What Really Happened at the 1913 Suffrage Procession | Boring History For Sleep

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There's a certain kind of quiet 
strength that doesn't always 

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raise its voice, my tired 
friends, but it still changes 

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the direction of things over 
time. 

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So, I'm glad you're here to sit 
with us tonight. 

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Just to let, you know, as I 
said, I would do occasionally, 

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this is a curated sleep 
experience carefully researched 

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and gently shaped to be as 
accurate as possible while still

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helping you unwind. 
By the steady warmth of the 

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fire? 
We're easing into the 1913 woman

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suffrage procession not just as 
a single event, but as part of a

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larger shift, in voices, being 
heard, and going forward, will 

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be spending more time with 
stories like this focusing on 

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women's lives and moments in 
history, since so many of you 

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have been asking for it. 
So if this car slightly boring 

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reflection, helps you unwind? 
Feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now, draw a little closer to the

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warmth. 
Get cozy with that blanket and 

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let's begin. 
On a cold March after noon in 

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1913000 of women gathered in 
Washington for a parade that 

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would change American history. 
The procession they were about 

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to begin would face. 
Unexpected chaos. 

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Violent opposition and National 
Scandal tonight. 

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You will walk beside them 
through every moment of that 

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remarkable day. 
You find yourself in a cramped 

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office in Washington during the 
winter of 1912. 

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The room smells of ink and paper
and old wood stacks of letters. 

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Cover every available surface. 
Some of spilled onto the floor 

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creating paper drifts in the 
corners. 

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A young woman named Alice, Paul 
sits at a desk covered with maps

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of the capital city. 
She is 28 years old, her dark 

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hair is pulled back, severely 
from her face in a style that 

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suggests she has no time for 
vanity. 

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The winter light coming through 
the window is weak and gray. 

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It barely illuminates. 
The cluttered space, but Alice 

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does not seem to notice the 
dimness. 

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She has just returned from 
England where she learned 

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protest tactics from British 
suffrage. 

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Suffragette's. 
She watched women chained 

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themselves to railings outside 
Parliament. 

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She saw hunger, strikes and 
force feeding in prisons, she 

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participated in Windows smashing
campaigns, the British movement 

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taught her. 
That polite requests achieved. 

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Nothing only dramatic action 
forces change, Now, she wants to

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bring that energy to America. 
But American suffragists tend 

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toward Gentile tactics. 
They hold tea parties and 

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organized petition drives they 
speak at Gatherings of people 

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who already agree with them. 
Alice finds this approach in 

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sufficient. 
The National American Woman 

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Suffrage Association, has given 
her a small budget and a large 

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mandate. 
She must organize something 

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spectacular for the day before. 
Woodrow Wilson's presidential 

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inauguration they want 
visibility. 

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They want attention. 
Alice intends to deliver both, 

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the timing is no accident. 
When a new president arrives in 

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Washington, the city fills with 
visitors and journalists every 

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hotel room gets booked months in
advance, every newspaper sends 

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reporters to cover the 
festivities. 

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The inauguration dominates 
National conversation for weeks,

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Alice intends to use that 
attention for her. 

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Cause she wants suffragists 
inserted into every newspaper. 

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Story about the inauguration. 
She wants their presence 

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impossible to ignore. 
Spreads a map across her desk 

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and traces Pennsylvania Avenue 
with one finger. 

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The route runs from the capitol 
to the White House. 

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It measures exactly one and a 
half miles of ceremonial 

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importance. 
This Avenue represents the heart

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of American government 
precedence travel at during an 

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algorithm's foreign dignitaries 
parade down at during State 

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visits Victory celebrations, 
happen here, the idea forming in

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her mind is audacious, she wants
to Stage the largest parade for 

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women's rights that America has 
ever seen. 

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She wants it on Pennsylvania, 
Avenue on the day before Wilson 

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takes off office. 
Most suffrage events happen in 

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small halls, or church 
basements, they attract polite 

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audiences who already support 
the, cause that 200 people 

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attend, the events, receive 
brief mentions in local 

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newspapers if they receive 
coverage at all. 

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Alice wants something completely
different. 

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She wants spectacle that demands
attention. 

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She wants to force people who 
disagree with suffrage to stop 

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and watch She wants an event so 
large that newspapers cannot 

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ignore. 
It, her colleague, Lucy Burns 

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arrives, carrying a stack of 
financial documents, Lucy has 

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red hair and a sharp mined for 
Logistics. 

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She also spent time with the 
British suffragettes, Lucy 

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brings bad news about the 
budget. 

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They have almost no money. 
The National Organization has 

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given them exactly 10 dollars to
start with 10 dollars to 

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organize, a parade that Alison 
visioned, including thousands of

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participants Alice Just Smiles, 
she's already begun writing. 

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Letters to wealthy supporters. 
She knows how to ask for 

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donations more importantly. 
She knows how to make people 

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feel that history is happening 
and they must be part of it. she

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learned this skill from British 
suffragette leader Emeline, 

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Pankhurst Emmeline could 
convince wealthy women to fund 

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radical actions by making them 
feel personally invested in the 

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outcome. 
Alice applies the same 

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psychology her fundraising 
letters. 

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Paint vivid, pictures of what 
the parade could accomplish. 

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They make donors feel like 
Heroes supporting a noble, cause

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the office grows dark as 
afternoon, turns to evening, 

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Washington Winters bring early 
Darkness Alice likes a kerosene 

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lamp and continues working. 
The lamp cast Dancing Shadows on

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the walls. 
She writes the word procession 

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at the top of a fresh page, not 
March, not demonstration. 

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Procession sounds dignified and 
Unstoppable. 

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It suggests something ceremonial
and important language matters 

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in political movements. 
The right word can change how 

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people perceive an event. 
You watch her sketch out 

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sections for the parade. 
A handwriting is precise and 

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efficient every letter formed 
with purpose floats will carry 

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living Tableau depicting, famous
women from history. 

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Different professions will March
in separate groups to show that 

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women work in every field. 
This visual argument matters 

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enormously one common objection 
to women's suffrage claims that 

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women do not participate in 
public life. 

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They stay home caring for 
children. 

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They have no stake in political 
decisions Alice wants the parade

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to demolish. 
This argument visually every 

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marching section will prove that
women already contribute to 

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society in countless ways, 
college students will March 

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together wearing their academic 
robes, the site of educated 

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women pursuing degrees will 
contradict claims about female 

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intellectual inferiority working
women will March in their 

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everyday, clothes Factory 
workers and shopclues will 

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demonstrate that women support 
themselves, financially They 

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deserve political representation
just as male workers do, their 

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will be foreign delegations 
showing International support. 

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There will be State, 
delegations, demonstrating the 

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geographic breadth of the 
movement, Alice calculates, that

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she needs at least 8,000 women 
to make the visual impact. 

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She wants 8,000 Marchers, will 
fill Pennsylvania Avenue. 

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They will create an image 
impossible to dismiss. 

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Her friends. 
Think she's dreaming the largest

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suffrage parade in American 
history attracted only 3,000 

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participants that happened in 
New York City which has a much 

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larger population of activists 
than Washington. 

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How can Alice, possibly convince
8,000 women to travel to 

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Washington in March? 
Alice remains undeterred, she 

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believes the inauguration, 
timing will draw women from 

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across the country. 
Women want to be part of 

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History, they want to witness 
the moment when suffrage becomes

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impossible to ignore She also 
believes that men will try to 

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disrupt the parade. 
She has seen how crowds react 

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when women claim public space 
for political purposes, men, 

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feel threatened they respond 
with mockery and sometimes 

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violence. 
This is why she wants the 

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procession to look, beautiful 
and dignified. 

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Every detail must project 
respectability, every marcher 

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must appear, calm and 
purposeful, the visual contrast 

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between dignified women and 
hostile opposition will work in 

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the suffragists favor. 
The opposition will expect wild 

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women, making scenes, Alice 
plans to give them something 

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they cannot dismiss or ridicule.
She wants the parade to look 

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like a religious procession or a
military review, something 

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serious and organised. 
She works late into the night, 

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designing, the Parade's visual 
language, white dresses for the 

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main Marchers. 
The white symbolizes purity of 

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purpose, purple and gold sashes.
Add color and identify 

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participants as suffragists, 
banners must be large enough to 

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read from a distance. 
Every aesthetic choice of 

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strategic Purpose By morning. 
She is filled 20 pages with 

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notes and sketches. 
The vision is complete in her 

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mind. 
Now comes the hard work of 

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making it real. 
The real work is about to begin.

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January arrives with freezing 
rain, that turns Washington 

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streets, to rivers of slush you 
stand with Alice outside of 

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vacant building on F Street. 
The landlord has agreed to let 

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the suffrage organization. 
Use it as headquarters, the 

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spaces, enormous, and completely
empty dust covers the 

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floorboards in thick layers, 
broken windows, letting cold 

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air, that makes your breath 
visible water stains. 

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Mark, the ceiling where the roof
leaks Most people would look at 

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this space and see. 
Only problems Alice looks around

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the room with satisfaction. 
She sees potential where others 

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see decay She walks through the 
empty rooms planning, how to use

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each space. 
This room will hold the clerical

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staff, that room will store 
costumes and Banners. 

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The largest room will serve as a
general assembly area. 

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Within days, the empty building 
transforms into a bustling 

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campaign headquarters. 
Volunteers arrived carrying 

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borrowed, Furniture dragged from
attics and basements. 

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Someone donate to dozen 
typewriters that clatter 

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constantly throughout the day. 
Another supporter provides a 

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telephone line that Rings 
incessantly the wall soon, 

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filled with charts tracking 
parade preparations, one, 

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massive chart lists every state 
in the Union Beside each state 

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name, volunteers, Mark the 
number of expected Marchers. 

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The number starts small, but 
gross deadly. another chart 

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tracks, the recruitment of 
March's from different 

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professions doctors lawyers, 
teachers nurses, social workers 

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artists Which profession needs 
its owner and section leader. 

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Alice divides, the work into 
departments, like a military 

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campaign. 
One team handles publicity and 

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media relations, another 
managers Logistics and 

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transportation. 
Third coordinates with local 

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police and City officials. 
The publicity team proves, 

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particularly creative. 
They designed posters showing a 

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young woman in classical robes, 
carrying a torch of Liberty, the

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image appears on everything from
postcards to penance to Lapel 

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buttons. 
One, volunteer suggests creating

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small purple and gold ribbons 
that supporters can wear the 

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ribbons cost. 
Almost nothing to produce, but 

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spread visual awareness of the 
movement soon. 

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These ribbons appear on coat 
lapels throughout Washington, 

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even people who cannot attend 
the parade can show support by 

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wearing the colors fundraising 
happens, constantly and 

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everywhere. 
Alice writes dozens of letters, 

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each day, requesting donations, 
she tailors, each letter to its 

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recipient. 
Wealthy women here about the 

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historic importance of the 
parade working women here about 

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solidarity and mutual support. 
Small amounts arrive from women 

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who saved Pennies from 
household. 

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Budgets one letter includes 50 
cents wrapped in newspaper. 

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With a note saying the sender, 
wishes, she could give more 

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large checks, come from wealthy 
supporters who can afford, 

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substantial contributions, 
Alice, thanks, every donor 

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personally. 
Regardless of the amount, the 

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budget grows slowly, but 
steadily by late January enough,

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money exists to rent, costumes, 
and begin building, Parade 

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floats. 
The headquarters now, employs a 

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small staff who work 12-hour 
days. 

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The building never closes. 
Volunteers arrived before Dawn 

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and leave after midnight. 
The constant activity gives the 

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place an electric feeling. 
You notice how Alice manages 

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people. 
She gives clear instructions and

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expects them to be followed 
without question. 

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She rarely raises her voice, but
somehow, everyone knows when 

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she's displeased her standards 
are impossibly high. 

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She expects perfection in every 
detail abana with crooked 

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stitching gets remade. 
Fly with a spelling error, goes 

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in the trash. 
Some volunteers, find her 

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00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:15,400
difficult to work with. 
They complain that she demands 

235
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:17,800
too much. 
They resent her refusal to 

236
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,700
accept excuses, other volunteers
admire her intensity. 

237
00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:24,700
They recognize that building, 
something this ambitious 

238
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:27,800
requires someone willing to push
boundaries and enforce 

239
00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:31,200
discipline, Alice does not care 
whether people like her. 

240
00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,100
She cares whether they complete 
their assignments correctly. 

241
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:37,500
And on time, the parade route 
requires official approval from 

242
00:12:37,500 --> 00:12:40,600
the city government. 
This process involves multiple 

243
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:43,300
meetings with bureaucrats who 
seemed uninterested in helping 

244
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:45,700
Alice meets with the 
superintendent of police 

245
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:48,400
multiple times to discuss 
Logistics and security. 

246
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,700
The superintendent is tired, 
looking man named Richard 

247
00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:54,500
Silvestre. 
He clearly Wishes the suffrage 

248
00:12:54,500 --> 00:12:56,800
procession would happen 
somewhere else or not at all. 

249
00:12:56,808 --> 00:13:00,500
He worries about crowd-control, 
he worries about traffic 

250
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:03,300
disruption, he worries about his
Department's reputation. 

251
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:06,700
If anything goes wrong, He 
suggests that the women march on

252
00:13:06,700 --> 00:13:10,000
a side street in state of 
Pennsylvania Avenue, perhaps a 

253
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:11,900
routes through residential 
neighborhoods, where fewer 

254
00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:14,700
people will notice them, Alice, 
refuses immediately. 

255
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:18,300
Pennsylvania Avenue is the main 
ceremonial route through 

256
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,100
Washington presidents. 
Use it, during an allegation 

257
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:25,100
that symbolic importance matters
enormously to the suffrage cause

258
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,100
You points out that other groups
receive permits for 

259
00:13:28,108 --> 00:13:31,700
Pennsylvania, Avenue, regularly 
military parades happen there. 

260
00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:35,600
Civic celebrations happen. 
There denying the suffrage 

261
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:37,100
procession. 
This route would be obvious 

262
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:40,000
discrimination, the 
superintendent of eventually, 

263
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:42,200
grants the permit. 
But warns, that, his Department 

264
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:43,900
cannot guarantee adequate 
protection. 

265
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:46,500
He says, the city will be too 
crowded. 

266
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:49,800
He claims his officers will be 
stretched thin managing 

267
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,300
inauguration festivities. 
Alice notes, his words carefully

268
00:13:53,300 --> 00:13:56,800
in her leather bound notebook, 
She suspects he's creating an 

269
00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:59,700
excuse for what might happen if 
violence occurs. 

270
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:02,200
He wants to say, he warned 
everyone in advance. 

271
00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:06,300
She leaves the meeting feeling 
uneasy but determined the parade

272
00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:07,700
will happen on Pennsylvania 
Avenue. 

273
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:10,500
Regardless of what the police 
department does or does not do. 

274
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:14,500
Meanwhile, recruitment continues
across the country letters, go 

275
00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:17,000
out to suffrage organizations in
every state. 

276
00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,900
The message emphasizes the 
historic nature of this moment. 

277
00:14:20,900 --> 00:14:24,600
This parade will be the largest 
demonstration for women's rights

278
00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:28,100
in American history. 
Every woman who participates 

279
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:31,200
becomes part of that history, 
women's groups in New York, 

280
00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:34,100
decide to send a large 
delegation, they organize 

281
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:36,000
fundraising events to pay for 
train tickets. 

282
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,400
They design matching sashes 
identifying them as New York 

283
00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:42,300
suffragists. 
California plans to send 

284
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:45,700
Representatives, despite the 
enormous distance California. 

285
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:47,300
Women already have voting 
rights. 

286
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:50,300
They want to march in Washington
to show other states what 

287
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:54,200
political equality looks like. 
Even small towns in rural areas.

288
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:57,200
Begin organizing groups, a 
letter arrives from Nebraska 

289
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:59,600
reporting that 12 women plan to 
make the journey. 

290
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,400
Another letter from Vermont 
mentioned eight. 

291
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,600
Participants the parade starts 
taking shape in Alice's mind as 

292
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:09,600
a massive demonstration of 
women's organizational capacity.

293
00:15:10,500 --> 00:15:13,500
Every March a represents hours 
of local coordination and 

294
00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:16,900
fundraising, every delegation 
demonstrates that suffrage 

295
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:20,500
support extends, far beyond big 
cities and Elite circles. 

296
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:23,400
Some women will travel for days 
to reach Washington. 

297
00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,400
They will sleep in boarding 
houses, or with supportive 

298
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,200
families willing to host 
suffragists. 

299
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,100
They will spend money. 
They can barely afford on train 

300
00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:34,700
tickets, and accommodation. 
Alice feels the weight of their 

301
00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:37,400
faith in her vision. 
These women trust that the 

302
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:39,100
parade will be worth their 
sacrifice. 

303
00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:43,200
She cannot let them down. 
The headquarters receives 

304
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,000
hundreds of letters from women 
asking practical questions. 

305
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,100
What should we wear? 
Where should we meet? 

306
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:52,600
Will there be food of available?
Can we bring children? 

307
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,900
The staff develops details, 
instruction sheets, answering 

308
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:58,600
common questions. 
Every participant receives a 

309
00:15:58,608 --> 00:16:02,200
packet explaining Logistics. 
Nothing can be left to chance or

310
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:05,100
confusion. 
One major concern, involves the 

311
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:08,800
physical demands of marching. 
The route covers one and a half 

312
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,900
miles some elderly women. 
Worry, they cannot walk that 

313
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:13,900
far. 
Others have health conditions, 

314
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:17,600
that limit their endurance, 
Alice arranges for automobiles 

315
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,000
to carry women who cannot March 
the full distance. 

316
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:24,300
This also adds visual variety to
the procession, not just March 

317
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:26,900
as on foot but decorated 
Vehicles, creating moving 

318
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:29,900
pageantry. 
She recruits women who own cars 

319
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:32,600
and ask them to decorate their 
vehicles with suffrage colors. 

320
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:35,900
The result will be a fleet of 
purple and gold Autumn reels 

321
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,200
carrying Riders waving banners. 
The headquarters buzzes with 

322
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:42,500
activity every day. 
Seems as work in one corner, 

323
00:16:42,500 --> 00:16:44,800
altering costumes to fit 
different body types. 

324
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:48,700
Artist paint banners in another 
area using bold letters visible 

325
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:51,100
from blocks away. 
One room becomes a costume 

326
00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:54,600
Workshop, volunteers so white 
dresses for March's who cannot 

327
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:57,100
afford to provide their own 
other volunteers. 

328
00:16:57,100 --> 00:16:59,700
Create elaborate, allegorical 
costumes for the floats. 

329
00:16:59,700 --> 00:17:02,700
Someone has the idea to include 
a Harold on Horseback at the 

330
00:17:02,708 --> 00:17:05,400
front of the procession. 
Alice immediately sees the 

331
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,400
dramatic potential. 
A woman on Horseback will 

332
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:11,800
capture attention and look. 
Magnificent in photographs, The 

333
00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:14,200
Herald will ride ahead of the 
main procession wearing a 

334
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,900
flowing Cape. 
She will carry a trumpet to 

335
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:18,099
announce the Parade's 
approached. 

336
00:17:18,099 --> 00:17:21,500
Her appearance will signal that.
Something significant is about 

337
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:24,200
to happen. 
Finding the right person for 

338
00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:25,800
this role takes several 
interviews. 

339
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:28,200
The woman must ride 
exceptionally. 

340
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:30,900
Well she must look comfortable 
in costume. 

341
00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:34,200
She must also believe deeply 
enough in suffrage to accept the

342
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:35,900
attention and potential 
ridicule. 

343
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:40,200
A lawyer named Inez milholland 
volunteers for the position, she

344
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,300
rides, expertly and possesses 
striking. 

345
00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:45,200
Looks that photograph 
beautifully, she is tall and 

346
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:47,600
graceful with dark hair, that 
flows dramatically. 

347
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,500
Alice, approves immediately in 
Ayres will make the perfect 

348
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:53,600
Harold. 
Her appearance will give the 

349
00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:57,800
parade a mythological quality. 
The pieces slowly come together 

350
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,300
like a complex puzzle. 
Each element must fit precisely 

351
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:04,300
with all the others. 
By late February, the parade has

352
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:07,800
expanded Beyond Alice's initial 
Vision, more women want to 

353
00:18:07,808 --> 00:18:10,600
participate than she expected. 
The final count. 

354
00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:14,800
Looks like it will exceed 9,000 
Marchers, the logistics growing 

355
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,300
increasingly complex with the 
new, participants more, sections

356
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:20,800
mean, more coordination. 
More Marchers mean more 

357
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:24,000
potential for confusion but 
Alice never considers scaling 

358
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:27,200
back, bigger means better. 
In this case, bigger means 

359
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:31,500
impossible to ignore big means, 
historic, She works through 

360
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:34,100
every night now. 
Sleep becomes a luxury. 

361
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:37,000
She cannot afford. 
There is always another letter 

362
00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:40,500
to write another detail to 
finalize and other problem to 

363
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:42,900
solve her staff worries about 
her health. 

364
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:47,000
Her she looks gaunt and 
exhausted, but she refuses to 

365
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,600
slow down. 
Everything must be perfect for 

366
00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,200
March 3rd. 
You arrived in Washington on 

367
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,100
March 1st. 
The city already feels crowded 

368
00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:58,100
within inauguration. 
Visitors trains, keep bringing 

369
00:18:58,100 --> 00:18:59,900
more people throughout the day 
and night. 

370
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,600
The platform at Union Station 
teams with Travelers, carrying 

371
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:07,700
luggage Hotel Porter's. 
Shout for attention cab drivers 

372
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:11,300
compete for fairs. 
The noise is overwhelming after 

373
00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:15,000
the quiet of your train journey 
hotel's display signs saying 

374
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,200
they have no vacancies, every 
room in the city has been booked

375
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:21,300
for weeks restaurants, serve 
meals to waiting customers 

376
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:24,000
standing in lines that stretched
downside, walks and around 

377
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,000
corners, you find The Boarding 
House were suffragists of 

378
00:19:27,008 --> 00:19:30,300
arranged accommodations. 
The narrow building stands on a 

379
00:19:30,308 --> 00:19:33,800
residential street. 
Several blocks from downtown A 

380
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:35,900
purple and gold Banner hangs 
from the second floor window. 

381
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:40,300
Inside women occupy every 
available space some sleep two 

382
00:19:40,300 --> 00:19:43,300
or three to a bed, others make 
do with pallets on the floor. 

383
00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:46,200
Everyone shares the single 
bathroom in shifts. 

384
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:50,300
The atmosphere mixes excitement 
with nervousness women from 

385
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:53,100
different states, introduced 
themselves and exchange stories 

386
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:56,600
about their Journeys. 
Some traveled for three days to 

387
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:59,600
reach Washington. 
Others came from nearby States 

388
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,300
but still made significant 
sacrifices to participate. 

389
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:06,600
The teacher from Ohio explains 
that she used her, entire Winter

390
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,500
savings, for the train ticket, a
factory worker, from 

391
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:13,000
Massachusetts, took unpaid leave
from her job an elderly woman 

392
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:15,400
from Pennsylvania, brought her 
granddaughter to witness 

393
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,200
history. 
Each story reinforces the 

394
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:19,700
importance of what will happen 
tomorrow. 

395
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:23,200
The suffrage headquarters 
operates at maximum capacity. 

396
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:27,100
You visited on March 2nd to 
receive your final instructions.

397
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:30,800
Volunteers work around the clock
preparing last minute details. 

398
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,300
The building smells of fresh 
paint, and coffee and nervous. 

399
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:38,900
Energy Alice has barely slept in
weeks, dark circles show under 

400
00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:42,200
her eyes like bruises a hands 
Shake slightly when she holds 

401
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,500
papers but her voice remained 
steady and her energy. 

402
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:48,600
Never Flags, she moves through 
the headquarters, giving 

403
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:51,900
directions and solving problems.
Someone lost their Banner. 

404
00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:54,100
Someone else needs a costume 
adjusted. 

405
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:57,600
A group from Virginia arrived 
without their assigned section 

406
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:00,500
leader. 
Alice handles every crisis, 

407
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:03,700
calmly and efficiently. 
You seems to hold the entire 

408
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:05,500
parade structure in her mind 
simultaneously. 

409
00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:08,200
She knows where every section 
should be. 

410
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:11,200
And when every group should 
arrive, The parades order of 

411
00:21:11,208 --> 00:21:14,400
March has been finalized and 
printed on cards distributed to 

412
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:16,700
all. 
Participants each section knows 

413
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:19,300
its position. 
Each group knows when to arrive 

414
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:22,600
at the staging area and where to
line up, The procession will 

415
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:26,500
begin with Inez milholland as 
Harold on Horseback then comes a

416
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:30,100
large float, carrying a woman 
dressed as Columbia the female 

417
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:33,900
personification of America, she 
will wear flowing robes and a 

418
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,600
crown of stars bands, will 
provide music throughout the 

419
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:38,900
parade. 
Alice has recruited military 

420
00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:41,300
bands, College bands, and 
Community bands. 

421
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:44,800
Music will keep Marchers in step
and lift Spirits. 

422
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,600
After the floats, come the 
Marchers organized by 

423
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:49,700
profession. 
This Arrangement serves 

424
00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:52,400
strategic purpose. 
It demonstrates visually the 

425
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:54,800
women work in every field of 
American Life. 

426
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:58,100
Doctors will March together 
wearing white medical coats. 

427
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:01,000
Their Banner reads. 
Women Physicians for equal 

428
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,800
rights lawyers, March in another
section. 

429
00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:06,900
Teachers form, one of the 
largest professional groups, 

430
00:22:06,900 --> 00:22:10,700
nurses arrived in their 
distinctive uniforms artists and

431
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:12,400
writers form their own 
contingent. 

432
00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:15,300
Factory workers marched to 
represent women in 

433
00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:19,000
manufacturing, social workers 
demonstrate the reform movements

434
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,100
that women lead. 
College students March wearing 

435
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:25,400
their academic robes. 
These young women represent the 

436
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:28,500
future of the movement, many 
attend schools, that did not 

437
00:22:28,508 --> 00:22:32,100
even admit, women are generation
earlier their presence proves 

438
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:34,700
that women can pursue, higher 
education successfully. 

439
00:22:35,500 --> 00:22:38,000
Behind the professional 
sections, come delegations 

440
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,700
organized by state each state 
carries, its own Banner showing 

441
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:45,000
its name in a large letters. 
The number of Marchers from each

442
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:48,600
state varies wildly based on 
distance and local organization 

443
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,300
strength. 
New York sends of women. 

444
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:54,200
The city has a large and active 
suffrage movement. 

445
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,700
California sends a smaller but 
symbolically important 

446
00:22:57,700 --> 00:23:01,800
delegation Wyoming sends a group
that carries special Pride as 

447
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:05,200
the first state to grant women 
full voting rights back in 1869,

448
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,200
Southern State, send smaller 
delegation's. 

449
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:12,600
More resistance in the South 
where traditional gender roles 

450
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:15,700
remain more rigid. 
The very end, March male 

451
00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:19,500
supporters, Alice debated, 
whether to include men, some 

452
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,300
suffragists worried that male 
participation undermines, the 

453
00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:25,800
message that women can organize 
and Lead their own movement, she

454
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:28,300
decides to allow it because she 
wants to demonstrate that 

455
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:30,100
suffrage has supported across 
Society. 

456
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:33,600
But the men March last to make 
absolutely clear this is 

457
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:37,200
fundamentally, a women's 
movement, the men come as allies

458
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:41,100
and supporters, not leaders. 
Staging area will be at the 

459
00:23:41,108 --> 00:23:43,300
Capitol. 
This location offers both 

460
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:45,400
symbolic power and practical 
space. 

461
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:48,800
The capitol grounds can 
accommodate thousands of marches

462
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,800
assembling in sections. 
Marchers will begin gathering at

463
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:54,400
noon. 
The procession starts at 3:00 in

464
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,400
the afternoon, the timing has 
been calculated carefully. 

465
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,400
Woodrow Wilson arrives in 
Washington at 3:30, his train 

466
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:04,300
from New Jersey is scheduled to 
reach Union Station, half an 

467
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:07,500
hour after the parade begins. 
Alice hopes, the cities 

468
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:09,800
attention will be focused 
entirely on the suffrage 

469
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:12,300
procession when the president 
elect arrives. 

470
00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:16,000
She wants him to step off his 
train and find the capital 

471
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:18,100
consumed by demands for women's 
rights. 

472
00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:21,400
She wants suffragette to be the 
story of inauguration weekend. 

473
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:25,200
Not just a footnote. 
On March 2nd, the headquarters, 

474
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:28,000
received troubling news. 
The police department has 

475
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:31,000
assigned only about 100 officers
to manage the parade route. 

476
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,200
This number seems wildly 
insufficient for a parade 

477
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,900
expected to draw, massive 
crowds, Alice. 

478
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:39,700
Immediately recognizes the 
problem Pennsylvania. 

479
00:24:39,700 --> 00:24:42,400
Avenue on an inauguration 
weekend will be packed with 

480
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,200
visitors. 100 officers, cannot 
control crowds along a mile and 

481
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:48,100
half route. 
She meets again with 

482
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:51,400
superintendent Sylvester and 
request more officers, he claims

483
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,700
no additional staff can be 
spared, Department needs 

484
00:24:54,700 --> 00:24:58,300
officers at the train station at
the hotels at the Capitol. 

485
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:02,200
Every officer is assigned 
somewhere, Alice takes detailed 

486
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:04,300
notes of the conversation in her
leather notebook. 

487
00:25:04,300 --> 00:25:08,000
She wants a precise record of 
what was promised and what was 

488
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,200
denied. 
She has learned to document 

489
00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:13,000
everything when dealing with 
officials who might later deny 

490
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,000
their own statements, she leaves
the meeting convinced that the 

491
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,900
police department either does 
not care about protecting the 

492
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,400
Marchers or actively hoped 
something goes wrong. 

493
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:25,000
That evening Alice speaks at a 
rally to boost morale. 

494
00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:28,600
Hundreds of women attending the 
procession gather at a church to

495
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:31,700
hear her. 
Pews fill completely women 

496
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:33,600
stand, along the walls and crowd
the doorway. 

497
00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:36,400
Alice keeps her remarks brief 
and practical. 

498
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:38,900
She explains the parade route in
detail. 

499
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:42,500
She reminds everyone to remain 
calm, regardless of what happens

500
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,800
she emphasizes, maintaining 
dignity at all costs. 

501
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:48,300
She does not mention her 
concerns about police 

502
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:50,700
protection. 
Only need to increase everyone's

503
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:53,800
anxiety. 
Her voice carries absolute 

504
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,100
confidence. 
She makes the success of 

505
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:58,100
tomorrow. 
Sound inevitable, the women, in 

506
00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:01,000
the audience, sit up straighter,
they feel their nervousness 

507
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:05,100
transforming into determination.
After the rally, volunteers 

508
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:07,200
return to headquarters to 
prepare materials for 

509
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,300
distribution tomorrow, thousands
of leaflets explaining the 

510
00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:12,700
suffrage cause of being printed 
on cream colored paper. 

511
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,100
The plan involves handing these 
to Spectators along the Route, 

512
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:19,400
Alice wants every person who 
watches to receive information 

513
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,500
about why women deserve the vote
even hostile. 

514
00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:25,200
Spectators might read a leaflet 
later and reconsider their 

515
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:28,900
views, the leaflets summarize 
key Arguments for suffrage in 

516
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:32,600
simple language women, pay taxes
but cannot vote on how that 

517
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,600
money is spent. 
Women must obey laws but cannot 

518
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,000
vote on what those laws should 
be women. 

519
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:40,800
Work in factories and offices 
but cannot vote on labor 

520
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:43,400
regulations. 
The arguments are logical and 

521
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,800
difficult to refute, you help 
load boxes of leaflets. 

522
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,700
Into automobiles the papers 
smell of fresh ink. 

523
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,600
Your hands turn slightly Gray 
from handling them. 

524
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,600
The March night air feels cold 
but not unbearably. 

525
00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,100
So Whether reports predict, 
partly, cloudy, skies for 

526
00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:02,200
tomorrow, with temperatures in 
the forties not ideal parade 

527
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,700
weather but not terrible either.
At least it should not Reign 

528
00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:10,000
Reign would ruin costumes and 
dampen Spirits, Alice was 

529
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,300
worried constantly about whether
She cannot control it but she 

530
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:15,300
checks four castes obsessively 
anyway. 

531
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:19,900
Back at The Boarding House, 
women prepare their outfits for 

532
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:22,100
tomorrow. 
White dresses, get pressed 

533
00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:25,600
carefully, purple and gold 
sashes, get folded, and packed 

534
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,600
comfortable walking shoes. 
Get polished even though they 

535
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:32,200
will become Dusty during the 
march. everyone tries to sleep, 

536
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,600
but excitement makes rest 
difficult, you lie, awake, 

537
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:37,800
listening to whispered 
conversations in the Darkness 

538
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:41,900
Someone asks, if anyone else 
feels frightened, another voice 

539
00:27:41,900 --> 00:27:45,000
answers that being frightened is
normal, but they should do it 

540
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,900
anyway. 
The conversation continues 

541
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:50,500
softly for a while, before 
gradually trailing off into 

542
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:53,000
silence. 
You finally drift to sleep 

543
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,900
thinking about tomorrow. 
Everything has been building 

544
00:27:55,900 --> 00:27:59,200
toward March 3rd, all the 
planning and organizing and 

545
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:01,900
fundraising comes down to a few 
hours on Pennsylvania Avenue. 

546
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:05,200
Either the parade will succeed 
spectacularly or fail 

547
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:07,300
embarrassingly. 
This seems to be no middle 

548
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:10,400
ground tomorrow will reveal 
which possibility becomes 

549
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:14,200
reality. 
You wake early on March 3rd week

550
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,700
Dawn, light filters through thin
curtains, the city already 

551
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:19,500
sounds busy. 
Even though the hour is barely 

552
00:28:19,500 --> 00:28:23,000
passed six, Voices carry through
the boarding house walls, 

553
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:27,200
footsteps cross the floor above 
you doors, slam as people leave 

554
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,600
for the inauguration festivities
that will fill this day. 

555
00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:32,700
You lie still for a moment, 
listening to the sound of the 

556
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:35,000
city. 
Waking your heart beats fast to 

557
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:37,500
the normal today. 
Matters in ways that feel both 

558
00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:40,800
personal and historic, Breakfast
happens. 

559
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,700
Quickly in the crowded Boarding 
House, dining room, you eat 

560
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:45,300
bread with butter and drink 
coffee. 

561
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:48,100
That tastes bitter and strong. 
The coffee helps. 

562
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:52,200
Push away the last fog of sleep.
Other women at your table are 

563
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:55,000
also marching today. 
Everyone reviews assignments, 

564
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,500
while eating. 
You will march with the writers 

565
00:28:57,500 --> 00:29:00,300
and artists section your group 
will assemble near the capitol. 

566
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,400
At one, in the afternoon 
conversation flows, nervously 

567
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:06,900
around the table, someone jokes 
about getting arrested someone 

568
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:10,400
else worries about hostile. 
Crowds, an older woman reminds 

569
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,500
everyone that their cause is 
just, and therefore success is 

570
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:17,100
certain The morning pass is in a
blur of nervous. 

571
00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:19,700
Preparation. 
You check your white dress for 

572
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:22,000
wrinkles and find a small stain 
near the Hem. 

573
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:25,600
Try to clean it with a damp 
cloth but the stain remains 

574
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:28,000
visible. 
You decide it does not matter. 

575
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:31,100
No one will notice a small stain
among thousands of Marchers. 

576
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:33,500
You practice holding your 
sections. 

577
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:36,600
Banner at the correct angle. 
The banner is heavier than you 

578
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:38,700
expected. 
Your arms will ache by the end 

579
00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:40,500
of the parade. 
Other women in The Boarding 

580
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:41,900
House. 
Help each other with costume 

581
00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:43,300
adjustments and hair 
Arrangements. 

582
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,600
Someone has brought extra safety
pins which get passed around. 

583
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:49,900
And another woman shares ribbons
for tying back hair. 

584
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,500
The atmosphere feels like 
preparing for battle. 

585
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:56,100
Everyone helps everyone else. 
No one wants to arrive at the 

586
00:29:56,108 --> 00:29:59,500
Capitol on prepared. 
Shortly after noon, you leave 

587
00:29:59,508 --> 00:30:02,600
for the stage in area, the 
streets grow more crowded with 

588
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:04,900
every block. 
You walk Washington has 

589
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:08,000
transformed into a car of all 
men in suits. 

590
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,700
Walk purposefully toward 
downtown family. 

591
00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:13,000
Stroll together, looking for 
good viewing spots for the 

592
00:30:13,008 --> 00:30:16,400
inauguration, parade tomorrow, 
children dart between adults 

593
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:18,400
chasing each other and shrinking
with laughter. 

594
00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:22,400
Street vendors, sell flags and 
souvenirs from wooden carts. 

595
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:25,600
Someone offers roasted chestnuts
for five cents a bag. 

596
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:29,400
The smell of cooking meat. 
Drifts from a restaurant, the 

597
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:31,300
mood feels festive throughout 
the city. 

598
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:37,000
Washington loves inaugurations. 
The peaceful transfer of power 

599
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:39,500
between presidents gets 
celebrated with parades and 

600
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:43,700
parties and general revelry. 
Most people on the street seem 

601
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:45,800
unaware that another procession 
is about to happen. 

602
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:48,600
They have come to Washington to 
celebrate Woodrow. 

603
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:50,700
Wilson the suffrage, parade 
exist. 

604
00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:53,400
Outside their awareness. 
This will change shortly. 

605
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:57,500
You reach the capitol grounds 
and find organized chaos spread 

606
00:30:57,500 --> 00:30:59,300
across Acres of lawn and 
pavement. 

607
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:03,000
Thousands of women mil around 
trying to locate their assigned 

608
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:05,400
sections. 
Volunteers wearing purple 

609
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,700
armbands direct traffic. 
They carry clipboards and check 

610
00:31:08,700 --> 00:31:11,500
off names on Long lists. 
The logistics rival, and 

611
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:14,300
Military operation. 
Every detail has been planned, 

612
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:16,200
but reality always includes 
complications. 

613
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:19,000
The professional sections line 
up first. 

614
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,000
According to the planned order 
of March, you watch doctors in 

615
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,000
white medical coats gather under
their Banner. 

616
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:28,200
They look dignified and serious 
several carry medical bags as 

617
00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:29,800
props. 
Identifying their profession 

618
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:32,700
Features form neat rows behind 
their Banner. 

619
00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:35,100
Many, where the simple dark 
dresses? 

620
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,100
They wear to classrooms. 
Nurses, arrived wearing their 

621
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:41,800
distinctive uniforms with white 
caps and aprons everyone looks 

622
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:45,200
determined and slightly nervous.
This strange combination of 

623
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:48,900
emotions shows on every face. 
The college students create a 

624
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:51,900
splash of color with their 
academic robes, the robes are 

625
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:54,700
black, but purple and gold 
sashes, mark them, clearly as 

626
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:59,100
suffragists Their youth and 
energy project optimism, that 

627
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:00,700
the older March is sometimes 
lack. 

628
00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:04,600
These young women have grown up 
hearing about suffrage for them.

629
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,400
Voting rights feel inevitable 
rather than impossible. 

630
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,500
Their confidence is contagious. 
State delegations begin 

631
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:14,900
assembling in their designated 
areas, women from state where 

632
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:18,400
voting is already legal, carry 
special Pride, they marched to 

633
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:21,100
demonstrate what political 
equality looks like in practice.

634
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:23,600
The New York delegation is 
enormous. 

635
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,700
They have brought their own 
band, their Banners are 

636
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,400
professionally painted and 
mounted on poles that gleam in 

637
00:32:29,408 --> 00:32:32,300
the afternoon light. 
California's delegation is 

638
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:36,300
smaller, but no less proud, they
were yellow, Rose's pinned to 

639
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:39,500
their dresses, the yellow rose 
has become a symbol of suffrage 

640
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:42,100
in California. 
Even states with tiny 

641
00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:44,600
delegations. 
Assemble with dignity Vermont 

642
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,500
sends only six women, but they 
marched together on the state 

643
00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:51,600
Banner as if they represent an 
army. the atmosphere mixes 

644
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:55,100
excitement with tension, 
everyone senses the importance 

645
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:58,200
of this moment years of 
organizing and hoping and 

646
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,200
arguing come down to this 
afternoon Near 2:00 Inez 

647
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:03,500
Mulholland. 
Arrives on her horse. 

648
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,500
The horse is a magnificent, gray
animal with a long flowing Mane.

649
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:10,800
In as wears, a white Cape, that 
drapes dramatically over the 

650
00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:13,000
saddle and trails almost to the 
ground. 

651
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:16,100
A Golden Crown sits on her dark 
hair. 

652
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:18,900
Catching the sunlight. 
She looks like a figure from 

653
00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:22,100
mythology, ready to lead an army
into a legendary battle. 

654
00:33:22,900 --> 00:33:24,300
The crowd of Marchers. 
Cheers. 

655
00:33:24,300 --> 00:33:27,500
When they see her. 
Sound of thousands of voices 

656
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:29,500
raised together. 
Send shivers down your spine, 

657
00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:34,000
Enos smiles and waves. 
She controls the horse, expertly

658
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:35,700
with one hand while holding a 
long trumpet. 

659
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:38,300
In the other. 
She is practiced riding with the

660
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:40,300
trumpet for weeks to ensure she 
looks natural. 

661
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:44,700
Alice moves through the sections
giving final instructions, she 

662
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:47,100
reminds everyone to maintain 
dignity, regardless of what 

663
00:33:47,100 --> 00:33:51,000
happens, she emphasizes walking,
steadily, and ignoring hecklers.

664
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:53,100
She tells Marchers to help each 
other. 

665
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:56,900
If anyone stumbles or falls 
behind her composure, helps calm

666
00:33:56,900 --> 00:33:59,400
nervous, Marchers. 
If Alice believes they will 

667
00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:01,200
succeed, they can believe it 
too. 

668
00:34:02,300 --> 00:34:04,300
The bands tuned their 
instruments, creating a 

669
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,000
cacophony of random notes. 
Floats. 

670
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,000
Wait in position with their 
elaborate decorations catching 

671
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:11,900
attention. 
Everything is ready 

672
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,100
photographers from newspapers 
position themselves to capture 

673
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:17,199
images. 
They have set up, tripods and 

674
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:19,100
large cameras with black cloth 
hoods. 

675
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:21,800
Alice speaks briefly with the 
photographers. 

676
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,300
She wants to ensure they 
understand the importance of 

677
00:34:24,308 --> 00:34:27,699
capturing good images. 
Photographs will determine how 

678
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:31,000
people remember this day. 
The minutes tick passed slowly 

679
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:35,300
waiting feels harder than 
marching will be Finally, at 

680
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:37,600
precisely 3, oclock Enos kicks 
her horse forward. 

681
00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:42,199
The parade begins moving towards
Pennsylvania Avenue music swells

682
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:45,300
from the first band, thousands 
of feet start stepping in 

683
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:47,800
unison. 
You feel your section beginning 

684
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,400
to move the parade has begun. 
You step onto Pennsylvania 

685
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:55,100
Avenue with thousands of other 
women, the feeling defies, easy 

686
00:34:55,100 --> 00:34:58,400
description pride and fear mixed
together in your chest, making 

687
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,400
it difficult to breathe. 
Normally the Avenue stretches 

688
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,500
ahead, wider than any Street of 
walked before building's rise on

689
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:08,300
both sides, creating a corridor 
that channels attention toward 

690
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:11,200
the Marchers, the first blocks 
pass peacefully enough, 

691
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,500
Spectators line, both sides of 
the street, but leave adequate 

692
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,900
room for the parade to proceed. 
The crowd is several people 

693
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:21,400
deep, but orderly some people 
cheer when the marches pass, 

694
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:23,700
they're clapping sounds thin in 
the open air. 

695
00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:26,800
But encouraging nonetheless. 
You see women in the crowd 

696
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:30,100
waving handkerchiefs and support
others, watch silently with 

697
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,100
unreadable Expressions. 
The silent Watchers might be 

698
00:35:33,108 --> 00:35:36,700
neutral or they might be 
hostile, their silence reveals, 

699
00:35:36,700 --> 00:35:39,800
nothing about their thoughts. 
A few men make dismissive 

700
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:41,300
comments that carry to your 
ears. 

701
00:35:41,300 --> 00:35:43,200
Look at them, trying to be 
important. 

702
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,600
They should be home where they 
belong, you try to ignore these 

703
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,800
voices but they sting anyway, 
the bands placed stirring 

704
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,200
March's. 
The music helps, everyone keep 

705
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:55,400
pace and lift Spirits. 
You recognize some of the tunes 

706
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,000
from military. 
Ceremony is the familiar music 

707
00:35:58,000 --> 00:35:59,900
makes the parade feel official 
and important. 

708
00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:03,800
Innes rides ahead carrying her 
Cape dramatically in the Wind. 

709
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:06,400
Photographers rushed to capture 
Her Image. 

710
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:10,200
She understands the assignment 
perfectly and poses, naturally, 

711
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,700
while maintaining Forward 
Motion, a horse plants is 

712
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:16,500
beautifully. 
The combination of the gray 

713
00:36:16,500 --> 00:36:19,400
horse, the white cape and the 
Golden Crown creates an image 

714
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:21,300
that will appear in newspapers 
across the country. 

715
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:24,300
The float carrying Columbia 
follows next. 

716
00:36:24,300 --> 00:36:27,900
The woman portraying her as 
flowing, white robes cinched 

717
00:36:27,900 --> 00:36:31,000
with a gold belt. 
She holds a loft to staff topped

718
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,500
with an eagle. 
Her other hand rests on a shield

719
00:36:33,500 --> 00:36:37,500
painted with stars and stripes 
the float moves slowly pulled by

720
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:41,400
white horses, flowers. 
Decorate, every surface, the 

721
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:45,100
effect is both patriotic and 
mythological behind the floats. 

722
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:48,700
The professional women March in 
organized ranks, their banners 

723
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,400
identify their occupations 
clearly lawyer. 

724
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:57,500
Physician Professor social 
worker librarian journalist This

725
00:36:57,500 --> 00:37:01,100
visual demonstration matters 
enormously for the cause one 

726
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:04,000
common argument against suffrage
claims women do not participate.

727
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:07,300
Meaningfully in public life. 
The parade proves otherwise with

728
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:11,600
every step women work, women 
contribute, women organized, 

729
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:15,400
women lead, The evidence marches
down, Pennsylvania Avenue, 

730
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,900
impossible to deny you march 
with the writers and artists 

731
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:22,800
your section includes novelists 
journalists poets and Painters. 

732
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:26,500
The banner overhead reads 
literary and artworks for equal 

733
00:37:26,500 --> 00:37:28,500
rights. 
The banner feels heavy in your 

734
00:37:28,508 --> 00:37:30,600
hands. 
Your arms already ache from 

735
00:37:30,608 --> 00:37:33,700
holding it at the correct angle.
You will need to switch hands 

736
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:36,300
frequently to avoid. 
Exhaustion around. 

737
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:40,200
You march women, whose work, you
admire, a poet, whose verses you

738
00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:42,300
memorized. 
As a girl, walks, three rows 

739
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,700
ahead, a journalist who covered 
labor strikes. 

740
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:47,500
Marches beside you an 
illustrator whose drawings 

741
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,300
appear in magazines, carries the
other side of the banner, you 

742
00:37:50,300 --> 00:37:52,900
feel honored to march with them.
Their presence makes your own 

743
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:56,100
participation feel more 
legitimate for several blocks. 

744
00:37:56,100 --> 00:37:59,300
Everything proceeded smoothly, 
the crowd remains manageable 

745
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:02,800
police officers stand at regular
intervals, watching the parade 

746
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,000
pass the officers, wear their 
dress uniforms with brass 

747
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:10,000
buttons, polished to high shine 
They stand with hands clasped 

748
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,700
behind their backs, looking 
official, but involved. 

749
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:17,000
Then you notice changes ahead, 
The Spectators press closer to 

750
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,400
the marching line. 
They leaned forward trying to 

751
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,400
get better views, their bodies 
and Coach gradually into the 

752
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,600
space met for Marchers. 
Police officers seemed fewer and

753
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:30,100
less attentive than before gaps 
appear in crowd control, Holt 

754
00:38:30,100 --> 00:38:32,500
sections of sidewalk have no 
officers visible at all. 

755
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,100
Men begin pushing forward from 
the sidewalks into the street. 

756
00:38:36,100 --> 00:38:38,300
They do not move aggressively at
first. 

757
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:41,200
They're encroachment feels 
almost accidental. 

758
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:45,200
They simply want better views 
and do not, think about blocking

759
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:47,500
the route. 
But the cumulative effect 

760
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,800
creates problems, the Marchers. 
Maintain formation despite 

761
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:53,700
decreasing space. 
Everyone remembers Alice's 

762
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:57,300
instructions, about dignity and 
persistence, but the crowd keeps

763
00:38:57,300 --> 00:38:59,700
pressing inward like water. 
Seeking the lowest level. 

764
00:38:59,700 --> 00:39:03,100
Some men, shout questions, 
attempting to engage the marches

765
00:39:03,100 --> 00:39:05,500
and conversation. 
Where do you think you're going 

766
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:06,200
dress? 
Like that? 

767
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:09,100
Why are you not home? 
Cooking dinner for your family's

768
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:11,700
the comments? 
Try to provoke reactions and 

769
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:13,800
create confrontation, the 
Marchers. 

770
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:16,300
Stay silent. 
And focused responding to 

771
00:39:16,300 --> 00:39:17,700
hecklers, would accomplish 
nothing. 

772
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:21,300
The Dignity of silence speaks 
louder than any retort. 

773
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:24,100
More Spectators flood into the 
street. 

774
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:28,200
Most seemed, genuinely curious. 
Rather than hostile, they simply

775
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,400
want a better View and do not 
realize they are blocking the 

776
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,500
parade route, Police officers 
make half-hearted attempts to 

777
00:39:33,508 --> 00:39:35,900
push people back. 
They gesture with their hands 

778
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:37,300
and speak words. 
You cannot hear. 

779
00:39:37,300 --> 00:39:42,100
There are proven, sufficient and
brief The procession slows to 

780
00:39:42,100 --> 00:39:43,400
accommodate the tighter 
conditions. 

781
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:47,200
March's bunched together. 
The organized lines, begin 

782
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:49,200
breaking apart. 
As women navigate around 

783
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:51,900
obstacles, you lose sight of the
flow to head. 

784
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:54,700
The crowd has filled the space 
between sections. 

785
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:57,700
What should be a continuous? 
Parade has become fragmented 

786
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:01,300
music from the bands. 
Grows fainter Too Many Bodies 

787
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:03,500
absorb the sound before it 
reaches your ears. 

788
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:07,500
You can no longer March to the 
beat of the drums, the situation

789
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:10,100
continues deteriorating with 
each block men. 

790
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:12,500
Now, completely block portions 
of the route ahead. 

791
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:16,600
They do not step aside when 
March as a coach instead they 

792
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:20,000
stand firm, forcing the women to
navigate around them like water 

793
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,200
flowing around rocks. 
Some Spectators laugh at the 

794
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:24,600
difficulty. 
The March is face. 

795
00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:28,100
They find humor in watching 
women struggle others, look 

796
00:40:28,100 --> 00:40:30,700
uncomfortable. 
But do nothing to help their 

797
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:32,700
discomfort. 
Does not translate into action, 

798
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:36,000
you feel your heart racing but 
force yourself to keep walking. 

799
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:38,300
Stopping would make things 
worse. 

800
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:41,400
Forward Motion is the only 
answer even when forward 

801
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:45,200
progress becomes difficult The 
March has transformed from 

802
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:48,400
celebration into struggle. 
Every step forward requires 

803
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:50,900
intention and effort. 
Nothing comes easily. 

804
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:55,100
Now the sun moves lower, in the 
Western sky more than an hour 

805
00:40:55,108 --> 00:40:57,600
has passed. 
Since the parade began the 

806
00:40:57,600 --> 00:40:59,400
Marchers should be halfway to 
the White House. 

807
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:02,500
By now in Stead, they have 
traveled perhaps a third of the 

808
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:04,900
distance. 
This rate, the parade will take 

809
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:08,300
hours longer than planned, some 
March, as will not finish before

810
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:11,300
Darkness Falls, you adjust your 
grip on the banner and keep 

811
00:41:11,300 --> 00:41:14,200
walking. 
Around you other women do the 

812
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:17,100
same faces show. 
Determination mixed with 

813
00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:22,300
anxiety, but no one turns back. 
The parade must continue the 

814
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:24,900
crowd turns from obstacle to 
threat gradually and then 

815
00:41:24,908 --> 00:41:28,000
suddenly the transformation 
happens in stages that 

816
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,500
accelerate until control 
disappears, completely One 

817
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:34,300
moment people merely stand in 
the way creating and convenience

818
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:36,900
the next moment. 
They actively push and shove 

819
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:39,900
creating danger men, grabbed at 
banners trying to pull them 

820
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:42,200
down. 
They catch fabric edges and yank

821
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:46,000
hard, some banners, rip under 
the pressure, other stay intact,

822
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:49,000
but tilted, wrong angles. 
They step on the hems of white 

823
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:51,400
dresses. 
Deliberately you hear fabric 

824
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:54,000
tearing as women? 
Try to walk forward while men 

825
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,200
stand on the skirts. 
The sound of ripping cloth 

826
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,800
becomes common. 
They jostle marches with their 

827
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:02,000
elbows, and shoulders the 
jostling. 

828
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,400
Appears accidental, but happens 
to frequently to be 

829
00:42:04,408 --> 00:42:07,600
unintentional. 
Body slam into March as from the

830
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:11,400
side, knocking them off balance.
The attacks seem random at first

831
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:14,700
individual troublemakers acting 
independently for their own, 

832
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:17,500
Amusement young men showing off 
for their friends. 

833
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:21,100
Then you realize the harassment 
is widespread and coordinated 

834
00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:24,400
groups of positioned themselves.
Strategically along the Route, 

835
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:27,400
they communicate with each other
through gestures and shouts. 

836
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,700
This is organized opposition, 
not spontaneous disruption. 

837
00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:33,900
Groups of young men position 
themselves to block the March 

838
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:36,200
completely. 
They linked arms forming human, 

839
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:39,300
chains across the street. 
When Marchers, try to go around 

840
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:42,600
these men move to block again. 
They treat the whole thing of 

841
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:44,400
sport. 
They laugh and call to each 

842
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:46,000
other. 
Keeping score of how many women 

843
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,000
they can stop or trip. 
Insults fly constantly. 

844
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:52,300
Now the language grows crude and
threatening men. 

845
00:42:52,300 --> 00:42:55,000
Questioned, the feminine and 
morality of the Marchers in 

846
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:57,000
terms that would never appear in
newspapers. 

847
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,000
They call the women on feminine 
and unattractive. 

848
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:03,100
They suggest no man would want 
to marry such creatures. 

849
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:06,900
They speculate loudly about the 
March as private lives using 

850
00:43:06,900 --> 00:43:10,100
vulgar language. 
The insult aim to humiliate and 

851
00:43:10,100 --> 00:43:13,500
silents, they reveal the depth 
of hostility that women's 

852
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:15,600
political demands inspiring in 
some men. 

853
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:19,800
Some women, begin crying but 
keep walking tears, streamed 

854
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:21,500
down their faces, but their feet
continue. 

855
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:23,800
Moving forward. 
The crying combines with 

856
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:27,700
determination in a way that 
seems uniquely human others 

857
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:29,600
linked arms with their 
neighbors, to push through the 

858
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:32,000
crowds. 
They form small protective units

859
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:34,600
that move together. 
The locked arms provide both 

860
00:43:34,600 --> 00:43:38,200
physical support and emotional 
solidarity, police officers, 

861
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:39,500
stand nearby watching 
everything. 

862
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:43,100
They make no effort to intervene
they observe the harassment with

863
00:43:43,100 --> 00:43:46,400
Expressions ranging from 
Amusement, to indifference, the 

864
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:48,200
lack of protection. 
Feels deliberate rather than 

865
00:43:48,200 --> 00:43:50,800
accidental. 
The officers of chosen to do 

866
00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:52,700
nothing. 
They stand with their arms 

867
00:43:52,700 --> 00:43:55,000
crossed or their hands in their 
pockets while women are 

868
00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,300
attacked. 
You see a woman knocked to the 

869
00:43:57,308 --> 00:43:58,600
ground. 
When someone trips her 

870
00:43:58,608 --> 00:44:01,100
intentionally, she falls hard 
onto the pavement. 

871
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:03,400
Her white dress Blaze around 
her. 

872
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:05,500
Her hat rolls away into the 
crowd. 

873
00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:07,600
Her friends, immediately helped 
her stand. 

874
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:10,300
They brushed dirt from her dress
and retrieve her hat. 

875
00:44:10,300 --> 00:44:13,600
Her white dress now. 
Shows dirty streets and a torn 

876
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:16,400
hem. 
She keeps marching the float. 

877
00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:18,200
Carrying Columbia gets stuck 
completely. 

878
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:21,500
The crowd presses. 
So tightly around it, that the 

879
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:24,600
horses cannot move forward, they
pull against their harnesses, 

880
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:28,100
but make no progress, the woman 
portraying Columbia climbs down 

881
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:30,800
from the float. 
She gathers her flowing robes 

882
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:34,300
and joins the marches on foot. 
Her golden staff becomes a 

883
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:37,400
walking stick ban stop playing 
because they cannot maintain 

884
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,100
formation musicians carry their 
instruments and try to keep up 

885
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,300
with their sections, the 
trombone bangs against someone's

886
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:47,300
back a drum tilt sideways 
threatening to fall. 

887
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,300
The organized procession has 
devolved into chaos. 

888
00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:53,600
What was supposed to be? 
A dignified March as become a 

889
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:55,400
desperate push through hostile 
territory. 

890
00:44:56,500 --> 00:44:59,200
Marchers scatter across 
Pennsylvania Avenue trying to 

891
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,700
find paths forward some 
sections. 

892
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:04,800
Push ahead aggressively While 
others fall behind struggling 

893
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:07,100
with obstacles. 
Communication becomes 

894
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:09,200
impossible. 
You cannot see more than a few 

895
00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:12,600
people in any direction. 
The crowd of Spectators as 

896
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:15,900
swallowed, the parade whole, the
sun sits lower in the sky, 

897
00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:17,600
casting Long Shadows across the 
street. 

898
00:45:18,500 --> 00:45:20,900
Shadows, make the chaos look 
even more threatening. 

899
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:23,800
Several hours have passed since 
the parade began. 

900
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:27,900
Everyone feels exhausted, 
walking requires, constant 

901
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:30,400
vigilance and effort. 
There is no rhythm anymore. 

902
00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:34,000
No, steady Pace. 
Only irregular progress measured

903
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,900
in difficult yards. 
Yet the Marchers refused to quit

904
00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:39,200
despite everything working 
against them. 

905
00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:41,400
The women, keep moving toward 
the White House. 

906
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:43,600
They help each other navigate 
obstacles. 

907
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:47,100
They share water from canteens. 
They offer words of 

908
00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:49,500
encouragement. 
You witness extraordinary 

909
00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:52,400
bravery and small moments. 
That no one will record in 

910
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,500
newspapers, an elderly woman 
trips and nearly Falls. 

911
00:45:55,500 --> 00:45:59,000
Three strangers immediately 
support her with their arms and 

912
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:00,500
help her continue without 
stopping. 

913
00:46:00,500 --> 00:46:03,600
They become her temporary escort
through the worst section of 

914
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:07,200
crowd, a young mother carrying a
baby somehow maintains her place

915
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:11,100
in line, the baby cries from all
the noise, the mother rocks and 

916
00:46:11,100 --> 00:46:13,900
walk simultaneously. 
Her face shows, determination 

917
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:17,300
that borders on fears. 
College, students form 

918
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:19,200
protective circles around older,
Marchers. 

919
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:22,500
The young women linked arms, 
creating barriers that hostile 

920
00:46:22,500 --> 00:46:25,800
men find hard to penetrate. 
They used their youth and 

921
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,600
strength to Shield others. 
The violent escalates with each 

922
00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:32,900
passing block, what began as 
harassment has progressed to 

923
00:46:32,908 --> 00:46:35,000
assault. 
Men, begin spitting at the 

924
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,100
Marchers. 
They spit deliberately aiming 

925
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:40,600
for faces and white dresses. 
The spitting is degrading in 

926
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:42,200
ways that physical blows are 
not. 

927
00:46:42,208 --> 00:46:45,900
They throw lit cigarettes at the
Marchers, the cigarettes, bounce

928
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:49,100
off clothing, leaving burn 
marks, someone's hat catches 

929
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:50,900
fire and must be quickly 
extinguished. 

930
00:46:51,500 --> 00:46:54,200
Some men grabbed women's arms, 
hard enough to leave bruises, 

931
00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:58,100
they squeeze wrists and upper 
arms with deliberate Force, the 

932
00:46:58,100 --> 00:47:01,700
grabbing sometimes pulls marches
out of line, completely a few 

933
00:47:01,708 --> 00:47:05,100
marches fight back physically. 
They slap away hands that grab 

934
00:47:05,100 --> 00:47:07,100
them. 
They push back when men block 

935
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:10,100
their path. 
Most maintain the dignity Alice 

936
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:12,000
demanded but some have reached 
their limits. 

937
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,600
You see one suffragists slapped 
across the face by a stranger. 

938
00:47:16,400 --> 00:47:19,700
The sound of the slap carries, 
clearly her head snaps to the 

939
00:47:19,700 --> 00:47:22,800
side from the impact. 
The touches her reddening cheek 

940
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:26,300
but does not stop walking. 
The crowd hostility reveals. 

941
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:29,100
Something ugly about American 
society that usually stays 

942
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:33,000
hidden beneath polite surfaces. 
These men cannot tolerate women.

943
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:35,300
Claiming public space for 
political purposes. 

944
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:38,300
Their reaction goes beyond, 
disagreement with suffrage. 

945
00:47:38,300 --> 00:47:42,300
It expresses rage at women, 
stepping out prescribed roles, 

946
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:44,500
women should be decorative or 
domestic. 

947
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:48,700
They should not March and demand
and organize the insults Focus 

948
00:47:48,700 --> 00:47:50,900
obsessively on appearance and 
sexuality. 

949
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:54,200
Men call the Marchers, ugly and 
feminine. 

950
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,100
They suggest no man would want 
to marry such women. 

951
00:47:57,100 --> 00:47:59,700
They imply that demanding 
political rights, make women 

952
00:47:59,700 --> 00:48:03,100
unnatural the attempt to 
humiliate reveals desperation 

953
00:48:03,900 --> 00:48:05,500
Suffragists were truly 
ridiculous. 

954
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:07,900
They would not Inspire such 
intense opposition. 

955
00:48:08,700 --> 00:48:11,700
The hostility proves that the 
movement threatens established 

956
00:48:11,700 --> 00:48:14,500
power structures. 
Finally, some police officers 

957
00:48:14,500 --> 00:48:18,000
begin making arrests, they grab 
a few of the worst agitators and

958
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:20,800
drag them away, but dozens more 
for each Gap. 

959
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:24,300
Immediately, the arrests seemed 
token rather than serious. 

960
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:26,700
The police appear to be 
responding to pressure from 

961
00:48:26,700 --> 00:48:29,500
somewhere rather than genuinely 
trying to restore order. 

962
00:48:30,100 --> 00:48:32,200
The situation feels increasingly
dangerous. 

963
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,600
Several women have been injured 
badly enough to need medical 

964
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:38,200
attention. 
One woman's nose bleeds from 

965
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:41,300
being hit in the face and other 
limp's badly after someone 

966
00:48:41,300 --> 00:48:44,200
stopped on her foot. 
And ambulance arrives, but 

967
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:46,400
cannot reach the victims because
of crowd density. 

968
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:51,300
The ambulance sits blocks away 
visible but useless Boy Scouts 

969
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:53,500
appear from somewhere and formed
human chains. 

970
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:56,600
Trying to clear paths, the 
scouts where, their distinctive 

971
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:58,900
uniforms, which give them 
unofficial Authority. 

972
00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:02,800
People respond to the young boys
in ways, they do not respond to 

973
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:05,400
police. 
Scouts successfully create 

974
00:49:05,400 --> 00:49:07,800
narrow corridors allowing some 
March as to pass. 

975
00:49:07,800 --> 00:49:10,900
They stand shoulder to shoulder,
holding back the crowd with 

976
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:13,800
their linked arms. 
Their presence helps immensely 

977
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:16,800
cannot solve. 
The fundamental problem, there 

978
00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,500
are simply too many hostile 
Spectators and two few 

979
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:22,400
protectors the crowd out 
numbers, everyone trying to 

980
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:24,600
maintain order. 
You push forward whenever 

981
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:26,300
possible and wait when 
necessary. 

982
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:30,400
Your arms ache from holding the 
banner, your feet hurt from 

983
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,600
walking on hard pavement. 
Your throat feels dry from 

984
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:36,300
breathing through your mouth. 
None of that matters. 

985
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:38,700
Compared to completing the 
route, you will finish this 

986
00:49:38,700 --> 00:49:41,100
March. 
If it takes all night hours, 

987
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:44,600
pass this way, step by 
difficult, step block by chaotic

988
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:46,700
block. 
The parade that should have 

989
00:49:46,708 --> 00:49:50,200
taken, 90 minutes has already 
consumed four hours with no end 

990
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:52,300
in sight. 
Eventually you Glimpse the 

991
00:49:52,300 --> 00:49:54,500
treasury building ahead through 
gaps in the crowd. 

992
00:49:55,200 --> 00:49:57,600
Finish Line. 
Finally comes into view, the 

993
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:00,600
site gives you new energy. 
The last few blocks, feel, both 

994
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:04,300
endless, and Too Short, you want
the ordeal to end, but you also 

995
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:07,000
want to remember. 
Every moment this day will 

996
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:09,800
define something important. 
You reach the treasury building,

997
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:13,200
exhausted, and transformed. 
Nothing will ever be quite the 

998
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:15,000
same. 
After March, 3rd 1913. 

999
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:18,900
The treasury building sits near 
the end of the parade route next

1000
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:21,400
to the White House. 
Women who have already finished.

1001
00:50:21,400 --> 00:50:23,600
The March Gather in a plan to 
assembly area. 

1002
00:50:23,600 --> 00:50:27,200
You stumbled toward this 
Sanctuary exhausted and relieved

1003
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:31,000
beyond measure the final blocks 
pass in a haze of fatigue, and 

1004
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:33,600
determination your body moves 
automatically. 

1005
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:37,700
Now, one foot in front of the 
other, when you finally step off

1006
00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:40,200
Pennsylvania Avenue onto the 
treasury, building grounds 

1007
00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:43,000
volunteers Rush forward with 
water and chairs. 

1008
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,900
They have been waiting for 
hours, helping Marchers. 

1009
00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:49,400
As they arrive medical staff, 
treat injuries in a makeshift 

1010
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:52,300
aid station, they clean cuts, 
and bandage scrapes. 

1011
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,600
They examined twisted, ankles 
and provide cold compresses for 

1012
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:58,100
bruises. 
The medical work continues 

1013
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:01,100
without pause women collapse. 
Onto benches comparing 

1014
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:03,500
experiences. 
Everyone has stories of 

1015
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,200
harassment and narrow escapes 
the stories. 

1016
00:51:06,200 --> 00:51:09,100
Pour out in exhausted voices, 
that shake with emotion. 

1017
00:51:09,100 --> 00:51:12,400
Some March has arrived hours ago
when the parade still maintain 

1018
00:51:12,400 --> 00:51:14,800
some order. 
They finished the route before 

1019
00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:17,400
the worst violence. 
Began, others are still 

1020
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:19,600
struggling through hostile 
crowds blocks away. 

1021
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:23,100
The full procession, takes more 
than five hours to complete. 

1022
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:26,400
What should have been a 
90-minute event becomes an 

1023
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:28,400
endurance test that stretches 
into early evening? 

1024
00:51:29,500 --> 00:51:32,000
Alice stands near the treasury 
building, directing the recovery

1025
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:33,900
effort. 
A face shows. 

1026
00:51:33,900 --> 00:51:37,900
Fury barely contained beneath 
professional composure, a hands 

1027
00:51:37,900 --> 00:51:40,300
clenched into fists when she 
thinks no one is watching. 

1028
00:51:41,700 --> 00:51:43,400
She interviews, Marchers, about 
what happened? 

1029
00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:46,700
She takes detailed notes about 
police failures in her leather 

1030
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:49,700
bound notebook. 
She collects names of officers, 

1031
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:51,800
who refused to help and 
Witnesses. 

1032
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:54,500
Who saw specific incidents 
already. 

1033
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:58,100
She is planning the response. 
This Disaster must be documented

1034
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:00,200
and weaponized for the cause the
police. 

1035
00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:02,200
Department's failure will become
Scandal. 

1036
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:05,300
The newspapers will determine 
how this day gets Remembered in 

1037
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:08,600
National consciousness. 
Alice knows journalists must 

1038
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:10,900
hear the truth before. 
The police department, spins the

1039
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:14,200
story to protect themselves. 
She dispatches volunteers to 

1040
00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:17,000
find reporters and invite them 
to interview March, as while 

1041
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,800
memories are fresh. 
She wants reporters to see the 

1042
00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:22,900
injured women and torn dresses. 
She wants them to hear, 

1043
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:25,800
first-hand accounts of Violence 
by evening. 

1044
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:28,000
Most participants have reached 
the assembly area. 

1045
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:32,600
The total number of marches 
exceeded 8,000, thousands more 

1046
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:34,600
Spectators witness some part of 
the parade. 

1047
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:38,600
The scale of the event matched 
Alice's Vision, the chaos 

1048
00:52:38,600 --> 00:52:42,500
exceeded her worst fears, but in
some strange way the chaos may 

1049
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:45,000
serve the cause better than 
smooth success would have. 

1050
00:52:46,100 --> 00:52:48,800
This Darkness Falls women begin 
leaving for their 

1051
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,500
accommodations. 
They walk in groups for safety. 

1052
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:55,400
The city still feels dangerous. 
After what happened today, you 

1053
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:58,100
returned to your boarding house,
sore and shake and your white 

1054
00:52:58,108 --> 00:53:01,400
dress is ruined Beyond repair. 
Dirt stains the fabric. 

1055
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,200
The Hem is torn in three places.
Your arms are bruised, from 

1056
00:53:05,200 --> 00:53:09,200
being grabbed by strangers, but 
you completed the March nothing 

1057
00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:12,300
can take that away. 
You are part of history today, 

1058
00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:14,700
even if history felt more 
painful than glorious. 

1059
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:18,300
That night Alice holds an 
emergency meeting with her core 

1060
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,900
organizers back at headquarters.
They discuss whether to file 

1061
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:23,800
official complaints about the 
police failure. 

1062
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:27,300
They debate, the best strategy 
for publicizing what happened. 

1063
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:30,200
Someone suggests letting the 
matter drop to avoid more 

1064
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:32,900
controversy. 
They worry that complaints will 

1065
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:35,400
make suffragists look like 
troublemakers who caused their 

1066
00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:38,600
own problems. 
Alice rejects this immediately 

1067
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:41,100
with a sharp gesture. 
The police departments 

1068
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:43,700
incompetence or malice caused 
today's disaster. 

1069
00:53:43,700 --> 00:53:47,400
That fact must be documented and
publicized relentlessly. 

1070
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:49,900
If they stay silent, the police 
will claim. 

1071
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:52,800
Everything went smoothly. 
They will say any problems were 

1072
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:56,000
minor or exaggerated. 
Silent serves the opposition. 

1073
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:58,400
She begins drafting letters to 
newspapers. 

1074
00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:01,700
Describing what happened? 
Her accounts are detailed and 

1075
00:54:01,700 --> 00:54:05,300
damning she named officers. 
Who stood idle, she describes 

1076
00:54:05,300 --> 00:54:07,800
specific, assaults witnessed by 
multiple Marchers. 

1077
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:10,600
The letters go out. 
First thing the next morning to 

1078
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:12,200
every major newspaper in the 
country. 

1079
00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:15,500
Meanwhile, Woodrow Wilson has 
arrived in Washington. 

1080
00:54:15,500 --> 00:54:19,400
His train reached Union Station.
While the suffrage procession 

1081
00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:21,600
was still trapped in Chaos on 
Pennsylvania Avenue. 

1082
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,000
Reportedly Wilson asked where 
all the people were when he 

1083
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:27,500
arrived. 
He expected crowds lining the 

1084
00:54:27,500 --> 00:54:29,100
route from the train station to 
his hotel. 

1085
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:32,700
The inauguration weekend should 
draw, thousands of well-wishers.

1086
00:54:32,700 --> 00:54:35,700
Someone told him everyone went 
to watch the suffrage parade 

1087
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,800
instead, the suffragists had 
stolen his audience. 

1088
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:42,700
This anecdote may be a poker 
full invented by suffragists to 

1089
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:45,900
make a point, but it captures 
the way Alice's strategy worked 

1090
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:50,700
despite everything going wrong. 
The suffrage procession sees the

1091
00:54:50,700 --> 00:54:53,500
spotlight on, what should have 
been entirely about the incoming

1092
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:56,000
president, even the violence 
served. 

1093
00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:59,000
This purpose in its own 
terrible, way Wilson's arrival 

1094
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:02,000
became secondary news. 
The parade disaster, became the 

1095
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:06,200
primary story. 
March 4th Dawn's, gray and cold 

1096
00:55:06,200 --> 00:55:08,400
Wilson's. 
Inauguration proceeds on 

1097
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:11,400
schedule, at the Capitol, the 
ceremony happens, without 

1098
00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:14,400
incident, Wilson takes the oath 
of office and delivers his 

1099
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:17,900
inaugural address to a large 
crowd, but newspapers across the

1100
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:20,600
country lead with stories about 
the suffrage procession 

1101
00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:22,800
disaster. 
Not the inauguration. 

1102
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:26,500
The parade violence dominates 
front pages from New York to San

1103
00:55:26,500 --> 00:55:27,900
Francisco. 
The headlines. 

1104
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:31,300
Express outrage in bold type 
violence against women. 

1105
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:35,800
Marchers, police fail to protect
suffragists inauguration. 

1106
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:39,300
Parade turns to mob, seen 
thousands, witness attacks on 

1107
00:55:39,308 --> 00:55:42,300
women, photographs show the 
chaos Better Than Words ever 

1108
00:55:42,300 --> 00:55:45,800
could images of women surrounded
by hostile crowds appear on 

1109
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:49,000
front pages everywhere. 
Pictures of torn dresses, and 

1110
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:52,200
frightened faces. 
Tell the story visually One 

1111
00:55:52,200 --> 00:55:54,900
photograph shows Inez milholland
on her horse. 

1112
00:55:54,900 --> 00:55:58,400
Surrounded by men pressing, 
close her face shows, 

1113
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:02,100
determination mixed with concern
the image captures the day 

1114
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:04,900
perfectly. 
Another photograph shows March 

1115
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:07,600
as being pushed and jostled, 
while police officers stand in 

1116
00:56:07,608 --> 00:56:10,800
the background doing nothing. 
The officers in action is 

1117
00:56:10,808 --> 00:56:14,200
visible and damming, the Visual 
Evidence proves more powerful 

1118
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:17,300
than any editorial. 
Could be readers, see with their

1119
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:18,800
own eyes. 
What happened on Pennsylvania 

1120
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:21,500
Avenue? 
Some newspapers blame the 

1121
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:24,500
Marchers for causing trouble. 
These editorials argue that 

1122
00:56:24,508 --> 00:56:27,200
women brought violence on 
themselves by staging an 

1123
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:29,900
inappropriate demonstration. 
They should have stayed home 

1124
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,100
where they belonged, but most 
coverage condemns, the police 

1125
00:56:33,100 --> 00:56:37,700
failure and crowd violence even 
papers that opposed suffrage 

1126
00:56:37,700 --> 00:56:39,600
admit. 
The March's deserve protection 

1127
00:56:39,600 --> 00:56:42,700
American women have the right to
peacefully assemble without 

1128
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,900
being attacked. 
The story dominates new cycles 

1129
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:48,600
for days. 
Every major newspaper runs 

1130
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:51,300
multiple stories. 
Editorial Pages. 

1131
00:56:51,300 --> 00:56:54,600
Debate, what the violence means 
for American democracy, Alice 

1132
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:57,100
reads every article and clips 
the files. 

1133
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:00,200
She sits at a desk, covered with
newspapers from across the 

1134
00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:02,500
country. 
The negative coverage exceeds 

1135
00:57:02,500 --> 00:57:06,200
her expectations in the best, 
possible way she recognizes 

1136
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:08,400
immediately. 
The public sympathy has shifted 

1137
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:11,700
dramatically before the parade 
many Americans viewed 

1138
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:14,100
suffragists as annoying radicals
demanding something 

1139
00:57:14,100 --> 00:57:18,100
unreasonable. after the parade, 
many Americans view suffragists,

1140
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:21,800
as victims of Injustice, 
deserving support, The violence 

1141
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:23,500
backfired. 
Spectacularly on its 

1142
00:57:23,500 --> 00:57:26,600
perpetrators instead of 
silencing the suffrage movement,

1143
00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:29,500
the attacks Amplified its 
message and generated. 

1144
00:57:29,500 --> 00:57:33,000
Widespread sympathy Congress 
announces hearings into the 

1145
00:57:33,008 --> 00:57:34,900
police department's handling of 
the parade. 

1146
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,000
Several Senators Express 
outrage. 

1147
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:39,600
About what happened. 
They want to know why officers 

1148
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:42,600
fail to maintain order on 
Pennsylvania Avenue Alice 

1149
00:57:42,600 --> 00:57:44,400
immediately volunteers to 
testify. 

1150
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:48,000
She's been preparing evidence. 
Since the day of the March, she 

1151
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:50,800
has witness statements, 
photographs correspondence with 

1152
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:54,100
police officials and details 
about specific failures. 

1153
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:57,000
The hearings become Front Page 
News themselves. 

1154
00:57:57,000 --> 00:58:00,700
The story continues generating 
coverage weeks after the parade.

1155
00:58:01,500 --> 00:58:03,800
Senators questioned Police 
Superintendent, Richard 

1156
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:06,800
Sylvester aggressively about his
Department's actions. 

1157
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:09,900
He offers weak excuses that 
satisfy no one. 

1158
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:13,400
He claims his Department lacks 
sufficient Personnel despite 

1159
00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:16,800
knowing weeks in advance about 
the parade, He suggests the 

1160
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,600
crowd size was unexpected, even 
though Alice had publicly 

1161
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:21,300
announced plans for thousands of
Marchers. 

1162
00:58:21,300 --> 00:58:24,200
He tries to blame the Marchers 
for the chaos. 

1163
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:27,700
If women had not stayed such an 
elaborate parade, no problems 

1164
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:29,900
would have occurred. 
This argument satisfies. 

1165
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:33,700
No one, the hearing has become 
Front Page News, Senators, 

1166
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:35,800
questioned the Police 
Superintendent aggressively. 

1167
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:39,400
He offers weak excuses. 
He claims his Department lacked,

1168
00:58:39,400 --> 00:58:42,300
sufficient Personnel, He 
suggests the crowd size was 

1169
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:45,100
unexpected, then Alice takes the
stand. 

1170
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:48,100
She presents her correspondence 
with the police department. 

1171
00:58:48,100 --> 00:58:51,100
Showing she requested adequate 
protection weeks in advance. 

1172
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:54,700
She details the superintendents 
warnings that safety could not 

1173
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:57,200
be guaranteed. 
She describes walking, the 

1174
00:58:57,200 --> 00:59:00,000
Parade route and seeing offers a
standing idle while March as 

1175
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:04,400
were attacked Her testimony is 
precise and devastating other 

1176
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:06,500
marches testify about specific 
incidents. 

1177
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:10,400
They describe being spat on 
tripped grabbed and insulted 

1178
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:14,200
they named officers, who refused
to help the hearings lost 

1179
00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:17,200
several days by the end. 
The police department's 

1180
00:59:17,200 --> 00:59:20,500
reputation lies in ruins, the 
superintendent of eventually 

1181
00:59:20,500 --> 00:59:23,000
loses his job. 
Several officers face 

1182
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:26,300
disciplinary action, more 
importantly, the hearings, keep 

1183
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:29,900
the suffrage cause in newspapers
for weeks donations, pour into 

1184
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:31,600
the national suffrage 
organization. 

1185
00:59:32,400 --> 00:59:35,900
Membership applications arrive 
daily women across the country, 

1186
00:59:35,900 --> 00:59:39,000
want to join the movement. 
The parade was supposed to 

1187
00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:41,000
launch a new phase of suffrage 
activism. 

1188
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:43,500
It's exceeded Beyond Alice's 
planning. 

1189
00:59:43,500 --> 00:59:45,900
She immediately begins 
organizing the next 

1190
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,100
demonstration, you meet with 
Alice several weeks after the 

1191
00:59:49,100 --> 00:59:52,100
parade, she is agreed to discuss
her thinking about the event. 

1192
00:59:52,100 --> 00:59:54,800
Her office remains cluttered 
with newspapers and 

1193
00:59:54,800 --> 00:59:57,300
correspondents. 
She works constantly despite 

1194
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:01,400
obvious exhaustion Alice 
explains that the Parade's 

1195
01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:03,400
chaos. 
Actually served the cause in 

1196
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:06,700
ways of peaceful March could not
have If everything had gone 

1197
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:09,500
smoothly newspapers might have 
covered the event briefly 

1198
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:11,900
before. 
Moving on the violence, made the

1199
01:00:11,900 --> 01:00:15,000
story impossible to ignore, she 
never wanted March as to be 

1200
01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:17,100
hurt. 
But she understood that 

1201
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:20,300
opposition would reveal itself. 
The key was ensuring that 

1202
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:23,300
Revelation happened publicly 
with journalists watching this 

1203
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:25,700
strategic thinking comes from 
her time in England. 

1204
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:28,400
British suffragettes 
deliberately provoked, 

1205
01:00:28,400 --> 01:00:32,200
confrontations to expose 
government brutality, Alice 

1206
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,400
adapted, these tactics for 
American conditions, He created 

1207
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:37,500
a scenario where the 
establishment could either 

1208
01:00:37,500 --> 01:00:39,700
respect women's rights or show 
its true colors. 

1209
01:00:39,708 --> 01:00:42,700
The Washington police chose to 
show their true colors. 

1210
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:45,900
Now suffragists could point to 
concrete evidence of 

1211
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,500
institutional hostility rather 
than abstract complaints about 

1212
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:51,600
inequality. 
This evidence. 

1213
01:00:51,600 --> 01:00:54,300
Persuaded moderate Americans, 
who previously dismissed 

1214
01:00:54,300 --> 01:00:57,900
suffering demands Alice also 
understood the power of visual 

1215
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:00,800
spectacle the parade featured. 
Beautiful costumes. 

1216
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:04,300
Dramatic floats, and thousands 
of women Marching In White. 

1217
01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:08,100
These images photographed, well,
and created emotional impact. 

1218
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:11,400
Even people who opposed 
suffrage, could admire the 

1219
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:14,800
organizational achievement in 
the March's Courage, the 

1220
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:17,500
combination of beauty and 
violence created Unforgettable, 

1221
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:21,500
contrast newspapers, juxtaposed 
images of dignified women in 

1222
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:23,900
white dresses with images of 
hostile mobs. 

1223
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:28,000
The visual argument needed, no 
caption Alice credits, the 

1224
01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:31,000
Marchers themselves for the 
parade success, they maintained 

1225
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:33,700
dignity under attack. 
They completed the route, 

1226
01:01:33,700 --> 01:01:37,300
despite every obstacle their 
bravery turned, a logistical 

1227
01:01:37,300 --> 01:01:40,700
disaster into a moral victory. 
In the months, following the 

1228
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:43,000
parade suffrage organizations 
Across America. 

1229
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:46,500
Adopt more militant tactics, 
local group stage, their own 

1230
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:49,500
demonstrations, they organized. 
Pickets at government buildings,

1231
01:01:49,500 --> 01:01:53,400
the movement gains momentum, 
Alice becomes a national figure.

1232
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:56,000
Her name appears regularly in 
newspapers. 

1233
01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:58,700
She received speaking 
invitations from across the 

1234
01:01:58,700 --> 01:02:01,100
country. 
She uses this platform to push 

1235
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,700
for a constitutional amendment 
guaranteeing women's voting 

1236
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:07,200
rights, this goal will take 
seven more years of activism to 

1237
01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:11,500
achieve But the 1913 parade 
marks are turning point. 

1238
01:02:11,500 --> 01:02:15,600
It proved that suffragists could
command national attention, it 

1239
01:02:15,600 --> 01:02:17,700
showed that women could organize
massive events. 

1240
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:20,900
It demonstrated that the 
opposition had no convincing 

1241
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:24,600
arguments only violence. 
Most importantly, it inspired 

1242
01:02:24,600 --> 01:02:26,300
thousands of women to join the 
fight. 

1243
01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:30,200
He is following the 1913 parade 
bring both progress and 

1244
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:33,100
frustration. 
Some states grant women voting 

1245
01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:36,300
rights through local amendments 
others hold referendums that 

1246
01:02:36,300 --> 01:02:39,100
fail. 
The patchwork of laws, creates 

1247
01:02:39,100 --> 01:02:43,300
confusion and inequality Alice 
focuses on federal action. 

1248
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:46,100
She believes only a 
constitutional amendment. 

1249
01:02:46,100 --> 01:02:47,800
Can guarantee universal 
suffrage. 

1250
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:51,500
This strategy puts her at odds 
with other suffrage leaders, who

1251
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:55,300
prefer state by state campaigns.
The movement, splinters over 

1252
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:59,200
tactics and personalities, Alice
forms a new organization called 

1253
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:02,600
the national woman's party. 
It, pursues more confrontational

1254
01:03:02,600 --> 01:03:04,400
methods than the older suffrage 
groups. 

1255
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:06,700
The national woman's party 
stages. 

1256
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:10,300
Pickets at the White House 
members stand silently holding 

1257
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:13,700
banners demanding voting rights 
at first authorities. 

1258
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:16,900
Tolerate the pickets then 
America enters World War 1, 

1259
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:20,100
southernly protesters, 
criticizing the president seemed

1260
01:03:20,100 --> 01:03:22,200
unpatriotic. 
Police begin. 

1261
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:24,300
Arresting Pickers for blocking 
sidewalks. 

1262
01:03:25,000 --> 01:03:29,100
Alice gets arrested multiple 
times, she serves jail sentences

1263
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:31,600
in harsh conditions while 
imprisoned. 

1264
01:03:31,600 --> 01:03:34,900
She goes on Hunger, Strike to 
protest her treatment prison 

1265
01:03:34,900 --> 01:03:38,300
officials respond by force. 
Feeding her through a tube, the 

1266
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:40,300
brutality mirrors. 
What happened to British 

1267
01:03:40,300 --> 01:03:43,700
suffragettes years earlier, news
of the force feeding creates 

1268
01:03:43,700 --> 01:03:47,400
public, outraged, many Americans
who opposed suffrage tactics. 

1269
01:03:47,400 --> 01:03:49,500
Now question, whether the 
government is overreacting 

1270
01:03:49,500 --> 01:03:53,700
again, government violence Works
in favor of the suffrage cause 

1271
01:03:53,700 --> 01:03:56,400
by 1918 momentum. 
Shifts. 

1272
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:59,300
Decisively the House of 
Representatives passes, a 

1273
01:03:59,308 --> 01:04:02,000
constitutional amendment 
granting women voting rights, 

1274
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:06,200
the Senate initially rejected it
but pressure bills after the war

1275
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:09,900
ends, President Wilson changes 
his position and endorses 

1276
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:12,400
suffrage. 
His support proves crucial in 

1277
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:16,600
convincing reluctant senators, 
in June 1919 Congress finally. 

1278
01:04:16,600 --> 01:04:20,200
Approves the 19th Amendment, it 
goes to state legislatures for 

1279
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:23,000
ratification. 
The ratification process takes 

1280
01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:26,200
another year each state 
Legislature must vote separately

1281
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:29,000
suffrage. 
Organizations Mount intensive 

1282
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:32,200
lobbying campaigns in every 
state, they host rallies, right?

1283
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:36,300
Editorials and meet with 
legislators one by one State's 

1284
01:04:36,300 --> 01:04:39,700
ratified the amendment. 
Tennessee becomes the 36th state

1285
01:04:39,700 --> 01:04:43,200
to ratify in August 1920 that 
vote provides the necessary 

1286
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:47,500
three fourths majority The 19th 
Amendment becomes part of the 

1287
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:51,700
Constitution, after more than 70
years of activism American 

1288
01:04:51,700 --> 01:04:53,800
women, finally gain voting 
rights Nationwide. 

1289
01:04:55,100 --> 01:04:58,800
Alice's 35 years old, when the 
amendment passes, she has spent 

1290
01:04:58,800 --> 01:05:01,100
nearly a decade focused entirely
on this goal. 

1291
01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:04,100
The victory feels both 
triumphant and incomplete. 

1292
01:05:05,000 --> 01:05:08,000
Many women still face barriers 
to voting because of race or 

1293
01:05:08,000 --> 01:05:10,800
literacy requirements. 
Native American women in some 

1294
01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:12,800
states cannot vote until the 
1940s. 

1295
01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:16,100
The struggle for True universal 
suffrage will continue for 

1296
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:18,600
decades. 
But the 19th Amendment 

1297
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:23,300
represents enormous progress, 26
million, women gained political 

1298
01:05:23,300 --> 01:05:26,000
rights. 
They lacked before elections 

1299
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:27,400
immediately, begin looking 
different. 

1300
01:05:27,400 --> 01:05:31,200
Candidates must appeal to Women 
Voters, new issues, gain 

1301
01:05:31,200 --> 01:05:33,300
attention. 
The transformation happens 

1302
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:39,000
gradually but unmistakably The 
1913 suffrage procession becomes

1303
01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:42,700
one of the most famous protests 
in American history, photographs

1304
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:45,200
from that day appear in 
textbooks and documentaries. 

1305
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,600
The image of women in white 
dresses facing hostile crowds 

1306
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:50,600
represents the broader struggle 
for equality. 

1307
01:05:51,900 --> 01:05:55,200
Alice Paul's role, as organizer 
establishes her reputation as a 

1308
01:05:55,200 --> 01:05:58,200
brilliant strategist. 
She understood how to use 

1309
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:00,900
spectacle media and 
confrontation to advance 

1310
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:04,000
political goals. 
Her tactics influenced later, 

1311
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:07,200
activists fighting for civil 
rights, labor, rights, and 

1312
01:06:07,200 --> 01:06:09,600
peace. 
The parade also revealed 

1313
01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:11,300
dynamics, that remain relevant 
today. 

1314
01:06:11,300 --> 01:06:14,400
It showed how public space 
becomes contested territory, 

1315
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:17,300
when marginalized groups claim 
it for political purposes? 

1316
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:21,000
It demonstrated that 
respectability politics only go,

1317
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:24,200
so far, the Marchers, dressed 
beautifully and behaved 

1318
01:06:24,200 --> 01:06:26,500
impeccably yet still faced 
violence. 

1319
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:30,500
It proved that documentation 
matters without photographs and 

1320
01:06:30,500 --> 01:06:32,900
Congressional testimony. 
The police failure might have 

1321
01:06:32,900 --> 01:06:36,000
been forgotten or disputed. 
These lessons echo through 

1322
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:38,500
subsequent movements, modern 
Americans. 

1323
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:41,900
Sometimes forget how recently 
women gained voting rights, the 

1324
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:44,000
19th Amendment passed only a 
century ago. 

1325
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:47,300
Many women alive today. 
Had grandmothers, who could not 

1326
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:51,300
vote the brevity of that 
timeline matters, political 

1327
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:53,900
rights, that feel fundamental 
are actually quite new. 

1328
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:58,400
The 1913 parade helps, anchor 
that history, it provides a 

1329
01:06:58,400 --> 01:07:00,700
specific moment. 
When abstract demands became 

1330
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:03,900
visible action, you can still 
walk the parade route today. 

1331
01:07:05,100 --> 01:07:07,600
Pennsylvania Avenue looks 
different now with new buildings

1332
01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:11,200
and change traffic patterns but 
the essential geography Remains 

1333
01:07:11,200 --> 01:07:13,500
the capital. 
At one end the White House at 

1334
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:16,800
the other that symbolic mile and
a half between the legislative 

1335
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:20,700
and executive branches. 
Alice Paul, chose that route 

1336
01:07:20,700 --> 01:07:23,700
deliberately she wanted to March
directly through the center of 

1337
01:07:23,708 --> 01:07:27,100
American power. 
She wanted to force the country 

1338
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:31,400
to watch women claiming 
political equality. on March 

1339
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:36,100
3rd, 1913 she succeeded The 
parade was chaotic and 

1340
01:07:36,100 --> 01:07:38,500
dangerous. 
It was also transformative. 

1341
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:42,700
Those hours of struggle on 
Pennsylvania Avenue changed the 

1342
01:07:42,700 --> 01:07:44,400
trajectory of American 
democracy. 

1343
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:47,100
You lie in bed. 
Now thinking about those women 

1344
01:07:47,100 --> 01:07:52,000
in white dresses, They woke up 
on March 3rd, 1913 nervous, and 

1345
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:54,600
excited. 
They put on their costumes and 

1346
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:57,200
travelled to the capital. 
They had no idea what would 

1347
01:07:57,200 --> 01:07:59,300
happen. 
Some thought the day would be 

1348
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,100
triumphant, others worried about
disruptions. 

1349
01:08:02,100 --> 01:08:04,800
None of them could have 
predicted the exact chaos they 

1350
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:07,700
would face. 
But they marched anyway, that 

1351
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:11,300
courage seems both distant and 
immediate distant because the 

1352
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,000
world of 1913 differs. 
So, completely from today, 

1353
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:17,000
immediate because courage always
feels current. 

1354
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,899
You imagine standing in that 
crowd of Marchers, you feel the 

1355
01:08:20,899 --> 01:08:23,700
cold March, are you hear the 
bands, playing? 

1356
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:27,200
You see, the banners waving 
overhead, then the crowd presses

1357
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:31,700
closer, the insults, start the 
police stand back and watch, you

1358
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:34,399
have to decide whether to keep 
walking every woman in that 

1359
01:08:34,399 --> 01:08:37,200
parade made, that decision 
dozens of times, they chose 

1360
01:08:37,200 --> 01:08:41,100
Forward Motion, despite fear and
discomfort, they're persistent 

1361
01:08:41,100 --> 01:08:43,100
created political change that 
endures. 

1362
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:48,600
American women vote now because 
of March, 3rd 1913 and 1,000 

1363
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:51,700
other days of activism. 
The parade was a single 

1364
01:08:51,700 --> 01:08:55,399
spectacular moment in a much 
longer campaign, but spectacular

1365
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:58,100
moments matter. 
They crystallize meaning, and 

1366
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:02,300
Inspire action, Alice Paul, 
understood this instinctively, 

1367
01:09:02,300 --> 01:09:06,399
she created theater that forced 
attention and revealed truth. 

1368
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:09,800
The hostile crowd thought they 
were defending tradition. 

1369
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:12,300
They were actually exposing in 
Justice. 

1370
01:09:12,300 --> 01:09:15,100
The Marchers thought they were 
demanding voting rights. 

1371
01:09:15,100 --> 01:09:18,200
They were actually demonstrating
courage that would Inspire 

1372
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:21,899
Generations. 
History happens in layers, the 

1373
01:09:21,899 --> 01:09:23,600
surface of events, lead to 
consequences. 

1374
01:09:23,600 --> 01:09:27,200
No one fully predicts. 
You drift towards sleep thinking

1375
01:09:27,200 --> 01:09:31,000
about Pennsylvania Avenue on 
that March after noon, the sun 

1376
01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:34,200
slanting between buildings, the 
banners snapping in the wind, 

1377
01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:37,399
the sound of thousands of 
footsteps on pavement. 

1378
01:09:38,399 --> 01:09:40,899
Somewhere in that crowd. 
Someone just like you kept 

1379
01:09:40,899 --> 01:09:43,899
walking despite everything. 
She reached the treasury 

1380
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:45,700
building, exhausted and 
transformed. 

1381
01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:49,399
The parade changed her as much 
as it changed the country that 

1382
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:52,100
transformation continues 
Rippling forward through time, 

1383
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:55,200
you carry it with you. 
Now, as your breathing slows and

1384
01:09:55,200 --> 01:10:00,800
your thoughts and March 3rd, 
1913 recedes into comfortable 

1385
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:04,400
distance, The date becomes part 
of History, where it belongs, 

1386
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:08,400
but the courage remains always 
present always available when 

1387
01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:11,000
needed always worth remembering,
as you fall asleep. 

1388
01:10:15,500 --> 01:10:18,300
The candlelight flickers across 
Warren pages and a Philadelphia 

1389
01:10:18,308 --> 01:10:21,700
study sometime in the winter of 
1775. 

1390
01:10:22,800 --> 01:10:25,500
You can almost smell the leather
bindings and lamp oil. 

1391
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:29,300
Feel the chill creeping through 
window panes despite the fire 

1392
01:10:29,300 --> 01:10:32,500
crackling in the half. 
In homes like this throughout 

1393
01:10:32,500 --> 01:10:36,700
the colonies educated men, a 
more women than history often 

1394
01:10:36,700 --> 01:10:40,500
credits a reading themselves 
into Revolution and their 

1395
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:42,900
favorite authors have been dead 
for nearly two millennia. 

1396
01:10:44,200 --> 01:10:46,100
You might find this curious at 
first. 

1397
01:10:46,100 --> 01:10:49,100
Here are people planning a 
government for a new world 

1398
01:10:49,100 --> 01:10:52,300
surrounded by Forest their 
European ancestors? 

1399
01:10:52,300 --> 01:10:55,900
Never imagined preparing to 
create something unprecedented 

1400
01:10:55,900 --> 01:11:00,000
in modern history. 
Yet their thumbing through Latin

1401
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:03,200
texts. 
Scribbling marginal notes beside

1402
01:11:03,200 --> 01:11:07,400
passages, about Roman consoles 
and tribunes and memorizing. 

1403
01:11:07,400 --> 01:11:11,600
The speeches Cicero delivered in
a forum that crumbled into ruins

1404
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:16,600
centuries before Columbus, 
sailed Thing is Latin wasn't 

1405
01:11:16,608 --> 01:11:19,100
just some academic exercise for 
these colonists. 

1406
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:21,300
It was their common language of 
learning. 

1407
01:11:22,400 --> 01:11:24,800
Key that unlocked, what they 
considered the greatest 

1408
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:29,600
political wisdom ever recorded. 
Boys in colonial, grammar 

1409
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:32,600
schools conjugated Latin verbs 
before they turn 10. 

1410
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:36,700
By adolescence, they were 
translating Virgil and Libby 

1411
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:40,300
absorbing not just grammar but 
entire world views. 

1412
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:44,700
When John Adams wanted to insult
someone in his diary, he did it 

1413
01:11:44,700 --> 01:11:47,600
in Latin. 
When Thomas Jefferson designed 

1414
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:50,900
Monticello, he sketched Roman 
proportions. 

1415
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:54,000
The ancient world wasn't distant
these people. 

1416
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:56,500
It was practically their second 
home. 

1417
01:11:57,300 --> 01:11:59,600
Consider what their library is 
actually contained. 

1418
01:11:59,600 --> 01:12:03,700
You'd find plutarch's lives 
those parallel biographies. 

1419
01:12:03,700 --> 01:12:07,200
Comparing Greek and Roman Heroes
teaching moral lessons through 

1420
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:10,600
historical example. 
You discover polybius, 

1421
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:14,200
explaining Rome's mixed 
Constitution tacitus warning 

1422
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:18,000
about Imperial corruption and 
sallust describing how luxury 

1423
01:12:18,000 --> 01:12:20,900
destroyed. 
Republican virtue, these weren't

1424
01:12:20,900 --> 01:12:22,500
decorative volumes Gathering 
dust. 

1425
01:12:22,500 --> 01:12:27,300
They were dog-eared, underlined 
quoted in letters and pamphlets 

1426
01:12:27,300 --> 01:12:29,700
and referenced in heaven 
debates. 

1427
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:34,100
The colonists read these works 
with a peculiar intensity. 

1428
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:38,000
Because they recognize something
in Rome's story that resonated 

1429
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:42,400
with their own situation. 
Roman started as a small city 

1430
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:46,100
state. 
Overthrown, a king established a

1431
01:12:46,100 --> 01:12:50,000
republic expanded through a 
combination of military prowess 

1432
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:53,300
and political Innovation, then 
watched it all collapse into 

1433
01:12:53,300 --> 01:12:56,800
dictatorship. 
The parallels to their own world

1434
01:12:56,800 --> 01:13:00,500
weren't subtle. 
Britain was their Rome powerful,

1435
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:03,300
far-reaching and increasingly 
tyrannical. 

1436
01:13:03,300 --> 01:13:06,800
They were trying to decide 
whether to remain province's and

1437
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:10,400
someone else's Empire or Risk 
Everything to become a republic 

1438
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:13,000
of Their Own. 
But here's where it gets 

1439
01:13:13,000 --> 01:13:15,500
interesting. 
Where the real depth of their 

1440
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:19,100
classical education shows 
through, they didn't just cherry

1441
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:23,000
pick the inspiring bits about 
Roman Glory, they started the 

1442
01:13:23,008 --> 01:13:27,600
failures with equal attention 
that even more, they wanted to 

1443
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:31,400
understand exactly how a 
republic dies what signs to 

1444
01:13:31,400 --> 01:13:35,300
watch for and which mistakes, 
prove fatal, It's rather like 

1445
01:13:35,300 --> 01:13:39,300
studying plane crashes to learn 
how to fly safely, morbid, 

1446
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:41,700
perhaps, but tremendously 
practical. 

1447
01:13:43,000 --> 01:13:47,200
Benjamin Franklin, Who Loved a 
good quip almost as much as he 

1448
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:50,700
loved a good experiment. 
Once joked that the classical 

1449
01:13:50,700 --> 01:13:54,600
education, he received was the 
most useless and the most 

1450
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:56,700
valuable thing he'd ever 
acquired. 

1451
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:01,500
Useless for business, certainly,
no Roman ever needed to 

1452
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:05,200
understand electrical current or
printing presses, but valuable 

1453
01:14:05,200 --> 01:14:09,400
for thinking about power, 
Liberty corruption and Human 

1454
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:11,900
Nature. 
Those topics. 

1455
01:14:11,900 --> 01:14:15,500
Frankly noted didn't change much
across the centuries, you can 

1456
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:19,200
pick these Founders in their 
studies candles burning, low 

1457
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:24,600
comparing notes between ancient 
texts and current newspapers, A 

1458
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:27,900
passage from Cato about Land 
Reform, might sit beside a 

1459
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,600
pamphlet about Colonial taxation
Cicero. 

1460
01:14:30,600 --> 01:14:33,500
Warning is about, demagogues 
might be read alongside reports 

1461
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:36,100
of parliament's. 
Latest overreach They were 

1462
01:14:36,100 --> 01:14:39,900
building a mental map, charting 
the Territory between Liberty 

1463
01:14:39,900 --> 01:14:42,700
and tyranny using roam as their 
primary reference point. 

1464
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:46,900
The women of this era deserve 
mention here, even though 

1465
01:14:46,900 --> 01:14:49,300
convention kept most of their 
learning private. 

1466
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:54,000
Abigail Adams, red Virgil in 
Latin discussed Cato with her 

1467
01:14:54,000 --> 01:14:56,600
husband and peppered. 
Her letters with classical 

1468
01:14:56,600 --> 01:15:00,500
references. 
Mercy Otis Warren, wrote Place 

1469
01:15:00,500 --> 01:15:03,000
satirizing. 
British officials using Roman 

1470
01:15:03,000 --> 01:15:07,400
historical parallels. 
These ones anomalies educated 

1471
01:15:07,400 --> 01:15:11,100
Colonial women had access to the
same classical texts as their 

1472
01:15:11,100 --> 01:15:13,700
fathers and brothers and they 
use that knowledge to 

1473
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:15,800
participate in Revolutionary 
debates. 

1474
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:20,400
If often from the margins What 
strikes you reading their 

1475
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:24,100
correspondence is how naturally 
they move between ancient and 

1476
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:25,200
modern. 
Examples. 

1477
01:15:25,200 --> 01:15:28,400
Jefferson might mention Cicero 
and George. 

1478
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:31,700
The third in the same sentence 
as if they were contemporaries 

1479
01:15:31,700 --> 01:15:33,800
atoms. 
Could compare the Massachusetts 

1480
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:36,900
legislature to the Roman senate 
without a hint of irony. 

1481
01:15:37,600 --> 01:15:41,700
The past was not dead to them. 
It was a living resource a guide

1482
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:46,000
book and a warning system. 
This classical Obsession also 

1483
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,400
shaped how they saw themselves 
when they looked in the mirror, 

1484
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:52,700
they didn't see merchants and 
farmers and lawyers playing at 

1485
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:55,800
politics. 
They saw potential since NATO's 

1486
01:15:55,800 --> 01:15:59,000
figures citizens and soldiers 
who might leave their plows to 

1487
01:15:59,000 --> 01:16:02,400
save the Republic then returned 
to private life when Duty was 

1488
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:06,400
done, They saw themselves as 
possible Cato's defending 

1489
01:16:06,400 --> 01:16:09,100
Liberty with Stern virtue. 
They worried. 

1490
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:12,500
They might become Caesars 
seduced by power into tyranny. 

1491
01:16:13,700 --> 01:16:17,700
The classic gave them, not just 
ideas but I identities roles to 

1492
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:19,500
play in the drama. 
They were staging. 

1493
01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:23,400
Unlike any good actors they'd 
studied their parts thoroughly 

1494
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:27,700
memorize their lines and learned
from previous Productions. 

1495
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,800
The difference was that this 
performance would be conducted 

1496
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:35,500
with real muskets and genuine 
Bloodshed with actual Liberty 

1497
01:16:35,500 --> 01:16:39,200
hanging in the balance. 
As you drift deeper into this 

1498
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:42,400
historical moment, imagine the 
weight of that responsibility. 

1499
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,600
These were just scholars 
dabbling in political theory for

1500
01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:48,900
entertainment. 
They were preparing to bet 

1501
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:53,300
everything their lives, their 
fortunes, their sacred honor as 

1502
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,000
they later. 
Write on principles extracted 

1503
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:59,600
from ancient books. 
If they got it wrong, they'd 

1504
01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:03,000
hang us, traitors if they got 
it, right, they might just 

1505
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:05,600
create something worthy of 
comparison to Rome itself. 

1506
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:10,400
The irony wasn't lost on them. 
They were rebelling against a 

1507
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:13,600
king by studying a civilization 
that eventually embraced 

1508
01:17:13,600 --> 01:17:16,200
emperors. 
They were fighting for Liberty 

1509
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:19,300
using examples from a society 
built on slavery. 

1510
01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:23,800
They were praising Roman virtue 
while reading about Roman Vice 

1511
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:27,100
but perhaps that's exactly why 
their classical education 

1512
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:29,800
proved. 
So valuable it taught them to 

1513
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:34,200
think in paradoxes to recognize 
that human society is a complex 

1514
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:38,300
and contradictory and that good 
institutions can produce bad 

1515
01:17:38,300 --> 01:17:42,700
outcomes and vice versa. 
The concept of a republic meant 

1516
01:17:42,700 --> 01:17:46,500
something specific and almost 
sacred to the founders and they 

1517
01:17:46,500 --> 01:17:48,900
learned its definition from 
Rome's example. 

1518
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:54,100
Not a democracy mind you, they 
distrusted pure democracy and 

1519
01:17:54,100 --> 01:17:56,900
considered it mob rule dressed 
in philosophical clothes. 

1520
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:01,400
A republic was different, more 
structured and more carefully 

1521
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:04,600
balanced. 
It was government by law, rather

1522
01:18:04,600 --> 01:18:08,400
than by the whims of Kings or 
crowds and Rome had shown them 

1523
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:10,600
exactly how such a system could 
function. 

1524
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:15,200
Picture the Roman Forum in its 
Glory Days around the second 

1525
01:18:15,200 --> 01:18:19,000
century before Christ. 
You'd see magistrates conducting

1526
01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:22,700
business under open Colonnades 
citizens Gathering to hear 

1527
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:27,000
debates and temples dedicated to
Civic virtues, like Concord and 

1528
01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:29,800
good faith. 
Physical spaces itself was 

1529
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:33,000
designed to remind everyone that
public affairs mattered more 

1530
01:18:33,000 --> 01:18:35,800
than private interests. 
Founders. 

1531
01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:39,700
Loved this idea that 
architecture and urban planning 

1532
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:41,800
could reinforce political 
values. 

1533
01:18:42,900 --> 01:18:45,600
When they imagine their own 
Republic, they saw something 

1534
01:18:45,600 --> 01:18:49,000
similar. 
Public buildings would be grand 

1535
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:53,000
but not Gordy. 
Inspiring civic pride without 

1536
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:57,500
descending into monarchical, 
ostentation The capital would 

1537
01:18:57,500 --> 01:18:59,800
sit on a hill, like, Roman 
temples. 

1538
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:03,900
Government offices would feature
classical columns and Latin 

1539
01:19:03,900 --> 01:19:08,000
inscriptions. even the names of 
new cities would Echo, Rome, 

1540
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:12,800
Syracuse Troy and Rome itself 
scattered across New York State 

1541
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:16,400
and since Cincinnati in Ohio, 
but the substance mattered more 

1542
01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:19,400
than the symbols and hero 
offered them a detailed 

1543
01:19:19,400 --> 01:19:22,600
blueprint. 
The Roman Republic featured 

1544
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:26,300
elected magistrates, serving 
limited terms, a senate, 

1545
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:30,300
providing continuity and wisdom 
assemblies, giving citizens a 

1546
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:33,800
voice and a system of checks and
showing no single personal group

1547
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:36,700
could dominate. 
It wasn't democracy in the Greek

1548
01:19:36,700 --> 01:19:39,800
sense where every citizen voted 
on every issue. 

1549
01:19:39,800 --> 01:19:43,100
It was represented of 
government, where citizens, 

1550
01:19:43,100 --> 01:19:45,800
chose leaders, who then made 
decisions on their behalf. 

1551
01:19:47,000 --> 01:19:49,800
This model appealed to the 
founders, for practical reasons,

1552
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:53,900
they were governing territories 
far larger than any ancient city

1553
01:19:53,900 --> 01:19:56,600
state. 
Direct democracy across such 

1554
01:19:56,600 --> 01:19:59,700
distances was impossible with 
18th century, communication 

1555
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:03,900
technology, But Roman managed to
govern a massive Republic 

1556
01:20:03,900 --> 01:20:06,300
through representatives, and 
they could do the same. 

1557
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:11,300
Citizens would elect congressmen
and Senators who would meet in a

1558
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:15,100
central location to deliberate 
and legislate just as Roman 

1559
01:20:15,100 --> 01:20:17,000
magistrates once gathered in the
Forum. 

1560
01:20:18,100 --> 01:20:20,800
The Roman concept of mixed 
government particularly 

1561
01:20:20,800 --> 01:20:24,500
fascinated them. 
Polybius had described Rome's 

1562
01:20:24,500 --> 01:20:26,700
Constitution. 
As perfectly balanced between 

1563
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:31,000
monarchical elements, the 
consoles, aristocratic elements,

1564
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:33,700
the Senate and Democratic 
elements. 

1565
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:36,500
The assemblies. 
Each checked, the others 

1566
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:38,900
preventing any from becoming 
tyrannical. 

1567
01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:43,600
The founders recognized genius 
in this rangement and tried to 

1568
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:46,500
recreate it. 
The president's he providing 

1569
01:20:46,500 --> 01:20:50,300
energy, and decisive nurse the 
Senate, offering stability and 

1570
01:20:50,300 --> 01:20:54,400
long-term thinking and the House
of Representatives in popular 

1571
01:20:54,400 --> 01:20:57,400
control. 
They also borrowed Rome's, deep 

1572
01:20:57,400 --> 01:21:00,900
suspicion of concentrating power
in one person's hands. 

1573
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:03,900
The Romans elected two consoles,
annually. 

1574
01:21:03,900 --> 01:21:08,000
Each able to veto the other in 
no single leader. 

1575
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:11,600
Could dominate. 
Founders, couldn't quite stomach

1576
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:15,200
to presidents that they 
fragmented executive power in 

1577
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:18,000
other ways. 
Requiring, Senator approval for 

1578
01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:21,600
appointments and treated giving 
Congress control of the purse, 

1579
01:21:21,600 --> 01:21:24,500
strings and establishing an 
independent judiciary. 

1580
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:28,600
Like the Romans, they assumed 
anyone given too much power. 

1581
01:21:28,600 --> 01:21:32,300
Would eventually abuse it? 
This assumption about human 

1582
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:33,900
nature. 
Came straight from Roman 

1583
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:37,800
historians. 
Reading sallust or tacitus you 

1584
01:21:37,800 --> 01:21:40,000
encountered. 
A rather Bleak view of humanity,

1585
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:43,400
people were ambitious greedy and
prone to corruption. 

1586
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:46,800
Give them power without 
constraints and they turn into 

1587
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:50,100
tyrants, give them wealth 
without responsibility and 

1588
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:54,200
they'd grow decadent The only 
solution was institutional 

1589
01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:58,900
checks laws that operated 
independent of virtue and 

1590
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:02,500
systems that assumed the worst 
about human nature and planned 

1591
01:22:02,500 --> 01:22:04,600
accordingly. 
Yet paradoxically. 

1592
01:22:04,600 --> 01:22:08,400
The Romans also believed 
republics required virtue to 

1593
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:11,000
survive. 
Laws alone weren't enough. 

1594
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:15,600
Citizens needed to possess 
certain qualities, Devotion to 

1595
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:17,400
the common. 
Good over private interests, 

1596
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:22,100
willingness to sacrifice for the
Republic Stern self-discipline, 

1597
01:22:22,100 --> 01:22:26,500
and respect for Law and Custom. 
Without these virtues, the best 

1598
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:31,000
constitutional would eventually 
fail with them even in perfect 

1599
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:34,100
systems could endure. 
The founders inherited this 

1600
01:22:34,100 --> 01:22:36,300
tension and never quite 
resolved. 

1601
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:39,800
It They designed a government. 
Assuming people were Scoundrels,

1602
01:22:39,800 --> 01:22:43,200
then worried constantly about 
whether Americans possess 

1603
01:22:43,200 --> 01:22:46,300
sufficient virtue. 
To make it work, they read roman

1604
01:22:46,300 --> 01:22:48,300
moralists. 
Lecturing about the decline of 

1605
01:22:48,300 --> 01:22:51,400
ancient values and they saw 
similar Decay around them 

1606
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:54,400
luxury. 
Imported from Britain, debt 

1607
01:22:54,400 --> 01:22:57,500
faction and the pursuit of 
private wealth over public 

1608
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:00,100
service. 
Would America proved different 

1609
01:23:00,100 --> 01:23:03,700
or were they doomed to repeat 
Rome's trajectory from Republic 

1610
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:06,600
to Empire? 
This question, haunted them, 

1611
01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:10,000
kept them awake at night and 
filled their private letters 

1612
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:13,400
with anxiety. 
But it also drove them to take 

1613
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:17,100
the experiment seriously to 
study Roman precedents with 

1614
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:20,800
obsessive attention to detail. 
they wanted to understand 

1615
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:25,700
exactly what worked and what 
faild, which institutions proved

1616
01:23:25,700 --> 01:23:29,500
resilient and which collapsed 
under pressure Take the Roman 

1617
01:23:29,500 --> 01:23:33,200
senate as an example. 
Founders admired its role as a 

1618
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:36,300
stabilizing force. 
A body of experience men 

1619
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,900
providing continuity across 
Generations, but they also 

1620
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:43,200
recognized its flaws. 
How it became increasingly 

1621
01:23:43,200 --> 01:23:47,300
dominated by wealthy families. 
Howard eventually, lost touch 

1622
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:50,900
with ordinary citizens and how 
it proved unable to prevent 

1623
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:53,100
Civil Wars. 
When ambitious, generals decided

1624
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:57,700
to seize power So, they tried to
design a senate that captured 

1625
01:23:57,700 --> 01:23:59,800
the benefits, while avoiding the
pitfalls. 

1626
01:24:00,500 --> 01:24:05,200
Smaller than roams more directly
connected to States and balanced

1627
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:09,700
against a more democratic house.
The Roman practice of limited 

1628
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:11,800
terms. 
Also impressed them deeply. 

1629
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:15,500
Console served one year, then 
stepped aside. 

1630
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:19,200
Dictators appointed during 
emergencies were supposed to 

1631
01:24:19,200 --> 01:24:21,200
relinquish power within six 
months. 

1632
01:24:22,300 --> 01:24:25,500
This constant circulation of 
leadership, prevented anyone 

1633
01:24:25,500 --> 01:24:28,200
from becoming indispensable and 
reminded officials. 

1634
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:31,800
They were servants rather than 
Masters Washington's decision to

1635
01:24:31,800 --> 01:24:33,900
retire. 
After two terms, consciously 

1636
01:24:33,900 --> 01:24:36,700
echoed this Roman tradition, 
particularly the legend of 

1637
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:41,000
Cincinnati's leaving his plow to
save Rome, then returning to 

1638
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:45,300
farming when the crisis passed. 
Yet they also recognized that 

1639
01:24:45,300 --> 01:24:48,300
Rome's term limits eventually 
fail to prevent tyranny. 

1640
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:53,500
Ambitious men simply accumulated
in formal power military 

1641
01:24:53,500 --> 01:24:57,700
loyalty, popular support wealth,
the trumped formal 

1642
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:01,700
constitutional constraints 
Julius Caesar never needed to 

1643
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:05,100
abolish the console ship. 
He just made it irrelevant by 

1644
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:09,800
commanding legion's personally. 
Loyal to him, The founders tried

1645
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:13,500
to prevent this by fragmenting 
military command making the 

1646
01:25:13,500 --> 01:25:16,900
president Commander in Chief but
requiring Congress to fund and 

1647
01:25:16,900 --> 01:25:20,500
regulate the military, hoping to
avoid the Roman problem of 

1648
01:25:20,500 --> 01:25:23,000
generals becoming more powerful 
than governments. 

1649
01:25:23,900 --> 01:25:27,300
As you can see these borrowings 
and adaptations, you might 

1650
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:30,800
notice a pattern. 
Founders were simultaneously 

1651
01:25:30,800 --> 01:25:33,400
ordered by Rome and terrified of
repeating. 

1652
01:25:33,400 --> 01:25:36,700
Its mistakes every institution, 
they admired came with a 

1653
01:25:36,708 --> 01:25:40,500
cautionary, tale attached, the 
Senate brilliant. 

1654
01:25:40,500 --> 01:25:44,800
But oligarchic the console's 
energetic but potentially 

1655
01:25:44,800 --> 01:25:48,400
tyrannical. 
The assembly is democratic but 

1656
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:52,300
prone to demagoguery. 
Their solution was to take Roman

1657
01:25:52,300 --> 01:25:55,800
ideas and modify them hoping to 
preserve the good while 

1658
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:59,100
preventing the bad. 
This required tremendous 

1659
01:25:59,100 --> 01:26:03,000
confidence and equally 
tremendous humility confidence 

1660
01:26:03,000 --> 01:26:06,400
that they could improve on Rome 
creating a republic that 

1661
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:10,300
wouldn't Decay and collapse 
humility that they needed Rome's

1662
01:26:10,300 --> 01:26:12,900
lessons at all. 
That they couldn't simply invent

1663
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:16,200
good government from scratch. 
Using pure reason the 

1664
01:26:16,200 --> 01:26:19,000
combination produced something 
genuinely new. 

1665
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:23,400
A republic consciously designed 
using historical precedent 

1666
01:26:23,400 --> 01:26:27,200
learning from failure, and 
trying to build institutions 

1667
01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:29,700
that could survive, human 
weakness and ambition. 

1668
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:33,600
The word Senate itself comes 
directly from Latin. 

1669
01:26:34,500 --> 01:26:38,400
Senatus derived from Cenex, 
meaning old man or Elder. 

1670
01:26:39,200 --> 01:26:42,900
The Romans believed wisdom came 
with age and experience, and 

1671
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:46,400
that a body of older established
men could provide judgment and 

1672
01:26:46,400 --> 01:26:50,100
stability that younger more 
passionate assemblies might 

1673
01:26:50,100 --> 01:26:52,700
lack. 
The American Founders generally 

1674
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,200
agreed though. 
They worry about creating an 

1675
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:59,300
aristocracy by accident. 
Walking through their thinking 

1676
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:03,500
about the Senate you encounter, 
fascinating contradictions. 

1677
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:06,100
They wanted it to be 
prestigious, but not 

1678
01:27:06,100 --> 01:27:11,000
aristocratic deliberative but 
not obstructionist stable, but 

1679
01:27:11,000 --> 01:27:15,000
not permanent and why is but not
detached from popular sentiment 

1680
01:27:15,000 --> 01:27:17,400
balancing. 
These tensions, required 

1681
01:27:17,400 --> 01:27:20,000
careful. 
Institutional design and they 

1682
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:24,700
look to roam for guidance on 
what worked and what didn't The 

1683
01:27:24,700 --> 01:27:27,900
Roman senate began as an 
advisory Council to the king's 

1684
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:30,500
supposedly founded by Romulus 
himself. 

1685
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:35,000
After the kings were expelled, 
the Senate became the Republic's

1686
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:38,600
most powerful institution, not 
because it held direct legal 

1687
01:27:38,600 --> 01:27:42,100
authority over legislation which
technically rested with the 

1688
01:27:42,100 --> 01:27:45,800
assemblies, but because it 
commanded such Prestige and 

1689
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,200
respect that its recommendations
carried, the force of law. 

1690
01:27:50,300 --> 01:27:54,200
Senators, served for Life wore. 
Distinctive togas with purple 

1691
01:27:54,200 --> 01:27:58,900
borders and sat in a special 
section at public games. the 

1692
01:27:58,900 --> 01:28:03,200
phrase senator's popularity, 
Romanus, the Senate and people 

1693
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:07,400
of Rome appeared on every 
military standard acknowledging,

1694
01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:11,400
the Senators co-equal with the 
citizenry, this tremendous 

1695
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:14,800
Prestige of the founders, but 
also worried them. 

1696
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:19,200
They just fought a revolution 
against aristocracy creating a 

1697
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,200
legislative body, that resembled
the House of Lords seemed like 

1698
01:28:22,208 --> 01:28:26,700
backsliding toward monarchy. 
They all recognized that purely 

1699
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:30,600
Democratic assemblies could be 
impulsive short-sighted and 

1700
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:34,400
swayed by demagogues, Some 
counterbalancing Force seem 

1701
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:37,800
necessary and the Roman senate 
offered a model for how to 

1702
01:28:37,800 --> 01:28:40,600
provide it without creating a 
formal aristocracy. 

1703
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:44,600
Best solution was typically 
clever, make the Senate 

1704
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:47,700
prestigious through its 
structure and Powers rather than

1705
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:51,500
through hereditary membership. 
Senators would serve longer 

1706
01:28:51,500 --> 01:28:54,500
terms than Representatives 
giving them independence from 

1707
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:58,100
momentary popular passions, 
they'd represent entire States, 

1708
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:01,400
rather than local districts 
encouraging broader 

1709
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:04,700
perspectives, they'd have 
exclusive Powers, over treaties 

1710
01:29:04,700 --> 01:29:07,700
and appointments, requiring 
judgment and discretion. 

1711
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:12,600
But they'd also be elected 
removable and accountable to 

1712
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:16,100
State legislatures, Prestige 
with, without permanents. 

1713
01:29:16,800 --> 01:29:18,900
Dignity without hereditary 
privilege. 

1714
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:23,400
The Roman practice of senatorial
debate, particularly influenced 

1715
01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:27,400
their thinking. 
Roman Senators discussed policy 

1716
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:31,000
in an organized fashion. 
Senior members, speaking first 

1717
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:34,600
Juniors, listening, and 
learning, and everyone expected 

1718
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:37,400
to explain their reasoning in 
details. 

1719
01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:39,900
Weren't held until all who wish 
to speak a done. 

1720
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:44,600
So, The process took time 
prevented rash decisions and 

1721
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:47,900
force Senators to articulate 
principles rather than just 

1722
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:51,100
expressing preferences. 
The founders loved this 

1723
01:29:51,100 --> 01:29:54,900
deliberative quality and tried 
to recreate it through Senate 

1724
01:29:54,900 --> 01:30:00,000
rules, requiring extended 
debate, Of course, Roman senate 

1725
01:30:00,000 --> 01:30:03,200
debates could also be theatrical
performances, Cato. 

1726
01:30:03,200 --> 01:30:06,500
The younger once filibustered by
talking until Nightfall knowing 

1727
01:30:06,500 --> 01:30:08,600
that Senate sessions ended at 
sunset. 

1728
01:30:09,600 --> 01:30:12,500
Cicero's speeches against 
Catalin became legendary 

1729
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:16,500
examples of political oratory. 
The line between deliberation 

1730
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:19,900
and grandstanding was always 
fuzzy as it remains in modern 

1731
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:22,600
senates, but the founders, 
considered even the 

1732
01:30:22,600 --> 01:30:26,100
grandstanding useful better. 
That ambitious, politicians 

1733
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:29,500
compete through eloquence rather
than violence that they seek 

1734
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:31,900
Glory through persuasion rather 
than Force. 

1735
01:30:33,100 --> 01:30:35,900
The Roman Senate's role in 
foreign policy seemed 

1736
01:30:35,900 --> 01:30:40,000
particularly worth copying. 
Rome, Senate, managed diplomacy 

1737
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:44,600
decided, questions of War, and 
Peace and ratified treaties with

1738
01:30:44,600 --> 01:30:48,100
other states. 
Individual magistrate might lead

1739
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:52,000
armies or conduct negotiations 
but the Senate provided 

1740
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:54,500
oversight and approved final 
agreements. 

1741
01:30:55,400 --> 01:30:58,400
This division of labor prevented
any single leader from 

1742
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:01,900
committing Rome to foreign in 
Tangled without broader 

1743
01:31:01,900 --> 01:31:05,100
approval? 
The American Founders tried to 

1744
01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:08,500
recreate this rangement. 
The president would negotiate 

1745
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:12,100
treaties and command military 
forces, but the Senate would 

1746
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:14,500
approve treaties and Congress 
would declare war. 

1747
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:18,700
No single person could drag the 
nation into conflict or 

1748
01:31:18,700 --> 01:31:20,700
commitment without legislative 
agreement. 

1749
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:25,100
It was very Roman. 
Fragmenting power to prevent its

1750
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:28,600
abuse requiring cooperation 
between institutions before 

1751
01:31:28,600 --> 01:31:32,700
major decisions became final. 
They also borrowed the Roman 

1752
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:36,500
concept of senatorial advice and
consent for appointments. 

1753
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:41,200
Roman consoles, nominated 
subordinate magistrates, but the

1754
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:45,000
senate had to prove them. 
This gave the Senate influence 

1755
01:31:45,000 --> 01:31:48,400
over Administration with out 
directly controlling it and 

1756
01:31:48,400 --> 01:31:51,900
allowed them to check executive 
power without paralyzing 

1757
01:31:51,900 --> 01:31:55,600
government. the American Center 
received similar Powers 

1758
01:31:55,600 --> 01:32:00,000
confirming judges, and bassadors
and cabinet members turning 

1759
01:32:00,000 --> 01:32:04,000
appointments into collaborative 
decisions between branches Yet 

1760
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:07,000
they were acutely aware of Roman
senate failures. 

1761
01:32:07,800 --> 01:32:10,800
By the late Republic, Rome 
senate, had become deeply 

1762
01:32:10,800 --> 01:32:14,500
corrupt with seats of 
effectively inherited by a few 

1763
01:32:14,500 --> 01:32:17,800
dozen families who treated 
government as private property. 

1764
01:32:19,000 --> 01:32:20,800
Senators ignored the common 
good. 

1765
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:24,200
Pursuing family, interests and 
personal enrichment. 

1766
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:28,700
In Stead, the Senate's, Prestige
remained but its legitimacy 

1767
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:31,700
eroded setting. 
The stage for strong men who 

1768
01:32:31,700 --> 01:32:34,900
could claim to represent the 
people against a decadent 

1769
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:40,300
aristocracy This possibility, 
terrified, the founders, they'd 

1770
01:32:40,300 --> 01:32:42,800
created a senate to provide 
stability and wisdom. 

1771
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:46,700
What if it became an oligarchy, 
what if wealth and family 

1772
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:48,800
connections mattered, more than 
Merit? 

1773
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:52,200
What if Senators, forgot, they 
were Servants of the public and 

1774
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:54,100
became a self-perpetuating 
elite. 

1775
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:57,600
The Roman example, suggested 
these weren't hypothetical 

1776
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:01,600
concerns but real dangers that 
had destroyed previous Republics

1777
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:04,300
their main Safeguard was 
election. 

1778
01:33:05,100 --> 01:33:07,400
Unlike Roman Senators appointed 
for life. 

1779
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:10,500
American Senators would face 
regular accountability. 

1780
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:14,900
State legislatures could remove 
them ensuring they remained 

1781
01:33:14,900 --> 01:33:17,100
responsive to broader political 
currents. 

1782
01:33:17,100 --> 01:33:20,300
This wouldn't prevent and family
from mattering. 

1783
01:33:20,300 --> 01:33:23,300
The founders were realistic 
about political advantages. 

1784
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:26,700
But it would prevent the Senate 
from becoming completely 

1785
01:33:26,700 --> 01:33:31,100
detached from popular control. 
They also designed the Senate to

1786
01:33:31,100 --> 01:33:34,600
be smaller than roams. 
More manageable and less prone 

1787
01:33:34,600 --> 01:33:38,200
to factional chaos. 
Rome Senate of eventually, 

1788
01:33:38,200 --> 01:33:42,500
swelled to 600 members far too, 
large for genuine deliberation. 

1789
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:46,300
American Senators would number 
only two per state. 

1790
01:33:47,100 --> 01:33:51,200
Creating a body small enough for
real discussion and large enough

1791
01:33:51,200 --> 01:33:55,000
for diverse viewpoints. 
Every Senator would matter and 

1792
01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:58,700
every voice could potentially 
influence outcomes preventing 

1793
01:33:58,700 --> 01:34:02,700
the Domination by Inner circles 
that plagued roams later Senate.

1794
01:34:03,900 --> 01:34:08,600
Physical space of the Senate 
mattered to Roman Senators met 

1795
01:34:08,600 --> 01:34:11,800
in various buildings around the 
Forum, but most famously in The 

1796
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:14,600
Courier. 
A relatively modest structure 

1797
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:16,600
that emphasized equality among 
members. 

1798
01:34:17,500 --> 01:34:19,700
Know Senators at higher than 
another. 

1799
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:22,900
All were arranged in a 
semi-circle facing each other. 

1800
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:25,900
The founders like this, a 
galatian Arrangement and 

1801
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:29,700
rejected more higher Arc called 
designs. the Senate chamber 

1802
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:33,000
would facilitate discussion 
among equals not lectures from 

1803
01:34:33,000 --> 01:34:36,800
superiors to subordinates, As 
you picture, these early 

1804
01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:40,400
Senators gathering in their new 
chamber, imagine them conscious 

1805
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:43,200
of playing roles in a drama that
had unfolded before. 

1806
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:46,500
They dread about famous. 
Roman Senators. 

1807
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:50,700
Cato's Integrity, sis Rose 
eloquence and scipios wisdom, 

1808
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:54,900
They knew how the story of 
eventually ended with the Senate

1809
01:34:54,900 --> 01:34:58,400
becoming irrelevant as Emperors 
accumulated all real power. 

1810
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:03,000
The challenge was to take the 
institutions best features while

1811
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:06,500
avoiding its ultimate failure, 
to create a senate that could 

1812
01:35:06,508 --> 01:35:10,200
remain vital and legitimate for 
centuries rather than decades. 

1813
01:35:11,100 --> 01:35:15,200
The Romans had a term virtues 
that meant far more than our 

1814
01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:18,100
modern word Virtue. 
It encompassed Courage 

1815
01:35:18,100 --> 01:35:22,800
Excellence, manliness in the 
best sense, Devotion to duty. 

1816
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:26,000
And placing the Republic's 
welfare of personal interest 

1817
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:29,900
Roman Heroes were men who 
embodied virtues and Roman 

1818
01:35:29,900 --> 01:35:33,300
history was full of examples 
meant to inspire and instruct 

1819
01:35:33,300 --> 01:35:37,300
future Generations. 
Founders absorb these stories 

1820
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:39,900
like gospel. 
They knew about horatius 

1821
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:42,600
defending the bridge, 
single-handedly against an 

1822
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:46,200
Etruscan Army. 
They'd read house since left his

1823
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:49,800
plow to save Rome, then returned
to farming rather than seizing 

1824
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:52,900
power. 
They memorized Cato, speeches 

1825
01:35:52,900 --> 01:35:56,700
against corruption, skips 
magnanimity toward defeated 

1826
01:35:56,700 --> 01:36:00,300
enemies, and regular keeping his
word, even when it meant certain

1827
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:02,800
death. 
These work just entertaining 

1828
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:05,100
Tales. 
They were blueprints for proper 

1829
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:08,500
behavior examples of what 
citizenship should look like. 

1830
01:36:09,600 --> 01:36:13,100
This emphasis on virtue, created
a fundamental tension in 

1831
01:36:13,100 --> 01:36:16,700
American political thought. 
On one hand, the founders 

1832
01:36:16,700 --> 01:36:19,300
designed a government. 
Assuming people were selfish and

1833
01:36:19,300 --> 01:36:23,000
ambitious, that institutions 
needed to channel, Vice toward 

1834
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:25,100
productive ends through checks 
and balances. 

1835
01:36:25,100 --> 01:36:28,500
On the other hand, they believed
no Republic could survive. 

1836
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:31,800
Without virtuous citizens, that 
laws alone could not sustain 

1837
01:36:31,800 --> 01:36:34,000
free government. 
If people became thoroughly 

1838
01:36:34,000 --> 01:36:37,700
corrupt, The solution they hoped
for was education. 

1839
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:42,600
If you taught citizens about 
Roman examples of virtue, if you

1840
01:36:42,600 --> 01:36:45,900
made them memorize Pluto's 
biographies and Cicero speeches.

1841
01:36:45,900 --> 01:36:49,500
If you surrounded them with 
classical architecture and Latin

1842
01:36:49,500 --> 01:36:52,800
inscription, maybe you could 
cultivate the Civic Spirit 

1843
01:36:52,800 --> 01:36:54,500
necessary for Republican 
government. 

1844
01:36:55,700 --> 01:36:59,100
Virtue might not be natural but 
perhaps it could be learning 

1845
01:36:59,100 --> 01:37:02,000
through the right combination of
example and instruction. 

1846
01:37:03,100 --> 01:37:06,100
The Romans themselves at worried
constantly about declining 

1847
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:10,900
virtue their historians blamed 
every political crisis on moral 

1848
01:37:10,900 --> 01:37:15,100
Decay, contrasting, degenerate 
modern, Romans with virtuous 

1849
01:37:15,100 --> 01:37:20,300
ancestors who supposedly lived 
simply fought bravely and cared 

1850
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:24,400
only for Rome's Glory. 
This Narrative of decline from a

1851
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,000
golden age appears again. 
And again in Roman literature 

1852
01:37:27,000 --> 01:37:30,500
salad, lamenting luxury is 
corrupting influence. 

1853
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:35,100
Juvenile satirizing, decadents 
and Cato, delivering Stern 

1854
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:36,600
lectures about the good old 
days. 

1855
01:37:37,800 --> 01:37:41,100
Modern historians, suspect. 
These Golden Ages were largely 

1856
01:37:41,100 --> 01:37:43,800
mythical. 
That Romans were never quite as 

1857
01:37:43,800 --> 01:37:46,000
virtuous as their descendants 
imagined. 

1858
01:37:46,500 --> 01:37:48,700
But the myth itself mattered 
enormously. 

1859
01:37:49,800 --> 01:37:52,500
It provided a standard against 
which to measure, current 

1860
01:37:52,500 --> 01:37:55,800
behavior, a constant reminder, 
that wealth and power could 

1861
01:37:55,800 --> 01:37:58,900
corrupt, and that citizens 
needed to actively resist, 

1862
01:37:58,900 --> 01:38:03,600
temptation, and maintain 
Republican values. the founders 

1863
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:07,400
inherited this anxiety about 
corruption and made it central 

1864
01:38:07,400 --> 01:38:11,200
to the political thinking They 
worried that Americans were 

1865
01:38:11,200 --> 01:38:15,100
already too commercial too 
focused on private gain, an 

1866
01:38:15,100 --> 01:38:17,000
insufficiently devoted to the 
common. 

1867
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:21,500
Good They fretted about luxury 
goods, imported from Britain 

1868
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:25,400
debt accumulation and the 
pursuit of fashion and Status. 

1869
01:38:25,400 --> 01:38:28,900
These seemed like symptoms of 
the same moral Decay that 

1870
01:38:28,908 --> 01:38:32,500
destroyed, Rome, warning signs 
that needed to be heated before 

1871
01:38:32,500 --> 01:38:36,300
it was too late. 
Benjamin Franklin captured. 

1872
01:38:36,300 --> 01:38:39,100
This concern in his famous. 
Observation that the 

1873
01:38:39,100 --> 01:38:43,200
Constitution created a republic.
If you can keep it, The 

1874
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,500
implication was clear. 
Good institutions, weren't 

1875
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:49,000
enough. 
Sustaining a republic, required 

1876
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:53,200
constant vigilance, active 
virtue and citizens willing to 

1877
01:38:53,208 --> 01:38:56,000
sacrifice personal interest for 
public welfare. 

1878
01:38:56,900 --> 01:38:59,600
Without that Spirit the best 
designed government would 

1879
01:38:59,600 --> 01:39:03,300
eventually fail. 
What did civic virtue actually 

1880
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,700
mean in practice. 
The Romans provided detailed 

1881
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:09,200
examples. 
It meant serving in public 

1882
01:39:09,200 --> 01:39:12,200
office when called, even if 
you'd rather pursue Private 

1883
01:39:12,200 --> 01:39:14,800
Business. 
It meant speaking truth in 

1884
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:17,100
political debates. 
Even when lies might be more 

1885
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:20,600
profitable, it meant accepting 
election losses gracefully 

1886
01:39:20,600 --> 01:39:22,300
rather than tearing down the 
system. 

1887
01:39:22,300 --> 01:39:26,300
It meant paying taxes, honestly 
obeying laws you disagreed with 

1888
01:39:26,300 --> 01:39:30,700
and volunteering for military 
service during emergency above 

1889
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:32,600
all. 
It meant recognizing that you 

1890
01:39:32,600 --> 01:39:36,600
are part of a larger Community 
with claims on your loyalty that

1891
01:39:36,600 --> 01:39:41,500
superseded individual desires. 
This was a demanding standard 

1892
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:44,400
frankly, almost impossible to 
maintain consistently. 

1893
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:48,500
The Romans themselves struggled 
with it, which is partly why 

1894
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:50,500
their history fascinated. 
The founders. 

1895
01:39:51,500 --> 01:39:54,800
Roman literature is full of 
tension between private desire 

1896
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:58,800
and public duty between personal
ambition and Republican 

1897
01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:01,800
obligation. 
Even their greatest heroes had 

1898
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,800
flaws skip. 
Yo, Face corruption charges 

1899
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:09,500
Cicero could be Vain and 
vacillating and Cato's rigidity 

1900
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:14,200
sometimes made problems worse. 
But they tried and they're 

1901
01:40:14,200 --> 01:40:17,100
trying matted. 
The founders particularly 

1902
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:20,600
admired Romans who refused power
when they could have seized it. 

1903
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:24,700
Since the natives became their 
ultimate Model, A man given 

1904
01:40:24,700 --> 01:40:27,900
dictatorial Authority during an 
emergency who used it 

1905
01:40:27,900 --> 01:40:31,000
effectively then voluntarily 
surrendered it and returned to 

1906
01:40:31,000 --> 01:40:34,500
private life. 
Washington consciously modeled 

1907
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:38,300
himself on this example, 
retiring after two terms, when 

1908
01:40:38,300 --> 01:40:40,000
he could easily have served for 
life. 

1909
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:44,200
The message was that truly 
virtuous leaders didn't cling to

1910
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,300
power that Republican 
government, required people 

1911
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:51,700
capable of stepping aside? 
Yet, the founders were all so 

1912
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:55,500
realistic about human nature in 
ways that complicated their 

1913
01:40:55,500 --> 01:40:59,200
virtue rhetoric. 
They knew most people, most of 

1914
01:40:59,200 --> 01:41:01,100
the time would pursue 
self-interest. 

1915
01:41:02,500 --> 01:41:05,000
They designed a government. 
Assuming officials would be 

1916
01:41:05,008 --> 01:41:07,600
ambitious citizens would be 
selfish. 

1917
01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:11,500
And factions would compete for 
Advantage The Constitution's 

1918
01:41:11,500 --> 01:41:15,000
genius Lake partly. 
Enhancing these vices making 

1919
01:41:15,000 --> 01:41:18,700
ambition, check ambition, as 
Madison wrote, forcing 

1920
01:41:18,700 --> 01:41:22,100
self-interested groups, to 
negotiate and compromise rather 

1921
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:26,800
than dominate This created an 
odd system that simultaneously 

1922
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:30,400
assumed the worst about people 
and demanded the best from them.

1923
01:41:31,100 --> 01:41:34,500
The structures assumed Vice but 
the system survival required 

1924
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:37,300
virtue. 
If everyone behaved purely, 

1925
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:40,000
selfishly the Constitutional 
Machinery. 

1926
01:41:40,000 --> 01:41:43,300
Might function mechanically but 
wouldn't sustain, genuine 

1927
01:41:43,300 --> 01:41:46,600
Republican government. 
Some critical mass of citizens 

1928
01:41:46,600 --> 01:41:49,700
needed to care about the common,
good to vote for the nation's 

1929
01:41:49,700 --> 01:41:53,300
welfare rather than just their 
own and to honor laws and Norms.

1930
01:41:53,300 --> 01:41:55,100
Even when breaking them might be
profitable. 

1931
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:58,500
The Romans provided numerous 
warnings about what happened 

1932
01:41:58,500 --> 01:42:02,000
when virtue disappeared entirely
the late Republic, descended 

1933
01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:04,700
into chaos, partly. 
Because ambitious, men stopped 

1934
01:42:04,700 --> 01:42:08,800
respecting constitutional norms.
Started using bribery and 

1935
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:12,300
violence to gain advantage, and 
put personal and factional 

1936
01:42:12,300 --> 01:42:16,900
interests of Rome's welfare. 
Men like Marius and solar broke 

1937
01:42:16,900 --> 01:42:20,800
precedents marched armies on 
Rome and purged opponents. 

1938
01:42:20,800 --> 01:42:24,500
They succeeded because enough 
citizens had stopped caring 

1939
01:42:24,500 --> 01:42:28,600
about the Republic had become 
cynical about politics and were 

1940
01:42:28,600 --> 01:42:30,700
willing to support whoever 
promised them benefits. 

1941
01:42:31,700 --> 01:42:34,400
Cycle terrified. 
The founders because it seemed 

1942
01:42:34,400 --> 01:42:38,600
nearly inevitable. 
Prosperity led to luxury luxury 

1943
01:42:38,600 --> 01:42:42,600
to soft living and Corruption 
corruption to political Decay. 

1944
01:42:42,600 --> 01:42:46,600
Political Decay to Civil War and
eventually tyranny. 

1945
01:42:47,900 --> 01:42:52,000
Rome had followed this path. 
Greece before Rome had traced 

1946
01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:56,500
similar trajectories Was America
doomed to repeat the pattern or 

1947
01:42:56,500 --> 01:43:00,300
could knowledge of History, help
them avoid it. their hopefully, 

1948
01:43:00,300 --> 01:43:03,600
partly in America's 
circumstances, Rome grew Rich 

1949
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:07,700
through Conquest accumulating 
vast, that corrupted citizens 

1950
01:43:07,700 --> 01:43:13,400
and created enormous inequality,
America had land instead enough 

1951
01:43:13,400 --> 01:43:16,800
that most white men could own 
property and Achieve economic 

1952
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:19,600
independence. 
Maybe wide spread property 

1953
01:43:19,600 --> 01:43:23,100
ownership would sustain virtue 
by giving citizens a stake in 

1954
01:43:23,108 --> 01:43:25,700
societies. 
Welfare preventing the 

1955
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:28,000
concentration of wealth at 
destroyed Rome. 

1956
01:43:28,900 --> 01:43:33,100
This Vision was optimistic, 
perhaps two optimistic, and it 

1957
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:36,600
ignored obvious problems. 
What about people, without 

1958
01:43:36,600 --> 01:43:38,400
property? 
What about slaves? 

1959
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:41,600
And what about women? 
But it gave the founders hope 

1960
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:45,700
that America might escape room 
to fate that Republican virtue, 

1961
01:43:45,700 --> 01:43:47,800
might prove sustainable under 
the right conditions. 

1962
01:43:48,900 --> 01:43:51,700
Like clung to this hope while 
simultaneously designing 

1963
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:53,900
institutions, that assumed it 
might fail. 

1964
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:58,900
If the Roman Republic's rise 
inspired, the founders its full 

1965
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:02,300
haunted them, they studied the 
collapse with the intensity of 

1966
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:04,300
detectives examining a crime 
scene. 

1967
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:08,600
Looking for the exact moment, 
things went wrong, the precise 

1968
01:44:08,600 --> 01:44:11,500
mistakes that could have been 
avoided and the warnings. 

1969
01:44:11,500 --> 01:44:13,300
They needed to heed in their 
Republic. 

1970
01:44:14,400 --> 01:44:16,400
The story. 
They constructed went something 

1971
01:44:16,400 --> 01:44:19,800
like this. 
Rome began as a small but 

1972
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:23,800
virtuous city-state. 
Expelled its Kings and 

1973
01:44:23,800 --> 01:44:27,500
established a republic based on 
Law and civic virtue. 

1974
01:44:28,300 --> 01:44:32,700
Through discipline and courage, 
Rome expanded across Italy, then

1975
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,800
the Mediterranean becoming the 
ancient world's dominant power. 

1976
01:44:36,600 --> 01:44:41,000
But success, Fred problems. 
Conquest brought wealth, brought

1977
01:44:41,000 --> 01:44:45,400
luxury corrupted virtue 
corruption, undermined 

1978
01:44:45,400 --> 01:44:48,800
Republican institutions and 
eventually, ambitious, strong 

1979
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:52,500
men, seized power transforming 
the Republic into an Empire. 

1980
01:44:53,700 --> 01:44:56,100
modern historians would 
complicate this narrative 

1981
01:44:56,100 --> 01:45:00,000
considerably pointing out that 
Rome's Republic was never quite 

1982
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:03,800
as virtuous as later Romans 
imagined That the seeds of 

1983
01:45:03,800 --> 01:45:06,000
Imperial power existed from the 
beginning. 

1984
01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:10,400
And that the Republic's collapse
involved, complex, economic and 

1985
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:13,000
social forces, Beyond Simple, 
moral decay. 

1986
01:45:13,600 --> 01:45:19,000
But the founders worked with 
Roman sources salasi Plutarch 

1987
01:45:19,000 --> 01:45:22,600
and tacitus, who told him 
morality tale about virtue lost 

1988
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:26,300
and tyranny gained. 
One lesson they drew was about 

1989
01:45:26,300 --> 01:45:30,600
military power, Rome's armies, 
initially consisted of citizens,

1990
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:34,100
soldiers farmers, who fought for
the Republic during campaigning 

1991
01:45:34,100 --> 01:45:36,400
season then returned to their 
fields. 

1992
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:40,700
These men supposedly had real 
stakes in Rome's welfare fought 

1993
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:44,300
for home and family rather than 
plunder and returned peaceful to

1994
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:48,500
civilian life after Wars ended 
The system worked brilliantly 

1995
01:45:48,500 --> 01:45:51,800
for local, Italian conflicts, 
but proved inadequate for 

1996
01:45:51,800 --> 01:45:55,800
distant conquests requiring 
years, long campaigns the 

1997
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:58,800
solution was professional. 
Armies soldiers, who made 

1998
01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:02,500
military service, their career 
spending years away from Italy 

1999
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:06,500
and places, like Gaul or Syria. 
Becoming more loyal to generals 

2000
01:46:06,500 --> 01:46:08,300
who paid them to the Senate back
in. 

2001
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:11,300
Rome this military 
professionalization of 

2002
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:13,700
eventually destroyed the 
Republic because generals 

2003
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:17,300
commanded personal armies 
capable of marching on Roman 

2004
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:20,300
itself. 
Marius did it solar? 

2005
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:22,400
Did it? 
And eventually Caesar cross the 

2006
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:25,600
Rubicon with his Legions and the
Republic of effectively ended 

2007
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:28,600
The founders tried hard to 
prevent this scenario. 

2008
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:33,100
They distrusted standing armies 
preferring citizen militias 

2009
01:46:33,100 --> 01:46:35,100
serving temporarily during 
emergencies. 

2010
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,000
They made the president 
Commander in Chief to prevent 

2011
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:40,800
generals from Gaining 
independent political power. 

2012
01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:44,600
They required Congress to 
approve military, funding giving

2013
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,600
civilian authorities, control 
over Armed Forces. 

2014
01:46:48,600 --> 01:46:51,600
They tried to recreate Rome's 
early military system while 

2015
01:46:51,600 --> 01:46:55,800
avoiding its later corruption. 
Another warning came from Rome's

2016
01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:59,300
treatment of allies and 
provinces as Rome expanded it. 

2017
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:03,900
Accumulated territories governed
by Pro consults and Promises who

2018
01:47:03,900 --> 01:47:06,400
served far from Rome with 
minimal oversight. 

2019
01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:09,700
These Governors often behave 
like tyrants in their 

2020
01:47:09,700 --> 01:47:12,000
province's. 
Extracting wealth, through 

2021
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:15,400
taxation and Corruption and 
governing through Force rather 

2022
01:47:15,400 --> 01:47:18,700
than consent. 
The province is in Rich Rome but

2023
01:47:18,700 --> 01:47:22,200
also corrupted its Politics as 
wealth, flowed back to fund 

2024
01:47:22,200 --> 01:47:24,400
electoral campaigns and bribe 
voters. 

2025
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:28,300
The founders saw Britain. 
Treating American colonies 

2026
01:47:28,300 --> 01:47:32,000
exactly this way. 
As territories to be exploited 

2027
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:35,300
for the mother countries benefit
governed by officials appointed 

2028
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:37,600
from London and taxed without 
representation. 

2029
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:41,900
They'd experienced provincial 
status and hated it. 

2030
01:47:42,600 --> 01:47:45,300
Which made them suspicious of 
Empire and territorial 

2031
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:49,500
expansion. their Republican 
ideals suggested that free 

2032
01:47:49,500 --> 01:47:52,800
government required relatively 
compact territories, where 

2033
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:56,000
citizens could participate, 
meaningfully in politics, not 

2034
01:47:56,000 --> 01:48:00,600
vast Empires governed from 
distant capitals, Yet they also 

2035
01:48:00,600 --> 01:48:03,500
recognized practical problems 
with this ideal. 

2036
01:48:04,700 --> 01:48:06,800
America was already too large 
for classical. 

2037
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:10,900
Republican models and it would 
only grow larger How could you 

2038
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:14,200
maintain a Republican government
across Continental distance? 

2039
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:17,500
Is the Romans had tried and 
failed. 

2040
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:21,000
There were public worked for a 
city-state, but collapsed under 

2041
01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:24,200
Imperial expansion. 
Could America avoid the same 

2042
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:27,000
fate? 
Or was Geographic size simply 

2043
01:48:27,000 --> 01:48:28,800
incompatible with Republican 
government. 

2044
01:48:30,200 --> 01:48:33,100
The rise of demagogues in late 
Republican, Rome provided 

2045
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:36,800
another cautionary Tale. 
As Rome's political system 

2046
01:48:36,800 --> 01:48:39,700
became more competitive and 
corrupt and ambitious, 

2047
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:41,800
politicians. 
Learned, they could gain power 

2048
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:45,000
by appealing directly to common 
citizens over the heads of the 

2049
01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:46,800
Senate and established 
authorities. 

2050
01:48:48,000 --> 01:48:51,700
The grassy Brothers pioneered, 
this approach proposing Land 

2051
01:48:51,700 --> 01:48:55,200
Reform and grain subsidies that 
made them popular with ordinary 

2052
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:57,100
Romans. 
But threatened, wealthy 

2053
01:48:57,100 --> 01:49:01,100
landowners, Their careers ended 
in violence. 

2054
01:49:01,100 --> 01:49:05,400
Both were killed by political 
opponents but they established a

2055
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:09,800
template for future politicians 
later figures like Claudius and 

2056
01:49:09,800 --> 01:49:14,200
eventually Caesar himself used 
similar tactics positioning 

2057
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,100
themselves as champions of the 
people against a corrupt 

2058
01:49:17,100 --> 01:49:20,000
aristocracy They weren't 
entirely wrong. 

2059
01:49:20,000 --> 01:49:24,700
The senate had become oligarchic
and self-serving, but their 

2060
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:28,600
Solutions led to mob violence 
constitutional breakdown and 

2061
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:32,200
eventually dictatorship. the 
pattern suggested that 

2062
01:49:32,200 --> 01:49:35,000
demagogues thrived when 
political systems became 

2063
01:49:35,000 --> 01:49:38,400
unresponsive to legitimate 
grievances that populism 

2064
01:49:38,400 --> 01:49:42,400
flourished in failed, Republics 
The founders tried to prevent 

2065
01:49:42,400 --> 01:49:44,300
demagoguery through several 
mechanisms. 

2066
01:49:44,300 --> 01:49:46,800
The Electoral College would 
filter. 

2067
01:49:46,800 --> 01:49:49,800
Popular passions through 
educated intermedia areas. 

2068
01:49:50,700 --> 01:49:54,100
Senators, chosen by state 
legislatures, rather than direct

2069
01:49:54,100 --> 01:49:58,000
election would be insulated from
momentary popular pressures. 

2070
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:02,800
Long-terms for presidents and 
Senators would give officials 

2071
01:50:02,800 --> 01:50:05,400
independence from day to day, 
political winds. 

2072
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:10,000
The goal was to create space for
deliberation preventing pure 

2073
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:12,200
democracy from descending into 
mob rule. 

2074
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:16,100
Yeah, they also recognize that 
filtering popular will to 

2075
01:50:16,100 --> 01:50:19,200
effectively could recreate the 
Roman Senate's Detachment from 

2076
01:50:19,200 --> 01:50:22,600
ordinary citizens. 
Potentially generating, the same

2077
01:50:22,600 --> 01:50:25,300
resentment that empowered 
demagogues in the first place. 

2078
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:29,200
The balance was delicate 
responsive enough to prevent 

2079
01:50:29,200 --> 01:50:32,500
alienation filtered enough to 
prevent demagoguery. 

2080
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:34,700
They weren't sure they'd gotten 
it, right? 

2081
01:50:35,600 --> 01:50:39,200
The role of wealth in corrupting
politics particularly worried 

2082
01:50:39,200 --> 01:50:42,100
them late. 
Republican Rome saw enormous 

2083
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:45,000
fortunes accumulated through 
conquest and provincial 

2084
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:48,300
exploitation. 
Wealthy men, like Crassus could 

2085
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:52,200
literally buy elections funding 
candidates, who would serve 

2086
01:50:52,200 --> 01:50:55,100
their interests? 
Cicero's letters reveal. 

2087
01:50:55,100 --> 01:50:59,100
How expensive Roman politics and
become, how much it cost to 

2088
01:50:59,100 --> 01:51:03,800
bribe voters higher gangs to 
intimidate opponents and Stage 

2089
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:08,800
lavish games to win popularity? 
Politics became a Pursuit for 

2090
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:12,300
the very rich, although those 
willing to go deeply into debt. 

2091
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:16,200
This obviously undermined 
Republican ideals. 

2092
01:51:16,200 --> 01:51:20,100
If only the wealthy could 
compete for office if elections 

2093
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:23,800
were essentially auctions rather
than genuine choices, then 

2094
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:25,800
popular sovereignty would become
a fiction. 

2095
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:28,000
The founders try to prevent 
this. 

2096
01:51:28,000 --> 01:51:31,500
Through various means, 
relatively modest salary for 

2097
01:51:31,500 --> 01:51:34,200
office holders. 
Short-terms, limiting the 

2098
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:37,400
benefits of corruption and 
geographic distribution of 

2099
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,400
power, making it harder to buy 
elections everywhere 

2100
01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:44,500
simultaneously. 
But they knew wealth would 

2101
01:51:44,500 --> 01:51:48,600
always influence politics and 
whether their safeguards would 

2102
01:51:48,600 --> 01:51:51,800
prove sufficient. 
The personality cult around 

2103
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:55,800
Julius Caesar provided, perhaps 
the most sobering warning. 

2104
01:51:56,600 --> 01:52:01,100
Caesar was brilliant. 
A Gifted General talented writer

2105
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:05,600
and charismatic politician. 
But he also destroyed the 

2106
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:09,300
Republic by refusing to accept 
constitutional limits on his 

2107
01:52:09,300 --> 01:52:12,400
ambition. 
When the Senate ordered him to 

2108
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:16,700
disband his armies and returned 
to Rome as a private citizen, he

2109
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:20,500
crossed the Rubicon with his 
Legions instead starting a civil

2110
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:23,300
war. 
His justification was that his 

2111
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:26,500
enemies were corrupt and that he
was defending the people against

2112
01:52:26,500 --> 01:52:29,800
aristocratic oppression. 
Maybe he even believed it. 

2113
01:52:30,800 --> 01:52:35,200
But the result was dictatorship.
However, benevolent sees aim to 

2114
01:52:35,208 --> 01:52:39,000
be the Republic of effectively 
died when Caesar's armies 

2115
01:52:39,000 --> 01:52:42,500
entered Rome even though the 
forms of Republican government 

2116
01:52:42,500 --> 01:52:47,000
continued for decades The lesson
was clear, even talented, 

2117
01:52:47,000 --> 01:52:49,600
popular leaders could destroy 
free government if they 

2118
01:52:49,600 --> 01:52:52,700
prioritize personal power over 
constitutional order. 

2119
01:52:53,800 --> 01:52:56,800
No amount of Charisma or claimed
good intentions. 

2120
01:52:56,800 --> 01:53:00,500
Justified breaking the rules. 
Washington understood this 

2121
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:04,100
perfectly, which is why his 
voluntary retirement matters, so

2122
01:53:04,100 --> 01:53:07,600
much He could have become 
America's Caesar staying in 

2123
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:11,300
power until death. 
Instead he consciously chose the

2124
01:53:11,308 --> 01:53:15,100
Cincinnati's model stepping 
aside to prove that Republican 

2125
01:53:15,100 --> 01:53:16,900
government didn't depend on any 
individual. 

2126
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:20,300
That institutions mattered more 
than personalities. 

2127
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:24,200
It was a deliberately anti 
caesarian gesture meant to 

2128
01:53:24,200 --> 01:53:27,100
establish precedent for peaceful
transitions of power. 

2129
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:32,400
The founders also noticed how 
quickly roam transitioned from 

2130
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:35,100
Republic to Empire. 
Once the Press were broken. 

2131
01:53:36,200 --> 01:53:38,700
Season assassination, didn't 
restore the Republic. 

2132
01:53:38,700 --> 01:53:42,900
It led to more Civil Wars. 
Eventually won by his adopted 

2133
01:53:42,900 --> 01:53:46,400
son, Augustus, who established 
himself as Emperor while 

2134
01:53:46,400 --> 01:53:51,400
maintaining Republican forms 
Augustus was careful to preserve

2135
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:54,400
the appearance of Republican 
government claiming to be merely

2136
01:53:54,400 --> 01:53:56,600
the first citizen rather than a 
monarch. 

2137
01:53:57,600 --> 01:54:01,400
But everyone knew the reality 
real power lay with the emperor,

2138
01:54:01,400 --> 01:54:05,500
the Senate became decorative and
elections became meaningless. 

2139
01:54:06,300 --> 01:54:09,600
This suggested to the founders 
that constitutional breakdowns 

2140
01:54:09,600 --> 01:54:13,200
might be irreversible. 
Once Norms were violated 

2141
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:17,300
precedence broken and power sees
through Force rather than law 

2142
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:20,700
restoring genuine Republican 
government might prove 

2143
01:54:20,700 --> 01:54:23,400
impossible. 
The surviving institutions would

2144
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:27,200
be Hollow shells maintained for 
appearance while real Authority.

2145
01:54:27,200 --> 01:54:31,000
Resided elsewhere, It's better 
to prevent the initial breakdown

2146
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:35,000
than try to recover afterward. 
You might think symbols are just

2147
01:54:35,000 --> 01:54:37,500
decoration. 
Pleasant aesthetic choices 

2148
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:41,000
without deeper significance. 
The founders thought otherwise 

2149
01:54:41,000 --> 01:54:44,200
and Rome taught them that visual
language could reinforce 

2150
01:54:44,200 --> 01:54:48,000
political principles and that 
architecture and imagery could 

2151
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:51,100
shape how citizens understood 
their government in themselves. 

2152
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:55,400
Walk through Washington DC and 
you're essentially touring a 

2153
01:54:55,400 --> 01:54:58,700
Roman theme park Capital 
building sits on a hill. 

2154
01:54:58,700 --> 01:55:03,400
Echoing the placement of Roman 
temples on the capitoline its 

2155
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:07,900
Dome recalls, the pantheon 
columns, everywhere Doric Ionic,

2156
01:55:07,900 --> 01:55:10,900
and Corinthian reproduce Roman 
proportions. 

2157
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:13,800
The Supreme Court looks like a 
temple to Justice. 

2158
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:17,100
The Lincoln Memorial positions, 
America's great emancipator. 

2159
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:21,100
As a seated figure resembling 
Jupiter surrounded by the 

2160
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:24,100
language of his speeches carved 
into marble like Roman 

2161
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:28,000
inscription. 
None of this was accidental. 

2162
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:31,500
The founders and their 
successors deliberately chose 

2163
01:55:31,500 --> 01:55:34,100
classical architecture to make 
political statements. 

2164
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:38,100
They wanted buildings that 
conveyed, Republican virtue, 

2165
01:55:38,100 --> 01:55:41,700
Civic dignity and Democratic 
participation in governance. 

2166
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:46,800
Roman architecture seemed 
perfect for this purpose Grand 

2167
01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:49,700
without being monarchical 
impressive, without being 

2168
01:55:49,700 --> 01:55:53,400
oppressive, and suggesting 
permanence and stability without

2169
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:57,200
hereditary privilege. 
Thomas Jefferson LED. 

2170
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:00,800
This architectural Revolution 
designing Monticello and the 

2171
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:03,900
University of Virginia using 
strict classical proportions, 

2172
01:56:03,900 --> 01:56:08,500
promoting Roman Revival style. 
The public building's, an 

2173
01:56:08,500 --> 01:56:11,200
arguing that architecture should
educate citizens about 

2174
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:14,100
Republican values. 
He believed that living and 

2175
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,400
working in classically inspired.
Buildings, would remind 

2176
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:21,600
Americans of their connection to
ancient Republican ideals and 

2177
01:56:21,600 --> 01:56:23,800
that beauty could serve 
political purposes. 

2178
01:56:24,900 --> 01:56:27,900
The Roman practice of putting 
Civic buildings around public 

2179
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:30,700
spaces all so influenced, 
American herb and planning. 

2180
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:34,500
Forum had been Rome's political 
and Commercial heart. 

2181
01:56:35,200 --> 01:56:38,900
A space where citizens gathered 
to conduct business, here 

2182
01:56:38,900 --> 01:56:43,300
speeches witness, trials, and 
participate in public life. 

2183
01:56:44,400 --> 01:56:47,400
Jefferson imagines, similar 
spaces in American cities 

2184
01:56:47,400 --> 01:56:50,600
greens, or squares. 
Surrounded by government 

2185
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:55,000
buildings, markets and churches,
creating architectural 

2186
01:56:55,000 --> 01:56:56,600
encouragement for civic 
engagement. 

2187
01:56:57,700 --> 01:57:00,400
State capitals. 
Copy this model placing 

2188
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:04,200
legislative Chambers executive 
officers and courts around 

2189
01:57:04,200 --> 01:57:08,000
central squares or Lawns making 
government, literally visible 

2190
01:57:08,000 --> 01:57:12,200
and accessible to citizens. the 
symbolism was deliberate 

2191
01:57:12,200 --> 01:57:16,600
government existed, among the 
people not above them, and the 

2192
01:57:16,608 --> 01:57:20,500
architecture should reflect that
principle, even town halls in 

2193
01:57:20,500 --> 01:57:23,400
small communities, often, 
featured columns and classical 

2194
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:26,600
details, connecting, local 
governments, to broader, 

2195
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:30,900
Republican traditions, The 
imagery on American currency and

2196
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:32,600
seals Drew heavily from Roman 
sources. 

2197
01:57:33,500 --> 01:57:37,100
The Great Seal features, an 
eagle Rome, sacred bird 

2198
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,200
clutching arrows and an olive 
branch like Roman military 

2199
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:43,000
standards. 
He Pluribus Unum. 

2200
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:46,300
Out of many one comes from a 
Latin phrase. 

2201
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:49,200
Early coins featured classical 
profiles. 

2202
01:57:49,200 --> 01:57:53,100
And Roman lettering deliberately
evoking ancient precedence for 

2203
01:57:53,100 --> 01:57:57,200
the new Republic's legitimacy. 
This borrowing extended to 

2204
01:57:57,200 --> 01:58:00,300
naming practices the Senate 
obviously. 

2205
01:58:01,000 --> 01:58:04,800
The Capitol building. back that 
government buildings house 

2206
01:58:04,800 --> 01:58:10,900
Chambers where Representatives 
meet all Roman terminology even 

2207
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:15,300
the title president derives from
the Latin Prezi, dare meaning to

2208
01:58:15,300 --> 01:58:19,200
sit before or preside over 
suggesting leadership without 

2209
01:58:19,200 --> 01:58:22,700
monarchical pretension, they 
could have chosen Governor or 

2210
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:26,700
director or invented something 
entirely new but president 

2211
01:58:26,700 --> 01:58:29,000
carried the right classical 
connotations. 

2212
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:33,500
Roman military symbolism 
appeared everywhere, the eagle 

2213
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:36,800
became America's national bird 
just as it had been Rome's. 

2214
01:58:37,700 --> 01:58:41,900
The phrase semper fidelis always
faithful became the Marine Corps

2215
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:45,000
motto directly lifted from Roman
legionary standards. 

2216
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:49,600
Military decorations featured, 
Roman imagery, wreaths, Eagles 

2217
01:58:49,600 --> 01:58:52,900
and classical figures 
representing Victory or Liberty.

2218
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:56,800
The message was that American 
military forces fought for 

2219
01:58:56,800 --> 01:59:00,300
Republican, ideals. 
Not for conquest or imperial 

2220
01:59:00,300 --> 01:59:03,600
expansion? 
But the founders were just 

2221
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:07,800
copying Roman Aesthetics 
mindlessly. they were adapting 

2222
01:59:07,800 --> 01:59:11,300
and modifying taking elements 
that supported Republican values

2223
01:59:11,300 --> 01:59:14,600
while rejecting those that 
suggested Empire or tyranny, 

2224
01:59:15,600 --> 01:59:18,700
They admired Roman temples but 
built churches in Stead 

2225
01:59:18,700 --> 01:59:21,300
separating religious and Civic 
architecture. 

2226
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:25,200
They appreciated Roman triumphal
arches but generally avoided 

2227
01:59:25,200 --> 01:59:28,400
building them not wanting to 
glorify military conquest. 

2228
01:59:28,400 --> 01:59:32,700
They liked Roman portraiture but
rejected the cult of personality

2229
01:59:32,700 --> 01:59:37,100
that developed around emperors. 
the Roman practice of erecting 

2230
01:59:37,100 --> 01:59:40,700
statues of great citizens in 
public spaces, did appeal to 

2231
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:45,100
them though, with modifications,
Rome filled its forums with 

2232
01:59:45,100 --> 01:59:47,900
bronze and marble figures of 
distinguished Senators. 

2233
01:59:47,900 --> 01:59:52,000
Generals and magistrates 
creating a gallery of worthy 

2234
01:59:52,000 --> 01:59:55,200
examples. 
The founders saw educational 

2235
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:58,900
value in this. 
Surrounding citizens with visual

2236
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:03,200
reminders of virtuous Behavior. 
Making Heroes literally prison 

2237
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:06,300
in public space. 
So they started commissioning 

2238
02:00:06,300 --> 02:00:09,600
statues and monuments to 
revolutionary Heroes and early 

2239
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:12,700
presents. 
But they try to avoid the 

2240
02:00:12,700 --> 02:00:15,500
excessive veneration that 
characterized Roman Imperial 

2241
02:00:15,500 --> 02:00:18,500
cults. 
Washington, got his monuments, 

2242
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:21,100
but they emphasized his 
voluntary retirement. 

2243
02:00:21,100 --> 02:00:25,000
Rather than his military 
victories, his Republican virtue

2244
02:00:25,000 --> 02:00:28,300
rather than personal Glory. 
The sculptures presented him as 

2245
02:00:28,300 --> 02:00:32,200
a citizen leader, not a god 
Emperor, interior decoration of 

2246
02:00:32,200 --> 02:00:36,000
government buildings, reinforced
classical themes, murals 

2247
02:00:36,000 --> 02:00:38,700
depicted scenes from Roman 
history, alongside American 

2248
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:42,900
Events drawing explicit, 
parallels cornucopias 

2249
02:00:42,900 --> 02:00:47,200
symbolizing abundance faces 
representing Authority and 

2250
02:00:47,200 --> 02:00:51,100
liberty caps model on those 
given to Freed Roman slaves. 

2251
02:00:51,100 --> 02:00:54,500
All appeared in government, 
buildings decorative schemes, 

2252
02:00:54,500 --> 02:00:58,300
creating visual vocabularies 
connecting American and Roman 

2253
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:02,000
republicanism Even the practice 
of delivering speeches from 

2254
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:06,700
elevated platforms echoed, Roman
oratory Traditions, the Rostrum 

2255
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,700
in the Forum decorated with 
ship's prowls from Naval 

2256
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:13,300
victories gave its name to 
Modern roster's and podiums 

2257
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,900
speakers addressing Congress or 
state legislatures stood at 

2258
02:01:16,900 --> 02:01:20,400
elevated positions. 
Just as Roman orators once 

2259
02:01:20,400 --> 02:01:25,000
addressed and the fours, rostra 
the arrangement suggesting that 

2260
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:28,800
eloquence and persuasion should 
determine political outcomes 

2261
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:33,200
rather than violence or 
manipulation The founders also 

2262
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:36,600
appreciated Roman attention to 
Civic ritual and ceremony. 

2263
02:01:37,200 --> 02:01:40,600
Rome had elaborate procedures 
for inaugurating magistrates 

2264
02:01:40,600 --> 02:01:44,200
opening, legislative sessions 
and conducting public business. 

2265
02:01:44,200 --> 02:01:48,500
These rituals served practical 
purposes, establishing order 

2266
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:52,600
solemnizing, important occasions
and reminding participants of 

2267
02:01:52,600 --> 02:01:56,300
their responsibilities. the 
American government adopted 

2268
02:01:56,300 --> 02:02:00,600
similar practices, creating an 
inauguration, ceremonies formal 

2269
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:04,500
procedures, for legislative 
sessions and ritualized ways of 

2270
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:07,900
conducting public business, 
these weren't empty. 

2271
02:02:07,900 --> 02:02:11,700
Formalities, they were 
pedagogical tools teaching 

2272
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:14,400
citizens and officials how to 
behave in a republic. 

2273
02:02:14,400 --> 02:02:18,300
What values mattered and what 
traditions deserved respect. 

2274
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:22,200
When a president placed his hand
on a Bible and swore to preserve

2275
02:02:22,200 --> 02:02:25,500
protect and defend the 
Constitution, the ritual 

2276
02:02:25,500 --> 02:02:29,200
connected him to predecessors, 
and successors embedding him in 

2277
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:31,800
an ongoing traditional larger 
than any individual. 

2278
02:02:34,100 --> 02:02:36,800
The language of American 
political discourse borrowed, 

2279
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,100
Roman rhetorical techniques and 
imagery. 

2280
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:42,400
Politicians referenced to 
classical examples. 

2281
02:02:42,400 --> 02:02:46,300
In speeches, assumed audience's 
would understand Illusions to 

2282
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:50,200
Cato or since NATO's and use 
Latin phrases to convey 

2283
02:02:50,200 --> 02:02:53,300
Authority and learning. 
This wasn't just showing off. 

2284
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:56,800
It was creating a common 
cultural vocabulary shared 

2285
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:00,000
reference points that 
facilitated political debate and

2286
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:03,800
gave it intellectual depth. 
You can see this most clearly in

2287
02:03:03,800 --> 02:03:07,400
The Federalist Papers where 
Hamilton Madison and Jay wrote 

2288
02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:11,700
Under the pseudonym pole. 
After one of Rome's founders, 

2289
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:14,900
there are arguments reference 
classical precedence. 

2290
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:18,500
Constantly assuming readers were
familiar with Roman history and 

2291
02:03:18,500 --> 02:03:21,700
political Theory the entire 
project of ratifying, the 

2292
02:03:21,700 --> 02:03:24,700
Constitution was conducted in 
language saturated with 

2293
02:03:24,700 --> 02:03:29,200
classical imagery and examples. 
Roman law represented, one of 

2294
02:03:29,208 --> 02:03:32,300
civilization's great, 
intellectual achievements, a 

2295
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:35,300
systematic written legal code, 
that attempted to govern 

2296
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:38,200
Behavior, through reason, and 
precedent rather than arbitrary 

2297
02:03:38,200 --> 02:03:41,800
power. 
Founders, many of them lawyers 

2298
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:46,200
studied Roman legal principles, 
intensively, and Incorporated 

2299
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:50,500
numerous Concepts in to American
jurisprudence. the Romans 

2300
02:03:50,500 --> 02:03:53,400
distinguish between different 
types of law in ways, that 

2301
02:03:53,400 --> 02:03:57,900
influenced, American legal 
thinking, natural law, principal

2302
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:01,800
supposedly Universal and eternal
discoverable through reason. 

2303
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:05,900
Civil law. 
Rules specific to particular 

2304
02:04:05,900 --> 02:04:09,500
societies varying by location 
and culture. 

2305
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:14,100
The law of Nations principles, 
governing interactions between 

2306
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:17,500
different peoples, American 
legal Theory, borrowed this 

2307
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:20,900
framework, particularly the 
notion that Sam writes, existed,

2308
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:22,700
independent of government 
creation. 

2309
02:04:22,700 --> 02:04:26,200
And that natural law, superseded
human legislation. 

2310
02:04:27,200 --> 02:04:30,100
This became crucial for 
revolutionary justification. 

2311
02:04:30,100 --> 02:04:33,400
When the colonists declared 
independence, they needed to 

2312
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:36,000
explain why they could 
legitimately rebel against their

2313
02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:38,800
lawful government. 
The answer came partly from 

2314
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:42,400
natural law, theory, derived 
from Roman sources certain 

2315
02:04:42,400 --> 02:04:46,000
rights were inherent and in 
alienable Governments that 

2316
02:04:46,000 --> 02:04:50,100
violated those rights lost 
legitimacy and citizens 

2317
02:04:50,100 --> 02:04:53,800
possessed the right to alter or 
abolish tyrannical governments. 

2318
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:57,500
Natural law, provided the 
philosophical foundation for 

2319
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:00,700
revolution. 
The Roman concept of written 

2320
02:05:00,700 --> 02:05:04,100
law, particularly appealed to 
the founders before, written 

2321
02:05:04,100 --> 02:05:08,900
codes law had existed as custom 
and tradition known to priests 

2322
02:05:08,900 --> 02:05:11,900
and Aristocrats. 
But often mysterious to ordinary

2323
02:05:11,900 --> 02:05:15,000
citizens. 
The 12 tables posted in the 

2324
02:05:15,008 --> 02:05:19,800
Forum around 450 BC, made Roman 
Law, Public, and accessible, 

2325
02:05:19,800 --> 02:05:24,200
allowing citizens to know what 
rules govern, the This 

2326
02:05:24,200 --> 02:05:26,900
transparency seemed essential 
for Republican government. 

2327
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:31,200
How could citizens obey laws? 
They didn't know or hold 

2328
02:05:31,200 --> 02:05:33,300
officials accountable for 
enforcing laws. 

2329
02:05:33,300 --> 02:05:37,200
They couldn't understand. 
The American Constitution and 

2330
02:05:37,200 --> 02:05:39,000
Bill of Rights, follow this 
principle. 

2331
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:44,200
Written public and accessible to
anyone who could read, these 

2332
02:05:44,200 --> 02:05:47,200
were Roman ideals, applied to 
American circumstances. 

2333
02:05:47,200 --> 02:05:51,100
The Constitution wasn't secret 
knowledge held by a ruling 

2334
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:55,000
class, but a public document 
that any citizen could consult 

2335
02:05:55,000 --> 02:06:00,200
understand and invoke. 
Making law visible made it 

2336
02:06:00,200 --> 02:06:03,500
enforceable by popular opinion. 
Not just official action. 

2337
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:07,900
Roman legal procedures, also 
influenced American practice, 

2338
02:06:07,900 --> 02:06:12,700
the right to face your accuser 
to present, a defense to have 

2339
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:16,700
charges proved rather than 
assumed these came from Roman 

2340
02:06:16,700 --> 02:06:19,200
legal Traditions. 
The Romans developed 

2341
02:06:19,200 --> 02:06:22,900
sophisticated procedures for 
trials, distinguishing between 

2342
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,300
different types of cases, 
establishing Rules of Evidence 

2343
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:31,000
and creating appeals processes. 
Their legal system wasn't 

2344
02:06:31,000 --> 02:06:33,300
perfect. 
It discriminated between 

2345
02:06:33,300 --> 02:06:37,400
citizens and non-citizens, free,
and enslaved, and male and 

2346
02:06:37,400 --> 02:06:40,500
female. 
But it represented a serious 

2347
02:06:40,500 --> 02:06:42,800
attempt to govern through law, 
rather than whim. 

2348
02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:46,900
The Roman distinction between 
public and private law helped 

2349
02:06:46,900 --> 02:06:50,900
shape American legal categories.
Public Law, governed relations 

2350
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:55,600
between citizens and the state 
criminal law, constitutional law

2351
02:06:55,600 --> 02:07:00,200
and administrative regulations. 
private law, governed relations 

2352
02:07:00,200 --> 02:07:05,100
between citizens, contracts 
property inheritance and taught 

2353
02:07:06,200 --> 02:07:09,400
Roman jurisprudence had 
developed sophisticated theories

2354
02:07:09,400 --> 02:07:12,300
about both domains. 
Which influenced how American 

2355
02:07:12,300 --> 02:07:14,500
lawyers and judges thought about
legal problems. 

2356
02:07:14,500 --> 02:07:19,100
The concept of legal precedent 
or so, had Roman roots, Roman 

2357
02:07:19,100 --> 02:07:21,700
jurist, Prudence believed that 
previous decision should guide 

2358
02:07:21,700 --> 02:07:25,800
current ones that consistency, 
matted in legal interpretation 

2359
02:07:25,800 --> 02:07:30,400
and that the law should develop 
or accumulated wisdom, rather 

2360
02:07:30,400 --> 02:07:35,000
than constant Revolution. 
The common law tradition, which 

2361
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:37,900
Americans inherited from 
Britain, but which itself Drew 

2362
02:07:37,900 --> 02:07:41,700
on Romans sauces, made precedent
Central to Legal reasoning. 

2363
02:07:42,600 --> 02:07:44,200
Court should decide similar 
cases. 

2364
02:07:44,200 --> 02:07:48,600
Similarly, building a coherent 
body of Laura over time This 

2365
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:52,400
created tension with another 
Roman principle that laws should

2366
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:57,000
adapt to changing circumstances.
The Romans developed flexible 

2367
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,600
interpretation techniques. 
Allowing ancient laws to remain 

2368
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:04,600
relevant in new situations. 
They distinguished between the 

2369
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:08,800
letter and spirit of law between
strict construction and 

2370
02:08:08,800 --> 02:08:11,700
Equitable. 
Interpretation American legal 

2371
02:08:11,700 --> 02:08:14,200
thought, inherited this tension 
between stability and 

2372
02:08:14,200 --> 02:08:18,000
flexibility between following 
precedent and adapting to 

2373
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:21,000
change. 
Founders were particularly 

2374
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:24,100
impressed by Roman attention to 
limiting government, power 

2375
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:27,300
through law. 
Roman magistrates possessed 

2376
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:31,000
considerable Authority, but they
exercised it under legal 

2377
02:08:31,000 --> 02:08:33,200
constraints. 
Consoles. 

2378
02:08:33,200 --> 02:08:35,600
Couldn't execute citizens 
without trial. 

2379
02:08:36,300 --> 02:08:40,000
Tribunes could veto legislation 
but only through established 

2380
02:08:40,000 --> 02:08:43,200
procedures. 
Even dictators appointed during 

2381
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:47,600
emergencies operated under legal
limitations, six months, terms 

2382
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:51,100
specific, mandates and 
accountability after their terms

2383
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,000
ended. 
The principal was that law 

2384
02:08:54,000 --> 02:08:56,600
governed. 
Everyone, including those who 

2385
02:08:56,600 --> 02:09:00,500
made an enforced, it, no one 
stood Above the Law, not 

2386
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:02,900
magistrates, not generals, not 
even the Senate. 

2387
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:07,300
This idea often failed in 
practice, especially during the 

2388
02:09:07,308 --> 02:09:10,400
late Republic, when powerful 
individuals increasingly ignored

2389
02:09:10,400 --> 02:09:13,800
legal constraints, but the 
principal remained important, 

2390
02:09:13,800 --> 02:09:16,700
and the founders tried to embody
it in American 

2391
02:09:16,700 --> 02:09:21,100
constitutionalism. they created 
numerous mechanisms to ensure 

2392
02:09:21,100 --> 02:09:25,100
law, bounded power, written 
constitutions established 

2393
02:09:25,100 --> 02:09:28,700
fundamental rules that ordinary 
legislation could not override 

2394
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:32,400
separation of powers, prevented 
any single institution from 

2395
02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:36,200
controlling laws creation 
interpretation and enforcement 

2396
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:40,500
Judicial review allowed courts 
to strike down unconstitutional 

2397
02:09:40,500 --> 02:09:43,900
actions. 
Regular elections, gave citizens

2398
02:09:43,900 --> 02:09:47,100
the power to remove officials 
who violated legal Norms, 

2399
02:09:47,100 --> 02:09:51,000
impeachment provided a mechanism
for removing officials who 

2400
02:09:51,000 --> 02:09:53,000
committed serious legal 
violations. 

2401
02:09:54,000 --> 02:09:57,300
All of these Drew inspiration 
from Roman examples and Roman 

2402
02:09:57,300 --> 02:10:00,300
failures. 
The Romans had tried to limit 

2403
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:03,200
power through law, but 
ultimately failed to prevent 

2404
02:10:03,200 --> 02:10:06,400
ambitious individuals from 
seizing, dictatorial, Authority,

2405
02:10:06,400 --> 02:10:09,800
the founders studied those 
failures and tried to design 

2406
02:10:09,800 --> 02:10:12,900
systems that would prove more 
resilient that wouldn't depend 

2407
02:10:12,900 --> 02:10:16,400
entirely on virtuous Behavior. 
But would create structures 

2408
02:10:16,400 --> 02:10:20,500
making tyranny difficult to 
achieve and maintain. the Roman 

2409
02:10:20,500 --> 02:10:23,900
practice of codifying laws also 
influenced, American legal 

2410
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:27,100
development, The Romans of 
eventually compiled their 

2411
02:10:27,100 --> 02:10:30,900
accumulated legal wisdom in to 
comprehensive codes, most 

2412
02:10:30,900 --> 02:10:34,800
famously, the Corpus Juris, 
civilis compiled under Justinian

2413
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:39,100
in the 6th Century ad long after
the republics Falls. 

2414
02:10:39,900 --> 02:10:41,700
While too late to directly 
influence. 

2415
02:10:41,700 --> 02:10:45,000
Republican Rome, these 
compilations preserved, Roman 

2416
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:48,800
legal principles for later, 
civilizations and demonstrated 

2417
02:10:48,800 --> 02:10:51,200
the value of systemic legal 
organization. 

2418
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:55,200
American states began codifying,
their laws following similar 

2419
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:59,100
principles Gathering scattered 
legislation into organized 

2420
02:10:59,100 --> 02:11:02,800
codes, making legal, research, 
easier, and ensuring 

2421
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:06,400
consistency, and Clarity the 
process, reflected, Roman 

2422
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:10,400
influenced, both in the goal of 
systematization and in specific 

2423
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:14,600
legal Concepts, borrowed from 
Roman sources, The Romans 

2424
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:16,900
created. 
A sophisticated concept of 

2425
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:19,500
citizenship that profoundly 
influenced. 

2426
02:11:19,500 --> 02:11:21,900
How the founders thought about 
membership in a political 

2427
02:11:21,900 --> 02:11:25,300
community. 
Roman citizenship wasn't simply 

2428
02:11:25,300 --> 02:11:28,600
residents in a territory or 
subjection to a ruler. 

2429
02:11:28,600 --> 02:11:32,000
It was a legal status, caring, 
specific rights and 

2430
02:11:32,000 --> 02:11:34,900
responsibilities. 
Something that could be earned 

2431
02:11:34,900 --> 02:11:39,700
granted or inherited, but always
meaningful and consequential. 

2432
02:11:41,000 --> 02:11:44,700
Citizens in Rome possessed the 
right to vote in assemblies to 

2433
02:11:44,700 --> 02:11:48,700
hold public office to make legal
contracts to marry other 

2434
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:51,500
citizens. 
And to appeal magistrate to 

2435
02:11:51,500 --> 02:11:54,700
decisions. 
They also bore responsibilities 

2436
02:11:54,700 --> 02:11:58,200
military service jury duty 
obeying laws and paying taxes, 

2437
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:01,800
citizenship created, a 
reciprocal relationship between 

2438
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:05,600
individual and Republic. 
A bundle of Privileges and 

2439
02:12:05,600 --> 02:12:08,100
obligations that defined what it
meant to be Roman. 

2440
02:12:08,800 --> 02:12:12,300
This framework appealed to the 
founders because it suggested 

2441
02:12:12,300 --> 02:12:15,800
citizenship could be active and 
participatory rather than 

2442
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:20,100
passive and subject-based. 
British subjects Odell 

2443
02:12:20,100 --> 02:12:23,000
allegiance to the crown 
receiving protection in return, 

2444
02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:26,600
but possessing limited rights to
participate in governance. 

2445
02:12:27,800 --> 02:12:31,100
Romans citizens were active 
members of a political Community

2446
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:35,400
with recognized roles in its 
operational. the difference 

2447
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:39,200
seemed crucial for Republican 
government, the Roman practice 

2448
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:42,900
of extending citizenship to 
Concord people's particularly 

2449
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:47,400
interested the founders Rome's 
expansion, succeeded partly 

2450
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,400
because it offered citizenship 
to allies and former enemies 

2451
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:54,000
incorporating them into the 
Republic rather than simply 

2452
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:57,600
ruling them a subjects. 
This allowed Rome to tap into 

2453
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,000
vast Human Resources while 
creating loyalty among diverse 

2454
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,000
populations. 
By the late Republic citizenship

2455
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:08,200
had spread far beyond the city 
of Rome itself, encompassing 

2456
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:13,000
Italy and eventually territories
throughout the Mediterranean The

2457
02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:16,400
founders face similar questions 
about expansion and inclusion. 

2458
02:13:17,200 --> 02:13:20,600
As America grew, who would count
as American. 

2459
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:23,300
How would new territories be 
incorporated? 

2460
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:27,300
The Roman example, suggested 
that Republican government could

2461
02:13:27,300 --> 02:13:31,600
extend across large territories 
if citizenship expanded along 

2462
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:35,000
with territory, if new 
populations received genuine 

2463
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:38,900
incorporation rather than 
Colonial, subordination this 

2464
02:13:38,900 --> 02:13:42,100
influenced decisions to create 
processes for territories to 

2465
02:13:42,100 --> 02:13:45,600
become States, and for new 
states to enter the Union as 

2466
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:50,300
equals rather than dependencies,
Of course, both Romans and 

2467
02:13:50,300 --> 02:13:53,200
Americans excluded, many people 
from citizenship. 

2468
02:13:54,000 --> 02:13:58,200
Rome denied it to slave to most 
women and to barbarians Beyond 

2469
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:01,100
its borders. 
America restricted citizenship 

2470
02:14:01,100 --> 02:14:04,300
based on race and slaving 
Millions while proclaiming 

2471
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:07,900
Liberty and denying rights to 
women in indigenous peoples and 

2472
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:11,300
very immigrant groups. 
The gap between Republican 

2473
02:14:11,300 --> 02:14:14,900
ideals, and actual practice was 
enormous in both societies. 

2474
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:19,500
But the ideal matted creating 
pressure for expansion of Rights

2475
02:14:19,500 --> 02:14:22,900
over time. 
Roman, citizenship, gradually 

2476
02:14:22,900 --> 02:14:26,500
expanded eventually encompassing
nearly everyone within the 

2477
02:14:26,508 --> 02:14:31,400
Empire by the third Century ad. 
American citizenship, followed a

2478
02:14:31,408 --> 02:14:35,900
similar trajectory initially 
restricted to white men, slowly 

2479
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:40,000
expanding through Constitutional
Amendments and legislation to 

2480
02:14:40,000 --> 02:14:42,100
include previously excluded 
groups. 

2481
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:46,900
The process continues showing 
that Republican ideals contain 

2482
02:14:46,900 --> 02:14:49,800
within themselves, pressure 
toward greater inclusion. 

2483
02:14:50,600 --> 02:14:54,400
The Roman concept of civic duty,
particularly influenced the 

2484
02:14:54,400 --> 02:14:58,500
founders Romans believe citizens
owed active service to The 

2485
02:14:58,500 --> 02:15:02,000
Republic, whether through 
military service holding office,

2486
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:05,600
serving on juries or simply 
participating in public life. 

2487
02:15:05,600 --> 02:15:08,900
Citizenship wasn't just writes 
to be enjoyed, but 

2488
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:10,600
responsibility is to be 
fulfilled. 

2489
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:15,100
A good citizen, didn't just vote
when convenient they stayed 

2490
02:15:15,100 --> 02:15:20,100
informed participated in debates
served when called and 

2491
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:24,300
prioritized the public good. 
This created tension with 

2492
02:15:24,300 --> 02:15:28,100
emerging commercial Society, 
where private Pursuits often 

2493
02:15:28,100 --> 02:15:32,000
conflicted with public service. 
The Romans had faced this 

2494
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:35,200
problem as their society became 
wealthier, and more complex. 

2495
02:15:36,200 --> 02:15:39,400
Early Rome and supposedly 
dropped everything to serve the 

2496
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:43,100
Republic when needed. 
Since an artist leaving his plow

2497
02:15:43,100 --> 02:15:46,700
became the archetype later. 
Romans increasingly hired 

2498
02:15:46,700 --> 02:15:50,600
substitutes for military 
service, avoided jury duty and 

2499
02:15:50,600 --> 02:15:53,800
treated Politics as a spectator 
sport rather than a 

2500
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:57,500
participatory activity. 
The founders worried America 

2501
02:15:57,500 --> 02:16:01,000
would follow this trajectory 
that Prosperity would undermine 

2502
02:16:01,000 --> 02:16:04,700
civic participation and that 
citizens would become passive 

2503
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:08,200
consumers of government rather 
than active participants, they 

2504
02:16:08,200 --> 02:16:10,600
tried to encourage 
participation, through various 

2505
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:16,000
means relatively easy access to 
voting frequent elections, local

2506
02:16:16,000 --> 02:16:19,400
governments, giving citizens, 
regular opportunities, to engage

2507
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:23,800
and civic education, emphasizing
responsibilities alongside 

2508
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:28,700
rights, the Roman practice of 
ostracism exiling citizens 

2509
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:30,300
deemed dangerous to The 
Republic. 

2510
02:16:31,300 --> 02:16:33,000
Sparked debate among the 
founders. 

2511
02:16:34,100 --> 02:16:36,700
Was this a useful tool for 
protecting democracy? 

2512
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:40,400
Allowing citizens to remove 
potential tyrants Before They 

2513
02:16:40,400 --> 02:16:42,200
seized power? 
What was it? 

2514
02:16:42,200 --> 02:16:45,600
Dangerous majoritarianism 
allowing crowds to punish 

2515
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:47,900
unpopular individuals without 
due process. 

2516
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:52,900
Founders generally rejected, 
ostracism American adoption 

2517
02:16:52,900 --> 02:16:56,000
preferring legal mechanisms for 
dealing with dangerous 

2518
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:58,799
officials. 
But the Roman example showed how

2519
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:02,100
seriously ancient Republicans 
took threats to their government

2520
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:05,900
They did embrace the. 
Roman idea that citizenship 

2521
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:09,299
required, education, Romans 
believe, citizens needed 

2522
02:17:09,299 --> 02:17:13,299
training to fulfill Civic roles 
competently, understanding law, 

2523
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:18,100
rhetoric history and philosophy.
Without education citizens, 

2524
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:22,799
couldn't judge political claims,
recognize, demagoguery or making

2525
02:17:22,799 --> 02:17:26,900
informed decisions. 
The founders agreed promoting 

2526
02:17:26,900 --> 02:17:29,700
public education, as essential 
for Republican government. 

2527
02:17:29,700 --> 02:17:33,500
Arguing that ignorant citizens 
could not sustain free 

2528
02:17:33,500 --> 02:17:36,700
institutions. 
This commitment to civic. 

2529
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:39,799
Education explains their 
emphasis on classical learning. 

2530
02:17:40,900 --> 02:17:44,200
studying Roman history taught 
citizenships requirements, 

2531
02:17:44,200 --> 02:17:48,600
provided examples of good and 
bad Civic behavior, and 

2532
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:54,100
Illustrated, how republics 
exceeded and Instruction trained

2533
02:17:54,100 --> 02:17:56,700
Minds in logical thinking and 
precise expression. 

2534
02:17:57,799 --> 02:18:01,100
Reading classical texts exposed 
students to sophisticated 

2535
02:18:01,100 --> 02:18:03,299
political arguments and moral 
reasoning. 

2536
02:18:03,299 --> 02:18:06,700
The whole classical curriculum. 
Served, Republican purposes, 

2537
02:18:06,700 --> 02:18:11,400
creating educated citizens, 
capable of self-governance The 

2538
02:18:11,400 --> 02:18:14,700
Roman practice of public debate 
and oratory also shaped, 

2539
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:18,500
American Civic culture. 
Romans expected, citizens to 

2540
02:18:18,500 --> 02:18:22,200
speak publicly to argue 
political positions and to 

2541
02:18:22,200 --> 02:18:24,000
participate in deliberative 
processes. 

2542
02:18:25,100 --> 02:18:28,200
The Forum wasn't just, where 
magistrate spoke it was where 

2543
02:18:28,200 --> 02:18:32,700
citizens gathered to debate. 
Persuade, and be persuaded. 

2544
02:18:33,799 --> 02:18:37,100
Eloquence mattered. 
Because Republic's operated 

2545
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:39,200
through persuasion rather than 
Force. 

2546
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:43,100
It's changing Minds through 
argument was how free societies 

2547
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:46,299
made decisions. 
American Town, meetings and 

2548
02:18:46,299 --> 02:18:48,900
legislative debates borrowed 
this Roman tradition. 

2549
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:53,900
Citizens were supposed to speak 
up, make their case, listen to a

2550
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:57,200
posing views and reach 
conclusions through discussion 

2551
02:18:57,200 --> 02:19:01,400
rather than dictation this 
required courage, preparation, 

2552
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:03,600
and willingness to engage 
across. 

2553
02:19:03,600 --> 02:19:07,100
Disagreements. 
Exactly the virtues Roman had 

2554
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:10,200
cultivated through rhetorical 
education and public 

2555
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:14,700
participation. 
While the founders Drew heavily 

2556
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:18,400
from Roman examples, they 
weren't mindless copyists. 

2557
02:19:19,100 --> 02:19:22,100
They adapted, Roman ideas to 
American circumstances, 

2558
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:25,299
combining classical, Prestons 
with Enlightenment philosophy, 

2559
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:28,500
British constitutional 
traditions and their own 

2560
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:32,200
political Innovations. 
Understanding how they modified 

2561
02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:35,299
Roman models reveals their 
creativity in Independence. 

2562
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:38,400
The most obvious adaptation was 
federalism. 

2563
02:19:39,500 --> 02:19:42,799
Rome had no equivalent to the 
American system of divided 

2564
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:45,000
sovereignty between National and
state governments. 

2565
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:50,500
The Roman Republic was unitary 
all power, theoretically flowed 

2566
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:54,400
from Rome even as it granted 
considerable autonomy to allies 

2567
02:19:54,400 --> 02:19:57,200
and provinces the founders 
created something different. 

2568
02:19:57,200 --> 02:20:00,800
A government where power was 
genuinely divided between 

2569
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:04,500
levels, where States retained 
sovereignty while seeding 

2570
02:20:04,500 --> 02:20:08,400
specific powers to the national 
government This Innovation 

2571
02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:11,400
addressed a problem. 
The Roman's never sold how to 

2572
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:13,800
govern large territories while 
maintaining Republican 

2573
02:20:13,800 --> 02:20:16,900
government. 
Rome solution was initially 

2574
02:20:16,900 --> 02:20:19,600
informal. 
Alliance's later, provincial 

2575
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:21,400
Administration. 
By appointed governors. 

2576
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:24,900
Neither model preserved, 
Republican principles across 

2577
02:20:24,900 --> 02:20:29,500
expansion, American federalism, 
tried to square this circle by 

2578
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:32,500
creating multiple Republican 
governments at different levels?

2579
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:35,200
Each handling appropriate, scale
of governance. 

2580
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:38,600
The Electoral College 
represented another innovation 

2581
02:20:38,600 --> 02:20:43,200
without direct Roman president. 
The Romans elected magistrates 

2582
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:47,100
through assemblies with various 
systems for organizing votes and

2583
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:49,500
Counting ballots. 
None. 

2584
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:52,900
Resembled the American system of
electors chosen by states to 

2585
02:20:52,908 --> 02:20:56,200
select the president, the 
founders created this mechanism 

2586
02:20:56,200 --> 02:20:59,600
partly from Federalist 
principles States, choosing the 

2587
02:20:59,608 --> 02:21:03,200
president, rather than a 
national popular vote and partly

2588
02:21:03,200 --> 02:21:05,800
from Republican distrust of pure
democracy. 

2589
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:10,000
The explicit separation of 
powers also differed from Roman 

2590
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:13,700
practice. 
Rome separated functions to some

2591
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:17,600
degree. 
Magistrates executed laws, the 

2592
02:21:17,600 --> 02:21:21,000
Senate advised on policy and 
assemblies legislated. 

2593
02:21:22,100 --> 02:21:24,300
But these weren't truly 
independent branches with 

2594
02:21:24,300 --> 02:21:26,500
constitutional authority to 
check each other. 

2595
02:21:27,500 --> 02:21:29,800
Roman officials. 
Derived power from the same 

2596
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:33,600
Source, the Roman people. 
And ultimately the system 

2597
02:21:33,600 --> 02:21:36,900
depended on Norms and Customs 
rather than explicit 

2598
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:41,300
institutional barriers The 
American Constitution created, 

2599
02:21:41,300 --> 02:21:45,100
something more rigid and formal.
Three genuinely independent 

2600
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:48,500
branches, each with 
constitutional authority over 

2601
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:51,000
its domain. 
Each able to check the others 

2602
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:54,700
through specified mechanisms. 
This was montesquieu's influence

2603
02:21:54,700 --> 02:21:57,700
combined with Roman 
inspirational, taking the 

2604
02:21:57,700 --> 02:22:01,500
principle of divided, power and 
systematizing it beyond 

2605
02:22:01,500 --> 02:22:06,000
anything, ROM attempted. 
Judicial review, the power of 

2606
02:22:06,008 --> 02:22:08,600
Courts to strike down 
unconstitutional, legislation 

2607
02:22:08,600 --> 02:22:14,200
had no roman equivalent. 
Roman courts existed but didn't 

2608
02:22:14,200 --> 02:22:16,600
possess the authority to 
invalidate laws. 

2609
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:21,300
The founders created judicial 
review as an additional check on

2610
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:25,200
legislative and executive power 
reasoning, that someone needed 

2611
02:22:25,200 --> 02:22:28,400
to police constitutional 
boundaries, the courts seemed 

2612
02:22:28,400 --> 02:22:32,400
like logical choices independent
trained in legal interpretation 

2613
02:22:32,400 --> 02:22:34,900
and removed from direct 
political pressures. 

2614
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:39,500
This Innovation, proved hugely, 
consequential eventually making 

2615
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:41,900
courts Central to American 
governments in ways. 

2616
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:45,000
The founders might not have 
fully anticipated. but it 

2617
02:22:45,000 --> 02:22:48,500
reflected their willingness to 
go beyond Roman president when 

2618
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:52,800
they saw the need for additional
safeguards against tyranny, The 

2619
02:22:52,808 --> 02:22:56,100
Bill of Rights also represented 
Innovation Beyond Roman prison. 

2620
02:22:56,100 --> 02:23:00,200
In Rome had no equivalent 
document explicitly listing 

2621
02:23:00,200 --> 02:23:03,200
protected rights and 
prohibiting, the government from

2622
02:23:03,200 --> 02:23:06,300
violating them. 
Romans believed in certain 

2623
02:23:06,300 --> 02:23:11,000
Liberties, but these existed as 
customs and precedents rather 

2624
02:23:11,000 --> 02:23:15,200
than written guarantees, the 
American decision to enumerate 

2625
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:17,700
rights and Constitutional 
Amendments reflected in 

2626
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:20,900
lightning influence and distrust
of implicit protections. 

2627
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:25,000
Founders approach to military 
organization combined, Roman 

2628
02:23:25,000 --> 02:23:27,300
ideals with practical 
adaptations. 

2629
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:31,400
They wanted citizen soldiers 
like early Rome but recognize 

2630
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:34,400
that Modern Warfare sometimes 
required professional forces. 

2631
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:38,500
Their solution was a small 
standing army, supplemented by 

2632
02:23:38,500 --> 02:23:42,800
state, militias attempting to 
get Roman benefits of Citizen 

2633
02:23:42,800 --> 02:23:45,800
military service, while 
maintaining capability for 

2634
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:49,300
National Defense. 
This compromised didn't fully 

2635
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:53,400
satisfy anyone but represented a
creative adaptation of classical

2636
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:55,000
principles to Modern 
circumstances. 

2637
02:23:56,600 --> 02:23:59,100
They also modified Roman 
approaches to territorial 

2638
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:01,400
expansion. 
Roman expanded, through 

2639
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:05,200
Conquest, incorporating new 
territories, as provinces with 

2640
02:24:05,200 --> 02:24:09,400
varying degrees of autonomy. 
The founders created a process 

2641
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:11,500
for territories to become equal 
States. 

2642
02:24:11,500 --> 02:24:15,400
Ensuring expansion, wouldn't 
create a two-tier system, of 

2643
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:17,600
course dates and peripheral 
colonies. 

2644
02:24:18,500 --> 02:24:21,400
This preserved Republican 
equality across Geographic 

2645
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:23,300
growth in ways row, never 
managed. 

2646
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:27,000
The American approached to 
slavery reveals both Roman 

2647
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:28,800
influence and significant 
differences. 

2648
02:24:28,800 --> 02:24:34,100
Rome's economy depended heavily 
on slave labor and Roman Lord 

2649
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:36,000
developed sophisticated 
regulations. 

2650
02:24:36,000 --> 02:24:39,400
Governing slavery while never 
seriously questioning the 

2651
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:44,600
institutions legitimacy Founders
inherited similar dependence and

2652
02:24:44,600 --> 02:24:48,500
similar legal Frameworks, yet 
many also felt deep discomfort 

2653
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:51,400
with slavery's contradiction of 
Republican principles. 

2654
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:56,000
The resulting compromises were 
morally indefensible, but 

2655
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,300
reflected genuine tension 
between inherited practices and 

2656
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:02,900
professed ideals. 
The process for amending, the 

2657
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:06,600
Constitution represented, 
another Innovation, the Romans 

2658
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:09,500
modified their constitutional 
order through precedent and 

2659
02:25:09,500 --> 02:25:14,100
practice occasionally through 
explicit legislation that had no

2660
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:16,800
formal amendment process 
allowing systemic, 

2661
02:25:16,800 --> 02:25:20,500
constitutional change while 
maintaining legal continuity. 

2662
02:25:21,800 --> 02:25:25,400
The founders created Article 5S 
Amendment mechanism. 

2663
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:29,100
Precisely to allow peaceful 
constitutional Evolution 

2664
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:32,200
preventing the breakdown. 
That occurred, when Roman 

2665
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:36,200
constitutional order became too 
rigid to adapt peacefully to 

2666
02:25:36,200 --> 02:25:40,800
change circumstances. 
They also formalized much that 

2667
02:25:40,800 --> 02:25:44,600
Romans left informal. 
Roman political practices, often

2668
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:48,200
depended on custom and tradition
what the Romans called Moss 

2669
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:50,200
mayor of the way of the 
ancestors. 

2670
02:25:51,200 --> 02:25:53,900
This worked while people 
respected those Customs but 

2671
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:57,500
provided no defense, when 
ambitious individuals decided to

2672
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:00,300
ignore tradition. 
The founders tried to formalize 

2673
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:03,800
as much as possible in written 
law, reducing dependence on 

2674
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:06,300
informal norms and creating 
enforceable rules. 

2675
02:26:07,300 --> 02:26:10,300
Yet they recognize that written 
law, could not govern everything

2676
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:14,400
that republics would always 
depend partly on Unwritten norms

2677
02:26:14,400 --> 02:26:18,300
and conventions. 
Washington's retirement, set a 

2678
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:21,700
precedent for peaceful power 
transitions even in the absence 

2679
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:24,900
of legal requirements. 
The development of political 

2680
02:26:24,900 --> 02:26:29,100
parties not mentioned in the 
Constitution became Central to 

2681
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:33,100
governance through practice. 
American constitutionalism, 

2682
02:26:33,100 --> 02:26:36,600
combined written law with 
Unwritten convention. 

2683
02:26:36,600 --> 02:26:39,900
Trying to get the benefits of 
both Roman approaches. 

2684
02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:43,200
The founders willingness to 
innovate while drawing from 

2685
02:26:43,200 --> 02:26:47,000
tradition shows, sophisticated 
political thinking they weren't 

2686
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:50,300
antiquarians trying to recreate 
Rome in America, they were 

2687
02:26:50,300 --> 02:26:54,100
Republicans learning from Rome 
successes and failures taking 

2688
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:56,500
useful principles. 
While adapting them to different

2689
02:26:56,500 --> 02:27:00,100
circumstances and combining 
classical wisdom with modern 

2690
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:02,300
Innovation. 
The result was something 

2691
02:27:02,300 --> 02:27:06,600
genuinely new. 
And explicitly designed Republic

2692
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:11,300
learning from history, trying to
avoid historical patterns of 

2693
02:27:11,300 --> 02:27:14,400
Decay while preserving 
time-tested principles. 

2694
02:27:16,300 --> 02:27:18,300
As you begin drifting towards 
sleep. 

2695
02:27:18,300 --> 02:27:20,400
Consider what? 
Endured? 

2696
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:22,100
From this Roman American 
connection. 

2697
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:26,300
Founders, Classical Obsession 
shaped American political 

2698
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:28,500
culture in ways that persists 
centuries later. 

2699
02:27:29,400 --> 02:27:31,500
You can still see it in the 
architecture of government 

2700
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:36,000
buildings here at in political 
rhetoric and find it embedded in

2701
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:38,500
constitutional structures and 
legal principles. 

2702
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:42,500
The idea that citizens should be
educated about history and 

2703
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:44,200
government to participate 
competently. 

2704
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:48,600
That's a Roman inheritance via 
the founders, the belief that 

2705
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:50,900
virtue matters for a Republican 
government. 

2706
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:55,100
That free societies require 
certain character qualities from

2707
02:27:55,100 --> 02:27:59,400
citizens, Roman filtered through
American Experience. 

2708
02:28:00,400 --> 02:28:04,500
Founders, try to embody and 
practice the Roman ideals of no 

2709
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:07,900
one being above the law, and the
need for constitutional limits 

2710
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:11,700
on power. 
Even the anxiety is a Roman 

2711
02:28:11,700 --> 02:28:15,500
worries about corruption to 
decline of Civic, Spirit 

2712
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:20,000
concentration of wealth 
undermining, equality, military,

2713
02:28:20,000 --> 02:28:23,600
power, threatening, civilian 
control, and demagogues 

2714
02:28:23,600 --> 02:28:28,400
manipulating public opinion. 
The founders inherited these 

2715
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,900
concerns from Roman sources and 
pass them down to later. 

2716
02:28:31,900 --> 02:28:36,300
Generation's Americans, still 
debate the same tensions between

2717
02:28:36,300 --> 02:28:39,700
Liberty and Order. 
Between individual rights and 

2718
02:28:39,700 --> 02:28:42,800
common good, and between 
stability and change that 

2719
02:28:42,800 --> 02:28:45,500
preoccupied, both Romans and the
founding generation. 

2720
02:28:46,700 --> 02:28:50,500
The architectural Legacy remains
perhaps the most visible walk 

2721
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:54,300
through any American city and 
you'll encounter Roman Revival 

2722
02:28:54,300 --> 02:28:56,100
buildings. 
Housing, government offices, 

2723
02:28:56,100 --> 02:29:00,400
libraries museums, and Banks. 
The style became America's 

2724
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:02,100
unofficial official 
architecture. 

2725
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:06,100
Expressing Republican 
aspirations in marble and Stone.

2726
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:10,200
It's so ubiquitous that you 
barely notice it, but that 

2727
02:29:10,200 --> 02:29:13,300
pervasive Ness reflects, How 
Deeply Roman Aesthetics 

2728
02:29:13,300 --> 02:29:15,300
penetrated, American political 
culture. 

2729
02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:18,900
The legal Legacy runs deeper 
less visibly. 

2730
02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:23,000
American law, school. 
Students still learn in terms 

2731
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:27,600
habeas, corpus stared azus and a
micas curious. 

2732
02:29:28,600 --> 02:29:31,700
These aren't just decorative 
phrases but Concepts Central to 

2733
02:29:31,700 --> 02:29:36,000
American jurisprudence imported 
from Roman law through centuries

2734
02:29:36,000 --> 02:29:39,600
of European development. the 
entire structure of legal 

2735
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,900
reasoning precedent, appeals 
Rules of Evidence owes debts to 

2736
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:46,700
Roman jurist, Prudence that the 
founders recognized and 

2737
02:29:46,700 --> 02:29:50,700
preserved Political language 
remains saturated with Roman 

2738
02:29:50,700 --> 02:29:53,200
imagery and examples, 
politicians. 

2739
02:29:53,200 --> 02:29:56,900
Still invoke since a natus When 
leaders who voluntarily 

2740
02:29:56,900 --> 02:30:00,700
relinquish power. 
Warnings about caesarism appear 

2741
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:03,200
whenever people worry about 
presidential overreach. 

2742
02:30:04,100 --> 02:30:07,100
The Senate's name alone 
constantly reminds Americans of 

2743
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:09,500
classical connections. 
Even though most Senators 

2744
02:30:09,500 --> 02:30:11,300
probably couldn't quote Cicero 
these days. 

2745
02:30:12,600 --> 02:30:15,800
The founders faith in education,
as a foundation for citizenship 

2746
02:30:15,800 --> 02:30:17,800
persists. 
Even if the classical 

2747
02:30:17,800 --> 02:30:20,400
curriculum, they championed as 
largely disappeared. 

2748
02:30:20,400 --> 02:30:23,900
Few Americans. 
Now read Pluto or study Latin 

2749
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:28,300
but the principle that informed 
citizens are necessary for free 

2750
02:30:28,300 --> 02:30:30,100
government remained. 
Widely accepted. 

2751
02:30:31,200 --> 02:30:35,300
The specific content changed, 
civic's classes, replaced 

2752
02:30:35,300 --> 02:30:38,400
Classical Languages, but the 
underlying commitment to 

2753
02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:41,200
Preparing, citizens for 
self-governance continues. 

2754
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:44,400
The tension between optimism and
anxiety. 

2755
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:47,100
That characterized the founders 
relationship with Roman 

2756
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:49,900
President. 
Also endures Americans remain 

2757
02:30:49,900 --> 02:30:53,300
simultaneously confident in 
their public strength and 

2758
02:30:53,300 --> 02:30:56,300
worried about its fragility. 
Believing in American 

2759
02:30:56,300 --> 02:30:58,900
exceptionalism. 
While fearing American decline. 

2760
02:30:59,700 --> 02:31:03,300
This productive anxiety 
inherited from Roman historical,

2761
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:07,600
consciousness keeps questions of
civic virtue and constitutional 

2762
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:11,100
stability perpetually relevant 
rather than comfortably settled.

2763
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:15,100
Perhaps most significantly, the 
founders established the 

2764
02:31:15,108 --> 02:31:18,300
principle that political system 
should learn from history. 

2765
02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:22,100
And the institutional design 
could incorporate lessons from 

2766
02:31:22,100 --> 02:31:26,900
past failures and successes, 
This sounds obvious but wasn't 

2767
02:31:26,900 --> 02:31:29,900
inevitable. 
They could have believed each 

2768
02:31:29,900 --> 02:31:32,700
Society must discover political 
truths for itself. 

2769
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:35,900
That historical examples were 
irrelevant to Modern 

2770
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:39,600
circumstances in Stead, they 
demonstrated that thoughtful 

2771
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:42,400
engagement with history. 
Could inform political practice 

2772
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:47,200
that studying how previous 
republics succeeded could help 

2773
02:31:47,200 --> 02:31:49,400
new republics avoid similar 
mistakes. 

2774
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:53,200
This historical consciousness 
shaped American political 

2775
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:57,600
development in countless ways. 
When later generations faced 

2776
02:31:57,600 --> 02:32:01,300
constitutional crises, they 
looked to the founders just as 

2777
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:05,300
the founders looked to Rome. 
When arguments arose about 

2778
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:09,100
constitutional interpretation 
both sides claimed to understand

2779
02:32:09,100 --> 02:32:12,800
the founders original intention.
So much as Romans came to 

2780
02:32:12,808 --> 02:32:14,800
understand their ancestors 
customs. 

2781
02:32:15,800 --> 02:32:18,500
The layering of historical 
reference upon reference, 

2782
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:22,500
created a political culture, 
obsessed with precedent and 

2783
02:32:22,500 --> 02:32:26,100
continuity, even while adapting 
to constant change. 

2784
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:29,300
The irony, of course, is the 
Rome's Republic. 

2785
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:32,800
Eventually fails and transformed
into an Empire. 

2786
02:32:34,200 --> 02:32:37,800
Founders knew this. 
Feared it and designed their 

2787
02:32:37,800 --> 02:32:40,600
system to prevent it. 
Yet couldn't eliminate the 

2788
02:32:40,600 --> 02:32:43,100
possibility. 
America's subsequent history 

2789
02:32:43,100 --> 02:32:47,200
included Imperial expansion, 
massive growth, and executive 

2790
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:51,800
power development of a permanent
military establishment and a 

2791
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:55,500
storm as wealth inequality. 
Precisely the developments that 

2792
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:59,900
undermined Rome's Republic. 
Whether these represent American

2793
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:03,200
exceptionalism successfully 
adapting, Republican government 

2794
02:33:03,200 --> 02:33:07,000
to Modern circumstances or 
gradual decline toward Roman 

2795
02:33:07,000 --> 02:33:10,800
patterns remains debated. 
But the fact that Americans 

2796
02:33:10,800 --> 02:33:14,100
still debate, these questions 
still reference Rome and the 

2797
02:33:14,100 --> 02:33:17,000
founders, and still worried 
about virtue and Corruption 

2798
02:33:17,000 --> 02:33:19,300
suggest the intellectual Legacy 
endures. 

2799
02:33:20,500 --> 02:33:24,000
Founders gave American not just 
a constitution, but a way of 

2800
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:26,500
thinking about politics, 
grounded in historical, 

2801
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:28,600
awareness, and Republican 
ideals. 

2802
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:33,400
That inheritance for better and 
worse shapes American, political

2803
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:37,800
culture to this day. 
As your eyes grow heavy, you 

2804
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:40,400
might reflect that this 
conversation between ancient and

2805
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:43,300
modern between Rome and America 
continues. 

2806
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:46,300
Every generation. 
Inherits the founders questions 

2807
02:33:46,300 --> 02:33:47,800
about how to sustain free 
government. 

2808
02:33:47,800 --> 02:33:51,700
Maintain civic, virtue, and 
balanced, Liberty and Order. 

2809
02:33:52,500 --> 02:33:56,900
Every generation must answer a 
new drawing on historical wisdom

2810
02:33:56,900 --> 02:33:59,000
while adapting to contemporary 
circumstances. 

2811
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:02,800
That's the pattern, the founders
established learning from the 

2812
02:34:02,800 --> 02:34:06,400
past while creating something 
new respecting precedent while 

2813
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:09,900
innovating freely. 
The Roman influence on American 

2814
02:34:09,900 --> 02:34:13,300
founding wasn't about slavery, 
imitation, but creative 

2815
02:34:13,300 --> 02:34:17,400
adaptation taking time to tested
principles and modifying them 

2816
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:20,800
for new contexts. 
The founders studied Roman 

2817
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:24,800
intensively, not to recreate it 
but to learn from it to 

2818
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:29,000
understand what worked and what 
fail and to avoid its mistakes 

2819
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:32,300
while preserving its wisdom, 
that balance between learning 

2820
02:34:32,300 --> 02:34:35,000
from history. 
And transcending, it represents 

2821
02:34:35,000 --> 02:34:38,700
their greatest achievement 
creating something genuinely 

2822
02:34:38,700 --> 02:34:42,600
novel while remaining grounded 
in accumulated political wisdom.

2823
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:46,700
So when you see a government 
building with classical columns,

2824
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:50,700
we'll hear about senatorial 
debates or encounter Latin 

2825
02:34:50,700 --> 02:34:54,200
phrases in legal documents. 
Remember your witnessing, the 

2826
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,700
Founders Classical inheritance, 
still shaping American Life. 

2827
02:34:58,900 --> 02:35:03,100
Rome fell 2000 years ago but its
influence on American political 

2828
02:35:03,100 --> 02:35:05,000
culture. 
Persists through the founders 

2829
02:35:05,000 --> 02:35:07,300
deep engagement with classical 
precedent. 

2830
02:35:07,300 --> 02:35:11,200
They built a bridge between 
ancient and modern creating a 

2831
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:13,700
republic that Drew inspiration 
from Rome's Glory, while 

2832
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:16,600
learning from its tragedy and 
that bridge remains standing 

2833
02:35:16,600 --> 02:35:20,600
connecting past and present in 
ongoing political conversation. 

2834
02:35:27,300 --> 02:35:30,600
You're standing on the Mongolian
steppe, and the first thing that

2835
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:34,700
strikes, you isn't the silence, 
it's the wind, it moves across. 

2836
02:35:34,700 --> 02:35:38,900
These grasslands like water over
Stone constant and patient 

2837
02:35:38,900 --> 02:35:42,200
carrying with it. 
The smell of wild thyme and the 

2838
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:45,800
distant promise of rain, the 
grass itself, stretches in every

2839
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:50,300
direction, a sea of green and 
gold that ripples in waves. 

2840
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:53,600
When the wind picks up and you 
realize quickly that this 

2841
02:35:53,600 --> 02:35:58,400
landscape, doesn't just surround
you, it consumes, you makes you 

2842
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:02,700
small and teaches you that 
survival here means reading the 

2843
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:06,800
land, the way others read books.
The sky overhead is impossibly 

2844
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:09,000
blue. 
The kind of blew that makes you 

2845
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:10,500
understand. 
Why these people would later 

2846
02:36:10,500 --> 02:36:15,700
call it the Eternal Blue Sky, 
their primary deity, their 

2847
02:36:15,700 --> 02:36:19,900
witness to every oath and 
promise in summer the sun 

2848
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:22,800
hammers down with an intensity. 
That makes the air Shimmer above

2849
02:36:22,800 --> 02:36:25,900
the distant Hills, turning, 
everything Beyond a certain 

2850
02:36:25,900 --> 02:36:29,700
distance into wavering. 
Mirages in Winter that same Sky,

2851
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:33,200
turns hard and pale and the cold
descends with a cruelty that can

2852
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:35,300
kill a person in hours. 
If they're caught unprepared, 

2853
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:38,800
freezing fingers, and toes, 
before you even realize, you're 

2854
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:42,000
in danger, you notice the herds 
first horses. 

2855
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:45,800
Mostly moving in, a loose groups
across the grassland, their 

2856
02:36:45,800 --> 02:36:48,800
coach Shaggy and thick Built For
This climate extremes. 

2857
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:51,500
These aren't the Sleek refined 
animals. 

2858
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:53,300
You might pick from later, 
centuries. 

2859
02:36:53,300 --> 02:36:57,500
These are sturdy creatures 
Barrel chested and short-legged 

2860
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:00,500
capable of surviving on what 
ever tough grass. 

2861
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:04,300
Pokes through the snow capable 
of traveling 50 miles in a day 

2862
02:37:04,300 --> 02:37:08,000
without complaint near them 
sheep cluster and Tighter 

2863
02:37:08,000 --> 02:37:11,600
groups, their wolf, thick and 
oily, providing protection 

2864
02:37:11,600 --> 02:37:13,700
against whether that would kill 
less a breeds. 

2865
02:37:14,800 --> 02:37:17,900
The occasional camel stands 
apart chewing thoughtfully 

2866
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:21,300
looking vaguely offended by 
everything as camels. 

2867
02:37:21,300 --> 02:37:23,600
Do the camps. 
Themselves are temporary 

2868
02:37:23,600 --> 02:37:26,200
constellation scattered across 
this ocean of grass. 

2869
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:30,400
You approach one now and the 
smell of smoke becomes specific 

2870
02:37:30,400 --> 02:37:34,400
burning. 
Argyle dried dung that serves as

2871
02:37:34,400 --> 02:37:37,500
the primary fuel source out here
where trees are rare luxuries, 

2872
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,800
it's not an unpleasant smell 
earthian. 

2873
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:44,700
Practical mixed with the scent 
of boiling meat and fermented 

2874
02:37:44,700 --> 02:37:48,100
Mare's milk. 
The jeers felt covered lattice 

2875
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:51,300
structures, that others would 
later call Yurts sit in rough 

2876
02:37:51,308 --> 02:37:54,400
circles. 
Their doors, always facing south

2877
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:56,800
to catch the Sun and avoid the 
north wind. 

2878
02:37:56,800 --> 02:38:00,400
That brings the worst weather 
inside a gir, the world 

2879
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:03,500
contracts, to something 
manageable, almost cozy. 

2880
02:38:04,400 --> 02:38:08,700
Felt walls, several layers. 
Thick, Warmth from a central 

2881
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:11,300
half, where a fire burns, low 
and steady. 

2882
02:38:11,300 --> 02:38:15,900
The lattice framework creates a 
satisfying geometric pattern and

2883
02:38:15,900 --> 02:38:18,400
everything has its place 
weapons. 

2884
02:38:18,400 --> 02:38:21,800
And saddles on the western side,
cooking implements near the door

2885
02:38:21,800 --> 02:38:24,900
and the families, treasured 
possessions arranged around the 

2886
02:38:24,908 --> 02:38:28,500
back wall opposite. 
The entrance, the floor is 

2887
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:33,500
covered with felt and Furs and 
the air smells of smoke wool and

2888
02:38:33,500 --> 02:38:36,100
whatever's cooking in the pots, 
suspended over the fire. 

2889
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:40,700
You're learning the rhythm of 
Step life and it's tied entirely

2890
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:44,500
to the animals and the seasons, 
spring means following the herds

2891
02:38:44,500 --> 02:38:47,700
to Fresh grazing, watching for 
the births of new folds, and 

2892
02:38:47,708 --> 02:38:50,200
lambs and moving Camp every few 
weeks. 

2893
02:38:50,200 --> 02:38:53,700
As the animals, exhaust, the 
grass in one area, the work is 

2894
02:38:53,708 --> 02:38:57,600
constant during these months, 
assisting difficult births. 

2895
02:38:57,600 --> 02:39:01,200
Protecting newborns from 
predators and keeping track of 

2896
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,500
which animals belong to which 
families in the communal herding

2897
02:39:04,500 --> 02:39:07,300
Arrangements. 
That characterize steps Society 

2898
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:11,600
a good spring can set a family 
up for Prosperity, a bad one 

2899
02:39:11,600 --> 02:39:14,400
where disease strike the herds 
or whether kills the young can 

2900
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:17,200
mean poverty or Worse. 
Some are brings the easiest 

2901
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:21,200
living abundant grass warm days.
And time for the Great 

2902
02:39:21,200 --> 02:39:24,900
Gatherings were Clans would meet
arranged marriages, settle 

2903
02:39:24,900 --> 02:39:27,800
dispute, race, horses and 
wrestle. 

2904
02:39:27,800 --> 02:39:31,500
You attend one of these summer 
Gatherings, and it's part of 

2905
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:34,700
Festival part, political 
convention, and part Market. 

2906
02:39:35,700 --> 02:39:39,000
Young men compete in archery. 
Contests their arrows. 

2907
02:39:39,000 --> 02:39:41,800
Flying toward distant targets 
with accuracy. 

2908
02:39:41,800 --> 02:39:45,500
That seems impossible wrestlers 
grapple in competitions. 

2909
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:48,900
That draw, huge crowds the 
winners, gaining Prestige, that 

2910
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:52,300
will follow them for years. 
Horse, races cover distances, 

2911
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:55,700
that would exhaust animals bred 
for Speed rather than endurance.

2912
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:58,300
And the Victorious Riders become
local. 

2913
02:39:58,300 --> 02:40:02,300
Celebrities their horses sought 
after for breeding between the 

2914
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:06,300
competitions, serious business 
gets conducted elders meeting 

2915
02:40:06,300 --> 02:40:10,200
Council, discussing grazing 
rights resolving feuds. 

2916
02:40:10,200 --> 02:40:13,300
That have simmered since the 
previous Gathering and arranging

2917
02:40:13,300 --> 02:40:17,200
marriages between families to 
cement alliances, or heal Rifts.

2918
02:40:17,200 --> 02:40:20,400
Young people circling each other
with the careful, choreography 

2919
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:24,100
of potential courtship 
chaperone, but given enough 

2920
02:40:24,100 --> 02:40:27,400
freedom to assess, whether they 
might suit each other, Merchants

2921
02:40:27,400 --> 02:40:30,000
set up temporary stalls, 
offering Goods, that can't be 

2922
02:40:30,000 --> 02:40:34,300
made on the step metal tools, 
Chinese silk grain, and tea, for

2923
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:35,900
those who can afford such 
Luxuries. 

2924
02:40:36,700 --> 02:40:39,800
Autumn means preparing for 
winter and the work becomes 

2925
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:43,200
frantic. 
Meet must be preserved, dried 

2926
02:40:43,200 --> 02:40:46,500
smoke'd or sometimes buried in 
the permafrost, in Northern 

2927
02:40:46,500 --> 02:40:48,500
regions, where the ground stays 
Frozen. 

2928
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:51,800
Even in summer, felt gets made 
from wool the fibers. 

2929
02:40:51,800 --> 02:40:54,900
Pounded and worked, until they 
matched together into material. 

2930
02:40:54,900 --> 02:40:58,100
That will keep wind and cold at 
Bay, every piece of equipment, 

2931
02:40:58,100 --> 02:41:04,000
gets inspected and repairs. 
Saddles bridles tent frames and 

2932
02:41:04,000 --> 02:41:07,400
the 100 small items that might 
seem unimportant until they 

2933
02:41:07,400 --> 02:41:11,200
break in the middle of winter 
and can't be replaced women. 

2934
02:41:11,200 --> 02:41:14,900
Work on clothing, stitching new 
garments and repairing old ones 

2935
02:41:14,900 --> 02:41:17,800
adding layers of insulation. 
That will mean the difference 

2936
02:41:17,800 --> 02:41:21,400
between comfort and Frostbite. 
Winter means hunkering down, in 

2937
02:41:21,400 --> 02:41:24,400
more sheltered, valleys, keeping
the herds alive through the 

2938
02:41:24,400 --> 02:41:28,700
coldest months, and surviving on
preserved foods and the milk 

2939
02:41:28,700 --> 02:41:31,100
from animals. 
Hardy enough to still produce in

2940
02:41:31,100 --> 02:41:34,400
the cold. 
The work doesn't stop Animals. 

2941
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:36,900
Still need to be moved to 
whatever grazing can be found. 

2942
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:40,500
Sometimes require requiring you 
to break through ice on ponds so

2943
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:44,300
they can drink, always watching 
for signs of weakness or disease

2944
02:41:44,300 --> 02:41:48,700
that might signal an animal 
won't survive to spring inside 

2945
02:41:48,700 --> 02:41:51,900
the jurors crafts. 
Get practice making rope from 

2946
02:41:51,900 --> 02:41:55,900
horsehair carving wood working 
leather and teaching children 

2947
02:41:55,900 --> 02:41:57,700
the skills. 
They'll need when they're old 

2948
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:00,100
enough to contribute fully to 
the household survival. 

2949
02:42:00,700 --> 02:42:03,900
The people you meet here, move 
with an economy of motion born 

2950
02:42:03,900 --> 02:42:06,600
from necessity? 
There's no wasted effort when 

2951
02:42:06,600 --> 02:42:08,900
every calorie burned must be 
replaced by food. 

2952
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:10,900
That's never guaranteed 
children. 

2953
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:13,600
As young as three or four 
already sit confidently on 

2954
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:16,600
Horseback learning balance. 
Before they learn to form 

2955
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:20,400
complex sentences by six or 
seven, they're helping herd 

2956
02:42:20,400 --> 02:42:22,300
animals. 
They're small fingers already 

2957
02:42:22,300 --> 02:42:25,200
capable of the intricate work. 
Required to maintain equipment 

2958
02:42:25,200 --> 02:42:29,900
repair Tack and perform the 100 
small tasks that keep a nomadic 

2959
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:33,100
household functioning. 
You notice, the sounds that Mark

2960
02:42:33,100 --> 02:42:36,900
the hours here not bells or 
clocks, but the movement of 

2961
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:41,300
animals, the changing quality of
wind and the calls that pass 

2962
02:42:41,300 --> 02:42:43,200
between herders watching their 
flocks. 

2963
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:47,100
Someone shouts a warning about a
Wandering sheep and the sound 

2964
02:42:47,100 --> 02:42:50,700
carries impossibly far across 
the open Grassland, Chris and 

2965
02:42:50,700 --> 02:42:54,300
clear. 
Somewhere a horse whinnies and 

2966
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:59,600
others answer a conversation in 
a language older than words at 

2967
02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:04,000
night. 
Sounds shift, owls hunting, the 

2968
02:43:04,000 --> 02:43:07,400
occasional distant Wolf, the 
settling noises of animals 

2969
02:43:07,400 --> 02:43:10,600
bedding down and the low 
conversation of adults sitting 

2970
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:13,100
around fires their faces lit 
From Below. 

2971
02:43:13,100 --> 02:43:16,000
Making them look carved from 
copper and Shadow. 

2972
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:19,900
The night sky here is violent 
with stars more than you've ever

2973
02:43:19,900 --> 02:43:24,100
seen more than seems possible. 
The Milky Way isn't a faint 

2974
02:43:24,100 --> 02:43:26,800
smudge, but a River of Light, 
cutting the heavens in half. 

2975
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:29,800
You can see why these people 
develop such sophisticated 

2976
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:33,500
understanding of celestial 
navigation, why they're charms 

2977
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:36,100
could read meaning in the 
patterns overhead and why 

2978
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:38,800
Travelers could Orient 
themselves on moonless nights by

2979
02:43:38,800 --> 02:43:42,200
learning the constellations, as 
intimately, as you know, your 

2980
02:43:42,200 --> 02:43:45,100
own neighborhood. 
Stars wheel overhead in their 

2981
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:48,800
Eternal dance and you begin to 
understand why the Mongols saw 

2982
02:43:48,808 --> 02:43:52,500
the skies a living presence a 
witness to Oaths and Promises 

2983
02:43:52,500 --> 02:43:56,900
something worthy of reverence 
the shamans themselves are 

2984
02:43:56,900 --> 02:44:00,400
fascinating figures operating at
the intersection of medicine, 

2985
02:44:00,400 --> 02:44:04,600
psychology and spirituality. 
You watch one working drumming 

2986
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:07,200
himself into trance States, his 
Consciousness. 

2987
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:10,000
Supposedly traveling to the 
spirit world to negotiate with 

2988
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:14,100
entities who control whether 
health and Fortune whether you 

2989
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:16,000
believe in the spiritual 
mechanics or not. 

2990
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,400
There's no denying the cycle 
impact of the way. 

2991
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:23,000
A good Shaman can calm and 
anxious Community provide 

2992
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,600
explanations for Misfortune that
make it bearable and offer 

2993
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:29,900
rituals that give people a sense
of control over and otherwise 

2994
02:44:29,900 --> 02:44:33,400
unpredictable existence. 
This is the world that shape the

2995
02:44:33,400 --> 02:44:36,900
boy who would become Genghis, 
Khan a world where strength and 

2996
02:44:36,900 --> 02:44:40,700
skilled determined survival 
where Alliance is shifted, like 

2997
02:44:40,700 --> 02:44:43,900
the grass in wind. 
And where a person's Worth was 

2998
02:44:43,908 --> 02:44:48,100
measured in their ability to 
endure to adapt and to master 

2999
02:44:48,100 --> 02:44:51,200
the Arts of riding archery and 
reading the subtle signs that 

3000
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:53,000
meant the difference between 
life and death. 

3001
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:56,200
It's a world that seems harsh 
from the outside, but you're 

3002
02:44:56,200 --> 02:44:59,300
beginning to understand its own 
particular Beauty, the freedom 

3003
02:44:59,300 --> 02:45:02,600
in its vastness and the clarity 
in its demands. 

3004
02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:06,800
There are no abstractions here, 
no philosophical debates, about 

3005
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:10,100
the nature of reality. 
Reality is the grass under your 

3006
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:14,500
feet, the horse between your 
legs, the weather overhead and 

3007
02:45:14,500 --> 02:45:16,800
the animals that mean survival 
or starvation. 

3008
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:21,200
You're watching a boy, perhaps 
nine years old standing beside a

3009
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:22,700
frozen River in the depths of 
winter. 

3010
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:27,400
His name is temujin and he's 
just watched his father die, 

3011
02:45:27,400 --> 02:45:31,200
poisoned by tartars during what 
should have been a simple Feast,

3012
02:45:31,200 --> 02:45:35,200
the death itself was days ago, 
but you're seeing the aftermath.

3013
02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:38,800
Now, the moment when his 
father's followers make a choice

3014
02:45:38,800 --> 02:45:41,700
that will Define the rest of his
life, their leaving. 

3015
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:47,100
The decision makes a certain 
brutal sense 10's father. 

3016
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:51,200
Yes, you gay was a minor 
Chieftain respected but not 

3017
02:45:51,200 --> 02:45:53,100
wealthy. 
And without his leadership, 

3018
02:45:53,100 --> 02:45:55,900
there's no reason for these 
families to stay attached to his

3019
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,500
widow and children. 
Resources on the step of finite 

3020
02:45:59,500 --> 02:46:03,200
and carefully calculated. 
Every mouth to feed is a genuine

3021
02:46:03,200 --> 02:46:06,700
burden and a widow with several 
young children and no powerful 

3022
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:10,400
male protector represents a 
liability that most can't 

3023
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:12,700
afford. 
So, they pack their possessions 

3024
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:15,900
onto their horses and carts and 
they leave and you watch to 

3025
02:46:15,900 --> 02:46:20,100
mujin watching them go. 
His face revealing nothing that 

3026
02:46:20,100 --> 02:46:22,000
we surely calculating. 
What this means. 

3027
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:26,100
What it means is hunger. 
You follow the family through 

3028
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:28,700
that first winter and it's a 
grinding Relentless thing. 

3029
02:46:28,700 --> 02:46:32,000
His mother holen keeps them 
alive. 

3030
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:35,900
Through sheer, determination 
digging for Wild Roots catching 

3031
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:39,000
fish in the summer months 
hunting, small game. 

3032
02:46:39,000 --> 02:46:42,100
And teaching her children, the 
difference between edible and 

3033
02:46:42,100 --> 02:46:45,000
poisonous plants. 
They live in something, barely 

3034
02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:49,100
qualifying as a juror of a lean 
to constructed from what ever 

3035
02:46:49,100 --> 02:46:52,000
materials, they could Salvage. 
And you can see the physical 

3036
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,200
toll on all of them, the way 
their faces grow gaunt. 

3037
02:46:55,200 --> 02:46:58,600
The way their movements become 
careful and economical 

3038
02:46:58,600 --> 02:47:02,500
conserving energy. 
Holland herself is remarkable a 

3039
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:04,500
woman who refuses to break under
circumstances. 

3040
02:47:04,500 --> 02:47:07,800
That would destroy most people, 
you watch her maintaining 

3041
02:47:07,800 --> 02:47:11,600
discipline among her children, 
keeping them focused on Survival

3042
02:47:11,600 --> 02:47:14,400
rather than despair teaching 
them skills. 

3043
02:47:14,400 --> 02:47:17,500
While also instilling in them, 
the belief that this poverty is 

3044
02:47:17,800 --> 02:47:21,800
Prey that they come from Noble 
lineage and will reclaim their 

3045
02:47:21,800 --> 02:47:24,600
position. 
It's part delusion part 

3046
02:47:24,600 --> 02:47:27,000
determination, an entirely 
necessary. 

3047
02:47:27,000 --> 02:47:30,700
Without that belief. 
They might simply give up, might

3048
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:32,300
fail to put in the exhausting 
work. 

3049
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,200
Required to survive another day 
temujin. 

3050
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,200
Learns to fish with an intensity
that suggests his life. 

3051
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:42,400
Depends on it, which it does. 
You watch him standing knee deep

3052
02:47:42,400 --> 02:47:46,200
in an icy stream completely 
still waiting for the flicker of

3053
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:47,800
movement. 
That signals a fish swimming 

3054
02:47:47,800 --> 02:47:51,500
near when he strikes. 
It's with the speed of a hunting

3055
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:56,000
bird his hands darting into the 
water and more often than not he

3056
02:47:56,000 --> 02:48:00,600
comes up empty his fingers numb 
and useless from the cold but 

3057
02:48:00,600 --> 02:48:04,600
sometimes he succeeds and 
there's no celebration just the 

3058
02:48:04,600 --> 02:48:08,500
quiet satisfaction of another 
meal secured another day of 

3059
02:48:08,500 --> 02:48:13,100
survival guaranteed, the family 
hunt, small game, marmots 

3060
02:48:13,100 --> 02:48:17,300
rabbits and occasionally Birds 
temujin makes his own arrows. 

3061
02:48:17,300 --> 02:48:20,000
Carving them from Woods 
scavenged wherever he can find 

3062
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:22,700
it. 
Making points from bone or 

3063
02:48:22,700 --> 02:48:24,200
stone. 
When metal is unavailable? 

3064
02:48:24,200 --> 02:48:27,500
His bow is simple. 
Nothing like the sophisticated 

3065
02:48:27,500 --> 02:48:31,100
composite weapons that wealthy 
Warriors carry but it works well

3066
02:48:31,100 --> 02:48:34,800
enough to bring down a rabbit at
20 paces and that's all that 

3067
02:48:34,800 --> 02:48:37,200
matters. 
He becomes intimately familiar 

3068
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:40,500
with the habits of every edible 
animal in the region, learning 

3069
02:48:40,500 --> 02:48:44,400
their tracks, their feeding 
patterns, and the times of day, 

3070
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:47,500
when they're most vulnerable, 
There are moments of genuine, 

3071
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:51,000
danger, Beyond starvation, other
families, some barely better off

3072
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:53,100
than to mutants see them as 
potential targets. 

3073
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:57,900
Weak unprotected, possessing. 
What little they have you 

3074
02:48:57,900 --> 02:49:01,000
witness, an attempted raid. 
One night men, approaching the 

3075
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:02,700
family's miserable Camp 
thinking. 

3076
02:49:02,700 --> 02:49:06,900
It will be easy prey. 
They're wrong temujin and his 

3077
02:49:06,900 --> 02:49:09,000
brothers fight with the 
desperation of people who have 

3078
02:49:09,000 --> 02:49:12,300
nothing left to lose the 
would-be, Raiders Retreat, 

3079
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:14,700
leaving behind one of their own 
wounded. 

3080
02:49:14,700 --> 02:49:18,000
It's a small victory but it 
teaches temujin. 

3081
02:49:18,000 --> 02:49:20,900
Something important that 
perceived weakness can be 

3082
02:49:20,908 --> 02:49:24,800
strategic that enemies, who 
underestimate you hand, you an 

3083
02:49:24,800 --> 02:49:28,700
advantage, the family's horses, 
get stolen one night and you 

3084
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:31,900
follow to mujin as he tracks the
thieves across the grassland. 

3085
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:36,600
He's maybe 14 now, ganglion 
still growing into his frame but

3086
02:49:36,600 --> 02:49:39,100
there's already something in his
eyes that suggests he's done 

3087
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:43,100
being pushed around, he tracks 
for three days, sleeping rough, 

3088
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:47,300
eating nothing and focused with 
the single-mindedness of someone

3089
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:50,100
who understands that. 
Those horses represent, the 

3090
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:54,200
difference between survival and 
slow starvation, when he finds 

3091
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:58,200
them, he doesn't attack 
directly, he watches weights, 

3092
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:00,800
learns, the patterns of the 
camp, that's taken them. 

3093
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:04,500
And then, he simply walks, in 
during the day, when most of the

3094
02:50:04,500 --> 02:50:06,700
men, Are out hunting and leads 
his horses away. 

3095
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:09,700
The audacity of it makes you 
want to laugh but he's not 

3096
02:50:09,708 --> 02:50:12,000
joking. 
He's already learned that 

3097
02:50:12,000 --> 02:50:15,300
sometimes the direct approach 
Works precisely because no one 

3098
02:50:15,300 --> 02:50:18,800
expected on his way back. 
He encounters a young man named 

3099
02:50:18,800 --> 02:50:21,600
Bogota. 
Who sees what to move in as done

3100
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:24,300
and is impressed enough to help 
him get the horses home safely. 

3101
02:50:25,100 --> 02:50:29,100
Temujin, first, real Ally, since
his father's death, and the two 

3102
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,800
former bond that will last 
decades, Bogota comes from a 

3103
02:50:32,800 --> 02:50:35,900
relatively prosperous family, 
but he sees something in this 

3104
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:39,200
desperate determined teenager. 
That makes him think following 

3105
02:50:39,200 --> 02:50:41,100
temujin might lead somewhere 
interesting. 

3106
02:50:41,100 --> 02:50:44,800
You see him making his next 
significant Alliance during this

3107
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:48,100
period with Jamaica. 
Another young man who would 

3108
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:52,000
eventually become his greatest 
rival for now though their 

3109
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:56,000
friends Bound by the traditional
Mongolian practice of Anda sworn

3110
02:50:56,000 --> 02:51:00,300
Brotherhood, they exchange gifts
the ritual simple but binding 

3111
02:51:00,300 --> 02:51:04,100
and you watch them hunting 
together racing horses and 

3112
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:06,800
learning the skills that will 
later make them both formidable 

3113
02:51:06,800 --> 02:51:09,400
Warrior's. 
There's genuine affection here, 

3114
02:51:09,400 --> 02:51:13,400
you think, but also calculation,
even at this age, Tim 

3115
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:17,100
understands the value of allies 
the way of survival on the step 

3116
02:51:17,100 --> 02:51:18,400
off and depends on having 
people. 

3117
02:51:18,400 --> 02:51:22,100
You can trust to watch your 
back. his relationship with his 

3118
02:51:22,100 --> 02:51:24,900
half-brother begged her 
deteriorate during these years, 

3119
02:51:24,900 --> 02:51:28,500
resources are so scarce that 
even within the family 

3120
02:51:28,500 --> 02:51:32,900
competition becomes vicious, The
breaking point comes when to 

3121
02:51:32,900 --> 02:51:36,000
take fishing game that to mu-jin
and his full brother Cassara of 

3122
02:51:36,000 --> 02:51:38,300
Court. 
Asserting the Privileges of 

3123
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:41,600
being the eldest for most 
families, this would be a minor 

3124
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:44,300
dispute something resolved 
through parental intervention. 

3125
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:48,800
But here with survival hanging 
by a thread, it becomes 

3126
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:53,200
something more serious temujin 
and cassar kill, becta shooting 

3127
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,200
him, with arrows and their 
Mother's Rage when she discovers

3128
02:51:56,200 --> 02:51:58,000
what they've done is terrible to
witness. 

3129
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:02,300
She calls them destroyers and 
predators and Compares them to 

3130
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:05,800
monsters from Legend, the guilt 
and shame of this moment will 

3131
02:52:05,800 --> 02:52:09,000
follow temujin for the rest of 
his life, but he doesn't back 

3132
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:12,900
down, doesn't apologize. 
He'd made a calculation of 

3133
02:52:12,900 --> 02:52:15,900
survival and loyalty and he'd 
acted on it. 

3134
02:52:15,900 --> 02:52:19,700
The titude clan captures TAMU 
Ginger, during his teenage 

3135
02:52:19,700 --> 02:52:23,100
years, seeing him as a Potential
Threat or perhaps just 

3136
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:25,700
exercising dominance over a 
weakened fan family. 

3137
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:29,000
They Place him in a Kang a 
wooden restraint Warner around 

3138
02:52:29,000 --> 02:52:31,800
the neck that prevents flying 
down or reaching one's own head 

3139
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:34,200
and prayed him around as a 
warning to others. 

3140
02:52:34,200 --> 02:52:38,100
You watch him endure this 
humiliation his face in passive 

3141
02:52:38,100 --> 02:52:41,100
but his eyes constantly 
calculating watching for 

3142
02:52:41,100 --> 02:52:45,300
opportunity when it comes during
a celebration when his guards 

3143
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:48,600
are drunk he escapes using the 
Kang itself. 

3144
02:52:48,600 --> 02:52:52,500
As a weapon to knock one guard 
unconscious then hiding in a 

3145
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:56,600
river submerged, except for his 
face breathing through reads, 

3146
02:52:56,600 --> 02:52:59,300
while search parties pass. 
Overhead. 

3147
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:02,700
A man named sorgen Shira finds 
him during this Escape 

3148
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:06,500
recognizes him and makes the 
Split Second decision to help 

3149
02:53:06,500 --> 02:53:10,600
rather than turn him in. 
He hides to mujin in a cart full

3150
02:53:10,600 --> 02:53:13,900
of wool and risks his own 
family, safety to protect this. 

3151
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:17,400
Fugitive teenager later. 
Timijan, will remember this. 

3152
02:53:17,400 --> 02:53:21,900
Kindness will Elevate sorghum 
shearers family and will build a

3153
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:24,400
reputation for a rewarding 
loyalty that becomes one of his 

3154
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:28,300
most powerful recruiting tools. 
But in the moment he's just a 

3155
02:53:28,300 --> 02:53:31,800
boy hiding in Wool, heart 
pounding understanding that his 

3156
02:53:31,800 --> 02:53:33,900
life depends on the choice of 
strangers. 

3157
02:53:33,900 --> 02:53:38,200
His marriage to Burton is a 
range when he still young a 

3158
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,500
match organized by his father 
before his death, your present. 

3159
02:53:41,500 --> 02:53:44,900
When he finally brings her home 
to his Mega Camp, traveling to 

3160
02:53:44,900 --> 02:53:47,000
her family's encampment to claim
his bride. 

3161
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:51,100
She strong willed and practical 
exactly the kind of partner 

3162
02:53:51,100 --> 02:53:54,100
needed for this life and you can
see them establishing the 

3163
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,700
patterns of their partnership. 
She manages the household with 

3164
02:53:57,700 --> 02:54:01,000
an efficiency that keeps them 
fed and warm, and he ranges 

3165
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:04,900
father afield, building 
connections Gathering followers,

3166
02:54:04,900 --> 02:54:08,900
and slowly accumulating, the 
resources and reputation needed 

3167
02:54:08,900 --> 02:54:11,200
to become something more than a 
struggling orphan. 

3168
02:54:11,200 --> 02:54:16,600
Then the markets come They raid 
the camp at dawn and its chaos. 

3169
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:20,900
Shouting the Thunder of hooves 
and to Mugen making the Split 

3170
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:23,800
Second decision to flee, with 
his mother and siblings rather 

3171
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:27,800
than die in a pointless fight. 
They take Berta and you watch 

3172
02:54:27,800 --> 02:54:30,300
him ride away and their shame in
it certainly. 

3173
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:33,400
But also the cold pragmatism of 
someone who understands that 

3174
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:35,000
dead men rescue. 
No one. 

3175
02:54:35,800 --> 02:54:37,600
What happens? 
Next tells you everything about 

3176
02:54:37,600 --> 02:54:40,000
who he's becoming, he doesn't 
mourn. 

3177
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:42,800
Doesn't waste time on regret 
instead. 

3178
02:54:42,800 --> 02:54:47,300
He activates every Alliance, he 
is in every favor. 

3179
02:54:47,300 --> 02:54:50,800
Goes to toggle Khan. 
His father's old Ally. 

3180
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:55,000
And essentially says help me. 
Get my wife back and you'll have

3181
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,500
my loyalty. 
Toggle agrees like seeing 

3182
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:02,100
opportunity in this intense 
young man who clearly knows how 

3183
02:55:02,100 --> 02:55:05,700
to inspire followers despite 
having nothing material to offer

3184
02:55:05,700 --> 02:55:07,800
them together with yawmuka 
Warriors. 

3185
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:10,700
They assemble a force large 
enough to strike back at the 

3186
02:55:10,708 --> 02:55:15,500
markets 20,000 men, a 
significant Army by step 

3187
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:19,400
standards The Raid succeeds. 
You watch them hit the market 

3188
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:23,400
camp at dawn returning the favor
and temujin finds Berta among 

3189
02:55:23,400 --> 02:55:26,900
the scattered jurors. 
She calls out his name and the 

3190
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:30,100
reunion is brief and functional.
There's no time for emotional 

3191
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,500
when you're in enemy territory 
only later when their safely 

3192
02:55:33,500 --> 02:55:35,500
away, does he allow himself to 
feel anything? 

3193
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:41,200
And what he feels, you suspect 
isn't just relief, but a kind of

3194
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:43,900
vindication he's proven, he can 
Strike Back. 

3195
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,200
Can organize a military 
operation and can lead men into 

3196
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:48,900
battle and bring them out 
Victorious. 

3197
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:52,300
Berta gives birth month later to
a son. 

3198
02:55:52,308 --> 02:55:54,900
They named Yoshi. 
There will always be quiet 

3199
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:56,900
questions about the child's 
paternity. 

3200
02:55:56,900 --> 02:56:01,600
The math of conception makes the
timeline ambiguous but to mujin 

3201
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:05,000
claims him as his own without 
hesitation publicly and 

3202
02:56:05,000 --> 02:56:07,600
repeatedly. 
You understand that this too is 

3203
02:56:07,600 --> 02:56:11,400
part of his emerging character. 
The ability to choose loyalty 

3204
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:15,200
over doubt to decide what 
matters and then commit to it 

3205
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:18,900
completely and to refuse to let 
shame or uncertainty undermine 

3206
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:21,600
what he's building. 
You're riding now part of a 

3207
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:25,000
Mongol Warriors daily routine. 
And the first thing you notice 

3208
02:56:25,000 --> 02:56:26,600
is that you never really stop 
moving. 

3209
02:56:26,600 --> 02:56:29,800
The horse beneath, you has a 
rolling gate that covers ground 

3210
02:56:29,800 --> 02:56:32,600
efficiently and you're learning 
to relax into it. 

3211
02:56:32,600 --> 02:56:36,000
To let your body move with the 
animal rather than against it. 

3212
02:56:36,000 --> 02:56:39,700
Your legs ache from the 
unfamiliar position and your 

3213
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:41,500
inner thighs. 
Are rubbed roared despite the 

3214
02:56:41,500 --> 02:56:44,700
protection of your deal? 
The traditional long robe that 

3215
02:56:44,700 --> 02:56:48,000
everyone wears the Mongols 
around, you sit there horses 

3216
02:56:48,000 --> 02:56:49,800
like their extensions of their 
own bodies. 

3217
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:53,200
Comfortable where the walking 
trotting or Galloping across the

3218
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:56,600
grassland breakfast, when it 
comes is eaten in the saddle. 

3219
02:56:56,600 --> 02:57:00,100
Dried meat hard cheese made from
compressed curds. 

3220
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:02,800
Some of the yoghurt drinks they 
carry in leather. 

3221
02:57:02,800 --> 02:57:05,300
Flasks. 
There's no stopping for meals. 

3222
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:08,300
When you're traveling know, 
setting up elaborate camps for 

3223
02:57:08,300 --> 02:57:10,300
lunch, you eat, what you can 
carry. 

3224
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:14,000
And you keep moving because 
distance, covered equals safety 

3225
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:17,700
equals new grazing for the 
animals, equals, whatever 

3226
02:57:17,700 --> 02:57:21,100
objective has Set You In Motion,
the meat is tough enough to 

3227
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:24,300
require extended chewing, which 
is probably good because it 

3228
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:27,300
makes limited rations last 
longer and keeps your mouth 

3229
02:57:27,300 --> 02:57:29,100
occupied during the long hours 
of riding. 

3230
02:57:29,100 --> 02:57:33,400
The bow strap to your side is 
smaller than you expected a 

3231
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:35,900
recurved design. 
That's asymmetric to accommodate

3232
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:39,900
shooting from horseback the 
craftsmanship is extraordinary. 

3233
02:57:40,700 --> 02:57:44,900
Layers of wood horn and sinew 
glue together with precise 

3234
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:48,500
attention to grain Direction and
tensile properties. 

3235
02:57:48,500 --> 02:57:51,400
In Birchbox to protect against 
moisture. 

3236
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:55,700
Required months to construct 
properly, during a break, not 

3237
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:58,300
for the ride is but to let the 
horses graze and drink from a 

3238
02:57:58,308 --> 02:58:02,000
stream, you watch Warrior as 
practicing and the skill level 

3239
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:07,500
is absurd, they shoot forward 
backward and sideways hanging 

3240
02:58:07,500 --> 02:58:10,300
off the side of their horses. 
Hitting targets while moving at 

3241
02:58:10,300 --> 02:58:14,200
full Gallop the secret. 
Someone explains is breathing 

3242
02:58:14,200 --> 02:58:17,400
with the horses gate. 
Releasing the arrow during that 

3243
02:58:17,400 --> 02:58:20,400
fraction of a second when all 
four hooves are off the ground, 

3244
02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:24,100
and the horses essentially, 
floating providing a 

3245
02:58:24,100 --> 02:58:26,900
momentarily. 
Stable platform, you learn about

3246
02:58:26,900 --> 02:58:30,900
the Remuda system each Warrior 
traveling with multiple horses, 

3247
02:58:30,900 --> 02:58:34,900
sometimes, three or four 
switching mounts every few hours

3248
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:38,000
to keep them fresh. 
It's why Mongol armies could 

3249
02:58:38,000 --> 02:58:41,000
cover distances that seemed 
impossible to their enemies. 

3250
02:58:41,000 --> 02:58:44,600
Why they could appear suddenly 
where no one expected, them 

3251
02:58:44,600 --> 02:58:49,300
strike and vanish before 
reinforcements arrived, the 

3252
02:58:49,300 --> 02:58:52,000
horses themselves are Hardy 
enough to survive on whatever 

3253
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:55,700
forage they can find. 
Requiring no grain, no special 

3254
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:59,300
feeding and capable of pouring 
through snow to reach grass. 

3255
02:58:59,300 --> 02:59:03,000
When necessary, they're not fast
compared to breeds developed for

3256
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:06,000
racing. 
But their tireless capable of 

3257
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:09,500
maintaining a steady Pace hour 
after hour day after day. 

3258
02:59:09,500 --> 02:59:13,700
The Warriors carry minimal, 
personal gear, A few changes of 

3259
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:17,700
clothing, their weapons tools 
for maintaining equipment and 

3260
02:59:17,700 --> 02:59:20,800
perhaps some personal items like
a lucky charm or a small 

3261
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,700
container of kumis. 
Everything must be light enough 

3262
02:59:23,700 --> 02:59:27,500
to be transported on Horseback 
and durable enough to survive 

3263
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:30,000
the rigors of constant movement 
and extreme weather. 

3264
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:34,200
You notice how well maintained 
everything is leather, kept oil,

3265
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:36,900
metal. 
Kept free of rust and wood 

3266
02:59:36,900 --> 02:59:39,400
inspected regularly for cracks 
or weakness. 

3267
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:43,100
A broken stir up or frayed bow 
string at the wrong moment can 

3268
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:45,600
in death. 
So maintenance isn't optional. 

3269
02:59:45,600 --> 02:59:49,100
It's a daily ritual performed 
with religious attention to 

3270
02:59:49,100 --> 02:59:52,000
detail camp. 
That night is established with 

3271
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:55,400
practice to see the jurors go up
in less than an hour. 

3272
02:59:55,408 --> 02:59:58,000
The lattice frames on folding, 
like wooden flowers. 

3273
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:01,600
The felt covers lashed down 
Against the Wind with ropes, 

3274
03:00:01,600 --> 03:00:05,900
waited with stones inside the 
virus, started with flint, and 

3275
03:00:05,900 --> 03:00:10,000
steel coax to life, with dried 
grass and small Twigs before the

3276
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:12,800
argyle is added the smoke finds 
its way out. 

3277
03:00:13,000 --> 03:00:15,500
Through the opening up the top. 
There were enough lingers to 

3278
03:00:15,500 --> 03:00:18,100
make your eyes water until you 
learn to position yourself 

3279
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:22,500
correctly, staying low, where 
the air is clearer as communal. 

3280
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:25,500
The popped passed around 
everyone eating from personal 

3281
03:00:25,500 --> 03:00:28,500
bowls carved from wood or 
occasionally, fashioned from 

3282
03:00:28,500 --> 03:00:31,500
leather sewn. 
So tightly at holds liquid, the 

3283
03:00:31,500 --> 03:00:34,700
meat is mutton tonight boiled 
with wild onions. 

3284
03:00:34,700 --> 03:00:37,200
And whatever greens someone 
managed to gather during the 

3285
03:00:37,200 --> 03:00:40,200
day's travel. 
Perhaps some wild garlic or 

3286
03:00:40,200 --> 03:00:43,900
Sorrel plants that add flavor 
and provide nutrients often 

3287
03:00:43,900 --> 03:00:48,200
lacking in a meat-heavy diet. 
It's simple food, but after a 

3288
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:50,600
day of riding, it tastes perfect
warming. 

3289
03:00:50,600 --> 03:00:53,900
You from the inside restoring 
energy depleted, by hours in the

3290
03:00:53,908 --> 03:00:58,500
saddle, the fermented Mare's 
milk erag gets passed around in 

3291
03:00:58,500 --> 03:01:01,600
a leather bag, and everyone 
takes a drink before passing it 

3292
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:05,800
on its mildly alcoholic and 
tangy, and acquired taste that 

3293
03:01:05,808 --> 03:01:09,600
grows on you providing calories,
and a slight Buzz, that takes 

3294
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:12,000
the edge off. 
Exhaustion the bag goes around 

3295
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:14,900
multiple times and the 
conversation flows with it 

3296
03:01:14,900 --> 03:01:19,200
stories and jokes gossip about 
other clans and speculation 

3297
03:01:19,200 --> 03:01:21,200
about whether and grazing. 
Conditions ahead. 

3298
03:01:21,200 --> 03:01:24,700
Someone tells a story about a 
particularly stupid sheep that 

3299
03:01:24,700 --> 03:01:27,400
wandered into a wolf dead and 
somehow wandered back out 

3300
03:01:27,400 --> 03:01:30,700
unharmed and the laughter that 
follows is genuine. 

3301
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:33,700
The kind that comes from people 
who spend their days together 

3302
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:36,300
and have developed their own 
rhythms of humor. 

3303
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:40,100
You notice how disputes gets 
Settled, not immediately with 

3304
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:42,200
violence, though. 
Violence is always an option 

3305
03:01:42,208 --> 03:01:46,100
held in reserve, but through 
discussion, consensus, and 

3306
03:01:46,100 --> 03:01:48,900
appealing to respected Elders. 
Whose word carries weight. 

3307
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,100
Someone accuses, another of 
taking more than his fair share 

3308
03:01:52,100 --> 03:01:55,600
of the meat. 
There's a preferment voices 

3309
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:59,300
raised hands, moving toward 
weapons, then an older Warrior 

3310
03:01:59,300 --> 03:02:03,000
intervenes suggests, they 
measure the portions and points 

3311
03:02:03,000 --> 03:02:06,200
out that the accused is actually
been eating less than his share 

3312
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:09,700
for days. 
The tension deflates, the queues

3313
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:13,300
are apologizes and the matter is
settled, it's not always this 

3314
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:15,800
peaceful. 
You've heard stories of feuds 

3315
03:02:15,800 --> 03:02:20,200
that last generations of murders
committed over insults but 

3316
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:22,900
there's a genuine attempt to 
maintain cohesion, within the 

3317
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:26,000
group because divided groups 
don't survive long on the step. 

3318
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:30,100
You learn the higher key through
observation, age, commands 

3319
03:02:30,100 --> 03:02:34,100
respect, but so does skill the 
best archers, the finest 

3320
03:02:34,100 --> 03:02:36,200
horseman. 
The Warriors who've proven 

3321
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:40,000
themselves in raids, these 
people have status regardless of

3322
03:02:40,000 --> 03:02:44,200
birth, its meritocratic in a way
that might surprise you though, 

3323
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:47,200
family connections, certainly 
still matter particularly when 

3324
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:50,000
it comes to access to resources 
and opportunities to prove 

3325
03:02:50,000 --> 03:02:52,600
oneself. 
A talented young Warrior from a 

3326
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:56,300
poor family can rise, but a 
mediocre Warrior from a powerful

3327
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:58,000
Clan. 
Will still have advantages. 

3328
03:02:59,500 --> 03:03:02,900
The night watch gets organized 
with Warriors, taking turns 

3329
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:05,800
staying alert While others 
sleep, you're learning that 

3330
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:09,100
raids are common enough that no 
Camp is ever truly unguarded 

3331
03:03:09,100 --> 03:03:12,300
that the price of carelessness 
can be waking up to find your 

3332
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:16,300
horses gone, your possession 
stolen and your people scattered

3333
03:03:16,300 --> 03:03:18,900
or dead. 
The step breeds a certain kind 

3334
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:22,600
of vigilance a low-grade 
awareness that never quite turns

3335
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:25,600
off even in sleep. 
Your subconsciously monitoring 

3336
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:29,400
sounds ready to wake it. 
Anything unusual, a horse's 

3337
03:03:29,400 --> 03:03:32,900
alarmed, Winnie, the sound of 
many hooves approaching all the 

3338
03:03:32,908 --> 03:03:35,600
whistle that serves. 
As a warning signal before 

3339
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:40,000
sleep, there are small rituals 
prayers to the Eternal Blue Sky 

3340
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:43,800
offering of mayor's milk, 
sprinkled on the ground and 

3341
03:03:43,800 --> 03:03:46,900
acknowledgment of the spirits 
that inhabit this landscape. 

3342
03:03:47,600 --> 03:03:49,300
Shamans. 
Hold their own ceremonies 

3343
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:52,900
working themselves into trances 
with drums and chanting 

3344
03:03:52,900 --> 03:03:55,900
communing with the spirits for 
guidance or healing. 

3345
03:03:55,900 --> 03:04:00,000
You watch one treating a sick, 
child performing what looks like

3346
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:03,900
mystical theater but might also 
involve genuine medicinal 

3347
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:07,200
knowledge of herbs and remedies 
the line between Magic and 

3348
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,000
Medicine. 
Thoroughly blurred, the shaman 

3349
03:04:10,000 --> 03:04:12,900
chance dances and makes dramatic
gestures. 

3350
03:04:12,900 --> 03:04:15,800
While also preparing a tea, from
Plants, he's gathered. 

3351
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:19,200
And whether the healing comes 
from spiritual intervention, or 

3352
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:22,900
herbal medicine, or the placebo 
effect of belief doesn't really 

3353
03:04:22,900 --> 03:04:25,800
matter. 
If the child recovers sleep 

3354
03:04:25,800 --> 03:04:28,700
comes, quickly out here with the
combination of physical 

3355
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:32,100
exhaustion, and the particular 
quality of darkness when you're 

3356
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:35,800
far from any artificial light, 
you dream of Horizons of 

3357
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:38,500
movement of the rhythm of 
hoofbeats that's been pounding 

3358
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:41,800
through your way and all day. 
The dreams blend with half 

3359
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:45,300
waking moments when you shift 
position, adjust your Furs 

3360
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:48,400
against the cold and hear the 
sounds of Animals moving 

3361
03:04:48,400 --> 03:04:52,400
outside, guards, changing 
shifts, and the Knight 

3362
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:56,000
continuing its slow wheel toward
Dawn when you wake Before 

3363
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:59,100
Sunrise roused by the quiet 
activity of people preparing for

3364
03:04:59,100 --> 03:05:02,000
another day of travel, you 
understand a little better. 

3365
03:05:02,000 --> 03:05:05,000
Why these people were so 
formidable, they lived every 

3366
03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:08,000
day, as practice for the kind of
endurance and Mobility, that 

3367
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:10,700
would later allow them to 
conquer half the Known World. 

3368
03:05:10,700 --> 03:05:14,100
There was no separation between 
daily life and Military 

3369
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:17,100
preparedness. 
Every skill needed for survival 

3370
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:19,200
was also a skill needed for 
Warfare. 

3371
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:23,600
The riding, the archery, the 
ability to endure hardship and 

3372
03:05:23,600 --> 03:05:26,400
maintain function, and the 
coordination developed through 

3373
03:05:26,400 --> 03:05:29,900
constant Group movement. 
All of it, translated directly 

3374
03:05:29,900 --> 03:05:33,500
into military capability. 
You're watching ten in his late 

3375
03:05:33,500 --> 03:05:36,600
20s now and something 
fundamental as shifted. 

3376
03:05:36,600 --> 03:05:40,500
The desperate orphan is gone 
replaced by someone, who moves 

3377
03:05:40,500 --> 03:05:43,700
through the political landscape 
of the step like he's reading a 

3378
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:47,300
map, no one else can see. 
He's gathered followers, not 

3379
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:49,200
through. 
Birth or inherited Prestige. 

3380
03:05:49,200 --> 03:05:52,800
But through a combination of 
military success, strategic 

3381
03:05:52,800 --> 03:05:57,200
generosity and an emerging 
reputation for fairness that 

3382
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:02,200
makes people think maybe just 
maybe following him might lead 

3383
03:06:02,200 --> 03:06:05,800
somewhere interesting. 
His relationship with power is 

3384
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:07,700
different from the traditional 
step model. 

3385
03:06:08,500 --> 03:06:11,900
Most Chiefs inherit their 
position and rely on family 

3386
03:06:11,900 --> 03:06:15,500
connections, and the Loyalty of 
their Clan temujin, has had to 

3387
03:06:15,508 --> 03:06:18,300
build his following from 
scratch, which means everyone 

3388
03:06:18,300 --> 03:06:20,500
who follows him has made an 
active choice to do. 

3389
03:06:20,500 --> 03:06:24,200
So this creates a different 
Dynamic, his followers are 

3390
03:06:24,200 --> 03:06:27,500
invested in his success in ways 
that hereditary subjects might 

3391
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:30,400
not be. 
But they also feel entitled to 

3392
03:06:30,400 --> 03:06:34,300
share and rewards to have their 
voices heard, and to receive the

3393
03:06:34,300 --> 03:06:37,700
benefits they signed up for his 
break with yawmuka comes 

3394
03:06:37,700 --> 03:06:40,600
gradually, then all at once 
they're both attracting 

3395
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:42,400
followers and building power 
bases. 

3396
03:06:42,400 --> 03:06:45,300
And the step isn't really big 
enough for two ambitious, men 

3397
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:48,600
who used to be brothers, the 
proximate cause is a dispute 

3398
03:06:48,600 --> 03:06:52,300
over stolen horses, always 
horses, the currency of Step, 

3399
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:55,800
wealth and power, But the 
underlying issue is that they've

3400
03:06:55,800 --> 03:06:58,500
developed incompatible vision 
for how power should be 

3401
03:06:58,500 --> 03:07:00,600
structured. 
Jamaica represents the 

3402
03:07:00,608 --> 03:07:03,800
traditional aristocracy 
believing that Noble birth and 

3403
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:08,300
family connections, should 
determine who leads 10 shaped by

3404
03:07:08,308 --> 03:07:10,800
his years of poverty and 
exclusion believes that 

3405
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:13,200
competence and loyalty should 
determine rank. 

3406
03:07:14,100 --> 03:07:16,400
Split crystallizes at a feast 
were followers. 

3407
03:07:16,400 --> 03:07:17,900
Must choose which man to 
support. 

3408
03:07:18,900 --> 03:07:21,600
You watch Warriors, making 
calculations weighing their 

3409
03:07:21,608 --> 03:07:24,400
options. 
Some follow Family Ties 

3410
03:07:24,400 --> 03:07:27,800
supporting Jamaica because their
Clans have always been allied 

3411
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:30,800
with his others. 
The opportunity with tumugon, 

3412
03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:34,200
believing that someone building 
a new system, might reward them 

3413
03:07:34,200 --> 03:07:36,000
better than someone maintaining 
an old one. 

3414
03:07:36,000 --> 03:07:39,900
The division is roughly even at 
first, but TAMU Jin has been 

3415
03:07:39,908 --> 03:07:43,900
strategic about who he courts 
targeting talented Warriors, who

3416
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:47,000
feel undervalued by the 
traditional system, people who 

3417
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,400
have something to prove the 
battle at dallyn, bayles is 

3418
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:54,000
messy and inconclusive the kind 
of fight where both sides 

3419
03:07:54,000 --> 03:07:56,300
claimed Victory and both are 
probably lying. 

3420
03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:00,200
Forces meet on an open plane and
its chaos. 

3421
03:08:00,200 --> 03:08:04,300
Thousands of mounted Warriors 
swirling in combat arrows 

3422
03:08:04,300 --> 03:08:08,600
darkening, the sky and the sound
of impact and screaming filling 

3423
03:08:08,600 --> 03:08:11,600
the air. 
Ten forces don't break, which is

3424
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:14,400
a victory of sorts but he 
doesn't win decisively either. 

3425
03:08:15,300 --> 03:08:18,600
What matters is what he does. 
Afterward you watch him treat 

3426
03:08:18,600 --> 03:08:22,400
captured enemies with unexpected
leniently offering them the 

3427
03:08:22,400 --> 03:08:26,800
chance to join his forces rather
than killing them outright His 

3428
03:08:26,800 --> 03:08:29,200
speech to the captives is 
pragmatic rather than 

3429
03:08:29,200 --> 03:08:32,100
inspirational. 
He doesn't promise easy Victory 

3430
03:08:32,100 --> 03:08:35,300
or certain wealth. 
Instead, he offers them a place 

3431
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:38,700
in a system where their skills 
will be recognized, where 

3432
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:41,300
promotion comes from 
performance, rather than birth 

3433
03:08:41,300 --> 03:08:44,700
and where The Spoils of future 
victories will be distributed. 

3434
03:08:44,700 --> 03:08:49,200
Fairly some accept calculating 
the leader, who spares enemies 

3435
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:53,000
might be worth following others.
Refuse choosing death or slavery

3436
03:08:53,000 --> 03:08:55,400
over joining their captor and 
temujin. 

3437
03:08:55,400 --> 03:08:57,200
Has them executed without 
ceremony. 

3438
03:08:57,200 --> 03:09:01,500
The message is clear. 
Join me and prosper resistant 

3439
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:03,800
die. 
But betrayal after joining and 

3440
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:05,500
your death will be considerably 
worse. 

3441
03:09:05,500 --> 03:09:09,600
He's building something new. 
You realize the traditional step

3442
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:12,700
model was tried base, your 
loyalty determined by Blood 

3443
03:09:12,700 --> 03:09:16,600
relationships, your clan your 
universe temujin is 

3444
03:09:16,600 --> 03:09:20,000
systematically dismantling the 
structure organizing his 

3445
03:09:20,000 --> 03:09:23,100
followers by military unit, 
rather than tribal affiliation 

3446
03:09:23,100 --> 03:09:26,200
promoting based on competence 
rather than family? 

3447
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:29,600
Connections and creating a 
meritocracy that terrifies the 

3448
03:09:29,600 --> 03:09:33,000
old aristocracy because it means
their birth does not guarantee 

3449
03:09:33,000 --> 03:09:35,300
them. 
Anything the decimal system he 

3450
03:09:35,300 --> 03:09:40,400
implements is brilliant in its 
Simplicity units of 100000 and 

3451
03:09:40,400 --> 03:09:43,600
10,000 each with a clear command
structure. 

3452
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:48,100
And responsibilities an urban of
10 men is commanded by the best 

3453
03:09:48,100 --> 03:09:51,500
warrior among them. 
Ten our bands, former yakuna of 

3454
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:56,000
100 command by the best and 
leader. 10 Jurgens form, a 

3455
03:09:56,000 --> 03:09:58,800
mingun of a 1000. 
And so on up to the two men of 

3456
03:09:58,800 --> 03:10:03,700
10,000, A warrior knows exactly 
where he fits, who he reports 

3457
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:07,500
to, and who reports to him. 
It's portable and scalable. 

3458
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:11,200
And it means that when the Army 
moves, it moves as one organism 

3459
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:14,000
rather than a collection of 
independent tribal groups 

3460
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,500
pursuing their own agendas, what
makes the system revolutionary 

3461
03:10:17,500 --> 03:10:21,000
is that it deliberately breaks 
up tribal loyalties men from 

3462
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:23,800
different Clans get mixed 
together in the same units. 

3463
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:27,400
Forced to develop loyalty to 
their new brothers in arms, 

3464
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:29,500
rather than their traditional 
family groups. 

3465
03:10:30,400 --> 03:10:32,700
The commanders who prove 
themselves get promoted 

3466
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:36,300
regardless of where they came 
from temujin, even incorporates 

3467
03:10:36,300 --> 03:10:39,900
former enemies into his units. 
Understanding that demonstrated 

3468
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:42,000
competence matters more than 
passed. 

3469
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:45,300
Allegiances you watch him 
conducting a training exercise 

3470
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:48,200
and the organization is 
impressive units. 

3471
03:10:48,200 --> 03:10:51,800
Respond to signal flags and 
whistles, executing coordinated 

3472
03:10:51,800 --> 03:10:54,300
Maneuvers that require each 
level of command to understand 

3473
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:57,800
and Implement their role. 
The practice, involves fake 

3474
03:10:57,800 --> 03:11:01,300
raids on a mock enemy camp and 
you see the tactics that will 

3475
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:03,300
later terrorize armies across 
your Asia. 

3476
03:11:04,200 --> 03:11:06,900
Famed Retreat, that draws 
enemies into ambushes. 

3477
03:11:06,900 --> 03:11:10,100
The use of a light Cavalry to 
harass an exhaust. 

3478
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:13,800
Before heavy Cavalry, delivers 
the decisive blow, and the 

3479
03:11:13,808 --> 03:11:16,600
coordination between units that 
allows them to appear to be 

3480
03:11:16,608 --> 03:11:19,100
everywhere. 
At once his intelligence 

3481
03:11:19,100 --> 03:11:22,900
gathering is sophisticated for 
this era, you meet men, whose 

3482
03:11:22,900 --> 03:11:25,900
primary job is traveling to 
distant regions, learning 

3483
03:11:25,900 --> 03:11:30,700
languages, mapping, terrain, and
identifying potential allies and

3484
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:33,500
enemies. 
They poses Merchants wandering 

3485
03:11:33,500 --> 03:11:35,800
monks and refugees from distant 
Wars. 

3486
03:11:35,800 --> 03:11:39,100
They gather information about 
military strength, political 

3487
03:11:39,100 --> 03:11:42,500
factions, economic conditions, 
and anything that might be 

3488
03:11:42,500 --> 03:11:45,900
useful when to mujin eventually 
turns his attention to Conquest,

3489
03:11:45,900 --> 03:11:50,600
be on the step your present at 
the cruelty of 1200 6, the great

3490
03:11:50,600 --> 03:11:53,200
Gathering where the various 
Mongol Clans formally 

3491
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:57,600
acknowledged to as Genghis, Khan
roughly Universal ruler. 

3492
03:11:58,500 --> 03:12:01,000
Though the translation never 
quite captures the full meaning 

3493
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:05,100
which suggests something close 
to Fierce ruler or ocean ruler, 

3494
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:08,300
implying power vast and 
implacable as the sea. 

3495
03:12:08,300 --> 03:12:12,100
The sermon is elaborate 
involving shamans and sacrifices

3496
03:12:12,100 --> 03:12:15,100
and formal. 
Oaths But underneath the ritual 

3497
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:18,700
is hard political reality. 
These Clans are agreeing to 

3498
03:12:18,700 --> 03:12:21,200
follow him because he's proven, 
he can lead them to Victory. 

3499
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:24,600
Can distribute. 
Spoils fairly can protect them 

3500
03:12:24,600 --> 03:12:27,700
from enemies and can offer them 
something more valuable than 

3501
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:31,300
their traditional Independence. 
The chance to be part of 

3502
03:12:31,300 --> 03:12:33,500
something larger, something that
might last. 

3503
03:12:33,500 --> 03:12:37,000
You watch, Warriors, taking 
Oaths of loyalty, swearing to 

3504
03:12:37,000 --> 03:12:40,600
follow Genghis, Khan to death, 
to never abandon their comrades,

3505
03:12:40,600 --> 03:12:43,200
and to share in both Victory and
defeat. 

3506
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:46,900
The Oaths of binding in ways 
that transcend me a words, 

3507
03:12:46,900 --> 03:12:50,900
breaking them bring shame, not 
just to the individual, but to 

3508
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:54,700
their entire family curses that 
follow them through life and 

3509
03:12:54,700 --> 03:12:58,300
into death, his law code. 
The Assassin starts taking shape

3510
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:00,900
around this time, you listened 
as he lays out. 

3511
03:13:00,900 --> 03:13:04,200
Rules that seem designed to 
prevent the exact kind of chaos 

3512
03:13:04,200 --> 03:13:08,700
that dominated his youth, theft 
is harshly punished often with 

3513
03:13:08,700 --> 03:13:12,100
death because in a nomadic 
Society, where property is 

3514
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:17,400
limited and valuable stealing 
threatens everyone, survival The

3515
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:20,800
punishment is public performed 
in ways that make it memorable. 

3516
03:13:20,800 --> 03:13:25,800
Adultery is forbidden and family
bonds a sacred because stable 

3517
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:29,400
families mean a stable Society. 
The penalties are severe 

3518
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:31,800
extending to both parties 
involved. 

3519
03:13:31,800 --> 03:13:34,800
Sending a message that some 
behaviors will not be tolerated,

3520
03:13:34,800 --> 03:13:38,500
regardless of who commits them 
loyalty is elevated, above 

3521
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:42,000
almost everything else because 
an army where Warriors switch 

3522
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:44,500
sides, whenever convenient is no
Army at all. 

3523
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:49,400
Desertion in battle brings death
but so does abandoning wounded 

3524
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:52,000
comrades. 
A warrior who leaves a brother 

3525
03:13:52,000 --> 03:13:55,900
behind faces execution, while 
one who retrieves, a wounded 

3526
03:13:55,900 --> 03:13:57,900
comrade owns reward and 
recognition. 

3527
03:13:57,900 --> 03:14:01,300
The code creates a culture where
Mutual support isn't just 

3528
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:05,900
encouraged its mandated making 
the Army significantly more 

3529
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:08,600
effective because Warriors know 
their comrades won't abandon 

3530
03:14:08,600 --> 03:14:10,800
them. 
There's an interesting tension 

3531
03:14:10,800 --> 03:14:12,700
in the code between harshness 
and fairness. 

3532
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:15,800
The punishments are severe, 
certainly, but they apply 

3533
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:20,000
equally a noble who steals faces
the same consequences as a 

3534
03:14:20,008 --> 03:14:22,900
commoner, who steals a 
commander, who fails through 

3535
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:25,600
incompetence gets replaced, 
regardless of his family 

3536
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:28,400
connections. 
A wealthy Merchant, who cheats 

3537
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:31,900
receives the same treatment as a
poor herder who cheats, it's 

3538
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:35,200
meritocratic and brutal. 
And it creates a society where 

3539
03:14:35,200 --> 03:14:38,900
Talent can rise but mistakes, 
carry genuine consequences. 

3540
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:43,400
Religious tolerance becomes one 
of his unexpected policies. 

3541
03:14:43,400 --> 03:14:47,300
You watch him, Grant exemptions 
to shamans Buddhist monks, 

3542
03:14:47,300 --> 03:14:50,300
Muslim imams, and Christian 
priests. 

3543
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:54,200
Anyone devoted to spiritual 
matters, gets a pass from taxes 

3544
03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:57,700
and military service. 
It's partly pragmatic why 

3545
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:00,600
alienate potential subjects over
something as abstract as 

3546
03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:03,400
theology. 
But there's also a genuine 

3547
03:15:03,400 --> 03:15:07,000
curiosity about different belief
systems, a willingness to see 

3548
03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:09,900
what works and adopt it 
regardless of where it comes 

3549
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:12,000
from. 
He consults shamans for 

3550
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:15,300
traditional guidance, but also 
listens to Buddhist monks, 

3551
03:15:15,300 --> 03:15:17,800
discussing philosophy and 
Muslim, Scholars explaining 

3552
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:21,100
mathematics. 
The intelligence Network, he 

3553
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:25,300
builds is sophisticated almost 
modern Merchants who travel as 

3554
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:28,400
territories are debriefed about 
conditions prices and political 

3555
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:32,400
situations in distant regions. 
They provide information, not 

3556
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:35,500
through coercion. 
But through incentive Genghis, 

3557
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:38,700
Khan protects trade, which means
Merchants Prosper under his 

3558
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:41,600
rule, which means they're 
willing to share what they know,

3559
03:15:41,600 --> 03:15:45,900
spies are sent ahead of military
campaigns, sometimes years in 

3560
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:50,300
advance, learning languages 
mapping terrain and identifying 

3561
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:54,300
factions within Target cities, 
who might be bribed or persuaded

3562
03:15:54,300 --> 03:15:58,300
to cooperate by the time, Mongol
armies arrived at a city, they 

3563
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:00,800
often know more about its 
defenses than the Defenders. 

3564
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:04,600
Do they know which gates are 
weakest, where water supply is, 

3565
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:07,300
enter the city. 
What internal politics might be 

3566
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:10,800
exploited and which Merchants 
might be willing to open gate in

3567
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:13,100
exchange for promises of safety 
and profit. 

3568
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:17,700
This transforms Warfare from a 
simple application of force into

3569
03:16:17,700 --> 03:16:21,700
something more sophisticated. 
More strategic and more likely 

3570
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:25,000
to succeed with minimal. 
Casualties among Mongol forces, 

3571
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:27,500
your standing at a caravan 
serai. 

3572
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:30,900
Now, one of the Fortified rest 
stops that got the trade routes,

3573
03:16:30,900 --> 03:16:34,200
connecting east and west. 
And the diversity of people here

3574
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:37,200
would astonish anyone who 
thought the Medieval World was 

3575
03:16:37,200 --> 03:16:40,600
isolated and provincial. 
There are Chinese Merchants with

3576
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:42,900
silks. 
So fine, it catches light like 

3577
03:16:42,900 --> 03:16:46,500
water the fabric moving with an 
almost liquid quality. 

3578
03:16:46,500 --> 03:16:48,700
That makes you understand why it
was worth. 

3579
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:52,600
Its weighting goal Persian 
Traders offer spices that smell 

3580
03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:56,500
like concentrated Sunshine, 
saffron cardamom cinnamon and 

3581
03:16:56,500 --> 03:16:59,600
Nutmeg Aromas. 
So intense, they make your head 

3582
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:03,000
swim Russian furry dealers, 
spread, pelts that could keep 

3583
03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:06,800
someone warm through any winter.
Sable, thoughts, bear wolf. 

3584
03:17:07,700 --> 03:17:11,200
Their price is negotiated in a 
mixture of languages and hand 

3585
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:13,900
gestures that somehow. 
Communicates, precise value, 

3586
03:17:13,900 --> 03:17:17,300
Indian, Merchants, display gems 
that flash colors. 

3587
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:21,100
You didn't know, existed 
sapphires, like captured Sky 

3588
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:25,100
rubies, like Frozen fire and 
emeralds, that hold the green of

3589
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:28,200
Deep Jungle. 
The building itself is practical

3590
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:32,200
thick walls that can be defended
a central Courtyard where 

3591
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:35,900
animals can be secured at night,
rooms around the perimeter for 

3592
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:39,500
sleeping and a common area where
meals get served and Deals, get 

3593
03:17:39,500 --> 03:17:43,700
negotiated, the architecture, 
reflects Persian influence with 

3594
03:17:43,700 --> 03:17:46,100
arched, doorways and decorative 
tile work. 

3595
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:49,700
But adapted to local materials 
and defensive requirements. 

3596
03:17:49,700 --> 03:17:54,100
There are wells that provide 
fresh water stores of grain in 

3597
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:57,900
case Caravans arrived, depleted 
blacksmiths who can repair 

3598
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:01,100
equipment. 
And always guards who watch for 

3599
03:18:01,100 --> 03:18:05,000
Bandits or hostile forces. 
The Mongol approach to trade is 

3600
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:08,800
refreshingly straightforward, 
protect the Merchants tax them 

3601
03:18:08,800 --> 03:18:10,800
reasonably and stay out of their
way. 

3602
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:13,600
Under Genghis, Khan and his 
successors. 

3603
03:18:13,600 --> 03:18:17,300
The Silk Road become safer than 
it's been in centuries. 

3604
03:18:17,300 --> 03:18:21,600
The Pisa system helps immensely,
these are tablets of authority, 

3605
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:25,400
usually, bronze or silver. 
Sometimes gold for the most 

3606
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:29,900
important bearers inscribed with
text and the Khan seal, they 

3607
03:18:29,900 --> 03:18:33,300
essentially function as 
passports, granted to Merchants 

3608
03:18:33,300 --> 03:18:36,600
and envoys guaranteeing safe 
Passage through Mongol 

3609
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:39,200
territory. 
Soldiers who harass, someone 

3610
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:42,100
carrying a paiser face severe 
punishment which means the 

3611
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:45,700
system actually works the 
tablets carry weight because 

3612
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:48,600
everyone knows that interfering 
with a paiser holder means 

3613
03:18:48,600 --> 03:18:52,600
answering to the Khan himself. 
You watch a caravan preparing to

3614
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:55,700
depart and the organization 
involved is impressive. 

3615
03:18:55,700 --> 03:18:59,900
The camels are loaded with 
practice to see Goods packed and

3616
03:18:59,900 --> 03:19:02,000
balanced to prevent shifting 
during travel. 

3617
03:19:02,000 --> 03:19:06,700
Each animal carries 400 pounds 
distributed in carefully, 

3618
03:19:06,700 --> 03:19:09,800
balanced loads on either side, 
the Packers are skilled 

3619
03:19:09,800 --> 03:19:12,000
professionals. 
Who can judge weight by Ai and 

3620
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:15,000
create stable, loads, that will 
travel hundreds of miles without

3621
03:19:15,000 --> 03:19:18,400
coming loose. 
Guards, are hired often Mongol 

3622
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:20,900
veterans, who retired from 
active military service, but 

3623
03:19:20,900 --> 03:19:22,400
still know how to use their 
weapons. 

3624
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:25,900
Men whose reputation for 
competence make Bandits think 

3625
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:28,900
twice about attacking. 
The route is planned carefully 

3626
03:19:28,900 --> 03:19:31,900
accounting for water sources. 
Absolutely. 

3627
03:19:31,900 --> 03:19:35,100
Critical in desert regions were 
going, dry means death for 

3628
03:19:35,100 --> 03:19:39,300
animals and humans alike. 
There are Though not in any 

3629
03:19:39,300 --> 03:19:42,700
form, you'd recognize more like 
mental catalogs of landmarks and

3630
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:45,800
distances that experienced 
Travelers carry in their heads. 

3631
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:49,400
They know that from this Caravan
strike to the next is three days

3632
03:19:49,408 --> 03:19:52,100
travel, if the weather 
cooperates that there's a 

3633
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:54,400
reliable. 
Well, halfway and that the 

3634
03:19:54,400 --> 03:19:57,100
mountain pass is usually clear 
from late spring through Early 

3635
03:19:57,100 --> 03:20:01,600
Autumn, but becomes impossible, 
once the snow start the 

3636
03:20:01,600 --> 03:20:05,200
conversations, you overhear a 
fascinating and languages 

3637
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:09,500
Chinese Persian Arabic Turkish 
and Mongolian. with most 

3638
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:13,200
experienced Travelers knowing at
least a smattering of multiple 

3639
03:20:13,200 --> 03:20:16,500
tongues a Persian merchants and 
a Chinese Trader under 

3640
03:20:16,500 --> 03:20:20,200
negotiating, the price of silk, 
Using a combination of their 

3641
03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:23,400
respective languages plus a 
trade pigeon, that's emerged 

3642
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:26,300
along the Route. 
A practical Creole that 

3643
03:20:26,300 --> 03:20:30,200
facilitates Commerce numbers get
worked out on abacuses or by 

3644
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:34,300
scratching calculations in the 
dust and prices are adjusted on 

3645
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:37,900
quality quantity and market 
conditions in various cities. 

3646
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:41,800
The postal system, the yam is 
even more impressive. 

3647
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:45,700
You see Riders arriving at relay
stations switching to Fresh 

3648
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:49,300
Horses in the time it takes to 
gulp down some water and perhaps

3649
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:52,000
grab a handful of food. 
They carry messages that 

3650
03:20:52,000 --> 03:20:55,600
sometimes travel 100 miles in a 
day occasionally more when the 

3651
03:20:55,608 --> 03:20:59,700
root is good and the urgency 
High The stations are spaced 

3652
03:20:59,700 --> 03:21:03,700
about 25 miles apart a distance,
a horse can cover its speed 

3653
03:21:03,708 --> 03:21:06,600
without collapsing. 
The system allows the Khan to 

3654
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:10,200
communicate with commanders, 
thousands of miles away to 

3655
03:21:10,200 --> 03:21:13,700
coordinate military campaigns 
across continents and to receive

3656
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:17,600
intelligence and send orders 
faster than any previous Empire 

3657
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:20,400
managed. 
The Riders themselves are tough 

3658
03:21:20,400 --> 03:21:22,900
weathered men who have proven 
themselves capable of enduring, 

3659
03:21:22,900 --> 03:21:24,600
the hardships of constant 
travel. 

3660
03:21:24,600 --> 03:21:28,300
They know the routes intimately 
can navigate in the dark and can

3661
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:30,700
read weather signs that tell 
them when to seek shelter and 

3662
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:34,200
when to push on, they carry 
cylindrical message containers 

3663
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:37,900
to their bodies made from 
leather, or bamboo sealed to 

3664
03:21:37,908 --> 03:21:40,500
protect contents. 
From whether the message is 

3665
03:21:40,500 --> 03:21:43,600
themselves are written on silk, 
when available Because silk is 

3666
03:21:43,600 --> 03:21:46,900
light and durable or on special 
paper treated to resist. 

3667
03:21:46,900 --> 03:21:49,500
Moisture. 
Cultural exchange happens. 

3668
03:21:49,500 --> 03:21:51,400
Almost accidentally along these 
routes. 

3669
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:56,100
You see Chinese paper, making 
technique, traveling west, a 

3670
03:21:56,100 --> 03:21:59,000
Persian Merchants watching a 
Chinese paper maker and 

3671
03:21:59,000 --> 03:22:01,800
realizing he could. 
Replicate the process back home 

3672
03:22:01,800 --> 03:22:05,500
that knowledge worth more than 
any single load of trade goods. 

3673
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,100
Person. 
Astronomical knowledge, heads 

3674
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:12,000
East carried by Scholars fleeing
political instability finding 

3675
03:22:12,000 --> 03:22:15,200
Eagle audience is in Chinese 
courts interested in improving, 

3676
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:18,600
their calendar systems. 
European metal, working methods 

3677
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:22,000
show up in Central, Asian 
workshops taught by captured 

3678
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:24,900
craftsmen who have been the 
choice between teaching, their 

3679
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:28,400
skills or dying. 
The Mongols themselves adopt 

3680
03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:30,300
freely from the cultures they 
encounter. 

3681
03:22:30,300 --> 03:22:33,700
You watch Chinese Siege 
Engineers being integrated into 

3682
03:22:33,700 --> 03:22:36,500
Mongol armies. 
Their knowledge of catapults and

3683
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:38,400
trebuchets transforming the 
Mongols. 

3684
03:22:38,400 --> 03:22:41,700
From steppe, Raiders into 
forces, capable of reducing 

3685
03:22:41,700 --> 03:22:44,700
fortified cities. 
Persian administrators get 

3686
03:22:44,700 --> 03:22:48,200
recruited to manage conquered 
territories, their experience 

3687
03:22:48,200 --> 03:22:51,700
with complex bureaucracies 
proving invaluable, captured 

3688
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:54,500
Craftsmen from everywhere get 
established and workshops 

3689
03:22:54,500 --> 03:22:58,500
teaching their skills to 
apprentices creating Goods that 

3690
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:00,600
blend techniques from multiple 
traditions. 

3691
03:23:01,600 --> 03:23:05,300
The wealth flowing through these
trade routes is staggering a 

3692
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:07,700
successful. 
Merchant can retire Rich after a

3693
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:11,300
single Journey from Beijing to 
Bagdad assuming they survived 

3694
03:23:11,300 --> 03:23:15,000
the trip and avoid being robbed,
both significant assumption's, 

3695
03:23:15,000 --> 03:23:19,000
the prophet a large enough to 
justify the risks silk purchased

3696
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:21,100
in China. 
For silver, might sell in Persia

3697
03:23:21,100 --> 03:23:25,600
for three times what it costs 
and Persian carpets or glassware

3698
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:27,800
can command. 
Similar markups, when sold in 

3699
03:23:27,800 --> 03:23:31,400
China, the taxes collected from 
this trade helped fund, the 

3700
03:23:31,400 --> 03:23:35,200
Empire's military operations, 
creating a feedback loop where 

3701
03:23:35,200 --> 03:23:39,300
successful conquests make trades
safer, which generates more tax 

3702
03:23:39,300 --> 03:23:43,100
revenue which funds more 
conquests, you notice how 

3703
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:48,300
Cosmopolitan the larger cities 
become Karakorum the capital 

3704
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:52,800
established by ogre day host 
Buddhist temples Muslim, mosques

3705
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:56,800
Christian churches. 
And shamanistic shrines often 

3706
03:23:56,800 --> 03:23:59,900
with Insight of each other 
Scholars debate, Theology and 

3707
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:04,000
marketplaces scientists exchange
ideas in multilingual, 

3708
03:24:04,000 --> 03:24:08,100
discussions facilitated by 
translators and artists blend 

3709
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:11,300
styles from different 
Traditions, its messy and 

3710
03:24:11,300 --> 03:24:14,200
chaotic, and occasionally 
violent when religious tensions 

3711
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:17,600
flare, but it's also genuinely 
Innovative in ways. 

3712
03:24:17,600 --> 03:24:21,700
That isolated homogeneous 
societies, rarely manage the 

3713
03:24:21,700 --> 03:24:24,400
food available in these trading 
cities, reflects the routes 

3714
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:27,000
passing through them. 
You find yourself in a 

3715
03:24:27,000 --> 03:24:29,800
marketplace where Chinese 
noodles sipside, Persian rice 

3716
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:33,100
dishes, Russian bread, shares 
shelf, space with Indian, 

3717
03:24:33,100 --> 03:24:36,800
flatbreads and Central Asian 
dumplings compete, with Middle 

3718
03:24:36,800 --> 03:24:39,700
Eastern. 
Stews, the Cuisines blend and 

3719
03:24:39,700 --> 03:24:42,800
influence each other creating 
Fusion dishes that wouldn't 

3720
03:24:42,800 --> 03:24:45,200
exist without this forced 
proximity. 

3721
03:24:46,300 --> 03:24:49,100
Noodle dishes, seasoned with 
Middle Eastern spices, 

3722
03:24:49,100 --> 03:24:52,300
dumplings, filled with 
ingredients from multiple 

3723
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:56,600
culinary, traditions and breads,
incorporating techniques from 

3724
03:24:56,600 --> 03:24:59,400
different baking. 
Cultures you try a dish that 

3725
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,300
combines elements from three 
different culinary traditions 

3726
03:25:02,300 --> 03:25:06,100
and it works somehow the flavors
complimenting rather than 

3727
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:09,100
fighting each other. 
The Chinese noodles are served 

3728
03:25:09,100 --> 03:25:12,400
in a Persian style source with 
spices that smell like India, 

3729
03:25:12,400 --> 03:25:16,900
topped with meat prepared, using
Mongol techniques, it shouldn't 

3730
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:18,800
work but it does the different 
elements. 

3731
03:25:18,800 --> 03:25:22,400
Balancing each other creating 
something new that's greater 

3732
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:27,000
than its component parts. 
At night, the Caravan. 

3733
03:25:27,000 --> 03:25:29,600
Saray becomes something like a 
combination, Marketplace 

3734
03:25:29,600 --> 03:25:32,200
Newsroom and Social Club 
Merchants. 

3735
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:34,100
Share information, about 
conditions ahead. 

3736
03:25:34,100 --> 03:25:37,200
Warn each other about Bandits or
corrupt officials. 

3737
03:25:37,200 --> 03:25:40,800
There's always someone trying to
extract unofficial taxes and 

3738
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:43,600
negotiate deals for the next leg
of their Journeys. 

3739
03:25:43,600 --> 03:25:47,700
The information exchanges 
valuable sometimes more valuable

3740
03:25:47,700 --> 03:25:50,500
than the physical Goods. 
Being traded a warning about 

3741
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:54,400
plague in a certain city, might 
save lives and fortunes news 

3742
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:58,200
about political instability. 
Might change route choices and 

3743
03:25:58,200 --> 03:26:01,600
intelligence about good harvests
or famines affects pricing 

3744
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:04,800
strategies, someone produces a 
stringed instrument. 

3745
03:26:04,800 --> 03:26:08,700
You don't recognize perhaps a 
person tar or a Chinese people 

3746
03:26:08,700 --> 03:26:11,600
and someone else starts singing 
in a language. 

3747
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:15,200
You don't understand that the 
music itself, transcends, the 

3748
03:26:15,200 --> 03:26:19,500
language barrier telling us a 
story about longing distance and

3749
03:26:19,500 --> 03:26:23,100
the peculiar loneliness of being
far from home others join in 

3750
03:26:23,100 --> 03:26:26,100
some harmonizing some Adding 
percussion by slapping, their 

3751
03:26:26,100 --> 03:26:29,400
knees or slapping hands, 
creating something spontaneous 

3752
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:33,000
and beautiful that exists. 
Only in this moment, never to be

3753
03:26:33,000 --> 03:26:36,300
exactly replicated, your 
learning that the Silk Road 

3754
03:26:36,300 --> 03:26:40,400
isn't really about silk, though,
silk certainly, travels it About

3755
03:26:40,400 --> 03:26:45,400
the movement of everything. 
Good ideas, Technologies, 

3756
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:49,200
religions, diseases, and 
stories. 

3757
03:26:49,200 --> 03:26:53,000
It's a network that connects 
East and West in ways that shape

3758
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,700
both. 
That makes isolation impossible 

3759
03:26:55,700 --> 03:26:59,000
and that creates a medieval 
World considerably more 

3760
03:26:59,000 --> 03:27:02,400
interconnected than most people.
Imagine you're examining the 

3761
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:04,800
administrative structure of the 
Mongol Empire now. 

3762
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:08,600
And it's more sophisticated than
you expected from your initial 

3763
03:27:08,600 --> 03:27:10,500
assumptions about nomadic 
conquerors. 

3764
03:27:10,500 --> 03:27:14,100
The common image of Mongol rule 
as purely military conquest, 

3765
03:27:14,100 --> 03:27:17,500
followed by extractive 
exploitation, Mrs. The 

3766
03:27:17,500 --> 03:27:20,400
complexity of how they actually 
governed the territories, they 

3767
03:27:20,400 --> 03:27:24,300
acquired sure the military 
conquest came first brutal 

3768
03:27:24,300 --> 03:27:28,500
efficient often horrifying in 
its completeness but afterwards 

3769
03:27:28,500 --> 03:27:30,800
came, the hard work of actually 
running these places. 

3770
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:34,800
Extracting resources without 
killing the Golden Goose and 

3771
03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:38,800
maintaining order across vast 
distances with limited Manpower.

3772
03:27:38,800 --> 03:27:40,400
The sense. 
System. 

3773
03:27:40,400 --> 03:27:43,200
They Implement across conquered 
territories is comprehensive 

3774
03:27:43,200 --> 03:27:46,400
almost oppressive in its 
thoroughness you watch 

3775
03:27:46,400 --> 03:27:49,900
bureaucrats often recruited from
the local population because the

3776
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:51,600
Mongols lacks sufficient 
literate. 

3777
03:27:51,600 --> 03:27:54,900
Administrators of their own 
going door-to-door counting 

3778
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,300
people, livestock, and 
resources, every household gets 

3779
03:27:58,300 --> 03:28:01,900
registered assigned, a number 
and recorded in documents that 

3780
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:05,000
eventually make their way to 
Regional administrators and 

3781
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:08,600
ultimately to karakoram every 
taxable asset gets noted. 

3782
03:28:08,600 --> 03:28:12,900
How many horses sheep camels 
Acres of Farmland, workshops, 

3783
03:28:12,900 --> 03:28:16,400
Wells and even trees if they're 
fruit bearing and represent 

3784
03:28:16,400 --> 03:28:20,400
economic value? 
It's invasive because it is, but

3785
03:28:20,400 --> 03:28:23,000
it also means the tax. 
Burden can be distributed more 

3786
03:28:23,000 --> 03:28:26,100
fairly or at least more 
predictably and revenue 

3787
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:29,000
collection become systemic 
rather than arbitrary. 

3788
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:32,400
The old system where Tax 
Collectors showed up demanding, 

3789
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:34,800
whatever. 
They felt like, demanding gets 

3790
03:28:34,800 --> 03:28:37,700
replaced by fixed rates. 
Based on recorded assets. 

3791
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:42,400
You still pay a lot, but Know 
roughly how much and there's a 

3792
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:43,900
course. 
If collectors try to extract 

3793
03:28:43,900 --> 03:28:47,100
more than what's listed local 
rulers, who submit without 

3794
03:28:47,100 --> 03:28:50,300
fighting often keep their 
positions though, now their 

3795
03:28:50,300 --> 03:28:53,200
answering to Mongol overseers 
called Darrow gachi, who makes 

3796
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:54,700
sure. 
Tax revenue, flows correctly, 

3797
03:28:54,700 --> 03:28:58,000
and rebellions don't Brew. 
It's a clever system that 

3798
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:00,600
minimizes the number of 
Administrators needed from the 

3799
03:29:00,600 --> 03:29:04,100
Mongol core population, which 
remains small compared to the 

3800
03:29:04,100 --> 03:29:07,200
vast territories. 
They control better to let local

3801
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:09,200
Elites. 
Continue handling day-to-day 

3802
03:29:09,200 --> 03:29:12,100
governance, they understand 
local customs. 

3803
03:29:12,900 --> 03:29:15,200
Speak the language and know 
who's who? 

3804
03:29:15,900 --> 03:29:19,600
While Mongol officials focus on 
the big picture Revenue, 

3805
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:24,600
military matters, maintaining 
order and ensuring the road. 

3806
03:29:24,600 --> 03:29:26,600
Stay safe. 
The Dara gacha. 

3807
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:29,600
Usually veteran Warriors men who
have proven themselves in 

3808
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:32,400
conquest and understand both 
military matters and the 

3809
03:29:32,400 --> 03:29:36,200
Empire's priorities. 
You meet one, a grizzled soldier

3810
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:40,000
named subete who now governs, a 
Chinese Province larger than 

3811
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:43,100
many European kingdoms. 
He doesn't speak Chinese 

3812
03:29:43,100 --> 03:29:46,500
fluently and relies on 
interpreters and local advisors,

3813
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:51,000
but he understands numbers and 
loyalty, he knows exactly how 

3814
03:29:51,000 --> 03:29:54,600
much revenues should generate 
nose which local officials are 

3815
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:58,300
reliable and which need watching
and he's utterly ruthless about 

3816
03:29:58,300 --> 03:30:00,900
crushing dissent. 
While being surprisingly lenient

3817
03:30:00,900 --> 03:30:04,200
about cultural practices that 
don't threaten Mongolian 

3818
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:07,500
interests, the legal system, 
gets reformed to reflect Mongol.

3819
03:30:07,500 --> 03:30:11,400
Priorities criminal law becomes 
harsher and more consistent than

3820
03:30:11,400 --> 03:30:14,700
in many conquered territories. 
Murder carries, the death 

3821
03:30:14,700 --> 03:30:18,200
penalty. 
Applied swiftly and publicly the

3822
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:21,300
special horse theft. 
Brings severe punishment often 

3823
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:24,300
death sometimes mutilation as a 
warning to others. 

3824
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:27,300
Adult tree is punished harshly 
though. 

3825
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:30,000
You notice the punishments fall 
hard on women than men 

3826
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:33,500
reflecting the patriarchal 
structures, the Mongols share 

3827
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:36,900
with most conquered societies. 
Rape carries the death penalty, 

3828
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:40,100
which is actually more severe 
than, in many medieval legal 

3829
03:30:40,100 --> 03:30:43,100
codes. 
So enforcement varies depending 

3830
03:30:43,100 --> 03:30:46,500
on the status of the victim and 
perpetrator at the same time, 

3831
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:50,000
commercial law becomes clearer 
and more favorable to Merchants 

3832
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:53,300
than under previous regimes, 
contracts are enforced with the 

3833
03:30:53,308 --> 03:30:57,000
Empire's full backing, a 
merchant cheated in a deal can 

3834
03:30:57,000 --> 03:31:00,300
appeal to Mongol authorities who
will investigate and punish 

3835
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:04,000
violators, regardless of their 
local status property rights, 

3836
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:07,000
get protected better than 
before, less arbitrary, 

3837
03:31:07,000 --> 03:31:09,800
confiscation by local 
authorities who now answer to 

3838
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:13,700
Mongol overseers interested in 
keeping Commerce flowing debts 

3839
03:31:13,700 --> 03:31:16,500
are enforced. 
Bankruptcy, regulated and 

3840
03:31:16,500 --> 03:31:19,900
Partnerships formalized in ways 
that make long distance trade 

3841
03:31:19,900 --> 03:31:22,900
less risky. 
You notice how the Mongols 

3842
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:25,900
handle religious institutions 
cautiously. 

3843
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:29,200
But not oppressively unless 
provoked, religiously does 

3844
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:32,800
receive exemptions from taxes 
and military service and in 

3845
03:31:32,800 --> 03:31:35,800
return, their expected to pray 
for the Khan and not caused 

3846
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:38,400
trouble. 
To pragmatic rangement that 

3847
03:31:38,400 --> 03:31:41,000
mostly Works Buddhist 
monasteries. 

3848
03:31:41,000 --> 03:31:45,200
In tibetan China, continue their
practices Muslim mosques 

3849
03:31:45,200 --> 03:31:48,600
throughout Central Asia and 
Persia maintain their rituals 

3850
03:31:48,600 --> 03:31:51,700
and Christian churches in 
Concord Russian territories. 

3851
03:31:51,700 --> 03:31:55,200
Keep celebrating their 
sacraments, the Mongols don't 

3852
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:58,000
care which gods you worship. 
As long as you also acknowledge 

3853
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,500
their sovereignty and pay your 
taxes tensions, occasionally 

3854
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:04,700
flare, when religious 
authorities overstep, when a 

3855
03:32:04,700 --> 03:32:07,400
Buddhist Monastery starts 
accumulating too much wealth. 

3856
03:32:07,400 --> 03:32:10,000
Without paying taxes. 
When Muslim, clerics? 

3857
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:13,400
Preach against Mongol rule, or 
when Christian priests claimed 

3858
03:32:13,400 --> 03:32:16,500
their Spiritual Authority. 
Supersedes temporal power. 

3859
03:32:16,500 --> 03:32:18,800
The Mongol response is 
consistent. 

3860
03:32:19,600 --> 03:32:22,900
Spiritual matters are yours to 
manage, but political Authority 

3861
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:25,300
and economic obligations are 
non-negotiable. 

3862
03:32:26,100 --> 03:32:30,000
Step over that line and the 
exemptions disappear often, 

3863
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:33,300
violently the military 
Administration remains Central 

3864
03:32:33,300 --> 03:32:36,100
to everything. 
The Empire is divided into 

3865
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:38,700
regions. 
Each responsible for providing a

3866
03:32:38,700 --> 03:32:42,000
certain number of Warriors when 
called upon the decimal system 

3867
03:32:42,000 --> 03:32:44,500
extends beyond the military 
proper into civilian 

3868
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:47,700
Administration, units of 
households are assigned 

3869
03:32:47,700 --> 03:32:50,100
responsibility. 
For supporting specific military

3870
03:32:50,100 --> 03:32:54,700
units, creating clear chains of 
supply and support. 10 household

3871
03:32:54,700 --> 03:32:58,500
support, one soldier providing 
his equipment horses and 

3872
03:32:58,500 --> 03:33:00,800
Provisions. 
It's a system that makes 

3873
03:33:00,800 --> 03:33:04,800
military mobilization faster and
more predictable than the ad hoc

3874
03:33:04,800 --> 03:33:07,400
recruitment methods. 
Used by most medieval States 

3875
03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:12,000
every male between roughly 15 
and 60 is technically available 

3876
03:33:12,000 --> 03:33:15,200
for military service. 
Though, in practice, the Mongols

3877
03:33:15,200 --> 03:33:18,200
are selectively preferring to 
maintain the quality of their 

3878
03:33:18,200 --> 03:33:21,000
forces. 
Rather than simply maximizing 

3879
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:23,500
numbers. 
You watch a military inspection,

3880
03:33:23,500 --> 03:33:27,700
where young men are tested on 
horsemanship, archery and ends. 

3881
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:31,700
Those who pass get incorporated 
into units and begin training, 

3882
03:33:31,700 --> 03:33:34,300
that will turn them, into the 
kind of Warriors who terrified, 

3883
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:37,400
professional armies, those who 
don't pass receive other 

3884
03:33:37,400 --> 03:33:41,600
assignments, support roles, 
Messenger, Service or Garrison 

3885
03:33:41,600 --> 03:33:45,700
Duty in less critical locations,
communication remains crucial 

3886
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:48,800
and the AMS system expands to 
cover the entire Empire. 

3887
03:33:48,800 --> 03:33:51,200
Like nervous system can 
connecting brain to limbs. 

3888
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:55,000
You visit a relay station in 
Central Asia and its impressive.

3889
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:59,600
Stables with 20 horses supplies 
for Riders, simple 

3890
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:03,000
accommodations for official 
Messengers, and a small Garrison

3891
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,400
to protect the station and 
enforce. 

3892
03:34:05,400 --> 03:34:09,500
Its privileges, the system is 
expensive to maintain all those 

3893
03:34:09,508 --> 03:34:12,600
horses, all that grain, all 
those guards. 

3894
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,100
But it allows the central 
government to remain informed 

3895
03:34:16,100 --> 03:34:19,500
about conditions in distant 
provinces and to respond to 

3896
03:34:19,500 --> 03:34:22,500
crises faster than any previous 
Empire managed. 

3897
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:26,100
The cost is born by local. 
Populations required to maintain

3898
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:28,500
the stations as a form of tax 
obligation. 

3899
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:33,300
Villages near stations must 
provide horses, food and labor, 

3900
03:34:33,300 --> 03:34:37,400
it's burdened but it also means 
that Mongol officials can travel

3901
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:40,700
quickly when needed that 
Merchants with paiser can move 

3902
03:34:40,700 --> 03:34:44,500
safely and that rebellion in one
Province can trigger responses 

3903
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:46,400
from forces, several province's 
away. 

3904
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:50,300
Before the rebels can 
consolidate their gains taxation

3905
03:34:50,300 --> 03:34:53,200
is surprisingly diverse, 
reflecting the different 

3906
03:34:53,200 --> 03:34:55,000
economies, the Mongols of 
Concord. 

3907
03:34:55,800 --> 03:34:59,600
In pastoral regions, it's 
primarily an animals every year 

3908
03:34:59,600 --> 03:35:02,100
a certain percentage of your 
herd goes to the Empire. 

3909
03:35:02,100 --> 03:35:06,500
In agricultural areas it's grain
and other crops typically around

3910
03:35:06,500 --> 03:35:10,900
10 to 20% of the Harvest higher.
If you've rebelled and lower, if

3911
03:35:10,900 --> 03:35:13,700
you've been particularly loyal 
in commercial cities, there are 

3912
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:17,500
taxes on Market transactions, 
customs duties on Goods, passing

3913
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:20,600
through and Licensing fees for 
certain trades. 

3914
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:24,200
There's all so military service 
with households required to 

3915
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,600
provide Warriors. 
When needed, there's Labor 

3916
03:35:26,600 --> 03:35:30,000
Service for building projects 
roads Bridges fortifications. 

3917
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:33,900
Palaces, the burden is heavy. 
Certainly heavier than most 

3918
03:35:33,900 --> 03:35:37,400
people bore under previous 
regimes, but it's distributed 

3919
03:35:37,400 --> 03:35:40,600
systemically rather than falling
randomly on what ever 

3920
03:35:40,600 --> 03:35:43,900
communities happen to catch a 
tax collectors attention on a 

3921
03:35:43,900 --> 03:35:46,000
bad day. 
The Mongols proved remarkably 

3922
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:49,900
good at identifying in utilizing
Talent, regardless of origin. 

3923
03:35:50,700 --> 03:35:53,800
A skilled administrator captured
during the conquest of Clara's 

3924
03:35:53,800 --> 03:35:55,900
room. 
Like, find himself running a 

3925
03:35:55,900 --> 03:35:58,800
province in China. 
His language skills and 

3926
03:35:58,800 --> 03:36:02,600
administrative experience valued
above considerations of 

3927
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:06,300
ethnicity or past allegiances. 
A clever engineer gets pulled 

3928
03:36:06,300 --> 03:36:08,700
into military service designing,
Siege equipment. 

3929
03:36:08,700 --> 03:36:12,500
A merchant with knowledge of 
distant markets, becomes an 

3930
03:36:12,500 --> 03:36:16,400
advisor on trade policy Chinese 
Scholars, get incorporated into 

3931
03:36:16,400 --> 03:36:19,700
the Mongol bureaucracy bringing 
with them sophisticated 

3932
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:22,400
record-keeping systems, that 
make Administration more 

3933
03:36:22,400 --> 03:36:25,400
efficient, there's a ruthless 
meritocracy at work. 

3934
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:28,400
That's occasionally refreshing 
compared to the rigid hereditary

3935
03:36:28,400 --> 03:36:30,300
systems. 
Common in many medieval 

3936
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:33,700
societies. 
Yes, being from a powerful 

3937
03:36:33,700 --> 03:36:36,900
Mongol, family helps. 
But incompetence will still get 

3938
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,500
you demoted or worse. 
Talented Foreigner, can rise to 

3939
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,100
positions of genuine Authority, 
though. 

3940
03:36:43,100 --> 03:36:45,700
They'll always be watched more 
carefully than ethnic Mongols 

3941
03:36:45,700 --> 03:36:48,800
and always suspected. 
If anything goes wrong, you meet

3942
03:36:48,800 --> 03:36:50,400
a Chinese, official named 
yellow. 

3943
03:36:50,400 --> 03:36:54,600
Chukai a former jind Dynasty. 
Bureaucrat, who now serves a 

3944
03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:58,200
Khan as a chief administrator, 
he's managed to convince the 

3945
03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:02,100
Mongols that systemic taxation 
generates more Revenue than 

3946
03:37:02,100 --> 03:37:06,100
simply looting and destroying 
conquered territories that are 

3947
03:37:06,100 --> 03:37:08,800
functioning economy produces. 
Well, that can be taxed 

3948
03:37:08,800 --> 03:37:13,400
repeatedly and the educated 
administrators are more valuable

3949
03:37:13,400 --> 03:37:17,200
alive and working than dead his 
influence as probably saved 

3950
03:37:17,200 --> 03:37:20,200
millions of lives by making 
Conquest economically. 

3951
03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:24,200
Rational, rather than purely 
extractive during Genghis, 

3952
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:26,900
Khan's final years now. 
And he's aging in the way 

3953
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:30,200
Warriors age when they've spent 
decades in the saddle fighting 

3954
03:37:30,200 --> 03:37:34,700
campaigns in during wounds and 
pushing their bodies past normal

3955
03:37:34,700 --> 03:37:38,100
limits, his body carries the 
accumulated injuries of 

3956
03:37:38,100 --> 03:37:42,900
countless Battles, Old Wounds, 
that achan cold weather joints 

3957
03:37:42,900 --> 03:37:45,600
stiff from years of riding and 
scars. 

3958
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:48,400
That tell stories, he rarely 
bothers recounting any more 

3959
03:37:48,400 --> 03:37:51,900
because everyone who matters 
already knows them, he's in his 

3960
03:37:51,900 --> 03:37:54,600
60s, which is genuinely old for 
this era. 

3961
03:37:54,600 --> 03:37:57,700
Ancient for someone who's lived 
as violently as he has. 

3962
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:01,900
The campaign Against The 
Westerns year is grinding and 

3963
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:05,300
exhausting more a punishment 
Expedition than a genuine 

3964
03:38:05,300 --> 03:38:07,800
Conquest. 
They angered him by refusing to 

3965
03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:10,000
provide support for his war 
against quarrelsome. 

3966
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:13,800
Citing their own military 
commitments as an excuse he 

3967
03:38:13,800 --> 03:38:17,400
hasn't forgotten now years later
he's returned to make sure they 

3968
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:21,400
understand the consequences of 
defying him to demonstrate that 

3969
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:24,900
agreements with the Khan are not
suggestions but obligations 

3970
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:26,800
backed by the full might of his 
army. 

3971
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:29,900
You watch his army, 
systematically dismantling, the 

3972
03:38:29,900 --> 03:38:34,000
Western Gia, State, destroying 
cities, eliminating leadership 

3973
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:36,600
and erasing the kingdom with 
methodical thoroughness. 

3974
03:38:37,300 --> 03:38:40,200
It's not just about Conquest. 
There are dozens of other 

3975
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:42,700
kingdoms, the Mongols could 
conquer with less effort. 

3976
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:47,400
This is about sending a message 
to every tributary state, every 

3977
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:51,900
Ally, and every potential Rebel,
Keep your Oaths or face 

3978
03:38:51,900 --> 03:38:54,900
Annihilation. 
His health is failing though, he

3979
03:38:54,908 --> 03:38:58,300
hides it as well as he can. 
There's a full from a horse 

3980
03:38:58,300 --> 03:39:01,400
during a hunting trip, that 
seems minor at first but leaves 

3981
03:39:01,400 --> 03:39:04,100
him injured possibly bleeding 
internally. 

3982
03:39:04,100 --> 03:39:08,300
The exact details are murky, 
Mongol sources are deliberately 

3983
03:39:08,300 --> 03:39:11,500
vague about the cars 
vulnerabilities, but you can see

3984
03:39:11,500 --> 03:39:16,200
he's not recovering properly. 
Fever comes and goes, he has 

3985
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:18,100
trouble eating and keeping down 
food. 

3986
03:39:18,100 --> 03:39:21,500
His advisors urged him to rest, 
to return to Mongolia. 

3987
03:39:21,500 --> 03:39:25,500
But he insists on seeing the 
campaign through he continues 

3988
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:27,300
directing operations from a 
litter. 

3989
03:39:27,300 --> 03:39:30,800
When he can't ride anymore, 
still making decisions still 

3990
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:34,200
planning the Empire's future 
even as his own runs, out your 

3991
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:37,400
present during a war council 
where he discusses strategy for 

3992
03:39:37,400 --> 03:39:41,300
campaigns, he won't live to see 
Conquest that will happen 

3993
03:39:41,300 --> 03:39:45,000
decades after his death. 
His mind remains sharp even as 

3994
03:39:45,000 --> 03:39:48,300
his body betrays him and there's
something both impressive and 

3995
03:39:48,300 --> 03:39:51,400
sad about watching him refused 
to acknowledge his mortality. 

3996
03:39:52,900 --> 03:39:56,100
The question of succession 
occupies his remaining time and 

3997
03:39:56,100 --> 03:39:58,300
energy. 
His sons are grown men. 

3998
03:39:58,300 --> 03:40:02,400
Now each commanding armies each 
with their own supporters and 

3999
03:40:02,400 --> 03:40:05,800
Ambitions and each capable of 
tearing the Empire apart. 

4000
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:09,500
In a civil war, if succession 
isn't handled carefully, the 

4001
03:40:09,500 --> 03:40:12,100
traditional Mongol approach 
would be to divide the Empire 

4002
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:15,500
among them giving each sanitary 
to rule independently. 

4003
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:20,400
He seen how that fragments power
creates opportunities for Rivals

4004
03:40:20,400 --> 03:40:23,900
and turns unified strength into 
competing factions. 

4005
03:40:23,900 --> 03:40:29,300
Instead, he designated as his 
primary successor Someone he 

4006
03:40:29,300 --> 03:40:31,500
thinks has the temperament to 
hold the empire together. 

4007
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:36,500
Not his eldest son, yochi. 
Whose paternity carries those 

4008
03:40:36,500 --> 03:40:41,100
quiet questions from berta's, 
captivity, not chagatai whose 

4009
03:40:41,100 --> 03:40:44,700
strong, but inflexible too rigid
to navigate the complex politics

4010
03:40:44,700 --> 03:40:46,700
of ruling. 
A multi-ethnic Empire. 

4011
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:51,400
Not totally the youngest whose 
brilliant but two young to 

4012
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:54,400
command the respect of senior 
commanders ogre day. 

4013
03:40:54,400 --> 03:40:57,600
The third son is competent 
without being threatening and 

4014
03:40:57,600 --> 03:41:01,000
diplomatic without being weak. 
Someone his brothers might 

4015
03:41:01,000 --> 03:41:03,800
accept because he doesn't 
Inspire the same jealousy or 

4016
03:41:03,800 --> 03:41:07,400
resentment There are long 
conversations during these final

4017
03:41:07,400 --> 03:41:09,300
weeks. 
He watching him talking with 

4018
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:12,800
this son's laying out his vision
for continued expansion. 

4019
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:17,200
Warning them about specific 
threats and sharing accumulated 

4020
03:41:17,200 --> 03:41:20,400
wisdom about Warfare governance 
and the management of their 

4021
03:41:20,400 --> 03:41:23,000
conquered territories. 
He tells them that their 

4022
03:41:23,000 --> 03:41:27,100
strength lies in unity, that 
divided, they'll be vulnerable 

4023
03:41:27,100 --> 03:41:30,500
to the civilizations, they've 
subjugated and that maintaining 

4024
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:33,300
the Empire will require 
cooperation even when it's 

4025
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:36,500
difficult. 
Whether they listen is another 

4026
03:41:36,500 --> 03:41:39,500
question, you can see the 
tensions already present 

4027
03:41:39,500 --> 03:41:42,200
chagatai and yochi. 
Barely speaking to each other 

4028
03:41:42,200 --> 03:41:47,100
old grudges festering, each son,
calculating his own position 

4029
03:41:47,100 --> 03:41:50,800
making plans that may or may not
include supporting his 

4030
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:54,600
designated successor. 
Genghis Khan sees it too, you 

4031
03:41:54,600 --> 03:41:57,700
think and it worries him but 
there's only so much he can 

4032
03:41:57,708 --> 03:42:02,400
control from Beyond the Grave. 
His death in 1227, is kept 

4033
03:42:02,400 --> 03:42:05,800
secret initially following his 
explicit instructions. 

4034
03:42:05,800 --> 03:42:08,700
The Army needs to complete the 
campaign against the west, and 

4035
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:12,000
CE and announcing the Khan's, 
death might encourage Rebellion 

4036
03:42:12,000 --> 03:42:15,200
or embolden enemies. 
So they carry his body back 

4037
03:42:15,200 --> 03:42:18,900
toward Mongolia in secret, 
maintaining the fiction that he 

4038
03:42:18,900 --> 03:42:20,600
still alive and directing 
operations. 

4039
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:25,500
Messengers continue riding in 
and out of Camp as if carrying 

4040
03:42:25,500 --> 03:42:28,800
his orders guards. 
Maintain watch over his tent as 

4041
03:42:28,800 --> 03:42:32,100
if he's resting inside the 
Western sheer ruler and his 

4042
03:42:32,108 --> 03:42:35,500
family are lured into a meeting 
with Mongol commanders where 

4043
03:42:35,500 --> 03:42:37,800
they're executed their Kingdom 
erased. 

4044
03:42:37,800 --> 03:42:41,500
So thoroughly that its language 
and culture largely disappear 

4045
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:43,800
from history. 
The funeral procession 

4046
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:47,400
supposedly kills anyone, who 
sees it maintaining secrecy 

4047
03:42:47,400 --> 03:42:50,500
about the burial location 
whether this is true or 

4048
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:53,600
propaganda is hard to say. 
Certainly some people along the 

4049
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:57,600
Route die, but whether through 
systematic execution or normal 

4050
03:42:57,600 --> 03:43:01,900
mortality inflated, by Legend is
unclear, the burial site itself 

4051
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:04,800
remains unknown. 
To this day, hidden somewhere in

4052
03:43:04,800 --> 03:43:07,600
the mountains of Northern 
Mongolia, protected by 

4053
03:43:07,600 --> 03:43:09,600
isolation. 
And deliberate. 

4054
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:13,700
Obscurity, the Empire he leaves 
behind is the largest contiguous

4055
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:15,800
land Empire. 
The world has ever seen 

4056
03:43:15,800 --> 03:43:20,200
stretching from the Pacific 
Ocean to the Caspian Sea from 

4057
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:23,400
the Frozen forests of Barrier to
the borders of India. 

4058
03:43:23,400 --> 03:43:27,500
It's connected by those relay 
stations secured by military. 

4059
03:43:27,500 --> 03:43:31,600
Garrisons administered by a 
bureaucracy, that blends Mongol 

4060
03:43:31,600 --> 03:43:35,500
oversight with local expertise 
and enriched by trade, that 

4061
03:43:35,500 --> 03:43:38,000
flows more freely than it has in
centuries. 

4062
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:41,400
The population under Mongol 
control numbers in the tens of 

4063
03:43:41,408 --> 03:43:45,300
millions encompassing, dozens of
ethnic groups, multiple 

4064
03:43:45,300 --> 03:43:46,900
religions and countless 
cultures. 

4065
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:50,600
Now, unified under a single 
political system, his 

4066
03:43:50,600 --> 03:43:53,600
descendants will expand it. 
Further pushing the boundaries 

4067
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:57,400
even beyond what he achieved 
OGD, will invade Eastern Europe,

4068
03:43:57,400 --> 03:44:01,200
sending armies onto car that 
will terrify kingdoms from 

4069
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:04,600
Poland, to Hungary, crushing 
European armies at Lake Nika and

4070
03:44:04,600 --> 03:44:08,800
mohi and advancing so far, west 
that Scouts reportedly reached 

4071
03:44:08,800 --> 03:44:13,800
the Adriatic Sea, only ogre 
days, death in 1201, pulls the 

4072
03:44:13,800 --> 03:44:17,500
back as commanders returned to 
Mongolia for the cruelty to 

4073
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:20,200
choose his successor. 
Minka will continue the 

4074
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:23,300
expansion after securing his own
succession through political 

4075
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:26,700
maneuvering, and some Bloodshed 
Kublai, will conquer the rest of

4076
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:30,200
China overthrowing the Song 
Dynasty, and establishing the 

4077
03:44:31,900 --> 03:44:34,700
Becoming emperor of the Middle 
Kingdom, a development that 

4078
03:44:34,700 --> 03:44:37,800
would have seemed impossible 
when his grandfather was a 

4079
03:44:37,800 --> 03:44:40,500
hungry, orphan stealing fish 
from streams. 

4080
03:44:40,500 --> 03:44:45,000
The Mongol, domains will 
eventually Encompass, 25% of the

4081
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:48,500
world's land area directly 
ruling or collecting tribute 

4082
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:51,600
from region, stretching from 
Korea to Hungary, and from 

4083
03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:55,300
Vietnam to Russia, but you're 
interested in the quieter 

4084
03:44:55,300 --> 03:44:58,900
legacies, the changes that 
persist Beyond military conquest

4085
03:44:58,900 --> 03:45:02,800
and political control, the 
religious tolerance imperfect 

4086
03:45:02,800 --> 03:45:05,900
but genuine that allows 
different faiths to coexist 

4087
03:45:05,900 --> 03:45:08,600
within the Empire. 
It's not quite the modern 

4088
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:11,700
concept of religious freedom. 
There are definitely hierarchies

4089
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:14,600
and definitely expectations 
about Behavior, but it's 

4090
03:45:14,600 --> 03:45:18,600
remarkably pluralistic for the 
medieval period, a Buddhist can 

4091
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:21,200
trade with a Muslim. 
A Christian can serve alongside 

4092
03:45:21,200 --> 03:45:24,600
a sharpness in the Army and 
religious disputes are settled 

4093
03:45:24,608 --> 03:45:28,700
by Civil Authorities rather than
through religious Warfare, the 

4094
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:31,800
meritocratic principles that let
talented people rise. 

4095
03:45:31,800 --> 03:45:35,100
Is regardless of birth leave 
marks on subsequent societies. 

4096
03:45:35,100 --> 03:45:38,800
The idea that competence should 
determine position that 

4097
03:45:38,800 --> 03:45:41,800
hereditary nobility isn't 
automatically entitled to 

4098
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:44,900
leadership, and that Talent 
should be identified and 

4099
03:45:44,900 --> 03:45:47,600
promoted these Concepts 
influence. 

4100
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:52,000
Political thinking in ways that 
Outlast Mongol rule, when the 

4101
03:45:52,000 --> 03:45:55,800
Empire fragments and eventually 
disappears replaced by various 

4102
03:45:55,800 --> 03:46:00,100
successor States, some of these 
principles persist embedded in 

4103
03:46:00,100 --> 03:46:03,300
administrative practices and 
cultural expectations. 

4104
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:07,400
The trade networks that connect 
East and West remain active 

4105
03:46:07,400 --> 03:46:09,400
long. 
After Mongol political Unity 

4106
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:14,100
dissolves allowing exchange of 
goods ideas and Technologies. 

4107
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:18,500
The Silk Road reaches its peak 
under Mongol protection and even

4108
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,700
as the Empire fragments The 
Roots remain, more accessible 

4109
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:23,400
than they were before the 
conquests. 

4110
03:46:24,000 --> 03:46:27,500
Merchants continued traveling 
paths that Mongol Army secured 

4111
03:46:27,500 --> 03:46:31,700
carrying not just physical Goods
but also knowledge printing 

4112
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:36,500
techniques, gunpowder formulas, 
mathematical Concepts, and 

4113
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,800
Artistic Styles. 
There's all the darker Legacy 

4114
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:41,300
that can't be ignored or 
minimized. 

4115
03:46:42,400 --> 03:46:45,700
It is destroyed. 
The populations killed the 

4116
03:46:45,700 --> 03:46:48,700
cultures erased. 
The Mongol conquest killed 

4117
03:46:48,700 --> 03:46:53,000
Millions by some estimates. 
Perhaps 40 million people, or 

4118
03:46:53,000 --> 03:46:55,500
more though. 
Exact numbers are impossible to 

4119
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:59,600
verify and hotly debated by 
historians entire cities were 

4120
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:01,400
annihilated. 
So completely that 

4121
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:03,900
archaeologists, still find the 
destruction layers in their 

4122
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:06,900
ruins, thick bands of Ash and 
Bone marking. 

4123
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:09,900
The moment, the Mongols arrived,
the Quarry in Empire, 

4124
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:13,900
essentially ceased to exist, its
major cities, reduced to Rubble 

4125
03:47:13,900 --> 03:47:17,900
his population devastated. 
The irrigation systems in 

4126
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:21,600
Central Asia and Persia suffered
damage that took centuries to 

4127
03:47:21,608 --> 03:47:24,900
repair turning productive 
agricultural land into 

4128
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:28,800
semi-desert Baghdad. 
When it finally Falls to Hulu in

4129
03:47:28,800 --> 03:47:34,400
1258 loses, perhaps a million 
inhabitants, its famed libraries

4130
03:47:34,400 --> 03:47:37,800
destroyed and centuries of 
Islamic scholarship, a lost 

4131
03:47:37,800 --> 03:47:41,700
forever the jinny in northern 
China fights for decades before 

4132
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:46,100
being Droid its territory 
depopulated by Warfare famine 

4133
03:47:46,100 --> 03:47:50,300
and disease, the Song Dynasty 
holds out longer, but eventually

4134
03:47:50,300 --> 03:47:53,200
Falls as well. 
Its sophisticated culture 

4135
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:57,500
absorbed and transformed by the 
UN Dynasty Russia fragments into

4136
03:47:57,500 --> 03:48:01,100
competing, principalities many, 
paying tribute to the golden 

4137
03:48:01,100 --> 03:48:04,400
horde, for centuries, their 
political development, altered 

4138
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:06,200
by the experience of Mongol 
domination. 

4139
03:48:06,200 --> 03:48:10,200
You notice how The Empire begins
fragmenting even before it. 

4140
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:13,800
Fully settles centrifugal 
forces, pulling it apart, 

4141
03:48:13,800 --> 03:48:15,900
despite efforts to maintain 
Unity. 

4142
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:18,800
The various Canadians. 
Develop their own characters, 

4143
03:48:18,800 --> 03:48:22,100
their own priorities, and their 
own relationships with the 

4144
03:48:22,100 --> 03:48:24,700
population's. 
They rule the golden horde in 

4145
03:48:24,700 --> 03:48:26,600
Russia becomes increasingly 
separate. 

4146
03:48:26,600 --> 03:48:31,100
Its Khan's, converting to Islam,
adopting personal administrative

4147
03:48:31,100 --> 03:48:33,900
practices and developing their 
own Court culture. 

4148
03:48:33,900 --> 03:48:38,100
The alkanet in Persia also 
converts to Islam, becoming 

4149
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,400
essentially a Persian Empire 
ruled by Mongol Elites who 

4150
03:48:41,400 --> 03:48:44,900
gradually ass. 
Persian culture, the chagatai 

4151
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:47,800
konate in Central Asia 
maintains, nomadic Traditions 

4152
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:51,700
longer, but also fragments 
internally splitting between 

4153
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:54,700
eastern and western branches 
with different priorities and 

4154
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:57,200
policies. 
The UN dynasty, in China, 

4155
03:48:57,200 --> 03:49:00,900
becomes more Chinese with each 
generation with Kublai and his 

4156
03:49:00,908 --> 03:49:03,900
successors, adopting Chinese 
administrative practices 

4157
03:49:03,900 --> 03:49:08,200
Confucian ideology and Imperial 
ceremonies until they're 

4158
03:49:08,200 --> 03:49:11,300
essentially Chinese Emperors who
happen to be descended from 

4159
03:49:11,300 --> 03:49:14,200
Mongol conquerors. 
The trade networks proved more 

4160
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:18,200
durable than political Unity. 
Even as the various Canadians 

4161
03:49:18,200 --> 03:49:21,800
drift apart politically pursuing
independent, foreign policies 

4162
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:23,900
sometimes even fighting each 
other. 

4163
03:49:23,900 --> 03:49:27,300
The Silk Road continues 
functioning at high levels 

4164
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:30,600
Merchants still travel routes 
that the Mongol conquests 

4165
03:49:30,600 --> 03:49:33,000
secured carrying goods between 
regions. 

4166
03:49:33,000 --> 03:49:35,200
That might be politically 
separate, but remain 

4167
03:49:35,200 --> 03:49:38,400
economically. 
Connected ideas flow along these

4168
03:49:38,400 --> 03:49:41,300
paths. 
Gunpowder technology, spreads 

4169
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:44,200
Westwood, eventually 
revolutionizing, European 

4170
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:48,400
Warfare, Printing technology 
expands Beyond China. 

4171
03:49:49,100 --> 03:49:51,200
So it won't reach Europe for 
another Century. 

4172
03:49:51,200 --> 03:49:54,500
Mathematical Concepts 
cross-cultural, boundaries 

4173
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:59,700
Arabic, numerals become more 
widely used algebraic technique 

4174
03:49:59,700 --> 03:50:02,900
spread an astronomical 
observations, get shared and 

4175
03:50:02,900 --> 03:50:06,600
refined through Intercultural 
contact, you see elements of 

4176
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:10,200
Mongol law and administration 
being adopted by successive 

4177
03:50:10,200 --> 03:50:14,100
States particularly in Russia 
where the influence persists 

4178
03:50:14,100 --> 03:50:18,600
longest The census techniques, 
get copied and refined the 

4179
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:21,700
postal system, inspires later, 
communication networks, 

4180
03:50:21,700 --> 03:50:25,900
including those established by 
Russian and Chinese Empires, the

4181
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:28,800
idea of religious tolerance. 
However, imperfectly 

4182
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:32,200
implemented, plants seeds that 
will influence later thinking 

4183
03:50:32,200 --> 03:50:35,300
about governance sovereignty and
the relationship between 

4184
03:50:35,300 --> 03:50:38,100
political and religious 
Authority, the military 

4185
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:40,800
innovations spread as well 
though there are often resisted 

4186
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:43,500
initially because adopting them 
means acknowledging that these 

4187
03:50:43,500 --> 03:50:46,800
Barbarian conquerors understood 
something important about 

4188
03:50:46,800 --> 03:50:50,200
Warfare other armies. 
Eventually study Mongol tactics 

4189
03:50:50,200 --> 03:50:54,400
try to replicate their mobility 
and coordination and adopt 

4190
03:50:54,400 --> 03:50:56,200
elements of their command 
structure. 

4191
03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:59,500
The composite bow design 
influences weapons Development 

4192
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:02,800
Across Eurasia though. 
It's gradually superseded by 

4193
03:51:02,800 --> 03:51:04,900
crossbows and eventually 
Firearms. 

4194
03:51:04,900 --> 03:51:09,200
The emphasis on Cavalry mobility
and tactical flexibility becomes

4195
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:12,700
Doctrine in Military Academy is 
that won't exist for centuries, 

4196
03:51:12,700 --> 03:51:15,000
but will Trace some of their 
thinking back to lessons. 

4197
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:19,100
Fighting against or alongside 
Mongol forces the idea of 

4198
03:51:19,100 --> 03:51:22,400
combined arms Warfare 
coordinating different types of 

4199
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:26,200
units for maximum effect. 
Owes something to Mongol 

4200
03:51:26,200 --> 03:51:28,600
practice though. 
It gets developed further by 

4201
03:51:28,600 --> 03:51:32,200
later military thinkers. 
You're sitting by a fire now not

4202
03:51:32,200 --> 03:51:36,200
in any specific time or place 
but in the kind of moment that 

4203
03:51:36,200 --> 03:51:39,600
existed throughout the Mongol 
period and continues in 

4204
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:43,700
diminished form today. 
After the day's work before 

4205
03:51:43,700 --> 03:51:48,200
sleep when people gather and 
talk quietly while Flames died 

4206
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:52,100
down to Embers and the vast guy 
Wheels overhead the conversation

4207
03:51:52,100 --> 03:51:55,200
me Anders touching on ordinary 
things that matter more than 

4208
03:51:55,200 --> 03:51:57,200
Empire. 
Someone mentioned weather 

4209
03:51:57,200 --> 03:52:00,300
patterns noting how the clouds 
have been building differently 

4210
03:52:00,300 --> 03:52:03,800
lately speculating about whether
the rains will come early this 

4211
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:07,300
year or late someone else 
mentioned seeing unusual bird 

4212
03:52:07,300 --> 03:52:10,100
Behavior. 
Cranes, migrating information 

4213
03:52:10,100 --> 03:52:12,800
that seemed wrong for the 
season, which might mean 

4214
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:14,600
something about coming weather 
patterns. 

4215
03:52:14,600 --> 03:52:18,000
These observations aren't idle 
chatter their survival 

4216
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:21,500
information, the accumulated 
knowledge that keeps communities

4217
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:23,700
alive in environments that don't
forgive mistakes. 

4218
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:27,500
Someone tells a joke, you don't 
quite catch, but the laughter 

4219
03:52:27,500 --> 03:52:29,500
suggests, it's funnier in the 
original language. 

4220
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:32,100
Something about a merchant and a
stubborn camel. 

4221
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:35,400
The punchline relying on 
wordplay that doesn't translate 

4222
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:37,700
well. 
The laughter is genuine though. 

4223
03:52:37,700 --> 03:52:40,800
The kind that comes from people 
who spend their days together 

4224
03:52:40,800 --> 03:52:43,300
and have developed their own 
rhythms of humor. 

4225
03:52:43,300 --> 03:52:46,400
There are only internal 
reference is and running jokes. 

4226
03:52:46,400 --> 03:52:50,600
A woman is doing needlework by 
firelight creating patterns in 

4227
03:52:50,600 --> 03:52:53,800
felt that will decorate a jeer 
transforming. 

4228
03:52:53,800 --> 03:52:57,500
Functional, shelter into 
something beautiful a hands move

4229
03:52:57,500 --> 03:53:00,900
with practice Precision needle, 
pulling thread through material,

4230
03:53:00,900 --> 03:53:04,700
creating geometric designs that 
Echo patterns used for 

4231
03:53:04,708 --> 03:53:07,600
Generations. 
Someone asks about the design 

4232
03:53:07,600 --> 03:53:11,100
and She explains its A variation
of a pattern, her grandmother 

4233
03:53:11,100 --> 03:53:14,400
taught her. 
Modified slightly to incorporate

4234
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:15,800
elements from a different 
tradition. 

4235
03:53:15,800 --> 03:53:19,200
She learned from a neighbor who 
married in from another region. 

4236
03:53:19,200 --> 03:53:23,000
It's a small example of cultural
synthesis happening at the most 

4237
03:53:23,000 --> 03:53:26,900
basic level. 
Children, sleep nearby bundled 

4238
03:53:26,900 --> 03:53:30,300
in Furs, despite the season 
being relatively warm, because 

4239
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:32,300
Desert Nights get cold. 
Even in summer. 

4240
03:53:32,300 --> 03:53:34,700
They make the small sounds of 
Dreams. 

4241
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:37,700
Soft, murmurs occasional 
movements in the peaceful 

4242
03:53:37,700 --> 03:53:40,900
breathing of the deeply asleep. 
You think about how each of them

4243
03:53:40,900 --> 03:53:43,500
carries forward, the knowledge 
of their culture learning 

4244
03:53:43,500 --> 03:53:47,300
through, observation, and 
participation, how to ride how 

4245
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:51,500
to hunt, how to survive in this 
landscape, and how to maintain 

4246
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:54,900
the intricate web of 
relationships and obligations 

4247
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:57,800
that hold Society together. 
They'll grow up in a world 

4248
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:00,800
shaped by the Empire, perhaps 
their living during its height 

4249
03:54:00,800 --> 03:54:02,700
perhaps during its 
fragmentation. 

4250
03:54:02,700 --> 03:54:07,300
Perhaps after it's dissolved 
into success their daily lives 

4251
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:11,400
will still Center on herds and 
horses, whether and grass and 

4252
03:54:11,400 --> 03:54:14,200
the Practical demands of nomadic
pastoralism. 

4253
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:18,200
That persist regardless of 
political structures the skills,

4254
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:20,900
they learn and teach their own 
children will be variations on 

4255
03:54:20,900 --> 03:54:24,700
skills practice for Millennia on
these grasslands, the Stars 

4256
03:54:24,700 --> 03:54:28,600
overhead are doing what stars of
always done weiling across the 

4257
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:32,000
sky in patterns, that Travelers,
and shamans read for meaning and

4258
03:54:32,000 --> 03:54:34,400
navigation, the fire. 
Settles lower. 

4259
03:54:35,300 --> 03:54:37,600
Sparks drifting up towards Those
Distant lights. 

4260
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:41,900
And someone adds another piece 
of fuel Argyl dried wood 

4261
03:54:41,900 --> 03:54:45,200
whatever's available. 
Keeping the warmth going a 

4262
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:47,300
little longer. 
The action is automatic 

4263
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:51,300
performed without thought. 
Part of the rhythm of evening 

4264
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:54,500
that everyone knows. 
There's a Comfort Inn routines 

4265
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,400
that persist regardless of 
politics or Empires, The Animals

4266
03:54:58,400 --> 03:55:00,400
still need tending. 
Checking on horses. 

4267
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:03,500
That might have wandered during 
the day ensuring sheep are 

4268
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:06,500
safely corralled against 
predators and making sure camels

4269
03:55:06,500 --> 03:55:09,500
are properly hobbled. 
The season, still cycle through 

4270
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:12,200
their changes, bringing their 
own demands and opportunities. 

4271
03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:15,700
The Grass Grows according to 
patterns of rain and 

4272
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:18,300
temperature. 
Unconcerned with human Affairs, 

4273
03:55:18,300 --> 03:55:22,000
the wind blows across the steppe
in different to who claimed 

4274
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:24,400
sovereignty. 
Over the land at crosses, you 

4275
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:27,400
think about how history gets 
written by the dramatic moments,

4276
03:55:27,400 --> 03:55:31,200
the battles, the conquests, the 
rise and fall of Empires and the

4277
03:55:31,200 --> 03:55:35,100
decisions of Khan's and Kings. 
But most of Life happens in the 

4278
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:38,700
phases, between those moments in
the ordinary work of feeding 

4279
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:42,000
families and maintaining 
equipment and teaching children 

4280
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:46,400
and telling stories around fires
the Mongol Empire conquered half

4281
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:49,500
the world but most Mongols spent
most of their time doing the 

4282
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:51,700
same things, their ancestors as 
a done for Generations. 

4283
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:56,900
Managing herds moving with 
seasons and surviving in a 

4284
03:55:56,900 --> 03:55:58,300
landscape. 
That didn't forgive mistakes. 

4285
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:02,800
The conversation by the fire 
continues voices, low and 

4286
03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:05,300
comfortable. 
Discussing tomorrow's plans, 

4287
03:56:05,300 --> 03:56:09,100
sharing observations about the 
condition of various animals and

4288
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:11,600
debating the best route to the 
next grazing area. 

4289
03:56:11,600 --> 03:56:14,500
Someone mentions that the 
northern pastures should be 

4290
03:56:14,500 --> 03:56:17,900
recovering nicely that. 
The spring growth was good and 

4291
03:56:17,900 --> 03:56:19,500
that they've had enough time to 
rest. 

4292
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,700
Someone else counters that the 
southern route might be better. 

4293
03:56:22,700 --> 03:56:26,000
Despite the longer distance 
because there are better water 

4294
03:56:26,000 --> 03:56:28,400
sources and less risk of 
encountering. 

4295
03:56:28,400 --> 03:56:30,500
A rival group that's been 
aggressive lately. 

4296
03:56:30,500 --> 03:56:34,200
It's the kind of discussion that
doesn't need resolution tonight.

4297
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:37,800
That serves more to maintain 
connection than to reach 

4298
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:40,700
conclusions. 
Everyone knows that actual 

4299
03:56:40,700 --> 03:56:43,900
decisions will get made Tomorrow
based on whether animal 

4300
03:56:43,900 --> 03:56:47,300
condition and a dozen factors 
that can only be assessed. 

4301
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:51,100
When the time comes to move the 
discussion is partly planning, 

4302
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:55,300
partly social ritual and partly 
just the pleasure of talking 

4303
03:56:55,300 --> 03:56:58,900
with people, you know, and 
trust, someone begins singing a 

4304
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:02,000
traditional song that predates 
the Empire by centuries and that

4305
03:57:02,000 --> 03:57:05,300
will probably survive. 
Whatever comes after The Melody 

4306
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:09,400
is simple built to be remembered
and designed to carry across 

4307
03:57:09,400 --> 03:57:12,500
distances when heard as a 
scattered across the grassland 

4308
03:57:12,500 --> 03:57:15,900
and want to hear human voices. 
It's a song about horses, 

4309
03:57:15,900 --> 03:57:19,100
naturally, praising the 
qualities of a particularly fine

4310
03:57:19,100 --> 03:57:22,400
mayor using metaphors, that 
compared her to natural 

4311
03:57:22,400 --> 03:57:25,400
phenomenon, Swift as wind strong
as mountains. 

4312
03:57:25,400 --> 03:57:28,700
Beautiful as Dawn light on water
others. 

4313
03:57:28,700 --> 03:57:31,900
Join in harmonizing, in ways 
that suggest they've sung 

4314
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:33,200
together. 
Many times before. 

4315
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:37,400
The harmonies are complex built 
on intervals, that sound unusual

4316
03:57:37,400 --> 03:57:40,500
to ears trained on different 
musical Traditions but a 

4317
03:57:40,500 --> 03:57:43,100
Perfectly Natural here. 
The song Cycles. 

4318
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:46,200
Through several verses. 
Each describing different 

4319
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:49,800
qualities of the legendary horse
before ending on a note that 

4320
03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:53,200
seems to hang in the air 
sustained until breath runs out.

4321
03:57:53,200 --> 03:57:57,200
Then Fading Into the Night. 
You're feeling sleep pulling at 

4322
03:57:57,200 --> 03:58:01,000
you the combination of warmth 
and darkness and the hypnotic 

4323
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:05,100
quality of firelight and voices 
making your eyelids heavy, your 

4324
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:08,000
body is tired in the good way 
that comes from physical work 

4325
03:58:08,000 --> 03:58:11,500
from a day spent riding or 
walking or accomplishing 

4326
03:58:11,500 --> 03:58:14,500
something tangible. 
Satisfaction in that kind of 

4327
03:58:14,500 --> 03:58:16,700
tiredness. 
The knowledge that you've earned

4328
03:58:16,700 --> 03:58:18,800
your rest that your body has 
done. 

4329
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:22,300
What is designed to do outside 
the circle of firelight the 

4330
03:58:22,300 --> 03:58:25,800
steps stretches away Into 
Darkness vast and in different 

4331
03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:29,500
and somehow comforting and it's 
constantly you can hear animals 

4332
03:58:29,500 --> 03:58:32,100
move moving the soft sounds of 
horses. 

4333
03:58:32,100 --> 03:58:35,800
Shifting position sheep settling
in for the night and the 

4334
03:58:35,808 --> 03:58:38,600
occasional Cry of some nocturnal
predator in the distance. 

4335
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:42,700
These sounds are familiar 
expected and part of the 

4336
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,200
auditory landscape that tells 
you everything is as it should 

4337
03:58:45,208 --> 03:58:47,500
be. 
Fire Burns, lower. 

4338
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:50,300
Flames reducing to coals that 
glow. 

4339
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:54,500
Orange and red pulsing slightly 
as air moves across them, the 

4340
03:58:54,500 --> 03:58:56,800
conversation fragments into 
silence. 

4341
03:58:56,800 --> 03:58:59,600
People running out of things to 
say or simply running out of 

4342
03:58:59,600 --> 03:59:01,900
energy. 
They begin settling into 

4343
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:05,100
sleeping positions, wrapping 
themselves in Furs, and felt 

4344
03:59:05,100 --> 03:59:07,900
finding the familiar comfort of 
ground. 

4345
03:59:07,900 --> 03:59:10,100
That's been their bed for weeks 
or months. 

4346
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:14,600
Some people pray quietly before 
sleep murmuring words to the 

4347
03:59:14,608 --> 03:59:19,100
Eternal Blue Sky, making 
offerings electronic spirits and

4348
03:59:19,108 --> 03:59:21,200
forces that inhabit this 
landscape. 

4349
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:25,900
Others simply close their eyes, 
two tired for ritual, confident 

4350
03:59:25,900 --> 03:59:28,600
that their relationship with the
Divine doesn't require nightly 

4351
03:59:28,600 --> 03:59:32,000
maintenance, the camp develops, 
that particular quality of 

4352
03:59:32,008 --> 03:59:34,700
collective rest. 
When most people are asleep. 

4353
03:59:34,700 --> 03:59:38,400
But a few remain, partially 
aware maintaining a low level 

4354
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:40,300
vigilance that has become second
nature. 

4355
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:44,100
The wind picks up slightly and 
the felt walls of the jerk. 

4356
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:47,400
But hold doing what they've been
designed to do for centuries. 

4357
03:59:47,400 --> 03:59:51,900
The Sound is actually comforting
a reminder that your sheltered 

4358
03:59:51,900 --> 03:59:55,300
protected from the elements by 
materials and techniques, 

4359
03:59:55,300 --> 03:59:59,600
refined through generations of 
experience outside, the wind 

4360
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:03,200
moves across the grassland 
bending vegetation, carrying 

4361
04:00:03,200 --> 04:00:07,200
with it, the smells of night, 
cooler, air moisture and the 

4362
04:00:07,200 --> 04:00:09,400
complex organic sense of a 
living landscape. 

4363
04:00:10,500 --> 04:00:13,500
Close your eyes and the last 
thing you're aware of is the 

4364
04:00:13,500 --> 04:00:15,400
sound of horses. 
Moving outside. 

4365
04:00:15,400 --> 04:00:18,900
Their presence are a reminder. 
That tomorrow will begin with 

4366
04:00:18,900 --> 04:00:21,700
animals to tend distances to 
cover. 

4367
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:25,000
And the endless practical work 
of staying alive. 

4368
04:00:25,000 --> 04:00:28,800
In a beautiful demanding 
landscape that shaped an Empire 

4369
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:31,000
and will Outlast it. 
The horses. 

4370
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:35,100
Represent wealth, and Mobility, 
survival, and status and 

4371
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:37,500
connection. 
To Traditions that stretch back 

4372
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,200
Beyond memory. 
Sleep comes easily under the 

4373
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:42,900
vast. 
Mongolian Sky, Consciousness 

4374
04:00:42,900 --> 04:00:45,400
fading as your body, relaxes 
into rest. 

4375
04:00:45,400 --> 04:00:48,900
It's earned through the days, 
exertions your dreams. 

4376
04:00:48,900 --> 04:00:53,600
When they come a fragmentary and
disconnected images of Horizons,

4377
04:00:53,600 --> 04:00:57,100
the sensation of movement faces 
around the fire. 

4378
04:00:57,100 --> 04:00:59,900
And the particular quality of 
light at dawn. 

4379
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:04,200
When Frost catches early son and
transforms ordinary grassland 

4380
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:09,300
into something magical The fire 
Fades to Embers, then, ashes, 

4381
04:01:09,300 --> 04:01:12,000
and the camp. 
Settles into the deepest part of

4382
04:01:12,008 --> 04:01:15,200
night that quiet. 
Period between midnight and 

4383
04:01:15,200 --> 04:01:18,500
Dawn, when even the most 
Vigilant Guardians, struggle to 

4384
04:01:18,500 --> 04:01:23,400
stay alert, the Stars continue 
their slow rotation indifferent 

4385
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:25,800
and eternal bearing witness to 
yet. 

4386
04:01:25,800 --> 04:01:29,200
Another days ending on the step,
another cycle of Life, 

4387
04:01:29,200 --> 04:01:32,100
continuing as it has for 
Millennia, as it will, for 

4388
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:36,100
millennium more long after 
empires of dissolved, into 

4389
04:01:36,100 --> 04:01:40,000
Legend and memory, the Grass 
Grows over the ruins of Conquest

4390
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:44,000
patient and persistent 
reclaiming land, that briefly 

4391
04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:47,100
saw different purposes, the wind
continues. 

4392
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:51,700
Its ancient work, shaping 
landscape carrying seeds and 

4393
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:55,000
eroding mountains. 
One grain at a time, the sky 

4394
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:57,600
stretches overhead. 
That particular blue. 

4395
04:01:57,600 --> 04:01:59,800
That becomes visible. 
Only as Dawn approaches 

4396
04:01:59,800 --> 04:02:04,000
signaling, that soon, another 
day will begin bringing with it,

4397
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:06,700
new challenges, and 
opportunities, new moments. 

4398
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:10,500
Of beauty and hardship and new 
additions to the endless. 

4399
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:13,900
Human story of surviving 
thriving and finding meaning in 

4400
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:17,400
the midst of vast in different 
and you sleep peacefully beneath

4401
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:21,700
that Eternal sky. part of a 
story larger than any one 

4402
04:02:21,700 --> 04:02:25,900
person, anyone Empire, or anyone
moment in the long sweep of time

4403
04:02:25,900 --> 04:02:36,800
across these endless, grasslands
Picture this, you wake up on a 

4404
04:02:36,800 --> 04:02:38,900
sweltering, July Morning. 
And your first instinct is to 

4405
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:40,300
reach for that blessed 
thermostat. 

4406
04:02:40,300 --> 04:02:43,800
But imagine just for a moment 
that there's no thermostat to 

4407
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:47,400
reach for no, gentle hum of 
central are no window unit 

4408
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:49,200
rattling away, like a mechanical
cricket. 

4409
04:02:50,200 --> 04:02:53,700
Welcome to the world, your great
grandparents knew intimately a 

4410
04:02:53,700 --> 04:02:56,100
world where summer meant 
something entirely different 

4411
04:02:56,100 --> 04:03:01,700
than it does for you today. 
Before 1902, when a young 

4412
04:03:01,708 --> 04:03:04,500
engineer named Willis, carrier 
first figured out how to control

4413
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:07,800
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.
Plant humans had been dealing 

4414
04:03:07,800 --> 04:03:10,800
with heat, the same way for 
thousands of years, they got 

4415
04:03:10,800 --> 04:03:13,900
creative they got resourceful 
and honestly they got pretty 

4416
04:03:13,900 --> 04:03:16,000
good at it. 
You might think they were just 

4417
04:03:16,000 --> 04:03:19,000
sweating it out in misery but 
you'd be surprised at how 

4418
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:21,800
ingenious people became when 
Comfort depended on cleverness, 

4419
04:03:21,800 --> 04:03:25,200
rather than electricity bills. 
Your ancestors didn't just 

4420
04:03:25,200 --> 04:03:28,700
endure the heat they developed 
an entire culture around it. 

4421
04:03:28,700 --> 04:03:31,200
They understood their 
environment in ways, we've 

4422
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:34,200
forgotten reading the subtle 
signs of weather changes, 

4423
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,600
knowing exactly which Windows to
open at what time of day and 

4424
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:40,600
timing, their daily activities 
around the sun's path across the

4425
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:44,000
sky, like choreographers of 
comfort. think about your own 

4426
04:03:44,000 --> 04:03:47,300
relationship with heat for a 
moment when it's 85 degrees 

4427
04:03:47,300 --> 04:03:51,400
outside, you probably consider 
that uncomfortably warm your 

4428
04:03:51,400 --> 04:03:53,500
great-grandmother would have 
called that a pleasant day and 

4429
04:03:53,500 --> 04:03:55,400
maybe even worn a light sweater 
in the morning. 

4430
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:58,900
The human body's tolerance for 
temperature was remarkably 

4431
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:00,900
different. 
When it was regularly exposed to

4432
04:04:00,908 --> 04:04:04,200
Natural variations, much like 
how your eyes are just a 

4433
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:05,600
darkness. 
When you're not constantly 

4434
04:04:05,600 --> 04:04:09,300
staring at bright screens, the 
pre-air conditioning World 

4435
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:12,300
operated on rhythms, that seem 
almost mystical to us now. 

4436
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:15,600
People rose with the Sun, not 
because they were more virtuous 

4437
04:04:15,600 --> 04:04:18,900
but because the coolest part of 
the day was precious and not to 

4438
04:04:18,900 --> 04:04:21,600
be wasted. 
They took after noon naps, not 

4439
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:24,700
out of laziness, but because 
even the most ambitious person 

4440
04:04:24,700 --> 04:04:27,500
recognized that fighting the 
peak heat was often futile. 

4441
04:04:28,200 --> 04:04:31,800
Evening activities began later 
and lasted longer creating 

4442
04:04:31,800 --> 04:04:34,800
social patterns that persisted 
well into the night when the are

4443
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:38,500
finally offered some relief. 
Communities were shaped by heat 

4444
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:40,700
in ways that went far beyond 
personal comfort. 

4445
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:43,500
Cities. 
Look different, you'll discover 

4446
04:04:43,500 --> 04:04:46,600
more about this soon but the 
social fabric was different too.

4447
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:50,000
Neighbors, knew each other 
better partly, because everyone 

4448
04:04:50,000 --> 04:04:53,000
spent more time outside on, 
porches and Stoops seeking 

4449
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:55,900
whatever Breeze might be 
available, The evening 

4450
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:57,900
constitutional wasn't just 
exercise. 

4451
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:01,800
It was social networking, new 
sharing and communal heat 

4452
04:05:01,800 --> 04:05:04,400
management all rolled into one 
Pleasant tradition. 

4453
04:05:04,400 --> 04:05:07,300
You've probably noticed how 
quiet your neighborhood gets 

4454
04:05:07,300 --> 04:05:10,100
whenever on Retreats indoors to 
their climate controlled 

4455
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:14,100
environments in the preac era. 
Neighborhoods came alive during 

4456
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:17,500
the cooler hours, children 
played in the streets until well

4457
04:05:17,500 --> 04:05:20,300
past dark adults lingered on 
front porches with glasses of 

4458
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:23,300
sweet tea or lemonade. 
And the boundaries between 

4459
04:05:23,300 --> 04:05:27,100
private and public space blurred
in the most wonderful ways, food

4460
04:05:27,100 --> 04:05:30,200
culture clothing, choices 
architectural decisions, work 

4461
04:05:30,200 --> 04:05:32,800
schedules, social Gatherings, 
and even romance. 

4462
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:36,100
Everything was influenced by the
simple fact that when it got 

4463
04:05:36,108 --> 04:05:38,900
hot, you had to deal with it 
using nothing but human 

4464
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:42,500
engineering and natural 
resources, your ancestors became

4465
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:45,400
Master's of reading air, 
currents, understanding thermal 

4466
04:05:45,400 --> 04:05:48,200
dynamics, and working with 
nature rather than against it. 

4467
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:52,000
This isn't a story about how 
tough people used to be, though,

4468
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:54,900
they certainly were resourceful.
It's about how different life 

4469
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:58,100
was when humans lived in closer,
harmony with the natural cycles,

4470
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:00,700
when Comfort was something you 
actively created rather than 

4471
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:04,200
passively consumed. 
It's about communities that 

4472
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:07,700
formed around shared challenges 
and clever solutions that often 

4473
04:06:07,700 --> 04:06:09,800
worked better than our modern 
Brute Force. 

4474
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:13,500
Approach of Simply cranking up 
the AC and hoping the electric 

4475
04:06:13,500 --> 04:06:17,400
grid holds as you settle in for 
this journey through the pre-air

4476
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:20,200
conditioning World, you'll 
discover that our ancestors 

4477
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:22,900
weren't just surviving the heat,
they were thriving in it, 

4478
04:06:22,900 --> 04:06:26,200
creating Beauty and comfort, and
community in ways that might 

4479
04:06:26,200 --> 04:06:30,200
surprise you and maybe even 
inspire you So let's step back 

4480
04:06:30,200 --> 04:06:33,700
in time together or moisture 
when staying cool was an art 

4481
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:35,000
form. 
And summer. 

4482
04:06:35,000 --> 04:06:37,900
Evenings were something people 
actually look forward to your 

4483
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:40,600
ancestors were essentially 
climate engineers and they 

4484
04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:43,500
didn't even know it. 
Before the Advent of HVAC 

4485
04:06:43,500 --> 04:06:46,200
systems Builders were crafting 
structures that would leave 

4486
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:49,100
modern Energy Efficiency experts
in all they understood 

4487
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,600
something, we've largely 
forgotten that the right 

4488
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:54,500
building can be a natural air 
conditioning system working with

4489
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:58,100
physics rather than against it. 
Walk through any historic 

4490
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:00,000
neighborhood. 
And you'll notice things that 

4491
04:07:00,000 --> 04:07:02,200
might seem decorative, but were 
actually brilliant. 

4492
04:07:02,200 --> 04:07:05,600
Cooling strategies. 
Those deep wraparound, porches 

4493
04:07:05,600 --> 04:07:08,500
were just for sitting. 
They were thermal buffers owns 

4494
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:11,300
creating shade that kept the 
sun's heat from ever reaching. 

4495
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:14,500
The main walls of the house, the
wide overhanging Eaves. 

4496
04:07:14,500 --> 04:07:17,100
You see on older homes weren't 
architectural flourishes. 

4497
04:07:17,100 --> 04:07:19,400
They were carefully. 
Calculated to block the high 

4498
04:07:19,400 --> 04:07:22,100
summer sun while allowing the 
lower winter sun to warm the 

4499
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:24,800
interior. 
Consider the lofty feelings of 

4500
04:07:24,800 --> 04:07:27,500
old houses, which may seem 
intimidating to those 

4501
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:30,400
accustomed, to Modern 8-foot 
rooms, your great-grandparents 

4502
04:07:30,400 --> 04:07:33,400
built those High see things 
because hot air rises and they 

4503
04:07:33,400 --> 04:07:35,500
wanted it to rise as far away 
from them as possible. 

4504
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:39,100
Those ceiling fans you see in 
historic homes weren't working 

4505
04:07:39,100 --> 04:07:41,800
against the natural convection. 
They were amplifying it. 

4506
04:07:41,808 --> 04:07:44,500
Creating air movement that made 
85 Degrees feel like a 

4507
04:07:44,500 --> 04:07:48,100
comfortable 75. 
The most ingenious homes, had 

4508
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:51,200
what we now call passive cooling
systems built right into their 

4509
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:53,600
bones. 
In the South, you'll find houses

4510
04:07:53,600 --> 04:07:56,800
built on tall peers that allowed
air to flow underneath cooling. 

4511
04:07:56,800 --> 04:08:00,700
The floors From Below. 
The famous dog Trot houses with 

4512
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:02,600
an open Breezeway running right 
through the center. 

4513
04:08:02,600 --> 04:08:05,500
Were essentially wind tunnels 
that captured every available 

4514
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:07,700
Breeze and funneled it through 
the Living Spaces. 

4515
04:08:08,600 --> 04:08:10,500
Your ancestors. 
Understood cross-ventilation 

4516
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:13,500
like meteorologists. 
They positioned Windows. 

4517
04:08:13,500 --> 04:08:17,000
Not just for light or views that
create Pathways for air to move 

4518
04:08:17,008 --> 04:08:19,700
through the house. 
They knew that a window on the 

4519
04:08:19,708 --> 04:08:22,100
Shaded. 
North Side, would draw cool air.

4520
04:08:22,100 --> 04:08:25,600
In while a window on the sunny 
South Side would let hot air 

4521
04:08:25,600 --> 04:08:28,600
Escape, creating a natural 
circulation system. 

4522
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:31,100
That worked, as long as there 
was even the slightest 

4523
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:33,200
temperature difference between 
inside and outside. 

4524
04:08:34,100 --> 04:08:37,100
In hot climates thick walls 
weren't just for durability. 

4525
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:41,500
They were thermal Mass absorbing
heat during the day and 

4526
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:44,300
releasing it slowly at night. 
Essentially smoothing out 

4527
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:47,700
temperature swings. 
Adobe houses in the southwest 

4528
04:08:47,700 --> 04:08:50,600
could stay remarkably cool 
during blazing hot days because 

4529
04:08:50,600 --> 04:08:52,900
those thick walls. 
Acted like natural batteries 

4530
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:56,500
storing and releasing heat on a 
delayed schedule that favored 

4531
04:08:56,500 --> 04:08:59,200
human comfort. 
Color choices weren't just 

4532
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:02,600
aesthetic decisions, either 
light, colored roofs and walls 

4533
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:05,700
reflected heat rather than 
absorbing it whilst strategic 

4534
04:09:05,700 --> 04:09:08,700
use of vegetation created 
microclimates around homes. 

4535
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:12,000
Your great-grandmother's rose 
bushes and climbing vines were 

4536
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:15,300
just pretty, they were living 
insulation shading walls and 

4537
04:09:15,300 --> 04:09:16,700
cooling the air through 
transpiration. 

4538
04:09:17,900 --> 04:09:20,000
The Victorian era brought us 
some of the most sophisticated, 

4539
04:09:20,000 --> 04:09:22,900
natural, cooling systems, 
disguised, as architectural 

4540
04:09:22,900 --> 04:09:25,600
details, those cupolas and Ruth 
monitors. 

4541
04:09:25,600 --> 04:09:28,400
You see on old houses were 
actually thermal chimneys 

4542
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:31,000
designed to pull hot air up and 
out of the building. 

4543
04:09:32,000 --> 04:09:34,400
The decorative lattice work and 
fretwork weren't just 

4544
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:36,600
ornamental. 
They provided shade while 

4545
04:09:36,600 --> 04:09:39,800
allowing air to flow through 
creating natural evaporative 

4546
04:09:39,800 --> 04:09:42,100
cooling. 
Even urban planning was 

4547
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:43,700
influenced by the need to stay 
cool. 

4548
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:47,500
Cities were laid out with wide 
streets to allow air circulation

4549
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:50,700
and generous setbacks between 
buildings, prevented them from 

4550
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:53,900
creating heat Islands. 
Tree-lined streets weren't just 

4551
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:55,600
beautiful. 
They were essential 

4552
04:09:55,600 --> 04:09:58,600
infrastructure, providing shade 
and cooling the air through 

4553
04:09:58,600 --> 04:10:01,800
evaporation. 
Your ancestors also understood 

4554
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:03,900
the power of thermal zoning 
within their homes. 

4555
04:10:03,900 --> 04:10:07,100
The kitchen was often separate 
from the main house or located 

4556
04:10:07,100 --> 04:10:10,200
in a basement or outbuilding. 
Keeping the heat from cooking 

4557
04:10:10,200 --> 04:10:13,800
fires away from Living Spaces 
bedrooms were typically on upper

4558
04:10:13,800 --> 04:10:15,400
floors. 
Where breezes were stronger 

4559
04:10:15,400 --> 04:10:19,200
while daily activities happened 
in the cooler ground floor rooms

4560
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:22,100
during hot weather. 
They selected the materials 

4561
04:10:22,100 --> 04:10:24,500
based on their cooling 
properties and aesthetic appeal.

4562
04:10:25,200 --> 04:10:27,200
Hardwood floors, state of the 
carpets. 

4563
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:30,200
High-quality plaster walls, had 
better thermal properties than 

4564
04:10:30,200 --> 04:10:33,200
thin drywall. 
And natural materials like stone

4565
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:36,100
and brick had thermal mass that 
helped regulate temperature 

4566
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:38,400
naturally. 
These weren't just practical 

4567
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:41,200
decisions, they created homes 
that were genuinely more 

4568
04:10:41,200 --> 04:10:42,600
comfortable than many modern 
houses. 

4569
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:46,200
The constant air movement, the 
natural temperature regulation, 

4570
04:10:46,200 --> 04:10:49,200
and the connection to outdoor 
breezes and seasonal changes, 

4571
04:10:49,200 --> 04:10:51,500
created, living environments. 
That worked with human 

4572
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:54,100
physiology, rather than trying 
to override it completely. 

4573
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:58,500
Your great-grandparents homes 
breathed in ways that our sealed

4574
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:02,200
climate controlled boxes simply,
don't your great-grandparents 

4575
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:06,000
didn't just check the whether 
they lived it breathed it and 

4576
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:09,000
plan their entire day around it.
They had an intimate 

4577
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:11,000
relationship with atmospheric 
conditions. 

4578
04:11:11,000 --> 04:11:14,300
That would seem almost 
Supernatural to you now. while 

4579
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:16,500
you might glance at your phone's
weather app and grab an 

4580
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:20,100
umbrella, they could feel a 
storm coming in their bones and 

4581
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:22,800
predict the next days, Heat by 
the way, the evening air move 

4582
04:11:22,800 --> 04:11:25,900
through their hair, the pre-air 
conditioning day began with what

4583
04:11:25,900 --> 04:11:29,200
we might call a temperature, 
reconnaissance mission, Before 

4584
04:11:29,200 --> 04:11:32,300
your great-grandmother even got 
out of bed, she was assessing 

4585
04:11:32,300 --> 04:11:35,300
the thermal situation. 
Was there still a hint of 

4586
04:11:35,300 --> 04:11:37,500
coolness in the air that could 
be captured and preserved? 

4587
04:11:38,500 --> 04:11:41,000
With a windows that have been 
open to the night Breeze, ready 

4588
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:42,600
to be closed before the sun 
began. 

4589
04:11:42,600 --> 04:11:46,000
Its daily assault. 
This wasn't casual observation, 

4590
04:11:46,000 --> 04:11:49,300
it was a survival strategy 
disguised as a morning routine. 

4591
04:11:50,200 --> 04:11:52,700
You probably think of your daily
schedule as being controlled by 

4592
04:11:52,700 --> 04:11:55,300
work hours appointments and 
social obligations. 

4593
04:11:55,300 --> 04:11:58,500
Your ancestors organized, their 
days around the sun's path and 

4594
04:11:58,500 --> 04:12:01,900
the thermometers climb the 
heaviest work laundry cooking 

4595
04:12:01,900 --> 04:12:05,000
and cleaning happened in the 
early morning hours when the air

4596
04:12:05,000 --> 04:12:07,500
was still cool and energy levels
were high. 

4597
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,100
By the time you settled in for 
your second cup of coffee your 

4598
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:14,500
ancestors had already 
accomplished what might take you

4599
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:17,300
all morning simply because they 
understood that working with the

4600
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:21,400
cool was far more efficient than
fighting the heat midday brought

4601
04:12:21,400 --> 04:12:23,300
what we might call the ultimate 
hibernation. 

4602
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:28,000
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 
the sun was most merciless, 

4603
04:12:28,000 --> 04:12:31,400
sensible, people found Shady 
spots and settled in for 

4604
04:12:31,400 --> 04:12:33,300
activities that required minimal
movement. 

4605
04:12:33,300 --> 04:12:37,100
This wasn't laziness. 
It was physics, your 

4606
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:39,200
great-grandfather understood 
that his body was a heat, 

4607
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:42,600
generating machine and adding 
human generated warmth to the 

4608
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:44,400
days. 
Natural furnace was simply poor 

4609
04:12:44,400 --> 04:12:48,000
engineering. 
The cset which we often think of

4610
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:50,500
as a quaint foreign custom was 
actually brilliant thermal 

4611
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:52,500
management. 
While you might pass through the

4612
04:12:52,508 --> 04:12:54,600
afternoon heat with air 
conditioning and iced coffee. 

4613
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:58,300
Your ancestors recognized that 
the human body naturally wanted 

4614
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:00,500
to slow down during the hottest 
part of the day. 

4615
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:03,600
They worked with their biology, 
rather than against it 

4616
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:06,000
conserving energy for the cooler
evening hours. 

4617
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:09,500
When productivity could resume. 
But here's where it gets 

4618
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:13,000
interesting, your ancestors 
didn't just endure these daily 

4619
04:13:13,000 --> 04:13:15,500
heat Cycles. 
They found genuine pleasure in 

4620
04:13:15,500 --> 04:13:17,700
them. 
The evening Awakening, when 

4621
04:13:17,700 --> 04:13:20,000
temperatures finally began to 
drop in life resumed, its 

4622
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:22,200
normal. 
Pace was a daily celebration. 

4623
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:26,500
Imagine the relief and joy of 
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 

4624
04:13:26,500 --> 04:13:30,100
After hours of Stillness, the 
way evening are felt like Silk 

4625
04:13:30,100 --> 04:13:31,600
against skin that had been worn 
all day. 

4626
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:34,700
These thermal rhythms also 
influence the scheduling of 

4627
04:13:34,708 --> 04:13:37,900
social life. 
Dinner parties began later when 

4628
04:13:37,900 --> 04:13:40,200
the air had cooled enough to 
make cooking and eating Pleasant

4629
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:43,100
again evening. 
Visits to neighbors walks around

4630
04:13:43,100 --> 04:13:45,200
the community and outdoor games 
and activities. 

4631
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:48,500
All of these began when the sun 
started its descent and 

4632
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:52,000
continued well into the night, 
making the most of every degree 

4633
04:13:52,000 --> 04:13:55,000
of cooling, your 
great-grandmother became a 

4634
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:57,500
master of microclimate 
management within her own home. 

4635
04:13:58,300 --> 04:14:00,900
She knew which room State 
coolest at which times of day, 

4636
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:04,100
which Windows to open to catch 
the morning Breeze and which 

4637
04:14:04,100 --> 04:14:05,900
ones to close to keep out the 
afternoon Heat. 

4638
04:14:07,100 --> 04:14:09,600
She understood that opening 
Windows on the Shady Side of the

4639
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:11,200
house. 
While closing those On the Sunny

4640
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:14,200
Side, created natural, air 
conditioning, pulling cooler 

4641
04:14:14,200 --> 04:14:17,800
through while allowing hot air 
to escape, The evening ritual of

4642
04:14:17,808 --> 04:14:21,400
opening up, the house was a 
precise science as temperatures 

4643
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:24,900
dropped Windows throughout the 
home were strategically open to 

4644
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:28,300
capture every available Breeze 
and encourage, SS circulation. 

4645
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,300
Your ancestors could feel the 
subtle pressure changes that 

4646
04:14:32,300 --> 04:14:35,700
indicated when outdoor air was 
finally cooler than indoor are 

4647
04:14:35,700 --> 04:14:39,100
the exact moment when natural 
ventilation would begin working 

4648
04:14:39,100 --> 04:14:41,500
in their favor rather than 
against it. 

4649
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:45,000
They also understood the art of 
thermal layering in their daily 

4650
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:47,900
lives. 
Light loose clothing during the 

4651
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:51,000
day could be supplemented with 
light shawls or wraps as evening

4652
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:54,000
breezes picked up. 
During hot hours, they start 

4653
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:56,800
their hair up and off the neck, 
allowing it to flow freely when 

4654
04:14:56,800 --> 04:14:59,700
the coolness returned. 
Even the choice of where, to 

4655
04:14:59,700 --> 04:15:02,400
sit, which chair to choose and 
which side of the porch to 

4656
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:05,400
favor, all of these decisions 
were made with thermal comfort 

4657
04:15:05,400 --> 04:15:08,000
in mind, whether prediction 
became a survival. 

4658
04:15:08,000 --> 04:15:11,500
Skill, your great-grandfather 
could read cloud formation wind 

4659
04:15:11,500 --> 04:15:14,300
patterns, and atmospheric 
pressure changes, like you read 

4660
04:15:14,300 --> 04:15:17,000
traffic signs. 
A shift in wind direction, might

4661
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:20,200
mean relief was coming certain 
cloud, formations promised, 

4662
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:23,300
after noon, thunderstorms, that 
would break the Heat The 

4663
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:26,900
behavior of animals and the feel
of the are provided advanced 

4664
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:29,500
warning of weather changes that 
could affect the days Comfort 

4665
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:32,200
level. 
This daily dance with whether 

4666
04:15:32,200 --> 04:15:35,500
created a rhythm of life that 
was deeply connected to natural 

4667
04:15:35,500 --> 04:15:38,700
cycles where human activity 
flowed within environmental 

4668
04:15:38,700 --> 04:15:40,700
conditions, rather than trying 
to dominate them. 

4669
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,800
He had a way of bringing people 
together that our climate 

4670
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:47,400
controlled world has largely 
forgotten When staying cool 

4671
04:15:47,400 --> 04:15:50,900
required Community effort and 
shared wisdom, social bonds, 

4672
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:53,600
formed around the simple, 
necessity of surviving summer, 

4673
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:56,800
your great-grandparents didn't 
just endure the heat alone. 

4674
04:15:56,800 --> 04:16:00,200
They created entire social 
systems around managing it 

4675
04:16:00,200 --> 04:16:02,600
together turning. 
What could have been individual 

4676
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:05,000
misery into Collective comfort 
and even Joy? 

4677
04:16:05,800 --> 04:16:08,200
The front porch served as more 
than just an architectural 

4678
04:16:08,200 --> 04:16:11,900
feature it, served as the Hub of
the communities cooling culture.

4679
04:16:12,700 --> 04:16:14,600
While you might spend your 
evenings inside watching 

4680
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:17,600
television in its conditional 
Comfort, your ancestors, 

4681
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:21,000
gathered on porches as the sun 
went down, creating informal 

4682
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:24,600
networks of conversation, shared
cooling, strategies and mutual 

4683
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:27,100
support. 
These weren't planned social 

4684
04:16:27,100 --> 04:16:28,700
events. 
They were spontaneous 

4685
04:16:28,700 --> 04:16:31,700
communities that formed wherever
people could catch a breeze and 

4686
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:35,500
share the relief of cooling air.
Imagine a summary evening in 

4687
04:16:35,500 --> 04:16:37,100
your great-grandmother's 
neighborhood. 

4688
04:16:38,100 --> 04:16:40,800
As temperatures, finally began 
to drop porch lights, would 

4689
04:16:40,800 --> 04:16:43,300
flicker on and rocking chairs 
would Creak into motion 

4690
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:45,600
children, would emerge from 
houses. 

4691
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:49,300
Like flowers opening to cooler 
are beginning games of tag and 

4692
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,900
hide and seek that could 
continue safely in the Gathering

4693
04:16:51,900 --> 04:16:54,200
dust. 
Adults would settle into 

4694
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,900
conversations that meandered 
like the evening Breeze itself 

4695
04:16:56,900 --> 04:17:00,700
and hurried and comfortable. 
These portrait communities 

4696
04:17:00,700 --> 04:17:03,800
shared more than just evening. 
Are they exchanged cooling 

4697
04:17:03,800 --> 04:17:08,100
wisdom like valuable currency. 
Your great art might share her 

4698
04:17:08,100 --> 04:17:09,200
secret for keeping bed. 
Sheets. 

4699
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:11,900
Cool Hint. 
It involves strategic folding 

4700
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:14,000
and placement. 
While your neighbor would 

4701
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:16,900
demonstrate his technique for 
creating cross, breezes, using 

4702
04:17:16,900 --> 04:17:19,400
strategically placed fans and 
open windows. 

4703
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,800
Cooling knowledge was Community 
knowledge passed down through 

4704
04:17:23,800 --> 04:17:26,900
informal networks of neighbors. 
Who understood that everyone's 

4705
04:17:26,900 --> 04:17:28,800
Comfort depended on shared 
intelligence. 

4706
04:17:29,800 --> 04:17:32,600
The evening constitutional that 
leisurely walk through the 

4707
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:35,000
neighborhood. 
That seemed so old-fashioned now

4708
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:38,300
was actually sophisticated heat 
management disguise to 

4709
04:17:38,300 --> 04:17:41,200
socializing Your 
great-grandparents understood 

4710
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:44,600
that moving slowly through 
cooling air was more refreshing 

4711
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:47,100
than sitting still. 
And that Community, walks 

4712
04:17:47,100 --> 04:17:49,600
created opportunities for our 
circulation around their bodies.

4713
04:17:49,600 --> 04:17:53,400
While maintaining social 
connections, these walks weren't

4714
04:17:53,400 --> 04:17:56,200
exercising, the modern sense, 
they were communal cooling 

4715
04:17:56,200 --> 04:17:59,400
therapy, churches schools and 
community centers became 

4716
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:02,700
cooling, sanctuaries. 
During the most brutal Heat Not 

4717
04:18:02,700 --> 04:18:04,900
because they had air 
conditioning, they didn't, but 

4718
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:08,200
because they were designed with 
high ceilings, large windows and

4719
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:10,900
Architectural features that 
promoted their circulation. 

4720
04:18:10,900 --> 04:18:15,400
More importantly, they offered 
the cycle of shared experience 

4721
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:19,600
Suffering through heat alone, 
felt overwhelming, enduring it 

4722
04:18:19,600 --> 04:18:22,700
as part of a community made it 
manageable and even meaningful. 

4723
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:26,500
Your ancestors created, social 
rituals around heat relief that 

4724
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:30,000
sound, almost magical now, Ice 
cream socials weren't just sweet

4725
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:31,800
treats. 
They were Community cooling 

4726
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:34,800
events were shared cold provided
both physical and psychological 

4727
04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:37,600
relief. 
Picnics were carefully planned 

4728
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:40,600
for shady spots near water, 
where evaporation and tree 

4729
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:42,300
cover, created natural cooling 
zones. 

4730
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:46,200
Swimming, holes became social 
centers, not just for 

4731
04:18:46,200 --> 04:18:49,300
recreation, but as genuine 
relief stations where entire 

4732
04:18:49,300 --> 04:18:52,500
communities could find respite 
together, the sharing economy 

4733
04:18:52,500 --> 04:18:55,700
existed long before we had a 
name for it, especially when it 

4734
04:18:55,700 --> 04:18:59,100
came to pooling resources, 
families with ice, which share 

4735
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:00,400
with neighbors, whose ice had 
melted. 

4736
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:04,300
Those fortunate enough to have 
deeper wells with cooler water. 

4737
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:08,100
Would fill jugs for families 
whose Wells ran, warm When 

4738
04:19:08,100 --> 04:19:11,300
electric fans became available 
people borrowed and shared them 

4739
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,300
like Precious commodities. 
Community. 

4740
04:19:14,300 --> 04:19:17,200
Ice houses weren't just 
commercial branders they were 

4741
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:21,100
essential social infrastructure.
Evening, entertainment adapted, 

4742
04:19:21,100 --> 04:19:23,500
to take advantage of cooling, 
air and Community Gathering. 

4743
04:19:24,400 --> 04:19:26,700
Band concerts in the park 
weren't just cultural events. 

4744
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:30,000
They were Mass cooling therapy 
session where hundreds of people

4745
04:19:30,000 --> 04:19:33,300
could gather in Open Spaces. 
Designed to capture evening, 

4746
04:19:33,300 --> 04:19:37,500
breezes outdoor theater's Garden
parties and Community festivals.

4747
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:39,800
All took advantage of the 
natural cooling that happened 

4748
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:42,700
when the sun went down and 
people came together in Open 

4749
04:19:42,700 --> 04:19:45,200
Spaces. 
Children's play adapted to 

4750
04:19:45,208 --> 04:19:48,400
Heaton ways that created their 
own social, cooling systems 

4751
04:19:48,400 --> 04:19:52,500
games move to shaded areas 
during the day and resumed in 

4752
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:55,800
full energy as evening 
approached jump, rope Hopscotch,

4753
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:58,000
and tag became evening 
activities, when the air was 

4754
04:19:58,008 --> 04:20:00,100
finally cool enough for active 
play. 

4755
04:20:00,700 --> 04:20:03,900
Swimming wasn't just Recreation.
It was a central cooling that 

4756
04:20:03,900 --> 04:20:05,800
happened in community with 
neighborhood. 

4757
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:08,700
Swimming holes becoming social 
centers where entire families 

4758
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:10,600
gathered for Relief and 
fellowship. 

4759
04:20:11,300 --> 04:20:14,100
Your great grandparents also 
understood that shared meals 

4760
04:20:14,100 --> 04:20:16,600
during hot weather required 
different social Arrangements 

4761
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:18,800
early in the morning or late in 
the evening. 

4762
04:20:18,800 --> 04:20:21,800
When temperatures were bearable 
heavy cooking took place 

4763
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:26,000
Community Kitchens often outdoor
spaces with good ventilation 

4764
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:29,300
became gathering places where 
the heat of cooking could be 

4765
04:20:29,308 --> 04:20:32,900
shared and managed collectively 
rather than making individual 

4766
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:36,500
homes on bearable. 
The social side of staying cool.

4767
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:40,400
Created bonds that extended far 
beyond summer heat neighbors, 

4768
04:20:40,400 --> 04:20:43,400
who shared cooling strategies 
families, who gathered for 

4769
04:20:43,400 --> 04:20:46,600
evening porch, conversations 
communities that came together 

4770
04:20:46,600 --> 04:20:49,500
in cooling spaces. 
These relationships, persisted 

4771
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:52,800
year-round creating social 
fabric that was strengthened by 

4772
04:20:52,800 --> 04:20:55,200
the shared challenge of managing
summer heat together. 

4773
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:59,200
Your great-grandfather's work 
day was unlike yours with heat 

4774
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:01,700
acting as an invisible 
choreographer, guiding every 

4775
04:21:01,700 --> 04:21:05,000
step while you might complain 
about a slightly, warm office or

4776
04:21:05,000 --> 04:21:06,700
adjust the thermostat, a degree 
or two. 

4777
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:09,800
He organized his entire 
professional life, around the 

4778
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:13,600
reality that work had to happen 
in whatever temperature provided

4779
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:17,000
Managing temperature wasn't just
about personal Comfort. 

4780
04:21:17,000 --> 04:21:20,800
It was about survival 
productivity in creating 

4781
04:21:20,800 --> 04:21:24,300
sustainable rhythms that could 
last a lifetime. the 

4782
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:27,200
agricultural world where most of
your ancestors, likely spent 

4783
04:21:27,200 --> 04:21:31,000
their working lives operated on 
what we might call thermal 

4784
04:21:31,000 --> 04:21:34,500
scheduling Farmers weren't early
risers because they were more 

4785
04:21:34,500 --> 04:21:37,200
virtuous than you. 
They were thermal strategists. 

4786
04:21:37,900 --> 04:21:41,100
The period between 4 a.m. and 10
a.m. represented precious hours 

4787
04:21:41,100 --> 04:21:43,300
when both are temperature and 
energy levels, favored, 

4788
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:46,200
productive work. 
Your great-grandfather could 

4789
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,000
accomplish more in those cool 
morning hours than in twice as 

4790
04:21:49,008 --> 04:21:50,600
much time during the heat of 
midday. 

4791
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:53,800
Harvest Time reveals the 
sophisticated heat management 

4792
04:21:53,800 --> 04:21:57,100
strategies your ancestors 
developed grain cutting 

4793
04:21:57,100 --> 04:22:00,100
haymaking and fruit picking 
weren't scheduled by calendar 

4794
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:02,400
convenience. 
But by the intersection of crop 

4795
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:05,800
Readiness and thermal reality 
work Crews would start Before 

4796
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:09,000
Dawn race against the climbing 
sun and take extended midday 

4797
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:12,100
breaks that weren't laziness. 
But practical physics, the 

4798
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:15,000
afternoon shift would resume 
only when Shadows grew long and 

4799
04:22:15,000 --> 04:22:18,400
are began to cool indoor work 
adapted to heat with equal 

4800
04:22:18,400 --> 04:22:21,200
sophistication. 
Your great-grandmother's kitchen

4801
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:24,100
operated on thermal logic, that 
would impress modern efficiency.

4802
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,400
Experts bread, baking happened 
in the early morning using 

4803
04:22:27,400 --> 04:22:30,100
retained heat for multiple 
batches before the day became 

4804
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:33,200
unbearable canning and 
preserving a central work that 

4805
04:22:33,200 --> 04:22:36,200
unfortunately generated lots of 
heat, the scheduled for the 

4806
04:22:36,200 --> 04:22:39,200
coolest days available or done 
in outdoor kitchens that kept 

4807
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:40,600
the heat away from Living 
Spaces. 

4808
04:22:40,600 --> 04:22:43,900
Laundering day was perhaps the 
most thermally challenging work,

4809
04:22:43,900 --> 04:22:47,900
your ancestors faced heating 
water, boiling, clothes, or 

4810
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:50,900
clothes, and using Hot Irons 
could turn a house into a 

4811
04:22:50,908 --> 04:22:53,600
furnace. 
Smart housekeepers, develop 

4812
04:22:53,600 --> 04:22:56,200
strategies, that sound almost 
military in their Precision 

4813
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:59,700
Heating water Outdoors. 
When possible doing washing, in 

4814
04:22:59,700 --> 04:23:02,400
early morning, or late evening, 
and saving ironing for the 

4815
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:06,700
coolest days, some families even
had separate wash houses, small 

4816
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:09,800
buildings dedicated to heat 
generating work that kept the 

4817
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:12,900
main house comfortable. 
Professional work adapted to 

4818
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:15,100
heat and ways that shaped entire
Industries. 

4819
04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:19,400
Blacksmiths and metal workers 
who dealt with extreme heat as 

4820
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,900
part of their craft developed 
techniques for managing both the

4821
04:23:22,900 --> 04:23:25,600
heat of their forges and the 
ambient heat of Summer. 

4822
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,500
They worked shorter shifts 
during hot weather started early

4823
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:32,300
and took longer breaks their 
shops were designed with 

4824
04:23:32,300 --> 04:23:34,800
sophisticated ventilation 
systems that would impress. 

4825
04:23:34,800 --> 04:23:38,700
Modern industrial Engineers, the
concept of the workday itself 

4826
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:41,100
was more flexible into the 
pre-air conditioning era. 

4827
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:44,800
During the hottest weeks of 
Summer, many businesses would 

4828
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:47,600
close during midday hours and 
reopen in the evening. 

4829
04:23:47,600 --> 04:23:50,500
Staying open later to take 
advantage of cooler air. 

4830
04:23:51,300 --> 04:23:54,700
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 
It was thermal adaptation that 

4831
04:23:54,700 --> 04:23:58,000
actually increased productivity 
by working with natural cycles, 

4832
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:00,300
rather than against them. 
Your ancestors. 

4833
04:24:00,300 --> 04:24:03,000
Understood something. 
We've largely forgotten, the 

4834
04:24:03,000 --> 04:24:05,700
human performance varies 
dramatically with temperature 

4835
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:09,200
and fighting this reality as 
less efficient than adapting to 

4836
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:11,800
it. 
Thermal Comfort significantly 

4837
04:24:11,800 --> 04:24:15,100
affects cognitive function, 
physical endurance, and even 

4838
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:18,500
mood as modern research confirms
their intuitive understanding. 

4839
04:24:19,500 --> 04:24:22,600
The scheduled demanding mental, 
work for cool hours and saved 

4840
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:25,200
routine tasks for times when 
heat May concentration. 

4841
04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:29,200
Difficult rest wasn't just the 
absence of work, it was active 

4842
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:33,100
heat management, the afternoon 
csda, which we often dismiss as 

4843
04:24:33,100 --> 04:24:36,600
laziness was actually, a 
sophisticated recovery strategy.

4844
04:24:37,300 --> 04:24:39,900
Your great-grandparents 
understood that forcing the body

4845
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:42,700
to maintain High activity 
levels, during the peak heat, 

4846
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:45,600
created fatigue, that would 
affect productivity for the rest

4847
04:24:45,600 --> 04:24:48,700
of the day by resting. 
During the hottest hours, they 

4848
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:50,200
preserved energy for evening 
work. 

4849
04:24:50,200 --> 04:24:53,900
When conditions improved, Sleep 
itself, required thermal 

4850
04:24:53,900 --> 04:24:55,900
strategy, your great-grandmother
didn't. 

4851
04:24:55,900 --> 04:24:59,300
Just go to bed, she prepared for
sleep with the same attention to

4852
04:24:59,300 --> 04:25:00,900
cooling. 
That you might give to adjusting

4853
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:03,900
your thermostat beds were 
positioned to catch evening. 

4854
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:07,300
Breezes bedrooms were open to 
night are and even sleep. 

4855
04:25:07,300 --> 04:25:10,300
Schedules shifted with the 
seasons, some of their times 

4856
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:12,300
were later. 
Taking advantage of cooler 

4857
04:25:12,300 --> 04:25:15,400
evening hours while wait times 
were early to capture the cool 

4858
04:25:15,400 --> 04:25:18,800
of dawn, the social aspects of 
work also adapted to heat. 

4859
04:25:18,800 --> 04:25:22,300
Quilting bees barn-raising and 
Community work. 

4860
04:25:22,300 --> 04:25:24,100
Projects were scheduled for 
cooler weather. 

4861
04:25:24,108 --> 04:25:27,300
When possible or organized to 
take advantage of shared 

4862
04:25:27,300 --> 04:25:30,900
cooling, strategies group, work 
meant shared cooling, wisdom. 

4863
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:33,500
Someone always knew which area 
State coolest. 

4864
04:25:33,500 --> 04:25:36,700
When breezes were strongest or 
how to organize tasks to 

4865
04:25:36,700 --> 04:25:40,300
minimize heat generation, Your 
ancestors developed, what we 

4866
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:43,000
might call thermal efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

4867
04:25:43,000 --> 04:25:45,600
necessary work while generating 
and absorbing the least 

4868
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:49,100
possible, Heat, Such efficiency 
wasn't just about personal 

4869
04:25:49,100 --> 04:25:51,100
Comfort. 
It was about sustainable 

4870
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:52,700
productivity. 
That could be maintained 

4871
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:55,700
throughout long hot summers 
without exhaustion or heat 

4872
04:25:55,700 --> 04:25:58,400
related illness your 
great-grandmother's wardrobe. 

4873
04:25:58,400 --> 04:25:59,600
Wasn't just about looking 
proper. 

4874
04:25:59,600 --> 04:26:02,700
It was an engineering Marvel 
designed to make summer heat 

4875
04:26:02,700 --> 04:26:05,800
bearable while maintaining 
social respectability, every 

4876
04:26:05,800 --> 04:26:08,900
fabric Choice, every style 
decision, and every accessory, 

4877
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:12,000
served a dual purpose, keeping 
cool, and looking appropriate. 

4878
04:26:12,900 --> 04:26:15,300
While you might throw on shorts 
and a t-shirt for hot weather, 

4879
04:26:15,300 --> 04:26:17,600
she had to work within social 
expectations. 

4880
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:20,400
That required, much more 
coverage, making her cooling 

4881
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:22,700
strategies far more 
sophisticated than yours. 

4882
04:26:23,700 --> 04:26:26,600
The Fabrics, your ancestors 
chose reveal their profound 

4883
04:26:26,600 --> 04:26:30,000
understanding of thermal 
properties, linen cotton and 

4884
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:32,600
other natural. 
Fibers weren't selected, just 

4885
04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:34,400
because synthetic materials 
didn't exist. 

4886
04:26:34,400 --> 04:26:38,500
They were chosen because they 
breathed absorbed moisture and 

4887
04:26:38,500 --> 04:26:41,200
allowed air circulation in ways 
that kept the body cooler. 

4888
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:45,100
Your great-grandmother that 
loose we Fabrics created, tiny 

4889
04:26:45,100 --> 04:26:47,200
air pockets that insulated 
against Heat. 

4890
04:26:47,900 --> 04:26:51,400
While tight weaves trapped hot 
air against the skin color 

4891
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,100
science played a crucial role in
pre-air conditioning. 

4892
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:57,900
Light colors were not just 
fashionable in summer, they were

4893
04:26:57,900 --> 04:27:01,200
essential technology reflecting 
heat rather than absorbing it. 

4894
04:27:02,200 --> 04:27:05,200
Your great-grandmother's white 
cotton dresses, light-colored 

4895
04:27:05,200 --> 04:27:07,800
parasols and pale summer hats 
were essentially, wearable, 

4896
04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:10,300
cooling systems, that modern 
researchers confirmed as 

4897
04:27:10,300 --> 04:27:12,000
remarkably effective heat 
management. 

4898
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:15,900
The layering strategies, your 
ancestors developed would 

4899
04:27:15,900 --> 04:27:19,000
impress modern outdoor gear 
designers, they understood that 

4900
04:27:19,000 --> 04:27:21,600
multiple light layers, could be 
adjusted throughout the day as 

4901
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:25,100
temperatures changed allowing 
for fine-tuned thermal control. 

4902
04:27:25,900 --> 04:27:29,200
A light chamise followed by a 
cotton dress topped, with a 

4903
04:27:29,200 --> 04:27:32,600
removable Shore or jacket 
created, a flexible system that 

4904
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:35,000
could adapt to morning. 
Coolness midday heat and 

4905
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:37,900
evening, breezes, your 
great-grandfather's summer work,

4906
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:39,500
clothes, tell their own cooling 
story. 

4907
04:27:39,500 --> 04:27:42,600
Those loose overalls were just 
practical for farm work. 

4908
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:45,500
They allowed air circulation 
around the body while protecting

4909
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:48,900
skin from the Sun, the wide 
brimmed hats that seemed purely 

4910
04:27:48,900 --> 04:27:51,900
functional were actually 
sophisticated cooling devices. 

4911
04:27:51,900 --> 04:27:55,400
Creating portable shade while 
allowing heat to escape from the

4912
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:57,800
head. 
Even suspenders served, a 

4913
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:00,000
cooling purpose, holding the 
pants away from the body to 

4914
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:03,400
allow air circulation 
hairstyling in the pre-air. 

4915
04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:05,400
Conditioning era was as much 
about temperature management. 

4916
04:28:05,400 --> 04:28:09,100
As it was about fashion, your 
great-grandmother's, elaborate 

4917
04:28:09,100 --> 04:28:12,300
updos weren't just decorative. 
They lifted hair off the neck 

4918
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:14,500
and allowed air to circulate 
around one of the body's most 

4919
04:28:14,500 --> 04:28:18,300
effective cooling zones. 
Those intricate braids and buns.

4920
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:21,200
That looks so complicated in Old
photographs were actually 

4921
04:28:21,200 --> 04:28:24,300
practical cooling technology 
disguised as Beauty routines. 

4922
04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:28,100
Undergarments of the era reveal,
the sophisticated, understanding

4923
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:32,100
your ancestors, had of thermal 
regulation. while the idea of 

4924
04:28:32,100 --> 04:28:35,500
corsets and multiple petticoats 
might seem stifling to you, 

4925
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:39,000
These garments were designed to 
create air pockets and allow 

4926
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:42,000
circulation while maintaining 
the silhouette that social 

4927
04:28:42,000 --> 04:28:45,300
expectations demanded. 
Some are undergarments, were 

4928
04:28:45,300 --> 04:28:48,700
made from the lightest possible 
materials and designed to Wick 

4929
04:28:48,700 --> 04:28:51,700
moisture away from the body 
thermal reality completely 

4930
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,100
shaped food culture in the 
pre-air, conditioning era, your 

4931
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:58,000
great-grandmother didn't avoid 
using the oven in summer because

4932
04:28:58,000 --> 04:29:00,600
she was trying to save energy. 
She avoided it because heating 

4933
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:02,800
the kitchen could make the 
entire house on bearable for 

4934
04:29:02,800 --> 04:29:05,300
days. 
Some of menus were essentially 

4935
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:10,100
cooling strategies to meals, 
cold soups fresh salads and 

4936
04:29:10,100 --> 04:29:11,700
uncooked Foods weren't just 
refreshing. 

4937
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:15,500
They were thermal management. 
Your ancestors understood that 

4938
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:18,000
digestion itself generates body 
heat. 

4939
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:22,300
So some of meals were lighter 
easier to digest and required 

4940
04:29:22,300 --> 04:29:24,900
less internal energy to process 
those. 

4941
04:29:24,900 --> 04:29:27,700
Elaborate cold salads and 
chilled soups that seem. 

4942
04:29:27,700 --> 04:29:31,100
So elegant in Old cookbooks, 
were actually sophisticated 

4943
04:29:31,100 --> 04:29:34,600
cooling technology preservation 
methods adapted to heat in 

4944
04:29:34,600 --> 04:29:38,000
ingenious ways. 
Route sellers springhouses a 

4945
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:39,400
nice houses weren't just food 
storage. 

4946
04:29:39,400 --> 04:29:41,500
They were Community cooling 
infrastructure. 

4947
04:29:42,500 --> 04:29:45,400
Your great-grandmother might 
plan her weekly menu around what

4948
04:29:45,400 --> 04:29:47,200
could be stored without 
generating heat. 

4949
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:50,000
What could be prepared without 
cooking and what would actually 

4950
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:51,800
help cool the body from the 
inside? 

4951
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:55,600
Beverages became medicine in the
pre-air conditioning World. 

4952
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:59,000
Sweet tea, lemonade, and other 
cooling drinks weren't just 

4953
04:29:59,008 --> 04:30:01,100
Refreshments. 
They were thermal therapy. 

4954
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:04,500
Your ancestors understood that 
certain ingredients could 

4955
04:30:04,500 --> 04:30:07,200
actually help the body cool 
itself While others would make 

4956
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,700
heat worse. 
Mint cucumber and citrus served.

4957
04:30:10,700 --> 04:30:14,000
Not only as flavoring but also 
as internal cooling agents, even

4958
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:15,900
social dining adapted to heat 
management. 

4959
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:19,700
Some are entertaining moved 
Outdoors, not just from Beyonce,

4960
04:30:19,700 --> 04:30:23,300
but for thermal practicality 
Garden parties, picnics, and 

4961
04:30:23,300 --> 04:30:26,300
outdoor dining took advantage of
breezes and shade while keeping 

4962
04:30:26,300 --> 04:30:29,100
heat generating cooking 
activities away from Living 

4963
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:31,600
Spaces, your great grandmother's
summer. 

4964
04:30:31,600 --> 04:30:34,200
Dinner parties were carefully 
choreographed to minimize heat 

4965
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:36,500
generation while maximizing 
cooling opportunities. 

4966
04:30:37,300 --> 04:30:39,700
The timing of meals. 
Shifted with thermal reality 

4967
04:30:39,700 --> 04:30:43,300
breakfast, might be substantial,
taking advantage of cool, 

4968
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:46,600
morning air for cooking and 
eating lunch, became lighter and

4969
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:48,500
simpler. 
While dinner was often delayed 

4970
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,800
until evening when both cooking 
and eating could happen in more 

4971
04:30:51,800 --> 04:30:54,800
comfortable temperatures. 
Your ancestors didn't eat by the

4972
04:30:54,800 --> 04:30:56,900
clock. 
They ate by the thermometer. 

4973
04:30:57,600 --> 04:31:00,000
These weren't just survival 
strategies, they created a 

4974
04:31:00,008 --> 04:31:02,500
culture of Elegance and 
sophistication, that worked 

4975
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:05,000
within natural limits, rather 
than trying to overcome them. 

4976
04:31:05,700 --> 04:31:07,800
Your great-grandmother managed 
to stay cool. 

4977
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:11,300
Look, beautiful and maintain 
social standards without ever 

4978
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:13,700
touching a thermostat. 
Creating a lifestyle that was 

4979
04:31:13,700 --> 04:31:15,700
both practical and genuinely 
stylish. 

4980
04:31:15,700 --> 04:31:18,400
As you settle into your climate 
controlled bedroom tonight, 

4981
04:31:18,400 --> 04:31:21,700
consider how different your 
great grandparents relationship 

4982
04:31:21,700 --> 04:31:25,300
with sleep was during the 
sweltering summer months night 

4983
04:31:25,300 --> 04:31:28,400
wasn't just a time for rest. 
It was the daily reward for 

4984
04:31:28,400 --> 04:31:32,000
surviving another day of heat. 
precious opportunity to cool 

4985
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,900
down recharge and prepare for 
whatever thermal challenges 

4986
04:31:35,900 --> 04:31:38,400
tomorrow might bring the evening
hours. 

4987
04:31:38,400 --> 04:31:41,700
Held a special magic that are 
artificially cooled world has 

4988
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:45,300
largely forgotten the transition
from day to night was something 

4989
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:47,500
your ancestors savored like 
wine. 

4990
04:31:48,300 --> 04:31:51,800
As the Sun finally began, its 
descent the entire household 

4991
04:31:51,800 --> 04:31:54,600
would shift into evening mode 
with the Precision of a well 

4992
04:31:54,608 --> 04:31:58,000
rehearsed Orchestra windows. 
That had been strategically 

4993
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,500
closed during the heat of the 
day would begin opening in 

4994
04:32:00,500 --> 04:32:03,300
careful sequence. 
Each one position to catch the 

4995
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:06,100
first hint of cooling air, and 
encourage it to flow through the

4996
04:32:06,100 --> 04:32:08,400
house. 
Your great-grandmother had an 

4997
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:10,600
intimate knowledge of her home's
thermal personality. 

4998
04:32:10,600 --> 04:32:13,800
She knew which Windows to open 
first to create the gentle 

4999
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:16,600
suction, that would pull hot air
out while drawing cooler area. 

5000
04:32:17,500 --> 04:32:20,100
She understood the exact moment 
when the outdoor temperature 

5001
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:21,600
dropped below the indoor 
temperature. 

5002
04:32:21,600 --> 04:32:25,000
The magical threshold when 
natural ventilation changed from

5003
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:29,300
liability to blessing. this 
wasn't guesswork, it was science

5004
04:32:29,300 --> 04:32:32,500
learned through years of paying 
attention to the Sea, subtle 

5005
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:36,200
signals that told her when 
relief was finally available The

5006
04:32:36,200 --> 04:32:38,400
bedroom preparation. 
Rituals of the pre-air 

5007
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:40,800
conditioning era would seem 
elaborate to you now, but they 

5008
04:32:40,800 --> 04:32:43,300
were essential technology for 
achieving comfortable sleep. 

5009
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:46,700
Beds were positioned, not just 
for convenience, but to catch 

5010
04:32:46,708 --> 04:32:50,200
every available Breeze, your 
great grandfather might move the

5011
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:53,500
entire bed closer to Windows 
during Heatwave transforming the

5012
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:55,800
bedroom layout to take advantage
of nightmare movement. 

5013
04:32:56,700 --> 04:32:59,100
Bedding became a crucial element
in thermal management. 

5014
04:32:59,100 --> 04:33:02,500
Heavy quilts and comforters were
stored away for the summer, 

5015
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:05,300
replace by lightweight cotton 
sheets that could breathe with 

5016
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:08,099
the sleeper. 
Some families had special summer

5017
04:33:08,099 --> 04:33:09,800
sheets made from linen or 
cotton. 

5018
04:33:09,800 --> 04:33:12,400
So fine is. 
So it was almost like sleeping 

5019
04:33:12,400 --> 04:33:16,300
under woven are Pillows were 
swapped for thinner version and 

5020
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:18,400
even mattresses might be 
replaced with lighter 

5021
04:33:18,400 --> 04:33:20,900
Alternatives that didn't trap 
and hold body heat throughout 

5022
04:33:20,900 --> 04:33:23,500
the night. 
The evening cooling routine, 

5023
04:33:23,500 --> 04:33:26,900
extended Beyond just opening 
Windows, your great grandmother 

5024
04:33:26,900 --> 04:33:29,700
might take a cool bath or Splash
cold water on her wrists. 

5025
04:33:29,700 --> 04:33:32,500
And neck areas where blood 
vessels are close to the surface

5026
04:33:32,500 --> 04:33:34,900
and cooling them could affect 
the entire body's temperature. 

5027
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:38,900
Here that had been pinned up all
day would be brushed out and 

5028
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:41,500
arranged to allow maximum air 
circulation around the neck and 

5029
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:44,599
head during sleep. 
Children's bedtime routines, 

5030
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:48,200
were specially adapted to heat 
management lightweight, cotton 

5031
04:33:48,200 --> 04:33:51,000
nightgowns replaced heavier, 
sleepwear, and children, might 

5032
04:33:51,000 --> 04:33:54,500
sleep with damp wash clothes on 
their foreheads or arms, some 

5033
04:33:54,500 --> 04:33:57,700
parents, would lightly, dampen 
sheets with cool water, creating

5034
04:33:57,700 --> 04:33:59,599
evaporative cooling. 
That could make the difference 

5035
04:33:59,599 --> 04:34:02,300
between restful sleep and a 
knight of tossing and turning 

5036
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:05,300
for families fortunate enough to
have multiple sleeping spaces. 

5037
04:34:05,300 --> 04:34:09,200
Some are brought strategic 
relocations sleeping, porches 

5038
04:34:09,200 --> 04:34:11,700
screened areas that were 
essentially outdoor bedrooms 

5039
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:15,000
became Haven's during the 
hottest weeks upper floors, 

5040
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,099
which were stifling during the 
day, like become comfortable at 

5041
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:20,700
night, when breezes were 
stronger at higher elevations. 

5042
04:34:20,700 --> 04:34:23,700
Some families would move 
mattresses to the coolest rooms 

5043
04:34:23,700 --> 04:34:26,099
in the house, or even Outdoors 
under mosquito netting, when 

5044
04:34:26,099 --> 04:34:29,700
heat became truly unbearable, 
The sounds of Summer Nights were

5045
04:34:29,700 --> 04:34:31,400
different in the pre-air 
conditioning era. 

5046
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:35,500
In the constant hum of climate 
control systems, your great 

5047
04:34:35,500 --> 04:34:38,200
grandparents fell asleep to the 
Natural Symphony of cooling air 

5048
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:40,900
The Whisper of breezes through 
window screens. 

5049
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,300
The Gentle Creek of settling 
houses as temperatures dropped 

5050
04:34:44,300 --> 04:34:47,500
and the distant conversations of
neighbors also seeking relief on

5051
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:51,200
their porches and in their yards
Night work took on special 

5052
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,800
significance, during hot spells 
tasks that generated heat. 

5053
04:34:54,800 --> 04:34:56,900
During the day could be 
accomplished in the Blessed, 

5054
04:34:56,900 --> 04:34:58,700
coolness of evening and early 
morning hours. 

5055
04:34:59,500 --> 04:35:03,200
Your great-grandmother might do 
her ironing by Lamplight, taking

5056
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:05,300
advantage of temperatures that 
made the additional heat 

5057
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:07,800
bearable baking. 
For the next day, could happen 

5058
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:10,099
in the pre-dawn hours when 
others wouldn't turn kitchens 

5059
04:35:10,099 --> 04:35:13,000
into furnaces. 
The social aspects of cooling 

5060
04:35:13,000 --> 04:35:16,400
extended into the night as well.
Neighbors might visit each 

5061
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,700
other's cooling spots one family
had a better cross-breeze while 

5062
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:22,400
another had a deeper well with 
cooler water for late evening 

5063
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:24,900
refreshment. 
These evening, Gatherings were 

5064
04:35:24,900 --> 04:35:27,700
not formal, social events, but 
spontaneous communities of 

5065
04:35:27,700 --> 04:35:30,700
relief where shared cooling 
strategies and mutual support, 

5066
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:32,500
made the heat more bearable for 
everyone. 

5067
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:35,700
Dawn brought its rituals in the 
pre-air conditioning World. 

5068
04:35:35,700 --> 04:35:39,200
Your great-grandfather would 
rise early not just to get work 

5069
04:35:39,200 --> 04:35:42,400
done before the heat returned 
but to save those precious hours

5070
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:46,099
when the air was actually cool. 
The morning routine, included, 

5071
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:48,099
assessing the days thermal 
prospects. 

5072
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:51,300
Checking cloud, cover feeling 
the air for humidity and making 

5073
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:54,000
strategic decisions about how to
capture and preserve the 

5074
04:35:54,000 --> 04:35:55,300
coolness for as long as 
possible. 

5075
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:59,300
The cycle would begin again, 
windows that have been opened to

5076
04:35:59,300 --> 04:36:02,400
night are would be strategically
closed as temperatures began to 

5077
04:36:02,400 --> 04:36:04,800
rise. 
Curtains would be drawn to block

5078
04:36:04,800 --> 04:36:07,400
the sun's Heat and the daily 
dance with temperature would 

5079
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,400
resume. 
But those hours of relief that 

5080
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:13,900
nightly promise of cooling air 
and comfortable sleep, made it 

5081
04:36:13,900 --> 04:36:17,500
all bearable and even beautiful.
Your ancestors didn't just 

5082
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:20,900
survive the heat. 
They created lives of Grace and 

5083
04:36:20,900 --> 04:36:23,800
comfort within natural limits 
that required wisdom patients 

5084
04:36:23,800 --> 04:36:27,000
and Community. 
They understood something, we're

5085
04:36:27,000 --> 04:36:29,900
still learning that working with
natural cycles rather than 

5086
04:36:29,900 --> 04:36:31,300
against them. 
Can create not just 

5087
04:36:31,300 --> 04:36:36,099
sustainability, but genuine 
contentment As you drift off to 

5088
04:36:36,099 --> 04:36:38,099
sleep tonight, in your climate 
controlled comfort. 

5089
04:36:38,099 --> 04:36:40,500
You might just dream of summary 
evening's. 

5090
04:36:40,500 --> 04:36:43,800
When cool air was a gift to be 
savored and relief was something

5091
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:45,800
earned through the simple 
passage of time. 

5092
04:36:45,800 --> 04:36:48,599
And the reliable promise that 
every hot day of eventually, 

5093
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:50,599
surrenders to the cooling mercy 
of night. 

5094
04:36:56,599 --> 04:36:59,700
In the waning days of Rome's. 
Glory a young, Deacon named Leo 

5095
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:03,700
quietly, ascended to prominence.
The Western Empire was in danger

5096
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:07,000
of disintegrating in the year 
4440 instead of looking to 

5097
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:10,700
senators or generals for advice 
Imperial officials, look to a 

5098
04:37:10,700 --> 04:37:14,500
Churchman Emperor, valentinian 
the third's behest, Leo, 

5099
04:37:14,500 --> 04:37:17,800
journeyed to Gold to mediate a 
bit of feud between General 80s 

5100
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:22,000
Rome's, most powerful commander,
and the magistrate albinus, the 

5101
04:37:22,000 --> 04:37:24,900
emperor's decision to entrust 
this delicate mission to Leo was

5102
04:37:24,900 --> 04:37:28,000
significant as the able Deacon 
had established a reputation for

5103
04:37:28,000 --> 04:37:30,700
prudence and Authority Beyond 
ecclesiastical circles. 

5104
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:35,500
While Leon negotiated peace and 
Gaul fate intervened back, home,

5105
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,500
Pope sixtus. 
The third died in Leo's absence 

5106
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:42,099
and on September, the 29th, 
4:40, the clergy and people of 

5107
04:37:42,099 --> 04:37:45,900
Rome unanimously elected, Leo, 
as Bishop of Rome, the news 

5108
04:37:45,900 --> 04:37:48,300
reached him up, north the 
mediator would. 

5109
04:37:48,300 --> 04:37:51,700
Now become the Supreme, pastor 
of the western church, Leah 

5110
04:37:51,700 --> 04:37:54,500
returned to a city in need of 
strong leadership, stepping into

5111
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:57,300
the role of Bishop of Rome. 
Later, generations would hail 

5112
04:37:57,300 --> 04:37:59,700
him as Pope. 
Leo, the great, he carried, both

5113
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:04,099
humility and resolve Roman the 
440s was a city of contrasts 

5114
04:38:04,099 --> 04:38:07,000
still adorned with Imperial 
marble and Christian basilica's 

5115
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:10,300
yet teeming with destitute 
refugees from Barbarian 

5116
04:38:10,300 --> 04:38:13,900
invasions Leo, threw himself 
into the work. 

5117
04:38:14,599 --> 04:38:17,599
From the pulpit, he preached not
only Doctrine but also charity. 

5118
04:38:17,599 --> 04:38:21,000
He organized relief for those 
suffering from famine and War. 

5119
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:24,500
Urging the faithful to practice,
mercy and arms, giving alongside

5120
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:28,200
their fasts under his guidance. 
The church opened its granaries 

5121
04:38:28,200 --> 04:38:30,500
to feed the hungry in its 
monasteries to shelter, the 

5122
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:33,400
homeless, Leo's compassion, in 
action earned him. 

5123
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,700
A fatherly status among Romans 
in a world, where Emperor's 

5124
04:38:36,700 --> 04:38:39,599
taxed and Generals fought. 
It was the bishop of Rome who 

5125
04:38:39,599 --> 04:38:43,000
cared for the Widow and orphan 
However, Leo was not a passive 

5126
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:45,400
individual. 
He was equally a man of ideas 

5127
04:38:45,400 --> 04:38:49,400
and unwavering determination. 
As heresies sprouted amid. 

5128
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:52,400
The turmoil of the times, Leo 
responded with intellectual 

5129
04:38:52,400 --> 04:38:56,599
rigor and firm discipline, When 
news came that certain priests 

5130
04:38:56,599 --> 04:38:58,900
and distant Aqua layer were 
tolerating the pelagian. 

5131
04:38:58,900 --> 04:39:03,200
Heresy, Leo swiftly ordered a 
synod to correct them in Rome. 

5132
04:39:03,200 --> 04:39:05,300
He discovered a secret sect of 
mannequin. 

5133
04:39:05,300 --> 04:39:07,099
Duelists, lurking in the 
shadows. 

5134
04:39:07,099 --> 04:39:09,099
Like he refugees from the 
recently. 

5135
04:39:09,099 --> 04:39:12,700
Fallen African provinces. 
The pope reacted decisively. 

5136
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:16,700
He investigated preached fiery 
sermons against their false 

5137
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:18,500
light. 
And according to his 

5138
04:39:18,500 --> 04:39:21,700
contemporary Prosper of 
Aquitaine even burned their 

5139
04:39:21,700 --> 04:39:24,000
forbidden books. 
By 4:44. 

5140
04:39:24,000 --> 04:39:26,700
He declared the capital cleansed
of the man in Contagion. 

5141
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:30,700
Such actions might seem harsh to
modernize, but to Leo's mind, 

5142
04:39:30,700 --> 04:39:32,700
the very soul of Rome was at 
stake. 

5143
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:36,300
The empire was crumbling, at 
least the faith must stand firm 

5144
04:39:36,300 --> 04:39:38,500
Leo's. 
Blend of compassion and 

5145
04:39:38,500 --> 04:39:41,200
Authority extended his influence
beyond the usual spiritual 

5146
04:39:41,200 --> 04:39:43,800
Realm. 
The Western Imperial court 

5147
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:46,100
itself. 
Acknowledged his leadership in 

5148
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:59,200
June 4 4, 5, 
Provincial Governors were even 

5149
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:02,900
ordered to enforce papal 
summonses illegal nod to Leo 

5150
04:40:02,900 --> 04:40:04,500
Supremacy over Western 
Christian. 

5151
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:09,600
This feat was unprecedented, 
Once merely premise into Paris 

5152
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:13,300
first among equals of Bishops, 
the bishop of Rome now held a 

5153
04:40:13,300 --> 04:40:16,700
recognized preeminence under Leo
stewardship, the very title of 

5154
04:40:16,700 --> 04:40:19,500
Pope. 
Once used broadly for any Bishop

5155
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:21,600
became reserved exclusively for 
Rome's. 

5156
04:40:21,600 --> 04:40:25,000
Bishop the decline of the empire
was sowing the seeds of the 

5157
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,500
papacy's future Grandeur. 
Despite these accolades, Leo 

5158
04:40:28,500 --> 04:40:32,100
remained at heart a pastor. 
He corresponded with distant 

5159
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:36,000
churches, arbitrating disputes 
and Gaul and Spain as a trusted 

5160
04:40:36,000 --> 04:40:38,700
Father Figure. 
He drew around him learned men 

5161
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:40,800
like Prosper to assist in 
administration and 

5162
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:44,100
correspondence. 
Ever mindful of his Exemplar 

5163
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:47,400
Saint Peter, the Apostle Leo 
championed, the idea that the 

5164
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:51,200
pope is Peter's are carrying the
keys of Spiritual Authority. 

5165
04:40:52,600 --> 04:40:55,600
The ultimate test of this 
conviction was imminent, has the

5166
04:40:55,600 --> 04:40:58,200
mid-fifth century approached 
ominous tied. 

5167
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:01,100
In spread across the Alps, a 
storm was gathering in the 

5168
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,100
north. 
The Huns led by a warlord whose 

5169
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:06,700
name was already spoken. 
In dread Whispers, were on the 

5170
04:41:06,708 --> 04:41:09,000
move. 
Unbeknownst to Leo. 

5171
04:41:09,000 --> 04:41:13,000
Destiny was steering him. 
Toward a singular role, not only

5172
04:41:13,000 --> 04:41:14,600
as a teacher and Shepherd of 
souls. 

5173
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:19,300
But as Rome's, protector in its 
Darkest Hour, the stage was set 

5174
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:22,300
for an encounter that would 
ReSound Through the Ages and the

5175
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:25,300
humbled decanted, Pope would 
soon be called upon to save an 

5176
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:28,600
Empire, Pope Leo, the first was 
solidifying, his Spiritual 

5177
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,500
Authority, while the Western 
Roman Empire around him, was on 

5178
04:41:31,500 --> 04:41:34,400
the verge of collapse. 
By the mid 5th Century. 

5179
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:38,300
Rome's Dominion, a trunk to a 
pathetic core little more than 

5180
04:41:38,300 --> 04:41:41,200
Italy and part of Gaul 
observers, noted of the western 

5181
04:41:41,200 --> 04:41:44,000
Realm. 
The Grandeur of Caesar and 

5182
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,300
Augustus was now a ghost 
haunting crumbling walls gone 

5183
04:41:47,300 --> 04:41:49,100
with a rich provinces of North 
Africa? 

5184
04:41:49,100 --> 04:41:52,400
The vandals had seized Carthage.
Inn 439. 

5185
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:57,300
Cutting off Rome's, critical 
grain Supply And Gall were 

5186
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,000
carved up by visigothic and 
burgundy and Kings who paid only

5187
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:03,700
token respect to the emperor. 
Across the sea Britannia. 

5188
04:42:03,700 --> 04:42:07,600
Once a Roman diocese's was 
abandoned to Wild Anglo-Saxon 

5189
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:10,800
Warlords. 
The Western Empire in Leo's time

5190
04:42:10,800 --> 04:42:13,400
was essentially an Italian 
Kingdom struggling to survive. 

5191
04:42:14,200 --> 04:42:17,100
Its Frontiers pressed on all 
sides by so called barbarians 

5192
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:21,300
and its treasury drained. 
City of Roman itself though. 

5193
04:42:21,300 --> 04:42:24,100
Still symbolically powerful was 
a mere shadow of its former 

5194
04:42:24,100 --> 04:42:26,100
self. 
The Imperial Court had long 

5195
04:42:26,108 --> 04:42:31,000
since relocated to Ravenna a 
marsh City easier to defend in 

5196
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:35,200
Rome ancient monuments decade 
even as new churches Rose the 

5197
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:37,500
popular much diminished from a 
century ago. 

5198
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:41,100
Lived in uneasy suspense 
memories of the Visigoths sack 

5199
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:43,500
of 410 still lingered like a 
national trauma. 

5200
04:42:44,300 --> 04:42:47,500
Elderly Romans could recall the 
horror when alaric's goth's 

5201
04:42:47,500 --> 04:42:50,000
breached the walls and looted 
the Eternal City for three days 

5202
04:42:50,000 --> 04:42:55,100
theological scar had not healed.
Now, four decades later rumors 

5203
04:42:55,100 --> 04:42:58,100
spread that an even Fierce her 
enemy was approaching Italy's 

5204
04:42:58,100 --> 04:43:01,300
borders, children, heard 
frightening, tales of the Hun 

5205
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:04,000
with his ruthless Horsemen and 
felt their parents anxiety. 

5206
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:08,200
Many asked was history repeating
itself or Worse? 

5207
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:10,800
Was this? 
The end of Rome at last in the 

5208
04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:14,500
Palaces of Ravenna Emperor. 
Valentinian the third reigned in

5209
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:17,200
name, but real power was 
precariously balanced. 

5210
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:20,200
The true strongman was flavius 
atheist. 

5211
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:25,000
The Magista military of soldiers
Fame for both, his cunning and 

5212
04:43:25,000 --> 04:43:28,000
his controversial. 
Alliance's eta's had spent his 

5213
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:30,400
youth as a hostage among the 
Huns even befriending their 

5214
04:43:30,400 --> 04:43:32,600
leaders hardened by that 
experience. 

5215
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:36,200
He knew Rome could not fight. 
All its enemies at once with 

5216
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:40,300
grim, pragmatism Etc, deals with
some barbarians to fight others 

5217
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:43,500
in fourth 37. 
He formed an alliance with the 

5218
04:43:43,500 --> 04:43:45,800
tiller's. 
Huns to demolish, The Burgundian

5219
04:43:45,800 --> 04:43:48,100
Kingdom. 
In Gaul eradicating it from its 

5220
04:43:48,100 --> 04:43:52,300
core Western Rome was forced to 
play A desperate game of divide 

5221
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:57,200
it, impera in order to survive 
by the late 4440 80s, managed a 

5222
04:43:57,200 --> 04:44:00,700
fragile Coalition, holding Gaul 
against the Visigoths and Italy 

5223
04:44:00,700 --> 04:44:04,300
against the ostrich Goths. 
But the Huns once his occasional

5224
04:44:04,300 --> 04:44:06,800
allies were becoming an Ever 
greater threat. 

5225
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:11,600
ETS new attila's character too. 
Well, the Hun Kings Ambitions 

5226
04:44:11,600 --> 04:44:15,900
had no limit The cultural fabric
of the empire was also fraying 

5227
04:44:15,900 --> 04:44:20,000
the old Pagan aristocracy had 
mostly bowed to Christianity but

5228
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:23,100
not always sincerely. 
Some clung to classical 

5229
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:26,600
traditions and nostalgic dreams 
of Rome's past while the new 

5230
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:30,600
reality a Christian Empire 
fighting for its life, demanded 

5231
04:44:30,600 --> 04:44:34,600
a different ethos In this 
atmosphere spiritual 

5232
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:36,900
interpretations of Rome's, 
Misfortune, flourished. 

5233
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,200
Many Christian Romans Leo, among
them viewed, the successive 

5234
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:43,700
calamities as Divine 
chastisement for the Empire's 

5235
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:46,300
sins. 
Was God using Barbarian 

5236
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:48,400
Invaders? 
As a Scourge to Humble Rome? 

5237
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:52,400
The question was pondered in 
sermons and letters decades 

5238
04:44:52,400 --> 04:44:54,800
earlier Saint Augustine, had 
written the city of God. 

5239
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:58,300
After the 410 Sac explaining 
that Earthly Empires rise and 

5240
04:44:58,300 --> 04:44:59,900
fall. 
While the city of God endures 

5241
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:03,900
Now, Augustine was gone. 
He had died in 4:30 as vandals 

5242
04:45:03,900 --> 04:45:06,300
besieged. 
His city of Hippo, but his ideas

5243
04:45:06,300 --> 04:45:10,100
lived on Pope Leo steeped. 
In such theology urged. 

5244
04:45:10,100 --> 04:45:13,500
His flock not to lose faith. 
If the empire was crumbling 

5245
04:45:13,500 --> 04:45:15,600
perhaps it was all the more 
urgent to uphold Christian 

5246
04:45:15,600 --> 04:45:19,500
virtue in Unity by 4:50. 
The Western Court was Rife with 

5247
04:45:19,508 --> 04:45:23,400
Intrigue and insecurity, Emperor
valentinian, never a strong 

5248
04:45:23,408 --> 04:45:27,300
ruler who was dominated first by
his formidable mother Galla 

5249
04:45:27,300 --> 04:45:32,700
placidia, And then by atheists. 
With placidia death in 450 and 

5250
04:45:32,700 --> 04:45:37,100
the emperor's own sister, onoria
embroiled in Scandal, she had 

5251
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:40,200
secretly appealed to Attila for 
help escaping an arranged 

5252
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:42,700
marriage. 
Offering him her hand and half 

5253
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:45,700
the Empire as Dowry. 
The dynasty itself seemed to 

5254
04:45:45,708 --> 04:45:49,800
Teeter, When reports came the 
Attila had considered an Orioles

5255
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:51,500
plea and was mustering his 
forces. 

5256
04:45:51,500 --> 04:45:55,800
Panic swept, the Italian Elite. 
Attila's reputation as the 

5257
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:59,600
scourge of God proceeded him, 
he'd already bullied the eastern

5258
04:45:59,600 --> 04:46:02,700
empire into paying enormous 
tribute and now we cast his 

5259
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:07,100
Covetous gaze Westwood. 
In the spring of 451 Attila 

5260
04:46:07,100 --> 04:46:09,400
marched into Gaul. 
The Showdown came on the 

5261
04:46:09,408 --> 04:46:13,400
catalani and planes near 
shalom's, their etios joined by 

5262
04:46:13,400 --> 04:46:17,400
Roman troops and various 
Federate allies Visigoths Franks

5263
04:46:17,400 --> 04:46:21,100
confronted the Huns in one of 
Antiquities great battles. 

5264
04:46:22,000 --> 04:46:25,800
Fight was brutal and indecisive 
attila's Advance was halted but 

5265
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:29,300
not decisively crushed corpses. 
Littered, the plane. 

5266
04:46:29,300 --> 04:46:33,200
And the visigothic King was 
slain in The Fray but Attila 

5267
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:35,800
lived to fight another day. 
The Battle of chalons. 

5268
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:39,300
Instead of a clear, Roman 
Victory, resulted in a pirate 

5269
04:46:39,300 --> 04:46:43,100
stalemate, that left the hunnic.
Horde battered yet intact, Gaul 

5270
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:44,600
had taken the brunt of attila's 
Wrath. 

5271
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:47,900
Giving Italy a moment of relief 
but the respite was fleeting. 

5272
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:52,000
Late in Fall of 51 as winter 
fell and settling news reached 

5273
04:46:52,000 --> 04:46:55,900
Rome Attila had regrouped. 
His forces beyond the Alps, the 

5274
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:59,300
Hun was far from Finnish. 
In fact, he was in raged, they 

5275
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:02,000
had thwarted his campaigning 
galling, his appetite for 

5276
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:05,900
Conquest unsated Nora's offers 
still stood as a convenient 

5277
04:47:05,900 --> 04:47:08,000
pretext. 
In attila's mind. 

5278
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:11,600
The Dowry he demanded half of 
the Western Empire remained 

5279
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:14,500
unpaid. 
Early the next year Scouts and 

5280
04:47:14,508 --> 04:47:18,100
refugees brought terrifying. 
Reports Attila was Crossing into

5281
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:21,400
Italy city after City. 
In the northern provinces was 

5282
04:47:21,400 --> 04:47:25,300
falling to Fire and sword. 
The Specter that had loomed so 

5283
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:28,700
long was now at hand, Rome's 
Darkest, Hour was approaching, 

5284
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:33,100
even as its secular might was at
its weakest, the people's hopes 

5285
04:47:33,100 --> 04:47:36,600
increasingly turned to prayer. 
And to the unassuming figure of 

5286
04:47:36,608 --> 04:47:39,900
Pope, Leo, whose courage and 
Faith would soon be tested as 

5287
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:43,800
never before in the Gathering 
Gloom of the 450s Pope Leo. 

5288
04:47:43,800 --> 04:47:47,200
The first emerged as more than a
religious leader, he became the 

5289
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:50,600
soul of a Dying Empire. 
While Legions faltered and 

5290
04:47:50,600 --> 04:47:53,600
Emperor's dithered. 
Leo, provided a different kind 

5291
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:56,800
of strength, one rooted in faith
and moral conviction. 

5292
04:47:56,800 --> 04:48:00,700
He often preached that Earthly 
turmoils were transient but the 

5293
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:03,200
spiritual battle for 
righteousness was eternal. 

5294
04:48:03,900 --> 04:48:06,900
Leo's unwavering faith in the 
unique function of his position 

5295
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:10,700
fueled his confidence. 
As Bishop of Rome, he saw 

5296
04:48:10,700 --> 04:48:14,100
himself as a to Saint Peter. 
The Apostle Christ had charged 

5297
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:18,100
with feeding his sheep. 
To Leo, the task was no mere 

5298
04:48:18,100 --> 04:48:20,900
honorific. 
It was a living mandate in one 

5299
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:23,100
letter. 
He wrote to deny the authority 

5300
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:25,900
of the chair of Peter is to 
question the very foundation of 

5301
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:28,600
the church. 
He strove to live up to that 

5302
04:48:28,600 --> 04:48:30,500
High Calling convinced that in 
his leadership. 

5303
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:34,600
The voice of the Apostles, 
echoed a new this conviction was

5304
04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:39,700
dramatically Vindicated in 451 
at the great Council of Church 

5305
04:48:39,700 --> 04:48:42,600
Synod convened. 
Far to the east in Asia Minor to

5306
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:45,200
settle a theological crisis, 
Leo. 

5307
04:48:45,200 --> 04:48:47,600
Could not attend in person 
troubles, in the west kept him 

5308
04:48:47,608 --> 04:48:50,600
in Rome, but he sent leggett's 
bearing, a document to authored,

5309
04:48:50,600 --> 04:48:54,900
the famous Tome of Leo, This 
Tome clearly defined, the Dual 

5310
04:48:54,900 --> 04:48:58,300
nature of Christ, both fully God
and fully man, and was intended 

5311
04:48:58,300 --> 04:48:59,900
to guide. 
The council fathers, out of 

5312
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:03,600
contentious debate, As the 
Assembly of Bishops read Leo's 

5313
04:49:03,600 --> 04:49:06,300
words allowed a sudden Unity 
swept the hall. 

5314
04:49:07,200 --> 04:49:09,800
According to the council 
records, the Bishops cried out 

5315
04:49:09,800 --> 04:49:11,900
in unison. 
This is the faith of the 

5316
04:49:11,900 --> 04:49:14,500
father's, Peter spoke in the US 
through Leo. 

5317
04:49:15,600 --> 04:49:18,300
In that acclimation Leo's 
Authority was aimed in an almost

5318
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:21,300
mystical way. 
It was as if some Peter himself 

5319
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:24,200
had stood among them teaching 
through Leo's voice. 

5320
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:29,500
The Roman Pope's stature sword. 
He was now revered as Leo, the 

5321
04:49:29,500 --> 04:49:33,300
great a pillar of Orthodoxy and 
a figure of international renown

5322
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:36,900
for Leo, personally, it was 
confirmation that his leadership

5323
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:41,700
carried not just human approval,
but Divine sanction, Back in 

5324
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,700
Romeo leveraged this moral 
authority to bolster the city's 

5325
04:49:44,700 --> 04:49:47,000
resolved. 
He preached frequently to his 

5326
04:49:47,000 --> 04:49:50,600
flock tailoring, his message to 
the tumultuous times in 

5327
04:49:50,600 --> 04:49:53,400
homilies, he called The Invasion
threats, a test of faith, 

5328
04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:56,600
drawing on scripture, he liked 
and Rome to the biblical 

5329
04:49:56,600 --> 04:49:59,600
Nineveh, a mighty City that 
could be spared from 

5330
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:03,300
destruction, if it's people 
repented and turned to God, He 

5331
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:05,100
urged public fasting and prayer 
vigils. 

5332
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:07,800
And it was said that the 
churches were filled day and 

5333
04:50:07,800 --> 04:50:09,400
night with supplicants crying 
for deliverance. 

5334
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:13,500
The pope himself LED processions
through the streets venerating 

5335
04:50:13,500 --> 04:50:16,200
relics of saints and imploring, 
Heavenly Aid to avert, The 

5336
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:18,700
Scourge approaching Italy. 
To a population. 

5337
04:50:18,700 --> 04:50:22,200
Frightened by news of flaming 
towns in the north Leo's, calm 

5338
04:50:22,200 --> 04:50:23,600
and Resolute presence was a 
godsend. 

5339
04:50:23,600 --> 04:50:27,500
He told the miracle, God did not
abandon Jonah's Nineveh. 

5340
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,700
Norway abandoned Rome seat of 
his apostles. 

5341
04:50:31,800 --> 04:50:35,000
Such words gave hope to the 
Hopeless Leo's influence 

5342
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:38,900
extended, even into the Imperial
Palace. when Emperor valentinian

5343
04:50:38,900 --> 04:50:41,600
the third and his court 
vacillated on how to deal with 

5344
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:44,900
attila's impending Onslaught 
Leo, did not hesitate to offer 

5345
04:50:44,900 --> 04:50:48,400
counsel, Some accounts suggest 
it was Leo who volunteered to 

5346
04:50:48,400 --> 04:50:51,400
personally meet the Hun. 
A proposal that stunned the 

5347
04:50:51,400 --> 04:50:55,000
Imperial advisors others. 
Say the idea originated from the

5348
04:50:55,000 --> 04:50:58,000
Emperor who realized that no 
general or Diplomat had the 

5349
04:50:58,000 --> 04:51:01,400
gravitas to face it tiller on 
equal terms whereas the saintly 

5350
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,900
Bishop of Rome just might 
Regardless, by the beginning of 

5351
04:51:04,900 --> 04:51:08,200
452, everyone's attention was 
focused on Leo. 

5352
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,500
Possibly the sole individual 
capable of saving Rome from the 

5353
04:51:11,500 --> 04:51:13,800
abyss. 
It was a heavy burden for a man 

5354
04:51:13,808 --> 04:51:16,600
of the cloth yet Leo. 
Prepared to shoulder it with the

5355
04:51:16,600 --> 04:51:19,200
same sense of Duty that had 
guided him all along. 

5356
04:51:19,200 --> 04:51:22,400
There was a profound symbolism 
in Leo stepping forward. 

5357
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:26,200
Here was a representative of 
Spiritual Authority, confronting

5358
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:29,600
the might of worldly violence. 
The Clash was not simply between

5359
04:51:29,600 --> 04:51:32,900
a pope and a warlord. 
But between two World Views, one

5360
04:51:32,900 --> 04:51:35,800
of Faith, mercy and moral 
suasion, and another of 

5361
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:38,700
Conquest, fear and raw power 
Leo. 

5362
04:51:38,700 --> 04:51:42,400
Understood this in Quiet Moments
of prayer before his departure, 

5363
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,800
he surely reflected on the 
trials of parsley of the church.

5364
04:51:46,700 --> 04:51:49,100
He prayed at the tomb of Saint 
Peter in the Vatican Basilica 

5365
04:51:49,100 --> 04:51:52,900
seeking courage traditional 
holds that Leo had a vision. 

5366
04:51:52,900 --> 04:51:55,800
Their hearing the words, peace 
be with you. 

5367
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:59,600
I am with you as if spoken by 
Peter or an angel. 

5368
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:03,500
Empowered by this. 
Reassurance, Leo arose, 

5369
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:07,000
determined to act. 
If Attila was indeed a Scourge 

5370
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:09,600
Center's punishment, then Leo 
would be the intercessor. 

5371
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:13,000
Pleading for mercy on Rome's, 
behalf, a new Moses before the 

5372
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:16,300
Pharaoh, or a David against 
Goliath armed only with faith. 

5373
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:21,000
By the spring of 452, attila's 
forces, had stormed into 

5374
04:52:21,000 --> 04:52:23,000
Northern Italy and panic 
gripped. 

5375
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:26,000
The land Emperor. 
Valentinian remained safely 

5376
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:28,600
behind ravenna's walls and 
general atheists. 

5377
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:31,900
Lacking, an Army Strong Enough. 
After the gaulish campaign could

5378
04:52:31,900 --> 04:52:35,300
do little. 
It was in this vacuum of secular

5379
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:37,200
leadership that Leo's moment 
arrived. 

5380
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:40,200
The pope gathered a small 
delegation to accompany him 

5381
04:52:40,208 --> 04:52:42,500
among them. 
The former console Canadian 

5382
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:46,400
severe anus and the ex prefect, 
Mimi's trigger's, distinguished,

5383
04:52:46,400 --> 04:52:48,600
Romans who lent political weight
to the Embassy. 

5384
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:51,100
But there was no question who 
led it. 

5385
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:54,100
Dressed, not in armor, but in 
simple clerical. 

5386
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:56,300
Robes. 
Leo, set out Northwood 

5387
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,100
determined to confront the 
unconvention. 

5388
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:02,700
As he left the gates of Rome 
citizens, wept and cheered him 

5389
04:53:02,708 --> 04:53:05,600
in equal measure. 
Praying for his success fearing 

5390
04:53:05,600 --> 04:53:08,600
for his safety. 
Behind him Trail, an austere 

5391
04:53:08,600 --> 04:53:11,700
retinue of priests, and deacons 
carrying holy relics. 

5392
04:53:11,700 --> 04:53:14,800
And perhaps gifts for the Hun 
King it was an unprecedented 

5393
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:17,900
sight. 
The Vicar of Christ riding forth

5394
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:21,700
to meet the terror of the world.
The sun baked Italian roads 

5395
04:53:21,700 --> 04:53:25,000
ahead were uncertain. 
But Leo's purpose was clear in 

5396
04:53:25,000 --> 04:53:27,600
his heart burned, both the 
courage of a lion and the 

5397
04:53:27,608 --> 04:53:30,500
compassion of a shepherd 
Whatever happened on this 

5398
04:53:30,500 --> 04:53:34,600
journey Rome's fate and Leos 
Legacy would forever intertwined

5399
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,100
on that fateful day. 
When Faith stood face-to-face 

5400
04:53:37,100 --> 04:53:41,300
with Fury while Leo Advance. 
North Attila the Hun drove his 

5401
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:43,600
War. 
Host relentlessly South to 

5402
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:45,200
understand the Collision Course 
of these. 

5403
04:53:45,200 --> 04:53:49,300
Two figures, one must step into 
attila's world a world of vast 

5404
04:53:49,300 --> 04:53:52,200
open. 
The vast steps echoed with 

5405
04:53:52,200 --> 04:53:55,600
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a
destiny, forged in Blood and 

5406
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:58,400
superstition. 
Attila was no ordinary, 

5407
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:01,500
Barbarian Chieftain. 
He styled himself as something 

5408
04:54:01,500 --> 04:54:07,100
far grander, even Cosmic Alleged
circulated among his people that

5409
04:54:07,100 --> 04:54:10,700
are sacred weapon had fallen 
into a tiller's hands, the sword

5410
04:54:10,700 --> 04:54:13,500
of Mars. 
A humble Shepherd, the story 

5411
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:16,500
went. 
Discovered, an ornate sword in a

5412
04:54:16,500 --> 04:54:19,300
field revealed by the blood of a
limping heifer. 

5413
04:54:20,100 --> 04:54:24,300
He presented it to Attila who 
exalted in the finding it, a 

5414
04:54:24,300 --> 04:54:26,800
gift from the war. 
God who Romans identified as 

5415
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:29,700
Mars Attila took it as a sign of
divine favor. 

5416
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:33,400
He thought he'd been appointed 
ruler of the whole world and 

5417
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:36,100
that through the sword of Mars 
Supremacy and all wars was 

5418
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,100
assured to him. 
So right to the historian Jordan

5419
04:54:39,100 --> 04:54:42,900
is echoing the accounts of 
attila's contemporaries armed 

5420
04:54:42,900 --> 04:54:44,900
with this Talisman and 
unshakable. 

5421
04:54:44,900 --> 04:54:48,200
Self-confidence Attila saw 
himself as an instrument of 

5422
04:54:48,200 --> 04:54:51,000
Godly Roth. 
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 

5423
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:56,200
Indeed, later Romans would call 
him flagellum day, the scourge 

5424
04:54:56,200 --> 04:54:59,100
of God believing that he was a 
punishment for the sins of human

5425
04:54:59,100 --> 04:55:03,400
kind under attila's command, the
hunnic Empire reached its Zenith

5426
04:55:03,400 --> 04:55:06,500
from The Plains of Hungary 
across the Danube and into 

5427
04:55:06,500 --> 04:55:11,400
Germany United, a confederation 
of Huns, Alan's ostrogoths and 

5428
04:55:11,400 --> 04:55:13,100
other tribes through Charisma 
and fear. 

5429
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:17,000
He became Soul, ruler in 445 
after allegedly murdering his 

5430
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:19,900
brother bleda, an act, that 
removed the last check on his 

5431
04:55:19,900 --> 04:55:23,200
power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 

5432
04:55:23,208 --> 04:55:26,300
also a shrewd strategist. 
He realized that Brute Force 

5433
04:55:26,300 --> 04:55:29,300
alone wouldn't sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 

5434
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:34,100
Encyclical Warfare were equally 
potent, Throughout the 440s 

5435
04:55:34,100 --> 04:55:37,300
Attila alternated, devastating 
military campaigns with 

5436
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,900
calculated negotiations. 
He extorted the Eastern Roman 

5437
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:45,600
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

5438
04:55:45,600 --> 04:55:49,200
pounds annually, after he 
battered their armies in 447. 

5439
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:53,700
The Eastern Emperor, theodosius 
the second preferred paying off 

5440
04:55:53,700 --> 04:55:56,700
the Huns to faceing them in 
battle a policy that enriched 

5441
04:55:56,700 --> 04:55:59,400
tiller immensely by the year 
450. 

5442
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:01,000
Attila's. 
Treasuries were brimming with 

5443
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:04,100
tribute and his Warriors had 
gained seasoned experienced from

5444
04:56:04,100 --> 04:56:08,000
numerous skirmishes and sieges 
despite ruling over such wealth.

5445
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:12,200
Attila led a simple life by 
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 

5446
04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:16,700
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

5447
04:56:16,700 --> 04:56:19,700
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

5448
04:56:19,700 --> 04:56:22,700
with Attila during a diplomatic 
Mission recorded that, while 

5449
04:56:22,700 --> 04:56:25,300
lavish food on Silver platters 
was served to guests. 

5450
04:56:25,300 --> 04:56:27,600
Attila himself ate nothing but 
meat off. 

5451
04:56:27,600 --> 04:56:30,600
A wooden trencher he drank from 
a wooden cup whereas his 

5452
04:56:30,600 --> 04:56:33,400
Lieutenant sipped wine from 
gleaming goblets of gold. 

5453
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,000
His clothes were plain and clean
devoid of the jewels. 

5454
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:40,700
That adorned other Chieftain. 
Such discipline, both impressed 

5455
04:56:40,700 --> 04:56:44,100
and unnerved the Romans. 
It suggested a man of unwavering

5456
04:56:44,100 --> 04:56:48,300
determination unaffected by 
decadence or distraction, a 

5457
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:50,900
leader capable of instilling 
unwavering loyalty by 

5458
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:52,700
empathizing with the struggles 
of his followers. 

5459
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:57,000
Attila had a Mercurial temper 
and could be mercilessly cruel. 

5460
04:56:57,000 --> 04:57:00,400
But he tempered Terror with 
moments of calculated Mercy or 

5461
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:03,000
humor keeping even his closest 
followers guessing. 

5462
04:57:04,100 --> 04:57:06,600
Attila's worldview was steeped 
in Oman and prophecy. 

5463
04:57:07,300 --> 04:57:10,300
Friskis noted that Attila 
consulted, Sears and believed in

5464
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:14,100
predictions about his lineage. 
One prophecy purportedly, left 

5465
04:57:14,100 --> 04:57:16,800
him momentarily. 
Somber it for told, that 

5466
04:57:16,800 --> 04:57:20,000
disaster, would eventually 
perform the Huns or perhaps, not

5467
04:57:20,000 --> 04:57:24,800
in his lifetime, but such dark 
musings were rare more often. 

5468
04:57:24,800 --> 04:57:27,600
Attila projected, absolute 
confidence in his Divine Lee, 

5469
04:57:27,600 --> 04:57:31,400
sanctioned mission of Conquest. 
He even co-opted Romijn Mystique

5470
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:34,500
for his ends. 
A chilling tale from Milan 

5471
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:38,000
illustrates this when Attila 
captured that proud, Italian 

5472
04:57:38,000 --> 04:57:41,000
city and 452. 
He came across a fresco in the 

5473
04:57:41,008 --> 04:57:44,200
palace that depicted past Roman 
emperors Seated on the Thrones, 

5474
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:47,300
which triumphed over the 
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 

5475
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,100
prostrate at their feet, 
conveying a sense of Imperial 

5476
04:57:50,100 --> 04:57:53,400
arrogance. 
The scene of Imperial arrogance 

5477
04:57:53,400 --> 04:57:56,200
in raged him. 
Attila immediately summoned an 

5478
04:57:56,200 --> 04:57:57,800
artist and ordered a new mural 
painted. 

5479
04:57:58,600 --> 04:58:01,400
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5480
04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:05,200
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

5481
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:09,500
bags of gold in tribute, With 
grim satisfaction Attila 

5482
04:58:09,500 --> 04:58:11,400
essentially declared his 
reversal of Fortune. 

5483
04:58:12,200 --> 04:58:15,300
Rome's days of Victory were 
over, it was now The Barbarians 

5484
04:58:15,300 --> 04:58:18,000
turned to rule. 
Whether or not the story is a 

5485
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:20,200
poker full it captures, attila's
mindset. 

5486
04:58:20,200 --> 04:58:23,900
He was deliberately crafted in 
an image to Romans and to his 

5487
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,500
people that the Hun was the new 
Master of the world and Rome's 

5488
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:31,100
proud Eagles would bow to the 
rider of the steps while Leo 

5489
04:58:31,100 --> 04:58:33,800
Advance North Attila the Hun 
drove his War. 

5490
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:37,200
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

5491
04:58:37,200 --> 04:58:39,400
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

5492
04:58:39,400 --> 04:58:41,800
attila's world a world of vast 
open. 

5493
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,700
The vast steps echoed with 
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a

5494
04:58:46,700 --> 04:58:48,700
destiny, forged in Blood and 
superstition. 

5495
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:51,900
Attila was no ordinary, 
Barbarian Chieftain. 

5496
04:58:51,900 --> 04:58:57,600
He styled himself as something 
far grander, even Cosmic a 

5497
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:00,600
legend circulated among his 
people that a sacred weapon had 

5498
04:59:00,600 --> 04:59:03,800
fallen into attila's hands, the 
sword of Mars. 

5499
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:06,100
A humble Shepherd, the story 
went. 

5500
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:10,800
Discovered, an ornate sword in a
field revealed by the blood of a

5501
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:13,900
limping heifer. 
He presented it to Attila who 

5502
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:18,000
exalted in the find, believing 
it a gift from the war God who 

5503
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:21,300
wrote Romans identified as Mars 
Attila took it as a sign of 

5504
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:24,100
divine favor. 
He thought he'd been appointed 

5505
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:27,100
ruler of the whole world and 
that through the sword of Mars 

5506
04:59:27,100 --> 04:59:29,000
Supremacy and all wars was 
assured to him. 

5507
04:59:30,000 --> 04:59:33,700
So right to the historians, 
echoing the accounts of attila's

5508
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:37,200
contemporaries armed with this 
Talisman and unshakable 

5509
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:40,500
self-confidence Attila saw 
himself as an instrument of 

5510
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:43,200
Godly Wrath. 
A Scourge sent upon the Earth. 

5511
04:59:44,000 --> 04:59:48,600
indeed, later Romans would call 
him flagellum day, the scourge 

5512
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:51,400
of God believing that he was a 
punishment for the sins of human

5513
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:55,200
kind under attila's command, the
hunnic Empire reached, its 

5514
04:59:55,200 --> 04:59:58,700
zenith From The Plains of 
Hungary across the Danube and 

5515
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:00,900
into Germany. 
He United a confederation of 

5516
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:05,000
Huns, Alan's ostrogoths and 
other tribes through Charisma 

5517
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:07,800
and fear. 
He became sole ruler in 445, 

5518
05:00:07,800 --> 05:00:11,100
after allegedly murdering his 
brother bleda, an act, that 

5519
05:00:11,108 --> 05:00:12,600
removed the last check on his 
power. 

5520
05:00:13,700 --> 05:00:16,900
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 
also a shrewd strategist. 

5521
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:19,900
He realized that Brute Force 
alone wouldn't sustain his 

5522
05:00:19,900 --> 05:00:23,500
Dominion cunning diplomacy and 
psychological warfare were 

5523
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:27,200
equally potent. 
Throughout the 440s Attila 

5524
05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:30,400
alternated, devastating military
campaigns with calculated 

5525
05:00:30,400 --> 05:00:33,300
negotiations. 
He extorted the Eastern Roman 

5526
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:37,900
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

5527
05:00:37,900 --> 05:00:40,400
pounds annually. 
After he battered their armies 

5528
05:00:40,400 --> 05:00:45,500
in 447, the Eastern Emperor. 
Theodosius the second preferred 

5529
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:47,000
paying off the Huns to facing 
them. 

5530
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:51,100
In battle a policy that enriched
tiller immensely by the year 

5531
05:00:51,100 --> 05:00:52,400
450. 
Attila's. 

5532
05:00:52,400 --> 05:00:55,000
Treasuries were brimming with 
tribute and his Warriors had 

5533
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:57,600
gained, seasoned experienced 
from numerous skirmishes and 

5534
05:00:57,600 --> 05:01:00,300
sieges despite ruling over such 
wealth. 

5535
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:04,600
Attila led a simple life by 
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 

5536
05:01:06,000 --> 05:01:09,000
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

5537
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:12,100
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

5538
05:01:12,100 --> 05:01:15,000
with Attila during a diplomatic 
Mission recorded that, while 

5539
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:17,700
lavish food on Silver platters 
was served to guests. 

5540
05:01:17,700 --> 05:01:20,100
Attila himself ate nothing but 
meat off. 

5541
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:22,900
A wooden trencher he drank from 
a wooden cup whereas his 

5542
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:25,700
Lieutenant sipped wine from 
gleaming goblets of gold. 

5543
05:01:26,400 --> 05:01:29,600
His clothes were plain and clean
devoid of the jewels that 

5544
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:33,000
adorned other Chieftains. 
Such discipline, both impressed 

5545
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:36,400
and unnerved the Romans. 
It suggested a man of unwavering

5546
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:40,700
determination unaffected by 
decadence or distraction, a 

5547
05:01:40,700 --> 05:01:43,300
leader capable of instilling 
unwavering loyalty by 

5548
05:01:43,300 --> 05:01:45,000
empathizing with the struggles 
of his followers. 

5549
05:01:46,200 --> 05:01:49,300
Attila had a Mercurial temper 
and could be mercilessly cruel. 

5550
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:52,600
But he tempered Terror with 
moments of calculated Mercy or 

5551
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:55,300
humor keeping even his closest 
followers guessing. 

5552
05:01:56,400 --> 05:02:00,200
Attila's worldview was steeped 
in Oman and prophecy Frisco's, 

5553
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:02,500
noted that Attila consulted 
Sears and believed in 

5554
05:02:02,508 --> 05:02:06,400
predictions about his lineage. 
One prophecy purportedly, left 

5555
05:02:06,400 --> 05:02:09,100
him momentarily. 
Somber it for told that 

5556
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:11,100
disaster. 
Would eventually befall the Huns

5557
05:02:11,100 --> 05:02:14,000
though. 
Perhaps not in his lifetime, but

5558
05:02:14,000 --> 05:02:17,100
such dark musings were rare more
often. 

5559
05:02:17,100 --> 05:02:19,000
Attila projected, absolute 
confidence. 

5560
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:22,200
In his Divine Lee sanctioned 
mission of Conquest, even 

5561
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:24,400
co-opted Romijn Mystique for his
ends. 

5562
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:27,600
A chilling tale from Milan 
illustrates this. 

5563
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:32,400
When Attila captured that proud,
Italian city in 452, he came 

5564
05:02:32,408 --> 05:02:35,300
across a fresco in the palace 
that depicted past Roman 

5565
05:02:35,300 --> 05:02:38,100
emperors Seated on the Thrones, 
which triumphed over the 

5566
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:40,600
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 
prostrate at their feet, 

5567
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,100
conveying a sense of Imperial 
arrogance. 

5568
05:02:43,900 --> 05:02:48,200
The scene of Imperial arrogance 
in raged him, Attila summoned, 

5569
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:50,200
an artist and ordered a new 
mural painted. 

5570
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:53,700
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5571
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:57,500
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

5572
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:01,800
bags of gold in tribute, With 
grim satisfaction Attila 

5573
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:03,700
essentially declared his 
reversal of Fortune. 

5574
05:03:03,700 --> 05:03:06,100
Rome's days of Victory were 
over. 

5575
05:03:06,100 --> 05:03:08,400
It was now the barbarian's turn 
to rule. 

5576
05:03:09,200 --> 05:03:12,200
Whether or not the story is a 
pothole it captures a tiller's 

5577
05:03:12,200 --> 05:03:14,300
mindset. 
He was deliberately crafted in 

5578
05:03:14,300 --> 05:03:18,300
an image to Romans and to his 
people that the Hun was the new 

5579
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:21,400
Master of the world and Rome's 
proud Eagles, would bow to the 

5580
05:03:21,400 --> 05:03:24,700
rider of the steps. 
In the sultry, August of 4502, 

5581
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:27,500
Northern Italy. 
They crushed under the Huns 

5582
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:31,200
heal, the Huns trampled Fields 
left Villages empty and filled 

5583
05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:33,200
the air with thick smoke from 
burnt towns. 

5584
05:03:34,300 --> 05:03:37,600
Down the ancient via Emilia a 
strange procession made its way 

5585
05:03:37,600 --> 05:03:38,900
against this tide of 
Destruction. 

5586
05:03:39,900 --> 05:03:43,200
Pope Leo, the first mounted 
perhaps on a sturdy mule or 

5587
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:46,200
horse, led a small band of 
envoys and clergy. 

5588
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:50,100
Steadily northward each mile 
brought new evidence of attila's

5589
05:03:50,100 --> 05:03:53,900
Wrath charred, farmsteads 
refugees huddled by the roadside

5590
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:57,300
entails of unspeakable, Carnage 
Leo's. 

5591
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,700
Heart must have been heavy yet, 
he pressed on radiating. 

5592
05:04:00,700 --> 05:04:03,200
A calm conviction, that 
bewildered those who met him. 

5593
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:07,000
There are accounts of peasants 
kneeling as he passed as if 

5594
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:09,900
sensing that, this man carried 
The Last Hope of Rome on his 

5595
05:04:09,900 --> 05:04:11,800
shoulders. 
Clad in the simple, white 

5596
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:14,800
garments of a bishop Leo cutting
in Congress figure on a 

5597
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:17,900
Battlefield. 
But to the desperate Italians, 

5598
05:04:17,900 --> 05:04:20,400
the sight of the unarmed Pope 
heading towards the Invader. 

5599
05:04:20,400 --> 05:04:24,300
Inspired a flicker of faith. 
If anyone could appeal to 

5600
05:04:24,300 --> 05:04:26,600
attila's Mercy, perhaps it was 
this saintly man. 

5601
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:29,900
Meanwhile Attila had pitched 
camp near the mincio river. 

5602
05:04:29,900 --> 05:04:33,700
Not far from where it flows. 
Into the great Poe the summer 

5603
05:04:33,700 --> 05:04:36,500
heat and disease in his ranks 
urged him to conclude business 

5604
05:04:36,500 --> 05:04:39,200
quickly. 
Rome back in just over the 

5605
05:04:39,200 --> 05:04:41,800
horizon. 
Attila sent Scouts ahead toward 

5606
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:45,300
the capitol who returned with 
curious news, the city's Gates 

5607
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:47,100
were still shot. 
No Army in night. 

5608
05:04:47,100 --> 05:04:50,600
Instead, a delegation of high 
ranking Roman's was coming to 

5609
05:04:50,600 --> 05:04:54,800
partly Attila agreed to receive 
them. perhaps, he believed that 

5610
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:59,100
a quick negotiation could secure
both a hefty Ransom and an Oreos

5611
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:01,600
hand, which would allow him to 
Victory without further 

5612
05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:05,300
bloodshed or perhaps he relished
making Rome, prostrate itself, 

5613
05:05:05,300 --> 05:05:08,500
either way a meeting was 
arranged on the open plain 

5614
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:12,200
Attila ordered his War tent 
prepared with appropriate pump, 

5615
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:16,600
the hunk Camp bustled, banners, 
and blazoned with dragon motifs,

5616
05:05:16,600 --> 05:05:20,300
fluttered horses made and rings 
of leather tense stretched to 

5617
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:23,500
the Horizon battle. 
Scarred Warriors, curious about 

5618
05:05:23,500 --> 05:05:26,400
the Roman Pope gathered at a 
respectful distance when the 

5619
05:05:26,408 --> 05:05:30,700
envoys arrived. 
They came in state, Leo flanked 

5620
05:05:30,700 --> 05:05:34,400
by the ex console. 
Aveeno an ex prefecture and 

5621
05:05:34,400 --> 05:05:36,200
attended by a train of priests 
bearing. 

5622
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:40,000
Processional crosses and icons. 
To attila's Warriors. 

5623
05:05:40,000 --> 05:05:44,100
The scene was a novel site 
Romans without weapons carrying 

5624
05:05:44,100 --> 05:05:46,700
only strange symbols and moving 
with solemn purpose. 

5625
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:50,600
Under the bright Sky, Pope Leo, 
and Attila the Hun. 

5626
05:05:50,608 --> 05:05:54,800
Finally came face to face the 
moment was historic the 

5627
05:05:54,800 --> 05:05:57,400
soft-spoken. 
Holy Father, and the scourge of 

5628
05:05:57,408 --> 05:06:00,600
nation's, despite being in his 
early 60s, Leo stood with 

5629
05:06:00,600 --> 05:06:05,800
dignified bearing, Attila a 
middle-aged man of middling 

5630
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:08,800
height with a a man with a broad
chest and weathered face 

5631
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:11,200
regarded. 
The pope intently Attila was 

5632
05:06:11,208 --> 05:06:13,800
known for his habit of rolling. 
His Fierce eyes to intimidate 

5633
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:16,800
those in front of him. 
One might imagine he attempted 

5634
05:06:16,800 --> 05:06:20,900
the same on Leo yet. 
Leo, did not flinch clad in 

5635
05:06:20,900 --> 05:06:23,800
simple, robes. 
The pope met The Barbarians gaze

5636
05:06:23,800 --> 05:06:27,600
with steady compassionate eyes, 
and observer described Leo at 

5637
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,600
that encounter. 
As Fearless as one who, trusts 

5638
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:35,200
not in himself, putting God 
Attila who had terrorized, tens 

5639
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:37,600
of thousands. 
Now encountered a man who showed

5640
05:06:37,600 --> 05:06:41,900
no fear The conversation that 
unfolded as been lost to time. 

5641
05:06:41,900 --> 05:06:46,000
No transcript exists. 
But through various accounts and

5642
05:06:46,000 --> 05:06:49,400
a dose of imagination, we can 
reconstruct its tenor. 

5643
05:06:49,400 --> 05:06:54,200
First, the Roman envoys likely 
offered formal salutations at 

5644
05:06:54,200 --> 05:06:58,200
the anus experience in diplomacy
probably spoke Attila most noble

5645
05:06:58,200 --> 05:07:01,000
leader of the Huns. 
We come on behalf of the Senate 

5646
05:07:01,000 --> 05:07:03,400
and people of Rome They might 
have offered gifts. 

5647
05:07:03,400 --> 05:07:07,900
Chests of gold or Jewels goblets
tokens of Rome's esteem or 

5648
05:07:07,900 --> 05:07:11,000
desperation. 
Attila listened in patiently, 

5649
05:07:11,000 --> 05:07:13,300
then Pope Leo addressed, the 
warlord. 

5650
05:07:14,700 --> 05:07:17,800
Unlike the perfumed senators of 
the East who had Grodd before 

5651
05:07:17,800 --> 05:07:21,900
Attila in past embassies Leo's 
voice was neither sick a fantic 

5652
05:07:21,900 --> 05:07:25,600
nor cowering, he spoke plainly 
demonstrating, both grave, 

5653
05:07:25,600 --> 05:07:28,800
respect and Authority through an
interpreter for Attila who 

5654
05:07:28,800 --> 05:07:32,400
understood Latin only a little 
Leo appealed to humanity in the 

5655
05:07:32,400 --> 05:07:34,300
Hun. 
He acknowledged, attila's 

5656
05:07:34,300 --> 05:07:36,900
victories, you have been the 
instrument of divine Justice 

5657
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:39,800
punishing. 
The sins of the land such words.

5658
05:07:39,800 --> 05:07:43,200
Crediting God for attila's 
Success may have intrigued the 

5659
05:07:43,200 --> 05:07:47,200
superstitious King, Leo 
continued, perhaps urging Attila

5660
05:07:47,200 --> 05:07:49,600
to show Mercy now that his 
mission of chastisement was 

5661
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:52,200
fulfilled. 
He might have invoked the fate 

5662
05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:54,700
of conquerors who fail to temper
Justice, with Mercy. 

5663
05:07:56,600 --> 05:07:59,600
Certainly, Leo reminded a tiller
of the transients of mortal 

5664
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:01,700
life. 
One Chronicle. 

5665
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:05,900
Imagined Leo saying we are all 
Mortals O King sooner or later 

5666
05:08:05,900 --> 05:08:09,400
we returned to dust seek not the
further spilling of innocent 

5667
05:08:09,400 --> 05:08:13,100
blood but an everlasting Glory 
by sparing Rome, Attila 

5668
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:15,500
responded. 
Brusly one can picture his 

5669
05:08:15,500 --> 05:08:19,300
scowling Visage as he listed his
demands Through The Interpreter,

5670
05:08:19,300 --> 05:08:22,800
he likely thundered, that 
honoria the imperial princess 

5671
05:08:22,800 --> 05:08:25,700
who had appealed to him, he 
handed over at once with her 

5672
05:08:25,700 --> 05:08:29,600
rightful inheritance, the Dowry 
he claimed He may have also 

5673
05:08:29,608 --> 05:08:33,100
demanded an annual tribute of 
gold from Rome to replace what 

5674
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:34,700
the Eastern Empire had stopped 
paying. 

5675
05:08:35,400 --> 05:08:38,700
Attila was a managed to 
dictating terms yet. 

5676
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:42,500
Even as he spoke something Nord 
at him here was this unarmed 

5677
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:46,000
priest calmly rebutting the 
scourge of God Leo answered 

5678
05:08:46,000 --> 05:08:49,000
until his demands firmly. 
The emperor could not yield his 

5679
05:08:49,000 --> 05:08:52,000
sister as a bride for that 
matter was already settled. 

5680
05:08:52,000 --> 05:08:56,700
Anoria had been punished for her
rash offer as for tribute Leo 

5681
05:08:56,700 --> 05:09:00,000
likely pleaded that Italy was 
spent and ravaged there was 

5682
05:09:00,000 --> 05:09:03,200
little left to give perhaps he 
offered what he could from the 

5683
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,700
church's treasury emphasizing 
that further Devastation would 

5684
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:10,700
only bring diminishing returns a
starved play gridon land would 

5685
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:14,100
profit no conqueror. 
As the negotiation sea salt 

5686
05:09:14,108 --> 05:09:18,400
attila's tempered but each time 
Leo responded with steady 

5687
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:22,800
reasoning and moral exaltation. 
He reminded Attila of Allah's 

5688
05:09:22,800 --> 05:09:27,600
fate the gotha died soon after 
taking Rome was it truly wise to

5689
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:31,000
risk the same anger of Heaven 
attila's Pagan priest in his 

5690
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,600
retinue exchange nervous glances
They too had heard the stories 

5691
05:09:34,600 --> 05:09:38,000
the hunnic king despite his 
bravado felt a chill. 

5692
05:09:38,600 --> 05:09:41,900
At that very moment, according 
to the later Legend miraculous 

5693
05:09:41,900 --> 05:09:46,600
Vision sealed the outcome. 
Attila suddenly fell silent eyes

5694
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:49,900
widening at a point above Leo's,
head to his astonishment. 

5695
05:09:49,900 --> 05:09:53,700
He beheld, what seemed to be too
towering figures in the air. 

5696
05:09:54,500 --> 05:09:58,200
Saintly men, clad in armor, one 
carrying a sword that blazed in 

5697
05:09:58,200 --> 05:10:01,900
the sunlight, the spectral 
Warriors, who were visible, only

5698
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:05,100
to Attila glared at him. 
As if to say, do not touch this 

5699
05:10:05,100 --> 05:10:09,200
man or this city. 
Pull the Deacon a writer from 

5700
05:10:09,208 --> 05:10:12,400
centuries, later would identify 
the Warriors as the apostles, 

5701
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:14,900
Peter and Paul who had come from
Heaven to protect Rome. 

5702
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:18,600
Tiller, who believed in Omens 
felt a stab? 

5703
05:10:18,600 --> 05:10:20,600
A fear was this a Divine 
warning? 

5704
05:10:21,700 --> 05:10:24,500
Whether one credits the miracle 
or not, something stirred in 

5705
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:29,300
Attila he who had never lost a 
negotiated Advantage suddenly 

5706
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:32,100
softened. 
Fierce light in his eyes dimmed.

5707
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:37,200
Attila the untamable gazed at 
Pope Leo's, peaceful face and 

5708
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:40,000
found no enemy. 
There only a teaching, father 

5709
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:43,000
figure. 
In that instant the dynamic 

5710
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:46,400
shifted Attila raised a hand. 
Signaling an end to the debate. 

5711
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:50,100
He announced his decision, the 
Huns would withdraw he would 

5712
05:10:50,100 --> 05:10:53,200
spare Rome. 
The Roman envoys must have 

5713
05:10:53,200 --> 05:10:56,000
suppressed a deep sense of 
relief upon hearing those words.

5714
05:10:56,000 --> 05:10:59,600
Terms, were likely agreed upon 
perhaps a one-time payment of 

5715
05:10:59,600 --> 05:11:01,400
gold. 
Certainly a promise that hernia 

5716
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:04,100
issue would be dropped. 
Attila made a final 

5717
05:11:04,108 --> 05:11:07,400
pronouncement half warning, half
concession, tell your Emperor. 

5718
05:11:07,400 --> 05:11:09,300
This this piece is not 
permanent. 

5719
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:12,900
If Rome wishes to remain safe, 
let it remember to give a 

5720
05:11:12,900 --> 05:11:13,500
tiller. 
What is it? 

5721
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:18,500
Was merely a show of strength to
maintain the status quo, Leo, 

5722
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:20,300
inclined, his head. 
Accepting the conditions, 

5723
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:22,500
whatever they were and offered a
blessing. 

5724
05:11:22,500 --> 05:11:27,400
The meeting was over Attila had 
yielded against all expectation.

5725
05:11:27,400 --> 05:11:30,800
The Pope in his party turned 
back toward Rome carrying the 

5726
05:11:30,808 --> 05:11:33,800
almost unbelievable news behind 
them. 

5727
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,300
Attila retired to his Camp 
pensive. 

5728
05:11:36,300 --> 05:11:38,700
The sun was dipping low as the 
two groups. 

5729
05:11:38,700 --> 05:11:41,300
Parted ways Roman Chronicles 
later. 

5730
05:11:41,300 --> 05:11:43,300
Rejoice that no sword was drawn 
that day. 

5731
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:47,200
No blood spilled. 
A battle had been won by words 

5732
05:11:47,200 --> 05:11:49,900
and faith alone. 
Attila's, Chief turns were 

5733
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:53,200
astonished some protested. 
Shall the mighty Attila? 

5734
05:11:53,200 --> 05:11:57,000
Be turned back by a preachers 
tongue. but others, those who 

5735
05:11:57,000 --> 05:11:59,900
knew of the worsening supplies 
in The Whispers of plague were 

5736
05:11:59,900 --> 05:12:02,300
secretly glad They feared 
doomed. 

5737
05:12:02,300 --> 05:12:04,200
Assault on Rome, as much as any 
Roman did. 

5738
05:12:05,700 --> 05:12:07,200
In the privacy of his tent that 
night. 

5739
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:10,800
Attila brooded. 
Perhaps, he felt an unaccustomed

5740
05:12:10,800 --> 05:12:14,100
twinge of admiration for Leo, or
perhaps simply relief that he 

5741
05:12:14,100 --> 05:12:16,000
could Retreat without testing 
Rome's, cursed fate. 

5742
05:12:16,900 --> 05:12:18,600
Either way, the decision was 
made. 

5743
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:22,600
By Dawn, the hunnic banners were
pointed North. 

5744
05:12:23,200 --> 05:12:26,600
The scourge of God began his 
March out of Italy, Pope Leo, 

5745
05:12:26,600 --> 05:12:29,000
the first had a unimaginable 
feat. 

5746
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:33,000
He gazed into the eyes of the 
most feared man on Earth causing

5747
05:12:33,000 --> 05:12:36,300
him to Blink. 
Rome was saved at least for That

5748
05:12:36,300 --> 05:12:40,100
season Rafael's, famed Fresco in
the Vatican painted. 

5749
05:12:40,100 --> 05:12:44,500
Over a thousand years later 
dramatizes, the legend Pope Leo 

5750
05:12:44,500 --> 05:12:47,700
depicted serenely on Horseback 
raises a hand toward Attila 

5751
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:51,600
while above the pope two Warrior
Saints, brandish swords in the 

5752
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:54,700
sky. 
This artistic fantasy captures, 

5753
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:56,800
the essence of how 
contemporaries and posterity 

5754
05:12:56,800 --> 05:13:00,800
viewed, the encounter in 4502 a 
turning point where the tide of 

5755
05:13:00,800 --> 05:13:05,000
Destruction miraculously halted 
at the gates of Romeo saved, 

5756
05:13:05,000 --> 05:13:08,200
Rome on that fateful day. 
Near Mantua, not through the use

5757
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:10,300
of force. 
But through the strength of his 

5758
05:13:10,300 --> 05:13:13,500
character and faith, The 
aftermath of the meeting was 

5759
05:13:13,500 --> 05:13:17,300
immediate and profound as word 
spread that Attila had turned 

5760
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:20,200
back. 
A wave of incredulous, Joy swept

5761
05:13:20,200 --> 05:13:24,400
through Italy in Rome, anxious 
citizens waiting for news could 

5762
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:28,100
scarcely believe it. 
The city and their lives had 

5763
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:32,900
been spared, many attributed to 
its entirely to divine 

5764
05:13:32,900 --> 05:13:34,900
intervention. 
Thanks to Leo's sanctity. 

5765
05:13:34,900 --> 05:13:39,000
The Pope's status reached 
unprecedented, Heights, Rome, 

5766
05:13:39,000 --> 05:13:41,800
welcome him back as part of a 
tria the father of the 

5767
05:13:41,800 --> 05:13:45,000
Fatherland, a title. 
No humble Churchman had ever 

5768
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:48,300
held the relieved Romans truly 
deserved to call Leo. 

5769
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:52,000
Magnus the Great. 
Historians Through the Ages have

5770
05:13:52,000 --> 05:13:55,100
debated wire, tiller with Drew 
some near contemporary 

5771
05:13:55,100 --> 05:13:58,800
observers, like the chronicle 
Prosper of Aquitaine insisted 

5772
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:01,600
that it was Leo's personal 
impact on, Attila that made the 

5773
05:14:01,600 --> 05:14:04,600
difference. 
That the Hun was so impressed by

5774
05:14:04,600 --> 05:14:07,300
the holy mountains, courage. 
And eloquence that he simply 

5775
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:10,600
gave up his designs. 
Another source, the historian 

5776
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:13,900
priscus who knew attila's caught
first hand, offered a more 

5777
05:14:13,908 --> 05:14:17,400
pragmatic rational now, attila's
men were growing afraid. 

5778
05:14:18,000 --> 05:14:20,400
They were called how Alaric had 
died after sacking Rome. 

5779
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:24,500
And they urge to not to invite a
similar curse, modern Scholars 

5780
05:14:24,500 --> 05:14:28,300
point to Logistics and disease. 
Indeed a later Chronicle suggest

5781
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:30,700
that at that very time, plague 
was ravaging. 

5782
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:34,500
Attila's Army and supplies were 
running perilously low while the

5783
05:14:34,500 --> 05:14:37,400
Eastern Emperor marcion had 
dispatched troops to Harry 

5784
05:14:37,400 --> 05:14:40,900
tiller's, Homeland? 
Surrounded by ill Omens sickness

5785
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,000
and Camp hostile forces 
Gathering elsewhere and the 

5786
05:14:44,000 --> 05:14:46,300
psychological weight of Rome 
spiritual clout. 

5787
05:14:47,000 --> 05:14:49,900
Attila likely calculated that 
discretion outweighed Valor, 

5788
05:14:49,900 --> 05:14:53,200
whatever mix of motives one 
assigns the result is 

5789
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:58,000
indisputable Attila retreated 
and he never returned. 

5790
05:14:58,000 --> 05:15:02,100
The scourge of God had scourged 
enough Leo's. 

5791
05:15:02,100 --> 05:15:04,700
Triumph, however was not a 
permanent Deliverance, he was 

5792
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:07,100
much. 
According to ancient accounts, 

5793
05:15:07,100 --> 05:15:10,400
Attila sent a message upon his 
departure threatening to return 

5794
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:12,500
unless anuria handed over her 
inheritance. 

5795
05:15:13,500 --> 05:15:16,700
Tiller made this gesture to save
face, but in reality, he had 

5796
05:15:16,708 --> 05:15:21,800
lost his chance. the following 
year in 453 Attila the Hun, 

5797
05:15:21,800 --> 05:15:24,400
tragically passed away on the 
eve of his latest wedding feast,

5798
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:28,000
the legendary conqueror succumb,
not on the battlefield but in 

5799
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:31,200
his marital bed, reportedly 
bursting, a blood vessel and 

5800
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:34,900
choking on his blood after heavy
drinking His bride Elder coat, 

5801
05:15:34,900 --> 05:15:38,200
awoke to a corpse, the 
superstitious saw Divine Justice

5802
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,800
in the Inglorious end with the 
tillers death, the unity of the 

5803
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:46,000
hunnic Empire perished, his 
son's coral and within a decade.

5804
05:15:47,000 --> 05:15:48,600
The Hun ceased to be a major 
threat. 

5805
05:15:49,500 --> 05:15:53,100
Romans survived Attila however 
the lifespan of the Western 

5806
05:15:53,100 --> 05:15:57,500
Roman Empire was short in 4:55 
just three years after Leo's 

5807
05:15:57,500 --> 05:16:01,900
encounter with Attila Rome faced
another deadly Menace, canceriq 

5808
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:04,900
King of the vandals sailed his 
Fleet from North Africa and 

5809
05:16:04,900 --> 05:16:07,700
landed at Austria. 
This time there was no massive 

5810
05:16:07,700 --> 05:16:11,400
Barbarian host at the gates but 
a naval Invasion, Emperor 

5811
05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:13,200
valentinian. 
The third had been assassinated 

5812
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:17,400
political chaos. 
Reigned once again Leo filled 

5813
05:16:17,400 --> 05:16:21,400
the void unarmed and accompanied
by his clergy he went out to 

5814
05:16:21,400 --> 05:16:24,900
meet genres employing the same 
courage and moral plea he had 

5815
05:16:24,900 --> 05:16:27,400
with Attila The Vandal was a 
different man. 

5816
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:30,900
However, and negotiations 
yielded only a partial success. 

5817
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:33,500
Cancer. 
Rick agreed not to burn the city

5818
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:37,500
or Massacre, its intense, but he
would plunge and plunder. 

5819
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:40,900
He did for two weeks in June 
4505. 

5820
05:16:40,900 --> 05:16:43,000
The vandals methodically looted 
Row. 

5821
05:16:43,000 --> 05:16:46,700
The treasures of Ages. 
The Temple of Jupiter's gilded 

5822
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:49,900
roof in the spoils Titus had 
taken from Jerusalem, were 

5823
05:16:49,900 --> 05:16:53,300
carted off to Vandal Africa. 
Leo, could not prevent this 

5824
05:16:53,300 --> 05:16:56,200
humiliation. 
Nonetheless, even gents were 

5825
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:58,500
experiencing restraint was 
attributed to Leo's influence. 

5826
05:16:59,300 --> 05:17:01,600
The Pope in treaties, at least 
spared roam the Flames. 

5827
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:04,300
The massive basilicas of Saint 
Peter and Saint. 

5828
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,000
Paul were terrified citizens had
flocked for Sanctuary. 

5829
05:17:07,000 --> 05:17:09,200
Were left intact by Vandal 
hands. 

5830
05:17:09,200 --> 05:17:12,600
This mitigation counted as 
another testimony to Leo's 

5831
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:16,600
clout, Once more, the secular 
authorities had utterly failed. 

5832
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:20,800
And once more, it was Leo and 
Leo alone, who stood as Rome's, 

5833
05:17:20,800 --> 05:17:23,800
protector Pope Leo, the first 
lived on for a few more years 

5834
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:27,900
after these tumultuous events 
dying in 461, he was buried as a

5835
05:17:27,908 --> 05:17:30,100
hero in Rome. 
His two adorned with the 

5836
05:17:30,108 --> 05:17:31,600
inscription defender of the 
city. 

5837
05:17:32,800 --> 05:17:36,700
His legacy only grew with time 
in ecclesiastical history, Leo 

5838
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:38,900
is remembered for his 
theological contributions. 

5839
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:41,900
The Tome of Leo and the 
strengthening of papal Primacy. 

5840
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:44,300
But in popular memory, it was 
the day. 

5841
05:17:44,300 --> 05:17:48,100
He saved, Rome that truly made 
him a legend over the centuries.

5842
05:17:48,100 --> 05:17:50,900
The story of Leo and Attila 
acquired an almost mythical 

5843
05:17:50,900 --> 05:17:55,600
Aura, medieval writers employed 
at freely, The Apparition of 

5844
05:17:55,600 --> 05:17:58,700
Saints Peter and Paul 
threatening, Attila hinted at in

5845
05:17:58,700 --> 05:18:01,700
Paul, the Deacon's 8th Century 
account, became a staple of the 

5846
05:18:01,700 --> 05:18:04,300
tale. 
Artists and mortars the scene 

5847
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:08,400
apart from Rafael's Renaissance 
Fresco early, the Baroque 

5848
05:18:08,400 --> 05:18:11,600
sculptor algardi carved a grand 
relief in Saint Peter's itself 

5849
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:15,100
showing Leo backed by Heavenly 
figures driving away the Hun. 

5850
05:18:15,100 --> 05:18:17,500
Such images reinforced The 
Narrative. 

5851
05:18:17,500 --> 05:18:20,200
That Rome was saved, not by 
human might, but by divine 

5852
05:18:20,200 --> 05:18:22,400
intervention Channel, Through 
Leo, the Great. 

5853
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:26,500
Yet, for all the embellishment, 
the core truth endures and Rings

5854
05:18:26,500 --> 05:18:30,100
down the ages in a moment of 
existential Peril when the 

5855
05:18:30,108 --> 05:18:33,400
material defenses of ancient 
civilization had failed one 

5856
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:37,200
man's moral courage, prevailed. 
Leo's encounter with Attila 

5857
05:18:37,200 --> 05:18:40,200
stands as Testament to the power
of persuasion over the sword and

5858
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,100
a faith over fear. 
It highlights, the shifting 

5859
05:18:43,100 --> 05:18:46,300
world of the 5th Century as the 
Western Empire crumbled. 

5860
05:18:46,300 --> 05:18:49,300
The Spiritual Authority of the 
church was rising to fill the 

5861
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:51,800
void. 
Leo's success, with the tiller 

5862
05:18:51,800 --> 05:18:53,400
wasn't just a lucky diplomatic 
coup. 

5863
05:18:53,400 --> 05:18:57,100
It was a sign of the new Epoch 
Dawning in the centuries that 

5864
05:18:57,100 --> 05:19:00,300
followed the fall of Rome, The 
Last Emperor would be deposed in

5865
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:05,600
476, just 24 years after Leos 
stand, the Bishops of Rome now 

5866
05:19:05,600 --> 05:19:09,600
firmly called popes would 
increase in roles of Civic 

5867
05:19:09,600 --> 05:19:12,600
leadership, protectors and power
Brokers in the remnants of 

5868
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,100
Empire. 
Leo had set the example. 

5869
05:19:16,000 --> 05:19:18,300
He showed that a pope, could 
Marshal not armies, but 

5870
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:22,700
something perhaps equally 
compelling, moral suasion unity 

5871
05:19:22,700 --> 05:19:26,900
and hope in the face of despair.
In separating myth from reality,

5872
05:19:26,900 --> 05:19:30,600
modern historians, acknowledge 
the Practical factors that led 

5873
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:33,700
to attila's retreat, hunger 
disease, and strategic 

5874
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:36,400
considerations, but they also 
acknowledge that Leo's 

5875
05:19:36,400 --> 05:19:39,900
diplomatic mission was crucial. 
Without it tiller might have 

5876
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:42,500
lingard long enough to sack Rome
before those factors fully 

5877
05:19:42,500 --> 05:19:46,000
unraveled his campaign. 
Leo gave Attila a face-saving, 

5878
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:48,000
exit and a spiritual scare to 
boot. 

5879
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:52,700
That was enough. 
In the summer of 4 to 22 and 

5880
05:19:52,700 --> 05:19:55,800
unlikely savior in a plain 
cassock, save the Eternal City 

5881
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:58,300
from annihilation. 
For the generation that 

5882
05:19:58,300 --> 05:20:01,800
witnessed it, they could be no 
doubt, Pope Leo, the first had 

5883
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:04,200
saved Rome. 
It was a bright spot in an age 

5884
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:06,800
of collapse. 
A story retold with gratitude 

5885
05:20:06,800 --> 05:20:10,300
and awe to this day when one 
stands in Saint Peters and looks

5886
05:20:10,300 --> 05:20:12,300
up at the marble relief of Leo 
driving away. 

5887
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,500
Attila one is reminded of the 
power of courage and Faith to 

5888
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:19,500
alter the course of history. 
In Leo's voice lay the echo of 

5889
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:22,100
an Empire Spirit. 
And the promise that even in 

5890
05:20:22,100 --> 05:20:26,100
history is darkest chapters, a 
single steadfast Soul, can shine

5891
05:20:26,100 --> 05:20:30,100
brightly enough of to turn back,
the tide of Destruction if only 

5892
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:33,000
for a moment and occasionally, 
that moment is All That 

5893
05:20:33,000 --> 05:20:36,600
civilization needs to survive 
the sun set on the Western Roman

5894
05:20:36,600 --> 05:20:39,800
Empire, not with a single 
cataclysm but through Decades of

5895
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:43,700
slow decay, Hope Leo. 
The first, however, had already 

5896
05:20:43,700 --> 05:20:47,000
sealed his place in the annals 
of survival, diplomacy and 

5897
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,000
faith. 
As Rome's, political fabric 

5898
05:20:50,000 --> 05:20:53,000
crumbled, Leo's influence 
continued to expand. 

5899
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:57,700
Even in death in 461, his legacy
was carried on by Pope who 

5900
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:00,600
modeled the selves, not just 
after some Peter, but after 

5901
05:21:00,600 --> 05:21:05,200
Leo's blend of spiritual further
and diplomatic Steel, His tomb 

5902
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:07,900
in the Old Saint Peter's. 
Basilica became a shrine not 

5903
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:10,300
only of theological memory, but 
of civic pride. 

5904
05:21:10,300 --> 05:21:14,000
A place Romans could point to 
and say this man, stood when 

5905
05:21:14,000 --> 05:21:18,400
others fled The 5th Century saw 
chaos, fragmentation and loss 

5906
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:22,300
Italy became a patchwork of 
Gothic rulers, Gaul drifted 

5907
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,500
toward Frankish hands and Africa
became a vandal Kingdom. 

5908
05:21:26,200 --> 05:21:29,400
Yet, the institutional Church 
remained remarkably cohesive. 

5909
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:34,200
This was in part Leo's doing His
letters had established a Papal 

5910
05:21:34,200 --> 05:21:37,100
administrative style that 
reached Bishops far, beyond the 

5911
05:21:37,100 --> 05:21:40,400
crumbling Empire's borders, his 
Tome had crystallized, 

5912
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:44,200
christology for centuries to 
come his sermons preserved 

5913
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:48,100
copied and studied continued to 
nourish Christian identity in a 

5914
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:51,300
post-imperial world. 
Yet, the story of Leo's meeting 

5915
05:21:51,300 --> 05:21:54,400
with the tiller, can continue to
evolve, not just in church 

5916
05:21:54,400 --> 05:21:57,200
memory. 
But in public imagination, The 

5917
05:21:57,200 --> 05:22:00,300
miracle, whether historically 
accurate or not resonated 

5918
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:03,000
deeply? 
In a world of collapsing order, 

5919
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:05,600
the myth of a Shepherd, 
confronting the wolf and turning

5920
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:09,900
him away, felt truer than any 
Dusty Chronicle, artists poets 

5921
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:12,500
theologians, and even Emperors 
clung to this narrative. 

5922
05:22:12,500 --> 05:22:17,400
Leo's courage became archetypal 
echoed in later eras, when popes

5923
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:20,400
would stand up to Kings 
Emperors, or even fascist 

5924
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:22,900
regimes. 
Meanwhile, attila's name lived 

5925
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:27,200
on in Darker Legend. 
Although Attila died in 450. 

5926
05:22:27,200 --> 05:22:30,900
Ensure 453 add under 
anticlimactic circumstances, 

5927
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:34,300
drunken bleeding on his wedding 
night, his Empire soon 

5928
05:22:34,300 --> 05:22:37,100
dissolved, afterward. 
His son's quarreled over the 

5929
05:22:37,100 --> 05:22:41,100
remnants, the cohesion of the 
hunnic, tribes of vanished, By 

5930
05:22:41,100 --> 05:22:43,900
the end of the 5th Century, the 
Huns were no longer a power. 

5931
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:48,100
Not even a memory in the lands 
they want terrorized, In some 

5932
05:22:48,108 --> 05:22:50,500
parts of Europe. 
Parents, no longer warn children

5933
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:54,500
about the Huns, the threatened 
passed yet. 

5934
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:56,600
Leo's Voice still echoed from 
pulpits. 

5935
05:22:56,600 --> 05:23:00,500
Over time, Rome transitioned 
from the capital of a political 

5936
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:02,900
Empire to the symbolic heart of 
Christendom. 

5937
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:06,200
This transformation was neither 
inevitable nor easy. 

5938
05:23:06,200 --> 05:23:10,400
It took figures like Leo 
Resolute, theologically sharp 

5939
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:13,700
and diplomatically fearless to 
steer the city from Imperial 

5940
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:15,700
ruin toward a ecclesiastical 
prominence. 

5941
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:20,300
One could argue that the Papal 
States medieval Christendom and 

5942
05:23:20,300 --> 05:23:24,100
even the Vatican City of today, 
trace a straight line from Leo's

5943
05:23:24,100 --> 05:23:26,800
model of papal leadership. 
He proved the church could not 

5944
05:23:26,800 --> 05:23:29,400
only survive, political 
collapse, it could redefine 

5945
05:23:29,400 --> 05:23:33,100
power entirely The sculpture in 
Saint Peter's Basilica by 

5946
05:23:33,100 --> 05:23:36,300
Alessandro algardi completed in 
the 17th century. 

5947
05:23:36,300 --> 05:23:40,800
Immortalizes, the scene with 
drama Leo raises his hand and 

5948
05:23:40,800 --> 05:23:44,000
Angelic Warriors bear down from 
the heavens upon Attila Frozen 

5949
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:48,100
in or it is theatrical. 
Yes, but theater with purpose, 

5950
05:23:48,100 --> 05:23:51,000
it reminds viewers that history 
has made, not only through 

5951
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:54,400
armies and battles, but through 
moments of extraordinary, moral 

5952
05:23:54,400 --> 05:23:58,800
courage, That was Leo's gift to 
his age and ours, a vision of 

5953
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,100
Spiritual Authority that was not
passive, not withdrawn, but 

5954
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:04,300
deeply engaged in the mess of 
human affairs. 

5955
05:24:05,200 --> 05:24:08,300
In the end, the dailyo saved 
Rome was not about political 

5956
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:11,000
negotiation alone. 
It was a cultural Pivot Point. 

5957
05:24:11,800 --> 05:24:14,200
He demonstrated that Faith could
influence diplomacy. 

5958
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:18,800
That courage didn't necessitate 
a sword and that times defending

5959
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:22,000
civilization could be achieved 
by a single man with unwavering 

5960
05:24:22,000 --> 05:24:25,000
conviction, bravely, stepping 
into the depth of Darkness. 

5961
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:33,900
Picture. 
This you're living in ancient 

5962
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:37,400
Rome around 50 ad. 
You've got your Toga pressed, 

5963
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:39,500
your sandals polished and you 
think life is pretty good. 

5964
05:24:39,500 --> 05:24:42,800
Then you discover your spouse 
has been spending that afternoon

5965
05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:45,300
with someone else and suddenly 
you're carefully. 

5966
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:48,400
Ordered World feels about as 
stabil as a house of cards in a 

5967
05:24:48,400 --> 05:24:51,200
windstorm. 
Now, if you are just any regular

5968
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:54,300
Roman citizen, you might have 
done what most people did back 

5969
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:56,300
then. 
Maybe thrown some pottery 

5970
05:24:56,300 --> 05:24:59,800
started, a public shouting match
or plotted, some elaborate 

5971
05:24:59,800 --> 05:25:02,700
Revenge involving questionable 
Seafood left in strategic 

5972
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:06,400
locations, but you're different.
You've been studying this new 

5973
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,600
philosophy called stoicism and 
you're about to find out whether

5974
05:25:09,600 --> 05:25:12,000
all those hours spent reading 
epic Titus were worth it. 

5975
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,000
Proposed the radical notion that
you could master your reaction, 

5976
05:25:17,000 --> 05:25:20,700
to betrayal, the Betrayal itself
had already occurred likely, 

5977
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:23,000
while you were occupied with 
rearranging your collection of 

5978
05:25:23,000 --> 05:25:26,300
Scrolls, but your reaction that 
was entirely up to you. 

5979
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,400
And the issue wasn't just 
theoretical philosophy class not

5980
05:25:29,400 --> 05:25:31,300
since these were practical 
people. 

5981
05:25:31,300 --> 05:25:34,100
Dealing, with real problems, 
just like you are right now, 

5982
05:25:34,100 --> 05:25:38,300
thousands of years later Marcus 
Aurelius, who spent his days, 

5983
05:25:38,300 --> 05:25:40,400
running an Empire. 
And his Knights writing, what 

5984
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:43,500
essentially amounted to diary 
entries about not losing his 

5985
05:25:43,500 --> 05:25:46,700
mind, understood the 
circumstances better than most. 

5986
05:25:46,700 --> 05:25:49,000
He knew that people would do 
what they wanted. 

5987
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:52,700
No matter what you wanted or 
expected, your spouse choosing 

5988
05:25:52,700 --> 05:25:55,300
to be unfaithful wasn't really 
about you controling them. 

5989
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:57,500
It was about you controlling 
you. 

5990
05:25:58,300 --> 05:26:01,500
Taking a deep breath and asking 
yourself a simple question. 

5991
05:26:02,200 --> 05:26:04,200
What exactly can you control in 
this situation? 

5992
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:06,700
Is the first thing, a stoic 
would advise. 

5993
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:09,300
You can't control what your 
partner did yesterday. 

5994
05:26:09,300 --> 05:26:12,100
You can't control whether 
they'll do it again. 

5995
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:15,200
You cannot influence the actions
of your partner from yesterday. 

5996
05:26:15,200 --> 05:26:18,200
Nor can you determine if they 
will repeat those actions? 

5997
05:26:18,200 --> 05:26:21,200
Additionally, you have no 
control over whether the 

5998
05:26:21,200 --> 05:26:22,900
individual with whom they were 
Unfaithful. 

5999
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:25,300
Possesses more appealing hair 
than you. 

6000
05:26:26,100 --> 05:26:29,300
However, you do have the power 
to decide how you will think 

6001
05:26:29,300 --> 05:26:33,000
about the situation, how you 
will respond and what actions 

6002
05:26:33,000 --> 05:26:36,500
you will take moving forward. 
This may seem almost overly 

6003
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:39,100
simplistic but the stoics held a
strong belief. 

6004
05:26:39,100 --> 05:26:42,400
In the value of straightforward 
truths that you can control your

6005
05:26:42,400 --> 05:26:46,700
thoughts reactions. 
And next steps, these principles

6006
05:26:46,700 --> 05:26:50,200
might sound almost ridiculously 
simple, but the stoics were big 

6007
05:26:50,200 --> 05:26:53,300
Believers in simple truths. 
They figured that most of human 

6008
05:26:53,300 --> 05:26:55,400
suffering came from trying to 
control things that were 

6009
05:26:55,408 --> 05:26:57,100
completely outside our 
influence. 

6010
05:26:57,100 --> 05:27:00,000
While ignoring the things that 
were actually within our power, 

6011
05:27:00,000 --> 05:27:02,500
it's like spending all your 
energy, trying to change the 

6012
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,500
weather while for getting to 
grab an umbrella, Seneca. 

6013
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:08,300
Another famous stoic who had 
plenty of experience with life's

6014
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:10,900
unexpected. 
Curveballs would probably remind

6015
05:27:10,900 --> 05:27:13,700
you that betrayal hurts, 
precisely because we had 

6016
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:15,800
expectations about how other 
people should behave. 

6017
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:19,400
We create these elaborate mental
contracts with the people in our

6018
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:23,400
lives unspoken agreements about 
loyalty honesty, and not 

6019
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:25,000
sneaking around behind our 
backs. 

6020
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:28,900
When someone breaks that 
contract, we feel violated not 

6021
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,700
just by their actions but also 
by the shattering of our 

6022
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:33,800
assumptions about how the world 
should work. 

6023
05:27:34,700 --> 05:27:35,900
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

6024
05:27:35,900 --> 05:27:40,200
The stoics would suggest that 
those expectations were the real

6025
05:27:40,208 --> 05:27:43,000
problem all along. 
It's not that your desire for 

6026
05:27:43,000 --> 05:27:44,800
faithfulness and honesty was 
incorrect. 

6027
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:48,100
Those are entirely valid 
desires, rather. 

6028
05:27:48,100 --> 05:27:51,100
It's because you mistakenly 
believed that you're strong, 

6029
05:27:51,108 --> 05:27:53,500
desire for faithfulness and 
honesty could ensure their 

6030
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:56,600
fulfillment. 
So there you are standing in 

6031
05:27:56,600 --> 05:28:00,000
your Roman villa or your modern 
apartment holding the pieces of 

6032
05:28:00,008 --> 05:28:03,400
what you thought was your life. 
And some ancient philosopher is 

6033
05:28:03,400 --> 05:28:06,300
essentially telling you that 
this moment, this exact moment 

6034
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:08,800
of discovering betrayal is 
actually an opportunity. 

6035
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:13,000
An opportunity to practice the 
most important skill, any human 

6036
05:28:13,000 --> 05:28:16,400
can develop the ability to 
respond rather than simply 

6037
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:18,400
react. 
You know what's amusing about 

6038
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:21,000
finding out you've been cheated 
on your brain. 

6039
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:24,300
Immediately starts working 
overtime, like a detective who's

6040
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:26,500
had way too much coffee and has 
convinced. 

6041
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:28,300
They're about to crack the case 
of the century. 

6042
05:28:28,300 --> 05:28:32,200
You start remembering every 
little detail how they seem to 

6043
05:28:32,200 --> 05:28:35,300
distracted last Tuesday. 
Why they suddenly needed to work

6044
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:38,500
late on Fridays and what that 
weird smile meant when they 

6045
05:28:38,500 --> 05:28:41,700
looked at their phone, your mind
becomes this Relentless 

6046
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:46,300
investigation machine and on its
exhausting, the ancient stoics 

6047
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:48,700
would have recognized this 
mental spiral immediately. 

6048
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:52,200
The ancient stoics referred to 
this mental spiral as getting 

6049
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:55,300
carried away by your initial 
Impressions and they offered 

6050
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:57,800
some surprisingly practical, 
advice for addressing it. 

6051
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,100
Epictetus, who understood a 
thing or two about life. 

6052
05:29:01,100 --> 05:29:03,400
Not going. 
According to plan, would suggest

6053
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:06,400
starting by separating facts. 
From the stories, you tell 

6054
05:29:06,400 --> 05:29:09,400
yourself about those facts. 
Here's what he meant. 

6055
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:13,300
The fact is that your partner 
was unfaithful, that's it. 

6056
05:29:13,308 --> 05:29:16,100
That's the actual event that 
happened in the world. 

6057
05:29:17,000 --> 05:29:19,500
But then your mind starts adding
layers to this fact. 

6058
05:29:20,300 --> 05:29:21,800
Stories about what it means 
about. 

6059
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:26,100
You about your worth about your 
future about whether you're 

6060
05:29:26,100 --> 05:29:28,900
attractive enough or interesting
enough or whether you should 

6061
05:29:28,900 --> 05:29:31,700
have seen it coming. 
What do all those additions 

6062
05:29:31,700 --> 05:29:36,100
mean, those aren't facts. 
These are interpretations and 

6063
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:38,800
interpretations are something 
you can effectively work with 

6064
05:29:38,800 --> 05:29:40,500
this. 
Does not imply. 

6065
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,300
That one should disregard the 
pain or minimize the 

6066
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:46,800
significance of betrayal. 
The stoics weren't advocating 

6067
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:49,900
for becoming emotionally numb. 
They were way too smart for 

6068
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:52,200
that. 
They understood that pain is a 

6069
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:55,400
natural human response to loss 
and disappointment, but they 

6070
05:29:55,400 --> 05:29:59,000
also understood the difference 
between pain and suffering pain 

6071
05:29:59,000 --> 05:30:01,500
is what happens when something 
undesirable occurs. 

6072
05:30:02,300 --> 05:30:04,600
Suffering occurs. 
When you take that pain and 

6073
05:30:04,600 --> 05:30:07,900
amplify it with narratives about
how terrible everything is, how 

6074
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:11,100
things will never improve and 
how this validates all your 

6075
05:30:11,100 --> 05:30:14,900
deepest fears about yourself. 
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 

6076
05:30:14,900 --> 05:30:16,700
himself little reminders about 
this distinction. 

6077
05:30:17,700 --> 05:30:20,100
He'd note that when something 
unpleasant happened, he had 

6078
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:23,700
Choice, he could experience it 
as just, that one unpleasant 

6079
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:26,800
thing, he could let it 
contaminate everything else in 

6080
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:29,200
his life. 
Getting cheated on could be one 

6081
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:31,600
of the worst things that 
happened or it could prove that 

6082
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:34,900
love is impossible that you're 
unlovable that you can't trust 

6083
05:30:34,900 --> 05:30:38,500
anyone and that you should just 
get 17 cats and give up on human

6084
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:41,000
relationships. 
The stoics were also 

6085
05:30:41,000 --> 05:30:43,900
surprisingly practical about the
whole others are going to do 

6086
05:30:43,900 --> 05:30:47,100
what other people do thing. 
They weren't naive about human 

6087
05:30:47,100 --> 05:30:50,700
nature Seneca, who lived through
some pretty dramatic political 

6088
05:30:50,700 --> 05:30:52,500
times. 
And so plenty of betrayal up, 

6089
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:55,900
close wrote extensively about 
how people often act out of 

6090
05:30:55,908 --> 05:31:00,100
their pain, confusion or 
weakness rather than out of some

6091
05:31:00,100 --> 05:31:02,400
calculated. 
Desire to hurt you specifically.

6092
05:31:03,300 --> 05:31:06,000
This view doesn't lessen the 
pain or Justify the Betrayal, 

6093
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:09,200
but it does take you out of the 
center of someone else's bad 

6094
05:31:09,200 --> 05:31:11,400
choices. 
Maybe your partner cheated, 

6095
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:13,500
because they're going through 
something, you don't understand,

6096
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:16,800
maybe they cheated, because they
never learned healthy ways to 

6097
05:31:16,800 --> 05:31:18,200
resolve problems in 
relationships. 

6098
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:21,400
Maybe they cheated because 
they're fundamentally selfish or

6099
05:31:21,400 --> 05:31:24,400
scared or they just make really 
poor choices when they're 

6100
05:31:24,400 --> 05:31:27,300
feeling overwhelmed. 
These reasons, don't justify the

6101
05:31:27,300 --> 05:31:31,300
Betrayal, but they do lessen its
impact on your humanity and 

6102
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:34,600
that's vital, as infidelity can 
make you doubt everything about 

6103
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:37,700
yourself. 
The stoics would remind you that

6104
05:31:37,700 --> 05:31:39,800
someone else's. 
Poor choices are information 

6105
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:44,000
about them, not about you. 
The really revolutionary part of

6106
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:47,600
stoic thinking is how they 
approach the whole question of 

6107
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:49,600
what you deserve from other 
people. 

6108
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:53,400
Most of us operate with the 
underlying assumption that if 

6109
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:57,400
we're good partners loyal loving
and supportive, then we've 

6110
05:31:57,400 --> 05:32:00,100
somehow earned the right to be 
treated the same way in return. 

6111
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:02,800
The universe owes us 
faithfulness because we've been 

6112
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:06,900
faithful But the stoics would 
gently suggest that this entire 

6113
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:09,300
framework is based on a 
misunderstanding of how the 

6114
05:32:09,300 --> 05:32:12,400
world actually works. 
Even the best partner can be 

6115
05:32:12,408 --> 05:32:16,500
betrayed, this isn't due to your
deservingness or inadequacy, but

6116
05:32:16,500 --> 05:32:19,100
rather because individuals 
possess their own free will 

6117
05:32:19,100 --> 05:32:22,500
intricate in our lives and the 
ability to make Dreadful 

6118
05:32:22,500 --> 05:32:24,100
choices. 
Let's clarify. 

6119
05:32:24,100 --> 05:32:26,700
That acceptance does not equate 
to being a doormat. 

6120
05:32:26,708 --> 05:32:29,800
This principle is probably one 
of the most misunderstood 

6121
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:33,200
aspects of stoic philosophy and 
it's particularly important when

6122
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:36,500
you're dealing with betrayal. 
When epic Titus talked about 

6123
05:32:36,500 --> 05:32:38,000
accepting, what you cannot 
control. 

6124
05:32:38,000 --> 05:32:41,100
It wasn't suggesting that you 
should just smile and Nod when 

6125
05:32:41,100 --> 05:32:43,900
someone treats you badly. 
He was emphasizing a more 

6126
05:32:43,900 --> 05:32:47,200
practical Point. 
Resisting reality is a futile 

6127
05:32:47,200 --> 05:32:49,900
struggle that depletes your 
energy and leaves you feeling 

6128
05:32:49,900 --> 05:32:52,700
helpless. 
But how do you accept reality? 

6129
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:55,900
That's actually the first step 
toward figuring out what you can

6130
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:58,700
do about your situation. 
Think about it this way? 

6131
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:01,500
As long as you're spending all 
your mental energy being 

6132
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:03,100
outraged that this thing 
happened. 

6133
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:06,500
Trying to figure out how to make
it not happen or spinning. 

6134
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:09,000
Elaborate fantasies about what 
you should have done differently

6135
05:33:09,000 --> 05:33:11,600
to prevent it. 
You're not available to deal 

6136
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:13,500
with what's actually in front of
you right now. 

6137
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:17,400
You resemble an individual 
standing in the rain, shaking 

6138
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:20,600
your fist at the clouds and 
insisting that they see being 

6139
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:24,300
wet rather than seeking shelter,
or obtaining an umbrella. 

6140
05:33:25,000 --> 05:33:27,600
The stoics understood that 
acceptance is actually a form of

6141
05:33:27,600 --> 05:33:29,500
power. 
When you accept that your 

6142
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:32,500
partner cheated, not that it was
okay, not that. 

6143
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:34,800
You have to like it, but simply 
that it happened. 

6144
05:33:34,800 --> 05:33:36,600
And you can't change. 
The fact that it happened. 

6145
05:33:36,600 --> 05:33:40,500
Suddenly you free up, all, that 
energy you were using to fight 

6146
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,100
reality. 
And now you can use that energy 

6147
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:45,700
for something useful, like, 
figuring out what you want to do

6148
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:48,700
next. 
This is where the stoic approach

6149
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:51,700
gets intriguing because they 
were big Believers and focusing 

6150
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:53,300
on the future rather than the 
past. 

6151
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:56,000
Marcus. 
Aurelius used to remind himself 

6152
05:33:56,000 --> 05:33:58,900
that he couldn't change what 
happened yesterday, but he had 

6153
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:01,300
complete control over what he 
chose to do today. 

6154
05:34:02,100 --> 05:34:04,800
And when you're dealing with 
infidelity, this perspective can

6155
05:34:04,800 --> 05:34:07,500
be liberating. 
You can't make your partner, not

6156
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,900
have cheated, but you can decide
whether you want to try to work 

6157
05:34:10,900 --> 05:34:13,100
things out. 
Or in the relationship, you 

6158
05:34:13,100 --> 05:34:15,300
can't control whether they'll be
faithful in the future. 

6159
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:18,900
But you can decide what your 
boundaries are and what you're 

6160
05:34:18,900 --> 05:34:22,200
willing to accept going forward.
You can't erase the hurt and 

6161
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:25,600
betrayal your feeling. 
Can choose how to process your 

6162
05:34:25,600 --> 05:34:27,900
feelings, and what to learn 
about yourself and your 

6163
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:30,200
relationships. 
The stoics were all. 

6164
05:34:30,208 --> 05:34:33,200
So, remarkably practical about 
the whole forgiveness question. 

6165
05:34:33,200 --> 05:34:36,800
They didn't think you owed. 
Anyone forgiveness, especially 

6166
05:34:36,800 --> 05:34:40,100
not on someone else's timeline, 
but they did understand that 

6167
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:43,200
carrying around anger and 
resentment is exhausting and 

6168
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:47,200
ultimately self-destructive. 
Seneca wrote about how anger is 

6169
05:34:47,200 --> 05:34:49,300
like, picking up a hot cold to 
throw at someone else. 

6170
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,700
You're the one who receives 
burned. 

6171
05:34:51,700 --> 05:34:55,000
This doesn't mean, you have to 
forgive and forget and pretend 

6172
05:34:55,000 --> 05:34:57,700
nothing happened. 
It means that at some point, for

6173
05:34:57,700 --> 05:35:00,500
your own well-being, you might 
choose to let go of the anger, 

6174
05:35:00,500 --> 05:35:04,000
not because the person who hurt,
you deserves it but because you 

6175
05:35:04,000 --> 05:35:06,200
deserve to not carry around that
burden anymore. 

6176
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:09,800
It's less about them and more 
about you reclaiming, your peace

6177
05:35:09,800 --> 05:35:12,500
of mind. 
The ancient stoics also had some

6178
05:35:12,500 --> 05:35:14,100
Modern insights about 
self-worth. 

6179
05:35:14,700 --> 05:35:17,200
They understood that basing your
sense of value on how other 

6180
05:35:17,200 --> 05:35:20,300
people treat you is essentially 
giving other people control over

6181
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,400
your emotional well-being. 
If you're worth depends on your 

6182
05:35:23,400 --> 05:35:26,600
partner being faithful, then 
their infidelity doesn't just 

6183
05:35:26,600 --> 05:35:29,500
betray the relationship. 
It attacks your fundamental 

6184
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:32,300
sense of self. 
But what if you're worth was 

6185
05:35:32,300 --> 05:35:35,300
based on something more stable? 
What if it was based on your 

6186
05:35:35,308 --> 05:35:39,700
character your values your 
choices and your growth as a 

6187
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:43,100
person what if it was based on 
how you treat others how you 

6188
05:35:43,108 --> 05:35:45,700
handle difficulties and how you 
show up in the world? 

6189
05:35:47,100 --> 05:35:50,400
These are all things that belong
to you regardless of what anyone

6190
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:54,700
else does or doesn't do. 
Peter who would lived as a slave

6191
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:57,700
before becoming a philosopher 
understood better than most that

6192
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:00,600
other people might control your 
circumstances, but they couldn't

6193
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:03,400
control your character. 
And unless you let them your 

6194
05:36:03,400 --> 05:36:06,400
partner's betrayal might change 
your relationship status, but it

6195
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:09,200
doesn't have to change who you 
are or what your capable of or 

6196
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:11,900
what you deserve in life. 
Here's something the stoics 

6197
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:13,600
understood that we're still 
figuring out today. 

6198
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:16,900
Emotions are a lot more like 
weather than we usually admit 

6199
05:36:16,900 --> 05:36:21,500
emotions fluctuate and frequency
and intensity and attempting 

6200
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:25,100
Direct Control is akin to 
attempting to Halt the rain just

6201
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:28,000
as you can learn to read weather
patterns and prepare for storms.

6202
05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:31,100
You can also learn to work with 
your emotions instead of being 

6203
05:36:31,100 --> 05:36:35,000
completely at their Mercy. 
When you first discover 

6204
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:38,400
infidelity, the emotional storm 
is usually pretty intense. 

6205
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:41,600
You might feel angry one minute 
devastated, the next, then maybe

6206
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,600
numb and Furious again. 
If you're anything like most 

6207
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:47,400
people, you probably also feel 
guilty about feeling so many 

6208
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:50,400
different things. 
Shouldn't you just be angry or 

6209
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:53,000
just be sad? 
Why are you cycling through 

6210
05:36:53,000 --> 05:36:55,200
emotions like you're trying on 
different outfits? 

6211
05:36:56,100 --> 05:36:58,600
The stoics would tell you that 
this emotional chaos is 

6212
05:36:58,600 --> 05:37:01,600
completely normal and actually 
kind of useful information. 

6213
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:04,700
Epictetus taught that emotions 
are signals. 

6214
05:37:04,700 --> 05:37:07,400
They tell you something about 
how you're interpreting. 

6215
05:37:07,400 --> 05:37:10,500
What's happening to you, your 
anger might be telling you that 

6216
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:13,500
an important boundary was 
crossed your sadness. 

6217
05:37:13,500 --> 05:37:15,900
Might be telling you that you've
lost something that matters to 

6218
05:37:15,900 --> 05:37:17,900
you. 
Your fear might be telling you 

6219
05:37:17,900 --> 05:37:19,500
that your worried about what 
comes next. 

6220
05:37:19,500 --> 05:37:22,600
None of these emotions are wrong
or bad. 

6221
05:37:22,600 --> 05:37:25,800
They're just information. 
The issue arises. 

6222
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:28,400
When you either, let them make 
all your decisions or try to 

6223
05:37:28,408 --> 05:37:31,300
shut them down. 
Stoic approach is more like 

6224
05:37:31,300 --> 05:37:33,600
being a weather forecaster for 
your own in a climate. 

6225
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:37,200
You observe, what's happening? 
You acknowledge it and then you 

6226
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:40,600
make conscious choices about how
you want to respond Marcus. 

6227
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:43,400
Aurelius used to practice, this 
kind of emotional observation, 

6228
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:46,600
he'd notice when he was feeling 
frustrated or disappointed or 

6229
05:37:46,600 --> 05:37:50,900
hurt and in immediately reacting
he'd pause and ask himself what 

6230
05:37:50,900 --> 05:37:52,600
story he was telling about the 
situation. 

6231
05:37:53,500 --> 05:37:55,800
Was he making it worse by adding
layers of interpretation? 

6232
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:58,600
Was he catastrophizing about the
future? 

6233
05:37:58,600 --> 05:38:01,900
Was he taking someone else's 
Behavior more personally than he

6234
05:38:01,900 --> 05:38:04,800
needed to such Behavior. 
Doesn't mean you should talk 

6235
05:38:04,800 --> 05:38:06,500
yourself out of legitimate 
feelings. 

6236
05:38:06,500 --> 05:38:10,300
When someone betrays you, it's 
understandable to feel hurt and 

6237
05:38:10,300 --> 05:38:12,100
angry. 
But there's a difference between

6238
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:15,200
feeling hurt and angry and 
deciding that being hurt and 

6239
05:38:15,200 --> 05:38:18,200
angry means your life is ruined,
and you'll never be happy again.

6240
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:22,000
And you should probably start 
collecting ceramic cats and 

6241
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:24,800
becomes suspicious of everyone 
you meet for the rest of your 

6242
05:38:24,800 --> 05:38:27,600
life. 
The stoics were particularly 

6243
05:38:27,600 --> 05:38:30,400
adapted distinguishing between 
what they called First 

6244
05:38:30,400 --> 05:38:34,500
Impressions and judgments. 
Your first impression when you 

6245
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:37,700
discover infidelity might be 
something like this is terrible 

6246
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:40,200
and painful. 
That's a pretty accurate first 

6247
05:38:40,200 --> 05:38:42,400
impression. 
But then your mind might add 

6248
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:45,000
judgments. 
Like this means, I'm not lovable

6249
05:38:45,000 --> 05:38:49,300
or this proves that all the 
relationships are doomed, or I 

6250
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,000
should have known better. 
Those judgments are where you 

6251
05:38:52,008 --> 05:38:55,400
have some choice. 
You can examine them question 

6252
05:38:55,400 --> 05:38:58,500
them and decide whether they're 
actually beneficial or true. 

6253
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:01,800
Maybe the Betrayal, does it 
indicate some problems with this

6254
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:04,800
particular relationship? 
But does it really proved that 

6255
05:39:04,800 --> 05:39:08,000
all relationships are doomed? 
You may wish you had seen some 

6256
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:11,600
red flags, but does that mean 
you should have known better or 

6257
05:39:11,600 --> 05:39:13,700
just that your partner got good 
at hiding things. 

6258
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:18,000
Seneca wrote about this process 
as being like a judge in your 

6259
05:39:18,008 --> 05:39:20,400
own mental Court. 
You can listen to all the 

6260
05:39:20,400 --> 05:39:23,500
different arguments your mind, 
presents the prosecutor who 

6261
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:26,900
insists that this proves your 
fundamentally flawed, the 

6262
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:28,100
defense attorney, who argues 
that. 

6263
05:39:28,108 --> 05:39:31,400
None of this is your fault and 
the witness who just wants to go

6264
05:39:31,400 --> 05:39:34,900
over every detail again. 
And again, but ultimately, you 

6265
05:39:34,900 --> 05:39:37,700
get to decide which arguments 
are convincing and which ones 

6266
05:39:37,700 --> 05:39:41,100
are just your pain and fear 
talks, this stoic approach, 

6267
05:39:41,100 --> 05:39:44,000
truly liberates, You by 
restoring your control, over 

6268
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:47,100
your emotional life, you're not 
just a victim of whatever 

6269
05:39:47,100 --> 05:39:49,900
feelings happen to wash over. 
You, you're an active 

6270
05:39:49,900 --> 05:39:53,400
participant in deciding what 
these feelings mean and how much

6271
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:56,000
power you want to exercise them,
over your choices. 

6272
05:39:56,000 --> 05:39:59,400
You know what is weird about 
major life crises, they have 

6273
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:01,900
this uncomfortable way of 
showing you who you actually are

6274
05:40:01,900 --> 05:40:03,300
underneath all the roles you 
play. 

6275
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:06,800
And the image, you try to 
maintain when your world becomes

6276
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:09,700
turned upside down by betrayal, 
all your usual coping, 

6277
05:40:09,700 --> 05:40:13,400
mechanisms and social masks tend
to fall away and your left face 

6278
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:14,900
to face with your raw 
unfiltered. 

6279
05:40:15,200 --> 05:40:17,600
Self. 
The stomachs actually thought 

6280
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:20,300
that such vulnerability was one 
of the most valuable things 

6281
05:40:20,300 --> 05:40:23,900
about difficult. 
Experience is Epic Titus used to

6282
05:40:23,900 --> 05:40:26,500
tell his students that every 
challenge was an opportunity to 

6283
05:40:26,500 --> 05:40:29,400
practice virtue. 
He did this not in a preach, 

6284
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:33,600
your sanctimonious manner, but 
rather in a practical sense when

6285
05:40:33,600 --> 05:40:36,700
everything is going well, it's 
easy to think your patient for 

6286
05:40:36,700 --> 05:40:40,600
giving resilient and wise but 
when someone you love betrays 

6287
05:40:40,600 --> 05:40:44,100
you, that's when you find out 
what you're actually made of and

6288
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:47,100
more importantly, that's when 
you begin to decide who you want

6289
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:52,000
to become The stoics identified 
four main virtues wisdom 

6290
05:40:52,000 --> 05:40:57,300
Justice, courage and temperance.
These weren't abstract ideals 

6291
05:40:57,300 --> 05:40:59,300
floating around in some 
philosophical Cloud. 

6292
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:01,900
They were practical skills. 
You could develop through 

6293
05:41:01,900 --> 05:41:05,400
practice, especially during 
difficult times and dealing with

6294
05:41:05,408 --> 05:41:07,200
infidelity. 
It turns out provides you 

6295
05:41:07,208 --> 05:41:08,800
opportunities to practice all 
four. 

6296
05:41:09,900 --> 05:41:13,000
Wisdom involves seeing 
situations clearly without the 

6297
05:41:13,000 --> 05:41:15,700
Distortion of wishful thinking 
or catastrophic fear. 

6298
05:41:16,600 --> 05:41:19,700
When you've experienced 
infidelity wisdom requires you 

6299
05:41:19,700 --> 05:41:22,500
to be truthful about the events 
without exaggerating or 

6300
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:25,800
downplaying them, it means 
recognizing the difference 

6301
05:41:25,800 --> 05:41:27,200
between what, you know, for 
sure. 

6302
05:41:27,200 --> 05:41:30,300
And what you're assuming, it 
means acknowledging your 

6303
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:33,000
feelings without letting them 
completely Cloud your judgment. 

6304
05:41:34,000 --> 05:41:37,600
Justice in the stoic sense. 
Wasn't about revenge or 

6305
05:41:37,600 --> 05:41:39,900
punishment. 
It was about treating people, 

6306
05:41:39,900 --> 05:41:43,000
fairly including yourself, 
Justice Means. 

6307
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:45,400
Holding your partner accountable
for their choices without 

6308
05:41:45,400 --> 05:41:47,100
turning them into a cartoon 
villain. 

6309
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:50,600
It means protecting yourself 
from further harm, without 

6310
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:52,600
unnecessarily inflicting it on 
others. 

6311
05:41:52,600 --> 05:41:56,000
It means being fair to yourself 
about what you deserve and what 

6312
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:59,200
you're willing to accept. 
Courage, doesn't just mean being

6313
05:41:59,200 --> 05:42:01,100
brave in the face of physical 
danger. 

6314
05:42:01,100 --> 05:42:04,700
It means being willing to face 
difficult truths to have hard 

6315
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:08,700
conversations and to make 
changes that scare you When you 

6316
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:11,800
discover infidelity courage, 
might mean confronting your 

6317
05:42:11,800 --> 05:42:14,600
partner, even though you're 
afraid of what you might learn. 

6318
05:42:14,600 --> 05:42:18,500
It might mean ending a 
relationship, even though you're

6319
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:21,200
terrified of being alone, it may
involve remaining in the 

6320
05:42:21,208 --> 05:42:24,000
relationship and striving to 
resolve issues, despite 

6321
05:42:24,000 --> 05:42:26,400
uncertainties regarding your 
ability to trust. 

6322
05:42:26,400 --> 05:42:29,800
Once more Temperance is about 
moderation and self-control. 

6323
05:42:29,800 --> 05:42:33,800
It's probably the most relevant 
virtue when you're dealing with 

6324
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:35,800
the intense emotions that come 
with betrayal. 

6325
05:42:36,500 --> 05:42:39,400
Temperance means feeling your 
anger without letting it consume

6326
05:42:39,400 --> 05:42:42,500
you it means acknowledging your 
hurt without drowning in 

6327
05:42:42,500 --> 05:42:45,100
self-pity. 
It involves taking care of 

6328
05:42:45,100 --> 05:42:47,300
yourself without completely 
shutting down or going 

6329
05:42:47,300 --> 05:42:51,200
completely out of control Marcus
Aurelius used to write about how

6330
05:42:51,200 --> 05:42:54,100
every difficult situation was 
like a training ground for these

6331
05:42:54,100 --> 05:42:56,500
virtues. 
He'd remind himself that he 

6332
05:42:56,508 --> 05:42:59,200
couldn't control what other 
people did but he could control 

6333
05:42:59,200 --> 05:43:03,400
whether he responded with wisdom
Justice courage and Temperance 

6334
05:43:03,400 --> 05:43:06,700
and the more he practiced these 
responses the stronger his 

6335
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:09,900
qualities became this 
perspective can be incredibly 

6336
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:13,100
empowering when you're dealing 
with infidelity rather than 

6337
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:16,100
viewing yourself as merely a 
victim of someone else's poor 

6338
05:43:16,100 --> 05:43:18,200
decisions. 
You can perceive yourself as an 

6339
05:43:18,200 --> 05:43:21,100
individual undergoing a 
comprehensive education in 

6340
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:24,700
essential life skills your 
learning how to maintain your 

6341
05:43:24,700 --> 05:43:27,400
integrity under pressure your 
learning how to make difficult 

6342
05:43:27,400 --> 05:43:29,200
decisions with incomplete 
information. 

6343
05:43:29,200 --> 05:43:32,600
You're learning how to take care
of yourself while still treating

6344
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:37,300
others with basic human decency.
Stoic also recognized that 

6345
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:40,100
character development involves 
more than just persevering 

6346
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,100
through challenging times. 
It's about consciously choosing 

6347
05:43:43,100 --> 05:43:46,300
to use those challenging times 
as opportunities to become the 

6348
05:43:46,300 --> 05:43:49,800
kind of person you want to be 
Every time you choose to respond

6349
05:43:49,800 --> 05:43:52,800
thoughtfully, instead of just 
reacting emotionally, you're 

6350
05:43:52,800 --> 05:43:54,900
strengthening your capacity for 
thoughtful responses. 

6351
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,600
Every time you choose self-care 
over self-destruction, you're 

6352
05:43:59,600 --> 05:44:01,400
building your ability to take 
care of yourself. 

6353
05:44:01,400 --> 05:44:04,600
This doesn't mean you have to be
perfect or that you won't make 

6354
05:44:04,600 --> 05:44:06,800
mistakes. 
The stoics were compassionate 

6355
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:10,100
about human imperfection, they 
understood that developing 

6356
05:44:10,100 --> 05:44:11,900
wisdom. 
And virtue is a lifelong process

6357
05:44:11,900 --> 05:44:14,900
and that setbacks and failures 
are part of that process. 

6358
05:44:15,800 --> 05:44:19,000
What matters isn't being 
Flawless, it's been committed to

6359
05:44:19,000 --> 05:44:21,400
learning and growing from what 
ever life throws at you. 

6360
05:44:21,400 --> 05:44:25,600
There's something almost magical
about perspective how the same 

6361
05:44:25,600 --> 05:44:28,900
situation can look completely 
different, depending on how far 

6362
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:32,100
back you step and how much of 
the bigger picture you can see. 

6363
05:44:33,100 --> 05:44:36,300
The ancient stoics were masters 
of this kind of mental zooming 

6364
05:44:36,300 --> 05:44:39,400
out and they applied it to 
everything including heartbreak 

6365
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:42,100
and betrayal. 
Marcus will really use who had 

6366
05:44:42,100 --> 05:44:45,000
plenty of experience with both 
personal loss and the broader 

6367
05:44:45,000 --> 05:44:48,200
challenges of human existence 
used to practice, what we might 

6368
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:52,000
call, the view from above He'd 
imagined looking at his problems

6369
05:44:52,000 --> 05:44:54,900
from a great height. 
First from a cross, the city, 

6370
05:44:54,900 --> 05:44:58,200
then from higher above the Earth
and finally, from the 

6371
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:01,800
perspective of years decades or 
even centuries. 

6372
05:45:02,700 --> 05:45:06,500
He aimed to contextualize his 
problems, not to downplay his 

6373
05:45:06,500 --> 05:45:08,200
pain, or deny their 
significance. 

6374
05:45:09,000 --> 05:45:11,600
When you're in the immediate 
aftermath of discovering and 

6375
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:15,700
Fidelity, Everything feels 
enormous and permanent the hurt 

6376
05:45:15,700 --> 05:45:19,200
feels like it will never end the
anger feels Justified and 

6377
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:22,900
necessary the whole situation. 
Feels like it defines everything

6378
05:45:22,900 --> 05:45:26,900
about your life and your future.
But the stoics would gently 

6379
05:45:26,900 --> 05:45:29,500
encourage you to experiment with
different time perspectives. 

6380
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:33,300
What if you imagine looking back
at this situation from five 

6381
05:45:33,300 --> 05:45:36,100
years in the future? 
What would matter most to you 

6382
05:45:36,108 --> 05:45:39,600
then the fact that this painful 
thing happened or how you chose 

6383
05:45:39,600 --> 05:45:41,900
to handle it. 
What would you want to tell your

6384
05:45:41,900 --> 05:45:44,000
current self about getting 
through this period? 

6385
05:45:44,800 --> 05:45:47,300
What would you be proud of 
yourself for doing or not doing?

6386
05:45:48,100 --> 05:45:50,500
what if you zoomed out even 
further and imagine the view 

6387
05:45:50,500 --> 05:45:53,900
from the end of your life, When 
you're old and looking back, how

6388
05:45:53,900 --> 05:45:56,800
much of your life story will 
this betrayal, take up what 

6389
05:45:56,800 --> 05:45:59,500
other chapters will there be? 
What will you have learned? 

6390
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:02,400
How will this difficult 
experience of contributed to 

6391
05:46:02,400 --> 05:46:05,600
your growth as a person? 
This isn't about minimizing the 

6392
05:46:05,600 --> 05:46:07,200
Real Pain you're experiencing 
right now. 

6393
05:46:08,100 --> 05:46:09,800
It's about remembering that this
moment. 

6394
05:46:09,800 --> 05:46:11,900
However, intense and 
overwhelming. 

6395
05:46:11,900 --> 05:46:15,100
It feels is just one in a much 
larger life. 

6396
05:46:16,500 --> 05:46:18,500
The stoics understood that we 
suffer more. 

6397
05:46:18,500 --> 05:46:21,800
When we lose perspective, when 
we let one painful experience 

6398
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:23,700
Eclipse, everything else about 
our existence. 

6399
05:46:23,700 --> 05:46:27,600
Seneca wrote extensively about 
the temporary nature of all 

6400
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:30,000
human experiences, both good and
bad. 

6401
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,300
He'd remind himself that periods
of Happiness, don't last forever

6402
05:46:33,300 --> 05:46:37,400
but neither do periods of pain, 
everything passes, Everything 

6403
05:46:37,400 --> 05:46:40,200
Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

6404
05:46:40,200 --> 05:46:43,000
You feel right after discovering
betrayal, will not feel the same

6405
05:46:43,000 --> 05:46:46,200
six months from now, even if the
situation hasn't resolved 

6406
05:46:46,200 --> 05:46:49,900
completely Stoics also had a 
sophisticated understanding of 

6407
05:46:49,900 --> 05:46:51,400
how relationships work over 
time. 

6408
05:46:51,400 --> 05:46:54,700
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

6409
05:46:54,700 --> 05:46:56,800
changes. 
And that expecting any 

6410
05:46:56,800 --> 05:47:00,400
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

6411
05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:04,400
This understanding doesn't 
excuse betrayal or suggest that 

6412
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:07,200
you should accept portrait 
treatment but it does suggest 

6413
05:47:07,200 --> 05:47:10,000
that maybe some of our suffering
around relationship problems 

6414
05:47:10,000 --> 05:47:13,400
comes from unrealistic. 
Expectations about permanents 

6415
05:47:13,400 --> 05:47:17,600
and control consider this, your 
likely not the same individual 

6416
05:47:17,600 --> 05:47:20,500
you were at the onset of your 
relationship, you've grown 

6417
05:47:20,500 --> 05:47:23,700
changed. 
Learned new things developed, 

6418
05:47:23,700 --> 05:47:26,800
new interests, and maybe even 
discovered parts of yourself. 

6419
05:47:26,800 --> 05:47:30,100
You didn't know existed, your 
partner has probably changed 

6420
05:47:30,100 --> 05:47:32,200
too. 
Sometimes people change 

6421
05:47:32,200 --> 05:47:35,900
incompatible ways and sometimes 
they don't sometimes people 

6422
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:39,000
change in ways that make them 
better partners and sometimes 

6423
05:47:39,000 --> 05:47:42,900
they change in ways that make 
them worse partners, The stoic 

6424
05:47:42,900 --> 05:47:45,000
approach would be to acknowledge
these changes without 

6425
05:47:45,000 --> 05:47:46,800
necessarily taking them 
personally. 

6426
05:47:46,800 --> 05:47:50,100
It is possible that your 
partner's infidelity reflects 

6427
05:47:50,100 --> 05:47:51,500
changes. 
They have undergone or 

6428
05:47:51,500 --> 05:47:55,300
challenges they're facing Maybe 
it says something about problems

6429
05:47:55,300 --> 05:47:57,600
in your relationship that 
neither of you knew how to 

6430
05:47:57,600 --> 05:48:00,400
address directly. 
Maybe it doesn't say anything 

6431
05:48:00,400 --> 05:48:02,000
particularly meaningful about 
you. 

6432
05:48:02,000 --> 05:48:04,900
At all, this perspective can be 
oddly freeing. 

6433
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:08,100
You can view the Betrayal as 
information about where things 

6434
05:48:08,100 --> 05:48:10,500
stand right now. 
Rather than as proof of some 

6435
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:14,000
fundamental flaw in your self 
your relationship or love in 

6436
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:17,100
general. 
And right now is just one point,

6437
05:48:17,100 --> 05:48:20,200
not a permanent verdict on your 
worth, or your future. 

6438
05:48:21,300 --> 05:48:24,000
The stoics were all so realistic
about the fact that some 

6439
05:48:24,000 --> 05:48:25,800
relationships simply run their 
course. 

6440
05:48:25,800 --> 05:48:29,300
It's not because someone 
committed a heinous act or love 

6441
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,100
faltered, but rather, because 
individuals and situations 

6442
05:48:32,100 --> 05:48:35,500
undergo transformation that 
render the continuation of a 

6443
05:48:35,500 --> 05:48:38,400
relationship more detrimental 
than beneficial sometimes 

6444
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:41,100
betrayal, is a symptom of a 
relationship that has already 

6445
05:48:41,100 --> 05:48:44,300
ended emotionally, even if 
nobody has been willing to admit

6446
05:48:44,300 --> 05:48:47,000
it yet, you may think the 
ancient stoics had useful 

6447
05:48:47,000 --> 05:48:49,800
insights on betrayal. 
But you may also wonder how to 

6448
05:48:49,800 --> 05:48:51,200
apply this to your own 
situation. 

6449
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:55,200
The beautiful thing about stoic 
philosophy is that it was always

6450
05:48:55,200 --> 05:48:58,500
meant to be practical, not just 
intellectual ideas to 

6451
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:01,100
contemplate but actual 
techniques you could use in 

6452
05:49:01,100 --> 05:49:04,700
daily life. the stoics developed
what they called, spiritual 

6453
05:49:04,700 --> 05:49:08,600
exercises, regular practices 
designed to train your mind the 

6454
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:11,500
same way, you might train your 
body, These weren't religious, 

6455
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:14,700
or mystical practices but 
practical mental habits that 

6456
05:49:14,700 --> 05:49:17,100
could help you respond to 
difficult situations with more 

6457
05:49:17,100 --> 05:49:19,600
wisdom, courage, and peace of 
mind. 

6458
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:23,500
One of the most fundamental 
practices is what epik teachers,

6459
05:49:23,500 --> 05:49:26,200
call the dichotomy of control 
every morning. 

6460
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:29,200
Or whenever you're feeling 
overwhelmed, you can take a few 

6461
05:49:29,208 --> 05:49:31,500
minutes to sort your concerns 
into two categories. 

6462
05:49:31,500 --> 05:49:35,000
Things you can control and 
things you can't control. 

6463
05:49:36,000 --> 05:49:38,600
When you're dealing with 
infidelity, your approach might 

6464
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,200
look like acknowledging that you
can't control what your partner 

6465
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:44,600
did what they're feeling. 
Now, what they'll choose to do 

6466
05:49:44,600 --> 05:49:47,900
in the future but you can choose
how to care for yourself set, 

6467
05:49:47,900 --> 05:49:50,200
boundaries Converse and 
interpretive events. 

6468
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:53,700
Another useful practice is what 
Marcus Aurelius called, 

6469
05:49:53,700 --> 05:49:57,800
objective representation, trying
to see situations as clearly as 

6470
05:49:57,800 --> 05:49:59,800
possible. 
Without the emotional coloring 

6471
05:49:59,800 --> 05:50:02,300
that can make everything seem 
worse than it actually is. 

6472
05:50:02,300 --> 05:50:05,900
Instead of thinking my life is 
ruined, you might practice 

6473
05:50:05,900 --> 05:50:08,900
thinking, my partner was 
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 

6474
05:50:08,900 --> 05:50:12,200
and angry about it. 
Instead of saying I'll never be 

6475
05:50:12,200 --> 05:50:15,400
able to trust anyone. 
Again, you might think right 

6476
05:50:15,400 --> 05:50:17,800
now, I'm having trouble trusting
and that makes sense. 

6477
05:50:17,800 --> 05:50:21,200
Given what I've just learned the
stoics also practice something. 

6478
05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:24,200
We might call negative 
visualization, not to make 

6479
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:27,400
themselves miserable, but to 
build resilience and gratitude, 

6480
05:50:28,200 --> 05:50:30,600
Imagine what it would be like if
the relationship ended 

6481
05:50:30,600 --> 05:50:34,000
completely instead of persuading
yourself that the relationship 

6482
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:37,300
should end, you should reassure 
yourself that you could endure 

6483
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:40,400
it, if it did. 
Often, when we're terrified of a

6484
05:50:40,408 --> 05:50:43,500
particular outcome, half of our 
suffering comes from the fear 

6485
05:50:43,500 --> 05:50:45,400
itself rather than the actual 
situation. 

6486
05:50:46,500 --> 05:50:49,600
Seneca recommended keeping what 
he called a philosophical 

6487
05:50:49,600 --> 05:50:52,900
Journal, a regular practice of 
writing about your experiences 

6488
05:50:52,900 --> 05:50:54,800
and examining your thoughts and 
reactions. 

6489
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:58,300
When you're dealing with 
betrayal writing, can help you 

6490
05:50:58,300 --> 05:51:01,500
sort through the complicated mix
of feelings and thoughts that 

6491
05:51:01,500 --> 05:51:03,000
tend to swirl around in your 
head. 

6492
05:51:03,800 --> 05:51:06,400
You might write about what 
happened, how you're feeling, 

6493
05:51:06,408 --> 05:51:09,800
what you're afraid of what 
you're learning, and what you 

6494
05:51:09,800 --> 05:51:13,200
want to do next? 
Key to all of these practices is

6495
05:51:13,200 --> 05:51:16,400
consistency, rather than 
Perfection you don't have to 

6496
05:51:16,400 --> 05:51:20,200
become a perfectly wise, calm 
rational person overnight, you 

6497
05:51:20,200 --> 05:51:22,400
just have to be willing to 
practice responding thoughtfully

6498
05:51:22,400 --> 05:51:24,700
rather than just reacting 
emotionally. 

6499
05:51:24,700 --> 05:51:28,200
And every time you choose to 
pause and think before you act, 

6500
05:51:28,200 --> 05:51:31,400
every time you focus on what you
can control rather than what you

6501
05:51:31,400 --> 05:51:34,700
can't and every time you treat 
yourself and others with basic 

6502
05:51:34,700 --> 05:51:38,400
decent, see despite being hurt 
your strengthening, those mental

6503
05:51:38,400 --> 05:51:41,600
muscles, the ancient stoics, 
understood something that we 

6504
05:51:41,600 --> 05:51:44,700
sometimes forget in our modern 
world, wisdom, isn't something 

6505
05:51:44,700 --> 05:51:47,400
you either have or don't have. 
It's something you develop 

6506
05:51:47,400 --> 05:51:49,900
through practice. 
Especially through practicing 

6507
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:53,600
during difficult time's, your 
current situation painful as it 

6508
05:51:53,600 --> 05:51:56,500
is, is actually an opportunity 
to develop some of the most 

6509
05:51:56,500 --> 05:51:59,500
valuable life skills. 
There are The ability to stay 

6510
05:51:59,500 --> 05:52:02,300
grounded during a crisis, to 
make good decisions Under 

6511
05:52:02,300 --> 05:52:04,300
Pressure to maintain your 
integrity. 

6512
05:52:04,300 --> 05:52:07,000
When you've been wronged and to 
take care of yourself while 

6513
05:52:07,000 --> 05:52:09,900
still treating others. 
With compassion these skills 

6514
05:52:09,900 --> 05:52:12,400
will serve you well beyond your 
current relationship drama, 

6515
05:52:12,400 --> 05:52:15,800
they'll help you navigate future
challenges with more confidence 

6516
05:52:15,800 --> 05:52:18,200
and less suffering. 
They'll help you build better 

6517
05:52:18,200 --> 05:52:21,100
relationships because you'll 
know better what you need and 

6518
05:52:21,100 --> 05:52:23,500
what you're willing to give. 
They will assist you in 

6519
05:52:23,500 --> 05:52:26,800
cultivating self-trust as you 
will recognize your ability to 

6520
05:52:26,800 --> 05:52:28,700
manage whatever challenges life 
presents. 

6521
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:32,500
The stoics believed that the 
goal of philosophy wasn't to 

6522
05:52:32,500 --> 05:52:34,100
eliminate all problems from 
life. 

6523
05:52:34,100 --> 05:52:37,300
That would be impossible and 
probably boring anyway. 

6524
05:52:38,100 --> 05:52:40,600
The goal was to develop the 
inner resources to meet whatever

6525
05:52:40,600 --> 05:52:44,200
problems arise with wisdom, 
courage, and Grace, in that 

6526
05:52:44,208 --> 05:52:46,800
sense, dealing with betrayal 
isn't just about getting through

6527
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:49,300
a difficult time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

6528
05:52:49,308 --> 05:52:52,600
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

6529
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:53,800
grow stronger in the process.