
figures of amazing Beauty and 

4144
03:39:44,108 --> 03:39:46,200
strength started to emerge from 
the ceiling. 

4145
03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:50,000
His God wasn't the distant. 
Symbolic, deity of medieval art,

4146
03:39:50,000 --> 03:39:53,300
but a dynamic Creator sweeping 
through space with cosmic 

4147
03:39:53,300 --> 03:39:56,300
energy. 
The most well known gesture in 

4148
03:39:56,300 --> 03:39:57,300
art. 
History is Adams. 

4149
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,500
Awakening touch. 
Flat ceiling became a vision of 

4150
03:40:00,500 --> 03:40:03,500
Heaven as the prophets and 
syllables appeared to occupy 

4151
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:07,600
actual architectural spaces. 
The way, all of these components

4152
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:10,100
came together was the most 
amazing accomplishment. 

4153
03:40:10,800 --> 03:40:12,900
Visitors could follow the 
creation story. 

4154
03:40:12,900 --> 03:40:14,900
While being ordered by the 
individual figures. 

4155
03:40:14,900 --> 03:40:18,100
Exquisite beauty as they read, 
the ceiling from the chapel 

4156
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:21,700
floor, which resembled a huge 
illuminated manuscript tonight. 

4157
03:40:21,700 --> 03:40:24,800
As you close your eyes, picture,
Michelle standing atop that 

4158
03:40:24,800 --> 03:40:28,200
scaffolding exhausted and 
covered in paint producing 

4159
03:40:28,200 --> 03:40:30,100
pictures that were all future 
Generations. 

4160
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,300
Every great Endeavor, has a 
turning point when you take 

4161
03:40:33,300 --> 03:40:36,600
stock and discover that you've 
produced something, that even 

4162
03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:40,300
you were surprised by when the 
scaffolding was eventually, 

4163
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:44,300
taken down in October 1512, 
Michelangelo was able to see the

4164
03:40:44,300 --> 03:40:47,200
finished, Sistine Chapel ceiling
for the first time from the 

4165
03:40:47,200 --> 03:40:49,800
ground floor. 
Just like any other visitor who 

4166
03:40:49,808 --> 03:40:51,800
might happen to wander in from 
the Roman streets. 

4167
03:40:53,200 --> 03:40:56,200
The unveiling was a combination 
of religious ceremony, political

4168
03:40:56,200 --> 03:41:00,000
theater and art exhibition as 
one might anticipate from a 

4169
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:03,800
Papal event in Renaissance Rome.
In their finest robes Cardinals 

4170
03:41:03,800 --> 03:41:07,200
and diplomats assembled artists 
traveled from all over Italy, to

4171
03:41:07,200 --> 03:41:10,400
observe, what everyone knew 
would be unprecedented and 

4172
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:13,300
inquisitive, Romans flocked 
outside to catch a glimpse of 

4173
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:15,000
what their cities Master had 
achieved. 

4174
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:18,600
There was an instantaneous and 
profound silence as those heavy 

4175
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:20,600
wooden doors opened and the 
crowd filed in. 

4176
03:41:21,500 --> 03:41:23,600
And something is so Exquisite 
that it leaves people 

4177
03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:25,300
speechless, you know what I 
mean? 

4178
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:27,400
That's precisely what took 
place. 

4179
03:41:28,400 --> 03:41:31,900
Standing with their next trained
back and their mouths open grown

4180
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:35,200
men who had lived their entire 
lives surrounded by Art tempted 

4181
03:41:35,200 --> 03:41:36,400
to take in what they were 
witnessing. 

4182
03:41:37,900 --> 03:41:41,000
The ceiling had been turned into
a window to Heaven, not just 

4183
03:41:41,000 --> 03:41:43,400
painted. 
Michele had created an 

4184
03:41:43,400 --> 03:41:46,700
architectural illusion. 
So convincing that visitors felt

4185
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:50,000
they were looking up through 
actual stone Frameworks at real 

4186
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:54,700
figures inhabiting, Celestial 
space each scene, God sweeping 

4187
03:41:54,700 --> 03:41:57,500
the cosmos atom waking up even 
merging. 

4188
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:01,200
From Adam's side was Flawless on
its own but they all came 

4189
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:02,900
together like the movements of a
symphony. 

4190
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:06,100
Of course, Pope Julius was 
Victorious. 

4191
03:42:06,100 --> 03:42:08,700
He had commissioned the piece 
for political, as well as 

4192
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:12,100
artistic reasons demonstrating 
to the world that people Rome 

4193
03:42:12,100 --> 03:42:14,900
was capable of creating Wonders 
on par with those of classical 

4194
03:42:14,900 --> 03:42:17,600
Antiquity. 
However, Julius appeared 

4195
03:42:17,600 --> 03:42:19,700
astonished by the 
accomplishments of his erratic. 

4196
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:23,900
Sculptor undoubtedly, the 
ceiling was propaganda, but it 

4197
03:42:23,908 --> 03:42:26,200
was propaganda of such Sublime 
Beauty. 

4198
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:28,500
That it took on a much higher 
significance. 

4199
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:31,000
As usual, Michelle was already 
planning. 

4200
03:42:31,000 --> 03:42:33,500
His next Endeavor. 
He was still essentially a 

4201
03:42:33,500 --> 03:42:36,400
sculptor even though the four 
years of painting had been an 

4202
03:42:36,400 --> 03:42:39,300
unusual diversion. 
He desired to go back to the 

4203
03:42:39,300 --> 03:42:41,900
marble statues that had been 
patiently, waiting in julius's 

4204
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:45,600
Workshop to his tomb. 
But like Pope's Julius had other

4205
03:42:45,600 --> 03:42:47,700
ideas. 
The relationship between 

4206
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:51,000
Michelle and Julius was 
fascinating to observe, both of 

4207
03:42:51,000 --> 03:42:54,800
them had strong Wills Ardent art
lovers and were completely 

4208
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:56,100
confident in their own 
abilities. 

4209
03:42:56,100 --> 03:42:59,800
There are arguments, were 
legendary and 1 Point Michelle 

4210
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:02,300
actually left Rome and had to be
brought back by people, 

4211
03:43:02,300 --> 03:43:04,700
apologies. 
However, they were able to 

4212
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:07,100
understand one another in the 
way that challenging people 

4213
03:43:07,100 --> 03:43:11,500
occasionally do, Despite his 
complaints Michelle flourished, 

4214
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:14,800
under the pressure of impossible
commission's and Julius saw 

4215
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:18,100
genius, where he saw it. 
Michelle likely believed that he

4216
03:43:18,100 --> 03:43:21,200
would finally be able to work on
his own projects after julius's 

4217
03:43:21,200 --> 03:43:24,500
death in 1513. 
Michelle had been raised in the 

4218
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,200
Medici family, so it should have
been good news that he was. 

4219
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:28,800
Now. 
Dealing with the new Pope Leo, 

4220
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:33,600
the 10th who was a Medici but 
Leo, had his own artistic vision

4221
03:43:33,600 --> 03:43:37,600
and his own favorite artists, 
including Raphael, who was 

4222
03:43:37,608 --> 03:43:40,100
painting the papal apartment 
while Michelle was working 

4223
03:43:40,100 --> 03:43:43,700
overhead in the Sistine Chapel 
The Rivalry with Rafael gives 

4224
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:47,700
Michelle's story a humorous 
side, plot Charming, tactful at 

4225
03:43:47,700 --> 03:43:50,400
ease around customers and 
capable of running sizable. 

4226
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:52,500
Workshops Raphael was 
everything. 

4227
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,500
Michelle wasnt. 
Raphael was hosting, elegant 

4228
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:58,300
dinner parties, and graciously 
accepting commission after 

4229
03:43:58,300 --> 03:44:01,400
commission while Michelle was up
on scaffolding covered in paint 

4230
03:44:01,400 --> 03:44:05,200
complaining, about people. 
Meddling nonetheless, the two 

4231
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:07,300
artists value one another's 
creation's. 

4232
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:10,600
Although he would never publicly
acknowledged, it Michelle 

4233
03:44:10,600 --> 03:44:13,300
valued, Rafael's, compositional 
abilities, and Technical 

4234
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:15,700
Innovations, and Raphael used 
elements. 

4235
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:17,900
He had learned from studying 
Mitchell, sealing in his own 

4236
03:44:17,900 --> 03:44:21,500
paintings, it was the kind of 
high level professional rivalry 

4237
03:44:21,500 --> 03:44:25,000
that motivates both sides to 
achieve more Leo, the 10th 

4238
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:27,700
wanted Michelangelo to be 
involved in the facade design of

4239
03:44:27,700 --> 03:44:31,400
Saint Peter's Basilica, because 
he had big plans for it. 

4240
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:35,000
One of the most frustrating 
periods in Michelle's career 

4241
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:38,300
resulted from this years of 
building architectural models 

4242
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,400
and drawings visiting marble 
quarries and setting up. 

4243
03:44:41,400 --> 03:44:43,800
Workshops only to have the 
project shelved. 

4244
03:44:43,800 --> 03:44:47,100
When papal funds ran out, 
Michelle had made promises 

4245
03:44:47,100 --> 03:44:49,800
signed contracts, and hired 
staff. 

4246
03:44:49,800 --> 03:44:52,400
And all of that vanished 
overnight due to politics at the

4247
03:44:52,400 --> 03:44:54,800
Vatican. 
Michelle learned a valuable 

4248
03:44:54,800 --> 03:44:57,700
lesson about the risky nature of
artistic patronage from these 

4249
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:01,400
people let Downs money, 
vanished, priorities, shifted, 

4250
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:04,800
and Pope's passed away. 
He needed to choose projects 

4251
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:07,400
more carefully and guard against
the whims of influential 

4252
03:45:07,400 --> 03:45:09,200
patrons. 
If he hoped to produce work, 

4253
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:12,800
that would last But his 
reputation was set in stone by 

4254
03:45:12,800 --> 03:45:15,800
the Sistine ceiling. 
People traveled from all over 

4255
03:45:15,800 --> 03:45:18,600
Europe to witness it. 
It was the subject of intense 

4256
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:20,900
study by other artists who 
sought to comprehend his 

4257
03:45:20,900 --> 03:45:23,600
methods. 
Poets started writing about it. 

4258
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:26,200
Michelle had accomplished, 
something that goes beyond 

4259
03:45:26,200 --> 03:45:30,100
typical artistic achievement. 
He had produced art that people 

4260
03:45:30,100 --> 03:45:33,800
would travel great distances to 
view a sleep draws near to 

4261
03:45:33,800 --> 03:45:36,300
night. 
Imagine those first viewers in 

4262
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:40,500
the Sistine Chapel, their faces 
lit by candlelight looking up in

4263
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:43,500
or at pictures that seem to make
Genesis come to life. 

4264
03:45:44,200 --> 03:45:46,900
Mastery in one area frequently 
leads to unexpected 

4265
03:45:46,900 --> 03:45:49,400
opportunities. 
In other areas a lesson that 

4266
03:45:49,408 --> 03:45:51,100
life has a way of imparting to 
us. 

4267
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:55,000
Michelle experience, this lesson
dramatically and his later 

4268
03:45:55,000 --> 03:45:57,900
years, new challenges, that 
would push him, well beyond his 

4269
03:45:57,900 --> 03:46:00,100
comfort zone and uncover 
talents. 

4270
03:46:00,100 --> 03:46:03,500
He was unaware, he possessed 
came as he approached his 50s 

4271
03:46:03,500 --> 03:46:05,800
old age by Renaissance 
standards. 

4272
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,200
When Pope Clement, the seventh 
asked him to design a library. 

4273
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:13,600
It was the first surprise, the 
Laurentian library in Florence a

4274
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:15,200
groundbreaking facility that 
would house. 

4275
03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:18,500
The Medici family's Priceless 
manuscript collection was not 

4276
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,200
just any Library. 
Similar to his approach to 

4277
03:46:21,208 --> 03:46:24,300
sculpture, Michelle viewed 
architecture as an expression of

4278
03:46:24,300 --> 03:46:27,200
the fundamental character of a 
building rather than, as 

4279
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:30,500
ornamentation. 
His design was audacious. 

4280
03:46:31,400 --> 03:46:34,200
With its rows of wooden reading 
desks and well-proportioned 

4281
03:46:34,200 --> 03:46:36,600
windows. 
That, let in soft light, the 

4282
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:39,000
reading room, resembled the 
Serene Hull of a ship. 

4283
03:46:39,000 --> 03:46:42,900
However, his true genius was 
displayed in the vestibular at 

4284
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:46,300
the entrance with steps that 
curved and divided in ways, that

4285
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:48,100
gave the impression that stone 
was Liquid. 

4286
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:51,700
He constructed a staircase that 
appeared to float like frozen 

4287
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:56,000
lava even now visitors still 
stop on those stairs feeling as 

4288
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:59,100
though they are viewing 
architectural, sculpture It was 

4289
03:46:59,108 --> 03:47:02,600
both happy and sad to work in 
Florence, once more, the city of

4290
03:47:02,600 --> 03:47:06,200
his youth had changed. 
Political upheavals, had 

4291
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:09,100
scattered old friends, and the 
optimistic, humanism of his 

4292
03:47:09,100 --> 03:47:12,200
early years, had been tempered 
by War, plague and religious 

4293
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:16,300
Reformation Michael's interest 
in poetry grew and he began 

4294
03:47:16,300 --> 03:47:18,200
pinning. 
Verses that showed a more 

4295
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:21,600
reflective side of himself. 
His poems weren't masterpieces, 

4296
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:25,800
but they were deeply personal, 
exploring themes of Aging faith 

4297
03:47:25,800 --> 03:47:27,900
and the meaning of artistic 
creation. 

4298
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:31,800
Victoria kelana. 
A remarkable woman who was a 

4299
03:47:31,800 --> 03:47:35,000
poet religious reformer, and 
intellectual force in her own, 

4300
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:36,800
right? 
Became one of his most 

4301
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:38,400
significant friends during this 
time. 

4302
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,400
Their deep spiritual bond, 
founded on a mutual interest in 

4303
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:45,800
poetry, art and religious issues
was unique for its time. 

4304
03:47:46,500 --> 03:47:49,000
Few people ever faced the 
intellectual challenges that 

4305
03:47:49,000 --> 03:47:52,500
Michelle faced from Vittoria and
their correspondent shows, a 

4306
03:47:52,500 --> 03:47:54,600
gentle thoughtful side of the 
great artists. 

4307
03:47:55,500 --> 03:47:59,000
When Vittoria died in 1547 
Michelle was devastated. 

4308
03:47:59,900 --> 03:48:03,800
At 72, when most men of his age,
had long since passed away, he 

4309
03:48:03,800 --> 03:48:06,700
was grieving the loss of a 
person who had recognized his 

4310
03:48:06,700 --> 03:48:10,100
art and his inner turmoil. 
He was questioning everything at

4311
03:48:10,100 --> 03:48:13,800
the time of her death, including
his face, his artistic Legacy, 

4312
03:48:13,800 --> 03:48:17,300
and the significance of his 
worldly success, which had 

4313
03:48:17,300 --> 03:48:19,600
brought him Fame, but not 
necessarily piece. 

4314
03:48:20,700 --> 03:48:22,600
Pope Paul. 
The third asked him to paint a 

4315
03:48:22,600 --> 03:48:25,200
scene of the last judgment on 
the Sistine, Chapel's altered 

4316
03:48:25,200 --> 03:48:28,400
during this depressing time. 
Michelle was hesitant because 

4317
03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:30,400
the chapel already held his best
painting. 

4318
03:48:30,400 --> 03:48:33,900
He was a sculptor first and 
foremost, and the subject matter

4319
03:48:33,900 --> 03:48:37,300
required him to confront 
uncomfortable, personal themes 

4320
03:48:37,300 --> 03:48:41,700
of death and divine Justice. 
However, his most emotionally 

4321
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:44,000
impactful painting turned out to
be The Last Judgement. 

4322
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:47,700
The hopeful humanism of the 
ceiling had vanished to be 

4323
03:48:47,700 --> 03:48:50,300
replaced by a more somber 
picture of humanity being held 

4324
03:48:50,300 --> 03:48:53,300
ultimately responsible. 
His Christ figure is a strong 

4325
03:48:53,300 --> 03:48:56,200
judge whose gesture separates 
the saved from the Damned. 

4326
03:48:56,200 --> 03:48:58,500
Not the Kindred Redeemer of 
traditional art. 

4327
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:02,400
With figures Rising towards 
salvation or Falling Towards 

4328
03:49:02,400 --> 03:49:05,000
damnation. 
In a cosmic drama, that filled 

4329
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:08,200
the entire wall, the composition
worlds with movement and emotion

4330
03:49:08,200 --> 03:49:12,300
the painting immediately sparked
controversy his figures. 

4331
03:49:12,300 --> 03:49:16,200
According to some critics were 
too intense, too muscular and 

4332
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:19,600
two nude for a place of worship.
Michelle's strong. 

4333
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:22,300
Humanistic Vision was becoming 
outdated as the 

4334
03:49:22,300 --> 03:49:23,800
counter-reformation got 
underway. 

4335
03:49:23,800 --> 03:49:26,300
A new restrictions were placed 
on religious art. 

4336
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:30,200
He became known as the underwear
painter because later artists 

4337
03:49:30,200 --> 03:49:32,500
would actually paint draperies 
over some of his figures. 

4338
03:49:32,500 --> 03:49:34,900
The criticism didn't matter to 
Michelle. 

4339
03:49:34,900 --> 03:49:38,100
He painted not for the Acclaim 
of the day but for God and 

4340
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:41,700
future Generations. 
His mature view of human nature,

4341
03:49:41,700 --> 03:49:43,300
was embodied in the last 
judgment. 

4342
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:46,900
He was profoundly aware of both 
human potential and human 

4343
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:50,100
Frailty without being cynically 
pessimistic or naively 

4344
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:52,600
optimistic. 
Having been named Chief 

4345
03:49:52,600 --> 03:49:56,200
Architect in 1547. 
He was also supervising the 

4346
03:49:56,200 --> 03:49:59,000
building of the new Saint 
Peter's Basilica. 

4347
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:03,000
Creating a structure that would 
represent Christianity while the

4348
03:50:03,000 --> 03:50:06,300
massive engineering and design 
issues was possibly his biggest 

4349
03:50:06,300 --> 03:50:10,100
architectural challenge. 
His solution a huge Dome that 

4350
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:13,100
would dominate the Roman Skyline
and serve as an inspiration for 

4351
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:15,200
Cathedral. 
Builders for centuries was 

4352
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:18,600
characteristically audacious. 
His last years were spent 

4353
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:21,500
working on Saint Peters, he 
approached the project with the 

4354
03:50:21,500 --> 03:50:24,400
commitment of someone who knew 
it would be his last Masterpiece

4355
03:50:24,400 --> 03:50:28,300
and refused payment, believing 
it to be a service to God. 

4356
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:31,600
By fusing traditional 
proportions, with Cutting Edge 

4357
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,000
engineering. 
The domes design produced a 

4358
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:35,200
building. 
That was both technically 

4359
03:50:35,200 --> 03:50:37,400
outstanding and spiritually. 
Uplifting. 

4360
03:50:38,400 --> 03:50:41,700
As you drift off to sleep 
picture, Michelle in his 70s. 

4361
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:45,600
Still scaling scaffolding 
pushing the envelope and finding

4362
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:49,000
new ways to use paint and stone 
to further his endless Creative 

4363
03:50:49,000 --> 03:50:52,400
Vision. 
Seeing a great artists face 

4364
03:50:52,400 --> 03:50:54,800
their own mortality. 
While continuing to create with 

4365
03:50:54,800 --> 03:50:57,500
unwavering passion is incredibly
moving. 

4366
03:50:58,400 --> 03:51:01,500
This is precisely the story that
Michelle's last decades tell. 

4367
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:06,000
A man in his 70s and 80s who 
never slowed down who continued 

4368
03:51:06,000 --> 03:51:08,800
to push boundaries despite his 
body reminding him every day 

4369
03:51:08,800 --> 03:51:13,600
that he was after all human. 
Michelle was 75 years old by 

4370
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:17,200
1550, which is nearly 
Unthinkable for a person born in

4371
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:20,600
the 15th century. 
His peers were mostly long dead.

4372
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:25,500
Rafael had passed away in 1520 
and Leonardo in 1590. 

4373
03:51:25,500 --> 03:51:29,100
In addition to his artistic 
competitors, Michelle had 

4374
03:51:29,100 --> 03:51:33,400
outlived entire generations of 
admirers critics and patreons. 

4375
03:51:34,200 --> 03:51:37,200
Nevertheless, he kept up his 
work on Saint Peter's, Basilica 

4376
03:51:37,200 --> 03:51:41,600
with the Vigor of a man, half 
his age, his last Obsession, and

4377
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:45,300
what an obsession it was was the
Dome of Saint Peter's, Not only 

4378
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:47,700
was he designing a roof but he 
was also building. 

4379
03:51:47,700 --> 03:51:51,000
What would become Rome's? 
Most iconic, silhouette a 

4380
03:51:51,000 --> 03:51:52,900
building. 
So precisely proportioned that 

4381
03:51:52,900 --> 03:51:55,500
it appears to hover over the 
Vatican, like a visible prayer. 

4382
03:51:56,400 --> 03:51:59,300
How to support that much weight 
at that height while designing 

4383
03:51:59,300 --> 03:52:03,300
an interior space that inspires 
rather than intimidates was a 

4384
03:52:03,300 --> 03:52:07,200
huge engineering challenge. 
As usual, Michelle came up with 

4385
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:10,400
a creative solution. 
He created a double shell Dome, 

4386
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:13,700
with an outer Dome, that would 
form the external profile, and 

4387
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:16,300
an inner Dome that guests would 
see from inside the Basilica, 

4388
03:52:16,300 --> 03:52:19,900
this enabled him to maximize the
architectural impact on the 

4389
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:22,700
outside, as well as the 
spiritual experience Within 

4390
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:28,100
Despite the domes 452 foot 
elevation, it feels cozy and 

4391
03:52:28,100 --> 03:52:30,500
protective from within, rather 
than intimidating. 

4392
03:52:30,500 --> 03:52:33,600
Delegating more than Michelle 
had ever felt comfortable with 

4393
03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:36,700
was necessary to work on, such a
large project in his last years.

4394
03:52:37,500 --> 03:52:40,200
He had to entrust assistance 
with details that he would have 

4395
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:42,600
insisted on carving himself 
earlier in his career. 

4396
03:52:43,400 --> 03:52:45,800
For someone who had always felt 
that only his own hand could 

4397
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:47,600
accomplish the Perfection he 
desired. 

4398
03:52:47,600 --> 03:52:50,500
This was both challenging and 
freeing. 

4399
03:52:51,400 --> 03:52:54,200
While others took care of the 
execution, he could concentrate 

4400
03:52:54,200 --> 03:52:58,000
on the big picture during these 
years, his poetry increased in 

4401
03:52:58,008 --> 03:53:01,800
frequency and intimacy, for him 
writing verses was similar to 

4402
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:04,000
sketching. 
It allowed him to process 

4403
03:53:04,000 --> 03:53:07,500
thoughts and feeling without the
physical strain of painting, or 

4404
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:10,600
carving his poem show. 
A man struggling with issues 

4405
03:53:10,600 --> 03:53:14,100
that success was unable to 
resolve such as what happens to 

4406
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:16,400
people when they die, give an 
eternity. 

4407
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:18,700
What purpose do accomplishments 
on Earth. 

4408
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:22,200
Serve, how does an artist get 
ready to abandon incomplete 

4409
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:24,700
pieces. 
One of his most poignant final 

4410
03:53:24,700 --> 03:53:27,800
poems questioned, his art 
directly asking whether all of 

4411
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:30,400
his painted scenes. 
And marble Figures were merely a

4412
03:53:30,400 --> 03:53:33,600
diversion from deeper spiritual 
issues, or if they were actually

4413
03:53:33,600 --> 03:53:37,000
prayers. 
This was no pretense, Michelle 

4414
03:53:37,000 --> 03:53:39,800
truly questioned whether his 
life's work had made him more or

4415
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:42,400
less like God. 
Ironically some were 

4416
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:45,100
acknowledging his work as 
possibly the greatest artistic 

4417
03:53:45,100 --> 03:53:48,700
accomplishment in human history 
while Michelle was doubting its 

4418
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:51,300
spiritual worth. 
People traveled from all over 

4419
03:53:51,300 --> 03:53:54,400
Europe to view his artwork. 
His methods were a seriously 

4420
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:57,300
studied by Young Artists while 
he was still alive. 

4421
03:53:57,300 --> 03:54:00,100
Author started, writing 
biographies, treating him, as a 

4422
03:54:00,108 --> 03:54:02,600
living legend. 
This attention was both 

4423
03:54:02,600 --> 03:54:04,200
rewarding and taxing for 
Michelle. 

4424
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:07,400
Always a recluse who felt more 
at ease with marbles and with 

4425
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,200
people, he was suddenly expected
to play the part of a 

4426
03:54:10,208 --> 03:54:13,500
Renaissance Master for a 
never-ending parade of admirers.

4427
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:17,700
He became known for being rough 
with guests but those who knew 

4428
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:20,400
him well saw this as shyness 
rather than conceit. 

4429
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:25,800
Three weeks before his 89th 
birthday on February 18th, 1564.

4430
03:54:25,800 --> 03:54:28,600
Michelle passed away quietly at 
home in Rome. 

4431
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:32,100
Even though he had been feeling 
ill for a few days, he'd nearly 

4432
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:34,400
finished, the architectural 
drawings for Saint Peters 

4433
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:37,400
Witnesses, claimed that his 
final remarks discussed 

4434
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:40,000
finishing the dough. 
Even as he was dying, he was 

4435
03:54:40,000 --> 03:54:41,400
contemplating unfinished 
business. 

4436
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:45,200
He completely changed 
Renaissance culture as evidence 

4437
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:46,900
by the immediate reaction to his
death. 

4438
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:51,100
As a church Prince Pope Pius, 
the fourth wanted him to be 

4439
03:54:51,100 --> 03:54:54,600
buried in Saint Peters, his body
was ordered to be returned to 

4440
03:54:54,600 --> 03:54:58,600
his birthplace by the City of 
Florence in Rome artists started

4441
03:54:58,600 --> 03:55:00,700
organizing or Nate funeral 
rituals. 

4442
03:55:01,300 --> 03:55:03,300
An era came to an end with 
Michels passing. 

4443
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:07,500
He was no longer just an artist 
but a cultural Force His impact 

4444
03:55:07,500 --> 03:55:10,900
goes well beyond our history. 
You can see Michelle's Legacy 

4445
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:13,600
every time you see a government 
building with a classical Dome, 

4446
03:55:13,600 --> 03:55:16,300
he helped create the concepts 
that are echoed. 

4447
03:55:16,300 --> 03:55:19,300
Whenever someone discusses the 
Divine spark of creativity 

4448
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:22,800
artists, are always imitating 
him when they refused to 

4449
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:25,000
sacrifice their vision for 
financial gain. 

4450
03:55:25,900 --> 03:55:28,600
As you fall asleep, visualize, 
Michelle's, Dome, rising, over 

4451
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:31,700
Rome in the evening. 
Light, a monument to one man's 

4452
03:55:31,700 --> 03:55:34,400
conviction that people are 
capable of producing art that 

4453
03:55:34,400 --> 03:55:37,300
endures for centuries. 
Monuments that bridge, the gap 

4454
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:40,600
between Earthly craft and 
eternal aspiration and beauty 

4455
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,900
that surpasses Empires. 
Dream. 

4456
03:55:43,900 --> 03:55:54,400
Sweet dreams. 
You know how it feels to feel so

4457
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:56,600
tiny, while you're laying on 
your back in the grass and 

4458
03:55:56,600 --> 03:56:00,000
gazing up at the stars. 
Congratulations, your 

4459
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:03,000
experiencing exactly the same 
thing that most likely some 

4460
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:06,000
40,000 years ago. 
Ignited, human astronomy. 

4461
03:56:06,000 --> 03:56:09,600
Imagine that as an early human, 
your main worries are avoiding 

4462
03:56:09,600 --> 03:56:12,400
being eaten by an animal with 
larger teeth than you and 

4463
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:14,400
determining where you will get 
your next meal. 

4464
03:56:14,400 --> 03:56:19,500
However, as night falls, there 
it is, this breathtaking, light 

4465
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,800
display above your head, totally
free of cost and without the 

4466
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:26,100
need for a subscription service,
you might initially assume that 

4467
03:56:26,100 --> 03:56:29,400
these prehistoric people were 
too preoccupied with survival to

4468
03:56:29,400 --> 03:56:31,200
be interested in Celestial 
mechanics. 

4469
03:56:32,300 --> 03:56:35,000
The interesting part though is 
that they were compelled to 

4470
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:36,500
become the first astronomers in 
history. 

4471
03:56:36,500 --> 03:56:40,500
You see the sky becomes your 
ultimate scheduling tool when 

4472
03:56:40,500 --> 03:56:42,700
you don't have a calendar to 
remind you when it's time to 

4473
03:56:42,700 --> 03:56:45,700
plant crops or a smartphone to 
alert you, when spring, as 

4474
03:56:45,700 --> 03:56:49,000
approaching the stars, were not 
hazardously strewn up there like

4475
03:56:49,000 --> 03:56:51,900
glitter on a black tablecloth. 
As those early stargazers 

4476
03:56:51,900 --> 03:56:55,600
noticed, like, a cosmic clock 
that never needed to be wowed. 

4477
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:59,400
They moved in predictable 
patterns Eventually the same 

4478
03:56:59,400 --> 03:57:02,300
stars that had emerged over the 
Eastern Horizon, would march 

4479
03:57:02,300 --> 03:57:05,600
across the sky and vanish in the
west only to reappear the 

4480
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:09,300
following night with a slight 
shift, then came the sun which 

4481
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:12,600
was as Dependable as a Swiss 
watch rising in the East and 

4482
03:57:12,600 --> 03:57:14,500
setting in the west each and 
every day. 

4483
03:57:14,500 --> 03:57:19,200
Aside from hold on a second. 
It appeared to travel a much 

4484
03:57:19,200 --> 03:57:22,700
slower lower to cross, the sky 
in the winter, hardly bothering 

4485
03:57:22,700 --> 03:57:25,300
to reach very high before 
deciding to call it today. 

4486
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:28,600
It jumped High overhead and 
stayed out until what felt like 

4487
03:57:28,608 --> 03:57:31,500
bed time in the summer. 
Practically bouncing out of bed.

4488
03:57:31,500 --> 03:57:35,400
This was survival information, 
not just idle curiosity. 

4489
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:39,400
He was time to start searching 
for certain plants that would 

4490
03:57:39,400 --> 03:57:42,100
soon be ripening when that 
specific cluster of stars 

4491
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:45,100
appeared shortly before Dawn, 
you could tell winter was 

4492
03:57:45,100 --> 03:57:47,100
easing. 
When the sun began to shine for 

4493
03:57:47,100 --> 03:57:50,500
longer periods of time each day 
even more fascinating, was the 

4494
03:57:50,500 --> 03:57:52,400
moon. 
The moon appeared to have a 

4495
03:57:52,400 --> 03:57:55,800
personality disorder in contrast
to the sun, which essentially 

4496
03:57:55,800 --> 03:57:58,500
followed a predictable routine 
at times. 

4497
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:02,100
It was a perfect circle that was
visible to Hunters at times. 

4498
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:06,700
It resembled a cosmic smile a 
thin Crescent at times. 

4499
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:10,600
It vanished completely leaving 
the night as dark as a caves 

4500
03:58:10,600 --> 03:58:13,300
interior, the moon. 
However, had a rhythm despite 

4501
03:58:13,300 --> 03:58:16,900
its seeming moodiness. 
Humanity's first calendar system

4502
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:20,500
was based on the Dependable 
pattern of roughly, 29 and a 

4503
03:58:20,500 --> 03:58:24,000
half days between full moons. 
When you could simply look up 

4504
03:58:24,000 --> 03:58:26,700
and see what phase the moon was 
in, you didn't need to count 

4505
03:58:26,700 --> 03:58:30,000
days these earlier astronomers, 
let's call them that because 

4506
03:58:30,000 --> 03:58:32,400
even without fancy degrees or 
telescopes, they were 

4507
03:58:32,400 --> 03:58:35,600
unquestionably, astronomers 
started to notice something else

4508
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:39,600
night after night. 
Year after year, the majority of

4509
03:58:39,600 --> 03:58:42,900
stars remained in the same 
relative positions that group 

4510
03:58:42,900 --> 03:58:45,000
continued to appear, like a big 
dipper. 

4511
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:48,600
It appears that ancient people 
had very active imaginations 

4512
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:51,800
when it came to connecting dots 
because that row of stars that 

4513
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:54,000
someone thought looked like a 
belt remained a belt. 

4514
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:56,600
The troublemakers. 
However were a few luminous 

4515
03:58:56,600 --> 03:58:59,300
objects that Rove the sky as if 
they were unsure of their 

4516
03:58:59,300 --> 03:59:02,200
destination. 
Later, the Greeks would refer to

4517
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:04,700
them as planets, which means, 
Wanderers. 

4518
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:06,700
And that is what we still call 
them today. 

4519
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:11,600
Five of these roving Stars 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

4520
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:15,000
Saturn were visible to ancient 
observers, even in the absence 

4521
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:18,300
of telescope's Venus was 
especially perplexing because it

4522
03:59:18,308 --> 03:59:21,800
seemed to be too distinct Stars 
one that emerged shortly before 

4523
03:59:21,800 --> 03:59:24,000
sunrise and another shortly 
after Sunset. 

4524
03:59:24,000 --> 03:59:27,400
It took a long time for someone 
to realize that it was the son 

4525
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:29,100
playing peekaboo with the same 
object. 

4526
03:59:29,100 --> 03:59:32,500
These observations were merely 
remembered as fascinating 

4527
03:59:32,500 --> 03:59:36,000
anecdotes, as the generations 
went by, they were assimilated 

4528
03:59:36,000 --> 03:59:38,800
into everyday life and became 
fundamental knowledge. 

4529
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:42,900
Seasons were approaching when 
certain Stars Rose at particular

4530
03:59:42,900 --> 03:59:45,700
times, the amount of light 
available for nighttime. 

4531
03:59:45,700 --> 03:59:49,000
Activities was determined by the
moon's position where the 

4532
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:50,900
patterns were predicted by the 
path of the sun. 

4533
03:59:50,900 --> 03:59:54,500
Priests or shamans, who were the
communities official timekeepers

4534
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,300
and weather forecasters were 
frequently entrusted with this 

4535
03:59:57,300 --> 04:00:00,500
knowledge because it was so 
valuable that it became sacred, 

4536
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:04,500
Not only was it helpful, but it 
was almost magical to be able to

4537
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:07,000
predict with Precision when 
spring or the rains would 

4538
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:09,600
arrive. 
It is understandable why early 

4539
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:12,900
astronomers frequently occupied 
highly esteemed and influential 

4540
04:00:12,900 --> 04:00:16,800
roles in their communities. 
What is truly amazing though is 

4541
04:00:16,800 --> 04:00:19,400
that all of this highly Advanced
pattern recognition and 

4542
04:00:19,400 --> 04:00:23,000
observation was taking place, 
thousands of years before anyone

4543
04:00:23,000 --> 04:00:25,300
even had a magnifying glass to 
improve their vision. 

4544
04:00:26,200 --> 04:00:28,600
All that these ancient 
astronomers had to work with 

4545
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:32,000
with their unaided eyes, their 
intellects and an almost 

4546
04:00:32,000 --> 04:00:35,300
unnatural patients for observing
the sky year after year and 

4547
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:38,500
night after night, they were 
unable to see the craters on our

4548
04:00:38,500 --> 04:00:42,200
own Moon, the moon's of Jupiter,
or the rings of Saturn, they 

4549
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:44,800
didn't know that those five 
straight stars were worlds in 

4550
04:00:44,800 --> 04:00:47,400
and of themselves. 
Well, that the Milky Way, was 

4551
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:49,500
composed of billions of 
individual Stars. 

4552
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:53,100
However, they could tell you the
precise time of the next full 

4553
04:00:53,100 --> 04:00:56,800
moon, the sun's Zenith or which 
stars would be visible on any 

4554
04:00:56,800 --> 04:00:59,600
given night of the year compared
to many of us today. 

4555
04:00:59,600 --> 04:01:02,500
These early observers had a 
deeper understanding of the sky.

4556
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:06,200
How recently have you observed, 
the Big Dipper's gradual 

4557
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:08,200
nighttime, rotation around the 
North Star? 

4558
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,700
or that if you know, exactly 
where to look Venus can 

4559
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:16,300
occasionally be seen during the 
day The sky was a constant 

4560
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:18,900
companion to these ancient 
astronomers who read it. 

4561
04:01:18,908 --> 04:01:21,700
As we do the news, the 
longest-running scientific 

4562
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:25,500
Endeavor in human history had 
suddenly started Tens of 

4563
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:29,000
thousands of years, it would go 
on uninterrupted, evolving from 

4564
04:01:29,000 --> 04:01:31,900
one generation to the next and 
becoming more accurate and 

4565
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:36,300
sophisticated with every Century
that went by all because someone

4566
04:01:36,300 --> 04:01:38,900
somewhere thought that perhaps 
the lovely lights in the sky 

4567
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:40,800
were trying to convey something 
significant. 

4568
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:44,200
We must now briefly discuss the 
ancient Egyptians if we were to 

4569
04:01:44,200 --> 04:01:47,300
discuss people who took 
astronomy, seriously These 

4570
04:01:47,300 --> 04:01:50,500
people centered their entire 
civilization on the Stars, not 

4571
04:01:50,500 --> 04:01:53,600
just observing them. 
And by built, I mean, literally,

4572
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:56,300
as they positioned their 
monuments, with the accuracy of 

4573
04:01:56,308 --> 04:02:00,500
a fine watchmaker in relation to
celestial objects, most likely 

4574
04:02:00,500 --> 04:02:03,500
you've heard of the Great 
Pyramid of Giza that enormous 

4575
04:02:03,500 --> 04:02:06,500
Stone construction that still 
baffles Engineers today and 

4576
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:08,600
leaves them wondering how in the
world it was built. 

4577
04:02:09,500 --> 04:02:12,100
What you might not know though, 
is that it is oriented. 

4578
04:02:12,100 --> 04:02:15,300
So close closely to True North, 
that the difference is less than

4579
04:02:15,300 --> 04:02:18,700
150 of a degree. 
That's more accurate than a lot 

4580
04:02:18,708 --> 04:02:22,400
of contemporary buildings to put
that in perspective, without GPS

4581
04:02:22,400 --> 04:02:25,300
laser levels, or any of the 
other tools, we now considered a

4582
04:02:25,300 --> 04:02:27,300
necessary. 
How did they accomplish this? 

4583
04:02:28,200 --> 04:02:30,000
Naturally they made use of the 
Stars. 

4584
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,100
They specifically employed a 
method based on the North Pole 

4585
04:02:33,100 --> 04:02:37,100
circumference which stars follow
they were able to determine True

4586
04:02:37,100 --> 04:02:40,500
North with remarkable accuracy 
by observing a star at its 

4587
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:43,100
eastern and western extremes 
during the night and then 

4588
04:02:43,100 --> 04:02:45,600
calculating the midpoint between
those positions. 

4589
04:02:45,600 --> 04:02:49,100
However, the Egyptians weren't 
merely showcasing, their powers 

4590
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:51,900
in building pyramids, they were 
obsessed with the astronomy for 

4591
04:02:51,908 --> 04:02:55,700
pragmatic reasons, the Nile 
Rivers yearly flooding, which 

4592
04:02:55,700 --> 04:02:59,100
spread Rich fertile silt over. 
The Farmland was essential to 

4593
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:01,100
Egypt's entire agricultural 
system. 

4594
04:03:01,900 --> 04:03:04,300
You risk starvation. 
If you missed the timing of this

4595
04:03:04,300 --> 04:03:07,600
flood, if you do it correctly, 
you will have a lot of crops. 

4596
04:03:07,600 --> 04:03:10,500
The issue was that unlike many 
other cultures. 

4597
04:03:10,500 --> 04:03:13,700
The flooding of the Nile did not
occur according to the lunar 

4598
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:17,800
calendar, rather it tracked, 
what is now known as the solar 

4599
04:03:17,800 --> 04:03:19,500
year which is the amount of 
time? 

4600
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:23,100
It takes for Earth to complete 
one orbit around the Sun as a 

4601
04:03:23,100 --> 04:03:25,800
result, the Egyptians had to 
monitor the sun's position far 

4602
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:28,100
more precisely than their 
neighbor's every year. 

4603
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:31,300
They observe that a specific 
star would emerge on the Eastern

4604
04:03:31,300 --> 04:03:34,000
Horizon. 
Just Before Dawn, right before 

4605
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:37,700
the Nile started to flood, their
Cosmic alarm clock, was this 

4606
04:03:37,700 --> 04:03:41,300
star, which we call serious, and
they called sopdet. 

4607
04:03:42,300 --> 04:03:46,000
After being invisible for weeks,
serious appeared in the pre-dawn

4608
04:03:46,000 --> 04:03:48,700
sky signaling that the flood 
would arrive in a few days. 

4609
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:52,300
They created one of the most 
precise calendars in Antiquity 

4610
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:56,500
based on this observation, 
creating a 365-day year that was

4611
04:03:56,508 --> 04:03:58,300
only off by roughly a quarter of
a day. 

4612
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:01,700
Not bad for those with boundless
patients and stone tools. 

4613
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:04,900
We also have some of the oldest 
written records of astronomical 

4614
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:07,800
observations, from the 
Egyptians, they made maps of the

4615
04:04:07,800 --> 04:04:11,200
Stars, monitored the motion of 
planets and devised complex 

4616
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:13,600
techniques for determining the 
time at night. 

4617
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:18,100
As each Deacon Rose above the 
Horizon during the night, it 

4618
04:04:18,100 --> 04:04:20,800
marked the passage of time like 
a Celestial clock. 

4619
04:04:21,800 --> 04:04:24,400
They separated the night sky 
into 36 sections. 

4620
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:27,500
Each of which was linked to a 
group of stars known as a 

4621
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:30,600
deacon, as the official 
astronomers their priests 

4622
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:33,200
developed extraordinary skills 
in four casting Heavenly 

4623
04:04:33,200 --> 04:04:35,800
occurrences. 
They could predict precisely 

4624
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:38,600
when the Sun would rise to 
particular positions in the sky 

4625
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:42,500
when the next new moon would 
occur and when specific Stars 

4626
04:04:42,500 --> 04:04:46,700
would rise, the Pharos Divine 
Authority, agricultural planning

4627
04:04:46,700 --> 04:04:49,900
and religious ceremonies all 
depended on this knowledge which

4628
04:04:49,900 --> 04:04:53,600
was not merely academic Speaking
of pharaohs, the Egyptians 

4629
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:57,000
considered their rulers, to be 
actual Gods with direct ties to 

4630
04:04:57,008 --> 04:04:59,400
the heavens. 
Their entire approach to 

4631
04:04:59,408 --> 04:05:01,400
astronomy was influenced by this
belief. 

4632
04:05:02,200 --> 04:05:04,600
The Sun. 
God Ra was frequently equated 

4633
04:05:04,600 --> 04:05:08,100
with the pharaoh's divine nature
and in order to preserve Cosmic 

4634
04:05:08,100 --> 04:05:11,500
order significant rituals had to
be timed to coincide with 

4635
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:14,800
astronomical occurrences. 
The idea that the solar year 

4636
04:05:14,800 --> 04:05:17,600
differs from the lunar year, 
which is employed by many other 

4637
04:05:17,600 --> 04:05:22,500
cultures was also created by the
Egyptians Solar year, which is 

4638
04:05:22,508 --> 04:05:24,400
determined by the sun's apparent
position. 

4639
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:29,100
In relation to the background 
Stars has roughly 365 and a 

4640
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,200
quarter days, whereas a lunar 
year, which is determined by the

4641
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:35,300
moon's phases has roughly 354 
days. 

4642
04:05:36,500 --> 04:05:39,800
Even though this might not seem 
like much, it adds up over time 

4643
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:43,300
seasons in a society with a 
lunar calendar alone would 

4644
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:46,600
progressively become out of sync
with the calendar, the Egyptians

4645
04:05:46,600 --> 04:05:49,400
resolved, this issue by 
concentrating solely on the sun 

4646
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:51,900
and stars and essentially 
disregarding the moon for 

4647
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:55,400
calendar purposes. 
This was a groundbreaking method

4648
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:58,500
that would eventually inform our
current calendar system and have

4649
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:00,400
an impact on Greek and Roman 
calendars. 

4650
04:06:00,400 --> 04:06:04,200
However, Egyptian astronomy is 
record-keeping was arguably. 

4651
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:07,900
Its most remarkable feature. 
They tracked long-term Celestial

4652
04:06:07,900 --> 04:06:10,900
Cycles by keeping meticulous 
records of their observations 

4653
04:06:10,900 --> 04:06:14,100
over centuries. 
They discovered that serious is 

4654
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:16,900
rising, gradually changed in 
relation to their calendar. 

4655
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:23,300
Completing a full cycle everyone
1,460 years, rather than simply 

4656
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:24,900
rising at the same time every 
year. 

4657
04:06:26,000 --> 04:06:29,100
They came up with the idea of 
the suffix cycle, which was 

4658
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:32,800
named after Sophos another name 
for serious, as a result of this

4659
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:35,600
observation. 
It's almost unbelievable how 

4660
04:06:35,600 --> 04:06:39,300
accurate their observations are 
year after year, the heliacal 

4661
04:06:39,300 --> 04:06:42,200
rising of Sirius. 
The planets first appearance 

4662
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:45,800
Before, Dawn after a period of 
invisibility, could be predicted

4663
04:06:45,800 --> 04:06:48,000
by Egyptian astronomers to 
within a day or two. 

4664
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:51,700
They were able to observe that 
Venus has both Morning Star, and

4665
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,800
evening star phases. 
And that Mars has a longer cycle

4666
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:56,300
than the other planets that are 
visible. 

4667
04:06:56,300 --> 04:06:59,200
They even created tools to Aid 
in their observations. 

4668
04:06:59,200 --> 04:07:02,000
They were able to align 
structures with astronomical 

4669
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:05,600
accuracy, thanks to the merket, 
which was basically a sighting 

4670
04:07:05,600 --> 04:07:08,900
tool made from a family trip. 
It served as an Antiquated 

4671
04:07:08,900 --> 04:07:11,700
surveying tool that could 
accurately determine angles and 

4672
04:07:11,700 --> 04:07:14,300
directions when used in 
conjunction with a Plumb line 

4673
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:17,700
appear, that explain the motion 
of celestial bodies and their 

4674
04:07:17,700 --> 04:07:20,900
relevance to Earthly events are 
among the earliest known, 

4675
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:23,500
astronomical writings produced 
by the Egyptians. 

4676
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:27,100
These records demonstrate a 
highly developed knowledge of 

4677
04:07:27,100 --> 04:07:30,600
astronomical cycles and how they
relate to pragmatic issues like 

4678
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:33,600
farming and religious holidays. 
The way they combine their 

4679
04:07:33,608 --> 04:07:35,900
understanding of astronomy with 
their religious and 

4680
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:39,300
philosophical. 
Beliefs is a intriguing The sky 

4681
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:42,600
was more than just a group of 
far-off Lights to the Egyptians.

4682
04:07:42,600 --> 04:07:45,300
It was a blueprint for 
preserving Harmony Between 

4683
04:07:45,300 --> 04:07:48,500
Heaven and Earth. 
A map of the afterlife, and a 

4684
04:07:48,500 --> 04:07:50,800
roadmap for the pharaoh's 
journey to join the gods. 

4685
04:07:50,800 --> 04:07:54,200
A mythological framework for 
comprehending the daily cycle of

4686
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:58,400
sunrise and sunset was provided 
by their goddess nut, who was 

4687
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,200
set to swallow the Sun, every 
evening and give birth to it 

4688
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:04,200
every morning. 
Serious was connected to Isis, 

4689
04:08:04,200 --> 04:08:08,500
his Divine, consort and of Cyrus
the god of the afterlife to the 

4690
04:08:08,500 --> 04:08:10,200
constellation. 
We Now call Orion. 

4691
04:08:11,300 --> 04:08:14,700
These were not merely Tales, 
they were sophisticated attempts

4692
04:08:14,700 --> 04:08:17,900
to use the conceptual tools at 
their disposal to make sense of 

4693
04:08:17,900 --> 04:08:21,300
the universe for Millennia to 
come civilization's would be 

4694
04:08:21,300 --> 04:08:23,500
influenced by the Egyptian 
approach to astronomy. 

4695
04:08:24,300 --> 04:08:27,100
They established a model that 
other cultures would follow and 

4696
04:08:27,100 --> 04:08:29,200
expand upon through their 
strategies for monitoring 

4697
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:32,100
astronomical Cycles. 
Their methods for exact 

4698
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:35,300
alignment and their Fusion of 
astronomical knowledge with real

4699
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:38,200
world applications. 
That's not bad for a 

4700
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:41,500
civilization that thrived more 
than 4,000 years ago, with only 

4701
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:44,600
their eyes, their minds. 
And the unwavering conviction 

4702
04:08:44,600 --> 04:08:47,500
that the secrets of the sky were
the keys to knowing everything 

4703
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:50,100
that mattered. 
The Babylonians were the masters

4704
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:53,400
of mathematics, if the Egyptians
were, the painstaking record 

4705
04:08:53,400 --> 04:08:56,700
keepers of the ancient 
astronomical world, you know 

4706
04:08:56,708 --> 04:09:00,100
what this needs? 
Numbers, lots and lots of 

4707
04:09:00,100 --> 04:09:02,400
numbers. 
These people thought after 

4708
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:05,700
taking a quick, look at all 
those Celestial observations the

4709
04:09:05,700 --> 04:09:09,800
Babylonians who inhabited, what 
is now Iraq in Mesopotamia faced

4710
04:09:09,800 --> 04:09:12,800
a difficult dilemma, The 
Babylonians had to contend with 

4711
04:09:12,800 --> 04:09:16,100
the much less Dependable Tigris 
and Euphrates rivers, then the 

4712
04:09:16,100 --> 04:09:18,800
Egyptians who could count on the
Niles consistent. 

4713
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:22,700
Flooding, Their ability to 
comprehend, intricate patterns 

4714
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:26,300
of rainfall River levels and 
seasonal variations, which 

4715
04:09:26,300 --> 04:09:29,000
varied considerably more 
drastically from year to year 

4716
04:09:29,000 --> 04:09:31,400
was essential to their 
agricultural success. 

4717
04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:34,500
They developed an obsession with
looking for patterns in 

4718
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:38,400
everything, particularly the sky
as a result of this uncertainty.

4719
04:09:39,400 --> 04:09:41,500
Perhaps they could make more 
accurate predictions about 

4720
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:43,800
events on Earth. 
If they could only figure out 

4721
04:09:43,800 --> 04:09:46,900
the laws governing Celestial 
movements as a result. 

4722
04:09:46,900 --> 04:09:49,900
They created, what is now 
regarded as the first authentic,

4723
04:09:49,900 --> 04:09:54,400
mathematical astronomy the 300 
360 degree circle, which is so 

4724
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:57,000
essential to mathematics. 
And navigation that we still use

4725
04:09:57,000 --> 04:09:59,800
it today was invented by the 
Babylonians. 

4726
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:09,900
Because 360 is divisible by so 
many numbers, 2 3 4, 5, 6, 8 9 

4727
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:23,800
10, 12, 15, 18, 20 24, 30 36, 40
45, 60 72, 90, 120 and 180. 

4728
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:27,100
They decided to use it in a 
world without computers or 

4729
04:10:27,100 --> 04:10:29,000
computers. 
This greatly simplified 

4730
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,000
calculations. 
In addition, they created the 

4731
04:10:32,000 --> 04:10:35,500
sex adjustable base 60 system 
for measuring time and angles 

4732
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:39,100
which divides an hour into 60 
minutes and a minute into 60 

4733
04:10:39,100 --> 04:10:41,000
seconds. 
Why 60? 

4734
04:10:41,000 --> 04:10:44,300
It is extremely helpful for 
breaking things down into 

4735
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:48,600
smaller more manageable Parts 
because, like, 360 it has many 

4736
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:51,800
factors here is where the 
Babylonians truly excelled. 

4737
04:10:51,800 --> 04:10:55,200
However, as they discovered that
the planets are sensibly chaotic

4738
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:57,800
movements, actually, followed 
mathematical patterns. 

4739
04:10:58,600 --> 04:11:01,000
They found that mathematical 
formulas, could be used to 

4740
04:11:01,000 --> 04:11:04,300
describe the motion of a planet 
if its position was closely 

4741
04:11:04,300 --> 04:11:05,900
monitored over a period of 
years. 

4742
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:09,600
The notion that the heavens 
functioned in accordance with 

4743
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:12,600
mathematical laws that people 
could learn and comprehend was 

4744
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:15,800
revolutionary, consider Mars for
centuries. 

4745
04:11:15,800 --> 04:11:18,200
Astronomers had been baffled by 
this planet seemingly 

4746
04:11:18,200 --> 04:11:22,500
unpredictable Behavior, like the
Sun and Moon, Mars would 

4747
04:11:22,500 --> 04:11:25,500
typically, travel steadily from 
west to east against the 

4748
04:11:25,500 --> 04:11:29,000
background Stars, however, it 
would occasionally slow down. 

4749
04:11:29,000 --> 04:11:32,800
Pause, go in the opposite 
direction for a few weeks, pause

4750
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:34,600
once more, and then start moving
East. 

4751
04:11:35,300 --> 04:11:39,000
This was referred to by the 
Greeks as retrograde motion and 

4752
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:42,100
it appeared to defy, any logical
notion of how Celestial body's 

4753
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:44,600
ought to function, like the 
mathematical detectives. 

4754
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:47,200
They were the Babylonians 
tackle, this problem. 

4755
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:50,800
They accumulated massive tables 
of data by meticulously 

4756
04:11:50,800 --> 04:11:54,900
monitoring Mars position night 
after night, month after month 

4757
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:58,200
and year after year. 
They have eventually found that 

4758
04:11:58,200 --> 04:12:01,300
the retrograde loops on Mars had
a regular pattern repeating 

4759
04:12:01,300 --> 04:12:05,700
every 687 days which is now 
known to be the orbital period 

4760
04:12:05,700 --> 04:12:09,000
of the planet in order to Four 
cast precisely when Mars would 

4761
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,400
start, his retrograde motion, 
how long it would last and where

4762
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:15,400
the planet would be at any given
point in the future, they 

4763
04:12:15,400 --> 04:12:19,000
created complex mathematical 
models, they only concentrated 

4764
04:12:19,000 --> 04:12:22,000
on identifying mathematical 
patterns, that worked not 

4765
04:12:22,000 --> 04:12:23,900
realizing that. 
Mars apparent motion was 

4766
04:12:23,900 --> 04:12:26,700
actually caused by Earth, 
passing Mars, in its orbit 

4767
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:30,100
around the Sun, the Babylonians 
treated, every planet that was 

4768
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:34,400
visible in the same way. 
For Mercury Venus Mars, Jupiter 

4769
04:12:34,400 --> 04:12:36,800
and Saturn. 
They developed intricate 

4770
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:39,000
mathematical models that were 
tailored to take into 

4771
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:41,000
consideration. 
The unique characteristics and 

4772
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:44,100
trends of each planet. 
Surprisingly accurate, these 

4773
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:47,200
models frequently predicted 
planetary positions to within a 

4774
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:49,600
degree or two. 
They also significantly improved

4775
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:52,500
our knowledge of lunar cycles. 
The Babylonians were able to 

4776
04:12:52,508 --> 04:12:56,000
predict eclipses with remarkable
accuracy, after they learned, 

4777
04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:59,600
that they follow an 18 year, 11 
day cycle known as the Saros. 

4778
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:03,300
This was not merely academic 
knowledge because eclipses were 

4779
04:13:03,300 --> 04:13:06,900
frequently interpreted as Divine
Omens that baloney and Priests 

4780
04:13:06,900 --> 04:13:09,600
who were able to predict them 
enjoyed great power and Prestige

4781
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,800
give them that they operated 
without telescope's without 

4782
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:15,300
access to contemporary 
mathematical notation. 

4783
04:13:15,300 --> 04:13:18,400
And without any knowledge of the
actual solar system structure, 

4784
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,600
it is nearly impossible to 
comprehend the mathematical 

4785
04:13:21,600 --> 04:13:23,700
sophistication of Babylonian 
astronomy. 

4786
04:13:24,500 --> 04:13:27,200
They employed iterative 
algorithms produced mathematical

4787
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:29,900
models that would not be out of 
place in a contemporary calculus

4788
04:13:29,900 --> 04:13:32,700
textbook and developed 
polynomial functions. 

4789
04:13:32,700 --> 04:13:36,200
Thousands of cuneiform scripted 
clay tablets that contain their 

4790
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:38,500
astronomical records of survived
to this day. 

4791
04:13:39,300 --> 04:13:41,700
Perusing them is akin to 
appearing into the ancient 

4792
04:13:41,700 --> 04:13:43,500
mathematical astronomers 
Workshop. 

4793
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:47,100
You can observe them solving 
issues experimenting with 

4794
04:13:47,100 --> 04:13:49,900
various strategies and 
progressively improving their 

4795
04:13:49,900 --> 04:13:51,600
models to attain higher 
accuracy. 

4796
04:13:51,600 --> 04:13:54,700
Babylonian astronomy is 
long-term Outlook was among its 

4797
04:13:54,700 --> 04:13:58,500
most remarkable features because
they kept meticulous records for

4798
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:00,400
centuries. 
They were able to identify 

4799
04:14:00,400 --> 04:14:03,900
cycles and patterns that observe
as working over shorter time 

4800
04:14:03,908 --> 04:14:07,500
periods would miss They observed
that some Celestial patterns 

4801
04:14:07,500 --> 04:14:09,400
required over decades and even 
centuries. 

4802
04:14:09,400 --> 04:14:12,800
In addition to years, they 
discovered, what a now known as 

4803
04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:16,500
great conjunctions rare, 
alignments of multiple planets 

4804
04:14:16,500 --> 04:14:19,700
that only happen once every few 
decades, as a result of their 

4805
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:22,900
long-term approach, they were 
highly regarded as the most 

4806
04:14:22,900 --> 04:14:25,600
accomplished astronomers and 
mathematicians of antiquity 

4807
04:14:25,600 --> 04:14:28,500
because they were able to 
forcast these events centuries 

4808
04:14:28,500 --> 04:14:31,200
in advance. 
The Zodiac was also created by 

4809
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:35,300
the Babylonians who divided the 
sky into 1230 degrees segments, 

4810
04:14:35,300 --> 04:14:39,000
Each of which was connected to a
constellation along the sun's 

4811
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:42,500
apparent annual path. 
This was mainly a coordinate 

4812
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:45,200
system that enabled them to 
precisely and mathematically 

4813
04:14:45,200 --> 04:14:47,300
described the positions of 
celestial objects. 

4814
04:14:47,300 --> 04:14:50,600
Not just for astrological 
purposes, though. 

4815
04:14:50,600 --> 04:14:52,100
They did use it for that as 
well. 

4816
04:14:52,100 --> 04:14:55,700
It is difficult to overestimate 
their impact on later astronomy.

4817
04:14:56,400 --> 04:14:59,000
Greek astronomers Drew 
extensively on Babylonian 

4818
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:02,100
observations and mathematical 
methods, when they started 

4819
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:06,400
formulating their own theories. 
Babylonian mathematicians were 

4820
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:08,900
the original creators of many of
the mathematical instruments 

4821
04:15:08,900 --> 04:15:11,300
that astronomers use during the 
Middle Ages and into the 

4822
04:15:11,308 --> 04:15:13,600
Renaissance. 
It's especially amazing, how 

4823
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,200
they were able to create such 
complex, mathematical models 

4824
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:19,100
while operating under a totally 
false understanding of the 

4825
04:15:19,108 --> 04:15:23,100
structure of the solar system. 
They believed that the sun moon 

4826
04:15:23,100 --> 04:15:26,900
and planets all orbited the 
Earth, which they believed to be

4827
04:15:26,908 --> 04:15:30,600
at the center of the universe. 
Their mathematical models, were 

4828
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:33,500
precise enough to make amazing 
predictions about celestial 

4829
04:15:33,500 --> 04:15:35,600
events. 
In spite of this basic 

4830
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:38,600
misunderstanding, the 
Babylonians demonstrated that it

4831
04:15:38,600 --> 04:15:41,000
is not always necessary to 
comprehend, the fundamental 

4832
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,000
physics of a system in order to 
mathematically, explain Its 

4833
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:46,300
Behavior. 
Even when your theoretical 

4834
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:49,700
framework is entirely incorrect,
there are situations when 

4835
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:52,300
careful observation and 
mathematical analysis can yield 

4836
04:15:52,300 --> 04:15:55,800
valuable results. 
It began with some very patient 

4837
04:15:55,800 --> 04:15:59,200
astronomers in ancient 
Mesopotamia staring at the sky 

4838
04:15:59,200 --> 04:16:01,200
and writing numbers on clay 
tablets. 

4839
04:16:01,200 --> 04:16:04,000
This lesson would prove useful 
throughout the history of 

4840
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:06,300
science. 
The Greeks on the other hand, 

4841
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:09,200
had views on everything 
including the sky. 

4842
04:16:09,200 --> 04:16:12,600
If the Egyptians were the 
Practical astronomers and the 

4843
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:15,100
Babylonians were the 
mathematical record Keepers. 

4844
04:16:15,100 --> 04:16:17,800
Then the Greeks were the ones 
who gazed up at the night sky 

4845
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:20,500
and asked themselves. 
This is all very nice, but what 

4846
04:16:20,500 --> 04:16:23,800
does it mean the Greeks wanted 
to know why celestial objects 

4847
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:26,000
moved the way. 
They did not just where they 

4848
04:16:26,000 --> 04:16:29,200
would be. 
Despite the fact that many of 

4849
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:32,800
their conclusions were wildly 
incorrect, this move from what. 

4850
04:16:32,800 --> 04:16:36,100
And when to why signal, the 
start of what we might. 

4851
04:16:36,100 --> 04:16:38,200
Identify as modern scientific 
thinking. 

4852
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:40,900
One of the first Greek 
philosophers to take astronomy, 

4853
04:16:40,900 --> 04:16:44,500
seriously, was thales of Malita 
who lived Circa 600. 

4854
04:16:44,500 --> 04:16:48,500
BCE A battle between the lydians
and Meads is said to have been 

4855
04:16:48,508 --> 04:16:50,500
ended by thales famously 
prophesied. 

4856
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:55,500
So solar eclipse and 585 BCE 
when both armies was so 

4857
04:16:55,500 --> 04:16:57,400
frightened by the unexpected 
darkness. 

4858
04:16:57,400 --> 04:16:59,200
That they promptly declared 
peace. 

4859
04:17:00,000 --> 04:17:03,500
Regardless of its veracity, this
tail demonstrates, the kind of 

4860
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:05,200
authority that ancient 
astronomy. 

4861
04:17:05,200 --> 04:17:08,300
Could bestow however, thales was
only the start. 

4862
04:17:08,300 --> 04:17:11,600
It was the Greeks who dared to 
pose, more ambitious questions 

4863
04:17:11,600 --> 04:17:15,500
that truly, revolutionized 
astronomy similar to an axe, 

4864
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:18,900
Amanda who postulated that the 
Earth was free to float in space

4865
04:17:18,900 --> 04:17:21,900
without any assistance, a 
radical notion that 

4866
04:17:21,900 --> 04:17:24,500
contradicted, the conventional 
wisdom that the Earth must be 

4867
04:17:24,500 --> 04:17:28,200
supported by something. 
He had a gigantic elephant, a 

4868
04:17:28,200 --> 04:17:31,500
giant turtle or some other 
Cosmic Foundation, then came 

4869
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:35,200
Pythagoras man behind the 
well-known theorem made an even 

4870
04:17:35,200 --> 04:17:37,100
more significant contribution to
astronomy. 

4871
04:17:37,900 --> 04:17:40,400
The notion that the Universe 
functioned in accordance with 

4872
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:43,700
mathematical principles. 
Pythagoras, and his adherents 

4873
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:46,400
held that the fundamental 
building blocks of reality were 

4874
04:17:46,400 --> 04:17:49,800
numbers and that profound truths
about the nature of existence 

4875
04:17:49,800 --> 04:17:52,800
could be discovered by 
comprehending, the mathematical 

4876
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:56,100
relationships, governing, 
Celestial movements, Pythagoras 

4877
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:58,600
and his followers saw that 
musical Harmony was based on 

4878
04:17:58,608 --> 04:18:02,300
basic mathematical ratios and 
they theorized that the planets 

4879
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:04,400
moving through their Celestial 
paths. 

4880
04:18:04,400 --> 04:18:07,400
Must create a kind of cosmic 
music, based on similar 

4881
04:18:07,400 --> 04:18:10,800
mathematical principles. 
This mathematical approach led 

4882
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:13,200
to one of the most beautiful in 
the history of astronomy. 

4883
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:15,700
The idea of The Music of the 
Spheres. 

4884
04:18:15,700 --> 04:18:19,000
They thought that because we had
been exposed to this Celestial 

4885
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:21,000
music. 
Since birth, we were unable to 

4886
04:18:21,008 --> 04:18:23,800
hear it, even though it was 
playing all around us though. 

4887
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:25,900
It's a beautiful notion and holy
and correct. 

4888
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:28,600
It highlights a significant 
aspect of Greek. 

4889
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,700
Thought they sought to 
understand and give meaning, to 

4890
04:18:31,700 --> 04:18:35,800
Celestial phenomena rather than 
merely describe them, Plato who 

4891
04:18:35,800 --> 04:18:40,200
wrote his well-known dialogue. 
Tyme around 380 BCE and offered 

4892
04:18:40,200 --> 04:18:43,300
a thorough Theory regarding the 
universe's creation marked. 

4893
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:45,200
The Pinnacle of this Quest For 
Greater meaning. 

4894
04:18:45,900 --> 04:18:49,000
Plato, claimed that a Divine 
Craftsman known as the demiurge,

4895
04:18:49,000 --> 04:18:52,100
created the universe by 
arranging chaos, into a logical 

4896
04:18:52,100 --> 04:18:54,500
harmonious hole using 
mathematical principles 

4897
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:57,500
Aristotle. 
A pupil of Plato took these 

4898
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:00,800
Concepts and ran with them, 
developing the universe model 

4899
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:02,900
that would dominate thought for 
almost two millennia. 

4900
04:19:03,900 --> 04:19:07,200
According to Aristotle, the 
universe was made up of a number

4901
04:19:07,200 --> 04:19:10,800
of nested, crystalline spheres. 
Each of which carried a 

4902
04:19:10,800 --> 04:19:13,400
celestial object in its orbit 
around the Earth, which was 

4903
04:19:13,400 --> 04:19:15,200
stationary at the center of the 
universe. 

4904
04:19:15,200 --> 04:19:18,100
Many of the observations made by
ancient astronomers were 

4905
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:21,300
explained by this model. 
Because all of the stars were 

4906
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:25,000
embedded in the outermost sphere
which rotated once a day, they 

4907
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:26,800
stayed fixed in relation to one 
another. 

4908
04:19:27,800 --> 04:19:31,100
Because each planet Moon and Sun
had its own sphere. 

4909
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,100
They traveled across the sky at 
different speeds and took 

4910
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,100
different routes Aristotle. 
However, attempted to explain 

4911
04:19:37,100 --> 04:19:39,900
why the universe had to be this 
way rather than merely 

4912
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:42,300
explaining the mechanics of 
celestial motion. 

4913
04:19:43,500 --> 04:19:46,700
Since the Earth was clearly the 
heaviest object in the area and 

4914
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:48,700
heavy objects gravitate toward 
the center. 

4915
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:51,400
He contended that the Earth must
be at the center. 

4916
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:55,800
Since circles were the most 
ideal geometric shape and the 

4917
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:58,800
heavens had to be Flawless. 
He insisted that. 

4918
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:03,200
All celestial objects must move 
in perfect circles, this Union 

4919
04:20:03,200 --> 04:20:06,200
of philosophy mathematics and 
observation was distinctly, 

4920
04:20:06,200 --> 04:20:08,500
Greek. 
They sought to comprehend. 

4921
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:11,200
The fundamental ideas, that 
underpin the necessity and 

4922
04:20:11,200 --> 04:20:13,200
inevitability of the celestial 
movements. 

4923
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:16,700
Not merely to monitor them. 
He Parker's one of the most 

4924
04:20:16,700 --> 04:20:20,300
remarkable Greek astronomers 
lived in the second century BC 

4925
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:23,300
and produced observations that 
were so accurate. 

4926
04:20:23,300 --> 04:20:25,100
They were unrivaled for more 
than a millennium. 

4927
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:28,800
By charting the locations and 
relative brightnesses of more 

4928
04:20:28,800 --> 04:20:31,400
than 800 Stars. 
Hit Parkers produced, the first 

4929
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:34,700
thorough star catalog. 
Additionally, he discovered the 

4930
04:20:34,700 --> 04:20:38,000
precession of the equinoxes, 
which is the gradual oscillation

4931
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:41,000
in Earth rotation, that results 
in a shift in the north 

4932
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:43,500
Celestial. 
Poles position over a roughly 

4933
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:48,000
26,000 years cycle, August made 
this discovery after noticing 

4934
04:20:48,000 --> 04:20:51,400
minor but consistent variations,
and star positions while 

4935
04:20:51,400 --> 04:20:53,800
comparing his own observations 
with those of previous 

4936
04:20:53,800 --> 04:20:57,700
astronomers The Parker saw these
discrepancies as proof of a 

4937
04:20:57,708 --> 04:21:00,900
gradual long-term shift in Earth
orientation, with respect to the

4938
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:04,100
Stars, which are less attentive 
Observer might have mistakenly 

4939
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:06,000
ascribed to errors in the older 
records. 

4940
04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:09,400
It takes extraordinary, 
Precision to detect procession 

4941
04:21:09,400 --> 04:21:11,800
even over the course of a human 
lifetime. 

4942
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:15,200
The shift we're discussing 
roughly one degree every 72 

4943
04:21:15,200 --> 04:21:19,500
years is hardly noticeable 
hipparcos, however, was cautious

4944
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,000
enough in his own measurements 
and had access to Babylonian 

4945
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:22,900
records. 
Dating back. 

4946
04:21:22,900 --> 04:21:27,300
Several centuries to pick up on 
this remarkably subtle effects. 

4947
04:21:27,300 --> 04:21:30,600
Also significantly Advanced our 
knowledge of the Moon and Sun. 

4948
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:34,000
He estimated the length of the 
lunar month to be less than one 

4949
04:21:34,000 --> 04:21:36,900
second accurate, and he 
calculated the length of the 

4950
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:39,800
year to be within roughly six 
minutes of the right value. 

4951
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:43,000
He even tried using a solar 
eclipse to calculate the 

4952
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:45,900
distance to the Moon but his 
result was only approximately 

4953
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:50,000
accurate aristarchus of Samos a 
Greek astronomer who lived in 

4954
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:54,700
the third Century BCE was 
arguably the most ambitious he 

4955
04:21:54,700 --> 04:22:00,300
made a complet Was the center of
the universe. 

4956
04:22:01,200 --> 04:22:03,900
In order to explain the apparent
motion of celestial objects 

4957
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:06,600
without requiring the entire 
universe to revolve around the 

4958
04:22:06,608 --> 04:22:08,800
earth. 
Aristarchus proposed that the 

4959
04:22:08,800 --> 04:22:12,400
Earth rotated on its axis. 
Once daily and orbited the sun 

4960
04:22:12,400 --> 04:22:15,100
once annually. 
Other Greek astronomers, largely

4961
04:22:15,100 --> 04:22:18,300
disregarded this extremely 
audacious notion, why? 

4962
04:22:18,300 --> 04:22:21,000
Because it appeared to go 
against both, careful 

4963
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:24,800
observation and Common Sense, 
Would we not sense the earth 

4964
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:27,300
rotation wouldn't? 
The Stars seem to change 

4965
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:29,200
position? 
As we looked at them from 

4966
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:31,500
various points in our orbit. 
If the Earth were traveling 

4967
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,600
through space considering the 
observational instruments at the

4968
04:22:34,608 --> 04:22:37,600
Greeks, disposal. 
These objections were entirely 

4969
04:22:37,600 --> 04:22:39,900
valid. 
Since they had no reference 

4970
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:43,300
point out, the rotating system, 
they were unable to perceive the

4971
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:46,200
effects of Earth rotation, and 
were unable to detect the 

4972
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:49,100
extremely subtle Parallax 
shifts, that would result from 

4973
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:51,800
Stella motion. 
Therefore, the majority of Greek

4974
04:22:51,800 --> 04:22:54,600
astronomers continued to use 
increasingly intricate versions 

4975
04:22:54,600 --> 04:22:58,300
of the earth-centered universe 
rather than adopting aristarchus

4976
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:02,200
heliocentric model. 
Claudius Ptolemy created the 

4977
04:23:02,200 --> 04:23:04,700
most advanced of these in the 
second century CE. 

4978
04:23:05,700 --> 04:23:07,900
In order to account for the 
intricate movements of the 

4979
04:23:07,900 --> 04:23:10,100
planets, while maintaining the 
Earth at the center of 

4980
04:23:10,108 --> 04:23:12,300
everything. 
Ptolemy's model employed, 

4981
04:23:12,300 --> 04:23:15,300
intricate combinations of 
circles, moving on other circles

4982
04:23:15,300 --> 04:23:19,400
referred to as epicycle, for 
more than a millennium, Ptolemy 

4983
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,200
system was the accepted 
astronomical model because it 

4984
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:25,000
was mathematically complex and 
reasonably accurate in 

4985
04:23:25,000 --> 04:23:26,600
predicting the positions of 
planets. 

4986
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:30,900
It also required dozens of 
meticulously adjusted circles to

4987
04:23:30,900 --> 04:23:33,200
match observations, making it 
extremely complex. 

4988
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:36,500
To keep the model functioning 
and increasing. 

4989
04:23:36,500 --> 04:23:39,200
Number of epicycles had to be 
added as astronomical 

4990
04:23:39,200 --> 04:23:41,100
observations improved over the 
centuries. 

4991
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:44,300
Significant progress was also 
made by the Greeks and 

4992
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:46,500
determining the Earth's size and
the separations between 

4993
04:23:46,500 --> 04:23:50,100
celestial bodies. 
Eratosthenes determined the 

4994
04:23:50,100 --> 04:23:52,400
circumference of the Earth in 
240. 

4995
04:23:52,400 --> 04:23:56,000
BCE by comparing the angles of 
Shadows in two cities on the 

4996
04:23:56,000 --> 04:23:58,300
same day. 
And at the same time to within a

4997
04:23:58,300 --> 04:24:00,900
few percent of the right value, 
his result was accurate 

4998
04:24:00,900 --> 04:24:04,000
eratosthenes approach was 
elegantly straightforward. 

4999
04:24:04,000 --> 04:24:07,700
He was aware that at noon on the
summer, solstice, the sun was 

5000
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:11,400
directly overhead in the city of
scene present day as one Egypt, 

5001
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:16,100
and Sean straight down a deep. 
Well, he used the shadow cast by

5002
04:24:16,100 --> 04:24:19,300
a vertical pole, to determine 
the sun's angle in Alexandria, 

5003
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:22,500
some 500 miles to the north on 
the same day. 

5004
04:24:22,500 --> 04:24:25,900
And at the same time, He was 
able to determine the 

5005
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:28,600
circumference of the earth by 
using the geometry of circles, 

5006
04:24:28,600 --> 04:24:31,900
and the known distance between 
the two cities, this 

5007
04:24:31,900 --> 04:24:34,900
accomplishment is specially 
noteworthy because it called for

5008
04:24:34,900 --> 04:24:38,500
both mathematical proficiency 
and the organizational ability 

5009
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:40,900
to coordinate observations over 
a great distance. 

5010
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:44,800
It illustrates the advanced 
degree of scientific cooperation

5011
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:48,100
that Greek researchers were able
to accomplish the Greeks 

5012
04:24:48,100 --> 04:24:50,700
contribution to astronomy was 
their method of comprehending. 

5013
04:24:50,700 --> 04:24:53,400
The universe, not just their 
particular discoveries. 

5014
04:24:53,400 --> 04:24:56,600
They were the first Society to 
approach astronomical. 

5015
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:59,900
Phenomena methodically using 
philosophical analysis and 

5016
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:03,300
mathematical reasoning. 
They created many of the logical

5017
04:25:03,300 --> 04:25:06,000
and mathematical instruments, 
that would be crucial for later,

5018
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:09,100
developments in astronomy and 
they established the idea that 

5019
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:11,500
the Universe functions in 
accordance with logical 

5020
04:25:11,500 --> 04:25:15,000
discoverable laws, even though 
they were Incorrect and they 

5021
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:16,600
were incorrect about a lot of 
things. 

5022
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:19,400
Their errors were constructive 
ones, that produced better 

5023
04:25:19,400 --> 04:25:22,100
inquiries, and more advanced 
methods of comprehending the 

5024
04:25:22,100 --> 04:25:24,700
cosmos. 
In astronomy, the Greeks left 

5025
04:25:24,700 --> 04:25:27,300
behind a whole system of 
scientific investigation. 

5026
04:25:27,300 --> 04:25:29,500
Not just the particular facts. 
They found. 

5027
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:32,600
For a group of people who 
believed that the Earth was 

5028
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:34,300
motionless at the center of the 
universe. 

5029
04:25:34,300 --> 04:25:36,800
It's not bad. 
You might assume that 

5030
04:25:36,800 --> 04:25:39,200
astronomical knowledge would 
have vanished into the European 

5031
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:41,600
Dark Ages, following the 
collapse of the Western Roman 

5032
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:44,200
Empire. 
However, it's one of those 

5033
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:48,400
historical oversimplifications 
that create great story but a 

5034
04:25:48,400 --> 04:25:51,600
bad history, the Islamic world 
was going through, what is now 

5035
04:25:51,600 --> 04:25:54,800
known as the Islamic golden age.
And astronomy was one of its 

5036
04:25:54,800 --> 04:25:58,100
crown jewels even though Europe 
was going through some difficult

5037
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:02,500
times, Islamic scholars began to
improve expand and in many cases

5038
04:26:02,500 --> 04:26:05,500
completely transformed, the 
astronomical knowledge of the 

5039
04:26:05,500 --> 04:26:09,000
Greeks at baloneys and Indians 
in the 8th Century CE. 

5040
04:26:10,000 --> 04:26:12,300
They made some of the most 
important contributions to 

5041
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:15,800
pre-television their religious 
convictions. 

5042
04:26:15,800 --> 04:26:20,000
Pragmatic need and intellectual 
curiosity, the religious 

5043
04:26:20,000 --> 04:26:23,000
motivation was especially 
significant Muslims were 

5044
04:26:23,000 --> 04:26:25,000
required by Islamic law to face 
Mecca. 

5045
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:27,600
And pray five times a day. 
So wherever you were in the 

5046
04:26:27,608 --> 04:26:29,900
world, you had to find the right
direction. 

5047
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:33,000
Additionally, you had to be 
aware of the exact times for 

5048
04:26:33,000 --> 04:26:35,900
prayers, which change throughout
the day and year, based on the 

5049
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:39,400
sun's position, you can see why 
Islamic culture plays such a 

5050
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:41,400
high value on astronomical 
accuracy. 

5051
04:26:41,400 --> 04:26:44,300
When you combine this with the 
requirement to determine the 

5052
04:26:44,300 --> 04:26:46,000
start of lunar months for 
religious. 

5053
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,500
Observance is however, the 
Islamic astronomers did much 

5054
04:26:49,500 --> 04:26:52,100
more than merely resolve 
pragmatic religious issues. 

5055
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:56,600
They created observers studied 
and translated ancient texts, 

5056
04:26:56,600 --> 04:27:00,600
created new mathematical methods
and made observations, with 

5057
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:04,700
never, before seen accuracy in 
many respects, they were the 

5058
04:27:04,708 --> 04:27:08,000
first astronomers to pursue a 
career devoted to studying the 

5059
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:11,200
heavens during the late 9. 
Early 10th centuries. 

5060
04:27:11,200 --> 04:27:14,900
Alberti was one of the most 
remarkable earliest astronomers 

5061
04:27:15,800 --> 04:27:18,700
after applying rigorous 
mathematical analysis, tolly's 

5062
04:27:18,700 --> 04:27:22,100
old observations, Alberti found 
that many of his measurements 

5063
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:25,500
required substantial 
Corrections, He calculated the 

5064
04:27:25,500 --> 04:27:28,700
solar years length to within two
minutes and 22 seconds of the 

5065
04:27:28,700 --> 04:27:31,300
right answer. 
Achieving an accuracy that would

5066
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:33,300
not be surpassed for several 
centuries. 

5067
04:27:33,300 --> 04:27:36,300
Albertan also observed, the 
sun's apparent movement year 

5068
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:39,700
round and found that the sun's 
perihelion or closest approach 

5069
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:41,800
to Earth was progressively 
changing. 

5070
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:45,300
This observation demonstrated 
that Earth's, elliptical orbit, 

5071
04:27:45,300 --> 04:27:48,700
rotates slowly a phenomenon, 
that would not be completely 

5072
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:51,800
understood until centuries. 
Later, when Newton developed his

5073
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:55,000
theory of gravitation. 
However, the institutional 

5074
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:57,600
approach that Islamic 
astronomers developed was 

5075
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:00,400
perhaps even more impressive 
than in individual discoveries. 

5076
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:03,600
They set up important 
observatories in places like 

5077
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:07,300
Baghdad Damascus and later 
summer Khan and Istanbul. 

5078
04:28:08,300 --> 04:28:10,600
They were research institutes. 
Where groups of astronomers? 

5079
04:28:10,600 --> 04:28:13,700
Collaborated on long-term 
projects, keeping meticulous 

5080
04:28:13,700 --> 04:28:16,200
records and transferring 
Knowledge from one generation to

5081
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:18,200
the next. 
These were more than just 

5082
04:28:18,200 --> 04:28:21,100
building with instruments 
founded in the early 19th 

5083
04:28:21,100 --> 04:28:23,000
century. 
The Observatory at Baghdad was a

5084
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,500
noteworthy. 
Here, astronomers worked on in 

5085
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:29,100
proving star. 
Catalogs improving, planetary 

5086
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:32,000
position prediction, technique's
carrying out, systematic 

5087
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:34,100
observations of celestial 
phenomena. 

5088
04:28:34,800 --> 04:28:37,100
They were able to combine 
Knowledge from all over the 

5089
04:28:37,100 --> 04:28:39,000
world because they had access to
libraries. 

5090
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:44,000
That held astronomical texts 
from Persian Indian Chinese and 

5091
04:28:44,000 --> 04:28:46,700
Greek sources. 
The development of the Zedge 

5092
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:49,000
comprehensive. 
Astronomical tables, that could 

5093
04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:52,200
be used to forecast, the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

5094
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:55,700
planets, at any given time was 
one of the most ambitious 

5095
04:28:55,700 --> 04:28:57,900
Endeavors carried out by Islamic
astronomers. 

5096
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:02,000
These tables which frequently 
reflected Decades of Labor, by 

5097
04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:05,400
teams of astronomers required, a
great deal of meticulous, 

5098
04:29:05,400 --> 04:29:09,300
observation and mathematical 
computation the Ziggy sultani 

5099
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:12,300
which and his group produced at 
the summer camp observatory in 

5100
04:29:12,308 --> 04:29:15,000
the 15th century is the most 
well-known of these. 

5101
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:19,400
This work was so accurate that 
well, into the telescopic age, 

5102
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:22,500
it continued to be the standard 
reference for astronomical 

5103
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:24,500
calculations in many parts of 
the world. 

5104
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:28,100
Significant progress was also 
made by Islamic astronomers in 

5105
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:30,200
the mathematical methods 
necessary for astronomy. 

5106
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:35,100
By developing the sine cosine 
and tangent functions which 

5107
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:36,900
remain essential to mathematics 
today. 

5108
04:29:36,900 --> 04:29:40,600
They elevated trigonometry to a 
highly Advanced mathematical 

5109
04:29:40,600 --> 04:29:42,400
tool. 
Additionally, they made 

5110
04:29:42,400 --> 04:29:45,900
significant contributions to 
algebra like creating technique 

5111
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:48,700
for resolving challenging 
equations that were necessary 

5112
04:29:48,700 --> 04:29:52,500
for computations in astronomy, 
theoretical, astronomy, or the 

5113
04:29:52,508 --> 04:29:55,000
creation of alternative models 
to explain Celestial. 

5114
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:58,600
Motions was the focus of some of
the most inventive Islamic 

5115
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:01,400
astronomers. 
From a philosophical point of 

5116
04:30:01,400 --> 04:30:03,900
view, the ptolemaic system had 
always been a little 

5117
04:30:03,908 --> 04:30:06,900
disappointing due to its 
intricate epicycle Arrangements.

5118
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:10,600
Alternative methods were 
developed by Islamic astronomers

5119
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:15,900
such as alberuni and Ibanez 
alhazen in the West in an effort

5120
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:18,400
to provide more physically 
plausible explanations for 

5121
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:21,200
planetary motions. 
The scientific methodology of 

5122
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:24,200
alberuni who lived in the 11th 
century was especially 

5123
04:30:24,200 --> 04:30:27,100
noteworthy. 
He rejected explanations that 

5124
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:30,700
could not be empirically tested 
and insisted that conclusions. 

5125
04:30:30,700 --> 04:30:34,100
Be drawn solely from meticulous 
observations and mathematical 

5126
04:30:34,100 --> 04:30:37,300
analysis. 
Additionally, he demonstrated a 

5127
04:30:37,300 --> 04:30:40,200
level of intellectual Integrity.
That was uncommon for his era, 

5128
04:30:40,200 --> 04:30:43,500
by candidly acknowledging, the 
shortcomings of his techniques 

5129
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:47,000
and the unpredictability of his 
measurements using a different 

5130
04:30:47,000 --> 04:30:49,900
approach than eratosthenes, 
Albany carefully. 

5131
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:52,800
Measured the circumference of 
the earth and his results were 

5132
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:55,000
accurate to within 1% of the 
right value. 

5133
04:30:55,800 --> 04:30:58,100
In addition, he studied lunar 
craters in. 

5134
04:30:58,108 --> 04:31:00,800
Great detail and came to the 
accurate conclusion. 

5135
04:31:00,800 --> 04:31:04,400
That impacts not volcanic 
activity, were responsible for 

5136
04:31:04,400 --> 04:31:07,300
their formation. 
This conclusion would not be 

5137
04:31:07,300 --> 04:31:11,000
accepted by European astronomers
for several more centuries the 

5138
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,200
creation of more precise tools 
for observing. 

5139
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:15,800
The Stars was one of Islamic 
astronomy is most important 

5140
04:31:15,800 --> 04:31:19,800
contribution They developed 
better models of the astrolabe, 

5141
04:31:19,800 --> 04:31:22,400
an advanced instrument, that 
could be used to measure the 

5142
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:26,400
positions of planets, and stars,
calculate, local time and 

5143
04:31:26,400 --> 04:31:28,300
resolve a number of astronomical
issues. 

5144
04:31:28,300 --> 04:31:32,000
In addition, Islamic instrument 
makers, created the Talkatone, 

5145
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,700
the quadrant and several types 
of sundials, all of which were 

5146
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:38,700
intended to more, precisely 
address particular, astronomical

5147
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:42,000
issues than earlier devices. 
These tools were frequently, 

5148
04:31:42,000 --> 04:31:45,200
both scientific and artistic 
Creations embellished with 

5149
04:31:45,200 --> 04:31:48,600
calligraphy and elaborate 
geometric designs in the hands 

5150
04:31:48,600 --> 04:31:51,000
of Islamic Artisans. 
The astrolabe in particular 

5151
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:54,500
became so sophisticated that it 
transformed into a portable 

5152
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:58,000
analog computer that could solve
a variety of navigational and 

5153
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,600
astronomical issues. 
With a single device. 

5154
04:32:00,600 --> 04:32:02,200
Small enough to carry in one 
hand. 

5155
04:32:02,200 --> 04:32:05,200
A competent user could predict 
the rising and setting times of 

5156
04:32:05,200 --> 04:32:07,700
stars determine the time of day 
on night. 

5157
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:10,300
Find the direction of Mecca from
any location. 

5158
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:14,000
And even cast horoscope 
important observations were all 

5159
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:17,600
made by Islamic astronomers, 
they created star catalogs that 

5160
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:20,100
were more thorough and accurate 
than any previously, published 

5161
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:24,200
ones The observed comets, super 
Novae and other ephemeral 

5162
04:32:24,200 --> 04:32:26,000
Celestial phenomena in great 
detail. 

5163
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:29,200
They improved predictive models 
by tracking Planet movements 

5164
04:32:29,200 --> 04:32:30,900
with previously, unheard of 
accuracy. 

5165
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:34,600
In the 10th Century, Abdul 
Rahman Sufi made one 

5166
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:36,600
particularly significant 
discovery. 

5167
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:40,600
How Sufi discovered a fuzzy 
star-like object that hadn't 

5168
04:32:40,600 --> 04:32:43,500
been in any of the earlier 
catalogs while he was assembling

5169
04:32:43,500 --> 04:32:46,800
his star catalog. 
He referred to this object as a 

5170
04:32:46,800 --> 04:32:49,700
nebulous star. 
But in reality, it was the 

5171
04:32:49,700 --> 04:32:53,000
Andromeda galaxy, the first 
galaxies, other than the Milky 

5172
04:32:53,000 --> 04:32:54,800
Way that astronomers had ever 
observed. 

5173
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:58,600
It would take another thousand 
years for Al Sufi to realize 

5174
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:01,200
that he was staring at a galaxy 
with hundreds of billions of 

5175
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:03,900
stars. 
Islamic astronomy had many uses 

5176
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:07,400
outside of religious 
observances, Islamic Traders and

5177
04:33:07,408 --> 04:33:11,200
adventurers required precise, 
navigational techniques, Because

5178
04:33:11,200 --> 04:33:14,000
they were traversing great 
distances by land and sea. 

5179
04:33:14,900 --> 04:33:17,900
Islamic astronomers established,
the mathematical underpinning 

5180
04:33:17,900 --> 04:33:20,599
for the ensuing. 
Great Age of Exploration by 

5181
04:33:20,599 --> 04:33:23,599
developing Advanced methods for 
calculating latitude and 

5182
04:33:23,599 --> 04:33:26,900
longitude, they made important 
contributions to timekeeping as 

5183
04:33:26,900 --> 04:33:29,200
well. 
Islamic astronomers created 

5184
04:33:29,200 --> 04:33:32,800
increasingly precise, sundials 
water clocks and other 

5185
04:33:32,800 --> 04:33:36,200
timepieces For both practical 
and religious reasons. 

5186
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:39,000
They produced comprehensive 
tables that displayed the 

5187
04:33:39,008 --> 04:33:42,300
sunrise and sunset times for 
various latitudes throughout the

5188
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:46,000
year, most significantly Islamic
astronomers preserved in 

5189
04:33:46,000 --> 04:33:47,400
advance. 
The knowledge base, they had 

5190
04:33:47,408 --> 04:33:51,200
acquired from past societies. 
They did more than simply 

5191
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:55,200
replicate old books, they filled
in the blanks fixed mistakes, 

5192
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:57,900
and expanded our understanding 
of the universe. 

5193
04:33:58,700 --> 04:34:01,099
Many of the Mysteries that had 
baffled, the Ancients had 

5194
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:04,099
already been resolved by Islamic
astronomers when European 

5195
04:34:04,099 --> 04:34:06,599
scholars started to ReDiscover 
astronomy during the 

5196
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:09,099
Renaissance. 
It is impossible to overestimate

5197
04:34:09,099 --> 04:34:12,000
the impact of Islamic astronomy 
on subsequent developments in 

5198
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:15,000
Europe. 
Copernicus made extensive use of

5199
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,400
Islamic astronomers observations
and mathematical methods in the 

5200
04:34:18,400 --> 04:34:20,300
development of his heliocentric 
model. 

5201
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:23,500
The Islamic Golden Age, produced
many of the mathematical 

5202
04:34:23,500 --> 04:34:26,500
instruments that were crucial to
the Scientific Revolution in 

5203
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:28,300
addition to Scientific 
advancements. 

5204
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:31,500
Islamic astronomy, has left. 
Its mark on the terminology, we 

5205
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:35,200
used to describe the universe. 
The Arabic origins of many of 

5206
04:34:35,200 --> 04:34:38,200
the modern star names, 
Elder-Beerman Altair, 

5207
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:42,400
Beetlejuice and rigel, reflect 
the crucial role that Islamic 

5208
04:34:42,400 --> 04:34:45,400
astronomers played in cataloging
and researching the night sky. 

5209
04:34:45,400 --> 04:34:48,200
Chinese, astronomers were 
approaching the study of the 

5210
04:34:48,200 --> 04:34:51,500
universe in a totally different 
way than Islamic and European 

5211
04:34:51,500 --> 04:34:53,800
astronomers who were occupied 
with debating. 

5212
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:56,800
Whether the Sun or the Earth was
at the center of the universe 

5213
04:34:56,800 --> 04:34:59,900
developing Grand. 
Theoretical models to explain 

5214
04:34:59,900 --> 04:35:02,800
the motion of celestial objects,
was not a major concern of 

5215
04:35:02,800 --> 04:35:06,900
theirs rather they concentrated 
on what now appears to be almost

5216
04:35:06,900 --> 04:35:10,900
more scientific meticulously 
documenting precisely what they 

5217
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:15,200
saw when they saw it and how it 
connected to Earthly events, 

5218
04:35:15,200 --> 04:35:17,900
this method developed from a 
distinctively Chinese 

5219
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:21,000
philosophical tradition. 
That believed that, although in 

5220
04:35:21,000 --> 04:35:24,099
a very particular sense, human 
Affairs, and the heavens were 

5221
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:28,300
closely related, The emperor 
according to Chinese astronomers

5222
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:32,300
had the Mandate of Heaven, 
Divine consent, that validated 

5223
04:35:32,300 --> 04:35:34,300
his reign. 
Unusual. 

5224
04:35:34,300 --> 04:35:37,200
Astronomical occurrences might 
indicate that this mandate was 

5225
04:35:37,207 --> 04:35:40,200
being revoked, which would 
support Rebellion or a change of

5226
04:35:40,207 --> 04:35:42,599
government as a result Chinese 
courts. 

5227
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:45,599
Hired official astronomers, 
whose responsibility, it was to 

5228
04:35:45,599 --> 04:35:50,500
continuously monitor the sky, 
the comet's supernovae eclipses 

5229
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,500
and other anomalies that might 
have political ramifications. 

5230
04:35:54,800 --> 04:35:58,500
The timing duration and a parent
connection to current political 

5231
04:35:58,500 --> 04:36:01,800
events were all carefully 
documented by these quarter 

5232
04:36:01,800 --> 04:36:03,500
astronomers. 
In addition, to the phenomena 

5233
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:06,500
themselves as a result in 
astronomical record, keeping 

5234
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:08,500
system was created. 
That was unparalleled in the 

5235
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:12,300
world in terms of longevity and 
consistency. in one form or 

5236
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:15,099
another Chinese, astronomical 
records date back more than 

5237
04:36:15,099 --> 04:36:18,700
3,000 years and they have 
remained, remarkably consistent 

5238
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:23,300
throughout political upheavals 
invasions and dynasties A 

5239
04:36:23,300 --> 04:36:25,599
contemporary astronomers 
researching long-term Celestial 

5240
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:27,900
phenomena. 
These records have proven to be 

5241
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:30,300
extremely helpful. 
Chinese astronomers, for 

5242
04:36:30,300 --> 04:36:34,200
instance documented, the 
emergence of guests stars stars 

5243
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:36,500
that appeared out of nowhere. 
Where none had previously been 

5244
04:36:36,500 --> 04:36:40,200
seen glowed brilliantly for 
weeks or months and then 

5245
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:44,500
vanished We now know that these 
were Novae and supernovae, which

5246
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:47,500
are Stellar explosions capable 
of momentarily, outshining 

5247
04:36:47,500 --> 04:36:50,500
entire Galaxys. 
Modern astronomers have been 

5248
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:52,900
able to study the remnants of 
these ancient Cosmic 

5249
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:56,200
catastrophes, thanks to the 
Chinese records of these events 

5250
04:36:56,200 --> 04:36:58,400
which are frequently. 
The only historical 

5251
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:01,300
documentation, we have of 
particular Stellar explosions, 

5252
04:37:01,300 --> 04:37:05,000
the most, well, known example is
most likely the Supernova of 

5253
04:37:05,000 --> 04:37:08,200
1,054 CE, which Chinese are 
astronomers. 

5254
04:37:08,200 --> 04:37:11,000
Noted was visible to the naked 
eye at night for almost two 

5255
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:13,800
years and during 23 days during 
the day. 

5256
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:17,700
One of the most actively 
researched objects in the sky, 

5257
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:20,400
is the Crab Nebula. 
The Stellar remnant of this 

5258
04:37:20,400 --> 04:37:24,400
explosion comets, which they 
dubbed broom Stars, due to their

5259
04:37:24,400 --> 04:37:28,000
sweeping Tales were also the 
subject of in-depth observations

5260
04:37:28,000 --> 04:37:31,500
by Chinese astronomers. 
They kept records that enabled 

5261
04:37:31,500 --> 04:37:34,900
them to identify when specific 
comets returned on regular 

5262
04:37:34,900 --> 04:37:37,599
schedules. 
Observed Comet orbits and 

5263
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:40,700
recorded the correlation between
a comet's position in relation 

5264
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:43,900
to the sun and its tail. 
They are the oldest continuous 

5265
04:37:43,900 --> 04:37:46,099
records of this. 
Well-known, Celestial visitor, 

5266
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:52,000
dating back at least 240 BC to 
what we now refer to as Halley's

5267
04:37:52,000 --> 04:37:55,000
Comet. 
Centuries later when European 

5268
04:37:55,000 --> 04:37:57,300
astronomers were attempting to 
demonstrate the Comets. 

5269
04:37:57,300 --> 04:37:59,599
Do not appear at random, but 
rather follow predictable 

5270
04:37:59,599 --> 04:38:02,599
orbital paths, these records 
were essential. 

5271
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:05,599
However, Chinese astronomy 
involved, more than merely 

5272
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:07,200
keeping an eye out for other 
currents. 

5273
04:38:08,300 --> 04:38:11,500
Along with, creating their own 
complex, calendrical systems and

5274
04:38:11,500 --> 04:38:14,400
Eclipse prediction techniques, 
Chinese astronomers. 

5275
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:17,099
Also conducted systematic 
observations of the regular 

5276
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:20,700
motions of celestial objects 
they created constellations 

5277
04:38:20,700 --> 04:38:24,300
based on Chinese mythological 
and cultural Traditions dividing

5278
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:26,500
the sky into different. 
Star groups than Western 

5279
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:29,500
astronomers did Chinese 
astronomers developed a system 

5280
04:38:29,508 --> 04:38:33,700
based on 28 lunar Mansions star 
groups that corresponded to the 

5281
04:38:33,700 --> 04:38:36,500
moon's position on each day of 
its monthly cycle. 

5282
04:38:36,500 --> 04:38:39,900
Instead of the 12 zodiac 
constellations that Western 

5283
04:38:39,900 --> 04:38:43,500
astronomy used to divide the sky
along the ecliptic or the sun's 

5284
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,200
apparent path. 
This system was specially 

5285
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:48,900
helpful for keeping track of 
time and a ranging activities 

5286
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:50,400
according to the phases of the 
moon. 

5287
04:38:50,400 --> 04:38:53,300
Additionally, Chinese 
astronomers created their own 

5288
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:56,700
tools for observing, the Stars. 
Chinese instrument makers 

5289
04:38:56,700 --> 04:38:59,400
developed the Armory sphere. 
A three-dimensional 

5290
04:38:59,400 --> 04:39:02,099
representation of the celestial 
sphere constructed from 

5291
04:39:02,099 --> 04:39:05,700
intersecting metal rings to a 
remarkable degree of accuracy. 

5292
04:39:05,700 --> 04:39:09,500
These tools could be used to 
show astronomical relationships 

5293
04:39:09,500 --> 04:39:13,000
and track the movements of 
celestial objects Susan's water.

5294
04:39:13,000 --> 04:39:17,599
Powered Clock Tower constructed 
in 1092 CE was one of the most 

5295
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:20,099
impressive Chinese astronomical 
instruments. 

5296
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:24,700
This enormous machine which 
stood more than 30 feet tall was

5297
04:39:24,700 --> 04:39:27,300
essentially the first 
astronomical computer in 

5298
04:39:27,300 --> 04:39:30,599
history, it was made up of a 
Celestial globe and armillary 

5299
04:39:30,599 --> 04:39:34,200
sphere and a mechanical clock. 
In addition to having a 

5300
04:39:34,200 --> 04:39:36,900
sophisticated system of bells 
and gongs, that announced the 

5301
04:39:36,900 --> 04:39:40,400
time and other astronomical 
events, the clock tower was able

5302
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:43,400
to automatically track the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

5303
04:39:43,400 --> 04:39:45,700
planets. 
A number of the discoveries made

5304
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:48,500
by Chinese astronomers would 
take centuries to replicate in 

5305
04:39:48,508 --> 04:39:51,200
the West. 
They kept meticulous records of 

5306
04:39:51,200 --> 04:39:54,300
sunspot activity and were the 
first to identify that. 

5307
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:58,100
The sun had dark patches on its 
surface, which we now refer to 

5308
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:01,200
as sunspots. 
Additionally, they observed a 

5309
04:40:01,200 --> 04:40:03,800
regularity is along the border 
between the illuminated and dark

5310
04:40:03,800 --> 04:40:07,100
portions during lunar phases 
indicating that the moon's 

5311
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:10,700
surface was not entirely smooth.
The 11th century work of the 

5312
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:13,500
astronomer shenko is one a 
specially noteworthy 

5313
04:40:13,500 --> 04:40:17,200
accomplishment, After closely 
examining the magnetic compass 

5314
04:40:17,200 --> 04:40:20,100
shenko found that magnetic north
and True. 

5315
04:40:20,100 --> 04:40:23,700
North are not exactly the same. 
It would take another Century 

5316
04:40:23,700 --> 04:40:26,600
for Europe to independently. 
Discover magnetic declination, 

5317
04:40:26,600 --> 04:40:30,300
which was essential for precise 
navigation, based on his 

5318
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:33,900
observations of the shapes and 
shadows of these features shenko

5319
04:40:33,900 --> 04:40:37,000
also postulated that impacts 
with the cause of lunar craters,

5320
04:40:37,000 --> 04:40:40,700
he even proposed that the Milky 
Way was made up of far-off 

5321
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:42,700
stars. 
A theory that would not be 

5322
04:40:42,700 --> 04:40:46,000
accepted by European astronomers
until the telescopic era. 

5323
04:40:46,000 --> 04:40:49,600
Chinese astronomers created 
complex mathematical methods for

5324
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:53,600
astronomical computations such 
as Eclipse prediction techniques

5325
04:40:53,600 --> 04:40:55,800
that were frequently more 
accurate than modern Western 

5326
04:40:55,800 --> 04:40:58,500
methods. 
They produced intricate star 

5327
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:01,300
maps, and Celestial globes, that
accurately depicted, the 

5328
04:41:01,300 --> 04:41:04,600
positions, and motions of stars 
practical applications were 

5329
04:41:04,600 --> 04:41:07,400
another noteworthy aspect of the
Chinese approach to astronomy. 

5330
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:10,900
For long-distance Land and Sea. 
Travel Chinese. 

5331
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:13,300
Navigators employed astronomical
methods. 

5332
04:41:14,000 --> 04:41:16,800
Centuries before the magnetic 
compass was invented in Europe. 

5333
04:41:16,800 --> 04:41:19,500
The Chinese used it, as 
navigational aide. 

5334
04:41:20,200 --> 04:41:23,100
Like combining Compass readings 
with astronomical observations, 

5335
04:41:23,100 --> 04:41:26,000
they were able to determine 
position and Direction with 

5336
04:41:26,000 --> 04:41:29,100
remarkable accuracy, 
astronomical, observations were 

5337
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:32,400
also incorporated into Chinese 
medical Theory because it was 

5338
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,400
thought that human health was 
influenced by Celestial forces. 

5339
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:38,700
From a modern standpoint, this 
may appear to be purely 

5340
04:41:38,700 --> 04:41:41,900
superstitious, but it prompted 
Chinese doctors to keep 

5341
04:41:41,900 --> 04:41:45,400
meticulous records that linked 
astronomical events seasonal, 

5342
04:41:45,400 --> 04:41:49,100
variations and disease patterns,
observations that occasionally 

5343
04:41:49,100 --> 04:41:51,700
showed real links between 
environmental influences and 

5344
04:41:51,700 --> 04:41:53,800
health. 
The most remarkable thing about 

5345
04:41:53,800 --> 04:41:57,100
Chinese astronomy is how it was 
able to preserve scientific 

5346
04:41:57,100 --> 04:41:59,700
Integrity. 
Despite using a theoretical 

5347
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:02,300
framework that was entirely 
different from that of Western 

5348
04:42:02,300 --> 04:42:05,500
astronomy. 
Chinese astronomers were not 

5349
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:08,200
attempting to demonstrate. 
That Celestial motions, could be

5350
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:11,500
explained by physical laws or 
that the Universe was built on 

5351
04:42:11,508 --> 04:42:14,900
geometric principles. 
Rather their goal was to 

5352
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:18,400
comprehend how Earthly events 
and Celestial patterns relate to

5353
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:20,800
one another. 
Because of this method, they 

5354
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:23,700
were able to concentrate on 
astronomical topics that Western

5355
04:42:23,700 --> 04:42:26,300
astronomers occasionally 
overlooked They were more 

5356
04:42:26,300 --> 04:42:29,600
methodical in keeping long-term 
records more interested in 

5357
04:42:29,608 --> 04:42:32,900
fleeting phenomena and more 
perceptive of minut changes. 

5358
04:42:32,900 --> 04:42:35,900
In familiar objects. 
Although their method may not 

5359
04:42:35,900 --> 04:42:39,100
have resulted in significant 
theoretical advances it did 

5360
04:42:39,100 --> 04:42:42,400
build a Priceless database of 
observational data that has been

5361
04:42:42,400 --> 04:42:44,900
crucial to comprehending. 
Long-term astronomical 

5362
04:42:44,900 --> 04:42:47,300
phenomena. 
Another significant aspect of 

5363
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:49,800
scientific inquiry is 
illustrated by the Chinese 

5364
04:42:49,800 --> 04:42:53,000
astronomical tradition. 
There are multiple scientific 

5365
04:42:53,000 --> 04:42:54,800
approaches to studying the 
cosmos. 

5366
04:42:55,600 --> 04:42:58,300
Chinese method, which 
prioritized, meticulous 

5367
04:42:58,300 --> 04:43:01,200
observation and documentation 
over the development of 

5368
04:43:01,200 --> 04:43:04,600
theoretical models, was equally 
legitimate as a scientific 

5369
04:43:04,600 --> 04:43:07,700
inquiry method as the more 
Theory based methods, that 

5370
04:43:07,700 --> 04:43:11,000
emerged in other cultures, 
Compared to Modern Western 

5371
04:43:11,000 --> 04:43:13,600
astronomy. 
It was less speculative and more

5372
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:17,300
empirical in many respects. 
Now we must discuss the 

5373
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:20,100
astronomical accomplishments of 
the pre-columbian Americas. 

5374
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:22,700
If you truly want to be 
astounded by what people can 

5375
04:43:22,700 --> 04:43:26,900
achieve when they pull their 
collective intelligence, Working

5376
04:43:26,900 --> 04:43:29,900
with stone tools and lacking 
some of the basic technologies 

5377
04:43:29,900 --> 04:43:33,000
that other cultures took for 
granted such as the wheel iron 

5378
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:35,400
tools or written language 
mathematical notation. 

5379
04:43:35,400 --> 04:43:39,100
As we know it today, These 
civilizations created amazing 

5380
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:42,500
monuments that matched celestial
events and advanced 

5381
04:43:42,500 --> 04:43:44,200
sophisticated, astronomical 
knowledge. 

5382
04:43:44,200 --> 04:43:48,200
Let's begin with the Maya whose 
achievements in astronomy are 

5383
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:50,300
simply astounding the Maya 
created. 

5384
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:53,500
What was likely the most precise
calendar system in Antiquity? 

5385
04:43:53,500 --> 04:43:57,100
In fact, it was more precise 
than the Julian calendar that 

5386
04:43:57,100 --> 04:43:59,900
was in use in Europe at the 
time, their estimates of the 

5387
04:43:59,900 --> 04:44:03,400
solely is duration, will within 
17 seconds of the right answer, 

5388
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:06,000
which is incredibly accurate for
any time period. 

5389
04:44:06,000 --> 04:44:09,700
But, particularly astounding for
those without telescopes or 

5390
04:44:09,700 --> 04:44:11,500
contemporary, mathematical 
instruments. 

5391
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:14,700
However, the Maya had multiple 
calendars that operated 

5392
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:17,900
concurrently an intricately 
interconnected, there were 

5393
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:22,700
longer cycles that covered far 
larger time, spans the 30065 day

5394
04:44:22,700 --> 04:44:26,200
solar calendar and the 260 days 
sacred calendar. 

5395
04:44:27,500 --> 04:44:29,900
The Maya calendar system 
tracked, several overlapping 

5396
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:32,200
cycles that would eventually 
return to their initial 

5397
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:36,000
positions after incredibly long 
periods of time reflecting their

5398
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:39,200
belief that time was cyclical 
rather than linear The Long 

5399
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:42,200
Count which measured time from a
fictitious creation date that 

5400
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:45,800
corresponds to August 11th, 3000
and 1414. 

5401
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:49,100
BC in our calendar was the most 
well known of these longer 

5402
04:44:49,100 --> 04:44:52,100
Cycles. 
For more than 5,000 years, this 

5403
04:44:52,100 --> 04:44:55,500
system continuously counted days
which is longer than most other 

5404
04:44:55,500 --> 04:44:59,300
cultures recorded histories. 
Like the odometer on your car 

5405
04:44:59,300 --> 04:45:05,700
rolling over from 99,999 to 0000
the alleged end of the Maya 

5406
04:45:05,700 --> 04:45:09,500
calendar in 2012, that generated
so much excitement wasn't really

5407
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,200
an end at all. 
But rather the conclusion of one

5408
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:15,200
of these lengthy Cycles Maya 
astronomers had to make 

5409
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:18,900
extremely accurate, observations
of celestial, motions, in order 

5410
04:45:18,900 --> 04:45:21,200
to maintain such an accurate 
calendar system. 

5411
04:45:22,000 --> 04:45:25,000
Until well into the Renaissance,
they were able to track the 

5412
04:45:25,000 --> 04:45:28,300
Motions of the sun, moon, and 
visible planets, with a level of

5413
04:45:28,308 --> 04:45:30,100
accuracy that was unmatched in 
Europe. 

5414
04:45:30,800 --> 04:45:33,600
Venus, which was essential to 
Miami mythology in military 

5415
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:35,600
strategy. 
Piqued their interest in 

5416
04:45:35,600 --> 04:45:37,900
particular. 
According to Maya records. 

5417
04:45:37,900 --> 04:45:40,300
They were able to forcast 
Venus's morning and evening, 

5418
04:45:40,300 --> 04:45:42,200
star appearance as years and 
advanced. 

5419
04:45:42,900 --> 04:45:45,000
The duration of Venus is 
synodic, period. 

5420
04:45:45,000 --> 04:45:47,800
Well, the interval between 
consecutive morning or evening 

5421
04:45:47,800 --> 04:45:51,100
star appearances, was precisely 
known to them and they were able

5422
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:53,800
to predict when Venus would 
become invisible as it changed 

5423
04:45:53,800 --> 04:45:56,200
phases. 
These astronomical predictions 

5424
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:58,600
were put to use by the Maya 
rulers for more than just 

5425
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,600
academic purposes. 
They believed that Venus's 

5426
04:46:01,600 --> 04:46:04,300
various phases affected the 
chance of winning battles. 

5427
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:07,500
So they planned military 
campaigns to align with Venus's 

5428
04:46:07,500 --> 04:46:10,500
advantageous positions. 
Consider yourself a Maya 

5429
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:12,908
astronomer tasked with informing
the king, when War should be 

5430
04:46:12,916 --> 04:46:16,600
declared based on astronomy. 
Amazing architectural monuments 

5431
04:46:16,600 --> 04:46:19,300
that doubled as enormous. 
Astronomical instruments were 

5432
04:46:19,300 --> 04:46:23,900
also constructed by the Maya El 
Castillo the pyramid at Chichen.

5433
04:46:23,900 --> 04:46:26,700
Itza is arguably the most? 
Well known example. 

5434
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:30,700
The sun's angle during the 
Spring and fall equinoxes cast 

5435
04:46:30,700 --> 04:46:31,900
Shadows. 
On the pyramid. 

5436
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:34,300
Steps that seem to depict a 
serpent to sending the 

5437
04:46:34,308 --> 04:46:36,700
structure. 
Symbolizing The Feathered. 

5438
04:46:36,700 --> 04:46:40,500
Serpent God, Google's return. 
However, this is only one 

5439
04:46:40,500 --> 04:46:44,000
instance of the astronomy of 
Maya architecture, the Maya 

5440
04:46:44,000 --> 04:46:46,700
built structures all over their 
land, that matched the sun, 

5441
04:46:46,700 --> 04:46:51,000
moon, and planets rising, and 
setting times on significant 

5442
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:54,500
dates, in their calendar, These 
alignments served a practical 

5443
04:46:54,500 --> 04:46:57,700
purpose as well as being 
symbolic, enabling Maya 

5444
04:46:57,700 --> 04:47:00,800
astronomers, to maintain their 
intricate calendar systems and 

5445
04:47:00,800 --> 04:47:04,600
make accurate observations, the 
Maya, also observed, a clip's in

5446
04:47:04,600 --> 04:47:08,200
great detail and created 
mathematical techniques to Four 

5447
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:11,500
cast when they would happen. 
Despite having a totally 

5448
04:47:11,500 --> 04:47:13,800
different theoretical and 
mathematical Foundation. 

5449
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:16,500
There are Clips prediction 
tables were occasionally more 

5450
04:47:16,500 --> 04:47:19,000
accurate than those utilized in 
medieval Europe. 

5451
04:47:19,000 --> 04:47:21,200
Further north other 
Mesoamerican. 

5452
04:47:21,200 --> 04:47:24,300
Cultures had equally remarkable 
astronomical accomplishments 

5453
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:26,500
much of. 
The astronomical knowledge of 

5454
04:47:26,500 --> 04:47:29,800
the Aztecs was passed down from 
earlier cultures such as the 

5455
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:32,500
Maya and the enigmatic 
teotihuacan. 

5456
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:36,800
Builders constructed, Circa 200 
CE the Great Pyramid of 

5457
04:47:36,808 --> 04:47:38,800
teotihuacan is so closely 
synchronized. 

5458
04:47:38,800 --> 04:47:41,900
With astronomical occurrences 
that contemporary researchers 

5459
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:44,900
are still finding new Celestial 
connections incorporated into 

5460
04:47:44,900 --> 04:47:46,900
its design. 
The connection between 

5461
04:47:46,900 --> 04:47:49,700
astronomical cycles and their 
complex religious calendar. 

5462
04:47:49,700 --> 04:47:54,100
Peaked the Aztecs interest They 
held that the Universe had 

5463
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,400
undergone several cycles of 
creation and destruction Each of

5464
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:00,300
which corresponded to a distinct
astronomical period. 

5465
04:48:01,200 --> 04:48:04,200
Since their world was the 5th 
Sun, they felt that knowledge of

5466
04:48:04,200 --> 04:48:07,600
astronomical Cycles was crucial 
to preserving, Cosmic 

5467
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,400
equilibrium and averting the 
fall of their society. 

5468
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:13,700
The astronomical knowledge of 
many indigenous cultures in 

5469
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:15,500
North America were surprisingly 
Advanced. 

5470
04:48:15,500 --> 04:48:19,500
Even further north, Numerous 
tribes, use Celestial 

5471
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:22,200
observations for Agricultural 
and ceremonial purposes. 

5472
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:26,300
Constructed earthwork monuments 
in accordance with celestial 

5473
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:29,600
events and preserved oral 
Traditions that monitored 

5474
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:33,500
astronomical, phenomena Cahokia,
a large settlement close to 

5475
04:48:33,500 --> 04:48:38,700
Modern Day Saint Louis that 
thrived between 1000 and 1,200 

5476
04:48:38,700 --> 04:48:41,700
CE is arguably the most 
well-known of these. 

5477
04:48:42,800 --> 04:48:46,200
At Cahokia Earthen, Mounds were 
placed around the Central Plaza 

5478
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:49,400
to commemorate important solar 
and lunar occurrences. 

5479
04:48:50,100 --> 04:48:52,500
These alignments enabled, the 
inhabitants to track the 

5480
04:48:52,500 --> 04:48:55,900
changing seasons with remarkable
accuracy as archaeo. 

5481
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:58,500
Astronomers are found. 
However, the Bighorn medicine 

5482
04:48:58,500 --> 04:49:01,800
wheel in Wyoming is arguably the
most fascinating astronomical 

5483
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:05,800
site in North America. 
Built by unidentified Native 

5484
04:49:05,800 --> 04:49:09,100
American cultures. 
This ancient stone structure is 

5485
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:11,600
made up of a circular 
arrangement of stones with 

5486
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:16,300
spokes extending outward towards
smaller Stone, Cairns According 

5487
04:49:16,300 --> 04:49:19,500
to contemporary analysis, the 
structures, various components 

5488
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:22,800
correspond to the positions of 
bright stars as they rise and 

5489
04:49:22,800 --> 04:49:25,400
set throughout the year. 
These alignments accuracy 

5490
04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:28,600
indicate that the builders were 
well versed in procession the 

5491
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:31,800
slow wobble in Earth rotation 
that causes star positions to 

5492
04:49:31,800 --> 04:49:34,800
gradually change over centuries 
and Stella emotions. 

5493
04:49:35,500 --> 04:49:38,400
In addition, to knowing the 
current staff positions, it 

5494
04:49:38,400 --> 04:49:40,900
would have been necessary to 
comprehend how those positions 

5495
04:49:40,900 --> 04:49:44,500
were evolving over time in order
to create such alignments 

5496
04:49:44,500 --> 04:49:46,300
despite lacking a written 
language. 

5497
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:49,800
As we know it today, the Incas 
in South America created their 

5498
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:52,800
own complex, astronomical 
Traditions, they recorded 

5499
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:56,200
numerical data, including 
astronomical data using a 

5500
04:49:56,200 --> 04:50:00,500
sophisticated kipu system of 
knotted strings to keep their 

5501
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:02,700
Agricultural and religious 
calendars up to date. 

5502
04:50:02,700 --> 04:50:06,600
Incur astronomers monitored the 
Motions of the sun, moon, and 

5503
04:50:06,600 --> 04:50:10,300
stars, astronomical principles, 
guided, the layout of the Inca 

5504
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:13,700
Capital at Cusco with key 
structures and ceremonial areas 

5505
04:50:13,700 --> 04:50:17,600
lining up with important 
astronomical occurrences Among 

5506
04:50:17,600 --> 04:50:20,100
the many buildings at the 
well-known Inca site of Machu 

5507
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:21,900
Picchu. 
That serve as astronomical 

5508
04:50:21,900 --> 04:50:25,500
observation points is the 
interstate which creates Shadows

5509
04:50:25,500 --> 04:50:29,100
that follow the path of the sun 
year-round, the use of dark 

5510
04:50:29,100 --> 04:50:32,000
constellations which are 
patterns created by dark patches

5511
04:50:32,000 --> 04:50:35,400
in the Milky Way rather than 
Bright Stars was one of the most

5512
04:50:35,400 --> 04:50:39,100
amazing features of Indian 
astronomy and astronomers paid 

5513
04:50:39,100 --> 04:50:42,100
equal attention to the dark 
regions between Bright Stars, 

5514
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:45,400
recognizing the forms of animals
and other important figures 

5515
04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:46,900
there. 
Whereas, other cultures, 

5516
04:50:46,900 --> 04:50:50,700
concentrated mainly on bright 
star patterns this focus on dark

5517
04:50:50,700 --> 04:50:53,700
constellations shows a deep 
comprehension of the structure 

5518
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:56,100
of the Milky. 
Way these dark patches were 

5519
04:50:56,100 --> 04:50:57,900
identified by Andy and 
astronomers. 

5520
04:50:57,900 --> 04:51:01,100
As regions were something was 
obstructing the light of farther

5521
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:05,500
off Stars, not as empty space. 
In actuality, they were 

5522
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:08,200
observing Galactic structure in 
ways that European astronomy 

5523
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:10,600
would not formally comprehend 
until the 20th century. 

5524
04:51:10,600 --> 04:51:13,700
The fact that astronomical 
accomplishments in the Americas 

5525
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:16,500
were made by societies with 
little exposure, to Old World, 

5526
04:51:16,500 --> 04:51:19,200
astronomical Traditions makes 
them, especially remarkable. 

5527
04:51:20,000 --> 04:51:23,000
These societies produce their 
own theoretical Frameworks, 

5528
04:51:23,000 --> 04:51:26,700
mathematical methods, and 
techniques for making accurate 

5529
04:51:26,700 --> 04:51:30,200
observations. 
Frequently, their findings were 

5530
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:32,600
more accurate than those of 
recent research in Asia or 

5531
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:34,900
Europe. 
The variety of methods employed 

5532
04:51:34,900 --> 04:51:38,300
by various American cultures 
also shows a significant aspect 

5533
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:40,500
of human Ingenuity and 
scientific research. 

5534
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:44,300
With an emphasis on cyclical, 
computations and numerical 

5535
04:51:44,300 --> 04:51:47,200
patterns, Maya astronomy was 
highly mathematical. 

5536
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:51,900
More architectural in nature, 
astronomy Incorporated, 

5537
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:55,400
astronomical knowledge into the 
actual design of cities and 

5538
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:58,900
ceremonial locations. 
The integration of astronomical 

5539
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:01,700
knowledge with seasonal 
activities and oral Traditions, 

5540
04:52:01,700 --> 04:52:04,700
was frequently emphasized in 
North America, and approaches. 

5541
04:52:04,700 --> 04:52:08,400
All of these methods, however, 
were remarkably accurate in 

5542
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,800
tracking Celestial phenomena, 
and four casting astronomical 

5543
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:13,800
events. 
They demonstrate that. 

5544
04:52:13,800 --> 04:52:16,400
There are numerous scientific 
approaches to studying the 

5545
04:52:16,400 --> 04:52:19,700
cosmos and that advanced 
astronomical knowledge can arise

5546
04:52:19,700 --> 04:52:22,700
autonomously in various cultures
using various instruments and 

5547
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:25,400
theoretical Frameworks in the 
Medieval Era. 

5548
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:27,700
European astronomy started to 
come back to life after 

5549
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:30,400
centuries of what historians 
used to refer to as the Dark 

5550
04:52:30,400 --> 04:52:32,900
Ages though. 
They weren't quite as gloomy as 

5551
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:35,500
once thought. 
It was more like someone slowly 

5552
04:52:35,500 --> 04:52:39,000
waking up from an extended nap 
stretching, yawning and 

5553
04:52:39,008 --> 04:52:40,600
gradually. 
Remembering that there was this 

5554
04:52:40,600 --> 04:52:42,900
interesting thing called the 
sky, that might be worth 

5555
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:46,100
observing due in large part to 
contact with Islamic 

5556
04:52:46,100 --> 04:52:49,600
civilization through Spain and 
the Crusades, the real Awakening

5557
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:53,300
started in the 12th century. 
Suddenly European scholars 

5558
04:52:53,300 --> 04:52:55,600
realized that Islamic 
astronomers had been making 

5559
04:52:55,600 --> 04:52:58,600
incredible strides in their 
understanding of the cosmos 

5560
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:01,900
while they had been preoccupied 
with more mundane issues such as

5561
04:53:01,900 --> 04:53:05,900
surviving invasion's plagues and
the occasional apocalyptic Panic

5562
04:53:05,900 --> 04:53:09,100
by translating Islamic. 
Astronomical texts into Latin 

5563
04:53:09,100 --> 04:53:12,300
the first European response was 
essentially a catch-up move. 

5564
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:15,400
By translating, the writings of 
Islamic astronomers 

5565
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:19,300
mathematicians and philosophers 
Scholars, such as Gerard of 

5566
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,300
cremona devoted their entire 
careers to reintroducing Europe 

5567
04:53:22,300 --> 04:53:24,800
to the astronomical knowledge 
that had been evolving in other 

5568
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:27,700
parts of the world. 
However, medieval European 

5569
04:53:27,700 --> 04:53:30,200
astronomers started to 
contribute and create their own 

5570
04:53:30,200 --> 04:53:33,600
methods for solving astronomical
problems rather than merely 

5571
04:53:33,600 --> 04:53:35,500
passively absorbing Islamic 
knowledge. 

5572
04:53:35,500 --> 04:53:39,400
Albertus Magnus a German 
philosopher and scientist who 

5573
04:53:39,400 --> 04:53:42,000
lived in the 13th century and 
wrote, a great deal about 

5574
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:44,200
astronomy. 
In addition to making his own 

5575
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:47,000
observations of the heavens was 
one of the most important. 

5576
04:53:47,000 --> 04:53:50,700
Early figures, the question of 
whether Aristotle's Antiquated 

5577
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:53,800
theories about the universe 
would genuinely supported by 

5578
04:53:53,800 --> 04:53:57,400
rigorous, observation peaked, 
albertus Magnus intrest. 

5579
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:02,100
He conducted in-depth research 
on comets and discovered that in

5580
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:05,000
contrast to Aristotelian 
theories regarding comets as 

5581
04:54:05,000 --> 04:54:08,900
atmospheric phenomena, their 
tails consistently pointed away 

5582
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:11,000
from the Sun. 
All though, he lacked the 

5583
04:54:11,008 --> 04:54:14,900
telescopic ability to confirm 
it, he also noted that the Milky

5584
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:17,700
Way seemed to be made up of 
extremely faint Stars. 

5585
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:20,900
The Practical requirements of 
the Catholic Church also 

5586
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:22,900
influenced, medieval European 
astronomy. 

5587
04:54:23,700 --> 04:54:26,400
Because Easter depended on 
intricate relationships between 

5588
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,500
solar and lunar cycles. 
Christian Scholars needed 

5589
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:31,700
precise methods for determining 
the date. 

5590
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:35,300
Because it was their primary 
source of income, even serious, 

5591
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:38,000
medieval astronomers frequently 
worked as astrologers. 

5592
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:41,300
So they also needed to 
comprehend Celestial motions for

5593
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:44,200
astrological purposes, 
significant progress in 

5594
04:54:44,200 --> 04:54:47,100
computational, astronomy, was 
made as a result of this 

5595
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:50,500
pragmatic approach. 
Improved mathematical methods 

5596
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:52,900
for determining Eclipse dates 
and predicting planetary 

5597
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:55,700
positions were created by 
medieval Scholars. 

5598
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:58,800
They improved techniques for 
converting between calendar 

5599
04:54:58,800 --> 04:55:01,200
systems and produced calendars 
that were more accurate. 

5600
04:55:01,200 --> 04:55:04,200
The creation of mechanical 
astronomical instruments, was 

5601
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:06,600
one of the most significant 
contributions made during the 

5602
04:55:06,608 --> 04:55:09,600
Middle Ages. 
European artists produced ever 

5603
04:55:09,600 --> 04:55:13,000
more advanced quadrants 
astrolabes and other tools for 

5604
04:55:13,000 --> 04:55:15,700
observing the Stars. 
They all started creating 

5605
04:55:15,700 --> 04:55:19,100
mechanical, clocks, that could 
record the sun moon and Planet 

5606
04:55:19,100 --> 04:55:21,500
positions. 
In addition to the time, the 

5607
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:24,000
astronomical clock, which was 
constructed in Prague, Circa, 

5608
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:27,900
1410 and is still in use. 
Today was arguably the most 

5609
04:55:27,900 --> 04:55:31,400
remarkable of these. 
This amazing device, which is 

5610
04:55:31,400 --> 04:55:34,400
automatically updated by a 
complex Clockwork mechanism, 

5611
04:55:34,400 --> 04:55:38,600
displays the moon's phases, the 
Sun and Moon's positions in the 

5612
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:41,700
Zodiac and other astronomical 
information, the development of 

5613
04:55:41,700 --> 04:55:45,000
universities in medieval Europe.
Also helped astronomy by 

5614
04:55:45,000 --> 04:55:47,700
establishing institutional 
Frameworks, for the advancement 

5615
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:49,600
and preservation of astronomical
knowledge. 

5616
04:55:50,800 --> 04:55:55,400
Universities in Paris, Oxford 
bologna, and other locations 

5617
04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:58,200
developed into hubs for 
astronomy Education and Research

5618
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:00,800
along with mathematics geometry 
and music. 

5619
04:56:00,800 --> 04:56:04,300
Astronomy was regarded as one of
the core liberal arts at these 

5620
04:56:04,300 --> 04:56:08,100
universities. 
As a result educated Europeans 

5621
04:56:08,100 --> 04:56:10,700
were supposed to understand the 
fundamentals of astronomy. 

5622
04:56:10,700 --> 04:56:13,700
Scholarly discussion of 
astronomical, theories was also 

5623
04:56:13,700 --> 04:56:15,500
fostered by the university 
setting. 

5624
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:19,600
Instead of Simply accepting the 
wisdom of the Ancients medieval 

5625
04:56:19,600 --> 04:56:22,900
astronomers debated, the merits 
of various models, suggested 

5626
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:26,300
changes and enhancements and 
sometimes created completely 

5627
04:56:26,300 --> 04:56:28,500
original solutions to 
astronomical issues. 

5628
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:31,800
The growing sophistication of 
observational methods was one 

5629
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:33,300
significant medieval 
development. 

5630
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,500
Prominent akademiks such as John
of holywood Sacre Bosco 

5631
04:56:37,500 --> 04:56:41,000
authored, important textbooks 
that described how to use basic 

5632
04:56:41,000 --> 04:56:44,800
instruments to make precise 
astronomical measurements, they 

5633
04:56:44,800 --> 04:56:46,900
created standardized techniques 
for timing. 

5634
04:56:46,900 --> 04:56:50,200
Astronomical events, measuring 
Celestial angles and locating 

5635
04:56:50,200 --> 04:56:52,600
Stars. 
Significant progress was also 

5636
04:56:52,600 --> 04:56:55,200
made by medieval astronomers in 
comprehending, the connection 

5637
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:57,900
between astronomical phenomena 
and Mathematics. 

5638
04:56:58,700 --> 04:57:02,000
The improved geometric models 
for planetary motions developed,

5639
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,400
trigonometric methods for 
calculating angles, and 

5640
04:57:04,400 --> 04:57:07,700
distances, and started applying 
algebraic methods to solve 

5641
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:10,500
challenging astronomical 
problems Johannes. 

5642
04:57:10,500 --> 04:57:13,400
De murres who proposed calendar 
reforms in the 14th century that

5643
04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:15,800
were centuries. 
Ahead of their time was likely 

5644
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:18,400
the most mathematically, 
Advanced medieval astronomer 

5645
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:21,800
Demorest determined precisely 
how much correction would be 

5646
04:57:21,800 --> 04:57:24,600
required to correct. 
The Julian calendar, which was 

5647
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:27,800
then in use as it was, gradually
becoming out of sync with the 

5648
04:57:27,800 --> 04:57:30,400
seasons. 
All the most of his suggestions 

5649
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:33,000
were disregarded. 
At the time, they foreshadowed, 

5650
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:35,700
many of the modifications, that 
would later be made to produce 

5651
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:38,900
our current Gregorian calendar. 
Important observations, were all

5652
04:57:38,908 --> 04:57:41,300
made by European astronomers in 
the Middle Ages. 

5653
04:57:42,100 --> 04:57:44,100
They made meticulous 
observations of planetary 

5654
04:57:44,100 --> 04:57:47,500
positions tracked, Comet 
movements and created new star 

5655
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:50,300
catalogs. 
They were specially intrigued by

5656
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:53,300
what they dubbed. 
Conjunctions rare close 

5657
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:55,600
approaches between planets that 
were believed to have 

5658
04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:58,800
astrological meaning more 
complex, theoretical solutions, 

5659
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:01,600
to astronomical issues also 
emerged during the Middle Ages. 

5660
04:58:02,400 --> 04:58:04,700
The fundamental tenets of 
ancient astronomy. 

5661
04:58:04,700 --> 04:58:08,100
Especially the requirement, that
all Celestial motions be 

5662
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:11,500
perfectly, round started to be 
questioned by academics. 

5663
04:58:11,500 --> 04:58:13,900
They started creating 
mathematical methods. 

5664
04:58:13,900 --> 04:58:16,800
That would later be crucial for 
more precise explanations of 

5665
04:58:16,808 --> 04:58:19,600
planetary, motion and 
experimented with different 

5666
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:22,600
geometric models. 
Most significantly, medieval 

5667
04:58:22,600 --> 04:58:25,600
European astronomy started to 
formulate, what is now known as 

5668
04:58:25,600 --> 04:58:27,400
a more scientific theory of the 
universe. 

5669
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:31,400
The significance of meticulous, 
observation, mathematical 

5670
04:58:31,400 --> 04:58:34,900
analysis, and logical reasoning 
in astronomical investigations 

5671
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:37,100
was increasingly stressed by 
medieval Scholars. 

5672
04:58:37,900 --> 04:58:40,000
They were more interested in 
comparing theoretical. 

5673
04:58:40,000 --> 04:58:43,200
Predictions to empirical data 
than they were in blindly 

5674
04:58:43,200 --> 04:58:46,400
accepting ancient authorities. 
The more significant changes 

5675
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:48,700
that would occur during the 
Renaissance were made possible 

5676
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:52,200
by this change in strategy. 
By the end of the Middle Ages 

5677
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:54,900
European astronomy. 
Had transformed from a mainly 

5678
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:58,100
passive effort to preserve 
ancient knowledge into a dynamic

5679
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:00,600
Innovative field prepared to 
address some of the most 

5680
04:59:00,600 --> 04:59:03,800
important issues regarding the 
composition and functioning of 

5681
04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:06,300
the cosmos. 
Scientific knowledge requires 

5682
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:10,100
institutions community of 
Scholars and cultural Frameworks

5683
04:59:10,100 --> 04:59:13,000
that support and encourage 
intellectual inquiry as the 

5684
04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:16,700
Medieval Era demonstrated. 
These circumstances were 

5685
04:59:16,700 --> 04:59:19,500
established in medieval Europe, 
setting the stage for the 

5686
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:22,500
astronomical Revolution, that 
would follow spend some time 

5687
04:59:22,500 --> 04:59:24,000
reflecting on the amazing 
journey. 

5688
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:26,700
We've just taken together as you
curl up deeper in your blankets,

5689
04:59:26,700 --> 04:59:30,700
tens of thousands, of years of 
human curiosity, inventiveness 

5690
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:33,800
and perseverance have proceeded 
Galileo's groundbreaking 

5691
04:59:33,800 --> 04:59:37,000
discovery of the sky in the 
early 1600s which altered the 

5692
04:59:37,008 --> 04:59:40,400
course of history, consider what
Humanity achieved in those 

5693
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:43,300
Millennia before the rings of 
Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter

5694
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:46,600
were ever seen. 
Ancient astronomers used only 

5695
04:59:46,600 --> 04:59:50,000
their eyes, their brains and an 
almost Supernatural amount of 

5696
04:59:50,000 --> 04:59:52,100
patience to track. 
The intricate movements of 

5697
04:59:52,108 --> 04:59:56,100
planets predicted clips and make
calendars, precise enough to 

5698
04:59:56,100 --> 04:59:59,700
govern entire civilizations. 
They calculated the size of the 

5699
04:59:59,700 --> 05:00:03,200
Earth and found it to be round. 
the charted, the positions of 

5700
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:08,000
stars and measured the distance 
to celestial objects, They 

5701
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:10,800
created mathematical models that
were Advanced enough to forecast

5702
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:13,200
the locations of planets years 
in advance. 

5703
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:16,500
And identified patterns in 
astronomical motions that 

5704
05:00:16,500 --> 05:00:18,300
recurred over decades and 
centuries. 

5705
05:00:18,300 --> 05:00:21,400
Most astonishingly, they 
accomplished all of this while 

5706
05:00:21,400 --> 05:00:23,400
harboring basic 
misunderstandings, about the 

5707
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:28,600
nature of the universe, most 
pre-television revolved around 

5708
05:00:28,600 --> 05:00:31,500
the earth, which that's still at
the center of the universe. 

5709
05:00:31,500 --> 05:00:34,400
They didn't know that the Milky 
Way was home to billions of 

5710
05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:38,400
stars, but planets were worlds 
unto themselves or that stars 

5711
05:00:38,400 --> 05:00:40,800
were far off. 
Sons, they were remarkably 

5712
05:00:40,800 --> 05:00:43,900
successful in describing and 
forecasting Celestial phenomena 

5713
05:00:43,900 --> 05:00:46,400
in spite of these flawed 
theoretical Frameworks. 

5714
05:00:47,500 --> 05:00:50,300
This illustrates a fundamental 
aspect of human intelligence, 

5715
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:53,100
even when our underlying 
knowledge is lacking or 

5716
05:00:53,100 --> 05:00:56,300
completely incorrect, we can 
frequently identify helpful 

5717
05:00:56,300 --> 05:00:59,900
patterns and make precise 
predictions the history of pre 

5718
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:02,800
telescopic, astronomy. 
Also demonstrates, the value of 

5719
05:01:02,800 --> 05:01:06,100
cross-cultural interaction and 
cultural continuity. 

5720
05:01:06,900 --> 05:01:09,900
From the Babylonians to the 
Greeks from the Greeks to the 

5721
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:13,600
Islamic world and from Islamic 
scholars to Medieval Europeans 

5722
05:01:13,600 --> 05:01:16,600
knowledge was transmitted every 
culture. 

5723
05:01:16,600 --> 05:01:19,500
Contributed, its unique 
perspectives fixed past 

5724
05:01:19,500 --> 05:01:22,600
mistakes, and expanded. 
The realm of knowledge for 

5725
05:01:22,600 --> 05:01:25,500
thousands of years, Chinese 
astronomers kept records. 

5726
05:01:25,500 --> 05:01:28,700
Building a Priceless collection 
of observations that is still 

5727
05:01:28,708 --> 05:01:30,300
used by contemporary 
researchers. 

5728
05:01:31,400 --> 05:01:35,100
Calendar systems created by Maya
mathematicians were more precise

5729
05:01:35,100 --> 05:01:36,800
than those utilized in medieval 
Europe. 

5730
05:01:37,500 --> 05:01:40,900
During the darkest centuries of 
European civilization Islamic 

5731
05:01:40,900 --> 05:01:44,100
scholars preserved and enhanced 
Greek knowledge science. 

5732
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:47,000
And its best is a truly human 
endeavor that transcends 

5733
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:51,000
individual cultures languages 
and historical periods as 

5734
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:53,800
demonstrated by This Global 
intergenerational collaboration 

5735
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:57,100
The same questions that 
motivated. 

5736
05:01:57,100 --> 05:01:59,200
Ancient astronomers still 
motivators today. 

5737
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:02,200
Where are we from, what role do 
we play in the universe? 

5738
05:02:02,200 --> 05:02:04,500
What is the mechanism of the 
universe? 

5739
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:07,400
Many of the basic techniques. 
That science still employs. 

5740
05:02:07,400 --> 05:02:10,400
Today, were all developed by 
pre-television astronomers, 

5741
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:14,800
Ancient astronomers using crude 
instruments but highly developed

5742
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:18,200
Minds invented rigorous 
observation, mathematical 

5743
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,400
modeling, hypothesis testing and
peer-review. 

5744
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:23,600
All fundamental scientific 
procedures. 

5745
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:26,800
They developed the ability to 
discriminate between what they 

5746
05:02:26,800 --> 05:02:29,700
could see with their own eyes 
and what they had to deduce from

5747
05:02:29,700 --> 05:02:33,600
the created methods for tracking
changes over time. 

5748
05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:37,500
Scales longer than human life 
times, measuring seemingly 

5749
05:02:37,500 --> 05:02:41,000
incurable things and bringing 
order to seemingly chaotic 

5750
05:02:41,000 --> 05:02:44,500
phenomena, most significantly. 
They learned to maintain faith 

5751
05:02:44,500 --> 05:02:46,000
in the capacity of human 
reasoning. 

5752
05:02:46,000 --> 05:02:49,300
While being humble about the 
limits of human knowledge, The 

5753
05:02:49,300 --> 05:02:55,800
most accomplished pre-television
and their known facts. 

5754
05:02:56,600 --> 05:02:59,300
They were aware that hypotheses 
needed to be verified by 

5755
05:02:59,300 --> 05:03:02,500
observations and they were 
prepared to give up on Concepts 

5756
05:03:02,500 --> 05:03:04,700
that didn't work. 
Even if they made sense 

5757
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:07,700
intuitively beyond the 
particular facts that ancient 

5758
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:11,300
astronomers found. 
Pretel, astronomy left behind a 

5759
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:13,700
rich Legacy. 
They created the entire 

5760
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:16,900
Foundation of scientific 
investigation, the notion that 

5761
05:03:16,900 --> 05:03:18,500
the Universe functions in 
accordance. 

5762
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:21,700
With discoverable laws. 
That these laws can be expressed

5763
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:24,100
mathematically. 
And that humans are able to 

5764
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:27,200
understand the working of the 
cosmos by means of rigorous 

5765
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:30,800
observation. 
And reasoned analysis, Galileo 

5766
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,100
was expanding on tens of 
thousands of years of 

5767
05:03:33,100 --> 05:03:35,500
accumulated, knowledge and 
perfected technique. 

5768
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:39,200
When he eventually pointed his 
telescope Skyward in 1609 

5769
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,700
ancient astronomers had 
formulated the questions he was 

5770
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:45,700
trying to answer. 
The mathematical instruments. 

5771
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:49,300
He employed had been created 
over Centuries by academics from

5772
05:03:49,300 --> 05:03:51,100
a wide range of cultural 
backgrounds. 

5773
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,600
His observations were even more 
precise because earlier 

5774
05:03:54,600 --> 05:03:57,600
Generations had mastered, the 
use of much simpler instruments 

5775
05:03:57,600 --> 05:04:11,600
to make precise measurements 
pre-television observational 

5776
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:14,300
strategies created prior to the 
telescopic era. 

5777
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:17,600
Therefore, keep in mind that you
are a part of this long-standing

5778
05:04:17,600 --> 05:04:20,300
tradition of cosmic curiosity, 
as you go to sleep tonight, 

5779
05:04:20,300 --> 05:04:22,800
you're taking part in the 
oldest. 

5780
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:24,200
Scientific Endeavor in human 
history. 

5781
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:27,700
Each time you gaze up at the 
night sky, and wonder what 

5782
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:31,100
you're seeing, You're reaching 
out to generation of astronomers

5783
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:34,300
who were as awestruck by the 
cosmos, as you are the same 

5784
05:04:34,300 --> 05:04:37,400
stars that ancient astronomers 
observed continue to exist 

5785
05:04:37,400 --> 05:04:39,300
today. 
Traveling along the same 

5786
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:42,000
Dependable routes that they have
for thousands of years. 

5787
05:04:42,000 --> 05:04:45,500
The Maya astronomers used the 
moon's phases to time their 

5788
05:04:45,500 --> 05:04:48,500
ceremonies and we can still see 
the same face of the moon today 

5789
05:04:48,500 --> 05:04:52,200
when Babylonian mathematicians 
first deduced, the planets 

5790
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:55,000
intricate orbital patterns, they
still roam among the 

5791
05:04:55,000 --> 05:04:57,100
constellation's and out there 
tonight. 

5792
05:04:57,100 --> 05:04:59,800
Contemporary astronomers 
continue to do what Their 

5793
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:03,200
ancient forebears did. 
Observe the sky with patients 

5794
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:06,700
meticulously document their 
findings and progressively 

5795
05:05:06,700 --> 05:05:08,600
deeper in our understanding of 
the universe. 

5796
05:05:09,500 --> 05:05:12,000
The basic human desire to 
comprehend our place in the 

5797
05:05:12,008 --> 05:05:15,300
universe is not changed. 
Despite the fact that the tools 

5798
05:05:15,300 --> 05:05:24,500
have become much more advanced 
James Madison was born on, March

5799
05:05:24,500 --> 05:05:28,700
the 16th 1751 at Belle. 
Grove is maternal. 

5800
05:05:28,700 --> 05:05:30,100
Grandparents, are state in the 
Virginia. 

5801
05:05:30,100 --> 05:05:35,000
Colony his parents James Madison
Senior and Nelly Conway Madison 

5802
05:05:35,000 --> 05:05:38,400
soon settled the family on a 
plantation called Mount Pleasant

5803
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:41,000
later. 
Renamed Montpelier in Orange 

5804
05:05:41,000 --> 05:05:45,200
County, From a young age, the 
boy showed an aptitude for quiet

5805
05:05:45,200 --> 05:05:48,500
observation, while many in the 
region prized physical Feats of 

5806
05:05:48,508 --> 05:05:51,400
hunting or riding young. 
Madison was introspective 

5807
05:05:51,400 --> 05:05:53,300
devouring books whenever 
possible. 

5808
05:05:54,400 --> 05:05:57,500
The plantation environment 
shaped Madison's Outlook his 

5809
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:01,400
family used in slaved labor as 
did most large Virginia, State's

5810
05:06:01,400 --> 05:06:04,200
embedding him early in the 
complexities of an agrarian 

5811
05:06:04,200 --> 05:06:08,300
system reliant on bonded. 
Madison's father was a leading 

5812
05:06:08,300 --> 05:06:10,500
figure in local Affairs passing 
on a sense. 

5813
05:06:10,500 --> 05:06:13,100
That civic duty was integral to 
allow landowners life. 

5814
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:17,000
But overshadowing, these local 
routines was the broad attention

5815
05:06:17,000 --> 05:06:18,400
between the colonies and 
Britain. 

5816
05:06:19,100 --> 05:06:22,200
By the time Madison reached 
adolescents, the further for 

5817
05:06:22,200 --> 05:06:24,800
rights and representation had 
begun simmering throughout the 

5818
05:06:24,800 --> 05:06:27,600
13 colonies. 
His formal education, commenced 

5819
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,900
locally though for Advanced 
Training, his father, sent him 

5820
05:06:30,900 --> 05:06:34,300
to the boarding school of Donald
Roberts and known for rigorous 

5821
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,800
classical curricula, their 
Madison honed, his Latin, and 

5822
05:06:37,800 --> 05:06:40,300
Greek. 
He later studied under a private

5823
05:06:40,300 --> 05:06:43,800
tutor, who introduced him to 
Enlightenment writings, fueling 

5824
05:06:43,800 --> 05:06:45,800
a deep fascination with 
political philosophy. 

5825
05:06:46,700 --> 05:06:49,700
This intellectual grounding set 
him apart from many peers who 

5826
05:06:49,700 --> 05:06:53,400
aimed for more practical, 
Pursuits in 1769. 

5827
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,100
He entered the College of New 
Jersey later. 

5828
05:06:56,100 --> 05:06:59,400
Princeton University drawn by 
its reputation for scholarly 

5829
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,500
seriousness. 
That Princeton Madison crowned, 

5830
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:05,500
a four-year course into two 
exhausting himself in the 

5831
05:07:05,500 --> 05:07:08,000
process. 
Delved into moral philosophy 

5832
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:12,000
logic mathematics and theology 
under the influence of the 

5833
05:07:12,000 --> 05:07:14,800
college's. 
President John Witherspoon, a 

5834
05:07:14,800 --> 05:07:18,500
staunch advocate of Republican. 
Ideals Madison absorbed, radical

5835
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:21,000
notion about citizen virtue and 
structured Government. 

5836
05:07:21,000 --> 05:07:25,600
After graduating, in 1771 
Madison continued to study 

5837
05:07:25,600 --> 05:07:28,900
Hebrew and political Theory 
independently, developing a 

5838
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:31,000
habit of solitary reading 
physically. 

5839
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:34,700
He was often frail plagued by 
periodic seizures or severe 

5840
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:38,900
headaches, this delicate Health 
contributed to see did to him 

5841
05:07:38,900 --> 05:07:43,000
was introspective demeanor. 
Contrasting with the more robust

5842
05:07:43,000 --> 05:07:45,400
images of early American 
Patriots like George Washington.

5843
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:49,500
Returning to Virginia and 1772 
Madison. 

5844
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:52,000
Found the colony edging toward 
confrontation with Britain. 

5845
05:07:52,000 --> 05:07:55,500
The Boston Tea Party had 
inflamed tensions and 

5846
05:07:55,500 --> 05:07:58,100
parliament's retaliate tree. 
Measures sparked, Colonial 

5847
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,700
outrage. 
The shy and large, Gatherings 

5848
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:05,000
Madison aligned with those who 
believed the colonies deserved 

5849
05:08:05,000 --> 05:08:08,100
self-governance. 
A local committees in Orange 

5850
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:11,300
County, he offered calm, but 
pointed arguments on Imperial 

5851
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:14,100
ovary. 
This local activism grew into a 

5852
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:18,400
seat in the Virginia Convention 
of 1776 where leading lights of 

5853
05:08:18,400 --> 05:08:21,700
Revolution assembled. 
The convention delegates 

5854
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:24,500
hammered out, Virginia's, first 
Constitution, and a declaration 

5855
05:08:24,500 --> 05:08:26,800
of rights. 
Madison found himself, 

5856
05:08:26,800 --> 05:08:29,800
overshadowed by older luminaries
like George Mason and Patrick 

5857
05:08:29,800 --> 05:08:34,100
Henry, But his pain soon, proved
influential he successfully 

5858
05:08:34,100 --> 05:08:37,700
campaigned for a slight revision
to Mason's drafting broader 

5859
05:08:37,700 --> 05:08:39,100
language about religious 
liberty. 

5860
05:08:40,100 --> 05:08:43,200
This incident was a telling 
moment, the young legislator 

5861
05:08:43,200 --> 05:08:46,500
though, reserved there was ready
to push for expanded freedoms. 

5862
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:50,100
His pursuit of robust conscience
rights would become a defining 

5863
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:51,700
thread through his political 
life. 

5864
05:08:52,700 --> 05:08:56,300
As War Began Madison did not 
serve directly as a soldier. 

5865
05:08:56,300 --> 05:08:59,700
His health was fragile and he 
lacked the physical Vigor for 

5866
05:08:59,700 --> 05:09:03,100
extended campaigns. 
Instead he contributed behind 

5867
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:06,300
the scenes working on local 
committees that coordinated 

5868
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:08,300
supply lines and militia 
organization. 

5869
05:09:09,000 --> 05:09:12,600
He believed that a stable home 
front Bound by sons to sound 

5870
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:15,800
governance was essential to 
support the Continental Army's 

5871
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:18,000
efforts throughout the 
Revolutionary War. 

5872
05:09:18,000 --> 05:09:21,200
He remained primarily in 
Virginia, developing legislative

5873
05:09:21,200 --> 05:09:25,600
expertise. 
In 1777 Madison's political 

5874
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:28,800
Fortune Hotel while stumbled 
briefly when he lost a bid for 

5875
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:30,500
re-election to the Virginia 
House of delegates. 

5876
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:33,900
Why? 
Some say constituents wanted a 

5877
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:36,100
representative? 
Who would Supply them with free 

5878
05:09:36,100 --> 05:09:40,100
liquor at Gatherings, a common 
practice, then Madison on 

5879
05:09:40,100 --> 05:09:44,500
principal refused yet. 
He soon rebounded, securing an 

5880
05:09:44,500 --> 05:09:47,100
appointment to the governor's 
Council of state, where he 

5881
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:50,500
advised on wartime decisions. 
This role provided him with a 

5882
05:09:50,508 --> 05:09:52,800
broader view of the 
confederations precarious. 

5883
05:09:52,800 --> 05:09:56,100
Unity fueling concerns that the 
state's lacked, cohesion. 

5884
05:09:57,000 --> 05:10:01,000
Thus, by the wars midpoint James
Madison was forging a reputation

5885
05:10:01,000 --> 05:10:05,400
not as a battlefield hero but as
a methodical intellect, devoutly

5886
05:10:05,400 --> 05:10:09,200
committed to Republican ideals, 
his quiet style and scholarship 

5887
05:10:09,200 --> 05:10:11,700
contrasted with the fiery 
oratory of more visible 

5888
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:14,100
Patriot's. 
Yet among those who worked 

5889
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:17,200
closely with him, he was 
recognized as a serious thinker.

5890
05:10:18,000 --> 05:10:20,900
The tapestry of conflict in 
emergent governance, gave him a 

5891
05:10:20,900 --> 05:10:24,300
laboratory to test his ideas. 
He already suspected that a 

5892
05:10:24,300 --> 05:10:26,900
mirror Alliance of States would 
be insufficient for post-war 

5893
05:10:26,900 --> 05:10:29,400
stability. 
The impetus for a stronger 

5894
05:10:29,400 --> 05:10:31,800
Union. 
Simmered in his mind, setting 

5895
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:36,200
the stage for his future role as
father of the Constitution, By 

5896
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:40,200
1779 Madison's involvement in 
the Revolutionary cause led him 

5897
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:43,300
to Philadelphia where the 
Continental Congress convened. 

5898
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:48,600
Despite his youth still under 
30, he plunged into the 

5899
05:10:48,608 --> 05:10:50,200
congress's, Labyrinth of 
debates. 

5900
05:10:50,200 --> 05:10:53,800
The delegates were grappling 
with financing a protracted War,

5901
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:57,600
forging alliances abroad and 
keeping the shaky Confederation 

5902
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:00,000
intact. 
Madison quickly grew 

5903
05:11:00,000 --> 05:11:01,900
disenchanted with how the 
Articles of Confederation 

5904
05:11:01,908 --> 05:11:05,300
withheld key powers from the 
central government no authority 

5905
05:11:05,300 --> 05:11:09,300
to tax or regulate commerce. 
State squabbled like Frances 

5906
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:12,700
Dana or Robert Morris joce for 
influence and the fledgling 

5907
05:11:12,700 --> 05:11:15,000
Nation struggled to maintain a 
cohesive front. 

5908
05:11:15,900 --> 05:11:18,900
In the corridors of Congress. 
Madison quietly excelled as a 

5909
05:11:18,908 --> 05:11:22,200
legislative Craftsman. 
He compiled reams of notes 

5910
05:11:22,200 --> 05:11:25,500
summarizing arguments and 
tracking which delegates aligned

5911
05:11:25,500 --> 05:11:29,200
with each Stars, recognized that
persuading allies demanded 

5912
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:33,000
carefully. 
Framed logic not bombast This 

5913
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:35,500
skill in bridging positions 
would become a Hallmark of his 

5914
05:11:35,500 --> 05:11:38,900
approach to government making. 
meanwhile, as the Revolutionary 

5915
05:11:38,900 --> 05:11:43,100
War inch toward an uncertain 
end, he advocated vigorously for

5916
05:11:43,100 --> 05:11:46,100
stable funding for the 
Continental Army, the near 

5917
05:11:46,100 --> 05:11:49,200
Mutiny of unpaid troops under 
scored the systemic weaknesses. 

5918
05:11:49,200 --> 05:11:52,800
He concluded that without a 
robust Federal structure the new

5919
05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:56,500
State's risked fracturing into 
Petty fiefdoms after the war 

5920
05:11:56,500 --> 05:11:59,900
ended in 783 with the Treaty of 
Paris securing Independence. 

5921
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:04,300
The deepest began how to 
organize a functioning Union, 

5922
05:12:04,300 --> 05:12:07,900
Madison returned to Virginia's 
politics, helping shape the 

5923
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:10,900
state's statutes but he never 
lost sight of the broader 

5924
05:12:10,900 --> 05:12:12,400
question. 
About forging a stronger 

5925
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,900
National framework. 
During this period, he grew 

5926
05:12:15,900 --> 05:12:18,900
close to Thomas, Jefferson, then
serving as minister to France. 

5927
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:23,300
their correspondence sword with 
intellectual Synergy, exchanging

5928
05:12:23,300 --> 05:12:26,800
ideas on Liberty, religion, 
agrarian ideals and 

5929
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:29,800
architecture, Jefferson's 
radical theories about the 

5930
05:12:29,800 --> 05:12:32,900
tyranny of Old Europe combined 
with Madison's more, measured, 

5931
05:12:32,900 --> 05:12:37,000
instincts, The pair formed a 
dynamic partnership, crucial to 

5932
05:12:37,000 --> 05:12:38,800
the next stage of constitutional
debate. 

5933
05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:43,400
In 1786 a meeting in Annapolis 
aimed to address Commerce 

5934
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:47,200
disputes among states Madison, 
the notion that commercial 

5935
05:12:47,200 --> 05:12:50,600
harmonie, demanded Unified 
regulation's attendance was 

5936
05:12:50,600 --> 05:12:54,000
sparse, but the delegates 
present, including Alexander 

5937
05:12:54,000 --> 05:12:57,800
Hamilton recommended a grander 
convention for a thorough. 

5938
05:12:57,800 --> 05:13:01,000
Revision of the Articles, the 
seeds for the 1787 

5939
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:04,600
constitutional conventional was 
sown Madison with unwavering 

5940
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:07,800
conviction to himself. 
In a flurry of pre-convention 

5941
05:13:07,800 --> 05:13:12,200
research, he studied ancient 
confederacies, Greece, the Holy 

5942
05:13:12,200 --> 05:13:15,600
Roman Empire, Swiss cantons 
composing, a notes on Ancient 

5943
05:13:15,600 --> 05:13:20,000
and modern Confederation, This 
comparative study guided him to 

5944
05:13:20,000 --> 05:13:23,200
see how partial Alliance is 
often collapsed under disunity. 

5945
05:13:23,200 --> 05:13:28,000
When the Philadelphia Convention
commenced in May 1787, Madison 

5946
05:13:28,000 --> 05:13:31,500
arrived armed with a plan. 
He had penned the Virginia Plan 

5947
05:13:31,500 --> 05:13:34,000
advocating, a strong central 
government with a bicameral, 

5948
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:37,200
legislature and executive and a 
judiciary. 

5949
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:41,700
The Plan introduced by Edmund 
Randolph, formed, the blueprint 

5950
05:13:41,700 --> 05:13:45,300
for the delegates debates. 
Madison systematic approach. 

5951
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:48,900
He anticipated objections and 
had reasoned counters made him 

5952
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:52,400
an intellectual pivot. 
Yet compromises were inevitable.

5953
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:56,500
The smallest states objected 
pushing for equal representation

5954
05:13:56,500 --> 05:13:59,100
in at least one legislative 
chamber. 

5955
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:03,500
The final solution, the Great 
Compromise, gave each state 

5956
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:06,200
equal, Senate representation and
population base had house 

5957
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,800
representation. 
Madison found that compromise on

5958
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:12,800
satisfying but recognized it as 
a central for Unity. 

5959
05:14:13,800 --> 05:14:17,100
Another point of contention was 
slavery, Madison personally 

5960
05:14:17,100 --> 05:14:19,800
disdained the moral 
contradiction but recognized the

5961
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:23,000
Deep Rifts at created. 
He opposed a federal ban on the 

5962
05:14:23,000 --> 05:14:25,300
slave trade at that juncture 
acknowledging. 

5963
05:14:25,300 --> 05:14:28,600
That southern states, might bolt
if threatened the conventions 

5964
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:33,000
final text in effect postpone, 
the question, This stance would 

5965
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:35,300
later, stir conflicting feelings
in Madison. 

5966
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:38,700
He wanted a rationally 
consistent Republic, but saw the

5967
05:14:38,700 --> 05:14:41,100
necessity of short-term 
concessions to secure overall 

5968
05:14:41,100 --> 05:14:43,700
support. 
Meanwhile, the Three-Fifths 

5969
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:46,500
Compromise about counting in 
Stave people for representation 

5970
05:14:46,500 --> 05:14:49,800
was hammered out. 
A deeply fraught measure that 

5971
05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:52,000
would sow seeds of future 
National crises. 

5972
05:14:52,700 --> 05:14:57,200
In September 1787, after months 
of debate, Madison signed the 

5973
05:14:57,200 --> 05:15:00,000
Constitution. 
Despite its imperfections, 

5974
05:15:00,000 --> 05:15:03,400
Madison saw the Constitution as 
a significant improvement over 

5975
05:15:03,400 --> 05:15:06,900
the weak articles yet forging. 
The document was one step 

5976
05:15:06,900 --> 05:15:10,900
persuading states to ratify. 
It was another Madison teamed 

5977
05:15:10,900 --> 05:15:13,500
with Hamilton and John Jay to 
write the Federalist papers 

5978
05:15:13,500 --> 05:15:15,700
published under the Sudan in 
publicus. 

5979
05:15:16,700 --> 05:15:19,700
In these essays Madison's most 
well, known contributions 

5980
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:24,300
Federalist number 10, and number
51 focused on managing factions 

5981
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:26,700
and instituting mechanisms of 
check and balance. 

5982
05:15:26,700 --> 05:15:29,900
He argued that an extensive 
Republic would guard against 

5983
05:15:29,900 --> 05:15:33,800
tyranny by ensuring no single 
faction dominated this line of 

5984
05:15:33,808 --> 05:15:37,100
reasoning suede, Skeptics 
demonstrating that a new 

5985
05:15:37,108 --> 05:15:39,500
national government could 
combine stability with personal 

5986
05:15:39,500 --> 05:15:44,400
Liberties ratification. 
Success came in 1788, Madison's 

5987
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:46,200
Clarity of thought had played a 
major role in. 

5988
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:49,200
Securing enough, State's 
approval, yet critics demanded 

5989
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:51,100
enumerated. 
Safe guards for individual 

5990
05:15:51,100 --> 05:15:55,400
rights, aware of anti-federalist
fears Madison publicly pledged 

5991
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:57,100
to add a Bill of Rights. 
Once the new government 

5992
05:15:57,100 --> 05:16:01,100
convened, his reputation soared 
as a champion of reason for 

5993
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:05,200
persuasion by 1789, the 
Constitution took effect and 

5994
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:08,200
Madison found himself elected to
the new House of Representatives

5995
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:10,500
Prime to finalize, the 
protective measures, he'd 

5996
05:16:10,500 --> 05:16:13,300
promised Having largely 
established the Republic. 

5997
05:16:13,300 --> 05:16:17,100
Structural blueprint Madison's 
next task, was to safeguard the 

5998
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:19,900
Liberties that the Revolutionary
generation had sacrificed so 

5999
05:16:19,900 --> 05:16:22,800
much for In the first Congress 
on the President, George 

6000
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:25,300
Washington, James. 
Madison took Center Stage 

6001
05:16:25,300 --> 05:16:28,700
drafting amendments to the 
Constitution for filling his 

6002
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:32,100
Bill of Rights promise. 
Many Anti-Federalists had 

6003
05:16:32,100 --> 05:16:34,400
demanded explicit safeguards for
speech. 

6004
05:16:34,400 --> 05:16:39,300
Religion assembly and due 
process, Madison sifted through 

6005
05:16:39,300 --> 05:16:42,700
over 200 suggestion, from State 
ratifying conventions. 

6006
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:46,100
His approach balanced 
enumerating fundamental 

6007
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:48,900
Liberties while ensuring the new
government's Integrity remained 

6008
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:53,800
intact by late 1791, the first 
ten amendments were ratified, 

6009
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:58,300
codifying freedoms, crucial to 
the National ethos This moment 

6010
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:01,300
cemented Madison's reputation as
a principal architect of 

6011
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:04,400
American Liberty though. 
Debates continued about the 

6012
05:17:04,400 --> 05:17:08,000
precise scope of these rights. 
Even as he championed the Bill 

6013
05:17:08,000 --> 05:17:11,100
of Rights Madison found himself 
in friction with treasury 

6014
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:14,500
secretary, Alexander Hamilton's 
financial program. 

6015
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:18,100
The federal Assumption of State 
debts, a national bank and 

6016
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:21,100
protective tariffs clashed with 
Madison's preference for 

6017
05:17:21,100 --> 05:17:24,800
decentralized, fiscal power at 
the onset, Madison, and Hamilton

6018
05:17:24,800 --> 05:17:27,100
had been allies in ratifying the
Constitution. 

6019
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:31,200
But once the new system, 
functioned ideological Rifts 

6020
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:34,200
arose over how strong the 
central government should be in 

6021
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:38,200
shaping economic life. 
Madison believed Hamilton's 

6022
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:41,800
approached too far toward 
Commerce, Elites, risking a 

6023
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:44,600
quasi aristocracy. 
The Congressional debates, 

6024
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:47,800
presented two, emerging Visions 
for America, laying the 

6025
05:17:47,800 --> 05:17:49,500
groundwork, for the initial 
party split. 

6026
05:17:49,500 --> 05:17:53,600
This political cleavage deepened
with foreign affairs, the French

6027
05:17:53,600 --> 05:17:58,100
Revolution erupted in 1789 
initially hailed by many 

6028
05:17:58,100 --> 05:18:01,500
Americans including Madison as a
system movement. 

6029
05:18:01,500 --> 05:18:05,300
Echoing the Spirit of 76 but as 
France slipped into 

6030
05:18:05,300 --> 05:18:09,000
revolutionary Bloodshed 
hamiltonians urged caution they 

6031
05:18:09,000 --> 05:18:11,000
believed forging close ties with
Britain. 

6032
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:13,700
A stable trading partner was 
Paramount. 

6033
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:17,100
Jefferson and Madison favored 
supporting the French Republic 

6034
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:20,500
diplomatically this tension 
culminated in the formation of 

6035
05:18:20,500 --> 05:18:24,800
two factions the Federalists led
by Hamilton and the Democratic 

6036
05:18:24,800 --> 05:18:27,300
Republicans spearheaded by 
Jefferson and Madison. 

6037
05:18:28,300 --> 05:18:31,900
The Press took sides with 
scathing editorials, labeling, 

6038
05:18:31,900 --> 05:18:35,600
Federalists, as pro-monarchy 
Stooges, or Republicans as 

6039
05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:40,800
French Stooges by the mid-1790s 
Madison's oratory sharpened. 

6040
05:18:40,800 --> 05:18:43,800
He and Jefferson co-authored the
Virginia and Kentucky 

6041
05:18:43,800 --> 05:18:48,800
Resolutions, 1798 to 1799 
condemning the Federalist, 

6042
05:18:48,800 --> 05:18:51,500
controlled congress's Alien and 
Sedition Acts. 

6043
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:54,600
Those acts clamped down on 
immigrants and criminalized 

6044
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:57,800
criticisms of government. 
The resolution's advanced and 

6045
05:18:57,800 --> 05:19:01,600
novel concept States could 
nullify unconstitutional federal

6046
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:04,700
laws although this stance 
rattled, the notion of federal 

6047
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:07,600
Supremacy. 
It resonated with many who saw 

6048
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:09,300
the sedition act as a gross 
overreach. 

6049
05:19:09,300 --> 05:19:12,600
The Mata never reached to track 
Connor's institutional crisis, 

6050
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,900
but it planted the seeds of the 
state's rights argument. 

6051
05:19:15,900 --> 05:19:18,600
That would reappear in later. 
Contrast seen during this 

6052
05:19:18,600 --> 05:19:23,200
period, Madison's personal life.
Also evolved In 1794. 

6053
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:26,300
He married, Dolly Payne. 
Todd of vivacious, Widow known 

6054
05:19:26,300 --> 05:19:29,800
for her social acumen. 
She brought a warmth and Flair 

6055
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:33,600
to Madison, what Reserve Persona
soon becoming a key figure in 

6056
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:36,700
Washington's political Society. 
Hosting Gatherings. 

6057
05:19:36,700 --> 05:19:39,600
She bridged partisan, divides 
with charm. 

6058
05:19:39,600 --> 05:19:43,000
Turning the Madison circle into 
an informal Center for building 

6059
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:46,000
alliances. 
The couple never had children of

6060
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:48,800
their own but Dolly son from her
first marriage lived. 

6061
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:52,000
With them weaving, a family 
Dynamic that anchored Madison 

6062
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:53,900
amid. 
The swirling political storms 

6063
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:57,400
Has the turn of the century, 
arrived Federalist dominance 

6064
05:19:57,400 --> 05:20:00,200
waned. 
John Adams, as presidency faced 

6065
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:03,100
backlash, over the Alien and 
Sedition Acts and unpopular 

6066
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:06,600
conflict with France in the 
election of 1800 the Democratic 

6067
05:20:06,600 --> 05:20:09,600
Republicans, triumphed 
propelling, Thomas Jefferson to 

6068
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:12,900
the presidency, Madison became 
Jefferson's Secretary of State, 

6069
05:20:12,900 --> 05:20:16,300
a role in which he oversaw 
foreign policy during a delicate

6070
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:18,700
juncture. 
Tensions with Britain and France

6071
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:21,000
remained high as those Powers 
waged War. 

6072
05:20:21,600 --> 05:20:24,800
The US strove to trade with both
though, each tried to block the 

6073
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:29,000
others, Commerce seizing, 
American ships, Madison Council 

6074
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:31,300
Jefferson through, embargoes, 
and trade restrictions 

6075
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:34,800
culminating in the widely hated 
Embargo Act of 1807. 

6076
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:40,400
The backfired economically at 
home, During these years, 

6077
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:44,400
Madison handled numerous 
negotiations, the Louisiana 

6078
05:20:44,400 --> 05:20:49,000
Purchase in 1803, though. 
Spearheaded by Jefferson also 

6079
05:20:49,000 --> 05:20:52,800
reflected Madison's behind the 
scenes diplomacy He recognized 

6080
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:54,400
the chance to secure the 
Mississippi. 

6081
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:56,600
River for American Commerce 
though. 

6082
05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:59,500
Some critics hammered them for 
pushing constitutional bounds. 

6083
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:03,900
Meanwhile, the Embargo Fiasco 
underlying the difficulties of 

6084
05:21:03,908 --> 05:21:08,000
peaceful coercion, the Secretary
of State Madison tried to find 

6085
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,400
subtle ways to defend neutral 
shipping rights, but British 

6086
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:15,200
impressment of American Sailors.
Persisted the seeds of War were 

6087
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:19,000
so By the end of Jefferson's 
second term, the presidency, 

6088
05:21:19,000 --> 05:21:22,700
awaited a new, occupant the 
Democratic Republican caucus, 

6089
05:21:22,700 --> 05:21:24,300
selected Madison as their 
candidate. 

6090
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:26,200
A natural. 
Next Step, given his 

6091
05:21:26,200 --> 05:21:28,300
long-standing role as 
Jefferson's confidant. 

6092
05:21:28,900 --> 05:21:32,400
Despite some factional 
grumblings Madison prevailed 

6093
05:21:32,400 --> 05:21:35,200
over Federalist rival, Charles C
Pinckney in 1808. 

6094
05:21:35,200 --> 05:21:40,300
He assumed the presidency in 
1809 at age, 57 the once shy 

6095
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:43,000
scholar of Montpelier now, 
stood, at the Apex of National 

6096
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:46,300
Authority, though, overshadowed 
by an approaching storm of 

6097
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,800
British hostility and domestic 
divisions in the next phase of 

6098
05:21:49,808 --> 05:21:52,100
his life. 
Madison would wrestle with the 

6099
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,800
War of 1812 forging, a path that
tested his convictions on 

6100
05:21:55,800 --> 05:21:58,400
constitutional principles and 
national identity like never 

6101
05:21:58,400 --> 05:22:00,900
before. 
James Madison became president 

6102
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:04,900
in March 1809 inheriting, a 
precarious, foreign policy 

6103
05:22:04,900 --> 05:22:08,200
environment, Britain's Naval 
Supremacy threatened, American 

6104
05:22:08,200 --> 05:22:11,400
Trade impressing US Sailors into
the Royal Navy. 

6105
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:15,200
Meanwhile Napoleon's France 
locked in a continental struggle

6106
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:19,000
also disregarded, American 
neutrality attempting to 

6107
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:21,200
safeguard shipping and avoid all
out conflict. 

6108
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:25,200
Madison supported laws like the 
non-intercourse ACT lifting the 

6109
05:22:25,200 --> 05:22:28,500
total embargo but still barring 
trade with warring powers and 

6110
05:22:28,500 --> 05:22:32,000
they ceased harassment. 
Neither Britain nor France 

6111
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:36,400
complied meaningfully leaving 
the US battered economically and

6112
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:38,700
diplomatically in domestic 
politics. 

6113
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:41,100
Federalists predicted chaos 
under Madison. 

6114
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:43,900
Yet his calm temperament 
appealed to many. 

6115
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:46,800
He recognized the need for a 
more muscular approach to 

6116
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:49,600
British provocations of 
diplomatic efforts, failed. 

6117
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:54,700
By 1811, a new generation of. 
So called warhawks in Congress. 

6118
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:58,700
Led by figures like Henry, Clay,
and John C Calhoun clamored for 

6119
05:22:58,708 --> 05:23:02,800
war against Britain pointing to 
impressment and alleged British 

6120
05:23:02,800 --> 05:23:05,300
incitement of Native American 
attacks on the frontier. 

6121
05:23:06,200 --> 05:23:10,000
Madison though, not a natural 
warmonger, found himself swayed 

6122
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:13,800
by the broad public outcry. 
The final Catalyst was the rise 

6123
05:23:13,800 --> 05:23:17,700
in confrontation in the old 
Northwest natively to come to 

6124
05:23:17,700 --> 05:23:21,300
sort of Confederation to resist 
American expansion while British

6125
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:23,300
arms found their way into 
indigenous hands. 

6126
05:23:24,200 --> 05:23:28,200
When violence flared, pro-war 
sentiment sword, Madison 

6127
05:23:28,200 --> 05:23:32,500
requested, a declaration of war 
in June 1812, marking the first 

6128
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:34,200
time. 
The young Republic formerly 

6129
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:38,500
declared war on another Nation. 
The War of 1812, began with 

6130
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:41,800
illusions that a quick conquest 
of Canada, might coerce Britain 

6131
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:45,200
into concession. 
However, the US military was Ill

6132
05:23:45,200 --> 05:23:49,400
prepared, the Army was small, 
leadership was inconsistent and 

6133
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:52,500
the Navy those spirited was 
dwarfed by the Royal Navy's. 

6134
05:23:52,500 --> 05:23:55,200
Might Early campaigns were 
embarrassing. 

6135
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:58,700
Attempts to invade Canada. 
Floundered territory was lost 

6136
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:00,500
culminating in the capture of 
Detroit. 

6137
05:24:00,500 --> 05:24:04,800
Federalists specially in New 
England, lambasted the war 

6138
05:24:04,800 --> 05:24:09,500
calling it, Mr. Madison's war. 
Some states with held militia 

6139
05:24:09,500 --> 05:24:12,800
from federal service. 
Meanwhile, on the high seas, a 

6140
05:24:12,800 --> 05:24:16,000
handful of us frigate, scored 
moral victories against British 

6141
05:24:16,000 --> 05:24:20,400
ships, fueling national pride 
but overall the conflict ground 

6142
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:23,500
on draining treasury funds. 
The British blockade strangled 

6143
05:24:23,500 --> 05:24:27,500
American ports, decimating trade
by 1814 with Napoleon's defeat 

6144
05:24:27,500 --> 05:24:29,600
in Europe. 
Britain refocused on the 

6145
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:32,800
American front launching major 
events of that year. 

6146
05:24:32,800 --> 05:24:36,300
Saw the British burden 
Washington DC in retaliation for

6147
05:24:36,300 --> 05:24:40,100
American assaults in Canada. 
Madison famously, fled the White

6148
05:24:40,100 --> 05:24:43,400
House with Dolly saving key 
documents and the iconic 

6149
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:47,100
portrait of George Washington. 
The capital sacking was 

6150
05:24:47,100 --> 05:24:51,100
humiliating but the refusal of 
local militias to stand firm was

6151
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:54,200
equally sobering. 
Many deemed at low point in the 

6152
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:56,700
beer. 
Yet subsequent events provided 

6153
05:24:56,700 --> 05:24:59,600
Redemption, the British turned 
to capture bolt of Baltimore. 

6154
05:25:00,400 --> 05:25:02,100
That American Defenders 
repulsed. 

6155
05:25:02,100 --> 05:25:05,200
Them inspiring France. 
Is Scott Key's Star Spangled 

6156
05:25:05,200 --> 05:25:09,400
Banner lines. 
Meanwhile in the west US forces 

6157
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:12,400
began pushing back. 
By late 1814. 

6158
05:25:12,400 --> 05:25:16,900
Both sides were weary 
negotiations in Ghent Belgium 

6159
05:25:16,900 --> 05:25:20,100
led to a piece of treaty 
centered on Christmas Eve 1814 

6160
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:23,100
restoring pre-war, boundaries 
without addressing impressment, 

6161
05:25:23,100 --> 05:25:26,700
still news, traveled slowly. 
So the Battle of New Orleans 

6162
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:31,200
occurred in January 1815, where 
General Andrew Jackson's, forces

6163
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:34,500
inflicted, a stunning defeat on 
the British, the subsequent 

6164
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:36,700
Euphoria overshadowed. 
The fact, the battle took place 

6165
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:40,500
after the treaty making the 
final memory one of triumphant 

6166
05:25:40,500 --> 05:25:42,100
Victory. 
This outcome. 

6167
05:25:42,100 --> 05:25:45,400
Salvage national pride, 
effectively rebranding the war 

6168
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:49,500
as a second war of independence,
In Practical terms, the War of 

6169
05:25:49,508 --> 05:25:52,100
1812 ended with no major 
territorial gains. 

6170
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:54,300
But it catalyzed a wave of 
nationalism. 

6171
05:25:54,300 --> 05:25:57,800
The Federalist Party, which had 
opposed the war never recovered 

6172
05:25:57,800 --> 05:26:00,500
from accusation of disloyalty 
spurred by the Hartford 

6173
05:26:00,500 --> 05:26:03,500
Convention, where some New 
England, delegates, discussed 

6174
05:26:03,500 --> 05:26:06,600
secession, or radical 
constitutional changes. 

6175
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:09,300
Thus, Madison left, the 
president. 

6176
05:26:09,300 --> 05:26:13,400
See in 1817 presiding over a 
newly re-energized sentence of 

6177
05:26:13,408 --> 05:26:16,800
national Unity though, behind 
the scenes sectional rivalries 

6178
05:26:16,800 --> 05:26:20,500
still brewed He was also known 
as the last of the Virginia 

6179
05:26:20,500 --> 05:26:24,400
dynasty after serving two terms 
succeeded by James Monroe. 

6180
05:26:25,200 --> 05:26:27,600
Reflecting on the conflict, 
Madison admitted. 

6181
05:26:27,600 --> 05:26:30,500
The war's impetus was as much 
about National Honor as about 

6182
05:26:30,500 --> 05:26:33,400
Maritime rights. 
He believed the Fiasco's early 

6183
05:26:33,400 --> 05:26:36,800
on revealed the necessity for 
better National Defense, a 

6184
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:39,900
well-organized financial system 
and a sense that the states must

6185
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:44,100
unify behind Federal decisions 
and crises while the war was no 

6186
05:26:44,100 --> 05:26:47,000
triumphant Conquest, the 
ephemeral surgeon patriotism 

6187
05:26:47,000 --> 05:26:50,000
gave him a measure of 
vindication without the crisis 

6188
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:53,900
concluded, he and Dolly prepared
to retire to Montpellier, the 

6189
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:57,500
swirling further from burning 
capitals to celebrate tree, 

6190
05:26:57,500 --> 05:27:00,300
parades receded as normal life 
resumed. 

6191
05:27:01,000 --> 05:27:04,000
By 1817 Madison was physically 
exhausted. 

6192
05:27:04,000 --> 05:27:07,700
But proud that the Republic 
endured he recognized new 

6193
05:27:07,700 --> 05:27:10,100
challenges loomed territorial 
expansion. 

6194
05:27:10,100 --> 05:27:13,000
The spread of cotton-based 
slavery and the rancor of 

6195
05:27:13,008 --> 05:27:15,700
sectional politics. 
Yet for the moment, the 

6196
05:27:15,700 --> 05:27:19,400
illusions of a robust Union, 
overshadowed deep divisions, the

6197
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:22,900
Era of Good Feelings, donned 
under Monroe and Madison could 

6198
05:27:22,900 --> 05:27:26,500
claim that for better or worse. 
He had guided the Republic 

6199
05:27:26,500 --> 05:27:29,800
through the fiery test of War. 
His next year's spent in 

6200
05:27:29,800 --> 05:27:32,600
relative quiet offered Advantage
from which he would continue. 

6201
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:34,300
Shaping. 
American political thought 

6202
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:36,400
through his letters and 
involvement in key National 

6203
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:39,100
debates. 
When James Madison retired to 

6204
05:27:39,108 --> 05:27:42,800
Montpellier in 1817, he might 
have expected a peaceful 

6205
05:27:42,800 --> 05:27:47,600
retirement, he was 65 at the 
nation, through war, and left 

6206
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:50,000
office with the Democratic 
Republican party dominance. 

6207
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:53,800
However, you can continue to 
participate in public life or be

6208
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:58,100
it in a more indirect manner. 
His Montpellier state, sprawling

6209
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:00,500
over Farmland. 
Still operated within slaved 

6210
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:03,800
labor Madison. 
Grappling with moral qualms 

6211
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:05,600
about slavery. 
Never freed. 

6212
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:08,500
The majority of them in his 
lifetime, believing a Mansa. 

6213
05:28:08,500 --> 05:28:12,300
Patient should occur gradually 
with legislative safeguards This

6214
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:15,300
stance halfway between 
condemnation and acceptance 

6215
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:17,600
revealed. 
Deep contradictions that 

6216
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:20,300
overshadowed his otherwise lofty
philosophy. 

6217
05:28:20,300 --> 05:28:25,100
Madison continued corresponding 
with Thomas Jefferson Is 

6218
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:29,000
changing ideas about education 
Agriculture and the shaping of 

6219
05:28:29,000 --> 05:28:32,500
the University of Virginia, he 
served on the institutions Board

6220
05:28:32,500 --> 05:28:35,900
of visitors, helping refine 
curricula and administrative 

6221
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:39,100
policies. 
The concept of higher education.

6222
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:42,400
That nurtured Civic virtues and 
scientific inquiry resonated 

6223
05:28:42,400 --> 05:28:44,500
with him. 
He envisioned an entire 

6224
05:28:44,500 --> 05:28:48,100
generation of statement shaped 
by classical knowledge, yet 

6225
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,500
pragmatic in governance, the 
campus took shape near 

6226
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:54,600
Monticello linking the two. 
Men's legacies in the region. 

6227
05:28:54,600 --> 05:28:58,600
Political tensions continued to 
simmer the Missouri crisis of 

6228
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,900
1819 to 1820 erupted over 
slavery's expansion. 

6229
05:29:01,900 --> 05:29:06,300
West many looked to Madison, the
father of the Constitution for 

6230
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:10,400
Giants privately, he lamented 
the intensifying sectional lines

6231
05:29:10,400 --> 05:29:13,400
but believe that compromise was 
essential to preserve the union.

6232
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:17,500
He supported the Missouri 
Compromise is approach admitting

6233
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:20,800
Missouri as a slave State and 
Maine as a free state drawing. 

6234
05:29:20,800 --> 05:29:24,300
A latitudinal line for future 
territories, it was merely a 

6235
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:25,800
temporary solution to an 
escalating problem. 

6236
05:29:26,800 --> 05:29:30,200
Madison recognized that ignoring
the fundamental moral tension, 

6237
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:34,100
might be catastrophic, but he 
saw no immediate path to 

6238
05:29:34,100 --> 05:29:37,900
comprehensive resolution. 
As with many Founders, he bet on

6239
05:29:37,900 --> 05:29:41,500
incremental Solutions another 
cause that animated his 

6240
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:44,300
retirement was the notion of 
amending the Constitution to 

6241
05:29:44,300 --> 05:29:47,600
refine aspects of governance. 
He favored clarifying 

6242
05:29:47,600 --> 05:29:50,300
congressional powers or 
adjusting the structure of 

6243
05:29:50,308 --> 05:29:53,300
representation. 
But these suggestions never 

6244
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:56,900
gained broad tracking. 
As the nation was forging, a new

6245
05:29:56,900 --> 05:30:00,300
identity Under The Surge of 
Jacksonian Democracy, While 

6246
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:03,600
Madison respected, popular 
sovereignty, he also feared 

6247
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:05,800
demagoguery of checks and 
balances weakened. 

6248
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:08,400
He wrote linksy letters 
coarsening. 

6249
05:30:08,400 --> 05:30:10,900
That unbridled majority. 
Rule could trample minority 

6250
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:13,200
rights. 
One reason he had championed and

6251
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:17,000
extended Republican initially. 
during these years dollies, 

6252
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:20,300
popularity soared as a revered 
figure from Washington Society, 

6253
05:30:20,300 --> 05:30:24,200
even in retirement, the couple 
hosted statement foreign 

6254
05:30:24,200 --> 05:30:27,900
visitors an old comrades 
Montpellier became a hub for 

6255
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:29,700
travelers. 
Craving the perspective of an 

6256
05:30:29,700 --> 05:30:33,600
aging statement who had shaped 
the Constitution, some found him

6257
05:30:33,600 --> 05:30:36,300
subdued more, an academic 
presence than a flamboyant 

6258
05:30:36,300 --> 05:30:40,700
figure others, noted, his 
curtisy toward young people, 

6259
05:30:40,700 --> 05:30:45,200
with intellectual curiosity, He 
remained open to debate seldom 

6260
05:30:45,200 --> 05:30:47,900
raising his voice, yet always 
weaving references to classical 

6261
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:52,300
sources or past legislative 
battles Financial strains. 

6262
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:55,900
However, plagued him. 
Like many plantation owners 

6263
05:30:55,900 --> 05:31:00,100
reliant on slave agriculture, he
faced fluctuating crop prices 

6264
05:31:00,100 --> 05:31:03,700
mounting debts, and the economic
churn of a rapidly 

6265
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:07,700
industrializing Nation. 
He sold or mortgage land to stay

6266
05:31:07,700 --> 05:31:09,800
solvent. 
The contradiction between 

6267
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:12,700
championing, a stable Republic 
and personally grappling with 

6268
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:15,700
economic uncertainties mirrored,
the era's transformation. 

6269
05:31:16,400 --> 05:31:19,700
Moreover, the daily operations 
of the plantation, bound him to 

6270
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:23,200
the moral weight of enslaving 
over 100 individuals, forging, 

6271
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,900
attention on spoken yet. 
Inescapable Madison's health 

6272
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:29,800
waned gradually, he endured 
rheumatism and digestive 

6273
05:31:29,800 --> 05:31:32,300
ailments. 
Still he maintained a discipline

6274
05:31:32,300 --> 05:31:35,200
reading schedule scanning 
newspapers for signs of national

6275
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:37,400
friction. 
He weighed in on the debate 

6276
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:39,400
about nullification in the 
1830s. 

6277
05:31:39,400 --> 05:31:42,400
When South Carolina threatened 
to ignore Federal tariffs 

6278
05:31:42,400 --> 05:31:45,800
alarmed, he wrote, 
clarifications insisting. 

6279
05:31:45,800 --> 05:31:48,800
That states lacked unilateral 
authority to void federal laws. 

6280
05:31:48,800 --> 05:31:52,400
This starts was ironic given 
that decades earlier he had 

6281
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:53,900
co-authored the Virginia 
resolution. 

6282
05:31:53,900 --> 05:31:58,000
Now he tried to differentiate 
between legitimate protest and 

6283
05:31:58,000 --> 05:32:00,900
outright to fires. 
The escalation toward potential 

6284
05:32:00,900 --> 05:32:05,700
disunion, troubled him deeply. 
By the early 1830s Jefferson was

6285
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:08,800
long, dead Madison. 
The last major architect of the 

6286
05:32:08,800 --> 05:32:12,100
Constitution, among the founding
generation watched Andrew 

6287
05:32:12,100 --> 05:32:16,000
Jackson's presidency, Royal the 
political realm democracies 

6288
05:32:16,000 --> 05:32:19,800
complexion had altered property 
qualifications fell new western 

6289
05:32:19,800 --> 05:32:21,900
states joined and party 
machines. 

6290
05:32:21,900 --> 05:32:25,600
Mobilized popular support, He 
occasionally that raw, 

6291
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:28,000
majoritarian impulses, 
overshadowed, the balanced 

6292
05:32:28,000 --> 05:32:30,000
reasoned approach, he had 
championed. 

6293
05:32:30,000 --> 05:32:33,000
However, it was impossible to 
reverse the trend. 

6294
05:32:33,900 --> 05:32:36,300
He acknowledged that every 
generation would interpret the 

6295
05:32:36,308 --> 05:32:40,500
Constitution differently as the 
end loomed in 1836 Madison's 

6296
05:32:40,500 --> 05:32:41,800
mine. 
Remained sharp, though, 

6297
05:32:41,800 --> 05:32:46,100
physically he was frail He 
passed away on June, 28th, 1836 

6298
05:32:46,100 --> 05:32:50,000
Montpelier, aged 85. 
The last living signer of the 

6299
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:52,600
Constitution. 
The event marked the end of an 

6300
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:55,000
era. 
He left behind reams of letters 

6301
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,100
and essays and indelible role as
the methodical framework. 

6302
05:32:58,100 --> 05:33:00,400
The Republic. 
He helped birth had changed 

6303
05:33:00,400 --> 05:33:03,400
drastically propelled by 
populists energies. 

6304
05:33:03,400 --> 05:33:07,900
He only partly embraced still 
for all the turmoil, it had 

6305
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:11,400
survived half a century Guided 
by the structure, he had, so 

6306
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:15,600
carefully shaped His final rest 
concluded, a life, bridging 

6307
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:18,800
revolutionary fervor, and the 
complexities of a young but 

6308
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:21,900
expanding Nation. 
After James, Madison's death, 

6309
05:33:21,900 --> 05:33:25,300
public memory, swiftly lionized 
him as the father of the 

6310
05:33:25,300 --> 05:33:28,200
Constitution. 
Yet the immediate 19th century 

6311
05:33:28,200 --> 05:33:31,200
saw only sporadic references to 
his intellectual achievements. 

6312
05:33:31,200 --> 05:33:34,500
The spotlight often went to 
Washington's military leadership

6313
05:33:34,500 --> 05:33:37,200
or Jefferson's Flair in 
Virginia. 

6314
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:39,900
Admires recognized him as a 
thoughtful statement, 

6315
05:33:39,900 --> 05:33:42,700
overshadowed by flamboyant 
peers. 

6316
05:33:43,400 --> 05:33:46,300
Outside the region. 
His Image was comparatively 

6317
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:48,900
muted. 
The Civil War overshadowed the 

6318
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:53,100
mid-19th century, forcing issues
of Union vs State's rights to 

6319
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:56,000
the Forefront. 
Madison's nuanced approach to 

6320
05:33:56,000 --> 05:33:59,000
balancing federal and state 
Powers gained fresh scrutiny 

6321
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:01,300
during that conflict with both 
sides. 

6322
05:34:01,300 --> 05:34:04,100
Citing elements of his writing 
to bolster their arguments. 

6323
05:34:04,100 --> 05:34:07,500
It wasn't until the late 19th 
and early 20th centuries that 

6324
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,400
scholarly circles, re-evaluated 
Madison in detail. 

6325
05:34:11,100 --> 05:34:15,700
His Diaries once overshadowed 
revealed the behind the scene's,

6326
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:17,600
deliberation of the 
Constitutional Convention. 

6327
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:21,600
Historians recognize the scope 
of his systematic planning. 

6328
05:34:21,600 --> 05:34:24,900
His notes of debate became a 
primary resource for 

6329
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:28,600
understanding the founders 
intention Legal Scholars, 

6330
05:34:28,600 --> 05:34:31,200
discovered, how integral his 
Federalist essays were to 

6331
05:34:31,208 --> 05:34:32,700
forming the framework of 
American. 

6332
05:34:32,700 --> 05:34:36,100
Jurisprudence he emerged from 
the shadows of Jefferson and 

6333
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:40,000
Hamilton recognized as an 
indispensable pivot in forging a

6334
05:34:40,000 --> 05:34:43,100
stable Constitution. 
This re-evaluation also 

6335
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:45,600
reanimated critiques of his 
moral contradictions. 

6336
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:50,200
Actually regarding slavery. 
Some mid-20th Century Scholars. 

6337
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:53,500
Tried to paint him as personally
opposed to enslavement yet 

6338
05:34:53,500 --> 05:34:55,500
stymied by political 
circumstances. 

6339
05:34:56,500 --> 05:34:59,600
More recent historians. 
However, note that while he 

6340
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:02,600
found slavery distasteful, he 
actively benefitted from it 

6341
05:35:02,600 --> 05:35:06,400
throughout his life, never fully
championing emancipation. 

6342
05:35:07,100 --> 05:35:10,300
That Gap in moral conviction, 
darkens the legacy of a man who 

6343
05:35:10,300 --> 05:35:12,200
otherwise championed individual 
liberty. 

6344
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:16,100
The question arises, how could 
the principal author of the Bill

6345
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:18,300
of Rights remain complicit in 
human bondage? 

6346
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:21,200
This tension form was a pivotal 
aspect of modern 

6347
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:24,100
interpretations, reminding us 
that Brilliance, and political 

6348
05:35:24,100 --> 05:35:26,400
design, doesn't negate ethical 
blind spots. 

6349
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:29,700
Another dimension of renewed 
interest focuses on Madison's 

6350
05:35:29,700 --> 05:35:32,900
partnership with Dolly 
historians highlight at how her 

6351
05:35:32,900 --> 05:35:36,800
social presence helped, unify 
fractions politicians, forging 

6352
05:35:36,800 --> 05:35:40,000
the White House or other 
receptions in space for bridging

6353
05:35:40,000 --> 05:35:43,700
past and divides all over 
shadowed by the flamboyant of 

6354
05:35:43,700 --> 05:35:47,700
say, a John Adams or the grand 
of Washington, the Madisons 

6355
05:35:47,700 --> 05:35:51,400
offered a sense of Republican. 
With Dolly's Hospitality 

6356
05:35:51,400 --> 05:35:54,900
matching James's intellect. 
In the early 19th century 

6357
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:58,100
visitors often left with a sense
that the president and first 

6358
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:00,600
lady were forging. 
A new style of leadership less 

6359
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:04,700
monarchical pomp more 
approachable refinement in legal

6360
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:07,600
circles, Supreme Court and a 
Chief Justice John Marshall, 

6361
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:11,300
gradually shaped constitutional 
interpretation in ways that 

6362
05:36:11,300 --> 05:36:14,400
arguably extended Beyond 
Madison's original blueprint. 

6363
05:36:15,100 --> 05:36:16,700
Cases like Marbury versus 
Madison. 

6364
05:36:16,700 --> 05:36:20,600
Ironically, in the concept of 
judicial review, which was not 

6365
05:36:20,600 --> 05:36:22,500
explicitly detailed in the 
Constitution. 

6366
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:26,300
Madison's name was attached to 
the case though. 

6367
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:29,500
In that instance, he was the 
official who refused to deliver 

6368
05:36:29,500 --> 05:36:33,300
a Judicial appointment sparking 
the lawsuit, the ruling gave the

6369
05:36:33,300 --> 05:36:35,500
Judiciary. 
The final sale on constitutional

6370
05:36:35,500 --> 05:36:38,200
matters, which might have 
surprised Madison as he 

6371
05:36:38,200 --> 05:36:41,900
championed legislative dominance
and some writing's yet the 

6372
05:36:41,900 --> 05:36:45,200
evolution continued and the 
living Constitution adapted in 

6373
05:36:45,200 --> 05:36:47,900
Direction's possibly Beyond even
Madison's foresight. 

6374
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:53,100
Into the 20th century major 
anniversaries, the bicentennial 

6375
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:56,100
of the Constitution. 
For instance, Amplified 

6376
05:36:56,100 --> 05:36:58,100
Madison's place in public 
consciousness. 

6377
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:02,700
Speeches recast him as the quiet
genius ensuring. 

6378
05:37:02,700 --> 05:37:06,300
No single branch of government 
overshadowed the others, in an 

6379
05:37:06,300 --> 05:37:09,400
era dominated by large-scale 
political parties and Global 

6380
05:37:09,400 --> 05:37:12,000
power structures. 
Some admired, his conviction 

6381
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:14,100
that extended republics control 
factionalism. 

6382
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:17,800
Others found his view naive 
pointing to the intense 

6383
05:37:17,800 --> 05:37:22,800
polarization of modern politics 
even so, the blueprint of checks

6384
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:26,700
and balances persists credited 
to Madison's systematic approach

6385
05:37:27,600 --> 05:37:31,300
In popular culture references to
Madison remain less flamboyant 

6386
05:37:31,300 --> 05:37:34,900
than to certain other Founders 
but occasionally a biography or 

6387
05:37:34,900 --> 05:37:37,500
documentary underscores. 
His role in shaping the Bill of 

6388
05:37:37,508 --> 05:37:42,000
Rights or guiding the War of 
1812 Montpellier after extensive

6389
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:44,300
restoration now stands as a 
museum site. 

6390
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:48,000
Exhibits highlight not just 
Madison's role but also the 

6391
05:37:48,000 --> 05:37:52,100
lives of enslaved families who 
toiled their Visitors witness a 

6392
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:53,700
more complete portrait of the 
plantations. 

6393
05:37:53,700 --> 05:37:57,800
Layered reality, bridging Trials
of constitutional genius with 

6394
05:37:57,800 --> 05:38:01,600
the Heartbreak of force labor 
This dual narrative, corrects 

6395
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:05,300
earlier, hagiographies pressing 
visitors to reconcile the 

6396
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:08,600
complexities, thus James 
Madison's posthumous Journey 

6397
05:38:08,600 --> 05:38:11,300
swings between reverential 
acknowledgment of his 

6398
05:38:11,300 --> 05:38:14,600
institutional craft and sober 
acknowledgment of moral 

6399
05:38:14,600 --> 05:38:18,400
paradoxes that deeper portrait 
suits a modern audience seeking 

6400
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:21,800
authenticity over myth. 
We find in him a humbly sized 

6401
05:38:21,800 --> 05:38:24,700
Man, overshadowed, by bigger 
personalities yet. 

6402
05:38:24,700 --> 05:38:27,300
In many ways, the intellectual 
core of the Revolutionary 

6403
05:38:27,300 --> 05:38:31,000
Generations nation building. 
While not flamboyant, is 

6404
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:33,200
persistent focus on structure 
and compromise. 

6405
05:38:33,200 --> 05:38:36,100
Proved essential to forging a 
republic, resilient enough to 

6406
05:38:36,100 --> 05:38:40,700
survive, Civil War, expansions 
Global conflicts and leaps in 

6407
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:43,800
technology. 
His legacy remains a testament 

6408
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:45,400
to the power and limits of 
thoughtful. 

6409
05:38:45,400 --> 05:38:47,700
Governance. 
Reminding us that the best 

6410
05:38:47,700 --> 05:38:50,500
structures still rely on the 
floored human to inhabit them. 

6411
05:38:51,200 --> 05:38:54,100
James Madison's life, offers 
insights into how careful 

6412
05:38:54,100 --> 05:38:56,800
thinking and incremental 
influence can reshape an entire 

6413
05:38:56,800 --> 05:38:59,300
Society. 
He never commanded armies or 

6414
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:03,400
sword with fiery oratory 
instead, he methodically used 

6415
05:39:03,400 --> 05:39:05,700
reason and communication to 
guide from the background. 

6416
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:08,800
Observing. 
His trajectory underscores that 

6417
05:39:08,800 --> 05:39:12,100
leadership can emerge from quiet
conviction, rather than 

6418
05:39:12,100 --> 05:39:16,000
flamboyant displays. 
One lesson known aspect is his 

6419
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:18,200
continued Devotion to scholarly 
processes. 

6420
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:21,600
Even while in office, you had 
widely devouring classical 

6421
05:39:21,600 --> 05:39:23,700
references on governance and 
moral philosophy. 

6422
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,900
You believe that political 
institutions should reflect 

6423
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:30,600
rational design and unusual 
stance in an era, still shaped 

6424
05:39:30,600 --> 05:39:34,000
by the monarchy and tradition. 
This pan for structured 

6425
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:37,500
problem-solving remains relevant
in modern context where data 

6426
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:40,300
driven policies and careful 
legislative drafting often out 

6427
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:44,300
last bombastic speeches. 
Madison's approach bridging 

6428
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:47,300
principles with compromise, 
might serve as a template for 

6429
05:39:47,300 --> 05:39:50,400
bridging polarized, divides yet.
Any reflection on him also 

6430
05:39:50,400 --> 05:39:52,100
demands confronting the slavery 
question. 

6431
05:39:53,000 --> 05:39:55,700
Madison's private letters to 
Quaker friends or philanthropic.

6432
05:39:55,700 --> 05:39:58,000
Acquaintance's reveal the moral 
wrestling. 

6433
05:39:58,000 --> 05:40:01,400
He endured admitting that 
slavery, was incompatible with 

6434
05:40:01,400 --> 05:40:04,700
Republican ideals. 
But time after time, he bought 

6435
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:06,600
at championing immediate amounts
of patient. 

6436
05:40:06,600 --> 05:40:10,400
He accepted half-down measures, 
perhaps out of economic 

6437
05:40:10,400 --> 05:40:14,100
dependency or fear of disunion. 
If the matter was pressed, This 

6438
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:16,800
tension, resonates with many 
professionals who see moral 

6439
05:40:16,800 --> 05:40:20,400
imperatives but feel constrained
by practical or institutional 

6440
05:40:20,400 --> 05:40:23,400
obstacles. 
Madison's example warns that 

6441
05:40:23,408 --> 05:40:26,200
deferring a moral crisis can 
cause deeper Agony down the 

6442
05:40:26,208 --> 05:40:28,800
line. 
Another dimension is how Madison

6443
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:32,100
navigated personal adversity, 
like his fragile Health 

6444
05:40:32,100 --> 05:40:34,800
throughout his life. 
He experienced episodes 

6445
05:40:34,800 --> 05:40:38,700
described as seizures or severe 
migraines, despite these 

6446
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:41,200
constraints, you pressed 
forward, academically, and 

6447
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,000
politically. 
Forging a robust intellectual 

6448
05:40:44,000 --> 05:40:46,500
brand. 
This quiet, resilience 

6449
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,400
challenges, the notion that a 
leader must display, a bust 

6450
05:40:49,400 --> 05:40:52,800
physicality. 
Indeed, in a modern context of 

6451
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:56,100
chronic health concerns, his 
perseverance demonstrates that 

6452
05:40:56,100 --> 05:41:00,100
mental acuity and steadiness can
offset physical limitations in 

6453
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:04,300
achieving profound influence. 
Additionally, Madison's 

6454
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:06,600
partnership with Dolly 
illuminates, how supportive 

6455
05:41:06,600 --> 05:41:09,300
spouse or partner can facilitate
better leadership. 

6456
05:41:10,900 --> 05:41:14,300
Dolly social Grace and 
convivial, approach bridged, 

6457
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:18,300
political adversaries. 
Turning White House reception's 

6458
05:41:18,300 --> 05:41:21,400
under the Madisons into events 
that softened partisan Rancor. 

6459
05:41:21,400 --> 05:41:24,800
This Synergy highlights the 
effective governance can rely on

6460
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,700
intangible personal connections,
not just legislative prowess. 

6461
05:41:29,500 --> 05:41:32,800
In workplaces or Community 
organizations a relational 

6462
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:36,500
Dimension often complements the 
policy Dimension making success 

6463
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:41,300
more sustainable. 
Medicines Legacy also reveals 

6464
05:41:41,300 --> 05:41:44,100
the complexity of championing 
novelty within a group setting. 

6465
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:47,300
The constitutional convention 
was a grand collaborative 

6466
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:50,700
environment, with Brilliant 
Minds, each wielding distinct 

6467
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:54,500
agendas Madison's drafting of 
the Virginia Plan emerged from 

6468
05:41:54,500 --> 05:41:57,100
years, of studying historical, 
confederacies and forming 

6469
05:41:57,100 --> 05:42:00,000
personal alliances. 
Earning buy-in, required 

6470
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:01,900
tailoring, the plan to quell the
smaller States. 

6471
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:05,200
Fears eventually morphing into 
the Great Compromise. 

6472
05:42:05,900 --> 05:42:07,800
Modern organizational leaders 
May lean. 

6473
05:42:07,800 --> 05:42:10,500
That pushing reform is rarely 
about imposing a blueprint 

6474
05:42:10,500 --> 05:42:12,900
unaltered, it's about shaping a 
flexible framework. 

6475
05:42:12,900 --> 05:42:15,800
That key stakeholders can accept
even grudgingly. 

6476
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:19,500
His post-presidential phase 
where he faced personal 

6477
05:42:19,500 --> 05:42:24,200
financial stress also, resonates
despite Monumental achievements,

6478
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:27,500
he found himself short on 
liquidity, dependent on borrowed

6479
05:42:27,500 --> 05:42:30,200
funds. 
This incident underscores that 

6480
05:42:30,200 --> 05:42:32,500
professional success or 
historical greatness. 

6481
05:42:32,500 --> 05:42:35,900
Doesn't guarantee Financial ease
individuals in midlife 

6482
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:38,700
contending with changing 
economic fortunes can see a 

6483
05:42:38,700 --> 05:42:41,400
parallel one can shape National 
Destiny yet. 

6484
05:42:41,400 --> 05:42:45,200
Struggle with personal accounts.
Finally, the War of 1812 

6485
05:42:45,200 --> 05:42:49,900
underlines that not all policies
even if well intentioned yield 

6486
05:42:49,900 --> 05:42:53,600
neat victory. 
The conflict ended with a surge 

6487
05:42:53,600 --> 05:42:56,400
of patriotism. 
But it was by no means a tidy 

6488
05:42:56,400 --> 05:42:58,900
Triumph. 
The story is a cautionary note 

6489
05:42:58,900 --> 05:43:02,300
for modern Endeavors, strategic.
Aims can be overshadowed by 

6490
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:04,900
chance. 
Shifting alliances or resource. 

6491
05:43:04,900 --> 05:43:07,500
Shortfalls yet? 
How one manages adversity, 

6492
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:10,900
adapting and forging unifying, 
narratives can still yield 

6493
05:43:10,900 --> 05:43:14,900
long-term constructive outcomes.
today, as we revisit the 

6494
05:43:14,900 --> 05:43:18,500
founding fathers James Madison 
stands out, not for flamboyant 

6495
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:21,700
gestures, but for the quiet 
thoroughness of his intellectual

6496
05:43:21,700 --> 05:43:25,200
and political craft, the 
orchestrated from the background

6497
05:43:25,200 --> 05:43:29,600
hammered out, the Bill of Rights
navigated the Republic through a

6498
05:43:29,600 --> 05:43:32,500
vexing War. 
And left behind an architecture 

6499
05:43:32,500 --> 05:43:34,700
of governance that still frames 
American Life. 

6500
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:39,500
The paradoxes remain a champion 
of Liberty completed in slavery.

6501
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:42,800
A mild-mannered man, 
orchestrating Fierce debates. 

6502
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:46,300
But these contradictions 
highlight the real complexity of

6503
05:43:46,300 --> 05:43:50,100
shaping, a new nation under 
uncertain conditions, for 

6504
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:52,600
midlife audience balancing 
ideals, with real world, 

6505
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:57,000
constraints, Madison's example, 
underscores that doggied reason 

6506
05:43:57,000 --> 05:43:59,500
dedication can indeed steer 
Monumental transformation. 

6507
05:43:59,500 --> 05:44:03,600
Even if the resulting Legacy is 
tinged with the tensions of an 

6508
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:04,200
imperfect world,