The Thanksgiving Blizzard That Froze a Town | Boring History

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Hey there. 
You tired, listeners? 

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I know you guys use these 
episodes for sleep and 

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tomorrow's Thanksgiving if you 
celebrated of course. 

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So let's snuggle up gently And 
let me tell you a story here 

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tonight about the Thanksgiving. 
Winter storm, that Frozen entire

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town in the 1940s. 
Don't worry though, this will be

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told in a way where everyone was
on the same team. 

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Once this happened, So, if 
you're new, here is always 

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joining, the community is super 
easy, just tap, subscribe, like 

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the video, and let me know, 
where in the world, you're 

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watching from and what time it 
is for you. 

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Now, get comfortable and let's 
start. 

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You've been looking forward to 
this Thanksgiving for weeks. 

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Now, though, you'd never admit 
it out loud. 

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In Cedar Mills Massachusetts and
dissipation shows itself 

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quietly? 
In the extra polish, you give 

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the good silver in the way. 
You've checked your pantry three

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times to make sure you have 
enough butter and flour November

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1942 carries a particular weight
this year with so many boys 

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overseas and the war making 
itself felt in a thousand small 

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lapses. 
But Thanksgiving remains 

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stubborn and necessary. 
As always, your kitchen, smells 

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like Cinema and possibility, 
you've been up since before 

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Dawn, not because the turkey 
demands it that won't go in the 

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oven until tomorrow morning. 
But because sleep lately comes 

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in fits and starts interrupted 
by thoughts of your nephew 

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somewhere in the Pacific and 
your sister's boy training in 

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England. 
The radio brings news, you'd 

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rather not hear most evenings, 
so you've taken to turning it 

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off after dinner and finding 
comfort in more tangible. 

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Things pie dough, for instance, 
the satisfaction of flour and 

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shortening becoming something 
entirely new under your 

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fingertips, the kitchen window, 
framed view of Maple Street in 

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its late Autumn undress. 
Most of the leaves are Fallin, 

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leaving the neighborhood trees, 
looking exposed and somehow 

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dignified in their bareness. 
Mrs. Kowalski across the street.

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As already hung her pine tree. 
She always jumps straight from 

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Halloween to Christmas, skipping
Thanksgiving entirely, and her 

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decorating enthusiasm. 
You've learned not to judge. 

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Everyone finds their own way 
through these uncertain times 

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your preparation span three 
days. 

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Really? 
The calling it preparation, 

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makes it sound more organized 
than it actually feels. 

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You've been collecting 
ingredients slowly working 

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within the ration books and 
trading favors with neighbors. 

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Mrs. Patterson down at number 47
needed help with a victory 

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garden cleanup. 
So you spent a Saturday 

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afternoon, pulling up the last 
of her tomato plants and she 

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repaid you with the precious 
pound of sugar, from her extra 

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allocation, the Hendersons gave 
you, their butter action for the

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month in exchange for watching 
their daughter, while they 

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visited his mother in Rhode 
Island. 

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This is how things work now. 
Carefully economy of needs and 

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offerings with nobody keeping 
strict accounts because that 

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would feel too much like the 
transaction. 

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It is turkey came from Johnson's
farm. 

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Six miles outside town. 
You took the bus out their last 

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Tuesday. 
Walking the final mile along a 

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road where Frost made the grass 
crunch pleasantly underfoot. 

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Johnson himself showed you three
birds, letting you choose, 

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treating the selection with the 
seriousness it deserved. 

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You picked the middle size, one,
not the largest that felt greedy

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somehow and not the smallest, 
which seemed too sad for a 

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proper holiday. 
Johnson raped in butcher paper 

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with twine, the way things were 
wrapped before the war before 

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everything became scarce and 
careful tomorrow, you'll host 7 

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people, maybe eight, if your 
brother can get away from the 

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mill. 
The dining table, which usually 

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sits against the wall looking 
decorative and slightly lonely. 

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Has already been pulled to the 
center of the room. 

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You've polished it and until the
Walnut grain seems to glow from 

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within the Good China, your 
mother's set the one. 

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She received as a wedding gift 
in 1911 waits in the hutch, each

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piece carefully examined for 
chips or cracks. 

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The gravy boat has a tiny floor 
near the handle practically 

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invisible that you've been aware
of for 20 years. 

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Sometimes you run your thumb 
over it while serving a private 

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acknowledgment of all the meals.
This set has witnessed your 

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neighbor's daughter. 
Betty. 

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Stop by this afternoon to show 
you her first attempt at pumpkin

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pie. 
She's 17. 

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Newly married to a boy who left 
the basic training, two days 

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after the ceremony, and she'd 
been crying in her kitchen. 

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When you found a staring at a 
collapsed pie crust, you didn't 

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mention the tears just rolled up
your sleeves and showed her how 

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to work the dough with a gentler
hand, how the secret to flaky 

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crust lies in keeping everything
cold and not overthinking it. 

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By the time she left, she had 
two respectable pies and you had

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the satisfaction of having been 
useful in a small, but 

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definitely way the light outside
has gone gold in the way it 

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does. 
In late November, that 

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particular slant, that makes 
everything. 

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Look, both beautiful and 
temporary. 

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You've set the good Lin in 
napkins soaking in the sink with

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a handful of borax to brighten 
them, the white damask 

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tablecloth, which spends most of
its life folded in tissue paper.

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Hangs over the back of a chair 
waiting to be pressed. 

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Your iron Heats on the stove and
you've cleared the kitchen table

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to serve as a pressing board 
threading through all these 

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preparations runs and 
undercurrent of something. 

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You can't quite name. 
Gratitude, certainly your 

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intensely aware of how lucky you
are to have a house with heat 

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food to serve and people 
together. but there's also a 

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kind of defiance in it a 
determination to mark this day 

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properly, despite everything 
Maybe because of everything. 

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The world feels precarious 
enough. 

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Without a abandoning. 
The rituals that make you feel 

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human. 
You've been listening to the 

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weather reports with half near 
all week. 

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The Four cast keeps mentioning a
storm system moving in from the 

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north west, but weather 
predictions, always sound 

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ominous. 
Significant snowfall possible. 

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They said, on Tuesday, which 
could mean anything from a 

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dusting to something more 
serious. 

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You've lived in Massachusetts, 
long enough to know that 

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November snow is nothing 
unusual. 

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And besides you have a turkey to
roast and pies to bake, nature 

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will do what she does. 
And you'll do what you do. 

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Mrs, Chen from the grocery 
store. 

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Cornered you yesterday 
afternoon, while you were buying

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celery, and she spent 10 minutes
expressing her concerns about 

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the weather. 
Mrs. Chen is the worrying type. 

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She worries about late 
deliveries about her son in the 

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Army about whether her husband 
remembers to wear his scarf. 

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About everything really. 
So you nodded sympathetically, 

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while trying to calculate 
whether you had enough onions at

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home or needed to buy more. 
You bought more just to be safe.

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Running out of onions on 
Thanksgiving would be its own 

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small tragedy, the house feels 
particularly cozy this evening 

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with the kitchen warmed by your 
baking and the living room 

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radiator, hissing, companion of 
the corner. 

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You've already made two, pies 
apple and mincemeat and they 

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cool on the counter beneath 
clean dish, towels filling the 

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air with cinnamon and clove 
tomorrow, you'll make the 

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pumpkin pie and the dinner rolls
timing everything. 

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So the turkey can have the oven 
to itself during the critical 

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hours. 
You've done this enough times 

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that the logistics feel almost 
automatic though. 

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You still wrote yourself a 
schedule on the back of an 

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envelope. 
Just to be certain, your brother

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plans to bring sweet potatoes 
from his victory garden and your

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sister in law promised her 
famous cranberry sauce, which is

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really just cranberry sauce like
everyone else's but tastes 

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better because she serves it in 
her mother's cut glass bowl. 

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These small distinctions matter.
There are the difference between

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a meal and a celebration between
getting through the day and 

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marking it as something worth 
remembering evening. 

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Settles in with the kind of 
Stillness that makes you notice.

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Small sounds clock ticking in 
the hallway, the house, creaking

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as temperatures drop outside and
the distant whistle of the last 

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train heading south You've laid 
out your church clothes for 

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tomorrow morning service which 
starts at 9:00 Sharp. 

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Reverend Matthews always keeps 
the Thanksgiving service brief 

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and sincere understanding that 
everyone has turkeys to 10 and 

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families to welcome. 
You check the pantry one more 

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time running through your mental
list, flower check butter. 

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Check eggs, check bread for 
stuffing slightly stale exactly 

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as it should be. 
Everything is ready. 

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Everything is prepared. 
You've done what you can do. 

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The rest is timing and attention
and a bit of luck outside. 

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The temperature is dropped, 
noticeably since this afternoon,

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when you step onto the back 
porch to check the milk box, the

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Milkman delivered late today, 
the cold hits, your face like 

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something solid. 
Sky looks heavy, somehow clouds 

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moving in, whether this morning,
there was clear Autumn blue. 

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You can smell the change in the 
air that particular mineral 

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scent that precedes snow. 
Maybe Mrs. Chen wasn't just 

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being her usual, anxious self 
after all back inside, you lock 

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the door and draw the blackout 
curtains a habit. 

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So, ingrained now that you 
barely think about it. the war 

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feels very far away and 
simultaneously very close a 

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paradox, you've stopped trying 
to resolve you settle into your 

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chair with a cup of tea in the 
newspaper, though. 

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You've already read it twice. 
The cross word is half finished.

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You'll save the rest for 
tomorrow. 

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Something to occupy your hands 
while the turkey roasts you wake

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up at 5:30 on Thanksgiving 
morning which is early than you 

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plan but not surprising. 
Your body has its own ideas 

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about important days. 
The house is cold, the furnace 

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always struggles on the coldest 
mornings and you wrap yourself 

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in your robe and Shuffle to the 
window before your brain is 

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fully awake. 
What you see makes you stop 

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completely one. 
Hand on the curtain breath, 

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catching in your throat. 
Snow. 

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Not the light dusting. 
You might have expected not a 

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respectable inch or two but snow
that has transformed the entire 

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visible World in to something 
from a different season in 

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entirely. 
Maple Street is disappeared 

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under. 
What looks like six inches 

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already and it still coming down
thick determined flakes, 

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falling. 
So densely, you can barely see 

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the Kowalski house across the 
way. 

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Your first thought is the 
turkey, your second thought is 

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the turkey. 
Your third thought is how you'll

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get seven people here through 
this mess and your fourth 

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thoughts. 
Back to the turkey again. 

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You've been planning this meal 
for weeks, negotiating rations 

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and trading favors and now 
nature is decided to throw its 

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own plans, into the mix, the 
kitchen thermometer confirms 

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what your body already knows 
it's 28 degrees and the Four 

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cast to your refrigerator. 
With a magnet, suddenly seems 

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laughably an adequate. 
Possible. 

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Snow showers. 
It said, This isn't possible 

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snow showers. 
This is a full winter storm. 

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Making itself comfortable in 
late, November settling in like 

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an Uninvited Guest who has no 
intention of leaving anytime 

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soon. 
You turn on the radio while 

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starting the coffee needing 
information more than you need 

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the usual. 
Thanksgiving morning, music 

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programming, The announcers 
voice sounds almost gleeful with

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the drama of it all. 
An unexpected storm system 

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installed over central. 
Massachusetts, bringing heavy 

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snowfall throughout the region, 
accumulations of 12, to 18 

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inches are expected by this 
evening. 

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Residents are advised to stay 
home if possible. 

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Stay home as if you weren't 
already home, as if you hadn't 

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spent three days preparing for a
meal. 

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That now seems suddenly 
Complicated by weather, the 

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turkey sits in the refrigerator 
stubbornly present and 

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impossible to ignore. 22 pounds 
of obligation that won't cook 

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itself. 
Telephone rings at 615 

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startling. 
You badly enough that you on the

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counter. 
It's your sister voice tight, 

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with frustration. 
Have you looked out side? 

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Charlie says, the roads are 
impossible the mill closed. 

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00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:16,400
They never closed. 
I don't think we can make it. 

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You tell her you understand? 
Because you do and that you'll 

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save them plates because you 
will. 

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And that the important thing is,
everyone's safety. 

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All of this is true. 
It's also true that you feel a 

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sharp prick of disappointment 
that you won't acknowledge even 

232
00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:37,200
to yourself. 
Seven people are suddenly become

233
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:39,500
four, maybe three. 
If your brother can't get 

234
00:12:39,500 --> 00:12:41,600
through either, the snow keeps 
falling. 

235
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:45,800
You watch it while drinking your
coffee, mesmerized by the sheer 

236
00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:49,000
quantity of it. 
The Street Lamp on the corner 

237
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,000
which usually turns off at dawn 
remains lit. 

238
00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:55,100
Its glow. 
Creating a cone of swirling 

239
00:12:55,100 --> 00:13:00,200
white that looks almost festive.
Mrs. Kowalski's Pine wreath, has

240
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:01,900
become a white circle on her red
door. 

241
00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:05,100
The cars, parked along, the 
street are becoming shapeless 

242
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:10,400
humps their identity, slowly 
erased by accumulated snow your 

243
00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:13,300
practical side reasserts itself.
You have a turkey. 

244
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:17,000
You have heat and electricity 
for now, at least you have 

245
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,500
ingredients and time and a 
perfectly good kitchen. 

246
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:23,300
The meal will happen even if 
it's smaller than you planned, 

247
00:13:23,300 --> 00:13:27,000
you've adapted to worse things 
in the past two years and are 

248
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,400
changing guest. 
Count the turkey goes into the 

249
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:32,400
oven at 7:00. 
Exactly a scheduled, you've 

250
00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:36,000
stuffed it with bread and onions
and celery, and Sage the way 

251
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:40,100
your mother taught you the way 
her mother taught her The ritual

252
00:13:40,100 --> 00:13:44,000
of preparation feels grounding 
your hands, know what to do, 

253
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:48,000
even when your mind is spinning.
Through revised Logistics based 

254
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:53,000
every 30 minutes tent with foil.
If it Browns to quickly check 

255
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:56,000
the internal temperature. 
These are certain teas in an 

256
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,000
uncertain morning by 8:00 the 
snow shows. 

257
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,100
No signs of stopping. 
You're supposed to be at church 

258
00:14:02,100 --> 00:14:04,500
in an hour but that now seems 
like a plan from a different 

259
00:14:04,508 --> 00:14:07,300
life time. 
The turkey smells wonderful. 

260
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:11,100
At least that warm Savory, 
Center of roasting meat and 

261
00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:12,300
herbs. 
That means Thanksgiving 

262
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:16,100
regardless of whether or 
circumstances You make yourself 

263
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:18,400
another cup of coffee and start 
peeling potatoes. 

264
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,000
Because what else is there to do
the telephone rings again? 

265
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:27,200
At 8:30, your brother this time 
apologetic, but firm the roads 

266
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,000
are completely snowed in. 
We can't even get the car out of

267
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,600
the driveway. 
I'm sorry sis, we'll make it up 

268
00:14:32,608 --> 00:14:34,700
to you. 
You tell him, it's fine. 

269
00:14:34,700 --> 00:14:39,100
It's absolutely fine. 
Don't worry about it at all. 

270
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:42,400
Your Voice Sounds convincing 
even to yourself. 

271
00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:46,300
When you hang up, you stand 
looking at the dining table set 

272
00:14:46,300 --> 00:14:50,300
for seven polished and perfect 
decorated with the nice China. 

273
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:54,000
And the good napkins and feel 
something shift inside you. 

274
00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:56,300
Not quite disappointment 
anymore. 

275
00:14:57,100 --> 00:15:00,500
Something closer to acceptance 
with a touch of bemused humor, 

276
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:03,900
you've prepared A Feast for an 
audience that can't arrive. 

277
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,500
You're putting on a performance 
for an empty theater. 

278
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:10,400
The storm intensifies around 
9:00, right when you should be 

279
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:14,900
sitting in a church pew, singing
hymns in Stead, your basing the 

280
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:18,100
turkey and watching The Wind 
Drive, snow against the kitchen 

281
00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:22,400
window in horizontal sheets. 
The whole world has narrowed to 

282
00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:25,300
your house, your street, and 
this immediate and suddenly 

283
00:15:25,300 --> 00:15:28,700
intimate space, everything 
beyond your front yard has 

284
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:31,300
become theoretical. 
Betty knocks on your back door 

285
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:35,200
at 9:30 appearing, out of the 
whiteness like a snow dusted. 

286
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,600
Ghost, she is wearing her 
husband's oversized coat and 

287
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,400
boots. 
And her face is red with cold 

288
00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:45,800
and exertion I walked over. 
She announces unnecessarily, 

289
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,300
couldn't stand being alone in 
that house on Thanksgiving 

290
00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:50,000
watching the snow and thinking 
about Jim. 

291
00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:54,200
Her voice cracks slightly on her
husband's name, you pull her 

292
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:56,600
inside, help her out of the wet 
coat and sit her down with hot 

293
00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,700
coffee and suddenly, your 
Thanksgiving has two guests. 

294
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:03,600
Instead of zero, which changes 
everything you have someone to 

295
00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,900
cook for someone to talk to and 
someone to share the strange 

296
00:16:06,900 --> 00:16:09,000
intimacy of being snowed in on a
holiday. 

297
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:14,200
The dining table set for seven. 
Now feels less sad and more 

298
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:18,000
hopeful as if those empty chairs
are just waiting for a different

299
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,500
year, the radio continues, its 
coverage of the store which is 

300
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:24,900
apparently caught, everyone by 
surprise train service, 

301
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:27,800
suspended roads in possible 
throughout the county, 

302
00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,500
emergencies are struggling to 
keep up. 

303
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:34,300
You listen, while putting the 
sweet potatoes into roast, your 

304
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:36,900
brother's sweet potatoes, that 
he grew in his victory garden 

305
00:16:36,900 --> 00:16:40,000
and brought over yesterday 
before the world turned white 

306
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,700
and impossible. 
At least they'll get eaten 

307
00:16:42,700 --> 00:16:44,400
Betty. 
Helps you make the cranberry 

308
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:47,600
sauce, following the recipe, her
mother-in-law sent in a letter 

309
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,100
cranberries sugar, orange zest, 
and a splash of water. 

310
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:55,800
You work side by side and 
comfortable near silent. 

311
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:59,900
The kind of quiet that comes 
from shared purpose rather than 

312
00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:04,099
lack of things to say. 
The Cranberries pop and soften 

313
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:08,599
Transforming from hard bitter. 
Berries into something Ruby 

314
00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:09,800
colored and tart. 
Sweet. 

315
00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:13,000
Small magic. 
The kind that happens in 

316
00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:16,700
kitchens Everywhere. 
By 10:00 the snow is accumulated

317
00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:19,900
to what the estimate is. 
At least 10 inches with no signs

318
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:23,300
of stopping the world. 
Beyond your windows has become a

319
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:28,400
moving curtain of white hypnotic
in its relentlessness you've 

320
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:31,300
stopped checking the forecast 
because clearly the forecast is 

321
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:34,200
useless. 
Nature is writing her own story 

322
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:36,200
today and you're all just living
in it. 

323
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:41,300
The turkey emerges from the oven
at noon, golden and perfect its 

324
00:17:41,300 --> 00:17:44,900
skin crackling with the kind of 
deeply satisfying, brownness, 

325
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:46,800
that only comes from careful 
attention. 

326
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:49,500
You've tented it under foil to 
rest. 

327
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:54,000
The way proper turkey, protocol 
demands and the kitchen smells 

328
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,400
so intensely of Thanksgiving 
that had almost Eights. 

329
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:02,000
All this food for two people. 
It would be absurd if it won't 

330
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:03,500
also somehow. 
Exactly. 

331
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:06,000
Right. 
Betty sets, the table, while you

332
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,400
make the gravy. 
Both of you, moving around the 

333
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:10,900
kitchen in a dance, you've 
improvised on the spot, but 

334
00:18:10,900 --> 00:18:15,300
feels almost choreographed. she 
tells you about Jim about how 

335
00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:18,900
they met at a church social, and
about their three-day honeymoon 

336
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:23,100
at Cape, Cod before he left, You
tell her about your nephew about

337
00:18:23,100 --> 00:18:26,100
the letters that arrived 
regularly and about how you've 

338
00:18:26,100 --> 00:18:28,500
stopped watching the newsreels 
at the cinema because they make 

339
00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:31,500
your chest feel tight. 
This isn't the Thanksgiving you 

340
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:34,600
planned, but it's becoming the 
Thanksgiving, you'll having 

341
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,900
there's something freeing in 
that distinction. 

342
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:40,800
The mashed potatoes, turn out, 
perfectly creamy and buttery, 

343
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,400
despite the rational 
restrictions, because you've 

344
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,500
learned to make a little butter.
Go a long way with the help of 

345
00:18:45,508 --> 00:18:49,300
hot milk, and plenty of beating 
the sweet potatoes emerge from 

346
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:54,200
the oven caramelized and sweet. 
The roles which you made from do

347
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,800
you started yesterday, rise 
beautifully. 

348
00:18:56,800 --> 00:19:00,600
Their tops turning, the exact 
shade of golden brown that makes

349
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:04,400
bread look like a promise. 
You carry dish after dish to the

350
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,800
dining table which suddenly 
seems less empty despite all the

351
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:11,400
vacant chairs. 
You've decided to leave it set 

352
00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:14,900
for seven, a kind of hopeful 
acknowledgment, of the people 

353
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:18,900
who would be here if they could.
There are absent feels less like

354
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:23,200
loss and more like postponement.
A celebration delayed, but not 

355
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:26,000
canceled. 
The cranberry sauce gleams in 

356
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,500
its bowl. 
The stuffing steams when you 

357
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:32,200
spoon it into its serving dish. 
the turkey takes the place of 

358
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:35,300
honor at the head of the table 
and for a moment, you both just 

359
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:39,600
stand there, looking at it all 
Thanksgiving feast prepared, 

360
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:43,600
with care and serve to an 
audience of two in a town that 

361
00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:46,200
has been frozen in place by an 
unexpected storm. 

362
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,500
It's ridiculous and beautiful. 
At the same time. 

363
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:54,200
You say a brief grace before 
eating thanking, God for food 

364
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:58,000
and shelter and safety for 
Betty's company and for all the 

365
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,000
people who aren't here but a 
thought of any way. 

366
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,400
Betty adds her own quiet. 
Thanks for Jim's, safety. 

367
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,400
Wherever he is. 
And you notice she touches the 

368
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,500
simple wedding band on her 
finger as she says it the meal 

369
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:12,100
itself is delicious. 
Which feels like a small 

370
00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:14,600
Triumph. 
The turkey is moist and 

371
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:16,800
flavorful. 
The gravy has just the right 

372
00:20:16,808 --> 00:20:19,500
consistency. 
And the roles are exactly as 

373
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:22,900
bread should be. 
You eat slowly saying not just 

374
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:27,800
the food but the strangeness of 
the whole situation outside the 

375
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:32,200
storm continues its patient. 
Work of burying the world inside

376
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:36,500
you have warmth and plenty and 
unexpected companionship Betty 

377
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:40,500
laughs suddenly a real laugh. 
Not the polite kind when she 

378
00:20:40,500 --> 00:20:43,500
tries to take another role and 
realizes she's already too full 

379
00:20:44,300 --> 00:20:46,900
I'll be eating turkey sandwiches
for a week she says. 

380
00:20:46,900 --> 00:20:49,700
And you laugh too, because 
you're thinking the same thing, 

381
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:53,600
a 22-pound turkey for two people
might be the definition of 

382
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,700
optimism, you're clearing the 
dessert plates When someone 

383
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,800
knocks on the front door. 
Solid determined. 

384
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:02,400
Knocks that make you both. 
Look at each other in Surprise. 

385
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:04,100
Who would be out in this 
weather? 

386
00:21:04,100 --> 00:21:07,700
You open the door to find Mr. 
Patterson, from down the street.

387
00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:10,300
Snow covered and slightly 
sheepish. 

388
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:12,900
Holding a shovel, saw your 
lights on. 

389
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:16,300
He says, breathe making clouds 
in the cold air, been making 

390
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:18,300
sure the elderly folks on the 
street are. 

391
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:20,900
All right, Mrs. Chen's furnace 
went out. 

392
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:24,600
We got it working again but she 
is nervous about staying alone. 

393
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:28,400
She mentioned, you might have 
extra food and just like that 

394
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:33,600
your Thanksgiving expands again.
Mrs. Chen arrives, 20 minutes 

395
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:37,200
later, a escorted by Mr. 
Patterson through snow, that's 

396
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:40,600
now easily a foot deep. 
She brings her appetite and her 

397
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:42,600
gratitude and her tendency to 
worry. 

398
00:21:43,500 --> 00:21:46,600
Which suddenly seems more 
endearing than annoying, you set

399
00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:49,900
another place at the table. 
Heat up more food and watch. 

400
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:53,100
Mrs. Chen's face transformed. 
When she sees the spread of laid

401
00:21:53,100 --> 00:21:56,400
out the afternoon on folds, in a
way you never could have planned

402
00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:00,600
Mr. Pettersson returned with old
Mr. Johnson from two houses 

403
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:03,700
over, who has been widowed since
April was planning to spend the 

404
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:06,900
day alone? 
The Hendersons appear having 

405
00:22:06,900 --> 00:22:09,100
walked over from their place 
because their daughter was 

406
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:11,400
asking about you and they 
figured they might as well check

407
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:15,000
if you needed anything. 
Each arrival brings more snow 

408
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:18,700
inside more voices, more 
laughter and more life into your

409
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:22,400
warm house, while the storm, 
does its work outside, you're 

410
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:24,900
carefully, planned dinner for 
seven becomes an impromptu 

411
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,100
gathering for eight, then nine, 
then 10. 

412
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:32,100
The turkey, which seemed 
absurdly large at noon. 

413
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:36,100
Begins to make sense. 
You heat up more roles, make 

414
00:22:36,100 --> 00:22:40,800
more gravy and slice, more pies.
Your kitchen becomes a warm Hub 

415
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:43,400
of activity. 
People moving through it to 

416
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,500
hell, or to make coffee, or just
to stand near the heat of the 

417
00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:50,000
stove and watch the snowfall. 
The dining room fills with 

418
00:22:50,008 --> 00:22:52,400
conversations that overlap and 
into weave. 

419
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:56,700
Mr. Johnson tells stories about 
thanksgiving's passed back when 

420
00:22:56,700 --> 00:23:00,700
his wife was alive, and his 
children were small Mrs. Chen 

421
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:04,000
describes traditional Chinese, 
New Year, feasts making 

422
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,500
connections between your 
holidays that you'd never 

423
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:10,200
considered before. 
The Henderson girl, who seven 

424
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:14,300
and deeply impressed by the snow
makes everyone laugh by asking. 

425
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:15,600
If the storm means it's 
Christmas. 

426
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,200
Now. 
Betty gravitates toward Mrs, 

427
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:20,900
Chen, and you watch them talk 
quietly in the corner. 

428
00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:25,000
Two women missing husbands 
finding comfort in shared 

429
00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:29,600
experience, Mr. Patterson helps.
You slice more turkey his 

430
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,600
movements practiced from years 
of carving his own holiday 

431
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,700
Birds. 
The Hendersons manage the small 

432
00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:37,800
miracle of keeping their 
energetic daughter. 

433
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:41,300
Entertained, in your living room
building elaborate structures 

434
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:44,100
with the throw pillows. 
This isn't the Thanksgiving you 

435
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:47,300
planned. 
It's Messier more chaotic and 

436
00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:51,100
completely unexpected. 
It's also more alive than 

437
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:53,900
anything. 
You could have organized your 

438
00:23:53,900 --> 00:23:56,400
house, which you keep. 
So carefully neat, most of the 

439
00:23:56,400 --> 00:24:00,500
time has become filled with the 
comfortable disorder of actual 

440
00:24:00,500 --> 00:24:04,100
life happening. 
Coats piled on the bed, boots 

441
00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:06,500
dripping by the door and voices 
and laughter. 

442
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:09,800
Spilling from room to room. 
He catch yourself smiling. 

443
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:14,000
Really smiling or watching Mr. 
Johnson teach the Henderson girl

444
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:17,500
from old song about a pumpkin, 
the war hasn't gone anywhere. 

445
00:24:17,500 --> 00:24:21,700
Your nephew is still overseas, 
everything that worry you this 

446
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,800
morning is still worth worrying 
about but right now in this 

447
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:28,100
moment in the house full of 
neighbors who became friends, 

448
00:24:28,100 --> 00:24:31,500
who became something like 
family, you feel genuinely 

449
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:35,600
happy, the snow continues to 
fall steady and implacable 

450
00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:39,100
adding inch after inch to the 
accumulation outside. 

451
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:43,700
But Insight your warm and fed 
and surrounded by people who 

452
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:46,800
chose to be here, despite or 
perhaps, because of the 

453
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,700
impossibility of the weather. 
You serve pies with coffee and 

454
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:53,000
everyone insists. 
They're too full but somehow 

455
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:56,400
manages to eat a slice. 
Anyway, the apple pie in 

456
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,900
particular disappears, quickly 
helped Along by Mr. Patterson's 

457
00:24:59,900 --> 00:25:01,800
enthusiasm for your crust 
recipe. 

458
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:05,700
By mid-afternoon, the snow has 
achieved a kind of hypnotic 

459
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,100
monotony. 
It simply keeps coming steady 

460
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:13,000
and patient, like it has all the
time in the world and no 

461
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:17,500
interest in being anywhere else.
The accumulation outside your 

462
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:21,000
window has reached levels. 
You've rarely seen 15. 

463
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:25,900
Maybe 16 inches with drifts 
significantly deeper where the 

464
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:28,100
wind has pushed it against 
buildings and cars. 

465
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:33,200
Cedar Mills has become a snow 
globe, shaken, and set down to 

466
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,900
settle in his own time. 
Peculiar thing about heavy snow 

467
00:25:36,900 --> 00:25:40,200
is how it changes sound. 
The world becomes muffled 

468
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,000
distant. 
As if someone has wrapped the 

469
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,600
entire town in Cotton wool, you 
notice it, when you step onto 

470
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,400
the back porch to check the 
thermometer 24 degrees and 

471
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,700
holding steady, but the usual 
sounds of the neighborhood of 

472
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:57,300
vanished. 
No cars, no distant train 

473
00:25:57,300 --> 00:25:59,900
whistles. 
Even the birds have gone quiet. 

474
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:02,600
Presumably tucked in to what 
ever shelter. 

475
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:07,200
They could find just the soft 
Whisper of falling snow and your

476
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,700
own breathing Mrs. Chen has 
taken over your kitchen radio, 

477
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:13,800
tuning it to different stations,
trying to find updates. 

478
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:18,000
What she finds is mostly the 
same information repeated with 

479
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,000
slight variations. 
Storm is unprecedented for this 

480
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:26,000
time of year, emergency services
are struggling and everyone 

481
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:29,800
should stay inside one announcer
mentions with audible 

482
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,200
excitement. 
That this might be the heaviest 

483
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:37,400
November snowfall since 1898. 
Mrs. Chen looks at you with 

484
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:41,000
raised eyebrows as if the 
historical significance makes 

485
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,100
the current situation somehow 
better. 

486
00:26:43,100 --> 00:26:46,000
The Gathering in your living 
room is settled into a 

487
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:49,200
comfortable Rhythm people have 
stopped apologizing for being 

488
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:54,400
here and stopped asking if their
imposing Mr. Johnson has fallen 

489
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,800
asleep in your armchair. 
His hands folded over a stomach 

490
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,700
looking peaceful in a way that 
makes your heart. 

491
00:27:00,700 --> 00:27:04,200
Squeeze slightly. 
The Henderson girl is teaching 

492
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:06,300
Betty. 
A complicated hand clapping 

493
00:27:06,300 --> 00:27:09,400
game, both of them laughing when
they mess up the pattern. 

494
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:13,200
Mr. Henderson has found your 
husband's old pipe. 

495
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,100
You forgot. 
You even kept it and sits 

496
00:27:16,100 --> 00:27:18,800
holding it. 
Unlit just for the comfort of 

497
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,300
the familiar shape. 
You've been thinking about your 

498
00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:23,500
husband more today than you have
in months. 

499
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:28,600
He died in the spring of 41, 
just before everything changed 

500
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:32,000
before the war, made its way to 
your doorstep in the form of 

501
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,000
rational books and air raid 
drills. 

502
00:27:34,700 --> 00:27:38,800
He would have liked this the 
unexpected company, the gentle 

503
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:41,700
chaos, the way your organized 
Thanksgiving transformed into 

504
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:45,300
something Messier and more real.
He always said you were too 

505
00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:48,100
rigid in your planning that the 
best moments come from 

506
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:50,600
accidents. 
You're beginning to think he 

507
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:53,200
might have been right? 
The light outside is starting to

508
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:57,000
change that imperceptible shift 
from afternoon to early evening.

509
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:02,200
The snow has slowed slightly, 
not stopping, but easing from 

510
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:06,200
its earlier Relentless pace. 
You can actually see individual 

511
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:08,100
flakes. 
Now in stead of just an 

512
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:10,100
undifferentiated curtain of 
white. 

513
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:14,600
The Street Lamp on the corner is
switched on creating that same 

514
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,400
cone of illuminated snowfall 
that you watched this morning. 

515
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:20,300
It feels like you've lived in an
entire week. 

516
00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:24,200
In one day, Betty finds you in 
the kitchen where you've escaped

517
00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:26,100
under the pretense of making 
more coffee. 

518
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:28,700
Thank you. 
She says, quietly. 

519
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:33,000
For today. 
For letting me come over for all

520
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,400
of this. 
She gestures vaguely at the 

521
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:40,400
house, the Gathering and the 
whole improbable situation. 

522
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:45,300
You tell she's welcome because 
she is but also that she saved 

523
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:47,700
your Thanksgiving as much as you
saved hers. 

524
00:28:48,500 --> 00:28:51,500
Being alone in that perfectly 
prepared, dining room would have

525
00:28:51,500 --> 00:28:54,200
been its own small tragedy. 
Having her here. 

526
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,200
Made everything else possible. 
The Henderson girl appears in 

527
00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,300
the doorway her face serious 
with the kind of profound 

528
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,900
question. 
Only 7 year olds ask Will the 

529
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:06,400
snow ever? 
Stop, she wants to know you tell

530
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:10,000
her yes, of course, it will 
probably by tomorrow morning. 

531
00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:12,300
But privately, you're not 
entirely. 

532
00:29:12,300 --> 00:29:14,600
Sure. 
This storm has its own logic, 

533
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,500
its own timeline. 
It'll stop when it's ready and 

534
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,900
not a moment before. 
Mr. Patterson has organized, an 

535
00:29:20,900 --> 00:29:23,900
expedition to check on a few 
more neighbors specifically the 

536
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:27,200
kowalskis, an old misses Barnes 
who lives alone, at the end of 

537
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,800
the street, you loan him extra 
scarves and mittens and watching

538
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:32,500
bundle up like he's heading to 
the Ark. 

539
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:36,800
In just three houses down. 
He returns 30 minutes later 

540
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:40,900
reporting that everyone is fine.
Well stocked and mostly amused 

541
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:45,400
by the whole situation. 
Mrs. Barnes sent back a loaf of 

542
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:47,400
bread. 
She'd baked this morning before 

543
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:50,200
the snow got serious and it 
still slightly warm. 

544
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,700
You slice the bread and serve it
with butter, real butter from 

545
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:56,900
your Thanksgiving Supply and 
watch it disappear in minutes. 

546
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,900
People who claim to be 
completely full somehow find 

547
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:04,500
room for warm bread with butter.
It's one of life's small 

548
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:07,600
Mysteries right up there with 
how you always find room for 

549
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:09,500
dessert. 
No matter how stuck you are from

550
00:30:09,508 --> 00:30:12,800
dinner, the radio, announces 
that the storm is expected to 

551
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:15,000
continue through the evening, 
but should take her off 

552
00:30:15,008 --> 00:30:18,600
overnight. 
The official accumulation total 

553
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:23,100
is now 18 to 22 inches, which 
makes this the third largest 

554
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,500
November snowstorm in recorded 
State history. 

555
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:31,100
Mrs. Chen looks Vindicated by 
this news as if her earlier 

556
00:30:31,100 --> 00:30:33,700
worrying has been justified by 
the storm's impressive 

557
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:36,000
statistics. 
Mr. Johnson. 

558
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:40,300
Newly awake from his nap. 
Simply Grunts and says he seen 

559
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:42,800
worse, though. 
He can't quite remember when 

560
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,300
you've moved Beyond thinking 
about the logistics of everyone 

561
00:30:46,300 --> 00:30:48,600
getting home. 
That's a problem for tomorrow 

562
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:52,300
for a world with plowed streets 
and functioning Transportation. 

563
00:30:52,300 --> 00:30:56,900
Right now, your existing in this
strange suspended time where 

564
00:30:56,900 --> 00:31:00,400
normal rules don't quite apply, 
you have enough food for several

565
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:02,600
more meals. 
The furnace is working. 

566
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,800
You have blanket and space, and 
a full pantry. 

567
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:10,400
If people need to stay the night
well you'll figure it out the 

568
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:12,100
evening. 
Settles in with that particular 

569
00:31:12,100 --> 00:31:14,900
coziness that only comes from 
being warm and safe while 

570
00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:19,000
weather does its worst outside. 
You've turned on every lamp in 

571
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:21,400
the house creating pools of 
soft. 

572
00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,600
Yellow light that make the rooms
feel like illustrations from a 

573
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:27,500
storybook. 
The Henderson girl is convinced 

574
00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:30,100
Betty and Mrs. Chen to play 
cards with her though. 

575
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:32,700
The rules of the game seem to be
evolving continuously. 

576
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:38,100
Mr, Johnson and Mr. Patterson 
have discovered a shared 

577
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:41,600
interest in Woodworking and are 
deep in conversation, about 

578
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:44,100
dovetail joints. 
And the proper way to sharpen 

579
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:46,600
chisels. 
You find yourself moving through

580
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:50,400
your house touching familiar 
objects, the ceramic Bowl, on 

581
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:53,900
the hallway table, the frame 
photograph of your mother, the 

582
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:56,900
door frame, your husband once 
were hung when it started to 

583
00:31:56,900 --> 00:32:00,200
stick. 
Your space has been transformed 

584
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:03,600
by the company from something 
private into something communal 

585
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:06,200
and you're surprised to discover
you don't mind. 

586
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:11,000
In fact you more than don't mind
your grateful for it. 

587
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:15,600
The snow crates patterns on the 
Windows intricate Frost crystals

588
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,400
that catch the Lamplight and 
throw tiny rainbows. 

589
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:22,300
The Henderson girl presses, her 
nose against the cold, glass 

590
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:26,300
marveling at the designs. 
You remember, doing the same 

591
00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:29,800
thing as a child believing the 
frost formed pictures if you 

592
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:30,700
looked at them. 
Right? 

593
00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,200
You almost tell her to look for 
the ice fairy. 

594
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:36,500
The way your father wants told 
you, but then you stop your 

595
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:38,500
self. 
She's creating her own 

596
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,900
relationship with the snow. 
Making her own sense of this 

597
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:44,400
strange day. 
Someone suggests singing. 

598
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,800
And before you can politely 
damir, Mr. Johnson's launched 

599
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:50,400
in, to over the river and 
through the woods in a 

600
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:55,300
surprisingly strong baritone. 
Others join in voices, blending 

601
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:57,900
and clashing in the particular 
Harmony of people who aren't 

602
00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:01,900
musicians, but don't care. 
You find yourself singing too? 

603
00:33:01,900 --> 00:33:05,200
Would you learned 70 years ago 
coming back without effort? 

604
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,200
The Henderson girl knows only 
the first verse but sings it 

605
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:13,600
three times, increasingly loudly
until everyone is laughing, too 

606
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,700
much to continue the moment. 
Crystallizes somehow. 

607
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:20,100
All of you in your living room. 
Full of turkey and Pie singing 

608
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:23,000
old songs while historic 
snowstorm buries the world 

609
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,100
outside. 
It's absurd and perfect at the 

610
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:28,600
same time. 
You think about taking a 

611
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:30,100
photograph but decide against 
it? 

612
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:33,900
Some moments exist, better in 
memory than in any physical 

613
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:37,300
record the evening deepens into 
something that feels almost 

614
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:39,900
sacred. 
Not in a religious sense. 

615
00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:43,900
Exactly, though, this certainly 
reverence in it more, like the 

616
00:33:43,900 --> 00:33:46,900
sense that you've stumbled into 
a moment slightly outside of 

617
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:51,000
normal time, a pocket of 
existence where the usual rules 

618
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:55,100
of being suspended, Cedar Mills 
has become a place where no one 

619
00:33:55,100 --> 00:34:00,000
can go anywhere do anything or 
be anywhere except exactly where

620
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,600
they are. 
For a world that's been moving 

621
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:04,300
at wartime speed for over a 
year. 

622
00:34:04,308 --> 00:34:08,300
The enforced Stillness feels 
almost radical you've made more 

623
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:10,199
coffee. 
You've lost count of how many 

624
00:34:10,208 --> 00:34:12,900
pots today and someone found the
good brand. 

625
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:15,800
You keep it in the back of the 
cupboard for medicinal purposes.

626
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,300
small glasses are pulled for 
those who want them sipped 

627
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:23,300
slowly, while the conversation 
drifts from topic to topic 

628
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:28,199
without urgency The Henderson 
girl is finally worn herself out

629
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,800
and lies sleeping on your sofa. 
Covered with the Afghan. 

630
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:36,199
Your mother crocheted in 1950. 
Her parents sitting nearby 

631
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:38,100
looking relaxed. 
In a way. 

632
00:34:38,108 --> 00:34:40,500
You rarely see. 
Even they've stopped. 

633
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:44,199
Fighting the situation and 
accepted it, Mrs. Chen tells 

634
00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:47,699
stories about growing up in San 
Francisco, about markets and 

635
00:34:47,699 --> 00:34:51,000
festivals and food that sounded 
like magic to your New England 

636
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,800
ears. 
She talks about her son who 

637
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,000
somewhere in Italy doing 
something she's not allowed to 

638
00:34:56,000 --> 00:35:00,500
know about and her voice catches
but doesn't break. everyone in 

639
00:35:00,500 --> 00:35:04,100
the room understands that 
particular strain, The loving 

640
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:07,900
and worrying from a distance, 
the not knowing that somehow 

641
00:35:07,900 --> 00:35:11,500
worse than knowing Mr. Patterson
contributes, memories of the 

642
00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:15,000
mill in its Heyday back in the 
20s, when Cedar Mills actually 

643
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:19,300
bustled, when three shifts kept 
the Looms running 24 hours a 

644
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:24,000
day, He describes the sound, the
rhythmic clacking that you could

645
00:35:24,008 --> 00:35:27,300
hear from blocks away. 
The whistle that marked shift 

646
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:30,400
changes and the whole town 
moving to the mills in 

647
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,800
industrial heartbeat. 
The war has brought some of that

648
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:37,000
energy back though. 
Now it's military contracts and 

649
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:41,400
of Civilian textiles uniforms 
instead of dress fabric. 

650
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:45,000
Your Own Story, surprise, you 
things you haven't thought about

651
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:48,200
in years surfacing in this late 
evening atmosphere of shared 

652
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,900
confidence. 
You tell them about learning to 

653
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:53,000
cook from your mother about the 
summer. 

654
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,400
You spent in Maine as a girl and
about your husband's terrible 

655
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,600
jokes that Were Somehow 
endearing because of their 

656
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:02,300
terrible nurse. 
You talk about your nephew about

657
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:05,300
the Smart Boy Who Loved baseball
and building model airplanes 

658
00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:08,300
whose now somewhere in the 
Pacific doing what ever it is 

659
00:36:08,308 --> 00:36:11,300
Sailors. 
Do you don't cry but it's a near

660
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:13,800
thing. 
The radio is moved Beyond storm 

661
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:15,900
coverage into its regular 
evening programming. 

662
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,600
Someone finds a music station 
and quiet, Jazz fills the 

663
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:23,500
background saxophone and piano, 
creating a mood that fits the 

664
00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:28,600
snowbound coziness perfectly. 
Mr. Johnson Taps his foot on 

665
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:30,900
consciously, keeping time with 
music. 

666
00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:33,000
He probably danced to 40 years 
ago. 

667
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:36,600
The room has developed its own 
eco-system. 

668
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,600
Its own? 
Internal logic separate from the

669
00:36:39,608 --> 00:36:42,400
Frozen World outside around a 
clock. 

670
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:44,700
Mr. Henderson makes a practical 
announcement. 

671
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:49,200
They're not going home tonight. 
Too far too dark and too 

672
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:50,500
dangerous with the snow. 
Still falling. 

673
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:52,600
And no streetlights working at 
their end of town. 

674
00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:56,200
You immediately offer them the 
guest bedroom and before you can

675
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:57,900
work out where everyone else 
will sleep. 

676
00:36:57,900 --> 00:37:01,100
Mrs. Chen and Betty have 
declared their staying too. 

677
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:06,500
The whole thing is decided in 
about 90 seconds and suddenly 

678
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,500
you're running a boarding house 
for refugees from a Thanksgiving

679
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:12,300
storm. 
The logistics work themselves 

680
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,700
out with surprising ease. 
The Hendersons, take the guest 

681
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:19,200
room, Mrs. Chen and Betty will 
share your bed while you take 

682
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:22,500
the sofa. 
Mr. Johnson, who lives closest 

683
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:25,200
and insists. 
He can make it agrees to wait 

684
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:27,800
until morning after Mr. 
Patterson offers to walk with 

685
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:31,800
him, Mr. Patterson himself will 
take the armchair, which he 

686
00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:34,000
claims as more comfortable than 
his bed at home. 

687
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:37,000
Anyway. 
The Henderson girl, never wakes 

688
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:40,100
during these negotiations 
sleeping through the entire 

689
00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:42,700
rearrangement of her life with a
profound and concern of 

690
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:46,300
childhood, you distribute 
blankets and pillows digging 

691
00:37:46,300 --> 00:37:48,000
through closets to find the 
extras. 

692
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:49,400
You've accumulated over the 
years. 

693
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:52,600
The house. 
Which usually feels slightly too

694
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:56,200
large for one person. 
Suddenly seems perfectly sized 

695
00:37:56,200 --> 00:38:00,100
for this unexpected crowd. 
People move through rooms 

696
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:03,800
claiming spaces, settling in and
making themselves, comfortable 

697
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,400
with the kind of casualness that
comes from necessity. 

698
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:09,400
Rather than presumption, the 
wind has picked up outside 

699
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,600
driving, the snow against the 
windows, and occasional gusts 

700
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,400
that sound almost alive. 
But inside your snug and warm 

701
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:21,400
your furnace working overtime. 
But managing to keep up, The 

702
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:26,500
house creaks and settles the way
old houses do familiar sounds 

703
00:38:26,500 --> 00:38:29,800
that usually keep you company in
the evening but now form a 

704
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:31,800
background to human voice and 
movement. 

705
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,600
Betty helps you make up the bed 
with fresh sheets. 

706
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:38,100
Moving through the routine like 
you've done this together 100 

707
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:40,100
times. 
She's gained confidence 

708
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:41,600
throughout the day. 
You've noticed. 

709
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:44,900
The weepy girl, from this 
morning, has been replaced by 

710
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:48,100
someone steadier, someone whose 
discovering she stronger than 

711
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:51,400
she thought. 
Marriage and War and unexpected,

712
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:55,100
snowstorms will do that. 
Force you to find resources, you

713
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:58,500
didn't know, you had Mrs, Chen 
insist on washing the dishes, 

714
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:02,500
despite your protests enlisting.
Mr. Patterson to drive, while 

715
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:05,800
she washes, you can hear them in
the kitchen, the comfortable 

716
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:09,500
sounds of domestic routine, 
water, running plates, clinking 

717
00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:13,600
and occasional laughter. 
The Henderson girl wakes briefly

718
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:17,200
confused about where she is then
settles back to sleep when her 

719
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,700
mother explains. 
Everything is fine. 

720
00:39:19,700 --> 00:39:23,100
Everything is taken care of. 
Just close your eyes. 

721
00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:26,400
The house has never felt more 
full or more alive. 

722
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:30,800
Every room contains people every
corner has been claimed and 

723
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:35,000
every space has been put to use.
It's the opposite of the careful

724
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,400
controlled environment. 
You usually maintained and you 

725
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:43,900
love it, you absolutely love it.
The chaos and closeness and 

726
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:47,900
Casual intimacy of sharing your 
space with near strangers who've

727
00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:50,000
become something. 
More than neighbors over the 

728
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:51,900
course of one. 
Impossible day. 

729
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:55,200
You make one last round before 
preparing, for bed yourself. 

730
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:57,300
Checking that everyone has what 
they need. 

731
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:01,300
Extra blankets. 
Yes, water glasses. 

732
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:06,600
Yes, enough pillows, mostly yes,
with some improvisation 

733
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,900
involving throw cushions and 
rolled towels the house. 

734
00:40:09,900 --> 00:40:13,000
Settles in to nighttime mode. 
Lamps switching off 

735
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:17,200
conversations becoming Whispers 
And movements slowing to 

736
00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:21,000
Stillness from your position on 
the sofa which is actually quite

737
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:22,600
comfortable. 
Once you've arranged the pillows

738
00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:26,300
correctly, You can hear the 
various sounds of a house full 

739
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:30,600
of sleeping people. 
Someone snores, gently someone 

740
00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:34,000
else shifts position with a 
creek of bedsprings, the 

741
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,600
Henderson girl talks in her 
sleep, a brief mumbled sentence 

742
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:41,100
about snow angels. 
The furnace kicks on with its 

743
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:45,100
familiar whoosh. 
Outside the storm continues, its

744
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:49,700
patient work adding inch after 
inch to the accumulation but it 

745
00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:52,600
is quieter now winding down from
earlier. 

746
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:56,300
Intensity you lie there in the 
darkness, listening to the 

747
00:40:56,300 --> 00:40:58,900
evidence of life around you and 
feel something. 

748
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:02,600
You have not in the two years 
since your husband died, Not 

749
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:07,400
Alone, the house breathes with 
multiple presence is your spaces

750
00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:11,000
has been shared and divided. 
And transformed tomorrow will 

751
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:15,200
bring the work of digging out 
the logistics of return and the 

752
00:41:15,208 --> 00:41:18,500
slow process of Life. 
Resuming, its normal patterns. 

753
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:23,700
But tonight right now, you'll 
simply one person among many all

754
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:26,800
of you together in this warm 
space while the world outside 

755
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,700
remains Frozen white and waiting
sleep, comes easier than you 

756
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:33,200
expected. 
Pulling you down into darkness, 

757
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:37,700
while snow continues to fall. 
And the town remains paused held

758
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:41,200
in suspension between yesterday 
and tomorrow between normal 

759
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:43,900
life. 
And this strange Option to all 

760
00:41:43,900 --> 00:41:47,300
the usual rules, Friday, morning
arrives with shocking 

761
00:41:47,300 --> 00:41:49,900
brightness. 
You wake to light streaming 

762
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:51,700
through the windows with an 
intensity. 

763
00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:55,200
That takes a moment to 
understand son on snow. 

764
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:58,800
Amplifying and reflecting. 
Turning your living room into 

765
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,300
something almost too bright to 
look at directly. 

766
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:05,000
The storm has stopped. 
The world is silent. 

767
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:08,900
And when you pull yourself up to
look outside, what you see, 

768
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:11,900
takes your breath away. 
Cedar Mills has been completely 

769
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:16,300
transformed, every surface, 
every angle, every object has 

770
00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,300
been smoothed. 
And softened, by snow that must 

771
00:42:19,300 --> 00:42:22,800
measure close to two feet. 
The cars on the street are in 

772
00:42:22,808 --> 00:42:26,700
distinguishable white males, the
picket fences of disappeared 

773
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:30,400
entirely, Trees were thick 
coating that make them look like

774
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:33,500
they've been dipped in white 
paint and over everything. 

775
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,700
The sunshine with that 
particular crystalline 

776
00:42:36,700 --> 00:42:40,400
brightener that only happens on 
clear days after heavy snow, 

777
00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:43,700
each, flake catching and 
throwing light until the whole 

778
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:47,000
world Sparkles. 
Your house comes to life slowly 

779
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,500
people emerging from rooms 
looking rumpled and slightly 

780
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,300
confused, remembering where they
are and why? 

781
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:58,800
Mrs. Chen appears, first already
dressed, and head straight for 

782
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:01,400
the kitchen to make coffee with 
the Assurance of someone who's 

783
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,300
claimed that particular morning 
Duty. 

784
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:07,800
The smell of brewing coffee 
draws others, like a summons Mr.

785
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:11,200
Patterson from his armchair 
Betty from the bedroom and the 

786
00:43:11,208 --> 00:43:14,400
Hendersons, one by one, as they 
Orient themselves to this 

787
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,000
strange Bright Morning, the 
Henderson girl, presses her face

788
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:20,700
against the window and releases,
a squeal of pure delight. 

789
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,600
It's a Snow Mountain, she 
announces and she's not entirely

790
00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:27,200
wrong. 
The drifts against your front 

791
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:29,100
porch, reaching nearly to the 
railing. 

792
00:43:29,100 --> 00:43:33,500
The street itself is invisible 
under an unblemished expanse of 

793
00:43:33,500 --> 00:43:35,800
white. 
No one has driven anywhere. 

794
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:39,500
No one has walked anywhere. 
Cedar Mills has become a 

795
00:43:39,508 --> 00:43:43,500
pristine winter landscape, 
untouched, and perfect, and 

796
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:46,600
completely impossible. 
Breakfast becomes a group 

797
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:48,500
effort. 
Everyone contributing something 

798
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:50,700
to the meal. 
You make pancakes from 

799
00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:52,400
ingredients. 
You didn't know you had enough 

800
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:57,700
of flour, eggs, milk stretched 
with water and a precious 

801
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:01,700
spoonful of vanilla. 
Mr. Patterson discovers bacon in

802
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:05,900
your refrigerator leftover from 
last week's rationing and Cooks 

803
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:08,800
it with the concentration of a 
man performing surgery. 

804
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:13,100
Mrs. Chen makes tea in the 
particular way she prefers 

805
00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:17,900
strong and dark and fortifying. 
The Henderson Girl sets the 

806
00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:21,700
table with exaggerated care, 
treating each plate and Fork. 

807
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:25,600
Like it matters tremendously, 
the meal itself is cheerful and 

808
00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:29,300
chaotic everyone, talking over 
everyone else sharing 

809
00:44:29,300 --> 00:44:32,500
observations about the snow and 
the Sunshine and the strange 

810
00:44:32,500 --> 00:44:34,300
situation. 
You've all found yourselves in 

811
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:38,300
Mr. Johnson mentions that his 
daughter in Connecticut is 

812
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,400
probably worried. 
Sick unable to reach him by 

813
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:44,500
phone. 
Mrs. Chen admits a grocery store

814
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:48,100
will be fine without her for one
day, maybe even better since she

815
00:44:48,100 --> 00:44:52,200
tends to micromanage. 
Mr. Henderson confesses he's 

816
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:55,600
never been so grateful to skip 
work in his life after 

817
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:57,900
breakfast. 
Mr. Patterson and Mr. Henderson 

818
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:01,200
announced their intention to dig
out at least partially. 

819
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:05,300
They find your snow shovels in 
the garage and set to work. 

820
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:08,000
Clearing a path from your front 
door to the street though. 

821
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:10,700
What they'll do when they reach 
the street which remains 

822
00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:12,800
completely snowed in his 
unclear. 

823
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:17,500
But the activity itself seems 
important a way of asserting 

824
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:20,500
human agency against Nature's 
over presidents. 

825
00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:24,200
You watch them through the 
window, Two Men and borrowed, 

826
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:27,600
scarves attacking snow with 
determined Strokes breath, 

827
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:31,208
making clouds and the cold air, 
the Henderson girl begs to go 

828
00:45:31,216 --> 00:45:34,300
outside and after bundling her 
in layers, that make her look 

829
00:45:34,308 --> 00:45:36,700
twice. 
Her actual size, her mother 

830
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:40,900
releases her into your backyard.
You watch her, discover the joy 

831
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:44,700
of deep snow the way she can 
simply fall backward and 

832
00:45:44,700 --> 00:45:47,200
disappear. 
The way each step requires 

833
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:51,600
effort and purpose the way. 
Undisturbed snow offers itself 

834
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:55,400
as a canvas, for whatever 
design, she can imagine, She 

835
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,600
makes what might be a snow angel
or might just be random 

836
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:01,200
flailing. 
And either way, it's perfect 

837
00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:04,700
Betty finds your radio and tune 
it to a music station. 

838
00:46:04,700 --> 00:46:08,100
And suddenly the house fills 
with Perry, Como's Voice 

839
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:10,600
singing, something cheerful and 
romantic. 

840
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:13,900
Mrs, Chen's along while washing 
dishes. 

841
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:17,300
You find yourself swaying 
slightly while tidying the 

842
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:20,200
living room returning. 
Cushions to their proper places 

843
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:22,300
and folding. 
The blankets everyone used last 

844
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:24,900
night. 
The normal sea of housework 

845
00:46:24,900 --> 00:46:28,400
combined, with the strangeness 
of company, creates an oddly 

846
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:31,500
Pleasant, dissonance the 
telephone rings, at noon 

847
00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:35,400
startling, everyone. 
It's your sister, frantic with 

848
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:37,500
worry and you assure her your 
fine. 

849
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:40,600
More than fine. 
Really surrounded by neighbors, 

850
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:44,300
who've become impromptu house 
guests, You hear the relief in 

851
00:46:44,300 --> 00:46:46,200
her voice? 
When she understands you weren't

852
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:49,100
alone for Thanksgiving. 
That the empty places at your 

853
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:53,200
table somehow fill themselves. 
She promises to visit once the 

854
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:57,400
roads clear maybe this weekend. 
Definitely soon more calls 

855
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:01,100
follow people checking on 
people, making sure everyone 

856
00:47:01,100 --> 00:47:04,800
whether the storm safely. 
The telephone becomes a Lifeline

857
00:47:04,800 --> 00:47:08,800
proof, that cedar mill, still 
exists as a connected Community,

858
00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:11,500
even though physical movement 
remains impossible. 

859
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:15,400
You learn that the Millers 
closed for a second day that 

860
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:18,200
church services are canceled. 
That the elementary school 

861
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:22,000
definitely won't open Monday, 
and that the downtown stores are

862
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,400
all snowed in and not expecting 
to open until Tuesday at the 

863
00:47:25,408 --> 00:47:28,400
earliest. 
The town has been forced into a 

864
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:31,200
collective holiday and unplanned
Sabbath of sorts. 

865
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:35,400
Lunch is turkey sandwiches. 
Of course, it is with the last 

866
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:37,800
of the cranberry sauce and some 
lettuce, you discover in the 

867
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,100
crisper draw somehow still 
fresh. 

868
00:47:41,100 --> 00:47:44,200
You serve it with the bread. 
Mrs. Barnes, Center over, which 

869
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,900
has become slightly stale, but 
toasts up beautifully. 

870
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,000
The Henderson girl dears it the 
best sandwiches she's ever eaten

871
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,200
which makes everyone smile 
because children enthusiasm is 

872
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,700
contagious. 
You're inclined to agree with 

873
00:47:56,700 --> 00:47:59,600
her actually. 
Something about eating turkey 

874
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:02,900
sandwiches while snowed in with 
a house full of people, makes 

875
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:05,600
them taste different better and 
more. 

876
00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:08,600
Significant somehow the 
afternoon develops its own. 

877
00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:12,300
Lazy Rhythm Mr. Johnson teaches,
the Henderson girl to play 

878
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:14,300
Checkers on a set, you'd 
forgotten you owned. 

879
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,300
Mr. Patterson and Mr. Henderson 
have given up on shoveling and 

880
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:21,200
instead built a respectable 
Snowman in your front yard 

881
00:48:21,200 --> 00:48:24,600
complete with a carrot nose and 
stones for eyes. 

882
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:28,000
Mrs, Chen and Betty work on a 
jigsaw puzzle. 

883
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:32,100
You find in the whole closet. 
Thousand pieces, depicting some 

884
00:48:32,100 --> 00:48:35,300
idyllic Farm scene that will 
take days to complete. 

885
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:39,400
You drift between activities 
participating in none fully, but

886
00:48:39,400 --> 00:48:41,300
connected to all of them the 
host. 

887
00:48:41,300 --> 00:48:45,100
Whose somehow a guest at this 
extended Gathering the light 

888
00:48:45,100 --> 00:48:48,600
shifts, as after noon moves 
toward evening, that golden 

889
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:50,900
quality of late November sun, on
snow. 

890
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:55,200
Your standing at the kitchen 
window, watching the Shadows 

891
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:57,600
length, and across the white 
expanse of your backyard. 

892
00:48:57,600 --> 00:49:01,300
When Betty appears at your 
elbow, I should call Jim's 

893
00:49:01,300 --> 00:49:03,400
mother. 
She says quietly, let her know 

894
00:49:03,400 --> 00:49:04,500
I'm. 
Alright, she'll worry. 

895
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:07,400
She doesn't move to do it 
immediately. 

896
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:10,200
She just stands there watching 
the snow with you. 

897
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:13,900
After a moment, she adds. 
Do you think this is what? 

898
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:17,700
It's like where Jim is the 
waiting and the being stuck in 

899
00:49:17,700 --> 00:49:21,000
one place and the not knowing 
when things will change you tell

900
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:23,700
it honestly that you don't know.
But maybe. 

901
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,400
Yes. 
Maybe the war is full of this 

902
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:31,300
kind of unexpected suspension. 
These stretches of time where 

903
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:34,400
nothing happens except the 
slower accumulation of days 

904
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:37,300
punctuated by moments of 
significance. 

905
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:41,700
Maybe Jim is all so learning to 
find comfort in small things, 

906
00:49:41,700 --> 00:49:47,000
warm food friendly faces and the
simple fact of being safe right 

907
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:51,300
now, even if the future remains 
uncertain, she nods accepts this

908
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,700
and makes her phone call. 
You hear her voice from the 

909
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:56,600
whole way. 
Reassuring her mother in law, 

910
00:49:56,600 --> 00:50:00,500
promising to come visit as soon 
as the roads, clear when she 

911
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:03,200
returns. 
She looks steady or somehow more

912
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,200
grounded in her own reality. 
Dinner is turkey. 

913
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:08,800
Again, you're working your way 
through the leftover 

914
00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:12,200
systematically. 
This time is soup, you've made 

915
00:50:12,200 --> 00:50:15,600
it with stock Boyd from the 
carcass with vegetables and 

916
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,100
noodles and generous amounts of 
salt and pepper. 

917
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,600
It's the kind of soup that 
tastes like Comfort distilled 

918
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:25,700
into liquid form, you serve it 
with more of Mrs. Barnes's bread

919
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:28,000
and everyone eats in a priest of
Silence. 

920
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:31,500
Occasionally punctuated by 
compliments, about your cooking 

921
00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:33,300
that make you flush with 
pleasure. 

922
00:50:33,300 --> 00:50:36,000
The evening. 
Settles in much like yesterday's

923
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:37,600
though, somehow more 
comfortable. 

924
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:39,200
Now that everyone knows the 
routine. 

925
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:44,300
The Henderson girl is less wound
up having worn herself out with 

926
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:49,100
snow play the adults settle into
familiar spots claiming spaces. 

927
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:53,200
They occupied last night. 
Conversation drifts in gentle 

928
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:57,100
directions touching on childhood
memories and future plans and 

929
00:50:57,100 --> 00:51:00,600
the small details of daily life.
That become interesting when you

930
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:01,900
can't actually live them right 
now. 

931
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:06,500
Mr. Johnson tells a story about 
Thanksgiving in 1923 when he and

932
00:51:06,500 --> 00:51:09,000
his wife were newlyweds and she 
tried to cook a turkey in 

933
00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:10,500
another, that wouldn't hold a 
proper temperature. 

934
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:15,000
They'd eaten it, half raw half 
burnt and laughed so hard, they 

935
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:17,100
cried. 
Worst meal. 

936
00:51:17,100 --> 00:51:19,500
We have a made to get together, 
he says, and one of the best 

937
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:23,200
days we have ever had His eyes 
are wet, but he smiling. 

938
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:27,500
And you understand completely 
how disaster can become Joy with

939
00:51:27,508 --> 00:51:30,600
the right person and how the 
stories we tell ourselves about 

940
00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:33,200
our lives matter as much as the 
actual events. 

941
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,700
The radio brings news that plows
will start working tomorrow 

942
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:40,500
concentrating on main roads 
first before moving to 

943
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:44,000
residential streets. 
It might be Sunday before your 

944
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:47,800
street sees a plow. 
A Monday before things return to

945
00:51:47,800 --> 00:51:51,000
what passes for normal. 
No one seems particularly 

946
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:55,200
bothered by this timeline. 
If anything you sense relief 

947
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:58,500
permission to remain in this 
suspended State a little longer 

948
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:02,600
this pocket outside. 
Regular time you prepare for bed

949
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:05,900
earlier than usual worn out by 
the emotional intensity of the 

950
00:52:05,900 --> 00:52:08,400
past two days more than any 
physical labor. 

951
00:52:09,400 --> 00:52:11,300
The sleeping Arrangements have 
become routine. 

952
00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:14,300
Now, everyone knows where 
they're going, what they need 

953
00:52:14,300 --> 00:52:17,200
and how to move through your 
house in the darkness without 

954
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,400
bumping into furniture. 
The Henderson girl is already 

955
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:24,100
asleep, carried to bed by her 
father without ever fully waking

956
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:26,900
from your sofa. 
You listen, once again to the 

957
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:30,400
sounds of your occupied house, 
but tonight there's something 

958
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:32,500
different in the quality of the 
silence. 

959
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:36,300
Not the tentative quiet of 
strangers, unsure of their 

960
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:39,900
welcome, but the relaxed silents
of people who've become 

961
00:52:39,900 --> 00:52:43,700
comfortable together. 
You've shared food and space and

962
00:52:43,700 --> 00:52:46,400
stories, you've weathered 
something together. 

963
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:50,800
Even if that's something is just
an unexpected snowstorm, you've 

964
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:54,700
created a small community in the
face of circumstances that could

965
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:58,200
have left everyone isolated in 
their separate home's, sleep 

966
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:01,400
finds you thinking about 
connection about how the storm 

967
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,300
forced to kind of togetherness 
that normal life rarely allows 

968
00:53:06,300 --> 00:53:09,700
How you've learned The rhythms 
of Mrs. Chen's humming and Mr. 

969
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:13,800
Johnson, snoring, and Betty's 
habit of sighing in her sleep. 

970
00:53:14,700 --> 00:53:18,200
How your private space has 
become communal, territory, and 

971
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:21,100
you've discovered you don't mind
nearly as much as you would have

972
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:24,500
thought. 
How sometimes the best moments 

973
00:53:24,500 --> 00:53:27,900
are the ones you never could 
have planned Saturday arrives 

974
00:53:27,900 --> 00:53:31,200
with a sense of change. 
In the are not a literal Thor. 

975
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:33,900
The temperature remains 
stubbornly below freezing, but 

976
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:37,400
something atmospheric a shift in
the quality of the morning that 

977
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:40,100
suggests the world is preparing 
to unfreeze itself. 

978
00:53:40,100 --> 00:53:43,900
When you look out the window at 
dawn, the snow remains as deep 

979
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:46,500
as ever. 
But you notice the first signs 

980
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:49,900
of human activity distant 
figures on the main road. 

981
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:54,300
The sound of a plow somewhere 
blocks away and smoke rising 

982
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:57,800
from chimneys up and down the 
street, your household Rises 

983
00:53:57,800 --> 00:54:01,600
early than yesterday, everyone 
sensing that this day will Mark 

984
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:03,300
the transition back to normal 
life. 

985
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:06,600
There's a subtle change in 
Behavior, too. 

986
00:54:06,600 --> 00:54:09,800
People, folding their borrowed, 
blankets, more carefully, 

987
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:13,700
tidying up after themselves with
more attention and the small 

988
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:17,900
gestures of guests preparing to 
depart The Henderson girl is 

989
00:54:17,900 --> 00:54:21,700
quieter than she's been perhaps 
sensing her parents shift toward

990
00:54:21,700 --> 00:54:24,500
leaving. 
Perhaps just tired from two days

991
00:54:24,508 --> 00:54:27,100
of excitement. 
Breakfast is the last of the 

992
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:29,300
turkey fried up with eggs and 
potatoes. 

993
00:54:29,300 --> 00:54:31,900
In a hash that makes brilliant 
use of your remaining 

994
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:35,500
Thanksgiving leftovers. 
It's delicious in that way that 

995
00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:38,300
last meals together. 
Often are everyone aware that 

996
00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:41,000
this is the closing act of your 
shared time. 

997
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:44,000
Mr. Patterson, compliments, your
coffee with particular, 

998
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:48,200
enthusiasms Chen insists on 
writing down her soup, recipe 

999
00:54:48,208 --> 00:54:52,800
for you, even though you've been
making soup for 40 years, these 

1000
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:55,300
small exchanges carry more 
weight than they, otherwise 

1001
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:58,700
might the sound of the plow 
grows closer throughout the 

1002
00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:01,000
morning. 
You're all in the living room. 

1003
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,800
When it finally reaches Maple 
Street a massive orange, truck 

1004
00:55:04,800 --> 00:55:08,300
pushing a wall of snow before 
it, the scrape of its blade 

1005
00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:10,600
against pavement. 
The first mechanical sound, 

1006
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:13,200
you've heard in two days that 
isn't from inside your house. 

1007
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:16,500
The Henderson girl rushes to the
window to watch. 

1008
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:20,800
Fascinated by the machines Brute
Force approached to the problem 

1009
00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:24,700
of snow within an hour of the 
plows, passage the street begins

1010
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:27,600
to come alive. 
People emerge from houses 

1011
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,300
tentatively at first testing the
plowed surface. 

1012
00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:35,000
Cars a Dugout from their white 
tombs, the kowalskis appear on 

1013
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:37,000
their front porch waving across 
the street. 

1014
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:41,600
Mr. Williams from three houses 
down walks past with his dog, 

1015
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:45,300
both of them looking slightly 
dazed by the return to Mobility,

1016
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:48,500
Cedar Mills is remembering how 
to be a town again. 

1017
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:52,400
Mr. Henderson makes the first 
move to leave standing up with 

1018
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:54,300
visible reluctance and 
announcing. 

1019
00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:57,600
They should probably head home. 
Let you have your house back and

1020
00:55:57,600 --> 00:55:58,900
get their daughter into her own 
bed. 

1021
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:03,600
The words are practical but his 
tone suggests, he just as soon. 

1022
00:56:03,608 --> 00:56:06,900
Stay his wife nods agreement 
while looking around your living

1023
00:56:06,900 --> 00:56:10,100
room as if memorizing it The 
Henderson girl showing 

1024
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:12,600
remarkable emotional 
intelligence for a seven year 

1025
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:15,600
old solemnly, shakes your hand 
and thanks you for letting them 

1026
00:56:15,600 --> 00:56:20,100
visit their departure triggers, 
a Cascade Mrs. Chen needs to 

1027
00:56:20,108 --> 00:56:23,100
check on us store. 
Betty should really see about 

1028
00:56:23,100 --> 00:56:26,400
her own house and make sure the 
pipes didn't freeze Mr. 

1029
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:28,000
Johnson's daughter is left 
three. 

1030
00:56:28,000 --> 00:56:32,100
Increasingly worried messages 
only Mr. Patterson, seems in no 

1031
00:56:32,100 --> 00:56:35,800
hurry settling deeper into the 
armchair as if planning to stay 

1032
00:56:35,800 --> 00:56:38,400
permanently. 
Though, eventually even he 

1033
00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:40,400
acknowledges the need to return 
to his own life. 

1034
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,400
The goodbye is a more prolonged 
than anyone intended. 

1035
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,100
Hugs are exchanged and promises 
are made to visit soon and to do

1036
00:56:47,100 --> 00:56:50,400
this again sometime. 
Hello, everyone understands that

1037
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:54,500
this was unrepeatable a product 
of specific circumstances that 

1038
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:59,300
can't be recreated by intention.
Mrs. Chen, presses something 

1039
00:56:59,300 --> 00:57:03,100
into your hand as she leaves a 
small Jade charm, she claims 

1040
00:57:03,100 --> 00:57:06,200
brings good luck. 
Betty, hugs, you tight enough to

1041
00:57:06,208 --> 00:57:09,500
suggest she's holding on to more
than just a neighbor, who helped

1042
00:57:09,500 --> 00:57:13,200
her through a hard day by early 
afternoon, your house is empty 

1043
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:17,800
again Sudden silence feels 
profound after two days of 

1044
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:21,400
constant, human noise. 
You walk through rooms that 

1045
00:57:21,400 --> 00:57:25,900
still show signs of occupation. 
I forgotten scarf an indentation

1046
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:28,900
in a cushion, a water glass on 
the left on the coffee table. 

1047
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:32,000
The guest bed needs stripping, 
the bathroom needs cleaning 

1048
00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:35,700
dishes, remain in the sink, the 
physical evidence of community 

1049
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:38,700
requires attention. 
But before you start the work of

1050
00:57:38,708 --> 00:57:42,400
restoration, you pour yourself a
cup of coffee and sit in your 

1051
00:57:42,408 --> 00:57:45,600
living room. 
Just looking at the space, the 

1052
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,600
Snowman in your front yard is 
already listing slightly in the 

1053
00:57:48,608 --> 00:57:52,000
afternoon sun. 
The puzzle on your dining table 

1054
00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:55,600
is perhaps a quarter finish. 
Mrs. Chen and Betty made good 

1055
00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:58,400
progress on the border. 
The house smells like coffee and

1056
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:01,000
people and the lingering ghost 
of a roasted turkey. 

1057
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:05,000
Smells like life. 
You think about the past three 

1058
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:08,400
days, how spectacularly they 
diverged from your plans? 

1059
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:11,400
The carefully, organized 
Thanksgiving dinner, that became

1060
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:14,500
an impromptu Feast for 
Neighbors, The Quiet holiday, 

1061
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:17,500
you'd anticipated that 
transformed into two days of 

1062
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:21,700
unexpected companionship. 
The empty house that filled 

1063
00:58:21,700 --> 00:58:23,900
itself with people and noise and
warmth. 

1064
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:27,600
None of it was what you wanted, 
but all of it was what you 

1065
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:30,200
needed. 
The afternoon passes in domestic

1066
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:33,200
activity. 
You strip beds and wash sheets, 

1067
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:35,100
clean bathrooms and vacuum 
floors. 

1068
00:58:35,100 --> 00:58:38,800
You return your house to its 
usual order erasing, the 

1069
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:41,100
physical traces of your extended
Gathering. 

1070
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:43,600
But you can't erase the memory 
of it. 

1071
00:58:43,600 --> 00:58:47,200
The sound of multiple 
conversations layering over each

1072
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:49,500
other. 
The Henderson girls, laughed 

1073
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:52,700
after Mr. Johnson stories, and 
Betty's. 

1074
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:56,700
Gradual, emergence from grief 
into something more stable. 

1075
00:58:57,600 --> 00:59:01,100
These things have soaked into 
the walls somehow becoming part 

1076
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:04,100
of The house's history. 
Your sister calls in the late 

1077
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:07,600
afternoon, you tell her 
everything, how the storm 

1078
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:11,800
stranded, you how neighbors 
became house guests and how your

1079
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:14,000
lonely, Thanksgiving something 
entirely different. 

1080
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:17,600
She listens with increasing 
amazement. 

1081
00:59:18,500 --> 00:59:21,600
Occasionally interrupting with 
questions or exclamations. 

1082
00:59:22,300 --> 00:59:25,800
When you finish, she's quiet for
a moment before saying that's 

1083
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:29,400
the best Thanksgiving story. 
I've heard in years, maybe ever 

1084
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:32,900
you realize, she's right, it is 
a good story. 

1085
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:35,100
More than that. 
It was a good experience, 

1086
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:40,000
difficult and inconvenient, and 
completely unplanned. but good 

1087
00:59:40,000 --> 00:59:43,300
in ways that the smooth 
execution of your original plan,

1088
00:59:43,300 --> 00:59:46,600
never could have been you 
learned something about yourself

1089
00:59:46,600 --> 00:59:51,100
these past few days about your 
capacity for flexibility and 

1090
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:53,800
about how much you'd been 
isolating yourself under the 

1091
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:56,900
guise of Independence. 
You learned that your house 

1092
00:59:56,900 --> 01:00:00,300
could hold more life than you'd 
been allowing it to contain the 

1093
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:03,800
evening finds you alone again. 
Truly alone for the first time 

1094
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:07,100
since Wednesday evening. 
You make yourself a small 

1095
01:00:07,100 --> 01:00:09,200
dinner. 
Suit because they're still 

1096
01:00:09,208 --> 01:00:13,200
plenty and a slice of bread. 
You eat at the kitchen table and

1097
01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:16,500
instead of the dining room and 
the quiet feels different than 

1098
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:19,800
it has in months, not a pressive
or sad. 

1099
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:23,000
Just peaceful. 
The Solitude is a choice. 

1100
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:26,600
Now rather than a default State 
you call your nephew's, mother 

1101
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:29,800
your sister-in-law and tell her 
about the storm about the 

1102
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:32,400
Gathering and about how you 
thought of him throughout the 

1103
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:35,200
holiday. 
She shares his latest letter 

1104
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,500
which arrived Friday. 
Describing some jungle island, 

1105
01:00:38,500 --> 01:00:40,800
where the temperatures are 
sweltering and the food is 

1106
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:43,700
terrible but he's safe and 
thinking of home. 

1107
01:00:43,700 --> 01:00:48,000
You both take comfort in the 
word safe even while 

1108
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:51,100
understanding how fragile and 
temporary such safety might be 

1109
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:54,400
before bed you stand at your 
front window looking out at 

1110
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:56,500
Maple Street under its covering 
of snow. 

1111
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:01,000
The flowers come through twice, 
more pushing the accumulation 

1112
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:02,900
into smaller mountains at the 
corners. 

1113
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:07,600
Tire tracks Mark the street 
surface Evidence of normal life 

1114
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:12,300
resuming But the yards remain 
untouched white expanses and the

1115
01:01:12,300 --> 01:01:14,300
trees still wear their winter 
decoration. 

1116
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:17,100
Storms affects will linger for 
days. 

1117
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:21,900
Maybe weeks in the shaded areas,
where the sun can't reach you 

1118
01:01:21,900 --> 01:01:24,800
think about Monday when your 
routine will fully reassert 

1119
01:01:24,800 --> 01:01:27,000
itself. 
The grocery shopping the 

1120
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:29,800
library, visit, and the ordinary
tasks that fill your days. 

1121
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:33,200
Part of you looks forward to 
that return, to normal. 

1122
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:37,600
But part of you, a larger than 
you would have guessed more the 

1123
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:40,400
end of this strange suspended 
time when your house was full 

1124
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:43,500
and your life was briefly less 
singular from somewhere down the

1125
01:01:43,508 --> 01:01:46,400
street you hear laughter 
children playing in the snow 

1126
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:50,200
properly, taking advantage of 
their unexpected vacation from 

1127
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:53,100
school. 
The sound carries clearly in the

1128
01:01:53,108 --> 01:01:56,000
cold air, a reminder that life 
continues. 

1129
01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:59,000
That other people are living 
their own versions of returning 

1130
01:01:59,000 --> 01:02:03,000
to normal tomorrow. 
The mill will reopen on Monday, 

1131
01:02:03,000 --> 01:02:04,800
the stores will be back in 
business. 

1132
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:07,900
Tuesday will feel almost like 
any other Tuesday. 

1133
01:02:07,900 --> 01:02:11,700
The storm already becoming a 
memory, the details beginning to

1134
01:02:11,700 --> 01:02:14,200
blur, but you'll remember. 
This Thanksgiving. 

1135
01:02:14,200 --> 01:02:17,700
You'll remember the Panic of 
waking to unexpected snow. 

1136
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:21,300
The adjustment of plans and the 
gradual Gathering of neighbors 

1137
01:02:21,300 --> 01:02:24,700
into something like family. 
You'll remember Mrs, Chen's 

1138
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:29,200
worrying, and Betty's resilience
and the Henderson girls, pure 

1139
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:32,600
delight in the snow. 
You'll remember Mr. Johnson's 

1140
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:36,300
stories, and Mr. Patterson's 
helpfulness, and the way your 

1141
01:02:36,300 --> 01:02:39,500
house when it was full of life, 
most of all, you'll remember 

1142
01:02:39,500 --> 01:02:41,900
that you're not as alone as you 
sometimes feel. 

1143
01:02:41,900 --> 01:02:45,200
That Cedar Mills is more than 
just the place you live. 

1144
01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:48,600
It's a community of people who 
show up for each other when 

1145
01:02:48,600 --> 01:02:52,300
circumstances require it. 
That your neighbors know where 

1146
01:02:52,300 --> 01:02:55,200
you keep your good Brandy and 
how you take your coffee and 

1147
01:02:55,200 --> 01:02:58,400
what makes you laugh. 
That connection doesn't require 

1148
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:01,000
perfect planning or ideal 
circumstances. 

1149
01:03:01,000 --> 01:03:05,000
Sometimes it just requires a 
historic snowstorm and the 

1150
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:08,900
willingness to open your door. 
Winter settles into Cedar Mills 

1151
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:12,600
with the kind of authority that 
late November snow brings The 

1152
01:03:12,600 --> 01:03:15,600
Thanksgiving storm becomes The 
Benchmark against which all 

1153
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:18,200
other storms are measured, not 
as bad. 

1154
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,800
As that Thanksgiving storm, 
people say, or almost as much 

1155
01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:24,200
snow as we got that Thanksgiving
in 42. 

1156
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:29,600
The specific details fade for 
most people becoming generalized

1157
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:33,200
into a story. 
The year, the town froze, the 

1158
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:36,800
holiday when nobody could go 
anywhere and that crazy storm 

1159
01:03:36,800 --> 01:03:38,900
right after Pearl Harbor's first
anniversary. 

1160
01:03:38,900 --> 01:03:42,700
But you remember the specifics 
you remember them through 

1161
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:45,600
December when Betty stops by 
once a week for coffee and 

1162
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:48,200
conversation. 
When the Henderson girl draws 

1163
01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:51,300
you pictures of snowmen that you
stick to your refrigerator with 

1164
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:54,000
magnets. 
You remember the MC Chrismas 

1165
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:57,400
when Mrs, Chen brings your 
homemade dumplings, a Mr. 

1166
01:03:57,400 --> 01:03:59,200
Johnson invites. 
You to his daughter's house for 

1167
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:01,300
dinner. 
Because you shouldn't be alone 

1168
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:03,800
on Christmas after being such a 
saint on Thanksgiving. 

1169
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:06,400
You remember the texture of 
those three days? 

1170
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:10,600
Not just the events, but the 
feeling of them, Particular 

1171
01:04:10,600 --> 01:04:14,100
quality of time when the normal 
rules were suspended the way 

1172
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:16,000
your house sounded when it was 
full of voices. 

1173
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:20,400
Comfort of waking to know. 
You weren't alone that other 

1174
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:22,100
people were breathing in 
adjacent rooms. 

1175
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:26,900
The strange intimacy of sharing 
space with near strangers who 

1176
01:04:26,900 --> 01:04:29,800
became something more through 
simple, proximity and shared 

1177
01:04:29,800 --> 01:04:33,500
circumstance, January brings 
your nephew home on unexpected 

1178
01:04:33,500 --> 01:04:37,200
leave and you tell him the whole
story of a turkey sandwiches. 

1179
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:40,800
You've never completely stopped 
making turkey sandwiches since 

1180
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:43,400
that Thanksgiving always keeping
some in the freezer. 

1181
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:46,800
He listens with the kind of 
attention that suggests. 

1182
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:48,900
He understands something about 
the experience. 

1183
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:53,000
You can't quite articulate. 
Sounds like my unit. 

1184
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:56,200
He says, finally. 
A bunch of guys who didn't know 

1185
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,500
each other thrown together by 
circumstances figuring out how 

1186
01:04:59,500 --> 01:05:02,700
to be a family of sorts. 
It's not the same as home, but 

1187
01:05:02,700 --> 01:05:05,800
it's something you think about 
that comparison for days, 

1188
01:05:05,800 --> 01:05:10,100
afterward how crisis creates 
Community Helping stuck 

1189
01:05:10,100 --> 01:05:12,100
together? 
Literally in your case 

1190
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:16,000
figuratively, in his forces, a 
kind of connection that 

1191
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:20,500
comfortable circumstances never 
require How the storm gave you 

1192
01:05:20,500 --> 01:05:21,800
something? 
You didn't know you needed? 

1193
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:26,000
Proof that you could open your 
life to others that you're 

1194
01:05:26,008 --> 01:05:27,800
carefully. 
Maintained Independence. 

1195
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,400
Wasn't the only way to live by 
February. 

1196
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:33,900
The snow from Thanksgiving has 
long since melted though. 

1197
01:05:33,900 --> 01:05:35,300
Other storms have added their 
own. 

1198
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:40,100
Accumulation life has returned 
to its normal patterns work, and

1199
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:43,000
errands and the small routines 
that structure days. 

1200
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:45,700
But something fundamental has 
shifted. 

1201
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:50,000
You accept more invitations. 
Now, you invite more people 

1202
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:52,900
over. 
Your house which you kept so 

1203
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:55,900
carefully. 
Private for two years, opens its

1204
01:05:55,900 --> 01:06:00,000
doors more readily, not 
constantly, you still value your

1205
01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:02,700
solitude. 
But enough to remember that your

1206
01:06:02,700 --> 01:06:05,900
part of something larger than 
yourself, better gets a job at 

1207
01:06:05,908 --> 01:06:09,600
the Mill, taking the place of a 
man who was drafted, she stops 

1208
01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:12,500
by to tell you about it on her 
way home from her first shift. 

1209
01:06:13,400 --> 01:06:18,200
Face glowing with tired Pride. 
I'm actually good at it. 

1210
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:21,300
She says, surprise to herself 
better than I thought I'd be. 

1211
01:06:22,200 --> 01:06:25,100
Not surprised. 
He saw her find her strength 

1212
01:06:25,100 --> 01:06:27,800
during those snowed in days and 
watched to discover resources, 

1213
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:32,400
she didn't know she had The war 
is teaching everyone, unexpected

1214
01:06:32,400 --> 01:06:35,800
lessons about their own 
capabilities, spring arrives. 

1215
01:06:35,800 --> 01:06:39,300
Eventually the way it always 
does turning the world green and

1216
01:06:39,300 --> 01:06:41,700
soft. 
The last traces of the 

1217
01:06:41,708 --> 01:06:43,900
Thanksgiving storm. 
Finally disappear. 

1218
01:06:45,200 --> 01:06:49,800
Distant ice and shaded Corners. 
The dirty snow piled in parking,

1219
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:52,000
lots. 
You're working in your garden. 

1220
01:06:52,000 --> 01:06:55,300
One afternoon in April, when the
Henderson girl appears bigger 

1221
01:06:55,300 --> 01:06:57,500
somehow though, it's only been 
four months. 

1222
01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:00,900
She's brought you dandelions 
picked from her own yard 

1223
01:07:00,900 --> 01:07:04,200
presented with the solemnity of 
someone offering roses. 

1224
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:06,600
You invite her in for lemonade 
and cookies. 

1225
01:07:06,600 --> 01:07:09,600
And she sits at your kitchen 
table, chattering about school, 

1226
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:12,400
and friends, and the tadpoles in
the pond at the end of town, 

1227
01:07:13,600 --> 01:07:17,500
Before she leaves, she asks with
a casual curiosity of children. 

1228
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:21,200
If you remember that time when 
it snowed so much they stayed at

1229
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:24,000
your house. 
You tell her, yes you remember. 

1230
01:07:24,000 --> 01:07:28,600
You'll always remember the 
Thanksgiving of 1943 approaches 

1231
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:31,500
and you make plans early your 
host in again. 

1232
01:07:31,500 --> 01:07:34,700
But this time with full 
knowledge and intention your 

1233
01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:37,400
sister and brother and their 
families will come as they were 

1234
01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:40,900
supposed to last year. 
But you've also invited Mrs. 

1235
01:07:40,900 --> 01:07:43,400
Chen and Betty and the 
Hendersons and Mr. Johnson, 

1236
01:07:43,400 --> 01:07:47,400
maybe Mr. Paterson. 
If he's free your dining table 

1237
01:07:47,400 --> 01:07:50,600
will actually need all seven 
settings this time, possibly 

1238
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:52,100
more the night before 
Thanksgiving. 

1239
01:07:52,100 --> 01:07:55,900
You walk through your house 
preparing, setting the table, 

1240
01:07:55,900 --> 01:07:58,000
checking your supplies and 
making lists. 

1241
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:02,300
The rituals are the same as they
were a year ago, but you're 

1242
01:08:02,300 --> 01:08:04,400
different. 
You move through the tasks with 

1243
01:08:04,400 --> 01:08:06,200
less anxiety and more 
confidence. 

1244
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:09,400
You're not just going through 
the motions of hosting a 

1245
01:08:09,400 --> 01:08:11,500
holiday, you're creating space 
for people. 

1246
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:14,800
You care about people who've 
become genuinely important to 

1247
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:17,000
you over the past year. 
You think about the woman? 

1248
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,800
You will last Thanksgiving, 
organized and isolated prepared 

1249
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:23,899
and lonely going through the 
motions of Celebration. 

1250
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:27,300
While missing the point of it. 
You think about how the storm 

1251
01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:30,600
Stripped Away Your careful plans
and forced you into something 

1252
01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:34,200
Messier and more real. 
How the worst case scenario, 

1253
01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:38,100
your carefully plan to dinner 
disrupted, your house invaded, 

1254
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:42,000
by neighbors, your Solitude 
shattered, became the best thing

1255
01:08:42,000 --> 01:08:46,399
that could have happened that 
night you dream about snow not 

1256
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:49,000
threatening or scary just 
present. 

1257
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:54,600
Falling steadily quietly. 
Transforming the world into 

1258
01:08:54,600 --> 01:08:57,899
something new. 
In the dream, you're watching 

1259
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,300
from your window as people 
gather outside drawn to your 

1260
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:04,800
house, like it's sending out 
some signal the cold and you let

1261
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:08,500
them in their hungry and you 
feed them, they need shelter and

1262
01:09:08,500 --> 01:09:11,300
you provide it. 
The dream has the quality of 

1263
01:09:11,308 --> 01:09:14,200
myth. 
Of something, archetypal and 

1264
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:17,000
ancient. 
When you wake, you remember the 

1265
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,399
feeling of it more than the 
details, the satisfaction of 

1266
01:09:20,399 --> 01:09:23,200
having something to give the joy
of being useful. 

1267
01:09:23,200 --> 01:09:27,500
And the rightness of opening 
your door, Thanksgiving 1943, 

1268
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:30,899
unfolds with the smoothness. 
You'd hoped for the year before 

1269
01:09:30,899 --> 01:09:36,200
everyone arrives on time. 
The turkey Cooks perfectly, the 

1270
01:09:36,200 --> 01:09:40,000
conversations flow easily 
punctuated by laughter and the 

1271
01:09:40,000 --> 01:09:42,300
comfortable silences of people 
who know each other. 

1272
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:46,000
Well, Your nephew. 
Is there still stationed in the 

1273
01:09:46,000 --> 01:09:50,200
states training for something, 
nobody talks about and watching 

1274
01:09:50,200 --> 01:09:53,000
him joke, with the Henderson 
girl while helping Mrs, Chen, 

1275
01:09:53,000 --> 01:09:56,600
carry dishes, make something in 
your chest, feel warm, and full.

1276
01:09:56,600 --> 01:10:00,200
At some point during dinner, 
talk turns to last year's storm.

1277
01:10:00,200 --> 01:10:03,800
Everyone has their own version 
of events their own details. 

1278
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:07,300
They remember the Henderson girl
insists. 

1279
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:11,800
The snow was as tall as Daddy, 
which is an exaggeration, but 

1280
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:15,600
not by much. 
Mr. Patterson describes digging 

1281
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:18,400
out your driveway with the 
reference of someone recounting 

1282
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:22,300
an Epic Quest. 
Mrs. Chen, mentions her worried 

1283
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:25,100
about the store. 
Though, she admits it was fine 

1284
01:10:25,100 --> 01:10:27,500
when she finally got back to it 
Betty. 

1285
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:29,800
Who's gained confidence along 
with her job at the Mill? 

1286
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:33,700
Raises her glass, water, not 
wine, but it doesn't matter. 

1287
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:38,200
To unexpected blessings. 
She says and everyone 

1288
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:40,700
understands she's talking about 
more than just the meal. 

1289
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:44,700
She's talking about the storm 
about the way crisis, revealed 

1290
01:10:44,700 --> 01:10:47,700
connection and about how the 
worst Thanksgiving became the 

1291
01:10:47,708 --> 01:10:51,100
best one. 
Everyone Echoes the toast and 

1292
01:10:51,100 --> 01:10:53,200
you feel tears. 
Prick, your eyes, though, your 

1293
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:56,500
smiling. 
Later after everyone has left in

1294
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:59,300
your cleaning up, you find 
yourself standing at the kitchen

1295
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:01,800
window in the exact spot used to
study year ago. 

1296
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:06,100
The weather outside is clear and
cold with no snow in the 

1297
01:11:06,100 --> 01:11:08,700
forecast. 
Everything is going according to

1298
01:11:08,700 --> 01:11:13,500
plan and yet you feel a small 
Pang for last year's chaos for 

1299
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:15,800
the way, the storm forced you 
out of your comfortable 

1300
01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:19,600
isolation into something wider 
and more generous. 

1301
01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:22,900
You realize the storm gave you 
more than just a memorable 

1302
01:11:22,900 --> 01:11:26,100
Thanksgiving it gave you a 
different way of being in the 

1303
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:28,600
world. 
It taught you that perfect plans

1304
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:30,900
are less important than perfect 
presents. 

1305
01:11:31,800 --> 01:11:35,100
That opening your door literally
and metaphorically makes your 

1306
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:38,500
life bigger rather than smaller.
That the things you think you 

1307
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:41,600
want aren't always the things, 
you actually need the phone, 

1308
01:11:41,600 --> 01:11:43,100
rings. 
As you're wiping down the 

1309
01:11:43,100 --> 01:11:45,900
counters. 
Your sister calling to thank you

1310
01:11:45,900 --> 01:11:49,100
again and to tell you what a 
wonderful day it was You talked 

1311
01:11:49,100 --> 01:11:52,200
for a while about family and 
food and the small details that 

1312
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:54,900
make holidays matter before 
hanging up. 

1313
01:11:54,900 --> 01:11:58,500
She says, you know, I was so 
disappointed last year when we 

1314
01:11:58,508 --> 01:12:01,000
couldn't make it, but I think 
that storm might have been 

1315
01:12:01,008 --> 01:12:04,400
exactly what you needed. 
You agree because it's true. 

1316
01:12:04,400 --> 01:12:06,900
The storm was exactly what you 
needed. 

1317
01:12:06,900 --> 01:12:10,400
Even though, you didn't know you
needed anything years later 

1318
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:14,400
after the war ends after your 
nephew comes home, after Betty's

1319
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,300
husband returns and they have 
children of their own, you'll 

1320
01:12:17,300 --> 01:12:20,300
still remember the Thanksgiving 
when the storm stopped time 

1321
01:12:21,300 --> 01:12:25,000
You'll remember it not as a 
disaster but as a gift, not as 

1322
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:28,900
disruption. 
But as a revelation, You'll tell

1323
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:32,600
the story to anyone who listened
embellishing the details 

1324
01:12:32,600 --> 01:12:36,100
slightly with each telling the 
way all good stories evolve over

1325
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:38,800
time, but the heart of it will 
remain true. 

1326
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:42,100
How nature, intervened in your 
carefully, ordered life and 

1327
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:45,900
forced you into connection. 
How a town Frozen in place 

1328
01:12:45,908 --> 01:12:47,500
became a community held 
together. 

1329
01:12:48,300 --> 01:12:51,700
How your empty house filled with
people who needed shelter and 

1330
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:55,600
how you discovered, you needed 
them just as much how the worst 

1331
01:12:55,600 --> 01:12:58,800
weather created, the best 
memories, how sometimes the 

1332
01:12:58,800 --> 01:13:01,500
things that seem terrible in the
moment, become the things you're

1333
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:05,900
most grateful for in retrospect.
Thanksgiving storm of 1942 

1334
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:09,500
becomes part of Cedar Mills 
mythology, part of your personal

1335
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:12,900
history and part of the tapestry
of small town life during 

1336
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:16,000
wartime. 
But more than that, it becomes a

1337
01:13:16,008 --> 01:13:19,800
touchstone, a reminder that 
flexibility matters more than 

1338
01:13:19,800 --> 01:13:24,000
planning that people matter more
than Perfection that opening 

1339
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:27,000
yourself to the unexpected, can 
lead to the most meaningful 

1340
01:13:27,000 --> 01:13:30,600
experience of all and on Cold 
November nights for the rest of 

1341
01:13:30,600 --> 01:13:33,100
your life. 
When snow begins to fall and the

1342
01:13:33,108 --> 01:13:35,900
wind picks up and the world 
outside your window starts to 

1343
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:38,500
disappear, under white 
accumulation. 

1344
01:13:38,500 --> 01:13:42,300
You'll remember You'll remember 
the sound of voices, filling 

1345
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:46,200
your house, the taste of turkey 
shared with neighbors, the 

1346
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:50,000
Henderson girls laughed at his 
tears, giving way to resilience 

1347
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,600
and Mrs. Chen's humming in your 
kitchen. 

1348
01:13:53,900 --> 01:13:56,700
You'll remember that you're not 
alone that you're part of 

1349
01:13:56,708 --> 01:14:00,200
something larger that your life 
touches other lives in ways that

1350
01:14:00,200 --> 01:14:04,400
matter you'll remember, and 
you'll be grateful grateful for 

1351
01:14:04,400 --> 01:14:06,900
the storm that stopped your 
world grateful. 

1352
01:14:06,900 --> 01:14:10,300
For the Neighbors who became 
family grateful for the lesson 

1353
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:14,400
learned slowly over three snowed
in days that the best things in 

1354
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:18,100
life are really the things. 
You plan that Community happens 

1355
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:21,300
in crisis, and that an Open Door
can change everything. 

1356
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,300
The snow falls in your memory, 
soft and steady and infinite 

1357
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:27,900
covering the world in white and 
possibility. 

1358
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:31,600
And somewhere deep inside, 
you're still standing at that 

1359
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:34,200
window. 
On Thanksgiving morning. 1942. 

1360
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:38,800
Watching The Impossible 
accumulation and not yet knowing

1361
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:40,200
how it will transform 
everything. 

1362
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:43,000
Still planning your meal for 
7:00. 

1363
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:47,900
Not knowing it will feed 10. 
Still thinking you're alone, not

1364
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:49,200
knowing you're about to 
discover. 

1365
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,800
You never really were The storm 
tortue the snow. 

1366
01:14:52,800 --> 01:14:56,500
Showed you, the Frozen Town gave
you the gift of connection 

1367
01:14:56,500 --> 01:15:00,900
inconvenience of community 
disguise as crisis. 

1368
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:06,400
And every Thanksgiving afterward
whether snowy or clear cold or 

1369
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:08,600
mild you carry that gift with 
you. 

1370
01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:12,800
The knowledge that your life is 
bigger than you knew that your 

1371
01:15:12,800 --> 01:15:16,600
capacity for opening and sharing
and connecting is wider than you

1372
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:18,900
imagined. 
And that sometimes the best 

1373
01:15:18,900 --> 01:15:22,400
moments of the ones you never 
could have planned the Memory 

1374
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:27,400
Remains persistent as snow, in 
shaded Corners present as the 

1375
01:15:27,400 --> 01:15:30,800
changing seasons. 
The Thanksgiving winter storm, 

1376
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:35,600
that Frozen entire town and in 
doing so thawed a frozen heart, 

1377
01:15:35,600 --> 01:15:39,400
your heart A heart. 
You didn't even know needed 

1378
01:15:39,400 --> 01:15:42,900
thorong until the snow came down
and the world stopped and the 

1379
01:15:42,900 --> 01:15:46,200
door opened, and the people came
in and everything changed, and 

1380
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:50,500
you carry that change forward 
year after year, storm after 

1381
01:15:50,500 --> 01:15:52,600
storm. 
Thanksgiving after Thanksgiving.

1382
01:15:54,000 --> 01:15:58,400
Carrying it like a gift. 
Like a secret like a story worth

1383
01:15:58,400 --> 01:16:01,500
telling. 
The story of when the snow fell 

1384
01:16:01,500 --> 01:16:06,400
in the world stopped in life. 
Real life, messy, and unexpected

1385
01:16:06,400 --> 01:16:17,100
and beautiful finally began. 
picture yourself on the front, 

1386
01:16:17,100 --> 01:16:21,500
porch of a house, in a small 
town in America on October 31st 

1387
01:16:21,500 --> 01:16:26,000
1909 It's about 5:00 in the 
evening and the light in the 

1388
01:16:26,008 --> 01:16:28,400
fall. 
Has that special quality that 

1389
01:16:28,400 --> 01:16:31,600
photographers spend their whole 
lives, trying to get golden 

1390
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:35,400
slanting, making everything it 
touches look like it belongs in 

1391
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:37,700
a painting, you'd find in your 
grandmother's parlor. 

1392
01:16:38,400 --> 01:16:41,000
The air is cool. 
Like it is in October which 

1393
01:16:41,000 --> 01:16:43,200
makes you happy to have a 
cardigan or wool jacket. 

1394
01:16:43,200 --> 01:16:45,900
But not so cold that you need to
hurry inside. 

1395
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:49,100
You can't make the smell in the 
air to fishly. 

1396
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:52,500
To mix of wood, smoke from 
someone's chimney, and the 

1397
01:16:52,508 --> 01:16:55,600
earthy smell of leaves that fell
yesterday and got wet in the 

1398
01:16:55,608 --> 01:16:59,100
rain. 
Underneath It All, is that smell

1399
01:16:59,100 --> 01:17:01,200
of autumn that can't be put into
words. 

1400
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:06,300
You could be in any number of 
towns like Oberlin Ohio, Concord

1401
01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:09,100
Massachusetts, or Galesburg, 
Illinois. 

1402
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:14,400
In 1909 these towns all had tree
lined streets with Maples that 

1403
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,900
were putting on their annual 
firework, show of color houses, 

1404
01:17:17,900 --> 01:17:20,700
that were close enough to feel 
like neighbors, but far enough 

1405
01:17:20,700 --> 01:17:24,300
apart for privacy. 
And a pace of life, that modern 

1406
01:17:24,300 --> 01:17:28,500
people would find either 
relaxing or maddeningly slow 

1407
01:17:28,500 --> 01:17:32,500
depending on their mood. 
Most of the houses on your 

1408
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:35,700
street are made of wood and are 
painted in sensible colors, like

1409
01:17:35,700 --> 01:17:39,100
white gray, or sometimes a bold 
cream. 

1410
01:17:40,000 --> 01:17:41,800
These are not the perfectly 
restored. 

1411
01:17:41,800 --> 01:17:44,700
Victorian homes, you see in 
historic districts today. 

1412
01:17:44,700 --> 01:17:48,300
These are homes that people live
in and some of them need a 

1413
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:51,300
little paint, touch-up While 
others have porches that sag a 

1414
01:17:51,308 --> 01:17:52,800
little in the middle from years 
of use. 

1415
01:17:53,800 --> 01:17:57,400
But they're all well taken care 
of with walkways that are swept 

1416
01:17:57,400 --> 01:18:00,000
and windows that catch the 
evening light like Amber. 

1417
01:18:00,900 --> 01:18:05,300
The big party that October 31st 
1909 would become wasn't yet a 

1418
01:18:05,300 --> 01:18:07,800
big deal. 
People still call it Halloween 

1419
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:11,500
or Halloween, which is a cute 
old-fashioned way to say it. 

1420
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:15,000
But it wasn't a day that needed 
to be planned weeks in advance 

1421
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,300
or taken off work. 
Kids went to school like usual 

1422
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:22,200
adults went about their daily 
lives and the parties that night

1423
01:18:22,200 --> 01:18:25,400
mostly took place in Holmes and 
church, social halls and of 

1424
01:18:25,400 --> 01:18:27,800
turning entire neighborhoods in 
haunted displays. 

1425
01:18:28,600 --> 01:18:32,300
At this time of day, the streets
of starting to quiet down men 

1426
01:18:32,300 --> 01:18:34,900
are coming home from work, 
stalls and offices. 

1427
01:18:34,900 --> 01:18:37,900
They are walking home because in
a town like this, most things 

1428
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:42,100
are close enough to walk to 
their dressed up in suits but 

1429
01:18:42,100 --> 01:18:45,400
not because it's a special 
occasion that's just what men 

1430
01:18:45,400 --> 01:18:48,400
want to work. 
They wore dark will suits with 

1431
01:18:48,400 --> 01:18:52,400
vests pocket watches on chains 
and hats that they would hang on

1432
01:18:52,400 --> 01:18:54,300
Coach racks as soon as they got 
home. 

1433
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:57,800
Women can be seen through lit 
Windows moving around their 

1434
01:18:57,800 --> 01:19:00,500
kitchens in the strange, dance 
of making dinner. 

1435
01:19:01,200 --> 01:19:04,900
In 1909 cooking dinner, didn't 
mean following an online recipe 

1436
01:19:04,900 --> 01:19:07,400
or reheating? 
Something from the store. 

1437
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:11,800
It was a big deal that needed 
constant attention coal or wood 

1438
01:19:11,800 --> 01:19:15,000
stoves ingredients that have 
been picked out the day before 

1439
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:19,100
or that morning and skills that 
took years to learn and were 

1440
01:19:19,100 --> 01:19:23,000
passed down through generations.
Like family heirlooms The kids 

1441
01:19:23,000 --> 01:19:25,700
are all excited and this is 
where Halloween starts to show 

1442
01:19:25,700 --> 01:19:27,800
itself. 
Their parents are trying to keep

1443
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:31,000
them calm until after dinner. 
There will be parties to night 

1444
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:32,500
after dinner in the dishes are 
done. 

1445
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:35,700
Not the kind you're thinking of 
with loud music and lots of 

1446
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:39,200
people, you don't know. 
These are gathering in parlors 

1447
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:42,800
and church basements where games
will be played, fortunes will be

1448
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:45,900
told and the line between the 
normal world and something. 

1449
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:48,300
A little stranger will seem to 
blur for a few hours. 

1450
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:51,600
You can tell it's full from the 
porch as the evening gets 

1451
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:53,400
darker. 
There are things that make it 

1452
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:56,200
clear that this is full no 
matter what year it is. 

1453
01:19:56,200 --> 01:20:00,000
There a pumpkin on the porches? 
These are not the carved 

1454
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,400
jack-o-lanterns that will become
popular later. 

1455
01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:04,800
Instead, they are whole 
pumpkins. 

1456
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:07,600
Some of which are quite large 
that were bought from local 

1457
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:10,300
farms to be used as decorations 
and eaten later. 

1458
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:14,700
Some might have simple faces 
carved into them, but just as 

1459
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:18,100
many are left hole. 
The orange color is enough to 

1460
01:20:18,100 --> 01:20:21,600
make them look like Christmas. 
People of Tide corn stalks to 

1461
01:20:21,600 --> 01:20:24,200
the railings of their porches 
and the posts of their fences. 

1462
01:20:24,200 --> 01:20:27,300
There are already dry and 
rustling in the light evening 

1463
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:30,200
Breeze. 
Making a sound that is both sad 

1464
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:33,900
and somehow comforting. some 
homes, have put them together in

1465
01:20:33,900 --> 01:20:37,500
shocks, which are tent, like 
structures that farmers use in 

1466
01:20:37,500 --> 01:20:41,000
fields, but a smaller for 
decoration you might also see 

1467
01:20:41,000 --> 01:20:44,700
gourds in different shapes, 
Autumn Leaves tied together in 

1468
01:20:44,700 --> 01:20:48,400
bundles and maybe some pots with
late blooming Crescent of themes

1469
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:53,000
in the Decorations from 1909 are
handmade seasonal and temporary,

1470
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:56,100
which shows a different way of 
thinking about material Goods. 

1471
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:58,900
There are no plastic or mass 
produced items. 

1472
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:03,200
Here, everything has been made 
bought or found locally. 

1473
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:07,000
These decorations won't be put 
away in labeled storage bins for

1474
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:09,700
next year. 
When November comes, in Stead, 

1475
01:21:09,700 --> 01:21:13,200
they'll be composted burned or 
return to the ground. 

1476
01:21:13,200 --> 01:21:15,700
And new ones will be made in 
October. 

1477
01:21:16,500 --> 01:21:19,600
When it starts to get dark, 
which happens around 6:00 in 

1478
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:23,600
late October 1909 without 
daylight, saving time, you can 

1479
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:27,900
see candles being lit in Windows
in 1909 there are electric 

1480
01:21:27,900 --> 01:21:31,400
lights but they aren't 
everywhere in small towns and 

1481
01:21:31,400 --> 01:21:34,000
rural areas. 
A lot of homes, still use 

1482
01:21:34,000 --> 01:21:37,400
gaslights or kerosene lamps, 
even homes with electricity, 

1483
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:39,800
might use candles to night to 
set the mood. 

1484
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:44,200
These aren't the fake flameless 
LED candles you have now or even

1485
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:46,600
the scented candles that come in
pretty jars. 

1486
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:50,700
These candles are made of Tallow
or beeswax and some are 

1487
01:21:50,700 --> 01:21:52,200
hand-dipped While others are 
molded. 

1488
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:54,500
They all give off a warm 
slightly. 

1489
01:21:54,500 --> 01:21:56,900
Flickering light. 
That makes every room look like 

1490
01:21:56,900 --> 01:22:00,800
a painting by a Dutch Master. 
The light doesn't fill rooms 

1491
01:22:00,800 --> 01:22:05,100
like, electric bulbs do instead.
It makes pools of light 

1492
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,500
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 
which makes homes, look, both 

1493
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:12,000
cozy and mysterious. 
To get a better idea of what 

1494
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,900
Halloween meant in 1909. 
You need to go back. 

1495
01:22:14,900 --> 01:22:18,700
Even further in time to when 
this night had other names and 

1496
01:22:18,700 --> 01:22:22,400
served other purposes. 
Don't worry, this won't be a 

1497
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:25,300
boring history class. 
Think of it more like figuring 

1498
01:22:25,300 --> 01:22:28,000
out the layers of tradition that
have built up on this day over 

1499
01:22:28,008 --> 01:22:33,100
time like rings on a tree. each 
layer adds meaning without 

1500
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:37,600
completely erasing what came 
before it Like many stories from

1501
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:40,100
October. 
This one starts with the ancient

1502
01:22:40,100 --> 01:22:42,700
Celts who lived in what is now 
Ireland? 

1503
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:46,300
Scotland, Wales and parts of 
France, thousands of years ago. 

1504
01:22:47,200 --> 01:22:51,000
Saman was a festival that people
pronounced, so in like the 

1505
01:22:51,000 --> 01:22:54,800
female pig, not some Haines 
which is what most people think.

1506
01:22:56,400 --> 01:22:59,700
Selts thought of winter as a 
time of death, just like they 

1507
01:22:59,700 --> 01:23:01,600
thought of spring as a time of 
life. 

1508
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:04,200
Samhain. 
Mark the end of the harvest 

1509
01:23:04,200 --> 01:23:07,700
season and the start of winter. 
But from your cozy spot in the 

1510
01:23:07,708 --> 01:23:10,500
present, here's what makes saman
in interesting. 

1511
01:23:10,500 --> 01:23:12,900
It wasn't mostly a scary 
holiday. 

1512
01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:15,900
Yes. 
The Celts thought that the line 

1513
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:18,800
between the living world and the
world of the Dead became less 

1514
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:22,700
clear on this night. 
Yes, they believed that Spirits 

1515
01:23:22,700 --> 01:23:26,800
could cross over but they didn't
respond with fear instead. 

1516
01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:30,600
They were friendly but careful. 
They left food out for 

1517
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:34,600
wandering, Spirits lit, bonfires
to help The Souls of the Dead, 

1518
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:37,800
find their way and were happy to
be able to talk to their 

1519
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:40,600
ancestors who had died. 
Picture this. 

1520
01:23:40,600 --> 01:23:44,200
Once a year, the barrier between
you and your beloved 

1521
01:23:44,200 --> 01:23:47,100
grandmother, who died becomes. 
So thin that she can come over 

1522
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:51,400
for dinner, you wouldn't lock 
the doors in fear instead, you'd

1523
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:53,900
set an extra place at the table 
and hope she'd share her 

1524
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:56,400
knowledge with you. 
One more time, that was more 

1525
01:23:56,400 --> 01:23:58,700
like the spirit of Sammy and the
scary Halloween. 

1526
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:02,000
We know today. 
Has Christianity spread through 

1527
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:05,700
Celtic lands, which took 
hundreds of years and wasn't a 

1528
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:08,900
single dramatic conversion. 
Moment the church did something 

1529
01:24:08,900 --> 01:24:12,100
smart that they had done with 
many Pagan festivals. 

1530
01:24:12,900 --> 01:24:16,300
Instead of trying to get rid of 
Som Hein completely, they just 

1531
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:19,300
took it in and made All Saints 
Day on November 1st and All 

1532
01:24:19,300 --> 01:24:22,700
Souls day on November 2nd. 
All Hallows Eve was the night 

1533
01:24:22,700 --> 01:24:27,200
before All Saints Day. 
Over time, it became Halloween. 

1534
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:31,300
this chrystian Lehr, didn't get 
rid of the older traditions in 

1535
01:24:31,300 --> 01:24:35,200
Stead, it baptized them, giving 
them new meanings, while the old

1536
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:38,600
ones still echoed underneath It 
became a Christian tradition to 

1537
01:24:38,600 --> 01:24:41,600
like candles for the dead, but 
it wasn't that different from 

1538
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:44,900
the Celtic bonfires. 
The idea that the dead was 

1539
01:24:44,900 --> 01:24:48,500
somehow closer on this night 
stayed the same, but it was seen

1540
01:24:48,500 --> 01:24:51,900
through a different religious 
lens when these Customs got to 

1541
01:24:51,900 --> 01:24:55,500
America mostly through Irish and
Scottish immigrants in the 

1542
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:58,200
1800s. 
They had already changed a 

1543
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:00,700
little, from where they came 
from the immigrants brought 

1544
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:03,700
memories of home that were part 
real folk, practice and part 

1545
01:25:03,700 --> 01:25:08,300
romanticized, nostalgia, They 
remembered the parties, the 

1546
01:25:08,300 --> 01:25:12,200
games, the fortune-telling, and 
the general feeling that this 

1547
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:16,100
night was special, even if they 
weren't sure why, it had started

1548
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:19,700
Halloween in America is still 
figuring out who it is in 1909. 

1549
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:23,400
It won't be a holiday for kids 
to get candy, until the 1950s. 

1550
01:25:23,400 --> 01:25:27,800
Instead, it's mostly an evening 
for teens and young adults to 

1551
01:25:27,800 --> 01:25:30,300
hang out, play games. 
And most importantly, tell 

1552
01:25:30,300 --> 01:25:34,000
fortunes about love. 
One of the most common beliefs 

1553
01:25:34,000 --> 01:25:36,900
about Halloween, which has 
changed over time, is that it 

1554
01:25:36,908 --> 01:25:39,100
was a good night to find out 
what your love life would be 

1555
01:25:39,100 --> 01:25:41,700
like in the future. 
People who celebrated Halloween 

1556
01:25:41,700 --> 01:25:45,200
in 1909, probably didn't know 
much about samanes history. 

1557
01:25:45,200 --> 01:25:48,400
All the complicated theological 
talks that went on in the 

1558
01:25:48,408 --> 01:25:52,300
medieval Church They know that 
their grandparents and parents 

1559
01:25:52,300 --> 01:25:55,900
celebrated this night that there
are certain things you do on 

1560
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,000
Halloween, and that there's 
something nice and mysterious 

1561
01:25:59,000 --> 01:26:00,800
about a night. 
When you look into the future 

1562
01:26:00,800 --> 01:26:05,300
and realize that the world might
be Stranger Than it, seems you 

1563
01:26:05,300 --> 01:26:07,900
could say that this is Halloween
in the middle of a change. 

1564
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:11,800
It has changed a lot since it's 
folk Roots, but it hasn't yet 

1565
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:14,000
become the commercial Powerhouse
of your time. 

1566
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:17,600
It lives in this interesting 
middle ground where folk 

1567
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:21,500
Traditions mixed with Victorian 
parlor games, rural Harvest 

1568
01:26:21,500 --> 01:26:25,700
celebrations, mixed with Urban 
social entertainment, and real 

1569
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:29,200
belief in the Supernatural turns
into playful superstition. 

1570
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:34,300
Once the sun goes down in your 
1909 neighborhood, the real work

1571
01:26:34,300 --> 01:26:35,700
of getting ready for Halloween 
begins. 

1572
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:39,600
Inside the houses, this is where
you'd see how people celebrated 

1573
01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:43,600
holidays in the past compared to
now, There are no costume shops 

1574
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:47,600
know places to buy a lot of 
pre-made decorations and no 

1575
01:26:47,600 --> 01:26:51,100
party supply warehouses. 
You have to make everything by 

1576
01:26:51,100 --> 01:26:54,900
hand for tonight to be special 
and making things is part of the

1577
01:26:54,900 --> 01:26:58,300
celebration itself. 
Let's take a look inside a 

1578
01:26:58,300 --> 01:26:59,700
normal home. 
That is hosting a Halloween 

1579
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:02,200
party. 
Parlor has changed. 

1580
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:06,200
If you don't know what a parlor 
is, it's the formal sitting room

1581
01:27:06,200 --> 01:27:10,100
where guests were entertained. 
In homes of working class or 

1582
01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:12,800
middle class people. 
This might be the only room 

1583
01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:15,800
besides bedrooms, that is used 
for both every day living and 

1584
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:18,700
special events. 
In wealthier homes. 

1585
01:27:18,700 --> 01:27:22,500
The Parlor was used for guests 
while the family used to less 

1586
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:24,500
formal sitting room for Every 
Day Life. 

1587
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:27,800
The everyday Furniture has been 
moved around to make more room 

1588
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:31,100
for tonight's Gathering. 
The heavier, pollster chairs, 

1589
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:34,300
and settees, which are made to 
last for generations and weigh 

1590
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:36,800
about as much as modern cars 
have been pushed back against 

1591
01:27:36,800 --> 01:27:39,300
the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

1592
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:42,700
for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

1593
01:27:43,500 --> 01:27:47,400
Keep in mind that this is 1909 
and Victorian, manners are still

1594
01:27:47,408 --> 01:27:50,800
affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

1595
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:52,200
making things a little more 
relaxed. 

1596
01:27:52,900 --> 01:27:55,700
The decoration show both 
creativity and a lack of it. 

1597
01:27:56,500 --> 01:27:59,300
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

1598
01:27:59,300 --> 01:28:01,700
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

1599
01:28:02,400 --> 01:28:06,100
Someone probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

1600
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:09,600
younger siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

1601
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:13,900
paper, making them into circles 
and sticking them together with 

1602
01:28:13,900 --> 01:28:17,000
flour paste. 
Some of the circles in the 

1603
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:19,900
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

1604
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:23,600
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand, there are cut outs

1605
01:28:23,600 --> 01:28:27,500
of black cats witches on 
broomsticks and Crescent moons 

1606
01:28:27,500 --> 01:28:30,900
on the walls. these were 
probably copied from templates 

1607
01:28:30,900 --> 01:28:34,400
in women's magazines, like, 
Ladies Home Journal or woman's 

1608
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:39,000
Home Companion, which often had 
craft projects for holidays The 

1609
01:28:39,000 --> 01:28:42,400
Silhouettes are simple and easy 
to recognize and they make the 

1610
01:28:42,400 --> 01:28:44,800
room feel festive without being 
too scaredy. 

1611
01:28:46,300 --> 01:28:49,300
This decoration is meant to make
you feel playful and mysterious 

1612
01:28:49,300 --> 01:28:52,800
not scared. 
The Jacqueline is probably the 

1613
01:28:52,800 --> 01:28:56,600
most atmospheric decoration, but
in 1909 it might have been a 

1614
01:28:56,608 --> 01:29:00,000
turnip plant in or a hollowed 
out gourd in state of a pumpkin.

1615
01:29:01,200 --> 01:29:04,800
The custom of carving vegetables
into Lantern started in Ireland,

1616
01:29:04,800 --> 01:29:08,500
and Scotland, where they used 
turnips and rutabagas at first. 

1617
01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:13,400
Irish immigrants brought the 
tradition to America and found 

1618
01:29:13,400 --> 01:29:17,000
that pumpkins worked even better
because they were bigger softer 

1619
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:21,300
and easier to carve the jack 
o'lantern on the table or mantle

1620
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:23,800
piece has a face. 
That is more funny than scary. 

1621
01:29:24,600 --> 01:29:28,900
The features are simple, a 
triangular nose and eyes a gap, 

1622
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:31,900
toothed grin, and a lot of 
patience and a strong knife. 

1623
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:35,900
A candle flickers inside making 
the face look like it's moving 

1624
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:39,400
and dancing in the low light. 
The smell of slightly burnt. 

1625
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:42,500
Pumpkins flesh. 
Adds to the mood mixing with the

1626
01:29:42,500 --> 01:29:46,200
other smells of the night. 
King of smells the house is full

1627
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:48,600
of them, which might be too much
for someone who is used to 

1628
01:29:48,608 --> 01:29:51,100
Modern air conditioning and 
places that don't smell. 

1629
01:29:52,000 --> 01:29:55,900
The smell of wood smoke from the
stove, the Tang of apples from a

1630
01:29:55,900 --> 01:29:59,400
bowl waiting to be used in the 
evening's, game's the sweet 

1631
01:29:59,400 --> 01:30:03,600
spicy smell of cider warming on 
the stove and the smell of a 

1632
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,100
house that has been closed up 
against the cooling evening. 

1633
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:09,900
It's a mix of wood fabric old 
paper. 

1634
01:30:09,900 --> 01:30:12,000
And people living there that 
isn't bad. 

1635
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:15,000
But is very alive. 
People are getting ready for the

1636
01:30:15,008 --> 01:30:16,800
snacks. 
That will be served later in the

1637
01:30:16,808 --> 01:30:20,100
dining room or kitchen. 
This isn't a full meal. 

1638
01:30:20,100 --> 01:30:23,800
Guess would have eaten dinner at
home before coming instead? 

1639
01:30:23,800 --> 01:30:28,200
It's what people of this time 
called light refreshments This 

1640
01:30:28,200 --> 01:30:31,700
usually means cider, both 
regular and maybe some spiked 

1641
01:30:31,700 --> 01:30:35,900
for the adults cookies or small 
cakes, candied apples, popcorn 

1642
01:30:35,900 --> 01:30:39,900
balls and maybe roasted nuts. 
Kitchen is a place where people 

1643
01:30:39,900 --> 01:30:43,600
work, hard the stove, whether 
it's a cold range, or one of the

1644
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:47,100
newer gas models has been going 
for hours, keeping the right 

1645
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:52,000
temperature for each dish. 
In 1909 baking was more like 

1646
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:55,500
chemistry done by Instinct and 
experience and following exact 

1647
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:58,500
recipes. 
A woman who has been in charge 

1648
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:00,600
of a household. 
For years, can tell if the oven 

1649
01:31:00,600 --> 01:31:03,100
is at the right temperature by 
how quickly a piece of paper 

1650
01:31:03,100 --> 01:31:05,500
Browns. 
She can also tell if bread is 

1651
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:09,100
done by the sound, it makes when
tapped on the bottom Treats 

1652
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:12,000
being made a based on both 
tradition and what is going on 

1653
01:31:12,000 --> 01:31:15,700
in farming in October. 
Polls are a big part of this 

1654
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:18,900
time of year because it's the 
height of apple season and 

1655
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:21,400
they've been a big part of 
Halloween for 100s of years. 

1656
01:31:21,400 --> 01:31:24,900
Some apples are being canned by 
dipping them in a mixture of 

1657
01:31:24,908 --> 01:31:28,700
sugar, corn syrup and red food 
coloring, and then letting them 

1658
01:31:28,700 --> 01:31:32,100
Harden on waxed paper. 
It's a sticky and somewhat 

1659
01:31:32,100 --> 01:31:34,800
difficult process. 
That makes treats that are so 

1660
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:36,600
sweet. 
They hurt your teeth and so 

1661
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:38,400
hard. 
You have to work hard to chew 

1662
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:40,400
them. 
Some apples are meant for games 

1663
01:31:40,400 --> 01:31:42,900
and eating. 
They've been polished until they

1664
01:31:42,900 --> 01:31:45,900
shine and put in a big metal tub
or wooden barrel. 

1665
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:48,300
That will be filled with water 
for apple bobbing. 

1666
01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:51,500
This is one of the most 
traditional and popular 

1667
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:54,400
Halloween activities, even 
though it's hard and not very 

1668
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:57,400
dignified. 
A big pot on the stove is making

1669
01:31:57,400 --> 01:32:00,100
popcorn. 
The kernels were bought in bulk 

1670
01:32:00,100 --> 01:32:02,800
from a general store and a jar 
in the pantry. 

1671
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:05,100
To keep an eye on the pot and 
shake it. 

1672
01:32:05,100 --> 01:32:07,700
Hard to keep the popcorn from 
burning in 1909. 

1673
01:32:07,700 --> 01:32:11,800
After they pop, the fluffy white
kernels will be shaped into 

1674
01:32:11,800 --> 01:32:14,500
balls and held together with 
molasses or sugar syrup. 

1675
01:32:15,200 --> 01:32:18,400
These treats to park candy, part
snack, and all seasonal. 

1676
01:32:19,000 --> 01:32:22,000
Usually more than one generation
works together to make these 

1677
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:24,200
drinks. 
The grandmother of the house 

1678
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:26,000
might be in charge. 
While a daughter, does the 

1679
01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:29,700
harder work, the kids can help 
with easy tasks like polishing 

1680
01:32:29,700 --> 01:32:32,200
apples or counting out cookies 
onto serving plates. 

1681
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:36,200
Even getting ready as a kind of 
visit since family members 

1682
01:32:36,200 --> 01:32:38,800
worked together and talk about 
the days of events gossip and 

1683
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:41,600
opinions. 
As the time for guests to 

1684
01:32:41,600 --> 01:32:45,700
arrived, draws near, probably 
around 7 or 7:30 in the evening.

1685
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:48,700
Final check of the preparations 
is made. 

1686
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:53,000
Are there enough seats is the 
jack-o-lantern in a place? 

1687
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:57,200
Where people can see it, but not
accidentally, knock it over the 

1688
01:32:57,200 --> 01:32:59,600
game. 
Setup is the fire in the 

1689
01:32:59,608 --> 01:33:01,600
fireplace. 
Keeping the room warm without 

1690
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,900
making it too hot. 
The house is as ready as it's 

1691
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:06,900
going to get. 
It's changed from how it usually

1692
01:33:06,900 --> 01:33:10,000
looks into something special. 
The changes isn't big. 

1693
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:12,800
No one would think this is 
anything other than a nice 

1694
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:15,600
middle class home, but there is 
a purpose behind it. 

1695
01:33:15,600 --> 01:33:19,000
And it seems like effort has 
been made to make the place feel

1696
01:33:19,000 --> 01:33:20,700
right for this mysterious 
Knight. 

1697
01:33:22,300 --> 01:33:25,100
As guests start to arrive 
walking through the darkening 

1698
01:33:25,100 --> 01:33:27,600
streets because most people live
close enough that they don't 

1699
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:32,100
need cars, the real heart of a 
1909 Halloween party starts to 

1700
01:33:32,100 --> 01:33:36,400
show itself. this is a night 
mostly for games, but not just 

1701
01:33:36,400 --> 01:33:40,200
any games, these games are meant
to show you what your romantic 

1702
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:44,100
future will be like these days 
Halloween is less about 

1703
01:33:44,100 --> 01:33:47,500
costumes, and candy and more 
about young people, trying to 

1704
01:33:47,508 --> 01:33:50,900
figure out who they might marry 
You need to know what's going on

1705
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:53,400
in society to understand why 
this is so important. 

1706
01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:58,100
Romantic relationships in 1909 
were both more limited and more 

1707
01:33:58,100 --> 01:34:02,000
important than they are now. 
Young men and women didn't date.

1708
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:04,900
A lot of people at once lived 
together before, getting married

1709
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:07,900
or spend years, trying to figure
out what they wanted. 

1710
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:11,700
Courtship was a serious matter 
that had real effects on 

1711
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:14,900
people's lives and finances. 
And marriage was the most 

1712
01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:18,000
important thing that happened to
most people, especially women. 

1713
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:21,600
So, an evening of games that 
might show you your romantic 

1714
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:24,800
future wasn't just a fun way to 
pass the time. 

1715
01:34:25,500 --> 01:34:28,300
It was a way to deal with a real
worry through the socially 

1716
01:34:28,300 --> 01:34:30,800
acceptable form of light-hearted
superstition. 

1717
01:34:31,900 --> 01:34:34,400
No one really thought that 
bobbing for apples could tell 

1718
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:37,100
them who their future spouse 
would be, but no one really 

1719
01:34:37,100 --> 01:34:40,100
didn't believe it either. 
It was in that comfortable space

1720
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:44,300
between what is certain? 
And what is possible that makes 

1721
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:47,100
folklore work. 
The host family greets, the 

1722
01:34:47,100 --> 01:34:49,400
first guests at the door and for
a brief moment. 

1723
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:52,700
People move from the cold 
October night to the warm candle

1724
01:34:52,700 --> 01:34:55,700
in side. 
People take off their coats and 

1725
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:58,700
hang them on the coat. 
Tree in the hall, hats are 

1726
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:00,300
carefully. 
Put on the right surface's, 

1727
01:35:00,300 --> 01:35:03,900
people greet each other 
properly, which may seem stiff 

1728
01:35:03,900 --> 01:35:07,300
to Modern people that gives 
social interactions are 

1729
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:10,300
comfortable structure. 
Most of the guests, a young 

1730
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,800
people in their late teens and 
early twenties, but some older 

1731
01:35:13,800 --> 01:35:16,300
friends or family members might 
come along to keep an eye on 

1732
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:19,900
them or just because Community 
social events aren't as age 

1733
01:35:19,900 --> 01:35:21,400
segregated. 
As they will be later. 

1734
01:35:21,400 --> 01:35:24,900
Everyone is wearing their best 
clothes which aren't fancy 

1735
01:35:24,900 --> 01:35:28,100
formal clothes. 
But nicer day or evening clothes

1736
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:30,200
that show respect for the event 
and the hosts. 

1737
01:35:30,900 --> 01:35:33,500
The game start, when enough 
people are there to make a real 

1738
01:35:33,508 --> 01:35:36,000
party. 
And the first game is almost 

1739
01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:39,900
always apple bobbing, which is 
an old game that somehow manages

1740
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:43,000
to be both silly and serious. 
At the same time, the Apple's 

1741
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:45,800
are floating on the surface of 
the big tub or barrel of water. 

1742
01:35:45,800 --> 01:35:49,200
They bob up and down slowly 
making them look like they are 

1743
01:35:49,208 --> 01:35:52,300
easy to catch. 
The rule is simple. 

1744
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:56,200
You can only catch an apple with
your mouth, not your hands. 

1745
01:35:57,000 --> 01:36:00,100
The truth is that it's a lot 
harder, especially when you 

1746
01:36:00,100 --> 01:36:03,300
think about how strict fashion 
and propriety were in 1909. 

1747
01:36:04,700 --> 01:36:08,400
The young women wear blouses or 
dresses with high collars and 

1748
01:36:08,400 --> 01:36:12,500
fancy fronts that absolutely 
cannot get wet without causing 

1749
01:36:12,500 --> 01:36:16,200
real social problems. 
The young men wear collars that 

1750
01:36:16,200 --> 01:36:19,200
will Wilt right away. 
If they get wet ruining the 

1751
01:36:19,200 --> 01:36:23,100
carefully, starched look, they 
had before So the game is all 

1752
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:25,700
about trying to keep your 
dignity while you dunk your face

1753
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:29,100
into cold water and Chase 
slippery apples around with your

1754
01:36:29,100 --> 01:36:31,700
teeth. 
The first Brave person to try 

1755
01:36:31,700 --> 01:36:35,400
usually walks up to the tub with
confidence, but that confidence 

1756
01:36:35,400 --> 01:36:37,400
quickly Fades after the first 
try. 

1757
01:36:38,100 --> 01:36:40,500
The Apple moves away just as 
your mouth gets to it. 

1758
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:44,200
Pushed by the ripples, your own 
movement makes you come up 

1759
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:47,700
sputtering and your friends 
laugh at you, your hair is wet 

1760
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:51,700
and your pride is a little hurt.
But social pressure and real 

1761
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:54,600
fun, make you want to try again.
And if you're lucky, you're 

1762
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:57,400
persistent, you finally win with
an apple in your mouth. 

1763
01:36:58,400 --> 01:37:00,900
Tradition says that the first 
person to Bob, an apple will be 

1764
01:37:00,900 --> 01:37:02,500
the first person in the group to
get married. 

1765
01:37:03,300 --> 01:37:06,300
This is where the Romantic 
fortune telling part comes from.

1766
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:10,000
It doesn't really matter. 
If anyone believes this, the 

1767
01:37:10,000 --> 01:37:13,500
attempt is Fun. 
The success is a small win and 

1768
01:37:13,500 --> 01:37:16,000
the prophecy gives you something
to laugh about for the rest of 

1769
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:18,900
the night. 
And another fun game is to hang 

1770
01:37:18,900 --> 01:37:21,900
Donuts, or apples on strings 
that are attached to a rod or 

1771
01:37:21,900 --> 01:37:24,700
the sealing people have to wait.
The treat that is hanging 

1772
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:28,300
without using their hands, which
is harder than its sound because

1773
01:37:28,300 --> 01:37:30,100
the target moves away with each 
bite. 

1774
01:37:30,800 --> 01:37:33,400
The good thing about this game 
is that it keeps everyone's 

1775
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:36,800
clothes mostly dry while still 
being funny and hard. 

1776
01:37:37,600 --> 01:37:40,800
There are also quieter more 
mysterious games that use real 

1777
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:42,800
divination instead of just 
playing to win. 

1778
01:37:43,900 --> 01:37:47,300
One of the oldest ones is to sit
in a dark room in front of a 

1779
01:37:47,300 --> 01:37:49,400
mirror. 
Eat an apple by candlelight. 

1780
01:37:49,400 --> 01:37:52,200
And look over your shoulder. 
Into the mirror, as midnight 

1781
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:55,400
approaches. 
People say that if you look in 

1782
01:37:55,400 --> 01:37:58,000
there, you will see the face of 
your future spouse. 

1783
01:37:58,700 --> 01:38:02,000
Not many people take this ritual
seriously, they usually laugh, 

1784
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:05,300
make nervous jokes and feel 
better when nothing strange 

1785
01:38:05,300 --> 01:38:07,800
happens. 
But the attempt shows that 

1786
01:38:07,800 --> 01:38:10,700
Halloween is supposed to be a 
night when the normal rules are 

1787
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:13,100
broken and you might see 
something Beyond normal reality.

1788
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:16,900
Putting nuts on the half of the 
fireplace, is another way to 

1789
01:38:16,900 --> 01:38:20,000
tell the future. 
Two Nuts and named after a 

1790
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:23,700
couple and as they heat up their
behavior is supposed to show, 

1791
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:25,700
what will happen in the future 
of the relationship. 

1792
01:38:25,700 --> 01:38:29,600
The relationship will be good if
the nuts burn quietly next to 

1793
01:38:29,600 --> 01:38:32,200
each other. 
If they pop and jump apart, the 

1794
01:38:32,200 --> 01:38:36,000
love is over. 
Fact that nutty behavior when 

1795
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:39,000
heated probably has more to do 
with moisture content than 

1796
01:38:39,000 --> 01:38:42,100
mystical Revelation, doesn't 
make anyone less interested in 

1797
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:45,100
seeing their romantic future. 
Supposedly revealed in little 

1798
01:38:45,100 --> 01:38:48,300
explosion. 
Another way to tell the future 

1799
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,400
is to peel apples. 
The goal is to peel an apple in 

1800
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:55,300
one long on broken strip of skin
and then throw the peel over 

1801
01:38:55,300 --> 01:38:58,200
your shoulder. 
The way, the peel lands is said 

1802
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:01,000
to make the first letter of your
future spouses name. 

1803
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:04,000
You need to be good at peeling 
apples and have a lot of 

1804
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:07,200
imagination to figure out what 
the shapes mean since they don't

1805
01:39:07,200 --> 01:39:10,900
usually look like letters. 
In between these more 

1806
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:13,700
traditional activities, people 
play card games and parlor 

1807
01:39:13,700 --> 01:39:18,100
games, people play games like 
charades Progressive Euchre, and

1808
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:20,100
other guessing games that were 
popular at the time. 

1809
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:23,400
The games are meant to help 
people who don't know each other

1810
01:39:23,400 --> 01:39:24,900
well get to know each other 
better. 

1811
01:39:24,900 --> 01:39:29,800
They are so social, not solitary
and competitive but not cut 

1812
01:39:29,800 --> 01:39:32,400
throat. 
The entertainment for the 

1813
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:35,300
evening, shows a different way 
of dealing with boredom and fun 

1814
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:38,800
than you're used to. 
When conversation slows down in 

1815
01:39:38,800 --> 01:39:43,000
1909, there are no TVs phones or
Internet. 

1816
01:39:43,000 --> 01:39:46,100
To look at people have learned 
how to make entertainment in 

1817
01:39:46,100 --> 01:39:48,700
state of just watching it and 
they have the skills and 

1818
01:39:48,700 --> 01:39:51,700
patience to do things that 
require a lot of focus and 

1819
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:54,900
engagement. 
This means that charades which 

1820
01:39:54,900 --> 01:39:57,800
might seem old fashioned or 
boring to someone who is used to

1821
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:01,800
constant digital stimulation. 
Can be really fun when it's the 

1822
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,900
only thing to do and the 
audience is good at both acting 

1823
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:09,500
and guessing Slow pace of the 
evening, getting games ready, 

1824
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:14,100
playing them and finishing them.
Those nice instead of boring 

1825
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:17,000
because no one is always 
comparing it to faster. 

1826
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:20,800
Paced options as the evening 
goes on and the parlor games 

1827
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:23,900
come to a natural end. 
Someone suggests one of the most

1828
01:40:23,900 --> 01:40:27,300
popular Halloween traditions of 
the time a walk through the 

1829
01:40:27,300 --> 01:40:30,200
night. 
This wasn't a planned event like

1830
01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:31,700
trick or treating would later 
become. 

1831
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:36,000
Instead it was an unplanned trip
into the dark that served many 

1832
01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:39,700
purposes at once. 
For the teens at the party and 

1833
01:40:39,700 --> 01:40:42,900
nightwalk gave them something 
rare in a time when adults were 

1834
01:40:42,900 --> 01:40:44,700
always watching them some 
privacy. 

1835
01:40:45,600 --> 01:40:48,600
Chaperones might go with the 
group but once every one was 

1836
01:40:48,600 --> 01:40:52,500
spread out along a dark Country 
Road or Village Street, couples 

1837
01:40:52,500 --> 01:40:55,500
could drift apart a little and 
have short conversations without

1838
01:40:55,500 --> 01:41:00,000
old people watching every move. 
It wasn't exactly scandalous but

1839
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:02,600
it was a rare chance to be alone
with someone in a world where 

1840
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:04,100
most courtship happened in 
public. 

1841
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:07,300
The group meets in the front 
hall and gets their coats and 

1842
01:41:07,300 --> 01:41:10,800
wraps from where they left the 
early. the women put on wool 

1843
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:15,000
cloaks or coats and sometimes 
shawls to keep warm the men put 

1844
01:41:15,000 --> 01:41:18,300
on their suits and overcoats as 
well as the hats that no 

1845
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:22,200
respectable person would go 
outside without Someone like to 

1846
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,500
Lantern either an oil lamp or a 
flashlight, if they are lucky 

1847
01:41:25,500 --> 01:41:27,600
enough to have one of those 
newfangled devices. 

1848
01:41:28,400 --> 01:41:31,600
The moon. 
If it is visible also provides 

1849
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:33,500
surprising light, once your eyes
get used to it. 

1850
01:41:34,300 --> 01:41:36,700
Going outside is like going to A
Whole New World. 

1851
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:41,000
The air has that crisp clear 
quality that Autumn nights have 

1852
01:41:41,008 --> 01:41:43,600
and the temperature has dropped 
a lot since sunset. 

1853
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:49,100
Cold feels good in bad when you 
breathe, you make small clouds 

1854
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:52,400
that quickly disappear. 
The smells from early in the 

1855
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:55,400
evening like wood smoke and damp
leaves have gotten stronger. 

1856
01:41:56,200 --> 01:41:59,400
You might even be able to smell 
Frost even though it hasn't 

1857
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:02,900
gotten cold enough yet. 
It's hard to imagine how dark it

1858
01:42:02,900 --> 01:42:05,300
was in 1909 in most places 
today. 

1859
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,300
There aren't any street lights 
in neighborhoods, porch lights. 

1860
01:42:09,300 --> 01:42:12,200
That stay on all night or 
shopping centers, or Office 

1861
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:16,100
Buildings that give off light. 
The windows of individual homes 

1862
01:42:16,100 --> 01:42:19,300
letting warm light. 
But these little spots of light 

1863
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:21,800
only make the darkness around 
them seem deeper. 

1864
01:42:23,000 --> 01:42:25,500
Skies, clear, the stars are 
beautiful. 

1865
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:29,200
Lots of light that people in 
your time usually only see in 

1866
01:42:29,200 --> 01:42:33,100
planetariums The group leaves 
without a specific destination 

1867
01:42:33,100 --> 01:42:35,900
in mind. 
They walk along streets and 

1868
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:39,200
paths that everyone knows during
the day, but that look different

1869
01:42:39,200 --> 01:42:42,400
at night. 
Landmarks that are easy to find.

1870
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:46,400
Turn into strange shapes. 
Tree, that marks the edge of 

1871
01:42:46,408 --> 01:42:49,700
someone's property, becomes a 
shadowy figure against the sky, 

1872
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:53,500
which is a little lighter. 
You don't notice the fence you 

1873
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:56,000
pass every day until you trip 
over it and need to pay 

1874
01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:58,900
attention to it. 
Voices sound different at night 

1875
01:42:58,900 --> 01:43:02,200
than they do during the day, 
they sound clearer and farther 

1876
01:43:02,200 --> 01:43:05,100
away. 
The groups talking makes a 

1877
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:08,100
bubble of human sound. 
That is surrounded by the sounds

1878
01:43:08,100 --> 01:43:11,600
of the night. 
Like the rustling of leaves, The

1879
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:15,100
Barking, of a dog in the 
distance, the hooting of an owl 

1880
01:43:15,100 --> 01:43:18,500
and the wind moving through bare
branches with a sound like 

1881
01:43:18,500 --> 01:43:22,000
running water. 
These natural sounds aren't 

1882
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:24,400
scary. 
They're more like friends. 

1883
01:43:24,400 --> 01:43:28,300
Reminding us that the dark is 
full of life going about its 

1884
01:43:28,300 --> 01:43:30,700
business. 
While the group is walking, 

1885
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:33,300
someone might tell ghost stories
or stories about the area. 

1886
01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:38,300
In 1909 every town had these 
things the house where someone 

1887
01:43:38,300 --> 01:43:41,600
died in a strange. 
Way 50 years ago, the crossroads

1888
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:43,600
were a headless horseman is said
to ride. 

1889
01:43:44,400 --> 01:43:47,800
Washington Irving story was 
published in 1820 and had become

1890
01:43:47,808 --> 01:43:51,200
very popular and the cemetery 
where lights are sometimes seen 

1891
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:55,100
floating among the graves These 
stories aren't meant to scare 

1892
01:43:55,100 --> 01:43:57,400
you. 
Remember, it's a gentle 

1893
01:43:57,400 --> 01:44:00,000
Halloween. 
They're meant to remind you, 

1894
01:44:00,000 --> 01:44:02,200
that there might be mysteries in
the world that you don't see 

1895
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:05,800
every day. 
The Storyteller talks in a low 

1896
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:09,300
voice, not to scare everyone but
because it seems right to talk 

1897
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:11,100
quietly about these things in 
the dark. 

1898
01:44:12,100 --> 01:44:14,900
The people who hear it. 
Laugh nervously and shiver a 

1899
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:17,300
lot. 
Showing fear more than feeling 

1900
01:44:17,300 --> 01:44:20,200
it. 
If the group goes past a 

1901
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:23,600
cemetery which is often close to
homes in small towns, they might

1902
01:44:23,600 --> 01:44:26,700
stop at the fence, not to go in 
because that would be 

1903
01:44:26,700 --> 01:44:30,400
disrespectful to the dead, but 
to recognize the place and maybe

1904
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:32,500
think of friends and family who 
are buried there. 

1905
01:44:33,200 --> 01:44:36,100
The victorians and edwardians 
had a complicated relationship 

1906
01:44:36,100 --> 01:44:38,700
with death. 
They were more familiar with it 

1907
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:41,300
than people today because it 
happened at home instead of in 

1908
01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:43,000
hospitals and the death rate was
higher. 

1909
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:45,500
They were also more sentimental 
about it. 

1910
01:44:45,500 --> 01:44:48,700
The walk could take you to a 
place that is important to the 

1911
01:44:48,700 --> 01:44:52,500
area like a Hilltop with a view 
of the countryside, a bridge 

1912
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:55,900
over a stream or a big old tree 
that has been a landmark for 

1913
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:59,100
Generations. 
These places the group might 

1914
01:44:59,100 --> 01:45:03,800
stop not for any planned reason,
but just to enjoy the night, the

1915
01:45:03,800 --> 01:45:07,600
October are and being young 
alive and part of a community. 

1916
01:45:08,800 --> 01:45:11,400
This nightwalk gives some of the
group, a chance to think about 

1917
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:14,500
the deeper meanings of 
Halloween, it's easier to 

1918
01:45:14,500 --> 01:45:17,900
believe that the veil Between 
Worlds is really thinner, and 

1919
01:45:17,900 --> 01:45:20,800
that those who have died are 
really closer when you stand in 

1920
01:45:20,800 --> 01:45:24,700
the dark Under the Stars, these 
thoughts don't have to be scary.

1921
01:45:24,700 --> 01:45:28,000
It's comforting rather than 
scary to think that your 

1922
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:30,700
grandmother or a friend who has 
passed away, might be nearby. 

1923
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:35,100
Practical parts of the Walker 
Charming in their own way. 

1924
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:38,800
Women walk through the dark 
while wearing long skirts that 

1925
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:42,100
get caught on plants and shoes 
that aren't meant for rough 

1926
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,000
ground. 
Men offer their arms to help 

1927
01:45:45,000 --> 01:45:48,700
women over hard places, which is
both practical and romantic. 

1928
01:45:49,600 --> 01:45:52,400
The person carrying the land to 
become important for a short 

1929
01:45:52,408 --> 01:45:55,900
time, they hold the light that 
keeps everyone on the path and 

1930
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,200
draw the group's attention. 
Eventually the group goes home 

1931
01:45:59,200 --> 01:46:00,900
because it's too cold. 
It's too late. 

1932
01:46:00,900 --> 01:46:03,300
Although they're just too tired 
from all the fun. 

1933
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:05,900
They had that night. 
The walk back. 

1934
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:09,400
Often seemed short of the walk 
out, which is what happens when 

1935
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:12,600
you walk home. 
People might be talking less now

1936
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:15,800
and thinking more and the energy
from early in the evening as 

1937
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:17,700
turned into satisfied, 
tiredness. 

1938
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:22,200
As they get closer to the house 
with the party started, the warm

1939
01:46:22,200 --> 01:46:24,000
light coming through the windows
looks. 

1940
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:27,000
Especially inviting after being 
in the dark for a while. 

1941
01:46:27,800 --> 01:46:30,400
The group is grateful for the 
warmth and light when they come 

1942
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:34,000
back in, especially since it's 
so cold and dark outside. 

1943
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:39,300
This change from dark to light 
and cold to warm is small. 

1944
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:43,000
But it touches on something. 
Deep down that makes a home, 

1945
01:46:43,000 --> 01:46:48,000
feel like a safe place. once 
back inside the warm house with 

1946
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:51,800
cold cheeks and hair that have 
been messed up by the wind, The 

1947
01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:54,700
conversation often turns to the 
spooky parts of Halloween. 

1948
01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:59,400
But in 1909 beliefs in the 
Supernatural are in a strange 

1949
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:03,200
Place between real faith and fun
between old-fashioned beliefs 

1950
01:47:03,200 --> 01:47:07,100
and new fashion doubt. 
You should know that 1909 is an 

1951
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:09,600
interesting time in history for 
people who believe in the 

1952
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:12,300
Supernatural. 
This is an age of growing 

1953
01:47:12,300 --> 01:47:16,800
scientific knowledge, widespread
education and technological 

1954
01:47:16,800 --> 01:47:19,100
progress. 
That is changing how people live

1955
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:22,900
every day. 
Spiritualism, the idea that the 

1956
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:24,400
dead can talk to the living 
through. 

1957
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:29,200
Mediums was very popular in the 
late 1800s, and still has a lot 

1958
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:32,000
of followers. 
The ghost stories and Gothic 

1959
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:35,200
literature of the last 100 years
have made Supernatural, 

1960
01:47:35,200 --> 01:47:39,700
encounters seem very romantic. 
As a result, most educated 

1961
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:42,100
people in 1909. 
Don't really believe in the 

1962
01:47:42,100 --> 01:47:45,700
Halloween superstitions but they
don't completely disbelieve them

1963
01:47:45,700 --> 01:47:47,600
either. 
You might not believe in 

1964
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:50,900
astrology but you still know 
your zodiac sign and feel good. 

1965
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:52,900
When your horoscope says good 
things are coming. 

1966
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:56,200
The Supernatural is one of those
things that probably aren't 

1967
01:47:56,200 --> 01:47:59,300
real, but could be and it's fun 
to think about them. 

1968
01:47:59,300 --> 01:48:03,800
Anyway, In 1909 Halloween 
folklore was mostly about 

1969
01:48:03,800 --> 01:48:07,200
spirits of the Dead, not demons 
or other evil beings. 

1970
01:48:08,000 --> 01:48:10,700
People believe that the Knight 
is a time when people who have 

1971
01:48:10,700 --> 01:48:14,300
died can come back to see the 
people and places they loved in 

1972
01:48:14,308 --> 01:48:17,300
life. 
Instead of being scaredy, this 

1973
01:48:17,300 --> 01:48:20,100
is usually shown as a soft even 
beautiful chants. 

1974
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:24,200
The custom of leaving food for 
the dead, which goes back to 

1975
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:27,400
Celtic. 
Sam Hine is still going on, but 

1976
01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:30,900
in a less strict way. 
Some families might set a place 

1977
01:48:30,900 --> 01:48:33,900
at the table or put out a plate 
of treats to show that their 

1978
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:36,400
loved ones, who have passed 
away, a welcome to come by if 

1979
01:48:36,400 --> 01:48:39,300
they want to. 
You don't do this out of fear or

1980
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:42,700
dread you do it out of the same.
Kindness, you would show to live

1981
01:48:42,700 --> 01:48:44,900
in relatives who might stop by 
without warning. 

1982
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:49,400
The stories told at Halloween 
parties are more likely to be 

1983
01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:52,700
sad and scaredy. 
Someone might tell a story about

1984
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:56,300
a grandmother who died and whose
favorite perfume was in her old 

1985
01:48:56,300 --> 01:49:00,200
room on Halloween night. 
Or about a father, who died and 

1986
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:03,100
whose pocket watch, which had 
stopped at the moment of his 

1987
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:06,900
death rang, once at midnight, on
All Hallows e for no reason. 

1988
01:49:07,700 --> 01:49:11,200
These stories talk about loss 
and grief, but they also say 

1989
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:14,800
that love lives on after death. 
The ghosts in Halloween stories 

1990
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:18,300
from 1909 aren't the evil ghosts
that show up in later, horror 

1991
01:49:18,300 --> 01:49:20,800
stories. 
They're more like kind spirits 

1992
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:23,300
who might help or comfort you if
you treat them with respect. 

1993
01:49:24,600 --> 01:49:27,600
The fortune telling games that 
were played in the evening 

1994
01:49:27,600 --> 01:49:30,800
seemed to call on the spirits as
sources of information about the

1995
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:34,000
future, when you look in the 
mirror and hope to see your 

1996
01:49:34,000 --> 01:49:37,300
future spouse, your asking the 
spirits to show you what they 

1997
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:39,900
know. 
Even the scary part of 

1998
01:49:39,900 --> 01:49:41,700
Halloween. 
These days are very mild 

1999
01:49:41,700 --> 01:49:43,100
compared to what they used to 
be. 

2000
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:47,300
There are black cats and witches
in the decorations, but they are

2001
01:49:47,300 --> 01:49:49,600
more stylized and decorative 
than scaredy. 

2002
01:49:50,200 --> 01:49:53,100
The witch on a broomstick isn't 
a bad old woman who eats kids, 

2003
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:57,200
she is a symbol of folk magic 
and wisdom from the countryside.

2004
01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:00,100
The black cat isn't a sign of 
bad luck. 

2005
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:04,000
It's a creature that is linked 
to mystery and the line between 

2006
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:07,200
home and wild space is most of 
the time. 

2007
01:50:07,200 --> 01:50:10,100
The local Legends told at night,
are about strange things that 

2008
01:50:10,100 --> 01:50:13,800
happen not real horror. 
The lights in the cemetery, 

2009
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:17,400
could be Spirits or Marsh gas. 
The fact that it's not clear 

2010
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:19,100
what they are is part of what 
makes them. 

2011
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:22,600
Interesting, the strange sounds 
near The Old Mill, could be 

2012
01:50:22,608 --> 01:50:25,000
ghosts or the wind and one's 
imagination. 

2013
01:50:25,900 --> 01:50:28,500
The fact that we don't know, for
sure is what makes the story 

2014
01:50:28,500 --> 01:50:30,900
interesting instead of just 
scary. 

2015
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:34,200
Halloween also has a lot of what
we might call protective 

2016
01:50:34,200 --> 01:50:36,500
folklore. 
There are ideas about how to 

2017
01:50:36,500 --> 01:50:39,400
tell the future and there are 
all ideas about how to keep 

2018
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:41,900
yourself safe from bad things 
that might happen on this night.

2019
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:45,600
Evil spirits will be confused if
you turn your clothes inside 

2020
01:50:45,600 --> 01:50:47,800
out. 
Have a little salt in your 

2021
01:50:47,800 --> 01:50:51,300
pocket will keep you safe. 
Walking around your house in the

2022
01:50:51,308 --> 01:50:55,100
direction of the Sun clockwise 
before bed will keep it safe. 

2023
01:50:55,100 --> 01:50:58,400
These protective custard Customs
are done with a wink and a smile

2024
01:50:58,400 --> 01:51:02,500
as if to say just in case and 
they don't cost anything and 

2025
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:05,500
might help you don't really 
believe that these things matter

2026
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:09,200
but the ritual of acknowledging 
them connects you to generations

2027
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,600
of people who found comfort in 
these small protective gestures.

2028
01:51:13,400 --> 01:51:16,800
It's like how you might avoid 
walking under ladders or feel a 

2029
01:51:16,800 --> 01:51:19,600
small superstitious pleasure in 
finding a penny heads up. 

2030
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:24,400
In 1909 Halloween had more 
religious meaning than it does. 

2031
01:51:24,400 --> 01:51:28,200
Now when it is more 
commercialized, The name itself,

2032
01:51:28,200 --> 01:51:31,900
All Hallows Eve which means the 
night before. 

2033
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:36,400
All Saints Day keeps the link to
Christian tradition even though 

2034
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:38,800
the holiday has many older Pagan
elements. 

2035
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,300
Some families. 
Go to special church services on

2036
01:51:42,300 --> 01:51:45,100
November 1st. 
To remember Saints and family 

2037
01:51:45,100 --> 01:51:48,500
members who have died. 
This makes Halloween part of a 

2038
01:51:48,500 --> 01:51:50,700
longer time of remembering and 
spiritual reflection. 

2039
01:51:50,700 --> 01:51:53,800
Most people don't seem to mind 
that Christian and non-Christian

2040
01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:57,300
elements live together. 
The Christian calendar has 

2041
01:51:57,300 --> 01:52:00,400
always been open to including 
local customs and folk 

2042
01:52:00,400 --> 01:52:04,400
practices. 
By 1909 this mixing of cultures 

2043
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,200
is so common that most people 
don't even think about it. 

2044
01:52:07,900 --> 01:52:09,800
You can honor Christian Saints 
and all. 

2045
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:13,200
So Bob for apples to see what 
your love life will be, like in 

2046
01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:16,900
the future without any problems.
The lack of light adds to the 

2047
01:52:16,900 --> 01:52:21,000
supernatural feel of the night. 
In mind that electric lights 

2048
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:23,600
aren't common yet. 
And even where they are people 

2049
01:52:23,600 --> 01:52:27,600
don't use them very often. 
There are candles oil lamps and 

2050
01:52:27,600 --> 01:52:30,200
maybe even the light from the 
fireplace in The Parlor. 

2051
01:52:30,800 --> 01:52:33,900
This makes the kind of lighting 
that filmmakers spend a lot of 

2052
01:52:33,900 --> 01:52:37,700
money trying to copy. 
Shadows, that change and move 

2053
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:41,900
faces that come out of the dark 
and into pools of light and 

2054
01:52:41,900 --> 01:52:43,900
corners of rooms that stay 
mysterious. 

2055
01:52:44,800 --> 01:52:47,200
In this light, it's easy to 
think that you might see 

2056
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:50,600
something strange. 
Shadow that moves in a strange 

2057
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:53,500
way, could be an effect of the 
candlelight or it could be 

2058
01:52:53,500 --> 01:52:56,200
something else. 
That feeling of being there, 

2059
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:58,900
when you're alone in dark room, 
Could Be Your Mind Playing 

2060
01:52:58,900 --> 01:53:01,700
Tricks on you or it could be a 
loved one who has passed away 

2061
01:53:01,700 --> 01:53:05,500
checking in. 
The uncertainty is part of the 

2062
01:53:05,500 --> 01:53:09,700
experience, and it seems that 
most people in 1909 are happy to

2063
01:53:09,708 --> 01:53:13,100
leave it that way in of 
insisting, on either total 

2064
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:17,300
belief, or total doubt. the fact
that people in 1909 were more 

2065
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:20,700
comfortable with not knowing 
about the supernatural shows, a 

2066
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:24,500
bigger cultural difference 
between then and now, In today's

2067
01:53:24,500 --> 01:53:27,600
world, there is a lot of 
pressure to put things into one 

2068
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:30,900
of two groups. 
Scientifically proven facts or 

2069
01:53:30,900 --> 01:53:35,600
superstitions that aren't true. 
But in 1909 people are more 

2070
01:53:35,600 --> 01:53:37,200
okay. 
With the idea that something's 

2071
01:53:37,200 --> 01:53:41,100
can't be known that mystery has 
value and that not everything 

2072
01:53:41,100 --> 01:53:43,000
needs to be explained or 
explained away. 

2073
01:53:44,100 --> 01:53:47,100
As the night goes on and people 
settle into comfy chairs with 

2074
01:53:47,100 --> 01:53:50,400
cups of warm side, her the 
conversation might turn to the 

2075
01:53:50,400 --> 01:53:54,300
idea of thin places which are 
places where the line between 

2076
01:53:54,300 --> 01:53:55,700
the normal world and something 
else. 

2077
01:53:55,700 --> 01:54:00,100
Seems to be very thin, there are
such places in every town, the 

2078
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:04,100
old churchyard, the crossroads 
at the edge of town, the ancient

2079
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:07,300
tree, that was already old when 
the first settlers came and the 

2080
01:54:07,300 --> 01:54:10,300
spring that never freezes. 
Even in the coldest winter 

2081
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:14,100
People don't think these thin 
places are dangerous in. 

2082
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:17,600
They think they are special and 
should be respected and given 

2083
01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:20,100
attention. 
People don't stay away from 

2084
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:22,900
them. 
Instead they go to them knowing 

2085
01:54:22,900 --> 01:54:24,700
that they might find something 
strange there. 

2086
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:28,800
Halloween is a time when people 
believed that the veil Between 

2087
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:32,200
Worlds gets thinner. 
This makes the whole night feel 

2088
01:54:32,200 --> 01:54:34,300
like a thin time when Anything 
Could Happen. 

2089
01:54:35,500 --> 01:54:37,600
The party is now in its last 
phase. 

2090
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:41,400
The calm time before midnight 
when everyone is tired, but not 

2091
01:54:41,400 --> 01:54:45,100
too tired to have fun. 
The group has enjoyed the snacks

2092
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:49,600
played the game and had their 
fortunes told with varying 

2093
01:54:49,600 --> 01:54:51,900
levels of faith in how accurate 
they were. 

2094
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,300
Then they went out side into the
October night and came back 

2095
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:58,300
safely. 
This is the time for quieter 

2096
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:01,100
activities. 
The talking that has become more

2097
01:55:01,100 --> 01:55:04,300
personal as the night went on 
and people let their guard down 

2098
01:55:04,300 --> 01:55:07,800
and for thinking about what 
Halloween means beyond the games

2099
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:11,200
and traditions, if the family is
Rich enough to have a piano, 

2100
01:55:11,200 --> 01:55:14,300
someone might be playing soft 
music that fits the time of day.

2101
01:55:15,100 --> 01:55:18,000
There are both popular songs 
from the time and older songs 

2102
01:55:18,000 --> 01:55:19,600
that have been passed down 
through the years. 

2103
01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:23,800
If you listen to music from 
1909, it will sound very 

2104
01:55:23,800 --> 01:55:27,300
old-fashioned to you. 
The lyrics are sentimental and 

2105
01:55:27,300 --> 01:55:30,700
The Melodies are simple, showing
how people thought in the 

2106
01:55:30,708 --> 01:55:33,400
Victorian era. 
But with a more positive view of

2107
01:55:33,408 --> 01:55:37,600
the Edwardian era but in this 
case, with the October night, 

2108
01:55:37,600 --> 01:55:40,400
pressing against the windows and
the candles burning low, in 

2109
01:55:40,400 --> 01:55:44,600
their holders, The music does 
its job of setting the mood and 

2110
01:55:44,600 --> 01:55:47,600
giving people something to do 
with their attention, that isn't

2111
01:55:47,600 --> 01:55:50,400
as demanding as games or deep 
conversation. 

2112
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,600
Some guests have already left. 
Actually, those who have to walk

2113
01:55:54,600 --> 01:55:57,200
along way home or who strict 
parents waiting up for them. 

2114
01:55:58,100 --> 01:56:00,300
The elaborate politeness rituals
of the time. 

2115
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:03,900
Mark, their departures thanking,
their hosts several times, 

2116
01:56:03,900 --> 01:56:07,500
putting on their outdoor clothes
making last jokes and promising 

2117
01:56:07,500 --> 01:56:10,000
to see each other soon at church
or around town. 

2118
01:56:10,900 --> 01:56:12,900
Those who are still, there are 
the strong ones. 

2119
01:56:12,900 --> 01:56:16,300
The ones who haven't quite let 
go of the magic of the night 

2120
01:56:16,300 --> 01:56:18,800
yet. 
The mother of the host family 

2121
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:22,200
might be in the kitchen quietly,
starting to clean up the mess 

2122
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:25,500
that can't wait until morning. 
She might be putting away food. 

2123
01:56:25,500 --> 01:56:29,800
That will spoil washing cups and
plates and banking the fire in 

2124
01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:32,700
the stove. 
This work is done without 

2125
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:35,900
complaint or martyrdom, just 
because it's part of being a 

2126
01:56:35,900 --> 01:56:38,800
host. 
There will be more cleaning up 

2127
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:41,000
in the morning but the worst of 
it can be done. 

2128
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:44,200
Now, while guests are still 
there but busy, if there are any

2129
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:46,800
younger kids in the house, they 
have long since gone to bed, 

2130
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:49,600
however, they may still be awake
in their rooms. 

2131
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:53,500
Trying to stay alert for any 
Supernatural visits or just 

2132
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:56,600
excited by the strange. 
Sounds of a party going on late 

2133
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,300
Into the Night. 
They will remember this night in

2134
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:03,300
their own way, the strange 
Shadows cast by the candlelight,

2135
01:57:03,300 --> 01:57:06,500
the guests laughter, the special
snacks. 

2136
01:57:06,500 --> 01:57:09,200
They got to eat before bed and 
the feeling that something 

2137
01:57:09,200 --> 01:57:12,500
important and magical was going 
on, even though they were not 

2138
01:57:12,500 --> 01:57:16,700
old enough to fully take part. 
As the clock, whether it's a 

2139
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:18,900
mantle piece clock, a wall clock
or someone's pocket. 

2140
01:57:18,900 --> 01:57:21,900
Watch gets closer to midnight 
people. 

2141
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:23,800
Often take a moment to 
acknowledge it. 

2142
01:57:24,600 --> 01:57:27,600
Halloween night is traditionally
the most powerful time of the 

2143
01:57:27,600 --> 01:57:31,300
year and midnight is when the 
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.

2144
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:35,400
Spirits are most likely to be 
present and divination is most 

2145
01:57:35,400 --> 01:57:39,100
likely to be accurate. 
The group might stand by a 

2146
01:57:39,100 --> 01:57:41,900
window and look out at the 
night, which is now very still 

2147
01:57:41,900 --> 01:57:45,400
and dark. 
As families go to bed, most of 

2148
01:57:45,400 --> 01:57:47,300
the lights in nearby houses of 
gone out. 

2149
01:57:47,300 --> 01:57:50,800
If you can see the moon, it has 
moved to cross the sky. 

2150
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:53,900
Since the party started, the 
wind could have gotten stronger 

2151
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:56,400
or weaker. 
The temperature has definitely 

2152
01:57:56,400 --> 01:57:58,900
dropped even more. 
And by morning, there will 

2153
01:57:58,900 --> 01:58:02,800
probably be frost In some places
people, have a tradition of 

2154
01:58:02,800 --> 01:58:04,900
being quiet. 
When the clock, strikes midnight

2155
01:58:04,900 --> 01:58:08,100
and listening for sounds that 
might not be from this world. 

2156
01:58:09,100 --> 01:58:13,100
We do this with Open Hearts, not
scared ones, because we know 

2157
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:15,800
that if Spirits are around, this
is when they might show 

2158
01:58:15,800 --> 01:58:19,600
themselves, the silence is 
friendly not tense. 

2159
01:58:19,600 --> 01:58:21,900
And the only sound is the 
clock's mechanism. 

2160
01:58:21,900 --> 01:58:25,500
Getting ready to strike 12. 
When the clock strikes midnight,

2161
01:58:25,500 --> 01:58:27,700
there is often a small 
Collective. 

2162
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:31,300
Exhale as if everyone has 
crossed a line this can be 

2163
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:35,500
marked by Chimes bells or just 
the quiet agreement of those, 

2164
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:39,300
checking their watches. 
All Saints Day as started, which

2165
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:42,600
means that Halloween is over. 
The magical time is over. 

2166
01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:46,800
And while people were aware of 
and welcome the spirits, no one 

2167
01:58:46,800 --> 01:58:49,700
seems to be upset that, nothing 
dramatic, or Supernatural 

2168
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,100
happened. 
What matters was the possibility

2169
01:58:53,100 --> 01:58:56,800
being open to the unknown rather
than knowing it. 

2170
01:58:57,800 --> 01:59:00,700
Someone might raise a glass with
the last of the cider or other 

2171
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:03,200
drink. 
The toast could be to All Saints

2172
01:59:03,200 --> 01:59:07,100
to friend, who can't be there to
the winter that everyone needs 

2173
01:59:07,100 --> 01:59:09,500
to get ready for, or just to the
success. 

2174
01:59:09,500 --> 01:59:12,800
Of the Knights of events people 
raise their glasses or cups and 

2175
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:15,300
drink the toast, which makes the
party feel like it's over. 

2176
01:59:15,300 --> 01:59:18,800
Now is when the last departures 
really start. 

2177
01:59:19,600 --> 01:59:22,600
Even the most dedicated 
party-goers know that the night 

2178
01:59:22,600 --> 01:59:25,400
has come to an end. 
And that tomorrow technically 

2179
01:59:25,400 --> 01:59:30,100
today will come soon with its 
demands of work school and other

2180
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:33,600
daily tasks. 
The front door opens several 

2181
01:59:33,600 --> 01:59:37,200
times to let groups of guests 
out into the night each time 

2182
01:59:37,200 --> 01:59:40,600
they say thank you and goodbye 
and remind everyone about 

2183
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:43,900
upcoming community events. 
For the host family. 

2184
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:47,800
There is a strange mix of 
tiredness and happiness that 

2185
01:59:47,800 --> 01:59:49,900
comes from having successfully 
entertained. 

2186
01:59:50,900 --> 01:59:54,300
The house is a mess, the candles
are almost out and there are 

2187
01:59:54,308 --> 01:59:57,600
still work to be done but the 
evening did what it was supposed

2188
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,600
to do. 
Bring people together on a 

2189
02:00:00,600 --> 02:00:04,200
tradition, acknowledgment 
mystery and give young people a 

2190
02:00:04,200 --> 02:00:06,400
chance to hang out in a safe 
structured way. 

2191
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:10,300
When the last guests leave for 
the night, the house becomes 

2192
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:14,000
quiet in a different way. 
It's not the quiet of waiting 

2193
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:17,600
for the party to start. 
It's the quiet of an event that 

2194
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:20,500
has ended. 
The pair of parents and maybe 

2195
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:23,000
some older children, who helped 
host the party start. 

2196
02:00:23,000 --> 02:00:25,600
The process of turning the house
back into a home. 

2197
02:00:26,300 --> 02:00:29,300
This process has its own. 
Calm Rhythm, one by one, the 

2198
02:00:29,300 --> 02:00:31,900
candles, go out and the light 
gets dimmer and dimmer until 

2199
02:00:31,900 --> 02:00:34,000
they're only one or two lamps 
left to work by. 

2200
02:00:35,000 --> 02:00:36,400
Decorations will stay up for 
now. 

2201
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:38,900
They'll come down tomorrow or in
the next few days. 

2202
02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:41,900
The furniture. 
On the other hand is starting to

2203
02:00:41,908 --> 02:00:45,400
move back to its normal places. 
The cushions are fluffed. 

2204
02:00:45,400 --> 02:00:47,800
The windows are checked to make 
sure they're properly. 

2205
02:00:47,800 --> 02:00:50,500
Latched against the night. 
Are the front door is locked 

2206
02:00:50,500 --> 02:00:53,300
with a solid sound. 
That lets everyone know the 

2207
02:00:53,300 --> 02:00:56,300
house is ready for sleep. 
The last cleaning in the kitchen

2208
02:00:56,300 --> 02:01:00,100
is done quickly because of 
years, of practice, the stove, 

2209
02:01:00,100 --> 02:01:03,200
heats the water for washing 
dishes and the towels that have 

2210
02:01:03,200 --> 02:01:05,100
been warming up nearby dry them 
off. 

2211
02:01:05,100 --> 02:01:08,700
Then the dishes are put back in 
their places in the cupboards. 

2212
02:01:09,400 --> 02:01:12,100
The leftover food is looked at 
to see what can be saved. 

2213
02:01:12,100 --> 02:01:15,900
What should be eaten to tomorrow
and what can be to the chickens 

2214
02:01:15,900 --> 02:01:19,400
if the family has them? 
In a world where most families 

2215
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:22,800
live much closer to the edge of 
subsistence the we do today. 

2216
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:25,500
There was no such thing as 
waste. 

2217
02:01:26,300 --> 02:01:28,900
The mother of the house, does 
one last check of the rooms 

2218
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:32,200
where guests are making sure 
there are no forgotten items 

2219
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:36,100
that the candles are really out 
and don't pose a fire risk and 

2220
02:01:36,100 --> 02:01:37,900
that she knows what needs to be 
done in the morning. 

2221
02:01:38,800 --> 02:01:42,400
This isn't obsessive caretaking,
it's just the responsible 

2222
02:01:42,400 --> 02:01:44,300
oversight, that comes with 
running a household. 

2223
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:48,600
It requires a lot more attention
to safety and maintenance than 

2224
02:01:48,600 --> 02:01:52,300
modern conveniences do. 
Further might go outside one 

2225
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:56,100
last time before bed partly to 
make sure everything is safe and

2226
02:01:56,100 --> 02:01:59,000
partly for that private moment 
under the October stars. 

2227
02:01:59,000 --> 02:02:02,908
That men of his age liked He 
might smoke one last pipe on the

2228
02:02:02,916 --> 02:02:05,800
porch or in the yard thinking 
about the night and the season. 

2229
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:09,700
Everyone can feel that winter is
coming in the cold and night 

2230
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:12,100
air. 
There are still things to do to 

2231
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:16,700
get ready, hang storm, windows, 
split and stack wood and get the

2232
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:18,800
garden beds. 
Ready for their winter sleep. 

2233
02:02:20,200 --> 02:02:23,600
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 
Most of the time, bedrooms, were

2234
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:27,400
upstairs and houses with the 
second floor in 1909, made me 

2235
02:02:27,408 --> 02:02:30,700
feel good about the day. 
The stairs might creep with 

2236
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:35,300
familiar sounds the banister, 
feels smooth and your hand and 

2237
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:38,600
the Darkness of the upstairs, 
feels cozy and stead of strange,

2238
02:02:38,600 --> 02:02:42,900
now that Halloween is over. 
By today's standards, bedrooms 

2239
02:02:42,900 --> 02:02:47,100
were cold in 1909 most homes. 
Don't have Central Heating. 

2240
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:52,100
Downstairs rooms might be warmed
by stove or fireplaces but 

2241
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:55,200
upstairs rooms get most of their
heat from the rising warmth of 

2242
02:02:55,200 --> 02:02:58,500
daytime fires, which is long 
since gone away on a late 

2243
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:01,500
October night. 
People expect bedrooms to be 

2244
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:05,900
cold and they are for sleeping. 
Not lounging around, getting 

2245
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:07,900
ready for bed. 
Includes both cleaning up and 

2246
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:11,700
relaxing, rituals people wash 
their faces, by pouring water 

2247
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:15,300
from a picture into a basin. 
Indoor plumbing is common in 

2248
02:03:15,300 --> 02:03:19,100
cities but not everywhere. 
Tooth powder or paste is used to

2249
02:03:19,100 --> 02:03:22,400
clean teeth women. 
Especially do the ritual of 

2250
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:26,400
brushing their hair 100 times 
which was thought to be good for

2251
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:29,300
hair health. 
Taking off clothes carefully and

2252
02:03:29,308 --> 02:03:31,700
either folding them up to where 
again if they're clean enough or

2253
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:35,700
putting them in the laundry. 
In 1909, nightclubs were heavy, 

2254
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:39,900
women wore long, nightgowns men 
were nightshirts, and they might

2255
02:03:39,900 --> 02:03:41,700
have sleeping caps and bed 
socks. 

2256
02:03:41,700 --> 02:03:45,300
When it was cold, People sleep 
with more clothes on the new use

2257
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:48,900
to partly, because it's cold and
partly because modesty standards

2258
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:53,400
apply even when you're sleeping.
Earlier, in the day, the bed was

2259
02:03:53,400 --> 02:03:56,700
made with smooth sheets and 
arrange blankets, and quilts 

2260
02:03:56,700 --> 02:03:58,900
were added, or taken away, 
depending on the season. 

2261
02:03:58,900 --> 02:04:02,400
When you slip between the 
sheets, they are cold at first, 

2262
02:04:02,400 --> 02:04:03,900
but will warm up from your body 
heat? 

2263
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:08,000
For a moment, your body can 
finally rest after hours of 

2264
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:10,200
standing walking and Performing 
social. 

2265
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:15,000
The pillow is just write, the 
blankets are heavy and warm and 

2266
02:04:15,000 --> 02:04:17,800
the bedroom is completely dark 
in a way that modern people 

2267
02:04:17,800 --> 02:04:21,400
don't often experience. 
There are no LED lights from 

2268
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:23,800
Electronics. 
No street lights, shining 

2269
02:04:23,800 --> 02:04:26,700
through the curtains and no 
ambient Urban light. 

2270
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:31,700
In this darkness and quiet. 
Thoughts might go back over the 

2271
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:36,100
events of the evening. 
The games and laughter the talks

2272
02:04:36,100 --> 02:04:39,700
and flirting, the time spent 
outside under the stars, 

2273
02:04:39,700 --> 02:04:43,100
realizing that life may be more 
mysterious than it seems and the

2274
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:44,800
comfort of community and 
tradition. 

2275
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,900
These thoughts mix with the 
start of dreams as 

2276
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:51,900
Consciousness. 
Lets go and sleep come. 

2277
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:57,400
Morning comes like it does in 
November late and unwilling with

2278
02:04:57,400 --> 02:04:59,500
gray light. 
That seems to come from the air 

2279
02:04:59,500 --> 02:05:01,800
itself instead of from a 
specific Direction. 

2280
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,800
The first person to wake up has 
to start the fire again by 

2281
02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:09,600
cleaning out the ashes, putting 
down new kindling and coaxing 

2282
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:13,200
Flames from Embers or matches. 
This will gradually build the 

2283
02:05:13,200 --> 02:05:15,500
fire that will warm the house 
and cook breakfast. 

2284
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:18,900
The light on November 1st shows 
that the house is still 

2285
02:05:18,900 --> 02:05:22,000
decorated for Halloween. 
But in the light of day, the 

2286
02:05:22,000 --> 02:05:24,800
decorations looked less 
mysterious and more like what 

2287
02:05:24,800 --> 02:05:27,800
they are. 
Paper and vegetables arrange for

2288
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:30,700
a short time. 
These decorations will be taken 

2289
02:05:30,700 --> 02:05:34,300
down in the next day or two. 
You could cut the pumpkin up for

2290
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,900
pies or stews, the paper 
decorations will be carefully 

2291
02:05:37,900 --> 02:05:40,400
taken down and either stored or 
burned in the stove. 

2292
02:05:40,400 --> 02:05:42,500
Since new ones will be needed 
next year. 

2293
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:45,600
Anyway. 
But today, All Saints Day for 

2294
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:48,300
those who follow the religious 
calendar, there's no need to 

2295
02:05:48,308 --> 02:05:50,200
break up the magic from last 
night, right away. 

2296
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:53,600
Every day people have to make 
and eat breakfast. 

2297
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:56,500
Do their chores and go back to 
their normal lives. 

2298
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:00,400
But the memory of the party is 
still fresh giving, people 

2299
02:06:00,400 --> 02:06:01,900
something to talk about at 
breakfast. 

2300
02:06:01,900 --> 02:06:06,300
And when they run into neighbors
and Friends during the day, On 

2301
02:06:06,300 --> 02:06:09,300
November 1st, the town feels a 
little different than it did on 

2302
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:12,600
October 30th. 
But someone looking in from the 

2303
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:15,100
outside might have a hard time 
figuring out what has changed. 

2304
02:06:16,100 --> 02:06:19,800
It's partly because the calendar
is changed to a new monthly 

2305
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:22,400
because the weather is getting 
colder and partly. 

2306
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:26,200
Because the feeling that a 
holiday, no matter how small has

2307
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:29,200
come and gone and taken, its 
special quality with it. 

2308
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:32,500
People who went to Halloween 
parties, the night before might 

2309
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:35,900
be a little tired from staying 
up later than usual, but it's a 

2310
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:38,700
nice tiredness that comes from 
having fun with friends rather 

2311
02:06:38,700 --> 02:06:42,100
than from stress or worry. 
People talk about different 

2312
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:44,600
parties at work and school. 
Share. 

2313
02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:47,600
Funny stories, wonder if the 
fortune-telling games were 

2314
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:50,200
right? 
And tease, those whose romantic 

2315
02:06:50,200 --> 02:06:54,100
Futures were supposedly 
revealed, by apples nuts, or 

2316
02:06:54,100 --> 02:06:57,200
looking in a mirror for those 
who go the church service on All

2317
02:06:57,200 --> 02:06:59,900
Saints Day is a more serious 
Counterpoint to the fun of 

2318
02:06:59,908 --> 02:07:02,800
Halloween. 
This day is for remembering the 

2319
02:07:02,800 --> 02:07:07,000
dead, recognizing the communion 
of saints and thinking about 

2320
02:07:07,000 --> 02:07:10,700
death and faith. 
There may be prayers for the 

2321
02:07:10,700 --> 02:07:14,200
dead hymns that talk about 
eternal life and meeting again 

2322
02:07:14,200 --> 02:07:16,200
in heaven. 
And the reading of the names of 

2323
02:07:16,200 --> 02:07:18,100
church members who died in the 
past year. 

2324
02:07:19,100 --> 02:07:22,300
There is no conflict between the
game's from last night and the 

2325
02:07:22,300 --> 02:07:26,200
seriousness of this morning. 
Halloween and All Saints Day are

2326
02:07:26,200 --> 02:07:29,600
both ways to remember the Dead 
Halloween, does this with fun. 

2327
02:07:29,600 --> 02:07:33,000
And hope, while All Saints Day, 
does it with respect and prayer?

2328
02:07:33,000 --> 02:07:36,000
Both of them, know, that death 
doesn't end a relationship. 

2329
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:40,300
It just changes it. 
As November 1st goes on into the

2330
02:07:40,308 --> 02:07:42,600
afternoon. 
And evening, the change of 

2331
02:07:42,600 --> 02:07:47,200
seasons becomes more obvious. 
The sun sets noticeably earlier 

2332
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:50,200
than it did just a few weeks 
ago, even though it is already 

2333
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:54,200
low in the sky at noon. 
The evening comes on with that 

2334
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:57,400
special kind of November 
darkness that isn't as golden as

2335
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:01,300
October's but is more complete. 
This kind of Darkness will last 

2336
02:08:01,300 --> 02:08:04,800
for the next few months farmers 
and people with Gardens are 

2337
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:08,000
getting ready for winter. 
Before killing Frost ends the 

2338
02:08:08,008 --> 02:08:10,800
growing season. 
The last Hardy vegetables need 

2339
02:08:10,800 --> 02:08:13,600
to be picked. 
You need to dig up and store, 

2340
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:16,000
root vegetables. 
Like turnips, carrots and 

2341
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:19,200
potatoes. 
You need to get rid of any dead 

2342
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:22,000
plants in your garden beds. 
You can either add them to 

2343
02:08:22,000 --> 02:08:24,500
compost, piles or let them break
down over the winter. 

2344
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:28,900
Change from October to November 
also helps people get ready for 

2345
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:31,200
the holidays. 
There will be a series of 

2346
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:34,700
holidays, coming up, 
Thanksgiving Christmas and New 

2347
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:37,100
Year's. 
These will break up the dark 

2348
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:41,000
months but on November 1st, 
those holidays still seem far 

2349
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:43,700
away. 
For now, the main thing to do is

2350
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:47,200
get used to the fact that winter
means shorter days, Colder 

2351
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:49,600
Weather and having to spend more
time inside. 

2352
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:52,600
Family start to think about 
winter projects. 

2353
02:08:52,600 --> 02:08:55,300
Well things they can do when 
they can't work out side. 

2354
02:08:55,300 --> 02:08:58,800
Women might plan. 
So in projects, like making 

2355
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:03,200
quilts fixing, or changing 
clothes, or making new clothes 

2356
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:05,700
during the winter. 
When they have to stay inside 

2357
02:09:05,700 --> 02:09:08,700
men might have to fix things 
sharp and tools or finish 

2358
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:12,900
projects in Barns or workshops. 
Kids know that school days will 

2359
02:09:12,900 --> 02:09:15,900
start and end in the dark. 
And that recess might be too 

2360
02:09:15,900 --> 02:09:17,700
cold for them to play outside 
comfortably. 

2361
02:09:18,800 --> 02:09:22,200
As the months get darker 
remembering Halloween night is a

2362
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:25,400
bright spot to look back on the 
games, the laughter. 

2363
02:09:25,400 --> 02:09:29,200
And the time spent under the 
stars in October, all become 

2364
02:09:29,200 --> 02:09:33,000
stories that can be told again 
and again and private memories, 

2365
02:09:33,000 --> 02:09:36,200
that can be enjoyed. 
Depending on your mood and 

2366
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:38,800
beliefs, the predictions made by
fortune. 

2367
02:09:38,800 --> 02:09:42,900
Tellers can be funny or serious.
The party helped people feel 

2368
02:09:42,900 --> 02:09:45,800
like they were part of a 
community which makes the coming

2369
02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:47,100
winter. 
Feel less lonely. 

2370
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:50,400
Now that it's been over 100 
years since that Halloween night

2371
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:54,300
in 1909, it's worth thinking 
about what was lost and what was

2372
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:56,900
kept as Halloween changed into 
the holiday. 

2373
02:09:56,900 --> 02:10:00,900
You know, today in many ways 
Halloween 1909 was the end of an

2374
02:10:00,900 --> 02:10:02,900
era. 
It was the last time, the 

2375
02:10:02,900 --> 02:10:06,200
holiday kept its folk character 
before commercial interests, 

2376
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:08,200
changed it into something 
completely different. 

2377
02:10:09,500 --> 02:10:14,000
At first, the change happens 
Slowly by the 1920s Halloween 

2378
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:17,900
was becoming more about kids. 
Schools and Community groups 

2379
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:20,300
were throwing parties that were 
like the ones that happened in 

2380
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:24,200
homes in 1909 but they were more
organized and less mysterious. 

2381
02:10:25,000 --> 02:10:28,900
Trick-or-treating as we know it 
started in the 1930s but it 

2382
02:10:28,900 --> 02:10:30,700
didn't become popular until 
after World War 2. 

2383
02:10:31,500 --> 02:10:35,800
In the 1950s Halloween, became a
candy holiday for kids with 

2384
02:10:35,800 --> 02:10:37,500
store-bought costumes and 
decorations. 

2385
02:10:37,500 --> 02:10:41,800
Every change had its pros and 
cons Halloween today. 

2386
02:10:41,800 --> 02:10:45,200
Reaches more people gives 
millions of kids fun memories 

2387
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:49,500
and makes people really happy 
and excited. but when folk 

2388
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:52,600
Traditions turned into a 
commercial holiday, something 

2389
02:10:52,600 --> 02:10:56,500
was lost the real sense of 
mystery the connection to 

2390
02:10:56,500 --> 02:10:58,500
ancestors and traditions that go
back. 

2391
02:10:58,500 --> 02:11:02,900
Hundreds of years and the focus 
on fortune telling and romantic 

2392
02:11:02,900 --> 02:11:05,600
Futures that made Halloween 
special for young adults. 

2393
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,900
Halloween of 1909 was a part of 
a cultural history that couldn't

2394
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:13,400
last. 
It needed a slow pace of life so

2395
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:15,900
that people could make 
decorations by hand and play 

2396
02:11:15,900 --> 02:11:18,400
long games. 
It needed communities. 

2397
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:21,200
That were small enough for most 
people to know each other and 

2398
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:23,200
feel comfortable meeting in 
homes. 

2399
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:27,000
It needed a connection to 
Darkness and the supernatural 

2400
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:28,700
that more electricity in 
Science. 

2401
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:32,600
Education would weaken it needed
a social structure for dating 

2402
02:11:32,600 --> 02:11:35,200
and marriage that would change 
because of how gender roles and 

2403
02:11:35,200 --> 02:11:37,400
romantic Freedom changed in the 
20th century. 

2404
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:42,000
But the main ideas behind 
Halloween, in 1909 are still 

2405
02:11:42,000 --> 02:11:43,700
there in modern versions of the 
holiday. 

2406
02:11:44,600 --> 02:11:48,500
The desire to play with fear in 
a safe way, the appeal of 

2407
02:11:48,500 --> 02:11:52,100
changing through costumes, the 
joy of celebrating the seasons 

2408
02:11:52,100 --> 02:11:55,200
and the recognition that the 
line between life and death 

2409
02:11:55,200 --> 02:11:58,400
needs to be respected. 
All of these things are still 

2410
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:02,800
around but in different ways The
fortune-telling games that were 

2411
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,400
such a big part of Halloween in 
1909, are mostly gone now. 

2412
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:10,400
This is because people's views 
on marriage have changed people.

2413
02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:13,400
Move around more and people are 
less likely to believe in 

2414
02:12:13,400 --> 02:12:16,200
divination. 
But their Spirit lives on, in 

2415
02:12:16,200 --> 02:12:18,900
the silly superstitions that 
still surround Halloween. 

2416
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:22,000
Like the idea that some costumes
bring good luck. 

2417
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:25,700
The rituals that go along with 
eating candy and the small 

2418
02:12:25,700 --> 02:12:28,400
thrill of staying up late and 
walking around neighborhoods 

2419
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:31,500
after Dark. 
Modern Halloween events like 

2420
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,900
Harvest festivals at churches. 
School parties neighborhood 

2421
02:12:34,900 --> 02:12:37,500
trick or treating roots that get
people out of their homes at the

2422
02:12:37,508 --> 02:12:40,300
same time. 
With the focus on community 

2423
02:12:40,300 --> 02:12:43,800
Gathering even adult, Halloween 
parties are like the social 

2424
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:47,500
events of 1909, but with less 
fortune telling and more cost 

2425
02:12:47,500 --> 02:12:50,500
Tunes, the link to the 
supernatural has changed in 

2426
02:12:50,500 --> 02:12:54,400
stead of going away. 
Modern Halloween focuses on fake

2427
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:59,200
scares, like haunted houses, 
horror movies and scary 

2428
02:12:59,200 --> 02:13:02,200
decorations. 
Instead of real interactions 

2429
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:06,300
with the idea of spirits, But 
even though commercial horror is

2430
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:08,300
scary. 
There are still a recognition 

2431
02:13:08,300 --> 02:13:10,200
that death deserves to be 
remembered. 

2432
02:13:10,900 --> 02:13:13,800
That the Line Between Worlds can
be playfully crossed. 

2433
02:13:14,400 --> 02:13:17,400
And that darkness and mystery 
are a part of Being Human. 

2434
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:20,500
From your point of view. 
The most interesting thing about

2435
02:13:20,500 --> 02:13:23,000
how Halloween 1909 is how gentle
it is. 

2436
02:13:23,700 --> 02:13:26,600
The spirits were nice. 
The darkness was friendly. 

2437
02:13:27,500 --> 02:13:31,000
The fortune telling was more fun
than serious and the celebration

2438
02:13:31,000 --> 02:13:34,500
brought people of all ages and 
interests together in stead of 

2439
02:13:34,500 --> 02:13:37,900
separating them. 
It was a holiday that recognized

2440
02:13:37,900 --> 02:13:41,700
mystery without requiring 
belief, that respected tradition

2441
02:13:41,700 --> 02:13:45,700
without being strict about it 
and that made room for love hope

2442
02:13:45,700 --> 02:13:49,600
and connection with others. 
This gentlemen, shows that 

2443
02:13:49,600 --> 02:13:52,000
people in this culture, had a 
different view of fear and the 

2444
02:13:52,008 --> 02:13:54,600
supernatural than they did later
in the 20th century. 

2445
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,600
Even though people say, the 
Victorian and Edwardian here as 

2446
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:01,700
were very strict, they were 
actually very open about death 

2447
02:14:01,700 --> 02:14:04,600
and spirits. 
People talked about death fairly

2448
02:14:04,600 --> 02:14:08,000
openly and it was a part of life
through mourning rituals and 

2449
02:14:08,000 --> 02:14:11,200
Memorial practices. 
The thought that the dead might 

2450
02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:13,000
come back for a visit wasn't 
scary. 

2451
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:16,200
It was comforting. 
It was like saying that love and

2452
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:20,000
connection live on after death. 
By making death a medical issue 

2453
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:22,300
and taking it out of the home 
culture. 

2454
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:25,400
In the later 20th century made 
it both less familiar and more 

2455
02:14:25,400 --> 02:14:28,500
scary. 
Halloween changed to reflect 

2456
02:14:28,500 --> 02:14:31,100
this. 
Becoming more about fear and 

2457
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:34,000
horror than about gentle mystery
and Family Ties. 

2458
02:14:34,900 --> 02:14:37,300
People stopped being careful 
about the Supernatural and 

2459
02:14:37,300 --> 02:14:41,400
started to be afraid of it. 
Spirits turned into scary beings

2460
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:43,000
in stead of loved ones coming 
back. 

2461
02:14:44,700 --> 02:14:48,100
But that October night in 1909, 
when we spent time together, 

2462
02:14:48,100 --> 02:14:50,900
Halloween was still the same as 
it had always been. 

2463
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:54,100
It was a night for young people 
to dream about their romantic 

2464
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:57,800
futures for communities to come 
together in warmth and light. 

2465
02:14:57,800 --> 02:15:01,600
While acknowledging the cold 
Darkness outside for traditions 

2466
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:05,300
to be honored and passed on and 
for the possibility of mystery 

2467
02:15:05,300 --> 02:15:09,000
to be acknowledged, without 
needing proof. as you get ready 

2468
02:15:09,000 --> 02:15:12,200
for bed with your own October 
night, pressing against your 

2469
02:15:12,200 --> 02:15:16,900
windows, Think about what parts 
of that Halloween in 1909 might 

2470
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:18,500
be worth keeping or getting 
back. 

2471
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:22,800
Not in a nostalgic way that 
tries to bring back the past. 

2472
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:26,400
Because that past had its own 
problems and limitations that we

2473
02:15:26,400 --> 02:15:30,200
shouldn't romanticize. 
Instead we should think about 

2474
02:15:30,200 --> 02:15:33,400
what human needs those 
Traditions met and how those 

2475
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:37,600
needs might still be relevant. 
The decorations made by hand in 

2476
02:15:37,600 --> 02:15:40,200
1909 were both necessary and 
creative. 

2477
02:15:40,900 --> 02:15:43,100
In a world where holiday 
decorations are made in 

2478
02:15:43,100 --> 02:15:46,800
factories, the idea of making 
your own decorations, even 

2479
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:51,000
simple ones is appealing. 
For example, cutting out shapes 

2480
02:15:51,000 --> 02:15:55,500
from paper, carving pumpkins, 
with care and arranging, Autumn 

2481
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:58,300
Leaves and corn stalks into 
Arrangements that celebrate the 

2482
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,300
season. 
The fortune telling games were 

2483
02:16:01,308 --> 02:16:05,100
Silly and fun. 
But they had a point to remind 

2484
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,300
people that the future is 
unknown, and to give them a 

2485
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:11,400
chance to think about their 
hopes and dreams in a fun way. 

2486
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:15,500
We don't often let ourselves 
play with uncertainty like this 

2487
02:16:15,500 --> 02:16:18,400
because modern life is so 
focused on planning and control.

2488
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:22,500
There may be Merit in Pursuits 
that Amalgamated Amusement with 

2489
02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:24,700
mild contemplation of our 
aspiration. 

2490
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:29,400
The night walks of 1909, made it
possible to experience darkness,

2491
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:32,200
which has becoming less common 
in Modern Life. 

2492
02:16:33,000 --> 02:16:36,100
When was the last time you 
walked in real darkness without 

2493
02:16:36,100 --> 02:16:39,299
streetlights flashlights or 
phone screens? 

2494
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:42,600
When was the last time you felt 
what it was like to be a human 

2495
02:16:42,600 --> 02:16:46,500
being for thousands of years? 
It's good for you to get away 

2496
02:16:46,500 --> 02:16:49,600
from artificial light every now 
and then and experience the 

2497
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:51,400
natural rhythms of day and 
night. 

2498
02:16:52,299 --> 02:16:55,900
The community aspect of 
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 

2499
02:16:55,900 --> 02:16:58,799
needs for connection, and 
belonging that don't go away 

2500
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:01,100
just because we have social 
media and texting. 

2501
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:05,100
Even in our connected age, it's 
still worth it to share physical

2502
02:17:05,100 --> 02:17:08,400
space play games together and 
make memories in real time 

2503
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:10,900
instead of writing them down and
posting them later. 

2504
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:14,600
The most important thing about 
the 1909 Halloween is its 

2505
02:17:14,600 --> 02:17:16,200
relationship with the 
supernatural. 

2506
02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:20,299
It was open to possibilities, 
without needing to be sure and 

2507
02:17:20,299 --> 02:17:22,799
it accepted mystery without 
being scared of it. 

2508
02:17:23,700 --> 02:17:26,299
This is a good way to deal with 
the unknowns in life. 

2509
02:17:26,299 --> 02:17:29,400
We live in a time when 
everything needs proof and 

2510
02:17:29,400 --> 02:17:33,299
evidence which is useful in some
situations but not in others. 

2511
02:17:34,100 --> 02:17:39,299
Some experience is such as love 
beauty meaning, and the 

2512
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:41,700
potential for something Beyond 
every day reality. 

2513
02:17:42,600 --> 02:17:47,200
Allude empirical validation, yet
remains significant to human 

2514
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:52,100
existence that Halloween night 
in 1909 with its candles and 

2515
02:17:52,100 --> 02:17:55,900
cider games. 
And Gatherings walks in the dark

2516
02:17:55,900 --> 02:17:58,000
of October and back to the warm 
light. 

2517
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:02,100
And the idea that Spirits might 
be near without being scary, was

2518
02:18:02,100 --> 02:18:06,000
a way of being in the world that
focused on connection Community 

2519
02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:10,000
mystery and gentle Joy. 
You might picture yourself at 

2520
02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:12,100
that 1909 party as you fall 
asleep. 

2521
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,000
After coming in from the cold 
night, you can feel the warmth 

2522
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:18,600
of the Parlor. 
Apple cider has a sharp 

2523
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:21,900
sweetness that you can taste. 
Listen to the laughter. 

2524
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:25,500
Someone tries to Bob for apples 
with more enthusiasm and skill. 

2525
02:18:26,400 --> 02:18:28,799
You can see the candles 
flickering and the Shadows 

2526
02:18:28,799 --> 02:18:31,500
dancing on the walls that are 
covered in hand cut paper. 

2527
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:34,700
Smell the wood, smoke, the fall 
are. 

2528
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:36,799
And that hard to describe smell 
of a house. 

2529
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:40,299
Full of people celebrating. 
Your part of a tradition that 

2530
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:43,900
goes back, hundreds of years, it
connects you to the Celts who 

2531
02:18:43,900 --> 02:18:47,700
lived bonfires at Sam Hine, the 
Christians who prayed for the 

2532
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:51,000
dead on All Hallows Eve. 
The fortune tellers who looked 

2533
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:55,000
into mirrors in the Victorian 
era, the 1909 Gathering where 

2534
02:18:55,000 --> 02:18:58,100
young people laughed and played 
and hoped for happy Futures. 

2535
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:02,000
And every Halloween celebration 
that is recognized that mystery 

2536
02:19:02,000 --> 02:19:05,500
and darkness and the chance to 
connect with others beyond the 

2537
02:19:05,500 --> 02:19:09,400
normal world. 
November will keep moving toward

2538
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:13,299
winter tomorrow but tonight in 
the space between waking and 

2539
02:19:13,299 --> 02:19:17,100
sleeping, you can rest in the 
kind Spirit of that Halloween in

2540
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:22,900
1909 when Spirits were friendly,
Darkness was kind and the future

2541
02:19:22,900 --> 02:19:27,100
was uncertain, but full of Hope.
sleep well, surrounded by the 

2542
02:19:27,100 --> 02:19:30,000
customs of those who came before
and those who will come after 

2543
02:19:30,799 --> 02:19:34,100
these Customs connectors across 
time because we all need to Mark

2544
02:19:34,100 --> 02:19:37,600
the changing of the seasons 
gather together to stay warm 

2545
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,200
against the cold, hope for good 
things to come. 

2546
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:43,900
And remember that the world may 
hold more mystery and Magic than

2547
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:53,000
we see in our daily lives. 
Picture yourself on a wooden 

2548
02:19:53,000 --> 02:19:56,300
ship in the middle of the 
Atlantic Ocean in the year. 1700

2549
02:19:56,300 --> 02:19:59,000
the water. 
Looks like a wrinkled blue bed 

2550
02:19:59,000 --> 02:20:01,800
sheet with no edges. 
It goes on forever. 

2551
02:20:02,900 --> 02:20:06,000
Sales made of canvas above, you 
snap and Billow in the wind 

2552
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:08,300
making sounds like thunder in 
the distance. 

2553
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:11,100
You can hear the word creaking 
all the time below deck. 

2554
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:15,300
Ship's wooden bones, Bend and 
grown as the waves, lift and 

2555
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:17,200
dropped the ship in, a 
never-ending Rhythm. 

2556
02:20:17,200 --> 02:20:18,600
That makes your stomach feel 
bad. 

2557
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:22,500
Here's the scary part. 
You have no idea where you are. 

2558
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:25,700
You have a pretty good idea of 
how far north or south you've 

2559
02:20:25,700 --> 02:20:27,200
gone. 
That's not too hard. 

2560
02:20:27,200 --> 02:20:31,100
A Sextant can tell you the angle
of the Sun at noon, when it is 

2561
02:20:31,108 --> 02:20:35,100
at its highest point in the sky.
To find your latitude compare 

2562
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:37,600
that angle to tables in a book 
and do some math. 

2563
02:20:37,600 --> 02:20:40,800
That would make your high school
geometry, teacher proud the 

2564
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:43,600
hundreds of years Sailors have 
been doing this and it worked 

2565
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:45,900
great. 
But what about Eastern West 

2566
02:20:45,900 --> 02:20:49,700
that's when things got hard 
scary and very hard to 

2567
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:52,900
understand to find out how far 
east or west you've traveled 

2568
02:20:52,900 --> 02:20:56,300
your longitude you need to know 
what time it is back home. 

2569
02:20:56,300 --> 02:20:59,300
This may seem easy but it's 
actually very hard. 

2570
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:02,600
You can figure out that you're 
about 60 degrees west of London,

2571
02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:05,100
if you know that it's noon where
you are now and that it's four 

2572
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:09,000
in the afternoon back in London.
15 degrees of longitude is equal

2573
02:21:09,000 --> 02:21:12,500
to one hour of time difference. 
Is really beautiful math. 

2574
02:21:12,500 --> 02:21:15,500
The kind that makes you feel 
smart, just thinking about it. 

2575
02:21:16,500 --> 02:21:19,600
Problem is that clocks from the 
1700s were Moody and worked 

2576
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:22,800
great in your living room but as
soon as you put them on a ship, 

2577
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:26,400
they became useless. 
Lumps of metal and gears the 

2578
02:21:26,400 --> 02:21:29,200
metal parts of the device 
expanded and contracted when the

2579
02:21:29,200 --> 02:21:32,400
temperature changed the moisture
in the air caused their delicate

2580
02:21:32,400 --> 02:21:35,400
parts to rust. 
The constant rocking motion 

2581
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:38,700
messed up their pendulums, which
were the weights that kept time 

2582
02:21:38,700 --> 02:21:40,800
steady. 
And what about Salt Air? 

2583
02:21:41,600 --> 02:21:43,700
Salt Air was like poison to 
machines. 

2584
02:21:43,700 --> 02:21:47,000
It ate away at brass and steel. 
Like the ocean waves, that 

2585
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:51,000
slowly wear down a cliff. 
Sailors in the Age of 

2586
02:21:51,008 --> 02:21:53,800
Exploration were basically 
driving across a flat desert 

2587
02:21:53,800 --> 02:21:55,400
with? 
No GPS. 

2588
02:21:55,400 --> 02:21:58,800
Compass or map. 
They had to guess where they 

2589
02:21:58,800 --> 02:22:02,300
were by looking at the sun and 
making educated guesses, and as 

2590
02:22:02,300 --> 02:22:04,800
you might expect, this caused 
disaster, that would haunt 

2591
02:22:04,800 --> 02:22:08,100
Maritime history. 
Ships would sail confidently 

2592
02:22:08,100 --> 02:22:10,900
toward what they thought was a 
safe harbor, only to find 

2593
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:13,500
themselves grinding onto rocks. 
That shouldn't have been there 

2594
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,700
for another 100 miles. 
Hope fleets would miss their 

2595
02:22:16,700 --> 02:22:20,500
destinations by hundreds of 
miles and sailors would run out 

2596
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:22,900
of food and water, as they 
desperately searched, the 

2597
02:22:22,900 --> 02:22:25,400
Horizon for land, that was 
actually far behind them. 

2598
02:22:25,400 --> 02:22:29,000
The ocean was hiding things. 
Those things were dangerous. 

2599
02:22:29,800 --> 02:22:33,900
On a foggy October night in 
1707, a British naval fleet led 

2600
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:36,000
by Admiral. 
Sir, cloudsley shovel was 

2601
02:22:36,000 --> 02:22:39,300
sailing home from Gibraltar. 
This was the worst Maritime 

2602
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:42,200
disaster of the time. 
The Admirals Navigators told 

2603
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:43,500
him. 
They were safely to the west of 

2604
02:22:43,500 --> 02:22:45,300
the dangerous. 
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 

2605
02:22:45,300 --> 02:22:47,600
which are near the South-Western
tip of England. 

2606
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:50,000
They were wrong 
catastrophically. 

2607
02:22:50,000 --> 02:22:53,700
It was wrong in the past. 
Four ships, hit the rocks that 

2608
02:22:53,700 --> 02:22:55,300
night and went down in a matter 
of hours. 

2609
02:22:55,300 --> 02:22:59,200
Their screams were lost in the 
fog, and wind is almost 2,000 

2610
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:03,000
men, drowned in the cold, 
Atlantic Waters, Admiral shovell

2611
02:23:03,000 --> 02:23:05,800
was one of them. 
He made it to shore alive but a 

2612
02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:08,100
local woman killed him because 
she wanted his emerald ring. 

2613
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:11,400
It was the kind of tragedy that 
shows you how cruel it can be 

2614
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:13,800
when people make mistakes and 
nature Acts. 

2615
02:23:14,700 --> 02:23:17,600
Britain was shocked the country 
that was building an empire that

2616
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:20,200
stretched around the world 
couldn't even safely get its own

2617
02:23:20,208 --> 02:23:22,600
ships home. 
It was like being a great race 

2618
02:23:22,600 --> 02:23:25,000
car driver who couldn't always 
Park in their own garage. 

2619
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:28,300
The embarrassment was only worse
than the rising death toll in 

2620
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:30,400
the money lost. 
When Merchant ships disappeared 

2621
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:33,800
into the ocean's vast anonymity.
There had to be a change. 

2622
02:23:33,800 --> 02:23:37,700
The question was what? 
And who would be smart enough to

2623
02:23:37,700 --> 02:23:40,300
figure out problem that had 
stumped the smartest people of 

2624
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:43,200
the time? 
In the village of falbe in 

2625
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:46,500
Yorkshire England, a boy named 
John Harrison grew up in a world

2626
02:23:46,500 --> 02:23:49,800
where the Sun moved across the 
sky, and the seasons change. 

2627
02:23:50,800 --> 02:23:54,800
John was born in 1693 and was 
the kind of kid who noticed 

2628
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:57,900
things that other kids didn't 
like how Shadows moved across 

2629
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:00,200
the floor. 
How birds seemed to know exactly

2630
02:24:00,200 --> 02:24:03,100
when Dawn would break and the 
exact rhythm of his own 

2631
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:05,900
heartbeat. 
His dad was a carpenter, which 

2632
02:24:05,900 --> 02:24:09,400
meant he was a Craftsman, an 
artist and a problem solver all 

2633
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:12,308
at the same time. 
When people needed a door that 

2634
02:24:12,316 --> 02:24:15,900
fit just right a table, that 
wouldn't wobble or a beam that 

2635
02:24:15,908 --> 02:24:18,300
could hold up a roof for 100 
years, they came to you. 

2636
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:21,600
Carpentry required an eye for 
detail, and a feel for how 

2637
02:24:21,608 --> 02:24:24,400
materials worked. 
Young John, learned the skills 

2638
02:24:24,400 --> 02:24:28,200
quickly like a sponge soaking up
water but what really interested

2639
02:24:28,200 --> 02:24:30,500
John was something that most 
Carpenters didn't think about 

2640
02:24:30,500 --> 02:24:34,000
very much time. 
He would watch his dad work and 

2641
02:24:34,000 --> 02:24:37,200
pay attention to how long each 
job took how the quality of the 

2642
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:40,200
word affected, how fast it could
be cut and how is Dad's 

2643
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:42,400
experience helped him? 
Guess how long a project would 

2644
02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:46,000
take with amazing accuracy? 
John was thinking about 

2645
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:50,000
measurement, precision and the 
Unseen rhythms that controlled 

2646
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:52,900
everything around him while 
other boys, his age were playing

2647
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:55,900
games or doing things that made 
their parents sigh heavily. 

2648
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:59,900
When John was about seven years 
old, he got smallpox a disease 

2649
02:24:59,900 --> 02:25:02,800
that killed millions of people 
and left those who survived with

2650
02:25:02,800 --> 02:25:06,300
scars for life. 
John lived, but the sickness 

2651
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,400
kept him in bed for weeks 
someone gave him a watch while 

2652
02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:11,100
he was recovering and it changed
his life. 

2653
02:25:11,100 --> 02:25:14,300
You might think that a watch as 
a boring gift for a sick kid, 

2654
02:25:14,300 --> 02:25:17,200
there were no flashing lights 
moving Parts. 

2655
02:25:17,200 --> 02:25:21,600
You could see or bells and 
whistles that watch though was a

2656
02:25:21,600 --> 02:25:23,200
window into a world of 
precision. 

2657
02:25:23,200 --> 02:25:26,000
For John Harrison. 
He would put it to his ear and 

2658
02:25:26,000 --> 02:25:28,900
listen to the steady Tick, Tock 
of brass and steel like a 

2659
02:25:28,908 --> 02:25:31,500
heartbeat. 
He would watch the hands move 

2660
02:25:31,500 --> 02:25:35,300
slowly around the dial turning 
seconds into minutes minutes 

2661
02:25:35,300 --> 02:25:39,500
into hours and hours into days. 
He took it apart which is the 

2662
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:42,600
most amazing thing. 
Imagine being seven years old 

2663
02:25:42,600 --> 02:25:45,200
sick, with a disease. 
That is killing people all 

2664
02:25:45,200 --> 02:25:48,100
around you and deciding that. 
The most interesting thing you 

2665
02:25:48,100 --> 02:25:51,400
could do is take apart, a 
complicated machine to see how 

2666
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:54,800
it works. 
John took out each tiny screw 

2667
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:58,200
gear and piece of metal with 
great care and put them on his 

2668
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:01,400
bedside table. 
Then with a level of focus, that

2669
02:26:01,400 --> 02:26:04,000
seems almost impossible for a 
child, he put it all back 

2670
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:07,500
together and it still worked. 
This wasn't just mechanical 

2671
02:26:07,500 --> 02:26:09,800
skill. 
It was a kind of Genius that 

2672
02:26:09,800 --> 02:26:13,800
shows itself early and loudly 
John Harris, what he wanted to 

2673
02:26:13,800 --> 02:26:15,900
do before most kids could spell 
their own names. 

2674
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:18,600
John's interesting clocks didn't
fade. 

2675
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:21,300
As he got older, he didn't make 
it less deep. 

2676
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:24,200
He made it deeper, he started 
making clocks. 

2677
02:26:24,200 --> 02:26:28,100
Not as a business at first, but 
as a hobby that took up all of 

2678
02:26:28,100 --> 02:26:31,500
his free time, he worked in his 
father's, carpentry, shop and 

2679
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,700
tried out different materials 
designs and ways to fix the 

2680
02:26:34,700 --> 02:26:37,000
basic problems that made clocks 
inaccurate. 

2681
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:39,900
Wood was the first thing he 
chose that changed. 

2682
02:26:39,900 --> 02:26:42,800
Everything. 
Other clockmakers used Metal 

2683
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:45,100
Gears, that changed shape with 
temperature changes. 

2684
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:49,200
John on the other hand found 
that certain types of wood like 

2685
02:26:49,200 --> 02:26:51,500
Oak and boxwood had amazing 
qualities. 

2686
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:54,300
If you cut them the right way 
and put them together the right 

2687
02:26:54,300 --> 02:26:58,100
way, they would naturally adjust
to changes in temperature when 

2688
02:26:58,100 --> 02:27:00,900
one part got bigger, the other 
part got smaller which kept the 

2689
02:27:00,908 --> 02:27:03,700
clocks accuracy stable. 
It was the kind of insight that 

2690
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:06,900
seems clear in retrospect but 
takes Real Genius to find. 

2691
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:11,100
John was learning about physics 
and Engineering on his own even 

2692
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:13,300
though these ideas wouldn't be 
written down for decades. 

2693
02:27:14,100 --> 02:27:16,700
He did this while working in a 
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 

2694
02:27:16,700 --> 02:27:19,300
candlelight. 
By the time he was in his 20s, 

2695
02:27:19,300 --> 02:27:21,900
John had made clocks. 
That was so accurate that they 

2696
02:27:21,900 --> 02:27:23,400
only lost about one second a 
month. 

2697
02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:26,000
This was an amazing feat for the
time. 

2698
02:27:26,000 --> 02:27:30,100
People would travel for miles to
see his clocks which were local 

2699
02:27:30,100 --> 02:27:33,700
wonders, but John wasn't happy. 
He could tell that there was 

2700
02:27:33,700 --> 02:27:36,400
something bigger that his skills
could do some bigger problem 

2701
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:39,900
that only his unique genius 
could solve, he didn't know yet.

2702
02:27:39,900 --> 02:27:42,100
That the problem was waiting for
him in the form of a 

2703
02:27:42,100 --> 02:27:46,100
parliamentary prize, a maritime 
crisis, and the task of making a

2704
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:49,200
clock, that could keep perfect 
time, while being tossed around 

2705
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:54,400
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 
John Harrison was only 21 and 

2706
02:27:54,400 --> 02:27:56,000
still making wooden clocks in 
Yorkshire. 

2707
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:58,800
The British Parliament, did 
something strange. 

2708
02:27:58,800 --> 02:28:02,400
They asked for help. 
The longitude acts said that 

2709
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:04,800
anyone who could figure out the 
longitude problem would get a 

2710
02:28:04,808 --> 02:28:08,500
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is
about the same as several 

2711
02:28:08,500 --> 02:28:12,200
million pounds today. 20,000 
pounds. 

2712
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:14,200
Take a moment to think about 
that. 

2713
02:28:15,100 --> 02:28:17,600
Parliament was offering enough 
money to buy a smallest state 

2714
02:28:17,600 --> 02:28:21,100
live, comfortably for life and 
still have enough left over to 

2715
02:28:21,100 --> 02:28:22,600
pay for your grandchildren's 
education. 

2716
02:28:22,600 --> 02:28:26,600
At the time, a skilled 
Craftsman, could only make 50 

2717
02:28:26,600 --> 02:28:29,500
pounds a year. 
People quit their jobs and spent

2718
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:31,000
their lives trying to solve 
problems. 

2719
02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:33,200
That seemed impossible because 
of the prize. 

2720
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:37,300
But there were some rules for 
the prize, Your solution had to 

2721
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:39,800
be able to figure out the 
longitude within half a degree 

2722
02:28:39,800 --> 02:28:43,100
after a ship had sailed to the 
West Indies and back, which 

2723
02:28:43,100 --> 02:28:46,100
could take months. 
That might not sound very exact 

2724
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:48,400
until you remember. 
That half a degree of longitude 

2725
02:28:48,400 --> 02:28:50,500
at the equator is about 34 
miles. 

2726
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:54,400
Your method had to tell a ship's
Captain where he was to within 

2727
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:56,600
the distance. 
A person could walk in a day 

2728
02:28:56,600 --> 02:29:00,100
after months, at Sea, through 
storms and calm, heat and cold. 

2729
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:03,200
Parliament set up the board of 
longitude to look at the 

2730
02:29:03,200 --> 02:29:06,500
proposed Solutions. 
This group of scientists naval 

2731
02:29:06,500 --> 02:29:08,700
officers and government 
officials would decide who 

2732
02:29:08,700 --> 02:29:11,500
should get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

2733
02:29:11,500 --> 02:29:14,400
Britain were on this board 
including astronomers who liked 

2734
02:29:14,400 --> 02:29:18,100
the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

2735
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:21,700
distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

2736
02:29:22,500 --> 02:29:25,600
Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

2737
02:29:25,600 --> 02:29:28,700
measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

2738
02:29:28,700 --> 02:29:31,800
stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

2739
02:29:31,800 --> 02:29:37,100
It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

2740
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:38,800
least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

2741
02:29:40,000 --> 02:29:43,000
Stroman as were happy with the 
solution, but Sailors, who were 

2742
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:45,300
practical wanted to throw their 
sex and overboard. 

2743
02:29:45,300 --> 02:29:48,500
A lot of the board members 
specially the astronomers 

2744
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,300
thought that the answer to the 
longitude problem had to come 

2745
02:29:51,300 --> 02:29:54,900
from the Stars. 
After all navigation has always 

2746
02:29:54,900 --> 02:29:58,200
been about looking at the stars.
They thought it was unlikely at 

2747
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:00,700
best and ridiculous at worst 
that someone could fix this 

2748
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:04,200
problem with a mechanical device
which was basically a very fancy

2749
02:30:04,200 --> 02:30:06,700
clock. 
John Harrison would have to deal

2750
02:30:06,700 --> 02:30:09,600
with this bias for most of his 
life, but he didn't know that 

2751
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:13,500
yet. 
John made a choice in 1728 when 

2752
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:16,700
he was 35, that would shape the 
rest of his life. 

2753
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:20,200
He would go to London, show the 
board of longitude his ideas for

2754
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,100
a sea clock, and when the prize 
that no one else had been able 

2755
02:30:23,100 --> 02:30:27,500
to get In the 1700s. 
It wasn't easy to get from 

2756
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:30,600
Yorkshire to London. 
It took days of travel on roads 

2757
02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:32,300
that were barely improved. 
Dirt paths. 

2758
02:30:32,300 --> 02:30:35,000
Staying in coaching Inns where 
the beds had more previous 

2759
02:30:35,000 --> 02:30:37,800
occupants than you wanted to 
think about and spending money 

2760
02:30:37,800 --> 02:30:41,200
that John didn't really have to 
spare, but he went on the trip, 

2761
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:44,000
bringing with him drawing and 
descriptions of a clock that no 

2762
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:47,000
one had ever seen before. 
John went to London to find 

2763
02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:50,300
Edmond Halley, the same Haley, 
who has a comet named after him.

2764
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:53,900
Halle was the astronomer Royal 
and a member of the board of 

2765
02:30:53,900 --> 02:30:56,200
longitude. 
This meant that he could either 

2766
02:30:56,200 --> 02:30:59,300
help or hurt. 
John's goals, John was lucky 

2767
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:01,600
that Hallie was the kind of 
scientist, who valued, smart 

2768
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:03,100
answers, no matter where they 
came from. 

2769
02:31:04,600 --> 02:31:07,700
Halle looked at John's plans and
saw that they were truly unique.

2770
02:31:07,700 --> 02:31:11,600
This wasn't a crazy person with 
vague ideas and crazy claims. 

2771
02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:14,600
This was a Craftsman who had 
spent a lot of time thinking 

2772
02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:17,700
about how hard it was to keep 
track of time at Sea and come up

2773
02:31:17,700 --> 02:31:21,900
with specific useful Solutions. 
Highly introduced John to George

2774
02:31:21,900 --> 02:31:24,300
Graham London's. 
Best clockmaker. 

2775
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:27,900
Graham was also smart enough to 
know when genius came to his 

2776
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:30,100
shop. 
Graham spent the whole day with 

2777
02:31:30,100 --> 02:31:33,200
John listening to his ideas, 
looking at his drawings and 

2778
02:31:33,200 --> 02:31:36,400
slowly, realizing that this 
country Carpenter had ideas that

2779
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:38,400
London's best instrument makers 
had missed. 

2780
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:41,600
Graham did something amazing by 
the end of their meeting. 

2781
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:44,500
He offered to lend John money 
without charging him interest to

2782
02:31:44,500 --> 02:31:47,100
help him build. 
His first Marine timekeeper, it 

2783
02:31:47,100 --> 02:31:49,800
was a leap of faith in what 
people could do and it changed 

2784
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:52,900
everything. 
John went back to Yorkshire with

2785
02:31:52,900 --> 02:31:55,600
enough money to start building a
clock that could work at Sea. 

2786
02:31:55,600 --> 02:31:58,400
He was about to enter a part of 
his life that would last for 

2787
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:00,700
decades. 
Drive him, insane and change the

2788
02:32:00,700 --> 02:32:03,500
world. 
But first he had to make the 

2789
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:05,400
thing. 
Think about how long it would 

2790
02:32:05,400 --> 02:32:09,100
take to make just one clock, not
as a hobby or a side project. 

2791
02:32:09,100 --> 02:32:12,600
But as your main focus for five 
years of calculating adjusting 

2792
02:32:12,600 --> 02:32:16,200
testing and improving. 
That's what John Harrison did 

2793
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:20,200
from 1730 to 1735. 
He made his first Marine time 

2794
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:22,400
keeper which would later be 
called H1. 

2795
02:32:23,200 --> 02:32:25,500
H1 was not a delicate pocket. 
Watch. 

2796
02:32:25,500 --> 02:32:28,900
It was a huge machine that 
weighed about 75 pounds and was 

2797
02:32:28,900 --> 02:32:31,900
about two feet tall. 
Your first thought when you saw 

2798
02:32:31,900 --> 02:32:34,300
it in a museum today would 
probably be that. 

2799
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:37,000
It looks like a steampunk 
sculpture with all the brass 

2800
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:41,300
gears and strange moving Parts. 
But every part of H1s design, 

2801
02:32:41,300 --> 02:32:44,600
had a specific purpose in the 
fight against the forces that 

2802
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:46,500
had stopped. 
Every other attempt at making a 

2803
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:48,900
sea clock. 
John's main problem was figuring

2804
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:51,800
out how to make a clock, that 
keeps accurate time, even when 

2805
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:55,900
it is moved. 
Shaken, heated, cooled and hit 

2806
02:32:55,900 --> 02:32:59,100
by salty are all the time. 
It was like asking someone to 

2807
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:01,300
play a violin while riding a 
roller coaster during an 

2808
02:33:01,308 --> 02:33:03,900
earthquake. 
The main task is hard enough 

2809
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:05,900
without all those extra things 
getting in the way. 

2810
02:33:05,900 --> 02:33:08,700
John's ideas were brilliant. 
Because he'd spent years, 

2811
02:33:08,700 --> 02:33:11,600
thinking about how mechanisms 
work when they are on distress. 

2812
02:33:12,500 --> 02:33:15,600
John used to balance mechanism 
with two weighted bars connected

2813
02:33:15,600 --> 02:33:18,600
by Springs. 
Instead of a pendulum A pendulum

2814
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,600
needs gravity to work all the 
time, but it didn't work on a 

2815
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:22,500
ship. 
That was tilting. 

2816
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:26,300
One bar would swing one way and 
the other would swing the other 

2817
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,500
way, when the ship rolled which 
stopped the ship from moving, it

2818
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:32,200
was a mechanical genius that was
turned into brass and steel. 

2819
02:33:33,100 --> 02:33:35,700
The two balances were like 
dancers moving in perfect 

2820
02:33:35,700 --> 02:33:39,000
opposition, their movement. 
So perfectly timed, that the 

2821
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:42,200
ship's rocking didn't matter, 
the ship pitched and rolled 

2822
02:33:42,200 --> 02:33:45,000
through the waves, but inside 
each one's mechanism time. 

2823
02:33:45,000 --> 02:33:46,600
Moved forward with calm 
Precision. 

2824
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:48,600
The temperature was another 
problem. 

2825
02:33:48,600 --> 02:33:53,500
When you heat metal it expands, 
and when you cool it, it shrinks

2826
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:57,200
You may have noticed this when 
you run hot water over a jar lid

2827
02:33:57,200 --> 02:34:00,600
to make it easier to open. 
These tiny changes in size can 

2828
02:34:00,600 --> 02:34:03,300
mess up the timing of a clock so
much that it stops working. 

2829
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:06,400
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

2830
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:10,300
The strips were made of brass 
and steel and reacted to changes

2831
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:13,900
in temperature in opposite ways 
making up for each other, then 

2832
02:34:13,900 --> 02:34:17,800
there was friction which is bad 
for all moving Parts, friction 

2833
02:34:17,800 --> 02:34:20,400
was trying to slow things down 
and make them less accurate 

2834
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:24,100
every time gear teeth mashed 
together or a bearing turned in 

2835
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:26,600
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

2836
02:34:26,600 --> 02:34:30,400
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold thin 

2837
02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:33,500
in the Heat and eventually 
turned into sticky residue that 

2838
02:34:33,500 --> 02:34:36,700
gummed up the works. 
John's answer was to use lignum.

2839
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:40,300
Vitae a very hard heavy wood 
that has its own natural oils. 

2840
02:34:40,300 --> 02:34:43,700
His bearings were made from this
wood that doesn't need oil so he

2841
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:46,700
didn't need any at all. 
John knew a lot about how 

2842
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:49,900
materials acted when they were 
under stress and every problem 

2843
02:34:49,900 --> 02:34:53,900
had a solution H1 was more than 
just a clock. 

2844
02:34:53,900 --> 02:34:57,100
It was a dissertation in 
mechanical engineering that a 

2845
02:34:57,100 --> 02:34:59,200
man who had never gone to 
college wrote in brass and 

2846
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:01,900
steel. 
Each one was ready for its trial

2847
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:06,900
in 1735, the board of longitude 
sent John on the HMS, Centurion 

2848
02:35:06,900 --> 02:35:10,300
to Lisbon, Portugal and back. 
This trip would test whether 

2849
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:13,200
this complicated machine could 
really do what John said, it 

2850
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:16,300
could. 
Think about how John felt as he 

2851
02:35:16,308 --> 02:35:19,200
watched his five years of work. 
Being carefully, loaded onto a 

2852
02:35:19,208 --> 02:35:22,300
royal Navy warship. 
The open ocean was about to 

2853
02:35:22,300 --> 02:35:24,800
judge everything. 
He had given up every hour. 

2854
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:27,900
He had spent in his workshop and
every calculation and adjustment

2855
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:31,300
he had made. 
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 

2856
02:35:31,300 --> 02:35:34,000
doesn't care about your precise 
tools or the work you've done 

2857
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:37,500
for the rest of your life. 
The centurion's deck was covered

2858
02:35:37,500 --> 02:35:40,800
in waves and the ship rolled at 
angles that made even 

2859
02:35:40,800 --> 02:35:43,100
experienced Sailors. 
Hold onto the railings. 

2860
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:48,600
Below in the captain's cabin, H1
sat quietly ticking away, 

2861
02:35:48,600 --> 02:35:51,400
seemingly unaffected by the 
chaos around it. 

2862
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:54,500
The ship's Navigators thought 
they were getting closer to 

2863
02:35:54,500 --> 02:35:56,500
England from a certain place on 
the way back. 

2864
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:00,200
John's clock said they were 
really about 90 miles east of 

2865
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:01,900
Where The Navigators thought 
they were. 

2866
02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:05,000
John told the captain that they 
were getting close to England 

2867
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:06,400
near The Dangerous Waters 
around. 

2868
02:36:06,400 --> 02:36:09,500
Start point, he did this with 
the confidence of someone who 

2869
02:36:09,500 --> 02:36:11,900
trusted his own work more than 
what most people thought. 

2870
02:36:13,200 --> 02:36:16,200
Roger Wills the captain believed
what John said enough to change 

2871
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:19,700
course and when the fog cleared 
start point was right, where 

2872
02:36:19,700 --> 02:36:23,000
John's clock said, it would be. 
The Navigators had made a 

2873
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:25,500
mistake that could have easily 
sunk the ship by almost 100 

2874
02:36:25,500 --> 02:36:27,400
miles. 
Each one was correct. 

2875
02:36:27,400 --> 02:36:30,400
You might think that this 
successful trial would have won 

2876
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:32,100
John the longitude prize right 
away. 

2877
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:35,600
His clock had just showed that 
it could do exactly what 

2878
02:36:35,600 --> 02:36:39,000
Parliament had promised to pay 
20,000 pounds to do. 

2879
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:42,500
But you would be underestimated,
how hard it is to convince 

2880
02:36:42,500 --> 02:36:45,100
experts, who are doubtful? 
That someone has solved a 

2881
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:46,400
problem. 
They thought was almost 

2882
02:36:46,400 --> 02:36:49,200
impossible. 
The board of longitudes said 

2883
02:36:49,200 --> 02:36:53,100
that H1 had potential which in 
bureaucratic language means, 

2884
02:36:53,100 --> 02:36:56,400
this is interesting but we're 
not ready to give you all that 

2885
02:36:56,400 --> 02:36:59,600
money yet. 
They gave John 500 pounds to 

2886
02:36:59,600 --> 02:37:01,200
keep working on it, and make a 
better version. 

2887
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:05,300
It was both encouragement and a 
clear message show me again and 

2888
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:07,700
do it better. 
John might have been feeling 

2889
02:37:07,700 --> 02:37:09,800
down. 
He went back to his shop and 

2890
02:37:09,800 --> 02:37:11,400
started making plans for each 
two. 

2891
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:14,300
Instead, you might think their 
H2 would take less time. 

2892
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:16,800
Now that John knew how to do it,
because it took him five years 

2893
02:37:16,800 --> 02:37:19,500
to build H1. 
You would be very wrong. 

2894
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:23,100
It took John almost 20 years to 
finish H2, but not because he 

2895
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,200
worked slowly. 
He kept coming up with better 

2896
02:37:25,200 --> 02:37:27,300
ideas. 
This is the time in John 

2897
02:37:27,300 --> 02:37:30,100
Harrison's, life that will test 
your patience just to hear about

2898
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:32,500
it. 
Imagine spending your whole 

2899
02:37:32,500 --> 02:37:36,600
adult life trying to solve one 
problem getting close and then 

2900
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:40,000
realizing you could do better 
and starting over over and over 

2901
02:37:40,000 --> 02:37:46,400
for 40 years, H2, which was 
finished in 1741 was heavier 

2902
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:51,100
than H1 about 86 pounds. 
But it had changes that made it 

2903
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:54,000
more accurate. 
In theory, John had fined, his 

2904
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:57,100
temperature compensation system 
improved, his balance mechanism 

2905
02:37:57,100 --> 02:38:00,400
and made a lot of small changes 
that when added together made a 

2906
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:03,400
difference, it was like seeing a
perfectionist change a document 

2907
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:06,500
changing the words and 
punctuation until each sentence 

2908
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:11,500
was as clear as glass But before
H2 could be tested at C, John 

2909
02:38:11,500 --> 02:38:14,500
realized, something that worried
him he had already come up with 

2910
02:38:14,500 --> 02:38:18,200
ways to make it better. 
The world of ships was also 

2911
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:21,900
changing the board of longitude 
had paid for the creation of a 

2912
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:25,100
new way to measure the distance 
to the Moon and astronomers were

2913
02:38:25,100 --> 02:38:28,000
publishing tables that made 
navigating by the Stars easier. 

2914
02:38:28,800 --> 02:38:31,300
John's chance to prove his 
mechanical solution was running 

2915
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,600
out. 
John started working on H3 in 

2916
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:38,300
1749. 
It would take him 17 years to 

2917
02:38:38,300 --> 02:38:42,000
finish this version during that 
time he hardly left his 

2918
02:38:42,000 --> 02:38:46,400
Workshop, rarely saw friends and
focused so hard that his friends

2919
02:38:46,400 --> 02:38:49,700
and family were worried William 
his son who had grown up 

2920
02:38:49,700 --> 02:38:53,000
watching his father's Obsession 
became his assistant and his 

2921
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:55,500
Advocate when he had to deal 
with the board of longitude. 

2922
02:38:56,400 --> 02:39:00,000
H3 was smaller than the ones 
that came before it, but it was 

2923
02:39:00,008 --> 02:39:03,300
much more complicated. 
John added new features like a 

2924
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:07,300
bimetallic strip to adjust for 
temperature and a caged roller 

2925
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:10,500
bearing mechanism. 
This design was so ahead of its 

2926
02:39:10,500 --> 02:39:13,400
time that it wasn't rediscovered
and wide, widely used until the 

2927
02:39:13,400 --> 02:39:16,100
Industrial Revolution. 
More than 100 years later. 

2928
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:20,400
You benefit from something. 
John Harrison came up with while

2929
02:39:20,400 --> 02:39:23,000
trying to solve the longitude 
problem, every time you ride in 

2930
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:27,100
a car or use a machine with 
roller bearings, But there was a

2931
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:29,600
problem with H3 that John 
couldn't completely fix. 

2932
02:39:29,600 --> 02:39:32,800
It was more sensitive to the 
ship's movement than his other 

2933
02:39:32,800 --> 02:39:35,500
designs. 
The changes he made in some 

2934
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:37,300
areas had made other areas 
weaker. 

2935
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:39,900
It was the kind of trade-off in 
engineering that keeps 

2936
02:39:39,900 --> 02:39:43,200
perfectionists up at night and 
John was definitely a 

2937
02:39:43,200 --> 02:39:45,700
perfectionist. 
John was in his 60s by the 

2938
02:39:45,700 --> 02:39:49,000
middle of the 1750s. 
He had been working on sea 

2939
02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:52,200
clocks for more than 30 years. 
His first try was good enough to

2940
02:39:52,200 --> 02:39:55,000
show that the idea worked but 
not good enough to win. 

2941
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:58,300
The longitude prize, his later 
attempts had been better in some

2942
02:39:58,308 --> 02:40:01,200
ways, but he still hadn't 
reached the level of perfection.

2943
02:40:01,200 --> 02:40:04,800
He wanted a lot of people would 
have given up the right thing to

2944
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:06,300
do. 
Would have been to admit that he

2945
02:40:06,300 --> 02:40:08,700
had made important 
contributions, take whatever 

2946
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:10,200
money. 
The board of longitude was 

2947
02:40:10,200 --> 02:40:12,700
willing to give him and then 
retire knowing that he had 

2948
02:40:12,700 --> 02:40:16,100
helped people learn more. 
John Harrison was not like most 

2949
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:18,900
people, and he was not being 
reasonable about this problem. 

2950
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:22,300
John made a choice in his 
Workshop that must have seemed a

2951
02:40:22,300 --> 02:40:25,700
little crazy even to him. 
He would stop working on H3 and 

2952
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:27,200
start over. 
From scratch with a very 

2953
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:29,800
different method. 
His new clock would be nothing 

2954
02:40:29,800 --> 02:40:31,500
like the big complicated 
machine. 

2955
02:40:31,500 --> 02:40:36,000
He had spent years building, it 
would be small elegant and based

2956
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:38,400
on ideas, he had learned while 
working on the other ones, but 

2957
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:42,300
had never fully used He would 
make H4 which would be a watch 

2958
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:44,800
think of a pocket watch from the
1700s. 

2959
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:48,400
Like the kind you might see in a
period drama as hanging from a 

2960
02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:50,100
gold chain on a gentleman's 
waistcoat. 

2961
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:54,600
Fancy classy and small enough to
fit in your hand Now picture 

2962
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:57,600
this watch being so accurate and
well made that it will lose less

2963
02:40:57,600 --> 02:40:59,800
than a minute. 
After months, at Sea, through 

2964
02:40:59,800 --> 02:41:05,600
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
That was H4. 

2965
02:41:06,500 --> 02:41:09,600
John Harrison started working on
H4 in 1755. 

2966
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:13,200
And by 1759, he had made 
something that looks simple but 

2967
02:41:13,200 --> 02:41:16,800
wasn't It was about five inches 
across, which is big for a 

2968
02:41:16,808 --> 02:41:18,300
pocket, watch by today's 
standards. 

2969
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:20,800
But small compared to H1 H2 or 
H3. 

2970
02:41:21,900 --> 02:41:25,000
It was only three pounds heavy. 
You could easily hold it in both

2971
02:41:25,000 --> 02:41:28,800
hands and admire its clean white
face, elegant Roman numerals. 

2972
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:31,900
And the way its hands moved 
smoothly to Mark seconds and 

2973
02:41:31,900 --> 02:41:36,400
minutes with perfect timing. 
But the ease was a trick inside 

2974
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:38,200
H4. 
Silver case was a world of 

2975
02:41:38,200 --> 02:41:41,200
exactness. 
John had put together everything

2976
02:41:41,200 --> 02:41:43,500
he had learned about 
clock-making over the past 30 

2977
02:41:43,500 --> 02:41:46,200
years into a package that could 
fit in your pocket. 

2978
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:48,900
The balance wheel moved back and
forth. 

2979
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:52,300
Five times per second, which was
faster than any other Marine. 

2980
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:56,100
Timekeeper This meant that small
mistakes in each oscillation 

2981
02:41:56,100 --> 02:41:58,000
would average out of getting 
worse. 

2982
02:41:58,800 --> 02:42:01,300
It was the application of 
statistical smoothing to 

2983
02:42:01,300 --> 02:42:03,200
mechanical engineering long 
before. 

2984
02:42:03,200 --> 02:42:05,300
Anyone had put these ideas into 
writing. 

2985
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,100
The escapement mechanism, which 
turns the Springs energy into. 

2986
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:12,400
The regular tiktok motion was a 
work of art in terms of 

2987
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:16,300
miniaturization and accuracy. 
John had made sure that every 

2988
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:19,700
tooth on every gear fit together
perfectly, which cut down on 

2989
02:42:19,700 --> 02:42:22,700
friction to almost nothing while
still keeping the right ratios 

2990
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:26,400
for keeping time. 
The craftsmanship was so good 

2991
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:30,000
that when you look at H4 under a
magnifying glass, you can see 

2992
02:42:30,000 --> 02:42:32,500
details that shouldn't have been
possible with tools from the 

2993
02:42:32,500 --> 02:42:35,100
18th century. 
The temperature compensation 

2994
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:39,000
system used by metallic balance 
that grew and shrank in just the

2995
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:42,400
right amounts to keep the watch 
accurate in both, arctic cold 

2996
02:42:42,400 --> 02:42:46,700
and tropical heat, The old 
bearing which were tiny Ruby 

2997
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:49,000
bearings that John used at 
important friction points. 

2998
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:52,700
The machine from wearing down 
and kept it accurate for a long 

2999
02:42:52,708 --> 02:42:55,500
time. 
Every part of H4 was the most 

3000
02:42:55,500 --> 02:42:57,300
advanced thing that could be 
done with machines. 

3001
02:42:57,300 --> 02:43:03,100
At the time H4 was ready for its
trial in 1761 when John was 68 

3002
02:43:03,100 --> 02:43:06,500
years old, The board of 
longitude sent the watch on a 

3003
02:43:06,500 --> 02:43:10,200
trip to Jamaica to test it. 
The trip would take months and 

3004
02:43:10,200 --> 02:43:12,600
put the watch through all kinds 
of weather and conditions that 

3005
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:16,700
could happen in the Atlantic. 
William John's son offered to go

3006
02:43:16,700 --> 02:43:19,500
with H4 on the trip. 
This was partly because his 

3007
02:43:19,500 --> 02:43:22,700
father was too old for such a 
long and hard journey and partly

3008
02:43:22,700 --> 02:43:25,400
because someone needed to wind 
the watch every day and keep an 

3009
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:28,300
eye on how it was working. 
Can you picture how William felt

3010
02:43:28,300 --> 02:43:31,400
as HMS Deptford? 
Got ready to leave, he had his 

3011
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:34,300
father's whole life's work. 
In a silver case, that was small

3012
02:43:34,300 --> 02:43:38,400
enough to fit in his pocket. 
If H4 didn't work all the work, 

3013
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:41,000
the house and family had done 
for decades would have been for 

3014
02:43:41,000 --> 02:43:43,500
nothing. 
If they were successful they 

3015
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:47,100
would gain Fame wealth and the 
satisfaction of solving. 

3016
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:49,300
One of the biggest scientific 
problems of the time. 

3017
02:43:49,300 --> 02:43:52,000
The trip to Jamaica took 81 
days. 

3018
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,800
And during that time, William 
wound, H4 every day and kept 

3019
02:43:55,800 --> 02:43:57,400
careful records of how it 
worked. 

3020
02:43:58,100 --> 02:44:00,900
The watch kept ticking through 
the heat of the Caribbean and 

3021
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:03,900
the storms of the Atlantic, as 
well as the calm times. 

3022
02:44:03,900 --> 02:44:07,000
When the ship barely moved, and 
the gaels when experienced 

3023
02:44:07,000 --> 02:44:11,100
Sailors prayed for deliverance. 
William compared h4s. 

3024
02:44:11,100 --> 02:44:13,300
Time to local astronomical 
observations. 

3025
02:44:13,300 --> 02:44:16,900
When the Deptford finally got to
Jamaica H4, had lost five 

3026
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:20,000
seconds. 
Five seconds, the watch was off 

3027
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:23,800
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 
Sea during which it traveled, 

3028
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:25,800
thousands of miles in all kinds 
of weather. 

3029
02:44:26,700 --> 02:44:29,500
That mistake meant that the 
longitude calculation was off by

3030
02:44:29,508 --> 02:44:32,600
just over one nautical mile, 
which is a lot better than the 

3031
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:35,600
34 miles. 
The longitude prize needed, The 

3032
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:39,000
trip back was just as amazing. 
The Deptford came back to 

3033
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:42,800
England after 161 days at Sea 
and h4s. 

3034
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:45,500
Total error was one minute and 
54.5 seconds. 

3035
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,000
There should have been no doubt 
that John Harrison had sold the 

3036
02:44:49,000 --> 02:44:52,000
longitude problem because it had
gone so far beyond what was 

3037
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:53,700
needed to win. 
The highest level of the 

3038
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:57,400
longitude prize, At this point, 
you might think that the board 

3039
02:44:57,400 --> 02:45:00,100
of longitude would have given 
John the full 20,000 pounds 

3040
02:45:00,100 --> 02:45:03,600
prize, right away, ordered 
several copies of H4 and 

3041
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:07,200
celebrated British creativity. 
That is not what happened. 

3042
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:10,200
Not even close. 
If you've ever had to deal with 

3043
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:13,200
red tape, you know how annoying 
it is, when rules change, goals,

3044
02:45:13,200 --> 02:45:15,900
change and committees, ask for 
more proof before they make a 

3045
02:45:15,900 --> 02:45:18,800
decision. 
Now, multiply that frustration 

3046
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:21,400
by a few decades and add the 
bitter disappointment of seeing 

3047
02:45:21,400 --> 02:45:24,200
lesser solution. 
Get support, while your own work

3048
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:27,600
is met with endless Stout. 
John Harrison had that 

3049
02:45:27,600 --> 02:45:29,800
experience after he falls 
successful trial. 

3050
02:45:30,500 --> 02:45:33,800
The board of longitude said that
H4 had done very well but in 

3051
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:36,200
giving them the prize, they are 
asked for another trial. 

3052
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:38,700
They said that the first trip 
might have been a fluke. 

3053
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:42,100
We had to test the watch again 
to make sure it worked the same 

3054
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:42,800
way. 
Every time. 

3055
02:45:42,800 --> 02:45:48,100
John who is now 70 years old had
to agree. the second trial 

3056
02:45:48,100 --> 02:45:52,200
happened in 1764 on a trip to 
Barbados the board of longitude 

3057
02:45:52,200 --> 02:45:55,200
sent Neville masculine this 
time, he was an astronomer who 

3058
02:45:55,200 --> 02:45:57,800
was very interested in the lunar
distance method of finding 

3059
02:45:57,800 --> 02:46:02,200
longitude Masculine was smart 
and dedicated, but unfortunately

3060
02:46:02,200 --> 02:46:05,500
for John, he was completely sure
that astronomical methods were 

3061
02:46:05,500 --> 02:46:09,500
better than mechanical ones. 
H4 worked perfectly during the 

3062
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:12,500
trip but masculins report 
focused on small problems and 

3063
02:46:12,500 --> 02:46:16,000
theoretical issues instead of 
the watches overall accuracy. 

3064
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:19,800
It was like complaining that the
cup holder is an inch too small.

3065
02:46:19,800 --> 02:46:22,600
When you review a car that gets 
100 miles per gallon. 

3066
02:46:23,400 --> 02:46:26,200
When they got back to England, 
the board decided that even 

3067
02:46:26,200 --> 02:46:29,400
though H4 had done a great job, 
they couldn't give him the full 

3068
02:46:29,400 --> 02:46:32,000
prize until John showed 
everyone, how he built things, 

3069
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:33,800
and let other watchmakers copy 
his work. 

3070
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:36,500
This request, put John in a bad 
spot. 

3071
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:39,700
He didn't want to share his 
Secrets because other makers 

3072
02:46:39,700 --> 02:46:42,200
could copy his design and he 
would lose his Edge in the 

3073
02:46:42,200 --> 02:46:44,500
market. 
He would not get the prize, he'd

3074
02:46:44,500 --> 02:46:46,600
worked his whole adult life for 
if he said no. 

3075
02:46:47,800 --> 02:46:50,700
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 
that looked like, it was meant 

3076
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:54,700
to keep him from getting the 
credit he deserved. the board 

3077
02:46:54,700 --> 02:46:58,200
finally gave John half of the 
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 

3078
02:46:58,200 --> 02:47:00,900
only if he explained how he did 
it and made sure that the 

3079
02:47:00,900 --> 02:47:04,300
duplicate watches were built It 
was like winning an Olympic gold

3080
02:47:04,300 --> 02:47:06,600
medal and being told, you could 
only have it if you taught 

3081
02:47:06,600 --> 02:47:08,200
everyone else how to do it 
first. 

3082
02:47:08,900 --> 02:47:11,400
If they were happy with how you 
taught them, you might get the 

3083
02:47:11,400 --> 02:47:13,300
rest of your prize later 
Neville. 

3084
02:47:13,300 --> 02:47:16,000
Masculine had become the 
astronomer Royal and a senior 

3085
02:47:16,000 --> 02:47:17,100
member of the board of 
longitude. 

3086
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:20,500
By this point, he kept pushing 
for the lunar distance method by

3087
02:47:20,500 --> 02:47:23,100
publishing tables and 
instructions that made 

3088
02:47:23,100 --> 02:47:26,000
navigating the Stars easier, it 
was good work. 

3089
02:47:26,000 --> 02:47:28,600
That helped a lot of sailors, 
but it also meant that the 

3090
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:32,200
person judging John's mechanical
method had spent years working 

3091
02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:36,500
on a competing solution The 
scientific Community had a 

3092
02:47:36,500 --> 02:47:38,500
strong bias against Mechanical 
Solutions. 

3093
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:41,700
A lot of astronomers thought 
that navigation was an 

3094
02:47:41,700 --> 02:47:44,700
astronomical problem at its core
and should be sold with 

3095
02:47:44,700 --> 02:47:47,700
astronomical tools. 
They were offended that a 

3096
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:50,200
Craftsman who was not even a 
real scientist or mathematician 

3097
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:54,200
could use gears and Springs to 
figure out, longitude, For 

3098
02:47:54,200 --> 02:47:56,700
years, John built duplicate 
watches under the boards 

3099
02:47:56,700 --> 02:47:59,400
watchful eye. 
He showed other watchmakers how 

3100
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:02,300
to do it and gave them more and 
more details explanations of his

3101
02:48:02,300 --> 02:48:05,000
work. 
William his son, became his 

3102
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:07,400
lawyer, publicist and moral 
support all at once. 

3103
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:10,500
He argued John's case. 
Before the board wrote 

3104
02:48:10,500 --> 02:48:12,300
pamphlets. 
Explaining how unfair their 

3105
02:48:12,300 --> 02:48:14,200
treatment was and did all of 
these things? 

3106
02:48:15,900 --> 02:48:20,100
John was in his late 70s by the 
early 1770s and he still hadn't 

3107
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:21,600
won the full. 
Longitude prize. 

3108
02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:25,300
It had turned into a bit of a 
public Scandal, this man had 

3109
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:28,300
clearly solved the problem that 
Parliament had asked him to, but

3110
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:30,500
he couldn't get the promised 
reward because of technical 

3111
02:48:30,500 --> 02:48:34,200
issues, bureaucratic delays, and
what seemed to be professional 

3112
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:39,000
jealousy, from the astronomical 
establishment, In 1772, John was

3113
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:41,600
desperate, nearly didn't have 
much time left because he was 

3114
02:48:41,608 --> 02:48:44,000
getting older. 
He did something strange. 

3115
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:47,800
He wrote to King George. 
The third directly, it was a 

3116
02:48:47,800 --> 02:48:49,500
brave. 
Move to go straight to the Royal

3117
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:52,100
Authority and stead of going 
through the board of longitude. 

3118
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:56,000
King George, the third like 
science and was specially 

3119
02:48:56,000 --> 02:48:58,200
interested in tools that were 
very accurate. 

3120
02:48:58,200 --> 02:49:01,300
The King was said to be very 
angry when he found out about 

3121
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:04,500
John's situation. 
A man has spent 50 years working

3122
02:49:04,500 --> 02:49:07,100
on an important problem and 
still hadn't gotten the promised

3123
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:09,300
reward. 
He had his four brought to his 

3124
02:49:09,308 --> 02:49:12,000
private Observatory or he 
watched it work for weeks. 

3125
02:49:12,700 --> 02:49:16,400
The King was sure that John had 
been treated unfairly George the

3126
02:49:16,400 --> 02:49:18,200
third used his power to make 
Parliament. 

3127
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:20,200
Give John Harrison the rest of 
the prize money. 

3128
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:23,400
John finally got the full 20,000
pounds. 

3129
02:49:23,400 --> 02:49:26,800
He had been promised almost 60 
years earlier in 1773 when he 

3130
02:49:26,800 --> 02:49:30,200
was 80 years old, it was a win. 
But it was a sad one. 

3131
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:32,500
John one. 
Not because the scientific 

3132
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:36,100
Community recognized his work, 
but because the royal family had

3133
02:49:36,100 --> 02:49:38,200
stepped in and stopped them from
objecting any longer. 

3134
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:41,600
The board of longitude never 
officially said that John had 

3135
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:43,700
won. 
The longitude prize instead. 

3136
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:46,300
They made the payment as a 
special Grant from Parliament, 

3137
02:49:46,300 --> 02:49:49,600
which was worded in such a way, 
as to avoid suggesting that the 

3138
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:54,300
board had made a mistake. 
Three years later in 1776, John 

3139
02:49:54,300 --> 02:49:58,100
Harrison died at the age of 83, 
he had lived long enough to see 

3140
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,700
his work at praised to know that
his sea clocks worked and could 

3141
02:50:01,700 --> 02:50:05,000
save lives and to see the start 
of a revolution in how ship's 

3142
02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:07,400
navigated that would last for 
the next 200 years. 

3143
02:50:08,500 --> 02:50:11,300
But he died without ever getting
a formal letter from the board 

3144
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:13,200
of longitudes. 
Saying that he had sold the 

3145
02:50:13,200 --> 02:50:15,600
problem. 
They had asked him to solve, you

3146
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:18,000
might not feel like you've won 
even when you do win. 

3147
02:50:18,800 --> 02:50:21,600
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets and the stress of 

3148
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:24,600
the day starts to fade. 
Let's talk about what happened 

3149
02:50:24,600 --> 02:50:28,100
after John Harrison died. 
This is when his story goes from

3150
02:50:28,100 --> 02:50:30,700
being about a personal Victory 
to a global change. 

3151
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:35,100
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 
were making Marine chronometers,

3152
02:50:35,100 --> 02:50:38,600
based on John's ideas, these 
watches were very expensive. 

3153
02:50:38,600 --> 02:50:42,100
A good Marine chronometer could 
cost more than the captain of 

3154
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:45,100
the ship made in a year. 
But, for long trips, they 

3155
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,500
quickly became very useful. 
Ship owners learned that the 

3156
02:50:48,500 --> 02:50:51,700
price of a chronometer was 
nothing compared to the value of

3157
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:55,300
the cargo they could lose if 
they got lost. a standard 

3158
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:58,000
equipment, the British Navy 
started, giving Shipps Marine 

3159
02:50:58,000 --> 02:51:01,400
chronometers Captain James Cook 
took a chronometer made by 

3160
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:06,200
larcom Kendall on his famous 
Pacific voyages in the 1770s, it

3161
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:10,200
was basically a copy of H4 Cook 
wrote with great, enthusiasm 

3162
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:12,900
about how accurate and 
dependable the chronometer was 

3163
02:51:12,900 --> 02:51:15,900
calling it. 
His trusty friend and never 

3164
02:51:15,900 --> 02:51:18,800
failing guide. 
People pay attention when the 

3165
02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:21,300
man who mapped more of the 
Pacific Ocean than anyone else 

3166
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:25,000
before him. 
Praises your navigation tool. by

3167
02:51:25,000 --> 02:51:27,500
the beginning of the 1800s 
Marine, chronometers with the 

3168
02:51:27,500 --> 02:51:30,800
most common way to find 
longitude at sea The board of 

3169
02:51:30,800 --> 02:51:32,700
longitudes. 
Preferred astronomical, methods 

3170
02:51:32,700 --> 02:51:36,100
were still used as a backup. 
Good Navigators, used every tool

3171
02:51:36,100 --> 02:51:39,300
they could find but John 
Harrison's mechanical solution 

3172
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:42,800
became the main way to navigate 
for the next 150 years. 

3173
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:45,800
The effect on trade by sea was 
huge. 

3174
02:51:45,800 --> 02:51:48,900
Now, ships could plan their 
routes with confidence knowing 

3175
02:51:48,900 --> 02:51:51,300
that they could always find out 
where they were on the trip. 

3176
02:51:52,100 --> 02:51:54,500
Marine chronometers, that came 
from John Harrison's. 

3177
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:57,700
Designs were used by clipper 
ships that race tea from China, 

3178
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:01,000
to England, Merchant ships, that
connected Europe with the 

3179
02:52:01,008 --> 02:52:03,500
Americas. 
And Naval Expeditions that 

3180
02:52:03,500 --> 02:52:04,600
mapped. 
The world's remaining 

3181
02:52:04,600 --> 02:52:08,000
coastlines, the changes to 
safety were just as big. 

3182
02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:10,700
There were a lot fewer 
shipwrecks caused by navigation,

3183
02:52:10,700 --> 02:52:13,600
mistakes. 
Now captains could safely get 

3184
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,000
close to dangerous coastlines at
night or in fog knowing where 

3185
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:20,300
they were The ocean was still 
dangerous because storms 

3186
02:52:20,300 --> 02:52:23,900
icebergs, broken equipment, and 
human mistakes still sank ships.

3187
02:52:24,700 --> 02:52:27,900
However, one major cause of 
Maritime disasters, at mostly 

3188
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:30,700
been removed. 
More subtly being able to keep 

3189
02:52:30,700 --> 02:52:33,800
track of time accurately at Sea 
led to the creation of accurate 

3190
02:52:33,800 --> 02:52:38,000
charts and maps. 
Now every Harbor entrance, every

3191
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:41,100
dangerous Shoal, and every 
Coastline could be found with 

3192
02:52:41,100 --> 02:52:43,100
precision and saved for Future 
Sailors. 

3193
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:46,400
The ocean of the world were 
slowly, but surely changing from

3194
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:50,000
vast unknown areas where 
positions were unclear to map 

3195
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:51,500
areas where locations were 
known. 

3196
02:52:52,800 --> 02:52:55,600
The ideas about technology that 
John came up with had an effect 

3197
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:58,900
on clock-making. 
Well, into the 20th century, his

3198
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:01,500
new ideas for temperature, 
compensation, friction 

3199
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:04,500
reduction, and precision, 
balance mechanisms became 

3200
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:06,300
standard parts of high-quality 
watches. 

3201
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:10,700
Watchmakers studied his designs 
the same way musicians study 

3202
02:53:10,700 --> 02:53:14,500
back or Architects. 
Study old temples as examples of

3203
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:17,200
how to use basic ideas with 
genius-level skill. 

3204
02:53:18,100 --> 02:53:20,600
Lieutenant Commander Rupert, 
goold said that restoring the 

3205
02:53:20,608 --> 02:53:24,000
original Harrison sea clocks, 
which had fallen into disrepair 

3206
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:26,200
was one of the best things that 
ever happened to him. 

3207
02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:30,600
When I opened H1 and saw John's,
wooden gears and carefully 

3208
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:33,400
planned mechanisms. 
It was like talking to a Master 

3209
02:53:33,400 --> 02:53:37,400
Craftsman from years ago, the 
clocks were more than just old 

3210
02:53:37,400 --> 02:53:39,700
things. 
They were also working examples 

3211
02:53:39,700 --> 02:53:43,300
of ideas that were still useful.
The Harrison sea clocks made it 

3212
02:53:43,300 --> 02:53:46,500
through World War Two in London.
They were kept safe in a volt 

3213
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:49,400
during the blitz, when German 
bombs fell on the city every 

3214
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:53,000
night, they were cleaned 
restored and then put on display

3215
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:55,500
at the Royal Observatory. 
In Greenwich where they still 

3216
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:58,600
are today, you can see them 
ticking away, just like they did

3217
02:53:58,600 --> 02:54:01,900
hundreds of years ago. 
If you ever go to London H1 

3218
02:54:01,900 --> 02:54:05,300
through H5, and a few of John's,
other clocks are there, but the 

3219
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:07,900
Marine chronometer was not the 
best navigation tool for all 

3220
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:10,400
time. 
By the end of the 20th century 

3221
02:54:10,400 --> 02:54:14,000
GPS systems, that use satellite 
started to take the place of 

3222
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:17,100
mechanical navigation tools. 
Ships could now tell where they 

3223
02:54:17,108 --> 02:54:20,100
were within feet instead of 
miles and they could do it all 

3224
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:22,100
the time instead of having to do
it once a day. 

3225
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:27,200
The change happens slowly, but 
by the early 2000s Marine 

3226
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:29,900
chronometers were no longer the 
main tools for navigation, they 

3227
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:31,900
were used as backups and safety 
devices. 

3228
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:35,300
But even this technological 
advancement doesn't take away 

3229
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:38,900
from what Harrison did GPS 
satellites need very accurate 

3230
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:41,000
clocks. 
Like atomic clocks that make 

3231
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:43,100
John's chronometers look rough 
by comparison. 

3232
02:54:44,500 --> 02:54:48,200
But the basic idea is still the 
same to navigate correctly, you 

3233
02:54:48,200 --> 02:54:50,000
need to keep track of time 
correctly. 

3234
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:53,800
John Harrison knew this truth so
well that he spent his whole 

3235
02:54:53,800 --> 02:54:56,700
life trying to make it better. 
And every navigation system 

3236
02:54:56,700 --> 02:55:00,100
since then has been built on 
that, the story of Harrison all 

3237
02:55:00,100 --> 02:55:01,900
so changed. 
How we think about scientific 

3238
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:05,500
recognition and the link between
practical skills and theoretical

3239
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:08,600
science. 
John was not a mathematician 

3240
02:55:08,600 --> 02:55:12,500
with a degree from a university 
or a natural philosopher from 

3241
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:15,200
the upper class. 
He was a working class craftsmen

3242
02:55:15,200 --> 02:55:18,200
who sold to Problem by trying 
different things over and over 

3243
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:22,200
using his mechanical intuition 
and being very stubborn. 

3244
02:55:23,200 --> 02:55:24,600
This success called into 
question. 

3245
02:55:24,600 --> 02:55:27,600
The idea that only traditional 
academic sources can lead to 

3246
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,700
important scientific 
breakthroughs historians have 

3247
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:32,400
been both embarrassed and 
fascinated. 

3248
02:55:32,400 --> 02:55:35,300
By the way, the board of 
longitude treated Harrison in 

3249
02:55:35,300 --> 02:55:38,800
the last few decades. 
How could smart well-meaning? 

3250
02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:40,800
People not see that the answer 
to the problem. 

3251
02:55:40,800 --> 02:55:44,800
They had defined was so clear. 
The answer has to do with class 

3252
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:48,500
bias jealousy among 
professionals institutional, 

3253
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:50,800
inertia. 
And the fact that people tend to

3254
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:53,300
prefer solutions that come from 
people who are like them, 

3255
02:55:53,300 --> 02:55:57,600
instead of people who are not. 
Today several museums have 

3256
02:55:57,600 --> 02:56:00,600
working copies of Harrisons 
chronometers that were made by 

3257
02:56:00,600 --> 02:56:04,000
skilled craftsmen, who followed 
his original plans, these 

3258
02:56:04,000 --> 02:56:07,700
replicas still work as well as 
they did, in the 1700s losing 

3259
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:09,700
only a few seconds. 
A month, even though they were 

3260
02:56:09,700 --> 02:56:12,800
made with tools and methods from
that time, it shows how well 

3261
02:56:12,800 --> 02:56:15,600
John's designed worked and how 
well he understood the 

3262
02:56:15,600 --> 02:56:18,400
underlying ideas. 
The story of Harrison has 

3263
02:56:18,400 --> 02:56:22,000
inspired books movies and even a
best-selling novel by David, 

3264
02:56:22,000 --> 02:56:25,600
Sobel called longitude, which 
told millions of people about 

3265
02:56:25,600 --> 02:56:28,000
John's fight and victory 
students. 

3266
02:56:28,000 --> 02:56:30,700
Learn about him as a role model 
for hard work and new ideas 

3267
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:33,300
Engineers. 
Look at his mechanisms as 

3268
02:56:33,300 --> 02:56:35,800
examples of how to solve 
problems in a smart way. 

3269
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:39,400
And anyone who has ever felt 
like an expert didn't believe in

3270
02:56:39,400 --> 02:56:42,400
them confined, something 
inspiring in his refusal to give

3271
02:56:42,408 --> 02:56:44,400
up. 
As you start to feel sleepy, 

3272
02:56:44,400 --> 02:56:47,700
let's take a step back and think
about what John Harrison's work 

3273
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:49,700
really means in the grand scheme
of things. 

3274
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:52,800
It's not just about one man, 
making fancy clocks. 

3275
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:56,300
It's also about how we, as 
people relate to time space and 

3276
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,900
our place in the universe time 
was mostly a local thing for 

3277
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:03,100
most of human history. 
Noon was when the sun was at its

3278
02:57:03,100 --> 02:57:06,300
highest point where you were 
standing the sun's path across 

3279
02:57:06,300 --> 02:57:10,200
each Village City and Valley Sky
set the time for each place. 

3280
02:57:11,100 --> 02:57:13,500
This worked well when most 
people didn't go more than a few

3281
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:17,000
miles from where they were born.
But a society is grew and 

3282
02:57:17,000 --> 02:57:20,000
communication got better. 
This way of keeping time calls 

3283
02:57:20,000 --> 02:57:22,500
problems. 
What time does the morning coach

3284
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:24,300
leave. 
When should we get together? 

3285
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:27,300
The absence of a standardized 
time became progressively, 

3286
02:57:27,300 --> 02:57:30,400
problematic, when organizing 
activities required coordination

3287
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:34,100
across distant locations, The 
longitude problem made people 

3288
02:57:34,100 --> 02:57:35,800
rethink how they thought about 
time. 

3289
02:57:36,600 --> 02:57:39,700
To use Harrison's chronometers 
to find your way, you needed to 

3290
02:57:39,700 --> 02:57:42,400
know the time in both your area 
and at a reference point, 

3291
02:57:42,400 --> 02:57:46,700
Greenwich England became that 
reference point and this is how 

3292
02:57:46,700 --> 02:57:50,100
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 
All of a sudden time wasn't just

3293
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:51,900
something that people in one 
place, could see. 

3294
02:57:51,900 --> 02:57:55,400
It was a global standard that 
linked far away places on Earth.

3295
02:57:56,200 --> 02:57:59,300
This change in how people 
thought about time eventually 

3296
02:57:59,300 --> 02:58:01,400
led to the time zones were used 
now. 

3297
02:58:02,200 --> 02:58:04,900
In the 19th century. 
When railroad started linking 

3298
02:58:04,900 --> 02:58:07,900
far off cities, it became 
impossible to keep track of 

3299
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:10,800
local times. 
It was a nightmare to coordinate

3300
02:58:10,800 --> 02:58:13,500
a train schedule that used 
dozens of different local times.

3301
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:17,200
The answer was to break the 
world up into time zones, Each 

3302
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:19,000
of which was set to a standard 
time. 

3303
02:58:19,000 --> 02:58:22,200
Greenwich was the main Meridian,
which is the point from which 

3304
02:58:22,200 --> 02:58:23,700
all other longitudes are 
measured. 

3305
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:26,700
When you look at your watch to 
see if your late for a meeting 

3306
02:58:26,700 --> 02:58:29,600
or to help a friend on the other
side of the world, figure out 

3307
02:58:29,600 --> 02:58:32,300
what time it is. 
You're using a way of thinking 

3308
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:35,200
that came from John Harrison's 
work on the longitude problem. 

3309
02:58:36,100 --> 02:58:39,500
Standardization of time was 
necessary for navigation, which 

3310
02:58:39,500 --> 02:58:41,400
is why it became the same all 
over the world. 

3311
02:58:42,400 --> 02:58:44,200
Harrison's. 
Chronometers were also an 

3312
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:46,100
important step in the history of
human precision. 

3313
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:49,500
Before the Industrial 
Revolution, most things were 

3314
02:58:49,500 --> 02:58:52,300
made by hand. 
It fit the frame of the door. 

3315
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:55,600
The wheel was round enough 
people used their eyes and 

3316
02:58:55,600 --> 02:58:59,300
experience to make measurements 
instead of exact tools, the work

3317
02:58:59,300 --> 02:59:02,700
of John Harrison required and 
showed a level of accuracy that 

3318
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:05,300
was not needed before. 
And was almost impossible to 

3319
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:09,400
imagine, it was necessary to 
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 

3320
02:59:09,400 --> 02:59:12,200
within a few millimeters. 
Every Spring had to have the 

3321
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:15,100
right amount of tension. 
Each bearing needed to be the 

3322
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:17,900
right size. 
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.

3323
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:19,700
It was Precision Engineering 
before. 

3324
02:59:19,700 --> 02:59:23,400
That word, even existed, John 
had to come up with new ways and

3325
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:25,700
tools to get the accuracy his 
designs needed. 

3326
02:59:26,600 --> 02:59:29,200
This focus on accuracy spread 
from clock-making to other 

3327
02:59:29,200 --> 02:59:32,800
areas, the Industrial Revolution
was based on machines that got 

3328
02:59:32,800 --> 02:59:35,400
better and better at making 
parts that fit together better 

3329
02:59:35,400 --> 02:59:38,100
and better. 
Tolerance standards that modern 

3330
02:59:38,100 --> 02:59:40,500
manufacturing takes for granted 
Parts. 

3331
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:44,300
Machined 2000 of an inch 
components designed to fit 

3332
02:59:44,300 --> 02:59:47,800
together with minimal gaps. 
These ideas came about in part 

3333
02:59:47,800 --> 02:59:50,700
because of the Precision culture
that clockmakers like Harrison 

3334
02:59:50,700 --> 02:59:54,600
started, Harrison's life will 
shows how strong people can be, 

3335
02:59:54,600 --> 02:59:58,500
which is very moving. 
He started making C-Class when 

3336
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:01,900
he was in his thirties, but it 
wasn't until he was 80 that he 

3337
03:00:01,900 --> 03:00:06,600
got full credit for the That's a
lot of work on one problem over 

3338
03:00:06,600 --> 03:00:10,600
50 years 50 years of math 
changes let downs and little 

3339
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:14,800
wins believing that what he was 
doing mattered for 50 years even

3340
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:16,600
when powerful people told him. 
It didn't. 

3341
03:00:17,300 --> 03:00:20,600
Think about how much you want to
achieve that goal, most of us 

3342
03:00:20,600 --> 03:00:23,900
have trouble staying focused on 
a project for a few months when 

3343
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:26,600
results don't come quickly. 
When others don't immediately, 

3344
03:00:26,600 --> 03:00:29,700
notice our hard work, or when 
the way forward seems unclear, 

3345
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:32,700
we get discouraged. 
John Harrison had to deal with 

3346
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:35,400
all of these problems for 
decades, but he never gave up. 

3347
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:38,000
There were a lot of things that 
made him keep going. 

3348
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:42,000
There was Pride for sure, the 
pride of the Craftsmen in making

3349
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:46,200
something that works perfectly. 
There was ambition the chance to

3350
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:48,700
win, the longitude prize and get
recognition for it. 

3351
03:00:48,700 --> 03:00:52,300
But there was also something 
deeper a belief, that the 

3352
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:55,600
problem could be fixed, that it 
was possible to keep time 

3353
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,600
accurately at Sea and that he 
was the one who could do it. 

3354
03:00:59,500 --> 03:01:02,100
It's not common to find someone 
who has this mix of technical 

3355
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:05,400
skill, stubbornness an 
unshakable self-confidence. 

3356
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:09,000
A lot of people have one or two 
of these traits, but having all 

3357
03:01:09,000 --> 03:01:11,800
three for a long time, creates 
the kind of focused intensity 

3358
03:01:11,800 --> 03:01:13,900
that can solve problems. 
That others think are impossible

3359
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:17,700
as your breathing slows and your
mind starts to Drift Off to 

3360
03:01:17,700 --> 03:01:19,800
Sleep. 
Let's think about what we can 

3361
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:23,800
learn from John Harrison's story
today in a world that seems very

3362
03:01:23,800 --> 03:01:26,900
different from 18th century 
England, but still has many of 

3363
03:01:26,900 --> 03:01:30,000
the same basic problems. 
The first lesson is about being 

3364
03:01:30,000 --> 03:01:31,500
an expert and having 
credibility. 

3365
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,800
There were a lot of smart people
on the board of longitude like 

3366
03:01:34,800 --> 03:01:38,000
Royal astronomers mathematicians
and naval officers. 

3367
03:01:38,000 --> 03:01:40,800
They really thought they knew 
the best way to solve the 

3368
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:43,500
longitude problem, they weren't 
mean or dumb. 

3369
03:01:44,400 --> 03:01:47,100
But they were so sure that 
astronomy had to be the answer 

3370
03:01:47,100 --> 03:01:50,500
that they couldn't fully see the
value of a mechanical answer. 

3371
03:01:51,500 --> 03:01:53,700
Specially one suggested by 
someone who wasn't in their 

3372
03:01:53,700 --> 03:01:55,800
field. 
We see this happen. 

3373
03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:59,400
A lot in history, experts in a 
field become so attached to 

3374
03:01:59,408 --> 03:02:02,200
certain methods that they 
refused to consider other 

3375
03:02:02,200 --> 03:02:04,800
options. 
Essentially, those suggested by 

3376
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:08,500
people who aren't experts. 
This is a reminder that having 

3377
03:02:08,500 --> 03:02:11,300
credentials and an education 
doesn't mean you're open to new 

3378
03:02:11,300 --> 03:02:13,800
ideas. 
Sometimes the person who makes 

3379
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:16,200
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 
the what they're trying to do is

3380
03:02:16,200 --> 03:02:18,900
impossible. 
Second, there's the lesson about

3381
03:02:18,900 --> 03:02:20,300
how to be perfect and keep 
going. 

3382
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:24,200
John Harrison could have stopped
after H1 showed that the basic 

3383
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:26,700
idea worked. 
He could have taken his partial 

3384
03:02:26,700 --> 03:02:29,900
payment and fame and lived 
comfortably in his later years. 

3385
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:33,800
Instead, he kept asking for 
better more polished and more 

3386
03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:38,000
perfect answers. 
H4 was his 5th major Triad. 

3387
03:02:38,000 --> 03:02:40,400
Fixing a problem, that his first
try had mostly fixed. 

3388
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:44,200
It's good that you're trying to 
be perfect, but it's also a 

3389
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:46,300
little worrying. 
When does the search for 

3390
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:47,900
improvement? 
Make it hard to put a good 

3391
03:02:47,908 --> 03:02:51,200
enough solution into action, 
Harrison worked on his designs 

3392
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:54,100
for decades, but Sailors, kept 
dying because of navigation, 

3393
03:02:54,100 --> 03:02:55,900
mistakes that H1 could have 
fixed. 

3394
03:02:56,800 --> 03:02:59,100
People who work on hard 
problems, have to deal with the 

3395
03:02:59,100 --> 03:03:02,400
tension between wanting 
everything to be perfect and 

3396
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:04,200
being practical. 
Third. 

3397
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:08,000
There's the lesson about getting
credit and being recognized John

3398
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:11,100
Harrison needed outside proof 
that he had solved the problem. 

3399
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:14,100
Like the longitude Prize or 
official recognition from the 

3400
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:17,600
board, He got most of what he 
wanted but not always in the way

3401
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:20,100
he wanted the board. 
Never said, he was the winner, 

3402
03:03:20,100 --> 03:03:23,200
in an official way instead of 
being recognized by the 

3403
03:03:23,200 --> 03:03:25,500
institution. 
The prize money came from the 

3404
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:28,200
Royal Family. 
His Vindication was both 

3405
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:31,300
complete and incomplete. 
Many of us spend our lives 

3406
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:34,600
looking for recognition for our 
work, whether it's getting a 

3407
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:37,900
promotion getting good reviews, 
making a lot of money or just 

3408
03:03:37,900 --> 03:03:41,400
getting praise from people. 
We look up to Harrison's Story 

3409
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:44,900
shows that validation can come 
in surprising ways, and may not 

3410
03:03:44,900 --> 03:03:49,000
be as satisfying as we thought 
it would be the work itself, the

3411
03:03:49,000 --> 03:03:51,400
joy of solving the problem and 
making something that works. 

3412
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:54,700
Well might have to be the reward
forth. 

3413
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:57,000
There's the lesson about how 
things get better. 

3414
03:03:57,000 --> 03:04:00,800
There wasn't one brilliant idea 
or lucky find that solved the 

3415
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:03,900
longitude problem it was fixed 
over the course of Decades of 

3416
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:06,500
small changes. 
Each one building on the last 

3417
03:04:07,100 --> 03:04:08,900
Harrison's. 
First clock taught him things 

3418
03:04:08,900 --> 03:04:11,800
that he used to make his second 
clock, which taught him things 

3419
03:04:11,800 --> 03:04:13,400
that he used to make his third 
clock. 

3420
03:04:14,300 --> 03:04:16,800
Progress was made up of a lot of
small steps forward. 

3421
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:20,600
Not one big jump, this pattern 
holds true for most major 

3422
03:04:20,600 --> 03:04:22,700
accomplishments. 
We like to think that 

3423
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:25,900
breakthroughs happen in dramatic
Eureka moments but real 

3424
03:04:25,900 --> 03:04:27,800
progress. 
Usually looks more like John 

3425
03:04:27,800 --> 03:04:30,000
Harrison's. 
Workshop years of careful 

3426
03:04:30,000 --> 03:04:33,100
testing countless small changes 
and slowly building up knowledge

3427
03:04:33,100 --> 03:04:34,900
and skill. 
Fifth. 

3428
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:37,300
There's the lesson about picking
your problems. 

3429
03:04:37,300 --> 03:04:40,600
John Harrison could have made a 
good living as a clockmaker by 

3430
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:42,600
making regular clocks, for 
regular people. 

3431
03:04:42,600 --> 03:04:46,600
In Stead, he decided to take on 
one of the hardest, technical 

3432
03:04:46,600 --> 03:04:49,800
problems of his time. 
This decision shape, his whole 

3433
03:04:49,800 --> 03:04:53,100
life leading him to Victory but 
also to years of anger and 

3434
03:04:53,100 --> 03:04:57,600
disappointment We all pick 
problems to work on even if we 

3435
03:04:57,600 --> 03:05:01,200
don't mean to some people, pick 
problems that are both solvable 

3436
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:04,000
and rewarding. 
Some people choose problems that

3437
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:08,200
are hard but important Some 
people like Harrison pick 

3438
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:10,900
problems that seem almost 
impossible but a very important 

3439
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:14,000
there isn't one, right? 
Answer for what kind of problem 

3440
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:16,800
to solve but the choice, you 
make will affect the way you 

3441
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:19,400
live. 
Last but not least, there's the 

3442
03:05:19,400 --> 03:05:23,400
lesson about time, John Harrison
devoted his life to accurately 

3443
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:26,600
measuring time recording, its 
Passage through Springs, and 

3444
03:05:26,600 --> 03:05:29,200
gears and making its flow 
visible and measurable. 

3445
03:05:29,200 --> 03:05:32,900
But his own sense of time was 
shaped by Decades of hard work, 

3446
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,300
the slower accumulation of skill
and knowledge, and a level of 

3447
03:05:36,308 --> 03:05:38,400
patience that most of us can't 
even begin to. 

3448
03:05:38,400 --> 03:05:42,200
Imagine in this age of instant 
communication and quick change, 

3449
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:45,200
it's hard to believe that 
Harrison would spend 50 years. 

3450
03:05:45,200 --> 03:05:48,600
On one problem, we used to 
getting quick results, quick 

3451
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:50,600
feedback, and instant 
satisfaction. 

3452
03:05:51,900 --> 03:05:54,700
Harrison story reminds us that 
some goals, take a different 

3453
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:57,500
kind of time instead of days or 
months. 

3454
03:05:57,500 --> 03:05:59,600
They take decades and progresses
slow. 

3455
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:02,600
Recognition may not come until 
the end if at all. 

3456
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:06,500
As you start to fall asleep, 
picture yourself visiting John 

3457
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:08,600
Harrison's Workshop in the 
1750s. 

3458
03:06:08,600 --> 03:06:13,000
The room would smell like metal 
filings and oil would shavings 

3459
03:06:13,000 --> 03:06:16,900
and the smell of a place where 
people work hard. candles and 

3460
03:06:16,900 --> 03:06:19,200
the little bit of sunlight that 
came through the small Windows 

3461
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:22,300
would give off light, it was so 
dim that it barely lit up the 

3462
03:06:22,300 --> 03:06:26,100
incredibly fine work, John did 
squinting at tiny gears and 

3463
03:06:26,100 --> 03:06:29,800
Springs you would hear the 
ticking of many clocks, not just

3464
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:33,300
one each clock marked time in a 
slightly different way, as John 

3465
03:06:33,300 --> 03:06:38,000
tested changed and improved his 
designs, The Sounds would mix 

3466
03:06:38,000 --> 03:06:41,200
and get in each other's way, 
making complicated rhythms, that

3467
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:44,800
never quite fit together, tick, 
tock, tick tock a dozen 

3468
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:47,100
different voices are measuring 
the same invisible river that 

3469
03:06:47,100 --> 03:06:50,100
flows by all the time. 
And there would be John himself,

3470
03:06:50,100 --> 03:06:53,000
probably in his 60s or 70s. 
By the time before was being 

3471
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:57,200
built his eyesight, wasn't what 
it used to be but his hands were

3472
03:06:57,200 --> 03:06:59,300
still steady. 
His mind was still sharp and his

3473
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:02,300
determination was still strong. 
He would have tools, he made 

3474
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:04,500
himself for jobs, that no one 
else had ever done before. 

3475
03:07:04,500 --> 03:07:08,200
Like specialized files, 
custom-made measuring tools 

3476
03:07:08,200 --> 03:07:11,200
Jigs, and fixtures to hold small
parts while he worked on them. 

3477
03:07:11,200 --> 03:07:14,600
If you asked him, why he kept 
going after 30 or 40 years 

3478
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:17,400
without full recognition, he 
probably wouldn't have a 

3479
03:07:17,400 --> 03:07:19,700
dramatic answer. 
He might just say that. 

3480
03:07:19,700 --> 03:07:23,300
The problem could be fixed that 
he knew how to fix it and that 

3481
03:07:23,308 --> 03:07:26,300
the world needed The Fixx, it 
might have been that easy for 

3482
03:07:26,300 --> 03:07:28,900
John Harrison. 
Story is ultimately about what 

3483
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:32,400
people can do, what can happen 
when intelligence skill and 

3484
03:07:32,400 --> 03:07:35,200
determination come together and 
stay together for a lifetime. 

3485
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:38,400
It's about believing in your own
work, even when others don't 

3486
03:07:38,400 --> 03:07:42,100
about trying to be perfect, not 
for the sake of being perfect. 

3487
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:44,600
But because lives depend on 
getting it right? 

3488
03:07:44,600 --> 03:07:48,500
And about being happy with the 
work itself, even when you don't

3489
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:52,600
get recognition right away, The 
Marine chronometer changed 

3490
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:55,900
navigation, which changed 
exploration, which changed 

3491
03:07:55,900 --> 03:07:59,100
trade, which changed how people 
in different parts of the world 

3492
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:01,400
interacted and connected with 
each other? 

3493
03:08:02,300 --> 03:08:05,700
These changes sent waves through
time that change many lives in 

3494
03:08:05,700 --> 03:08:07,500
ways that can never be fully 
traced. 

3495
03:08:08,300 --> 03:08:11,300
John Harrison's Legacy lives on 
in every ship that arrived 

3496
03:08:11,300 --> 03:08:14,500
safely at its destination. 
Because it's Captain knew where 

3497
03:08:14,500 --> 03:08:18,300
he was every person who crossed 
Ocean's with confidence in stead

3498
03:08:18,300 --> 03:08:20,400
of fear. 
And every map that was drawn 

3499
03:08:20,400 --> 03:08:23,100
correctly, because positions 
could be determined exactly. 

3500
03:08:24,900 --> 03:08:27,200
The Harrison sea clocks are 
still ticking with the same 

3501
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:29,300
accuracy. 
They did hundreds of years ago. 

3502
03:08:29,300 --> 03:08:32,000
They are now in glass cases at 
Greenwich. 

3503
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:36,300
People stand and watch the hands
move counting seconds that turn 

3504
03:08:36,300 --> 03:08:38,000
into minute that turn into 
hours. 

3505
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:41,700
The clocks have been around for 
100s of years longer than their 

3506
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:44,300
maker and they will probably 
outlive everyone who sees them 

3507
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:46,900
today. 
It's deep that a device made by 

3508
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:50,100
human hands can keep measuring 
time long after those hands of 

3509
03:08:50,108 --> 03:08:53,100
stopped working. 
Maybe the only real kind of 

3510
03:08:53,100 --> 03:08:56,600
immortality is to make something
so well that it keeps working 

3511
03:08:56,600 --> 03:08:59,800
serving its purpose and showing 
off its creator skill and vision

3512
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:01,700
long after the creator has 
passed away. 

3513
03:09:02,800 --> 03:09:05,700
Let that thought drift with you 
into dreams as you finally give 

3514
03:09:05,700 --> 03:09:08,600
in to sleep, that John 
Harrison's clocks are still 

3515
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:10,100
ticking somewhere in London 
right now. 

3516
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:14,500
Keeping time with accuracy that 
seemed impossible when he first 

3517
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:18,700
started working on the Problems.
He fixed are still fixed the 

3518
03:09:18,700 --> 03:09:20,400
rules. 
He found still hold true. 

3519
03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:22,400
His dedication is still 
inspiring. 

3520
03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:25,500
And maybe the most comforting 
thing of all is that his story 

3521
03:09:25,500 --> 03:09:29,400
shows us that patience hard work
and skill can help us solve the 

3522
03:09:29,400 --> 03:09:32,000
hardest problems. 
That it is possible to make 

3523
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:35,200
progress that with enough time 
and effort people can measure 

3524
03:09:35,200 --> 03:09:38,500
the unmeasurable find their way 
through the unfindable and do 

3525
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:41,700
the impossible sleep. 
Well, knowing that while you 

3526
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:44,700
sleep, countless descendants of 
Harrisons, clocks and measuring 

3527
03:09:44,700 --> 03:09:48,200
time all over the world. 
Each Tick Tock is a small echo 

3528
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:49,500
of a Yorkshire. 
Carpenter's son. 

3529
03:09:49,508 --> 03:09:51,900
Who refused to believe that 
anything was truly impossible 

3530
03:09:51,900 --> 03:09:55,000
and proved himself. 
Right through 50 years of hard 

3531
03:09:55,000 --> 03:09:58,000
work in a small Workshop 
solving, a problem that had 

3532
03:09:58,000 --> 03:10:01,700
stumped everyone else John 
Harrison made the world easier 

3533
03:10:01,700 --> 03:10:05,100
to understand, he didn't give up
which made the ocean safer. 

3534
03:10:06,000 --> 03:10:09,000
One man thought with complete 
certainty, that gears and 

3535
03:10:09,000 --> 03:10:12,000
springs could measure time so 
accurately that they could guide

3536
03:10:12,000 --> 03:10:16,400
ships across trackless, Seas 
tick, tock tick tock the 

3537
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:19,800
measurement goes on as it has 
400s of years and will for 100s 

3538
03:10:19,800 --> 03:10:22,200
more. 
It is a legacy of accuracy left 

3539
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:25,300
behind by a man who knew that 
solving impossible problems is 

3540
03:10:25,300 --> 03:10:28,200
mostly a matter of patient skill
and not believing in the 

3541
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:29,900
impossible. 
Have good dreams. 

3542
03:10:29,900 --> 03:10:33,000
May your own problems, seem 
easier to solve in the morning 

3543
03:10:33,000 --> 03:10:35,700
and may you find a little of 
John Harrison's, quiet, 

3544
03:10:35,700 --> 03:10:39,000
stubborn, determination to see 
things through to the end when 

3545
03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:45,400
you need it. 
Picture this, you wake up on a 

3546
03:10:45,400 --> 03:10:47,700
sweltering, July Morning. 
And your first instinct is to 

3547
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:49,000
reach for that blessed 
thermostat. 

3548
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:52,300
But imagine just for a moment 
that there's no thermostat to 

3549
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:56,100
reach for no gentleman of 
central are no window unit 

3550
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:57,900
rattling away, like a mechanical
cricket. 

3551
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:02,500
Welcome to the world, your great
grandparents knew intimately a 

3552
03:11:02,500 --> 03:11:04,800
world where summer meant 
something entirely different 

3553
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:10,500
than it does for you today. 
Before 1902, when a young 

3554
03:11:10,508 --> 03:11:13,200
engineer named Willis, carrier 
first figured out how to control

3555
03:11:13,200 --> 03:11:16,600
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.
Plant humans had been dealing 

3556
03:11:16,600 --> 03:11:19,600
with heat, the same way for 
thousands of years, they got 

3557
03:11:19,600 --> 03:11:22,700
creative they got resourceful 
and honestly they got pretty 

3558
03:11:22,700 --> 03:11:24,700
good at it. 
You might think they were just 

3559
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:27,800
sweating it out in misery but 
you'd be surprised at how 

3560
03:11:27,800 --> 03:11:30,600
ingenious people became when 
Comfort depended on cleverness, 

3561
03:11:30,600 --> 03:11:34,000
rather than electricity bills. 
Your ancestors didn't just 

3562
03:11:34,000 --> 03:11:37,400
endure the heat they developed 
an entire culture around it. 

3563
03:11:37,400 --> 03:11:40,200
They understood their 
environment in ways, we've 

3564
03:11:40,200 --> 03:11:43,600
forgotten reading the subtle 
signs of whether changes knowing

3565
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:46,800
exactly which Windows to open at
what time of day and timing, 

3566
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:49,600
their daily activities around 
the sun's path across the sky, 

3567
03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:52,800
like choreographers of comfort. 
Think about your own 

3568
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,000
relationship with heat for a 
moment when it's 85 degrees 

3569
03:11:56,000 --> 03:11:59,900
outside, you probably consider 
that uncomfortably warm your 

3570
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:02,200
great-grandmother would have 
called that a pleasant day and 

3571
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:05,600
maybe even worn a light sweater 
in the morning. the human body's

3572
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:08,700
tolerance for temperature was 
remarkably different when it was

3573
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:12,000
regularly exposed to Natural 
variations much like how your 

3574
03:12:12,000 --> 03:12:14,900
eyes are adjusted darkness when 
you're not constantly staring at

3575
03:12:14,900 --> 03:12:18,700
bright screens The pre-air 
conditioning World operated on 

3576
03:12:18,708 --> 03:12:21,000
rhythms, that seem almost 
mystical to us now. 

3577
03:12:21,800 --> 03:12:24,500
People rose with the Sun, not 
because they were more virtuous 

3578
03:12:24,500 --> 03:12:27,700
but because the coolest part of 
the day was precious and not to 

3579
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:30,400
be wasted. 
They took afternoon naps, not 

3580
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:32,600
out of laziness. 
But because even the most 

3581
03:12:32,608 --> 03:12:35,800
ambitious person recognized that
fighting the peak heat was often

3582
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:40,500
futile, evening activities began
later and lasted longer creating

3583
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:43,500
social patterns that persisted 
well into the night when the are

3584
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:47,300
finally offered some relief. 
Communities were shaped by heat 

3585
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:49,500
in ways that went far beyond 
personal comfort. 

3586
03:12:50,400 --> 03:12:52,200
Cities. 
Look different, you'll discover 

3587
03:12:52,200 --> 03:12:55,400
more about this soon but the 
social fabric was different too.

3588
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:58,800
Neighbors, knew each other 
better partly, because everyone 

3589
03:12:58,800 --> 03:13:01,800
spent more time outside on, 
porches and Stoops seeking 

3590
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:04,500
whatever Breeze might be 
available, The evening 

3591
03:13:04,500 --> 03:13:06,400
constitutional wasn't just 
exercise. 

3592
03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:10,400
It was social networking, new 
sharing and communal heat 

3593
03:13:10,400 --> 03:13:13,200
management all rolled in to one 
Pleasant tradition. 

3594
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:16,100
You've probably noticed how 
quite your neighborhood gets 

3595
03:13:16,100 --> 03:13:18,700
whenever I'm Retreats indoors to
their climate controlled 

3596
03:13:18,700 --> 03:13:22,900
environments in the preac era. 
Neighborhoods came alive during 

3597
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:26,200
the cooler hours, children 
played in the streets until well

3598
03:13:26,200 --> 03:13:27,900
past dark adults lingered on 
front. 

3599
03:13:27,900 --> 03:13:31,300
Porches, with glasses of sweet 
tea or lemonade and the 

3600
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:33,900
boundaries between private and 
public space, blurred in the 

3601
03:13:33,900 --> 03:13:37,200
most wonderful ways, food 
culture, clothing, choices, 

3602
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:40,900
architectural, decisions, work 
schedule, social Gatherings, and

3603
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:43,600
even romance. 
Everything was influenced by the

3604
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:46,700
simple fact that when it got hot
you had to deal with it using 

3605
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:49,300
nothing but human Ingenuity and 
natural resources. 

3606
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:52,900
Your ancestors became masters of
reading air, currents, 

3607
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:56,300
understanding thermal dynamics, 
and working with nature rather 

3608
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,200
than against it. 
This isn't a story about how 

3609
03:13:59,200 --> 03:14:02,100
tough people used to be, though,
they certainly were resourceful.

3610
03:14:02,100 --> 03:14:05,300
It's about how different life 
was when humans lived in closer,

3611
03:14:05,300 --> 03:14:08,200
harmony with the natural cycles,
when Comfort was something you 

3612
03:14:08,200 --> 03:14:10,800
actively created rather than 
passively consumed. 

3613
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:14,500
It's about communities that 
formed around shared challenges 

3614
03:14:14,500 --> 03:14:18,000
and clever solutions that often 
worked better than our modern 

3615
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:20,400
Brute Force. 
Approach of Simply cranking up 

3616
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:24,600
the AC and hoping the electric 
grid holds As you settle in for 

3617
03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:27,500
this journey through the pre-air
conditioning World, you'll 

3618
03:14:27,500 --> 03:14:30,300
discover that our ancestors were
just surviving the heat. 

3619
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,600
They were thriving in it, 
creating Beauty and comfort, and

3620
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,600
community in ways that might 
surprise you and maybe even 

3621
03:14:36,600 --> 03:14:40,300
inspire you So let's step back 
in time together or Worse. 

3622
03:14:40,300 --> 03:14:42,500
Your when staying cool was an 
art form. 

3623
03:14:43,200 --> 03:14:45,300
And summer evening's was 
something people actually look 

3624
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:47,800
forward to. 
Your ancestors, were essentially

3625
03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:50,100
climate engineers, and they 
didn't even know it. 

3626
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:53,800
Before the Advent of HVAC 
systems Builders were crafting 

3627
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:56,600
structures that would leave 
modern Energy Efficiency experts

3628
03:14:56,600 --> 03:14:58,800
in all they understood 
something, we've largely 

3629
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:01,800
forgotten that the right 
building can be a natural air 

3630
03:15:01,800 --> 03:15:04,800
conditioning system working with
physics rather than against it. 

3631
03:15:05,700 --> 03:15:07,300
Walk through any historic 
neighborhood. 

3632
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:10,300
And you'll notice things that 
might seem decorative, but were 

3633
03:15:10,300 --> 03:15:12,000
actually brilliant. 
Cooling strategies. 

3634
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:15,400
Those deep wraparound, porches 
weren't just for sitting. 

3635
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:18,900
They were thermal buffer zones, 
creating shade that kept the 

3636
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:22,000
sun's heat from ever reaching. 
The main walls of the house, the

3637
03:15:22,000 --> 03:15:24,700
wide overhanging Eaves. 
You see on older homes weren't 

3638
03:15:24,700 --> 03:15:27,000
architectural flourishes. 
They were carefully. 

3639
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:29,600
Calculated to block the high 
summer sun while allowing the 

3640
03:15:29,600 --> 03:15:31,200
lower winter sun to warm the 
interior. 

3641
03:15:32,100 --> 03:15:35,300
Consider the lofty ceilings of 
old houses, which may seem 

3642
03:15:35,300 --> 03:15:37,700
intimidating to those 
accustomed, to Modern 8-foot 

3643
03:15:37,700 --> 03:15:39,700
rooms. 
Your great grandparents these 

3644
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:43,300
things because hot air rises and
they wanted it to rise as far 

3645
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:46,300
away from them as possible. 
Those ceiling fans, you see in 

3646
03:15:46,300 --> 03:15:49,100
historic homes were not working 
against the natural convection. 

3647
03:15:49,100 --> 03:15:51,800
They were amplifying it. 
Creating air movement that made 

3648
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:54,200
85 Degrees feel like a 
comfortable 75. 

3649
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:58,600
The most ingenious homes, had 
what we now call passive cooling

3650
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:00,400
systems built right into their 
bones. 

3651
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:04,000
In the South, you'll find houses
built on tall peers that allowed

3652
03:16:04,000 --> 03:16:06,400
air to flow underneath cooling. 
The floors From Below. 

3653
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:10,700
The famous dog Trot houses with 
an open Breezeway running right 

3654
03:16:10,700 --> 03:16:13,000
through the center. 
Were essentially wind tunnels 

3655
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:15,600
that captured every available 
Breeze and funneled it through 

3656
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:18,600
the living space is Your 
ancestors, understood 

3657
03:16:18,600 --> 03:16:20,700
cross-ventilation like 
meteorologists. 

3658
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:24,600
They positioned Windows, not 
just for light or views but to 

3659
03:16:24,600 --> 03:16:26,400
create Pathways for air to move 
through the house. 

3660
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:29,100
They knew that a window on the 
Shaded. 

3661
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:32,700
North Side, would draw cool air.
In while a window on the sunny 

3662
03:16:32,700 --> 03:16:36,400
South Side would let hot air 
Escape, creating a natural 

3663
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:38,800
circulation system. 
That worked, as long as there 

3664
03:16:38,800 --> 03:16:40,800
was even the slightest 
temperature difference between 

3665
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:44,700
inside and outside. 
In hot climates thick walls 

3666
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:48,600
weren't just for durability. 
They were thermal Mass absorbing

3667
03:16:48,600 --> 03:16:51,600
heat during the day and 
releasing it slowly at night. 

3668
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:53,800
Essentially smoothing out 
temperature swings. 

3669
03:16:55,000 --> 03:16:57,800
Adobe houses in the south-west 
could stay remarkably cool 

3670
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:00,700
during blazing hot days because 
those thick walls, acted like 

3671
03:17:00,700 --> 03:17:04,300
natural battery is storing and 
releasing heat on a delayed 

3672
03:17:04,300 --> 03:17:05,900
schedule that favored human 
comfort. 

3673
03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:09,300
Color choices were just 
aesthetic decisions, either 

3674
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,600
light, colored roofs and walls 
reflected heat rather than 

3675
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:16,000
absorbing it while strategic use
of vegetation created 

3676
03:17:16,000 --> 03:17:19,500
microclimates around homes. 
Your great-grandmother's rose 

3677
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,300
bushes and climbing vines were 
just pretty, they were living 

3678
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:24,900
insulation shading walls and 
cooling the air through 

3679
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:27,800
transpiration. 
The Victorian era brought us 

3680
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:30,300
some of the most sophisticated, 
natural, cooling systems, 

3681
03:17:30,300 --> 03:17:33,900
disguised, as architectural 
details, those cupolas and Ruth 

3682
03:17:33,900 --> 03:17:36,000
monitors. 
You see on old houses were 

3683
03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:39,000
actually thermal chimneys 
designed to pull hot air up and 

3684
03:17:39,008 --> 03:17:42,400
out of the building. 
The decorative lattice work and 

3685
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:43,800
fretwork weren't just 
ornamental. 

3686
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:46,600
They provided shade while 
allowing air to flow through 

3687
03:17:46,600 --> 03:17:49,100
creating natural evaporative 
cooling. 

3688
03:17:49,700 --> 03:17:52,100
Even urban planning was 
influenced by the need to stay 

3689
03:17:52,100 --> 03:17:54,900
cool. 
Cities were laid out with wide 

3690
03:17:54,900 --> 03:17:58,200
streets to allow air circulation
and generous setbacks between 

3691
03:17:58,200 --> 03:18:00,600
buildings, prevented them from 
creating heat Islands. 

3692
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:03,100
Tree-lined streets weren't just 
beautiful. 

3693
03:18:03,100 --> 03:18:06,300
They were essential 
infrastructure, providing shade 

3694
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:08,000
and cooling the air through 
evaporation. 

3695
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:11,800
Your ancestors also understood 
the power of thermal zoning 

3696
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:14,600
within their homes. 
The kitchen was often separate 

3697
03:18:14,600 --> 03:18:17,100
from the main house or located 
in a basement or outbuilding. 

3698
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:20,600
Keeping the heat from cooking 
fires away from Living Spaces 

3699
03:18:20,600 --> 03:18:22,900
bedrooms were typically on upper
floors. 

3700
03:18:22,900 --> 03:18:26,400
Where breezes were stronger 
while daily activities happened 

3701
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:28,600
in the cooler ground floor rooms
during hot weather. 

3702
03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:31,800
They selected the materials 
based on their cooling 

3703
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:35,300
properties and aesthetic appeal.
Hardwood, floors stayed cooler 

3704
03:18:35,300 --> 03:18:37,900
than carpets. 
High-quality plaster walls, had 

3705
03:18:37,900 --> 03:18:39,700
better thermal properties than 
thin drywall. 

3706
03:18:40,400 --> 03:18:43,500
And natural materials like stone
and brick had thermal mass that 

3707
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:45,300
helped regulate temperature 
naturally. 

3708
03:18:46,000 --> 03:18:49,100
These were not just practical 
decisions, they created homes, 

3709
03:18:49,100 --> 03:18:51,100
that were genuinely more 
comfortable than many modern 

3710
03:18:51,100 --> 03:18:53,600
houses. 
The constant air movement, the 

3711
03:18:53,600 --> 03:18:56,700
natural temperature regulation, 
and the connection to outdoor 

3712
03:18:56,700 --> 03:18:59,200
breezes and seasonal changes, 
created, living environments. 

3713
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:01,600
That worked with human 
physiology, rather than trying 

3714
03:19:01,600 --> 03:19:05,400
to override it completely. 
Your great-grandparents homes 

3715
03:19:05,400 --> 03:19:09,200
breathed in ways that our sealed
climate controlled boxes simply,

3716
03:19:09,200 --> 03:19:12,600
don't your great-grandparents 
didn't just check the weather. 

3717
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:16,200
They lived it breathed, it and 
plan their entire day around it.

3718
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:19,300
They had an intimate 
relationship with atmospheric 

3719
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:20,700
conditions. 
That would seem almost 

3720
03:19:20,700 --> 03:19:24,300
Supernatural to you now. while 
you might glance at your phone's

3721
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:27,100
weather app and grab an 
umbrella, they could feel a 

3722
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:30,300
storm coming in their bones and 
predict the next day's Heat, by 

3723
03:19:30,300 --> 03:19:33,500
the way, the evening air move 
through their hair, the pre-air 

3724
03:19:33,500 --> 03:19:35,800
conditioning day began with what
we might call a temperature, 

3725
03:19:35,800 --> 03:19:39,300
reconnaissance mission, Before 
your great-grandmother even got 

3726
03:19:39,300 --> 03:19:42,100
out of bed, she was assessing 
with the thermal situation. 

3727
03:19:43,000 --> 03:19:45,200
Was there still a hint of 
coolness in the air that could 

3728
03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:48,300
be captured and preserved? 
With a windows that had been 

3729
03:19:48,308 --> 03:19:51,000
open to the night Breeze, ready 
to be closed before the sun 

3730
03:19:51,000 --> 03:19:52,300
began. 
Its daily assault. 

3731
03:19:53,200 --> 03:19:56,500
This wasn't casual observation, 
it was a survival strategy 

3732
03:19:56,500 --> 03:20:00,100
disguised as a morning routine. 
You probably think of your daily

3733
03:20:00,100 --> 03:20:02,000
schedule as being controlled by 
work hours. 

3734
03:20:02,000 --> 03:20:05,100
A appointments and social 
obligations, your ancestors 

3735
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:07,900
organized, their days around the
sun's path and the thermometers 

3736
03:20:07,900 --> 03:20:12,100
climb the heaviest work laundry 
cooking and cleaning happened in

3737
03:20:12,100 --> 03:20:15,400
the early morning hours when the
air was still cool and energy 

3738
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:19,300
levels were high. 
By the time you settled in for 

3739
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:22,000
your second cup of coffee your 
ancestors had already 

3740
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:24,700
accomplished what might take you
all morning simply because they 

3741
03:20:24,700 --> 03:20:28,100
understood that working with the
cool was far more efficient than

3742
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,500
fighting the heat midday brought
what we might call the ultimate 

3743
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:35,200
hibernation. 
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 

3744
03:20:35,200 --> 03:20:38,800
the sun was most merciless, 
sensible, people found Shady 

3745
03:20:38,800 --> 03:20:41,800
spots and settled in for 
activities that required minimal

3746
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:43,900
movement. 
This wasn't laziness. 

3747
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:46,800
It was physics, your 
great-grandfather understood 

3748
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:49,800
that his body was a heat, 
generating machine and adding 

3749
03:20:49,800 --> 03:20:51,700
human generated warmth to the 
days. 

3750
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:53,700
Natural furnace was simply poor 
engineering. 

3751
03:20:54,800 --> 03:20:57,900
The Siesta which we often think 
of as a quaint foreign custom 

3752
03:20:57,900 --> 03:20:59,500
was actually brilliant thermal 
management. 

3753
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:02,500
While you might pass through the
afternoon heat with air 

3754
03:21:02,500 --> 03:21:05,500
conditioning, an iced coffee, 
your ancestors, recognized that 

3755
03:21:05,500 --> 03:21:08,600
the human body naturally wanted 
to slow down during the hottest 

3756
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:11,300
part of the day. 
They worked with their biology, 

3757
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:14,300
rather than against it 
conserving energy for the cooler

3758
03:21:14,300 --> 03:21:16,200
evening hours. 
When productivity could resume. 

3759
03:21:17,200 --> 03:21:20,200
But here's where it gets 
interesting, your ancestors 

3760
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:22,300
didn't just endure these daily 
heat Cycles. 

3761
03:21:22,300 --> 03:21:24,400
They found genuine pleasure in 
them. 

3762
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:27,400
The evening Awakening, when 
temperatures finally began to 

3763
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:28,900
drop and life resumed, its 
normal. 

3764
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:33,400
Pace was a daily celebration. 
Imagine the relief and joy of 

3765
03:21:33,408 --> 03:21:37,400
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 
After hours of Stillness, the 

3766
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:40,200
way evening are felt like Silk 
against skin that had been worn 

3767
03:21:40,200 --> 03:21:42,300
all day. 
These thermal rhythms also 

3768
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:46,100
influence the schedule of social
life dinner parties began later 

3769
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:48,700
when the air had cooled enough 
to make cooking and eating 

3770
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:51,900
Pleasant again evening. 
Visits to neighbors walks around

3771
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:54,000
the community and outdoor games 
and activities. 

3772
03:21:54,000 --> 03:21:57,300
All of these began when the sun 
started its descent and 

3773
03:21:57,300 --> 03:22:00,800
continued well into the night, 
making the most of every degree 

3774
03:22:00,800 --> 03:22:03,700
of cooling, your 
great-grandmother became a 

3775
03:22:03,700 --> 03:22:06,300
master of microclimate 
management within her own home. 

3776
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:09,600
She knew which rooms State 
coolest at which times of day, 

3777
03:22:09,600 --> 03:22:12,900
which Windows to open to catch 
the morning Breeze and which 

3778
03:22:12,900 --> 03:22:14,700
ones to close to keep out the 
afternoon Heat. 

3779
03:22:15,900 --> 03:22:18,300
She understood that opening 
Windows on the Shady Side of the

3780
03:22:18,300 --> 03:22:19,900
house. 
While closing those On the Sunny

3781
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:23,100
Side, created natural, air 
conditioning, pulling cooler 

3782
03:22:23,100 --> 03:22:26,600
through while allowing hot air 
to escape, The evening ritual of

3783
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:30,200
opening up, the house was a 
precise science as temperatures 

3784
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,600
dropped Windows throughout the 
home were strategically opened 

3785
03:22:33,600 --> 03:22:36,800
to capture every available 
Breeze and encourage Essex 

3786
03:22:36,800 --> 03:22:39,700
circulation. 
Your ancestors could feel the 

3787
03:22:39,700 --> 03:22:42,600
subtle pressure changes that 
indicated when outdoor air was 

3788
03:22:42,608 --> 03:22:46,500
finally cooler than indoor are 
the exact moment when natural 

3789
03:22:46,500 --> 03:22:49,500
ventilation would begin working 
in their favor rather than 

3790
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,500
against it. 
They also understood the art of 

3791
03:22:52,508 --> 03:22:54,200
thermal layering in their daily 
lives. 

3792
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:58,000
Light loose clothing during the 
day could be supplemented with 

3793
03:22:58,000 --> 03:23:00,600
light shawls or wraps as evening
breezes picked up. 

3794
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:04,000
During hot hours, they start 
their hair up and off the neck, 

3795
03:23:04,000 --> 03:23:06,600
allowing it to flow freely when 
the coolness returned. 

3796
03:23:07,300 --> 03:23:09,800
Even the choice of where, to 
sit, which chair to choose and 

3797
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:12,700
which side of the porch to 
favor, all of these decisions 

3798
03:23:12,700 --> 03:23:15,900
were made with thermal comfort 
in mind, whether prediction 

3799
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:18,500
became a survival. 
Skill, your great-grandfather 

3800
03:23:18,500 --> 03:23:20,800
could read cloud. 
Formations wind patterns, and 

3801
03:23:20,800 --> 03:23:23,900
atmospheric pressure changes, 
like you read traffic signs. 

3802
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:27,700
A shift in wind direction, might
mean relief was coming certain 

3803
03:23:27,700 --> 03:23:30,400
cloud, formations promised, 
after noon, thunderstorms, that 

3804
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:33,800
would break the Heat The 
behavior of animals and the feel

3805
03:23:33,800 --> 03:23:37,100
of the are provided advanced 
warning of weather changes that 

3806
03:23:37,100 --> 03:23:38,500
could affect the days Comfort 
level. 

3807
03:23:39,600 --> 03:23:42,900
This daily dance with whether 
created a rhythm of life that 

3808
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:46,200
was deeply connected to natural 
cycles where human activity 

3809
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:48,800
flowed within environmental 
conditions, rather than trying 

3810
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:52,100
to dominate them heat, had a way
of bringing people together that

3811
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:56,500
our climate control worldwide. 
When staying cool required 

3812
03:23:56,500 --> 03:24:00,100
Community effort and shared 
wisdom, social bonds, formed 

3813
03:24:00,100 --> 03:24:03,400
around the simple, necessity of 
surviving summer, your 

3814
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:05,500
great-grandparents didn't just 
endure the heat alone. 

3815
03:24:05,508 --> 03:24:09,000
They created entire social 
systems around managing it 

3816
03:24:09,000 --> 03:24:11,400
together turning. 
What could have been individual 

3817
03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:13,800
misery into Collective comfort 
and even Joy? 

3818
03:24:14,500 --> 03:24:17,000
The front porch served as more 
than just an architectural 

3819
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:20,600
feature it, served as the Hub of
the communities cooling culture.

3820
03:24:21,500 --> 03:24:23,400
While you might spend your 
evenings inside watching 

3821
03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:25,100
television in Ed's condition 
Comfort. 

3822
03:24:25,100 --> 03:24:28,300
Your ancestors, gathered on 
porches, as the sun went down, 

3823
03:24:28,300 --> 03:24:32,000
creating informal networks of 
conversation, shared cooling, 

3824
03:24:32,000 --> 03:24:35,900
strategies and mutual support. 
These were not plans, social 

3825
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:38,700
events, they were spontaneous 
communities, that formed 

3826
03:24:38,700 --> 03:24:41,500
wherever people could catch a 
breeze and share the relief of 

3827
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:44,300
cooling air. 
Imagine a summary evening in 

3828
03:24:44,300 --> 03:24:45,800
your great-grandmother's 
neighborhood. 

3829
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:49,600
As temperatures, finally began 
to drop porch lights, would 

3830
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:52,100
flicker on and rocking chairs 
would Creak into motion 

3831
03:24:52,100 --> 03:24:55,700
children, would emerge from 
houses, like flowers, opening to

3832
03:24:55,700 --> 03:24:59,100
cooler air, beginning games of 
tag and hide and seek that could

3833
03:24:59,100 --> 03:25:00,800
continue safely in the Gathering
dust. 

3834
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:04,400
Adults would settle into 
conversations that meandered 

3835
03:25:04,400 --> 03:25:07,500
like the evening Breeze itself, 
unhurried and comfortable. 

3836
03:25:08,300 --> 03:25:10,700
These portrait communities 
shared more than just evening. 

3837
03:25:10,700 --> 03:25:14,500
Are they exchanged cooling 
wisdom like valuable currency. 

3838
03:25:15,300 --> 03:25:17,800
Your great art might share her 
secret for keeping bed. 

3839
03:25:17,800 --> 03:25:19,000
Sheets. 
Cool Hint. 

3840
03:25:19,000 --> 03:25:21,200
It involves strategic folding 
and placement. 

3841
03:25:21,200 --> 03:25:23,900
While your neighbor would 
demonstrate his technique for 

3842
03:25:23,908 --> 03:25:27,800
creating cross, breezes, using 
strategically placed fans and 

3843
03:25:27,800 --> 03:25:30,700
open windows. 
Cooling knowledge was Community 

3844
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:34,100
knowledge passed down through 
informal networks of neighbors. 

3845
03:25:34,100 --> 03:25:36,900
Who understood that everyone's 
Comfort depended on shared 

3846
03:25:36,900 --> 03:25:40,200
intelligence. 
The evening constitutional that 

3847
03:25:40,200 --> 03:25:41,700
leisurely walk through the 
neighborhood. 

3848
03:25:41,700 --> 03:25:45,400
That seems so old-fashioned. 
Now was actually sophisticated 

3849
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:48,600
heat management, discussed a 
socializing Your 

3850
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:51,200
great-grandparents understood 
that moving slowly through 

3851
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:54,200
cooling air was more refreshing 
than sitting still. 

3852
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:57,300
And that Community, walks 
created opportunities for SS 

3853
03:25:57,300 --> 03:25:59,600
circulation around their bodies.
While maintaining social 

3854
03:25:59,600 --> 03:26:03,300
connections, these walks weren't
exercising in the modern sense. 

3855
03:26:03,300 --> 03:26:07,100
They were communal cooling 
therapy churches schools and 

3856
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:09,200
community centers became 
cooling, sanctuaries. 

3857
03:26:09,200 --> 03:26:12,300
During the most brutal Heat Not 
because they had air 

3858
03:26:12,300 --> 03:26:14,600
conditioning, they didn't, but 
because they were designed with 

3859
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:18,300
high ceilings large windows and 
Architectural features that 

3860
03:26:18,300 --> 03:26:22,100
promoted their circulation. 
More importantly, they offer the

3861
03:26:22,100 --> 03:26:24,300
psychological comfort of shared 
experience. 

3862
03:26:25,000 --> 03:26:28,400
Suffering through heat alone, 
felt overwhelming, enduring it 

3863
03:26:28,400 --> 03:26:31,500
as part of a community made it 
manageable and even meaningful. 

3864
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:35,200
Your ancestors created, social 
rituals around heat relief that 

3865
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:38,800
sound, almost magical now, Ice 
cream socials weren't just sweet

3866
03:26:38,800 --> 03:26:40,600
treats. 
They were Community cooling 

3867
03:26:40,600 --> 03:26:43,100
events where shared cold 
provided both physical and 

3868
03:26:43,100 --> 03:26:46,400
psychological relief. 
Picnics were carefully planned 

3869
03:26:46,400 --> 03:26:49,300
for shady spots near water, 
where evaporation and tree 

3870
03:26:49,300 --> 03:26:51,100
cover, created natural cooling 
zones. 

3871
03:26:52,000 --> 03:26:54,900
Swimming, holes became social 
centers, not just for 

3872
03:26:54,900 --> 03:26:58,100
recreation, but as genuine 
relief stations where entire 

3873
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:01,300
communities could find respite 
together, the sharing economy 

3874
03:27:01,300 --> 03:27:04,400
existed long before we had a 
name for it, especially when it 

3875
03:27:04,408 --> 03:27:07,900
came to pooling resources, 
families with ice, which share 

3876
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:09,200
with neighbors, whose ice had 
melted. 

3877
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,000
Those fortunate enough to have 
deeper wells with cooler water. 

3878
03:27:13,000 --> 03:27:16,900
Would fill jugs for families 
whose Wells ran, warm When 

3879
03:27:16,900 --> 03:27:20,000
electric fans became available 
people borrowed and shared them 

3880
03:27:20,000 --> 03:27:23,000
like Precious commodities. 
Community. 

3881
03:27:23,000 --> 03:27:25,400
Ice house is weren't just 
commercial Anders. 

3882
03:27:25,400 --> 03:27:27,500
They were essential social 
infrastructure. 

3883
03:27:28,300 --> 03:27:31,100
Evening, entertainment adapted, 
to take advantage of cooling, 

3884
03:27:31,100 --> 03:27:34,300
air and Community Gathering. 
Band concerts in the park 

3885
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:37,200
weren't just cultural events. 
They were Mass cooling therapy 

3886
03:27:37,200 --> 03:27:39,700
sessions where hundreds of 
people could gather in Open 

3887
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:43,800
Spaces, designed to capture 
evening, breezes outdoor 

3888
03:27:43,800 --> 03:27:46,200
theaters, Garden parties, and 
Community festivals. 

3889
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:48,700
All took advantage of the 
natural cooling that happened 

3890
03:27:48,700 --> 03:27:51,400
when the sun went down and 
people came together in Open 

3891
03:27:51,400 --> 03:27:54,000
Spaces. 
Children's play adapted to 

3892
03:27:54,000 --> 03:27:58,100
Heaton ways that created their 
own social cooling systems games

3893
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:01,500
moved to shaded areas during the
day, and resumed in full energy 

3894
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:04,800
as evening approached. 
Jump, rope Hopscotch, and tag 

3895
03:28:04,800 --> 03:28:07,800
became evening activities when 
the air was finally cool enough 

3896
03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:11,100
for active play. 
Swimming wasn't just Recreation.

3897
03:28:11,100 --> 03:28:14,100
It was a central cooling that 
happened in community with 

3898
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:15,900
neighborhood. 
Swimming holes becoming social 

3899
03:28:15,900 --> 03:28:18,900
centers where entire families 
gathered for Relief and 

3900
03:28:18,900 --> 03:28:21,600
fellowship. 
Your great grandparents also 

3901
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:24,000
understood that shared meals 
during hot weather required 

3902
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,300
different social Arrangements 
early in the morning or late in 

3903
03:28:27,300 --> 03:28:29,400
the evening. 
When temperatures were bearable 

3904
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:33,700
heavy cooking took place 
Community Kitchens often outdoor

3905
03:28:33,700 --> 03:28:36,700
spaces with good ventilation 
became gathering places where 

3906
03:28:36,700 --> 03:28:39,700
the heat of cooking could be 
shared and managed collectively 

3907
03:28:39,700 --> 03:28:42,800
rather than making individual 
homes on bearable. 

3908
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:47,400
The social side of staying cool.
Created bonds that extended far 

3909
03:28:47,400 --> 03:28:50,600
beyond summer heat neighbors, 
who shared cooling strategies 

3910
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:53,700
families, who gathered for 
evening porch, conversations 

3911
03:28:53,700 --> 03:28:56,300
communities that came together 
in cooling spaces. 

3912
03:28:56,300 --> 03:29:00,100
These relationships, persisted 
year-round creating social 

3913
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:03,000
fabric that was strengthened by 
the shared challenge of managing

3914
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:05,800
summer heat together. 
Your great-grandfather's work 

3915
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:08,800
day was unlike yours with heat 
acting as an invisible 

3916
03:29:08,800 --> 03:29:12,200
choreographer, guiding every 
step while you might complain 

3917
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:15,100
about a slightly, warm office or
adjust the thermostat, a degree 

3918
03:29:15,108 --> 03:29:17,200
or two. 
He organized his entire 

3919
03:29:17,200 --> 03:29:20,000
professional life, around the 
reality that work had to happen 

3920
03:29:20,000 --> 03:29:24,600
in whatever temperature provided
Managing temperature wasn't just

3921
03:29:24,600 --> 03:29:27,400
about personal Comfort. 
It was about survival 

3922
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:31,100
productivity in creating 
sustainable rhythms that could 

3923
03:29:31,100 --> 03:29:34,700
last a lifetime. the 
agricultural world where most of

3924
03:29:34,700 --> 03:29:38,000
your ancestors, likely spent 
their working lives operated on 

3925
03:29:38,008 --> 03:29:42,000
what we might call thermal 
scheduling Farmers weren't early

3926
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:44,200
risers because they were more 
virtuous than you. 

3927
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:48,300
They were thermal strategists. 
The period between 4 a.m. and 10

3928
03:29:48,300 --> 03:29:51,100
a.m. represented precious hours 
when both are temperature and 

3929
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:52,800
energy levels, favored, 
productive work. 

3930
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:56,300
Your great-grandfather could 
accomplish more in those cool 

3931
03:29:56,300 --> 03:29:58,900
morning hours than in twice as 
much time during the heat of 

3932
03:29:58,908 --> 03:30:01,200
midday. 
Harvest Time reveals the 

3933
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:03,300
sophisticated heat management 
strategies. 

3934
03:30:03,300 --> 03:30:06,900
Your ancestors developed grain 
cutting haymaking and fruit 

3935
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:09,900
picking weren't scheduled by 
calendar convenience, but by the

3936
03:30:09,908 --> 03:30:14,000
intersection of crop Readiness, 
and thermal reality, work Crews 

3937
03:30:14,000 --> 03:30:16,600
would start Before Dawn race 
against the climbing sun and 

3938
03:30:16,600 --> 03:30:19,600
take extended midday breaks that
weren't laziness but practical 

3939
03:30:19,600 --> 03:30:23,100
physics The afternoon shift 
would resume only when Shadows 

3940
03:30:23,100 --> 03:30:26,800
grew long and are began to cool 
indoor work adapted to heat with

3941
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:30,000
equal sophistication. 
Your great-grandmother's kitchen

3942
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:32,900
operated on thermal logic, that 
would impress modern efficiency.

3943
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:36,200
Experts bread, baking happened 
in the early morning using 

3944
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:38,800
retained heat for multiple 
batches before the day became 

3945
03:30:38,800 --> 03:30:42,000
unbearable canning and 
preserving a central work that 

3946
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:44,400
unfortunately. 
Generated lots of heat was 

3947
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:47,100
scheduled for the coolest days 
of available or done in outdoor 

3948
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:49,300
kitchens that kept the heat away
from Living Spaces. 

3949
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:52,700
Laundering day was perhaps the 
most thermally challenging work,

3950
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:56,600
your ancestors faced heating 
water, boiling, clothes, or 

3951
03:30:56,600 --> 03:30:59,700
clothes, and using Hot Irons 
could turn a house into a 

3952
03:30:59,708 --> 03:31:02,400
furnace. 
Smart housekeepers developed 

3953
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:04,900
strategies, that sound almost 
military in their Precision 

3954
03:31:04,900 --> 03:31:08,500
Heating water Outdoors. 
When possible doing washing, in 

3955
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:11,200
early morning, or late evening, 
and saving ironing for the 

3956
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:15,400
coolest days, some families even
had separate wash houses, small 

3957
03:31:15,400 --> 03:31:18,400
buildings dedicated to heat 
generating work that kept the 

3958
03:31:18,408 --> 03:31:21,700
main house comfortable. 
Professional work adapted to 

3959
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:23,800
heat and ways that shaped entire
Industries. 

3960
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:28,100
Blacksmiths and metal workers 
who dealt with extreme heat as 

3961
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:31,600
part of their craft developed 
techniques for managing both the

3962
03:31:31,600 --> 03:31:34,400
heat of their forges and the 
ambient heat of Summer. 

3963
03:31:35,300 --> 03:31:38,000
They worked shorter shifts 
during hot weather started 

3964
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:41,100
earlier and took longer breaks 
their shops were designed with 

3965
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:43,600
sophisticated ventilation 
systems, that would impress, 

3966
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:47,100
modern industrial engineers. 
The concept of the workday 

3967
03:31:47,100 --> 03:31:49,800
itself was more flexible into 
the pre-air conditioning era. 

3968
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:53,600
During the hottest weeks of 
Summer, many businesses would 

3969
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:56,400
close during midday hours and 
reopen in the evening. 

3970
03:31:56,400 --> 03:31:59,300
Staying open later to take 
advantage of cooler air. 

3971
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:03,600
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 
It was the adaptation that 

3972
03:32:03,600 --> 03:32:06,900
actually increased productivity 
by working with natural cycles 

3973
03:32:06,900 --> 03:32:09,100
rather than against them. 
Your ancestors. 

3974
03:32:09,100 --> 03:32:12,000
Understood something. 
We've largely forgotten, the 

3975
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:14,500
human performance varies 
dramatically with temperature 

3976
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:18,000
and fighting this reality as 
less efficient than adapting to 

3977
03:32:18,000 --> 03:32:20,600
it. 
Thermal Comfort significantly 

3978
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,900
affects cognitive function, 
physical endurance, and even 

3979
03:32:23,900 --> 03:32:27,300
mood as modern research confirms
their intuitive understanding. 

3980
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:31,300
The scheduled demanding mental, 
work for cool hours and saved 

3981
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:33,900
routine tasks for times when 
heat May concentration. 

3982
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:37,900
Difficult rest wasn't just the 
absence of work, it was active 

3983
03:32:37,900 --> 03:32:41,800
heat management the afternoon, 
cset, which we often dismiss. 

3984
03:32:41,800 --> 03:32:45,200
As laziness was actually a 
sophisticated recovery strategy.

3985
03:32:46,000 --> 03:32:48,700
Your great-grandparents 
understood that forcing the body

3986
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:51,400
to maintain High activity 
levels, during the peak heat, 

3987
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,400
created fatigue, that would 
affect productivity for the rest

3988
03:32:54,400 --> 03:32:57,400
of the day by resting. 
During the hottest hours, they 

3989
03:32:57,400 --> 03:32:59,000
preserved energy for evening 
work. 

3990
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:02,600
When conditions improved, Sleep 
itself, required thermal 

3991
03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:04,600
strategy, your great-grandmother
didn't. 

3992
03:33:04,600 --> 03:33:08,000
Just go to bed, she prepared for
sleep with the same attention to

3993
03:33:08,000 --> 03:33:09,600
cooling. 
That you might give to adjusting

3994
03:33:09,600 --> 03:33:12,600
your thermostat beds, were 
positioned to catch evening. 

3995
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:16,100
Breezes bedrooms were open to 
night air and even sleep, 

3996
03:33:16,100 --> 03:33:17,600
schedules shifted with the 
seasons. 

3997
03:33:17,600 --> 03:33:21,000
Some of their times were later. 
Taking advantage of cooler 

3998
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:24,200
evening hours while wait times 
were early to capture the cool 

3999
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:27,600
of dawn, the social aspects of 
work also adapted to heat 

4000
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:31,100
quilting bees Barnes and 
Community work. 

4001
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:34,300
Projects were scheduled for 
cooler weather when possible or 

4002
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:36,900
organized to take advantage of 
shared cooling strategies. 

4003
03:33:37,800 --> 03:33:40,300
Group workmen, shared cooling 
wisdom summer. 

4004
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:42,200
Always knew which area State 
coolest. 

4005
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,500
When breezes were strongest or 
how to organize tasks to 

4006
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:49,000
minimize heat generation, Your 
ancestors developed, what we 

4007
03:33:49,000 --> 03:33:51,800
might call thermal efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

4008
03:33:51,800 --> 03:33:54,400
necessary work while generating 
and absorbing the least 

4009
03:33:54,400 --> 03:33:57,800
possible, Heat, Such efficiency 
wasn't just about personal 

4010
03:33:57,800 --> 03:33:59,900
Comfort. 
It was about sustainable 

4011
03:33:59,900 --> 03:34:01,500
productivity. 
That could be maintained 

4012
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:04,500
throughout long hot summers 
without exhaustion or heat 

4013
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:07,100
related illness your 
great-grandmother's wardrobe. 

4014
03:34:07,100 --> 03:34:08,400
Wasn't just about looking 
proper. 

4015
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:11,400
It was an engineering Marvel 
designed to make summer heat 

4016
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,600
bearable while maintaining 
social respectability, every 

4017
03:34:14,600 --> 03:34:17,700
fabric Choice, every style 
decision, and every accessory, 

4018
03:34:17,700 --> 03:34:20,800
served a dual purpose, keeping 
cool, and looking appropriate. 

4019
03:34:21,700 --> 03:34:24,000
While you might throw on shorts 
and a t-shirt for hot weather, 

4020
03:34:24,000 --> 03:34:26,400
she had to work within social 
expectations. 

4021
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:29,200
That required, much more 
coverage, making her cooling 

4022
03:34:29,200 --> 03:34:31,400
strategies far more 
sophisticated than yours. 

4023
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:35,300
The Fabrics, your ancestors 
chose reveal their profound 

4024
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:38,800
understanding of thermal 
properties, linen cotton and 

4025
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:41,300
other natural. 
Fibers weren't selected, just 

4026
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:43,200
because synthetic materials 
didn't exist. 

4027
03:34:43,200 --> 03:34:47,300
They were chosen because they 
breathed absorbed moisture and 

4028
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:50,000
allowed air circulation in ways 
that kept the body cooler. 

4029
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:53,400
Your great-grandmother knew that
loose weave Fabrics created, 

4030
03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:57,500
tiny air pockets that insulated 
against Heat while tight weaves 

4031
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:01,300
trapped hot air against the skin
color science played a crucial 

4032
03:35:01,300 --> 03:35:03,300
role in pre-air conditioning 
fashion. 

4033
03:35:03,300 --> 03:35:06,600
Light colors were just 
fashionable in summer, they were

4034
03:35:06,608 --> 03:35:10,000
essential technology reflecting 
heat rather than absorbing it. 

4035
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:13,900
Your great-grandmother's white 
cotton dresses, light colored 

4036
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:16,600
parasols and pale, summer hats 
were essentially, wearable, 

4037
03:35:16,600 --> 03:35:18,600
cooling systems. 
That modern researchers 

4038
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:20,700
confirmed as remarkably 
effective heat management. 

4039
03:35:21,700 --> 03:35:24,700
The layering strategies, your 
ancestors developed would 

4040
03:35:24,700 --> 03:35:26,300
impress modern outdoor gear 
designers. 

4041
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:29,500
They understood that multiple 
light layers, could be adjusted 

4042
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:32,000
throughout the day as 
temperatures changed allowing 

4043
03:35:32,000 --> 03:35:36,300
for fine-tuned thermal control. 
A light chamise followed by a 

4044
03:35:36,300 --> 03:35:39,400
cotton dress topped, with a 
removable Shore or jacket 

4045
03:35:39,400 --> 03:35:42,300
created, a flexible system that 
could adapt to morning. 

4046
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:44,000
Coolness midday heat and 
evening. 

4047
03:35:44,000 --> 03:35:47,300
Breezes your great grandfather 
summer work clothes, tell their 

4048
03:35:47,300 --> 03:35:50,200
own cooling story. 
Those loose overalls were just 

4049
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:52,900
practical for farm work. 
They allowed air circulation 

4050
03:35:52,900 --> 03:35:56,400
around the body while protecting
skin from the Sun, the wide 

4051
03:35:56,400 --> 03:35:58,900
brimmed hats. 
That seem purely functional were

4052
03:35:58,900 --> 03:36:00,600
actually sophisticated cooling 
devices. 

4053
03:36:00,600 --> 03:36:04,200
Creating portable shade while 
allowing heat to escape from the

4054
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:06,600
head. 
Even suspenders served, a 

4055
03:36:06,600 --> 03:36:08,800
cooling purpose, holding the 
pants away from the body to 

4056
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:12,100
allow air circulation. 
Styling, in the pre-air 

4057
03:36:12,100 --> 03:36:14,200
conditioning era was as much 
about temperature management. 

4058
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:17,900
As it was about fashion, the 
great grandmother's, elaborate 

4059
03:36:17,900 --> 03:36:21,000
updos weren't just decorative. 
They lifted hair off the neck 

4060
03:36:21,000 --> 03:36:23,300
and allowed air to circulate 
around one of the body's most 

4061
03:36:23,300 --> 03:36:27,100
effective cooling zones. 
Those intricate braids and buns.

4062
03:36:27,100 --> 03:36:29,900
That looks so complicated in Old
photographs are actually 

4063
03:36:29,900 --> 03:36:33,100
practical cooling technology 
disguised, as Beauty routines 

4064
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:36,800
undergarments of the era reveal,
the sophisticated, understanding

4065
03:36:36,800 --> 03:36:40,900
your ancestors, had of thermal 
regulation, While the idea of 

4066
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:44,300
corsets and multiple, petticoats
might seem stifling to you. 

4067
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:47,700
These garments were designed to 
create air pockets and allow 

4068
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:50,800
circulation while maintaining 
the silhouette that social 

4069
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:54,600
expectations demanded. some are 
undergarments were made from the

4070
03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:58,200
lightest possible materials and 
designed to Wick moisture away 

4071
03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:01,700
from the body thermal reality 
completely shaped food culture 

4072
03:37:01,700 --> 03:37:04,800
in the pre-air conditioning era,
Your great-grandmother didn't 

4073
03:37:04,800 --> 03:37:07,600
avoid using the oven in summer 
because she was trying to save 

4074
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:10,100
energy, she avoided it because 
heating the kitchen could make 

4075
03:37:10,100 --> 03:37:12,000
the entire house on bearable for
days. 

4076
03:37:12,900 --> 03:37:15,500
Some of menus were essentially 
cooling strategies to Skies as 

4077
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:20,000
meals, cold soups fresh salads 
and uncooked Foods weren't just 

4078
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:21,800
refreshing. 
They were thermal management. 

4079
03:37:22,900 --> 03:37:26,500
Your ancestors understood that 
digestion itself, generates body

4080
03:37:26,500 --> 03:37:28,600
heat. 
So summer, meals were lighter 

4081
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:32,700
easier to digest and required 
less internal energy to process 

4082
03:37:32,700 --> 03:37:35,200
those. 
Elaborate cold salads and 

4083
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:38,400
chilled soups that seem. 
So elegant in Old cookbooks, 

4084
03:37:38,400 --> 03:37:42,000
were actually sophisticated 
cooling technology preservation 

4085
03:37:42,000 --> 03:37:44,400
methods adapted to heat in 
ingenious ways. 

4086
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:47,700
Root Cellars springhouses a nice
houses weren't just food 

4087
03:37:47,700 --> 03:37:49,700
storage. 
They were Community cooling 

4088
03:37:49,700 --> 03:37:52,400
infrastructure. 
Your great-grandmother might 

4089
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:55,100
plan her weekly menu around what
could be stored without 

4090
03:37:55,100 --> 03:37:57,300
generating heat. 
What could be prepared without 

4091
03:37:57,300 --> 03:37:59,900
cooking and what would actually 
help cool the body from the 

4092
03:37:59,908 --> 03:38:03,300
inside? 
Beverages became medicine in the

4093
03:38:03,300 --> 03:38:06,600
pre-air conditioning World. 
Sweet tea, lemonade, and other 

4094
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:08,400
cooling drinks weren't just 
Refreshments. 

4095
03:38:08,400 --> 03:38:12,200
They were thermal therapy. 
Your ancestors understood that 

4096
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:14,500
certain ingredients could 
actually help the body cool 

4097
03:38:14,500 --> 03:38:16,700
itself While others would make 
heat worse. 

4098
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:20,700
Mint cucumber and citrus served.
Not only as flavoring but also 

4099
03:38:20,700 --> 03:38:24,300
as internal cooling agents, even
social dining adapted to heat 

4100
03:38:24,300 --> 03:38:26,800
management. 
Some are entertaining moved 

4101
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:29,800
Outdoors, not just for Ambience 
but for thermal practicality 

4102
03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:33,500
Garden parties, picnics and 
outdoor dining took advantage of

4103
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:36,400
breezes and shade. 
While keeping Z heat generating 

4104
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:39,500
cooking activities away from 
Living Spaces, your great 

4105
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:41,600
grandmother's summer. 
Dinner parties were carefully 

4106
03:38:41,600 --> 03:38:44,300
choreographed to minimize heat 
generation while maximizing 

4107
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:47,600
cooling opportunities. 
The timing of meals shifted with

4108
03:38:47,600 --> 03:38:51,300
thermal reality breakfast. 
Might be substantial taking 

4109
03:38:51,300 --> 03:38:53,500
advantage of cool morning air 
for cooking and eating. 

4110
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:55,700
Lunch became lighter and 
simpler. 

4111
03:38:55,700 --> 03:38:59,000
While dinner was often delayed 
until evening when both cooking 

4112
03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:01,500
and eating could happen in more 
comfortable temperatures. 

4113
03:39:01,500 --> 03:39:03,900
Your ancestors didn't eat by the
clock. 

4114
03:39:03,900 --> 03:39:07,400
They ate by the thermometer. 
These weren't just survival 

4115
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:10,000
strategies, they created a 
culture of Elegance and 

4116
03:39:10,000 --> 03:39:12,500
sophistication, that worked 
within natural limits, rather 

4117
03:39:12,500 --> 03:39:15,800
than trying to overcome them. 
Your great-grandmother managed 

4118
03:39:15,800 --> 03:39:18,500
to stay cool. 
Look, beautiful and maintain 

4119
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:20,800
social standards without ever 
touching a thermostat. 

4120
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:23,900
Creating a lifestyle that was 
both practical and genuinely 

4121
03:39:23,900 --> 03:39:26,200
stylish. 
As you settle into your climate 

4122
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:29,200
controlled bedroom tonight, 
consider how different your 

4123
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:32,100
great grandparents relationship 
with sleep was during the 

4124
03:39:32,100 --> 03:39:35,400
sweltering summer months night 
wasn't just a time for rest. 

4125
03:39:35,400 --> 03:39:38,600
It was the daily reward for 
surviving another day of heat. 

4126
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:43,400
precious opportunity to cool 
down recharge and prepare for 

4127
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,600
whatever thermal challenge is 
tomorrow, might bring The 

4128
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:49,500
evening hours, held a special 
magic that are artificially 

4129
03:39:49,500 --> 03:39:53,000
called world has largely 
forgotten the transition from 

4130
03:39:53,000 --> 03:39:57,300
day, to night was something your
ancestors saved like wine. has 

4131
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,600
the Sun finally began, its 
descent the entire household 

4132
03:40:00,600 --> 03:40:03,300
would shift into evening mode 
with the Precision of a 

4133
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:06,800
well-rehearsed Orchestra Windows
that had been strategically 

4134
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:09,200
closed during the heat of the 
day would begin opening in 

4135
03:40:09,200 --> 03:40:12,100
careful sequence. 
Each one position to catch the 

4136
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:14,900
first hint of cooling air, and 
encourage it to flow through the

4137
03:40:14,900 --> 03:40:17,200
house. 
Your great grandmother had an 

4138
03:40:17,200 --> 03:40:20,500
intimate knowledge of her home's
thermal personality, she, which 

4139
03:40:20,500 --> 03:40:23,200
Windows to open first, to create
the gentle suction, that would 

4140
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:26,800
pull hot air out while drawing 
cooler area in She understood 

4141
03:40:26,800 --> 03:40:29,200
the exact moment when the 
outdoor temperature dropped 

4142
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:32,100
below the indoor temperature. 
The magical threshold when 

4143
03:40:32,100 --> 03:40:36,100
natural ventilation changed from
liability to blessing. this 

4144
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:39,700
wasn't guesswork, it was science
learned through years of paying 

4145
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,500
attention to the Sea, subtle 
signals that told her when 

4146
03:40:42,500 --> 03:40:45,800
relief was finally available The
bedroom preparation. 

4147
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:48,300
Rituals of the pre-air 
conditioning era would seem 

4148
03:40:48,300 --> 03:40:50,800
elaborate to you now, but they 
were essential technology for 

4149
03:40:50,800 --> 03:40:54,200
achieving comfortable sleep. 
Beds were positioned, not just 

4150
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:56,900
for convenience but to catch 
every available Breeze. 

4151
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:00,000
Your great-grandfather might 
move the entire bed closer to 

4152
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:02,100
Windows during Heatwave 
transforming. 

4153
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:04,500
The bedroom layout to take 
advantage of night air movement.

4154
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:07,900
Bedding became a crucial element
in thermal management. 

4155
03:41:07,900 --> 03:41:12,200
Heavy quilts and comforters were
stored away for the summer by 

4156
03:41:12,200 --> 03:41:14,600
lightweight cotton sheets that 
could breathe with the sleeper. 

4157
03:41:15,400 --> 03:41:18,300
Some families had special summer
sheets made from linen or 

4158
03:41:18,300 --> 03:41:19,900
cotton. 
So fine is. 

4159
03:41:19,900 --> 03:41:23,300
So it was almost like sleeping 
under woven are Pillows were 

4160
03:41:23,300 --> 03:41:26,100
swapped for thinner version and 
even mattresses might be 

4161
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:28,600
replaced with lighter 
Alternatives that didn't trap 

4162
03:41:28,600 --> 03:41:30,000
and hold body heat throughout 
the night. 

4163
03:41:31,300 --> 03:41:33,800
The evening cooling routine, 
extended Beyond just opening 

4164
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:37,200
Windows, your great grandmother 
might take a cool bath or Splash

4165
03:41:37,200 --> 03:41:40,100
cold water on her wrists. 
And neck areas where blood 

4166
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:42,600
vessels are close to the surface
and cooling them could affect 

4167
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:46,000
the entire body's temperature. 
Here that had been pinned up all

4168
03:41:46,000 --> 03:41:49,200
day would be brushed out and 
arranged to allow maximum air 

4169
03:41:49,200 --> 03:41:51,000
circulation around the neck and 
head during sleep. 

4170
03:41:52,000 --> 03:41:55,000
Children's bedtime routines, 
were specially adapted to heat 

4171
03:41:55,000 --> 03:41:58,200
management lightweight, cotton 
nightgowns replaced heavier, 

4172
03:41:58,200 --> 03:42:01,200
sleepwear and children might 
sleep with damp washcloths on 

4173
03:42:01,208 --> 03:42:04,100
their foreheads or arms. 
Some parents would lightly, 

4174
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:07,700
dampen sheets with cool water, 
creating a vapor cooling that 

4175
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,100
could make the difference 
between restful sleep and a 

4176
03:42:10,100 --> 03:42:11,900
knight of tossing. 
And turning for families 

4177
03:42:11,900 --> 03:42:14,000
fortunate enough to have 
multiple sleeping spaces, 

4178
03:42:14,000 --> 03:42:17,400
summer, brought strategic 
relocations Sleeping. 

4179
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:20,400
Porches screened areas that were
essentially outdoor bedrooms 

4180
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,800
became Haven's during the 
hottest weeks upper floors, 

4181
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:26,900
which were stifling during the 
day, like become comfortable at 

4182
03:42:26,900 --> 03:42:29,400
night, when breezes were 
stronger at higher elevations. 

4183
03:42:29,400 --> 03:42:32,500
Some families would move 
mattresses to the coolest rooms 

4184
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:34,900
in the house, or even Outdoors 
under mosquito netting, when 

4185
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:38,500
heat became truly unbearable, 
The sound of Summer Nights were 

4186
03:42:38,500 --> 03:42:40,100
different in the pre-air 
conditioning era. 

4187
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:44,100
Instead of the constant hum of 
climate control systems your 

4188
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:45,800
great-grandparents, fell asleep 
to the Natural. 

4189
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:48,800
Symphony of cooling are the 
whisper of breezes through 

4190
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:51,500
window screens. 
The Gentle Creek of settling 

4191
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:54,700
houses as temperatures dropped 
and the distant conversations of

4192
03:42:54,700 --> 03:42:57,600
neighbors also seeking relief on
their porches and in their yards

4193
03:42:58,400 --> 03:43:01,600
Night work took on special 
significance, during hot spells 

4194
03:43:01,600 --> 03:43:04,400
tasks that generated heat. 
During the day could be 

4195
03:43:04,408 --> 03:43:06,800
accomplished in the Blessed, 
coolness of evening and early 

4196
03:43:06,808 --> 03:43:09,600
morning hours. 
Your great-grandmother might do 

4197
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:13,200
her ironing by Lamplight, taking
advantage of temperatures that 

4198
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:15,400
made the additional heat 
bearable baking. 

4199
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:17,600
For the next day, could happen 
in the pre-dawn hours when 

4200
03:43:17,600 --> 03:43:19,600
others wouldn't turn kitchens 
into furnaces. 

4201
03:43:19,600 --> 03:43:23,300
The social aspects of cooling 
extended into the night as well.

4202
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:27,300
Neighbors might visit each 
other's cooling spots one family

4203
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:29,900
had a better cross-breeze while 
another had a deeper well with 

4204
03:43:29,900 --> 03:43:31,600
cooler water for late evening 
refreshment. 

4205
03:43:32,500 --> 03:43:35,100
These evening, Gatherings were 
not formal, social events, but 

4206
03:43:35,100 --> 03:43:38,000
spontaneous communities of 
relief where shared cooling 

4207
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:40,900
strategies and mutual support, 
made the heat more bearable for 

4208
03:43:40,900 --> 03:43:43,500
everyone. 
Dawn brought its rituals in the 

4209
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:46,500
pre-air conditioning World. 
Your great-grandfather would 

4210
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:49,200
rise early not just to get work 
done before the heat returned 

4211
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:52,500
but to save those precious hours
when the air was actually cool. 

4212
03:43:53,500 --> 03:43:56,300
The morning routine, included, 
assessing the days thermal 

4213
03:43:56,300 --> 03:43:58,600
prospects. 
Checking cloud, cover feeling 

4214
03:43:58,600 --> 03:44:01,700
the air for humidity and making 
strategic decisions about how to

4215
03:44:01,700 --> 03:44:03,700
capture and preserve the 
coolness for as long as 

4216
03:44:03,700 --> 03:44:06,200
possible. 
The cycle would begin again, 

4217
03:44:06,200 --> 03:44:09,400
windows that have been opened to
night are would be strategically

4218
03:44:09,400 --> 03:44:11,700
closed as temperatures began to 
rise. 

4219
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:15,100
Curtains would be drawn to block
the sun's Heat and the daily 

4220
03:44:15,100 --> 03:44:16,600
dance with temperature would 
resume. 

4221
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:20,700
But those hours of relief that 
nightly promise of cooling air 

4222
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:24,100
and comfortable sleep, made it 
all bearable and even beautiful.

4223
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:27,300
Your ancestors didn't just 
survive the heat. 

4224
03:44:27,300 --> 03:44:30,900
They created lives of Grace and 
comfort within natural limits. 

4225
03:44:30,900 --> 03:44:33,700
That required wisdom. 
Patience and Community. 

4226
03:44:33,700 --> 03:44:36,900
They understood something. 
We're still learning that 

4227
03:44:36,900 --> 03:44:39,200
working with natural cycles 
rather than against them. 

4228
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:42,100
Can create not just 
sustainability but genuine 

4229
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:46,000
contentment As you drift off to 
sleep tonight, in your climate 

4230
03:44:46,000 --> 03:44:48,700
controlled comfort. 
You might just dream of summary 

4231
03:44:48,700 --> 03:44:50,500
evening's. 
When cool air was a gift to be 

4232
03:44:50,500 --> 03:44:53,600
savored and relief was something
earned through the simple 

4233
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,100
passage of time. 
And the reliable promise that 

4234
03:44:56,100 --> 03:44:58,900
every hot day of eventually, 
surrenders to the cooling mercy 

4235
03:44:58,900 --> 03:45:09,700
of night. 
Imagine standing on a hillside 

4236
03:45:09,700 --> 03:45:13,500
in Lancashire England where the 
Grass Grows, thick and sheep 

4237
03:45:13,500 --> 03:45:15,500
graze with that particularly 
English. 

4238
03:45:15,500 --> 03:45:19,000
Stoicism that suggests. 
They've seen everything and 

4239
03:45:19,000 --> 03:45:23,000
remain unimpressed. 
Before you Rises Pendle Hill. 

4240
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:26,900
Distinctive Landmark that 
dominates the landscape like a 

4241
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:29,800
sleeping giant. 
It's not particularly tall by 

4242
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:33,800
Mountain, standards about rain 
key, 100 feet, but it has a 

4243
03:45:33,808 --> 03:45:37,800
presence that makes it feel much
larger the way certain people 

4244
03:45:37,800 --> 03:45:41,200
command attention. 
Simply by existing the hills 

4245
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:44,600
shape is peculiar and memorable.
From some angles, it looks like 

4246
03:45:44,600 --> 03:45:48,600
a massive whale preaching from 
an ocean of green fields, From 

4247
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:52,600
others, it resembles a giant 
shoulder hunched against the 

4248
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:55,900
northern weather. local people 
have lived in its shadow for 

4249
03:45:55,900 --> 03:45:59,300
thousands of years and the hill 
is accumulated that quality of 

4250
03:45:59,308 --> 03:46:03,300
permanence that only ancient 
Landscapes possess The sense 

4251
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:06,700
that it was here long before 
humans arrived and will remain 

4252
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:08,700
long. 
After we're gone in the early 

4253
03:46:08,700 --> 03:46:12,800
1600s when our story takes place
this landscape was quite 

4254
03:46:12,800 --> 03:46:16,600
different from Modern England. 
There were no neat hedgerows 

4255
03:46:16,600 --> 03:46:21,000
dividing Fields into tidy 
Square's, no roads wide of the 

4256
03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:24,600
cart tracks and no, Telegraph 
poles, or power lines, 

4257
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:28,600
scratching against the sky. 
The Villages scattered around 

4258
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:31,600
Pendle Hill was small clusters 
of stone and Timber buildings, 

4259
03:46:31,600 --> 03:46:35,100
often just a dozen families 
living close enough to share 

4260
03:46:35,100 --> 03:46:38,200
each other's smoke and gossip. 
The weather in Lancashire has 

4261
03:46:38,200 --> 03:46:41,600
always been dependably 
unpredictable rain sweeps across

4262
03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:45,000
the hills with the regularity of
a postal service, bringing that 

4263
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:47,800
particular dampness, that seems 
to seep into everything. 

4264
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:52,700
Your clothes, your bones, your 
sense of what constitutes a nice

4265
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:56,000
day. 
The myths around Pendle Hill 

4266
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:59,100
creates an atmosphere that makes
the familiar suddenly strange. 

4267
03:46:59,900 --> 03:47:03,600
Transforming a landscape, you 
know, into something mysterious 

4268
03:47:03,600 --> 03:47:08,200
and slightly otherworldly. 
This was a region where people 

4269
03:47:08,200 --> 03:47:11,400
live close to the land in ways 
we can barely imagine today. 

4270
03:47:12,500 --> 03:47:15,300
You couldn't simply go to a 
supermarket when food ran low. 

4271
03:47:15,300 --> 03:47:17,900
If your crops fails, you went 
hungry. 

4272
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:22,100
If your cow stopped producing 
milk, your children's nutrition 

4273
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:25,500
suffered. if disease, struck 
your livestock, your livelihood,

4274
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:29,400
vanished Every aspect of 
survival depended on things, 

4275
03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:34,100
largely Beyond human control. 
Whether disease, the fertility 

4276
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:35,900
of soil and the health of 
animals. 

4277
03:47:35,900 --> 03:47:39,700
The forests around Pendle were 
darker and more extensive than 

4278
03:47:39,700 --> 03:47:43,400
they are today. these weren't 
parks for Sunday strolls but 

4279
03:47:43,400 --> 03:47:47,300
working woodlands where people 
gathered fuel foraged for food 

4280
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:50,600
and encountered, the kind of 
isolation that modern people 

4281
03:47:50,600 --> 03:47:54,900
rarely experience, Walk into 
these Woods at dusk. 

4282
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:58,400
And you'd find yourself in a 
world of Shadows and sounds 

4283
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:01,700
where your imagination could 
easily transform a rustling Leaf

4284
03:48:01,700 --> 03:48:06,500
into something more Sinister. 
The Villages had names that felt

4285
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:10,900
like they'd grown naturally from
the landscape new church, barley

4286
03:48:10,900 --> 03:48:15,100
roughly and gold Shore. 
Small communities, where 

4287
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:18,000
everyone knew everyone else's 
business along with their 

4288
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:21,500
parents business and probably 
their grandparents business too.

4289
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:26,000
Privacy was a luxury that didn't
exist your neighbor's new when 

4290
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:29,100
you ate. 
When you slept who visited and 

4291
03:48:29,100 --> 03:48:32,600
what you argued about life here,
moved at the pace of Seasons, 

4292
03:48:32,600 --> 03:48:36,500
rather than clocks People rose 
with the sun because candles and

4293
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:40,000
Rush lights were expensive and 
they retired when darkness made 

4294
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:44,100
work impossible. time was 
measured by the position of the 

4295
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:47,900
sun, the flowering of certain 
plants or the behavior of 

4296
03:48:47,900 --> 03:48:51,700
animals You might arrange to 
meet someone after milking or 

4297
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:54,800
when the blackberries ripen and 
everyone understood these 

4298
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:57,600
imprecise measurements, 
perfectly the buildings 

4299
03:48:57,600 --> 03:48:59,300
themselves. 
Tell you something about how 

4300
03:48:59,300 --> 03:49:02,800
people lived most homes were 
single story structures with 

4301
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:05,100
thatched roofs. 
Maybe two rooms. 

4302
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:09,200
If you were fortunate often just
one large space where the entire

4303
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:12,800
family cooked 8 worked and 
slept. 

4304
03:49:13,700 --> 03:49:16,500
Smoke from the central half 
would drift up through a hole in

4305
03:49:16,508 --> 03:49:20,000
the roof blackening, the thatch 
and creating that distinctive 

4306
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:22,700
smell of old smoke. 
That permeated everything 

4307
03:49:22,700 --> 03:49:26,700
Winters would genuinely harsh in
ways that central heating, has 

4308
03:49:26,700 --> 03:49:29,700
helped us forget. 
You'd wake to find Frost 

4309
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:32,400
patterns on the inside of what 
ever served as your windows. 

4310
03:49:32,400 --> 03:49:36,500
If you had windows at all, many 
homes simply had shutters that 

4311
03:49:36,500 --> 03:49:39,400
you'd close against the cold 
choosing between freezing and 

4312
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:42,300
darkness. 
Chills were so common that 

4313
03:49:42,300 --> 03:49:45,300
people barely mentioned them 
just another minor misery of 

4314
03:49:45,308 --> 03:49:48,400
winter like wet boots or 
perpetually cold feet. 

4315
03:49:48,400 --> 03:49:51,800
The fields around Pendle were 
divided, not by ownership in the

4316
03:49:51,800 --> 03:49:55,400
modern sense, but by complex 
systems of common rights that 

4317
03:49:55,400 --> 03:49:59,300
had evolved over centuries. 
different families had rights to

4318
03:49:59,300 --> 03:50:03,200
graze certain numbers of animals
to gather specific types of wood

4319
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:06,800
and to fish in particular 
streams, these rights were 

4320
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:09,100
rarely written down but 
understood through tradition, 

4321
03:50:09,100 --> 03:50:13,600
and enforced, by Community 
consensus, It was a system that 

4322
03:50:13,600 --> 03:50:17,300
worked reasonably well until 
someone tried to change it or 

4323
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:20,900
challenge to establish Customs 
spring, brought relief from 

4324
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:23,900
Winter's hardships. 
But also anxiety about whether 

4325
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:27,400
crops would grow successfully. 
You'd see women and children 

4326
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:31,100
walking the fields picking 
stones from newly plowed Earth. 

4327
03:50:32,000 --> 03:50:35,400
Task that seems futile Until you
realize that rocks, you remove 

4328
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:37,500
this year won't damage your plow
next season. 

4329
03:50:38,500 --> 03:50:41,300
Every aspect of farming 
required, this kind of long-term

4330
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:44,600
thinking and constant physical 
labor, summer was briefly 

4331
03:50:44,600 --> 03:50:48,200
glorious when it wasn't raining.
The hills would Bloom with 

4332
03:50:48,200 --> 03:50:50,600
wildflowers whose names of 
mostly been forgotten. 

4333
03:50:51,500 --> 03:50:54,200
Folk names that describe their 
appearance or supposed 

4334
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:58,600
properties. 
Here, all self-help ibright and 

4335
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:01,800
woundwort. 
Plants that promised relief from

4336
03:51:01,800 --> 03:51:04,700
the various ailments that 
Afflicted people without access 

4337
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:08,600
to modern medicine. 
Autumn meant Harvest and harvest

4338
03:51:08,600 --> 03:51:11,300
meant the difference between a 
tolerable winter and a desperate

4339
03:51:11,300 --> 03:51:13,600
one. 
Everyone worked during Harvest 

4340
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:16,800
from the smallest child, who 
could carry a Sheaf of grain to 

4341
03:51:16,800 --> 03:51:18,900
the oldest grandmother, who 
could tie knots. 

4342
03:51:18,900 --> 03:51:23,600
It was exhausting back-breaking 
work, but it came with a sense 

4343
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:26,800
of shared purpose and the hope 
that this year's efforts would 

4344
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:30,600
sustain everyone until next 
year's Harvest, this landscape 

4345
03:51:30,600 --> 03:51:34,400
these rhythms of life, these 
patterns of work and worry, this

4346
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:36,200
was the world of the Pendle 
witches. 

4347
03:51:36,200 --> 03:51:39,900
Not a Gothic horror setting, but
a real place where real people 

4348
03:51:39,900 --> 03:51:42,200
struggled with the same basic 
challenges. 

4349
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:46,700
That humans have always faced. 
How to survive, how to protect 

4350
03:51:46,700 --> 03:51:50,200
their families and how to make 
sense of a world that often 

4351
03:51:50,200 --> 03:51:54,100
seemed hostile and inexplicable 
to understand what happened in 

4352
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:57,900
Pendle in 1612, you need to 
travel Inside the Minds of 

4353
03:51:57,908 --> 03:52:00,800
people who lived in a world 
entirely different from ours. 

4354
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,300
Not different in the sense of 
being primitive or less 

4355
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:07,200
intelligent. 
These were people just as clever

4356
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:10,800
and capable as anyone today but 
different in their fundamental 

4357
03:52:10,800 --> 03:52:13,000
assumptions about how reality 
worked. 

4358
03:52:13,000 --> 03:52:16,500
Imagine living in a world 
without scientific explanations 

4359
03:52:16,500 --> 03:52:19,600
for natural phenomena. 
When your child develops, a 

4360
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:23,800
fever you don't think about 
viruses or bacteria, Concepts 

4361
03:52:23,800 --> 03:52:26,000
that won't exist for another two
centuries. 

4362
03:52:26,000 --> 03:52:29,300
Instead, you wonder what caused 
this illness. 

4363
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:33,400
Did someone curse your family? 
Did you offend God? 

4364
03:52:33,400 --> 03:52:36,700
Did your child encounter 
something malevolent while 

4365
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:39,400
playing near the old oak tree 
that everyone says has not 

4366
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:42,400
feeling about it, this wasn't 
Superstition in. 

4367
03:52:42,400 --> 03:52:44,800
The dismissive sense. 
We often use that word today. 

4368
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:49,100
These were people constructing 
reasonable explanations based on

4369
03:52:49,100 --> 03:52:50,600
the information available to 
them. 

4370
03:52:51,500 --> 03:52:53,800
If your cow suddenly stops 
producing milk. 

4371
03:52:53,800 --> 03:52:56,400
And you remember, having an 
argument with your neighbor 

4372
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:59,400
yesterday, and then someone 
tells you that your neighbor's 

4373
03:52:59,400 --> 03:53:01,500
grandmother was known for having
the sight. 

4374
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:04,800
You've got what seems like a 
logical chain of causation. 

4375
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:08,600
It's wrong, but it's not stupid 
magic. 

4376
03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:11,700
In this world was less like 
Harry Potter and more like an 

4377
03:53:11,700 --> 03:53:16,500
extension of natural philosophy.
Educated people, genuinely 

4378
03:53:16,500 --> 03:53:19,100
believes that certain 
individuals might have special 

4379
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:22,100
knowledge or abilities. 
Just as they believed in the 

4380
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:25,800
four humors, in the influence of
planetary movements on human 

4381
03:53:25,800 --> 03:53:29,100
health and in the power of the 
king's touch to cure disease. 

4382
03:53:30,200 --> 03:53:33,200
The line between what we'd call 
medicine and what we'd call 

4383
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:37,500
Magic was blurry at best and 
often non-existent the Church, 

4384
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:42,300
of course had opinions about all
of this England in 1612 was 

4385
03:53:42,300 --> 03:53:46,200
officially Protestant. 
Having broken with Rome about 80

4386
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:48,800
years earlier. 
But old Catholic beliefs 

4387
03:53:48,800 --> 03:53:53,000
persisted mixed with even older 
folk Traditions that probably 

4388
03:53:53,000 --> 03:53:56,100
dated Back to Before 
Christianity arrived in Britain.

4389
03:53:57,000 --> 03:54:00,600
People would attend Protestant 
services on Sunday while also 

4390
03:54:00,600 --> 03:54:04,400
touching wood for luck, throwing
salt over their shoulders and 

4391
03:54:04,400 --> 03:54:07,200
carefully observing. 
Which direction a magpie flew, 

4392
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:10,300
because everyone knew that 
matted somehow the Bible which 

4393
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:12,900
most people couldn't read, but 
new through sermons and common 

4394
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:15,700
culture, was quite clear that 
which is existed. 

4395
03:54:16,600 --> 03:54:20,400
The Old Testament, explicitly 
stated Thou shalt not suffer a 

4396
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:23,400
witch to live which seemed 
pretty unambiguous if you took 

4397
03:54:23,400 --> 03:54:26,700
scripture seriously. 
If the Bible said witches were 

4398
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:29,100
real. 
Then denying their existence was

4399
03:54:29,100 --> 03:54:33,000
essentially questioning the word
of God, a dangerous position to 

4400
03:54:33,000 --> 03:54:35,600
take in any era. 
But particularly in 

4401
03:54:35,600 --> 03:54:39,300
post-reformation England where 
are just Orthodoxy was literally

4402
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:42,000
a matter of life and death but 
here's where it gets 

4403
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:45,000
interesting. 
The kind of Witchcraft that most

4404
03:54:45,000 --> 03:54:48,200
concerned Ordinary People wasn't
the devil worshiping. 

4405
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:51,000
Soul-selling variety, that 
troubled, theologians and 

4406
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:54,400
authorities. 
Most accusations of Witchcraft. 

4407
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:57,400
At the local level involved, 
what we might call Neighborhood 

4408
03:54:57,400 --> 03:55:01,800
disputes taken to Supernatural 
extremes Someone's butter won't 

4409
03:55:01,800 --> 03:55:03,900
churn. 
Someone's Child is ill, 

4410
03:55:03,900 --> 03:55:07,900
someone's horse goes lame and 
The Afflicted person remembers a

4411
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:10,700
recent argument, or perceived 
slight from someone with a 

4412
03:55:10,700 --> 03:55:14,200
reputation for being a bit odd. 
The people most often accused of

4413
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:16,100
Witchcraft fits certain 
patterns. 

4414
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:20,600
They were frequently women 
often, elderly usually poor, 

4415
03:55:20,600 --> 03:55:24,000
sometimes cantankerous, and 
generally on the margins of 

4416
03:55:24,000 --> 03:55:27,700
Village Society. 
In other words, people who lack 

4417
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:31,600
the social protection that came 
from wealth family, connections 

4418
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:35,300
or Community standing. 
The Village Camden who lived 

4419
03:55:35,300 --> 03:55:39,300
alone kept cats and muttered 
herself was playing a risky game

4420
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,200
in a world where being different
could be dangerous yet. 

4421
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:44,900
These same communities, also, 
relied on people who played 

4422
03:55:44,900 --> 03:55:49,400
special knowledge, The cunning 
folk or Wise Women who knew 

4423
03:55:49,400 --> 03:55:52,300
which herbs helped with which 
ailments who could predict where

4424
03:55:52,300 --> 03:55:55,300
the patterns and who understood 
the mysteries of childbirth? 

4425
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:59,500
These were valuable Community 
Resources the line between 

4426
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:02,800
helpful cunning folk and 
dangerous witches was razor thin

4427
03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:06,300
and largely depended on whether 
your magic was perceived as 

4428
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:09,300
helping or harming. 
Think about the psychology of 

4429
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:13,200
living in this world. 
When Misfortune strikes and 

4430
03:56:13,200 --> 03:56:16,700
Misfortune struck regularly in 
an era without modern medicine 

4431
03:56:16,700 --> 03:56:19,800
reliable crops or any form of 
social safety net. 

4432
03:56:20,500 --> 03:56:26,000
People needed explanations. 
Bad luck or natural causes a 

4433
03:56:26,000 --> 03:56:29,200
psychologically unsatisfying 
answers when your child is dying

4434
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:31,200
and you can't do anything to 
help. 

4435
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:35,400
The idea that someone calls this
through malice, at least 

4436
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:38,600
provides a target for your grief
and anger, and more importantly,

4437
03:56:38,600 --> 03:56:41,300
suggest that something might be 
done about it. 

4438
03:56:41,300 --> 03:56:45,900
This worldview, provided a form 
of social control, if everyone 

4439
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:48,600
believes that harming others 
through which craft is possible,

4440
03:56:48,600 --> 03:56:51,300
and that which is can be 
identified and punished. 

4441
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:54,500
Then there's an incentive to 
maintain good relations with 

4442
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:57,900
your neighbor's, the fear of 
being accused served to 

4443
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:00,500
discourage the kind of 
anti-social behaviour that could

4444
03:57:00,500 --> 03:57:04,200
tear apart small communities 
where cooperation was essential 

4445
03:57:04,200 --> 03:57:07,200
for survival dreams and Visions 
carried weight. 

4446
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:08,900
In this world that we've largely
lost. 

4447
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:12,500
If you dreamed that your 
neighbor transformed into a hair

4448
03:57:12,500 --> 03:57:15,700
and drank from your cows, that 
wasn't just a random nightmare, 

4449
03:57:15,700 --> 03:57:18,700
it might be a genuine glimpse of
hidden reality. 

4450
03:57:19,500 --> 03:57:21,900
The modern distinction between 
objective reality. 

4451
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:26,200
And subjective experience was 
much less clear in and outer 

4452
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:29,600
worlds, Blended together in ways
that made perfect sense to 

4453
03:57:29,600 --> 03:57:33,000
people at the time children. 
Absorb these beliefs naturally, 

4454
03:57:33,000 --> 03:57:36,600
the way children today, absorb 
ideas about technology or 

4455
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:41,600
popular culture, 6 year old in 
1612 would know which plants 

4456
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:44,200
were lucky, which days were 
unlucky for. 

4457
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:47,600
Starting new Ventures and 
probably several Rhymes or 

4458
03:57:47,600 --> 03:57:51,300
charms for warding off evil. 
This knowledge wasn't taught 

4459
03:57:51,300 --> 03:57:54,300
formally, but picked up through 
observation and participation in

4460
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:57,600
daily life, the concept of proof
was also different. 

4461
03:57:58,300 --> 03:58:02,600
Today, we expect evidence that 
can be objectively verified. in 

4462
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:06,300
the 17th century eyewitness, 
testimony was considered highly 

4463
03:58:06,300 --> 03:58:11,200
reliable even when describing 
Supernatural events, Three. 

4464
03:58:11,200 --> 03:58:14,300
People said they saw Good Wife 
Smith's Spirit flying through 

4465
03:58:14,300 --> 03:58:17,200
the air. 
That counted as solid evidence, 

4466
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:21,300
the fact that human perception 
is unreliable and that people 

4467
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:23,200
can genuinely believed they saw 
things. 

4468
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:26,600
They didn't wasn't yet. 
Understood, this was a world 

4469
03:58:26,600 --> 03:58:29,900
where authority figures 
Magistrate's ministers, and 

4470
03:58:29,900 --> 03:58:34,300
educated gentlemen believed in 
which craft just as firmly as a 

4471
03:58:34,300 --> 03:58:37,700
literate farmers. 
King James, the first himself 

4472
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:40,200
had written a book about 
witchcraft called demonology. 

4473
03:58:41,000 --> 03:58:44,000
Arguing for the reality of 
witches and the necessity of 

4474
03:58:44,008 --> 03:58:47,800
Prosecuting them. 
When your king, your minister, 

4475
03:58:47,800 --> 03:58:51,700
your social betters, and your 
neighbors, all agree. 

4476
03:58:51,700 --> 03:58:55,900
That something is real doubting,
it requires an extraordinary 

4477
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:59,200
level of independent thinking 
that few people in any era 

4478
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:01,600
possess. 
Now we come to the people 

4479
03:59:01,600 --> 03:59:06,400
themselves, not abstractions or 
symbols, but actual human beings

4480
03:59:06,400 --> 03:59:09,200
who lived in the shadow of 
Pendle Hill and whose names. 

4481
03:59:09,200 --> 03:59:12,700
We still remember over. 400 
years later though, for reasons 

4482
03:59:12,700 --> 03:59:15,800
they could never have imagined 
the device family lived at 

4483
03:59:15,800 --> 03:59:19,200
Malkin Tower a name, that might 
sound picturesque, Until you 

4484
03:59:19,200 --> 03:59:24,100
realize that Malkin was old 
dialect for a dirty untidy woman

4485
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:27,600
or a scarecrow. 
Imagine a decrepit building. 

4486
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:31,800
Probably more hovel than Tower 
in a remote part of the Pendle 

4487
03:59:31,800 --> 03:59:34,200
landscape. 
This was home to Elizabeth 

4488
03:59:34,200 --> 03:59:38,000
Southern known as old demdike, 
who was somewhere around, 80 

4489
03:59:38,000 --> 03:59:41,900
years old in 1612, an 
extraordinary age for the period

4490
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:44,100
that probably contributed to her
reputation. 

4491
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:48,300
As someone with unusual 
knowledge demike the name 

4492
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:50,400
itself, sounds like something 
from folklore. 

4493
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:54,400
Had a granddaughter named 
Elizabeth device who in turn had

4494
03:59:54,400 --> 03:59:56,200
children, including Alison 
device. 

4495
03:59:56,200 --> 03:59:58,400
A young woman about 20 years 
old. 

4496
03:59:58,400 --> 04:00:03,100
When our story unfolds This was 
a family living in poverty, that

4497
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:04,900
would shock modern 
sensibilities. 

4498
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:09,200
Not the kind of picturesque 
rural poverty you see in Period 

4499
04:00:09,200 --> 04:00:13,600
dramas but genuine grinding 
destitution where every day 

4500
04:00:13,600 --> 04:00:15,800
presented challenges to basic 
survival. 

4501
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:19,100
Living nearby was another family
headed by Anne. 

4502
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:22,700
Whittle known as old chatok who 
was probably in her 80s. 

4503
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:26,400
The name chat, Ox might derive 
from Chatterbox suggesting. 

4504
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:28,100
Someone known for talking, 
though. 

4505
04:00:28,100 --> 04:00:30,800
It's equally possible. 
It had other Origins now lost to

4506
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:33,500
history. 
That talks had a daughter named 

4507
04:00:33,500 --> 04:00:37,400
an Redfern, and these two 
families, the devices and the 

4508
04:00:37,408 --> 04:00:40,800
chat boxes have the kind of 
relationship that makes Modern 

4509
04:00:40,800 --> 04:00:43,300
Family feuds look like minor. 
Disagreements. 

4510
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:46,800
These weren't wealthy families 
arguing over inheritance or 

4511
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:49,300
social position. 
These were people at the 

4512
04:00:49,300 --> 04:00:52,800
absolute bottom of the economic 
ladder competing for scarce 

4513
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:54,500
resources in a harsh 
environment. 

4514
04:00:55,700 --> 04:00:59,300
When you're that poor, every 
small Advantage matters and 

4515
04:00:59,300 --> 04:01:01,900
every perceived slight can 
become a major grievance. 

4516
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:05,700
The device and Chateaux family 
is, apparently had a 

4517
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:09,900
long-standing mutual antagonism.
Possibly involving accusations 

4518
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:12,800
of theft. 
Definitely involving accusations

4519
04:01:12,800 --> 04:01:16,100
of Witchcraft, and generally 
characterized by the kind of 

4520
04:01:16,108 --> 04:01:18,300
bitter enmity. 
That develops when people who 

4521
04:01:18,300 --> 04:01:22,400
dislike each other cannot Escape
each other's presence picture 

4522
04:01:22,400 --> 04:01:24,800
all damn Dyke. 
As she might have been a very 

4523
04:01:24,808 --> 04:01:28,400
elderly woman, probably nearly 
blind sources. 

4524
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:32,200
Mention her poor eyesight with 
the kind of face that eight 

4525
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:35,600
Decades of hard living creates, 
She'd have lost most of her 

4526
04:01:35,600 --> 04:01:38,000
teeth. 
Her skin would be weathered by 

4527
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:41,900
constant outdoor work and she'd 
likely have that distinctive 

4528
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:45,100
elderly stoop, that comes from a
lifetime of manual labor. 

4529
04:01:46,300 --> 04:01:49,600
She was by several accounts 
known as someone who could 

4530
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:53,700
curse, who knew charms, and 
spells and who had what people 

4531
04:01:53,700 --> 04:01:58,300
call the site, but here's what's
important to understand, old 

4532
04:01:58,300 --> 04:02:01,000
demdike, probably believed in 
her own powers. 

4533
04:02:01,000 --> 04:02:04,700
This wasn't necessarily a con 
artist exploiting the gullible. 

4534
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:08,900
She grown up in a world where 
magic was real where certain 

4535
04:02:08,900 --> 04:02:12,600
people had special knowledge and
were curses could cause harm. 

4536
04:02:13,500 --> 04:02:16,200
Feud spent eight decades 
accepting, these beliefs, as 

4537
04:02:16,200 --> 04:02:18,500
fact. 
And if your reputation as 

4538
04:02:18,500 --> 04:02:21,200
someone powerful was perhaps, 
the only source of respect or 

4539
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:24,100
fear you commanded, you'd 
probably cultivate that 

4540
04:02:24,100 --> 04:02:28,000
reputation too old chatok seems 
to have had a similar reputation

4541
04:02:28,000 --> 04:02:31,200
which perhaps explains part of 
the Rivalry between the 

4542
04:02:31,200 --> 04:02:34,800
families. 
Two elderly women, both claiming

4543
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:38,100
magical knowledge, living in 
proximity in a small community, 

4544
04:02:38,100 --> 04:02:40,800
that's a situation ripe for 
conflict. 

4545
04:02:41,800 --> 04:02:46,100
Add genuine poverty, family, 
grudges and a cultural context, 

4546
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:49,800
where curses and counter curses 
were taken, seriously, and you 

4547
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,600
have a powder keg waiting for a 
spark, the younger generation of

4548
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:57,400
these families lived in their 
Elders, Shadows, Alison device. 

4549
04:02:57,400 --> 04:03:00,600
About 20 years old, seems to 
have been an ordinary young 

4550
04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:02,900
woman trying to survive in 
difficult circumstances. 

4551
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:05,900
Sources suggest, she might have 
been. 

4552
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:07,700
What? 
We'd Now call developmentally 

4553
04:03:07,700 --> 04:03:10,500
disabled though. 
Historical records are too 

4554
04:03:10,500 --> 04:03:13,700
fragmentary to be. 
Certain, what we know is that 

4555
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:17,000
she worked as a beggar 
traveling, the roads and asking 

4556
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,600
for charity or small favors, 
which was a common survival 

4557
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:23,500
strategy for the desperately 
poor and red. 

4558
04:03:23,500 --> 04:03:26,900
Furner chat box daughter was 
married to a man named Thomas 

4559
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:30,500
Redfern and seems to have been 
trying to maintain a slightly 

4560
04:03:30,500 --> 04:03:32,600
more respectable existence than 
her mother. 

4561
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:37,100
This was the constant tension 
for families with reputation for

4562
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:40,100
witchcraft. 
Wanting to be accepted by the 

4563
04:03:40,100 --> 04:03:42,900
community. 
While also being associated with

4564
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:46,400
people whose reputations made 
acceptance difficult, living 

4565
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:49,000
among these families were 
others, who became caught up in 

4566
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:53,300
the events of 1612. 
Alice Nutter a woman of someone 

4567
04:03:53,300 --> 04:03:56,400
higher Social Status whose 
involvement in the story remains

4568
04:03:56,400 --> 04:04:00,500
puzzling to historians. 
Jane Balki and her son, John 

4569
04:04:00,500 --> 04:04:02,600
Catherine, Hewitt and several 
others. 

4570
04:04:02,600 --> 04:04:07,200
Each of them was a real person 
with hopes fears daily routines 

4571
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:09,800
and relationships that the 
historical record. 

4572
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:12,800
Barely captures. 
What these people shared was 

4573
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:16,200
life in a small community, where
everyone knew everyone else's 

4574
04:04:16,200 --> 04:04:19,900
business, where reputation was 
currency and where the line 

4575
04:04:19,900 --> 04:04:22,700
between getting by and 
destitution was frighteningly 

4576
04:04:22,700 --> 04:04:25,700
thin. 
They lived in a world where a 

4577
04:04:25,700 --> 04:04:28,900
bad Harvest could mean hunger. 
Where illness usually meant 

4578
04:04:28,900 --> 04:04:32,600
death, and where your survival 
often depended on the Goodwill 

4579
04:04:32,600 --> 04:04:35,000
of neighbors, who might also be 
your Rivals. 

4580
04:04:35,000 --> 04:04:37,800
The house is these people lived 
in which shocked, modern 

4581
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:41,200
sensibilities Earth, and flaws 
that turned to Mud. 

4582
04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:45,200
When it rained roofs, that 
leaked walls, that let in drafts

4583
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:47,600
and smoke filled Interiors from 
cooking fires. 

4584
04:04:48,700 --> 04:04:51,800
Percy, didn't exist. 
Family slept together in 

4585
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:55,400
whatever dry Corner, they could 
find with perhaps a curtain to 

4586
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:57,600
separate sleeping areas. 
If they were fortunate 

4587
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:01,000
Sanitation as we understand, it 
didn't exist. 

4588
04:05:01,800 --> 04:05:05,300
Water came from streams or Wells
and every bucket had to be 

4589
04:05:05,308 --> 04:05:07,900
carried by hand. 
Their clothes would have been 

4590
04:05:07,900 --> 04:05:12,200
rough, wool probably home, spun 
patched and repacked and warned 

4591
04:05:12,200 --> 04:05:15,900
until they literally fell apart.
Shoes were expensive enough. 

4592
04:05:15,900 --> 04:05:19,000
That many people went barefoot 
in warm weather to preserve them

4593
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:23,000
personal possessions would be 
minimal perhaps a few cooking 

4594
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:27,000
pots, some basic tools and 
bedding, that probably consisted

4595
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,200
of straw stuff sacks and rough 
blankets yet. 

4596
04:05:30,200 --> 04:05:32,900
These were people not just 
historical figures. 

4597
04:05:33,800 --> 04:05:36,800
They laughed at jokes, we 
probably understand worried 

4598
04:05:36,800 --> 04:05:40,200
about their children enjoyed 
Pleasant weather and complained 

4599
04:05:40,200 --> 04:05:43,100
about their neighbors. 
Old demdike might have had a 

4600
04:05:43,108 --> 04:05:45,900
favorite spot where she liked to
sit on sunny days. 

4601
04:05:46,800 --> 04:05:49,400
Alison device. 
Probably had friendship gossiped

4602
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:53,000
with and red fern might have had
Ambitions for her children that 

4603
04:05:53,000 --> 04:05:56,900
circumstances made impossible to
achieve the events that would 

4604
04:05:56,900 --> 04:06:01,700
lead to tragedy began on a Road.
Near Collins on March 18th, 1612

4605
04:06:02,900 --> 04:06:04,900
This wasn't some dark and stormy
night. 

4606
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:08,800
Perfect for Gothic drama, it was
probably just an ordinary late 

4607
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:12,700
winter day cold and damp in the 
way that Northern England excels

4608
04:06:12,700 --> 04:06:16,600
at being cold and damp Allison 
device was out begging, which 

4609
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:19,300
wasn't shameful in the way. 
We might think of baking today, 

4610
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:22,900
but was a recognized survival 
strategy for the destitute. 

4611
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:27,500
She encountered, John Law, a 
peddler from Halifax, travelling

4612
04:06:27,500 --> 04:06:31,200
along the road with his pack of 
pins, needles laces, and other 

4613
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:34,000
small Goods that Peddlers 
carried from Village to Village.

4614
04:06:35,300 --> 04:06:38,200
These traveling salesmen were 
important figures in rural 

4615
04:06:38,200 --> 04:06:42,400
England bringing Not Just Goods 
but also news and connection to 

4616
04:06:42,400 --> 04:06:44,600
the wider world, what happened 
next? 

4617
04:06:44,600 --> 04:06:47,900
Depends on whose account you 
believe, but the basic facts 

4618
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:50,600
seem to be these Alice and asked
law. 

4619
04:06:50,600 --> 04:06:54,500
For some pins, he refused either
because he wanted payment, she 

4620
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:57,300
couldn't provide or because 
pedal is, sometimes did give 

4621
04:06:57,300 --> 04:07:00,500
small items to Beggars and he 
simply didn't feel like it that 

4622
04:07:00,500 --> 04:07:04,200
day shortly after this 
encounter, John Law, collapsed 

4623
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:05,800
with what appears to have been a
stroke. 

4624
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:09,300
Now, if you're a modern person 
reading this, you understand 

4625
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:13,000
that strokes happen for 
physiological reasons, blood 

4626
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:16,100
clots burst vessels and high 
blood pressure. 

4627
04:07:17,400 --> 04:07:20,400
John Law was a peddler who 
walked long distance is carrying

4628
04:07:20,400 --> 04:07:24,600
heavy loads, probably ate poorly
and lived a stressful existence.

4629
04:07:25,700 --> 04:07:28,500
He was in other words a prime 
candidate for cardiovascular 

4630
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:31,000
problems regardless of whom he 
met on the road. 

4631
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:35,300
But if John Law or his son, 
Abraham law, or anyone in the 

4632
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,600
community hearing about this 
incident, the sequence of events

4633
04:07:38,600 --> 04:07:42,700
looks very different, Alison 
device from a family with a 

4634
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:47,500
reputation for witchcraft asked 
for something law, refused 

4635
04:07:47,500 --> 04:07:51,700
immediately afterwards, law 
suffered what appeared to be a 

4636
04:07:51,700 --> 04:07:54,600
magical attack. 
The cause and effect seems 

4637
04:07:54,600 --> 04:07:56,300
obvious. 
What makes this story 

4638
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:58,800
particularly intriguing? 
Is that Alison herself? 

4639
04:07:58,800 --> 04:08:01,300
Apparently came to believe she 
would cause laws collapse. 

4640
04:08:01,900 --> 04:08:05,700
When questioned later, she 
confessed a cursing him though, 

4641
04:08:05,700 --> 04:08:08,700
whether this confession came 
from genuine belief, from 

4642
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:12,000
pressure, during questioning or 
from some combination of both, 

4643
04:08:12,000 --> 04:08:16,000
we can't know. living in a world
where everyone around you 

4644
04:08:16,000 --> 04:08:18,600
believes in Witchcraft and 
you've been raised by a 

4645
04:08:18,600 --> 04:08:21,900
grandmother who claimed magical 
powers, you might well 

4646
04:08:21,900 --> 04:08:24,600
internalize those beliefs and 
interpret events through that 

4647
04:08:24,600 --> 04:08:28,400
lens, the law family lodged, a 
complaint with Roger dowel, the 

4648
04:08:28,400 --> 04:08:32,900
local Magistrate Now all was a 
Justice of the Peace part of the

4649
04:08:32,900 --> 04:08:35,600
local Gentry, whose job involved
maintaining order and 

4650
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:39,800
investigating crimes. 
He was by all accounts a 

4651
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:42,700
literate educated man who took 
his responsibility, seriously. 

4652
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:46,900
He was also a man of his times, 
which meant he believed in which

4653
04:08:46,900 --> 04:08:50,500
craft a surely as he believed in
the authority of the king and 

4654
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:53,900
the truth of scripture, now 
began his investigation the way 

4655
04:08:53,900 --> 04:08:56,800
any magistrate would by 
gathering testimony. 

4656
04:08:57,800 --> 04:09:01,600
He questioned Alison device who 
apparently confessed not only to

4657
04:09:01,600 --> 04:09:05,200
cursing John law, but also 
provided information about the 

4658
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:07,400
magical practices of other 
family members. 

4659
04:09:08,800 --> 04:09:12,400
This is where the Story begins 
to expand from a single incident

4660
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:16,700
into something much larger. 
Once the investigation began old

4661
04:09:16,700 --> 04:09:19,900
grievances surfaced like, debris
floating up from a flood. 

4662
04:09:20,800 --> 04:09:23,400
People who had long suspected 
their neighbor's of Witchcraft 

4663
04:09:23,400 --> 04:09:25,900
now had an official audience for
their suspicions. 

4664
04:09:26,800 --> 04:09:30,400
The device and chat box, 
families already enemies began, 

4665
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:33,600
accusing each other of various 
magical crimes, stretching back 

4666
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:37,600
years, every unexplained illness
every dead, cow. 

4667
04:09:37,600 --> 04:09:41,300
Every batch of butter, that 
wouldn't churn all of these 

4668
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:44,400
suddenly had explanations in the
form of militias Witchcraft. 

4669
04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:48,100
The testimony is that emerged 
reveal a community that had been

4670
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:50,700
living with these suspicions and
fears for years. 

4671
04:09:51,800 --> 04:09:54,600
Old demand, I allegedly 
confessed to have having sold 

4672
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:57,800
her soul to the devil some 20 
years earlier, meeting him in 

4673
04:09:57,800 --> 04:10:02,500
the form of a boy named Tibet, 
supposedly admitted to similar 

4674
04:10:02,500 --> 04:10:05,100
practices. 
These confessions raise, all 

4675
04:10:05,100 --> 04:10:09,200
sorts of questions were they 
true, were they extracted Under 

4676
04:10:09,200 --> 04:10:12,500
Pressure did these elderly? 
Women genuinely believe their 

4677
04:10:12,500 --> 04:10:16,600
own stories what's clear is that
once the process started it, 

4678
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,600
gained its own momentum. 
Neighbors who might have been 

4679
04:10:19,608 --> 04:10:21,300
willing to overlook odd 
behavior. 

4680
04:10:21,300 --> 04:10:24,200
When there was no official 
investigation suddenly felt 

4681
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:27,500
compelled to share their 
suspicions, People who had lived

4682
04:10:27,508 --> 04:10:29,600
side by side with the accused 
for years. 

4683
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:32,400
Now, provided testimony about 
suspicious incidents. 

4684
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:35,600
They'd never previously, 
reported the accusations 

4685
04:10:35,600 --> 04:10:37,600
extended beyond the obvious 
targets. 

4686
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:41,700
Alice Nutter a woman of higher 
Social Status was arrested 

4687
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:43,800
though. 
Her involvement in the case 

4688
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:47,500
remains mysterious She doesn't 
seem to fit the profile of 

4689
04:10:47,500 --> 04:10:51,500
typical witchcraft accusations. 
She wasn't old, she wasn't 

4690
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:54,900
notably poor and didn't have an 
established reputation for 

4691
04:10:54,900 --> 04:10:59,200
Magical practices. 
Some historians speculate about 

4692
04:10:59,200 --> 04:11:02,100
land disputes or other motives 
that might have drawn her into 

4693
04:11:02,100 --> 04:11:06,400
the case, but the truth has been
lost to time as spring turned to

4694
04:11:06,408 --> 04:11:09,800
Summer more, people were 
arrested James bulcock and a 

4695
04:11:09,808 --> 04:11:12,300
son, John Catherine, Hewitt and 
others. 

4696
04:11:13,300 --> 04:11:16,200
The local jail which was 
probably a deeply unpleasant 

4697
04:11:16,200 --> 04:11:18,700
place even by the standards of 
17th century. 

4698
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:22,600
Prisons began to fill with 
accused witches from the Pendle 

4699
04:11:22,600 --> 04:11:24,700
area. 
Meanwhile, something happened 

4700
04:11:24,700 --> 04:11:26,900
that Roger. 
Now would later consider crucial

4701
04:11:26,900 --> 04:11:30,200
evidence a meeting at Malkin 
tower on Good Friday. 

4702
04:11:30,200 --> 04:11:34,400
April 10th 1612. 
Various members of the device 

4703
04:11:34,400 --> 04:11:36,000
family and their Associates 
gathered. 

4704
04:11:36,000 --> 04:11:39,400
Allegedly to plot the 
destruction of Lancaster Castle 

4705
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:41,300
to free the imprisoned family 
members. 

4706
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:44,900
Whether this meeting was 
actually a rescue plot or simply

4707
04:11:44,900 --> 04:11:47,900
an ordinary family gathering 
blown out of proportion by 

4708
04:11:47,900 --> 04:11:51,900
frightened imaginations. 
We cannot know the evidence 

4709
04:11:51,900 --> 04:11:55,500
against the accused consisted 
largely of testimony from 

4710
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:59,500
accusers, from alleged victims 
and from the accused themselves,

4711
04:12:00,800 --> 04:12:03,300
By modern standards, this 
evidence would be laughable. 

4712
04:12:04,100 --> 04:12:06,700
People claim to have seen 
familiar spirits in the form of 

4713
04:12:06,700 --> 04:12:10,300
animals to have witnessed 
impossible things, and to have 

4714
04:12:10,300 --> 04:12:12,800
knowledge of events that 
occurred in impossible ways. 

4715
04:12:14,600 --> 04:12:18,600
But by the standards of the time
and in a community primed to 

4716
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:22,700
believe in witchcraft, this 
testimony was damning what 

4717
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:25,600
strike's modern readers about? 
These accusations is their 

4718
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:28,900
mundane quality. 
This wasn't devil worship or 

4719
04:12:28,900 --> 04:12:32,400
dramatic Satanic rituals. 
These were accusations about 

4720
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:36,900
Petty grudges minor, thefts and 
arguments over borrowed items 

4721
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:40,600
and never returned. 
Someone's Clay Pit was blocked. 

4722
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:43,000
Someone killed someone else's 
cow. 

4723
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:47,000
Someone was denied butter and 
supposedly cursed. 

4724
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:49,500
The churn in Revenge. 
These were the everyday 

4725
04:12:49,500 --> 04:12:53,400
conflicts of a small community, 
but filtered through a worldview

4726
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:55,500
that made them evidence of 
cosmic evil. 

4727
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:59,100
The tragedy wasn't that these 
conflicts existed. 

4728
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,600
Every Community has 
disagreements, but that the 

4729
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,500
cultural context. 
Transformed ordinary human 

4730
04:13:05,500 --> 04:13:09,500
pettiness into capital crimes, 
Lancaster castle, in the summer 

4731
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:12,100
of 1612, was hardly the gothic 
Fortress. 

4732
04:13:12,100 --> 04:13:15,900
You might imagine when you hear 
the word Castle, by then it was 

4733
04:13:15,900 --> 04:13:17,500
serving as a court house and 
prison. 

4734
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,400
Its military importance long 
passed. 

4735
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:25,000
It Stones weathered by centuries
of rain and wind, but it was 

4736
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:28,600
still an imposing building. 
A physical symbol of Royal 

4737
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:31,500
Authority and legal power. 
That would have intimidated. 

4738
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:33,800
Anyone dragged before its 
courts. 

4739
04:13:33,800 --> 04:13:37,600
The size is the traveling courts
that periodically visited major 

4740
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:41,800
towns to try serious, criminal 
cases arrived in Lancaster in 

4741
04:13:41,800 --> 04:13:46,600
mid, August 1612, These events 
were significant occasions 

4742
04:13:46,600 --> 04:13:50,000
bringing judges from London and 
attracting crowds to treated 

4743
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:51,900
trials as a form of public 
entertainment. 

4744
04:13:51,900 --> 04:13:55,400
Imagine something between a 
court proceeding and a 

4745
04:13:55,408 --> 04:13:59,000
theatrical performance conducted
in a world where public 

4746
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:01,400
executions were considered 
family outing. 

4747
04:14:01,400 --> 04:14:04,700
The presiding judges were so 
James Olsen and said, Edward 

4748
04:14:04,700 --> 04:14:08,900
Bromley men educated in law but 
also fully subscribing to 

4749
04:14:08,900 --> 04:14:10,500
contemporary beliefs about 
witchcraft. 

4750
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:14,500
They weren't ignorant or cruel 
by the standards of their time, 

4751
04:14:14,500 --> 04:14:18,000
they were following established 
legal procedures, and examining 

4752
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:20,000
evidence, according to 
contemporary standards. 

4753
04:14:21,300 --> 04:14:23,600
The fact that those standards 
would horrify modern 

4754
04:14:23,600 --> 04:14:26,800
sensibilities, doesn't mean 
these men were monsters. 

4755
04:14:26,800 --> 04:14:31,300
It means they were products of 
their era, the star witness was 

4756
04:14:31,300 --> 04:14:36,400
young Janet device, perhaps nine
years old daughter of Elizabeth 

4757
04:14:36,400 --> 04:14:41,100
and younger sister of Alison The
law at the time allowed children

4758
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:44,600
as young as seven to give 
testimony and Janet provided 

4759
04:14:44,600 --> 04:14:47,500
details evidence against her own
mother sister and grandmother. 

4760
04:14:48,600 --> 04:14:51,500
For centuries, historians have 
debated whether Jenner was 

4761
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:54,900
coached where the she was 
seeking attention or whether she

4762
04:14:54,900 --> 04:14:56,800
genuinely believed what she was 
saying. 

4763
04:14:56,800 --> 04:15:00,400
And imagine being in that 
courtroom, the smell of unwashed

4764
04:15:00,400 --> 04:15:05,600
bodies of damps, stone of fear. 
The accused would have been 

4765
04:15:05,600 --> 04:15:09,300
dirty from weeks or months in 
prison where conditions included

4766
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:12,400
things that would violate every 
Modern Standard of Human Rights.

4767
04:15:13,300 --> 04:15:17,100
Demand I can chatops both 
elderly and infirm sat through 

4768
04:15:17,108 --> 04:15:20,500
proceedings, they could barely 
understand speaking, a dialect 

4769
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:22,600
that the educated judges 
sometimes. 

4770
04:15:22,600 --> 04:15:26,000
Struggle to comprehend the 
trials, proceeded with what was 

4771
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:27,700
considered due process at the 
time. 

4772
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:30,600
The accused were allowed to 
speak in their own defense 

4773
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:32,900
though. 
They had no lawyers, no, right 

4774
04:15:32,900 --> 04:15:36,100
to remain silent and no 
presumption of innocence in the 

4775
04:15:36,100 --> 04:15:38,900
modern sense. 
The evidence presented against 

4776
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:41,500
them included testimony about 
impossible events. 

4777
04:15:41,500 --> 04:15:45,800
Confessions that male may not 
have been coerced and the 

4778
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:48,700
testimony of children describing
things they couldn't possibly 

4779
04:15:48,700 --> 04:15:51,300
have witnessed. 
What's interesting is what was 

4780
04:15:51,300 --> 04:15:55,100
considered persuasive evidence. 
The prosecution emphasized, the 

4781
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:59,300
finding of clay images, small 
figurines that allegedly were 

4782
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:01,100
used for cursing intended 
victims. 

4783
04:16:02,000 --> 04:16:05,100
Whether these were genuine 
attempts at magical harm, or 

4784
04:16:05,100 --> 04:16:08,000
simply dolls that had innocent 
purposes, we cannot know. 

4785
04:16:09,000 --> 04:16:11,600
In a world where everyone 
believed in sympathetic magic. 

4786
04:16:11,600 --> 04:16:14,700
The idea that you could harm 
someone by harming an image of 

4787
04:16:14,700 --> 04:16:17,400
them such objects were powerful 
incriminating. 

4788
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:21,000
Several of the accused 
apparently confessed though, 

4789
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:23,800
under what circumstances. 
And with what degree of 

4790
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:27,800
pressure, we can only speculate 
interrogation techniques of the 

4791
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:31,100
time could include sleep 
deprivation, extended 

4792
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,600
questioning and psychological 
pressure though, there's no 

4793
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:36,700
specific evidence of physical 
torture. 

4794
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:40,100
In this case, But when you're an
elderly impoverished, woman, 

4795
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:41,600
whose been imprisoned for 
months. 

4796
04:16:42,400 --> 04:16:45,600
Questioned by educated 
gentlemen, who represent Royal 

4797
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:48,900
Authority and told that 
confessing might Shew Mercy? 

4798
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:51,600
Well, you might confess to quite
a bit. 

4799
04:16:52,400 --> 04:16:54,500
The clock of the Court was 
Thomas Potts. 

4800
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,200
Who would later publish an 
account of the trials titled, 

4801
04:16:57,200 --> 04:16:59,700
the wonderful discovery of 
witches in the county of 

4802
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:03,200
Lancaster. 
This book, which is our primary 

4803
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:06,500
source for the trials was 
essentially prosecutorial 

4804
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:10,300
propaganda designed to show the 
wisdom of the authorities in 

4805
04:17:10,300 --> 04:17:12,000
uncovering, this nest of 
witchcraft. 

4806
04:17:12,800 --> 04:17:15,600
Reading pots. 
You'd think the trials were a 

4807
04:17:15,600 --> 04:17:18,200
Triumph of Justice reading 
between the lines. 

4808
04:17:18,200 --> 04:17:21,800
You see, frightened people 
dubious evidence and a legal 

4809
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:24,500
system that prioritized securing
convictions over. 

4810
04:17:24,500 --> 04:17:28,000
Determining truth old demike, 
never made it to trial. 

4811
04:17:28,000 --> 04:17:31,600
She died in prison probably in 
May 1612. 

4812
04:17:32,400 --> 04:17:35,400
Given her age and the conditions
of imprisonment, this isn't 

4813
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:38,900
surprising. 
Dem like had spent perhaps 80 

4814
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:41,900
years, surviving, everything 
that harsh world could throw at 

4815
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:46,000
her only to end her days in a 
dungeon accused of crimes. 

4816
04:17:46,000 --> 04:17:48,300
That probably seemed to hurt no 
different from the everyday 

4817
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:50,300
magic she'd practiced throughout
her life. 

4818
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:53,900
The verdicts when they came 
surprised, no one who understood

4819
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:56,900
the atmosphere in that 
courtroom. 10 people were found 

4820
04:17:56,900 --> 04:18:01,600
guilty of murder By Witchcraft, 
and Whittle old chat ox and red 

4821
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:04,500
fern, Elizabeth device, Alison 
device. 

4822
04:18:04,500 --> 04:18:09,400
James device, Alice Nutter, 
Catherine, Hewitt, Jane, 

4823
04:18:09,400 --> 04:18:12,900
ballcock, John ballcock and 
Isabel Robby. 

4824
04:18:13,800 --> 04:18:18,100
One person Margaret Pearson was 
found guilty of lesser crimes, 

4825
04:18:18,100 --> 04:18:21,100
only one Alice grey was 
acquitted. 

4826
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:24,000
The Condemned would have been 
returned to their cells to a 

4827
04:18:24,000 --> 04:18:26,400
wait execution, which happened 
relatively quickly. 

4828
04:18:26,400 --> 04:18:29,800
By early modern standards. 
There was no lengthy appeals 

4829
04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:33,400
process no years of imprisonment
while waiting for final 

4830
04:18:33,400 --> 04:18:37,200
resolution. 
Justice in 1612 moved at the 

4831
04:18:37,200 --> 04:18:41,000
pace of a trial and rope the 
execution took place on August 

4832
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:45,600
20th. 1612 at Gallows Hill in 
Lancaster hanging in this period

4833
04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:49,100
was neither quick nor painless 
These were not the carefully, 

4834
04:18:49,100 --> 04:18:52,300
calibrated drops that later made
hanging relatively humane. 

4835
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:57,600
Instead, you were essentially 
strangled dangling from a rope 

4836
04:18:57,600 --> 04:18:59,400
while your body slowly 
suffocated. 

4837
04:19:00,300 --> 04:19:03,800
It could take considerable time 
to die and the dying were 

4838
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:06,100
visible to the crowds. 
Who came to witness execution. 

4839
04:19:06,100 --> 04:19:09,800
We don't have details accounts 
of the actual execution, which 

4840
04:19:09,800 --> 04:19:13,600
is perhaps a small Mercy. 
We know that 10 people died that

4841
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:17,700
day, their bodies left hanging 
as warning to others later. 

4842
04:19:17,700 --> 04:19:20,100
They would have been cut down 
and probably buried in 

4843
04:19:20,100 --> 04:19:23,700
unconsecrated ground denied. 
Even the comfort of Christian 

4844
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:27,900
burial in a world where such 
things mattered enormously among

4845
04:19:27,900 --> 04:19:31,800
those executed was Alice Nutter,
whose involvement remains 

4846
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:34,100
puzzling. 
She went to her death, 

4847
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,600
maintaining her innocence, which
was notable in an era when 

4848
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:40,300
condemned criminals were 
expected to confess their sins 

4849
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:44,200
before dying. 
A steadfast denial is fueled 

4850
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:47,200
centuries of speculation about 
her actual guilt or innocence? 

4851
04:19:47,200 --> 04:19:50,400
What happened to the young 
Witnesses after the trials? 

4852
04:19:50,400 --> 04:19:54,200
Janet device who testified 
against her family disappears 

4853
04:19:54,200 --> 04:19:57,600
from historical records. 
We don't know if she felt guilt 

4854
04:19:57,600 --> 04:20:01,600
relief or Nothing at All. 
She was a child caught in 

4855
04:20:01,600 --> 04:20:04,700
circumstances Beyond her control
asked to do something 

4856
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:08,700
unimaginable and the long-term 
consequences of that testimony 

4857
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:12,100
on her own life, remain unknown 
in the immediate aftermath of 

4858
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:14,900
the trials and execution. 
Life in the Pendle area, 

4859
04:20:14,900 --> 04:20:19,100
probably continued much as it 
had before. crops still needed, 

4860
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:23,100
tending Animals, still required 
care and the basic rhythms of 

4861
04:20:23,100 --> 04:20:27,000
agricultural life, proceeded, 
regardless of legal drama, But 

4862
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:29,400
something had shifted in the 
community Consciousness. 

4863
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:33,900
The executed witches became 
cautionary, tales their stories 

4864
04:20:33,900 --> 04:20:37,200
told and retold growing with 
each retelling. 

4865
04:20:37,200 --> 04:20:40,900
The way stories do. 
Mothers, probably warn their 

4866
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:43,400
children about the fate of those
who practiced witchcraft. 

4867
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:47,000
Neighbors, who had quarreled 
might have been more careful 

4868
04:20:47,000 --> 04:20:50,700
about their accusations having 
seen how quickly suspicions 

4869
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:54,100
could escalate into Capital 
charges, but did the trials 

4870
04:20:54,100 --> 04:20:58,000
actually solve anything. 
Roger now will probably believed

4871
04:20:58,000 --> 04:21:00,600
he had uncovered an eliminated, 
a genuine threat to the 

4872
04:21:00,600 --> 04:21:03,500
community. 
The judges, like he felt they 

4873
04:21:03,508 --> 04:21:07,500
had upheld the law and protected
innocence from malicious Magic. 

4874
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:11,500
The Ordinary People of Pendle. 
Well, they'd seen their 

4875
04:21:11,500 --> 04:21:15,100
neighbor's, executed, their 
families destroyed, and their 

4876
04:21:15,100 --> 04:21:17,700
Community torn apart by 
accusations and trials. 

4877
04:21:17,700 --> 04:21:21,500
The children of the executed 
faced particularly difficult 

4878
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,000
Futures. 
What do you do when your mother 

4879
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:27,000
is hanged as a witch, how do you
live in a community where 

4880
04:21:27,000 --> 04:21:30,500
everyone knows your family 
history, some probably left the 

4881
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:34,300
area seeking places as where 
they weren't known others. 

4882
04:21:34,300 --> 04:21:37,500
Presumably stayed carrying the 
stigma of their family 

4883
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:39,300
connections throughout their 
lives. 

4884
04:21:39,300 --> 04:21:43,500
The publication of Thomas Potts 
account in 1613 turned a local 

4885
04:21:43,508 --> 04:21:45,500
tragedy into a national 
sensation. 

4886
04:21:46,400 --> 04:21:49,500
The wonderful Discovery was 
widely read going through 

4887
04:21:49,500 --> 04:21:52,200
multiple editions and 
establishing the Pendle witches 

4888
04:21:52,200 --> 04:21:54,900
as one of the most famous which 
craft cases in English history, 

4889
04:21:54,900 --> 04:21:59,900
but pots was writing propaganda,
not history and his account 

4890
04:21:59,900 --> 04:22:02,100
serve the purposes of the 
authority who wanted to 

4891
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:04,400
demonstrate their vigilance 
against witchcraft. 

4892
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:07,500
Other Witchcraft Trials can 
continue throughout England for 

4893
04:22:07,500 --> 04:22:10,800
decades off afterward. 
The Pendle case was neither the 

4894
04:22:10,800 --> 04:22:14,300
first, nor the last though it 
was unusually large in the 

4895
04:22:14,300 --> 04:22:15,900
number of people accused and 
convicted. 

4896
04:22:16,800 --> 04:22:19,500
Which craft would remain a 
capital crime in England until 

4897
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:23,300
1736 meaning that for more than 
a century. 

4898
04:22:23,300 --> 04:22:27,000
After the Pendle trials, people 
could still be executed for 

4899
04:22:27,000 --> 04:22:31,400
Magical crimes, but attitudes 
were slowly changing at least 

4900
04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:35,600
among educated people. 
As scientific understanding 

4901
04:22:35,600 --> 04:22:39,100
Advanced as the enlightenment 
brought new ways of thinking 

4902
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:43,100
about causation and evidence 
belief in which craft began to 

4903
04:22:43,100 --> 04:22:47,700
seemingly superstitious. 
By the early 18th century, you 

4904
04:22:47,700 --> 04:22:50,700
could still find people who 
believed in witches, but you 

4905
04:22:50,700 --> 04:22:54,600
could also find educated people 
who questioned such beliefs the 

4906
04:22:54,600 --> 04:22:57,600
Pendle case itself began to be 
re-examined through different 

4907
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:02,700
lenses. was the accused actually
guilty of any crime magical or 

4908
04:23:02,700 --> 04:23:07,300
otherwise were, they victims of 
community hysteria, personal 

4909
04:23:07,300 --> 04:23:12,300
grudges or judicial overreach 
Had Roger Nowell been a diligent

4910
04:23:12,300 --> 04:23:15,800
magistrate uncovering genuine 
evil or an overzealous, 

4911
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:18,200
prosecuted destroying innocent 
lives. 

4912
04:23:18,200 --> 04:23:22,000
These questions remain debated 
among historians some. 

4913
04:23:22,000 --> 04:23:24,900
See the Pendle trials as 
straightforward examples of 

4914
04:23:24,900 --> 04:23:27,900
persecution of the poor and 
marginal by authorities. 

4915
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:32,200
Others argue that the accused 
genuinely practiced, what they 

4916
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:35,300
considered magic. 
Even if such magic was 

4917
04:23:35,300 --> 04:23:38,600
objectively harmless. 
Still others, focus on the 

4918
04:23:38,600 --> 04:23:40,600
complex. 
Social dynamics that allowed 

4919
04:23:40,600 --> 04:23:43,200
accusations to flourish and 
Destroy lives. 

4920
04:23:43,200 --> 04:23:46,200
What's undeniable Is that real 
people died? 

4921
04:23:46,200 --> 04:23:51,900
Elizabeth Divas was executed, 
leaving children behind Old chat

4922
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:56,200
Ox in her eighties ended her 
long life on a Gallows, Alice 

4923
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:59,700
Nutter, whatever her actual 
involvement was killed by the 

4924
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:02,900
state based on testimony of 
dubious, reliability. 

4925
04:24:04,000 --> 04:24:06,200
These were not abstract examples
of Injustice. 

4926
04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:09,200
They were human beings whose 
final moments. 

4927
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,700
We can only imagine the 
landscape itself, holds memories

4928
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:18,100
if stones and Hills can remember
Pendle Hill still rises above 

4929
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:21,300
Lancashire. 
Looking much as it did in 1612 

4930
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:25,200
Malkin. 
Tower is long gone crumbled into

4931
04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:28,800
ruins and forgotten though 
historians still debate its 

4932
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:31,900
exact location. 
The roads where Alice and device

4933
04:24:31,900 --> 04:24:34,600
encountered. 
John Laura, now, paved carrying 

4934
04:24:34,600 --> 04:24:36,400
cars, instead of Peddlers and 
Beggars. 

4935
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:40,700
Lancaster Castle, still stands 
stones have witnessed centuries 

4936
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:43,000
of History, beyond the 1612 
trials. 

4937
04:24:43,000 --> 04:24:47,400
Visitors, can tour the building 
today walking through spaces 

4938
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:50,300
where the accused once stood 
there, whether those stones 

4939
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:52,700
retain any memory of what 
happened, there is a question 

4940
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:55,800
best left to poets. 
Rather than historians The 

4941
04:24:55,800 --> 04:24:59,000
Villages around Pendle continue 
their existence gradually 

4942
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:03,500
modernizing, a centuries passed,
Thatched roofs, gave way to 

4943
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:08,300
slate the Earth and flaws to 
flagstone and the isolation to 

4944
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:11,700
connection. 
Electricity reached the area, 

4945
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:14,900
bringing light to places that 
had known only candles and 

4946
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:18,500
firelight roads, improved 
connecting these once remote 

4947
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:22,100
communities to The Wider World 
families, who could trace their 

4948
04:25:22,100 --> 04:25:26,900
lineage back to 1612 probably 
kept quiet about any connections

4949
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:30,200
to the accused witches. 
It's one thing to have a 

4950
04:25:30,208 --> 04:25:33,700
notorious ancestor. 
It's another to have one who was

4951
04:25:33,700 --> 04:25:38,700
executed for witchcraft. 
The social stigma lingered, long

4952
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:42,300
after belief, in actual magic 
had faded from educated opinion 

4953
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:46,300
by the Victorian era, the Pendle
witches had become a curiosity. 

4954
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:51,200
Something for antiquarians, and 
folklore collectors to study The

4955
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:54,200
victorians with their 
complicated relationship to the 

4956
04:25:54,208 --> 04:25:59,300
Past was simultaneously 
fascinated by and Superior about

4957
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:01,300
the superstitions of their 
ancestors. 

4958
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:04,900
They could read about the trials
with a kind of horrified 

4959
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:08,900
satisfaction secure in their own
Enlightenment and modernity. 

4960
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:13,300
The 20th century brought new 
interpretations, feminist 

4961
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:15,400
pointed out. 
That witchcraft accusations 

4962
04:26:15,400 --> 04:26:19,300
predominantly targeted women, 
particularly women who are old, 

4963
04:26:19,300 --> 04:26:23,800
poor or otherwise powerless. 
The penal trials became an 

4964
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:27,200
example of how patriarchal 
society is used witchcraft laws 

4965
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:30,200
to control and eliminate women 
who didn't fit comfortable 

4966
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:33,600
social categories. 
There's truth in this analysis 

4967
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,500
though, at perhaps 
oversimplifies, the complex 

4968
04:26:36,500 --> 04:26:39,600
social Dynamic at work. 
Others have focused on the 

4969
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:42,900
economic aspects of the case. 
The accused were largely 

4970
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:47,100
impoverished surviving on the 
margins of society in a world 

4971
04:26:47,108 --> 04:26:50,500
without social safety nets, 
where charity was voluntary and 

4972
04:26:50,500 --> 04:26:53,300
unpredictable. 
People like the device family 

4973
04:26:53,300 --> 04:26:56,000
were vulnerable, in ways that 
made them both dependent on 

4974
04:26:56,000 --> 04:26:58,500
community, Goodwill, and easy 
targets. 

4975
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:02,900
When that good will evaporated, 
The trials can be seen as an 

4976
04:27:02,900 --> 04:27:06,200
extreme form of social control, 
eliminating people who were 

4977
04:27:06,200 --> 04:27:09,700
economic burdens on their 
communities, some historians 

4978
04:27:09,700 --> 04:27:11,800
have emphasized the role of 
religious tension. 

4979
04:27:12,600 --> 04:27:15,500
This was post-reformation 
England, where old Catholic 

4980
04:27:15,500 --> 04:27:18,800
practices, persisted 
underground, while Protestant 

4981
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:20,800
authorities. 
Try to enforce religious 

4982
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:24,700
uniformity. 
Folk magic that damned I can 

4983
04:27:24,700 --> 04:27:27,100
chat Ox. 
Allegedly practiced had roots in

4984
04:27:27,100 --> 04:27:30,200
pre-christian, Traditions 
overlaid with Catholic ritual. 

4985
04:27:31,200 --> 04:27:34,600
Their practices might have 
represented not just heresy but 

4986
04:27:34,600 --> 04:27:38,000
a challenge to religious 
Authority, local historians in 

4987
04:27:38,008 --> 04:27:41,100
Lancashire of work to uncover 
the human details by the famous 

4988
04:27:41,100 --> 04:27:43,100
names. 
Who were these people? 

4989
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:45,100
Really? 
What did they eat for breakfast?

4990
04:27:45,100 --> 04:27:48,400
What songs did they know and 
what made them laugh? 

4991
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:53,000
The historical record preserves 
their deaths in detail but tells

4992
04:27:53,000 --> 04:27:56,700
us relatively little about their
actual lives which is perhaps 

4993
04:27:56,700 --> 04:28:00,000
the final Injustice that. 
We remember them for how they 

4994
04:28:00,008 --> 04:28:03,600
died rather than how they lived 
as you settle deeper into your 

4995
04:28:03,608 --> 04:28:05,900
comfortable spot. 
Perhaps noting, how different 

4996
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:09,500
your own evening is from what 
any Resident of 1612 Pendle, 

4997
04:28:09,500 --> 04:28:12,100
could have imagined. 
We arrived at the question of 

4998
04:28:12,108 --> 04:28:14,000
what the Pendle witches mean to 
us today. 

4999
04:28:14,700 --> 04:28:17,900
Not as historical curiosity or 
Halloween decoration. 

5000
04:28:17,900 --> 04:28:20,900
That is actual people. 
Whose story still has things to 

5001
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:24,200
teach us the legacy of the 
Pendle witches lives on, in 

5002
04:28:24,200 --> 04:28:28,100
unexpected ways, the area around
Pendle Hill is embraced. 

5003
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:30,700
Its witch history, though. 
Informs that would probably 

5004
04:28:30,700 --> 04:28:33,900
baffle the original. 
Participants There are walking 

5005
04:28:33,900 --> 04:28:36,700
trails following routes 
associated with the accused 

5006
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:40,600
visitor centers, explaining the 
history, and even an annual 

5007
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:44,700
Pendle, which weekend featuring 
talks tours and historical 

5008
04:28:44,700 --> 04:28:48,100
re-enactments. 
It's simultaneously a 

5009
04:28:48,100 --> 04:28:51,100
celebration and commemoration 
honoring the dead while 

5010
04:28:51,100 --> 04:28:52,400
acknowledging. 
The Injustice. 

5011
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:55,700
They suffered Pendle Hill itself
has become something of a 

5012
04:28:55,700 --> 04:28:59,000
pilgrimage site for people 
interested in witchcraft history

5013
04:28:59,000 --> 04:29:03,600
or just beautiful landscapes. 
Modern witches followers of 

5014
04:29:03,608 --> 04:29:07,200
contemporary wicker and other 
neopagan Traditions, sometimes 

5015
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:09,900
visitors as a way of honoring. 
Their spiritual ancestors 

5016
04:29:09,900 --> 04:29:14,000
though, the connection between 
17th century folk magic and 

5017
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:16,900
modern witchcraft is more 
symbolic than historical. 

5018
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:19,800
The hill that witness such 
tragedy. 

5019
04:29:19,800 --> 04:29:24,100
Now, hosts people seeking peace 
beauty or spiritual connection. 

5020
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:27,800
The story resonates because it 
touches on themes, that remain 

5021
04:29:27,800 --> 04:29:30,700
relevant. 
How to communities respond to 

5022
04:29:30,700 --> 04:29:33,700
those who are different? 
What happens when fear, 

5023
04:29:33,700 --> 04:29:38,300
overcomes reason how do ordinary
social tensions escalate into 

5024
04:29:38,300 --> 04:29:41,700
extraordinary violence? 
These aren't just historical 

5025
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:45,900
questions, every generation 
faces versions of them, the 

5026
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:47,700
penal trials. 
Remind us that people in the 

5027
04:29:47,700 --> 04:29:50,300
past were neither more foolish 
than we are. 

5028
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:53,700
They were doing their best, to 
make sense of a world that often

5029
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:57,500
seemed hostile and inexplicable 
using the intellectual tools 

5030
04:29:57,500 --> 04:30:00,400
available to them. 
We might look back and see 

5031
04:30:00,400 --> 04:30:02,100
Superstition where they saw 
reason. 

5032
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:05,300
The future Generations will 
probably look at some of our 

5033
04:30:05,300 --> 04:30:07,500
current beliefs with similar in 
comprehension. 

5034
04:30:07,500 --> 04:30:10,800
There's something quietly 
powerful about walking the 

5035
04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:14,500
landscape where these events 
occurred Stand on Pendle, Hill 

5036
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:17,200
on a misty morning. 
And you can almost understand 

5037
04:30:17,200 --> 04:30:20,700
how people living here in 1612, 
could believe in magic. 

5038
04:30:21,800 --> 04:30:25,000
The landscape itself seems 
slightly enchanted with its 

5039
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:28,800
sudden Mists its ancient field 
patterns and its sense of 

5040
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:31,300
continuity stretching back 
before history began. 

5041
04:30:31,300 --> 04:30:34,800
Keeping records modern residents
of the Pendle area. 

5042
04:30:34,800 --> 04:30:37,000
Have a complex relationship with
this history. 

5043
04:30:37,000 --> 04:30:41,300
It's a source of local identity 
and tourist income, but it's 

5044
04:30:41,300 --> 04:30:44,400
also a reminder of a dark 
chapter in community history. 

5045
04:30:45,400 --> 04:30:47,800
How do you honor the dead 
without exploiting their 

5046
04:30:47,800 --> 04:30:50,300
tragedy? 
How do you educate people about 

5047
04:30:50,300 --> 04:30:53,000
historical Injustice while 
acknowledging that everyone 

5048
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:55,800
involved was operating according
to the beliefs and values of 

5049
04:30:55,800 --> 04:30:58,400
their time. 
The Pendle witches have inspired

5050
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:03,100
numerous works of art literature
and drama novelists of reimagine

5051
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:07,700
their stories Poets of elegies 
and playwrights of brought them 

5052
04:31:07,700 --> 04:31:11,300
back to life on stage. 
Each interpretation reflects 

5053
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:14,400
contemporary concerns as much as
historical reality. 

5054
04:31:15,500 --> 04:31:18,900
The Witches become what ever. 
We need them to be the victims 

5055
04:31:18,900 --> 04:31:23,800
of patriarchy, casualties of 
economic anxiety, examples of 

5056
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:27,700
religious persecution, or simply
human beings, caught in 

5057
04:31:27,700 --> 04:31:29,600
terrible. 
Circumstances for the 

5058
04:31:29,608 --> 04:31:32,200
historically minded. 
The Pendle trials, offer a 

5059
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:35,500
window into daily life in early,
modern England, The trial 

5060
04:31:35,500 --> 04:31:39,500
records, particularly pots is 
account contain details about 

5061
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:42,500
food clothing, housing and 
social relationships. 

5062
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:46,000
The helpers understand how 
ordinary people lived. 

5063
04:31:46,700 --> 04:31:50,200
We learn about their beliefs, 
their fears, their neighborly 

5064
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:52,900
conflicts, and their survival 
strategies. 

5065
04:31:52,900 --> 04:31:56,000
The accused left us 
inadvertently. 

5066
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:59,500
A detailed portrait of Life at 
society's margins. 

5067
04:31:59,500 --> 04:32:03,700
The legal Legacy is complex. 
The Pendle trials represented 

5068
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:05,900
the system, working as it was 
supposed to work. 

5069
04:32:05,900 --> 04:32:09,000
According to the standards of 
the time, the accused received 

5070
04:32:09,000 --> 04:32:12,300
trials could speak in their own 
defense and would judge by 

5071
04:32:12,300 --> 04:32:15,700
established legal procedures. 
That those procedures were 

5072
04:32:15,700 --> 04:32:18,900
fundamentally unjust by modern 
standards doesn't mean they were

5073
04:32:18,900 --> 04:32:22,600
considered unjust at the time. 
This raises uncomfortable 

5074
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:25,700
questions about how future 
Generations will judge our own 

5075
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:28,600
legal systems. 
What was the accused think if 

5076
04:32:28,608 --> 04:32:32,100
they could see how they 
remembered today old demand like

5077
04:32:32,100 --> 04:32:35,600
be amused that people now walk 
Trails named after her, Would 

5078
04:32:35,600 --> 04:32:39,100
Alderson device appreciate being
commemorated in local festivals.

5079
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:42,900
Would Alice Nutter feel 
Vindicated that historians still

5080
04:32:42,900 --> 04:32:46,600
debate her in her Innocents. 
We can't know, but there's 

5081
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:49,200
something poignant about the 
fact that people whose lives 

5082
04:32:49,200 --> 04:32:52,600
were marked by poverty and 
powerlessness and now remembered

5083
04:32:52,600 --> 04:32:55,400
while their wealthy powerful. 
Judges have been largely 

5084
04:32:55,400 --> 04:32:59,100
forgotten Catholic Church. 
Interestingly has never 

5085
04:32:59,100 --> 04:33:02,000
canonized any of the Pendle 
witches as Martyrs. 

5086
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:05,099
Despite occasional suggestions 
that they might have been 

5087
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:07,300
Catholics persecuted for their 
faith. 

5088
04:33:08,300 --> 04:33:11,300
The evidence for this theory is 
thin, but it reflects our 

5089
04:33:11,300 --> 04:33:14,500
ongoing desire to find meaning 
and redemption in their deaths. 

5090
04:33:15,200 --> 04:33:18,900
we want them to have died for 
something for their beliefs, for

5091
04:33:18,900 --> 04:33:22,700
their Defiance, for some 
principle, rather than simply 

5092
04:33:22,700 --> 04:33:26,800
dying because of bad luck and 
worse, Justice, the educational 

5093
04:33:26,800 --> 04:33:30,700
value of the Pendle story, 
extends Beyond history, It's 

5094
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:33,500
taught in some schools. 
As an example of how evident 

5095
04:33:33,500 --> 04:33:37,400
should be evaluated, critically.
How massive stereo can develop 

5096
04:33:37,400 --> 04:33:40,400
and how social pressures can 
influence testimony. 

5097
04:33:41,400 --> 04:33:45,400
Students learn to question 
sources to recognize by us and 

5098
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:48,500
to understand that Injustice can
occur within legal Frameworks 

5099
04:33:48,500 --> 04:33:51,500
that seemed perfectly. 
Reasonable to participate for 

5100
04:33:51,500 --> 04:33:54,300
writers and storytellers, the 
Pendle, which is offer Rich 

5101
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:57,300
material precisely because so 
much about them remains 

5102
04:33:57,300 --> 04:34:01,099
mysterious We have the Bare 
Bones of their story, but 

5103
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:03,800
endless room for interpretation 
and Imagination. 

5104
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,599
Who were these people really 
what did they think and feel 

5105
04:34:09,200 --> 04:34:12,700
Historical gaps, become spaces, 
where fiction and empathy can 

5106
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:15,300
operate. 
The landscape itself has become 

5107
04:34:15,300 --> 04:34:16,900
a character in The ongoing 
story. 

5108
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:21,000
Pendle Hill with its distinctive
profile and brooding presence 

5109
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:24,900
has inspired artists 
photographers and nature lovers 

5110
04:34:24,900 --> 04:34:27,800
for Generations. 
The hill has been painted. 

5111
04:34:27,800 --> 04:34:32,500
Photographed, climbed and 
contemplated by thousands of 

5112
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:36,300
people who may know nothing 
about the 1612 trials, but who 

5113
04:34:36,300 --> 04:34:38,599
respond to its particular Beauty
and atmosphere. 

5114
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,500
Some descendants of the Pendle 
family, still live in the area 

5115
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:44,800
carrying names like device 
Nutter or bulk. 

5116
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:47,500
For them. 
The Witch Trials are family, 

5117
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,000
history, complicated and 
personal. 

5118
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:54,400
Some of embrace this Heritage 
others prefer not to discuss it.

5119
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:58,000
It's a reminder that history 
isn't just. 

5120
04:34:58,000 --> 04:34:59,900
Something that happened to other
people long ago. 

5121
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:03,700
It's something that continues to
shape living families and 

5122
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:06,200
communities. 
The commercialization of the 

5123
04:35:06,200 --> 04:35:09,900
Pendle which story raises 
ethical questions, is it 

5124
04:35:09,900 --> 04:35:12,500
appropriate to sell, which the 
theme souvenirs based on a 

5125
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:16,500
tragedy where real people died? 
Does turning historical trauma 

5126
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:19,000
into tourist, attractions, 
trivialize suffering? 

5127
04:35:19,800 --> 04:35:23,000
Or does it serve a valuable 
purpose by keeping memory alive 

5128
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:26,200
and educating new generations 
about historical Injustice? 

5129
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:29,099
These questions don't have 
simple answers. 

5130
04:35:29,099 --> 04:35:34,200
What's clear, is that the story 
refuses to be forgotten, 400 

5131
04:35:34,200 --> 04:35:36,800
years later, people still want 
to know about the Pendle witches

5132
04:35:36,800 --> 04:35:39,500
and still want to understand 
what happened and why? 

5133
04:35:40,300 --> 04:35:43,300
This persistent interest 
suggests that the story touches 

5134
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:47,099
something fundamental about 
human nature, our capacity for 

5135
04:35:47,099 --> 04:35:51,700
fear, our need for, explanations
are treatment of Outsiders and 

5136
04:35:51,700 --> 04:35:54,000
are complicated relationship 
with Justice. 

5137
04:35:54,000 --> 04:35:56,300
The memorial to the penal 
witches. 

5138
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:59,800
A simple plack in Lancaster 
acknowledging, the execution 

5139
04:35:59,800 --> 04:36:04,300
represents a small significant 
form of historical Reckoning. 

5140
04:36:05,099 --> 04:36:08,200
It doesn't excuse what happened.
Doesn't try to make it more 

5141
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:11,599
palatable and just quietly 
acknowledges that these people 

5142
04:36:11,599 --> 04:36:14,099
lived died and deserved to be 
remembered. 

5143
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:17,700
Sometimes that simple. 
Acknowledgment is the most we 

5144
04:36:17,700 --> 04:36:20,500
can offer to those. 
Wronged by history as your tea 

5145
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:23,200
cools and the room around you. 
Settles into comfortable quiet. 

5146
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:26,300
We arrived at the end of our 
journey through pendle's 

5147
04:36:26,300 --> 04:36:28,900
history. 
But before we close this story, 

5148
04:36:28,900 --> 04:36:32,200
let's sit from a moment with 
what these long ago of events 

5149
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:36,099
might mean for us here. 
Now, In a world that seems 

5150
04:36:36,099 --> 04:36:37,900
entirely different from 16 to 
12. 

5151
04:36:37,900 --> 04:36:41,300
Lancashire, the Pendle, which is
invite us to practice empathy 

5152
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:43,900
across time. 
These were people who woke up in

5153
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:46,000
the morning not knowing they 
were living through what would 

5154
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:49,700
become a, famous, historical 
event, They worry about ordinary

5155
04:36:49,700 --> 04:36:52,599
things, whether the weather 
would cooperate with planting 

5156
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:56,200
whether their neighbor's would 
help them during hard times and 

5157
04:36:56,200 --> 04:36:58,300
whether their children would 
survive to adult hood. 

5158
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:03,700
Then circumstances swept them 
into events that would echo 

5159
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:07,300
through four centuries. 
Think about how quickly normal 

5160
04:37:07,300 --> 04:37:10,800
life can become a nightmare. 
Alison device. 

5161
04:37:10,800 --> 04:37:15,400
Probably woke up on March 18th, 
1612 thinking about little more 

5162
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:18,000
than where she'd successfully 
begun enough to eat that day. 

5163
04:37:19,000 --> 04:37:22,300
By evening, she was implicated 
in a case that would eventually 

5164
04:37:22,300 --> 04:37:27,000
send 10 people to The Gallows. 
That Philosophy from ordinary 

5165
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,400
morning to life-changing. 
Disaster is something every 

5166
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:33,800
human being can understand. 
Regardless of century, the 

5167
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:36,300
trials, remind us that certainty
can be dangerous. 

5168
04:37:36,300 --> 04:37:40,599
The judges, the prosecutors 
Roger Owl, and the witnesses. 

5169
04:37:40,599 --> 04:37:42,800
All of them were certain they 
were right. 

5170
04:37:42,800 --> 04:37:46,900
They believed in witchcraft, the
way we believe in gravity and 

5171
04:37:46,900 --> 04:37:50,200
that certainly made it possible 
to execute people on evidence 

5172
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:52,200
that seems laughable to 
modernize. 

5173
04:37:53,200 --> 04:37:56,000
What are we certain about today?
That future Generations will 

5174
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:58,900
view with similar horror? 
There's also something here 

5175
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:03,099
about the power of stories and 
reputation old demand. 

5176
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:07,000
I cultivated a reputation for 
Magical Power probably because 

5177
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:10,300
it gave her a form of influence 
in a world where old poor women 

5178
04:38:10,300 --> 04:38:14,300
had almost none. 
That reputation sustained her 

5179
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:17,599
for decades earning her a 
mixture of fear and respect. 

5180
04:38:17,599 --> 04:38:22,300
Then it killed her, the stories 
we tell about ourselves and that

5181
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:25,599
others tell about us have 
consequences, we can't always 

5182
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:29,400
control the vulnerability of 
children in adult conflicts 

5183
04:38:29,400 --> 04:38:31,000
appears throughout the penal 
story. 

5184
04:38:31,000 --> 04:38:36,000
Janet device testifying against 
her family, the children of the 

5185
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:38,900
executed were left to navigate a
world that had killed their 

5186
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:42,900
parents young Alison. 
Perhaps not fully understanding 

5187
04:38:42,900 --> 04:38:44,599
the implications of her 
confession. 

5188
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,599
Children don't choose the 
circumstances their born into 

5189
04:38:48,599 --> 04:38:51,000
yet. 
They bear the consequences of 

5190
04:38:51,000 --> 04:38:55,000
adult decisions and adult 
conflicts economic precarity 

5191
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:57,700
threaded through every aspect of
the Pendle story. 

5192
04:38:58,500 --> 04:39:01,800
These were people living on the 
edge of survival, where eild 

5193
04:39:01,800 --> 04:39:04,200
Harvest or a dead cow could mean
starvation. 

5194
04:39:05,200 --> 04:39:07,900
In that context. 
Every relationship became 

5195
04:39:07,900 --> 04:39:12,099
transactional, every slight 
potentially serious and every 

5196
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:16,400
Misfortune someone else's fault.
Poverty didn't cause the trials 

5197
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:19,900
but it created conditions where 
they could flourish, it still 

5198
04:39:19,900 --> 04:39:24,200
does the healing power of time 
reveals itself in how the Pendle

5199
04:39:24,200 --> 04:39:27,200
story has evolved. 
What was tragedy has become 

5200
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:29,900
Heritage? 
What was persecution has become 

5201
04:39:29,900 --> 04:39:34,599
pilgrimage and what was ending 
has become remembrance Pain 

5202
04:39:34,599 --> 04:39:38,000
doesn't disappear. 
Those 10 people are still dead, 

5203
04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:42,600
their families, still destroyed,
but time allows us to find, 

5204
04:39:42,600 --> 04:39:46,100
meaning and lessons in events 
that initially seem to contain 

5205
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:49,800
nothing but loss. 
Consider how the landscape has 

5206
04:39:49,800 --> 04:39:53,100
absorbed this history. 
Pendle Hill does not mourn. 

5207
04:39:53,100 --> 04:39:57,100
It simply exists. 
Solid and eternal watching 

5208
04:39:57,100 --> 04:40:02,000
centuries pass with geological 
indifference Yet humans project,

5209
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:07,000
meaning onto it. 
Finding its Mists and shadows a 

5210
04:40:07,000 --> 04:40:11,300
reflection of the mysterious, 
the unknown and the slightly 

5211
04:40:11,300 --> 04:40:14,800
uncanny. 
The land becomes a mirror for 

5212
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:16,800
our own concerns and 
Imagination. 

5213
04:40:16,800 --> 04:40:21,100
The question of belief itself, 
deserves reflection did the 

5214
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:25,000
accused actually practice what 
they considered magic almost. 

5215
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,000
Certainly some of them did in 
their world with their 

5216
04:40:28,000 --> 04:40:31,300
understanding of causation 
mixing herbs while saying 

5217
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:33,500
certain words, seemed as 
reasonable as any other 

5218
04:40:33,500 --> 04:40:35,300
explanation for how things 
worked. 

5219
04:40:36,000 --> 04:40:37,300
They believed in their own 
power. 

5220
04:40:37,300 --> 04:40:41,000
The way we believe in the power 
of medicine or technology, which

5221
04:40:41,000 --> 04:40:44,200
is to say they had faith in 
systems that provided 

5222
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:48,100
explanations and sometimes 
results the role of authority in

5223
04:40:48,100 --> 04:40:50,500
the Pendle story offers 
uncomfortable parallels, to 

5224
04:40:50,500 --> 04:40:54,300
Modern Life, Roger now will 
wasn't a villain twirling a 

5225
04:40:54,300 --> 04:40:56,700
mustache. 
He was a respectable gentleman, 

5226
04:40:56,700 --> 04:40:58,200
doing what he thought was, 
right? 

5227
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:01,000
According to the laws and 
beliefs of his Society. 

5228
04:41:02,200 --> 04:41:05,300
The judges were learned men 
following established procedures

5229
04:41:05,300 --> 04:41:08,000
evil doesn't always announce 
itself as evil. 

5230
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:11,700
Sometimes it wears the mask of 
proper Authority and legal 

5231
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:14,700
procedure. 
What about forgiveness, can we 

5232
04:41:14,700 --> 04:41:17,100
forgive the accusers? 
Who sent innocent people to 

5233
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:19,400
their deaths? 
Can we forgive the judges? 

5234
04:41:19,400 --> 04:41:23,300
Who accepted dubious evidence? 
Can we forgive young Janet for 

5235
04:41:23,300 --> 04:41:27,100
testifying against her family? 
Forgiveness might be the wrong 

5236
04:41:27,100 --> 04:41:30,000
concept. 
These people are long dead. 

5237
04:41:30,700 --> 04:41:33,400
Beyond the reach of either 
condemnation or absolution. 

5238
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:36,700
Perhaps understanding is what we
can offer. 

5239
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:41,000
Instead the recognition that 
humans throughout history do 

5240
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:43,100
terrible things while believing 
they're doing right? 

5241
04:41:43,100 --> 04:41:45,600
The Persistence of the Pendle 
story. 

5242
04:41:45,600 --> 04:41:48,100
Suggests something about the 
human need for narrative. 

5243
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:51,000
We want history to have shape 
and meaning. 

5244
04:41:51,800 --> 04:41:55,200
Teach lessons and to connect us 
to something larger than our 

5245
04:41:55,200 --> 04:41:58,700
individual lives. 
Pendle witches, provide that 

5246
04:41:58,708 --> 04:42:01,400
connection. 
Not because their deaths were 

5247
04:42:01,400 --> 04:42:04,700
particularly meaningful, but 
because we've invested them with

5248
04:42:04,700 --> 04:42:08,300
meaning, through centuries of 
remembering and retelling as 

5249
04:42:08,300 --> 04:42:10,800
research continues, a new 
historical methods. 

5250
04:42:10,800 --> 04:42:14,000
Develop, we might learn more 
about the Pendle witches 

5251
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:18,000
archaeological, investigations 
could reveal details about how 

5252
04:42:18,000 --> 04:42:20,800
they lived. 
Demographic research might 

5253
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:22,400
illuminate the social 
structures. 

5254
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:26,500
They navigated new readings of 
existing documents could shift 

5255
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:29,200
our understanding. 
History isn't fixed. 

5256
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:33,400
It's constantly being revised as
new evidence emerges and new 

5257
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:35,800
questions. 
Get asked, the modern witchcraft

5258
04:42:35,800 --> 04:42:38,800
movements are adoption of the 
Pendle, which is a spiritual 

5259
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:41,700
ancestors, creates a kind of 
posthumous Redemption. 

5260
04:42:42,700 --> 04:42:46,300
People who executed as evil are 
now honored as practitioners of 

5261
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:50,200
an alternative spirituality. 
Whether this would comfort or 

5262
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:53,900
confuse them, we can't know, but
it represents a complete 

5263
04:42:53,900 --> 04:42:56,200
reversal of their historical 
reputation. 

5264
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:59,000
The Condemned become the 
celebrated. 

5265
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:02,600
For those who visit Pendle 
today, the experience offers 

5266
04:43:02,600 --> 04:43:06,200
whatever, they bring to it. 
Tourists see a pleasant day out 

5267
04:43:06,200 --> 04:43:09,100
in beautiful countryside 
historians. 

5268
04:43:09,100 --> 04:43:11,400
See a landscape that illuminates
their research. 

5269
04:43:12,400 --> 04:43:15,800
Spiritual Seekers find a place 
of power or tragedy or both. 

5270
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,500
The land accepts all 
interpretations with equal 

5271
04:43:19,500 --> 04:43:22,900
indifference simply being what 
it is, while humans project 

5272
04:43:22,900 --> 04:43:26,500
their various meaning of it as 
full Darkness, settles outside 

5273
04:43:26,500 --> 04:43:30,500
your window in this story, draws
to a close, imagine Pendle Hill 

5274
04:43:30,500 --> 04:43:35,100
as his stands to night, solid 
ancient, and essentially 

5275
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:39,500
unchanged despite four centuries
of human drama occurring in his 

5276
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,100
shadow. 
Missed might be gathering in The

5277
04:43:42,100 --> 04:43:45,000
Valleys as gathered on countless
nights before. 

5278
04:43:46,000 --> 04:43:49,100
Sheep settle into their 
nighttime routines as their 

5279
04:43:49,100 --> 04:43:51,500
ancestors. 
Did when Allison device walked 

5280
04:43:51,500 --> 04:43:54,600
these paths, The Villages around
Pendle are quiet. 

5281
04:43:54,600 --> 04:43:57,300
Now, their streets lit by 
electric lights. 

5282
04:43:57,300 --> 04:44:01,500
That would seem like magic to 
anyone from 16 to 12 in 

5283
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:04,600
Lancaster. 
The castle still stands though. 

5284
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:07,200
Now it's a tourist site rather 
than a functioning Courthouse 

5285
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:11,700
the ghosts if they exist walk in
memory and Imagination rather 

5286
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:15,400
than in any literal sense, what 
remains of the Pendle which is 

5287
04:44:15,400 --> 04:44:19,200
is finally their Humanity. 
Stripped Away The Sensational 

5288
04:44:19,200 --> 04:44:22,400
aspects, the Witchcraft 
accusations, the dramatic 

5289
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:27,100
trials, the execution and your 
left with people, people who 

5290
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:31,100
loved and fought and worked, and
worried people who made the best

5291
04:44:31,100 --> 04:44:33,500
decisions they could, with the 
information available to them, 

5292
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:36,900
people who suffered and endured 
and eventually ran out of 

5293
04:44:36,908 --> 04:44:41,300
options, their names. 
Demon dike chat talks device 

5294
04:44:41,300 --> 04:44:45,400
Nutter, red fern Go down through
centuries. 

5295
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:48,900
Attached to people who never 
imagined they'd be remembered at

5296
04:44:48,900 --> 04:44:53,500
all much less for 400 years. 
They wanted what most people 

5297
04:44:53,500 --> 04:44:56,800
want. 
Enough to eat a roof that didn't

5298
04:44:56,800 --> 04:44:59,600
leak. 
Children, who survived and 

5299
04:44:59,600 --> 04:45:01,300
neighbors, who didn't wish them 
harm. 

5300
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:06,300
They got instead, infamy and 
death, but they also got 

5301
04:45:06,300 --> 04:45:08,900
remembrance, which is perhaps a 
small compensation. 

5302
04:45:08,900 --> 04:45:13,700
They're not forgotten students, 
learn about them historian, 

5303
04:45:13,700 --> 04:45:17,600
study them, visitors seek out 
places associated with them. 

5304
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:22,700
Their story continues to matter,
continues to teach and continues

5305
04:45:22,700 --> 04:45:25,300
to connect us to the Deep past 
when life was harder. 

5306
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:29,100
But humans were recognizably 
ourselves tonight. 

5307
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:31,900
As you prepare for sleeping 
comfort and safety, that would 

5308
04:45:31,900 --> 04:45:36,200
Astound anyone from 16 to 12. 
Spare a thought for those who 

5309
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:41,400
lived and died in Pendle, Not 
pity necessarily they were 

5310
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:45,300
tougher than us in many ways 
more accustomed to hardship and 

5311
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:47,700
more resilient in the face of 
what life threw at them. 

5312
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:52,400
But perhaps acknowledgment, they
existed they mattered. 

5313
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:57,600
Their story is part of the vast 
complex, tapestry of human 

5314
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:00,400
experience. 
That connects us all the Pendle 

5315
04:46:00,400 --> 04:46:03,100
witches, remind us that history 
isn't just dates and famous 

5316
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:06,000
names. 
It's ordinary people dealing 

5317
04:46:06,000 --> 04:46:10,000
with extraordinary circumstances
doing their best to survive in a

5318
04:46:10,000 --> 04:46:12,700
world that doesn't always 
cooperate with human needs or 

5319
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:15,900
desires. 
Its story of how communities 

5320
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:19,500
work, how they fail, and how 
fear unbelief can combine to 

5321
04:46:19,500 --> 04:46:23,000
tragic effect, as you drift 
towards sleep, you might reflect

5322
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:24,700
that you too are living through 
history. 

5323
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:28,900
Future Generations, might look 
back on our time with the same 

5324
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:32,400
mixture of understanding and 
incomprehension that we bring to

5325
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:34,500
the 17th century. 
What? 

5326
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:39,400
We consider normal our 
Technologies, our beliefs, our 

5327
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:43,000
social structures may seem a 
strange to them as witchcraft 

5328
04:46:43,000 --> 04:46:46,100
trials seem to us the landscape 
endures. 

5329
04:46:47,100 --> 04:46:50,000
Pendle Hill, will be there 
tomorrow in different to human 

5330
04:46:50,000 --> 04:46:52,000
drama. 
Solid and eternal. 

5331
04:46:52,700 --> 04:46:54,600
The villages will wake to 
another day. 

5332
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:59,900
Life continues as it always has 
with the past present in 

5333
04:46:59,900 --> 04:47:03,800
landscape and memory, but never 
quite able to break through into

5334
04:47:03,800 --> 04:47:07,200
the actual present sleep. 
Well, knowing that the witches 

5335
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:10,600
of Pendle, those accused and 
accusers, victims and survivors 

5336
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:14,800
have all found whatever piece 
death provides their struggles 

5337
04:47:14,800 --> 04:47:18,600
are over their stories, remain 
passed from generation to 

5338
04:47:18,600 --> 04:47:22,200
generation shaped and reshaped 
to meet contemporary needs. 

5339
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:25,400
But still rooted in events that 
actually happened to real people

5340
04:47:25,400 --> 04:47:28,900
in a real place. 
And perhaps in some quiet way 

5341
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:34,000
telling their story as a form of
Justice, not legal justice that 

5342
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:38,700
ship sailed for centuries ago, 
but the justice of memory They 

5343
04:47:38,700 --> 04:47:41,100
are not forgotten, their names 
are spoken. 

5344
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:45,000
The humanity is acknowledged. 
In a world where most people 

5345
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:48,800
leave, no Trace where most lives
disappear into the vast Silence 

5346
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:51,600
of History. 
The Pendle witches have achieved

5347
04:47:51,600 --> 04:47:54,900
a kind of immortality, not the 
kind anyone would choose 

5348
04:47:54,900 --> 04:47:58,100
perhaps, but immortality 
nonetheless, rest. 

5349
04:47:58,100 --> 04:48:01,800
Now, let the gentle rhythm of 
your breath, remind you that you

5350
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:06,900
are alive here. 
Now connected to all of human 

5351
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:11,300
history but also separate from 
it your own person in your own 

5352
04:48:11,300 --> 04:48:13,400
time. 
The past is done. 

5353
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:18,200
The present is comfortable. 
The future remains Unwritten and

5354
04:48:18,200 --> 04:48:20,600
somewhere perhaps in the 
collective memory of the land 

5355
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:23,600
itself. 
Pendle Hill holds the stories. 

5356
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:27,000
Hatting them to layers upon 
layers of Human Experience 

5357
04:48:27,000 --> 04:48:29,300
waiting for anyone who cares to 
listen? 

5358
04:48:37,200 --> 04:48:40,200
Imagine passing through a hefty,
wooden gate with iron hinges 

5359
04:48:40,200 --> 04:48:42,800
that Creak like a long time, 
friend clearing their throat. 

5360
04:48:43,600 --> 04:48:46,700
A medieval Garden that has been 
waiting for centuries to reveal 

5361
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:49,900
its secrets to you is something 
truly remarkable that you've 

5362
04:48:49,900 --> 04:48:53,100
just entered. 
It might be 1250 or 1350. 

5363
04:48:53,700 --> 04:48:55,500
Here time seems to move more 
slowly. 

5364
04:48:55,500 --> 04:48:58,200
The air is centered with 
lavender and damp Earth. 

5365
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:02,300
And each path seems to be 
whispering slow down your safe. 

5366
04:49:02,300 --> 04:49:05,700
Now, in an era known for plagues
Wars and the occasional Dragon 

5367
04:49:05,700 --> 04:49:07,800
sighting. 
Well, that last one was mostly 

5368
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:09,100
in the stories but you never 
know. 

5369
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:11,500
You might ask. 
Why anyone would bother 

5370
04:49:11,500 --> 04:49:14,900
designing elaborate Gardens? 
The response is incredibly 

5371
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:17,400
straightforward. 
Humans have always required 

5372
04:49:17,400 --> 04:49:21,000
breathing spaces, medieval 
Gardens, were meticulously 

5373
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:23,100
planned Havens. 
That could literally save your 

5374
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:27,300
sanity, not just lovely places. 
Take a moment to imagine life in

5375
04:49:27,300 --> 04:49:30,000
the Middle. 
Ages your crammed into cities 

5376
04:49:30,000 --> 04:49:32,600
with dark narrow streets, that 
lets face. 

5377
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:36,100
It smell like things, you'd 
rather not recognize you have to

5378
04:49:36,100 --> 04:49:38,500
avoid suspicious puddles, Dodge 
horses. 

5379
04:49:38,500 --> 04:49:41,600
And hope the person selling you 
bread hasn't been experimenting 

5380
04:49:41,600 --> 04:49:45,500
with using sawdust and of flour 
by Nightfall, your nervous 

5381
04:49:45,500 --> 04:49:48,300
system is more tightly wound 
than the drawbridge of a castle.

5382
04:49:48,300 --> 04:49:52,200
Imagine now, finding a secret 
garden in a castle Courtyard, or

5383
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:55,300
Behind the Walls of a monastery.
It's like walking into a warm 

5384
04:49:55,300 --> 04:49:58,900
kitchen after a thunderstorm 
suddenly the cobblestones that 

5385
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:01,400
seemed to take offense at your 
ankles are replaced by neat 

5386
04:50:01,400 --> 04:50:04,800
Pathways beneath your feet. 
Instead of flags snapping, 

5387
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:09,100
urgently in the wind flowers nod
in soft breezes the only sounds 

5388
04:50:09,100 --> 04:50:11,900
are bees humming, their old 
working songs and the water 

5389
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:15,200
trickles rather than rushes. 
The need for specially designed 

5390
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:18,000
areas to help people. 
Relax was recognized by medieval

5391
04:50:18,000 --> 04:50:20,400
Garden designers. 
Something we're still learning 

5392
04:50:20,400 --> 04:50:22,900
today. 
They were using centuries of 

5393
04:50:22,908 --> 04:50:26,200
meticulous, observation about 
what truly makes people feel at 

5394
04:50:26,200 --> 04:50:29,300
ease rather than psychology 
textbooks which had not yet, 

5395
04:50:29,300 --> 04:50:32,800
been created these Gardens 
adhered to the enclosed Embrace 

5396
04:50:32,800 --> 04:50:35,900
concept. 
Every Serene medieval Garden was

5397
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:39,700
encircled by buildings, Hedges 
or walls giving the impression 

5398
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:41,900
that one was being held rather 
than left open. 

5399
04:50:41,900 --> 04:50:45,300
You were entering a protective 
cocoon where the chaos of the 

5400
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:46,700
outside world couldn't follow 
you. 

5401
04:50:46,700 --> 04:50:49,700
Not just a garden. 
The enclosure was also useful. 

5402
04:50:49,700 --> 04:50:52,700
Medieval Gardens required 
protection from straggling 

5403
04:50:52,700 --> 04:50:55,400
animals, think attempting to 
meditate while chasing a 

5404
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:58,400
determined goat away. 
Severe weather, and the odd 

5405
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:00,800
Bandit who might be more 
concerned with your turnips than

5406
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:04,300
your spiritual health. 
The cycle impact, however, was 

5407
04:51:04,300 --> 04:51:07,900
even more significant, your mind
stops looking for far off 

5408
04:51:07,900 --> 04:51:10,100
dangers and becomes focused on 
the here. 

5409
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:12,900
And now when you are unable to 
see past the garden's 

5410
04:51:12,900 --> 04:51:15,800
boundaries, every design 
featured water as a key 

5411
04:51:15,800 --> 04:51:18,600
component. 
Not tumbling waterfalls or 

5412
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,800
flamboyant fountains which were 
added later when people felt 

5413
04:51:21,800 --> 04:51:23,300
that Leisure had to be more 
thrilling. 

5414
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:26,400
Water in a medieval Garden 
flowed slowly. 

5415
04:51:26,400 --> 04:51:30,300
And purposefully rainwater could
be collected in a simple stone, 

5416
04:51:30,300 --> 04:51:33,600
baseman, which would serve as a 
drinking area for birds in a 

5417
04:51:33,600 --> 04:51:36,700
mirror for clouds. 
Water flowed along raised beds 

5418
04:51:36,700 --> 04:51:39,300
in tiny channels. 
Creating the softest sound 

5419
04:51:39,300 --> 04:51:43,000
imaginable, like rain on leaves,
or a lullaby to the ground. 

5420
04:51:43,000 --> 04:51:46,300
The pathways themselves were 
psychological engineering. 

5421
04:51:46,300 --> 04:51:49,800
Masterpieces medieval Garden 
paths were intended for 

5422
04:51:49,800 --> 04:51:52,000
wandering. 
In contrast to contemporary 

5423
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:55,100
Gardens where paths frequently 
lead to designated locations. 

5424
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:58,200
They were never hurried. 
But in Stead curved gently 

5425
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:02,500
offering fresh views at every 
bend it may appear to be a rose 

5426
04:52:02,500 --> 04:52:05,500
bush, but as you approach it 
you'll find a tiny herb garden 

5427
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:09,200
behind it which leads to a sunny
area where you can sit and watch

5428
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:11,100
butterflies compete for the best
flowers. 

5429
04:52:11,100 --> 04:52:15,000
These designs were hazard. 
Although they would have scoffed

5430
04:52:15,000 --> 04:52:18,500
at such a pretentious title, the
first landscape therapists with 

5431
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:20,400
the designers of medieval 
Garden's. 

5432
04:52:20,400 --> 04:52:24,900
They were just individuals who 
realized that time Beauty safety

5433
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:28,500
and gentle stimulation are all 
necessary for the human Spirit 

5434
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:31,800
to unfold. 
A ton of time, you'll find that 

5435
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:34,400
each component had a purpose as 
you get comfortable, exploring 

5436
04:52:34,400 --> 04:52:36,100
these Gardens during our journey
together. 

5437
04:52:36,900 --> 04:52:40,100
The herbs weren't only used to 
season soup depending on your 

5438
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,200
needs, they release sense that 
could increase energy or reduce 

5439
04:52:43,200 --> 04:52:46,000
anxiety. 
In addition to being lovely, the

5440
04:52:46,000 --> 04:52:48,800
flowers, use and forms, were 
selected to soothe the weary 

5441
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:52,000
eyes and promote the kind of 
gentle concentration that allows

5442
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:55,000
your mind to relax, even the 
upkeep of these Gardens was 

5443
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:58,300
planned with Tranquility in 
mind, in contrast to 

5444
04:52:58,300 --> 04:53:01,100
contemporary Landscaping, which 
necessitates loud, machinery. 

5445
04:53:01,100 --> 04:53:04,300
And last minute weekend labor, 
medieval Gardens developed. 

5446
04:53:04,300 --> 04:53:06,500
Their beauty gradually seasoned 
by season. 

5447
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:10,300
Pruning. 
Weeding watering all gentle 

5448
04:53:10,300 --> 04:53:13,600
repetitive tasks that allow your
thoughts to settle like sediment

5449
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:16,900
in a peaceful Pond became a kind
of moving meditation. 

5450
04:53:16,900 --> 04:53:19,900
As you fall asleep. 
Tonight picture yourself as the 

5451
04:53:19,900 --> 04:53:23,700
gardens caretaker as you check 
on young seedlings, feel the 

5452
04:53:23,700 --> 04:53:27,100
morning dew, on your fingertips 
here, the gratifying hum of your

5453
04:53:27,100 --> 04:53:29,100
blade. 
Cutting overly eager herbs. 

5454
04:53:30,300 --> 04:53:32,100
Imagine yourself sitting on a 
plain. 

5455
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:35,200
Wooden bench in the evening 
light watching the last piece of

5456
04:53:35,200 --> 04:53:37,800
the day, visit flowers that 
appear to Glow in the golden 

5457
04:53:37,800 --> 04:53:41,900
hour in your fantasy, Medieval 
World, your to the sound of 

5458
04:53:41,900 --> 04:53:43,700
bells, ringing throughout the 
countryside. 

5459
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:46,700
Not the startling clatter of 
contemporary life. 

5460
04:53:46,700 --> 04:53:50,500
But the soft bronze voices that 
have been calling people to pray

5461
04:53:50,500 --> 04:53:52,900
for centuries. 
You're now in a monastery 

5462
04:53:52,900 --> 04:53:56,500
Garden, the Pinnacle of the art 
of tranquil design for good 

5463
04:53:56,500 --> 04:53:59,400
reason, monastic communities, 
were the world's best gardeners 

5464
04:53:59,400 --> 04:54:02,000
during the Middle Ages through 
prayer meditation. 

5465
04:54:02,000 --> 04:54:06,000
What they referred to as Opus 
manual, the work of hands. 

5466
04:54:06,000 --> 04:54:09,100
These individuals had devoted 
their lives to discovering a 

5467
04:54:09,100 --> 04:54:11,700
connection with God. 
They learned that certain 

5468
04:54:11,700 --> 04:54:14,200
physical settings could either 
help or hinder their spiritual 

5469
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:17,700
objectives and they Incorporated
these insights into the design 

5470
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:20,000
of their Gardens. 
As soon as you enter the 

5471
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:22,500
monastery, you'll notice how 
different the atmosphere is from

5472
04:54:22,500 --> 04:54:26,100
the outside world. 
Not only is it quieter, but the 

5473
04:54:26,100 --> 04:54:28,500
air itself seems to have 
acquired patience. 

5474
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:32,700
The garden unfolds in front of 
you, in sections, each serving, 

5475
04:54:32,700 --> 04:54:35,100
a distinct function but all 
being bound together. 

5476
04:54:35,100 --> 04:54:38,800
By the same overarching idea, 
everything in this place, is 

5477
04:54:38,800 --> 04:54:41,100
there to restore the health of 
the human soul. 

5478
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:44,300
The physical Garden where 
therapeutic herbs are grown in 

5479
04:54:44,308 --> 04:54:46,500
tidy. 
Raised beds is the first space 

5480
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:49,600
you come across. 
However don't picture stare all 

5481
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:53,400
roads, like the outdoor area of 
a contemporary farmacy An artist

5482
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:57,400
of color texture, and scent is 
evident in the arrangement of 

5483
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,200
these plants. 
Even their most utilitarian 

5484
04:55:00,200 --> 04:55:01,900
plantings were beautiful to 
behold. 

5485
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,300
Because the monastery gardeners 
recognized that healing starts 

5486
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:09,700
with the census alongside tidy 
time, boarders chamomile, grows 

5487
04:55:09,700 --> 04:55:13,300
in silvery green Mounds in 
purple ranks, that appear to 

5488
04:55:13,300 --> 04:55:16,100
glitter in the morning, light 
lavender stands at attention. 

5489
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,800
Wherever it is permitted, mint, 
grows producing, cool, green 

5490
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:23,300
carpets, that smell good 
whenever you touch them. 

5491
04:55:23,300 --> 04:55:26,500
The real magic occurs, when you 
discover the that, in fact, 

5492
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:29,000
walking among these plants 
causes your breathing to slow, 

5493
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:33,100
down the visual effect is 
calming certain sense have 

5494
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:34,800
direct Pathways to the nervous 
system. 

5495
04:55:34,800 --> 04:55:38,000
A discovery made by medieval 
monks that modern Aroma 

5496
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:41,800
therapists still catching up to 
It's true that lavender reduces 

5497
04:55:41,800 --> 04:55:46,600
anxiety, in fact, Rosemary can 
help with mental Clarity, mint, 

5498
04:55:46,600 --> 04:55:49,100
actually, improves mood and aids
in digestion. 

5499
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:52,300
However they did more than 
simply cultivate these plants, 

5500
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:55,400
they place them along the Garden
Path so that people would 

5501
04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:57,900
naturally and unconsciously 
experience their benefits. 

5502
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:01,100
It was not because medieval 
people lacked imagination, that 

5503
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:04,000
monastic Gardens were laid out 
according to rigid geometric 

5504
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:06,500
patterns. 
These geometric patterns 

5505
04:56:06,500 --> 04:56:10,100
functioned as a kind of visual 
meditation your mind would 

5506
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:12,400
naturally settle into the same 
Serene Rhythm. 

5507
04:56:12,400 --> 04:56:15,800
If your, I followed the neat 
patterns squares within squares 

5508
04:56:15,800 --> 04:56:19,600
circles intersected by crosses 
and rectangles divided by 

5509
04:56:19,600 --> 04:56:22,600
diagonal paths. 
Beyond Aesthetics, geometric 

5510
04:56:22,600 --> 04:56:24,400
garden. 
Design has a profoundly 

5511
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,700
fulfilling quality, it is easier
for your internal state to 

5512
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:30,500
achieve equilibrium when you're 
external environment is well, 

5513
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:34,400
organized and balanced. 
Through daily practice the monks

5514
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:37,400
were able to determine this. 
They discovered they could enter

5515
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:40,100
and stay in meditative States, 
more quickly and for longer 

5516
04:56:40,100 --> 04:56:43,400
after spending hours in prayer 
and reflection in gardens with 

5517
04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:47,200
solid geometric, underpinning a 
well-off fountain place where 

5518
04:56:47,200 --> 04:56:50,300
several paths met was the focal 
point of the majority of 

5519
04:56:50,300 --> 04:56:53,300
Monastery Gardens this. 
Had symbolic and cycle 

5520
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:57,400
significant in addition, to 
being pragmatic, although access

5521
04:56:57,400 --> 04:56:59,000
to water was undoubtedly 
crucial. 

5522
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:01,400
It almost all spiritual 
Traditions. 

5523
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:05,300
Water is a symbol of Life, 
rebirth and purification. 

5524
04:57:06,000 --> 04:57:08,800
Having it at the center of the 
garden, served as a conscious or

5525
04:57:08,800 --> 04:57:11,800
unconscious reminder to guests. 
That they were in a space 

5526
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:14,700
devoted to Renewal the water 
features were intended to 

5527
04:57:14,700 --> 04:57:17,700
stimulate your senses without 
overpowering them, which is 

5528
04:57:17,700 --> 04:57:20,400
where the subtle Genius of 
medieval Garden designers was 

5529
04:57:20,400 --> 04:57:23,300
displayed. 
Water trickling slowly from a 

5530
04:57:23,308 --> 04:57:26,100
carved spout, into a basin in a 
basic Stone. 

5531
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:30,000
Well could produce the softest 
sound possible enough to drown 

5532
04:57:30,000 --> 04:57:33,000
out distracting sounds outside? 
The garden walls, but not enough

5533
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:35,700
to draw attention to itself. 
In order to maximize 

5534
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:38,400
psychological benefits, the 
seating areas in the monastery 

5535
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:41,900
Garden Gardens were positioned 
strategically Wooden benches 

5536
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:45,700
were placed facing either West 
for evening reflection as the 

5537
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:49,500
day came to an end or east for 
more morning meditation in the 

5538
04:57:49,508 --> 04:57:52,700
light of the sunrise, they were 
placed next to her beds where 

5539
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:55,500
the scent would be most potent 
in the hottest hours of the day 

5540
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:58,400
or nestled in to alcoves created
by carefully. 

5541
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:01,600
Trained fruit trees sitting in 
one of these locations you would

5542
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:04,600
observe how the gardens seems to
envelop you without making you 

5543
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:07,700
feel crowded although the 
surrounding Hedges or walls, 

5544
04:58:07,700 --> 04:58:10,900
provide, privacy and security, 
they aren't so high that you 

5545
04:58:10,900 --> 04:58:14,600
feel confined. 
As the Sun Passes overhead, you 

5546
04:58:14,600 --> 04:58:17,500
can see the sky. 
Watch the clouds, move and take 

5547
04:58:17,500 --> 04:58:19,500
in the shifting patterns of 
light and Shadow. 

5548
04:58:20,300 --> 04:58:23,000
It feels like a soft verdant, 
hug Monastery. 

5549
04:58:23,000 --> 04:58:25,400
Gardens maintenance. 
Philosophy was a reflection of 

5550
04:58:25,400 --> 04:58:28,700
their spiritual mission. 
Slowly and deliberately the work

5551
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:32,400
was done as a kind of Prayer. 
Weeding was an opportunity to 

5552
04:58:32,400 --> 04:58:34,700
exercise patience and attention 
to detail. 

5553
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:36,600
Not a task to be hurried 
through. 

5554
04:58:36,608 --> 04:58:40,400
Watering was an opportunity to 
observe and appreciate the needs

5555
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:42,000
and growth of each individual 
plant. 

5556
04:58:42,000 --> 04:58:46,200
In addition to providing basic 
plant care this method, produced

5557
04:58:46,200 --> 04:58:50,600
Gardens that exuded serenity, 
Spaces acquire a distinct energy

5558
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:54,100
quality when they are maintained
with love and meditation as 

5559
04:58:54,100 --> 04:58:58,100
opposed to speed and efficiency.
This phenomenon is frequently 

5560
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:00,800
mentioned by contemporary 
visitors to restore Monastery 

5561
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:03,400
Gardens. 
There is an unmistakably Serene 

5562
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:06,100
quality to these areas that 
transcends, their aesthetic 

5563
04:59:06,100 --> 04:59:09,100
appeal in ways we have, mostly 
forgotten the monks. 

5564
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:11,300
All so had an understanding of 
seasonal rhythms. 

5565
04:59:11,300 --> 04:59:14,200
Their Guardians were planned to 
offer, various forms of 

5566
04:59:14,208 --> 04:59:16,700
aesthetic, appeal and 
practicality all year long. 

5567
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:20,400
The delicate blossoms of fruit 
trees in the new green of fresh 

5568
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:24,100
herbs arrived with spring. 
Harvest to a plentiful and the 

5569
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:26,300
center of blooming plants, 
filled the air during the 

5570
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:28,800
summer. 
Autumn brought vibrant foliage 

5571
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:32,300
and the joy of collecting seeds 
for planting the following year.

5572
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:35,400
With the sharp lines of the 
geometric design. 

5573
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:38,800
Clearly visible and Evergreen 
herbs offering patches of Life 

5574
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:41,900
against the snow even winter had
its own Stern Beauty. 

5575
04:59:41,900 --> 04:59:45,500
Imagine how the light of the day
gradually Fades and how the air 

5576
04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:48,200
cools and carries the mixed 
sense of herbs as you settle 

5577
04:59:48,200 --> 04:59:51,400
into evening prayer. 
In this Monastery Garden You 

5578
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:54,700
discover that you have spent the
entire day in this verdant Haven

5579
04:59:54,700 --> 04:59:59,000
without ever feeling rushed 
anxious or out of sync with the 

5580
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:01,600
cycle of life itself. 
When the bells ring once more 

5581
05:00:01,600 --> 05:00:05,200
summoning, the community to 
Vespers your exchanging, your 

5582
05:00:05,200 --> 05:00:08,000
modest Monastery self for 
something far more popular this 

5583
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:10,900
morning, a castle Garden 
intended for medieval 

5584
05:00:10,900 --> 05:00:13,400
aristocracy. 
However, don't anticipate. 

5585
05:00:13,400 --> 05:00:16,300
The extravagant extravagance of 
later, centuries. 

5586
05:00:16,300 --> 05:00:20,100
Subtly sophisticated medieval 
Noble Gardens were designed to 

5587
05:00:20,100 --> 05:00:23,500
provide ideal settings for the 
kinds of Pursuits that kept her 

5588
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:25,900
restorat sane amidst the demands
of political life. 

5589
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:29,500
The unusual living quarters of 
medieval Aristocrats resembled a

5590
05:00:29,508 --> 05:00:32,700
goldfish Bowl. 
From servants to rival, families

5591
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:35,600
to visiting diplomats who 
reported back to foreign courts.

5592
05:00:35,600 --> 05:00:39,100
Everyone was continuously 
watching criticizing and 

5593
05:00:39,100 --> 05:00:42,800
analyzing their lives. 
There was hardly any privacy and

5594
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:45,100
Leisure had to be carefully 
planned in between Court, 

5595
05:00:45,100 --> 05:00:48,300
rituals, tournaments, and the 
never-ending negotiations that 

5596
05:00:48,300 --> 05:00:51,700
prevented kingdoms from falling 
into Anarchy, their Gardens, 

5597
05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:54,400
which were created, especially 
to offer the kinds of tranquil 

5598
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:56,800
experiences, that would be 
practically impossible to find 

5599
05:00:56,800 --> 05:01:00,300
elsewhere in medieval Society, 
turned into vital pressure 

5600
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:02,500
valves. 
However, these were not merely 

5601
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:06,000
enlarged, monastic, Gardens 
Noble, Gardens needed to do, 

5602
05:01:06,000 --> 05:01:09,300
more than just impressed guests.
The needed to offer useful 

5603
05:01:09,300 --> 05:01:11,200
advantages. 
In a real escape, from the 

5604
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:14,400
bustle of the outside world. 
You can see how the garden areas

5605
05:01:14,400 --> 05:01:17,300
are shrewdly tucked into areas. 
That might otherwise go unused 

5606
05:01:17,300 --> 05:01:19,800
as you stroll through the 
Castle's main Courtyard. 

5607
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,700
Every inch of protected interior
space was valuable because many 

5608
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:27,900
evil castles were constructed 
primarily for defense and then 

5609
05:01:27,900 --> 05:01:31,500
for comfort. 
Working like puzzle solvers, the

5610
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:35,300
garden designers created, lovely
Havens in small Courtyards with 

5611
05:01:35,300 --> 05:01:38,800
no military. 
Use a long walls and in strange 

5612
05:01:38,800 --> 05:01:40,800
Corners. 
One of the most clever features 

5613
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:44,200
is what the medievals called, a 
pleasant, basically a private 

5614
05:01:44,200 --> 05:01:47,000
outdoor space intended for 
leisure and small parties. 

5615
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:51,500
Imagine a square or rectangular 
area surrounded by dense Hedges 

5616
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:54,600
or low walls with thoughtfully, 
placed sight lines, that 

5617
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:58,000
preserve views of the Castle's 
most appealing features or far 

5618
05:01:58,000 --> 05:02:00,100
off Landscapes. 
While obstructing views from the

5619
05:02:00,108 --> 05:02:03,400
crowded main Courtyards. 
These spaces were decorated to 

5620
05:02:03,400 --> 05:02:06,700
resemble outdoor living rooms 
backrests and seating were 

5621
05:02:06,700 --> 05:02:10,100
provided by raised beds, which 
were frequently topped with Turf

5622
05:02:10,100 --> 05:02:13,300
benches, which were essentially 
Earth and grass sofas that were 

5623
05:02:13,300 --> 05:02:15,900
surprisingly cozy and 
unmistakably different. 

5624
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:19,200
Depending on when the gardens 
owner wanted to escape from 

5625
05:02:19,200 --> 05:02:22,500
public responsibilities wooden 
benches, were positioned to 

5626
05:02:22,500 --> 05:02:24,500
benefit from morning, sunlight, 
or afternoon. 

5627
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:28,100
Shade Noble Garden, Gardens 
plant selections, demonstrated a

5628
05:02:28,100 --> 05:02:30,600
deep comprehension of social, 
dynamics and psychology. 

5629
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,000
Roses were important because of 
their symbolic, meaning in 

5630
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:38,400
addition to their beauty roses, 
stood for love Purity and the 

5631
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:40,300
transient nature of Earthly 
Beauty. 

5632
05:02:40,300 --> 05:02:44,700
According to the medievals who 
interpreted everything Roses 

5633
05:02:44,700 --> 05:02:47,300
were a continual reminder that 
there was Beauty and life worth 

5634
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,500
stopping to appreciate like 
poetry growing right outside 

5635
05:02:50,500 --> 05:02:52,700
your window. 
The way these roses were 

5636
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:55,000
cultivated however was the truly
ingenious aspect. 

5637
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:58,800
Medieval gardeners trained roses
as climbers and Ramblers. 

5638
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,500
Weaving them through wooden 
Frameworks to create living 

5639
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:05,300
walls and shaded alcoves in 
contrast to Modern rose bushes 

5640
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:08,000
that bloom once. 
And then look rather ordinary 

5641
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:10,700
for the rest of the year. 
Picture yourself sitting beneath

5642
05:03:10,700 --> 05:03:13,700
an arbor with hundreds of tiny 
highly fragrant. 

5643
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:17,500
Roses that formed a natural 
canopy of you and petals that 

5644
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:21,300
occasionally fell like fragrant 
snow in castle, settings, herb 

5645
05:03:21,300 --> 05:03:22,900
Garden's for filled three 
functions. 

5646
05:03:22,900 --> 05:03:27,300
They were useful, aesthetically 
pleasing, and instructive noble.

5647
05:03:27,300 --> 05:03:29,900
Families were supposed to know 
how to run the home cook and 

5648
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:32,300
practice medicine. 
The herb garden offered 

5649
05:03:32,300 --> 05:03:34,400
practical and soothing 
opportunities for Hands-On 

5650
05:03:34,400 --> 05:03:37,300
learning. 
Identifying the various mints, 

5651
05:03:37,300 --> 05:03:40,100
which is surprisingly difficult 
to, and strangely, meditative 

5652
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:44,100
knowing, which herbs aid in 
digestion, or just taking in the

5653
05:03:44,108 --> 05:03:46,200
complex sentence that changed 
throughout the day. 

5654
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:49,100
As plants released, various 
aromatic compounds in response 

5655
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:51,500
to temperature and Sun could all
take up an afternoon. 

5656
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:55,200
Although more or Nate than those
found in monasteries water 

5657
05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:58,300
features in Noble Gardens were 
still created with psychological

5658
05:03:58,300 --> 05:04:01,500
comfort in mind. 
The family's coat of arms could 

5659
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:03,600
be carved into a raised Stone 
Basin. 

5660
05:04:03,600 --> 05:04:06,600
That was supplied with water 
from the Castle's main Supply 

5661
05:04:06,600 --> 05:04:09,600
via a tiny Channel. 
Although the visual effect was 

5662
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:12,900
more advanced, the sound was 
still subdued because medieval 

5663
05:04:12,900 --> 05:04:16,500
people had not yet developed the
noisy Fountain of session that 

5664
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:19,800
would define later periods. 
These water features provided 

5665
05:04:19,800 --> 05:04:22,500
focal points for casual 
get-togethers and reflection. 

5666
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:26,200
Since medieval Aristocrats 
lacked, modern-day coffee shops,

5667
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,900
and living rooms garden, water, 
features offered Serene, lovely 

5668
05:04:29,900 --> 05:04:32,500
settings in which challenging 
discussions could take place 

5669
05:04:32,500 --> 05:04:35,700
without creating tension. 
Moving water seems to promote 

5670
05:04:35,700 --> 05:04:37,500
honesty. 
While discouraging conflict 

5671
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:40,900
medieval Garden designers were 
well aware of this and took 

5672
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:43,600
advantage of it. 
Unlike Monastery, Gardens where 

5673
05:04:43,600 --> 05:04:47,400
paths and courage solitary 
meditation, Castle, Garden paths

5674
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:50,800
were ideal for two, personal 
conversations wide enough for 

5675
05:04:50,800 --> 05:04:54,800
companions to walk side by side.
But not so wide that the area 

5676
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:58,700
felt formal or intimidating. 
The paths in Noble Garden's were

5677
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:00,900
made for what we might call 
Therapeutic strolling. 

5678
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:03,100
These Pathways frequently 
included. 

5679
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:05,600
What medieval designers referred
to as viewing mounts. 

5680
05:05:05,600 --> 05:05:09,200
Tiny man-made Hills made by 
piling up dirt, and covering it 

5681
05:05:09,200 --> 05:05:11,600
with turf. 
More significantly. 

5682
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:14,800
Climbing to the top of a viewing
Mount offered a mild form of 

5683
05:05:14,808 --> 05:05:17,300
exercise, that might help 
release the tension that had 

5684
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:19,700
built up from long days of 
sitting through Court ceremonies

5685
05:05:19,700 --> 05:05:22,300
or Council meetings. 
It also gave you a new 

5686
05:05:22,308 --> 05:05:25,400
perspective on the garden and 
the surrounding area Noble 

5687
05:05:25,400 --> 05:05:28,400
Gardens, displayed a remarkable 
level of sophistication in their

5688
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:31,300
seasonal planning. 
In addition to ensuring that 

5689
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,700
there is always something lovely
or intriguing Garden designers. 

5690
05:05:34,700 --> 05:05:37,300
Planned planting schedules to 
ensure that the garden would 

5691
05:05:37,300 --> 05:05:41,000
offer a variety of psychological
advantages all year long The 

5692
05:05:41,000 --> 05:05:44,600
emphasis on Hope and rebirth. 
In Spring plantings was ideal 

5693
05:05:44,600 --> 05:05:47,600
for acclimating to the long 
gloomy, winter months when 

5694
05:05:47,600 --> 05:05:51,200
everyone was cooped up inside. 
The social activities that were 

5695
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:54,400
vital to aristocratic life was 
supported by the abundance and 

5696
05:05:54,400 --> 05:05:56,500
celebration that summer Gardens 
provided. 

5697
05:05:57,300 --> 05:05:59,100
Plants in Autumn Garden's gave 
Nobles. 

5698
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:02,000
A sentence of preparation and 
achievement, which helped them 

5699
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:04,600
adopt the planning, mentality 
needed to survive the winter. 

5700
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:08,100
What could be referred to as 
emergencies relaxation features 

5701
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:11,300
elements created specially to 
offer prompt stress relief 

5702
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,800
during political crises were 
also present in medieval castle 

5703
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:17,700
Gardens. 
The maze or Labyrinth was a 

5704
05:06:17,700 --> 05:06:19,600
favorite, but not the difficult 
puzzle. 

5705
05:06:19,600 --> 05:06:23,100
Mazes of later, eras. 
With their single paths, winding

5706
05:06:23,100 --> 05:06:25,900
and intricate patterns, but 
never offering choices or dead 

5707
05:06:25,900 --> 05:06:28,000
ends. 
Medieval labyrinths were 

5708
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:29,700
intended to be walking 
meditations. 

5709
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:33,300
When you needed to solve, 
complicated problems, you could 

5710
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,200
walk the Labyrinth and the 
intricate pattern and rhythmic 

5711
05:06:36,200 --> 05:06:38,600
movement would frequently 
encouraged solutions to come to 

5712
05:06:38,600 --> 05:06:41,200
you organically. 
Imagine yourself sitting on one 

5713
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:44,400
of those Turf benches in your 
make-believe Castle Garden as 

5714
05:06:44,400 --> 05:06:47,800
evening draws near and the 
center of plants that bloom at 

5715
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:49,900
night starts to fill the air 
here. 

5716
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:53,100
The meticulous design of the 
garden, somehow absorbs, the 

5717
05:06:53,100 --> 05:06:56,600
political tensions of the day. 
You can rest fully tonight 

5718
05:06:56,600 --> 05:06:59,500
surrounded by beauty that has 
been specifically designed to 

5719
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:02,900
Foster human piece, but tomorrow
will present new challenges, 

5720
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:06,900
your learning about the hortus 
conclusus or enclosed Garden. 

5721
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:09,800
One of the most advanced 
inventions in medieval gardening

5722
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:12,700
tonight. 
This was not just any walled 

5723
05:07:12,700 --> 05:07:15,700
area with plants rather. 
It was a thoughtfully planned 

5724
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:18,600
setting intended to produce. 
What could be referred to as 

5725
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:21,200
perfect psychological conditions
for human flourishing. 

5726
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:24,700
A thorough understanding of how 
environmental boundaries impact 

5727
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:27,100
mental state led to the 
development of the enclosed 

5728
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:30,100
Garden concept. 
People in the Middle Ages lived?

5729
05:07:30,100 --> 05:07:33,300
In constant, fear of danger, 
that might lurk outside of their

5730
05:07:33,300 --> 05:07:37,700
familiar boundaries anywhere at 
any time, there could be Bandits

5731
05:07:37,700 --> 05:07:42,200
Untamed, animals, hostile armies
and unexplained illnesses every 

5732
05:07:42,200 --> 05:07:46,000
element of daily life, including
the layout of serene areas was 

5733
05:07:46,000 --> 05:07:48,700
influenced by this persistent 
low-level anxiety. 

5734
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:52,300
Imagine yourself walking through
a small gate or doorway into an 

5735
05:07:52,300 --> 05:07:55,000
enclosed Garden. 
The changeover is purposeful and

5736
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:58,600
dramatic, you're surrounded by 
walls that Define and Safeguard 

5737
05:07:58,600 --> 05:08:02,500
a smaller more manageable 
Universe one moment and then 

5738
05:08:02,500 --> 05:08:05,200
you're in the open world with 
its boundless Horizons and 

5739
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:08,100
possible dangers. 
The next Your nervous system. 

5740
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:11,300
Literally lets out a sigh of 
relief as a result of the 

5741
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:14,100
profound. 
And instantaneous cycle shift, 

5742
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:17,400
medieval Garden designers. 
However, went beyond the basic 

5743
05:08:17,400 --> 05:08:20,600
enclosure, they realize that 
Walls by the cells could feel 

5744
05:08:20,600 --> 05:08:22,600
more like prisons than like 
freedoms. 

5745
05:08:22,600 --> 05:08:26,000
Making the enclosure feel more 
like an Embrace than a prison 

5746
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:28,500
was the trick. 
They achieved this by paying 

5747
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:31,900
close attention to sight lines 
proportions and what we might 

5748
05:08:31,900 --> 05:08:35,600
refer to as control openings a 
sense of protected space where 

5749
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:38,200
you could not be surprised or 
threatened was provided by the 

5750
05:08:38,200 --> 05:08:41,700
walls of the most successful in 
closed Gardens which adhered to 

5751
05:08:41,708 --> 05:08:44,600
what contemporary environmental 
psychologists refer to as the 

5752
05:08:44,600 --> 05:08:47,400
Prospect and refuge. 
Principal though, medieval 

5753
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:50,100
designers would have simply 
refer to it as feeling safe 

5754
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:53,100
while seeing Beauty. 
However, the garden also 

5755
05:08:53,100 --> 05:08:57,000
featured thoughtfully designed 
opportunities Sky views, far off

5756
05:08:57,000 --> 05:09:00,100
Landscapes or garden elements, 
that allowed your thoughts to 

5757
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:03,500
roam without straying from the 
safety zone Gates or Windows in 

5758
05:09:03,500 --> 05:09:05,700
the walls that framed views like
living paintings. 

5759
05:09:05,700 --> 05:09:09,500
Could create these opportunities
picture yourself, perched on a 

5760
05:09:09,500 --> 05:09:12,600
stone bench gazing, through an 
arched aperture that ideally 

5761
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:15,600
frames a view of the Castle's 
Towers or a far-off hillside. 

5762
05:09:15,600 --> 05:09:19,100
Your body stays securely 
contained, while your I can 

5763
05:09:19,100 --> 05:09:22,000
travel to these far off views 
meeting the human need for 

5764
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:24,800
spatial variety. 
The enclosed Gardens plant, 

5765
05:09:24,800 --> 05:09:27,600
choices were Exquisite examples 
of sensory design. 

5766
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:31,100
Each plant was picked for its 
ability to enhance the gardens 

5767
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:34,500
overall psychological ambience, 
in addition to its aesthetic 

5768
05:09:34,500 --> 05:09:37,000
value. 
Lavender offered a soothing 

5769
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:39,600
scent and delicate. 
Silver leaves that glistened in 

5770
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:43,000
any kind of light. 
The strong enlightening, Aroma 

5771
05:09:43,000 --> 05:09:45,900
of Rosemary, could clear mental 
Haze and boost alertness without

5772
05:09:45,900 --> 05:09:49,000
making people anxious. 
Plants in the mint, family 

5773
05:09:49,000 --> 05:09:51,800
offered, refreshing sense and 
cooling effects, that could help

5774
05:09:51,800 --> 05:09:53,400
cool. 
Even the hottest summer days, 

5775
05:09:53,400 --> 05:09:56,800
what we might refer to as 
layered fragrances, plant 

5776
05:09:56,800 --> 05:09:59,500
combinations, that released 
distinct sense at various times 

5777
05:09:59,500 --> 05:10:02,700
of day and in various weather 
conditions were common in, 

5778
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,700
medieval and closed. 
Guardians the center of wet 

5779
05:10:05,700 --> 05:10:07,800
herbs, may be green and Dewey in
the morning. 

5780
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:11,100
Mingled with the honey sweeter, 
Roma of flowers opening to the 

5781
05:10:11,108 --> 05:10:14,100
Sun. 
Aromatic plants such as oregano 

5782
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:16,800
and Thyme would release their 
stronger sense in the midday 

5783
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:19,500
Heat. 
Night, blooming plants with 

5784
05:10:19,500 --> 05:10:23,100
their enigmatic and frequently 
more complex sense would emerge 

5785
05:10:23,100 --> 05:10:25,600
in the evening. 
These Gardens ground planning 

5786
05:10:25,600 --> 05:10:27,300
adhere to principles that seem 
to work. 

5787
05:10:27,300 --> 05:10:30,900
Almost magically, the walkways 
were both, intimately, intimate 

5788
05:10:30,900 --> 05:10:33,000
and sufficiently wide for 
comfortable walking. 

5789
05:10:33,700 --> 05:10:36,100
Since you could never see the 
entire Garden at once. 

5790
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:38,800
They gently curved to evoke a 
sense of discovery. 

5791
05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:42,300
There was always something new 
to discover around every corner.

5792
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:46,600
However, everything happened at 
natural and secure pace and the 

5793
05:10:46,608 --> 05:10:49,400
curves were never abrupt enough 
to call surprise or fear 

5794
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:52,100
enclosed garden. 
Water management, reach new 

5795
05:10:52,100 --> 05:10:55,000
artistic Heights. 
Each drop of water could be 

5796
05:10:55,000 --> 05:10:58,500
meticulously regulated and 
synchronized because these were 

5797
05:10:58,500 --> 05:11:02,100
in closed spaces in order to 
produce various sounds and 

5798
05:11:02,100 --> 05:11:05,600
visual effects throughout the 
garden, designers device systems

5799
05:11:05,600 --> 05:11:08,000
that would allow water to move 
slowly through the area 

5800
05:11:08,000 --> 05:11:11,300
appearing and disappearing. 
You may first see water as a 

5801
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:14,500
soft spring that emerges from a 
carved Stone Face in one wall 

5802
05:11:14,500 --> 05:11:17,800
then follow its path. 
As it feeds various plant beds 

5803
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:21,300
by a tiny channels before 
gathering in a central Basin to 

5804
05:11:21,300 --> 05:11:24,500
reflect the sky and Light. 
From the first soft bubbling of 

5805
05:11:24,508 --> 05:11:27,500
the spring to the soft trickling
through the channels to the 

5806
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:30,600
almost silent filling of the 
last Basin, the sound of this 

5807
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:33,600
water would change as it. 
Traveled the psychological 

5808
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,000
significance of what we might 
refer to as controlled 

5809
05:11:36,000 --> 05:11:39,800
Wilderness within enclosed 
spaces, was also recognized by 

5810
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:43,100
medieval designers. 
These Gardens featured sections 

5811
05:11:43,100 --> 05:11:45,800
where plants were permitted to 
grow in more organic patterns, 

5812
05:11:45,800 --> 05:11:48,500
despite their meticulous 
planning and upkeep. 

5813
05:11:49,200 --> 05:11:51,900
Herbs that had been left to 
self-seed and spread could be 

5814
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:55,500
found in a corner, resulting in 
patches, that felt wild and 

5815
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:58,800
impromptu but were totally safe 
a basic cycle. 

5816
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:02,200
Need of humans was met by this 
harmony between naturalness and 

5817
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:04,400
control. 
We need a certain amount of 

5818
05:12:04,400 --> 05:12:07,200
surprise and natural beauty to 
keep our minds active and 

5819
05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:10,600
interested, but we also need 
order and predictability for 

5820
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:13,400
security. 
Both were simultaneously offered

5821
05:12:13,400 --> 05:12:16,300
by enclosed Garden Gardens which
offered areas of delightful 

5822
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:18,700
unpredictability along with 
general order and safety. 

5823
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:21,700
Enclosed Garden. 
Gardens featured, a elaborate 

5824
05:12:21,700 --> 05:12:24,000
seating arrangements. 
There were several seating 

5825
05:12:24,000 --> 05:12:28,000
options to accommodate various 
social settings and moods cool 

5826
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:32,000
isolated places to reflect were 
provided by Stone benches, set 

5827
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:36,100
into the walls, for Extended 
Stays wooden benches placed in 

5828
05:12:36,100 --> 05:12:38,000
bright spots, offered warmth and
comfort. 

5829
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:41,800
The most private and cozy. 
Seating was provided by Turf 

5830
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:44,000
benches. 
Those amazing earth and grass 

5831
05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:46,800
Creations from the Middle Ages. 
There were ideal for reading 

5832
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:49,300
taking naps or having quiet 
discussions. 

5833
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:52,400
The placement of the seating 
sections was done to capitalize 

5834
05:12:52,400 --> 05:12:54,400
on the various seasons and times
of day. 

5835
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:58,400
In order to enjoy the soft early
Sun morning seats faced East. 

5836
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:01,400
The locations of the midday 
seats were chosen to provide 

5837
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:04,700
shade during the hottest times 
of the day seats in the evening 

5838
05:13:04,700 --> 05:13:08,600
faced West to watch the sunset. 
In order to harness any of 

5839
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:11,500
available warmth from the Low 
Winter Sun, winter seats were 

5840
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:15,100
placed in alcoves facing south 
in closed, Gardens seasonal, 

5841
05:13:15,100 --> 05:13:18,000
development was thoughtfully 
planned to offer cycle support 

5842
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:21,200
all year long. 
After enduring the harsh winters

5843
05:13:21,200 --> 05:13:24,600
of the Middle Ages people 
needed, hope, and renewal, which

5844
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:27,800
spring planting offered. 
Summertime designs offered 

5845
05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:31,200
celebration, and plenty. 
Plants in autumnal Gardens. 

5846
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:33,400
Conveyed a sense of preparation 
and harvest. 

5847
05:13:34,200 --> 05:13:37,600
Evergreen trees and intriguing. 
Architectural elements were 

5848
05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:40,600
included in the design to add 
Beauty and interest even during 

5849
05:13:40,600 --> 05:13:43,700
the winter months. 
Most significantly medieval 

5850
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:46,400
enclosed Gardens, were intended 
to be places for what we might 

5851
05:13:46,400 --> 05:13:50,100
refer to as productive solitude.
These were not places where you 

5852
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,100
could hide from the outside 
world forever, but rather places

5853
05:13:53,100 --> 05:13:56,200
where you could temporarily 
withdraw, regain your emotional 

5854
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:59,200
and mental balance, and then 
resume your daily activities 

5855
05:13:59,200 --> 05:14:01,000
with fresh vitality and 
perspective. 

5856
05:14:01,000 --> 05:14:04,200
Imagine yourself falling asleep 
in your own little enclosed 

5857
05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:06,900
garden with walls. 
That feel protective rather than

5858
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:10,200
limiting and breathing in air 
that is centered with herbs. 

5859
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:12,400
That have been carefully 
selected to encourage relaxation

5860
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:15,600
and tranquility. 
The boundaries of the garden, 

5861
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:18,700
create a perfect little world 
where you can just enjoy being 

5862
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:20,800
in an area, created, 
specifically for your 

5863
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:22,800
well-being. 
When you wake up this morning, 

5864
05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:25,600
you'll find something amazing 
centuries. 

5865
05:14:25,600 --> 05:14:28,500
Before the terms environmental 
aroma therapy were coined 

5866
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:31,900
medieval people were engaging in
a highly developed form of it. 

5867
05:14:32,700 --> 05:14:35,500
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, their 

5868
05:14:35,500 --> 05:14:38,300
Gardens were meticulously 
planned sensory experiences that

5869
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:42,200
used the sense and qualities of 
plants to affect mental physical

5870
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:45,800
and emotional states. 
Medieval Garden, designers Drew 

5871
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:48,600
inspiration from a fascinating 
blend of traditional knowledge 

5872
05:14:48,600 --> 05:14:51,900
passed down through the 
generations, Keen observation 

5873
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:55,500
and what they dubbed, the 
doctrine of signatures, the idea

5874
05:14:55,500 --> 05:14:58,700
that a plants growth patterns 
sent or appearance could reveal 

5875
05:14:58,700 --> 05:15:01,800
its medicinal uses their 
practical outcomes were 

5876
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:04,800
frequently, remarkably effective
even though some of their 

5877
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:08,000
theories now, seemingly 
Antiquated an early morning. 

5878
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:10,500
Stroll through a medieval herb 
garden would reveal what is a 

5879
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:14,600
living Pharmacy but one that has
been created with a psychologist

5880
05:15:14,600 --> 05:15:18,200
awareness of human needs and an 
artist sense of Aesthetics, 

5881
05:15:18,200 --> 05:15:21,500
every plant was placed to 
provide the greatest possible 

5882
05:15:21,500 --> 05:15:25,000
therapeutic benefit to Garden. 
Visitors in addition to ideal 

5883
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,000
growing conditions along, 
Pathways where people would 

5884
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:30,700
naturally brush against it 
chamomile was planted. 

5885
05:15:30,700 --> 05:15:35,900
It has tiny Daisy-like flowers 
and a sweet Apple like scent. 

5886
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:39,500
All the medieval gardeners were 
aware that the aroma of 

5887
05:15:39,500 --> 05:15:43,000
chamomile could reduce anxiety 
and encouraged sound sleep. 

5888
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:47,000
They also recognized that the 
cycle impact was greater when 

5889
05:15:47,000 --> 05:15:49,400
the scent was inadvertently 
inhaled rather than 

5890
05:15:49,400 --> 05:15:52,900
intentionally Something about 
finding a healing sent by 

5891
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:55,600
accident is more potent than 
actively seeking it out. 

5892
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:59,000
In addition to its lovely purple
blooms and unique scent. 

5893
05:15:59,000 --> 05:16:02,900
Lavender was prized in medieval 
Gardens for its incredibly 

5894
05:16:02,900 --> 05:16:06,400
consistent calming properties. 
The biochemistry of how 

5895
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:10,900
lavenders linear lul and linel 
acetate compounds actually slow 

5896
05:16:10,900 --> 05:16:14,500
down nervous system activity was
unknown to Medieval people but 

5897
05:16:14,500 --> 05:16:18,400
they were aware of the effects. 
In order to promote peaceful 

5898
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:22,200
sleep, lavender was planted. 
Close to places where people sat

5899
05:16:22,200 --> 05:16:25,500
along walkways that led to 
private areas and particularly 

5900
05:16:25,500 --> 05:16:29,400
close to Windows in bedrooms, 
lavender's placement, in gardens

5901
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:32,200
demonstrated, a sophisticated 
understanding of scent, 

5902
05:16:32,200 --> 05:16:36,400
dispersal Gardeners planted, 
lavender and sunny locations, 

5903
05:16:36,400 --> 05:16:39,700
where often noon heat would 
optimizes therapeutic benefits 

5904
05:16:39,700 --> 05:16:42,700
because they knew that the plant
releases its strongest 

5905
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:44,500
fragrance, during the warmest 
part of the day. 

5906
05:16:44,500 --> 05:16:47,400
Additionally, they placed 
lavender bushes where people 

5907
05:16:47,400 --> 05:16:49,800
might unintentionally brush 
against the wall strolling 

5908
05:16:49,800 --> 05:16:52,500
because they knew that Bruce 
lavender releases, even more 

5909
05:16:52,500 --> 05:16:54,700
scent, almost like a garden 
guardian. 

5910
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,500
Rosemary was placed close to 
Gates and entrances. 

5911
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:01,500
So that its potent Carmen sent 
could assist guests and shifting

5912
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:04,200
from the disorganized state of 
everyday life to the 

5913
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:07,100
concentrated awareness required 
for appreciating a garden. 

5914
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:10,500
According to contemporary 
research, medieval people, 

5915
05:17:10,500 --> 05:17:12,900
thought, Rosemary improved, 
mental, Clarity and memory. 

5916
05:17:12,900 --> 05:17:16,500
It is true that compounds found 
in Rosemary can enhance 

5917
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:18,100
alertness and cognitive 
function. 

5918
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:22,000
However, this is where the 
genius of medieval garden design

5919
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:24,600
was displayed. 
Rosemary was also planted 

5920
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:27,100
alongside soothing herbs like 
chamomile and lavender. 

5921
05:17:27,900 --> 05:17:30,300
The end effect was a 
well-balanced scent experience 

5922
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:33,200
that could improve mental 
Clarity without causing over 

5923
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:36,800
stimulation or anxiety. 
In these Gardens, you felt more 

5924
05:17:36,800 --> 05:17:39,800
at ease and could think more 
clearly two things that are 

5925
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:43,100
surprisingly hard to combine the
most adaptable medicinal plants 

5926
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:45,100
in medieval Gardens came from 
the mint family. 

5927
05:17:45,100 --> 05:17:48,200
Various mints were used to 
achieve various physical and 

5928
05:17:48,200 --> 05:17:51,000
psychological effects. 
Without the potency of 

5929
05:17:51,000 --> 05:17:54,900
peppermint spearmint provided 
mild digestive support and a 

5930
05:17:54,900 --> 05:17:58,400
revitalizing mental boost. 
The sweeter softer Center of 

5931
05:17:58,400 --> 05:18:00,100
Apple. 
Mint was ideal for unwinding in 

5932
05:18:00,100 --> 05:18:03,500
the evening, in the damp spots. 
Next to garden water features 

5933
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:06,700
where its cooling qualities 
could intensify the revitalizing

5934
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:10,200
effects of flowing water water, 
mint, flourished, medieval 

5935
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:13,200
gardeners also recognized a fact
that contemporary aromatherapy 

5936
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,500
is rediscovering. 
Combinations of plants, rather 

5937
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:19,400
than individual species 
frequently produce the most 

5938
05:18:19,400 --> 05:18:22,600
potent, therapeutic fragrances 
in their Gardens. 

5939
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:25,000
They established what? 
We might refer to as fragrance 

5940
05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:27,400
neighborhoods. 
By assembling plants, whose 

5941
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:30,000
fragrances would complement one 
another and offer supplementary 

5942
05:18:30,000 --> 05:18:33,500
medicinal advantages. 
A standard calming Corner might 

5943
05:18:33,500 --> 05:18:36,500
include rows for emotional, 
support chamomile for mild 

5944
05:18:36,500 --> 05:18:40,000
sedation, lavender for anxiety 
relief and maybe a dash of mint 

5945
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:43,100
for freshness. 
Because each plant releases a 

5946
05:18:43,100 --> 05:18:45,600
different amount of fragrance in
response to temperature and 

5947
05:18:45,600 --> 05:18:48,300
humidity changes. 
These plants would be arranged 

5948
05:18:48,300 --> 05:18:50,900
so that they are distinct sense 
would naturally blend to create 

5949
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:54,900
complex subtle scent experiences
that could change throughout the

5950
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:58,700
day in medieval Garden's roses 
had uses far beyond Aesthetics, 

5951
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:02,200
various types were selected 
based on their distinct scents 

5952
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:05,600
and purported impact on health 
and happiness with their 

5953
05:19:05,600 --> 05:19:09,200
powerful complex scent. 
Damask roses were thought to 

5954
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:12,500
uplift the soul and fortified 
the heart in difficult time, 

5955
05:19:12,500 --> 05:19:16,100
Alba roses were believed to 
promote rational thinking and 

5956
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:19,700
clear mental confusion because 
of their fresher cleaner scent. 

5957
05:19:19,700 --> 05:19:22,700
Roses were planted along 
Pathways that people might walk.

5958
05:19:22,700 --> 05:19:25,700
When resolving difficult 
emotions and medieval rose 

5959
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:28,900
gardens were frequently created 
as emotional support systems. 

5960
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:32,400
The perfect environment for 
processing and healing emotions 

5961
05:19:32,400 --> 05:19:35,200
was created by the combination 
of therapeutic fragrance. 

5962
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:39,800
Lovely visual stimulation and 
Mild physical exercise, medieval

5963
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:42,400
Gardens seasonal, fragrance, 
progression, was thoughtfully 

5964
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:44,200
planned to promote mental, 
well-being? 

5965
05:19:44,200 --> 05:19:47,200
All year long. 
Fresh green fragrances that 

5966
05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:49,800
could alleviate winter 
depression, and promote mental 

5967
05:19:49,800 --> 05:19:52,600
Rejuvenation with a focus of 
spring gardens. 

5968
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:56,400
Early herbs such as young 
Rosemary and mint offered 

5969
05:19:56,400 --> 05:19:59,700
astringent, energizing sense 
that might help dispel the 

5970
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:02,100
mental sluggishness. 
That frequently accompanied the 

5971
05:20:02,108 --> 05:20:05,500
dark months with several plants 
blooming at once to create 

5972
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:07,800
intricate multi-layered scent 
environments. 

5973
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:11,300
Some regards provided, the most 
complete fragrance experience 

5974
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:15,000
is, however, these were 
overpowering sensory attacks 

5975
05:20:15,000 --> 05:20:18,500
medieval gardeners recognized 
the value of restraint and 

5976
05:20:18,500 --> 05:20:20,900
balance. 
There were peaceful spots with 

5977
05:20:20,900 --> 05:20:24,600
delicate sense in even the most 
ornate summer garden places 

5978
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:28,300
where overstimulated sensors 
could relax warming, grounding 

5979
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:31,600
sense from Autumn Garden's. 
Could ease the cycle transition 

5980
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:35,200
to Winter, the rich complex 
sentence of late, blooming 

5981
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:39,100
herbs, such as origami and Sage 
seemed to capture the joy of 

5982
05:20:39,108 --> 05:20:41,900
harvest. 
These plants were frequently 

5983
05:20:41,900 --> 05:20:44,800
placed close to places where 
people could sit and think back 

5984
05:20:44,800 --> 05:20:47,500
on the events of the Year while 
mentally getting ready for the 

5985
05:20:47,508 --> 05:20:50,800
reflective winter months. 
Medieval herb gardens also 

5986
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:53,000
served as therapeutic 
environments for their upkeep 

5987
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:56,600
herb harvesting, required 
methodical slow attention to 

5988
05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:59,500
timing, plant conditions and 
appropriate methods. 

5989
05:21:00,300 --> 05:21:03,500
Spaces filled with concentrated 
fragrances from drying herbs 

5990
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:07,900
could benefit from aromatherapy 
for weeks since Disturbed herb, 

5991
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:09,800
plants released their fragrances
as you worked. 

5992
05:21:09,800 --> 05:21:12,500
Even weeding herb. 
Gardens was more enjoyable than 

5993
05:21:12,500 --> 05:21:15,400
other Garden maintenance. 
The significance of a personal 

5994
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:18,200
connection to medicinal plants 
is another thing that medieval 

5995
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,600
people understood that we are 
still learning about They urged 

5996
05:21:21,600 --> 05:21:25,100
Garden visitors to form bonds 
with individual plants, learning

5997
05:21:25,100 --> 05:21:28,000
about their unique growth, 
patterns best time to harvest 

5998
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:31,600
them and distinctive scent 
patterns, the therapeutic 

5999
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:34,300
effects were enhanced by the 
individualized attention. 

6000
05:21:34,300 --> 05:21:37,800
The benefits of a plant seemed 
to be more potent when you know 

6001
05:21:37,800 --> 05:21:39,500
it. 
Well, imagine yourself 

6002
05:21:39,500 --> 05:21:42,200
surrounded by carefully, 
selected and arranged plants. 

6003
05:21:42,200 --> 05:21:44,800
That will support your health as
evening, descends on your 

6004
05:21:44,800 --> 05:21:48,100
make-believe, medieval herb 
garden, a delicate combination 

6005
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:50,700
of sense. 
Permeate the air calming the 

6006
05:21:50,700 --> 05:21:53,600
stresses of the day and 
preparing your mind for a good 

6007
05:21:53,608 --> 05:21:56,000
night's sleep. 
Every breath brings you 

6008
05:21:56,008 --> 05:21:58,900
compounds that have been used 
for thousands of years to help 

6009
05:21:58,900 --> 05:22:02,400
people find health and peace. 
These compounds were arranged by

6010
05:22:02,408 --> 05:22:05,500
gardeners who realized that 
healing occurs most effectively 

6011
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:07,900
in settings that are beautiful 
and thoughtfully designed. 

6012
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:11,100
You're studying one of the most 
intriguing facets of medieval 

6013
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:14,100
gardening this morning, the 
creation of spaces that have the

6014
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:17,400
power to literally alter human 
perception, through the use of 

6015
05:22:17,408 --> 05:22:21,800
geometric patterns, and symbolic
designs Plants were not arranged

6016
05:22:21,800 --> 05:22:24,500
haphazardly or in accordance 
with contemporary aesthetic 

6017
05:22:24,500 --> 05:22:26,400
standards by medieval Garden 
designers. 

6018
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:30,000
Their work was based on a deep 
understanding of how spiritual 

6019
05:22:30,000 --> 05:22:33,200
awareness and mental state are 
influenced by visual patterns. 

6020
05:22:33,200 --> 05:22:35,200
In the world of the medieval 
people. 

6021
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:38,400
Everything was thought to have 
symbolic, meaning, rather than 

6022
05:22:38,400 --> 05:22:42,200
being merely ornamental choices 
numbers shapes colors, and 

6023
05:22:42,200 --> 05:22:45,700
spatial relationships were seen 
as stepping stones to a greater 

6024
05:22:45,700 --> 05:22:48,600
comprehension of natural, 
Harmony and divine order. 

6025
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:52,700
This symbolic language was 
employed by Garden designers to 

6026
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:55,400
create areas that could lead 
guests to particular spiritual 

6027
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:58,500
encyclical States. 
You would instantly notice the 

6028
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:01,200
sense of balance and Justice. 
That seems to emanate from the 

6029
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:03,200
layout itself. 
If you were to walk into a 

6030
05:23:03,200 --> 05:23:06,500
medieval Garden that was created
using sacred, geometric 

6031
05:23:06,500 --> 05:23:10,500
principles Pathways that follow 
mathematical proportions, found 

6032
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:12,900
in nature. 
The same ratios that are present

6033
05:23:12,900 --> 05:23:17,000
in human bodies, flower petals 
and seashells would entice your 

6034
05:23:17,000 --> 05:23:19,300
attention. 
Your mind would perceive these 

6035
05:23:19,300 --> 05:23:22,600
patterns as essentially, 
reliable and harmonious, even if

6036
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:25,600
you are not familiar with the 
technical specifics, the square 

6037
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:28,600
formed by intersecting Pathways 
into four smaller. 

6038
05:23:28,600 --> 05:23:31,100
Squares was the most popular 
geometric foundation for 

6039
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:34,700
medieval Gardens. 
The four elements earth air, 

6040
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:38,000
Fire and Water, the Four 
Seasons, the four cardinal 

6041
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:40,900
directions, and the four rivers 
of paradise mentioned in 

6042
05:23:40,900 --> 05:23:43,300
biblical texts were all 
represented by this pattern, 

6043
05:23:43,300 --> 05:23:45,800
which is known as a 
quadripartite design. 

6044
05:23:47,000 --> 05:23:48,600
Beyond its symbolic 
significance. 

6045
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,800
However, this design had useful 
psychological effects 

6046
05:23:51,800 --> 05:24:02,000
quadripartite, The overall 
pattern was easy for your mind 

6047
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:04,600
to understand giving you a sense
of control. 

6048
05:24:04,600 --> 05:24:08,200
However, there was space for 
variation and surprise. 

6049
05:24:08,200 --> 05:24:11,200
Within each. 
Quadrant human cycle needs 

6050
05:24:11,200 --> 05:24:14,300
appear to be well served by this
blend of controlled variation 

6051
05:24:14,300 --> 05:24:18,100
and predictable structure. 
Geometrically designed Garden's 

6052
05:24:18,100 --> 05:24:20,900
had Pathways that were more than
just ways to get from one place 

6053
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:23,500
to another. 
They served as what we might 

6054
05:24:23,500 --> 05:24:27,600
refer, to as contemplation 
guides physical objects that by 

6055
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:30,800
merely walking could induce 
meditative States in your mind. 

6056
05:24:31,700 --> 05:24:34,700
Special features such as a 
fountain and a special lovely 

6057
05:24:34,700 --> 05:24:38,000
plant or a religious sculpture 
that encouraged pause and 

6058
05:24:38,000 --> 05:24:41,100
contemplation were frequently 
used to Mark, the intersections 

6059
05:24:41,100 --> 05:24:43,300
where Pathways crossed medieval 
Garden. 

6060
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:45,700
Designers realized something 
that contemporary meditation 

6061
05:24:45,700 --> 05:24:48,800
instructors of rediscovered. 
That beautiful visual 

6062
05:24:48,800 --> 05:24:51,200
stimulation. 
Coupled with repetitive rhythmic

6063
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:54,500
movement can create deeply 
calming and restorative Altered 

6064
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:57,400
States of consciousness. 
Became a kind of moving 

6065
05:24:57,400 --> 05:25:00,100
meditation to follow the 
geometric Paths of a medieval 

6066
05:25:00,100 --> 05:25:03,100
garden with their predictable, 
curves and intersections, 

6067
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:06,400
geometric, Gardens with circular
features had unique cycle. 

6068
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:10,000
Purposes. 
Curved alcoves round fountains 

6069
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:12,700
and circular herb. 
Beds, offered visual respite 

6070
05:25:12,700 --> 05:25:15,500
from the overall geometric 
Frameworks angular precision. 

6071
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:19,400
More significantly. 
However, in medieval symbolic 

6072
05:25:19,400 --> 05:25:21,700
thinking circles, stood for 
wholeness Harmony and 

6073
05:25:21,700 --> 05:25:23,800
perfection. 
It was thought that 

6074
05:25:23,800 --> 05:25:26,300
incorporating circular elements 
into garden design. 

6075
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,300
Would Aid guests in achieving 
spiritual integration and 

6076
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:32,600
psychological wholeness what we 
might refer to as sacred 

6077
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:35,500
proportion systems. 
Mathematical relationships. 

6078
05:25:35,500 --> 05:25:38,800
Thought to reflect Divine 
Harmony were incorporated into 

6079
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:42,700
the most, elaborate medieval 
Gardens the golden ratio which 

6080
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,500
can be found in everything from 
Nautilus shells to sunflower 

6081
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:47,600
seed. 
Spirals was frequently used to 

6082
05:25:47,600 --> 05:25:50,500
establish the connections 
between various Garden sections,

6083
05:25:50,500 --> 05:25:53,600
even when visitors were unable 
to consciously pinpoint. 

6084
05:25:53,600 --> 05:25:56,900
The reason these proportional 
systems produced Gardens that 

6085
05:25:56,900 --> 05:25:59,400
felt enigmatically fulfilling to
experience. 

6086
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:02,900
Your mind would react with a 
sense of calm and righteousness 

6087
05:26:02,900 --> 05:26:05,900
that seem to come from the 
surroundings rather than, from 

6088
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:08,500
any deliberate effort on your 
part, as your eye move through 

6089
05:26:08,500 --> 05:26:11,900
areas that felt harmonious and 
well-balanced geometric. 

6090
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,600
Gardens featured equally complex
color schemes, based on 

6091
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:18,700
observed, psychological effects 
and symbolic association's 

6092
05:26:18,700 --> 05:26:21,500
medieval designers employed, 
what they dubbed, color 

6093
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:25,300
harmonies, White flowers were 
frequently planted in central 

6094
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:28,200
areas or along main routes 
because they symbolized Purity 

6095
05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:31,800
and spiritual illumination. 
Red flowers were placed where 

6096
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,700
their emotional intense could be
appreciated without 

6097
05:26:34,700 --> 05:26:36,700
overpowering. 
The Tranquil atmosphere of the 

6098
05:26:36,700 --> 05:26:40,600
garden symbolizing both Earthly 
passionate and divine love. 

6099
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:43,900
Despite being comparatively 
uncommon, in medieval Garden's 

6100
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:47,300
blue flowers were prized for 
their purported capacity to 

6101
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:51,400
Foster, introspection and 
spiritual understanding They 

6102
05:26:51,400 --> 05:26:54,100
were frequently placed in 
peaceful Nooks or beside 

6103
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:56,000
walkways. 
That led to places of prayer 

6104
05:26:56,000 --> 05:26:59,000
where their calming Hue might 
assist guests in turning, their 

6105
05:26:59,000 --> 05:27:02,500
attention from Material worries,
to spiritual ones, keeping up 

6106
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,800
geometric Gardens was a kind of 
spiritual exercise in and of 

6107
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,400
itself. 
Regular patient attention was 

6108
05:27:08,400 --> 05:27:11,100
necessary to maintain the 
patterns Clarity and accuracy. 

6109
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:14,100
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas frequently. 

6110
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,600
Referred to their labor as a 
kind of meditation or prayer. 

6111
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:19,500
Replanting to maintain color 
Arrangements. 

6112
05:27:19,500 --> 05:27:23,100
Weeding to preserve the clarity 
of planted patterns and trimming

6113
05:27:23,100 --> 05:27:26,300
Hedges to maintain clean. 
Geometric lines, all became 

6114
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:28,900
opportunities to practice. 
The kind of focused attention 

6115
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,700
that medieval people associated 
with Spiritual Development 

6116
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:33,900
geometric. 
Guardians were designed with 

6117
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:37,200
seasonal changes in mind to 
preserve the key patterns while 

6118
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:39,400
offering year-round diversity 
and interest. 

6119
05:27:40,300 --> 05:27:43,400
The linear features of the 
garden such as the bulbs, placed

6120
05:27:43,400 --> 05:27:46,300
along the edge of the pathways 
to produce, clear lines of color

6121
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:48,500
could be highlighted with spring
planting. 

6122
05:27:49,600 --> 05:27:52,800
While keeping their fundamental 
boundaries, some planting could 

6123
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:55,500
fill in the geometric shapes 
with a profusion of growth. 

6124
05:27:55,500 --> 05:27:59,200
Even as their foliage changed 
color, plants that offered 

6125
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:00,800
strong. 
Structural elements, could be 

6126
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:04,000
found in Autumn Garden's. 
In order to maintain the 

6127
05:28:04,000 --> 05:28:06,800
geometric patterns, even when 
the majority of the plants were 

6128
05:28:06,800 --> 05:28:10,500
inactive, Winter Gardens relied 
on Hardscape components and 

6129
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:13,600
Evergreen plants. 
The psychological significance 

6130
05:28:13,600 --> 05:28:15,400
of what we might refer to as 
pattern. 

6131
05:28:15,400 --> 05:28:19,400
Completion was also recognized 
by medieval Garden designers, 

6132
05:28:19,400 --> 05:28:22,900
who produced geometric designs 
that encouraged guests to 

6133
05:28:22,900 --> 05:28:26,000
actively perceive the patterns, 
rather than merely passively 

6134
05:28:26,000 --> 05:28:29,100
observing them. 
The entire geometric pattern, 

6135
05:28:29,100 --> 05:28:31,900
may not be immediately apparent.
When you first enter a garden 

6136
05:28:31,900 --> 05:28:35,000
instead, you may need to 
navigate through different 

6137
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:37,800
sections and observe the area 
from different perspectives 

6138
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:41,300
before the entire pattern 
becomes clear to you important 

6139
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:44,100
psychological purposes were 
fulfilled by this gradual 

6140
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:47,300
pattern recognition process. 
It was a gentle fulfilling 

6141
05:28:47,300 --> 05:28:49,800
puzzle with a clear solution 
that kept your mind. 

6142
05:28:49,800 --> 05:28:53,200
Active Garden patterns, could be
fully comprehended and 

6143
05:28:53,200 --> 05:28:56,400
appreciated in contrast to the 
intricate and frequently, 

6144
05:28:56,400 --> 05:28:58,700
intractable issues of every day,
medieval life. 

6145
05:28:59,600 --> 05:29:01,900
A sense of emotional and 
intellectual relief, that was 

6146
05:29:01,900 --> 05:29:04,500
hard to find elsewhere, was 
brought on by this experience of

6147
05:29:04,500 --> 05:29:07,800
understanding and completion, 
the geometric garden designs 

6148
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:09,700
symbolic. 
Meaning also gave guests. 

6149
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:13,000
What we might refer to, as 
contemplation Frameworks 

6150
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:16,000
organized approaches to 
considering life's more profound

6151
05:29:16,000 --> 05:29:19,000
issues. 
A garden that is themed around 

6152
05:29:19,000 --> 05:29:21,700
the number four could Inspire 
contemplation of the four 

6153
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:25,100
seasons of spiritual growth. 
The four stages of life or the 

6154
05:29:25,108 --> 05:29:27,500
four virtues through garden 
design. 

6155
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:30,200
These ideas were made tangible 
and approachable rather than 

6156
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,700
being abstract philosophical 
Concepts, geometric, Gardens 

6157
05:29:33,700 --> 05:29:36,900
Maze, and Labyrinth features had
specific psychological purposes.

6158
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:41,100
Since they could engender fear 
rather than Serenity, true. 

6159
05:29:41,100 --> 05:29:44,800
Mazes with their numerous paths 
and dead ends were less 

6160
05:29:44,808 --> 05:29:47,000
prevalent in Serene medal 
Gardens. 

6161
05:29:47,900 --> 05:29:51,300
But because of their meditative 
properties, labyrinths single 

6162
05:29:51,300 --> 05:29:53,300
path patterns that wound in 
intricate. 

6163
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:56,300
Yet, predictable ways toward a 
central goal were, well, liked, 

6164
05:29:56,300 --> 05:29:59,300
it took just the right amount of
mental focus to navigate, 

6165
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:02,900
elaborate keeping your conscious
mind busy while allowing deeper 

6166
05:30:02,900 --> 05:30:06,900
levels of awareness to emerge. 
What medieval people referred to

6167
05:30:06,908 --> 05:30:10,300
as contemplative prayer? 
And what we might recognize as a

6168
05:30:10,308 --> 05:30:13,300
type of walking meditation were 
made possible by the rhythmic 

6169
05:30:13,300 --> 05:30:15,700
movement and the visual interest
of the winding path. 

6170
05:30:15,700 --> 05:30:19,800
What medieval designers referred
to as Paradise features elements

6171
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:23,000
created specially to evoke the 
biblical Garden of Eden or other

6172
05:30:23,000 --> 05:30:27,100
sacred Landscapes were found in 
the most ornate geometric Garden

6173
05:30:27,100 --> 05:30:29,200
Gardens. 
These could include particular 

6174
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:32,300
plant combinations mentioned in 
religious texts or fountains 

6175
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:34,300
arranged to form the four rivers
of paradise. 

6176
05:30:35,300 --> 05:30:38,200
However, even these highly 
symbolic components were 

6177
05:30:38,200 --> 05:30:41,200
incorporated into designs that 
placed more emphasis on 

6178
05:30:41,200 --> 05:30:44,300
psychological calm and comfort 
than on Purely symbolic 

6179
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:46,500
accuracy. 
Observe how the Shadows 

6180
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:49,900
highlight the patterns that lead
your eye and mind to peace as 

6181
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:53,100
evening lights, starts to slope 
across your imagine geometric 

6182
05:30:53,100 --> 05:30:55,800
Garden. 
Lines of light and Shadow reveal

6183
05:30:55,800 --> 05:30:58,800
mathematical relationships, that
appeared abstract during the day

6184
05:30:58,800 --> 05:31:01,700
serving as a reminder that the 
same principles that give 

6185
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:05,100
flowers and seashells their 
beauty also influence the areas 

6186
05:31:05,100 --> 05:31:08,300
where people can find the most 
Tranquility as our tour of 

6187
05:31:08,300 --> 05:31:10,100
medieval Guardians, comes to an 
entite. 

6188
05:31:10,100 --> 05:31:13,400
You find yourself sitting in a 
garden that reflects all we have

6189
05:31:13,400 --> 05:31:16,600
learned together? 
Place where Noble sophistication

6190
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:20,100
meets Monastery wisdom, which 
geometric Precision Embraces 

6191
05:31:20,100 --> 05:31:23,000
natural beauty and where each 
element has been thoughtfully. 

6192
05:31:23,000 --> 05:31:26,700
Chosen to Foster human piece. 
The surrounding Garden is a 

6193
05:31:26,700 --> 05:31:29,400
representation of centuries 
worth of knowledge about what 

6194
05:31:29,400 --> 05:31:32,000
people require in order to 
flourish spiritually and 

6195
05:31:32,000 --> 05:31:34,400
emotionally. 
Despite lacking access to 

6196
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:37,400
contemporary psychology 
textbooks and environmental 

6197
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:39,800
science. 
Research, medieval Garden 

6198
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:43,100
designers, created methods and 
ideas that are still remarkably 

6199
05:31:43,100 --> 05:31:46,100
successful today. 
The gardens were more than just 

6200
05:31:46,100 --> 05:31:48,900
lovely settings. 
They were therapeutic Havens, 

6201
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:51,800
designed by individuals, who 
recognize the power of outward 

6202
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:53,600
Beauty to alter inner 
experience. 

6203
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:56,700
You can see how every element 
we've come across during our 

6204
05:31:56,700 --> 05:31:59,200
exploration fulfill several 
functions at once? 

6205
05:31:59,900 --> 05:32:03,400
In addition to offering physical
security, the wall surrounding 

6206
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:06,100
these Gardens establish 
psychological barriers, that 

6207
05:32:06,100 --> 05:32:09,200
help your mind focus on the Here
and Now, rather than constantly 

6208
05:32:09,200 --> 05:32:10,500
looking for threats in the 
future. 

6209
05:32:12,100 --> 05:32:14,800
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, the 

6210
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:17,300
geometric Pathways lead your 
body through soft. 

6211
05:32:17,300 --> 05:32:20,900
Rhythmic motion that naturally 
create meditative States, in 

6212
05:32:20,900 --> 05:32:24,400
addition to producing beautiful 
sounds and visual interest, the 

6213
05:32:24,400 --> 05:32:27,400
water features, we have found 
off the psychological advantages

6214
05:32:27,400 --> 05:32:31,900
of being near flowing water such
as in enhanced Focus, lowered, 

6215
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:35,000
stress, hormones. 
And that inexplicable feeling of

6216
05:32:35,000 --> 05:32:37,600
Rejuvenation that people seem to
experience when they are near 

6217
05:32:37,608 --> 05:32:41,300
Water, Despite their ignorance 
of negative ions. 

6218
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:43,800
And the neurological effects of 
specific sound frequencies. 

6219
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:47,500
Medieval people noticed that 
people felt better when they 

6220
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:50,500
were near flowing water. 
So they plan their Garden's 

6221
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:53,600
accordingly, perhaps the most 
advanced knowledge of all can be

6222
05:32:53,608 --> 05:32:56,100
found in the plant choices. 
Made for medieval Garden's. 

6223
05:32:56,800 --> 05:32:59,200
These gardeners were aware of 
the sense that could reduce 

6224
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:03,600
anxiety enhanced mental Clarity 
and facilitate the shift from 

6225
05:33:03,600 --> 05:33:06,700
wakefulness to sleep. 
They selected plants that would 

6226
05:33:06,700 --> 05:33:09,300
offer the appropriate sensory 
experience during the seasons 

6227
05:33:09,300 --> 05:33:11,600
when people most needed them 
because they were aware of 

6228
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:14,400
seasonal psychology, perhaps 
more significantly, though, 

6229
05:33:14,400 --> 05:33:16,800
medieval Garden designers, 
recognize that peace. 

6230
05:33:16,800 --> 05:33:20,200
Is more than simply the absence 
of stress or conflict something,

6231
05:33:20,200 --> 05:33:23,600
we occasionally overlooked in 
our contemporary World, true. 

6232
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,300
Peace is a positive state that 
must be actively created and 

6233
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:28,500
maintained through careful, 
attention to environment 

6234
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:31,800
relationships. 
And daily practices, mediaeval 

6235
05:33:31,800 --> 05:33:33,300
Gardens, were intended to 
promote. 

6236
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,900
Peace each component combined to
help guests transition from 

6237
05:33:36,900 --> 05:33:39,500
whatever state they were in to 
one of true, peace and 

6238
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:42,700
rejuvenation. 
Without strain or effort, the 

6239
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:45,000
shift occurred, gradually and 
organically. 

6240
05:33:45,900 --> 05:33:48,600
Simply by spending time in a 
thoughtfully designed setting, 

6241
05:33:48,600 --> 05:33:51,200
you would find that your natural
ability for peace, would 

6242
05:33:51,200 --> 05:33:54,500
reassert itself, and that the 
tensions and worries of the day 

6243
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:58,000
would dissolve as you entered. 
These Gardens medieval Garden 

6244
05:33:58,000 --> 05:34:00,500
maintenance ideas. 
Also contained Timeless lessons.

6245
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:04,800
These areas were cared for with 
love patience and what the 

6246
05:34:04,800 --> 05:34:06,800
medievals referred to as right 
intention. 

6247
05:34:06,800 --> 05:34:09,900
The desire to bring about 
healing and Beauty rather than 

6248
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:13,700
efficiency or maximum output. 
The gardeners who cared for 

6249
05:34:13,700 --> 05:34:16,000
these areas were aware that 
their own mental States during 

6250
05:34:16,000 --> 05:34:17,500
work, had an impact on the 
outcome. 

6251
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:22,100
Compared to Gardens tended with 
meditative care Gardens tended 

6252
05:34:22,100 --> 05:34:23,900
with hurried frustration felt 
different. 

6253
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:28,300
This idea applies to all facets 
of creating tranquil spaces not 

6254
05:34:28,300 --> 05:34:30,800
just gardening. 
Beyond just physical 

6255
05:34:30,800 --> 05:34:33,000
Arrangements, the energy and 
intention. 

6256
05:34:33,000 --> 05:34:35,100
We put into any space making 
activity. 

6257
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,600
Whether we're setting up a room 
cooking or just planning our 

6258
05:34:38,600 --> 05:34:42,600
daily schedule influences. 
The outcome important lessons 

6259
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:45,000
about the interplay between 
structure and freedom will 

6260
05:34:45,000 --> 05:34:49,300
imparted by medieval Garden's. 
They weren't wild unruly places 

6261
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,600
but they all went strict or 
repressive. 

6262
05:34:51,600 --> 05:34:55,600
They offered Dependable Beauty 
well-defined boundaries and 

6263
05:34:55,600 --> 05:34:58,600
predictable patterns, but there 
was also space for growth 

6264
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:03,800
surprise and organic variation. 
Human psychological well-being, 

6265
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:07,100
appears to depend on this 
harmony between spontaneity and 

6266
05:35:07,100 --> 05:35:10,500
order in our contemporary world.
We frequently vacillate between 

6267
05:35:10,500 --> 05:35:13,200
two extremes, either. 
We give up on structure, 

6268
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:17,000
completely and hope that freedom
alone will bring peace or we 

6269
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:19,900
attempt to control every element
of our surrounding and schedule.

6270
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:23,500
Medieval Garden's offer a 
compromise, building pillars, 

6271
05:35:23,500 --> 05:35:26,000
that support. 
Rather than impede our innate 

6272
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:27,200
ability to be happy and 
peaceful. 

6273
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:30,300
Another Timeless lesson is 
provided by the seasonal 

6274
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:32,800
awareness incorporated into 
medieval garden design. 

6275
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:36,000
Recognizing that people have 
different needs at different 

6276
05:35:36,000 --> 05:35:38,700
times and Seasons. 
These Gardens were created to 

6277
05:35:38,700 --> 05:35:42,100
offer a variety of gifts, 
throughout the year. after long 

6278
05:35:42,100 --> 05:35:45,900
Winters, when people most needed
encouragement Spring Gardens 

6279
05:35:45,900 --> 05:35:49,600
provided hope and renewal Some 
are Gardens supported the active

6280
05:35:49,600 --> 05:35:51,700
growing season with celebration 
and plenty. 

6281
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:56,100
As the year, came to a close 
Autumn Gardens provided a time 

6282
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:57,600
for contemplation and 
preparation. 

6283
05:35:58,400 --> 05:36:01,200
During the reflective months, 
Winter Gardens, offered 

6284
05:36:01,200 --> 05:36:04,000
structure, and peaceful Beauty. 
The way we think about bringing 

6285
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:06,700
peace into our own lives, may 
change as a result of this 

6286
05:36:06,700 --> 05:36:09,000
seasonal approach to the 
surrounding and activities. 

6287
05:36:09,000 --> 05:36:12,900
We might learn to modify our 
peacemaking techniques to fit 

6288
05:36:12,900 --> 05:36:15,600
with seasonal, psychological 
needs, and natural rhythms, 

6289
05:36:15,600 --> 05:36:18,500
rather than relying on the same 
tactics to function, 

6290
05:36:18,500 --> 05:36:20,000
consistently throughout the 
year. 

6291
05:36:20,000 --> 05:36:23,200
Important insights, can all be 
gained from the social aspects 

6292
05:36:23,200 --> 05:36:26,300
of medieval Garden's? 
These were places intended to 

6293
05:36:26,308 --> 05:36:29,300
Foster both community and 
Solitude, not just private 

6294
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:31,600
Havens. 
They offered gathering places 

6295
05:36:31,600 --> 05:36:34,600
where people could congregate in
lovely, Serene surroundings as 

6296
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:36,900
well as peaceful alcoves, where 
people could find time to 

6297
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:40,500
themselves The Gardens 
demonstrated that fostering an 

6298
05:36:40,500 --> 05:36:43,700
environment free from stress and
conflict is what true pieces all

6299
05:36:43,700 --> 05:36:46,100
about not isolating oneself from
others. 

6300
05:36:46,100 --> 05:36:49,400
Perhaps most importantly, 
medieval Gardens showed that 

6301
05:36:49,400 --> 05:36:52,100
usefulness and Beauty are 
Partners rather than mutually 

6302
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,500
exclusive every lovely feature 
in these Gardens had a 

6303
05:36:55,500 --> 05:36:57,900
functional function as well, 
whether it was to improve 

6304
05:36:57,900 --> 05:37:01,400
growing conditions, Supply, 
medicinal, plants control water 

6305
05:37:01,400 --> 05:37:05,300
flow, or promote, mental 
well-being, and people This 

6306
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:08,800
combination of usefulness and 
Beauty offers ideas for how we 

6307
05:37:08,800 --> 05:37:10,500
could approach. 
All of our life's decisions 

6308
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:14,100
final worth passing down is 
provided by the timing 

6309
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:16,500
principles in grained, in 
medieval garden design. 

6310
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:19,200
Through repeated, exposure to 
thoughtfully. 

6311
05:37:19,200 --> 05:37:22,500
Designed sensory experience's 
these Gardens gradually and 

6312
05:37:22,500 --> 05:37:24,300
gradually worked their calming 
Magic. 

6313
05:37:25,100 --> 05:37:27,400
They were intended to bring 
about the kind of profound 

6314
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:30,700
long-lasting change that occurs 
when people regularly spend time

6315
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:32,500
in settings. 
That encourage their best 

6316
05:37:32,500 --> 05:37:35,600
traits, rather than for 
temporary solutions or instant 

6317
05:37:35,600 --> 05:37:37,800
transformation. 
Imagine yourself carrying 

6318
05:37:37,800 --> 05:37:39,500
forward. 
The fundamental ideas we've 

6319
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:41,900
learned as you get ready to 
leave, this fictional medieval 

6320
05:37:41,900 --> 05:37:46,100
garden and head back to your own
time and place the significance 

6321
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,500
of safety and enclosure the 
ability of natural beauty to 

6322
05:37:49,500 --> 05:37:52,700
alter mood and Consciousness. 
The importance of geometric 

6323
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:54,500
order mixed with Organic 
variety. 

6324
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:58,300
And the fundamental human need 
for areas created especially to 

6325
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:00,900
Foster peace. 
The medieval Garden Keepers, had

6326
05:38:00,900 --> 05:38:03,100
a profound understanding 
establishing. 

6327
05:38:03,100 --> 05:38:05,900
Peace, in particular locations 
is the first step toward 

6328
05:38:05,900 --> 05:38:08,900
establishing peace globally and 
people naturally become more 

6329
05:38:08,900 --> 05:38:10,600
peaceful. 
When they regularly have access 

6330
05:38:10,600 --> 05:38:14,500
to truly peaceful settings. 
Gardens were investments in 

6331
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:18,500
human potential areas created to
support individuals, in becoming

6332
05:38:18,500 --> 05:38:21,900
the most Serene, astute and 
affection of versions of 

6333
05:38:21,900 --> 05:38:25,900
themselves, the center of 
medieval lavender, the sound of 

6334
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:29,300
water, gently trickling through 
Stone channels and the 

6335
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:32,300
Fulfillment that comes from 
spending time in places, created

6336
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:36,300
with unending attention to human
flourishing should all accompany

6337
05:38:36,300 --> 05:38:37,700
you as you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

6338
05:38:38,700 --> 05:38:41,500
Even though these Gardens are 
only in our imaginations right 

6339
05:38:41,500 --> 05:38:45,000
now, anyone who wants to bring 
Beauty order and peace to their 

6340
05:38:45,000 --> 05:38:47,700
own region of the world can 
always benefit from their 

6341
05:38:47,700 --> 05:38:50,400
wisdom, some human experiences 
Beauty. 

6342
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:54,100
Peace, the healing power of 
well-kept gardens transcend, 

6343
05:38:54,100 --> 05:38:56,800
time and connect us across, 
centuries to the basic needs and

6344
05:38:56,800 --> 05:39:00,200
joys that make us human these 
bells that called medieval 

6345
05:39:00,200 --> 05:39:03,300
people to prayer ring One Last 
Time across your imagined 

6346
05:39:03,300 --> 05:39:05,200
landscape. 
But they are not calling you to 

6347
05:39:05,200 --> 05:39:08,400
any specific religious practice 
dream, sweet dreams in your 

6348
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:18,400
peaceful garden. 
Imagine that you're in a warm 

6349
05:39:18,408 --> 05:39:21,000
bed with an electric blanket 
that is quietly humming. 

6350
05:39:21,800 --> 05:39:24,500
The temperature in your home is 
a perfect 72 degrees. 

6351
05:39:25,400 --> 05:39:28,000
Now picture taking away, 
everything like the temperature,

6352
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:31,900
the warm air circulating through
the vents and any electrical 

6353
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:34,400
parts. 
Welcome to a Victorian winter 

6354
05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:36,600
night, where the challenge of 
staying alive. 

6355
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:40,100
Until morning was not so much 
about being cozy, as it was 

6356
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:42,200
about avoiding becoming a human 
icicle. 

6357
05:39:42,900 --> 05:39:45,300
Some might say that, Victorian 
families, were tougher than 

6358
05:39:45,300 --> 05:39:47,100
ours. 
And there were times when they 

6359
05:39:47,100 --> 05:39:49,900
were However, they were not 
superhuman. 

6360
05:39:49,900 --> 05:39:52,500
They just found creative ways to
stay warm. 

6361
05:39:52,500 --> 05:39:54,600
That would make current safety 
inspectors faint. 

6362
05:39:55,800 --> 05:39:59,500
Over the course of the 1800s. 
Jack frosted more than just nip 

6363
05:39:59,500 --> 05:40:01,800
at noses. 
He made himself at home for the 

6364
05:40:01,808 --> 05:40:05,400
winter in the 1800s. 
The average Victorian home used 

6365
05:40:05,400 --> 05:40:07,800
about as little energy as a 
submarine screen door. 

6366
05:40:08,400 --> 05:40:11,900
That kind of big room with high 
ceilings that look so classy and

6367
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:14,500
period. 
Dramas They were Monsters, the 

6368
05:40:14,500 --> 05:40:16,600
eight heat. 
It would get warm up to those 

6369
05:40:16,600 --> 05:40:19,900
fancy carvings and stay there. 
Making everyone below shiver 

6370
05:40:19,900 --> 05:40:21,700
like a bunch of chihuahuas in 
the snow. 

6371
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:25,300
A single pane of glass could 
have been made of paper, because

6372
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:28,900
it kept out so much cold. 
But this is where Victorian 

6373
05:40:28,900 --> 05:40:32,300
creativity came in handy. 
These families didn't just put 

6374
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:34,500
up with it. 
They came up with a huge number 

6375
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:37,200
of ways to stay warm that would 
make current survivalists look 

6376
05:40:37,200 --> 05:40:39,800
weak. 
In our climate controlled World,

6377
05:40:39,800 --> 05:40:41,700
they understood that merely 
turning up. 

6378
05:40:41,700 --> 05:40:43,900
The heat isn't the only way to 
stay warm. 

6379
05:40:43,900 --> 05:40:47,100
You also need to utilize 
available resources and think 

6380
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,400
creatively. 
In Victorian times, most family 

6381
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:52,900
started getting ready for 
winter, like they were getting 

6382
05:40:52,900 --> 05:40:56,700
ready for battle in October, 
they would start the great move 

6383
05:40:56,700 --> 05:41:00,700
but not to warmer places. 
Instead they would go to warmer 

6384
05:41:00,700 --> 05:41:03,100
rooms in their own homes, in the
summer. 

6385
05:41:03,100 --> 05:41:06,300
The lobby would be empty. 
Like a ghost town and everyone 

6386
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:08,900
would cram into the room with 
the best fireplace or stove. 

6387
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:12,600
The kitchen turned into mission 
control for staying alive in the

6388
05:41:12,600 --> 05:41:14,700
winter. 
Not only because that's where 

6389
05:41:14,700 --> 05:41:17,800
the food was made, but also 
because the cast, iron range was

6390
05:41:17,808 --> 05:41:22,200
basically a small fire that 
cooked food, In Victorian times 

6391
05:41:22,200 --> 05:41:25,400
smart mums would bake during the
coolest parts of the day so that

6392
05:41:25,400 --> 05:41:26,900
the bread would heat the whole 
family. 

6393
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:30,300
For hours, the oven would stay 
on warming, the room and making 

6394
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:31,900
something beneficial at the same
time. 

6395
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:35,500
In terms of being useful, 
nothing was thrown away when it 

6396
05:41:35,508 --> 05:41:38,600
was used for making Heat. 
Instead of going down the drain 

6397
05:41:38,600 --> 05:41:41,000
the hot water used to wash 
dishes would sit in tubs around 

6398
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:44,700
the room and slowly warm the 
air, even the family dog made 

6399
05:41:44,700 --> 05:41:46,400
money as a living breathing 
Footwear. 

6400
05:41:47,700 --> 05:41:49,800
By December. 
He was everyone's best friend. 

6401
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:52,700
Families would sit around the 
kitchen table for everything. 

6402
05:41:52,700 --> 05:41:55,200
Not just meals, they would do 
their chores. 

6403
05:41:55,200 --> 05:41:58,900
So read and even do their 
Dentistry if Uncle Herbert had 

6404
05:41:58,900 --> 05:42:00,400
been putting off that toothache 
again. 

6405
05:42:02,000 --> 05:42:04,200
The kitchen table turned into 
the family's main meeting. 

6406
05:42:04,200 --> 05:42:07,700
Place a place where people could
hang out and a safe place to be.

6407
05:42:08,600 --> 05:42:11,900
the real test though came at 
night, when the sun went down 

6408
05:42:11,900 --> 05:42:15,800
and the temperature dropped even
more, that's when Victorian 

6409
05:42:15,800 --> 05:42:18,900
families had to make a choice. 
Do they try to heat the bedrooms

6410
05:42:18,900 --> 05:42:21,700
or just accept that going to 
sleep as like going on an Arctic

6411
05:42:21,700 --> 05:42:24,300
hike? 
Most chose the second option 

6412
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:27,200
resulting in inventive 
solutions, that would make your 

6413
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:29,800
great grandmother proud and your
heating bill envious. 

6414
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:33,800
In a Victorian home, the evening
routine, began hours before 

6415
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:36,300
anyone went to sleep. 
It was kind of like getting 

6416
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:39,700
ready for a Siege but with a lot
more flannel and a lot fewer 

6417
05:42:39,700 --> 05:42:42,000
guns from the youngest child to 
the family. 

6418
05:42:42,000 --> 05:42:44,600
Father everyone had a part to 
play in the big project of 

6419
05:42:44,600 --> 05:42:47,400
keeping warm every night. 
One could presume that Victorian

6420
05:42:47,400 --> 05:42:49,000
families. 
Endured the cold in their 

6421
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,300
separate bedrooms. 
Each member confronting the 

6422
05:42:51,300 --> 05:42:55,800
chill in isolation like thermal 
martyrs But you'd be wrong and 

6423
05:42:55,800 --> 05:42:58,300
that's a good thing as that 
would have been a recipe for 

6424
05:42:58,300 --> 05:43:00,800
disaster, that even Charles 
Dickens wouldn't wish on his 

6425
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:04,500
worst characters. 
Victorian households innovated 

6426
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:08,000
what could be termed? 
Strategic bedroom consolidation,

6427
05:43:08,000 --> 05:43:12,300
consider the antithesis of 
social isolation aimed at 

6428
05:43:12,300 --> 05:43:15,300
survival rather than indulging 
in Netflix consumption. 

6429
05:43:16,300 --> 05:43:19,400
When temperatures fell below 
tolerable levels, the family 

6430
05:43:19,400 --> 05:43:22,000
would forsake their dispersed 
summer, sleeping arrangements 

6431
05:43:22,000 --> 05:43:25,500
and convene for a substantial 
slumber party in the room that 

6432
05:43:25,500 --> 05:43:29,200
retained heat most effectively. 
The master bedroom, typically 

6433
05:43:29,200 --> 05:43:32,600
the most spacious and therefore 
the warmest transformed into a 

6434
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:35,200
shelter for family members 
Escaping The Frigid conditions 

6435
05:43:35,200 --> 05:43:39,100
of their individual quarters. 
Parents often share not only 

6436
05:43:39,108 --> 05:43:41,900
their bed but also their entire 
bedroom with children, 

6437
05:43:41,900 --> 05:43:45,700
grandparents and occasionally, 
the family cat, which has an 

6438
05:43:45,700 --> 05:43:48,300
extraordinary talent for 
occupying the hottest Spot, 

6439
05:43:48,300 --> 05:43:52,200
while maximizing area usage, 
this practice extended Beyond 

6440
05:43:52,200 --> 05:43:55,400
mere body heat although that was
certainly advantageous. 

6441
05:43:56,300 --> 05:43:59,500
Focus was on concentrating, all 
heating efforts in a single area

6442
05:43:59,500 --> 05:44:02,200
rather than attempting to warm 
the entire house. 

6443
05:44:03,000 --> 05:44:06,000
Consider it akin to indoor 
camping or be it with greater 

6444
05:44:06,000 --> 05:44:07,400
decorum and far superior 
bedding. 

6445
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:10,800
The evening migration would 
commence around dinner time. 

6446
05:44:10,800 --> 05:44:15,000
Initially the warming pans would
be retrieved these clever copper

6447
05:44:15,000 --> 05:44:17,300
or brass devices. 
Resembling a frying pan with a 

6448
05:44:17,300 --> 05:44:21,300
cover and an extended handle. 
One would load them with hot 

6449
05:44:21,300 --> 05:44:24,400
coals or heated Stones, then 
insert them between the sheets 

6450
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:26,300
to mitigate the fridge of the 
bedding. 

6451
05:44:27,100 --> 05:44:29,900
It resembled a rudimentary 
heating pad but it could 

6452
05:44:29,900 --> 05:44:32,300
potentially ignite your 
residence if not handled with 

6453
05:44:32,300 --> 05:44:34,700
caution. 
Children, alternated in 

6454
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:37,800
transporting these warming 
pounds from bed to bed, a task 

6455
05:44:37,808 --> 05:44:41,300
that encompassed elements of 
Duty Adventure, and the 

6456
05:44:41,300 --> 05:44:43,100
challenge of preventing a fire 
hazard. 

6457
05:44:43,100 --> 05:44:46,300
In the household, the warming 
pan procession was a matter of 

6458
05:44:46,300 --> 05:44:49,200
great importance to sink rise 
properly. 

6459
05:44:49,200 --> 05:44:52,200
And an individual would discover
themselves in a bed that was 

6460
05:44:52,200 --> 05:44:55,600
either still frigate or bore 
actual burn marks on the Linens.

6461
05:44:56,500 --> 05:44:59,000
The warming pans were only the 
initial step in the process. 

6462
05:45:00,000 --> 05:45:01,800
True protagonists of Victorian 
bedtime. 

6463
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:04,800
Warmth were the hot water 
bottles, although referring to 

6464
05:45:04,800 --> 05:45:08,100
them as bottles as charitable. 
These were often composed of 

6465
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:12,000
stone ceramic or subsequently 
Rubber and they retained heat to

6466
05:45:12,000 --> 05:45:15,400
kin to little thermal batteries.
Families would operate several 

6467
05:45:15,400 --> 05:45:18,400
bottles, simultaneously, 
creating a continuous production

6468
05:45:18,400 --> 05:45:22,000
line of warm comfort that 
necessitated Precision like that

6469
05:45:22,000 --> 05:45:25,200
of a Swiss timepiece one would 
heat water on the stove 

6470
05:45:25,200 --> 05:45:29,300
meticulously fill the bottles 
without inflicting Burns in case

6471
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:32,100
them in flannel to avert 
schooling and subsequently 

6472
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:34,500
distribute them across the bed 
as comforting warmers. 

6473
05:45:34,500 --> 05:45:36,100
You would have one for your 
feet. 

6474
05:45:36,100 --> 05:45:40,200
One for your torso and perhaps 
one to embrace if you filtered 

6475
05:45:41,200 --> 05:45:44,000
It felt like sleeping with a 
small army of a warm companions 

6476
05:45:44,000 --> 05:45:46,700
each gradually releasing heat 
throughout the night. 

6477
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:50,200
The astute families would Heat, 
their hot water bottles in 

6478
05:45:50,208 --> 05:45:53,900
succession boil, water to 
achieve optimal initial heat. 

6479
05:45:53,900 --> 05:45:57,700
There are after, as the first 
bottles, prepare a second one 

6480
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:01,400
for immediate use. 
By morning, you may find three 

6481
05:46:01,400 --> 05:46:04,200
or four tepid bottles strewn 
around the bed like thermal 

6482
05:46:04,200 --> 05:46:07,100
casualties yet, you would have 
remained warm throughout the 

6483
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:09,800
night. 
Subsequently there came the 

6484
05:46:09,808 --> 05:46:12,500
bricks. 
Yes they were real bricks. 

6485
05:46:12,500 --> 05:46:16,100
Victorian families would heat 
standard construction bricks in 

6486
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:20,000
the oven or by the fire in case 
them in towels or flannel and 

6487
05:46:20,000 --> 05:46:23,300
utilize them as bed. 
Warmers These items retained 

6488
05:46:23,300 --> 05:46:26,100
heat, exceptionally well, and 
could maintain warmth for your 

6489
05:46:26,108 --> 05:46:29,200
feet for hours. 
What are the drawbacks? 

6490
05:46:30,100 --> 05:46:32,500
If you shifted improperly during
sleep, you may awaken with 

6491
05:46:32,500 --> 05:46:34,700
contusions resembling bricks on 
your shins. 

6492
05:46:34,700 --> 05:46:37,800
However, at least they would be 
warm contusions. 

6493
05:46:38,900 --> 05:46:41,000
The bed-sharing arrangements 
became rather Innovative as 

6494
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:43,200
well. 
Children would be organized by 

6495
05:46:43,200 --> 05:46:46,900
size and thermal output. 
The warmest positioned centrally

6496
05:46:46,900 --> 05:46:50,500
with the tiniest nestled between
their siblings filling in a 

6497
05:46:50,500 --> 05:46:54,400
human heat sound, which parents 
would act as external barriers 

6498
05:46:54,400 --> 05:46:57,100
preventing the children from 
rolling out and providing the 

6499
05:46:57,100 --> 05:46:58,500
initial defense against the 
Chile. 

6500
05:46:58,500 --> 05:47:02,400
Are that invariably infiltrated?
Even the thickest blanket, if 

6501
05:47:02,400 --> 05:47:04,600
you've wondered why your 
grandmother loved flannel, 

6502
05:47:04,600 --> 05:47:07,300
you're about to learn Victorian.
Textile strategy. 

6503
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:11,800
These families, sleep systems 
for heat, retention with flannel

6504
05:47:11,800 --> 05:47:16,100
as their secret weapon. 
Discuss flannel first, this was 

6505
05:47:16,100 --> 05:47:18,700
not the mall star flannel. 
That looks like fluffy paper. 

6506
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:22,600
Victorian flannel was strong and
durable like medieval armor. 

6507
05:47:23,600 --> 05:47:26,600
Wearing a vintage flannel. 
Nightgown was thermal Warfare. 

6508
05:47:26,600 --> 05:47:30,700
Not just a bedtime routine. 
Modern outdoor enthusiasts would

6509
05:47:30,700 --> 05:47:34,200
envy the layering system. 
Start with the flannel Shamira 

6510
05:47:34,200 --> 05:47:36,900
undershirt, then a nightgown and
possibly addressing robe. 

6511
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:39,600
You looked like a mobile, 
textile experiment. 

6512
05:47:39,600 --> 05:47:42,700
Once you addressed for bed, the 
main goal was to be a warm 

6513
05:47:42,700 --> 05:47:47,400
movable textile experiment, 
which you achieved Women's 

6514
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:49,200
nightgowns were technical 
Marvels. 

6515
05:47:49,200 --> 05:47:53,100
These gowns had more fabric than
modern bridal gowns with long 

6516
05:47:53,100 --> 05:47:56,300
sleeves that could cover the 
hands high neck lines that reach

6517
05:47:56,300 --> 05:48:00,300
the chin and a large skirt that 
could fit a small family One of 

6518
05:48:00,308 --> 05:48:02,800
these flannel fortresses wraps, 
you like a toasty tent. 

6519
05:48:02,800 --> 05:48:06,300
When you lie down, however, 
creating the bed was the real 

6520
05:48:06,300 --> 05:48:09,800
highlight Victorian beds with 
thermal systems designed to 

6521
05:48:09,800 --> 05:48:12,600
retain heat. 
The base was usually a rope bed 

6522
05:48:12,600 --> 05:48:15,700
or metal Springs with a straw or
horsehair mattress to insulate, 

6523
05:48:15,700 --> 05:48:17,900
the cold floor. 
Feather beds. 

6524
05:48:17,900 --> 05:48:22,400
Rivid next Phrase, featherbed, 
conjures up vision of something 

6525
05:48:22,400 --> 05:48:26,000
Airy and delicate, yet. 
Victorian featherbeds will like 

6526
05:48:26,000 --> 05:48:29,300
sleeping on a down mattress. 
These items may be six inches, 

6527
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,800
thick and weigh a small person 
you sank into the Featherbed 

6528
05:48:32,800 --> 05:48:35,100
like a warm, lovely cloud when 
you went to bed. 

6529
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:38,100
Fundamentals behind featherbed 
warming. 

6530
05:48:38,100 --> 05:48:41,300
A brilliant. 
Feathers and down created tiny 

6531
05:48:41,300 --> 05:48:43,400
airspaces. 
That kept your body heat close, 

6532
05:48:43,400 --> 05:48:47,600
it was like sleeping in soft, 
comfy insulation, not harsh and 

6533
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:49,900
pink. 
Once comfortable, the feather 

6534
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:52,900
beds, weight kept one 
motionless, which was beneficial

6535
05:48:52,900 --> 05:48:55,900
for heat retention but 
detrimental if one needed to get

6536
05:48:55,900 --> 05:48:59,700
up throughout the night. 
Sheets made of non-cotton were 

6537
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:02,600
laid on the Featherbed. 
Winter bedding was usually made 

6538
05:49:02,600 --> 05:49:05,300
of flannel or linen that had 
been carefully brushed to retain

6539
05:49:05,300 --> 05:49:08,100
heat. 
Some households used wool winter

6540
05:49:08,100 --> 05:49:10,600
bedding, which was harsh yet. 
Comfortable after a 

6541
05:49:10,600 --> 05:49:13,200
climatisation. 
The blankets were the real 

6542
05:49:13,200 --> 05:49:15,600
highlights. 
Victorian families arranged 

6543
05:49:15,600 --> 05:49:17,400
their blankets to resemble a 
winter shelter. 

6544
05:49:18,200 --> 05:49:19,600
Start with a lightweight wool 
blanket. 

6545
05:49:19,600 --> 05:49:22,800
Then a larger one, a quilt, 
another wall blanket. 

6546
05:49:22,800 --> 05:49:26,100
And finally, a large coverlet 
with several layers. 

6547
05:49:27,000 --> 05:49:29,200
Some blanket systems weigh over 
20 pounds. 

6548
05:49:30,100 --> 05:49:32,600
Stepping into the bed was, akin 
to receiving, a warm embrace, 

6549
05:49:32,600 --> 05:49:35,800
from a friendly elephant. 
The layers made Mobility, a 

6550
05:49:35,800 --> 05:49:38,000
theoretical concept rather than 
a practical one. 

6551
05:49:38,000 --> 05:49:40,900
You chose your position 
carefully because changing it 

6552
05:49:40,900 --> 05:49:42,300
would require major building 
work. 

6553
05:49:43,100 --> 05:49:46,500
The weight was useful, not 
decorative, the thick blanket 

6554
05:49:46,500 --> 05:49:50,200
called deep pressure stimulation
which is why weighted blankets 

6555
05:49:50,200 --> 05:49:51,400
are used for anxiety and 
insomnia. 

6556
05:49:53,400 --> 05:49:56,700
Victorian families, accidentally
discovered, the Sleep promoting 

6557
05:49:56,700 --> 05:49:59,800
benefits of many pounds of wool 
and cotton in their mattresses. 

6558
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:05,200
if all else failed bed, curtains
were provided Four poster, beds,

6559
05:50:05,200 --> 05:50:08,800
managed temperature, and were 
status, symbols thick, draperies

6560
05:50:08,800 --> 05:50:11,300
around the bed, created a 
separate sleeping chamber to 

6561
05:50:11,300 --> 05:50:13,900
retain body heat. 
One can create a separate 

6562
05:50:13,900 --> 05:50:16,700
warming chamber, several degrees
warmer than the room by closing 

6563
05:50:16,700 --> 05:50:18,900
the drapes. 
Victorian households last 

6564
05:50:18,900 --> 05:50:20,500
defense against the cold, was 
the bedroom. 

6565
05:50:20,500 --> 05:50:22,700
Whereas, the kitchen was their 
proactive Hub. 

6566
05:50:22,700 --> 05:50:26,300
These homes went beyond meal 
preparation, to strategically 

6567
05:50:26,300 --> 05:50:30,100
use every Cal flame, and unit of
heat, from feeding a household. 

6568
05:50:31,100 --> 05:50:33,800
Your Victorian kitchen, 
resembling a thermal power plant

6569
05:50:33,800 --> 05:50:36,300
regarded dinner as a secondary 
concern. 

6570
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:40,300
The home's heating system relied
on the cast iron range, which 

6571
05:50:40,300 --> 05:50:43,600
burned, wood or cold to heat the
air while baking bread, roasting

6572
05:50:43,600 --> 05:50:47,000
meat and heating water. 
Military tactics were used to 

6573
05:50:47,000 --> 05:50:50,700
schedule meals breakfast fed 
everyone before they left and 

6574
05:50:50,700 --> 05:50:53,200
they started the stove early to 
heat the home as people got 

6575
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:55,700
ready. 
Morning porridge was nutritious 

6576
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:58,500
and filled the cooktop for an 
hour warming. 

6577
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:00,800
The kitchen as the family 
gathered around the table like 

6578
05:51:00,800 --> 05:51:04,500
moths to a welcoming Flame. 
The real magic happened at 

6579
05:51:04,500 --> 05:51:07,300
dinner. 
Victorian mums transformed meals

6580
05:51:07,300 --> 05:51:10,900
into a decorative heat Source. 
The Sunday roast was practical, 

6581
05:51:10,900 --> 05:51:13,900
not routine. 
The kitchen became cozy and 

6582
05:51:13,900 --> 05:51:15,800
provided enough food for 
multiple meals. 

6583
05:51:15,800 --> 05:51:18,300
While a large piece of beef was 
baking in the oven. 

6584
05:51:18,300 --> 05:51:22,300
The leftover heat from roasting 
would be used to make bread heat

6585
05:51:22,300 --> 05:51:24,200
water, or warm the kitchen at 
night. 

6586
05:51:25,500 --> 05:51:29,000
When each lip burner signified 
warmth batch cooking took on new

6587
05:51:29,000 --> 05:51:32,000
meaning families May cook 
multiple dishes at once for 

6588
05:51:32,000 --> 05:51:34,400
convenience and to justify 
burner use. 

6589
05:51:35,000 --> 05:51:37,900
One burner would boil, soup, the
oven would bake. 

6590
05:51:37,900 --> 05:51:41,500
Bread water would heat for 
washing and he might be brewing 

6591
05:51:41,500 --> 05:51:44,500
for beneficial measure. 
While the rest of the house 

6592
05:51:44,500 --> 05:51:47,600
looked like a walk in freezer, 
the kitchen was busy and warm, 

6593
05:51:47,600 --> 05:51:51,100
this suit was the classic. 
Victorian comfort food for more 

6594
05:51:51,100 --> 05:51:55,200
than taste A big pot of soup, 
can simmer for hours, filling, 

6595
05:51:55,200 --> 05:51:57,500
the kitchen with warm, humid, 
air, and warming you. 

6596
05:51:57,500 --> 05:52:01,300
The soups Vapor injected 
dampness in the dry winter air 

6597
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:03,800
warming. 
The space to spike and unaltered

6598
05:52:03,800 --> 05:52:06,500
temperature. 
It looked like a tasty drinkable

6599
05:52:06,500 --> 05:52:10,100
humidifier astute, families 
coordinated, their cooking and 

6600
05:52:10,100 --> 05:52:11,300
heating needs throughout the 
day. 

6601
05:52:12,300 --> 05:52:14,600
Morning baking heated the 
kitchen for breakfast and 

6602
05:52:14,600 --> 05:52:17,800
dressing. 
Midday cooking, warms lunch and 

6603
05:52:17,800 --> 05:52:20,500
preps for afternoon activities 
dinner time. 

6604
05:52:20,500 --> 05:52:22,200
Preparation would warm the 
family gathering. 

6605
05:52:22,900 --> 05:52:26,500
The food plan looked like a 
heating timetable, hot beverages

6606
05:52:26,500 --> 05:52:30,300
became internal heaters. 
Instead of Refreshers tea was a 

6607
05:52:30,300 --> 05:52:34,300
social drink a way to warm 
oneself and a soothing object to

6608
05:52:34,300 --> 05:52:37,100
hold. 
Victorian families, warmed Cups 

6609
05:52:37,100 --> 05:52:40,800
of Tea coffee or hot chocolate 
by wrapping their fingers around

6610
05:52:40,800 --> 05:52:44,300
them, and breathing the steam. 
Families, prepared, hot, spiced 

6611
05:52:44,300 --> 05:52:47,400
cider or wine for Jose a 
survival ritual. 

6612
05:52:48,000 --> 05:52:51,400
The alcohol and spices like 
cinnamon cloves and ginger gave 

6613
05:52:51,400 --> 05:52:55,300
these drinks internal warmth. 
Victoria Medics called it 

6614
05:52:55,300 --> 05:52:58,800
internal warmth. 
A pot was kept warm on the stove

6615
05:52:58,800 --> 05:53:01,400
for hours to make wassail 
boosting the kitchen's heat 

6616
05:53:01,400 --> 05:53:04,400
output. 
Baking became wintry, red 

6617
05:53:04,400 --> 05:53:07,300
making, which requires several 
hours in the oven was conducted 

6618
05:53:07,300 --> 05:53:10,800
during the coldest hours. 
Needing generates heat through 

6619
05:53:10,800 --> 05:53:13,100
physical strain, Rising doe 
demands. 

6620
05:53:13,100 --> 05:53:16,200
A heated atmosphere conveniently
supplied by the kitchen and 

6621
05:53:16,200 --> 05:53:18,200
baking heats the space for 
hours. 

6622
05:53:19,200 --> 05:53:21,900
Many families baked multiple 
loaves at once to justify 

6623
05:53:21,900 --> 05:53:25,500
keeping the oven hot. some 
families even invented thermal 

6624
05:53:25,500 --> 05:53:28,400
cooking, cooking dishes that 
keep cooking and produce heat 

6625
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:31,400
after being removed from the 
stove, pot roast, or stew would 

6626
05:53:31,400 --> 05:53:34,300
start on the fire and then 
simmer in a warm kitchen area, 

6627
05:53:34,300 --> 05:53:38,400
releasing Heat It evolved into a
supper from a portable warmer, 

6628
05:53:38,400 --> 05:53:41,800
the kitchen became the family's 
unofficial winter living space. 

6629
05:53:41,800 --> 05:53:45,100
The warmth inevitably prompted 
socializing Beyond cooking 

6630
05:53:45,900 --> 05:53:48,800
Children did their homework at 
the kitchen table Elders, read 

6631
05:53:48,800 --> 05:53:51,100
and mended and the family talked
in the evening. 

6632
05:53:52,000 --> 05:53:54,600
The stoves constant heat in the 
warmth of family. 

6633
05:53:54,600 --> 05:53:57,000
Gatherings made the kitchen 
table, the center of winter 

6634
05:53:57,000 --> 05:53:59,500
Family Life. 
Victorian families were 

6635
05:53:59,500 --> 05:54:03,000
Geniuses, they turned themselves
into human heating systems 

6636
05:54:03,000 --> 05:54:04,600
without comprehending the 
science. 

6637
05:54:05,500 --> 05:54:08,100
These people used medieval 
knowledge but got findings, that

6638
05:54:08,100 --> 05:54:10,600
would impress modern 
thermodynamic specialists? 

6639
05:54:11,500 --> 05:54:14,000
The Victorian approached a body 
heat management was simple. 

6640
05:54:14,000 --> 05:54:16,700
He yourself if you can't heat 
the air. 

6641
05:54:17,700 --> 05:54:20,600
This led to brilliant and 
dangerous answers frequently 

6642
05:54:20,600 --> 05:54:24,000
within the same home exercise 
became about internal 

6643
05:54:24,000 --> 05:54:27,900
combustion, rather than Fitness.
Victorian households engaged in 

6644
05:54:27,900 --> 05:54:30,800
warming activities before bed 
time which were practical 

6645
05:54:30,800 --> 05:54:34,500
exercises that stimulated blood 
circulation, rather than jumping

6646
05:54:34,500 --> 05:54:37,800
jacks or yoga poses. 
Women May brush their hair 

6647
05:54:37,800 --> 05:54:41,200
harder males, May chop, more 
firewood and youngsters may play

6648
05:54:41,200 --> 05:54:44,600
more active games in doors. 
The idea wasn't to sweat, but to

6649
05:54:44,600 --> 05:54:48,300
heat your internal furnace for 
the night, Victorian thermal 

6650
05:54:48,300 --> 05:54:52,000
science excelled in garments. 
Modern outdoor lovers would envy

6651
05:54:52,000 --> 05:54:55,400
this family's layering skills. 
They understood loose layers 

6652
05:54:55,400 --> 05:54:57,200
held more warm air than tight 
ones. 

6653
05:54:57,200 --> 05:55:00,100
Natural Fabrics like wool and 
cotton breathed. 

6654
05:55:00,100 --> 05:55:02,300
Better than synthetic materials 
though. 

6655
05:55:02,300 --> 05:55:05,100
They didn't know why and 
covering your extremities was 

6656
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:08,600
essential for Core Body warmth. 
It was an advanced undergarment 

6657
05:55:08,600 --> 05:55:10,800
game. 
Long underwear was the warming 

6658
05:55:10,800 --> 05:55:12,900
systems base. 
Not merely for show. 

6659
05:55:14,100 --> 05:55:16,900
Victorian long johns were 
constructed of wool or cotton 

6660
05:55:16,900 --> 05:55:20,600
flannel to trap, warm air 
adjacent to your skin and Wick 

6661
05:55:20,600 --> 05:55:21,000
away. 
Moisture. 

6662
05:55:22,100 --> 05:55:25,300
Women's and men's undershirts 
created a microclimate 

6663
05:55:25,300 --> 05:55:28,500
undergarments. 
True invention was strategic 

6664
05:55:28,500 --> 05:55:30,800
warming. 
The Victorian households 

6665
05:55:30,800 --> 05:55:33,800
discovered that heating certain 
body sections was more effective

6666
05:55:33,800 --> 05:55:37,100
than warming up everywhere, warm
feet made you feel warm? 

6667
05:55:37,100 --> 05:55:38,700
Even if the rest of your body 
was cold. 

6668
05:55:38,700 --> 05:55:40,800
So they learned to keep your 
feet warm. 

6669
05:55:41,600 --> 05:55:45,400
Creative foot warming Solutions 
resulted families warm their 

6670
05:55:45,400 --> 05:55:48,600
feet before bed using heated 
bricks hot water bottles or 

6671
05:55:48,600 --> 05:55:51,200
stones in addition to thick 
wool, socks and slippers. 

6672
05:55:52,100 --> 05:55:55,100
Some folks soaked their feet in 
warm water before bed to boost 

6673
05:55:55,100 --> 05:55:59,000
circulation for hours. 
Hand warming was crucial and the

6674
05:55:59,008 --> 05:56:02,400
Victorian families invented. 
Many methods Han moths were 

6675
05:56:02,400 --> 05:56:05,200
handheld heaters that held 
heated stones or little metal 

6676
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:08,800
warmers with hot Embers. 
Many individuals carried little 

6677
05:56:08,800 --> 05:56:12,500
metal hand, warmers heated by 
the fire, which they slipped 

6678
05:56:12,500 --> 05:56:16,200
into their gloves or Pockets. 
Victorian households intuitively

6679
05:56:16,200 --> 05:56:19,000
grasped thermal Mass. 
Even without the scientific 

6680
05:56:19,000 --> 05:56:22,600
name, they recognized that some 
materials retained heat longer. 

6681
05:56:22,600 --> 05:56:25,700
And that pre-warming objects may
keep them warm overnight. 

6682
05:56:26,500 --> 05:56:30,100
Thus clothes were warmed by the 
fire before wearing pillowcases 

6683
05:56:30,100 --> 05:56:32,400
before bed. 
And even the chamber pot, which 

6684
05:56:32,400 --> 05:56:34,900
was practical breathing 
techniques were discovered 

6685
05:56:34,900 --> 05:56:38,600
accidentally Victoria households
discovered that breathing into 

6686
05:56:38,600 --> 05:56:42,000
their hands blankets scarves and
mufflers created warm air 

6687
05:56:42,000 --> 05:56:43,600
pockets that heated, their 
surroundings. 

6688
05:56:44,500 --> 05:56:47,800
Kids learn to breathe slowly and
deeply when cold, not for the 

6689
05:56:47,800 --> 05:56:50,900
physiology, but because it 
worked the Buddy method was 

6690
05:56:50,900 --> 05:56:53,200
probably the best body heat 
management strategy. 

6691
05:56:54,000 --> 05:56:56,800
Warmth was shared for survival, 
not romance or family. 

6692
05:56:56,800 --> 05:57:00,400
A couple under the same blankets
can keep their sleeping space 

6693
05:57:00,400 --> 05:57:03,600
warmer than a part. 
Non-related guests, sometimes 

6694
05:57:03,600 --> 05:57:06,000
shared beds for thermal 
efficiency because body heat, 

6695
05:57:06,000 --> 05:57:09,000
sharing was so common. 
Victoria household, also 

6696
05:57:09,000 --> 05:57:12,200
discovered thermal bridge in the
heat follows lines of least 

6697
05:57:12,200 --> 05:57:15,000
resistance. 
Instead of metal bed frames, 

6698
05:57:15,000 --> 05:57:18,000
they used rugs and carpets to 
limit heat loss to cold floors 

6699
05:57:18,000 --> 05:57:21,600
and moved away from Windows and 
exterior walls, where heat loss 

6700
05:57:21,600 --> 05:57:24,500
was highest Timing for warming 
was important. 

6701
05:57:24,500 --> 05:57:28,400
Victorian families realized that
creating heat before you needed.

6702
05:57:28,400 --> 05:57:31,300
It was better than trying to 
warm up after being cold. 

6703
05:57:32,100 --> 05:57:36,000
Warming Hands by the fire feet 
with warm water and bed garments

6704
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:39,200
at night was smart preparation 
for preserving body heat without

6705
05:57:39,200 --> 05:57:42,300
external heat sources. 
Victorian families, quickly 

6706
05:57:42,300 --> 05:57:45,900
realized that winter required 
community resource sharing and 

6707
05:57:45,900 --> 05:57:49,500
even creative reinterpretations 
of social boundaries as 

6708
05:57:49,500 --> 05:57:53,100
temperatures dropped, etiquette 
gave way to necessity, creating 

6709
05:57:53,100 --> 05:57:55,200
unique social Arrangements that 
Modern Family is. 

6710
05:57:55,200 --> 05:57:58,400
May find endearing and 
challenging winter gave calling 

6711
05:57:58,400 --> 05:58:00,800
hours. 
A new meaning, families visited,

6712
05:58:00,800 --> 05:58:02,700
neighbors, for social and 
thermal reasons. 

6713
05:58:02,700 --> 05:58:05,600
You might want to stay longer if
the Johnsons had a better 

6714
05:58:05,600 --> 05:58:07,900
heating system. 
If your family had heated the 

6715
05:58:07,900 --> 05:58:10,200
kitchen for baking day, you 
would naturally ask the 

6716
05:58:10,200 --> 05:58:13,100
neighbors to assist with the 
bread which kept everyone warm 

6717
05:58:13,100 --> 05:58:17,400
and allowed socialization. 
House Parties, pretended to be 

6718
05:58:17,400 --> 05:58:19,600
social events but were survival 
technique's. 

6719
05:58:20,300 --> 05:58:23,900
A crowded room was heated 
entirely by Body Heat. longing 

6720
05:58:23,900 --> 05:58:27,200
assemblies with many families in
one room were a Victorian social

6721
05:58:27,200 --> 05:58:31,200
ritual that all can served Heat 
15 people in one room can be 

6722
05:58:31,208 --> 05:58:32,800
warm without heating. 
Yet. 

6723
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:34,900
The same 15 people in different 
homes. 

6724
05:58:34,900 --> 05:58:37,900
Would feel cold. 
Church attendance often 

6725
05:58:37,900 --> 05:58:40,600
increase, during the coldest 
months, not always due to 

6726
05:58:40,600 --> 05:58:43,100
spiritual rebirth. 
Churches were often the 

6727
05:58:43,100 --> 05:58:45,700
communities. 
Largest heated venues providing 

6728
05:58:45,700 --> 05:58:48,700
hours of warmth and socializing 
with neighbors facing similar 

6729
05:58:48,700 --> 05:58:52,600
thermal issues. 
In Winter extended sermons, kept

6730
05:58:52,600 --> 05:58:55,600
the congregation warm as well as
demonstrating the ministers, 

6731
05:58:55,600 --> 05:58:58,700
dedication. 
Community banking became social 

6732
05:58:58,700 --> 05:59:02,200
families, coordinated bread, 
making, and baking sharing oven 

6733
05:59:02,200 --> 05:59:05,600
space and fuel costs in Winter. 
People gathered around the 

6734
05:59:05,600 --> 05:59:07,500
bakery ovens long, after their 
purchases. 

6735
05:59:07,500 --> 05:59:10,800
It was socially acceptable to 
await your bread longer than 

6736
05:59:10,808 --> 05:59:13,200
baking time. 
Victorian boarding house is 

6737
05:59:13,200 --> 05:59:16,500
pulled heating costs and offered
affordable rooms a home with 

6738
05:59:16,500 --> 05:59:20,800
paying guests provided warmth 
shared expenditures and social 

6739
05:59:20,800 --> 05:59:23,100
involvement to combat. 
The Long Cold, evening's 

6740
05:59:23,100 --> 05:59:25,800
boarding house, parlors were 
often the warmest and most 

6741
05:59:25,800 --> 05:59:29,600
social places in a community 
during winter quilting, bees and

6742
05:59:29,600 --> 05:59:32,400
sowing circles provided thermal 
endurance, support and 

6743
05:59:32,400 --> 05:59:35,400
needlework as women. 
Collaborated body heat, would 

6744
05:59:35,400 --> 05:59:37,700
provide Comfort while 
manufacturing comforters 

6745
05:59:37,700 --> 05:59:42,100
blankets and warm clothing. 
Co-operative quilting provided 

6746
05:59:42,100 --> 05:59:44,300
blankets for cold locations and 
fostered. 

6747
05:59:44,300 --> 05:59:47,900
Camaraderie among makers 
barn-raising and other community

6748
05:59:47,900 --> 05:59:49,500
work. 
Often took place on the harshest

6749
05:59:49,500 --> 05:59:53,100
winter days, due to the cold 
since physical exertion required

6750
05:59:53,100 --> 05:59:55,100
intimacy. 
It would warm everyone. 

6751
05:59:55,100 --> 05:59:58,900
The social dynamics also allowed
many families to gather in one 

6752
05:59:58,900 --> 06:00:02,300
region reducing heating costs 
and strengthening Community 

6753
06:00:02,300 --> 06:00:05,800
relationships. 
Winter made sitting up with sick

6754
06:00:05,800 --> 06:00:08,600
neighbors, more important. 
Accompanying, someone during an 

6755
06:00:08,600 --> 06:00:11,200
illness, went beyond Medical Aid
to include giving warmth and 

6756
06:00:11,200 --> 06:00:13,000
reducing heating costs during 
recovery. 

6757
06:00:13,700 --> 06:00:16,500
Neighbors, alternated helping 
and warming during these vigils 

6758
06:00:16,500 --> 06:00:18,800
which often became Community 
gatherings. 

6759
06:00:19,700 --> 06:00:22,400
Many children, winter 
activities, promoted Community 

6760
06:00:22,400 --> 06:00:24,400
warming. 
Groups of children playing 

6761
06:00:24,400 --> 06:00:26,800
indoor sports together stayed, 
warm due to their physical 

6762
06:00:26,800 --> 06:00:31,000
exertion and the heat generated 
by their bodies storytelling by 

6763
06:00:31,000 --> 06:00:34,100
the fire United people in the 
coziest part of the home and 

6764
06:00:34,100 --> 06:00:37,200
provided midnight entertainment 
without lighting or Heating. 

6765
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:40,500
Reading clubs and literary 
groups thrived in Winter because

6766
06:00:40,500 --> 06:00:42,600
they Justified long stays in 
warm places. 

6767
06:00:43,700 --> 06:00:46,800
During Long Winter evenings body
heat kept her house full of 

6768
06:00:46,800 --> 06:00:50,300
people discussing the latest 
novel warm providing cerebral 

6769
06:00:50,300 --> 06:00:53,600
stimulation. 
Heat altered courtship behaviors

6770
06:00:53,600 --> 06:00:55,500
young. 
Couple spent more time in 

6771
06:00:55,500 --> 06:00:58,700
family, parlors with relatives, 
not just because of chaperone in

6772
06:00:58,700 --> 06:01:03,100
customs, large families, coal 
stoves and proximity induced, 

6773
06:01:03,100 --> 06:01:06,400
social friction, exacerbated 
many, Victorian romance's, 

6774
06:01:07,200 --> 06:01:09,500
Visiting relatives or 
acquaintances during the winter 

6775
06:01:09,500 --> 06:01:11,800
for their better heating became 
a social Norm. 

6776
06:01:12,800 --> 06:01:16,300
If a relative had a functioning 
fireplace, it was fine to stay 

6777
06:01:16,300 --> 06:01:18,600
there for weeks or help extended
family. 

6778
06:01:18,600 --> 06:01:21,000
With heating costs. 
The visits were so social. 

6779
06:01:21,000 --> 06:01:24,000
But everyone, understood thermal
math, Winter survival. 

6780
06:01:24,000 --> 06:01:27,900
In Victorian times, wasn't only 
about sleeping What occurred? 

6781
06:01:27,900 --> 06:01:30,600
As you left, your comfortable 
blanket cocoon to confront a 

6782
06:01:30,600 --> 06:01:33,600
frigid winter morning. 
This everyday activity required 

6783
06:01:33,600 --> 06:01:36,800
ritual, performance art and 
extreme athletic methods. 

6784
06:01:37,500 --> 06:01:40,400
Imagine being covered in 20 
pounds of wool blankets and hot 

6785
06:01:40,400 --> 06:01:43,100
water bottles. 
You spent all night creating the

6786
06:01:43,100 --> 06:01:46,600
perfect warm air pocket. 
Then you hear the church bells 

6787
06:01:46,600 --> 06:01:48,500
or your neighbor's rooster 
signaling morning. 

6788
06:01:48,500 --> 06:01:52,400
You must rise and face the world
where your breath will fog and 

6789
06:01:52,400 --> 06:01:55,800
your feet will go numb. 
Morning prep in the 1800s was 

6790
06:01:55,800 --> 06:01:59,700
like a planned dance while 
freezing first rule, never stand

6791
06:01:59,700 --> 06:02:02,100
up at once. 
You could just as well leap into

6792
06:02:02,100 --> 06:02:05,300
a cold lake, it would jolt the 
system and erase all your warm 

6793
06:02:05,300 --> 06:02:08,300
work overnight. 
Instead, you'd slowly 

6794
06:02:08,300 --> 06:02:11,300
transformed from a warm 
horizontal to a functional 

6795
06:02:11,300 --> 06:02:15,800
upright. 
While you slept it started move 

6796
06:02:15,800 --> 06:02:18,200
your arms and legs under your 
sheets to get blood flowing. 

6797
06:02:18,200 --> 06:02:20,700
It resembled horizontal 
exercises. 

6798
06:02:20,700 --> 06:02:23,900
Instead of just warming up you 
have to switch on your heaters 

6799
06:02:23,900 --> 06:02:27,300
inside before letting the cold 
air in even though Victorian 

6800
06:02:27,300 --> 06:02:30,400
families didn't understand 
metabolism and circulation, they

6801
06:02:30,400 --> 06:02:33,400
understood that movement warmed 
things, a plan called clothes 

6802
06:02:33,400 --> 06:02:37,500
Arrangement, followed victorians
were sophisticated, some put 

6803
06:02:37,500 --> 06:02:40,300
clothing beneath the covers and 
in a precise order adjacent to 

6804
06:02:40,300 --> 06:02:42,900
the bed the night before to warm
it up with their body heat. 

6805
06:02:43,900 --> 06:02:45,700
Dressing became a military 
operation. 

6806
06:02:45,700 --> 06:02:47,600
They put on their underwear 
first. 

6807
06:02:47,600 --> 06:02:50,900
They often slept beneath the 
sheets and added layers quickly 

6808
06:02:50,900 --> 06:02:54,800
to avoid becoming cold. 
Smart families invented a relay 

6809
06:02:54,800 --> 06:02:56,100
system to stay warm in the 
morning. 

6810
06:02:57,000 --> 06:02:59,400
The first family member up and 
best able to endure. 

6811
06:02:59,400 --> 06:03:02,900
The cold would start the fires, 
heat the water and warm the 

6812
06:03:02,900 --> 06:03:06,000
shared areas. 
The family's thermal Advanced 

6813
06:03:06,000 --> 06:03:09,000
Scout ensured that everyone 
could get out of bed and into a 

6814
06:03:09,000 --> 06:03:11,700
safer world. 
Breakfast became about staying 

6815
06:03:11,700 --> 06:03:14,500
warm, rather than eating, the 
morning meal was designed to 

6816
06:03:14,500 --> 06:03:17,900
warm you internally. 
Hot milk cereal tea or coffee 

6817
06:03:17,900 --> 06:03:21,900
was almost too hot to drink. 
Due to the necessity, to feed 

6818
06:03:21,900 --> 06:03:25,200
your internal fire all day. 
Victorian breakfast dishes were 

6819
06:03:25,200 --> 06:03:26,700
high in calories and kept you 
warm. 

6820
06:03:27,700 --> 06:03:31,000
Doing laundry in the morning, 
was Brave, heating enough water 

6821
06:03:31,000 --> 06:03:33,700
for cleaning required for 
thought and fuels, since there 

6822
06:03:33,700 --> 06:03:37,100
was no hot water. 
Many families, use strategic 

6823
06:03:37,100 --> 06:03:39,900
hygiene by washing the most 
critical areas with warm water 

6824
06:03:39,900 --> 06:03:42,600
and saving the remainder for 
warmer weather or special 

6825
06:03:42,600 --> 06:03:45,200
events. 
Chamber pot etiquette became 

6826
06:03:45,200 --> 06:03:46,700
more complicated in the cold 
morning. 

6827
06:03:46,700 --> 06:03:50,300
In addition, to convenience this
thermal Survival equipment, kept

6828
06:03:50,300 --> 06:03:53,400
you from leaving the warm house 
to use the restroom victorians, 

6829
06:03:53,400 --> 06:03:55,400
covered chamber pots for more 
than Aesthetics. 

6830
06:03:55,400 --> 06:03:58,400
They kept the contents heated at
night to prevent freezing. 

6831
06:03:58,400 --> 06:04:03,100
Kids needed, rewards, excitement
and warmth to wake up on frigate

6832
06:04:03,100 --> 06:04:05,600
mornings. 
Children's garments were warmed 

6833
06:04:05,600 --> 06:04:08,900
by the fire before going to bed,
dressing became a game where 

6834
06:04:08,900 --> 06:04:12,300
each item was a warm treat. 
Some families created morning 

6835
06:04:12,300 --> 06:04:15,100
Rhymes or songs to keep kids 
moving and warm while getting 

6836
06:04:15,100 --> 06:04:17,300
dressed. 
In the morning, the kitchen was 

6837
06:04:17,300 --> 06:04:19,300
the hub for cooking and 
finishing the heat before 

6838
06:04:19,300 --> 06:04:22,400
leaving families would gather 
around the stove for last 

6839
06:04:22,400 --> 06:04:26,200
minute, warm-ups outfit changes,
and mental preparation before 

6840
06:04:26,200 --> 06:04:28,900
opening the door and venturing 
out into the frigid winter 

6841
06:04:28,900 --> 06:04:33,000
weather, that could cause eyes 
to water and lungs to burn the 

6842
06:04:33,000 --> 06:04:36,100
most interesting thing about 
Victorian winter mornings, may 

6843
06:04:36,100 --> 06:04:39,400
have been the sense of success. 
They offered individuals not 

6844
06:04:39,400 --> 06:04:41,500
living in a heated home or 
taking hot showers. 

6845
06:04:41,500 --> 06:04:44,600
Today, makes getting out of bed,
dressing feeding and getting 

6846
06:04:44,600 --> 06:04:47,300
ready for the day at a daily. 
Win hard to conceive. 

6847
06:04:48,100 --> 06:04:50,600
People were proud of their 
frigid morning survival skills 

6848
06:04:50,600 --> 06:04:54,000
in your climate control home. 
You may dial down the thermostat

6849
06:04:54,000 --> 06:04:57,300
to save electricity, but think 
about the Victorian family who 

6850
06:04:57,300 --> 06:05:00,900
survived the cold with 
imagination teamwork and a big 

6851
06:05:00,908 --> 06:05:03,800
collection of flannel. 
They survived Winter's that 

6852
06:05:03,800 --> 06:05:07,200
would send Modern families to 
the nearest hotel, they did it 

6853
06:05:07,200 --> 06:05:10,400
gracefully with laughter. 
And with a tenderness we rarely 

6854
06:05:10,400 --> 06:05:14,600
remember. they plan for winter 
warmth, family and neighborhood 

6855
06:05:14,608 --> 06:05:19,600
bombs, and personal fortitude, 
that would last Victorian 

6856
06:05:19,600 --> 06:05:22,200
families discovered that taking 
care of each other in cold 

6857
06:05:22,208 --> 06:05:25,200
weather provides warmth that 
contemporary central heating 

6858
06:05:25,200 --> 06:05:28,100
cannot. 
Consider the Victorian family 

6859
06:05:28,100 --> 06:05:30,300
that made winter and art while 
you switch on your electric 

6860
06:05:30,300 --> 06:05:31,900
blanket and smart heater 
tonight. 

6861
06:05:31,900 --> 06:05:35,400
They proved that family love. 
And creativity can overcome the 

6862
06:05:35,400 --> 06:05:36,400
harshest nights.