How the Pharaohs of Egypt Still Shape the Modern World | Boring History

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Alright, you ancient 
architecture admirer who swore 

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you'd sleep earlier tonight. 
I'm glad you're here. 

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The rain is moving steadily 
through the dark softer enough 

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to blur the edges of the day and
invite your thoughts to settle. 

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tonight, we're easing into how 
the Pharaohs of Egypt still 

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shaped the modern world, not as 
distant rulers carved in stone, 

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but as lasting ideas, about 
power memory, and permanence If 

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this calm reflection helps you 
unwind, feel free to subscribe 

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or leave a like and tell me 
where you're listening from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, let your head sink into the

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pillow length, and your breath, 
and be sure to turn on a fan for

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that hum. 
You're settling in tonight with 

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a question, that's older than 
most civilizations. 

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How does the distant past reach 
forward through Millennia to 

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touch your everyday life? 
The answer lies along the banks 

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of a river that's been flowing 
for millions of years in a land 

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where ambitious, rulers built 
monuments. 

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So enduring that their Shadows 
still fall across your morning, 

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commute your government office, 
your City skyline and even the 

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way you measure the hours 
between now and sleep. 

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Tonight, we're traveling to 
ancient Egypt. 

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Not as tourists rushing through 
temples, but as quiet observers 

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discovering, how thoroughly the 
Pharaohs embedded their 

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Innovations into the foundation 
of everything. 

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You consider modern, You wake up
on a Monday morning glanced at 

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your phone and note the date, 
perhaps it's the 15th of the 

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month. 
You've been doing this your 

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entire life, organizing your 
existence, and a neat boxes of 

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days weeks, months and years. 
But you've probably never 

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stopped to wonder where this 
system came from the answer as 

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with so many things begins with 
people watching a river. 

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Imagine standing on the banks of
the Nile around, 3,000 BCE. 

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You're not. 
You exactly. 

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You're a farmer whose entire 
livelihood depends on 

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understanding when the river 
will flood. 

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Get it wrong and your crops 
fail. 

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Get it right and your family 
eats for another year. 

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So, you what? 
You watch the river, you watch 

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the Stars. 
And slowly patterns emerge from 

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the chaos of nature. 
The Nile flooded every year with

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remarkable consistency, 
swelling, its banks and 

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depositing rich dark soil. 
Across the flood. 

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Plain But every year is a vague 
concept when you don't have a 

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calendar. 
How long is a year? 

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the farmers noticed that the 
star Sirius, which they called 

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sop debt, Appeared on the 
horizon Just Before Dawn had 

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roughly, the same time. 
The flood began This helical 

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Rising as astronomers Now. 
Call it became their Anchor 

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Point. 
From one appearance of serious 

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to the next was one complete 
cycle. 

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One year, But here's where 
Egyptian Ingenuity really 

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shines. 
They didn't just Mark the year. 

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They divided it into something 
manageable. 

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They created 12 months of 30 
days each then added five extra 

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days at the end as a kind of 
bonus holiday period. 365 days. 

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Total. 
Does this sound familiar? 

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It should. 
Your living inside a modified 

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version of their invention. 
Now, you might be thinking. 

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But our months onto 30 days 
long. 

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True. 
The Egyptian system wasn't 

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perfect. 
The actual solely year is about 

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365 and a quarter days but they 
were astonishingly close. 

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When Julius Caesar later, 
reformed the Roman Calendar in 

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46 BCE. 
He borrowed heavily from the 

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Egyptian model, adding leap 
years to account for that extra 

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quarter day. 
That Julian calendar, with 

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further tweaks by Pope Gregory 
the 13th and 1582 became the 

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Gregorian calendar. 
You used today, Every time you 

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schedule a meeting for next 
Thursday or plan a vacation for 

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July, you're using a timekeeping
system, whose bones were 

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assembled by people watching a 
river flood in the pre-dynastic 

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period. they gave structure to 
time itself, transforming the 

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chaotic flow of days into 
something predictable, something

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you could plan around the 
Egyptians also divided their 

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year into three seasons, each 
four months long acutt was the 

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Unison when the Nile flooded 
perfect was the growing season 

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when crops sprouted in the rich 
mud left behind Shemu was the 

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harvest season when Farmers 
gathered what they planted. 

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This agricultural Rhythm flood 
grow Harvest became so 

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fundamental to Egyptian 
identity, that it shaped 

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everything from their religious 
festivals to their tax 

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collection. 
Think about how you still 

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organize your year around 
Seasons. 

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Even if you work in a climate 
control office and buy 

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strawberries in January, Spring 
for planting some of the growth 

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Autumn for Harvest and winter 
for rest. 

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The specifics of changed. but 
the underlying concept that time

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as a cyclical nature tied to the
land, Comes straight from 

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civilizations like Egypt that 
lived close enough to the Earth 

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to feel its pulse. 
And it wasn't just the year, 

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they divided the Egyptian split 
each day and night into 12 

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hours, each creating the 24-hour
day or experiencing right now. 

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Admittedly their hours were 
quite like yours. 

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And Egyptian out there in 
length, depending on the season,

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daylight hours were longer in 
summer and shorter in winter. 

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But the concept of dividing the 
day into 24 segments was their 

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gift to you. 
When medieval Europeans adopted 

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this system, Sentry's later they
standardized the our lengths. 

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the basic framework remained 
Egyptian, You can trace this 

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obsession with timekeeping to 
the Pharos themselves when 

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you're building monuments meant 
to last forever. 

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When your claiming Divine 
Authority that transcends mortal

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life, you need to make time 
itself. 

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Seem conquerable the Pharos 
wanted to create order from 

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chaos. 
Nothing represents chaos, quite 

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like the unmarked flow of days, 
stretching into an unknowable 

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future. 
So they measured it, they marked

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it, they built it into 
structures, Shadow clocks water,

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clocks, and star charts that 
could track times passage even 

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when the sun hid behind clouds. 
These weren't just practical 

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tools. 
They were assertions of power. 

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They said we understand the 
cosmos, well, enough to predict 

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it to divide it and to name its 
parts There's something oddly 

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comforting about this, isn't 
there? 

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the idea that humans 5000 years 
ago, face the same fundamental 

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challenge you face every Sunday 
night Making sense of time, 

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organizing it into 
comprehensible units and trying 

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to pack meaning into the days 
before they slip away. 

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They succeeded so well that 
you've inherited their solution 

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refined and adjusted but still 
fundamentally Egyptian, in its 

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architecture. 
The next time, you'll lie in 

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bed, watching minutes tick 
passed on your digital clock 

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drifting towards sleep, as the 
day counts down. 

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Remember your experience in time
through a lens first ground by 

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people who lived closer to the 
beginning of civilization and to

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you they looked up at stars down
a flooding River and decided 

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that chaos Could Be Tamed with 
observation mathematics and the 

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sheer human stubbornness to 
believe that tomorrow could be 

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predicted. 
And honestly give him how often 

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you check, what day it is, they 
were probably on to something. 

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Let's talk about buildings, not 
just any buildings, but the ones

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that make you stop and stare 
that make you feel small and 

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temporary and oddly inspired all
at once. skyscrapers Capitol 

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Buildings monuments memorials 
the structures that Define your 

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City skyline and make tourists 
Point cameras upward Every 

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single one of them owes 
something to a group of ancient 

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workers, dragging Limestone 
blocks across the desert sand. 

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Picture this, you're standing in
front of a modern government 

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building, maybe your state 
capital or a federal court 

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house, it has columns, doesn't 
it? 

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Tall imposing columns holding up
a triangular pediment. 

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Maybe there's a statue to 
Definitely some impressive Stone

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steps, leading to the entrance. 
You've seen this design so many 

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times it barely registers as 
Choice anymore. 

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Its just what important 
buildings look like. 

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But why, why do we keep building
the same basic structure for 

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authority and permanents. 
The answer requires a mental 

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Journey, Back to the Valley of 
the Kings to Temple's Karnak, 

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and Luxor and to the massive 
Stone gateways called pilon's. 

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That marked the entrance is to 
Sacred spaces. 

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Pharaohs didn't invent 
Monumental architecture but they

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perfected its psychological 
impact. 

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They understood something 
fundamental about human 

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perception. 
Vertical lines, make us feel 

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small, massive Stones, make us 
feel temporary and symmetry 

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makes us feel that what we're 
seeing was meant to be. 

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The Egyptian temple followed a 
specific pattern. 

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You'd approach through a massive
pylon Gateway flanked, by 

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obelisks and statues. 
Then you'd enter a peristyle 

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court, an open courtyard 
surrounded by columns. next came

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the hyper style haul, a forest 
of columns supporting a stone 

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ceiling With the step, the floor
Rose slightly the ceiling 

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dropped lower and the light 
dimmed. by the time you reached 

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the inner sanctuary in near 
darkness in a small intimate 

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space where the gods supposedly 
dwelled, The entire building was

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a journey from the public and 
bright to the private and 

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mysterious. 
Now, think about how you 

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experience, a modern government.
Building you climb steps 

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already, you're Rising being 
elevated. 

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You pass through and imposing 
entrance often with columns you 

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enter a grand Lobby or rotunda 
modern peristyle Court. 

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The important offices are deeper
inside hard to reach the most 

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powerful person where the 
president governor or judge sits

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in the most interior most 
protected space. 

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The architecture creates a 
hierarchy of access just as it 

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did. 
In themes, 3000 years ago, the 

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columns themselves tell their 
own story. 

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The Egyptians developed several 
Styles, Lotus columns with 

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capital shaped like, Lotus 
Birds. 

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Papyrus columns mimicking, Marsh
plants and palm columns. 

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Echoing date palms. 
Later the Greeks borrowed, these

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ideas and created their own 
orders, Doric Ionic and 

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Corinthian. 
When the Romans conquered Egypt 

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in 30 BC, they were so impressed
by what they found that they 

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hold actual Egyptian obelisks 
back to Rome. 

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You can still see them there 
today. 

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Standing in Italian Piazza 
strange, visitors from another 

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civilization entirely. this 
enthusiasm for Egyptian style, 

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never really died, it just 
evolved during the Renaissance, 

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European Architects, 
rediscovered classical forms, 

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and through them, the Egyptian 
influences, embedded Within When

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Napoleon invaded Egypt, in 1798 
his Scholars documented, 

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everything they found triggering
an egyptomania that swept 

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through Western design. suddenly
everyone wanted obelisks in 

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their public squares and 
sphinxes guarding their Bridges 

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The Washington Monument 
completed in 1884, is the 

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world's tallest Obelisk, a 
purely Egyptian, formed 

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transplanted to the American 
Capital. 

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The Lincoln Memorial dedicated 
in 1922 sits, like a greek 

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temple. the Greek temples 
themselves were inspired by 

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Egyptian priests and Follow the 
architectural family. 

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Tree far enough back. and you 
always end up in the Nile 

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Valley, even Modern Skyscrapers,
those glass and steel Giants. 

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That seem so thoroughly 
contemporary. 

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Follow principles the pyramid. 
Builders would recognize Their 

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monuments to ambition their 
expensive, demonstrations of 

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power, and wealth, their design 
to last beyond the lives of 

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their creators, they make 
statements about who built them 

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and why those Builders matter. 
A pharaoh building a pyramid and

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a corporation erecting. 
A headquarters Tower are engaged

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in fundamentally the same act 
using architecture to claim 

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immortality. 
The ancient Egyptians also 

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pioneered construction 
techniques that modern Engineers

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still admire. 
They didn't have iron tools 

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pulleys or Wheels. 
Well, they had Wheels but rarely

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used them for construction. 
What they had was copper, Stone 

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rope, wooden sledges and an 
absolutely remarkable 

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understanding of Leverage 
coordination and geometry. 

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To build the Great pyramid at 
Giza, 2 million stone blocks. 

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Some weighing 15 Tons, they 
created ramps, water, 

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lubricated, sledges, and an 
organizational system that could

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coordinate thousands of workers.
Recent archaeological evidence 

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suggests these workers weren't 
slaves, but paid laborers who 

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lived in purpose, built 
Villages, received, Medical Care

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and 8. 
They were skilled professionals.

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Who took pride in their work? 
Sound familiar, the modern 

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construction industry with its 
specialized Cruise. 

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Its project managers its complex
Logistics and its worker safety 

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protocols. 
All of this Echoes the systems 

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developed by people building, a 
eternity monuments in the desert

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But perhaps, the most enduring 
architectural gift from the 

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Pharaohs is the simple belief 
that building should mean 

233
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:02,500
something beyond their function.
Sure. 

234
00:14:02,500 --> 00:14:06,200
A pyramid is technically a tomb,
but it's also a statement about 

235
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:10,800
Cosmic order, Divine, kingship 
and Humanities ability to create

236
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,500
something that defies time. 
Sure. 

237
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:17,500
A temple is technically a place 
for rituals, but it's also a 

238
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:21,200
lesson in approaching the sacred
a physical Journey from the 

239
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:26,300
mundane to the holy This idea 
that architecture should tell a 

240
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,400
story, should make you feel 
something specific and should 

241
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:34,300
encode meaning in its very form.
So thoroughly Egyptian that we 

242
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:36,400
don't even recognize it as a 
choice anymore. 

243
00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:40,400
We just assume that Courthouse 
should look dignified that 

244
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:44,400
monuments should Inspire or and 
let your City skyline should 

245
00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:46,800
make you feel something. 
When you see it from a distance,

246
00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:50,100
Pharos taught us that buildings 
are a language. 

247
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:54,300
We've been speaking ever since. 
And so the next time you're 

248
00:14:54,300 --> 00:14:56,400
walking up the steps to some 
impressive building. 

249
00:14:57,100 --> 00:14:59,600
Take a moment to appreciate the 
Invisible Thread. 

250
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:02,900
Connecting you to an ancient 
architect who probably never 

251
00:15:02,900 --> 00:15:05,400
imagined their ideas would 
travel quite this far. 

252
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:10,100
They were just trying to house a
God or on a king in Stead they 

253
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:13,400
created a template for how 
humans signal importance through

254
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:15,900
Stone and we're still using that
template. 

255
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:18,000
Every time we want to build 
something that matters. 

256
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:21,700
You probably don't think about 
bureaucracy as an Egyptian 

257
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:24,600
invention, but here you are 
surrounded by it. 

258
00:15:25,300 --> 00:15:28,600
Every form you've ever filled 
out every government office, 

259
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:32,100
you've ever visited every tax 
return you've ever filed with 

260
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:35,400
mounting dread. 
All of it, traces back to people

261
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:37,800
recording grain deliveries on 
Papyrus Scrolls. 

262
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:42,200
Let's set the scene properly. 
Ancient Egypt wasn't just a 

263
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:44,300
kingdom. 
It was arguably the world's 

264
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,500
first nation state. 
The unified territory with 

265
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:51,300
centralized control standardized
Administration and a civil 

266
00:15:51,300 --> 00:15:54,100
service that would make modern 
government workers nod in 

267
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:57,900
recognition. 
The fairer sat at the top, yes, 

268
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:01,600
but beneath him stretched and 
elaborate higher of officials 

269
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:05,500
each with specific duties titles
and Spears of authority. 

270
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:09,300
The jatti or vizier was 
essentially the Prime Minister 

271
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:12,600
handling dated a government 
while the Pharaoh focused on 

272
00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:16,000
being semi divine. 
Below the Vizio came provincial 

273
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,900
Governors. 
Tax Collectors, scribes judges 

274
00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:23,700
police and a whole spectrum of 
officials. 

275
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:25,600
Whose job sound oddly 
contemporary. 

276
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:29,100
There was someone responsible 
for managing the greeneries 

277
00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:32,100
someone else oversaw irrigation 
projects. 

278
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:36,500
Another official handled foreign
correspondence, a separate 

279
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:38,300
Department dealt with mining 
operations. 

280
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:42,100
Everything was organized, 
categorized and meticulously 

281
00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:46,800
recorded. 
And oh the records, the ancient 

282
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:50,300
Egyptians were possibly the most
documentation, obsessed, 

283
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:54,700
civilization in history. 
They wrote everything down grain

284
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:59,500
shipments, recorded worker 
attendance, recorded legal 

285
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:03,900
disputes, tax assessments trade,
transactions, military, 

286
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:06,300
Expeditions and Temple 
offerings. 

287
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:10,500
All recorded often in 
triplicate, on Papyrus Scrolls 

288
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:12,300
that were then filed away in 
archives. 

289
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:16,800
Archaeologists have found 
absence notes from pyramid, 

290
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,099
construction sites, explaining 
that. 

291
00:17:19,099 --> 00:17:21,800
A worker could not come to work 
because his mother-in-law had 

292
00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:26,700
died or because he was nursing a
hangover The bureaucracy was 

293
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:29,200
that detailed. 
This obsession with 

294
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:34,300
documentation created, something
unprecedented institutional 

295
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:37,200
memory. 
Unlike kingdoms that relied 

296
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:40,900
purely on oral tradition, or the
memory of individual rulers 

297
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:44,700
Egypt, built a system where 
information persisted Beyond any

298
00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:48,500
single person's lifetime. 
A new Pharaoh, could consult 

299
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:52,000
records from previous Reigns. 
A governor could check how his 

300
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,900
predecessors handled a drought 
The accumulated wisdom of 

301
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:59,200
generations was preserved in 
writing and made available to 

302
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:03,300
those who knew how to read. 
Sound familiar, it should. 

303
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,700
Every modern government operates
on the same principle laws are 

304
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,500
written down so they can be 
enforced consistently. 

305
00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:13,500
Court proceedings are recorded 
so they can be reviewed. 

306
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:17,900
Budgets are documented so they 
can be audited. the entire 

307
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:20,300
structure of contemporary 
governance rests on the 

308
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:23,500
assumption that important 
information should be preserved 

309
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:27,400
in a form that outlasts 
individual memory, The Egyptians

310
00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:31,400
didn't invent writing, that 
credit goes to Mesopotamia but 

311
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:33,700
they perfected the use of 
writing as a tool of 

312
00:18:33,708 --> 00:18:37,900
administration. the developed 
sophisticated legal codes 

313
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:41,200
though, unfortunately, most of 
the actual written laws have not

314
00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:46,100
survived What does survived a 
court records contracts and 

315
00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:48,600
legal documents that show a 
system. 

316
00:18:48,608 --> 00:18:52,500
Surprisingly concerned with 
fairness and evidence trials 

317
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,300
required, Witnesses, testimony 
was recorded judges were 

318
00:18:56,300 --> 00:18:58,900
expected to be impartial 
punishments. 

319
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:02,400
Were supposed to fit crimes. 
You could even appeal, decisions

320
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:05,700
to higher courts, women had 
legal rights, that would have 

321
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:09,600
shocked later civilizations they
could own property initiate, 

322
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:13,100
divorce, conduct business, and 
inherit wealth. 

323
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:17,500
Some even held positions of 
authority Hatshepsut became 

324
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:20,800
pharaoh and ruled for over 20 
years, commissioning some of 

325
00:19:20,808 --> 00:19:23,600
ancient Egypt's most impressive 
building projects. 

326
00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,500
While medieval European women 
were still being treated as 

327
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:30,500
property. 
Egyptian women, 4,000 years 

328
00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,700
earlier could sign contracts and
sue for damages. 

329
00:19:34,900 --> 00:19:38,000
The tax system, deserves special
mention because it was wildly 

330
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:40,200
sophisticated and also kind of 
amusing. 

331
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:43,400
Since Egypt didn't use money for
most of its history. 

332
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:47,500
Currently wasn't widespread 
until the late period taxes. 

333
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:51,800
Were paid in Goods grain mostly 
but also livestock cloth metals 

334
00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,400
and labor. 
Officials would assess how much 

335
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:58,300
land you farmed estimated its 
productivity and determine your 

336
00:19:58,300 --> 00:20:02,000
tax burden accordingly. 
Then they show up at Harvest 

337
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,800
time to collect their share to 
make this work. 

338
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:06,900
They needed details, records of 
who owned. 

339
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:09,700
What, who owned, what? 
And who'd paid what? 

340
00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:14,200
They needed surveyors to measure
Fields specially after the 

341
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,600
annual Nile, flood arrays, 
boundary markers, they needed 

342
00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:21,300
scribes to track everything. 
They needed storage facilities 

343
00:20:21,300 --> 00:20:24,900
for the collected Goods. 
They needed Distribution Systems

344
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:26,700
to move tax revenue where it was
needed. 

345
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:30,900
It was an enormously complex 
operation, that required. 

346
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,300
The same kind of bureaucratic 
infrastructure. 

347
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:38,200
You'd recognize in any modern 
tax agency just with more grain 

348
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:42,700
and fewer spreadsheets. 
The Egyptians also understood 

349
00:20:42,700 --> 00:20:46,100
something about governance, that
still relevant, the importance 

350
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:49,200
of infrastructure. 
Pharaohs didn't just build 

351
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:53,300
pyramids and temples they built.
Irrigation canals organized 

352
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:57,300
labor for maintaining dikes. 
Funded expeditions to secure 

353
00:20:57,300 --> 00:21:00,600
resources and invested in 
projects that benefited the 

354
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:04,200
entire Kingdom. 
The Nile might flood reliably. 

355
00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:07,200
But turning that flood into 
productive, agriculture 

356
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:09,400
required, massive coordinated 
effort. 

357
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:14,500
Water had to be channeled field.
Had to be protected storage 

358
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:18,700
facilities, had to be maintained
all of these required Central 

359
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:21,700
planning and execution. 
Your modern government does 

360
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:25,500
essentially the same thing's 
maintaining roads managing 

361
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:30,200
waterslides organizing disaster 
relief, but the Egyptian version

362
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:34,500
was arguably more direct. 
When a pharaoh ordered a new 

363
00:21:34,508 --> 00:21:38,600
Canal, dug actual work is 
actually dug it and everyone 

364
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,700
could see the result. 
The connection between taxes 

365
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:45,300
paid and benefits received, was 
more obvious than it is when 

366
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:48,200
your tax dollars disappear into 
a federal budget spanning 

367
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,000
trillions. 
Here's a slightly funny detail. 

368
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:55,500
Egyptian bureaucrats love their 
titles, the accumulated them the

369
00:21:55,508 --> 00:21:57,300
way, modern professionals 
collect credentials. 

370
00:21:57,300 --> 00:22:02,000
You might be overseer of the 
royal Granary chief of scribes. 

371
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,700
Seal-bearer of the king of Lower
Egypt and sold companion. 

372
00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:10,000
The more titles, the more 
important you were This served a

373
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:13,300
practical purpose, it told 
everyone exactly where you fit 

374
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:17,400
in the hierarchy, but it also 
fed into very human desires for 

375
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:21,100
status and recognition. 
Not so different from someone's 

376
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:27,200
email, signature listing, their 
MBA CPA PMP and three, 

377
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:29,200
professional Society 
memberships. 

378
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,200
The fairy Onyx system of 
governments lasted for roughly 

379
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:36,800
3,000 years which is longer than
most modern Nations have 

380
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:40,400
existed. 
It survived invasion's Civil 

381
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,600
Wars, climate changes and 
economic collapses. 

382
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:49,000
It bent, but rarely broke. 
Part of this resilience came 

383
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:50,700
from its bureaucratic 
Foundation. 

384
00:22:51,700 --> 00:22:54,500
Because Authority was 
distributed across institutions,

385
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:57,400
rather than concentrated 
entirely in the individuals. 

386
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:01,200
The system could survive weak. 
Pharaohs child, rulers and 

387
00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,300
periods of Chaos. 
The bureaucracy kept functioning

388
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,800
even when the throne was in 
turmoil, this is the deeper 

389
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,100
Legacy. 
The idea that government should 

390
00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:13,200
be more than one person's whim, 
that it should operate through 

391
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,300
established procedures, and 
trained officials that it should

392
00:23:16,300 --> 00:23:18,800
maintain continuity across 
Generations. 

393
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:22,700
The specific forms of changed 
your, hopefully not paying your 

394
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:25,800
taxes in Grain, but the 
underlying concept of 

395
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:28,600
bureaucratic governance remains 
thoroughly Egyptian. 

396
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,200
So the next time, your 
frustrated by some form, you 

397
00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:36,800
have to fill out or some office.
You have to visit, remember your

398
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,900
experience in a system that's 
been refined over 5,000 years. 

399
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:45,900
The Egyptian started it. 
And every civilization since his

400
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:49,800
borrowed adapted and built upon 
their template, they turned 

401
00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:53,400
governance into an Institutional
rather than a personality cult. 

402
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,900
And that might be their most 
underappreciated achievement. 

403
00:23:56,900 --> 00:23:59,600
Well, that an inventing sick 
days. 

404
00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:03,100
You've seen the ankle even if 
you didn't know what it was 

405
00:24:03,108 --> 00:24:07,800
called, it shows up on Jewelery,
Tattoos, album covers, and the 

406
00:24:07,808 --> 00:24:09,800
occasional grocery store tote 
bag. 

407
00:24:09,808 --> 00:24:13,900
Printed with vaguely mystical 
imagery, it's a cross with a 

408
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:17,400
loop at the top, simple and 
elegant, and it's been around 

409
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:21,000
for roughly 5,000 years without 
ever going out of style. 

410
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:25,100
That's longer than any fashion 
trend has any right to last. 

411
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:28,100
Which tells you something about 
the power of each Egyptian 

412
00:24:28,100 --> 00:24:31,000
symbolism. 
The ankh represented life. 

413
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:34,900
Not just buy a logical 
existence, but the concept of 

414
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:38,000
life itself. 
Eternal, and divine. 

415
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:43,100
Gods, hold anks in Temple 
reliefs offering them to fairs 

416
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:46,500
like GIFs. 
Pharos Holdings in statues, 

417
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:48,600
claiming authority over life and
death. 

418
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:52,400
The symbol worked because it was
both specific enough to mean 

419
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:55,000
something and vacant to mean 
many things. 

420
00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:59,500
You could interpret it literally
or metaphorically, as a key, or 

421
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:04,000
a combination of male and female
symbols or a sunrise over the 

422
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,700
horizon. 
This flexibility is exactly why.

423
00:25:07,700 --> 00:25:10,500
It's still showing up on 
merchandise, 3 Millennia later. 

424
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:15,100
But the ant is just the most 
obvious example, Egyptian 

425
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:19,300
symbols saturated their culture 
so thoroughly that they created 

426
00:25:19,300 --> 00:25:23,000
an entire visual language and 
pieces of that language are 

427
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:26,500
still in use today. 
The Eye of Horus became a symbol

428
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:29,900
of protection and health. 
The scarab beetle represented, 

429
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,800
transformation and rebirth. 
The djed pillar symbolized 

430
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:36,600
stability, the scepter, 
indicated power. 

431
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:40,800
Put these symbols together in 
various combinations and you 

432
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,700
could convey complex ideas 
without writing a single word. 

433
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,000
This wasn't just decorative in a
society where most people 

434
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,200
couldn't read hieroglyphs. 
Symbolic literacy was how you 

435
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:55,900
communicated with the masses. 
Pharaoh depicted smiting enemies

436
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:58,200
while wearing the double crown 
of Upper and Lower Egypt, 

437
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:02,200
holding a Setter and protected 
by the wings of Horus. 

438
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:06,500
That image told a complete story
about Authority and legitimacy 

439
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:11,000
and divine favor without 
requiring any explanatory Tech 

440
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,200
next. 
It was political messaging, 

441
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:15,500
refined to its purest visual 
form. 

442
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:20,200
Modern Advertising works the 
same way, think about corporate 

443
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,000
logos. 
Those carefully designed symbols

444
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:25,600
meant to convey brand, identity 
at a glance. 

445
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:29,200
The Nike Swoosh suggests motion 
and victory. 

446
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,400
The apple apple suggests 
knowledge, and Innovation with a

447
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,600
bike taken out to avoid 
confusion with a cherry, the 

448
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:39,000
Mercedes-Benz star claims 
dominion over land sea and air. 

449
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:43,400
These aren't random squiggles, 
they're compressed meaning 

450
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,200
symbolic communication that 
bypasses language entirely. 

451
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:49,700
The Pharaohs would understand 
this immediately, they invented 

452
00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:52,500
it. 
Political symbolism or traces 

453
00:26:52,500 --> 00:26:55,700
back to Egypt. 
The idea that a leader should 

454
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:57,400
have a distinctive visual 
identity. 

455
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:03,500
Particular crowd a special 
scepter, a unique cartoon became

456
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:05,900
standard practice for rulers 
everywhere. 

457
00:27:05,900 --> 00:27:10,700
Medieval kings had their crowns 
and orbs popes have their might 

458
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:15,300
as and Ring's presidents. 
Have this seals and flags, all 

459
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:18,400
of these are elaborations on the
Egyptian concept that power 

460
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:23,300
should be visible recognizable 
and imbued with symbolic meaning

461
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:28,200
Pharaoh pioneered, the use of 
color as symbolism red 

462
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,600
represented, chaos, and the 
desert black represented 

463
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:35,200
fertility, and the rich Nile 
soil, gold represented, the 

464
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:39,300
Divine and eternal white 
suggested Purity, green 

465
00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:41,600
indicated, rebirth, and 
vegetation. 

466
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:44,100
These weren't just aesthetic 
choices. 

467
00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:47,000
They were theological and 
political statements. 

468
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:51,100
When you saw a pharaoh depicted 
with black skin, you were seeing

469
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:55,200
them aligned with Osiris God of 
rebirth and the afterlife. 

470
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:59,300
When their Crown was white and 
red combined, you were seeing 

471
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:02,200
Upper and Lower Egypt unified 
under one ruler. 

472
00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:06,400
This codified use of color, has 
influenced how cultures of 

473
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,400
thought about color symbolism 
ever since. 

474
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:13,200
White for Purity and weddings. 
Black for mourning red for 

475
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,600
danger or passion and blue for 
calm or sadness. 

476
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:20,600
These associations aren't 
Universal or natural their 

477
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,600
cultural constructs. 
And many of them have roots in 

478
00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,700
Egyptian, color theory as 
transmitted through Greek, 

479
00:28:26,700 --> 00:28:29,800
Roman, and eventually European 
tradition. 

480
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,500
The cartoonish deserves its own 
paragraph because it's such a 

481
00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:36,000
perfect example of symbolic 
efficiently. 

482
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:40,800
A cartoon was an oval rope Loop 
that encircled a fairuz name in 

483
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:53,300
hieroglyphics. 
This person is eternal. 

484
00:28:53,300 --> 00:28:57,500
This name will last forever. 
It was a simple device that 

485
00:28:57,500 --> 00:28:59,900
conveyed, tremendous meaning, 
and it worked. 

486
00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:03,600
So well that people today still 
recognize cartouches instantly 

487
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:06,800
as Egyptian. 
Scarab amulet is another 

488
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:10,400
interesting case. 
Egyptians observed scarab 

489
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,400
beetles rolling balls of dung 
across the ground, and 

490
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:16,700
interpreted this, as the beetle 
rolling, the sun across the sky.

491
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,400
From this observation came an 
entire symbolic system. 

492
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:25,600
Scarab as a representation of 
the sun god Capri as a symbol of

493
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,400
transformation, because beetles 
emerge from dung balls. 

494
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,100
And as a, protective amulet, 
that could ensure rebirth in the

495
00:29:33,100 --> 00:29:36,900
afterlife. 
Millions of Scarab amulets were 

496
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:40,100
produced over Egypt's long 
history, and they became so 

497
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:43,100
wide-spread that you can still 
buy the them in tourist shops 

498
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:45,600
today. 
Though the people wearing them 

499
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:47,900
rarely know their carrying 
around a symbol of Resurrection 

500
00:29:47,900 --> 00:29:52,200
tied to a dung beetle. 
Egyptians symbolic thinking also

501
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:54,300
gave us the concept of the power
of the image. 

502
00:29:55,100 --> 00:29:56,600
They believed that depicting 
something. 

503
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,600
Gave it reality. 
Statue will wasn't just a 

504
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:02,900
representation of a person. 
It could become that person's 

505
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:06,100
resting place for their car, 
their spiritual essence. 

506
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:10,300
A temple relief showing a 
pharaoh defeating enemies didn't

507
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:14,500
just commemorate past victories,
it magically ensured continued, 

508
00:30:14,500 --> 00:30:17,300
success. 
This idea that images have 

509
00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:21,200
inherent power that they can 
affect reality rather than just 

510
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,400
reflecting it. 
Persists in subtle ways 

511
00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:27,900
throughout modern culture. 
Think about how people react to 

512
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:32,200
flags being burned, or statues, 
being toppled, or logos being 

513
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:37,100
redesigned We claim these are 
just symbols but we treat them 

514
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:41,400
as if they matter tremendously. 
That's Egyptian thinking still 

515
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,600
at work, the pyramids themselves
became the ultimate symbol not 

516
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:47,900
just of ancient Egypt, but of 
mystery. 

517
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:50,200
Permanence and human ambition in
general. 

518
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,700
The pyramid shape of appears and
corporate logos architectural 

519
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:58,500
flourishes organizational charts
and self-help. 

520
00:30:58,500 --> 00:31:00,900
Diagrams about hierarchies of 
needs. 

521
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:05,500
It's become visual short-hand 
for something old and important,

522
00:31:05,500 --> 00:31:10,000
or a foundational structure upon
which everything else rests. 

523
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,400
Not bad for a tomb design from 
the Old Kingdom. 

524
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,700
Even though the way we think 
about symbols as things that 

525
00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,700
compress complex ideas into 
simple, memorable, forms, owe 

526
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:25,300
something to Egyptian, they were
Master's at this compression of 

527
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:30,400
a single hierarchy, could be a 
letter, A word, an idea for all 

528
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:34,800
three simultaneously depending 
on context, The entire writing 

529
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:38,500
system was symbolic in multiple 
overlapping ways and while 

530
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:42,000
hieroglyphs themselves 
eventually fell out of use, the 

531
00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,800
underlying principle that 
symbols can carry layered 

532
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,400
meaning, became fundamental to 
human communication. 

533
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:50,600
You know, there's something 
almost funny about wearing an 

534
00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:53,000
Anchor's jewelry. 
When you're rushing to a meeting

535
00:31:53,008 --> 00:31:57,100
about quarterly earnings the 
symbol predates corporations by 

536
00:31:57,100 --> 00:32:01,200
thousands of years. 
But here it is repurposed as 

537
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:05,300
fashion stripped of its original
religious context and filled 

538
00:32:05,300 --> 00:32:08,400
with new personal, meaning by 
whoever chose to wear it. 

539
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:13,900
This is cultural transmission at
work symbols of wave by becoming

540
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:17,600
flexible, by being meaningful 
enough to preserve but they can 

541
00:32:17,608 --> 00:32:21,100
have enough to re-interpret. 
The Egyptians created a visual 

542
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:24,500
vocabulary that still being 
spoken every time you see a 

543
00:32:24,508 --> 00:32:27,800
pyramid on a dollar bill. 
Every time a company uses a 

544
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:29,700
Scarab or an obelisk in their 
logo. 

545
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:33,400
And every time someone gets a 
hieroglyphic tattoo, even if 

546
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:37,300
it's misspelled your witnessing 
symbols, that refused to die. 

547
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:41,800
They just keep getting copied 
adapted and reused because they 

548
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,900
tap into something fundamental 
about how humans process meaning

549
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:49,300
through images and that might be
the most persistent Legacy of 

550
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:51,600
all. 
Not the specific symbols 

551
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:56,100
themselves but the demonstration
that the rights symbol deployed 

552
00:32:56,100 --> 00:33:00,800
correctly can outlive Empires 
The Pharaohs understood that 

553
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:04,800
power could be visual that ideas
could be carved in stone and 

554
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:07,600
that meaning could be compressed
into forms, simple enough for 

555
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,200
anyone to recognize, but Rich 
enough to reward deeper 

556
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:14,700
contemplation. 
You live in their symbolic World

557
00:33:14,700 --> 00:33:17,500
whether you know it or not, you 
just call it branding. 

558
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:21,400
Now let's talk about water. 
Not the Romantic poetic kind 

559
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,400
flowing through Nature 
Documentaries but the Practical 

560
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:28,200
engineering kind that either 
feeds your crops or drowns your 

561
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:30,900
house depending on whether 
you've planned for it properly. 

562
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:35,900
The ancient Egyptians became 
absolute experts at Water 

563
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:39,200
Management, not because they 
were particularly fascinated by 

564
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:43,200
Hydraulics, but because of 
survival demanded, it the Nile 

565
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,600
gave life. 
But only if you could control 

566
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:49,500
what it gave every year, the 
River flooded, this was 

567
00:33:49,500 --> 00:33:52,500
wonderful for depositing, 
nutrient Rich, silt to cross the

568
00:33:52,508 --> 00:33:55,200
Farmland. 
The terrible if you happen to be

569
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:59,400
standing where the water wanted 
to go. the Egyptians developed 

570
00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:03,400
sophisticated Canal systems 
basins and levies that 

571
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,200
channeled, flood water where it 
was needed and protected 

572
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:10,100
settlements from where it was 
not They created artificial 

573
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:13,000
ponds that held water long after
the flood receded. 

574
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:17,900
Extending the growing season. 
They built Shadow irrigation 

575
00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:22,100
devices, account awaited, pole 
with a bucket that let Farmers 

576
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:25,400
lift water from canals to Higher
Ground, without breaking their 

577
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:27,800
backs. 
These techniques became the 

578
00:34:27,808 --> 00:34:31,100
foundation for every irrigation 
system developed since. 

579
00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:35,400
When civilizations in 
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley 

580
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:38,600
and eventually the Americas 
tackled similar Water Management

581
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:40,500
problems. 
They were often rediscovering 

582
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:42,800
Solutions, the Egyptians had 
already implemented. 

583
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:46,100
The basic principles remain 
unchanged. 

584
00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:51,500
Capture water when its abundant 
store it, when it's scare, move 

585
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:54,500
it where it's needed, and keep 
it away from where it will cause

586
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:57,600
damage, your modern damn 
serving, a hydroelectric. 

587
00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:01,300
Plant follows the same logic as 
an Egyptian, basins serving a 

588
00:35:01,308 --> 00:35:04,800
wheat field. 
The Egyptians also pioneered 

589
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:07,700
surveying and measurement 
techniques that Engineers still 

590
00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:11,600
recognized as foundational. 
The annual flood erased field 

591
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:13,500
boundaries. 
So farmers needed. 

592
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:15,100
A way to re-establish. 
Who owned? 

593
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:17,800
What enter the Harper died on 
that day. 

594
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,300
The Rope structures. 
He used noted ropes of standard 

595
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,900
links to measure land. they 
understood geometry, not as 

596
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,600
abstract mathematics, it is a 
practical tool for dividing 

597
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:32,600
space fairly The ruined 
mathematical Papyrus. 

598
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:37,700
Dating to around 1650. 
BCE contains problems about 

599
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,900
calculating field areas 
measuring slopes and determining

600
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:44,400
volumes. 
All the math, you'd need for 

601
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:45,700
construction and Land 
Management. 

602
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,100
This same practical geometry 
made pyramid, construction 

603
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:52,600
possible. 
Building a structure with a 

604
00:35:52,608 --> 00:35:56,600
square base. 
Perfectly level with side to the

605
00:35:56,600 --> 00:36:01,000
cardinal, directions, and slopes
meeting at a precise points of 

606
00:36:01,008 --> 00:36:03,700
feet in the air. 
This requires, mathematical 

607
00:36:03,700 --> 00:36:08,600
sophistication, even with modern
tools, the Egyptians manage it 

608
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,200
with rope, wooden tools, and 
copper instruments. 

609
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:15,500
They used a merket, a kind of 
primitive transit to sight on 

610
00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:19,600
stars and establish True North. 
They use set squares and Plumb 

611
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,200
Bobs to maintain right angles 
and vertical lines. 

612
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,600
They checked the level by 
creating waterfill channels and 

613
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:29,400
measuring against the surface. 
Every technique was elegant 

614
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:33,800
practical and effective. 
Modern construction Engineers 

615
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:37,800
study, these methods not out of 
historical curiosity but because

616
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,300
they work remarkably well. 
When you're building something 

617
00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:45,200
massive and permanent sometimes.
The simplest tools are the most 

618
00:36:45,208 --> 00:36:47,600
reliable. 
You can't run out of batteries 

619
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:51,100
on a plumb bob. 
A rope stretched taught has been

620
00:36:51,108 --> 00:36:55,500
the same length for 5,000 years.
Water, always finds level 

621
00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:58,200
whether you're in Egypt, or 
Egypt themed Las Vegas. 

622
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:01,500
The quarrying techniques 
deserves special attention 

623
00:37:01,500 --> 00:37:03,700
because they're almost absurdly 
clever. 

624
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,100
To extract large blocks from 
Limestone quarries, Egyptian 

625
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:11,000
workers would cut narrow, 
trenches around the desired 

626
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,500
block, using copper tools and 
stone Pounders. 

627
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:17,300
Then they insert wooden wages 
into the trenches and soak them 

628
00:37:17,300 --> 00:37:20,400
with water. 
As the woods swelled it 

629
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:23,400
generated enough, Force to crack
the stone along, the desired 

630
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:29,600
line, Lines, no explosive know. 
Steal just would water and 

631
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:32,900
patience. 
The technique was so effective. 

632
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:35,500
That some quarries still show 
ancient wedge marks? 

633
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:40,400
Frozen mid, split Abandoned 
projects, waiting. 3,000 years 

634
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,400
for workers will never return. 
Moving these blocks was another 

635
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:48,500
engineering challenge entirely. 
The great pyramid at Giza used 

636
00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:52,400
roughly 2.3 million stone 
blocks, averaging two and a half

637
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:55,700
tons each with some Granite 
blocks in the king's chamber, 

638
00:37:55,700 --> 00:37:59,500
weighing 50 to 80 tons. 
How do you move that much Stone 

639
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:03,500
without wheels without pulleys 
without mechanical advantage? 

640
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:08,300
The answer appears to be ramps 
sledges and a lot of coordinated

641
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:11,400
human effort. 
Though, the specific ramp design

642
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:14,800
is still debated. 
Some archaeologists argue for 

643
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:19,500
straight ramps others for spiral
ramps and still others for a 

644
00:38:19,500 --> 00:38:22,500
combination. 
What's clear is that the 

645
00:38:22,500 --> 00:38:25,200
Egyptian sold, a logistics 
problem, that would challenge 

646
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:28,600
modern construction companies 
equipped with cranes and trucks.

647
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:32,500
They also demonstrated 
sophisticated understanding of 

648
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:36,200
Material Science, copper tools, 
were sharpened and reshaped. 

649
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:39,600
Constantly wooden sledges were 
built to specific weight. 

650
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,800
Tolerances mortar was mixed to 
exact consistency. 

651
00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:47,000
The casing stones on pyramids 
were cut, so precisely that you 

652
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,300
supposedly can't fit a knife 
blade between them. 

653
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:53,500
This wasn't just craftsmanship. 
It was Engineering in the truest

654
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:57,100
sets applying scientific 
principles to achieve specific 

655
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:00,700
results. 
The ventilation shafts in the 

656
00:39:00,708 --> 00:39:03,900
Great Pyramid, provide a 
particularly interesting example

657
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:08,100
of engineering foresight. 
These narrow channels only about

658
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:12,000
18 inches Square, run from the 
king's and queen's Chambers to 

659
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:16,000
the pyramids exterior for years,
archaeologists debate, their 

660
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:20,100
purpose. 
Shaft star sighting, tunnels or 

661
00:39:20,100 --> 00:39:22,400
symbolic Pathways for the 
pharaoh's spirit. 

662
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:26,100
Recent research suggests, they 
actually did function as 

663
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,500
ventilation maintaining airflow 
in the burial Chambers. 

664
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,500
The Egyptians understood that 
deep interior spaces, needed, 

665
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,300
air circulation. 
And they designed accordingly. 

666
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:41,100
This is the same principle used 
in modern HVAC systems. 

667
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:45,000
Just implemented with stone 
channels and of metal ducts. 

668
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:49,100
The Egyptian shipbuilding was 
equally impressive, they 

669
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:53,500
constructed ocean-going vessels 
that could sail to punt probably

670
00:39:53,500 --> 00:39:57,800
modern Somalia or Yemen and 
return loaded with luxury goods.

671
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:01,300
These were not crude River 
rafts, but proper ships with 

672
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:05,000
Keels cabin's and the ability to
handle Open Water. 

673
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:09,200
The Khufu ship discovered, 
buried near the Great Pyramid. 

674
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:15,300
In 1954, is 43.5 meters long 
beautifully preserved, and 

675
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:17,700
clearly designed for both River 
and sea travel. 

676
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:23,000
It demonstrates understanding of
hydrodynamics material selection

677
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:27,500
Lebanon, seed of a strength 
Egyptian Acacia for flexibility 

678
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:31,300
and joinery techniques that held
the vessel together with a 

679
00:40:31,300 --> 00:40:35,300
single metal fastener. 
The engineering mindset, the 

680
00:40:35,300 --> 00:40:37,500
belief that problems can be 
solved through careful, 

681
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:42,200
observation measurement testing 
and iteration is fundamentally 

682
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,500
Egyptian in origin. 
They didn't have the scientific 

683
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:49,300
method as formally articulated, 
but they practice something very

684
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:52,800
similar. 
The observed nature identified 

685
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:57,800
patterns developed theories, 
tested Solutions, and refined 

686
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,600
techniques based on a results. 
This empirical approach. 

687
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,900
This willingness to learn from 
reality rather than just 

688
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:09,000
speculate about it became the 
foundation for all subsequent 

689
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:13,100
technological development. 
Your smartphone exists because 

690
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:16,300
countless engineers build on 
principles established by people

691
00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:19,400
who wants figured out how to 
split stone with wet wood. 

692
00:41:20,300 --> 00:41:24,500
That might sound like a stretch 
but it's not engineering is 

693
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:27,700
cumulative. 
Each generation builds on the 

694
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:31,300
previous generation Solutions 
and those Solutions Trace back 

695
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:34,300
through an unbroken chain to the
first people who thought. 

696
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:38,700
What if we tried this and then 
actually tried it to see what 

697
00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:40,400
happened. 
The Egyptians were trying things

698
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:44,200
constantly the experimented with
different pyramid, designs 

699
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:49,500
stepped pyramids, bent pyramids,
and true, pyramids learning from

700
00:41:49,500 --> 00:41:53,900
failures and refining successes.
He tested different copper 

701
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:55,600
Alloys to improve tool 
performance. 

702
00:41:56,400 --> 00:42:00,600
A multiple types of stone 
cutting techniques optimized for

703
00:42:00,608 --> 00:42:03,800
different materials, they were 
problem-solvers in the most 

704
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:06,800
practical sense and the problems
they solved. 

705
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:11,300
How to move heavy objects, how 
to build tall structures, how to

706
00:42:11,300 --> 00:42:14,600
manage water? 
How to measure land, a problems,

707
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,800
humans, still face. 
So every time you cross a bridge

708
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:21,600
drive through a tunnel, watch 
water flow through an irrigation

709
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:24,100
system or Marvel at some 
impressive. 

710
00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:28,100
Bit of construction, pause for a
moment and appreciate the long 

711
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:31,900
traditional witnessing. 
The specific Technologies of 

712
00:42:31,908 --> 00:42:36,300
advanced enormously but the 
underlying approach, observe the

713
00:42:36,308 --> 00:42:40,600
problem devisor solution, test 
it, improve it. 

714
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:44,900
Hasn't changed since someone 
decided to build something that 

715
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:46,400
would Outlast their own life 
time. 

716
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:50,900
They succeeded, obviously you're
still admiring their work from 

717
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:54,500
5,000 years away which is better
than most of your projects will 

718
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:56,900
manage. 
And the methods they used to 

719
00:42:56,900 --> 00:43:00,100
achieve that longevity. 
Those are still being used 

720
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:03,900
refined and updated by every 
engineer whose ever decided that

721
00:43:03,900 --> 00:43:07,100
impossible. 
Just means, nobody's figured out

722
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:11,100
how yet your reading these words
on a screen or possibly on 

723
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:13,200
paper. 
If you've printed them out and 

724
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,900
you probably have not thought 
much about how a remarkable this

725
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:18,700
is. 
The ability to encode thoughts 

726
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:22,900
and to symbols transmit those 
symbols across space and time 

727
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:26,200
and have them decoded back into 
thoughts inside someone else's 

728
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:29,900
mind. 
This is arguably Humanity's most

729
00:43:29,908 --> 00:43:33,300
important invention and the 
Egyptians refined it into 

730
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:34,900
something approaching an art 
form. 

731
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:37,900
Hieroglyphs were never just a 
writing system. 

732
00:43:37,900 --> 00:43:41,300
They were simultaneously a 
practical tool for record. 

733
00:43:41,300 --> 00:43:45,800
Keeping a sacred language for 
religious texts and a decorative

734
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:50,500
element in architectural design.
The word hieroglyph itself comes

735
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:54,700
from Greek higher Ross, meaning 
sacred and glean. 

736
00:43:54,700 --> 00:43:59,300
Meaning to carve the Greeks who 
encountered Egyptian writing was

737
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:02,800
struck by, how beautiful it was,
how the symbols seem to be both 

738
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:05,100
functional and artistic 
simultaneously. 

739
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:09,400
They were wrong. 
A single hieroglyphic sign could

740
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:13,300
function in multiple ways. 
It might represent a sound like 

741
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:16,600
a letter in an alphabet. 
It might represent a whole word 

742
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:20,900
like sun or house. 
It might be a determinative, a 

743
00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:28,200
non-principal preceding signs 
refer to a god, a person, an 

744
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:32,700
action, or an abstract concept. 
This flexibility made 

745
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:36,100
hieroglyphic writing incredibly 
efficient, for those who knew 

746
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:39,400
how to read it and absolutely 
impenetrable for those who 

747
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:42,700
didn't. 
The Rosetta Stone discovered in 

748
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:46,900
1799, by French soldiers, and 
Egypt, became the key to 

749
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:50,700
unlocking this lost language. 
It contained the same text in 

750
00:44:50,700 --> 00:44:54,900
three scripts. 
Hieroglyphic demotic a 

751
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:57,300
simplified Egyptian, script and 
Greek. 

752
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:01,100
Scholars could read Greek. 
So they had a reference point. 

753
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:04,500
Jean Francois Jean. 
Paul Young spent years, 

754
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:09,300
comparing the three versions and
in 1822, he finally cracked the 

755
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:12,200
code. 
Suddenly all those carved 

756
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:15,400
inscriptions filling Egyptian 
temples became readable again 

757
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:19,700
after 1400 years of Silence. 
The dead civilization. 

758
00:45:19,700 --> 00:45:22,900
Began speaking. 
What they said was both mundane 

759
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:25,700
and profound. 
Tax records and grain 

760
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:29,200
inventories sat beside love 
poetry and Theological treatises

761
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:33,000
the full spectrum of human 
experience was preserved in 

762
00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:36,800
stone and papyrus. 
Administrative documents. 

763
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:39,900
That would bore you to tears. 
Medical texts. 

764
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:44,400
Describing treatments for 
various ailments, magical spells

765
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:46,900
and tended to protect the dead 
wisdom. 

766
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:50,500
Literature offering advice on 
how to live, well, Stories of 

767
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:54,200
Adventure and conflict 
astronomical, observations, 

768
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:57,900
mathematical calculations and 
endless, endless propaganda 

769
00:45:57,900 --> 00:46:00,700
about how great the current 
Pharaoh was. 

770
00:46:01,900 --> 00:46:03,900
This last category is 
particularly interesting. 

771
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:08,000
The ancient Egyptians were 
prolific self-promoters every 

772
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:10,400
pharaoh who did anything notable
had it. 

773
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:13,100
Carved into Temple walls. 
Usually with significant 

774
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:17,000
embellishment a minor Skirmish 
became a great Victory. 

775
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:20,200
He trade Expedition became a 
heroic Quest. 

776
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:25,100
The Pharaoh was always the 
strongest wisest and most Pious 

777
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:28,900
ruler who ever lived a loved by 
the gods and destined for 

778
00:46:28,900 --> 00:46:32,900
eternal glory. 
Modern politicians, who inflate 

779
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:34,800
their accomplishments are 
following a traditional 

780
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:36,500
established by Ramesses, the 
second. 

781
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:40,600
He had his battle victories 
carved. 

782
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:43,900
So thoroughly across Egypt that 
you'd think he was the only 

783
00:46:43,900 --> 00:46:47,900
fair, oh, whoever did anything. 
But here's the thing, it worked.

784
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:52,800
Ramesses wanted to be remembered
and 33 centuries later, you 

785
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:58,400
know, his name, Jose the King of
Kings, his propaganda, outlasted

786
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,700
his kingdom by Millennia because
he understood something 

787
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:04,500
fundamental about writing, it 
makes claims to permanents that 

788
00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:08,800
spoke and word can't match. 
Say something and it vanishes 

789
00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:13,300
into, are carving stone, and it 
might outlive civilizations. 

790
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:17,300
The Egyptians wrote on various 
surfaces each with its own 

791
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:20,600
purpose. 
Monumental inscriptions went on 

792
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:25,900
Stone Temple walls, obelisks 
tomb Chambers and Were Meant to 

793
00:47:25,908 --> 00:47:29,200
last forever. 
Administrative documents went on

794
00:47:29,200 --> 00:47:31,900
Papyrus. 
A writing surface made from 

795
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:34,100
Papyrus plant. 
Stems that were laid crosswise 

796
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:38,200
and pressed together. 
Papyrus was lighter and cheaper 

797
00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:40,800
than Stone. 
They still expensive enough that

798
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:42,500
scribes were careful not to 
waste it. 

799
00:47:43,500 --> 00:47:45,500
The temporary notes and student 
exercises. 

800
00:47:45,500 --> 00:47:49,700
There were Austria, Pottery 
shards, or flakes of lime, stone

801
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,400
that cost nothing and could be 
discarded afterwards. 

802
00:47:53,300 --> 00:47:56,800
Papyrus itself was a significant
technological innovation. 

803
00:47:56,800 --> 00:48:01,300
It was portable relatively 
durable and could be rolled into

804
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:05,500
Scrolls for storage. 
The word paper derives from 

805
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:08,300
Papyrus. 
And while modern paper is made 

806
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:11,600
differently, the concept of a 
lightweight writing surface. 

807
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:15,000
You can fold transport and 
archive come straight from the 

808
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,300
Nile Valley. 
The Library of Alexandria that 

809
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:22,500
legendary repository of ancient 
knowledge was essentially a huge

810
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:27,700
Papyrus scroll collection. 
When it burned repeatedly over 

811
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:31,400
several centuries. 
Humanity lost and incalculable 

812
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:35,200
amount of knowledge, all of it 
encoded on this Egyptian writing

813
00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:38,500
material. 
The profession of scribe carried

814
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:42,400
enormous prestige. 
In Egyptian Society, scribes 

815
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:45,800
were literate in a largely 
illiterate World which gave them

816
00:48:45,800 --> 00:48:48,700
access to power and relatively 
comfortable lives. 

817
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:53,400
They kept records, drafted 
correspondence, copied texts and

818
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,100
generally served as the 
information processes of their 

819
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,600
civilization. 
Training to become a scribe, 

820
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:02,800
took years and involved 
memorizing, hundreds of 

821
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:07,100
hieroglyphic signs learning 
proper writing techniques and 

822
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:10,700
studying mathematics geography, 
and literature. 

823
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:14,600
Scribble schools, produced 
instruction texts that have 

824
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:17,800
survived to the present day and 
there often quite funny in their

825
00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:20,000
complaints about how hard 
students have to work. 

826
00:49:21,100 --> 00:49:24,500
One text from the Middle Kingdom
instructs students to be a 

827
00:49:24,500 --> 00:49:27,600
scribe and avoid other 
professionals by describing the 

828
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:31,700
miseries of being a farmer, a 
soldier, a fisherman or a 

829
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,300
Craftsman. 
It's basically career 

830
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:38,300
propaganda. 
Stay in school learn to write or

831
00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:41,200
you'll end up breaking your back
in the hot sun like those poor 

832
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:44,600
manual laborers. 
The underlying message was 

833
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:48,700
clear, literacy, equals 
opportunity and that message 

834
00:49:48,700 --> 00:49:53,900
hasn't changed in 3,000 years. 
The concept of a library, a 

835
00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:57,100
dedicated space for storing and 
organizing written knowledge 

836
00:49:57,100 --> 00:50:01,300
also developed in Egypt. 
Temple, libraries preserved 

837
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:05,100
religious texts, scientific 
treatises and historical 

838
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:06,900
records. 
Private. 

839
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:09,500
Libraries existed in the homes 
of wealthy officials. 

840
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:13,300
The idea that knowledge should 
be collected categorized and 

841
00:50:13,300 --> 00:50:15,900
preserved. 
For future reference was an 

842
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:19,700
Egyptian Innovation that every 
library from Alexandra to the 

843
00:50:19,700 --> 00:50:21,800
Library of Congress as built 
upon. 

844
00:50:22,700 --> 00:50:24,800
Egyptian writing. 
Also, gave us some of the early 

845
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:27,700
literature that still feels 
recognized of Lee literary. 

846
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:33,600
The tale of seni from around 
1900 BC, tells the story of an 

847
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:37,500
official, who flees Egypt lives 
in Exile and eventually returned

848
00:50:37,500 --> 00:50:39,800
home. 
It has character development, 

849
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:42,800
emotional, depth and narrative 
structure. 

850
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,900
The eloquent peasant is a story 
about a peasant whose robbed and

851
00:50:46,900 --> 00:50:50,500
delivers increasingly elaborate 
speeches, demanding Justice, 

852
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:53,800
showcasing the Egyptian 
appreciation for skilled 

853
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:56,500
rhetoric. 
These aren't just historical 

854
00:50:56,500 --> 00:51:00,300
documents their actual stories 
that were meant to entertain and

855
00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:02,600
move their audiences and they 
still do. 

856
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:09,000
The Edwin Smith Papyrus dating 
to around 1600 BCE but copying 

857
00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:12,600
material, possibly 500 years, 
older is a medical text. 

858
00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:16,300
That describes 48 cases of 
traumatic injuries, their 

859
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:18,600
symptoms, diagnoses and 
treatments. 

860
00:51:19,300 --> 00:51:22,200
Its systematic logical and 
empirical. 

861
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:26,300
It describes what the physician 
should observe and what actions 

862
00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:27,900
to take based on those 
observations. 

863
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:33,400
This is early scientific writing
and attempt to codify Medical 

864
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:35,700
knowledge. 
So it could be transmitted and 

865
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:38,900
improved upon every medical 
textbook you've ever seen 

866
00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:42,100
descends from this impulse to 
record what works. 

867
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:45,300
So the Next Generation doesn't 
have to ReDiscover it from 

868
00:51:45,300 --> 00:51:48,800
scratch. 
The religious texts pyramid, 

869
00:51:48,800 --> 00:51:51,400
texts coffin texts. 
And eventually The Book of the 

870
00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:55,100
Dead represents, some of 
Humanity's earliest sustained 

871
00:51:55,100 --> 00:51:58,900
thinking about the afterlife 
morality and the relationship 

872
00:51:58,900 --> 00:52:02,200
between gods and humans. 
They're not Systematic. 

873
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:05,600
Theology in the later Greek or 
Christian sentence but they show

874
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:07,800
people wrestling with 
fundamental questions. 

875
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:11,200
What happens? 
After death, how should we live?

876
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:16,400
What do the gods want from us? 
These questions are Timeless and

877
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:19,200
the fact that we can read 
ancient Egyptian attempts, to 

878
00:52:19,208 --> 00:52:22,300
answer them creates a strange 
intimacy across millennia. 

879
00:52:23,100 --> 00:52:26,200
What the Egyptians ultimately 
gave us was the model of writing

880
00:52:26,200 --> 00:52:29,900
as a multi-purpose tool. 
simultaneously practical, 

881
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:34,400
artistic religious, and 
political Writing could track 

882
00:52:34,400 --> 00:52:37,900
grain. 
Praise Gods tell stories record 

883
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:41,400
history. 
Encode laws, preserve medical 

884
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:47,600
knowledge and claim immortality 
This versatility is exactly why 

885
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:50,100
writing became so Central to 
human civilization. 

886
00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:54,400
It's useful in every context 
where information needs to 

887
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,900
survive Beyond immediate memory.
Every time you write something 

888
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:02,600
down, a grocery list, a text 
message, a working male, a 

889
00:53:02,600 --> 00:53:05,700
journal entry during engaging in
this ancient technology. 

890
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:10,400
The specific symbols have 
changed and the surfaces you 

891
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:12,500
write on. 
Have evolved from Stone to 

892
00:53:12,500 --> 00:53:15,400
Papyrus to paper to glass 
greens. 

893
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:20,100
At the fundamental act Remains 
the Same your encoding thoughts 

894
00:53:20,100 --> 00:53:23,400
into permanent form, you're 
creating something that can 

895
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:27,000
Outlast the moment of its 
creation You're doing what the 

896
00:53:27,008 --> 00:53:30,700
scribes did just faster, and 
with spell check. 

897
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:34,100
And somewhere in some 
metaphysical, scribal School, 

898
00:53:34,100 --> 00:53:37,800
the ghost of an Egyptian writing
instructor is nodding in 

899
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:41,000
approval while simultaneously 
complaining about how students 

900
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:44,100
these days don't even know how 
to properly prepare papyrus. 

901
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:47,200
Let's return to buildings, but 
this time. 

902
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:48,800
Let's think about why they were 
built. 

903
00:53:49,500 --> 00:53:52,700
The pyramids were just tombs 
they were statements about 

904
00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:57,000
mortality Authority and the 
possibility of permanence in a 

905
00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:59,400
temporary world. 
The fairs were obsessed with 

906
00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,900
forever and they expressed this 
Obsession through architecture 

907
00:54:02,900 --> 00:54:05,700
that still standing after 
everything else about the 

908
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:09,000
civilization has vanished. 
Think about what? 

909
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:12,200
Survives from ancient Egypt. 
Not the wood structures. 

910
00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:14,800
Where people lived those rotted 
away. 

911
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:19,500
Not the Papyrus documents that 
recorded daily life most of 

912
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:24,400
those burned or decomposed. 
Not the paint that once covered 

913
00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:29,100
everything that faded or was 
deliberately removed what 

914
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:35,600
survives is Stone Temple's tombs
statues obelisks. 

915
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:38,800
The things were built to last 
forever because the people who 

916
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:43,100
built them desperately wanted to
defeat time this wasn't vanity 

917
00:54:43,100 --> 00:54:46,800
or at least not only vanity the 
Egyptians believed that being 

918
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:49,600
remembered was essential for 
continued existence in the 

919
00:54:49,600 --> 00:54:53,000
afterlife. 
If your name was spoken, if your

920
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,400
image was seen, if your Deeds 
were known, then part of you 

921
00:54:56,400 --> 00:55:01,200
remained alive, conversely. 
If you were forgotten if your 

922
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,900
name was erased, Your statues. 
Destroyed your monuments. 

923
00:55:04,900 --> 00:55:08,700
Dismantled you died a second 
death from which there was no 

924
00:55:08,700 --> 00:55:11,400
return. 
This made architecture 

925
00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:14,200
existential. 
Building something permanent 

926
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:17,600
wasn't just about ego. 
It was about survival Beyond 

927
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:21,300
Death. 
The pyramids at Giza, built 

928
00:55:21,300 --> 00:55:25,900
during the fourth, Dennis deer 
around. 2550 BC e represent the 

929
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:28,800
peak of this architectural, 
immortality project. 

930
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:34,700
Their massive precisely aligned 
and absolutely permanent in a 

931
00:55:34,700 --> 00:55:37,500
way that almost nothing else. 
Humans have ever built can 

932
00:55:37,500 --> 00:55:39,800
claim. 
The Great Pyramid was the 

933
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:43,900
tallest human-made structure in 
the world for over 30,800 years 

934
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:49,600
only surpassed by Lincoln 
cathedral in 1311 CE, Think 

935
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:53,100
about that for most of recorded 
history, the tallest thing 

936
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:55,600
humans had ever built was an 
Egyptian tomb. 

937
00:55:56,600 --> 00:55:58,700
But the pyramids weren't 
solitary monuments. 

938
00:55:58,700 --> 00:56:03,100
They were surrounded by entire 
complexes Mortuary temples. 

939
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:08,700
Causeways Valley temples 
subsidiary pyramids, boat, pits 

940
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:12,300
and Cemetery fields for Nobles. 
And officials, who wanted to 

941
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:14,300
spend eternity near their 
pharaoh. 

942
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:18,500
These were cities of the Dead 
carefully planned neighborhoods 

943
00:56:18,500 --> 00:56:20,500
where the afterlife was supposed
to unfold. 

944
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:24,200
The living maintained, these 
complexes for Generations, 

945
00:56:24,200 --> 00:56:27,700
performing rituals making 
offerings and keeping the memory

946
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:30,700
of the dead fairy alive. 
As long as the rituals 

947
00:56:30,700 --> 00:56:34,800
continued, the pharaoh's car, 
their life force could enjoy 

948
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:40,200
Eternal existence Eventually, of
course, the ritual stopped the 

949
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:43,700
Old Kingdom collapsed and the 
carefully maintained pyramid. 

950
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:46,300
Complexes were abandoned. 
Lotus. 

951
00:56:46,300 --> 00:56:49,600
Striped, the burial Chambers 
Stone was quarried from the 

952
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:51,500
casing blocks for use in other 
buildings. 

953
00:56:51,500 --> 00:56:55,800
The pyramids became ruins, their
original purpose for gotten or 

954
00:56:55,800 --> 00:57:00,200
misunderstood medieval Arabs 
thought they were grain silos 

955
00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:04,700
built by the biblical Joseph. 
Later, European spun fantasies 

956
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:07,300
about them being built by aliens
or atlanteans. 

957
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:11,700
The actual Builders skilled 
Egyptian workers coordinated by 

958
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:14,900
experienced Architects and 
Engineers were erased from 

959
00:57:14,908 --> 00:57:17,300
popular memory by more exciting,
myths. 

960
00:57:18,000 --> 00:57:22,000
But the structures themselves 
endured you can speculate all 

961
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:24,900
you want about their purpose, 
but you can't deny their 

962
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:27,500
presence. 
They refused to disappear. 

963
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:31,400
This is exactly what the 
Pharaohs wanted monuments. 

964
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:36,200
So massive, so permanent that 
future Generations would have no

965
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:38,000
choice but to acknowledge their 
existence. 

966
00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:41,500
Even if everything else about 
their civilization was 

967
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:44,200
forgotten. 
The temples took a different 

968
00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:47,300
approach to permanents. 
While pyramids were sealed 

969
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:49,500
structures meant to protect 
Royal burials. 

970
00:57:49,500 --> 00:57:52,600
Temples were active spaces. 
Where rituals were performed 

971
00:57:52,600 --> 00:57:55,200
daily yet. 
They too were built to last 

972
00:57:55,200 --> 00:57:59,000
forever and many have the Temple
of Karnak. 

973
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:03,500
Dedicated to Amun Ra was 
expanded and modified over 1500 

974
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:08,100
years, by successive, pharaohs. 
walking through CarMax today is 

975
00:58:08,100 --> 00:58:10,800
like walking through time 
itself, You can see 

976
00:58:10,800 --> 00:58:14,800
architectural style of evolving 
religious, emphasis shifting, 

977
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:17,200
and political power centers 
changing. 

978
00:58:17,200 --> 00:58:20,200
It's a stone Archive of Egyptian
history. 

979
00:58:21,300 --> 00:58:23,600
These temples followed the 
pattern mentioned earlier. 

980
00:58:23,600 --> 00:58:28,700
Pylon Gateway peristyle Court 
hypostyle Hall in a sanctuary. 

981
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:32,000
But the experience of moving 
through them was deliberately 

982
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:35,800
overwhelming. 
The hypostyle hall at Karnak, 

983
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:41,200
contains 134 columns. 
Sum 21 meters tall arranged in 

984
00:58:41,208 --> 00:58:43,200
rows, that create a forest of 
stone. 

985
00:58:43,200 --> 00:58:46,500
The ceiling was painted blue 
with gold stars. 

986
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:50,000
Sunlight filtered through. 
Clear story Windows. 

987
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:52,200
Creating dramatic, lighting 
effects. 

988
00:58:53,100 --> 00:58:56,100
The floor sloped upward towards 
the sanctuary while the ceiling 

989
00:58:56,100 --> 00:58:59,700
sloped downward, creating a 
sense of compression intimacy, 

990
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:02,100
as you approached the holy of 
holies. 

991
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:07,300
Every architectural, Choice, 
served to inspire all and 

992
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:11,300
reinforce the power of both the 
gods and the temple. 

993
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,100
This use of architecture to 
create specific, psychological 

994
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:18,500
experiences is something Modern 
Builders still emulate. 

995
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:23,300
Think about walking into a 
cathedral, a capital retunda or 

996
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,800
a well-designed museum. 
The Architects deliberately 

997
00:59:26,800 --> 00:59:30,200
manipulate your experience 
through scale proportionally, 

998
00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:34,900
light and sequence, your meant 
to feel certain things in 

999
00:59:34,900 --> 00:59:38,600
certain spaces. 
Reverence here openness their 

1000
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:42,600
Intimacy in this chamber 
Grandeur in that Hall. 

1001
00:59:43,900 --> 00:59:46,700
The fairy only Architects, 
pioneered these techniques. 

1002
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:49,400
And every subsequent culture has
borrowed from their playbook, 

1003
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:53,100
the rock-cut tombs in the Valley
of the Kings represent, yet 

1004
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:56,400
another approach to permanence 
Instead of building upward, 

1005
00:59:56,400 --> 01:00:00,200
these pharaohs tunnel into the 
Limestone Cliffs creating 

1006
01:00:00,200 --> 01:00:03,700
elaborate underground Chambers 
decorated with scenes from The 

1007
01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:05,900
Book of the Dead and other 
funerary texts. 

1008
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:10,300
The logic was security, a hidden
tomb was less likely to be 

1009
01:00:10,308 --> 01:00:13,900
robbed than an obvious pyramid. 
This didn't work particularly 

1010
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:17,700
well, nearly every Royal tomb 
was looted in antiquity. 

1011
01:00:18,900 --> 01:00:20,600
But the tombs themselves 
survived. 

1012
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:24,100
And when archaeologists 
excavated them in modern times, 

1013
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:27,100
they found walls still covered 
with vibrant paint and 

1014
01:00:27,100 --> 01:00:31,200
hierarchic texts that had 
remained in darkness for 3,000 

1015
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:34,200
years. 
The discovery of Tutankhamun's 

1016
01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:38,900
tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter. 
Created a worldwide sensation 

1017
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:42,300
precisely because it 
demonstrated how completely 

1018
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,300
Egyptian artistic Vision could 
be preserved. 

1019
01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:49,900
When protected from light are 
and looters the golden mask, the

1020
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:51,800
shrine boxes, the furniture of 
the jewelry. 

1021
01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:55,400
All of it, provided an 
unfiltered glimpse into fairy on

1022
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:58,800
burial practices. 
Most importantly it proved that 

1023
01:00:58,808 --> 01:01:01,600
the Egyptians belief in 
architectural, permanence wasn't

1024
01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:04,100
misplaced. 
Given the right conditions, 

1025
01:01:04,100 --> 01:01:08,100
their Creations could indeed 
last forever. this obsession 

1026
01:01:08,100 --> 01:01:11,900
with building for eternity 
influenced, every culture that 

1027
01:01:11,900 --> 01:01:16,600
came after the Romans built 
aqueducts and Roads designed to 

1028
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,700
last centuries. 
Medieval Christians built 

1029
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:23,800
Cathedrals that took generations
to complete, but were meant to 

1030
01:01:23,800 --> 01:01:28,300
stand until the second coming. 
Modern Nations build monuments 

1031
01:01:28,300 --> 01:01:31,700
to their ideals and heroes. 
Hoping these will convey their 

1032
01:01:31,700 --> 01:01:35,800
values to distant, descendants. 
Were all still trying to do what

1033
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:38,300
the fair Rose did. 
Build something that will 

1034
01:01:38,300 --> 01:01:40,600
Outlast us. 
That will tell future people. 

1035
01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:44,100
We were here, we mattered and we
understood something worth 

1036
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,000
preserving. 
There's something both admirable

1037
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:49,400
and slightly absurd about the 
compulsion. 

1038
01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:53,900
The universe doesn't care about 
your monuments entropy wins of 

1039
01:01:53,900 --> 01:01:56,600
Entry. 
The pyramids themselves are 

1040
01:01:56,600 --> 01:02:00,900
slowly eroding, grain by grain, 
under the assault of wind and 

1041
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:05,900
time in a few million years, a 
blink on geological time scales.

1042
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:09,100
They'll be unrecognizable mounds
of rubble. 

1043
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:13,400
Put on human time scales on the 
scales, that matter, to the 

1044
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:17,300
brief Sparks of Consciousness. 
We call lives 4500 years is 

1045
01:02:17,300 --> 01:02:21,900
close enough to Forever. 
The pharaoh's bet on Stone, they

1046
01:02:21,900 --> 01:02:25,100
bet that massive well-built 
structures would Outlast, would 

1047
01:02:25,100 --> 01:02:30,500
Papyrus memory language. 
And even the civilization that 

1048
01:02:30,508 --> 01:02:35,400
created them, they were right. 
long after the last person who 

1049
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:39,700
spoke ancient Egyptian died, 
long after the religion was 

1050
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:43,500
abandoned and the political 
system collapsed the buildings 

1051
01:02:43,500 --> 01:02:50,500
remained mute mysterious but 
undeniably present in a world 

1052
01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:54,000
where permanent usually means 
until the next remodel, where 

1053
01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:56,600
building is demolished after a 
few decades, if the location 

1054
01:02:56,600 --> 01:02:59,900
becomes valuable enough, the 
idea that something should be 

1055
01:02:59,908 --> 01:03:04,200
built to last thousands of years
seems almost quaint But every so

1056
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:09,200
often Humanity, build something 
meant to endure a memorial a 

1057
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:14,500
monument, a cathedral, a museum 
and when we do, we're channeling

1058
01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:17,600
the same impulse that drove 
those ancient workers to drag 

1059
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:19,400
Limestone blocks across the 
desert. 

1060
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:24,200
We want to leave something 
behind, we want to defeat time. 

1061
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:28,100
If only symbolically we want 
future people to know we were 

1062
01:03:28,108 --> 01:03:32,000
here, Pharaoh's taught us how to
express this desire through 

1063
01:03:32,000 --> 01:03:36,300
architecture and their success. 
The simple fact that you know 

1064
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:37,800
who they were and what they 
build. 

1065
01:03:38,600 --> 01:03:41,100
Suggest they understood 
something profound about the 

1066
01:03:41,100 --> 01:03:44,900
relationship between Stone 
memory and immortality. 

1067
01:03:45,900 --> 01:03:49,200
So the next time you visit some 
impressive old building, think 

1068
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:51,900
about the chain of influence, 
connecting it to a pyramid on 

1069
01:03:51,900 --> 01:03:55,400
the Giza, Plateau different 
styles, different purposes, 

1070
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,700
different cultures. 
But the same underlying belief 

1071
01:03:58,700 --> 01:04:00,800
that what we build can transcend
who we are. 

1072
01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:04,100
That architecture can be a 
bridge between the past and 

1073
01:04:04,100 --> 01:04:07,300
future and that human ambition. 
Carved into stone. 

1074
01:04:07,300 --> 01:04:09,500
Might actually achieve something
approaching forever. 

1075
01:04:10,700 --> 01:04:13,300
Or at least long enough to 
matter, you probably have a 

1076
01:04:13,308 --> 01:04:16,400
filing system. 
Maybe it's physical folders in a

1077
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:18,500
cabinet. 
Maybe it's digital folders on 

1078
01:04:18,500 --> 01:04:21,000
your computer. 
Maybe it's just strategically 

1079
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:22,600
labeled. 
Piles on your desk. 

1080
01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:26,800
Wherever you fall on the 
Spectrum from meticulous, 

1081
01:04:26,800 --> 01:04:29,000
organizer to. 
I know where everything is in 

1082
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:32,600
this chaos, your participating 
in a tradition of Information 

1083
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:35,600
Management that the ancient 
Egyptians refined into a 

1084
01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:38,200
science. 
The concept of organized 

1085
01:04:38,200 --> 01:04:41,900
archives places where documents 
are systematically stored and 

1086
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:45,200
can be retrieved when needed was
essential to Egyptian 

1087
01:04:45,200 --> 01:04:49,300
Administration without it, the 
whole bureaucratic system would 

1088
01:04:49,300 --> 01:04:52,200
have collapsed. 
How could you assess taxes? 

1089
01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:54,100
If you didn't know what someone 
paid last year? 

1090
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:57,700
How could you enforce laws if 
you couldn't reference the legal

1091
01:04:57,700 --> 01:04:59,900
precedence? 
How could you maintain 

1092
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:03,100
irrigation systems if you didn't
have records of how they'd be 

1093
01:05:03,108 --> 01:05:06,900
maintained previously? 
So the Egyptians created the 

1094
01:05:06,900 --> 01:05:10,600
house of Life, an institution 
attached to Major temples that 

1095
01:05:10,600 --> 01:05:14,200
served as a library. 
Archive scriptorium and 

1096
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:19,000
Educational Center, Here, 
scribes copied important text to

1097
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:22,900
preserve them. 
Priests consulted medical and 

1098
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:26,300
religious documents. 
Scholar study mathematics 

1099
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:29,700
astronomy and literature. 
It was simultaneously a 

1100
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:33,400
monastery, a university and a 
government Records Office. 

1101
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:36,900
A centralized repository of 
knowledge that ensured 

1102
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:41,100
continuity across Generations. 
This model of the archive as an 

1103
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:45,400
essential institution influenced
every literate society that came

1104
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:48,800
off after The Library of 
Alexandria was the most famous 

1105
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:52,700
example, but libraries sprouted 
across the Hellenistic world. 

1106
01:05:52,700 --> 01:05:55,800
Then the Roman world then 
Medieval Europe. 

1107
01:05:56,800 --> 01:05:59,600
The Catholic Church maintained 
Monastery, libraries throughout 

1108
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:02,800
the Dark Ages preserving 
classical texts, that would 

1109
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:06,900
otherwise have vanished. 
Islamic scholars, created vast 

1110
01:06:06,900 --> 01:06:10,600
libraries. 
In Baghdad, Cordoba and Cairo. 

1111
01:06:11,600 --> 01:06:14,900
The concept that knowledge 
should be collected organized 

1112
01:06:14,900 --> 01:06:18,700
and made accessible. 
This came from Egypt and spread 

1113
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:21,300
everywhere literate civilization
reached. 

1114
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:25,100
The cataloging systems they 
developed were remarkably 

1115
01:06:25,100 --> 01:06:28,200
sophisticated. 
Documents were labeled by 

1116
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:32,800
subject date and author. 
Scrolls were stored in labeled 

1117
01:06:32,800 --> 01:06:36,700
jars or boxes registers listed 
what was available in each 

1118
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:39,400
section. 
It's not so different from the 

1119
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:42,800
Dewey Decimal System. 
All the organization scheme of a

1120
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:46,700
modern Library The specific 
Technologies change. 

1121
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:49,300
But the underlying problem 
Remains the Same. 

1122
01:06:49,300 --> 01:06:52,500
You have more information than 
any individual can remember. 

1123
01:06:52,500 --> 01:06:56,600
So you need a system to find 
specific pieces of information 

1124
01:06:56,600 --> 01:07:00,000
when you need them. 
The Egyptians also pioneered, 

1125
01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:02,700
the idea of standardized 
formatting for different types 

1126
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:05,800
of documents. 
Legal contracts, followed 

1127
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:09,400
specific formulas tax 
assessments, use standard 

1128
01:07:09,400 --> 01:07:13,600
templates, medical texts had 
conventional organizational 

1129
01:07:13,600 --> 01:07:16,500
structures. 
This standardization May 

1130
01:07:16,500 --> 01:07:20,300
documents easier to create 
easier to read and easier to 

1131
01:07:20,300 --> 01:07:23,400
file. 
Same principle behind modern 

1132
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:27,300
forms and templates. 
Create a structure once then 

1133
01:07:27,300 --> 01:07:29,400
reuse it with different details 
filled in. 

1134
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:33,100
Efficiency through 
standardization is a thoroughly 

1135
01:07:33,100 --> 01:07:36,400
Egyptian concept. 
They understood something subtle

1136
01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:40,400
about information management. 
Organizing data isn't just about

1137
01:07:40,400 --> 01:07:42,800
storage. 
It's about enabling action. 

1138
01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:46,300
A tax records sitting in an 
archive doesn't do anything. 

1139
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:50,600
But when an official needs to 
assess this year's taxes and can

1140
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:54,200
quickly consult last year's 
assessment, suddenly that 

1141
01:07:54,200 --> 01:07:56,300
archived data becomes 
actionable. 

1142
01:07:57,100 --> 01:08:00,400
The value isn't in having the 
information, it's in being able 

1143
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:04,100
to retrieve and use it when 
needed this Insight underlies. 

1144
01:08:04,100 --> 01:08:07,400
Every database, every search 
engine, and every information 

1145
01:08:07,400 --> 01:08:12,000
system we've built since Google 
isn't valuable because it stores

1146
01:08:12,000 --> 01:08:14,400
web pages, plenty of service do 
that. 

1147
01:08:14,400 --> 01:08:17,899
It's valuable because it can 
find the specific web page. 

1148
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:20,800
You need among billions of 
options, infractions of a 

1149
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:23,500
second. 
The Egyptian archives worked on 

1150
01:08:23,500 --> 01:08:27,200
the same prints of principle. 
Just slower and with Papyrus and

1151
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:30,399
of servers. 
The Egyptians also developed 

1152
01:08:30,399 --> 01:08:32,800
conventions, for how to 
reference other documents. 

1153
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:37,100
When one text cited another, it 
would include identifying 

1154
01:08:37,100 --> 01:08:41,600
information, author title, and 
sometimes even the specific 

1155
01:08:41,600 --> 01:08:46,000
section this created a network 
of cross-references that, lets 

1156
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:48,200
Scholars Trace ideas across 
multiple sources. 

1157
01:08:49,100 --> 01:08:52,500
It's the ancient predecessor to 
footnotes citations and 

1158
01:08:52,508 --> 01:08:55,600
hyperlinks. 
Same intellectual technology 

1159
01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:59,200
that lets you verify claims and 
follow arguments back to their 

1160
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:02,800
sources was being used by 
Egyptian priests Consulting, 

1161
01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:06,899
medical texts 3,000 years ago. 
There's a particular type of 

1162
01:09:06,899 --> 01:09:10,500
document called a palimpsest, a 
manuscript where the original 

1163
01:09:10,500 --> 01:09:14,300
text was scraped off and the 
surface reused for new writing. 

1164
01:09:15,300 --> 01:09:18,899
Papyrus was expensive. 
So sometimes older texts were 

1165
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:22,200
erased and written over. 
This was practical but 

1166
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:26,399
occasionally tragic. some 
classical Works survived, only 

1167
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:30,600
as faint traces, underneath 
medieval religious texts, The 

1168
01:09:30,600 --> 01:09:33,300
Egyptians did this too. 
They usually with Australia 

1169
01:09:33,300 --> 01:09:37,200
rather than papyrus, It shows 
the tension between preserving 

1170
01:09:37,200 --> 01:09:41,700
information and the Practical 
cost of preservation attention 

1171
01:09:41,700 --> 01:09:44,700
that still exists in the digital
age when server space is an 

1172
01:09:44,700 --> 01:09:48,500
infinite and someone has to 
decide what's worth keeping the 

1173
01:09:48,500 --> 01:09:51,100
concept of official records that
have legal Authority. 

1174
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:55,700
All comes from Egyptian 
administrative practice. if 

1175
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:58,500
something was written down in an
official context by an 

1176
01:09:58,500 --> 01:10:02,500
authorized scribe it became 
legally binding truth, This 

1177
01:10:02,500 --> 01:10:05,800
created enormous power for those
who control the records. 

1178
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:09,400
If you could edit the archives 
you could edit reality. 

1179
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:13,300
Some pharaohs, literally erase 
their predecessors from history 

1180
01:10:13,300 --> 01:10:17,100
like chiseling, their names off 
monuments and removing them from

1181
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:20,700
King lists. 
This practice called damasio 

1182
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:23,200
Memorial. 
I was later adopted by the 

1183
01:10:23,200 --> 01:10:27,000
Romans and has echoes in every 
authoritarian regime that tried 

1184
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:30,100
to rewrite history by 
controlling the archives. 

1185
01:10:30,900 --> 01:10:32,600
But it also created a 
countability. 

1186
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:36,900
If officials knew their actions 
were being recorded, they were 

1187
01:10:36,908 --> 01:10:39,000
more likely to follow proper 
procedures. 

1188
01:10:39,900 --> 01:10:43,300
Citizens knew they could appeal 
to return law rather than 

1189
01:10:43,300 --> 01:10:45,800
arbitrary judgment. 
They had recourse against 

1190
01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:49,000
Injustice. 
The existence of organized 

1191
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:52,000
accessible records made 
governance more transparent and 

1192
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,400
predictable. 
Not perfectly Corruption of 

1193
01:10:55,400 --> 01:10:59,400
favoritism, still existed. 
But better than systems, based 

1194
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:01,300
purely on personal power and 
memory. 

1195
01:11:02,200 --> 01:11:05,300
The Egyptian model of 
organizational systems extended 

1196
01:11:05,300 --> 01:11:07,100
Beyond documents to physical 
objects. 

1197
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:11,200
Museum collections follow 
organizational principles 

1198
01:11:11,200 --> 01:11:13,000
established by Temple. 
Treasuries. 

1199
01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:17,200
Warehouse inventory systems 
descend from grain storage 

1200
01:11:17,200 --> 01:11:20,200
management. 
Even your kitchen cabinets. 

1201
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:23,100
Organized by category with 
labels on containers. 

1202
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:28,100
Follow the same basic logic. 
Group similar items together, 

1203
01:11:28,100 --> 01:11:31,600
mark them clearly and put 
everything in a consistent 

1204
01:11:31,600 --> 01:11:35,200
location so you can find it 
again, this might seem mundane 

1205
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:39,700
but it's not organization is 
what allows complexity to scale.

1206
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:43,300
You can manage a few dozen 
Scrolls through personal memory.

1207
01:11:43,300 --> 01:11:46,700
You can't manage thousands 
without a systematic approach. 

1208
01:11:46,700 --> 01:11:50,200
The Egyptians figured out how to
manage complexity through 

1209
01:11:50,200 --> 01:11:53,500
organization and every 
subsequent civilization, that 

1210
01:11:53,500 --> 01:11:56,700
achieved any scale has had to 
learn the same lesson. 

1211
01:11:57,500 --> 01:11:59,900
There's something deeply 
satisfying about a 

1212
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:01,100
well-organized system, isn't 
there? 

1213
01:12:01,100 --> 01:12:05,200
Whether it's a cleanly 
structured database, a properly,

1214
01:12:05,200 --> 01:12:08,900
alphabetize bookshelf, or just a
filing cabinet, where you can 

1215
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:12,500
actually find things 
organization, creates a sense of

1216
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:16,700
control, over chaos, the 
Egyptians felt this too, For 

1217
01:12:16,700 --> 01:12:22,000
them, Mart the concept of order 
truth and Cosmic Harmony was the

1218
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:26,500
foundation of civilization. 
Chaos was the enemy organization

1219
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:30,600
was sacred this belief that 
order should be created and 

1220
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:33,200
maintained that chaos should be 
resisted through. 

1221
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:35,800
Systematic effort. 
That information should be 

1222
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:39,500
preserved and made accessible. 
These are Egyptian values that 

1223
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:42,400
have become so Universal, we 
don't even recognize them as 

1224
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:45,700
choices anymore. 
We just assume that important 

1225
01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:47,800
information should be organized 
and preserved. 

1226
01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:50,900
We take it for granted. 
That there should be systems for

1227
01:12:50,900 --> 01:12:52,600
finding what we need when we 
need it. 

1228
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:57,000
But these aren't natural laws 
their cultural choices decisions

1229
01:12:57,000 --> 01:12:59,900
that a civilization make about 
how to handle the problem of 

1230
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:02,900
accumulating knowledge. 
The Egyptians made those 

1231
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:05,500
choices. 
Consciously build institutions 

1232
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,200
around them and transmitted the 
results down through the 

1233
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:11,900
centuries until filing cabinets,
and search, algorithms became 

1234
01:13:11,900 --> 01:13:15,300
normal parts of human life. 
So the next time your searching 

1235
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:18,500
for a document in a filing 
system where the physical or 

1236
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:21,800
digital appreciate the long 
tradition of your participating 

1237
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:26,200
in, Some one has to decide how 
to organize information how to 

1238
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:29,300
label categories and how to make
retrieval possible. 

1239
01:13:30,600 --> 01:13:34,100
The Egyptians did this work, 
thousands of years ago and 

1240
01:13:34,100 --> 01:13:36,300
you're still benefiting from 
their organizational 

1241
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:39,200
Innovations. 
Every time we find what you're 

1242
01:13:39,200 --> 01:13:42,300
looking for without having to 
search through random piles of 

1243
01:13:42,308 --> 01:13:45,100
Chaos. 
Which honestly is a bigger gift 

1244
01:13:45,108 --> 01:13:48,900
than any pyramid. 
You visit a doctor, they examine

1245
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:52,800
you ask about symptoms, maybe 
run some tests, then diagnose, 

1246
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:54,400
your condition and prescribed 
treatment. 

1247
01:13:55,400 --> 01:13:59,000
This seems like a completely 
modern scientific process, but 

1248
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:02,500
its structure is ancient. 
The Egyptians were among the 

1249
01:14:02,500 --> 01:14:06,600
first to approach medicine as a 
systematic practice rather than 

1250
01:14:06,600 --> 01:14:10,500
pure magic or prayer and the 
framework, they established 

1251
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:15,000
observe diagnose, treat Remains 
the foundation of medical 

1252
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:17,900
practice today. 
The Edwin Smith Papyrus 

1253
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:21,100
mentioned earlier, is the early 
known surgical text. 

1254
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:23,800
It describes injuries from head 
to foot. 

1255
01:14:23,800 --> 01:14:27,700
In organized detail, for each 
case, it provides a title. 

1256
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:31,900
Instructions, concerning a 
gaping wound in his head. 

1257
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:36,100
Examination steps. 
If you examine a man, having a 

1258
01:14:36,100 --> 01:14:40,500
gaping wound, diagnosis. 
You should say concerning him 

1259
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:42,700
one. 
Having a gaping wound in his 

1260
01:14:42,700 --> 01:14:46,800
head, penetrating to the Bone, 
Perforating the sutures of his 

1261
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:48,900
skull and treatment 
recommendations. 

1262
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:52,500
You should bind it with fresh 
meat, the first day. 

1263
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:56,700
And after a treat with grease, 
honey and lint every day until 

1264
01:14:56,700 --> 01:15:00,200
he recovers This is 
recognizable, medical 

1265
01:15:00,200 --> 01:15:03,400
documentation. 
Modern clinical case notes 

1266
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:06,800
follow, essentially the same 
structure, Chief complaint 

1267
01:15:06,800 --> 01:15:11,400
examination findings, diagnosis 
and treatment plan. 

1268
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:14,800
The Egyptians were always 
correct in their theories. 

1269
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:18,100
They thought the heart was the 
center of thought and emotion 

1270
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,100
for instance, but their 
methodological approach was 

1271
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,300
sound. 
Systematic, observation leads to

1272
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:26,700
better outcomes than random 
intervention. 

1273
01:15:27,400 --> 01:15:30,900
They also specialized there were
General Physicians but also 

1274
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:35,600
specialists in eyes, stomachs 
teeth and other specific body 

1275
01:15:35,600 --> 01:15:38,500
systems. 
The Greek historian Herodotus 

1276
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:43,600
writing in the 5th Century BCE 
noted, with some amazement that 

1277
01:15:43,600 --> 01:15:47,700
Egyptian medicine was divided. 
Each physician Is A Healer of 

1278
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:51,600
one disease and no more. 
This specialization allowed 

1279
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:55,100
practitioners to develop deep 
expertise in particular, areas. 

1280
01:15:55,100 --> 01:15:59,200
Your modern Medical Specialists,
cardiologist neurologists and 

1281
01:15:59,200 --> 01:16:01,400
orthopedists. 
A following an Egyptian 

1282
01:16:01,400 --> 01:16:05,400
organizational model Egyptian 
Dentistry was surprisingly 

1283
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:08,300
Advanced. 
Mummy show evidence of dental 

1284
01:16:08,300 --> 01:16:12,000
work including fillings Bridges 
and attempts at tooth 

1285
01:16:12,000 --> 01:16:15,100
extraction. 
Some skulls show signs of dental

1286
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:19,000
abscesses that were drained 
surgically. dental disease was 

1287
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:22,900
common in ancient Egypt, partly 
because the bread contained grit

1288
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:28,200
from Stone grinding wheels which
wore down teeth prematurely But 

1289
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:31,800
the fact that people sought 
treatment and received it rather

1290
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,000
than just suffering until the 
tooth fell out or they died from

1291
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:38,700
infection shows, a fairly 
sophisticated approach to oral 

1292
01:16:38,700 --> 01:16:41,500
health. 
They understood surgery to a 

1293
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:43,900
degree that seems remarkable 
given their tools. 

1294
01:16:44,700 --> 01:16:48,700
Circumcision was practiced skull
trepanation drilling holes in 

1295
01:16:48,700 --> 01:16:51,500
the skull was performed. 
Sometimes successfully. 

1296
01:16:52,700 --> 01:16:55,200
There's evidence of Lima, 
amputations that healed 

1297
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:59,200
suggesting the patience of the 
procedure and the subsequent 

1298
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:03,000
recovery period. 
This required, not just surgical

1299
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:06,800
skill, but also understanding of
infection prevention, Wound Care

1300
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:09,700
and Pain Management. 
For pain management. 

1301
01:17:09,700 --> 01:17:12,900
They used opium poppies, which 
grow in the Mediterranean 

1302
01:17:12,900 --> 01:17:15,400
region. 
They also used willow bark, 

1303
01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:19,400
which contains salicylic acid 
the active ingredient in 

1304
01:17:19,400 --> 01:17:21,600
Aspirin. 
They didn't understand the 

1305
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:24,900
chemistry, but they recognized 
through observation that the 

1306
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:29,800
substances helped with pain and 
inflammation. this empirical 

1307
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:34,200
approach trying things noting 
what works and using it even 

1308
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:38,400
without understanding why Is how
most medicine progressed until 

1309
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:42,700
the modern era. 
The ebers Papyrus, another 

1310
01:17:42,700 --> 01:17:47,500
important medical texts from 
around 1550 BCE contains over 

1311
01:17:47,500 --> 01:17:49,900
700 remedies for various 
ailments. 

1312
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:52,900
Some are effective, some are 
useless. 

1313
01:17:52,900 --> 01:17:57,100
And some are actively harmful by
modern standards. but the 

1314
01:17:57,100 --> 01:18:00,200
document shows systematic 
cataloging of medical knowledge 

1315
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:03,000
Each remedy is described in 
detail. 

1316
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:07,600
What ingredients to use in? 
What proportions, how to prepare

1317
01:18:07,600 --> 01:18:09,800
the mixture and how to 
administer it. 

1318
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:14,400
This is early farmer ecology. 
The beginning of the idea that 

1319
01:18:14,400 --> 01:18:18,000
medicine should be standardized 
and reproducible rather than 

1320
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:22,600
varying, by practitioner Wim. 
Egyptian Physicians, understood 

1321
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:25,300
that the heart pumped blood 
through vessels to the rest of 

1322
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:27,800
the body. 
They couldn't fully explain the 

1323
01:18:27,800 --> 01:18:31,400
cardiovascular system that 
understanding came much later, 

1324
01:18:31,400 --> 01:18:35,000
but they recognized that pulse 
was related to heart function 

1325
01:18:35,000 --> 01:18:38,700
and that disruptions in pulse, 
often indicated problems 

1326
01:18:38,700 --> 01:18:42,600
elsewhere in the body. 
Taking a patient's pulse became 

1327
01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:46,300
a standard diagnostic technique,
one that your doctor still 

1328
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:49,200
performs today with more 
sophisticated understanding but 

1329
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:53,000
the same basic gesture. 
They recognize the importance of

1330
01:18:53,008 --> 01:18:56,500
cleanliness and hygiene even if 
they didn't understand germ 

1331
01:18:56,500 --> 01:18:59,100
Theory. 
Priests who often served as 

1332
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:03,200
Physicians underwent regular 
purification rituals, including 

1333
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:06,800
washing and shaving body hair. 
Medical instruments were 

1334
01:19:06,800 --> 01:19:09,600
cleaned. 
Wounds were bandaged with clean 

1335
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:12,100
linen. 
These practices were partly 

1336
01:19:12,100 --> 01:19:16,300
religious, maintaining Purity 
for ritual reasons, but they had

1337
01:19:16,300 --> 01:19:17,900
a practical health benefits as 
well. 

1338
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:21,100
The concept of a medical 
professional with ethical 

1339
01:19:21,100 --> 01:19:23,200
standards. 
Also originated in Egypt. 

1340
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:27,400
Physicians, were trained in 
houses of Life tested on their 

1341
01:19:27,400 --> 01:19:29,700
knowledge and held to standards 
of conduct. 

1342
01:19:30,700 --> 01:19:33,500
The oath of him attack 
attributed to the day of fired, 

1343
01:19:33,500 --> 01:19:35,400
architect and physician 
predates. 

1344
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:38,800
The better known Hippocratic 
oath and contains similar. 

1345
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:41,800
Ethical commitments. 
The idea that medical 

1346
01:19:41,800 --> 01:19:45,600
practitioners should have formal
training demonstrate competence 

1347
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:48,100
and adhere to ethical 
principles. 

1348
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:51,900
This is Egyptian in origin and 
remains Central to Medical 

1349
01:19:51,900 --> 01:19:55,100
Practice. 
Worldwide imitate himself is a 

1350
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:58,300
fascinating figure. 
He was the architect to design, 

1351
01:19:58,300 --> 01:20:02,200
the step pyramid, at saqqara, 
the first large-scale, stone 

1352
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:05,200
building in Egypt. 
But he was also a physician of 

1353
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:08,600
such skill that he was 
eventually deified and worshiped

1354
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:12,100
as a god of Medicine. 
Temples to imitate functioned as

1355
01:20:12,100 --> 01:20:15,300
Healing Centers were sick. 
People would come to sleep in 

1356
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:18,000
the hope of receiving, Curative 
dreams, or visions. 

1357
01:20:18,900 --> 01:20:22,800
This might seem like pure 
Superstition but consider a 

1358
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:27,000
place where sick people could 
rest receive care eat, regular 

1359
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:30,600
meals, and have their symptoms 
monitored by knowledgeable 

1360
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:33,800
practitioners, that's basically 
a hospital. 

1361
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:37,700
Even if the theoretical 
justification involved divine 

1362
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:42,100
intervention, the Egyptians also
understood the importance of 

1363
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:47,000
dieting health, Medical texts. 
Prescribes specific foods, for 

1364
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:50,600
various conditions, they 
recognize that some illnesses 

1365
01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:53,800
were caused by eating spoiled 
food or contaminated water. 

1366
01:20:54,800 --> 01:20:57,600
They understood that proper 
nutritional aided recovery from 

1367
01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:01,200
illness or injury. 
The modern concept of preventive

1368
01:21:01,200 --> 01:21:05,100
medicine maintaining Health 
through proper diet, exercise, 

1369
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:07,500
and lifestyle. 
Rather than just treating 

1370
01:21:07,500 --> 01:21:11,300
disease after, it appears has 
ancient prison in Egyptian 

1371
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:14,700
medical thinking. 
Their anatomical knowledge while

1372
01:21:14,700 --> 01:21:18,000
limited by the lack of 
systematic, dissection was still

1373
01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:21,100
impressive. 
Mummification and provided 

1374
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:23,500
opportunities to observe 
internal organs. 

1375
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:27,400
Even if the religious context of
the procedure limited scientific

1376
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:31,500
inquiry The brain was discarded 
as unimportant. 

1377
01:21:31,500 --> 01:21:34,600
Again, they thought the heart 
was the seat of consciousness. 

1378
01:21:35,600 --> 01:21:39,000
But other organs were carefully 
preserved and their functions at

1379
01:21:39,000 --> 01:21:43,100
least partially understood. 
Egyptian Ophthalmology was 

1380
01:21:43,100 --> 01:21:46,500
particularly advanced. 
Eye diseases were common in 

1381
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:49,200
Egypt, due to the bright Sun, 
dust, and flies. 

1382
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:52,600
So I Specialists of treatments 
that actually worked. 

1383
01:21:53,200 --> 01:21:56,300
They used copper salts to 
prevent eye infections practice 

1384
01:21:56,300 --> 01:21:59,500
surgery for cataracts and 
understood that some vision 

1385
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:02,200
problems could be corrected with
magnifying lenses. 

1386
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:06,900
The basic eye examination, 
testing visual Acuity. 

1387
01:22:06,900 --> 01:22:10,900
Checking for cloudiness or 
inflammation examining the 

1388
01:22:10,900 --> 01:22:14,600
pupils response to light has 
changed very little since 

1389
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:17,400
ancient times. 
The transmission of Egyptian. 

1390
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:21,000
Medical knowledge in Florence 
Greek medicine, which in turn 

1391
01:22:21,000 --> 01:22:24,400
influenced Roman medicine, which
formed the foundation of 

1392
01:22:24,400 --> 01:22:28,200
medieval European medicine which
eventually evolved into modern 

1393
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:30,600
medicine. 
This is a direct line of 

1394
01:22:30,600 --> 01:22:32,900
transmission, spanning thousands
of years. 

1395
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:37,900
When Galen the famous Roman 
physician organized medical 

1396
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:39,900
knowledge in the second century 
CE. 

1397
01:22:39,900 --> 01:22:44,200
He was building on Greek sources
that had Incorporated Egyptian 

1398
01:22:44,200 --> 01:22:47,600
practices. 
His work remained authorized in 

1399
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:50,900
Europe until the Renaissance, 
which means Egyptian medical. 

1400
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:54,700
Concepts influenced Western 
medicine for over 1500 years. 

1401
01:22:54,700 --> 01:22:59,500
After the Egyptian civilization 
itself had ended What the 

1402
01:22:59,500 --> 01:23:03,600
Egyptians gave us ultimately, 
was the model of medicine, as a 

1403
01:23:03,608 --> 01:23:07,800
learning profession, based on 
systematic, observations and 

1404
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:10,600
documented knowledge, rather 
than just traditional and 

1405
01:23:10,600 --> 01:23:13,800
improvisation. 
They were not always right about

1406
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:16,100
mechanisms, nobody was until 
quite recently. 

1407
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:20,600
But their methodological 
approach was sound, observe 

1408
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,200
symptoms. 
Carefully consult previous 

1409
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:27,700
cases, try treatment 
systematically record results, 

1410
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:29,800
share knowledge, with other 
practitioners. 

1411
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:33,400
This is how medical progress 
happens and the Egyptians were 

1412
01:23:33,400 --> 01:23:34,800
among the first to do it this 
way. 

1413
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:37,600
So, the next time, you're 
sitting in a doctor's office, 

1414
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:41,200
being examined and diagnosed and
treated, remember that the 

1415
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:46,200
structure of that interaction is
ancient The specific tools and 

1416
01:23:46,200 --> 01:23:48,800
knowledge of improved 
enormously, but the basic 

1417
01:23:48,800 --> 01:23:52,600
framework, the idea that illness
should be studied categorized 

1418
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:55,000
and treated systematically by 
trained professionals. 

1419
01:23:56,000 --> 01:23:58,600
Comes from people who practice 
medicine in the shadows of 

1420
01:23:58,600 --> 01:24:01,500
pyramids. 4,000 years ago. 
They didn't cure everything. 

1421
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:05,000
Neither do we But they 
established. 

1422
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:07,700
The healing should be pursued 
through knowledge rather than 

1423
01:24:07,700 --> 01:24:10,200
just hope. 
And that might be their most 

1424
01:24:10,200 --> 01:24:14,400
enduring Legacy beyond all The 
Monuments and artifacts your 

1425
01:24:14,400 --> 01:24:16,400
lying in bed. 
Now, perhaps a bit closer to 

1426
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:19,400
sleep than when we started. 
The room is quiet. 

1427
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:23,300
The days tasks are done or at 
least postponed until tomorrow. 

1428
01:24:23,300 --> 01:24:26,800
You've just spent an hour here 
in about ancient Egypt but 

1429
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:30,700
really, you've been hearing 
about yourself. about the world,

1430
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:35,200
you inhabit, the systems, you 
use, and the concepts you take 

1431
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:38,800
for granted the connection 
between ancient Egypt and your 

1432
01:24:38,800 --> 01:24:42,100
Modern Life isn't some tenuous 
academic exercise. 

1433
01:24:42,100 --> 01:24:46,400
Its direct persistent and 
visible everywhere. 

1434
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:50,400
If you know where to look, You 
tell time using a system, they 

1435
01:24:50,400 --> 01:24:54,200
invented. you work in building's
inspired by their architecture, 

1436
01:24:54,200 --> 01:24:59,200
you benefit from governmental, 
bureaucracies they pioneered, do

1437
01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:02,500
you symbols, they created the 
organized information using 

1438
01:25:02,500 --> 01:25:06,600
principles, they established You
receive Medical Care based on 

1439
01:25:06,600 --> 01:25:08,200
methodologies. 
They developed. 

1440
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:11,800
Pharaohs are not distant 
historical Curiosities. 

1441
01:25:11,800 --> 01:25:14,800
There are architects of the 
infrastructure of civilization 

1442
01:25:14,800 --> 01:25:17,100
and you're still living inside 
what they built. 

1443
01:25:18,000 --> 01:25:20,600
This is the Strange Magic of 
human culture. 

1444
01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:24,500
Ideas. 
Persist Technologies, get 

1445
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:28,700
refined Innovations, compound 
across Generations. 

1446
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:32,000
People who first divided the 
year into months couldn't have 

1447
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:35,800
imagined digital calendars but 
those calendars still use the 

1448
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:37,800
fundamental structure they 
created. 

1449
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:41,000
The workers who dragged 
Limestone blocks across the 

1450
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:43,700
desert. 
Couldn't have imagined steel and

1451
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:47,900
glass skyscrapers for those. 
Skyscrapers use cyclical 

1452
01:25:47,900 --> 01:25:50,800
principles of height and 
symmetry that pyramid. 

1453
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:55,000
Builders understood intuitively.
Cultural transmission is messy 

1454
01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:58,800
ideas, get distorted, 
misunderstood reinvented and 

1455
01:25:58,800 --> 01:26:01,100
combined with other ideas from 
other places. 

1456
01:26:02,200 --> 01:26:04,900
The Egyptians didn't directly 
design your office, building, or

1457
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:08,700
write your medical textbooks. 
But they established templates 

1458
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:12,500
created Frameworks and 
demonstrated possibilities that 

1459
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:14,700
subsequent civilizations built 
upon. 

1460
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:19,600
Each generation adds layers, 
makes modifications and adapts 

1461
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:22,800
to new contexts, but the 
foundation remains recognizable.

1462
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,600
There's something profoundly 
human about this continuity. 

1463
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:30,300
We are all of us building on 
what came before. 

1464
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:34,100
Nobody starts from scratch. 
Even the most revolutionary 

1465
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:37,500
Innovations are a combinations 
of existing ideas. 

1466
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:41,300
The Pharaohs looked at the Nile 
flooding and created calendars. 

1467
01:26:41,300 --> 01:26:44,700
We looked at their calendars and
created time zones. 

1468
01:26:45,500 --> 01:26:48,200
Someone will look at our times 
zones and create something we 

1469
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:51,300
can't yet. 
Imagine But the thread connects 

1470
01:26:51,300 --> 01:26:55,300
us all people solving human 
problems using Humanity. 

1471
01:26:55,300 --> 01:26:58,400
Each solution becoming the 
foundation for the next 

1472
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:01,800
generation's achievements. 
The Egyptian obsession with 

1473
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:03,800
permanents turns out to have 
been Justified. 

1474
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:06,100
Just not in the way they 
expected. 

1475
01:27:06,100 --> 01:27:11,100
They wanted their names to last 
forever and many did Khufu, 

1476
01:27:11,100 --> 01:27:17,100
Ramesses Hatshepsut and Akinator
But more importantly, there are 

1477
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:19,900
ideas lasted their techniques 
lasted. 

1478
01:27:19,900 --> 01:27:23,800
They're innovation's became so 
thoroughly integrated into human

1479
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,100
civilization that their 
invisible like the air you 

1480
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:29,600
breathe. 
You don't think about calendars 

1481
01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:31,800
being invented because they've 
always been there in your 

1482
01:27:31,808 --> 01:27:36,300
experience, but someone invented
them, refined them and passed 

1483
01:27:36,300 --> 01:27:37,800
them along until they reached 
you. 

1484
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:41,100
This is the real immortality, 
the Pharaohs achieved. 

1485
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:44,200
Not personal survival in some 
afterlife. 

1486
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:47,100
The survival of their 
contributions to human 

1487
01:27:47,100 --> 01:27:49,900
knowledge. 
Every time you check what day it

1488
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:53,100
is, they live. 
Every time you walk into a 

1489
01:27:53,108 --> 01:27:57,000
building with columns, they 
live, every time information is 

1490
01:27:57,000 --> 01:28:00,100
filed and retrieved, they live 
every time. 

1491
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:02,400
A doctor examines a patient 
systematically. 

1492
01:28:02,400 --> 01:28:05,300
They live. 
These aren't the dramatic forms 

1493
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:08,100
of immortality. 
Ancient texts promise. 

1494
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:13,100
No souls sailing across the sky 
in a solar barque, but there in 

1495
01:28:13,100 --> 01:28:16,600
a way those religious promises 
never were, you are carrying 

1496
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,900
ancient Egypt forward, not 
consciously, not deliberately, 

1497
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:25,400
but inevitably, The systems you 
use the concepts. 

1498
01:28:25,400 --> 01:28:29,800
You think with the solutions to 
problems that seem Universal but

1499
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:31,500
are actually cultural 
inventions. 

1500
01:28:31,500 --> 01:28:34,900
These are gifts from people who 
died Millennia ago, but whose 

1501
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:38,700
work remains stubbornly useful 
They solved problems that are 

1502
01:28:38,700 --> 01:28:41,400
still problems, they asked 
questions that are still 

1503
01:28:41,400 --> 01:28:45,100
questioned, they found answers 
that are still answers or at 

1504
01:28:45,100 --> 01:28:47,700
least still the starting points 
from which better answers can be

1505
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:50,900
discovered. think about what 
this means for your own work, 

1506
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:55,000
your own life what you create 
what you build and what you 

1507
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:59,100
contribute might Outlast you in 
ways, you can't predict Not your

1508
01:28:59,100 --> 01:29:01,900
name. 
Necessarily most of us won't be 

1509
01:29:01,900 --> 01:29:05,200
remembered personally, but your 
contributions to the collective 

1510
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:07,100
human project of figuring things
out. 

1511
01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:11,000
The teacher Who develops a 
better way to explain difficult 

1512
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:13,700
Concepts. 
The programmer, who writes more 

1513
01:29:13,700 --> 01:29:17,500
elegant code, the administrator 
who streamlines a process. 

1514
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:20,200
The parent who raises thoughtful
children. 

1515
01:29:20,200 --> 01:29:25,900
These contributions rip outward.
Get adopted, get refined and get

1516
01:29:25,900 --> 01:29:28,500
passed along until this severed 
from their Origins. 

1517
01:29:28,500 --> 01:29:32,600
But still present in the world, 
the Pharos wanted Glory, they 

1518
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:36,000
got infrastructure, they wanted 
worship, they got bureaucratic 

1519
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:38,700
systems. 
They wanted their names to echo 

1520
01:29:38,700 --> 01:29:41,700
through eternity, they got 
calendar, reforms and 

1521
01:29:41,700 --> 01:29:45,100
Architectural principles. 
Maybe this is better than what 

1522
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:49,700
they hoped for Glory Fades, 
worship ends and names of 

1523
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:53,100
Forgotten. 
But useful ideas, persist 

1524
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:56,100
because every generation 
rediscovers how useful they are.

1525
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:00,700
There's a kind of immortality of
that and creating something so 

1526
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:04,700
practical so fundamentally 
right, that it becomes invisible

1527
01:30:04,700 --> 01:30:07,900
through Ubiquiti. 
The Pharaohs are no longer 

1528
01:30:07,900 --> 01:30:12,000
worshiped but their gifts are 
used daily by billions of people

1529
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:16,200
who've never heard their names 
that's influence on a scale. 

1530
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:20,700
No conqueror ever achieved 
extending far beyond any 

1531
01:30:20,700 --> 01:30:25,000
Empire's borders, into the 
future itself. so, as you drift 

1532
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:29,100
towards sleep, Carrying with you
thoughts of rivers and pyramids 

1533
01:30:29,100 --> 01:30:31,600
and ancient scribes working by 
Lamplight. 

1534
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:36,500
Recognize that you're connected 
to, those people buy unbroken 

1535
01:30:36,500 --> 01:30:38,600
threads of innovation and 
transmission. 

1536
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:41,700
They watch the Nile and learn to
predict it. 

1537
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:44,700
You watch the calendar and plan 
your life around it. 

1538
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:49,200
Different tools. 
Same fundamental human project, 

1539
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:54,400
making sense of chaos, creating 
order and Building Systems that 

1540
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:58,400
help life work better. 
Pharaoh still shape your world. 

1541
01:30:59,200 --> 01:31:03,600
But gently invisibly through the
accumulated weight of thousands 

1542
01:31:03,600 --> 01:31:07,400
of small innovations that became
normal that became necessary 

1543
01:31:07,400 --> 01:31:11,000
that became the foundation upon 
which everything else was billed

1544
01:31:11,000 --> 01:31:14,200
there in your walls and your 
watches in your government and 

1545
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:17,400
your Grammar in your hospitals 
and your habits of thought. 

1546
01:31:18,200 --> 01:31:21,400
They're not the distant past, 
they're the Deep foundation of 

1547
01:31:21,400 --> 01:31:24,300
the present. 
And tomorrow when you wake up 

1548
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:27,300
and check what day it is, you 
can thank them for making that 

1549
01:31:27,300 --> 01:31:31,100
simple action possible. 
Now, sleep well, surrounded by 

1550
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:34,900
their invisible gifts, in a 
world, they helped create could 

1551
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:38,100
never have imagined. 
The calendar will still be there

1552
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:41,800
in the morning, counting days, 
the way it has for 5,000 years 

1553
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:44,900
patient and persistent as the 
Nile in flood. 

1554
01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:53,500
Welcome to the world of a knight
in medieval Europe. 

1555
01:31:54,200 --> 01:31:56,600
Somewhere between the 11th and 
14th centuries. 

1556
01:31:56,600 --> 01:32:01,100
You're not charging into battle 
or seeking Glory, your managing 

1557
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:05,100
land, fulfilling obligations and
moving through the steady rhythm

1558
01:32:05,100 --> 01:32:08,800
of service and responsibility 
that Define this life far. 

1559
01:32:08,800 --> 01:32:11,900
More than any Legend ever could.
The days are long. 

1560
01:32:11,908 --> 01:32:15,500
The work is constant. 
And the satisfaction comes, not 

1561
01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:17,600
from heroism, but from 
continuity. 

1562
01:32:18,400 --> 01:32:21,700
You wake before full light in a 
manor house built from Stone and

1563
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:23,800
Timber. 
The room is not large. 

1564
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:27,500
A wooden bed frame holds a 
mattress stuffed with straw and 

1565
01:32:27,500 --> 01:32:29,900
wool. 
Layered with linen and a heavy 

1566
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:33,600
Woolen blanket. the air is cool,
especially in the months between

1567
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:37,000
Autumn and spring when Frost 
settles on the ground outside 

1568
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,700
and your breath Miss faintly and
the dim light You can hear 

1569
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:44,200
movement elsewhere in the house 
servants already, tending to 

1570
01:32:44,200 --> 01:32:47,800
fires, preparing the hall and 
beginning the work that sustains

1571
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:50,800
the household. 
Their footsteps are soft on 

1572
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:54,900
packed Earth, floors, their 
voices, low, and purposeful, you

1573
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:58,300
dress in layers. 
A Lin shirt first pulled over 

1574
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:01,900
your head, the fabric slightly 
rough against your skin, but 

1575
01:33:01,900 --> 01:33:06,300
softened by many washing then 
Woolen hose tied at the waist, 

1576
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:09,400
with Lin in Cordes. 
The wool thick enough to provide

1577
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:11,800
warmth but not so thick that it 
restricts movement. 

1578
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:17,700
The tunic follows died, a 
practical color brown, dark 

1579
01:33:17,700 --> 01:33:21,300
green or gray. 
And belted at the waist with 

1580
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:24,400
leather. 
The belt holds a small knife in 

1581
01:33:24,400 --> 01:33:28,100
a sheath useful for cutting 
food, or trimming loose threads,

1582
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:31,600
or any of a dozen, small tasks 
that arise throughout the day. 

1583
01:33:32,800 --> 01:33:35,700
Leather shoes, soft soul, and 
worn. 

1584
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:38,700
Smooth from use complete, the 
basic outfit. 

1585
01:33:39,800 --> 01:33:44,500
In Winter, you add another layer
a heavier tunic or a cloak lined

1586
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:47,700
with fur. 
In summer, you might skip the 

1587
01:33:47,700 --> 01:33:50,500
altitude until later in the day 
when you need to appear more 

1588
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:54,200
formally dressed. 
Clothing is functional made to 

1589
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:58,200
last and repair when it tears. 
Nothing is discarded lightly. 

1590
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:03,200
A torn seam is stitched A Worn. 
Patch is reinforced, the 

1591
01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:06,300
garments accumulate small 
repairs over months and years, 

1592
01:34:06,300 --> 01:34:10,600
each mend a mark of continued, 
use you move through the hall. 

1593
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:13,200
The ceiling is high enough to 
let smoke from the central. 

1594
01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:16,700
Half rise toward the roof, 
beams, where Escape through 

1595
01:34:16,700 --> 01:34:18,900
gaps, left deliberately for 
ventilation. 

1596
01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:24,500
The walls are stone at the base,
Timber above plastered and 

1597
01:34:24,500 --> 01:34:27,700
sometimes whitewashed. 
Tapestries or woven hanging 

1598
01:34:27,700 --> 01:34:29,500
things. 
Cover portions of the walls, 

1599
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:32,900
providing insulation against 
drafts and adding color to the 

1600
01:34:32,900 --> 01:34:36,200
space. 
Trestle tables have been set up 

1601
01:34:36,200 --> 01:34:39,400
along the sides of the hall. 
Their surfaces scarred from 

1602
01:34:39,400 --> 01:34:42,800
years of use Ventures, wait for 
the morning meal. 

1603
01:34:43,600 --> 01:34:46,900
Servants are already laying out 
bread cheese and Ale moving with

1604
01:34:46,900 --> 01:34:49,900
the Quiet efficiency of people 
who have done these tasks 

1605
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:53,800
countless times before. 
You take your place at the head 

1606
01:34:53,800 --> 01:34:56,000
of the table. 
Not because you are particularly

1607
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:57,500
Grand. 
But because this is your 

1608
01:34:57,500 --> 01:35:01,100
household and this is where you 
sit the position comes with the 

1609
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:05,800
responsibility, your wife, if 
you have one sits beside you or 

1610
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:08,500
near you, depending on the 
formality of the meal. 

1611
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:12,200
Children, if they're old enough,
sit further down the table. 

1612
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:16,300
Servants and members of your 
household, fill the remaining 

1613
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:18,700
spaces. 
Breakfast is simple. 

1614
01:35:18,700 --> 01:35:22,600
The bread is dense and filling 
made from Rye or barley. 

1615
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:27,700
Sometimes a mix of grains called
Maslin The crust is thick and 

1616
01:35:27,700 --> 01:35:30,300
dark. 
The interior is chewy. 

1617
01:35:30,300 --> 01:35:34,400
You tear pieces off with your 
hands dipping them in ale or 

1618
01:35:34,408 --> 01:35:36,200
spreading them with butter. 
If it is available. 

1619
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:41,000
The cheese is local made from 
the milk of cows or sheep kept 

1620
01:35:41,000 --> 01:35:44,000
on your land. 
It is firm sometimes. 

1621
01:35:44,000 --> 01:35:47,600
Crumbly with a strong flavor 
that varies depending on how 

1622
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:48,600
long it is. 
Aged. 

1623
01:35:49,400 --> 01:35:53,300
The ale is weak safer to drink 
than water from the well and 

1624
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:55,500
slightly sweet from The Barley 
used in Brewing. 

1625
01:35:56,300 --> 01:36:00,100
You eat with out, hurry. 
The meal is a pause before the 

1626
01:36:00,100 --> 01:36:04,500
days work begins in earnest. 
Others, join you members of your

1627
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:08,000
household, perhaps a young man 
learning service, under your 

1628
01:36:08,000 --> 01:36:12,600
roof, a steward who manages 
portions of your land or a clerk

1629
01:36:12,600 --> 01:36:14,200
if you employ one to keep 
records. 

1630
01:36:15,100 --> 01:36:18,300
Conversation is low and 
practical, someone mentioned a 

1631
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:21,400
fence that needs repair near the
eastern boundary, someone else 

1632
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:24,600
notes that the grain stores are 
holding well after the last half

1633
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:27,100
Harvest. 
A servant reports that one of 

1634
01:36:27,100 --> 01:36:29,500
the horses, seems slightly lame 
and should be examined. 

1635
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:34,500
You listen, ask questions when 
needed and make mental notes of 

1636
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:37,900
what requires your attention. 
After the meal, you step 

1637
01:36:37,900 --> 01:36:40,800
outside. 
The Manor sits within a few 

1638
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:44,700
Acres of enclosed land, Gardens 
where vegetables and herbs are 

1639
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:48,100
grown a small Orchard, with 
apple and pear, trees and 

1640
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:50,200
outbuildings for storage and 
animals. 

1641
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:54,100
The air is cooler outside than 
in the hall fresh with the 

1642
01:36:54,100 --> 01:36:58,600
center of Earth, and vegetation.
If it is rained recently, the 

1643
01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:02,200
ground is soft Under Foot mud, 
clinging into your shoes. 

1644
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:06,900
If the weather has been dry dust
Rises faintly with each step. 

1645
01:37:07,800 --> 01:37:11,400
Beyond the enclosed area Open 
Fields stretched toward the edge

1646
01:37:11,400 --> 01:37:14,700
of your holding. 
The landscape varies by season. 

1647
01:37:15,400 --> 01:37:19,300
In Spring, the fields are being 
plowed, the dark soil turned in 

1648
01:37:19,308 --> 01:37:23,600
Long furrows in summer, grain 
grows tall, and green. 

1649
01:37:23,600 --> 01:37:28,700
In Autumn, the Harvest is 
underway with sheaves of wheat 

1650
01:37:28,700 --> 01:37:33,200
or barley, bundled and stacked. 
In Winter, the fields, life 

1651
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:37,500
fallow, ground and stubbled 
resting until the cycle begins 

1652
01:37:37,500 --> 01:37:40,400
again. 
Peasants are already at work 

1653
01:37:40,400 --> 01:37:44,000
when the sun is barely above the
Horizon, they move through the 

1654
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:49,400
fields with tools. 
Plows, scythes, hose their 

1655
01:37:49,400 --> 01:37:52,700
movement, steady, and practiced.
You do not work the fields 

1656
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:55,900
yourself but you oversee them. 
You walk the boundaries, 

1657
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,400
periodically. 
Checking, the hedges are 

1658
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:02,000
maintained that drainage ditches
are clear, and that no one is 

1659
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:04,700
encroached on your land or moved
boundary markers. 

1660
01:38:05,400 --> 01:38:08,400
The land is your responsibility 
and manage it. 

1661
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:10,600
Well, is essential to 
maintaining your position. 

1662
01:38:11,500 --> 01:38:13,900
You return to the hall or to a 
smaller chamber used for 

1663
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:17,400
managing household Affairs. 
The chamber is quieter than the 

1664
01:38:17,400 --> 01:38:21,600
hall with a table for writing 
and reviewing documents a chest 

1665
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:25,200
for storing important papers and
a small half for warmth. 

1666
01:38:26,100 --> 01:38:29,300
There are accounts to review 
lists of rents, owed and 

1667
01:38:29,300 --> 01:38:33,700
collected records of grain, 
stored and distributed and notes

1668
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:37,500
on livestock counts. 
If you are literate, you review 

1669
01:38:37,500 --> 01:38:41,900
these yourself, if not your 
class or stewards them to you, 

1670
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:45,600
and you listen, carefully asking
questions to ensure you 

1671
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:47,200
understand the state of your 
Holdings. 

1672
01:38:48,500 --> 01:38:52,800
Rents arrive in various forms. 
Some tenants paying coin, a few 

1673
01:38:52,808 --> 01:38:56,200
silver pennies handed over at 
regular intervals, others paying

1674
01:38:56,200 --> 01:39:00,400
kind bushels of grain chickens 
eggs and days of Labor. 

1675
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:04,900
You track these contributions 
and sharing that everyone 

1676
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:08,500
fulfills their obligations. 
The system depends on this 

1677
01:39:08,500 --> 01:39:12,100
reciprocal structure. 
Peasants, work the land and 

1678
01:39:12,100 --> 01:39:16,300
provide you with food and 
service in return, you provide 

1679
01:39:16,300 --> 01:39:20,500
protection, access to land and a
place within the social order. 

1680
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:23,800
Disputes arise regularly and 
require your attention. 

1681
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:27,900
A tenant farmer arrives with a 
complaint about another tenants 

1682
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:31,600
pigs wandering into his grain. 
You listen to both sides and ask

1683
01:39:31,600 --> 01:39:34,600
a few questions about whether 
pigs are kept and whether the 

1684
01:39:34,600 --> 01:39:36,700
boundary between the two plots 
is clearly marked. 

1685
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:41,200
The solution is not dramatic, 
the pigs will be penned more 

1686
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:44,000
securely. 
The grain will be compensated 

1687
01:39:44,000 --> 01:39:46,100
with a portion of the pig owners
next Harvest. 

1688
01:39:47,000 --> 01:39:50,500
Both men, leave not entirely 
satisfied but accepting the 

1689
01:39:50,500 --> 01:39:52,700
decision because it follows 
established custum. 

1690
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:56,200
You spend a significant portion 
of your day juggling, small 

1691
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:59,400
tasks, making household 
decisions and fulfilling your 

1692
01:39:59,400 --> 01:40:03,100
obligation, your responsible for
the land, for the people who 

1693
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:06,200
live and work on it and for the 
service, you owe to the Lord of 

1694
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:08,500
The View. 
That service might mean 

1695
01:40:08,500 --> 01:40:11,500
appearing at his court 
contributing armed men, when 

1696
01:40:11,500 --> 01:40:14,800
required will simply maintaining
your portion of the social 

1697
01:40:14,800 --> 01:40:18,300
order. 
The work is constant unglamorous

1698
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:22,000
and essential. 
In the afternoon, you might ride

1699
01:40:22,000 --> 01:40:24,700
out to inspect another part of 
your land or visit a neighboring

1700
01:40:24,700 --> 01:40:26,200
night. 
The horse. 

1701
01:40:26,200 --> 01:40:30,400
You ride is not a warhorse. 
It is a poultry bread for steady

1702
01:40:30,400 --> 01:40:34,800
travel rather than combat. 
Its gate is smooth easier on 

1703
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:38,400
your body over long distances. 
You carry a light pack with 

1704
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:41,800
Provisions? 
Bread cheese and a flask of Ale 

1705
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,300
in case the journey takes longer
than expected. 

1706
01:40:45,500 --> 01:40:48,000
The roads are uneven. 
Sometimes muddy. 

1707
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:52,800
Sometimes rutted by cartwheels 
and dried into hard ridges. 

1708
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:56,800
You pass through Fields where 
workers pause briefly to 

1709
01:40:56,800 --> 01:41:00,500
acknowledge you with a nod or a 
raise hand, you pass clusters of

1710
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:04,300
cottages, small structures with 
thatched roofs and walls of 

1711
01:41:04,300 --> 01:41:08,000
wattle and daub smoke rising 
from Central halves. 

1712
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:11,800
He passed through stretches of 
forest, managed for Timber and 

1713
01:41:11,800 --> 01:41:15,500
hunting rights. 
The trees are thick that canopy 

1714
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:18,100
filtering, the sunlight into 
dapple patterns on the ground. 

1715
01:41:19,300 --> 01:41:23,400
Forest is not wild. 
It is carefully controlled with 

1716
01:41:23,400 --> 01:41:27,500
certain trees marked for cutting
certain areas, reserved for the 

1717
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:30,900
Lord's, hunting and certain 
paths maintained for travel. 

1718
01:41:31,900 --> 01:41:34,700
You know, these paths. 
Well, having ridden the many 

1719
01:41:34,700 --> 01:41:37,700
times. 
When you return, the hall is 

1720
01:41:37,708 --> 01:41:39,400
being prepared for the evening 
meal. 

1721
01:41:40,000 --> 01:41:41,900
Servants are setting up the 
Trestle tables. 

1722
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:44,700
Again, sweeping the floor and 
adding wood to the fire. 

1723
01:41:45,500 --> 01:41:48,900
You wash your hands and face in 
a basin, brought by a servant 

1724
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:53,700
the water, cool and clean 
scented faintly with herbs, you 

1725
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:56,600
change your outer tunic. 
If the one you wore as collected

1726
01:41:56,600 --> 01:42:00,800
too much dust or mud hanging the
soil, the Garment on a peg to be

1727
01:42:00,800 --> 01:42:03,400
cleaned later you take your seat
again. 

1728
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:06,400
The meal is larger than 
breakfast, but still modest by 

1729
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:10,300
the standards of great Feasts. 
Pottage made from peas or beans,

1730
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:13,700
thick and steaming is ladled 
into wooden bowls. 

1731
01:42:14,500 --> 01:42:18,700
A piece of roasted foul or salt 
pork is placed on a trencher, a 

1732
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:22,000
thick slice of stale bread that 
serves as both plate and part of

1733
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:25,100
the meal. 
More bread cheese and apples 

1734
01:42:25,100 --> 01:42:28,600
from the orchard. 
You eat, you speak with those at

1735
01:42:28,600 --> 01:42:31,600
your table about the days of 
Vents and tomorrow's plans. 

1736
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:35,000
And then the evening settles in 
with his own slower rhythm. 

1737
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:40,200
This is the shape of most days 
there are variations days. 

1738
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:43,400
When you must travel to attend 
your Lord's Court days when you 

1739
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:47,200
oversee repairs to a barn or a 
section of wall and days when 

1740
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,200
weather keeps you indoors 
reviewing stored Goods or 

1741
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:55,300
planning for the next season. 
But the pattern holds you're a 

1742
01:42:55,300 --> 01:42:58,900
land holder, a manager of 
resources, and a link in a long 

1743
01:42:58,908 --> 01:43:03,200
chain of obligation. 
The work is steady unglamorous 

1744
01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:07,100
and essential. 
It fills your days with purpose 

1745
01:43:07,100 --> 01:43:11,400
that is quiet, but real. 
Your armor hangs in a storage 

1746
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:13,600
room or sometimes in a corner of
the hall where it can be. 

1747
01:43:13,608 --> 01:43:18,500
Monitored, the room is cool and 
dry chosen specifically to 

1748
01:43:18,500 --> 01:43:21,200
prevent rust from forming too 
quickly on the metal. 

1749
01:43:21,200 --> 01:43:25,500
The armor is not a full suit of 
plate depending on the period 

1750
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:28,000
and your wealth. 
It might be a coat of mail. 

1751
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:32,100
Thousands of small iron Rings 
linked together in a pattern 

1752
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:36,600
that takes weeks to create heavy
and flexible draping over the 

1753
01:43:36,600 --> 01:43:40,900
body like a metal fabric. 
Or it might be a combination 

1754
01:43:40,900 --> 01:43:45,300
male with additional plates, 
covering the chest, shoulders 

1755
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:49,200
and limbs the plates riveted to 
a leather backing and buckled 

1756
01:43:49,200 --> 01:43:52,500
into place. 
The metal is prone to rust. 

1757
01:43:53,400 --> 01:43:57,100
Moisture in the air, sweat from 
the body and even the oils from 

1758
01:43:57,100 --> 01:44:00,800
your skin can cause corrosion, 
the armor must be cleaned 

1759
01:44:00,800 --> 01:44:05,500
regularly oil and inspected for 
broken links or weaken joints. 

1760
01:44:06,300 --> 01:44:07,900
You do not do this work 
yourself. 

1761
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:12,600
Servant or Squire handles much 
of it, but you check the 

1762
01:44:12,600 --> 01:44:16,800
results, you run your hand along
the male to feel for rough spots

1763
01:44:16,800 --> 01:44:20,100
where rings of broken or where 
rust is beginning to form. 

1764
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:24,000
You test the buckles and straps,
pulling them to ensure they hold

1765
01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:26,500
securely. 
You ensure that padding 

1766
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:30,500
underneath a quilted gambeson 
worn, beneath the male is still 

1767
01:44:30,508 --> 01:44:33,800
intact not torn or compressed 
Beyond usefulness. 

1768
01:44:34,600 --> 01:44:38,500
This padding, absorbs impact. 
When a blow lands, the male 

1769
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:41,900
spreads the force across a wider
area, but without padding 

1770
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:44,900
underneath the Rings can still 
bruise or break skin. 

1771
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:49,200
The gambeson is made from layers
of linen or wool stitched 

1772
01:44:49,200 --> 01:44:52,100
together in patterns that create
thickness, without excessive 

1773
01:44:52,100 --> 01:44:54,700
bulk. 
It is surprisingly heavy on its 

1774
01:44:54,700 --> 01:44:57,900
own and when combined, with the 
male, the full weight is 

1775
01:44:57,900 --> 01:45:02,600
considerable wearing it for 
hours requires stamina, your 

1776
01:45:02,600 --> 01:45:06,100
weapons require similar care. 
A sword, must be kept sharp the 

1777
01:45:06,100 --> 01:45:10,400
blade of notches and the grips 
cure The blade is made of iron 

1778
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:14,300
or steel forged and tempered. 
By A Smith, who understands how 

1779
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:16,900
to create a balance between 
hardness and flexibility. 

1780
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:19,300
A blade. 
That is too hard. 

1781
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:21,200
Will shatter. 
A blade. 

1782
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:24,300
That is too soft. 
Will bend the edge must be 

1783
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,900
maintained with a whetstone, the
motion steady and consistent 

1784
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:30,800
running the length of the blade 
at the correct angle. 

1785
01:45:30,800 --> 01:45:35,400
This is not quick work. 
Sharpening a sword properly 

1786
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:38,400
takes time and attention you 
practice with it. 

1787
01:45:38,400 --> 01:45:42,800
Not in Grand displays, but in 
control movements, strikes, 

1788
01:45:42,800 --> 01:45:46,900
Paris and footwork drills, 
performed in a courtyard or open

1789
01:45:46,900 --> 01:45:49,700
field. 
Practice is repetitive. 

1790
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:54,600
You go through the same motion's
many times building muscle 

1791
01:45:54,600 --> 01:45:57,400
memory and maintaining 
familiarity with the weight and 

1792
01:45:57,400 --> 01:46:01,300
balance of the blade. 
The sword is longer and heavier 

1793
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:03,600
than most people imagine. 
Swinging. 

1794
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:07,100
It requires strength. 
But more importantly, it 

1795
01:46:07,100 --> 01:46:11,100
requires control. 
A wild swing leaves. 

1796
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:14,700
You vulnerable, a controlled 
strike delivered at the right 

1797
01:46:14,700 --> 01:46:18,700
moment is far more effective. 
You also train with alarms 

1798
01:46:18,700 --> 01:46:20,600
though. 
Jousting is more common in later

1799
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:24,900
periods and often reserved for 
tournaments or displays, More 

1800
01:46:24,900 --> 01:46:28,100
practical is learning to couch, 
the Lance properly while mounted

1801
01:46:28,100 --> 01:46:32,300
to brace it against your body 
tucked under your arm supported 

1802
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:35,700
by your torso and aim with the 
momentum of the horse. 

1803
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:40,400
This takes coordination, the 
Lance is long and unwieldy, when

1804
01:46:40,400 --> 01:46:43,900
not in motion, you must 
anticipate where your opponent 

1805
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:47,800
or Target will be adjust. 
Your aim, while the horse is 

1806
01:46:47,800 --> 01:46:51,200
moving and absorb the shock of 
impact without losing your seat.

1807
01:46:52,000 --> 01:46:56,800
It is not instinctive, it takes 
practice repeated over many 

1808
01:46:56,800 --> 01:46:59,300
sessions until the movements 
become automatic. 

1809
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:02,900
The horse itself, demands more 
attention than any piece of 

1810
01:47:02,900 --> 01:47:08,800
equipment, a warhorse Astra is 
expensive, temperamental and 

1811
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:12,100
requires daily care. 
These horses are bred for 

1812
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,300
strength and aggression. 
Their trained to bite and kick 

1813
01:47:15,300 --> 01:47:19,100
on command to move into combat, 
without shying away from noise 

1814
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:22,300
and chaos. 
But that training also makes the

1815
01:47:22,300 --> 01:47:25,700
difficult to manage. 
They require experienced, 

1816
01:47:25,700 --> 01:47:29,200
handlers careful, feeding 
regular exercise. 

1817
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:33,600
And constant monitoring Feeding 
a warhorse means providing large

1818
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:37,600
quantities of grain, oats and 
barley as well as hey. 

1819
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:41,900
The grain gives the horse 
energy, the hay provides bulk 

1820
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:45,200
and helps with digestion, the 
amounts of carefully, measured 

1821
01:47:45,200 --> 01:47:50,300
two little and the horse loses 
conditioned too much and the 

1822
01:47:50,300 --> 01:47:53,700
horse can become sick. 
You rely on Grooms to manage 

1823
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:55,700
this, but you check on the 
horses yourself. 

1824
01:47:55,700 --> 01:47:58,800
Running your hand along their 
flanks, to feel their condition,

1825
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:02,400
looking at their eyes and coats 
for signs of health or illness. 

1826
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:06,400
Grooming happens. 
Daily brushes and combs remove, 

1827
01:48:06,400 --> 01:48:09,200
dirt and Loose Hair. 
Hooves are picked, clean of 

1828
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,400
stones, and mud and checked, for
cracks or signs of infection. 

1829
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:16,900
Stone lodged in a hoof can lay 
my horse a crack. 

1830
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:18,800
Can worsen into something more 
serious. 

1831
01:48:19,800 --> 01:48:23,000
Barrier visits regularly to 
trim, Hooves and fit, new shoes.

1832
01:48:23,000 --> 01:48:27,600
When needed the shoes are iron 
shaped to fit the hoof and 

1833
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:30,500
nailed into place with 
flat-headed nails that passed 

1834
01:48:30,500 --> 01:48:33,500
through the outer hoof wall 
without reaching the sets in a 

1835
01:48:33,500 --> 01:48:36,100
tissue fitting shoes requires 
skill. 

1836
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:40,000
A poorly placed Nails can cause 
pain and lameness. 

1837
01:48:40,000 --> 01:48:42,400
You like likely owe more than 
one horse. 

1838
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:46,800
The destrier is used. 
Sparingly Reserve actual combat 

1839
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:49,700
or tournaments where it's 
training and temperament and 

1840
01:48:49,700 --> 01:48:52,000
necessary. 
For daily travel. 

1841
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:55,900
You use a poultry. 
A horse breed for smooth Gates 

1842
01:48:55,900 --> 01:49:00,000
and steady temperament. 
For carrying goods a pack horse 

1843
01:49:00,000 --> 01:49:04,000
or mule is more practical. 
Each animal has its own needs 

1844
01:49:04,000 --> 01:49:06,600
and its own quirks. 
You know, them individually 

1845
01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:11,300
recognizing their personalities 
and habits caring for horses, 

1846
01:49:11,300 --> 01:49:15,600
means coordinating with Grooms 
ensuring adequate fodder is 

1847
01:49:15,600 --> 01:49:18,800
stored in dry places where it 
will not mold and arranging for 

1848
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:22,300
a farrier when shoes need 
replacing, or when Hooves need 

1849
01:49:22,300 --> 01:49:27,200
attention, it means recognizing 
signs of lameness or colic and 

1850
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,200
knowing when to rest an animal 
and when to push through minor 

1851
01:49:30,200 --> 01:49:34,400
discomfort, A lame War Horse, 
can mean failing to meet an 

1852
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:37,700
obligation, which can mean 
losing standing or favor with 

1853
01:49:37,700 --> 01:49:40,100
your lord. 
The stakes are high enough that 

1854
01:49:40,100 --> 01:49:43,900
you pay close attention, your 
helmet gauntlets Greaves, and 

1855
01:49:43,900 --> 01:49:45,900
other pieces of armor. 
Each have their own maintenance 

1856
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:49,200
needs. 
Leather straps dry out and 

1857
01:49:49,200 --> 01:49:51,700
crack. 
They need to be treated with oil

1858
01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:55,600
or fat, Tallow or neat's foot 
oil to stay supple. 

1859
01:49:56,400 --> 01:49:59,000
Buckles, corrode from moisture 
and must be cleaned and 

1860
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:02,400
sometimes replaced. 
Hinges on visored helmets, 

1861
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:05,200
stiffen and need oil to move 
smoothly. 

1862
01:50:06,000 --> 01:50:10,200
You or more often someone under 
your direction, work through 

1863
01:50:10,200 --> 01:50:14,300
these tasks regularly not in 
response to emergencies but as 

1864
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:18,000
routine upkeep the work prevents
larger problems from developing.

1865
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:22,800
Training extends Beyond weapons.
You need to be able to ride for 

1866
01:50:22,800 --> 01:50:25,100
hours without exhausting 
yourself for your horse. 

1867
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:30,300
You need to understand formation
recognize signals given by Flags

1868
01:50:30,300 --> 01:50:34,000
or horns and follow commands, in
the chaos of Group movement. 

1869
01:50:34,800 --> 01:50:37,100
Much of this Learning Happens 
through service. 

1870
01:50:37,100 --> 01:50:41,300
You might have started as paging
another household, then advance 

1871
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:44,600
to Squire learning by assisting 
an established night. 

1872
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,800
By the time you hold land and a 
title of your own, the skills 

1873
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:51,100
are embedded in your muscle, 
memory and instincts. 

1874
01:50:51,800 --> 01:50:54,200
Even after your established, the
training does not stop. 

1875
01:50:55,000 --> 01:50:59,100
Skills, degrade without practice
strength, Fades without effort. 

1876
01:50:59,100 --> 01:51:03,400
You can continue to drill to 
ride, and to spar, with blunted 

1877
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:06,100
weapons, against other nights, 
or men in your household. 

1878
01:51:07,000 --> 01:51:10,600
The work is not thrilling. 
It is methodical sometimes 

1879
01:51:10,600 --> 01:51:15,300
tedious but necessary. 
A night to neglects training and

1880
01:51:15,300 --> 01:51:17,900
becomes ineffective. 
And Effectiveness is the 

1881
01:51:17,900 --> 01:51:21,200
foundation of your Social role, 
your clothing to requires 

1882
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:23,800
attention. 
Tunic and hose wear out. 

1883
01:51:24,600 --> 01:51:27,500
Seam split from strain, or from 
repeated washing. 

1884
01:51:28,300 --> 01:51:30,700
Fabric thins at the elbows and 
knees were at Bends. 

1885
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:34,700
Most often someone in your 
household, often women or 

1886
01:51:34,700 --> 01:51:37,400
servants skilled in sowing 
men's. 

1887
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:41,500
These garments dance, holes and 
reinforces weak spots. 

1888
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:44,700
He also produced replacement 
garments when the old ones can 

1889
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:48,300
no longer be repaired. 
Bull must be cleaned and stored 

1890
01:51:48,300 --> 01:51:52,100
properly to avoid moths, which 
can destroy an entire chest of 

1891
01:51:52,108 --> 01:51:56,600
clothing if left unchecked. 
Linen must be washed and dried 

1892
01:51:56,600 --> 01:51:59,600
without excessive wear which 
weakens the fibers. 

1893
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:02,500
You're not directly involved in 
this labor but you are 

1894
01:52:02,500 --> 01:52:04,400
responsible for ensuring it 
happens. 

1895
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:08,700
You provide the raw materials 
wool purchased at Market or 

1896
01:52:08,700 --> 01:52:13,100
sheared from sheep on your land.
Linen woven from flax grown 

1897
01:52:13,100 --> 01:52:15,600
locally. 
You ensure that the household 

1898
01:52:15,600 --> 01:52:19,500
has the tools needed. 
Needles, thread, scissors and 

1899
01:52:19,500 --> 01:52:22,700
looms. 
If weaving happens on site the 

1900
01:52:22,700 --> 01:52:25,500
results of this labor, keep you 
close to keep your household 

1901
01:52:25,500 --> 01:52:29,400
functioning and keep everyone 
warm and presentable everything.

1902
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:32,200
You own serves. 
A function, there is little room

1903
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:35,600
for purely decorative items. 
What decoration exists, 

1904
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:39,700
embroidery on a tunic, a painted
design on a shield. 

1905
01:52:39,700 --> 01:52:44,300
Also communicates identity in a 
legion's, your Shield might bear

1906
01:52:44,300 --> 01:52:48,400
a coat of arms, a symbol that 
identifies you at a distance and

1907
01:52:48,400 --> 01:52:50,200
that signals your family and 
your lord. 

1908
01:52:51,000 --> 01:52:55,500
These markers are practical, the
identify you in a crowd signal 

1909
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,800
your place in the hierarchy and 
reinforce the structure that 

1910
01:52:58,808 --> 01:53:02,300
holds the system together. 
Cumulative effect of all this 

1911
01:53:02,300 --> 01:53:04,100
care is a life built around 
maintenance. 

1912
01:53:04,900 --> 01:53:10,000
You are constantly preparing 
repairing and replacing The work

1913
01:53:10,000 --> 01:53:13,200
is never finished. 
There is always another task 

1914
01:53:13,200 --> 01:53:16,300
waiting another piece of 
equipment to check and another 

1915
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:20,500
skill to keep Sharp. 
This is the foundation beneath 

1916
01:53:20,500 --> 01:53:23,100
the occasional moments of actual
service or conflict. 

1917
01:53:24,100 --> 01:53:27,100
Without this steady work, 
nothing else would be possible. 

1918
01:53:27,900 --> 01:53:32,100
You are a knight because you 
hold land granted by a Lord that

1919
01:53:32,100 --> 01:53:36,500
land is not given freely. 
It comes with expectations into 

1920
01:53:36,500 --> 01:53:38,100
the very structure of the 
agreement. 

1921
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:42,800
You owe military service, 
typically 40 days per year 

1922
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:46,800
though, the exact terms vary by 
region period and the specific 

1923
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:48,600
agreement between you and your 
lord. 

1924
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:52,700
You are attendance at your 
Lord's Court where Justice is 

1925
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:56,100
dispensed. 
Disputes are settled and The 

1926
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:58,000
Business of governance is 
conducted. 

1927
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:01,700
Yolk Council. 
When asked offering your opinion

1928
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:04,700
on matters that affect the 
Lord's holding or interests? 

1929
01:54:05,400 --> 01:54:09,000
You are financial support on 
certain occasions such as when 

1930
01:54:09,000 --> 01:54:11,800
the Lord's, eldest son is 
knighted when the Lord's 

1931
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:15,300
daughter marries, or when the 
Lord himself must pay Ransom. 

1932
01:54:15,300 --> 01:54:19,300
If captured, these obligations 
are not abstract, they shape 

1933
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:23,400
your year, your planning and 
your resources when the summons 

1934
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:27,200
comes a messenger arriving with 
a sealed letter or a verbal 

1935
01:54:27,200 --> 01:54:30,300
command. 
You must prepare, you gather 

1936
01:54:30,300 --> 01:54:33,000
your equipment. 
Checking that everything is in 

1937
01:54:33,000 --> 01:54:35,800
good repair. 
You ensure your horse is fit 

1938
01:54:35,800 --> 01:54:39,600
examining, its legs, and Hooves 
and testing its responsiveness. 

1939
01:54:40,400 --> 01:54:43,300
You arrange for someone to 
manage your land in your apps 

1940
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:47,300
and usually your Steward, 
sometimes your wife, if she has 

1941
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:51,100
experienced an authority in the 
household, You select men to 

1942
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:54,300
accompany you if required 
choosing from among your own 

1943
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:57,500
dependents or hiring additional 
soldiers, if needed. 

1944
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:02,300
You travel to the designated 
meeting point often a cast or 

1945
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:05,200
fortified town that serves as 
the Lord's primary seat. 

1946
01:55:05,900 --> 01:55:08,600
The journey might take a day or 
several days depending on 

1947
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:11,300
distance. 
Travel with your small group, 

1948
01:55:11,300 --> 01:55:15,600
keeping a steady Pace stopping 
at ins or accepting Hospitality 

1949
01:55:15,600 --> 01:55:17,400
from other landholders along the
way. 

1950
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:22,400
The roads are shared with other 
Travelers Merchants pilgrims, 

1951
01:55:22,400 --> 01:55:25,200
and other Knights responding to 
the same summons. 

1952
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:28,000
There is a sense of collective 
purpose. 

1953
01:55:28,000 --> 01:55:32,600
Everyone moving toward the same 
destination, you arrive and join

1954
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:35,900
other nights forming a small 
contingent under the Lord's 

1955
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:38,600
Banner. 
The banner is a physical symbol,

1956
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:42,100
a piece of fabric, painted or 
embroidered, with the Lord's 

1957
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:44,800
arms carried on a pole. 
So it can be seen from a 

1958
01:55:44,808 --> 01:55:48,700
distance Gathering under that 
Banner is both literal and 

1959
01:55:48,700 --> 01:55:52,600
symbolic. 
It represents Unity loyalty and 

1960
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:55,600
The Binding Together of 
individual interests and to a 

1961
01:55:55,600 --> 01:55:58,400
collective Force. 
The service you provide might 

1962
01:55:58,400 --> 01:56:01,700
involve Garrison duty standing 
watch on castle. 

1963
01:56:01,700 --> 01:56:06,000
Walls patrolling the perimeter 
and maintaining redness in case 

1964
01:56:06,000 --> 01:56:09,400
of attack. 
This work is routine, repetitive

1965
01:56:09,400 --> 01:56:14,000
and often boring. 
Hours pass with nothing 

1966
01:56:14,000 --> 01:56:16,800
happening. 
He walked the same sections of 

1967
01:56:16,808 --> 01:56:19,400
wall. 
Look out over the same landscape

1968
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:23,300
and exchanged a few words with 
other guards, The board is 

1969
01:56:23,300 --> 01:56:25,700
punctuated by brief moments of 
alertness. 

1970
01:56:25,700 --> 01:56:27,600
When something moves in the 
distance. 

1971
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:31,700
Usually just a farmer or a 
traveler occasionally, something

1972
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:36,200
that requires closer attention. 
The service might involve a 

1973
01:56:36,200 --> 01:56:40,500
sporting the Lord on a journey. 
you ride alongside him part of a

1974
01:56:40,500 --> 01:56:44,100
larger group that includes other
Knights servants and perhaps 

1975
01:56:44,100 --> 01:56:48,200
Clarke's or advisors The 
presence of armed men 

1976
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:52,800
discourages Bandits or other 
threats, Your Role is protective

1977
01:56:52,800 --> 01:56:57,100
but also ceremonial the size and
quality of the Lord's retinue 

1978
01:56:57,100 --> 01:57:01,100
reflect his status. 
By being part of that retinue, 

1979
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:03,200
you can contribute to his 
Prestige while also 

1980
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:05,700
demonstrating your own loyalty 
and capability. 

1981
01:57:06,800 --> 01:57:09,500
Occasionally the service 
involves actual military action 

1982
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:14,400
participating in a Siege 
responding to a border raid or 

1983
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:17,600
joining a larger Force raised by
the king or a higher Lord. 

1984
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:21,000
These events are less common 
than the story suggests, but 

1985
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:24,300
they do happen. 
He might mean camping outside of

1986
01:57:24,300 --> 01:57:27,500
fortified town for weeks or 
months, waiting for the 

1987
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:30,600
Defenders to surrender, or for 
an opportunity of breach the 

1988
01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:33,800
walls. 
The waiting is tedious supplies,

1989
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:38,600
run low disease, spread through 
camps, tension's rise among men 

1990
01:57:38,600 --> 01:57:42,600
confined, in close quarters with
little to do. when action does 

1991
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:48,300
occur, it is brief chaotic and 
exhausting much of military 

1992
01:57:48,300 --> 01:57:52,700
services waiting you wait for 
all orders supplies and whether 

1993
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,900
to clear on negotiations to 
conclude You wait in camps that 

1994
01:57:56,900 --> 01:58:00,500
are muddy and Rain Dusty and dry
weather and always 

1995
01:58:00,500 --> 01:58:04,400
uncomfortable. 
You eat simple food, sleep in 

1996
01:58:04,400 --> 01:58:07,300
tents or in the open and pass 
the time as best you can. 

1997
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:10,500
Talking playing dice and 
maintaining your equipment. 

1998
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:15,300
While you serve your household 
continues without you your 

1999
01:58:15,300 --> 01:58:19,000
Steward managers, the land 
collecting rents overseen work 

2000
01:58:19,000 --> 01:58:22,200
in the fields and making 
decisions about Minor matters. 

2001
01:58:22,200 --> 01:58:26,700
Your wife, if you have one 
overseas, the domestic side of 

2002
01:58:26,708 --> 01:58:30,600
the estate managing servant's 
ensuring Food Supplies are 

2003
01:58:30,600 --> 01:58:33,300
adequate and handling household 
accounts. 

2004
01:58:34,300 --> 01:58:37,500
Rents are still collected. 
Repairs are still made. 

2005
01:58:37,500 --> 01:58:41,400
The system is designed to 
function even when you're absent

2006
01:58:41,400 --> 01:58:44,300
because absence is built into 
the structure. 

2007
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:48,400
Everyone knows that Knights must
leave periodically to fulfill 

2008
01:58:48,400 --> 01:58:51,100
their obligations. 
The household adapts. 

2009
01:58:51,800 --> 01:58:54,500
When you return, you resume your
local duties. 

2010
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:58,300
Your attempt to dispute that 
accumulated during your absence 

2011
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,400
reviewing, what your Steward 
decided and ensuring those 

2012
01:59:01,408 --> 01:59:05,400
decisions are enforced. 
You oversaw planting or harvest?

2013
01:59:05,400 --> 01:59:09,600
If your service coincided with 
those seasons. you ensure that 

2014
01:59:09,600 --> 01:59:13,700
your obligations to the church 
are met, Tithes paid from your 

2015
01:59:13,700 --> 01:59:17,800
Harvest repairs to the local 
Chapel funded if it falls within

2016
01:59:17,800 --> 01:59:21,800
your responsibility. 
The church is another layer of 

2017
01:59:21,800 --> 01:59:24,700
obligation. 
Another institution that claims 

2018
01:59:24,700 --> 01:59:28,000
a portion of your resources in 
exchange for Spiritual services 

2019
01:59:28,000 --> 01:59:31,800
and social legitimacy. 
You also maintain relationships 

2020
01:59:31,800 --> 01:59:34,900
with other nights in the area. 
These relationships are 

2021
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:39,000
practical, not purely social. 
You might need their support in 

2022
01:59:39,000 --> 01:59:42,600
a dispute over land boundaries. 
They might need yours if they 

2023
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:45,500
face a legal challenge or threat
from a more powerful neighbor. 

2024
01:59:46,400 --> 01:59:49,900
Alliance is a bill slowly 
through shared attendance at 

2025
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:52,800
courts through marriages 
arranged between families 

2026
01:59:52,800 --> 01:59:56,600
through small acts of mutual 
assistance, helping with a 

2027
01:59:56,600 --> 01:59:58,400
harvest. 
When a neighbor is short-handed 

2028
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:01,400
providing horses. 
When someone's have been stolen 

2029
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:04,600
or died and standing as a 
witness in legal proceedings. 

2030
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:09,200
Your loyalty to your lord is 
both personal and institutional 

2031
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:13,800
you, swear an oath Formal 
Declaration of service and 

2032
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:18,100
Fidelity often performed in a 
ceremony where you kneel before 

2033
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:21,600
the Lord Place, Your Hands 
between his and speak. 

2034
02:00:21,600 --> 02:00:25,100
The words that bind you The oath
is taken seriously. 

2035
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:29,500
Breaking it, carries social and 
legal consequences, loss of 

2036
02:00:29,508 --> 02:00:32,000
land. 
Loss of status, sometimes. 

2037
02:00:32,000 --> 02:00:36,400
Exile or imprisonment. 
But loyalty is also reinforced 

2038
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:39,700
by more mundane ties. 
Your lord is the source of your 

2039
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:42,000
land. 
He is the one who can protect 

2040
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:45,600
your claims against challenges 
settled disputes in your favor 

2041
02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:49,400
and provide opportunities for 
advancement additional land 

2042
02:00:49,400 --> 02:00:53,300
marriage to a wealthy heiress 
and positions of responsibility 

2043
02:00:53,300 --> 02:00:57,500
in his administration. 
Maintaining his favor is a 

2044
02:00:57,500 --> 02:01:00,600
practical necessity. 
You attend his court when 

2045
02:01:00,600 --> 02:01:05,000
summoned, you offer gifts on 
appropriate, occasions a fine 

2046
02:01:05,000 --> 02:01:09,200
horse, a piece of crafted metal 
work or game from a successful 

2047
02:01:09,200 --> 02:01:12,000
hunt. 
You support his interest in 

2048
02:01:12,000 --> 02:01:14,500
disputes with other laws you 
speak. 

2049
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:17,900
Well of him, defend his 
reputation and contribute to the

2050
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:20,300
collective opinion, that 
sustained his authority. 

2051
02:01:21,200 --> 02:01:23,900
At the same time, you have your 
own dependence. 

2052
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:27,600
If you hold enough land you 
might Grant portions of it to 

2053
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:31,500
lessen nights or men at Arms in 
exchange for their service to 

2054
02:01:31,500 --> 02:01:33,600
you. 
They owe you the same loyalty 

2055
02:01:33,600 --> 02:01:35,600
and service that you owe your 
lord. 

2056
02:01:35,600 --> 02:01:38,700
They appear when you summon 
them, they fight under your 

2057
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:41,700
banner and needed. 
They provide counsel and support

2058
02:01:41,700 --> 02:01:46,300
you become a link in the chain 
both serving and being served. 

2059
02:01:46,300 --> 02:01:49,600
The result is a web of 
obligations extending upward and

2060
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:51,600
downward. 
Everyone has a place. 

2061
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:55,700
Everyone has duties. 
The system is rigid, but it is 

2062
02:01:55,700 --> 02:01:58,600
also stable. 
You know what is expected of 

2063
02:01:58,600 --> 02:01:59,600
you. 
You know what? 

2064
02:01:59,600 --> 02:02:02,400
You can expect from others. 
There is little room for 

2065
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:05,600
individual ambition, outside the
established channels, but there 

2066
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:07,700
is also little uncertainty about
your role. 

2067
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:10,400
The predictability is 
comforting. 

2068
02:02:10,400 --> 02:02:15,000
It reduces conflict, clarifies 
disputes and provides a 

2069
02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:18,400
framework for resolving problems
without resorting to chaos. 

2070
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:22,700
Courts are where much of this 
social structure is reinforced. 

2071
02:02:22,700 --> 02:02:26,200
When you attend your Lord's 
Court, you witnessed Justice 

2072
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:30,800
being dispensed, criminals 
punished dispute between 10 and 

2073
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:35,300
settled and land, grant 
confirmed or revoked. you see, 

2074
02:02:35,308 --> 02:02:39,200
marriages being arranged 
contracts being sealed and Oaths

2075
02:02:39,200 --> 02:02:44,200
being sworn You watch who is in 
favor and who is not reading the

2076
02:02:44,200 --> 02:02:47,100
subtle signals of the Lord's, 
approval or disapproval. 

2077
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:51,600
You hear news from other parts 
of the realm, who has died, who 

2078
02:02:51,600 --> 02:02:53,900
was married were, conflict is 
brewing. 

2079
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:56,000
And where opportunities might 
exist? 

2080
02:02:57,000 --> 02:02:59,800
You participate in ceremonies 
that bind the group together. 

2081
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:04,100
Feasts, held after important 
occasions tournaments were 

2082
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:07,700
Knights display their skills and
religious observances that Mark 

2083
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,800
the calendar. 
These gatherings are not purely 

2084
02:03:10,800 --> 02:03:14,900
social, they serve a function, 
they remind everyone of their 

2085
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:17,200
place. 
They provide opportunities to 

2086
02:03:17,200 --> 02:03:22,000
negotiate to make alliances and 
to settle old grievances before 

2087
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:26,200
they escalate and open conflict.
They also offer a chance to 

2088
02:03:26,200 --> 02:03:29,500
display wealth and status 
through clothing horses and the 

2089
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:32,800
size of your retinue. 
But even this display is 

2090
02:03:32,800 --> 02:03:37,700
governed by expectation. excess 
is noticed and judged as vulgar 

2091
02:03:37,700 --> 02:03:41,700
or threatening, modesty 
appropriate to rank his valued 

2092
02:03:41,700 --> 02:03:43,500
and rewarded with social 
approval. 

2093
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:47,300
The rhythm of service and 
obligation structures your life 

2094
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,800
as much as the changing seasons.
You move through the year 

2095
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:54,100
attending to your land, 
fulfilling your duties, and 

2096
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,500
maintaining your position. 
There is satisfaction in meeting

2097
02:03:57,500 --> 02:04:01,300
expectations, in being reliable 
and in holding your place within

2098
02:04:01,300 --> 02:04:03,600
the order. 
The work is steady. 

2099
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:08,700
The rewards are incremental 
respect from peers, continued 

2100
02:04:08,700 --> 02:04:11,800
possession of land and the 
security of knowing your place 

2101
02:04:11,800 --> 02:04:13,700
is secure as long as you fulfill
your role. 

2102
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:18,500
The stability is the point, the 
system works because everyone 

2103
02:04:18,500 --> 02:04:22,400
participates because everyone 
understands the rules and 

2104
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:25,700
because deviating from 
expectations carries costs that 

2105
02:04:25,700 --> 02:04:29,600
most are unwilling to pay. 
Rest is built into the structure

2106
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:33,500
of your days woven into the 
fabric of routine as naturally 

2107
02:04:33,500 --> 02:04:37,500
as work itself after the morning
meal, after the first round of 

2108
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:41,000
tasks, checking on livestock 
reviewing accounts. 

2109
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:45,700
Speaking with talents, There is 
often a pause, the mornings. 

2110
02:04:45,700 --> 02:04:50,200
Urgency Fades, the next set of 
obligations has not yet arrived.

2111
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:54,000
You might sit in the hall, 
reviewing accounts or simply 

2112
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:57,700
waiting for the next task to 
present itself. you might walk 

2113
02:04:57,700 --> 02:05:01,000
through the orchard checking the
progress of fruit on the trees, 

2114
02:05:01,000 --> 02:05:04,200
not because there is urgent work
to be done but because the 

2115
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:08,400
rhythm of the day allows for it,
The walk itself is rest. 

2116
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:12,100
A change of activity, that 
engages the body lightly while 

2117
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:15,400
allowing the mind to settle. 
In The Heat Of Summer, the 

2118
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:19,800
middle of the day is slow. 
The sun is high and strong work 

2119
02:05:19,800 --> 02:05:23,000
in the fields. 
Pauses peasant seek shade under 

2120
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:25,300
trees or return briefly to their
Cottages. 

2121
02:05:25,300 --> 02:05:28,600
Animals are Retreat to Barnes or
sheltered areas. 

2122
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:33,200
You might Retreat indoors as 
well away from the Sun and spend

2123
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:36,800
an hour in a cooler room. 
That the chamber where accounts 

2124
02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:40,200
are kept. 
So smaller room with thick stone

2125
02:05:40,200 --> 02:05:42,200
walls, that hold the coolness of
mourning. 

2126
02:05:42,200 --> 02:05:46,200
You do not sleep during these 
pauses necessarily, but you rest

2127
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:51,000
You sit on a bench or a stool. 
You drink water, or weak ale. 

2128
02:05:51,500 --> 02:05:54,100
You let the time pass without 
filling it with activity? 

2129
02:05:55,200 --> 02:05:59,300
sometimes you think through 
problems that need solving, A 

2130
02:05:59,300 --> 02:06:02,900
dispute that requires careful 
handling, a repair that needs 

2131
02:06:02,900 --> 02:06:06,000
planning. 
A conversation that must happen.

2132
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,300
But often you simply sit feeling
the coolness of the stone 

2133
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:13,300
against your back, listening to 
the muffled sounds of the 

2134
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:15,500
household, continuing its work 
elsewhere. 

2135
02:06:16,400 --> 02:06:18,500
Seasonal rhythms or dictate 
rest. 

2136
02:06:19,200 --> 02:06:21,000
Winter is a quieter time, 
overall. 

2137
02:06:21,800 --> 02:06:24,200
The fields are fallow giving the
soil time to recover. 

2138
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:28,000
Travel is more difficult with 
shorter days and worse weather. 

2139
02:06:28,700 --> 02:06:31,500
Roads become muddy or frozen. 
Rivers. 

2140
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:35,500
Rise with rain and snow melt. 
You spend more time indoors 

2141
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:39,100
closer to the fire. 
Moving through tasks at a slower

2142
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:41,700
Pace. 
There are still work maintaining

2143
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:45,900
equipment planning for spring 
managing indoor tasks like 

2144
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:49,400
weaving or preserving food but 
the urgency is lower. 

2145
02:06:49,400 --> 02:06:53,600
The days are shorter, the 
evening's a longer you settle 

2146
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:57,100
into the slower Rhythm without 
resistance, knowing that spring 

2147
02:06:57,100 --> 02:06:59,100
will bring its own increase in 
activity. 

2148
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:03,700
Feast days, provide structured 
breaks in the routine, religious

2149
02:07:03,700 --> 02:07:07,100
festivals Mark, the calendar 
Christmas Easter, and Saints 

2150
02:07:07,100 --> 02:07:09,400
days associated with your 
region, or your family. 

2151
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:14,800
These days involve obligations 
attendance at church specific 

2152
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:18,000
prayers and sometimes fasting 
beforehand to prepare 

2153
02:07:18,000 --> 02:07:21,300
spiritually. 
But they also offer a change of 

2154
02:07:21,308 --> 02:07:24,600
pace. 
After the religious observance, 

2155
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:26,900
there might be a larger meal 
time. 

2156
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:30,300
Spent with neighbors and 
extended family and a pause from

2157
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:33,500
ordinary labor. 
The church itself provides a 

2158
02:07:33,500 --> 02:07:36,800
rhythm of rest. 
Sundays are days of less work, 

2159
02:07:36,800 --> 02:07:39,500
dedicated to worship and 
recuperation. 

2160
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:46,100
Fieldwork, stops markets closed.
You attend Mass, listening to 

2161
02:07:46,100 --> 02:07:50,200
the priest words, participating 
in rituals that connect you to a

2162
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:51,900
larger community and a longer 
history. 

2163
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:55,000
Afterward. 
You might linger outside the 

2164
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:57,500
church. 
Speaking with other landholders,

2165
02:07:57,500 --> 02:08:00,900
exchanging news and making 
smaller Arrangements. 

2166
02:08:02,100 --> 02:08:04,200
The day feels different from 
work days. 

2167
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:07,500
Marked by absence as much as by 
presence. 

2168
02:08:07,500 --> 02:08:11,700
Absent of urgent demands absence
of pressure. 

2169
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:16,500
Even within a single day, there 
are natural pauses between tasks

2170
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:19,300
you stop. 
You drink ale or water brought 

2171
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:22,100
by a servant. 
You speak briefly with someone 

2172
02:08:22,100 --> 02:08:25,200
passing through the hall, asking
about their progress on some 

2173
02:08:25,200 --> 02:08:28,700
task or simply exchanging. 
Greetings, you adjust your 

2174
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:31,600
clothes clothing. 
Retiring hose that have loosened

2175
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:36,000
tightening a belt and brushing 
dust from your tunic. these 

2176
02:08:36,000 --> 02:08:40,000
moments are not planned but they
are regular they break the day 

2177
02:08:40,000 --> 02:08:44,000
into manageable pieces, creating
small intervals of transition 

2178
02:08:44,000 --> 02:08:48,400
between one activity and the 
next Waiting is also a form of 

2179
02:08:48,408 --> 02:08:50,900
rest, though. 
It does not always feel restful 

2180
02:08:50,900 --> 02:08:53,900
in the moment. 
You wait for a messenger to 

2181
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:57,300
return with news from your lord,
or from a neighboring estate? 

2182
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:01,300
You wait for rain to stop before
inspecting, a roof, that might 

2183
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:03,900
be leaking. 
You wait for your lord to call 

2184
02:09:03,900 --> 02:09:06,700
you to service. 
Not knowing exactly when the 

2185
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:09,200
summons will come, but knowing 
it will arrive eventually. 

2186
02:09:10,700 --> 02:09:13,800
The waiting is not anxious, not 
filled with Dread. 

2187
02:09:14,500 --> 02:09:18,300
It is simply part of the Rhythm,
you fill it with small tasks or 

2188
02:09:18,300 --> 02:09:21,000
with nothing at allowing time to
pass. 

2189
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:24,600
It is own pace. 
In the evening after the meal, 

2190
02:09:24,600 --> 02:09:26,200
there is a longer stretch of 
rest. 

2191
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:30,900
The whole remains lit by fire 
light and a few candles people 

2192
02:09:30,900 --> 02:09:33,700
gather, but the energy is lower 
than early in the day. 

2193
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:36,700
Conversations faded into 
mermaids. 

2194
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:40,700
The topic shift from work to 
stories from planning to 

2195
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:44,000
reminisants someone might repair
a piece of equipment. 

2196
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:48,200
A torn harness, a broken tool 
that the work is quiet. 

2197
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:53,000
Almost meditative other simply 
sit watching the fire letting 

2198
02:09:53,000 --> 02:09:55,700
their thoughts wander. 
Fire itself. 

2199
02:09:55,700 --> 02:09:59,600
Invites rest. 
Flames move constantly never 

2200
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:01,900
quite the same from one moment 
to the next. 

2201
02:10:01,900 --> 02:10:05,800
Watching them as calming the 
motion and light holding your 

2202
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:08,200
attention without demanding 
anything from you. 

2203
02:10:08,800 --> 02:10:12,200
The warmth is soothing, 
especially after a day spent 

2204
02:10:12,200 --> 02:10:15,200
partly Outdoors. 
You feel it seep into your 

2205
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,200
muscles, loosening tension and 
easing. 

2206
02:10:18,200 --> 02:10:20,900
Small aches. 
You're not required to be 

2207
02:10:20,908 --> 02:10:23,400
constantly active. 
The expectation. 

2208
02:10:23,400 --> 02:10:26,800
Is that you fulfill your duties,
not that you fill every moment 

2209
02:10:26,800 --> 02:10:30,700
with labor. 
Rest is recognized as necessary.

2210
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:35,900
Not indulgent, you rest so that 
you can continue you rest. 

2211
02:10:35,900 --> 02:10:39,300
So that the next day's tasks can
be met with steady energy rather

2212
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:43,700
than exhaustion the system 
allows for this and even depends

2213
02:10:43,700 --> 02:10:46,600
on it. 
A land holder who drives himself

2214
02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:48,400
to exhaustion cannot manage his 
land. 

2215
02:10:48,400 --> 02:10:52,000
Effectively, a knight who 
neglects rest cannot perform 

2216
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:55,900
when Services required the 
rhythm of rest also follows the 

2217
02:10:55,900 --> 02:10:59,300
seasons of your life. 
As a young man, you trained 

2218
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:03,100
harder, traveled more and took 
on more physically demanding 

2219
02:11:03,100 --> 02:11:05,800
tasks. 
You proved yourself capable 

2220
02:11:05,800 --> 02:11:09,200
Bill, your reputation and 
establish your position. 

2221
02:11:10,200 --> 02:11:14,300
As you age the balance, shifts, 
you rely more on those under 

2222
02:11:14,300 --> 02:11:17,700
your direction, you delegate 
more tasks to younger men 

2223
02:11:17,700 --> 02:11:22,800
Squires servants and Sons. 
If you have them, you spend more

2224
02:11:22,800 --> 02:11:26,400
time, overseeing and less time 
doing, this is not a loss of 

2225
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:28,700
status. 
It is the natural progression 

2226
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:33,700
expected and accommodated. 
System values experience and 

2227
02:11:33,700 --> 02:11:36,200
judgment as much as physical 
capability. 

2228
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:41,300
At night before sleep. 
There is a final, pause the 

2229
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:43,800
household. 
Settles the fire is banked 

2230
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:47,300
covered with Ash so it will burn
low through the night without 

2231
02:11:47,300 --> 02:11:50,600
going out entirely. 
Doors are checked and barred 

2232
02:11:50,600 --> 02:11:52,600
shutters a closed against the 
night. 

2233
02:11:52,600 --> 02:11:55,700
Are you move through these small
rituals without haste? 

2234
02:11:55,700 --> 02:11:59,900
They marked the transition from 
day to night from activity. 

2235
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:02,300
To rest. 
The transition is smooth 

2236
02:12:02,300 --> 02:12:07,000
expected and reassuring. 
There is no abrupt shift, no 

2237
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:11,300
jarring, change the date, eases 
in tonight as naturally as Dawn 

2238
02:12:11,300 --> 02:12:15,400
eases into morning, food is 
Central to the household, not 

2239
02:12:15,400 --> 02:12:18,400
just a sustenance, but as a 
measure of stability and 

2240
02:12:18,400 --> 02:12:22,300
success, Feeding everyone family
servants. 

2241
02:12:22,300 --> 02:12:24,900
Occasional guests is a daily 
task. 

2242
02:12:24,900 --> 02:12:28,000
That requires planning storage 
and coordinated labor. 

2243
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:33,000
The kitchen is a busy Place. 
Typically managed by a cook and 

2244
02:12:33,000 --> 02:12:36,900
several assistance often located
in a separate building or an 

2245
02:12:36,900 --> 02:12:40,500
attached Wing to reduce the risk
of fire spreading to the main 

2246
02:12:40,500 --> 02:12:43,900
hall. 
The separation also contains the

2247
02:12:43,900 --> 02:12:47,100
Heat and smoke that cooking 
generates keeping the living 

2248
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:50,900
spaces, more comfortable. 
Bread is the foundation of most 

2249
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:53,500
meals. 
It is baked several times a week

2250
02:12:53,508 --> 02:12:57,700
in large batches using a 
communal oven or an oven built 

2251
02:12:57,700 --> 02:13:01,100
into the kitchen structure. 
The oven is heated by burning 

2252
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:03,600
wood inside it, until the stones
are hot enough. 

2253
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:06,700
Then the coals are rake down and
the loaves are placed directly 

2254
02:13:06,700 --> 02:13:09,900
on the hot Stone's. 
The bread bakes from the 

2255
02:13:09,900 --> 02:13:13,600
residual heat the crust forming 
thick and dark while the 

2256
02:13:13,600 --> 02:13:17,600
interior stays dense and chewy 
the grain for bread comes from 

2257
02:13:17,600 --> 02:13:20,600
your own land or from rent. 
Paid in kind by tenants. 

2258
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:24,100
After harvest, the greatness 
stored in a dry building. 

2259
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:28,400
Sometimes a dedicated Grainery, 
sometimes a loft above the 

2260
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:32,400
stable or another outbuilding. 
The storage must protect against

2261
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:37,100
moisture which causes grain to 
mold and against rodents, which 

2262
02:13:37,100 --> 02:13:39,600
can consume or contaminate large
quantities. 

2263
02:13:40,700 --> 02:13:44,500
Grain is threshed to separate 
the kernels from the chaff then 

2264
02:13:44,500 --> 02:13:46,400
winnowed to remove the lighter 
debris. 

2265
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:49,900
Then ground into flour. 
Using a handle or taken to a 

2266
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:54,100
mill, powered by water or wind 
The bread itself varies in 

2267
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:58,500
quality white bread made from 
finely ground wheat, flour is 

2268
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:01,600
rare and reserved for special 
occasions or for the highest 

2269
02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:06,000
status members of the household.
Most of what you eat is made 

2270
02:14:06,000 --> 02:14:10,900
from Rye barley or maslen, a 
mixture of wheat and rye, that 

2271
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:12,700
combines the better qualities of
both. 

2272
02:14:13,600 --> 02:14:17,200
The bread is substantial 
designed to fill the stomach and

2273
02:14:17,200 --> 02:14:19,000
provide energy for physical 
labor. 

2274
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:22,400
Single loaf might waste several 
pounds. 

2275
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:27,400
It keeps for days becoming 
harder as its stales which point

2276
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:30,000
it can be soaked in pottage or 
used as a trencher. 

2277
02:14:31,000 --> 02:14:32,900
Portage appears at nearly every 
meal. 

2278
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:36,800
It is a thick stew made, from 
whatever is available, dried 

2279
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:40,400
peas, or beans soaked overnight,
and then simmered for hours, 

2280
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:44,900
onions and leeks from the garden
Maps, carrots, or turnips. 

2281
02:14:44,900 --> 02:14:47,700
And sometimes bits of meat or 
fish of available. 

2282
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:51,800
The ingredients simmer together.
In a large pot suspended over 

2283
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:55,900
the fire absorbing flavors and 
becoming soft and easy to eat. 

2284
02:14:56,800 --> 02:15:00,000
The pottage is hearty filling 
and adaptable. 

2285
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:04,400
When grain is abundant barley or
oats might be added to thicken 

2286
02:15:04,400 --> 02:15:07,100
it further. 
When herbs are fresh, they add 

2287
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:11,200
flavor parsley, Thyme and Sage 
grown in the household Garden. 

2288
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:15,200
Meters eaten regularly but not 
extravagantly. 

2289
02:15:15,900 --> 02:15:19,600
Pork is common preserved through
salting or smoking to last 

2290
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:23,200
through winter months. 
A pig is slaughtered in Autumn 

2291
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:26,500
after it is flattened on forage 
and household scraps through the

2292
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:29,300
summer. 
The meat is butchered carefully 

2293
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:32,200
with different cuts assigned to 
different purposes. 

2294
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:37,800
Cuts are eaten fresh or lightly 
salted, less a cut to ground 

2295
02:15:37,800 --> 02:15:40,500
into sausage or heavily salted 
and packed into barrels. 

2296
02:15:40,500 --> 02:15:44,400
Nothing is wasted, organs are 
cooked, immediately, bones are 

2297
02:15:44,400 --> 02:15:47,200
boiled for broth. 
Fat is rendered into lard for 

2298
02:15:47,200 --> 02:15:49,900
cooking mutton and beef appears 
frequently? 

2299
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:53,700
Sheep are more valuable for 
their wool and cattle and needed

2300
02:15:53,700 --> 02:15:57,500
for plowing and pulling carts. 
Only older animals passed, their

2301
02:15:57,500 --> 02:16:00,100
productive years, a typically 
slaughtered for meat. 

2302
02:16:01,000 --> 02:16:03,000
The meat from these older 
animals is tougher. 

2303
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:07,600
Requiring long, slow cooking to 
become tender It's often used in

2304
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:10,000
potages or pies rather than 
roasted. 

2305
02:16:10,800 --> 02:16:14,800
Poultry chickens. 
Ducks and geese are the estate 

2306
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:18,600
and slaughtered as needed. 
Chickens provide eggs as well as

2307
02:16:18,600 --> 02:16:21,100
meet making them a valuable 
resource. 

2308
02:16:22,200 --> 02:16:26,000
N that stops laying eggs, might 
be killed and cooked her meet 

2309
02:16:26,000 --> 02:16:28,200
tougher than a younger bird but 
still useful. 

2310
02:16:29,000 --> 02:16:33,000
Geese a fattened in Autumn and 
slaughtered before winter, their

2311
02:16:33,000 --> 02:16:35,100
meat preserved or eaten during 
the colder months. 

2312
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:38,700
They're fat is saved for cooking
and for waterproofing, leather 

2313
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:42,600
game from hunting supplements. 
The diet, though hunting rights 

2314
02:16:42,600 --> 02:16:46,500
are carefully regulated and not 
available to everyone as a night

2315
02:16:46,500 --> 02:16:48,200
with land. 
You like likely have the right 

2316
02:16:48,200 --> 02:16:52,200
to hunt small game Wrap. 
Its hairs Birds within your 

2317
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:57,700
Holdings, larger game Deer bore 
or often reserved for your lord 

2318
02:16:57,700 --> 02:17:01,799
or require his permission. 
When you do hunt, the meat is a 

2319
02:17:01,799 --> 02:17:05,700
welcome addition to the table. 
Venison is prized rich and 

2320
02:17:05,700 --> 02:17:08,700
flavorful. 
While wild boar is tougher, but 

2321
02:17:08,700 --> 02:17:11,900
still valued. 
The hunter itself is also a 

2322
02:17:11,907 --> 02:17:16,100
social activity, a chance to 
displace skill and to share time

2323
02:17:16,100 --> 02:17:20,299
with other nights. fish is 
important, especially during 

2324
02:17:20,299 --> 02:17:23,799
Lent and other fasting periods 
mandated by the church when 

2325
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:28,200
meters forbidden If you live 
near a river or the coast, fresh

2326
02:17:28,200 --> 02:17:32,400
fish is accessible. 
Otherwise salted or dried fish 

2327
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:35,400
is purchased at the market or 
received as part of rent. 

2328
02:17:36,299 --> 02:17:39,299
Herring is common cheap and 
easily preserved. 

2329
02:17:40,100 --> 02:17:44,299
Cod is also popular dried until 
hard and then soaked before 

2330
02:17:44,299 --> 02:17:47,299
cooking. 
Eel is eaten, both fresh and 

2331
02:17:47,299 --> 02:17:51,100
preserved, its Rich flesh, 
valued for its flavor. 

2332
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:53,799
Dairy products are part of the 
daily routine. 

2333
02:17:53,799 --> 02:17:58,200
Milk is consumed fresh when 
available especially in spring 

2334
02:17:58,200 --> 02:18:00,500
and summer when cows and sheep 
are producing more. 

2335
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:05,100
But fresh milk spoils quickly. 
So most is turned into cheese or

2336
02:18:05,100 --> 02:18:09,600
butter which keep longer Cheeses
made regularly using techniques 

2337
02:18:09,600 --> 02:18:12,799
passed down through generations.
The milk is heated. 

2338
02:18:12,799 --> 02:18:18,400
Curdled with rennet pressed to 
remove way and then aged Fresh 

2339
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:22,600
cheeses, soft and Mild. 
Aged cheese is harder sharper, 

2340
02:18:22,600 --> 02:18:25,900
and more flavorful. 
Large wheels of cheese are 

2341
02:18:25,900 --> 02:18:28,299
stored in cool Sellers and 
brought out as needed. 

2342
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:31,900
Butters churned from cream. 
The process being 

2343
02:18:31,900 --> 02:18:36,000
labor-intensive but essential 
Cream is collected from milk 

2344
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:39,900
over several days, then agitated
in a wooden churn until the fat 

2345
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:44,200
separates from the liquid. 
Butter is gathered washed and 

2346
02:18:44,200 --> 02:18:46,299
sometimes salted for 
preservation. 

2347
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:51,000
It is used in cooking spread on 
bread and added to vegetables. 

2348
02:18:51,799 --> 02:18:55,100
In wealthier households butter 
might be flavored with herbs or 

2349
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:57,600
spices. 
Vegetables come from the 

2350
02:18:57,600 --> 02:19:01,299
household garden and from the 
fields onions and leeks, are 

2351
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:03,799
Staples used in nearly every 
pottage and stew. 

2352
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:07,600
Cabbages, a grown and eaten 
fresh or preserved by pickling. 

2353
02:19:08,500 --> 02:19:11,600
Turnips and carrots stall. 
Well in sellers the routes 

2354
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:15,799
providing food through winter. 
In Summer Fresh greens are 

2355
02:19:15,808 --> 02:19:18,700
available. 
Lettuce, spinach and chard. 

2356
02:19:19,400 --> 02:19:23,100
These are eaten quickly often 
lightly cooked or added to 

2357
02:19:23,100 --> 02:19:26,000
suits. 
Herbs are grown for both flavor 

2358
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:30,900
and Medicine parsley, thyme, 
sage and rosemary, all a used in

2359
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:34,799
cooking. 
Others like kamma and mint are 

2360
02:19:34,799 --> 02:19:38,000
used for teas or remedies. 
The garden is tendered by 

2361
02:19:38,008 --> 02:19:39,400
servants. 
Often. 

2362
02:19:39,400 --> 02:19:43,100
Women who know which plants need
more water, which needs, son, 

2363
02:19:43,100 --> 02:19:47,799
and which need to be cut back to
encourage growth. fruit is 

2364
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:51,300
seasonal and treated as a 
special edition rather than a 

2365
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:55,100
staple Bulls and pairs from the 
orchard are eaten fresh and 

2366
02:19:55,100 --> 02:19:59,000
Autumn their crisp flesh. 
Sweet and refreshing after a 

2367
02:19:59,000 --> 02:20:02,700
diet, heavy and Grain, and 
preserved meat, Some are stored 

2368
02:20:02,700 --> 02:20:05,600
in cool dry places where they 
keep for weeks or months. 

2369
02:20:05,600 --> 02:20:11,100
Others are dried sliced thin and
laid out in the sun or hung near

2370
02:20:11,100 --> 02:20:13,000
the fire until they shrink and 
Harden. 

2371
02:20:13,900 --> 02:20:16,800
Dried fruit can be added to 
dishes or eaten As a treat 

2372
02:20:16,800 --> 02:20:19,400
through winter. 
Berries are gathered from 

2373
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:21,500
hedgerows and Forest edges in 
summer. 

2374
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:24,500
Strawberries rarest and 
blackberries. 

2375
02:20:24,500 --> 02:20:29,100
They're eaten fresh Often by 
children, sent to pick them who 

2376
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:31,200
returned with stained hands and 
faces. 

2377
02:20:31,200 --> 02:20:34,800
Some berries are made into 
simple preserves cooked with 

2378
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:38,800
honey and stored in jars. 
Ellis brewed regularly. 

2379
02:20:39,500 --> 02:20:41,900
A task usually managed by the 
women of the household. 

2380
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:46,600
The process begins with malted 
barley grain that has been 

2381
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:50,800
soaked allowed to sprout. 
Then dried to convert starches 

2382
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:54,000
into sugars. 
The malted barley is ground 

2383
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:56,800
mixed with hot water and left to
steep. 

2384
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:01,600
The resulting liquid is strained
flavored sometimes with herbs 

2385
02:21:01,600 --> 02:21:05,000
like yarrow or bog Myrtle and 
then fermented with yeast. 

2386
02:21:06,100 --> 02:21:07,900
The fermentation takes several 
days. 

2387
02:21:07,900 --> 02:21:12,000
The ale is consumed within a 
week or two before it sours. 

2388
02:21:12,000 --> 02:21:16,200
It is weak by modern standards 
safe to drink and mildly, 

2389
02:21:16,200 --> 02:21:19,000
nourishing meant to be consumed 
throughout the day. 

2390
02:21:20,000 --> 02:21:23,500
Wine is more expensive and less 
common, especially in regions, 

2391
02:21:23,500 --> 02:21:26,600
where grapes do not grow. 
Well, if you drink it, it is 

2392
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:30,300
likely imported purchased at a 
market or received as part of 

2393
02:21:30,300 --> 02:21:34,000
your obligations to your lord. 
Why is reserved for more formal 

2394
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:36,400
occasions or shared when guests 
visit? 

2395
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:41,100
It is often diluted with water, 
both to stretch the supply and 

2396
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:44,500
to reduce its strength. 
The table itself is set simply 

2397
02:21:44,500 --> 02:21:48,400
wooden or pewter plates of most 
meals with pewter reserved for 

2398
02:21:48,400 --> 02:21:52,900
higher status diners cups are 
made from horn wood or pottery. 

2399
02:21:53,600 --> 02:21:56,600
Knives are used for cutting. 
Forks are not yet common. 

2400
02:21:56,600 --> 02:22:00,200
You eat with your fingers and 
your knife using bread to soak 

2401
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:04,000
up, sauces or juices. 
Spoons are used for pottage and 

2402
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:07,200
liquid dishes. 
The tools are practical meant to

2403
02:22:07,200 --> 02:22:10,400
last cleaned after each meal and
stored carefully. 

2404
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:14,300
The meal is communal. 
Everyone eats together in the 

2405
02:22:14,300 --> 02:22:16,900
hall at the same time from the 
same pots. 

2406
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:21,600
This reinforces the household as
a unit, there is conversation, 

2407
02:22:21,600 --> 02:22:23,200
but it is not loud or 
disruptive. 

2408
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:28,100
The focus is on eating on 
nourishment, on the simple 

2409
02:22:28,100 --> 02:22:30,300
satisfaction of food after 
Labor. 

2410
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:34,500
You sit at the head of the 
table, your portions are larger 

2411
02:22:34,500 --> 02:22:37,400
and your bread is finer from 
white bread is available. 

2412
02:22:37,400 --> 02:22:42,200
This is not excess. 
It is a mark of status, a 

2413
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:44,600
visible reminder of the 
hierarchy within the household 

2414
02:22:45,500 --> 02:22:47,300
Provisioning. 
The household means managing 

2415
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:50,600
stores carefully. 
Grain must be kept dry and 

2416
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:53,600
inspected regularly for signs of
mold or infestation. 

2417
02:22:54,500 --> 02:22:57,400
Salted, meat must be packed in 
barrels, with enough salt to 

2418
02:22:57,400 --> 02:22:59,900
prevent spoilage root 
vegetables. 

2419
02:22:59,900 --> 02:23:03,400
Must be stored in cool, Dark 
Places and checked periodically 

2420
02:23:03,400 --> 02:23:07,100
for Rotel must be consumed 
before it sours. 

2421
02:23:07,900 --> 02:23:11,700
Some one, usually the steward or
the lady of the house tracks, 

2422
02:23:11,700 --> 02:23:15,800
these stores ensures, they are 
used efficiently and plans for 

2423
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:19,100
replenishment. 
Running out of food before the 

2424
02:23:19,100 --> 02:23:21,100
next Harvest is a serious 
failure. 

2425
02:23:21,800 --> 02:23:24,900
One that reflects poorly on your
management and threatens the 

2426
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:29,300
stability of the household. 
Waste is minimal scraps from the

2427
02:23:29,300 --> 02:23:30,800
table. 
Go to servants. 

2428
02:23:30,800 --> 02:23:35,100
Who finished, what those of 
higher status leave behind What 

2429
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:38,500
they do, not eat goes to 
animals, dogs, pigs and 

2430
02:23:38,500 --> 02:23:41,300
chickens. 
Bones are boiled repeatedly, 

2431
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:43,500
until they yield no more flavor 
or nutrients. 

2432
02:23:44,200 --> 02:23:47,600
Stale bread becomes trenches or 
is soaked and fed to livestock. 

2433
02:23:47,600 --> 02:23:51,900
Nothing is discarded. 
Lightly resources are precious 

2434
02:23:51,900 --> 02:23:55,900
using them fully as both 
practical and virtuous feast 

2435
02:23:55,900 --> 02:23:58,000
days. 
Bring larger meals, but even 

2436
02:23:58,000 --> 02:23:59,900
these are modest compared to the
Grand. 

2437
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:04,300
Banquet of higher nobility, you 
might roast a whole pig or serve

2438
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,300
several kinds of foul. 
You might offer sweetmeats made 

2439
02:24:07,300 --> 02:24:10,700
with honey and spices. 
A luxury saved for special 

2440
02:24:10,700 --> 02:24:13,100
occasions. 
You might provide white bread 

2441
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:16,400
for all your guests, not just 
for yourself, but the feast is 

2442
02:24:16,400 --> 02:24:19,000
still recognizable as an 
extension of the every day. 

2443
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:24,300
Not a departure from it. 
The same Basic Foods appear just

2444
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:28,600
in Greater quantity and variety.
The rhythm of meals structures, 

2445
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:31,300
the day. 
Breakfast shortly, after waking 

2446
02:24:31,300 --> 02:24:33,500
a simple meal to break the 
night's fast. 

2447
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:36,900
Dinner in the middle of the day 
is the main meal and is more 

2448
02:24:36,900 --> 02:24:40,000
substantial. 
Supper in the evening smaller 

2449
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:41,300
than dinner, but still 
nourishing. 

2450
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:44,800
Each meal is a pause, a 
gathering, a moment of shared 

2451
02:24:44,800 --> 02:24:49,300
routine, the food is simple, but
it is sufficient it sustains, 

2452
02:24:49,300 --> 02:24:53,000
the work, it sustains, the 
household, it sustains, the 

2453
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:56,500
life, you lead steady and 
grounded in The rhythms of land 

2454
02:24:56,500 --> 02:24:59,700
and season. 
As the day Fades, the hall 

2455
02:24:59,700 --> 02:25:01,100
becomes the center of the 
household. 

2456
02:25:01,100 --> 02:25:06,100
Once again, Fire has been built 
up, Flames Rising higher. 

2457
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:09,300
Now that the cooking is done and
the focus shifts to warmth and 

2458
02:25:09,300 --> 02:25:12,600
Light. 
Can candles alert though. 

2459
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:16,500
Sparingly Tallow candles are 
smoking and smell of rendered 

2460
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:18,600
fat. 
But they provide enough like to 

2461
02:25:18,600 --> 02:25:23,600
see by Wax candles cleaner, 
burning and sweeter, smelling 

2462
02:25:23,600 --> 02:25:26,900
are reserved for the church or 
for rare occasions when they 

2463
02:25:26,900 --> 02:25:30,600
cost can be justified. 
You take your seat near the fire

2464
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:33,600
in a chair. 
If you have one a heavy, wooden 

2465
02:25:33,600 --> 02:25:38,100
piece possibly with a cushioned 
filled with warlord down or on a

2466
02:25:38,100 --> 02:25:39,600
bench of the household is 
simpler. 

2467
02:25:40,500 --> 02:25:43,500
Others, gather around members of
your family. 

2468
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:46,500
Take seats nearby. 
Servants. 

2469
02:25:46,500 --> 02:25:49,300
Finish their tasks and find 
places along the edge of the 

2470
02:25:49,300 --> 02:25:53,800
hall or at the lower tables. 
If a guest has arrived earlier 

2471
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:59,400
in the day a traveling night, a 
merchant a messenger, they are 

2472
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:02,500
seated according to their 
status, offered food and drink 

2473
02:26:02,500 --> 02:26:05,100
and welcomed into the evening's 
quiet Rhythm. 

2474
02:26:05,100 --> 02:26:09,200
The atmosphere is calm the work 
of the day is done. 

2475
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:12,700
What remains is the quiet 
transition into night? 

2476
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,700
The hall is warmer now. 
The fires heat radiating 

2477
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:20,400
outward, the stone walls and 
floor absorbing and reflecting 

2478
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:23,000
it. 
Warmth is comforting after 

2479
02:26:23,000 --> 02:26:25,300
hours. 
Spent partly outdoors with the 

2480
02:26:25,308 --> 02:26:27,900
air has cooled as the sun 
dropped toward the horizon. 

2481
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:32,600
Conversation is low carried on 
in murmurs and occasional bursts

2482
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:35,800
of quiet laughter. 
Someone mentioned repairs that 

2483
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:40,100
were completed. a section of 
fence, reinforced a leak in the 

2484
02:26:40,108 --> 02:26:44,600
stable roof, patched with fresh 
that Someone else talks about a 

2485
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,000
cow that is due to carve soon 
speculating on whether the car 

2486
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:50,800
will be strong and whether it 
will be kept or sold. 

2487
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:55,400
The topics are ordinary grounded
in the life of the estate in the

2488
02:26:55,408 --> 02:26:57,300
immediate concerns that fill 
your days. 

2489
02:26:57,300 --> 02:27:00,100
There's no need for Grand 
stories or entertainment. 

2490
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:03,500
The simple exchange of 
information, the sharing of 

2491
02:27:03,500 --> 02:27:07,600
observations is enough 
Occasionally, someone might tell

2492
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:09,800
a story. 
A tale from the Bible. 

2493
02:27:09,800 --> 02:27:13,300
Perhaps the story of David and 
Goliath or the parable of the 

2494
02:27:13,300 --> 02:27:17,000
Good Samaritan, a legend about a
local Saint, and how they 

2495
02:27:17,000 --> 02:27:19,200
performed Miracles, or suffered 
martyrdom. 

2496
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:23,500
A piece of family history, the 
story about your grandfather or 

2497
02:27:23,500 --> 02:27:26,900
great-grandfather how they 
acquired the land, you now hold 

2498
02:27:26,900 --> 02:27:30,100
or how they serve their lord, 
and some notable way. 

2499
02:27:31,700 --> 02:27:34,200
Telling a straightforward. 
Not dramatic. 

2500
02:27:34,200 --> 02:27:38,100
The story is familiar. 
Everyone has heard it before 

2501
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:42,300
perhaps many times. 
But familiarity is comforting. 

2502
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:46,600
The repetition is part of the 
ritual, a way of reinforcing, 

2503
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:51,400
shared identity and continuity. 
If you are literate and not all 

2504
02:27:51,400 --> 02:27:54,200
nights, are you might spend part
of the evening with a book. 

2505
02:27:55,200 --> 02:27:58,500
The book is a valuable object 
expensive to produce. 

2506
02:27:59,300 --> 02:28:02,300
And carefully preserved. 
It might be a religious text 

2507
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:07,100
assault her containing the sarms
or a book of hours with prayers 

2508
02:28:07,100 --> 02:28:10,800
for different times of day. 
Reading a slow work by 

2509
02:28:10,800 --> 02:28:14,000
candlelight. 
The light flickers making the 

2510
02:28:14,000 --> 02:28:18,300
letters dance on the page. 
You lean closer, squinting 

2511
02:28:18,300 --> 02:28:21,800
slightly, reading aloud, or 
silently, depending on your 

2512
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:25,500
preference and skill. 
You do not read for long, the 

2513
02:28:25,500 --> 02:28:28,800
effort tires, your eyes. 
But the act itself is a form of 

2514
02:28:28,808 --> 02:28:32,400
quiet, focus a way to settle the
mind, and prepare for sleep. 

2515
02:28:33,400 --> 02:28:37,600
Women in the household might so 
or spin continuing work that is 

2516
02:28:37,600 --> 02:28:41,100
filled portions of their day. 
The sowing might be mending, 

2517
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:45,200
repairing, a torn tunic or 
darling holes in hose or it 

2518
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:48,900
might be more elaborate work. 
Employing a design onto a piece 

2519
02:28:48,900 --> 02:28:51,400
of cloth that will become part 
of an altar cloth for the chapel

2520
02:28:51,400 --> 02:28:53,600
or a decorative hanging for the 
hall. 

2521
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:57,800
The work is done by feel as much
as by sight. 

2522
02:28:58,600 --> 02:29:00,300
Fingers know the motion of the 
needle. 

2523
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:04,200
Moving through fabric, the 
tension of thread and the rhythm

2524
02:29:04,200 --> 02:29:07,800
of stitching. 
The work fills the time without 

2525
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:12,000
demanding full attention 
allowing the mine to wander or 

2526
02:29:12,000 --> 02:29:13,900
to follow the conversation 
happening nearby. 

2527
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:18,600
It's binning is similarly, 
meditative a disc off. 

2528
02:29:18,600 --> 02:29:22,300
Holds the mass of warlord Flags 
fingers tease out fibers. 

2529
02:29:22,300 --> 02:29:26,700
Twisting them into thread that 
wind onto a spindle The spindle 

2530
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:31,300
drops and Rises drops, and Rises
the motion steady and hypnotic. 

2531
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:35,000
The thread that results will be 
woven into cloth or used for 

2532
02:29:35,008 --> 02:29:38,200
sewing. 
The work is essential part of 

2533
02:29:38,208 --> 02:29:41,900
the Endless cycle of production,
that keeps the household closed 

2534
02:29:41,900 --> 02:29:45,900
and provisioned. children, if 
there are any a present but 

2535
02:29:45,900 --> 02:29:48,700
quieter in the evening, They sit
near the fire. 

2536
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:52,400
Perhaps listening to the adults 
perhaps occupied with some small

2537
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:55,500
tasks or game. 
A boy Mike whittle, a piece of 

2538
02:29:55,500 --> 02:29:58,600
wood shaping it into a simple 
toy or tool. 

2539
02:29:59,500 --> 02:30:03,000
A girl might practice stitches 
on a scrap of cloth learning 

2540
02:30:03,000 --> 02:30:04,600
skills, she will need as she 
grows. 

2541
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:08,700
They are not sent away. 
The household is a shared space 

2542
02:30:08,700 --> 02:30:12,900
and children learn by being 
present by watching and by 

2543
02:30:12,908 --> 02:30:15,600
gradually taking on small 
responsibilities. 

2544
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:19,600
Dogs lying near the fire 
stretched out on their side or 

2545
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:23,500
curled into tight balls. 
They're working animals hunting 

2546
02:30:23,500 --> 02:30:26,800
dogs, guard dogs. 
But in the evening, they rest. 

2547
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:30,700
They shift position, 
occasionally sighing, settling 

2548
02:30:30,700 --> 02:30:34,500
deeper into sleep. 
One might wake briefly lift its 

2549
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:38,300
head to look around, then drop 
back into sleep. their presence 

2550
02:30:38,300 --> 02:30:41,600
is part of the background 
noticed, only when they move, or

2551
02:30:41,600 --> 02:30:45,000
when someone reaches down to 
scratch behind a near fire 

2552
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:49,000
itself is a focal point. 
You watch the Flames, the way 

2553
02:30:49,000 --> 02:30:52,800
they shift and flicker rising 
and falling as they consume the 

2554
02:30:52,800 --> 02:30:55,300
wood. 
The light is warm and uneven 

2555
02:30:55,300 --> 02:30:58,700
casting Shadows, that move 
across the walls and ceiling 

2556
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:01,100
creating patterns that shift 
constantly. 

2557
02:31:02,300 --> 02:31:04,800
The sound of the fire crackling 
popping. 

2558
02:31:04,800 --> 02:31:08,900
The occasional hiss of sap 
Heating and bursting, fills the 

2559
02:31:08,900 --> 02:31:12,100
silence between words. 
The smell of wood. 

2560
02:31:12,100 --> 02:31:16,700
Smoke is familiar ingrained in 
the hall in your clothing and in

2561
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:21,100
the very fabric of daily life, 
as the evening deepens, people 

2562
02:31:21,100 --> 02:31:24,800
begin to drift away servants 
returned to their quarters, 

2563
02:31:24,800 --> 02:31:27,800
small rooms off the hall or in 
separate buildings. 

2564
02:31:28,500 --> 02:31:31,300
Younger members of the household
head, to their sleeping spaces, 

2565
02:31:31,300 --> 02:31:36,000
pallets in shared rooms alcoves 
curtained off for privacy. 

2566
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:38,900
The whole empty slowly 
gradually. 

2567
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:42,500
The number of people dwindling 
without any formal announcement 

2568
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:46,600
or signal, they leave when they 
are tired, when their tasks are 

2569
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:50,000
finished, or when the pool of 
sleep becomes stronger than the 

2570
02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:53,100
pool of the fires warmth. 
You remain a bit longer 

2571
02:31:53,100 --> 02:31:56,100
finishing a task or simply 
sitting in the warmth. 

2572
02:31:56,800 --> 02:32:00,500
The hall is quieter now, the 
conversations reduced to a few 

2573
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:04,600
murmured exchanges. 
Fire Burns, lower, the flame 

2574
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:08,700
smaller, and the coals glow red 
and orange beneath a thin layer 

2575
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:11,600
of Ash You feel the weight of 
the day? 

2576
02:32:11,600 --> 02:32:14,700
Settling into your body? 
The pleasant tiredness. 

2577
02:32:14,700 --> 02:32:19,700
That comes from steady work from
obligations met from a day 

2578
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:23,100
completed. 
There is no set time to end the 

2579
02:32:23,100 --> 02:32:26,000
evening. 
It ends when it ends when the 

2580
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:28,600
fire has burned down enough, 
that it will be safe to bank. 

2581
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:32,400
When the candles of gutted low, 
when there is nothing left that 

2582
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:37,100
needs doing you stand, stretch 
and feel your joints pop 

2583
02:32:37,100 --> 02:32:38,800
slightly in your muscles 
loosened. 

2584
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:42,600
You make your way to your 
chamber moving through familiar 

2585
02:32:42,600 --> 02:32:46,500
spaces and dim, light your feet,
knowing the path without 

2586
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:49,200
conscious thought. 
The hall will be prepared 

2587
02:32:49,200 --> 02:32:52,000
against tomorrow. 
The fire will be relit, fresh 

2588
02:32:52,000 --> 02:32:54,200
wood laid on the coals that 
remain through the night. 

2589
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,700
The benches will be set out. 
The tables will be laid. 

2590
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:02,900
The routine will continue to 
night it rests, you rest. 

2591
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:07,600
The Rhythm holds steady and 
reliable carrying you forward 

2592
02:33:07,600 --> 02:33:10,700
into sleep. 
Night is not a time of disorder 

2593
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:14,700
or uncertainty. it is a 
structured as the day, though, 

2594
02:33:14,700 --> 02:33:18,900
the structure is quieter and 
more internal before you sleep, 

2595
02:33:18,900 --> 02:33:22,308
the household is secured. 
Doors, are barred from the 

2596
02:33:22,316 --> 02:33:25,300
inside heavy. 
Wooden beams dropped into iron 

2597
02:33:25,300 --> 02:33:28,000
brackets. 
Shutters are closed against the 

2598
02:33:28,000 --> 02:33:30,100
cold and fastened with simple 
latches. 

2599
02:33:30,900 --> 02:33:34,500
These actions are practical 
protecting against drafts and 

2600
02:33:34,500 --> 02:33:36,500
deterring any unlikely 
Intruders. 

2601
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:41,100
They are so ritual marking the 
transition from public to 

2602
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:44,000
private time from activity to 
rest. 

2603
02:33:45,600 --> 02:33:49,900
The fire in the hall is banked. 
Covered with a layer of Ash so 

2604
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:53,200
that it will burn low through 
the night glowing with barely 

2605
02:33:53,200 --> 02:33:56,000
visible heat, but not go out 
entirely. 

2606
02:33:57,300 --> 02:33:59,700
Keeping a fire alive. 
Overnight, is easier than 

2607
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:01,200
starting a new one in the 
morning. 

2608
02:34:02,000 --> 02:34:05,400
The coals beneath the Ash will 
smolder slowly and in the 

2609
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:09,700
morning a servant will remove 
the ash had kindling and coaxed 

2610
02:34:09,700 --> 02:34:14,100
the fire back in to Flame. 
The banked fire is a small but 

2611
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:16,900
important task one that requires
a tension to get, right. 

2612
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:22,000
Too much Ash and the fire dies 
too little and it burns Through 

2613
02:34:22,000 --> 02:34:25,600
the Wood too quickly. if you 
live in a larger household or 

2614
02:34:25,600 --> 02:34:29,500
near a vulnerable location, 
close to a border near a road, 

2615
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:34,300
frequented by Bandits, there may
be a watch Someone stays awake 

2616
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:36,700
through parts of the night 
listening, checking the 

2617
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:40,600
perimeter and ensuring that 
nothing unexpected occurs. 

2618
02:34:42,100 --> 02:34:44,300
The watch rotates among the men 
of the household. 

2619
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,700
Each person takes a turn, 
perhaps walking the walls. 

2620
02:34:47,700 --> 02:34:50,800
If there are walls or simply 
sitting in the Hall near the 

2621
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:52,600
door or listening to the sounds 
of the night. 

2622
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:57,300
The duty is not glamorous hours 
passed with nothing happening. 

2623
02:34:57,300 --> 02:35:00,700
The Watcher might fight sleep 
standing occasionally to walk 

2624
02:35:00,700 --> 02:35:04,200
around splashing, cold water on 
his face and chewing something 

2625
02:35:04,200 --> 02:35:07,800
to stay alert. 
The night is long when you are 

2626
02:35:07,800 --> 02:35:11,300
awake during it, each our 
stretching out time moving 

2627
02:35:11,300 --> 02:35:14,400
slowly. 
But the watch is necessary. 

2628
02:35:14,400 --> 02:35:18,400
It reassures everyone else that 
the Knight is managed, and that 

2629
02:35:18,408 --> 02:35:22,200
someone is paying attention. 
When you turn comes, you accept 

2630
02:35:22,200 --> 02:35:25,200
it without complaint, it is part
of the collective 

2631
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:28,300
responsibility. 
Your sleeping chamber is small 

2632
02:35:28,300 --> 02:35:30,700
proportion to the scale of the 
manor house. 

2633
02:35:31,400 --> 02:35:34,800
The bed is the largest piece of 
furniture dominating the room. 

2634
02:35:35,600 --> 02:35:38,900
The chest sits against one wall,
its lid carved, or painted 

2635
02:35:38,900 --> 02:35:43,700
holding clothing and personal 
items extra tunics hose. 

2636
02:35:43,700 --> 02:35:48,200
Perhaps a small pouch of coins 
and documents proving your land 

2637
02:35:48,200 --> 02:35:51,100
rights. 
A stool or bench provides a 

2638
02:35:51,100 --> 02:35:54,700
place to sit while dressing. 
A candle rests in a simple 

2639
02:35:54,700 --> 02:35:57,200
holder, though. 
You blow it out before sleeping 

2640
02:35:57,200 --> 02:36:00,700
to avoid the risk of Fire. 
The bed itself is layered for 

2641
02:36:00,700 --> 02:36:03,200
warmth and comfort. 
At the base. 

2642
02:36:03,200 --> 02:36:06,200
A wooden frame support to 
lattice of rope that provide 

2643
02:36:06,200 --> 02:36:11,200
tension and support on top of 
the ropes, a straw mattress, a 

2644
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:14,600
large sack stuffed with straw, 
tied at the ends to keep the 

2645
02:36:14,600 --> 02:36:17,700
filling from escaping. 
The straw poke through the 

2646
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:21,300
fabric, occasionally, scratching
lightly, but it provides a firm 

2647
02:36:21,300 --> 02:36:24,400
surface. 
On top of the straw mattress, a 

2648
02:36:24,400 --> 02:36:27,600
feather mattress, or a palette 
stuffed with wool and softness. 

2649
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:30,900
The feather mattress is a luxury
indicating status. 

2650
02:36:30,900 --> 02:36:35,000
Wool is more common still 
comfortable but less expensive. 

2651
02:36:35,000 --> 02:36:37,500
Linen, sheets. 
Cover the mattress. 

2652
02:36:37,500 --> 02:36:40,400
Washed periodically to keep them
clean though. 

2653
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:42,200
Washing his labor intensive and 
done. 

2654
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:45,900
Only when necessary. 
Wool blankets are layered on 

2655
02:36:45,900 --> 02:36:48,200
top, the number depending on the
season. 

2656
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:53,400
In Winter, you might have three 
or four heavy blankets plus, 

2657
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:56,900
Furs or additional layers. 
The weight is comforting 

2658
02:36:56,900 --> 02:36:59,400
pressing down, gently trapping 
warmth. 

2659
02:37:00,300 --> 02:37:02,300
In summer, a single light 
blanket. 

2660
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:04,800
Might be enough or even just a 
sheet. 

2661
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:09,500
The bed is enclosed by curtains 
hung from a wooden frame, built 

2662
02:37:09,500 --> 02:37:13,000
around the beds perimeter. 
The curtains are heavy, fabric 

2663
02:37:13,000 --> 02:37:17,300
wall or thick linen drawn, 
closed on three sides and 

2664
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:20,600
partially closed on the fourth 
leaving an opening for you to 

2665
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:24,700
enter an exit. 
Curtain serve multiple purposes.

2666
02:37:24,700 --> 02:37:28,700
They trap warmth creating a 
smaller space that your body 

2667
02:37:28,708 --> 02:37:31,900
heat can fill. 
They provide privacy in a 

2668
02:37:31,900 --> 02:37:35,600
household where privacy is rare.
They block light and muffled 

2669
02:37:35,600 --> 02:37:38,500
sound creating a quieter darker 
space. 

2670
02:37:38,500 --> 02:37:42,800
Conducive to sleep. 
You undress partially How to 

2671
02:37:42,800 --> 02:37:48,700
garments are removed tunics, 
belts, shoes, and hung on pegs 

2672
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:50,500
or folded and placed on the 
chest. 

2673
02:37:51,400 --> 02:37:54,900
You keep your linen shirt and 
sometimes your hose depending on

2674
02:37:54,908 --> 02:37:57,300
the season and the coldness of 
the room. 

2675
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:00,600
The room is cold, especially in 
winter. 

2676
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:04,000
Fewer layers. 
You remove the warmer you stay. 

2677
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:06,400
And the easier. 
It is to rise in the morning 

2678
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:09,000
without the shock of cold air on
bare skin. 

2679
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:13,300
Climb into bed, pulling the 
curtains closed behind you. 

2680
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:18,600
The space inside, the curtained 
enclosure is small intimate and 

2681
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:23,100
separated from the larger room. 
The darkness is almost complete 

2682
02:38:23,100 --> 02:38:27,100
broken, only by faint light that
might seep through gaps in the 

2683
02:38:27,100 --> 02:38:29,800
curtains. 
If the moon is bright, or if a 

2684
02:38:29,800 --> 02:38:33,800
candle still Burns elsewhere in 
the house, Your blankets, 

2685
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:37,600
pulling them up to your chin. 
Feeling their weights, settle 

2686
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:40,400
over. 
You Sleep comes easily after a 

2687
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:42,700
full day. 
There is no artificial light to 

2688
02:38:42,700 --> 02:38:45,400
delay it. 
No, mental stimulation to keep 

2689
02:38:45,400 --> 02:38:49,300
your mind active, the darkness 
and quiet invite sleep. 

2690
02:38:50,200 --> 02:38:54,200
Your body is tired from the 
day's work from walking riding 

2691
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:59,300
lifting and standing. 
Your mind is settled, the days 

2692
02:38:59,300 --> 02:39:03,300
decisions made and the tasks 
completed or postponed. 

2693
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:07,900
Tomorrow, you close your eyes, 
your breathing slows the 

2694
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:10,700
transition from waking to sleep 
is smooth and natural. 

2695
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:14,500
You do not sleep through the 
night without interruption you 

2696
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:18,600
wake once or twice to adjust 
blankets, that have shifted to 

2697
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:21,900
turn onto your other side, or to
relieve yourself in a chamber 

2698
02:39:21,900 --> 02:39:24,300
pot kept under the bed or in a 
corner of the room. 

2699
02:39:25,200 --> 02:39:28,900
The chamber pot is simple made 
of pottery or wood and emptied 

2700
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:33,100
in the morning by a servant. 
You wake, you shift and you 

2701
02:39:33,108 --> 02:39:36,900
settle back into sleep. 
This is normal expected. 

2702
02:39:36,900 --> 02:39:39,800
No one sleeps without waking. 
In this period. 

2703
02:39:39,800 --> 02:39:43,800
The night is long. 
The body's needs arise. 

2704
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:46,600
You accommodate them without 
anxiety or frustration? 

2705
02:39:47,700 --> 02:39:50,700
the rhythm of night is as 
reliable as the rhythm of day 

2706
02:39:50,700 --> 02:39:55,200
dark comes at a predictable time
varying with the season but 

2707
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:58,700
always following the same 
pattern the household settles 

2708
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:02,600
following routines that have 
been established over years you 

2709
02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:06,100
sleep Like returns creeping in 
through gaps. 

2710
02:40:06,100 --> 02:40:08,600
In the shutters, gradual and 
gentle. 

2711
02:40:09,400 --> 02:40:12,800
Household weights, the cycle 
repeats, without variation, 

2712
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:16,100
without surprised. 
If you wake and cannot 

2713
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,500
immediately returned to sleep, 
you lice still You listen to The

2714
02:40:19,500 --> 02:40:22,800
Quiet, the faint sound of the 
wind outside, the settling of 

2715
02:40:22,800 --> 02:40:26,800
the house as wood and stone 
shift with changes in 

2716
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:30,900
temperature, the distance sound 
of an animal, you feel the 

2717
02:40:30,900 --> 02:40:34,600
weight of the blanket, the 
warmth of the enclosed bed and 

2718
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:37,500
the softness of the mattress 
beneath you, there is no. 

2719
02:40:37,500 --> 02:40:40,600
Urgency sleep will return when 
it is ready. 

2720
02:40:41,300 --> 02:40:45,300
You wait for it without anxiety 
knowing that even lying still, 

2721
02:40:45,300 --> 02:40:49,100
and resting is valuable. 
Morning begins before full 

2722
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:51,500
light. 
You hear movement in the house 

2723
02:40:51,500 --> 02:40:55,600
servants rekindling fires their 
footsteps soft. 

2724
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:59,800
But audible the scrape of a 
poker against the Hearth and the

2725
02:40:59,800 --> 02:41:01,700
crackle of kindling catching 
flame. 

2726
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:04,200
You hear the sounds of the 
household beginning. 

2727
02:41:04,200 --> 02:41:08,900
Again, pulling itself, back into
the rhythm of activity, you rise

2728
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:11,400
pushing back to the curtains and
sit on the edge of the bed, for 

2729
02:41:11,400 --> 02:41:13,200
a moment, to let your body fully
wake. 

2730
02:41:13,900 --> 02:41:16,800
You dress following the same 
sequences yesterday and the day 

2731
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:20,900
before Lynn in shirt hose tunic 
belt and shoes. 

2732
02:41:21,800 --> 02:41:24,700
You splash water on your face 
from a baseman, the cold 

2733
02:41:24,700 --> 02:41:26,800
shocking you into, Fuller 
wakefulness. 

2734
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:30,400
You step back into the routine 
into the day into the work. 

2735
02:41:30,400 --> 02:41:33,500
That Waits night is not 
something to fear or dread. 

2736
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:37,900
It is a known quantity, a 
structured part of life, it 

2737
02:41:37,900 --> 02:41:41,500
holds, no mystery, no threat. 
It is simply the other half of 

2738
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:46,000
the cycle, the time for rest, 
for Stillness for the body and 

2739
02:41:46,000 --> 02:41:50,400
mind to recover before the work 
begins again. the order of night

2740
02:41:50,400 --> 02:41:53,600
mirrors, the order of day, Both 
are managed. 

2741
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:57,200
Both are reliable. 
Both carry you forward in the 

2742
02:41:57,200 --> 02:41:59,100
long Rhythm Of Seasons and 
years. 

2743
02:41:59,900 --> 02:42:02,800
Knighthood is not a single, 
generation's achievement or 

2744
02:42:02,800 --> 02:42:07,500
ambition, it is passed down 
maintained and sustained across 

2745
02:42:07,500 --> 02:42:10,200
lifetimes. 
You're a knight because your 

2746
02:42:10,200 --> 02:42:14,000
father held land or because you 
earned land through service. 

2747
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,300
But either way, the position is 
meant to continue beyond you 

2748
02:42:17,300 --> 02:42:20,700
your son. 
If you have one will train as 

2749
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,100
you trained, he will learn the 
same skills. 

2750
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:27,700
Fulfill the same obligations and
hold the same land or at least 

2751
02:42:27,700 --> 02:42:29,900
land of similar character and 
responsibility. 

2752
02:42:30,700 --> 02:42:34,600
The system depends on this 
continuity on the predictable 

2753
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:37,800
transmission of Duty Asian 
resources from one generation to

2754
02:42:37,800 --> 02:42:40,900
the next. 
This continuity is built into 

2755
02:42:40,900 --> 02:42:45,200
the structure of society itself.
Land is inherited usually by the

2756
02:42:45,200 --> 02:42:48,000
eldest son, the Customs vary by 
region. 

2757
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:53,000
Titles are inherited. 
The social structure depends on 

2758
02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:55,600
knowing that the chain of 
service and obligation will not 

2759
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:59,400
break that the network of 
relationships between Lords and 

2760
02:42:59,400 --> 02:43:02,700
vassals will remain intact. 
You're not trying to build 

2761
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:06,100
something new or revolutionary, 
you're trying to maintain what 

2762
02:43:06,100 --> 02:43:09,500
already exists to hold your 
place and pass it intact to 

2763
02:43:09,508 --> 02:43:12,900
those who come after. 
The training your son, receives 

2764
02:43:12,900 --> 02:43:16,300
is the same training. 
You received pass down through 

2765
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:18,800
generations with only minor 
variations. 

2766
02:43:19,500 --> 02:43:23,300
He begins as a page often in 
another household, rather than 

2767
02:43:23,300 --> 02:43:26,300
your own. 
This separation is intentional. 

2768
02:43:26,300 --> 02:43:30,300
He learns from someone else's 
example, absorbs different 

2769
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:33,700
perspectives and builds 
relationships outside his 

2770
02:43:33,700 --> 02:43:37,500
immediate family. 
As a page, he learns manners, 

2771
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:42,900
obedience and basic skills. 
He serves a table cares for 

2772
02:43:42,900 --> 02:43:46,600
equipment, runs errands, and 
observes the working of a 

2773
02:43:46,608 --> 02:43:50,600
nightly household. 
The advance is to Squire taking 

2774
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:54,200
on more responsibility. 
He cares for a knight armor and 

2775
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:57,500
weapons, practice is with 
soared, and Lance, and 

2776
02:43:57,500 --> 02:44:00,300
accompanies, his Lord on 
Journeys, and perhaps into 

2777
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:02,600
service. 
He learns by doing. 

2778
02:44:03,500 --> 02:44:06,300
By making mistakes and 
controlled setting where the 

2779
02:44:06,300 --> 02:44:10,100
consequences are not severe. 
He watches how disputes are 

2780
02:44:10,100 --> 02:44:12,800
settled. 
How accounts are managed and how

2781
02:44:12,808 --> 02:44:15,700
relationships between Lord and 
vassals are maintained. 

2782
02:44:16,700 --> 02:44:20,000
The learning is gradual, layered
and cumulative. 

2783
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:25,100
Eventually he is knighted. 
Formally recognized as capable 

2784
02:44:25,100 --> 02:44:28,000
of holding land and fulfilling 
the duties that come with it. 

2785
02:44:28,800 --> 02:44:32,900
The ceremony is significant 
marking a transition in status 

2786
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:36,400
and responsibility. 
He kneels before a lord 

2787
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,400
receives. 
The Accolade a light blow to the

2788
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:42,700
shoulder with a flat of a sword 
and speaks the words of the 

2789
02:44:42,700 --> 02:44:45,700
oath. 
He has given arms and armor 

2790
02:44:45,700 --> 02:44:48,900
often pieces that have been used
by previous generations, 

2791
02:44:48,900 --> 02:44:54,100
maintained and passed down. 
He stands now a night ready to 

2792
02:44:54,100 --> 02:44:57,200
take his place in the same 
structure that shaped his father

2793
02:44:57,200 --> 02:45:01,500
and grandfather. 
This process takes years, a 

2794
02:45:01,500 --> 02:45:03,000
decade or more from page to 
night. 

2795
02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:07,300
It is deliberate and slow 
designed to ensure that each 

2796
02:45:07,300 --> 02:45:11,500
generation is prepared. 
Not just in skill, but also in 

2797
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:15,200
temperament and understanding 
there is no shortcut, no way to 

2798
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:18,700
buy past the training and still 
be accepted as a legitimate 

2799
02:45:18,700 --> 02:45:21,400
night. 
The system relies on this 

2800
02:45:21,400 --> 02:45:23,800
careful, transmission of 
knowledge and responsibility 

2801
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:28,000
those who try to claim status 
without the proper preparation 

2802
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,000
of viewed with suspicion. 
There are Authority questioned 

2803
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:35,600
and their place in the hierarchy
on certain Your own role shifts 

2804
02:45:35,600 --> 02:45:38,300
as you age. 
You move from being the active 

2805
02:45:38,300 --> 02:45:41,900
participant to being the one who
trains others, you oversee. 

2806
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,800
Squires either your own Sons or 
young men sent to you by other 

2807
02:45:45,800 --> 02:45:48,100
families. 
You teach, by example, 

2808
02:45:48,100 --> 02:45:51,900
demonstrating the skills, 
explaining the obligations and 

2809
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:54,300
modeling the behavior expected 
of a night. 

2810
02:45:55,100 --> 02:45:58,200
You show them how to maintain 
armor, how to sit a horse 

2811
02:45:58,200 --> 02:46:01,400
properly, and how to speak with,
respect to those of them. 

2812
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:05,800
And with authority to those 
below, this too, is part of the 

2813
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:09,000
duty, ensuring that the next 
generation is ready. 

2814
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:12,700
The land itself is a form of 
continuity. 

2815
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:17,200
The same fields are plowed and 
planted year after year Century 

2816
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:21,500
after century. soil is the same 
soil, your grandfather, worked, 

2817
02:46:21,500 --> 02:46:26,500
your father inherited, and you 
now manage Building's, our 

2818
02:46:26,500 --> 02:46:29,400
maintained repairs and rebuilt 
as needed. 

2819
02:46:30,400 --> 02:46:33,700
A barn that collapses from ages 
replaced with a new barn, built 

2820
02:46:33,700 --> 02:46:36,300
in the same location, serving 
the same purpose. 

2821
02:46:36,300 --> 02:46:42,100
The orchard grows trees, bear 
fruit age and die and are 

2822
02:46:42,100 --> 02:46:45,200
replaced by saplings that will 
take years to mature, but will 

2823
02:46:45,200 --> 02:46:48,708
eventually produce as their 
predecessors did the work is 

2824
02:46:48,716 --> 02:46:52,700
never finished, but it is always
progressing and small increments

2825
02:46:53,400 --> 02:46:56,900
A hedge trimmed this year will 
need trimming next year a ditch 

2826
02:46:56,900 --> 02:46:58,500
cleared. 
This Autumn will need clearing 

2827
02:46:58,500 --> 02:47:01,900
again, in a few years. 
The repetition is not futile. 

2828
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:04,300
It is the nature of Maintenance 
things. 

2829
02:47:04,300 --> 02:47:08,500
Decay effort is required to 
slow, that decay to keep 

2830
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:12,300
everything functional. 
The work continues across 

2831
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:15,700
Generations, each adding their 
effort to what came before. 

2832
02:47:16,600 --> 02:47:20,000
The household too. 
Can a cross time servants grow 

2833
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:23,400
old and are replaced by younger 
workers often their own children

2834
02:47:23,400 --> 02:47:26,400
or relatives who have grown up 
in the household and already 

2835
02:47:26,400 --> 02:47:30,600
know the routines. 
Children are born grow up and 

2836
02:47:30,600 --> 02:47:34,700
take on roles within the estate.
A boy who began as a stable 

2837
02:47:34,700 --> 02:47:37,700
hand, might become the head. 
Groom, then the stable Master 

2838
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:41,300
managing all the horses and 
training the next generation of 

2839
02:47:41,300 --> 02:47:44,900
workers. a girl who helped in 
the kitchen, might become a 

2840
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:48,700
cook, eventually overseeing 
others as she was once overseen 

2841
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:53,700
the faces change, but the 
structure remains The same tasks

2842
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:56,700
are done by different hands, the
same rhythms are followed. 

2843
02:47:56,700 --> 02:48:00,600
The continuity is comforting. 
It means that knowledge is not 

2844
02:48:00,600 --> 02:48:04,500
lost that skills are preserved 
and that the household can 

2845
02:48:04,500 --> 02:48:09,200
function even as individuals age
and are replaced Marriages are 

2846
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:11,100
arranged with an eye toward 
continuity. 

2847
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:15,000
A good match brings land 
connections and stability. 

2848
02:48:15,800 --> 02:48:18,500
Two families, join their 
interests their resources and 

2849
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:21,400
their Futures. 
The marriage is not primarily 

2850
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:25,300
about personal affection though.
Affection May grow over time. 

2851
02:48:26,000 --> 02:48:29,600
It is about reinforcing 
alliances securing the future 

2852
02:48:29,600 --> 02:48:32,500
and ensuring that, the next 
generation will have the 

2853
02:48:32,500 --> 02:48:35,100
resources and relationships 
needed to maintain their 

2854
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:38,400
position. 
Gary's and bride prices are 

2855
02:48:38,400 --> 02:48:42,600
negotiated carefully, contracts 
are drawn up specifying. 

2856
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,700
What each party brings to the 
marriage and what will happen if

2857
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:50,000
circumstances change. the 
marriage itself once concluded 

2858
02:48:50,000 --> 02:48:54,200
becomes part of the fabric of 
continuity, Children arrays 

2859
02:48:54,200 --> 02:48:58,200
within the structure, they learn
by observation by participation 

2860
02:48:58,200 --> 02:49:00,500
and by gradual Assumption of 
responsibility. 

2861
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,100
They see how their parents 
manage the household, how they 

2862
02:49:05,100 --> 02:49:07,800
fulfill obligations, and how 
they navigate relationships. 

2863
02:49:09,100 --> 02:49:12,600
They absorb lessons without 
formal instruction, learning 

2864
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:15,400
through immersion in the daily 
life of the estate. 

2865
02:49:16,200 --> 02:49:19,100
Religious observant is part of 
this continuity as well. 

2866
02:49:19,100 --> 02:49:23,100
The church provides a framework,
that extends Beyond individual 

2867
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:27,300
lives beyond single Generations,
Saints days. 

2868
02:49:27,308 --> 02:49:30,500
Feast days. 
The cycle of the liturgical 

2869
02:49:30,500 --> 02:49:33,408
year. 
All of these Mark time in a way 

2870
02:49:33,416 --> 02:49:35,300
that transcends personal 
experience. 

2871
02:49:36,200 --> 02:49:38,700
You participate in the same 
rituals your grandparents 

2872
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:41,700
participated in. 
Your children will do the same, 

2873
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:44,900
the prayers of the same, the 
stories of the same. 

2874
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:48,700
The community gathers in the 
same building a stone church. 

2875
02:49:48,700 --> 02:49:51,800
That has stood for generations 
and will stand for Generations 

2876
02:49:51,800 --> 02:49:54,900
more. 
The church itself is often built

2877
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:57,300
and maintained through the 
contributions of multiple 

2878
02:49:57,300 --> 02:49:59,900
Generations. 
Your grandfather might have 

2879
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:01,800
funded the construction of a 
side Chapel. 

2880
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:05,900
The father might have donated 
funds for repairs, the roof. 

2881
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:08,700
You can contribute to 
maintaining the fabric of the 

2882
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:11,900
building to providing candles 
and Investments and to 

2883
02:50:11,900 --> 02:50:16,100
supporting the priest. 
Your son will do the same, the 

2884
02:50:16,100 --> 02:50:19,000
building accumulates these 
contributions becoming a 

2885
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:22,700
physical manifestation of 
continuity, a space, where 

2886
02:50:22,700 --> 02:50:25,400
passed present and future 
intersect. 

2887
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:27,800
Even the physical objects 
around. 

2888
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:31,200
You carry continuity. 
A sword might be passed down 

2889
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:34,200
through generations. 
Its blade reforged when it 

2890
02:50:34,208 --> 02:50:38,500
breaks its grip replaced when it
wears out but it's essential 

2891
02:50:38,500 --> 02:50:43,600
character maintained The sword 
becomes more than a tool, it 

2892
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:47,700
becomes a symbol of family of 
lineage of connection to those 

2893
02:50:47,700 --> 02:50:51,400
who came before. 
A piece of land might be held by

2894
02:50:51,400 --> 02:50:56,300
the same family for 100 years or
more its boundaries defended its

2895
02:50:56,300 --> 02:51:00,800
productivity maintained and its 
management passed from father to

2896
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:04,100
son. 
These objects and places 

2897
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:08,500
accumulate history, become part 
of the family's identity and 

2898
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:12,400
anchor the present to the Past. 
the system is designed to be 

2899
02:51:12,408 --> 02:51:16,700
stable, change happens, but 
slowly, new technique for 

2900
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:20,200
farming or building or adopted 
gradually and tested over years 

2901
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:24,800
before being widely accepted New
laws are introduced carefully 

2902
02:51:24,800 --> 02:51:27,100
with the tension to how they 
will affect existing 

2903
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,100
Arrangements. 
The emphasis is always on 

2904
02:51:30,100 --> 02:51:33,800
preserving what works on 
avoiding disruption and on 

2905
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:37,300
maintaining order. 
Rapid change is viewed with 

2906
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:41,800
suspicion seen as dangerous and 
likely to upset the delicate 

2907
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:44,500
balance of obligations and 
rights that keep Society 

2908
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:47,800
functioning. 
The daily routine is not unique 

2909
02:51:47,800 --> 02:51:50,200
to you. 
It is the same routine, your 

2910
02:51:50,200 --> 02:51:53,000
father, followed the same 
routine, your son will follow 

2911
02:51:53,000 --> 02:51:56,400
you. 
Wait, you work, you eat and you 

2912
02:51:56,400 --> 02:52:00,100
rest. 
The rhythm is ancient tested 

2913
02:52:00,100 --> 02:52:02,500
across centuries and refined 
through. 

2914
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:05,400
Countless repetitions. 
It does not need to be 

2915
02:52:05,400 --> 02:52:08,500
reinvented. 
It simply needs to be sustained 

2916
02:52:08,500 --> 02:52:13,000
practiced and passed on. 
There is wisdom in this 

2917
02:52:13,000 --> 02:52:15,800
repetition. 
A deep understanding, that some 

2918
02:52:15,800 --> 02:52:18,900
patterns work, precisely because
they have been proven over time,

2919
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:23,400
this continuity is reassuring. 
You know, your place, you know 

2920
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:26,000
what is expected? 
You know that the work you do 

2921
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:29,600
today will be continued tomorrow
and the day after, and for 

2922
02:52:29,600 --> 02:52:33,200
generations to come The land, 
you manage will be managed by 

2923
02:52:33,200 --> 02:52:35,900
your son. 
The obligations you fulfill will

2924
02:52:35,900 --> 02:52:39,100
be fulfilled by your grandson 
the social order. 

2925
02:52:39,100 --> 02:52:42,800
You participate in will continue
adapting slowly to new 

2926
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:46,000
circumstances, but never 
abandoning, its fundamental 

2927
02:52:46,000 --> 02:52:49,100
structure. 
There is a quiet satisfaction in

2928
02:52:49,100 --> 02:52:52,200
being part of something larger 
than yourself, something that 

2929
02:52:52,200 --> 02:52:56,000
extends beyond your own life, 
You are not alone in history. 

2930
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:58,500
You're a link in a chain 
stretches. 

2931
02:52:58,500 --> 02:53:01,700
Back to ancestors. 
You never need and forward to 

2932
02:53:01,700 --> 02:53:04,800
descendants. 
You will never meet your work 

2933
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:08,000
matters, not because it is 
spectacular, but because it 

2934
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:12,700
contributes to this continuity, 
you hold your place, fulfill 

2935
02:53:12,700 --> 02:53:16,400
your duties and pass the 
responsibility to those who come

2936
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:19,600
after. 
The evening settles, as it 

2937
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:22,500
always does, the fire burns low 
in the hall. 

2938
02:53:22,500 --> 02:53:27,500
The last conversations Fade Into
silence. people drift away to 

2939
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:30,500
their sleeping spaces, you 
remained for a moment longer 

2940
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:34,100
watching the coals Globe, 
beneath the ash feeling the 

2941
02:53:34,108 --> 02:53:38,500
warmth and thinking ahead to 
tomorrow, Tomorrow will bring 

2942
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:41,200
the same tasks. 
The same rhythms and the same 

2943
02:53:41,200 --> 02:53:45,500
steady continuity. 
The work is never finished but 

2944
02:53:45,500 --> 02:53:48,700
it is always enough. 
You're a knight, not because of 

2945
02:53:48,700 --> 02:53:52,600
great Deeds recorded in songs or
stories, but because you hold 

2946
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:56,500
your place, fulfill your duties.
Maintain, what has been 

2947
02:53:56,508 --> 02:54:00,200
entrusted to you and pass the 
responsibility intact to those 

2948
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:03,900
who come off after. 
The routine continues reliable 

2949
02:54:03,900 --> 02:54:07,700
and unchanging. 
The order holds generation after

2950
02:54:07,700 --> 02:54:12,100
generation and in that steady 
rhythm in that quiet continuity,

2951
02:54:12,100 --> 02:54:14,600
there is a deep and Lasting 
peace. 

2952
02:54:15,400 --> 02:54:20,500
The day ends the night arrives, 
sleep comes tomorrow. 

2953
02:54:20,500 --> 02:54:24,800
The cycle begins again as it 
always has as it always will. 

2954
02:54:31,600 --> 02:54:34,500
The afternoon light has that 
particular Amber quality that 

2955
02:54:34,500 --> 02:54:36,800
makes dust Motes visible in 
still air. 

2956
02:54:38,000 --> 02:54:40,200
You've been aware of the 
approaching dinner hours since 

2957
02:54:40,200 --> 02:54:42,900
about 4:00. 
Then the households Rhythm 

2958
02:54:42,900 --> 02:54:46,700
shifted, almost imperceptibly. 
The Parlor maid appeared with 

2959
02:54:46,708 --> 02:54:48,900
fresh coals for the drawing room
fire. 

2960
02:54:49,800 --> 02:54:51,400
The kitchen below. 
Stairs grew louder. 

2961
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:55,300
With purposeful activity. 
Even the house itself seemed to 

2962
02:54:55,300 --> 02:54:57,800
straighten. 
Its posture, your upstairs, and 

2963
02:54:57,800 --> 02:55:00,400
your dressing room now, and the 
act of changing for dinner. 

2964
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:03,700
Feels less like vanity and more,
like, suiting up for a 

2965
02:55:03,708 --> 02:55:07,200
performance. 
Your day clothes, perfectly 

2966
02:55:07,200 --> 02:55:10,000
respectable for receiving 
morning, callers or writing 

2967
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:12,500
correspondence, won't do for the
evening meal. 

2968
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:15,300
That's simply not how things 
work. 

2969
02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:19,400
The woman who helps you dress 
three times daily is already 

2970
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:21,500
laying out your dinner attire 
with a practice. 

2971
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:25,200
Efficiency of someone who could 
do this blindfolded, the fabric 

2972
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:27,800
she selected feels heavier than 
your afternoon dress. 

2973
02:55:28,600 --> 02:55:32,200
Darker too. 
There's a practicality to this, 

2974
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:35,600
that nobody discusses openly, 
even in clothes. 

2975
02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:39,100
Hide stains better under 
Gaslight and the Richer colors. 

2976
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:41,100
Photograph. 
Well, if someone important drops

2977
02:55:41,100 --> 02:55:44,800
by with a new camera, but mostly
the weight of the fabric itself,

2978
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:49,700
reminds you to move differently,
slow, her more deliberately You 

2979
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:52,300
become a slightly different 
version of yourself and dinner 

2980
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:54,600
clothes. 
Your corset gets tightened 

2981
02:55:54,600 --> 02:55:56,600
again, though. 
Not as severely as it would be 

2982
02:55:56,600 --> 02:55:59,100
for a ball. 
You need to breathe well enough 

2983
02:55:59,100 --> 02:56:01,500
to eat multiple courses without 
looking distressed. 

2984
02:56:02,400 --> 02:56:05,500
There's an art to this. 
Tight enough to create the 

2985
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,400
fashionable silhouette loose 
enough that you won't need 

2986
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:11,400
smelling salts before. 
The fish course, the woman 

2987
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:13,400
dressing. 
You knows exactly where that 

2988
02:56:13,400 --> 02:56:16,000
line Falls. 
Just been doing this long enough

2989
02:56:16,000 --> 02:56:18,500
to recognize the difference 
between your sharp inhale of 

2990
02:56:18,508 --> 02:56:22,000
discomfort and your sharp, 
inhale of I actually cannot 

2991
02:56:22,000 --> 02:56:25,100
breathe the house, smells 
different now than it, did two 

2992
02:56:25,100 --> 02:56:28,300
hours ago, cooking, odors 
arising through the floorboards 

2993
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:30,800
despite everyone's best efforts 
to contain them. 

2994
02:56:31,500 --> 02:56:35,200
You can detect roasting meat, 
something sweet and caramelized 

2995
02:56:35,200 --> 02:56:39,300
bread warming and Underneath It.
All the ever-present, cold 

2996
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:41,200
smoke. 
That defines London are. 

2997
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:44,300
These smells don't offend you 
the way they might, if they 

2998
02:56:44,300 --> 02:56:48,000
appeared in the drawing room 
here in the private process of 

2999
02:56:48,000 --> 02:56:51,700
dressing, there are almost 
comforting They mean dinner is 

3000
02:56:51,700 --> 02:56:53,900
happening. 
The household is functioning as 

3001
02:56:53,900 --> 02:56:57,400
it should, your hands. 
Get special attention, they'll 

3002
02:56:57,400 --> 02:56:58,900
be visible. 
All leave evening holding 

3003
02:56:58,900 --> 02:57:01,800
utensils lifting glasses and 
gesturing politely during 

3004
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:04,700
conversation. 
The woman helping you dress 

3005
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:08,000
produces a small dish of almond,
paste mixed with honey and Rose 

3006
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:10,700
Water. 
You work it into your palms 

3007
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:14,100
while she fastens the seemingly 
infinite row of buttons up your 

3008
02:57:14,100 --> 02:57:16,500
back. 
Your nails have been cleaned 

3009
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:19,800
with a small brush. 
Any ink stains from letter 

3010
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:22,800
writing have been scrubbed away 
your hands. 

3011
02:57:22,800 --> 02:57:25,300
Now look, like they've never 
done anything more strenuous. 

3012
02:57:25,300 --> 02:57:28,900
The needlework, the jewelry you 
wear tonight is real but not 

3013
02:57:28,900 --> 02:57:33,200
ostentatious A simple gold 
brooch at your collar, small 

3014
02:57:33,200 --> 02:57:36,900
earrings your wedding ring. 
If your married or perhaps a 

3015
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:39,500
family ring. 
If you're not The massive Jewels

3016
02:57:39,500 --> 02:57:42,900
stay locked away for actual 
social events dinner at home. 

3017
02:57:42,900 --> 02:57:46,200
Even a formal dinner at home. 
Doesn't call for anything. 

3018
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:48,000
That might be mistaken for 
showing off. 

3019
02:57:48,000 --> 02:57:51,800
That would be vulgar. 
The victorians have very 

3020
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:55,600
specific ideas about vulgarity 
and they're more than happy to 

3021
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:58,100
discuss them at length by closed
doors. 

3022
02:57:58,100 --> 02:58:01,400
Your hair has been dressed since
this afternoon but it gets 

3023
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:05,100
refreshed. 
Now a few pins repositioned any 

3024
02:58:05,100 --> 02:58:09,500
loose, strands, tucked back, the
style itself is elaborate enough

3025
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:11,400
to show. 
You've made an effort, but not 

3026
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:14,100
so elaborate that it looks like 
you're trying to impress your 

3027
02:58:14,100 --> 02:58:17,700
own family. 
There's a sweet spot here too 

3028
02:58:17,700 --> 02:58:21,600
and finding it requires the kind
of social mathematics that 

3029
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:25,600
everyone pretends doesn't exist.
But everyone absolutely 

3030
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:29,900
practices from somewhere below. 
You hear the dining room door 

3031
02:58:29,900 --> 02:58:32,900
open and close. 
The butler is doing his final 

3032
02:58:32,900 --> 02:58:35,500
inspection. 
You'll be checking that every 

3033
02:58:35,500 --> 02:58:40,000
glass is spotless every 4K 
aligned and every candle trim to

3034
02:58:40,000 --> 02:58:42,900
the proper height. 
He approaches this task with the

3035
02:58:42,908 --> 02:58:46,000
gravity of a general inspecting 
troops before battle. 

3036
02:58:46,800 --> 02:58:50,600
In his mind, he probably is 
preparing for battle against 

3037
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:54,700
disorder against impropriety 
against anything that might 

3038
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:57,600
suggest this household is less 
than perfectly managed. 

3039
02:58:57,600 --> 02:59:00,700
You can hear your husband in his
dressing room across the hall. 

3040
02:59:01,500 --> 02:59:06,000
The sound of male dressing, a 
different sharper quicker, less 

3041
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:08,500
fabric rustling, more draw 
closing. 

3042
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:11,700
He's probably struggling with 
his collar, studs. 

3043
02:59:11,700 --> 02:59:15,900
He struggles with them every 
evening, and every evening, he 

3044
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:18,000
refuses to admit, he finds them 
annoying. 

3045
02:59:19,100 --> 02:59:22,500
Men's Formal Wear in this area 
seems designed specifically to 

3046
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:26,400
test patients. 
The high starched collars, the 

3047
02:59:26,400 --> 02:59:29,200
multiple waistcoat buttons and 
the cufflinks that never want to

3048
02:59:29,200 --> 02:59:31,500
cooperate. 
But he'll emerge looking 

3049
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:35,300
effortlessly dignified as though
these clothes assembled 

3050
02:59:35,300 --> 02:59:38,600
themselves, the clock on your 
mantle shows half past six 

3051
02:59:38,600 --> 02:59:41,900
dinner is at 7. 
This gives you just enough time 

3052
02:59:41,900 --> 02:59:45,000
to finish dressing compose 
yourself and descend to the 

3053
02:59:45,008 --> 02:59:47,400
drawing room where you'll wait 
the final minutes before the 

3054
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:50,000
meal. 
Nobody arrives in the dining 

3055
02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:53,200
room, early that would suggest 
your two eager to eat, which 

3056
02:59:53,200 --> 02:59:55,800
would suggest you're not quite 
in control of your appetite. 

3057
02:59:56,700 --> 02:59:59,000
Self-control is everything in 
this world. 

3058
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:03,800
Your dress is finally fastened. 
You stand and feel its weight 

3059
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:07,400
settle around you. 
The skirt is heavy enough that 

3060
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:10,200
you'll need to think about 
doorways and Furniture Corners. 

3061
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:14,000
The bustle at your back creates 
a silhouette that photographs 

3062
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:17,100
beautifully. 
But sits awkwardly you've long 

3063
03:00:17,100 --> 03:00:21,400
since stopped noticing this is 
simply how close work a last 

3064
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:23,500
look in the mirror. 
Shows you transformed from your 

3065
03:00:23,500 --> 03:00:25,600
often to himself into your 
evening self. 

3066
03:00:25,600 --> 03:00:29,700
Same face, different 
presentation, Your expression 

3067
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:31,700
has changed too, though. 
You haven't consciously 

3068
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:34,500
adjusted? 
It You look more composed now, 

3069
03:00:34,500 --> 03:00:37,500
more formal, ready for the small
theater production. 

3070
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:39,200
That is a proper Victorian 
dinner. 

3071
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:41,600
The drawing room serves as a 
staging area. 

3072
03:00:42,400 --> 03:00:44,200
You're here. 
Now with your husband, waiting 

3073
03:00:44,200 --> 03:00:46,300
for the butler to announce that 
dinner is served. 

3074
03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:50,300
Neither of you has much to say. 
This isn't uncomfortable 

3075
03:00:50,300 --> 03:00:55,300
silence, its expectant silence. 
You're both mentally preparing 

3076
03:00:55,300 --> 03:00:58,300
for the performance ahead. 
The drawing room fire has been 

3077
03:00:58,308 --> 03:01:01,200
built up to combat, the Autumn 
chill settling over London. 

3078
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:06,200
Outside your windows, the street
is growing dark lamplighters are

3079
03:01:06,200 --> 03:01:08,900
making their rounds. 
You can hear their footsteps on 

3080
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:12,200
the pavement and the small 
whoosh of each Gaslamp igniting.

3081
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:15,300
In a few minutes your street 
will glow with that. 

3082
03:01:15,300 --> 03:01:17,700
Particular, yellowish light. 
That makes everything look 

3083
03:01:17,700 --> 03:01:20,500
slightly unreal. 
Your husband is pretending to 

3084
03:01:20,500 --> 03:01:23,400
read the evening newspaper. 
Please really just holding it. 

3085
03:01:24,200 --> 03:01:27,300
You're pretending to examine 
some needlework, but you're 

3086
03:01:27,300 --> 03:01:30,500
really just holding that too. 
These are the props of waiting. 

3087
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:35,200
Everyone knows your both simply 
marking time and the formal part

3088
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:37,700
of the evening Begins. 
The butler appears in the 

3089
03:01:37,708 --> 03:01:41,800
doorway with perfect timing, he 
doesn't speak, he simply stands 

3090
03:01:41,800 --> 03:01:43,400
there with a slighting of his 
head. 

3091
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:47,000
This is the signal you set down 
your needle work. 

3092
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:50,700
Your husband folds, his 
newspaper with Audible 

3093
03:01:50,700 --> 03:01:52,400
crispness. 
Together. 

3094
03:01:52,400 --> 03:01:55,800
You process the 12 feet from 
drawing room to dining room with

3095
03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:57,400
the solemnity of a wedding 
March. 

3096
03:01:57,400 --> 03:02:00,000
The dining room hits. 
You first with temperature. 

3097
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:03,700
It's warmer than the drawing 
room, warmer than anywhere else.

3098
03:02:03,700 --> 03:02:06,500
In the house. 
The fire here has been burning 

3099
03:02:06,500 --> 03:02:09,800
longer and the kitchen below is 
radiating, heat through the 

3100
03:02:09,808 --> 03:02:13,000
floorboards. 
It's not uncomfortably warm. 

3101
03:02:13,000 --> 03:02:15,500
It's the kind of warmth that 
makes you relaxed. 

3102
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:20,000
Slightly loosening muscles, you 
didn't realize you'd tense, then

3103
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:23,300
comes the light. 
The dining room is dimmer than 

3104
03:02:23,300 --> 03:02:27,500
you'd expect it primarily by 
candles on the table and in wall

3105
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:31,200
sconces, there's Gaslight too 
but it's been turned down low. 

3106
03:02:32,000 --> 03:02:35,000
The Victorian of discovered that
dimmer light is more flattering,

3107
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:39,200
more mysterious, and more 
forgiving of imperfect household

3108
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:41,800
maintenance. 
In this light, the silver 

3109
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:45,700
gleams, the crystal catches and 
multiplies flame. 

3110
03:02:45,700 --> 03:02:49,900
Even the wallpaper looks richer 
the table dominates the room, 

3111
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:53,200
like an altar dominates a 
church, it's not a large table, 

3112
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:57,100
you're not hosting tonight, just
dining on famine, but it's been 

3113
03:02:57,100 --> 03:02:59,000
set with the full formal 
service. 

3114
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:01,500
Anyway, this is how things are 
done. 

3115
03:03:01,500 --> 03:03:04,600
The white tablecloth is so 
heavily starched, it could 

3116
03:03:04,608 --> 03:03:08,100
practically stand up by itself. 
Later in the evening. 

3117
03:03:08,100 --> 03:03:11,000
If you accidentally brush 
against it, you'll hear the 

3118
03:03:11,000 --> 03:03:13,700
fabric. 
Crackle, the place settings are 

3119
03:03:13,700 --> 03:03:17,500
elaborate enough to confuse a 
modern person, multiple Forks on

3120
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:21,600
the left, multiple knives and 
spoons on the right and glasses 

3121
03:03:21,600 --> 03:03:24,200
arranged to the knives in a 
specific pattern. 

3122
03:03:25,200 --> 03:03:26,700
There's a logic to the 
arrangement. 

3123
03:03:26,700 --> 03:03:30,300
It's not immediately obvious. 
You start with the outermost 

3124
03:03:30,300 --> 03:03:32,900
utensils and work inward as the 
course is progress. 

3125
03:03:33,700 --> 03:03:37,500
Everyone knows this just like 
everyone knows you don't discuss

3126
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:40,100
knowing this. 
The rules are meant to appear 

3127
03:03:40,100 --> 03:03:43,100
natural. 
Not learned the China is your 

3128
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:47,000
second best set. 
The actual best set only appears

3129
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:49,600
when you're entertaining guests,
who might notice the quality. 

3130
03:03:50,500 --> 03:03:53,800
Tonight's pieces are still 
lovely white with a delicate 

3131
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:56,600
floral border. 
But they're meant for regular 

3132
03:03:56,600 --> 03:04:00,800
use regularly use in this 
context means formal family 

3133
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:03,200
dinners. 
The Plate's awarded. 

3134
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:07,100
You'll discover this when you 
first touch one, the victorians 

3135
03:04:07,100 --> 03:04:10,100
hate cold food with a passion 
that borders on a rational 

3136
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:13,300
Crystal Water goblets. 
Standard attention of each 

3137
03:04:13,300 --> 03:04:16,900
knife, they'll remain largely 
decorative, you'll drink from 

3138
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:21,000
the sparing for tall, wine 
glasses, wait nearby different 

3139
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:25,400
shapes for different wines. 
The red wine glass has around a 

3140
03:04:25,400 --> 03:04:27,800
bowl. 
The white wine glass is taller 

3141
03:04:27,800 --> 03:04:30,900
and narrower, the Sherry glass 
is the smallest. 

3142
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:34,700
There's a science to glassware 
that people study seriously. 

3143
03:04:36,000 --> 03:04:39,800
Shape, apparently affects how 
the wine tastes that you 

3144
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:41,100
suspect. 
It's mostly about having the 

3145
03:04:41,100 --> 03:04:43,600
right equipment to demonstrate. 
You know what, the right 

3146
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:47,600
equipment is the centerpiece is 
a modest arrangement of autumn 

3147
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:51,700
flowers, chrysanthemums and some
Greenery, nothing too tall. 

3148
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:54,200
Nothing too fragrant. 
Tall. 

3149
03:04:54,200 --> 03:04:56,600
Centerpieces block conversation 
across the table. 

3150
03:04:57,400 --> 03:04:59,700
Fragrant ones compete with food 
smells. 

3151
03:04:59,700 --> 03:05:03,500
This Arrangement, is exactly 
tall enough to be decorative and

3152
03:05:03,500 --> 03:05:07,400
exactly neutral enough. 
To offend, no one, it probably 

3153
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:10,200
took the Parlor, maid 15 minutes
to arrange at this morning. 

3154
03:05:10,200 --> 03:05:14,600
Adjusting and readjusting until 
it achieved perfect, mediocrity,

3155
03:05:14,600 --> 03:05:18,700
silver salt Cellars sit at 
intervals along the table, tiny 

3156
03:05:18,700 --> 03:05:22,400
spoons, rest in them, you'll use
these to transfer salt to the 

3157
03:05:22,408 --> 03:05:25,100
edge of your plate. 
Then pinch the salt from there 

3158
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:28,700
to season your food. 
Shaking salt directly onto food 

3159
03:05:28,700 --> 03:05:31,600
from a seller would be crewed. 
These are the kinds of 

3160
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:34,500
distinctions that separate your 
class from the ones below and 

3161
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:37,200
above you. 
The rooms will paper is dark red

3162
03:05:37,200 --> 03:05:40,400
with a subtle pattern. 
Candlelight, it looks almost 

3163
03:05:40,400 --> 03:05:43,600
burgundy. 
The victorians favor dark colors

3164
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,200
and dining rooms because they 
don't show such stains from 

3165
03:05:46,208 --> 03:05:48,800
candles and they created an 
intimate atmosphere. 

3166
03:05:49,700 --> 03:05:53,400
The walls seem to absorb sound 
too, making the room feel 

3167
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:55,500
hushed. 
Even when conversation flows, 

3168
03:05:55,500 --> 03:05:59,100
you can whisper here and be 
heard clearly across the table. 

3169
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:02,700
Heavy curtains frame, the 
windows already drawn against 

3170
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:06,200
the night, they're made from the
same deep red fabric as the 

3171
03:06:06,200 --> 03:06:09,900
wallpapers base color. 
During the day, these curtains 

3172
03:06:09,900 --> 03:06:12,400
stay open to show the street 
that this is a respectable 

3173
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:16,100
household. during dinner, they 
closed to keep the private 

3174
03:06:16,100 --> 03:06:19,400
theater of dining away from 
public eyes, the sideboard 

3175
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:22,200
against one wall, holds the 
evening Supporting Cast of 

3176
03:06:22,208 --> 03:06:26,600
serving pieces, Covered dishes, 
weight there, keeping food warm,

3177
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:32,500
a crystal of wine extra napkins 
and case of spills, the butler 

3178
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:35,100
will move between table and 
sideboard throughout the meal 

3179
03:06:35,100 --> 03:06:38,200
with choreographed Precision. 
The fire in the dining room, 

3180
03:06:38,200 --> 03:06:41,600
fireplace burns with a different
quality than drawing room fires.

3181
03:06:41,600 --> 03:06:46,100
It's more purposeful more 
utilitarian it's not trying to 

3182
03:06:46,100 --> 03:06:49,300
be cozy it's trying to keep the 
room at the proper temperature 

3183
03:06:49,300 --> 03:06:52,400
for digestion. 
The victorians have theories 

3184
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:55,700
about digestion and temperature,
most of these theories are 

3185
03:06:55,700 --> 03:06:58,600
completely wrong, but everyone 
believes them with absolute 

3186
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:01,300
confidence. 
Your chair Waits behind you. 

3187
03:07:01,300 --> 03:07:04,900
It's a heavy piece of furniture 
with the arms and a padded seat.

3188
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:08,200
It doesn't slide easily on the 
carpet, which is intentional. 

3189
03:07:09,100 --> 03:07:12,300
Furniture, that's difficult to 
move appears more permanent more

3190
03:07:12,300 --> 03:07:15,500
established. 
Light furniture that shifts 

3191
03:07:15,500 --> 03:07:18,300
around suggests you might leave 
at any moment which suggests 

3192
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:21,900
instability the butler stands 
ready to assist with seating. 

3193
03:07:21,900 --> 03:07:25,200
This is a choreographed moment 
that happens the same way every 

3194
03:07:25,200 --> 03:07:29,000
evening Your husband will be 
seated first at the head of the 

3195
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:31,100
table, you'll take your place at
the foot. 

3196
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:34,800
Even though you're only two 
people, you'll sit at opposite 

3197
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:37,000
ends of the table. 
As though, commanding a dinner 

3198
03:07:37,000 --> 03:07:40,000
party of 12, the distance 
between you and your husband, 

3199
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,400
probably eight feet is standard 
for formal dining. 

3200
03:07:43,400 --> 03:07:46,300
It allows servants to move 
freely around the table. 

3201
03:07:46,300 --> 03:07:49,300
It creates proper space for food
presentation. 

3202
03:07:50,100 --> 03:07:53,100
It also makes conversations 
slightly difficult, which is 

3203
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:55,800
either a feature or a bug 
depending on how you feel about 

3204
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:57,300
your spouse on any given 
evening. 

3205
03:07:57,300 --> 03:08:00,600
The butler. 
Pulls out your chair. the sound 

3206
03:08:00,600 --> 03:08:05,000
of woods on carpet is muffled 
but substantial you approach 

3207
03:08:05,000 --> 03:08:09,400
from the left side, always the 
left and wait until the chair is

3208
03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:13,000
positioned correctly before 
sitting Then you sit in one 

3209
03:08:13,000 --> 03:08:16,400
smooth motion, while the butler 
pushes the chair forward. 

3210
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:20,200
It's a small dance. 
You've done hundreds of times 

3211
03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:22,900
some times. 
You wonder what would happen if 

3212
03:08:22,900 --> 03:08:25,500
you just pulled out your own 
chair and sat down like a normal

3213
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:27,800
person but you know what would 
happen. 

3214
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:30,900
The butler would be quietly, 
horrified. 

3215
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:33,800
Entire household would sense the
disruption. 

3216
03:08:34,700 --> 03:08:38,000
The evening would feel slightly 
off like a picture frame 

3217
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:40,800
hanging. 
Crooked your napkin sits folded 

3218
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:45,300
on your plate, in an elaborate 
shape a Bishop's hat, maybe or a

3219
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:48,000
fan. 
The Parlor maid, spent actual 

3220
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,400
time folding these this 
afternoon, you pick it up and 

3221
03:08:51,400 --> 03:08:53,800
unfold it in your lap with 
deliberate movements. 

3222
03:08:53,800 --> 03:08:57,600
The napkin is enormous large 
enough to protect your entire 

3223
03:08:57,600 --> 03:09:00,600
dress front. 
If necessary is also starched, 

3224
03:09:00,600 --> 03:09:03,600
just enough to stay where you 
place it across the table. 

3225
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:06,200
Your husband is performing the 
same napkin ritual. 

3226
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:10,500
His napkin is identical to yours
because a quality and napkin 

3227
03:09:10,500 --> 03:09:14,500
size is apparently important. 
You catch his eye and he gives 

3228
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:17,400
you a small smile. 
This is the moment you both 

3229
03:09:17,400 --> 03:09:20,500
acknowledge the absurdity of 
sitting so far, apart, while 

3230
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:24,400
dining alone, but acknowledging,
it doesn't mean changing it, the

3231
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:26,500
ritual matters more than the 
efficiency. 

3232
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:29,700
The first thing you notice, 
after sitting as how different, 

3233
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,800
the room looks from the 
position, The centerpiece now 

3234
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:34,300
blocks your direct view of your 
husband. 

3235
03:09:34,300 --> 03:09:37,800
You can see him around the 
flowers, but you have to make 

3236
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:40,600
the effort. 
Every conversation across this 

3237
03:09:40,600 --> 03:09:43,400
table will require you to lean 
slightly to one side or the 

3238
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:45,600
other. 
Your hands rest naturally on the

3239
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:48,600
table Edge but not too far 
forward elbows. 

3240
03:09:48,600 --> 03:09:50,800
Never touch the table. 
Everyone knows this. 

3241
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:54,600
But hands can rest lightly on 
the table cloth between courses.

3242
03:09:55,500 --> 03:09:57,800
Your posture is straight without
being rigid. 

3243
03:09:58,500 --> 03:10:02,300
Comfortable, but not casual. 
You'll maintain this posture 

3244
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:05,100
through seven courses and 
roughly 90 minutes of dining. 

3245
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:08,700
The Butlers taken his position 
near the sideboard standing at 

3246
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:11,400
attention. 
He's not exactly watching you, 

3247
03:10:11,400 --> 03:10:13,100
but he's aware of your every 
movement. 

3248
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:15,500
He'll know, the instant, your 
ready for the. 

3249
03:10:15,500 --> 03:10:19,500
Next course, you'll notice, if 
you need water, he's developed a

3250
03:10:19,500 --> 03:10:23,000
sixth sense for anticipating 
needs before their expressed. 

3251
03:10:23,800 --> 03:10:26,100
This is what makes him excellent
at his job and probably 

3252
03:10:26,100 --> 03:10:29,400
exhausting to live with the 
rooms settles into its dining 

3253
03:10:29,400 --> 03:10:33,800
configuration. 
Fire pops, softly candle Flames 

3254
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:37,900
wave in some invisible draft. 
You can hear kitchen sound from 

3255
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:42,600
below muffled, clattering and a 
voice giving instructions. these

3256
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:45,700
sounds don't disturb the dining 
room atmosphere there evidence 

3257
03:10:45,700 --> 03:10:48,900
that everything's working, as it
should, your husband clears, his

3258
03:10:48,908 --> 03:10:52,700
throat gently, this is The 
Unofficial signal that dinner 

3259
03:10:52,700 --> 03:10:57,000
May begin The butler responds by
moving toward the sideboard to 

3260
03:10:57,000 --> 03:11:01,200
collect the first course. until 
this moment, everyone has been 

3261
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:06,300
in position, but Frozen, Now, 
the evening can actually start 

3262
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:10,200
you adjust your seating slightly
settling in for the long 

3263
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:13,600
performance ahead. 
Your corset presses against your

3264
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,600
ribs at this angle. 
You breathe carefully. 

3265
03:11:16,600 --> 03:11:19,900
Finding the Rhythm that will 
work for the next hour and a 

3266
03:11:19,900 --> 03:11:22,400
half. 
Shallow breaths, but steady. 

3267
03:11:23,100 --> 03:11:26,500
You learned this years ago? 
Fight the corset and you'll be 

3268
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:30,100
miserable work with it. 
And you barely notice, it's 

3269
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:33,600
there, the chairs arms, provide 
a place to rest your wrist 

3270
03:11:33,600 --> 03:11:36,500
between courses. 
You'll use these strategically 

3271
03:11:36,500 --> 03:11:39,900
throughout the meal arms provide
stability for cutting meat. 

3272
03:11:39,900 --> 03:11:44,200
They offer a resting place when 
conversation pauses, they're 

3273
03:11:44,200 --> 03:11:47,600
possibly the most useful part of
dining room furniture, though. 

3274
03:11:47,600 --> 03:11:51,400
Nobody ever mentions this, your 
feet touch the floor, solidly, 

3275
03:11:52,100 --> 03:11:54,000
Dining chairs a lower than 
drawing room. 

3276
03:11:54,000 --> 03:11:56,600
Chairs, and the table. 
Height is calibrated. 

3277
03:11:56,600 --> 03:11:59,600
Exactly. 
Your arms can rest comfortably 

3278
03:11:59,600 --> 03:12:03,700
on the table Edge, your plate, 
when it arrives will sit at the 

3279
03:12:03,700 --> 03:12:06,400
perfect distance for eating 
without hunching forward. 

3280
03:12:07,200 --> 03:12:10,500
Someone calculated these 
measurements decades ago and 

3281
03:12:10,500 --> 03:12:12,900
everyone since is simply 
replicated them. 

3282
03:12:12,900 --> 03:12:15,600
Without question, the 
temperature at table level is 

3283
03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:20,100
perfect too high and you'd feel 
stuffy too low, in the food 

3284
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:23,700
would cool too quickly. 
The victorians have worked out, 

3285
03:12:23,700 --> 03:12:27,300
the thermodynamics of dining 
rooms the way Engineers, work 

3286
03:12:27,300 --> 03:12:31,500
out Bridge construction. 
There's an ideal temperatures 

3287
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:33,800
Zone and considerable effort 
goes into. 

3288
03:12:33,800 --> 03:12:35,700
Maintaining it from your 
position. 

3289
03:12:35,700 --> 03:12:39,400
You can see the fire directly 
it's been built in layers. 

3290
03:12:39,400 --> 03:12:42,900
Coal on the bottom producing 
heat with some wood on top 

3291
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:46,600
producing Ambience, the Flames 
are energetic, but contained 

3292
03:12:46,600 --> 03:12:49,500
later in the evening someone 
will add more coal. 

3293
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:52,800
Your belly notice when this 
happens the servants are ghosts 

3294
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:56,100
when they want to be the butler 
returns from the sideboard, 

3295
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:59,800
carrying a covered silver dish. 
He moves with the deliberate 

3296
03:12:59,800 --> 03:13:02,200
pace of someone carrying 
something valuable. 

3297
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:07,000
His footsteps on the carpet, a 
silent, he could be floating for

3298
03:13:07,000 --> 03:13:10,100
all the noisy makes this is the 
beginning. 

3299
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:14,600
Everything before this moment 
was preparation, now you're 

3300
03:13:14,600 --> 03:13:17,800
actually dining the butler, 
place is a small plate before 

3301
03:13:17,800 --> 03:13:21,800
you with practice precision. 
The plate is warm noticeably 

3302
03:13:21,800 --> 03:13:24,700
warm heated in the kitchen 
before food touched it. 

3303
03:13:25,500 --> 03:13:27,200
On the plate. 
Sits something that looks 

3304
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:30,800
delicate and carefully 
constructed. the first course, 

3305
03:13:30,800 --> 03:13:34,300
and first courses are always 
about restraint, they announced 

3306
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:37,500
that this will be a civilized 
meal, not a Feeding Frenzy 

3307
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:42,100
tonight's first courses oysters,
six of them arranged on the 

3308
03:13:42,100 --> 03:13:45,800
plate with geometric precision 
They're sitting in their half 

3309
03:13:45,800 --> 03:13:47,600
shells, already opened in the 
kitchen. 

3310
03:13:48,500 --> 03:13:50,400
A small, Fork rests beside the 
plate. 

3311
03:13:50,400 --> 03:13:53,600
This wasn't part of your 
original place setting. 

3312
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:58,000
It appeared with the oysters. 
As if by Magic, the oysters 

3313
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:00,400
glistening in the candlelight 
like their made of pewter. 

3314
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:04,800
And silk, each one is different 
Slightly different size 

3315
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:07,900
slightly, different shape, but 
they've been arranged to look 

3316
03:14:07,900 --> 03:14:10,500
uniform. 
Someone in the kitchen spent 

3317
03:14:10,500 --> 03:14:14,100
time selecting these making sure
none were too large or too 

3318
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:16,500
small. 
The first course sets the tone 

3319
03:14:16,500 --> 03:14:19,700
nobody wants to set the tone 
with a massive frightening. 

3320
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:24,600
Oyster thin slices of lemon sit 
between the shells a tiny dish 

3321
03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:28,400
of Minion netsource vinegar 
shallots and pepper appears at 

3322
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:31,500
your plates Edge. 
Smell reaching you as mostly 

3323
03:14:31,500 --> 03:14:35,600
brine that distinct ocean scent.
That means the oysters are 

3324
03:14:35,600 --> 03:14:39,200
fresh. 
Not yesterday, fresh today, 

3325
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:42,200
fresh possibly, this afternoon 
fresh afternoon. 

3326
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:45,400
You pick up the small fork and 
look across the table at your 

3327
03:14:45,408 --> 03:14:48,300
husband. 
He's examining his own oyster 

3328
03:14:48,300 --> 03:14:50,900
plate, with the expression of a 
man who would rather be eating 

3329
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:53,500
beef. 
He doesn't dislike oysters. 

3330
03:14:53,500 --> 03:14:55,300
Exactly. 
He dislikes. 

3331
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:58,600
That oysters are fashionable. 
He dislikes, that fashionable 

3332
03:14:58,600 --> 03:15:01,300
things must be eaten even when 
you'd prefer something else. 

3333
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:05,000
But Elite them because that's 
what the first course is the 

3334
03:15:05,000 --> 03:15:07,800
technique for eating oysters has
been explained to you many times

3335
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:10,200
though. 
You learned it so long ago that 

3336
03:15:10,200 --> 03:15:12,900
the explanations feel like 
something you were born Noah. 

3337
03:15:13,600 --> 03:15:17,400
Use the small Fork to detach the
oyster from its shell, cutting 

3338
03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:18,900
the muscle, that holds it in 
place. 

3339
03:15:19,900 --> 03:15:22,500
Then you're supposed to lift the
shell and let the oyster slide 

3340
03:15:22,500 --> 03:15:25,200
into your mouth. 
You're definitely not supposed 

3341
03:15:25,200 --> 03:15:27,600
to chew it. 
Let it rest on your tongue. 

3342
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:30,900
Maybe compress it slightly 
against your palate, then 

3343
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:34,600
swallow Chewing oysters is what 
people in restaurants. 

3344
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:37,300
Do proper people simply receive 
oysters. 

3345
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:39,600
You squeeze, Lemmon over the 
first one. 

3346
03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:43,400
The juice runs down into the 
shells curve mixing with the 

3347
03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:48,000
oysters natural liquid the smell
intense of his more citrus. 

3348
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:51,700
Now, cutting through the brine. 
You add a tiny amount of 

3349
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:54,200
mignonette sauce with the 
miniature spoon provided for 

3350
03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:57,000
this purpose. 
The victorians have specific 

3351
03:15:57,000 --> 03:16:00,800
utensils for everything. 
Somewhere in London, there's 

3352
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:03,700
probably a factory employing 
dozens of people to make nothing

3353
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:05,900
but tiny spoons for minion 
netsource. 

3354
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,600
The shell is rough against your 
lips, cold from the oyster, 

3355
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:13,100
slightly sharp along the edge, 
then the oyster itself, slides 

3356
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:15,400
into your mouth, and you 
understand why people either 

3357
03:16:15,400 --> 03:16:19,100
love these or hate them. 
The texture is like nothing 

3358
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:22,200
else. 
Silky and firm at the same time.

3359
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:27,800
The Taste is intensely ocean, 
not fishy, but definitely from 

3360
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:29,400
water. 
Salt. 

3361
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:31,200
Yes. 
But all so something mineral. 

3362
03:16:32,100 --> 03:16:35,700
Something that reminds you of 
rocks and Tides you let it rest 

3363
03:16:35,700 --> 03:16:39,300
on your tongue for a moment. 
The lemon brightens everything. 

3364
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:43,200
The mignonette adds a sharp 
vinegar that cuts through the 

3365
03:16:43,200 --> 03:16:46,400
richness. 
Then you swallow and the oyster 

3366
03:16:46,400 --> 03:16:50,300
is gone leaving behind just 
flavor and a faint memory of 

3367
03:16:50,300 --> 03:16:53,000
texture. 
Your husband has eaten his first

3368
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:55,200
oyster while you were 
contemplating yours. 

3369
03:16:55,200 --> 03:16:58,900
He's reaching for a second the 
meal has officially begun. 

3370
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:01,700
You're both eating. 
Now both committed to the 

3371
03:17:01,708 --> 03:17:04,400
evenings progression. 
The second oyster is slightly 

3372
03:17:04,400 --> 03:17:07,000
larger than the first more 
lemon, this time. 

3373
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:11,200
Less sauce, the third one. 
You eat without any additions at

3374
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:12,800
all. 
Just to taste the oyster itself.

3375
03:17:12,800 --> 03:17:17,900
It's sweet underneath the brine 
almost buttery these are good 

3376
03:17:17,908 --> 03:17:20,000
oysters someone at the fish 
monger. 

3377
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:23,700
Did their job, well, eating or 
oysters creates a rhythm detect 

3378
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:29,600
lift, receive swallow, detach 
lift receive swallow. 

3379
03:17:29,600 --> 03:17:34,400
It's meditative in its way your 
mind can wander while your hands

3380
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:35,900
perform. 
This simple sequence. 

3381
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:40,000
You think about the oysters 
journey to this table harvested 

3382
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,000
somewhere on the coast. 
Probably this morning. 

3383
03:17:42,900 --> 03:17:46,800
Tonight's transported by train 
to London, sold at Market, 

3384
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:50,200
carried to your kitchen and 
opened by someone whose hands 

3385
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:52,600
are probably cut from years of 
oyster shells. 

3386
03:17:53,800 --> 03:17:57,200
All this effort to produce six 
small bite of food that take 

3387
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:00,500
maybe three minutes to eat, the 
butler appears silently to 

3388
03:18:00,500 --> 03:18:02,400
refill. 
Your water glass, you didn't 

3389
03:18:02,400 --> 03:18:06,000
notice it was low. 
He noted This is his gift 

3390
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:10,000
noticing things before anyone 
else realizes they need noticing

3391
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,200
fourth oyster. 
The Rhythm continues. 

3392
03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:16,300
You're eating slowly but not too
slowly. 

3393
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:19,800
There's a pace to First courses 
that everyone understands 

3394
03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:22,800
without discussing. 
Fast enough to show. 

3395
03:18:22,800 --> 03:18:26,100
You're not afraid of food. 
Slow enough to demonstrate. 

3396
03:18:26,100 --> 03:18:29,300
You're not desperately hungry. 
Performance of eating is 

3397
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:31,500
sometimes more important than 
the eating itself. 

3398
03:18:31,500 --> 03:18:35,300
Your husband finishes his 
oysters before you finish yours.

3399
03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:38,900
He sets down his fork, with a 
soft, click against his plate 

3400
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:41,800
and waits. 
He could start a conversation 

3401
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:45,700
now, but he doesn't He'll still 
eating talking. 

3402
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:48,900
While someone is eating oysters 
would be poor form or oysters 

3403
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:51,900
demand, a certain amount of 
concentration, fifth oyster. 

3404
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:55,900
Your developing favorites. 
Now, This one is particularly 

3405
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:59,300
Briny and particularly firm, the
lemon juice. 

3406
03:18:59,300 --> 03:19:01,300
You add seems to make it Sparkle
somehow. 

3407
03:19:02,300 --> 03:19:05,000
Chemistry, you don't understand 
is happening on this shell. 

3408
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,800
The sixth and final oyster feels
almost disappointing. 

3409
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:11,600
First courses, always end too 
quickly. 

3410
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:15,000
You've barely settled into the 
meals Rhythm and already the 

3411
03:19:15,000 --> 03:19:19,600
opening actors over You eat this
last oyster slowly trying to 

3412
03:19:19,608 --> 03:19:23,800
extend the experience more, 
lemon, more sauce. 

3413
03:19:24,500 --> 03:19:25,900
Hold it in your mouth, a moment 
longer. 

3414
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:30,100
Let the flavors develop fully 
before, swallowing your plate is

3415
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:33,400
now decorated with six, empty 
shells arranged in a circle 

3416
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:36,300
around the edge. 
The center is clean white 

3417
03:19:36,300 --> 03:19:38,600
porcelain. 
The visual effect is 

3418
03:19:38,600 --> 03:19:42,300
surprisingly pleasing. 
These organic irregular shells 

3419
03:19:42,300 --> 03:19:44,200
against the perfect manufactured
plate. 

3420
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:46,200
It looks like an art 
installation. 

3421
03:19:46,200 --> 03:19:49,300
You'd see in a gallery if 
galleries existed for dinner 

3422
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,100
courses, the butler has been 
waiting for this moment. 

3423
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:54,600
The instant you set down your 
fork. 

3424
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:56,200
He moves forward to collect your
plate. 

3425
03:19:57,000 --> 03:20:00,600
Your husband's plate is lifted 
at the same time, both plates 

3426
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:04,100
disappear toward the sideboard, 
the oyster Forks, vanished to 

3427
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:08,600
intense seconds, all evidence of
the first course is gone except 

3428
03:20:08,600 --> 03:20:09,900
the tasting lingering in your 
mouth. 

3429
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:13,200
Pause now. 
Maybe two minutes of nothing. 

3430
03:20:13,200 --> 03:20:17,700
This is intentional. 
The break between courses, gives

3431
03:20:17,700 --> 03:20:21,500
your stomach time to register 
that food has arrived. it lets 

3432
03:20:21,500 --> 03:20:25,400
conversation resume if anyone 
has something to say, It builds 

3433
03:20:25,400 --> 03:20:27,300
anticipation from the next 
course. 

3434
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,000
Victorians understand that 
eating is about timing as much 

3435
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:34,500
as taste, the butler returns 
carrying two plates that are 

3436
03:20:34,500 --> 03:20:36,600
noticeably larger than the first
course plates. 

3437
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:40,000
These are dinner plates, proper 
dinner plates, the kind that 

3438
03:20:40,000 --> 03:20:41,600
could hold a reasonable amount 
of food. 

3439
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:45,400
And they do, hold a reasonable 
amount of food arranged, of 

3440
03:20:45,400 --> 03:20:49,000
course with the Precision of a 
military formation, your plate 

3441
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:52,500
arrives, first on it sits a 
portion of a roasted lamb 

3442
03:20:52,500 --> 03:20:55,500
sliced, thin, and arranged in an
overlapping pattern. 

3443
03:20:56,400 --> 03:20:59,700
Beside the lamb, a small, 
roasted potatoes, their skins 

3444
03:20:59,700 --> 03:21:01,500
crisped and gleaming with 
butter. 

3445
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:06,200
Green beans run alongside the 
potatoes arranged in a parallel 

3446
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:09,000
line. 
A small pool of gravy sits in 

3447
03:21:09,000 --> 03:21:11,000
the Plate's curve, dark and 
glossy. 

3448
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:15,500
Everything is positioned with 
geometric intentionality, the 

3449
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:18,400
smell hits you before, you've 
even registered all the visual 

3450
03:21:18,400 --> 03:21:21,500
details. 
Roasted meat Rosemary, garlic 

3451
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:25,200
butter and the Deep Savory 
Center of gravy made from pan 

3452
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:27,700
drippings. 
This is the smell that makes 

3453
03:21:27,700 --> 03:21:29,800
your stomach. 
Suddenly remember, its hungry. 

3454
03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:33,600
The oysters were interesting. 
This is food your husband 

3455
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:35,100
receives his plates 
simultaneously. 

3456
03:21:35,100 --> 03:21:40,100
His portion is noticeably larger
than yours about half again as 

3457
03:21:40,100 --> 03:21:44,700
much meat more potatoes. 
Nobody mentions this discrepancy

3458
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:48,800
because the discrepancy is 
expected men, get larger 

3459
03:21:48,800 --> 03:21:52,800
portions women, get portion 
sized for their supposedly 

3460
03:21:52,800 --> 03:21:56,800
smaller appetites and definitely
smaller stomachs compressed. 

3461
03:21:56,800 --> 03:22:00,300
Buy corsets Whether you're 
actually less hungry than your 

3462
03:22:00,300 --> 03:22:03,700
husband is irrelevant new 
utensils have appeared beside 

3463
03:22:03,700 --> 03:22:06,500
your plate. 
A proper Denon knife and fork 

3464
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:08,800
larger, and heavier than 
anything used in the first 

3465
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:11,500
course, the knife has real 
weight to it. 

3466
03:22:12,300 --> 03:22:15,800
Fork, tines are sharp. 
These are serious, eating 

3467
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:19,800
implements, you arrange your 
napkin slightly making sure it's

3468
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:21,300
positioned to catch any 
potential. 

3469
03:22:21,300 --> 03:22:25,600
Drips gravy has a way of finding
shirts and dress bodices through

3470
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:27,500
some kind of malicious 
navigation system. 

3471
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:29,700
The napkin is your primary 
defense. 

3472
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:33,500
The lamb has been cooked 
properly pink in the middle gray

3473
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,200
at the edges. 
You can see this in the slice 

3474
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:39,700
portion on your plate. 
The outside has that desirable 

3475
03:22:39,700 --> 03:22:43,100
crossed where herbs and heat 
combined to create something 

3476
03:22:43,100 --> 03:22:45,400
more delicious than the summer 
of its Partners. 

3477
03:22:45,400 --> 03:22:48,000
You select a piece from the 
middle of the arrangement and 

3478
03:22:48,000 --> 03:22:51,000
cut it carefully. 
The knife slides through with 

3479
03:22:51,000 --> 03:22:54,000
just the right amount of 
resistance, two easy would mean,

3480
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:57,100
the meters overcooked, two 
difficult would mean its tough. 

3481
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:01,400
This is exactly right. 
The first bite, combines lamb 

3482
03:23:01,400 --> 03:23:03,400
gravy and a small piece of 
potato. 

3483
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:07,700
You've learned that food tastes 
better in combinations than in 

3484
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,900
isolation. 
The lamb is tender and Rich with

3485
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:13,100
the distinctive slightly gamey 
flavor. 

3486
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:17,100
That separates it from beef. 
The gravy add salt and depth. 

3487
03:23:17,800 --> 03:23:21,300
Potato provides textural 
contrast and soaks up the gravy 

3488
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:24,700
like an edible sponge. 
Your mouth is suddenly very 

3489
03:23:24,700 --> 03:23:28,000
happy across the table. 
Your husband is cutting his meat

3490
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:30,800
with the focused attention of 
someone to performing surgery. 

3491
03:23:31,600 --> 03:23:35,700
Men are taught to cut meat, 
decisively one firm, motion per 

3492
03:23:35,700 --> 03:23:37,800
cut. 
Women are taught to cut more 

3493
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:41,000
delicately with multiple small 
soaring motions. 

3494
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:44,300
If necessary. 
These gendered cutting 

3495
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:46,200
techniques are apparently 
important enough. 

3496
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:49,400
That people write etiquette 
books, explaining them, the 

3497
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:52,200
green beans are still slightly, 
crisp, dressed with butter and 

3498
03:23:52,200 --> 03:23:55,700
possibly, a touch of our arm and
you won't expecting the Almond. 

3499
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:59,500
That's a nice surprise. 
The beans taste, green and fresh

3500
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,800
despite being cooked, someone in
the kitchen understands 

3501
03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:05,200
vegetables. 
You eat methodically working 

3502
03:24:05,200 --> 03:24:09,000
your way around the plate, a 
bite of lamb, a potato, some 

3503
03:24:09,000 --> 03:24:11,700
beans, another bite of lamb with
gravy. 

3504
03:24:12,800 --> 03:24:13,800
And doesn't matter. 
Exactly. 

3505
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:16,700
But having some pattern to your 
eating looks better than 

3506
03:24:16,700 --> 03:24:19,000
randomly attacking whatever 
appears closest. 

3507
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:23,000
Even eating alone with your 
husband appearances matter. 

3508
03:24:23,800 --> 03:24:26,600
The potatoes have been roasted 
in duck fat, if your palate is 

3509
03:24:26,600 --> 03:24:28,400
correct. 
They have that particular 

3510
03:24:28,400 --> 03:24:30,600
richness that butter alone 
doesn't provide? 

3511
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:34,300
Their outsides a crispy. 
They're insights fluffy. 

3512
03:24:34,900 --> 03:24:37,900
They're possibly the best thing 
on the plate, though, you'd 

3513
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:41,400
never say this out loud. 
Admitting you prefer potatoes to

3514
03:24:41,408 --> 03:24:43,200
lamb. 
Would suggest your priorities 

3515
03:24:43,200 --> 03:24:45,300
are wrong. 
Your husband speaks for the 

3516
03:24:45,300 --> 03:24:47,400
first time since the main course
arrived. 

3517
03:24:48,200 --> 03:24:51,800
Lamb is very good tonight. 
You agree that the lamb is very 

3518
03:24:51,800 --> 03:24:54,900
good to night. 
This exchange covers all 

3519
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:58,800
necessary conversation about the
food going into more detail. 

3520
03:24:58,800 --> 03:25:01,600
Would suggest, your overly 
focused on eating, not 

3521
03:25:01,600 --> 03:25:03,800
commenting at all. 
Would suggest your ungrateful. 

3522
03:25:03,800 --> 03:25:06,900
This briefly acknowledgment is 
The Sweet Spot. 

3523
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:09,000
You're about halfway through 
your portion. 

3524
03:25:09,000 --> 03:25:12,500
When you realize you're eating 
too quickly First courses should

3525
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:16,200
be eaten at a leisurely Pace. 
Main courses should be eaten at 

3526
03:25:16,200 --> 03:25:17,700
a pace. 
Suggesting your enjoying the 

3527
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:21,300
food but not obsessed with it. 
You deliberately slow down 

3528
03:25:21,300 --> 03:25:24,600
setting your knife and fork on 
your plate between bite's. 

3529
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,700
This is the proper resting 
position knife and fork in an 

3530
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:32,000
expat on the plate. 
Setting them parallel with 

3531
03:25:32,000 --> 03:25:34,700
signal your finished and you're 
definitely not finished. 

3532
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:38,600
The wine glasses have been 
filled red wine for the main 

3533
03:25:38,600 --> 03:25:41,300
course you didn't notice when 
this happened. 

3534
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:45,200
The butler is a magician when he
wants to be The wine is a 

3535
03:25:45,200 --> 03:25:47,300
burgundy, you think or possibly 
a Claret? 

3536
03:25:47,300 --> 03:25:51,300
The victorians aren't as fussy 
about wine as the French, but 

3537
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:54,100
they do understand that red wine
goes with red meat. 

3538
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:58,500
You take a small sip. 
Wine is dry and slightly tannic 

3539
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:00,300
with fruit notes. 
That complement the Lambs 

3540
03:26:00,300 --> 03:26:02,700
richness. 
Your husband is eating more 

3541
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:04,700
quickly than you but not 
rapidly. 

3542
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:08,100
His larger portion or requires 
more efficient to eating to 

3543
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:09,700
finish in a reasonable time 
frame. 

3544
03:26:09,700 --> 03:26:12,700
He's about three quarters 
through when you are still 

3545
03:26:12,700 --> 03:26:16,400
navigating your halfway point. 
This is normal these 

3546
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:19,400
proportional timing differences 
work out naturally of everyone 

3547
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:22,300
eats at their proper Pace. 
The gravy is becoming more 

3548
03:26:22,300 --> 03:26:23,800
important as the meal 
progresses. 

3549
03:26:23,800 --> 03:26:28,000
It started doesn't have now 
become the element that ties 

3550
03:26:28,000 --> 03:26:30,900
everything together. 
You find yourself deliberately 

3551
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:34,600
saving some for the final bites 
running out of gravy before 

3552
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:36,200
finishing. 
Your meat would be a small 

3553
03:26:36,200 --> 03:26:40,100
tragedy, the rooms as increased 
slightly from the hot plate and 

3554
03:26:40,100 --> 03:26:43,200
the continuing fire. 
You're warm now but not 

3555
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:45,400
uncomfortable. 
The wine helps. 

3556
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,300
Everything is slightly blurred 
at the edges in that Pleasant 

3557
03:26:48,300 --> 03:26:52,000
way that good food and 
low-light, create a small piece 

3558
03:26:52,000 --> 03:26:53,300
of lamb. 
Resists your knife. 

3559
03:26:54,100 --> 03:26:57,300
You have to sort it slightly 
more than elegantly these 

3560
03:26:57,300 --> 03:27:00,600
moments happen. 
Nobody has invented meet that 

3561
03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:02,500
cuts perfectly every single 
time. 

3562
03:27:03,300 --> 03:27:05,700
You managed to separate the 
piece without anything. 

3563
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:09,400
Sliding off your plate, or 
making dramatic knife. 

3564
03:27:09,400 --> 03:27:11,900
Screeching sounds small 
victories. 

3565
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,200
The potatoes are gone. 
You ate them, strategically 

3566
03:27:15,200 --> 03:27:18,000
spreading them throughout the 
meal, instead of consuming them 

3567
03:27:18,000 --> 03:27:21,500
all at once. 
Now you missed them, the plate 

3568
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:24,000
looks empty or without their 
gold and presents. 

3569
03:27:24,000 --> 03:27:27,100
The husband sets down his 
utensils in the finished 

3570
03:27:27,100 --> 03:27:29,000
position. 
Parallel across his plate. 

3571
03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:32,300
He's done. 
You're not quite done, but close

3572
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:33,700
enough, that finishing won't 
take long. 

3573
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:36,900
You work through your final few 
bites with the knowledge that 

3574
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,500
the butler is probably preparing
to clear plates, the last bite 

3575
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:44,300
of lamb swirled through 
remaining gravy accompanied by a

3576
03:27:44,300 --> 03:27:47,900
single green bean. 
You choose slowly tasting 

3577
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:48,900
everything. 
One last time. 

3578
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:52,400
Then it's gone. 
Your plate is clean except for 

3579
03:27:52,400 --> 03:27:56,200
smears of gravy and butter. 
Your Ranger knife and fork in 

3580
03:27:56,200 --> 03:28:00,300
the finish position, the Butler 
materializes Beside You both 

3581
03:28:00,300 --> 03:28:02,200
plates are lifted 
simultaneously. 

3582
03:28:02,200 --> 03:28:06,100
Your wine glasses, remain wine, 
carries through multiple 

3583
03:28:06,100 --> 03:28:09,500
courses, the empty plate of 
vanished toward the sideboard. 

3584
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:14,100
Another pause now. 
Longer this time, you've eaten, 

3585
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:16,200
the substantial part of the 
evening's meal. 

3586
03:28:16,200 --> 03:28:19,400
What comes next is supplementary
the break. 

3587
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:21,600
After the main course. 
Feels different from the break 

3588
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:24,600
after oysters. 
Your stomach is genuinely 

3589
03:28:24,600 --> 03:28:27,800
satisfied. 
Now, the slightly frantic Edge 

3590
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:31,700
that hunger creates as vanished 
You're in that comfortable 

3591
03:28:31,700 --> 03:28:33,600
state? 
Where more food sounds pleasant 

3592
03:28:33,600 --> 03:28:36,500
but not necessary. 
Your husband adjusts his 

3593
03:28:36,508 --> 03:28:38,700
position in his chair. 
Settling back slightly. 

3594
03:28:39,600 --> 03:28:41,600
This is as casual as he'll get 
during dinner. 

3595
03:28:41,600 --> 03:28:44,100
He's not sprawling or anything 
undignified. 

3596
03:28:44,100 --> 03:28:48,000
He still upright, still proper. 
But the ramrod posture is 

3597
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:51,000
softened. 
You do the same, nobody 

3598
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:53,000
mentioned this shift but you 
both felled. 

3599
03:28:53,000 --> 03:28:55,300
It happened. 
The wine gets attention now that

3600
03:28:55,300 --> 03:28:57,000
food isn't competing for your 
focus. 

3601
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:01,400
You lift your glass and really 
look at the wine examining its 

3602
03:29:01,400 --> 03:29:05,200
color in the candlelight. 
It's a deep red almost purple at

3603
03:29:05,200 --> 03:29:08,600
the edges. 
The victorians have opinions 

3604
03:29:08,600 --> 03:29:11,300
about wine appreciation that 
they've absorbed from French 

3605
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:15,000
culture holding wine up to the 
light and contemplating its 

3606
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:18,900
seriously as part of the 
performance, you take a sip, the

3607
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:20,900
whiners opened up since you 
first tasted it. 

3608
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:25,100
Whatever towns were sharp before
of mellowed, the fruit flavors 

3609
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:29,400
are more prominent You're not a 
wine expert by any stretch but 

3610
03:29:29,400 --> 03:29:33,300
you can tell this is decent 
Wine, Not spectacular, but 

3611
03:29:33,300 --> 03:29:36,100
certainly good enough for a 
family dinner, your husband is 

3612
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:38,300
looking at you with the 
expression that means he's about

3613
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:42,600
to start an actual conversation.
The earlier comment about lamb 

3614
03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:44,800
was ritual. 
This will be real. 

3615
03:29:44,800 --> 03:29:48,700
I spoke with Matthews today 
about the property Matthews is 

3616
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:51,700
your solicitor. 
Property is a small house. 

3617
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:53,600
You're considering purchasing as
an investment. 

3618
03:29:54,500 --> 03:29:57,300
This is the kind of discussion 
that happens during the post 

3619
03:29:57,300 --> 03:30:00,500
main course lull. 
Business talk is acceptable. 

3620
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:03,600
Now, it wouldn't have been 
during oysters and it won't be 

3621
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:06,500
during Desert. 
But right now in this break, 

3622
03:30:06,500 --> 03:30:09,500
practical matters can emerge. 
You ask what? 

3623
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:12,900
Matthew said your husband 
explained some detail about 

3624
03:30:12,900 --> 03:30:17,200
deeds and surveys and structural
assessments Your listening. 

3625
03:30:17,200 --> 03:30:19,800
But also, thinking about how 
strange it is, that major 

3626
03:30:19,800 --> 03:30:23,100
financial decisions get 
discussed across eight feet of 

3627
03:30:23,100 --> 03:30:26,500
dining table over, dirty plate 
and wine glasses. 

3628
03:30:26,500 --> 03:30:30,300
But this is when husband and 
wife, often have uninterrupted, 

3629
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,900
time to get her The dining room 
becomes an office by default. 

3630
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:36,800
The conversation continues for 
several minutes. 

3631
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:39,500
You offer opinions about the 
properties location. 

3632
03:30:39,500 --> 03:30:44,500
Your husband mentioned concerned
about drainage You both agree 

3633
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:47,000
that Matthews should proceed 
with the structural assessment. 

3634
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:50,600
Before any offer is made, this 
is partnership in Victorian 

3635
03:30:50,600 --> 03:30:54,000
marriage, collaborative, 
decision-making, conducted with 

3636
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:57,000
formal politeness. 
The butler is waiting somewhere 

3637
03:30:57,000 --> 03:30:59,800
in the periphery. 
He can hear every word of this 

3638
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:04,100
conversation servants, always, 
can everyone pretends they 

3639
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:08,600
can't, but they absolutely can. 
Your private discussions about 

3640
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:11,000
property and money are being 
absorbed by a man who will 

3641
03:31:11,000 --> 03:31:14,000
repeat nothing, but remember, 
everything, you finish your 

3642
03:31:14,000 --> 03:31:16,700
wine. 
The butler appears instantly to 

3643
03:31:16,700 --> 03:31:19,100
refill the glass. 
This timing can't be 

3644
03:31:19,100 --> 03:31:21,400
coincidence. 
He's been watching without 

3645
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:24,000
appearing to watch your glasses.
Never empty. 

3646
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:26,800
Your husband's glass is never 
empty. 

3647
03:31:26,800 --> 03:31:30,400
This is the standard that the 
household maintains the 

3648
03:31:30,400 --> 03:31:32,900
conversation, shifts to social 
obligations. 

3649
03:31:32,900 --> 03:31:36,900
There's a dinner party next week
at the Hendersons, your expected

3650
03:31:36,900 --> 03:31:39,700
to attend. 
Neither of you is particularly 

3651
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:43,100
enthused about this but 
attendance is mandatory, the 

3652
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:46,600
Hendersons are connected to 
people who matter not attending 

3653
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:49,400
would be noticed. 
Being noticed for absence is 

3654
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:51,800
never good. 
Your husband mentioned that 

3655
03:31:51,800 --> 03:31:54,700
Henderson son is apparently 
courting, the Thompson girl. 

3656
03:31:54,700 --> 03:31:57,800
This is Gossip which is 
technically beneath formal 

3657
03:31:57,800 --> 03:32:01,000
dinner conversation, but you're 
only two people and nobody's 

3658
03:32:01,000 --> 03:32:04,600
keeping score. 
The Thompson girl is perfectly 

3659
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:08,400
nice but not well connected. 
The Hendersons can do better. 

3660
03:32:08,400 --> 03:32:11,400
You both agree on this without 
saying it directly? 

3661
03:32:11,400 --> 03:32:15,000
The victorians have perfected. 
The art of judgmental 

3662
03:32:15,000 --> 03:32:17,700
implication more wine appears in
your glass. 

3663
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:21,000
Your surprised to realize you've
finished the previous serving 

3664
03:32:21,000 --> 03:32:23,500
already. 
The wine is working its way 

3665
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,900
through your system, creating a 
pleasant warmth that has nothing

3666
03:32:26,900 --> 03:32:30,400
to do with the fire. 
Everything is slightly softer 

3667
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:32,700
now. 
The candlelight seems warmer 

3668
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:36,100
your husband's face across the 
table looks younger somehow. 

3669
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:38,800
The discussion meanders to 
household matters. 

3670
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:41,600
The carpets in the morning, room
need replacing. 

3671
03:32:41,600 --> 03:32:44,500
There's a persistent draft in 
The Upstairs Hall way that 

3672
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:47,500
nobody can locate. 
The cold delivery man has 

3673
03:32:47,500 --> 03:32:49,800
started arriving at inconvenient
times. 

3674
03:32:49,800 --> 03:32:52,500
These are the mundane details 
that fill. 

3675
03:32:52,500 --> 03:32:55,000
Actual marriage is behind all 
the formality. 

3676
03:32:55,000 --> 03:32:58,200
You're not just discussing 
property Investments and social 

3677
03:32:58,200 --> 03:33:01,400
obligations. 
Your figuring out how to keep a 

3678
03:33:01,400 --> 03:33:04,100
household running, your husband 
Smiles at something. 

3679
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:05,700
You said about the cold 
delivery, man. 

3680
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:08,600
A real smile, not the plight in 
a smile. 

3681
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:12,400
These moments of genuine 
connection happen in the spaces 

3682
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:16,100
between formal Behavior. 
You're performing dinner but 

3683
03:33:16,100 --> 03:33:18,700
you're also just two people 
talking about your lives. 

3684
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:21,100
The butler shifts position 
slightly. 

3685
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:24,200
This is the signal that the 
kitchen is ready for the next 

3686
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:27,100
course, the social interlude is 
ending. 

3687
03:33:27,100 --> 03:33:29,600
You feel it without anyone 
announcing it. 

3688
03:33:30,500 --> 03:33:32,300
The evenings rhythm is. 
Pulling you forward. 

3689
03:33:32,300 --> 03:33:36,500
You straighten slightly in your 
chair, your husband notices and 

3690
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:39,000
does the same. 
The brief relaxation is over 

3691
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:42,100
desert is coming and desert 
requires. 

3692
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:45,300
Its own form of attention. 
The butler approaches with two 

3693
03:33:45,300 --> 03:33:48,100
smaller plates. 
Deserters arrived with the 

3694
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:51,800
formality of a diplomatic Envoy.
The plates are clean white, 

3695
03:33:51,800 --> 03:33:54,100
porcelain different from any 
use. 

3696
03:33:54,100 --> 03:33:57,500
So far this evening. 
Victorians believed that courses

3697
03:33:57,500 --> 03:34:00,800
deserve their own dishes. 
Using the same plate for 

3698
03:34:00,800 --> 03:34:03,700
multiple courses, would be like 
wearing the same shoes to a 

3699
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:06,600
wedding and a funeral, tonight's
desert, his trifle. 

3700
03:34:06,600 --> 03:34:10,800
You can see it constructed in a 
small Crystal Bowl layers of 

3701
03:34:10,808 --> 03:34:14,600
sponge cake, soaked in Sherry 
custard jam and whipped cream. 

3702
03:34:15,400 --> 03:34:18,000
The bowl itself is possibly more
valuable than the food. 

3703
03:34:18,000 --> 03:34:20,500
Inside it. 
The cream on top has been 

3704
03:34:20,500 --> 03:34:22,400
smoothed with the flat edge of a
knife. 

3705
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:25,100
Creating a pristine White 
surface. 

3706
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:28,600
A single candied, Violet sits in
the center. 

3707
03:34:28,600 --> 03:34:32,600
Purple and delicate. 
A dessert spoon appears beside 

3708
03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:36,100
the bowl, small, and elegant 
with a rounded Bowl instead of 

3709
03:34:36,100 --> 03:34:39,600
the oval shape of soup Spoons. 
The victorians have different 

3710
03:34:39,600 --> 03:34:42,000
spoons for every possible eating
scenario. 

3711
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:45,700
There's probably a specific 
spoon for eating trifle. 

3712
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:48,900
That's distinct from the spoon 
for eating custard directly 

3713
03:34:48,900 --> 03:34:50,800
though. 
You can't imagine what the 

3714
03:34:50,808 --> 03:34:53,500
difference would be. 
You lift the spoon and break 

3715
03:34:53,500 --> 03:34:55,000
through the whipped cream 
surface. 

3716
03:34:55,000 --> 03:34:59,100
The layers reveal themselves, as
you dig down, the custard is 

3717
03:34:59,100 --> 03:35:02,700
pale, yellow. 
And the jam is dark red possibly

3718
03:35:02,700 --> 03:35:05,600
raspberry. 
The cake at the bottom, has 

3719
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:09,200
absorbed Sherry and turned 
slightly in exactly the way 

3720
03:35:09,200 --> 03:35:13,900
trifle is supposed to be soggy. 
First bite is intensely, sweet. 

3721
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:18,000
After the Savory land and 
mineral oil oysters, the 

3722
03:35:18,000 --> 03:35:20,600
sweetness is almost shocking, 
your palate. 

3723
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:24,200
Needs a moment to recalibrate 
then the flavors sort themselves

3724
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,700
out. 
The cream is Rich and barely 

3725
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:29,400
sweet. 
The custard is vanilla heavy. 

3726
03:35:29,400 --> 03:35:33,800
The jam provides tart fruit 
notes and the Sherry soaked 

3727
03:35:33,800 --> 03:35:37,600
cake, adds boozy depth. 
This is not subtle food. 

3728
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:41,600
This is a celebration in a bowl.
Your husband is eating his 

3729
03:35:41,600 --> 03:35:44,000
trifle with the focused 
attention of someone who 

3730
03:35:44,000 --> 03:35:47,700
genuinely enjoys desert. 
He's not performing for 

3731
03:35:47,700 --> 03:35:50,000
enjoyment. 
He actually likes this. 

3732
03:35:50,800 --> 03:35:53,800
You can tell by how carefully 
he's constructing each spoonful,

3733
03:35:53,800 --> 03:35:56,400
making sure to get some of every
layer. 

3734
03:35:56,400 --> 03:35:59,900
The candied Violet, on top of 
your trifle, turns out to be 

3735
03:35:59,900 --> 03:36:02,700
completely edible. 
You expected it to be 

3736
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:05,800
decorative, but when you taste 
it cautiously, it's actually 

3737
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:10,300
quite nice floral without being 
perfume, like slightly crunchy 

3738
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:13,500
from the sugar coating. 
You eat it, slowly letting it 

3739
03:36:13,500 --> 03:36:16,600
dissolve on your tongue. 
Eating trifle creates a kind of 

3740
03:36:16,608 --> 03:36:20,500
archaeological dig in Reverse, 
your deconstructing the layers 

3741
03:36:20,500 --> 03:36:23,200
with each spoonful. 
Working your way down through 

3742
03:36:23,200 --> 03:36:26,800
cream and custard and jam until 
you reach the foundation of 

3743
03:36:26,800 --> 03:36:30,800
Sherry soaked cake. 
The cake is almost putting like 

3744
03:36:30,800 --> 03:36:32,600
now, barely holding its 
structure. 

3745
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:35,500
It dissolves in your mouth, more
than being chewed. 

3746
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:39,200
This cherry flavor becomes more 
prominent as you go deeper. 

3747
03:36:39,200 --> 03:36:42,000
Someone in the kitchen was not 
shy with the bottle. 

3748
03:36:42,000 --> 03:36:45,800
This trifle could probably get 
you slightly Tipsy if you ate 

3749
03:36:45,800 --> 03:36:48,100
enough of it. 
Combined with the wine. 

3750
03:36:48,100 --> 03:36:50,800
You've been drinking all 
evening, your deffley, feeling 

3751
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:52,900
warmer, and more relaxed than 
you were at the meals. 

3752
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,500
Beginning, your husband finishes
his trifle before you finish 

3753
03:36:56,500 --> 03:36:58,700
yours. 
This is becoming a pattern. 

3754
03:36:59,800 --> 03:37:02,400
He sets his spoon in the empty 
bowl with a satisfied 

3755
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:05,700
expression, you'll still working
through your bottom layers, 

3756
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:09,900
savoring, the last few bites. 
The dining room feels Cozier now

3757
03:37:09,900 --> 03:37:12,700
than it did earlier. 
The candles have burned down 

3758
03:37:12,700 --> 03:37:16,800
slightly creating softer light. 
The fire has settled into steady

3759
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:21,300
warmth rather than active Heat. 
Outside the curtained windows, 

3760
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:24,800
London is fully dark. 
Your isolated in this warm 

3761
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:28,400
bubble of food and light. 
The final spoonful of trifle is 

3762
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:31,600
mostly just soaked cake and jam 
the cream and custard. 

3763
03:37:31,600 --> 03:37:33,400
A long gone. 
You eat it. 

3764
03:37:33,400 --> 03:37:36,000
Slowly knowing that finishing 
this bite marks, the end of the 

3765
03:37:36,000 --> 03:37:39,900
formal meal. 
Once the desert is gone, dinner 

3766
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:42,900
is officially over. 
What comes next is a different 

3767
03:37:42,900 --> 03:37:46,300
part of the evening entirely. 
You set your spoon in the empty 

3768
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:48,200
bowl. 
The butler has been waiting for 

3769
03:37:48,200 --> 03:37:52,800
this moment. both dessert bowls 
are cleared, the wine glasses, 

3770
03:37:52,800 --> 03:37:56,900
remain still half full The table
is now clear except for these 

3771
03:37:56,900 --> 03:37:59,600
glasses and the center piece 
that's been presiding over the 

3772
03:37:59,600 --> 03:38:01,700
meal, like a small floral 
dignitary. 

3773
03:38:01,700 --> 03:38:06,000
Your husband stands first. 
This is the signal that dinner 

3774
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:08,400
has concluded. 
You stand as well. 

3775
03:38:08,400 --> 03:38:12,200
Carefully navigating the weight 
of your skirts and the slight 

3776
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:14,800
induced unsteadiness in your 
legs. 

3777
03:38:15,400 --> 03:38:17,300
You've been sitting for nearly 
90 minutes. 

3778
03:38:18,100 --> 03:38:21,400
Standing feels strange. 
The butler has already moved to 

3779
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:23,900
the door ready to open it for 
your exit. 

3780
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:28,800
Nobody says the meal is over. 
The meal is simply over because 

3781
03:38:28,800 --> 03:38:30,900
people are standing and moving 
toward the door. 

3782
03:38:31,700 --> 03:38:35,200
The butler understands this 
language perfectly, you process 

3783
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:38,300
out of the dining room with your
husband returning to the drawing

3784
03:38:38,300 --> 03:38:40,900
room, where the evening began. 
Fire. 

3785
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:42,300
Here has been maintained during 
dinner. 

3786
03:38:43,100 --> 03:38:45,600
Someone came in while you were 
eating and added coal and 

3787
03:38:45,608 --> 03:38:48,200
adjusted. 
The logs, the room is warm and 

3788
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:50,500
inviting this is the hour for 
coffee. 

3789
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:53,500
And after dinner drinks, the 
drawing room has been set for 

3790
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:57,700
this purpose, a coffee service, 
on a side table, small cups and 

3791
03:38:57,700 --> 03:39:02,200
saucers sugar and cream, a 
decanter of ports, its nearby 

3792
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:05,500
for your husband. 
Brandy too, probably though you 

3793
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:08,500
can't see it from where your 
standing, you settle in to a 

3794
03:39:08,500 --> 03:39:11,200
chair near the fire, a different
chair than before dinner. 

3795
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:15,000
That chair was for waiting. 
This chair is for digesting. 

3796
03:39:16,100 --> 03:39:19,100
The distinction feels important,
even if you can't explain 

3797
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:22,600
exactly why the Parlor. 
Maid appears with coffee, she 

3798
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:25,500
pauses it silently and add sugar
and cream, according to your 

3799
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:29,200
preferences without asking. 
Everyone in the household knows 

3800
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:32,500
how you take coffee. 
This information is apparently 

3801
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:35,300
filed away and servant memory 
banks and retrieved whenever 

3802
03:39:35,300 --> 03:39:39,200
necessary, the coffee is strong 
and hot just below scolding. 

3803
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:42,400
You hold the cup carefully, 
letting the heat, warm your 

3804
03:39:42,400 --> 03:39:44,700
hands. 
The coffee's bitterness cuts, 

3805
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:46,900
through the residual. 
Sweetness from the trifle. 

3806
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:50,300
Your palate is resetting 
preparing for the evening's next

3807
03:39:50,308 --> 03:39:53,700
phase, your husband takes his 
port to a chair across from you.

3808
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:56,200
Port is what gentleman drink 
after dinner? 

3809
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,600
we can fortified and probably 
completely unnecessary after 

3810
03:40:00,600 --> 03:40:05,200
wine and Sherry soaked, trifle, 
but tradition demands, it He'll 

3811
03:40:05,200 --> 03:40:08,200
sip it slowly for the next half.
Hour, possibly reading the 

3812
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:10,600
newspaper again, or simply 
staring into the fire. 

3813
03:40:10,600 --> 03:40:14,100
This post dinnertime is quieter 
than the meal itself. 

3814
03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:18,800
Performance pressure is ease, 
you fulfilled the days formal 

3815
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:21,800
dining obligation. 
What you do now is more 

3816
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:25,900
flexible, you might do 
needlework read, write letters, 

3817
03:40:25,900 --> 03:40:30,200
have actual conversation. 
Or simply sit in companionable 

3818
03:40:30,200 --> 03:40:34,600
silence, digesting and thinking 
about nothing in particular, the

3819
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:37,200
house is settling into its 
evening routine around you. 

3820
03:40:37,200 --> 03:40:40,300
You can hear distant sounds 
servants. 

3821
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:43,400
Clearing the dining room washing
dishes in the skullery and 

3822
03:40:43,400 --> 03:40:45,300
preparing tomorrow's breakfast 
items. 

3823
03:40:46,000 --> 03:40:50,000
The household runs on a schedule
that never stops while you're 

3824
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:51,400
resting. 
Other people are working. 

3825
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:53,500
This is simply how things 
function. 

3826
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,100
Your corset is noticeably 
uncomfortable. 

3827
03:40:56,100 --> 03:40:59,000
Now, it was fine during dinner 
fine. 

3828
03:40:59,000 --> 03:41:01,700
Even during Desert, but now that
you're sitting quietly, it's 

3829
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:03,400
pressing against your full 
stomach. 

3830
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:07,000
You shift position carefully 
trying to find an angle that 

3831
03:41:07,000 --> 03:41:09,200
provides relief without looking 
like you're squirming. 

3832
03:41:09,200 --> 03:41:11,300
This is the price of 
fashionable. 

3833
03:41:11,300 --> 03:41:13,700
Silhouette. 
The coffee cup is empty. 

3834
03:41:13,700 --> 03:41:17,300
You can consider a second cup 
but decide against it too much 

3835
03:41:17,308 --> 03:41:19,000
coffee. 
This late will keep you awake. 

3836
03:41:19,000 --> 03:41:22,500
You have that slightly over full
feeling that comes from eating a

3837
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:24,700
proper. 
Multi-course meal, not 

3838
03:41:24,700 --> 03:41:27,800
uncomfortable, exactly. 
But definitely aware that your 

3839
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:30,600
stomach is occupied. 
Your husband has set aside his 

3840
03:41:30,600 --> 03:41:33,800
pork glass and picked up a book.
He's not really reading it. 

3841
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:37,200
He's just open to a random page 
and is staring at word without 

3842
03:41:37,200 --> 03:41:40,300
absorbing them. 
This is his version of winding 

3843
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:44,300
down let the food settle. 
Let the wine metabolize. 

3844
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:48,900
Transition slowly from the 
formal evening to actual night 

3845
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:51,200
time. 
The clock on the mantle shows 

3846
03:41:51,200 --> 03:41:54,300
half past 8:00. 
Two hours ago, you are upstairs 

3847
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:57,500
dressing for dinner. 
Now, dinner is over and the 

3848
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:01,400
evening is settling into its 
final phase in another hour, 

3849
03:42:01,400 --> 03:42:05,600
you'll begin preparing for bed. 
The days formal activities are 

3850
03:42:05,600 --> 03:42:07,600
complete. 
You Close Your Eyes For a 

3851
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:09,500
Moment. 
Listening to the fire crackle 

3852
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:11,900
and the house. 
Breathe The evening has been 

3853
03:42:11,900 --> 03:42:15,500
exactly what every evening is. 
A careful performance of 

3854
03:42:15,500 --> 03:42:19,000
propriety and routine. 
Nothing, exciting happened. 

3855
03:42:19,000 --> 03:42:23,200
Nothing was supposed to happen. 
The success of the evening lies,

3856
03:42:23,200 --> 03:42:24,900
precisely, and how ordinary it 
was. 

3857
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:27,800
The drawing room. 
Fire is dying down to Embers. 

3858
03:42:27,800 --> 03:42:31,300
The room is taken on that late 
evening Stillness, where even 

3859
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:33,000
movement feels like it should be
slow. 

3860
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:36,900
And deliberate Your husband has 
closed his book, you've set 

3861
03:42:36,900 --> 03:42:39,800
aside your needlework. 
The evening is winding down 

3862
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:41,700
through mutual unspoken 
agreement. 

3863
03:42:41,700 --> 03:42:45,200
This is the time when the formal
parts of your personas Fall 

3864
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:47,600
Away. 
Your both tired from the day 

3865
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:51,300
comfortable from the meal and 
slightly fuzzy from the wine. 

3866
03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:54,600
The need to maintain perfect 
deportment as faded. 

3867
03:42:54,600 --> 03:42:58,500
You can slout slightly in your 
chair, he can loosen his college

3868
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:00,900
just a bit. 
Nobody's watching any more 

3869
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:03,200
accepting each other. 
And you've seen each other at 

3870
03:43:03,200 --> 03:43:05,200
far less dignified moments than 
this. 

3871
03:43:05,200 --> 03:43:09,400
The house is quieter. 
Now, the kitchen sound of ceased

3872
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,600
the Servants of finished, their 
dinner service duties and moved 

3873
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:14,200
on to their own evening 
routines. 

3874
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:17,200
Soon, the downstairs will be 
locked up for the night. 

3875
03:43:17,900 --> 03:43:21,100
The routine is so established 
that it happens without anyone 

3876
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,000
needing to coordinate it. 
You think about the meal in 

3877
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:26,900
retrospect the oysters that 
started everything. 

3878
03:43:26,900 --> 03:43:31,400
The lamb that formed the heart 
of it, Trifle that concluded it,

3879
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:35,900
the wine that accompanied it all
this same pattern repeats, most 

3880
03:43:35,900 --> 03:43:39,200
evenings with variations 
different first courses, 

3881
03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:42,100
different Meats, different 
desserts but the structure 

3882
03:43:42,100 --> 03:43:46,000
remains constant, the ritual 
doesn't change just because the 

3883
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:49,800
specific foods do your husband 
stands and stretches slightly. 

3884
03:43:50,700 --> 03:43:53,600
This is his signal that he's 
ready to retire for the evening,

3885
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,900
you stand as well, feeling the 
full weight of your dinner, 

3886
03:43:56,900 --> 03:44:00,600
pressing against your corset. 
Tomorrow, you'll face these same

3887
03:44:00,600 --> 03:44:02,700
rituals again dressing for 
dinner. 

3888
03:44:02,700 --> 03:44:04,500
The procession to the dining 
room. 

3889
03:44:04,500 --> 03:44:08,400
The careful choreography of 
eating, it's exhausting in its 

3890
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:11,900
way, all these performance. 
But there's also comfort in it 

3891
03:44:12,700 --> 03:44:16,800
You know exactly what to expect,
the boundaries are clear, the 

3892
03:44:16,800 --> 03:44:20,200
rules are established, you don't
have to wonder what comes next 

3893
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:22,800
or how to behave the script is 
written. 

3894
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:25,200
You just have to follow it 
together. 

3895
03:44:25,200 --> 03:44:27,208
You leave the drawing room and 
climb the stairs to your 

3896
03:44:27,216 --> 03:44:29,500
respective dressing rooms 
tomorrow night. 

3897
03:44:29,500 --> 03:44:32,900
You'll do this again and the 
night after that, and the night 

3898
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:36,400
after that. 
Dinner at 7:00 multiple courses.

3899
03:44:36,400 --> 03:44:39,300
Proper utensils. 
Perfect posture. 

3900
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:42,100
This is life in a Victorian 
household. 

3901
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:46,100
This is what dinner? 
Really feels like the gaslights 

3902
03:44:46,100 --> 03:44:48,400
in the hallway. 
Cast Long Shadows as you walk. 

3903
03:44:49,200 --> 03:44:51,300
Your footsteps are muffled by 
carpet. 

3904
03:44:51,300 --> 03:44:55,500
The house is preparing for sleep
and so are you behind you, the 

3905
03:44:55,500 --> 03:44:59,000
dining room stands, empty the 
table already cleared and reset 

3906
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:01,700
for tomorrow's breakfast, the 
cycle, never stops. 

3907
03:45:02,600 --> 03:45:06,200
The former simply pauses until 
the next meal, you reach your 

3908
03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:08,800
dressing room and the woman who 
dressed you for dinner appears 

3909
03:45:08,800 --> 03:45:12,000
to help you on dress. 
The buttons get unfastened in 

3910
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:14,900
reverse order. 
The heavy evening dress is 

3911
03:45:14,900 --> 03:45:18,200
lifted away. 
The corset loosens with blessed 

3912
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:20,600
relief. 
You're breathing deepens 

3913
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:24,100
immediately you put on your 
night dress, soft cock, and 

3914
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:25,900
comfortable completely 
unpresentable. 

3915
03:45:25,900 --> 03:45:29,500
This is who you are when 
nobody's watching in bed. 

3916
03:45:29,500 --> 03:45:32,100
Finally, the days formal 
activities received. 

3917
03:45:32,100 --> 03:45:34,800
The dinner. 
Comes just another dinner in an 

3918
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:38,300
endless series of dinners. 
But while you were in it, while 

3919
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:40,900
you were sitting at that table, 
with Candlelight and warm plates

3920
03:45:40,900 --> 03:45:43,300
and wine, it was the entire 
world. 

3921
03:45:44,200 --> 03:45:45,800
That's the strange thing about 
routine. 

3922
03:45:45,800 --> 03:45:50,000
Each iteration feels both 
insignificant and somehow 

3923
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:53,300
important you close your eyes 
and let the evening fade 

3924
03:45:53,300 --> 03:45:56,500
tomorrow will bring the same 
patterns, dressing, dining 

3925
03:45:56,500 --> 03:45:59,900
performing being the proper. 
Victorian person, you're 

3926
03:45:59,900 --> 03:46:03,300
supposed to be But for now 
you're just tired and full and 

3927
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:06,000
ready for sleep. 
The house settles into complete 

3928
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:08,500
quiet, even the servants are 
still now. 

3929
03:46:08,500 --> 03:46:12,800
Outside London continues, its 
noisy existence but in here 

3930
03:46:12,800 --> 03:46:16,000
everything has stopped The 
dining room, waits in darkness 

3931
03:46:16,008 --> 03:46:19,800
for tomorrow's breakfast. 
The drawing room, fire burns 

3932
03:46:19,800 --> 03:46:22,600
down to Ash. 
The whole, elaborate structure 

3933
03:46:22,600 --> 03:46:25,700
of Victorian, Domesticity pauses
to catch its breath. 

3934
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,900
This is what dinner, really felt
like, not just the food though. 

3935
03:46:29,900 --> 03:46:33,900
The food mattered, not just the 
wine, though, the wine helped, 

3936
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:36,100
it was the weight of 
expectation. 

3937
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:40,600
The comfort of ritual. 
And performance of propriety and

3938
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:43,600
Underneath It. 
All the simple human need to eat

3939
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:46,800
and beat together. 
Dinner was theater and necessity

3940
03:46:46,800 --> 03:46:49,700
combined. 
It was exhausting and reassuring

3941
03:46:49,700 --> 03:46:52,700
in equal measure and tomorrow 
evening at 7:00. 

3942
03:46:52,700 --> 03:47:03,400
You'll do it all again. live in 
a time when survival itself 

3943
03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:06,500
followed the rhythm of the 
seasons and winter was not 

3944
03:47:06,500 --> 03:47:10,600
simply cold, it was a test of 
everything, your community had 

3945
03:47:10,600 --> 03:47:15,700
prepared for stored away and 
hoped would last The medieval 

3946
03:47:15,700 --> 03:47:20,400
winter stretched on for months. 
During those long dark weeks, 

3947
03:47:20,400 --> 03:47:24,900
ordinary life thinned to its 
barest threads, while you and 

3948
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:27,300
your neighbors, waited for the 
world to thaw. 

3949
03:47:28,000 --> 03:47:30,600
This is the story of how you 
made it through. 

3950
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:36,700
The first hard Frost arrives in 
late October and you feel it 

3951
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:40,200
before you see it. 
A particular bite in the air. 

3952
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,800
That makes your breath visible 
and turns the mud in the 

3953
03:47:43,800 --> 03:47:46,200
courtyard. 
Rock hard overnight. 

3954
03:47:47,400 --> 03:47:49,500
You wait to find the vegetable 
garden. 

3955
03:47:49,500 --> 03:47:54,300
Transformed the bean plants 
blackened and wilted their 

3956
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:56,700
leaves hanging like scraps of 
wet cloth. 

3957
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:01,300
Pumpkin's that looks so robust 
yesterday now sport, soft spots 

3958
03:48:01,300 --> 03:48:03,300
that will spread and rock within
days. 

3959
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:06,500
This Frost is Nature's 
announcement that the abundance 

3960
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:09,600
season has officially ended and 
you'd better have everything 

3961
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:12,800
ready because there won't be any
second chance is the village 

3962
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:17,100
transforms almost immediately. 
Where children ran freely 

3963
03:48:17,100 --> 03:48:20,900
through Fields just weeks ago. 
Adults now move with purpose 

3964
03:48:20,900 --> 03:48:26,100
carrying the last of the root 
vegetables in baskets, You join 

3965
03:48:26,100 --> 03:48:29,300
your neighbor's in the final 
Harvest pulling turnips and 

3966
03:48:29,300 --> 03:48:33,600
parsnips from the ground, their 
odd shapes caked in cold Earth, 

3967
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:37,900
the crumbles differently now 
harder, and less forgiving. 

3968
03:48:39,000 --> 03:48:42,900
Every carrot matters, every 
onion gets counted. 

3969
03:48:43,800 --> 03:48:45,900
You've lived through enough 
Winters to know that the 

3970
03:48:45,900 --> 03:48:49,900
difference between plenty and 
hunger can come down to a single

3971
03:48:49,900 --> 03:48:54,300
bushel of grain or one more 
wheel of cheese tucked into the 

3972
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:57,400
storage cellar. 
The narrowing happens gradually.

3973
03:48:57,400 --> 03:49:01,700
Then all at once. 
The forest that seem so generous

3974
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:06,000
in Autumn offering mushrooms 
nuts, and the occasional rabbit 

3975
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:09,200
becomes a start collection of 
bare branches. 

3976
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:12,500
The stream where you caught fish
in summer, gross, sluggish and 

3977
03:49:12,500 --> 03:49:14,800
cold. 
The fish retreating to deeper 

3978
03:49:14,800 --> 03:49:16,800
pools where their nearly 
impossible to reach. 

3979
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:20,500
Foraging that reliable 
supplement to your diet, 

3980
03:49:20,500 --> 03:49:24,500
essentially stops. 
The berries along gone, the 

3981
03:49:24,500 --> 03:49:28,300
edible greens of died back, even
the bark and route that might 

3982
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:32,300
sustain you in true desperation 
a harder access when the ground 

3983
03:49:32,300 --> 03:49:36,200
freezes solid. 
You watch the landscape contract

3984
03:49:36,200 --> 03:49:40,000
around you, the common fields 
were Wheaton Rye, grew license 

3985
03:49:40,000 --> 03:49:44,100
doubled, and empty hosting only 
crows that pick through the 

3986
03:49:44,100 --> 03:49:47,900
remnants store. 
The pastures were sheep, grazed 

3987
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:52,100
turn brown then gray offering 
almost nothing nutritious. 

3988
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:57,700
Your world which felt expansive 
in summer, now consists 

3989
03:49:57,700 --> 03:50:01,500
primarily of your cottage, the 
immediate Courtyard, the route 

3990
03:50:01,500 --> 03:50:04,300
to The Village Church and 
perhaps the manor house. 

3991
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:06,800
If you owe labor there, 
everything else becomes 

3992
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:10,600
difficult to reach uncomfortable
to visit or simply not worth the

3993
03:50:10,600 --> 03:50:13,400
effort when the cold seeps 
through your clothing and the 

3994
03:50:13,408 --> 03:50:17,300
daylight disappears. 
So early the reduction in 

3995
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:19,300
daylight itself. 
Feels oppressive. 

3996
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:23,400
You rise in darkness. 
Now fumbling to rekindle the 

3997
03:50:23,400 --> 03:50:26,400
fire from last night's Embers. 
By the time. 

3998
03:50:26,400 --> 03:50:29,900
You've completed the morning, 
tasks, feeding animals, breaking

3999
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:32,700
ice on the water bucket. 
Checking the food stalls. 

4000
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:35,400
The sun has barely climbed above
the horizon. 

4001
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:41,100
Hangs their weak and watery 
casting Long Shadows, that never

4002
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:43,300
quite disappear. 
Before dusk arrives. 

4003
03:50:44,300 --> 03:50:46,600
You might get six hours of 
genuine daylight. 

4004
03:50:46,600 --> 03:50:50,100
If you're lucky and those hours 
must accommodate all outdoor 

4005
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:54,300
work all travel, and all tasks 
that require seeing clearly. 

4006
03:50:57,500 --> 03:51:00,000
The funny thing about this 
narrowing is how your priority 

4007
03:51:00,000 --> 03:51:01,900
shift without you quite 
noticing. 

4008
03:51:02,800 --> 03:51:06,800
In summer, you worry about weeds
choking the garden about whether

4009
03:51:06,800 --> 03:51:10,400
the wheat would ripen properly, 
and about a dozen small concerns

4010
03:51:10,400 --> 03:51:13,100
that seemed important. 
Now, you worry about three 

4011
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:16,200
things, staying warm having 
enough to eat and not getting 

4012
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:18,900
sick. 
Everything else becomes optional

4013
03:51:18,900 --> 03:51:21,700
negotiable or simply abandoned 
until spring. 

4014
03:51:22,800 --> 03:51:25,500
That decorative project you 
started on the cottage wall 

4015
03:51:25,500 --> 03:51:28,100
forgotten. 
The plan to build a better 

4016
03:51:28,100 --> 03:51:33,500
Chicken Coop, postpone d. 
Your world reduces to survival 

4017
03:51:33,500 --> 03:51:35,900
fundamentals. 
And there's something almost 

4018
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:38,900
clarifying about it. 
Even if you'd never choose it 

4019
03:51:38,900 --> 03:51:42,300
voluntarily, you notice the 
animals sense. 

4020
03:51:42,300 --> 03:51:45,200
This change, too. 
The chickens huddled together, 

4021
03:51:45,200 --> 03:51:48,200
more tightly, their usual Squad,
bling diminished. 

4022
03:51:48,900 --> 03:51:52,800
The cows differently, a lower 
more plaintiff sound that seems 

4023
03:51:52,800 --> 03:51:54,600
to ask when green grass will 
return. 

4024
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:59,000
Even the village dog's move less
frantically, conserving energy 

4025
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:02,600
and staying close to the fires 
they know in whatever way 

4026
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:04,900
animals. 
Know these things that the easy 

4027
03:52:04,900 --> 03:52:09,700
season has ended Your own body 
responds to the narrowing, you 

4028
03:52:09,700 --> 03:52:12,900
feel hungrier more often your 
stomach wanting to build 

4029
03:52:12,900 --> 03:52:15,500
reserves against the cold. 
You sleep longer. 

4030
03:52:15,500 --> 03:52:19,300
When you can recognize that 
unconsciousness is warmer than 

4031
03:52:19,308 --> 03:52:22,400
wakefulness, uses less pressure 
energy. 

4032
03:52:23,200 --> 03:52:24,200
Your hands. 
Develop. 

4033
03:52:24,200 --> 03:52:27,200
Calluses in new places from the 
different work of winter. 

4034
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:32,000
Splitting wood hauling water 
repairing tools by the fire. 

4035
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:36,600
The summer, calluses earned from
hoeing and harvesting fade and 

4036
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:39,700
smooth becoming irrelevant until
spring. 

4037
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:44,600
The social World Narrows too. 
Visiting neighbors become 

4038
03:52:44,600 --> 03:52:47,900
something you do only when 
necessary not casually. 

4039
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:50,900
The paths between Cottages grow 
muddy. 

4040
03:52:50,900 --> 03:52:54,800
Then Frozen in uneven ruts that 
make walking treacherous. 

4041
03:52:55,700 --> 03:52:58,000
That friend who lives, just 
beyond the next Village. 

4042
03:52:58,800 --> 03:53:01,000
You probably won't see her until
March. 

4043
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:04,400
The traveling Merchants who 
brought news and goods through 

4044
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:08,600
summer gone entirely and with 
them goes your connection to the

4045
03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:12,600
wider World, your Universe 
consists now of perhaps 30 

4046
03:53:12,600 --> 03:53:15,600
people, you see regularly and 
even though those encounters 

4047
03:53:15,600 --> 03:53:19,500
happen less frequently and more 
briefly with everyone, eager to 

4048
03:53:19,500 --> 03:53:23,400
return to their own fires. 
But here's the strange comfort 

4049
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:26,300
in this narrowing, it makes 
things simpler. 

4050
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:29,600
You're not wondering what to do 
with your time or making 

4051
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:32,900
complicated plans, the schedule 
writes itself. 

4052
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:38,500
Keep the fire burning make the 
food last protect the livestock 

4053
03:53:38,500 --> 03:53:42,100
repair, what breaks prey 
regularly. 

4054
03:53:43,000 --> 03:53:46,300
The reduction of options removes
a certain kind of stress, even 

4055
03:53:46,300 --> 03:53:50,600
as it introduces others, you 
know, exactly what matters and 

4056
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,300
anything that doesn't contribute
to making it through, winter can

4057
03:53:53,300 --> 03:53:56,200
wait. 
You stand at your cottage door, 

4058
03:53:56,200 --> 03:53:59,200
one, early November evening, 
watching the last Light fade 

4059
03:53:59,200 --> 03:54:03,600
from the sky, a cold orange glow
that promises. 

4060
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:07,900
Nothing but more cold to come. 
The world has contracted to 

4061
03:54:07,900 --> 03:54:12,900
this, your family, your animals,
your stores of food and fuel and

4062
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:17,200
the long, wait for spring, the 
narrowing is complete the 

4063
03:54:17,200 --> 03:54:20,900
storage Cellar, smells of Earth 
apples and the particular 

4064
03:54:20,900 --> 03:54:24,500
mustiness that comes from root 
vegetables packed in sand. 

4065
03:54:25,500 --> 03:54:29,200
You descend the ladder carefully
holding a Tallow candle that 

4066
03:54:29,200 --> 03:54:31,600
throws flickering Shadows on the
stone walls. 

4067
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:35,200
This underground room. 
Barely tall enough to stand in 

4068
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:38,900
contains the entire mathematical
equation of your winter 

4069
03:54:38,900 --> 03:54:43,400
survival, laid out in barrels 
sacks and carefully stacked 

4070
03:54:43,400 --> 03:54:46,200
piles. 
You count the supplies regularly

4071
03:54:46,200 --> 03:54:50,700
because the numbers matter more 
than almost anything else. 12 

4072
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:52,600
wheels of cheese wrapped in 
cloth. 

4073
03:54:52,600 --> 03:54:56,500
Each one representing a week of 
milk production from your cow. 

4074
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:02,400
20, bushels of grain stored in 
wooden bins wheat, Rye, barley 

4075
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:05,700
and oats mixed. 
According to what the Harvest 

4076
03:55:05,700 --> 03:55:08,400
yielded. 
The wheat, you'll save for 

4077
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:12,000
special occasions for bread, 
that tastes almost good. 

4078
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:17,500
The Rye forms your staple dark, 
and dense and reliable. 

4079
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:22,100
A barley goes into porridge and 
soup stretching further than 

4080
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:24,200
you'd think possible when you 
add enough water. 

4081
03:55:24,200 --> 03:55:27,400
Yo, so for the animals, mostly 
though, you'll eat them yourself

4082
03:55:27,400 --> 03:55:30,400
when stores run lower. 
The Apple's present, their own 

4083
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:32,700
challenge, you've laid them out 
carefully. 

4084
03:55:32,700 --> 03:55:36,000
Not touching each other, 
checking daily, for any that 

4085
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:40,500
show signs of rot, One Bad Apple
really does spoil the barrel. 

4086
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:43,200
The boat was, Jim is absolutely 
accurate. 

4087
03:55:43,200 --> 03:55:47,500
So your vigilant you've already 
pulled three that showed soft 

4088
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:50,900
spots, cutting away the damaged 
portions and cooking them 

4089
03:55:50,900 --> 03:55:54,000
immediately into a compote 
sweetened with a precious 

4090
03:55:54,000 --> 03:55:57,900
spoonful of honey. 
The Good Apples. 200 of them 

4091
03:55:57,900 --> 03:56:00,900
should last until February if 
you're careful and lucky. 

4092
03:56:01,800 --> 03:56:06,400
The turnips and parsnips sit 
packed in boxes of sand, a 

4093
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:07,800
technique, your grandmother 
taught you. 

4094
03:56:08,600 --> 03:56:11,400
Sand keeps them from drying out 
while preventing them from 

4095
03:56:11,400 --> 03:56:14,600
touching each other and 
spreading any Decay, you've got 

4096
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:18,300
perhaps 60 pounds of turnips 
which sounds like a lot Until 

4097
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:21,200
you realize that's less than one
pound per day for a winter 

4098
03:56:21,200 --> 03:56:24,200
lasting. 
Four months the parsnips sweeter

4099
03:56:24,200 --> 03:56:28,800
and more prized number fewer, 
maybe 30 pounds, total You'll 

4100
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:31,700
rational, those carefully, 
saveing them, for days when 

4101
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:36,100
morale needs boosting. 
Onions, hang in braided strings 

4102
03:56:36,100 --> 03:56:39,400
from the seller Rafters their 
papery skins rustling. 

4103
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:44,500
When you brush passed, you count
47, onions, some large, some 

4104
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:49,600
disappointingly small, Garlic. 
Hangs, similarly, 23 heads, that

4105
03:56:49,600 --> 03:56:52,700
must flavor all the soups and 
stews between now and spring. 

4106
03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:56,500
The Cabbage fermented in a 
barrel with salt. 

4107
03:56:56,500 --> 03:57:01,300
Bubbles quietly in the corner. 
That sauerkraut represents both 

4108
03:57:01,300 --> 03:57:03,700
preservation genius and acquired
taste. 

4109
03:57:04,400 --> 03:57:07,500
You've never met anyone who 
loves it, but everyone eats it, 

4110
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:10,700
because fermented cabbage, keeps
when fresh cabbage rocks and you

4111
03:57:10,700 --> 03:57:14,800
need the sustenance. 
The beans dried and stored in 

4112
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:16,000
clay pots. 
Sealed with wax. 

4113
03:57:16,000 --> 03:57:18,600
Represent protein, you can't get
elsewhere. 

4114
03:57:18,600 --> 03:57:22,300
Once fresh meat Runs Out. 
You've got perhaps 20 pounds of 

4115
03:57:22,300 --> 03:57:26,400
various beans favors lentils and
chickpeas from the manners. 

4116
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:29,900
Better soil, 20 pounds of dried 
beans can make many pots of 

4117
03:57:29,908 --> 03:57:31,900
soup. 
But only if you use them wisely,

4118
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:35,400
combining them with grain and 
whatever else stretches the 

4119
03:57:35,400 --> 03:57:39,100
meal. 
Nuts occupy, one precious basket

4120
03:57:39,100 --> 03:57:43,400
hazelnuts and walnuts gathered 
from the forest edges before the

4121
03:57:43,400 --> 03:57:46,900
squirrels could claim them all. 
You've got maybe 10 pounds total

4122
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:49,400
and you've already decided, 
these will be treats, not 

4123
03:57:49,400 --> 03:57:52,500
Staples. 
A handful of nuts, makes a dark 

4124
03:57:52,500 --> 03:57:54,400
January after noon, feel less 
bleak. 

4125
03:57:55,300 --> 03:57:56,700
You can't build meals around 
them. 

4126
03:57:57,500 --> 03:57:59,900
Salted meat hangs in the coolest
corner. 

4127
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:05,100
Two Pig horns from the Autumn 
slaughter, their flesh dense and

4128
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:08,300
brown coated in coarse salt 
crystals. 

4129
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:13,100
You'll shave portions from these
throughout winter, the salt 

4130
03:58:13,100 --> 03:58:16,600
preserving the meat, but also 
making every dish, incredibly 

4131
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:18,600
salty, until you learn to soak 
the pieces. 

4132
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:23,500
First ASO, one wheel of Baker, 
the fat prize nearly as much as 

4133
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:26,500
the meat because fat means 
calories and calories mean 

4134
03:58:26,500 --> 03:58:31,600
warmth and warmth of survival. 
Herbs, hang dried in bundles 

4135
03:58:31,600 --> 03:58:36,200
Sage, thyme Rosemary and the 
precious bay leaves you traded 

4136
03:58:36,200 --> 03:58:39,500
for at Market. 
These don't provide nutrition 

4137
03:58:39,500 --> 03:58:42,500
exactly that they make the 
difference between food that 

4138
03:58:42,500 --> 03:58:46,500
sustains you and food, you can 
actually Bear to eat five months

4139
03:58:46,500 --> 03:58:49,600
running. 
When every meal is porridge or 

4140
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:53,300
bean soup or turnip stew, the 
herbs are what prevent complete 

4141
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:56,500
despair. 
You keep a mental calculation 

4142
03:58:56,500 --> 03:58:59,400
running constantly. 
How many people are eating? 

4143
03:58:59,400 --> 03:59:04,400
How much per day and how many 
days until spring, Your family 

4144
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:08,600
of four, your self, your spouse,
and two children needs perhaps 

4145
03:59:08,600 --> 03:59:10,900
eight pounds of food daily to 
stay healthy. 

4146
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:16,500
That's roughly 200 pounds per 
month, which means 1,000 pounds 

4147
03:59:16,500 --> 03:59:19,400
for a 4 month, winter. 
The number seems impossibly 

4148
03:59:19,400 --> 03:59:21,900
large until you remember that 
much of that weight is water 

4149
03:59:21,900 --> 03:59:25,600
content in fresh vegetables and 
your working mostly with dried 

4150
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:29,000
and concentrated stores. 
Now the math shifts constantly, 

4151
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:32,900
If you Slaughter the older 
chicken, that several days of 

4152
03:59:32,900 --> 03:59:37,200
meat but also several fewer eggs
come spring if you eat more 

4153
03:59:37,200 --> 03:59:38,700
grain. 
Now you'll have less for 

4154
03:59:38,700 --> 03:59:41,100
planting. 
If you open another cheese 

4155
03:59:41,100 --> 03:59:43,700
wheel, that's one less week of 
protein later. 

4156
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:47,700
Every decision creates ripples 
through the Winter's equation. 

4157
03:59:48,500 --> 03:59:51,200
A funny part about storage is 
that you can't just lock 

4158
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:52,900
everything away. 
And forget about it. 

4159
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:55,700
The supplies require constant 
attention. 

4160
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:58,100
The apples need checking for 
wrote. 

4161
03:59:58,100 --> 04:00:02,000
The Grain needs to stay dry 
which means monitoring for leaks

4162
04:00:02,000 --> 04:00:04,500
in the cellar roof. 
The cheese needs to Turning 

4163
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:08,000
occasionally, the onion 
sometimes Sprout and you have to

4164
04:00:08,000 --> 04:00:10,800
remove the green shoots before 
the bulbs nutrition. 

4165
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:14,200
The stored food is less like a 
bank account and more like a 

4166
04:00:14,208 --> 04:00:17,900
garden that grows backward 
slowly diminishing despite your 

4167
04:00:17,900 --> 04:00:22,000
best efforts to slow the loss. 
You all so store fuel though, 

4168
04:00:22,000 --> 04:00:25,600
that's kept above ground. 
The woodpile stand gets the 

4169
04:00:25,600 --> 04:00:28,800
Cottages, north wall. 
You've estimated three chords of

4170
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:31,600
split wood, which should be 
enough if the winter isn't too 

4171
04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:33,900
harsh. 
And if you supplement with Pete 

4172
04:00:33,900 --> 04:00:39,000
from the bog, the Pete Burns 
slowly and slowly Less Pleasant 

4173
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:43,400
than wood, but more abundant. 
You've cut, perhaps 200 blocks 

4174
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:47,000
of Pete stacked now in a 
separate pile, covered with all 

4175
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:50,200
that to keep them dry. 
Some foods require active 

4176
04:00:50,200 --> 04:00:54,300
monitoring the dried fish bought
at the automarket from traveling

4177
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:56,900
merchants in the main room where
you can watch it. 

4178
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:01,300
Fish draws Vermin and Vermin in 
your food stores can mean 

4179
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:03,900
disaster. 
You've already killed two mice 

4180
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:07,100
that showed interest snapping 
their necks in simple traps, 

4181
04:01:07,100 --> 04:01:10,800
baited, with grain, you can't 
afford compassion for rodents, 

4182
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:13,600
and winter the beer in the 
barrel, by the door, represents 

4183
04:01:13,600 --> 04:01:17,300
both calories and safety. 
The Brewing process makes the 

4184
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,900
water safer to drink and the 
alcohol content mild as it is 

4185
04:01:20,908 --> 04:01:24,000
provides warmth and makes hard 
days slightly softer. 

4186
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:27,700
You've got about 20 gallons, 
which sounds generous until you 

4187
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:30,900
remember that everyone drinks it
daily, including the children, 

4188
04:01:30,900 --> 04:01:33,900
because the alternative is water
that might make you sick. 

4189
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:38,300
You climb back up the ladder, 
the candle burning low. 

4190
04:01:38,300 --> 04:01:42,900
The seller inventory is complete
enough to survive if nothing 

4191
04:01:42,900 --> 04:01:45,300
goes wrong. 
Not enough to feel comfortable. 

4192
04:01:46,200 --> 04:01:48,600
This is the position every 
household in the village. 

4193
04:01:48,600 --> 04:01:52,100
Occupies balanced on the knife 
edge between adequate and 

4194
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:56,500
insufficient hoping that luck 
Providence and careful rationing

4195
04:01:56,500 --> 04:01:58,300
will carry everyone through to 
April. 

4196
04:01:59,100 --> 04:02:02,100
Back in the cottage. 
You mark the date on a stick by 

4197
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:06,500
the door notches representing 
each week of winter for months. 

4198
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:18,800
Equals roughly 7, 1 7. the 
mathematics of survival is 

4199
04:02:18,800 --> 04:02:22,400
simple in concept, but 
exhausting in practice, the 

4200
04:02:22,400 --> 04:02:25,100
first month of winter, you don't
feel truly hungry. 

4201
04:02:25,100 --> 04:02:28,900
The Harvest is recent enough 
that meal still carry variety 

4202
04:02:28,900 --> 04:02:32,500
and satisfaction you eat 
porridge sweetened with dried 

4203
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:35,700
fruit, soups thick with beans 
and turnips. 

4204
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:39,900
And bread that actually Rises 
properly, because the grain is 

4205
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:44,800
fresh, Your stomach feels full 
after meals, you might even have

4206
04:02:44,800 --> 04:02:49,500
seconds on special occasions. 
By the second month, deep 

4207
04:02:49,500 --> 04:02:52,600
January, when the snow lies 
thick and the wind cuts through 

4208
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:56,500
every Gap in the cottage walls, 
hunger becomes a familiar 

4209
04:02:56,500 --> 04:03:01,300
companion. 
Not starvation, not yet, but a 

4210
04:03:01,300 --> 04:03:04,000
persistent hollowness that never
quite goes away. 

4211
04:03:05,700 --> 04:03:09,000
You eat your morning porridge 
and two hours later your stomach

4212
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:12,400
rumbles, as if you haven't eaten
at all, the meals of grown 

4213
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,900
smaller without anyone quite 
admitting it, the suit gets more

4214
04:03:15,900 --> 04:03:18,600
water, added the bread. 
Slices are cut thinner. 

4215
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,900
The cheese portions shrinked 
slivers, You develop a new 

4216
04:03:22,908 --> 04:03:25,500
relationship with food. 
In some summer. 

4217
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:29,100
Eating was sometimes 
pleasurable, sometimes routine, 

4218
04:03:29,100 --> 04:03:31,200
and occasionally, even 
indulgent. 

4219
04:03:32,000 --> 04:03:36,300
Winter eating is pure function. 
You can consume food to generate

4220
04:03:36,300 --> 04:03:40,900
warmth to maintain strength for 
necessary work and to quiet the 

4221
04:03:40,900 --> 04:03:45,000
noring sensation in your belly. 
Taste become secondary. 

4222
04:03:46,000 --> 04:03:49,000
You eat boiled turnips without 
complaint because turnips are 

4223
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,500
what you have and being alive to
complain about turnips is better

4224
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:57,000
than the alternative. 
Children's hunger, bothers you. 

4225
04:03:57,000 --> 04:04:01,700
Most youngest barely six asks, 
when dinner is ready, 

4226
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:05,900
approximately 90 times each day?
You've explained that meals come

4227
04:04:05,900 --> 04:04:09,500
at set times that asking, 
doesn't make food appear, that 

4228
04:04:09,500 --> 04:04:12,700
everyone is hungry and that 
everyone must wait but the 

4229
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:16,800
child's developing brain doesn't
really grasp these Concepts and 

4230
04:04:16,800 --> 04:04:20,600
the constant requests wear on 
your patients like water wearing

4231
04:04:20,600 --> 04:04:23,500
on Stone. 
You notice your own body 

4232
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:27,200
changing, the soft padding, you 
carried from Somers abundant 

4233
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:32,000
gradually disappears, your ribs 
become more prominent, your face

4234
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:34,400
grows. 
Angular your spouse looks 

4235
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:37,100
similarly, lean the winter 
sharpening. 

4236
04:04:37,100 --> 04:04:39,800
Everyone's features. 
This is normal. 

4237
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:42,800
You tell yourself everyone. 
Thins in Winter. 

4238
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:45,200
The fat will return in spring 
and summer. 

4239
04:04:46,000 --> 04:04:49,400
But you also know that too, much
thinness leads to weakness and 

4240
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:52,900
weakness leads to illness and 
illness in winter is dangerous. 

4241
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:56,100
The meals. 
Follow a grinding repetition. 

4242
04:04:56,900 --> 04:05:01,200
Breakfast is almost always 
porridge oats or barley, boiled 

4243
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:03,400
with water sometimes with a bit 
of salt. 

4244
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:06,700
Occasionally with a precious 
spoonful of Honey on Sunday 

4245
04:05:06,700 --> 04:05:11,000
mornings. the porridge fills 
your stomach with warm bulk, but

4246
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:15,400
the warmth and fullness fade 
quickly Midday brings bread, if 

4247
04:05:15,400 --> 04:05:19,200
you're lucky or more porridge, 
if grain must be conserved, the 

4248
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:22,500
bread is dense and dark made 
from Rye flour that produces 

4249
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:24,400
loaves require in serious 
chewing. 

4250
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,600
You eat it with scraping of 
butter, when butter is available

4251
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:29,000
or plain. 
When its not. 

4252
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:32,900
Evening meals. 
Vary slightly more vegetable 

4253
04:05:32,900 --> 04:05:35,600
soups beans, stews and 
occasionally, a bit of The 

4254
04:05:35,608 --> 04:05:39,600
Salted pork to flavor the pot. 
You've become an expert at 

4255
04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:44,600
making soup from almost nothing.
water turnips and onion some 

4256
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:47,900
dried herbs and maybe a carrot, 
if you're feeling extravagant 

4257
04:05:49,000 --> 04:05:52,300
The resulting liquid is thin and
barely flavored, but it's hot. 

4258
04:05:53,000 --> 04:05:56,100
And hot food creates the 
illusion of satisfaction better 

4259
04:05:56,100 --> 04:06:00,100
than cold food does. you find 
yourself thinking about food 

4260
04:06:00,100 --> 04:06:03,900
constantly, While feeding the 
animals, you imagine roast 

4261
04:06:03,900 --> 04:06:06,000
chicken. 
While repairing tools by the 

4262
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:08,900
fire, you remember, summer 
berries with an almost painful, 

4263
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:13,700
vividness the memory of fresh 
bread warm from baking Hans you.

4264
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:16,900
So does the recollection of peas
eaten straight from the Pod. 

4265
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:20,500
Sweet and crisp, and green a 
color. 

4266
04:06:20,500 --> 04:06:24,800
You have not seen in months. 
The funny thing about sustained 

4267
04:06:24,800 --> 04:06:29,100
hunger is how it reshapes, your 
priorities arguments, that would

4268
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:33,000
have seemed important in summer 
who should do which chore whose 

4269
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:35,300
turn it is? 
For the better seat by the fire 

4270
04:06:35,300 --> 04:06:38,400
of evaporate. 
Everyone's too tired to fight. 

4271
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:41,700
Much anger requires energy. 
You can't spare. 

4272
04:06:43,100 --> 04:06:46,500
Instead, a kind of quiet, 
patient, settles over the 

4273
04:06:46,500 --> 04:06:49,700
household, you wait for spring 
the way you, wait for a 

4274
04:06:49,708 --> 04:06:53,600
toothache to fade, knowing that 
endurance is the only strategy 

4275
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:57,000
that works. 
You all so developed tricks to 

4276
04:06:57,000 --> 04:07:01,300
manage the hunger drinking water
helps temporarily filling your 

4277
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:05,200
stomach with weightless bulk. 
Staying busy distracts the Mind 

4278
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:08,800
from its preoccupation with 
food, going to bed, early means 

4279
04:07:08,800 --> 04:07:10,600
fewer waking hours to feel 
hungry. 

4280
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:13,700
You've noticed that the worst 
hunger hits in laid off after 

4281
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,200
noon, that peculiar time when 
the day small breakfast and 

4282
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:21,100
smaller lunch of Thoroughly worn
off and Dennis, still lies hours

4283
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:24,200
away. 
During that time, you try to do 

4284
04:07:24,200 --> 04:07:28,800
engaging work, mending clothes, 
carving, Wooden Spoons, anything

4285
04:07:28,800 --> 04:07:30,900
that occupies both hands and 
mind. 

4286
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:35,000
The church provides both comfort
and complication around hunger. 

4287
04:07:35,000 --> 04:07:39,200
The priest reminds everyone that
fasting is Holy that Christ 

4288
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:42,500
himself fasted and that 
restraint and eating brings one 

4289
04:07:42,500 --> 04:07:46,000
closer to God. 
This theology is convenient for 

4290
04:07:46,008 --> 04:07:48,700
people who are hungry. 
Anyway, offering spiritual 

4291
04:07:48,700 --> 04:07:53,200
meaning to physical deprivation.
But it's also genuinely helpful 

4292
04:07:53,200 --> 04:07:56,600
believing that hunger serves a 
higher purpose, makes it 

4293
04:07:56,600 --> 04:08:00,000
slightly easier to endure. 
You're not just suffering 

4294
04:08:00,000 --> 04:08:03,700
randomly, your participating in 
a sacred tradition of 

4295
04:08:03,700 --> 04:08:07,200
self-denial. 
Of course, you've also noticed 

4296
04:08:07,200 --> 04:08:10,600
that the priest himself doesn't 
look particularly thin and the 

4297
04:08:10,600 --> 04:08:12,300
manor house residents still 
appear. 

4298
04:08:12,300 --> 04:08:15,900
Well, fed the Theology of. 
Holy hunger seems to apply more 

4299
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:18,800
strictly to peasants and to 
those collecting ties. 

4300
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:22,600
You don't voice this 
observational allowed but you 

4301
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:25,600
think it's sometimes while 
gnawing on your thin slice of 

4302
04:08:25,600 --> 04:08:29,500
bread and watching Smoke Rise 
From the manners kitchen, the 

4303
04:08:29,500 --> 04:08:31,500
livestock faced their own 
version of hunger. 

4304
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:35,900
The cowgirls gaunt, despite the 
hey you've stored the chickens 

4305
04:08:35,900 --> 04:08:38,500
egg production slows and then 
stops entirely. 

4306
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:41,800
They simply don't have the 
nutrition to both stay alive and

4307
04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:44,300
produce eggs. 
You understand this completely 

4308
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:47,800
in Winter survival, Trump's 
reproduction for every species, 

4309
04:08:47,800 --> 04:08:51,500
the horse at the manner you hear
has developed a concerning 

4310
04:08:51,500 --> 04:08:56,300
cough, like from the combination
of cold and sufficient feed you 

4311
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,100
rationale carefully, but you 
also know the rationale is 

4312
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:03,200
insufficient, Truly adequate 
diet would require more food 

4313
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:07,000
than you stored, more than you 
could possibly Store and More 

4314
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:10,500
Than grows in your Fields. 
Even in good years, medieval 

4315
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:12,500
agriculture, produces enough to 
survive. 

4316
04:09:12,500 --> 04:09:16,900
Not enough to thrive entire 
system operates on a deficit 

4317
04:09:16,900 --> 04:09:20,000
that winter makes obvious. 
Everyone goes hungry. 

4318
04:09:20,000 --> 04:09:24,200
The only question is how hungry 
and whether that hunger will 

4319
04:09:24,200 --> 04:09:27,200
lead to something worse? 
Sometimes you do the math, you 

4320
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,900
wish you didn't know how to do 
your family needs roughly 2000 

4321
04:09:30,900 --> 04:09:34,500
calories per person per day to 
maintain weight and health. 

4322
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:39,100
That's 8,000 calories total. 
But your straws stretched across

4323
04:09:39,100 --> 04:09:43,700
four months, provide, maybe 1500
calories per person daily The 

4324
04:09:43,700 --> 04:09:48,000
deficit is 3,000 calories per 
day, which your body's make up 

4325
04:09:48,008 --> 04:09:51,000
by burning stored fat. 
And when that's depleted, 

4326
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:55,500
eventually muscle This is why 
everyone emerges from Winter, 

4327
04:09:55,500 --> 04:09:59,000
thin and weak. 
This is why spring work feels so

4328
04:09:59,000 --> 04:10:02,400
much harder than Autumn work. 
You're running on depleted, 

4329
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:05,900
reserves, trying to plant in 10 
new crops while your body 

4330
04:10:05,908 --> 04:10:08,400
desperately needs. 
What those crops will eventually

4331
04:10:08,400 --> 04:10:11,400
produce. 
The hunger creates a particular 

4332
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:14,400
kind of weariness. 
It's not just physical tiredness

4333
04:10:14,400 --> 04:10:16,300
though. 
There's plenty of that. 

4334
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:20,300
It's a mental exhaustion from 
constantly thinking about food. 

4335
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:24,800
Constantly calculating portions 
and constantly reassuring 

4336
04:10:24,800 --> 04:10:26,500
children that yes, there will be
dinner. 

4337
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:30,600
No, you can't have more now. 
And yes, we're all hungry. 

4338
04:10:30,600 --> 04:10:35,800
That's just how winter is By 
late February with stores, 

4339
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:38,700
genuinely running low and spring
still weeks away. 

4340
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:43,100
The hunger sharpens the porridge
becomes thinner, the bread, 

4341
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:47,100
slices are transparent. 
The soup is laughably, watery 

4342
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:49,400
you eat things. 
You wouldn't have considered 

4343
04:10:49,400 --> 04:10:54,100
food in Autumn bark tea, 
leather, boiled until it yields,

4344
04:10:54,100 --> 04:10:58,100
some minimal nutrition, and the 
green shoots of sprouting grain 

4345
04:10:58,100 --> 04:10:59,500
that should be saved for 
planting. 

4346
04:10:59,500 --> 04:11:05,500
But the stomach overrules wisdom
yet, somehow most families, make

4347
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:10,400
it through the hunger hurts 
weakens and depresses, but it 

4348
04:11:10,400 --> 04:11:13,000
doesn't quite kill. 
Not in normal Winters. 

4349
04:11:13,000 --> 04:11:16,500
You survived by accepting a 
level of discomfort that would 

4350
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:18,700
seem intolerable. 
If you didn't know, it was 

4351
04:11:18,708 --> 04:11:22,100
temporary. 
Spring will come food, will grow

4352
04:11:22,100 --> 04:11:26,800
hunger, will fade this knowledge
sustains, you almost as much as 

4353
04:11:26,800 --> 04:11:30,500
the inadequate portions do. 
The cottage fire never goes out 

4354
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:34,200
completely from November through
March but it also never provides

4355
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:37,500
quite enough Heat. 
You've become an expert at the 

4356
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:41,800
dance of fireman, adding wood to
boost warmth, letting it die 

4357
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:45,700
down to Khols, to conserve Fuel 
and banking it at night, with 

4358
04:11:45,700 --> 04:11:48,100
ashes to preserve Embers until 
morning. 

4359
04:11:49,600 --> 04:11:52,800
Fire is the heart of the house 
in Winter and your life 

4360
04:11:52,800 --> 04:11:58,400
literally revolves around it. 
Even, so you're always cold. 

4361
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,500
Not dramatically dangerously 
cold, like you'd be outside but 

4362
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:08,400
persistently, annoyingly cold. 
The kind of cold that seeps into

4363
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:12,000
your bones and never quite 
leaves, but makes your fingers 

4364
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:13,900
stiff and your nose constantly 
numb. 

4365
04:12:13,900 --> 04:12:16,500
The fire heats, the air 
immediately around it. 

4366
04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:19,900
Perhaps a radius of six feet 
where you can actually feel 

4367
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:21,900
warm. 
Beyond that. 

4368
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:23,900
The cottage temperature drops 
precipitously. 

4369
04:12:23,900 --> 04:12:26,900
The corners are barely warmer 
than outside. 

4370
04:12:27,900 --> 04:12:30,900
The Loft where you sleep might 
be five degrees warmer than the 

4371
04:12:30,900 --> 04:12:33,900
night air, but that still means 
it's well below freezing on the 

4372
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:38,100
coldest nights, you wear layers,
constantly your linen, under 

4373
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:42,000
clothes, worn, and until they're
soft, and dingy a wool tunic 

4374
04:12:42,000 --> 04:12:45,700
over that a second will layer. 
If you have one, a cloak wrapped

4375
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:48,800
around your shoulders will 
stockings, that never quite dry 

4376
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:51,600
completely because there's no 
way properly warm to dry them. 

4377
04:12:52,400 --> 04:12:55,900
Shoes, stuffed with straw, for 
insulation, even dressed this 

4378
04:12:55,900 --> 04:13:00,000
way, you feel the cold probing 
for weaknesses a gap between 

4379
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:02,900
sleeve and glove the color. 
That doesn't quite close. 

4380
04:13:02,900 --> 04:13:06,400
The inevitable drafts that find 
every crack in the cottage 

4381
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:09,200
walls. 
The cottage itself is built to 

4382
04:13:09,200 --> 04:13:12,600
retain heat as much as medieval 
construction allows, but that's 

4383
04:13:12,600 --> 04:13:15,800
not very much. 
The walls are wattle, and daub 

4384
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:20,300
woven branches, plastered with a
mixture of mud, straw, and 

4385
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:23,200
animal dung. 
When new and well-maintained, 

4386
04:13:23,200 --> 04:13:28,200
this provides decent insulation,
but cracks develop the door 

4387
04:13:28,200 --> 04:13:32,400
dries and crumbles gaps appear 
around the window shutters and 

4388
04:13:32,400 --> 04:13:35,400
the door frame. 
You stuff these gaps with moss 

4389
04:13:35,400 --> 04:13:38,400
Rags or anything that might 
block the wind, but the wind 

4390
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:41,400
finds new Roots. 
Cold air is patient and 

4391
04:13:41,400 --> 04:13:44,000
persistent in your cottage is 
full of opportunities. 

4392
04:13:44,000 --> 04:13:48,500
The floor is packed Earth, which
means cold radiates Up From 

4393
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:50,600
Below. 
You've scattered straw to 

4394
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:53,500
provide a minimal barrier, but 
the straw gets damp and 

4395
04:13:53,500 --> 04:13:55,900
compressed and loses, its 
insulating value. 

4396
04:13:55,900 --> 04:13:58,800
Your feet are always cold at 
night. 

4397
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:02,500
You sleep with wraps Stones 
heated by the fire, they provide

4398
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:05,500
warmth for perhaps and our 
before, becoming just lumpy 

4399
04:14:05,500 --> 04:14:08,300
obstacles that make finding a 
comfortable position difficult. 

4400
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:13,000
Morning is the worst time you 
wake in the dark, your breath 

4401
04:14:13,000 --> 04:14:17,400
visible even inside the cottage.
Fire has died to Bear Embers. 

4402
04:14:17,400 --> 04:14:20,100
The water in the bucket has 
frozen solid. 

4403
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:24,000
The simple Act of getting out 
from under the blankets requires

4404
04:14:24,000 --> 04:14:27,800
genuine, courage, because you're
leaving the only warm space that

4405
04:14:27,800 --> 04:14:31,600
exists. 
You force yourself up wrap a 

4406
04:14:31,600 --> 04:14:35,200
cloak around your nightclubs and
hurry to the fire to coax it 

4407
04:14:35,208 --> 04:14:39,100
back to life. 
Getting the fire restarted is 

4408
04:14:39,100 --> 04:14:41,800
critical. 
You kneel by The Hearth 

4409
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,000
carefully pushing aside the 
Ashes to find the living coals 

4410
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:47,500
beneath. 
You add dry kindling. 

4411
04:14:48,200 --> 04:14:51,200
Precious splinters of wood kept 
in a box by the fire 

4412
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:55,400
specifically for this purpose, 
you blow gently and if you're 

4413
04:14:55,400 --> 04:14:58,600
lucky and skilled and the wood 
is dry and enough small Flames 

4414
04:14:58,600 --> 04:15:01,100
appear. 
You add larger sticks, then 

4415
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,700
split logs and gradually warmth 
returns to your personal 

4416
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:08,000
universe. 
The rest of the family wakes to 

4417
04:15:08,000 --> 04:15:11,600
this warmth emerging from 
blankets only after the fire is 

4418
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:15,900
clearly established, everyone 
huddles near it, putting off the

4419
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:19,700
necessary ventures in to the 
Cottages cold regions, the 

4420
04:15:19,700 --> 04:15:22,200
morning tasks, require leaving 
the fires warmth. 

4421
04:15:22,800 --> 04:15:26,300
Getting dressed in The Frigid 
Loft, visiting the outdoor, a 

4422
04:15:26,300 --> 04:15:29,300
train where your backside 
freezes fetching, more wood from

4423
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:32,500
the pile outside and breaking 
ice on the animals water. 

4424
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:36,400
The animals suffer, their own 
cold torments, the chickens 

4425
04:15:36,400 --> 04:15:39,500
huddle in their Coop, which is 
barely warmer than outside, but 

4426
04:15:39,500 --> 04:15:42,900
at least blocks the wind You've 
stuffed the walls with extra 

4427
04:15:42,900 --> 04:15:47,100
straw, but the birds still look 
miserable fluffed up to twice 

4428
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:49,500
their normal size. 
Moving as little as possible. 

4429
04:15:50,400 --> 04:15:53,500
The cow in her small barn, 
breathes out clouds of steam, 

4430
04:15:53,500 --> 04:15:56,100
you can see her ribs more 
prominently. 

4431
04:15:56,100 --> 04:16:00,000
Now the winter diet and cold 
burning through her Reserves. 

4432
04:16:00,700 --> 04:16:04,000
When you milk her on the days, 
when she still produces any 

4433
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:07,300
milk, your fingers go numb 
within minutes. 

4434
04:16:08,400 --> 04:16:11,000
Washing in winter is a 
theoretical concept. 

4435
04:16:11,800 --> 04:16:14,600
You might heat a small pot of 
water and white your face and 

4436
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:20,300
hands when they're truly grimy. 
But bathing Unthinkable, the 

4437
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:23,700
entire Village goes unwashed 
from November to April and you 

4438
04:16:23,700 --> 04:16:26,600
will smell like it. 
The odor of unwashed human 

4439
04:16:26,600 --> 04:16:30,400
bodies stale would smoke and 
damp wall become so ubiquitous 

4440
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:34,700
that you stop noticing it. 
Only in spring when people 

4441
04:16:34,700 --> 04:16:37,300
finally bathe and change into 
cleaner clothes. 

4442
04:16:37,300 --> 04:16:41,300
Do you realize how ranked 
everyone became the cold? 

4443
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:43,100
Affect everything beyond your 
body? 

4444
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,600
Tools become harder to use the 
wooden handles feel harsh and 

4445
04:16:47,600 --> 04:16:51,500
rigid and metal components Frost
over and numb your hands. 

4446
04:16:52,400 --> 04:16:54,200
Cloth growth stiff and 
resistant. 

4447
04:16:54,900 --> 04:16:57,600
Leather harnesses, become 
inflexible and prone to 

4448
04:16:57,600 --> 04:17:00,500
cracking. 
Simple tasks that took minutes 

4449
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:03,000
and summer. 
Require much longer in Winter 

4450
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:06,100
because your cold stiffened 
fingers, fumble and your body 

4451
04:17:06,100 --> 04:17:10,900
moves slower trying to conserve 
heat you develop a new 

4452
04:17:10,900 --> 04:17:15,000
appreciation for the sun on rare
winter days when it actually 

4453
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:20,000
shines even weakly you stop, 
whatever you're doing to stand 

4454
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:23,200
in its light. 
The warmth is minimal but 

4455
04:17:23,200 --> 04:17:27,500
psychologically powerful, you 
turn your face upward, closing 

4456
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:30,600
your eyes absorbing the palace 
suggestion of heat. 

4457
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:35,400
These moments feel sacred gifts 
from a sky, that usually offers 

4458
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:40,700
only gray clouds and cold winds.
The wind itself is an enemy when

4459
04:17:40,700 --> 04:17:44,500
it blows, which is often the 
cold intensifies dramatically. 

4460
04:17:45,300 --> 04:17:48,900
The wind finds every Gap in your
clothing, every crack in the 

4461
04:17:48,900 --> 04:17:53,000
cottage and every weakness in 
your defense is wind-driven 

4462
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:56,800
cold, feels personal, aggressive
and hostile. 

4463
04:17:57,700 --> 04:18:00,400
You've learned to read the 
winds, moved, the steady, 

4464
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:02,400
Northern wind. 
That brings weeks of freezing 

4465
04:18:02,400 --> 04:18:05,500
temperatures, the variable 
Eastern wind that often 

4466
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:08,100
precedes. 
Snow and the occasional West and

4467
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:11,800
wind that might hint at warmer 
are usually just brings rain. 

4468
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:15,900
That makes everything worse. 
Snow provides mixed blessings 

4469
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:20,200
deep snow, insulate somewhat 
creating a barrier between the 

4470
04:18:20,200 --> 04:18:25,100
frozen ground and the air but it
also traps you makes work harder

4471
04:18:25,100 --> 04:18:27,900
and introduces dampness. 
That's nearly impossible to 

4472
04:18:27,900 --> 04:18:31,200
escape. 
Everything gets wet, your shoes,

4473
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:34,400
your cloak and the Hem of your 
tunic and wet clothing. 

4474
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:37,700
Loses all insulating value, 
while actually drawing heat from

4475
04:18:37,700 --> 04:18:40,100
your body. 
You've learned to brush snow 

4476
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:42,500
off, immediately, and 
frantically before it can melt 

4477
04:18:42,500 --> 04:18:44,500
and soak in. 
But you're not always 

4478
04:18:44,500 --> 04:18:47,200
successful. 
The children handle the cold 

4479
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:50,400
differently than adults. 
They seem more resilient in some

4480
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:53,700
ways still finding energy to 
play, even when everyone else is

4481
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:57,400
listlessly conserving, warmth. 
But they also complain more 

4482
04:18:57,400 --> 04:19:01,200
their developing Minds less 
capable of the stoic endurance. 

4483
04:19:01,200 --> 04:19:04,500
Adults of learned. 
Your youngest cries sometimes 

4484
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:07,100
from cold feet. 
And there's nothing much you can

4485
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:08,800
do. 
Except hold the child clothes 

4486
04:19:08,800 --> 04:19:13,100
and share body heat, which helps
them while making you colder. 

4487
04:19:14,600 --> 04:19:16,700
Nighttime is its own special 
challenge. 

4488
04:19:17,800 --> 04:19:22,100
Fire gets Bank down to conserve 
would The cottage temperature 

4489
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:24,000
drops deadly Through The Dark 
Hours. 

4490
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:28,000
You sleep, in your clothes under
wool blankets and sheepskins 

4491
04:19:28,000 --> 04:19:31,200
often with the whole family 
clustered together for shared 

4492
04:19:31,200 --> 04:19:34,400
warm. 
Despite these measures, you wake

4493
04:19:34,400 --> 04:19:38,800
frequently, too cold to sleep, 
soundly shifting positions to 

4494
04:19:38,800 --> 04:19:40,600
find warmth that doesn't quite 
exist. 

4495
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:45,200
The funny thing about a 
persistent cold is how it 

4496
04:19:45,200 --> 04:19:49,500
becomes normalized in October, a
40 degree day would have made 

4497
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:53,300
you bundle up and complain. 
By February of 40 degree day 

4498
04:19:53,300 --> 04:19:56,800
feels practically tropical and 
you might even open the shutters

4499
04:19:56,800 --> 04:20:01,400
briefly to enjoy the warmth. 
Your standards are just Comfort 

4500
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:05,300
becomes relative not actively 
freezing counts as a win. 

4501
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:10,200
You also learn that different 
kinds of cold exist dry, cold is

4502
04:20:10,200 --> 04:20:14,500
easier to endure than damp cold.
Still cold is manageable 

4503
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:17,800
compared to windy cold. 
The coldest nights are actually 

4504
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:21,100
the clear ones when heat 
radiates freely into the 

4505
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:24,700
cloudless sky. 
Overcast, Knights, hold warmth 

4506
04:20:24,700 --> 04:20:27,000
better. 
You become a connoisseur of 

4507
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:29,700
colds. 
Variety is able to predict from 

4508
04:20:29,700 --> 04:20:33,000
the evening conditions. 
How brutal the night will be the

4509
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:36,800
cold, makes you tired, your 
body, burned, extra calories, 

4510
04:20:36,800 --> 04:20:40,000
just maintaining core 
temperature, which compounds the

4511
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:43,300
fatigue from insufficient food, 
By evening. 

4512
04:20:43,300 --> 04:20:46,100
You're ready for bed 
embarrassingly early desperate 

4513
04:20:46,100 --> 04:20:48,800
to escape into sleep where you 
don't have to actively manage 

4514
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:51,300
being cold. 
Sleep is warmer than 

4515
04:20:51,308 --> 04:20:54,300
wakefulness. 
Unconsciousness Kinder than 

4516
04:20:54,300 --> 04:20:58,100
awareness, yet, you endure. 
The cold doesn't defeat you 

4517
04:20:58,100 --> 04:21:00,300
because you simply don't have 
the option of defeat. 

4518
04:21:00,300 --> 04:21:03,600
There's nowhere, warmer to go, 
this is life. 

4519
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:07,100
This is winter, and you've 
survived it before, and you'll 

4520
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:11,100
survive it again. 
The cold is miserable but not 

4521
04:21:11,100 --> 04:21:14,200
fatal. 
Uncomfortable, but not 

4522
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:16,700
insurmountable. 
You persevere. 

4523
04:21:16,700 --> 04:21:18,700
Because perseverance is the only
choice. 

4524
04:21:20,400 --> 04:21:23,500
The coughing starts in late 
January and your heart sinks. 

4525
04:21:23,500 --> 04:21:25,700
When you hear it, your eldest 
child. 

4526
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:29,700
Usually robust weights with a 
harsh dry cough that Echoes In 

4527
04:21:29,708 --> 04:21:33,200
The Cottages, Close Quarters. 
You've heard this sound before, 

4528
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:36,200
you know where it can lead in 
summer. 

4529
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:40,200
A coffin convenient in winter, 
it's potentially deadly. 

4530
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:44,500
You try the remedies. 
You know honey mixed with warm 

4531
04:21:44,500 --> 04:21:48,100
water, helps soothe the throat. 
Teammate from dry time. 

4532
04:21:48,100 --> 04:21:51,500
Might ease the chest tightness, 
you boil water and have the 

4533
04:21:51,500 --> 04:21:56,400
child, breathe, the steam, which
provides temporary relief. but 

4534
04:21:56,400 --> 04:22:00,800
the cough persists and within 
two days, the child develops a 

4535
04:22:00,800 --> 04:22:04,500
fever You place your hand on 
that two hot forehead and make 

4536
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,100
rapid calculations about what 
you can afford to do. 

4537
04:22:08,000 --> 04:22:11,500
The Village has no doctor the 
nearest physician lives in the 

4538
04:22:11,500 --> 04:22:15,100
market Town, two hours away, 
even in good weather, and his 

4539
04:22:15,100 --> 04:22:17,700
Services cost more than your 
likely to earn in a year. 

4540
04:22:18,700 --> 04:22:22,800
You have access instead to Elsa 
the village wise woman who knows

4541
04:22:22,800 --> 04:22:25,900
herbs and charms and has 
accumulated 60 years of 

4542
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:29,700
experience watching people sick 
and sometimes recover, you 

4543
04:22:29,700 --> 04:22:32,900
bundle the child in blankets and
carry them through the snow to 

4544
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:36,200
Elsa's Cottage. 
Elsa examines the child with 

4545
04:22:36,200 --> 04:22:40,100
practiced efficiency. 
Checking the tongue feeling the 

4546
04:22:40,100 --> 04:22:43,700
lymph nodes and listening to the
chest by placing her ear 

4547
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:47,800
directly against the rims. 
She pronounces it along fever. 

4548
04:22:47,800 --> 04:22:51,900
Not yet fully developed, but 
threatening She provides you 

4549
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:55,600
with a pouch of dried Mullin 
leaves for tea instructions, to 

4550
04:22:55,600 --> 04:22:59,300
keep the child warm and hydrated
and a charm to wear around the 

4551
04:22:59,300 --> 04:23:02,100
neck. 
The charm is probably useless 

4552
04:23:02,100 --> 04:23:06,800
but you'll use it anyway because
doing something, anything feels 

4553
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:10,100
better than helpless watching. 
Back home. 

4554
04:23:10,100 --> 04:23:13,800
You begin the vigil. 
The child lies near the fire 

4555
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:18,500
occupying, the warmest spot. 
You brew the mulling tea Coke, 

4556
04:23:18,500 --> 04:23:21,500
spoonfuls past cracked, lips and
weight. 

4557
04:23:22,500 --> 04:23:26,400
Fever produces strange effects 
rambling, speech. 

4558
04:23:26,400 --> 04:23:32,100
Glassy eyes alternating chills 
and sweats your child talks to 

4559
04:23:32,100 --> 04:23:34,900
people who aren't there. 
Stakes you for someone else. 

4560
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:36,900
Seems not to know where they 
are. 

4561
04:23:36,900 --> 04:23:40,100
This is terrifying. 
But also oddly normal. 

4562
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:43,500
Fever transforms Consciousness 
in predictable ways. 

4563
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:48,700
The fever breaks on the fourth 
day you wake to find the child's

4564
04:23:48,700 --> 04:23:51,900
sleeping naturally rather than 
in that Restless fever state. 

4565
04:23:52,700 --> 04:23:54,900
Beforehand, finally cool to your
touch. 

4566
04:23:55,900 --> 04:23:59,300
The relief is overwhelming. 
You sit beside the sleeping 

4567
04:23:59,300 --> 04:24:03,000
child and cry. 
Quietly, releasing tension, you 

4568
04:24:03,000 --> 04:24:06,300
didn't fully acknowledge you 
were carrying. the child will 

4569
04:24:06,300 --> 04:24:10,800
recover, the cough will linger 
for weeks, but recovery is now 

4570
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:15,500
the trajectory You've dodged 
catastrophe this time but not 

4571
04:24:15,500 --> 04:24:19,200
every family is equally lucky. 
You hear that Thomas the 

4572
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:21,100
blacksmith. 
Youngest son has died of the 

4573
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:24,400
winter flocks. 
The boy was only three and the 

4574
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:28,400
flux took him in two days of 
violent, diarrhea that drained 

4575
04:24:28,400 --> 04:24:30,500
all moisture and life from his 
small body. 

4576
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:36,100
The mother is inconsolable. 
Father is grimly silent. 

4577
04:24:37,200 --> 04:24:39,300
The Village. 
Attends the small funeral. 

4578
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:42,100
A frozen Hole In The Frozen 
Ground. 

4579
04:24:42,800 --> 04:24:45,900
And everyone understands that 
this is simply what happens, 

4580
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:47,900
some children. 
Don't survive winter. 

4581
04:24:47,900 --> 04:24:52,100
The ratio is heartbreaking, but 
consistent, the illnesses have 

4582
04:24:52,100 --> 04:24:55,700
patterns, you've learned to 
recognize lung fevers cluster in

4583
04:24:55,700 --> 04:24:59,000
the coldest months, striking 
people, whose resistance is 

4584
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:01,200
lowered by hunger and cold and 
damp. 

4585
04:25:01,900 --> 04:25:05,400
The winter flux appear 
sporadically in Cottages, where 

4586
04:25:05,400 --> 04:25:08,400
food is spoiled or water has 
become contaminated. 

4587
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:13,200
Chilblains, affect nearly 
everyone, painful swelling and 

4588
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:16,400
cracking of fingers and toes 
from repeated, cold exposure. 

4589
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:20,400
Your own hands are covered in 
the characteristic red itching 

4590
04:25:20,400 --> 04:25:23,500
bumps. 
Tooth problems worse in Winter. 

4591
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:26,500
You've got a molar that's been 
troubling you for months. 

4592
04:25:26,500 --> 04:25:29,100
And the cold makes it ache 
constantly. 

4593
04:25:29,100 --> 04:25:32,400
There's nothing to do about it 
except chew on the other side 

4594
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:36,200
and hope it doesn't obsess and 
abscessed tooth can kill you. 

4595
04:25:36,200 --> 04:25:40,300
You've seen it happen but having
it pulled is also risky and 

4596
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:43,600
painful and leaves you unable to
chew properly for weeks. 

4597
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:46,300
You live with the Akron prey. 
It doesn't work. 

4598
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:49,400
The old people suffer most 
visibly. 

4599
04:25:50,100 --> 04:25:54,000
Aching joints stiffened. 
Further in the cold old injuries

4600
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:57,400
announced themselves with 
renewed pain, the Widow 

4601
04:25:57,400 --> 04:26:00,600
Margaret. 
Who survived 70 Winters moves? 

4602
04:26:00,600 --> 04:26:04,200
Now like every step hurts, which
are probably does. 

4603
04:26:04,200 --> 04:26:07,200
A hands are twisted with joint 
swelling. 

4604
04:26:07,200 --> 04:26:11,500
Barely functional yet. 
She persists still managing to 

4605
04:26:11,500 --> 04:26:15,300
card wool and tell stories to 
children still contributing what

4606
04:26:15,300 --> 04:26:20,300
she can. you admire her stubborn
survival, even as you fear 

4607
04:26:20,300 --> 04:26:24,000
becoming equally diminished if 
your fortunate enough to grow 

4608
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:28,500
old, Mental illness presents its
own challenges. 

4609
04:26:28,500 --> 04:26:31,900
Your neighbor Edmund has what 
people call Mellon collie? 

4610
04:26:32,500 --> 04:26:34,900
He sits for hours staring at 
nothing. 

4611
04:26:34,900 --> 04:26:40,900
Barely speaking eating only, 
when forced winter deepens his 

4612
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:45,700
symptoms, the lack of light, the
isolation, and the grinding, 

4613
04:26:45,700 --> 04:26:49,100
sameness of each day, seemed to 
drive him further into his dark 

4614
04:26:49,100 --> 04:26:52,600
internal world. 
His family tries to engage him 

4615
04:26:52,600 --> 04:26:55,900
but nothing reaches through. 
You've heard the priest say 

4616
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:59,300
Edmund is being tested by God, 
which might be true, but doesn't

4617
04:26:59,300 --> 04:27:02,800
help Edmond function. 
The funny thing is that despite 

4618
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:06,900
all these illnesses most people 
survive The human body is 

4619
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:11,100
remarkably resilient. 
You get sick, you recover, you 

4620
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:13,700
get sick again, and you recover 
again. 

4621
04:27:15,500 --> 04:27:18,800
Pattern repeats throughout 
winter, only the very young, the

4622
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:21,200
very old and the very unlucky 
actually die. 

4623
04:27:21,800 --> 04:27:25,600
Everyone else endures 
accumulates minor damage and 

4624
04:27:25,600 --> 04:27:28,300
limps into spring battered, but 
alive. 

4625
04:27:29,100 --> 04:27:31,300
You've also developed a 
philosophy about illness that 

4626
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:34,300
helps. 
You cope getting sick is not a 

4627
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:36,300
moral failure. 
It doesn't mean you've done 

4628
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:38,200
something wrong or been 
insufficiently. 

4629
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:40,800
Faithful. 
It's simply what body is do and 

4630
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:43,000
stress by cold and hunger and 
crowding. 

4631
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:46,700
The church teaching suggest 
otherwise that illness is 

4632
04:27:46,700 --> 04:27:49,900
punishment for sin but you've 
noticed that the most Pious 

4633
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,000
people get just as sick as 
everyone else. 

4634
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,000
Germs that you don't have that 
word for them. 

4635
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:59,400
Don't care about your spiritual 
State prevention is almost 

4636
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:01,900
impossible you all live too 
close together. 

4637
04:28:01,900 --> 04:28:05,800
Share too much and lack any 
understanding of disease 

4638
04:28:05,800 --> 04:28:10,200
transmission, When one family 
member gets sick, everyone is 

4639
04:28:10,200 --> 04:28:14,600
exposed the Cottages. 
Single room means isolation is 

4640
04:28:14,600 --> 04:28:16,200
impossible. 
You breathe. 

4641
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:20,000
The same are eat from the same 
pot and sleep within our Arms. 

4642
04:28:20,000 --> 04:28:22,600
Reach. 
Illness spreads because it has 

4643
04:28:22,600 --> 04:28:26,300
no where else to go? 
You do what you can, you try to 

4644
04:28:26,308 --> 04:28:29,800
keep things clean though, with 
limited water and no 

4645
04:28:29,800 --> 04:28:32,900
understanding of why cleanliness
matters your efforts are 

4646
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:36,300
inconsistent. 
You feed people as well as your 

4647
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:39,600
stores, allow knowing nutrition 
supports are recovery. 

4648
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:42,400
You keep the sick, warm and 
rested. 

4649
04:28:43,200 --> 04:28:47,400
Beyond that, you pray and hope 
and wait for the illness to run.

4650
04:28:47,400 --> 04:28:52,400
Its course some illnesses you 
fear especially If you Pops 

4651
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:55,300
where the chicken or small can 
sweep through the village, 

4652
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:57,800
killing children and terrifying 
numbers. 

4653
04:28:57,800 --> 04:29:01,100
You've been lucky so far. 
No major outbreak this winter, 

4654
04:29:01,100 --> 04:29:04,700
but the fear persists. 
The coughing sickness that makes

4655
04:29:04,700 --> 04:29:08,500
people waste away over months. 
Eventually coughing blood is 

4656
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:11,200
another Terror. 
It appears sporadically and 

4657
04:29:11,200 --> 04:29:14,900
kills reliably you know, three 
people in the village who have 

4658
04:29:14,900 --> 04:29:18,400
it, you avoid them, not from 
cruelty but from Desperate 

4659
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:21,600
self-preservation. 
Spring will bring its own 

4660
04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:25,300
illnesses, the diseases that 
come with thorong and warming 

4661
04:29:25,300 --> 04:29:27,300
and increased contact with 
others. 

4662
04:29:28,300 --> 04:29:29,700
But spring illnesses, feel 
different. 

4663
04:29:29,700 --> 04:29:33,500
Your body is better fed, warmer 
and stronger. 

4664
04:29:34,200 --> 04:29:37,100
You have more resources to fight
disease when the world is green 

4665
04:29:37,100 --> 04:29:39,600
and growing. 
Winter illness, feels 

4666
04:29:39,600 --> 04:29:42,700
particularly dangerous because 
you're already operating at a 

4667
04:29:42,700 --> 04:29:45,100
deficit. 
There's no margin for error when

4668
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:49,200
you're cold and hungry and your 
body is burning reserves just to

4669
04:29:49,200 --> 04:29:52,500
maintain temperature. 
By late February, almost 

4670
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:54,900
everyone in the village Bears 
illness marks. 

4671
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:58,800
Children have lingering. 
Coughs, the adults, move with 

4672
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:02,700
the stiffness of poorly healed 
injuries and chronic pains Old 

4673
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:07,200
scars, ache, new afflictions 
announced the cells yet, life 

4674
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:11,700
continues you work, despite 
being sick, you care for others,

4675
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:16,800
despite needing care yourself. 
This is simply how Winter works.

4676
04:30:17,900 --> 04:30:21,400
The child who had lung fever is 
mostly recovered now though, 

4677
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:23,500
still weak and prone to coughing
fits. 

4678
04:30:24,300 --> 04:30:26,500
Your grateful beyond words for 
this recovery. 

4679
04:30:27,400 --> 04:30:30,500
You fulfill your promises to God
made during the fever's Peak 

4680
04:30:30,500 --> 04:30:34,700
extra prayers. 
A donation of precious grain to 

4681
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:38,300
the church and A Renewed 
commitment to Holy Behavior. 

4682
04:30:39,300 --> 04:30:42,400
Whether the prayers helped or 
the child's Constitution was 

4683
04:30:42,400 --> 04:30:44,700
simply strong enough, you'll 
never know. 

4684
04:30:45,700 --> 04:30:48,600
But the child lives and that's 
what matters. 

4685
04:30:49,700 --> 04:30:53,600
The cows name is best. 
And she's probably worth more 

4686
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:55,600
than everything else. 
You own combined. 

4687
04:30:56,600 --> 04:31:00,100
In Winter caring for her becomes
a central preoccupation. 

4688
04:31:00,900 --> 04:31:02,900
Tasks. 
Requiring daily attention and 

4689
04:31:02,900 --> 04:31:07,500
constant worry. 
Best provides milk and from milk

4690
04:31:07,500 --> 04:31:10,400
comes butter and cheese. 
She provides calves. 

4691
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:14,200
That can be sold or raised. 
Eventually, she'll provide meat 

4692
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:16,800
and hide though. 
You try not to think about that 

4693
04:31:16,800 --> 04:31:19,300
while looking into her large 
patient eyes. 

4694
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:23,200
Best lives in a small structure 
attached to your cottage. 

4695
04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:25,700
Barely tall enough for her to 
stand. 

4696
04:31:25,700 --> 04:31:29,600
Certainly not spacious, but 
warmer than being fully exposed 

4697
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:32,700
to the elements. 
You've stuffed every Gap with 

4698
04:31:32,700 --> 04:31:37,200
straw and dung to block drafts. 
Cows body heat actually helps. 

4699
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:39,300
Warm the cottage through the 
shared wall. 

4700
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:43,900
A mutual benefit arrangement. 
Her breathing constant, and 

4701
04:31:43,900 --> 04:31:46,000
rhythmic is audible from your 
sleeping area. 

4702
04:31:46,000 --> 04:31:49,400
You've grown accustomed to the 
sound and find it almost 

4703
04:31:49,400 --> 04:31:52,200
comforting. 
Feeding her is the challenge, 

4704
04:31:52,200 --> 04:31:55,500
your harvested. 
Hey, in summer, dried it 

4705
04:31:55,508 --> 04:31:57,300
properly and stored in the 
barns. 

4706
04:31:57,300 --> 04:32:01,600
Loft, you calculated you'd need 
roughly 40 pounds of hay per day

4707
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:03,700
to keep best healthy through 
winter. 

4708
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:07,300
That's over 4, tons of hay for a
four-month winter. 

4709
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:09,300
You didn't Harvest quite that 
much. 

4710
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:12,000
So you'll supplementing with 
straw, which has less 

4711
04:32:12,000 --> 04:32:14,000
nutritional value, but provides 
bulk. 

4712
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:17,800
Best is losing weight. 
Despite your efforts, her ribs 

4713
04:32:17,800 --> 04:32:19,700
are visible, a hip bones 
prominent? 

4714
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:23,200
This is normal. 
You tell yourself everyone. 

4715
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:27,500
Thins in Winter cattle included.
The morning and evening, 

4716
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:29,400
feedings create structure for 
your day. 

4717
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:34,000
You climb into the Loft, Fork 
down enough hay to fill bess's, 

4718
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:37,400
manger and watch her, eat with 
the methodical patients of 

4719
04:32:37,400 --> 04:32:41,400
ruminants everywhere. 
She chews thoroughly her jaw 

4720
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:44,200
moving in the side-to-side 
motion and you can almost see 

4721
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:45,900
her. 
Extracting every possible 

4722
04:32:45,900 --> 04:32:49,600
nutrient from the dried grass. 
Nothing is wasted in winter. 

4723
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:52,300
Water is almost as challenging 
as food. 

4724
04:32:52,300 --> 04:32:55,200
The stream freezes solid by 
December. 

4725
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:59,000
So your holy water from the 
village well, breaking ice to 

4726
04:32:59,000 --> 04:33:02,300
reach it and carrying heavy 
buckets through snow and cold. 

4727
04:33:03,400 --> 04:33:07,900
Best needs perhaps 10 gal daily,
which is multiple trips with 

4728
04:33:07,900 --> 04:33:09,900
buckets. 
That feel heavy aged time you 

4729
04:33:09,900 --> 04:33:12,099
left them. 
You've developed impressive 

4730
04:33:12,099 --> 04:33:14,300
shoulder strength from this, 
winter task alone. 

4731
04:33:15,300 --> 04:33:17,000
The chickens required different 
attention. 

4732
04:33:17,900 --> 04:33:21,099
Six hens live in a small Coupe, 
you built against the Cottages. 

4733
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:25,000
South Wall if stopped laying 
entirely their body's can't 

4734
04:33:25,000 --> 04:33:26,700
support. 
Egg production while trying to 

4735
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:30,599
stay alive, you feed them grain,
which feels almost criminal when

4736
04:33:30,599 --> 04:33:33,300
grain is so precious. 
The chickens that die of 

4737
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:36,900
starvation, provide only one 
meal while chickens that survive

4738
04:33:36,900 --> 04:33:39,900
will lay eggs again. 
Come spring, the math favors, 

4739
04:33:39,900 --> 04:33:43,900
keeping them alive, despite the 
cost You've noticed the chickens

4740
04:33:43,900 --> 04:33:47,200
have developed a pecking order, 
and its most literal sense. 

4741
04:33:48,000 --> 04:33:51,300
The largest hen dominates. 
The best roosting spot with the 

4742
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:53,400
others arranged in descending 
hierarchy. 

4743
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:57,700
Smallest chicken. 
A scraggly thing that you 

4744
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:00,599
probably should have cold in 
Autumn huddles at the edge and 

4745
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:03,900
gets picked frequently. 
You feel sympathy for this 

4746
04:34:03,900 --> 04:34:07,800
Underdog but don't intervene 
chickens run their own society 

4747
04:34:07,800 --> 04:34:10,900
and you've got enough human 
problems without mediating 

4748
04:34:10,900 --> 04:34:14,000
poultry disputes. 
The pig was slaughtered in 

4749
04:34:14,000 --> 04:34:16,900
November which was both relief 
and loss. 

4750
04:34:17,700 --> 04:34:21,099
You miss the pigs, cheerful 
grunting presents, but you don't

4751
04:34:21,099 --> 04:34:23,599
miss the anxiety of keeping it 
fed through winter. 

4752
04:34:24,500 --> 04:34:26,200
Pigs. 
Eat astonishing a mounts. 

4753
04:34:26,200 --> 04:34:30,000
And the payoff only comes at 
Slaughter, you and three 

4754
04:34:30,000 --> 04:34:32,700
neighbors combined resources to 
keep four pigs. 

4755
04:34:32,700 --> 04:34:35,700
Slaughtering them, one by one 
and dividing the meat. 

4756
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:38,400
Your share hangs in the cellar 
now. 

4757
04:34:39,000 --> 04:34:41,000
Salted and slowly being 
consumed. 

4758
04:34:42,099 --> 04:34:46,500
The Manor keeps horses and you 
hear their suffering horses are 

4759
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:50,400
expensive, high maintenance 
animals, that justify their cost

4760
04:34:50,400 --> 04:34:54,300
through work capacity, plowing 
hauling and transportation. 

4761
04:34:55,599 --> 04:35:00,599
But horses need grain to work, 
effectively and grain is scarce.

4762
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:04,300
The manners horses are getting 
thin and one already died. 

4763
04:35:04,300 --> 04:35:08,200
Reportedly from a combination of
cold and insufficient feed. 

4764
04:35:08,200 --> 04:35:12,200
The Lord is unhappy about this 
which means everyone who works 

4765
04:35:12,200 --> 04:35:15,300
for him is anxious about his 
displeasure you've developed 

4766
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:18,900
rituals around Animal Care each 
morning you greet Best. 

4767
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,200
Buy name, run your hand along 
her flank and check for any 

4768
04:35:22,200 --> 04:35:26,300
signs of illness or injury. 
You talk to her while milking a 

4769
04:35:26,300 --> 04:35:29,000
one-sided conversation. 
That probably means nothing to 

4770
04:35:29,000 --> 04:35:31,200
the cow, but helps you feel less
alone. 

4771
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:36,500
The chickens get similar 
treatment, a greeting, a check 

4772
04:35:36,500 --> 04:35:39,700
of their condition and words 
that create connection, even if 

4773
04:35:39,700 --> 04:35:43,300
understanding his absent. 
The animals depend on, you 

4774
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:46,099
completely. 
And this responsibility weighs 

4775
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:49,000
heavily. 
Unlike humans, who can forage 

4776
04:35:49,000 --> 04:35:52,300
migrate or adapt? 
Your livestock attract by 

4777
04:35:52,300 --> 04:35:55,400
domestication. 
They exist in these small 

4778
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:59,099
spaces, eating what you provide 
surviving only through your 

4779
04:35:59,099 --> 04:36:01,900
care. 
If you fail them for get to 

4780
04:36:01,908 --> 04:36:04,599
water them fail to feed them 
neglect. 

4781
04:36:04,599 --> 04:36:07,700
A notice illness. 
They die and their death 

4782
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:10,099
diminishes your family survival 
chances. 

4783
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:14,700
The pressure is constant But 
animals also provide comfort. 

4784
04:36:15,599 --> 04:36:19,599
Bess is warm presence. 
A patient acceptance of care and

4785
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:21,900
her simple needs that can 
actually be met. 

4786
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:26,400
These things are grounding. 
Chickens small movements and 

4787
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:31,200
soft cluckin sounds, create 
Pleasant background noise, even 

4788
04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:34,000
caring for livestock, you'll 
eventually eat creates a 

4789
04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:37,300
relationship. 
These animals are Partners in 

4790
04:36:37,300 --> 04:36:39,900
survival, not just resources to 
exploit. 

4791
04:36:41,000 --> 04:36:43,700
You've noticed your children 
form attachments, despite 

4792
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:46,400
knowing better. 
Your youngest is named the 

4793
04:36:46,400 --> 04:36:48,500
smallest chicken pit and 
worries. 

4794
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:52,400
Constantly about her. you've 
explained that pip is not a pet,

4795
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:56,500
the chicken server function and 
that attachment to livestock is 

4796
04:36:56,500 --> 04:37:01,200
in practical But the child loves
pit anyway, you can't quite 

4797
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:04,599
bring yourself to forbid. 
It Maybe caring about small 

4798
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:07,099
things helps develop care about 
larger things. 

4799
04:37:07,099 --> 04:37:10,700
Maybe compassion toward chickens
teachers, compassion toward 

4800
04:37:10,700 --> 04:37:13,500
humans. 
The barn work is physically 

4801
04:37:13,500 --> 04:37:16,300
demanding mucking out. 
Bestest stalling. 

4802
04:37:16,300 --> 04:37:18,599
Fresh straw repairing? 
The roof were snow damage 

4803
04:37:18,599 --> 04:37:21,900
threatens. 
These tasks require strength. 

4804
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:25,200
You're not sure you have, but 
you do them anyway because they 

4805
04:37:25,200 --> 04:37:27,900
must be done. 
The animals can't wait for you 

4806
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:30,099
to feel stronger or less tired 
or better fed. 

4807
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:33,099
The needs are immediate and 
non-negotiable. 

4808
04:37:33,099 --> 04:37:36,400
Winter also means Veterinary 
challenges, you're unprepared 

4809
04:37:36,400 --> 04:37:39,700
for when best develops a cough, 
you're terrified. 

4810
04:37:40,400 --> 04:37:44,800
A sick cow is disaster. 
Incarnate you consult Elsa, who 

4811
04:37:44,800 --> 04:37:47,800
provides an herbal poultice to 
apply to bess's chest and 

4812
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:49,500
instructions for steam 
treatments? 

4813
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:53,400
you boil water in the barn, 
trying to get best to breathe 

4814
04:37:53,400 --> 04:37:57,900
the vapors, which she finds 
confusing and resists But the 

4815
04:37:57,900 --> 04:38:01,700
coff improves and your grateful 
for else's knowledge, grateful 

4816
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:05,200
for luck and grateful that 
disaster was averted this time. 

4817
04:38:06,099 --> 04:38:09,599
The bargain with animals is 
ancient and complicated you 

4818
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:11,900
provide food, shelter and 
protection. 

4819
04:38:11,900 --> 04:38:16,800
They provide labor products and 
eventually their bodies neither 

4820
04:38:16,800 --> 04:38:21,000
party chose this Arrangement it 
emerged over centuries of mutual

4821
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:25,800
adaptation But it works mostly 
the animals in your care are 

4822
04:38:25,800 --> 04:38:27,800
better fed and safer than their 
wild cousins. 

4823
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:31,400
Even in harsh Winters, and your 
better fed and safer because of 

4824
04:38:31,400 --> 04:38:34,500
what they provide. 
By late February, your counting 

4825
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:38,000
days until pasture grass, 
returns best will be so 

4826
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:39,599
relieved. 
To leave her, small bar and 

4827
04:38:39,599 --> 04:38:42,200
Grace freely. 
The chickens will range, the 

4828
04:38:42,207 --> 04:38:44,200
yard, finding insects, and 
greens. 

4829
04:38:44,200 --> 04:38:48,099
The whole burden of keeping 
animals fed will ease as nature 

4830
04:38:48,099 --> 04:38:51,300
as humans productivity, but 
that's still weeks away. 

4831
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:55,700
And in the meantime, You Haul, 
hay break ice and maintain the 

4832
04:38:55,700 --> 04:38:59,500
constant vigilance. 
That livestock require Sometimes

4833
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,599
you wonder what life would be 
like without animals to tend. 

4834
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:08,800
Simpler, certainly less worry, 
less work, less constraint, but 

4835
04:39:08,800 --> 04:39:11,900
also poorer hungrier and more 
vulnerable. 

4836
04:39:11,900 --> 04:39:16,099
The animals are burden and 
blessing combined and you're 

4837
04:39:16,099 --> 04:39:17,800
bound to them as surely as their
Bounty. 

4838
04:39:17,800 --> 04:39:21,599
You all of you trying to survive
together until the world warms 

4839
04:39:21,599 --> 04:39:23,700
again. 
Winter. 

4840
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:28,200
Work is different from Summer 
work. in some summer tasks, have

4841
04:39:28,200 --> 04:39:33,400
urgently planting must happen at
the right time harvesting. 

4842
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:35,900
Can't wait. 
And hey must be cut before. 

4843
04:39:35,900 --> 04:39:40,300
Rain comes winter work is more 
about maintenance and survival. 

4844
04:39:41,200 --> 04:39:44,500
Tusks that don't transform 
anything but keep everything 

4845
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:48,600
from falling apart. 
You work consistently but not 

4846
04:39:48,600 --> 04:39:52,100
frantically conserving energy 
for the long duration, rather 

4847
04:39:52,100 --> 04:39:54,200
than sprinting towards specific 
goals. 

4848
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:58,600
Morning begins with fire 
management which you've elevated

4849
04:39:58,600 --> 04:40:01,700
to an art form. 
You've learned exactly how much 

4850
04:40:01,700 --> 04:40:05,900
kindling creates flame without 
waste and precisely when to add 

4851
04:40:05,900 --> 04:40:09,600
larger pieces and the optimal 
balance between heat output and 

4852
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:13,500
fuel conservation. 
The fire is never just burning. 

4853
04:40:13,500 --> 04:40:17,900
It's being actively managed 
constantly adjusted and treated 

4854
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:21,100
as the critical resource it, is 
this task alone. 

4855
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:25,300
Consumes perhaps an hour of 
focused attention daily Water. 

4856
04:40:25,300 --> 04:40:27,300
Hauling is your second essential
work. 

4857
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:31,500
The well is 60 yards from your 
cottage, and you make this trip 

4858
04:40:31,500 --> 04:40:35,800
a minimum of four times daily 
twice for the household twice 

4859
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:39,200
for the animals. 
Each trip requires breaking ice,

4860
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:43,400
lowering the bucket, hauling it 
up, hand over hand and then 

4861
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:45,300
carrying the sloshing weight 
back home. 

4862
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:50,400
Your shoulders, ache perpetually
from this work in Spring you'll 

4863
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:52,700
collect rainwater and use the 
stream. 

4864
04:40:52,700 --> 04:40:56,300
But winter offers no such 
convenient cooking. 

4865
04:40:56,300 --> 04:41:00,800
Takes longer in Winter the food 
requires more preparation, dried

4866
04:41:00,800 --> 04:41:03,100
beans. 
Need soaking overnight grain, 

4867
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:05,900
needs grinding and vegetables. 
Need careful. 

4868
04:41:05,900 --> 04:41:08,900
Checking for wrote and cutting 
away of damaged portions. 

4869
04:41:09,900 --> 04:41:12,900
The fire must be fed 
continuously while cooking which

4870
04:41:12,900 --> 04:41:15,500
means interrupting food 
preparation to add wood. 

4871
04:41:16,400 --> 04:41:19,200
A meal that might take 30 
minutes to prepare in summer. 

4872
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:22,100
Can consume two hours of a 
winter afternoon. 

4873
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:26,500
You plan meals days in advance 
soaking beans while making 

4874
04:41:26,500 --> 04:41:29,000
today's soup and grinding 
tomorrow's flower while 

4875
04:41:29,000 --> 04:41:33,200
tonight's porridge simmers 
Textile work fills the gaps. 

4876
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:37,900
You card will constantly taking 
the raw Tangled fleece and 

4877
04:41:37,900 --> 04:41:40,400
combing it into a lined fiber 
suitable for spinning. 

4878
04:41:41,400 --> 04:41:45,500
Your daughter spins these fibers
into yarn on a drop spindle the 

4879
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:49,500
weight twirling as she pulls and
twists transforming chaos into 

4880
04:41:49,500 --> 04:41:51,200
order through patient 
repetition. 

4881
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:55,400
You knit when your hands aren't 
needed elsewhere socks mostly 

4882
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:57,800
because socks with through and 
everyone needs socks. 

4883
04:41:57,800 --> 04:42:02,700
You can knit while also watching
children or tending fire Mending

4884
04:42:02,700 --> 04:42:06,600
is endless every piece of 
clothing, requires constant 

4885
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:10,000
repair. 
The tunic develops, a tear that 

4886
04:42:10,000 --> 04:42:13,600
must be stitched. 
Cloaks Herman ravels and needs 

4887
04:42:13,600 --> 04:42:17,600
reinforcing. socks, develop 
holes, that must be darned 

4888
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:22,800
before they enlarge You patch 
patches mend previous men and 

4889
04:42:22,800 --> 04:42:26,300
accept that nothing will be 
beautiful, but everything must 

4890
04:42:26,300 --> 04:42:29,000
be functional. 
You needle moves through wool 

4891
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:32,100
and linen in the firelight 
creating small repairs, that 

4892
04:42:32,100 --> 04:42:34,500
Four Stall larger Replacements, 
you can't afford. 

4893
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:38,500
Tool maintenance, occupies the 
men's time, your spouse 

4894
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:42,800
sharpens, the plow blade, oils 
leather harnesses and carves new

4895
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:45,800
handles for tools that broke 
during Autumn's hard work. 

4896
04:42:46,600 --> 04:42:50,200
He checks the cottage structure,
identifying places, where door 

4897
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:53,500
was crumbled, where the thatch 
roof is thinned and where 

4898
04:42:53,500 --> 04:42:57,100
repairs will be needed. 
Come spring, You can't do these 

4899
04:42:57,100 --> 04:42:58,700
repairs. 
Now, it's too cold. 

4900
04:42:58,700 --> 04:43:02,500
The materials are frozen, but he
makes lists plans and prepares 

4901
04:43:02,500 --> 04:43:05,900
as much as possible. 
Woodcutting never truly ends. 

4902
04:43:05,900 --> 04:43:09,200
You thought three chords would 
suffice but your burning through

4903
04:43:09,200 --> 04:43:13,000
it faster than calculated. 
So whenever the permits and 

4904
04:43:13,000 --> 04:43:17,100
energy exists, someone is out 
cutting more filling dead trees,

4905
04:43:17,100 --> 04:43:19,900
hauling branches and splitting 
everything into burnable. 

4906
04:43:19,900 --> 04:43:24,900
Piece's, each log split is one 
more hour of warmth secured the 

4907
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:27,100
pile. 
Grows disconcertingly slowly, 

4908
04:43:27,100 --> 04:43:30,700
despite constant effort The 
funny thing about winter work is

4909
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:33,500
how much of it is about 
preventing bad things rather 

4910
04:43:33,500 --> 04:43:36,900
than creating good things. 
You're not building or growing 

4911
04:43:36,900 --> 04:43:40,700
or improving your keeping, the 
fire from dying, keeping the 

4912
04:43:40,708 --> 04:43:44,900
water from freezing, keeping the
animals from starving, keeping 

4913
04:43:44,900 --> 04:43:47,900
the cottage from collapsing. 
And keeping everyone from 

4914
04:43:47,900 --> 04:43:50,300
getting sick or too cold, or too
hungry. 

4915
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:53,700
Success means nothing. 
Terrible happens. 

4916
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:56,200
There's no Harvest to celebrate 
know. 

4917
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,600
Finished product to admire 
success is invisible. 

4918
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:04,400
It's the absence of catastrophe.
Children work matters too. 

4919
04:44:04,400 --> 04:44:08,000
Your eldest holds kindling 
Stacks would and helps with 

4920
04:44:08,000 --> 04:44:11,200
animal care. 
The youngest still too small for

4921
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:14,600
heavy work cards, wool and 
watches the fire while you're 

4922
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:18,000
occupied elsewhere. 
Even small, children, contribute

4923
04:44:18,000 --> 04:44:21,700
collecting useful scraps, 
running messages between 

4924
04:44:21,700 --> 04:44:25,600
Cottages, keeping themselves, 
reasonably clean and out of 

4925
04:44:25,600 --> 04:44:28,600
serious danger. 
No, one is too young to work in 

4926
04:44:28,600 --> 04:44:31,500
a medieval winter. 
Leisure is not a concept that 

4927
04:44:31,500 --> 04:44:34,600
applies to your social class. 
Some work is communal. 

4928
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:38,400
When the village Wells, wrote 
breaks, everyone contributes 

4929
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:42,300
labor to its repair because 
everyone needs the well, when 

4930
04:44:42,300 --> 04:44:45,000
old William's Ruth, partially 
collapses under Snow White, 

4931
04:44:45,000 --> 04:44:48,000
neighbor's arrived with 
materials and effort to patch it

4932
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:51,300
before he freezes. 
This cooperation is partly 

4933
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:54,100
altruism but mostly enlightened 
self-interest. 

4934
04:44:54,100 --> 04:44:57,800
You help others knowing you'll 
need similar help of eventually.

4935
04:44:58,900 --> 04:45:01,300
The Village survives through 
mutual dependence. 

4936
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:05,500
The church requires work to you.
Oh, labor to the parish. 

4937
04:45:06,100 --> 04:45:09,400
Helping maintain the church 
building clearing snow from the 

4938
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:12,200
path and keeping the priest 
Cottage habitable. 

4939
04:45:12,900 --> 04:45:15,500
This labor is officially 
voluntary but practically 

4940
04:45:15,500 --> 04:45:18,200
mandatory. 
The church is both a spiritual 

4941
04:45:18,200 --> 04:45:22,300
center and a social necessity 
and maintaining it benefits. 

4942
04:45:22,300 --> 04:45:26,200
Everyone plus refusing. 
A priest request seems unwise 

4943
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:28,700
when he controls access to 
sacraments you, genuinely 

4944
04:45:28,700 --> 04:45:32,700
believe you need The manner 
demands its portion, even in 

4945
04:45:32,700 --> 04:45:36,600
Winter, you owe the Lord certain
Services would be delivered to 

4946
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,300
the manor house. 
Repairs must be completed on the

4947
04:45:39,300 --> 04:45:43,400
Lord's property when snow blocks
roads, peasant, clear them. 

4948
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:48,100
Your labor is not entirely or 
own a portion belongs to those 

4949
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:51,700
of you in the feudal hierarchy, 
you fulfill these obligations 

4950
04:45:51,700 --> 04:45:55,500
without enthusiasm without open 
resentment either. 

4951
04:45:56,400 --> 04:45:58,600
Resistance is pointless and 
dangerous. 

4952
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:00,800
You've developed efficiently 
tricks. 

4953
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,900
When hauling water, you combine 
trips. 

4954
04:46:03,900 --> 04:46:07,600
Get, well, water for the 
household while also filling the

4955
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:10,800
animals bucket. 
When tending, a fire you all. 

4956
04:46:10,800 --> 04:46:14,500
So warm food and heat water for 
washing when carding wool, you 

4957
04:46:14,500 --> 04:46:18,300
also watch the children and keep
conversation going multi-tasking

4958
04:46:18,300 --> 04:46:21,200
isn't optional. 
You simply can't afford to do 

4959
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:24,400
only one thing at a time when 
every minute of warmth and light

4960
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:28,500
is precious, The work produces a
particular kind of tiredness. 

4961
04:46:28,500 --> 04:46:32,000
Not the good exhaustion of hard 
physical labor, that builds 

4962
04:46:32,000 --> 04:46:35,700
things, but a grinding weariness
from constant, small efforts 

4963
04:46:35,700 --> 04:46:39,900
that maintained the status quo, 
you're not too tired to work but

4964
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:41,600
you're too tired to enjoy 
working. 

4965
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:44,900
The tasks blur together into 
repetitive. 

4966
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:49,600
Sameness wake fire water feed 
cook. 

4967
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:54,800
Mend tend sleep. 
Repeat daily until spring. 

4968
04:46:55,700 --> 04:47:00,200
Yet work or provides purpose. 
On days when cold and hunger and

4969
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:03,400
boredom, make you question 
everything, having clear tasks 

4970
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:06,000
helps. 
You can't control the weather or

4971
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:09,100
make food appear or heal the 
sick but you can carve this 

4972
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:11,300
wall. 
Mend this sock and split this 

4973
04:47:11,300 --> 04:47:13,800
wood. 
Smaller accomplishments matter, 

4974
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:17,700
when large ones are Impossible 
by late winter, your tired in 

4975
04:47:17,700 --> 04:47:21,500
ways that sleep doesn't fix your
body aches from repetitive 

4976
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:25,700
motions, your spinning hand 
cramps, your water, hauling 

4977
04:47:25,700 --> 04:47:28,800
shoulders protest. 
And your fire tending back is 

4978
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:32,600
perpetually sore. 
But you're all so proud in a 

4979
04:47:32,600 --> 04:47:35,800
quiet way of your competence. 
You know, how to do difficult 

4980
04:47:35,800 --> 04:47:37,300
things under difficult 
conditions. 

4981
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:42,200
Winter hasn't defeated. 
You the work continues and 

4982
04:47:42,200 --> 04:47:45,400
continuing as itself. 
A victory, the path to your 

4983
04:47:45,400 --> 04:47:48,600
nearest neighbors Cottage. 
So obvious in summer has 

4984
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:51,800
disappeared beneath snow and 
ice, you could reach them. 

4985
04:47:51,800 --> 04:47:55,500
It's only 50 yards, but the 
effort required makes casual 

4986
04:47:55,500 --> 04:47:58,800
visits rare. 
You see smoke from their chimney

4987
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:01,900
and know they're alive. 
And that's enough most dates. 

4988
04:48:02,700 --> 04:48:05,500
Social world has contracted to 
the people who share your 

4989
04:48:05,500 --> 04:48:08,900
cottage plus weekly Church 
attendance plus occasional 

4990
04:48:08,900 --> 04:48:12,800
necessity driven encounters. 
Church on Sunday becomes the 

4991
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:16,500
week's major social event. 
Everyone capable of walking the 

4992
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:18,800
distance. 
Attends, not just for Spiritual 

4993
04:48:18,800 --> 04:48:23,100
reasons but because humans need 
human contact, the service is in

4994
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:25,900
Latin, which you don't 
understand, but that's almost 

4995
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:28,700
beside the point. 
What matters is being in the 

4996
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:32,000
same space with other people 
seeing faces beside your 

4997
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:35,500
families and hearing voices, 
beyond the constant Loop of the 

4998
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:37,300
same. 
Few people saying the same thing

4999
04:48:37,300 --> 04:48:42,000
you gather outside after the 
service stamping cold feet and 

5000
04:48:42,000 --> 04:48:46,700
exchanging information who sick 
who died, whose running low on 

5001
04:48:46,708 --> 04:48:49,800
food, and who heard news from 
Travelers before the roads 

5002
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:53,200
became impossible. 
The social updates take perhaps 

5003
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:56,800
15 minutes and then everyone 
hurries home before the cold 

5004
04:48:56,800 --> 04:49:00,700
becomes unbearable. 
But those 15 minutes feed you 

5005
04:49:00,708 --> 04:49:04,900
almost as much as food does. 
You're reminded that you're part

5006
04:49:04,908 --> 04:49:06,900
of something larger than your 
individual struggle. 

5007
04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:09,800
The isolation affects everyone 
differently. 

5008
04:49:09,800 --> 04:49:14,200
Your spouse grows quieter and 
more internal speaking mainly in

5009
04:49:14,200 --> 04:49:17,800
Practical sentences, about 
immediate needs your eldest 

5010
04:49:17,800 --> 04:49:20,100
child. 
Normally, talkative has fewer 

5011
04:49:20,100 --> 04:49:21,900
topics. 
Now that life is narrowed to 

5012
04:49:21,900 --> 04:49:26,100
survival Basics, your youngest 
babbles continuously feeling 

5013
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:28,300
silenced with whatever 
observations occur. 

5014
04:49:28,300 --> 04:49:31,900
And while normally, this might 
annoy you in Winter, your 

5015
04:49:31,900 --> 04:49:34,500
grateful for the noise, you miss
things. 

5016
04:49:34,500 --> 04:49:38,200
You didn't realize you valued 
the traveling Peddler who came 

5017
04:49:38,200 --> 04:49:41,500
through in summer bringing news 
and goods and stories from 

5018
04:49:41,500 --> 04:49:43,700
distant places you miss him 
deeply. 

5019
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:47,800
The seasonal laborers who helped
with Harvest, their different 

5020
04:49:47,800 --> 04:49:51,500
accents, and jokes, and ways of 
doing things, they're gone to 

5021
04:49:51,500 --> 04:49:54,500
wherever such people go. 
And the village is poorer for 

5022
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:57,300
their absence. 
Even the simple variety of 

5023
04:49:57,300 --> 04:50:00,200
seeing different people in the 
fields on the parks. 

5024
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:03,300
Going about their lives provided
stimulation. 

5025
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:07,400
That's now unavailable. 
The manor, house residents are 

5026
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:10,800
visible occasionally at church 
or riding past your cottage but 

5027
04:50:10,800 --> 04:50:12,400
they inhabit a different 
reality. 

5028
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:15,900
They have more food, warmer 
rooms and better clothing. 

5029
04:50:15,900 --> 04:50:19,700
They suffer winter too. 
But differently the gap between 

5030
04:50:19,700 --> 04:50:23,100
your life and theirs. 
Always present becomes more 

5031
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:25,500
obvious in winter. 
When everyone's circumstances 

5032
04:50:25,500 --> 04:50:28,600
are exposed. 
You don't exactly resent them. 

5033
04:50:28,600 --> 04:50:31,900
The social order feels to 
establish to question, 

5034
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:36,000
seriously, but you notice the 
difference and file it away. 

5035
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:39,500
Loneliness, settles over the 
cottage. 

5036
04:50:39,500 --> 04:50:43,100
Like another layer of cold. 
You'll never physically alone. 

5037
04:50:43,100 --> 04:50:47,200
Your family is always press and 
you can still feel lonely in 

5038
04:50:47,200 --> 04:50:49,800
their presence. 
They can't understand your 

5039
04:50:49,800 --> 04:50:52,400
particular thoughts and feelings
any better than you can 

5040
04:50:52,400 --> 04:50:55,400
understand theirs. 
And the same faces day after 

5041
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:58,900
day, create a strange isolation,
even in constant company. 

5042
04:51:00,200 --> 04:51:02,400
You develop strategies against 
the loneliness. 

5043
04:51:03,300 --> 04:51:06,000
Telling stories helps your 
account, Tails. 

5044
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:08,800
Your grandmother told you making
them last longer by adding 

5045
04:51:08,800 --> 04:51:11,500
details. 
Your spouse can contribute 

5046
04:51:11,500 --> 04:51:14,800
stories from their childhood. 
The children request the same 

5047
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,600
favorites repeatedly new obliged
because familiar stories 

5048
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:20,900
Comfort. 
Everyone Act of Storytelling 

5049
04:51:20,900 --> 04:51:24,300
creates connection even when the
stories themselves are older 

5050
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:29,300
known singing helps too. 
You know, perhaps 20 songs work 

5051
04:51:29,300 --> 04:51:33,300
songs, religious hymns and 
ballads about ancient Heroes. 

5052
04:51:33,300 --> 04:51:37,000
You sing while working teaching 
verses to the children 

5053
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:41,500
occasionally creating Harmony 
when energy permits The songs 

5054
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:44,500
aren't beautiful, your family 
has no particular musical 

5055
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:48,000
talent, but they fill the 
cottage with sound that isn't 

5056
04:51:48,000 --> 04:51:53,500
wind or fire or coughing. 
The funny thing about isolation 

5057
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:56,000
is how it makes you value, even 
difficult people more. 

5058
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:00,000
Your neighbor Edmond who annoyed
You In Summer with his constant 

5059
04:52:00,000 --> 04:52:02,400
complaining. 
Now, seems almost dear in his 

5060
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:05,600
consistency at least. 
He's someone different to talk 

5061
04:52:05,600 --> 04:52:10,100
to, at least his complaints are 
different from your own Variety 

5062
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:13,500
in human contact matters 
enormously when variety is 

5063
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:16,400
scared. 
You also become more tolerant of

5064
04:52:16,400 --> 04:52:19,400
family quirks. 
Your spouse is habit of humming 

5065
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,600
tuneless while working, which 
used to drive you mad. 

5066
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:26,100
Now sound almost Pleasant your 
child's tendency to ask 

5067
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,400
repetitive questions become 
Charming rather than annoying. 

5068
04:52:30,200 --> 04:52:33,300
When you only have four people 
to talk to for months, you 

5069
04:52:33,300 --> 04:52:36,000
learned to find Value in their 
Auditors, rather than being 

5070
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:39,800
irritated by them. 
Letters aren't an option. 

5071
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:44,400
You can't write, and even if you
could winter mail service 

5072
04:52:44,400 --> 04:52:46,500
doesn't exist for people at your
social level. 

5073
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:51,100
Whatever news reaches, you comes
orally through the few people 

5074
04:52:51,100 --> 04:52:54,400
who still travel. 
The priests sometimes shares 

5075
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:58,000
information from his Bishop. 
Occasionally someone will have 

5076
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:00,200
talked to someone who heard 
something from somewhere. 

5077
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:05,400
The information is third-hand 
unreliable and precious anyway 

5078
04:53:05,400 --> 04:53:08,000
because it connects you to the 
larger world. 

5079
04:53:09,100 --> 04:53:12,900
You fantasize about spring 
social opportunities, the Easter

5080
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:16,000
celebration, which will bring 
extra church services and 

5081
04:53:16,000 --> 04:53:19,300
communal feasting. 
Spring fair, if you can spare 

5082
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,200
coins to attend is where 
merchants and entertainers 

5083
04:53:22,200 --> 04:53:25,600
gather the simple ability to 
visit in neighbor's casually 

5084
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:29,700
dropping by to borrow tools or 
share news or just talk because 

5085
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:32,900
conversation is Pleasant rather 
than because something is 

5086
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:36,600
urgently needed. 
The isolation effects your 

5087
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:39,600
thinking. 
With limited external input. 

5088
04:53:39,600 --> 04:53:42,000
You cycle through the same 
thoughts repeatedly. 

5089
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:45,700
You worry about the same 
problems, food stores, Health 

5090
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:49,600
cold because these are the 
problems present and there 

5091
04:53:49,600 --> 04:53:54,300
aren't new ones to distract you.
Your mind lacking stimulation 

5092
04:53:54,300 --> 04:53:57,500
creates its own and not always 
helpfully. 

5093
04:53:58,300 --> 04:54:00,800
You find yourself having 
imaginary conversations with 

5094
04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:04,200
absent people rehearsing 
arguments that will never happen

5095
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:06,700
and planning scenarios that 
won't occur. 

5096
04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:10,100
The children suffer their own 
isolation. 

5097
04:54:11,000 --> 04:54:15,100
In summer, they played with 
neighbor children daily running 

5098
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:18,400
between Cottages. 
Creating elaborate games. 

5099
04:54:18,400 --> 04:54:22,400
Now, they're confined to your 
cottage with only each other and

5100
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:27,600
occasional parental attention. 
Fight more wine, more and see 

5101
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:30,400
more emotionally fragile. 
You try to be patient 

5102
04:54:30,400 --> 04:54:34,200
understanding that they're 
experiencing real deprivation, 

5103
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:36,000
even if they can't articulate 
it. 

5104
04:54:36,700 --> 04:54:41,300
They need friends their age very
activities and space to run. 

5105
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:44,800
They have none of these things. 
You've also noticed, how 

5106
04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:49,000
isolation affects dreams, your 
sleeping mind processes, The 

5107
04:54:49,000 --> 04:54:51,600
Limited input of winter life 
into strange scenarios. 

5108
04:54:52,500 --> 04:54:56,700
You dream repeatedly about 
summer about food about warmth 

5109
04:54:56,700 --> 04:54:58,800
and about people you haven't 
seen in months. 

5110
04:54:59,900 --> 04:55:04,500
The dreams of vivid and detailed
your mind elaborating scenarios.

5111
04:55:04,500 --> 04:55:08,500
It can't experience awake. 
He awake sometimes disappointed 

5112
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:11,600
to return to the gray reality of
Winter Cottage life. 

5113
04:55:12,600 --> 04:55:16,600
But isolation also creates 
intimacy, your family knows each

5114
04:55:16,600 --> 04:55:19,600
other profoundly. 
Now you recognize every 

5115
04:55:19,600 --> 04:55:24,100
expression on every face can 
predict responses and understand

5116
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:25,700
moods with minimal 
communication. 

5117
04:55:26,900 --> 04:55:29,000
This depth of knowledge has 
value. 

5118
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:32,500
These are the people who will 
care for you if you sicken will 

5119
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,300
share their portion if you're 
hungrier and will mourn. 

5120
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:39,000
If you die the bonds formed 
through winter isolation are 

5121
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:40,700
strong because they are tested 
daily. 

5122
04:55:41,500 --> 04:55:43,800
By late February your 
desperately ready for the 

5123
04:55:43,800 --> 04:55:46,700
isolation to end? 
You want new faces, new 

5124
04:55:46,700 --> 04:55:50,900
conversations and knew anything.
The same name, this has worn you

5125
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:52,400
down more than you want to 
admit. 

5126
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:55,800
But you also recognize that 
you've survived together. 

5127
04:55:55,800 --> 04:56:00,000
That isolation hasn't destroyed 
your family and that the bonds 

5128
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:03,000
formed or strengthened through 
winter hardship, have their own 

5129
04:56:03,000 --> 04:56:06,000
value. 
Bring will bring welcome variety

5130
04:56:06,000 --> 04:56:09,400
but winter tortue who your true 
companions are. 

5131
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:14,200
The church bell rings at dawn 
midday and dusk. 

5132
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:18,200
It sound carrying across the 
Frozen landscape and marking 

5133
04:56:18,200 --> 04:56:22,100
time in a season when days blend
indistinguishable. 

5134
04:56:23,800 --> 04:56:27,700
You Orient your day around these
bells using them to structure 

5135
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:29,000
time. 
That would otherwise feel 

5136
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:32,700
formless and endless. 
The morning Bell means wake and 

5137
04:56:32,700 --> 04:56:35,400
tend the fire. 
The midday Bell means pause for 

5138
04:56:35,400 --> 04:56:39,200
prayer and perhaps a small meal.
The evening Bell means, begin 

5139
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:41,600
preparing for night. 
The bells are practical 

5140
04:56:41,600 --> 04:56:44,800
timekeepers, but they're also 
reminders that you're part of 

5141
04:56:44,800 --> 04:56:46,900
something larger than your 
individual survival. 

5142
04:56:47,600 --> 04:56:50,900
Your faith deepens in Winter or 
perhaps it just becomes more 

5143
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:53,700
visible. 
When your cold and hungry and 

5144
04:56:53,700 --> 04:56:57,000
isolated prayer offers comfort, 
that nothing physical can 

5145
04:56:57,000 --> 04:57:00,300
provide. 
You pray for spring to come for 

5146
04:57:00,300 --> 04:57:04,200
health, to persist for food to 
last and for protection from 

5147
04:57:04,200 --> 04:57:06,900
catastrophe. 
You pray for specific 

5148
04:57:06,900 --> 04:57:11,200
intentions, your sick child, the
struggling neighbor, and the 

5149
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:14,400
village as a whole. 
And you pray, generally 

5150
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:18,200
repetitively using the familiar 
Latin phrases you've memorized 

5151
04:57:18,200 --> 04:57:19,700
with without quite understanding
them. 

5152
04:57:20,600 --> 04:57:23,900
The pattern Noster comes easily.
Now, words flowing 

5153
04:57:23,900 --> 04:57:27,000
automatically, while your mind, 
wanders or focuses on the 

5154
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:29,300
prayers meaning whichever seems 
needed. 

5155
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:31,800
Give us this day. 
Our daily bread. 

5156
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:34,200
Resonates powerfully when bread 
is scarce. 

5157
04:57:35,200 --> 04:57:39,000
Deliver Us from Evil feels 
urgent, when Winter's dangers 

5158
04:57:39,000 --> 04:57:41,400
press close. 
The prayers, ancient words, 

5159
04:57:41,400 --> 04:57:44,200
connect you to centuries of 
other Christians who prayed the 

5160
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:47,200
same phrases through their own 
Winters, their own struggles. 

5161
04:57:48,200 --> 04:57:50,900
Sunday mass provides weekly 
structure and reassurance. 

5162
04:57:51,900 --> 04:57:55,600
Service follows the same pattern
every week, the same Latin 

5163
04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:57,600
liturgy. 
The same progression through 

5164
04:57:57,600 --> 04:57:59,200
prayer and scripture and 
Eucharist. 

5165
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:02,300
This predictability is deeply 
comforting. 

5166
04:58:03,200 --> 04:58:07,900
So much of winter is uncertain. 
Will the food last will illness?

5167
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:12,300
Strike will the roof? 
Hold but masses reliably. 

5168
04:58:12,300 --> 04:58:16,900
The same the priest voice in 
tones familiar patterns unil 

5169
04:58:16,900 --> 04:58:21,400
Stan and respond at the expected
moments The ritual and folds you

5170
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:22,800
in it. 
Ancient certainly. 

5171
04:58:23,800 --> 04:58:27,600
The Eucharist itself becomes 
more meaningful in winter when 

5172
04:58:27,600 --> 04:58:31,000
you're hungry, most of the time.
Receiving even the tiny wafer 

5173
04:58:31,000 --> 04:58:34,100
that represents Christ's body 
feels like significant 

5174
04:58:34,100 --> 04:58:36,900
nourishment. 
You know, it's spiritually, not 

5175
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:40,400
physically sustaining that the 
distinction blurs when you're 

5176
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,700
desperate for both kinds of 
sustenance, you approach 

5177
04:58:43,700 --> 04:58:47,400
communion with genuine. 
Reverence tongue extended to 

5178
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:50,600
receive the blessing, you've 
also developed private 

5179
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:53,500
devotional. 
Practices each morning after the

5180
04:58:53,500 --> 04:58:57,100
fire is established, you pray 
briefly, nothing formal. 

5181
04:58:57,100 --> 04:59:01,000
Just speaking to God, as you 
might to a trusted friend, you 

5182
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:04,900
share your worries, express your
gratitude for survival so far 

5183
04:59:04,900 --> 04:59:06,900
and ask for strength to 
continue. 

5184
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:10,100
These morning conversations 
anchor. 

5185
04:59:10,100 --> 04:59:13,700
You providing a moment of 
spiritual connection before the 

5186
04:59:13,700 --> 04:59:18,100
days, physical demands over 
everything the Saints matter 

5187
04:59:18,100 --> 04:59:21,400
more in winter, too. 
You praise and Anthony when 

5188
04:59:21,400 --> 04:59:25,000
you've lost something important,
you invoke Saint Agatha against 

5189
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:27,500
illness. 
You ask some Christopher for 

5190
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:30,100
protection during the rare 
necessary Journeys through 

5191
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:33,600
dangerous weather. 
The Saints are specific helpers 

5192
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:37,300
specialists in particular 
problems and you call on them, 

5193
04:59:37,300 --> 04:59:40,700
shamelessly, throwing every, 
spiritual resource of the 

5194
04:59:40,700 --> 04:59:43,700
challenges you face. 
Funny thing is, that you 

5195
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:45,700
genuinely believe all this 
works. 

5196
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:49,100
Your faith isn't cynical 
calculation, but sincere 

5197
04:59:49,100 --> 04:59:52,300
conviction, that God, hears and 
Saints intercede and religious 

5198
04:59:52,300 --> 04:59:55,400
practice matters. 
When your child recovered from 

5199
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:59,500
lung fever, your tributed. 
It to God's mercy and your 

5200
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:01,300
prayers as much as to Elsa's 
herbs. 

5201
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:04,100
The two explanations don't 
contradict. 

5202
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:08,400
God works through herbs and 
healers, everything is 

5203
05:00:08,400 --> 05:00:11,300
ultimately divine intervention 
if you're inclined to see it 

5204
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:15,400
that way. 
Routine extends Beyond religious

5205
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:18,500
practice. 
You've created secular rituals 

5206
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:21,300
that structure time and provide 
psychological Comfort. 

5207
05:00:21,300 --> 05:00:24,500
Every morning you check the 
weather through the shutters 

5208
05:00:24,500 --> 05:00:27,000
noting wind direction and Sky 
color. 

5209
05:00:27,900 --> 05:00:31,800
Every evening you Bank, the fire
using the exact same technique. 

5210
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:36,600
Midday, you pause to eat 
whatever constitutes lunch, sit 

5211
05:00:36,600 --> 05:00:40,400
in the same spot, following the 
same pattern, these routines 

5212
05:00:40,400 --> 05:00:43,200
create islands of predictability
in Winter's chaos. 

5213
05:00:44,000 --> 05:00:47,200
The children to routines, help 
them cope your eldest knows that

5214
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:50,700
after morning tasks, there's a 
period for learning, each basic 

5215
05:00:50,700 --> 05:00:53,800
prayer's, simple counting and 
maybe a few letters if like 

5216
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:57,500
permits, your youngest knows 
that before bed their story 

5217
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:02,000
time, these patterns, give them 
security assurance that even in 

5218
05:01:02,000 --> 05:01:04,900
Winter's narrowed World, some 
things, remain constant and 

5219
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:08,200
reliable. 
You mark times passage through 

5220
05:01:08,200 --> 05:01:11,800
various methods, not just on a 
stick record each week. 

5221
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:16,400
Survived you track Saints. 
Feast days celebrating minor 

5222
05:01:16,400 --> 05:01:18,700
holidays that break Winters 
monotony. 

5223
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:23,600
Son, Blaze day in early February
brings a brief church service 

5224
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:27,300
and blessed candles. 
Candlemas in February marks 

5225
05:01:27,300 --> 05:01:30,600
Winters theoretical midpoint 
though, your skeptical that 

5226
05:01:30,600 --> 05:01:34,000
you're really halfway through? 
Still the occasion. 

5227
05:01:34,000 --> 05:01:37,900
Provides reason for a small 
celebration, lent arrives in 

5228
05:01:37,900 --> 05:01:41,100
late winter and its demands feel
almost redundant. 

5229
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:45,600
You're already fasting and 
voluntarily the food simply 

5230
05:01:45,600 --> 05:01:48,900
isn't sufficient but you take on
additional small penances. 

5231
05:01:48,900 --> 05:01:52,300
Anyway, giving up the occasional
luxuries, you still have access 

5232
05:01:52,300 --> 05:01:56,400
to Your spouse abandoned the 
weak bear for water during Lent.

5233
05:01:56,400 --> 05:02:00,600
You forgo honey entirely though.
You barely have any honey left? 

5234
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:03,700
Anyway. 
The sacrifice is a tiny. 

5235
05:02:03,700 --> 05:02:07,100
But intentional offering up 
Winter's suffering as spiritual 

5236
05:02:07,100 --> 05:02:09,700
practice. 
The Easter promise. 

5237
05:02:09,700 --> 05:02:14,000
Keeps you going, you know, that 
Easter comes in Spring that the 

5238
05:02:14,000 --> 05:02:17,300
liturgical calendar marked his 
toward resurrection and renewal 

5239
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:20,900
just as the natural calendar 
marked his toward warmth and 

5240
05:02:20,900 --> 05:02:24,000
growth. 
Easter represents transformation

5241
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:28,600
death giving way to life, 
Darkness to light and winter to 

5242
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:31,500
Spring. 
The theological meaning, and the

5243
05:02:31,508 --> 05:02:35,100
agricultural meaning aligned 
perfectly you're waiting for 

5244
05:02:35,100 --> 05:02:38,100
Resurrection. 
In every sense, Prayer helps 

5245
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:42,400
manage fear, when the wind howls
particularly viciously. 

5246
05:02:42,400 --> 05:02:47,300
You pray, when food stores. 
Look dangerously low, you pray, 

5247
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:49,800
when a child coughs in the 
night. 

5248
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:53,700
You pray prayer, does not 
eliminate the dangers, but it 

5249
05:02:53,708 --> 05:02:56,600
provides a sense of doing 
something when physical action 

5250
05:02:56,600 --> 05:03:00,800
is insufficient, Your placing 
your fears and God's hands 

5251
05:03:00,800 --> 05:03:03,800
asking for protection. 
You can't provide yourself. 

5252
05:03:05,000 --> 05:03:08,200
You've also noticed that Faith 
provides Community even when 

5253
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:11,300
physical Community is limited 
Mass. 

5254
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:14,600
You stand alongside neighbors, 
who faced identical challenges. 

5255
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:18,000
You're all cold hungry and 
scared. 

5256
05:03:18,000 --> 05:03:22,500
You're all praying for survival,
for spring for deliverance. 

5257
05:03:23,300 --> 05:03:25,900
This shared vulnerability 
creates bonds. 

5258
05:03:25,900 --> 05:03:28,700
You're not alone in your 
struggle because everyone is 

5259
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:31,600
struggling together. 
And God, theoretically cares 

5260
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:36,500
about all of you equally The 
priests sermons address Winters 

5261
05:03:36,500 --> 05:03:40,400
challenges directly. 
He preaches about job's patience

5262
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:43,900
about the Israelites, 40 years 
in the wilderness, and about 

5263
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:48,200
Christ, 40 days of fasting. 
The biblical stories become 

5264
05:03:48,200 --> 05:03:52,900
mirrors for your own experience.
If job could endure catastrophic

5265
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:54,500
loss and still. 
Praise God. 

5266
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:58,100
Surely, you can endure cold and 
hunger if the Israelites could 

5267
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:01,500
wander for 40 years, surely you 
can manage four months. 

5268
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:04,100
Your faith is practical and 
immediate. 

5269
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:06,900
You're not particularly 
interested in abstract, 

5270
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:10,900
theology, or doctrinal fine 
points, you want prayers that 

5271
05:04:10,900 --> 05:04:14,900
work, rituals that comfort and 
beliefs that help you survive. 

5272
05:04:15,900 --> 05:04:19,100
The church provides these things
and in exchange you provide 

5273
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:23,300
labor ties, when you can afford 
them and genuine devotion. 

5274
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:27,400
It's a transaction but it's also
an authentic relationship. 

5275
05:04:29,000 --> 05:04:32,700
By late-winter your faith feels 
tested, but intact. 

5276
05:04:33,700 --> 05:04:37,400
God hasn't eliminated, Winter's 
hardships but God has helped you

5277
05:04:37,400 --> 05:04:42,700
in the spring will come, you 
believe this absolutely based 

5278
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:44,500
both on faith in Divine 
Providence. 

5279
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:48,300
And on the empirical observation
that spring always has come 

5280
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:51,300
before Your belief and your 
experience. 

5281
05:04:51,300 --> 05:04:55,700
Align, creating a sturdy 
foundation for hope that carries

5282
05:04:55,700 --> 05:04:59,400
you through the darkest weeks. 
You and your neighbor Thomas, 

5283
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:03,400
share a plow this Arrangement 
negotiated years ago works 

5284
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:05,700
because neither family can 
afford a plow individually. 

5285
05:05:06,500 --> 05:05:08,500
But together, the cost becomes 
manageable. 

5286
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:13,200
In winter this partnership 
manifests differently, you share

5287
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:16,000
information about which families
have Surplus grain to trade. 

5288
05:05:16,000 --> 05:05:19,500
He needs help repairing their 
Cottage and whose too sick to 

5289
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:22,200
manage alone. 
The economics of mutual survival

5290
05:05:22,200 --> 05:05:25,800
operate year-round, but winter 
makes them essential rather than

5291
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:28,900
convenient. 
When the Millers roof partially 

5292
05:05:28,900 --> 05:05:32,800
collapses under heavy snow, 8 
family is contribute labor to 

5293
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:35,100
repair it. 
This isn't charity. 

5294
05:05:35,100 --> 05:05:39,200
It's enlightened self-interest. 
You all need the mill. 

5295
05:05:39,200 --> 05:05:42,700
Functional comes spring. 
If the Millicent grind grain, 

5296
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,900
because his building is damaged,
everyone suffers. 

5297
05:05:46,700 --> 05:05:50,600
So you spend a day hauling 
Timbers and packing that knowing

5298
05:05:50,600 --> 05:05:53,200
the Miller will remember who 
helped and who did not when the 

5299
05:05:53,208 --> 05:05:57,400
grinding queue forms in April. 
food sharing happens, quietly 

5300
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:01,200
and unofficially, you have extra
turnips, but a short on grain 

5301
05:06:01,200 --> 05:06:05,700
Margaret has grain but needs 
turnips, you trade calling, it 

5302
05:06:05,700 --> 05:06:08,800
neighborly help rather than 
Commerce avoiding, the man is 

5303
05:06:08,808 --> 05:06:13,100
rules about unauthorized trade 
Everyone engages in these small 

5304
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:15,900
exchanges because everyone has 
different surpluses and 

5305
05:06:15,900 --> 05:06:19,200
shortages. 
The informal economy of barter 

5306
05:06:19,200 --> 05:06:21,500
Keeps The Village functioning 
when official markets are 

5307
05:06:21,500 --> 05:06:25,600
frozen, shut, Child Care is 
communal by necessity. 

5308
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:29,000
When you're sick, your neighbor 
watches your children. 

5309
05:06:29,800 --> 05:06:32,500
When she needs to haul water, 
you watch hers. 

5310
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,400
The children learn from multiple
adults, absorb different 

5311
05:06:36,400 --> 05:06:40,100
teaching styles and hear various
versions of the same stories. 

5312
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:44,200
This distributed care means, no 
single family Bears. 

5313
05:06:44,200 --> 05:06:47,400
All the burden of raising their 
young and it creates a Village 

5314
05:06:47,400 --> 05:06:49,100
Wide investment in All 
Children's. 

5315
05:06:49,100 --> 05:06:52,100
Welfare. 
Tool sharing, extends beyond the

5316
05:06:52,100 --> 05:06:55,700
plow, you borrow Thomas's better
axe when you need to split 

5317
05:06:55,700 --> 05:06:58,800
particularly tough, would he 
borrows your grain grinder? 

5318
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:01,200
When his breaks your spouse 
loans? 

5319
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:04,600
The leather working tools. 
He rarely uses the neighbor's 

5320
05:07:04,600 --> 05:07:07,300
wife shares her best cooking pot
for preparing feasts. 

5321
05:07:07,300 --> 05:07:11,100
These tools circulate through 
the village each family using 

5322
05:07:11,100 --> 05:07:12,400
what they need when they need 
it. 

5323
05:07:12,400 --> 05:07:15,600
Trusting, the others will 
reciprocate when roles reverse. 

5324
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:19,600
The cooperation isn't always 
warm or friendly, it's often 

5325
05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:22,700
grudging transactional and 
limited by Mutual suspicion. 

5326
05:07:23,600 --> 05:07:26,400
You helped Thomas because 
refusing would Mark you as 

5327
05:07:26,400 --> 05:07:30,300
unreliable and reliability 
matters when survival depends on

5328
05:07:30,308 --> 05:07:33,000
community, Goodwill. 
He helps you for the same 

5329
05:07:33,000 --> 05:07:37,200
reason, you're not necessarily 
friends, but your partners in 

5330
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:40,300
survival and that partnership 
requires certain behaviors, 

5331
05:07:40,300 --> 05:07:44,400
regardless of personal feelings,
The Village maintains common 

5332
05:07:44,400 --> 05:07:46,600
resources that require 
Collective labor. 

5333
05:07:46,600 --> 05:07:49,400
The well needs periodic, 
cleaning and repair. 

5334
05:07:49,400 --> 05:07:52,200
The roads need clearing after 
heavy snow. 

5335
05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:54,400
The church building needs 
maintenance. 

5336
05:07:54,400 --> 05:07:58,400
No single family, could manage 
these tasks alone but 

5337
05:07:58,400 --> 05:08:02,700
distributed across all families.
The work becomes manageable. you

5338
05:08:02,708 --> 05:08:05,800
can contribute your share 
sometimes, more than your share,

5339
05:08:05,800 --> 05:08:08,800
if you're seeking Community 
Goodwill, nevertheless than your

5340
05:08:08,800 --> 05:08:13,000
share, if you want to maintain 
your standing, Information 

5341
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:15,300
sharing is another form of 
cooperation. 

5342
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:19,100
And someone learns that the 
nearby Market town, has grained 

5343
05:08:19,100 --> 05:08:22,100
for sale. 
They share this news when 

5344
05:08:22,100 --> 05:08:25,500
unusual weather approaches 
observations, get passed from 

5345
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:28,700
household to household. 
When the priest announces a 

5346
05:08:28,700 --> 05:08:32,500
special service or the Lord 
issues a new demand the 

5347
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:35,900
information spreads through 
informal networks, you all 

5348
05:08:35,900 --> 05:08:41,000
survived better when you're all 
informed. the funny thing is how

5349
05:08:41,000 --> 05:08:45,100
cooperation coexist with 
competition and resentment, you 

5350
05:08:45,100 --> 05:08:47,700
help your neighbors. 
But you also notice when they 

5351
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:50,900
seem to have more food than you 
do, You cooperate with the 

5352
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:53,800
manners demands, while privately
resenting, the portion of your 

5353
05:08:53,808 --> 05:08:57,600
labor and produce, that goes to 
support people who contribute 

5354
05:08:57,600 --> 05:09:01,000
less physical work than you do. 
Medieval life contains 

5355
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:03,900
contradictions, genuine Mutual 
Aid. 

5356
05:09:03,900 --> 05:09:07,000
Alongside. 
Genuine inequality, cooperation,

5357
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:10,800
necessitated by circumstances, 
everyone wishes were different 

5358
05:09:11,800 --> 05:09:15,000
Some cooperation is formalized 
through institutions. 

5359
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:18,400
The Village has a common oven 
where bread gets baked baked 

5360
05:09:18,408 --> 05:09:20,800
with families. 
Taking turns, maintaining the 

5361
05:09:20,800 --> 05:09:22,900
fire and paying small fees for 
its use. 

5362
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,900
This shared resource means no, 
family must build and maintain 

5363
05:09:26,900 --> 05:09:30,400
their own oven, but all means 
negotiating schedule and 

5364
05:09:30,400 --> 05:09:33,100
occasionally dealing with 
someone who uses more than their

5365
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,300
fair share of other time. 
You've also noticed that 

5366
05:09:36,300 --> 05:09:39,000
cooperation has limits each 
family. 

5367
05:09:39,000 --> 05:09:41,300
Ultimately prioritizes their own
Survival. 

5368
05:09:41,300 --> 05:09:44,700
If sharing your last food means 
your children starve. 

5369
05:09:44,700 --> 05:09:46,200
So that your neighbor's children
can eat. 

5370
05:09:46,200 --> 05:09:50,700
You don't share the community 
Spirit extends up to the point 

5371
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:53,900
where it threatens your 
immediate families existence but

5372
05:09:53,900 --> 05:09:56,200
not Beyond. 
This isn't cruelty. 

5373
05:09:56,200 --> 05:10:00,600
It's the logic of survival in a 
world where resources truly are 

5374
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:04,900
insufficient for everyone to 
thrive simultaneously. religious

5375
05:10:04,900 --> 05:10:07,700
institutions, encourage 
cooperation, through moral 

5376
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:12,200
teaching, the priest preaches 
about charity, about treating 

5377
05:10:12,200 --> 05:10:15,700
others, as you would want to be 
treated about rich, men and 

5378
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:19,700
heaven, and needles eyes, these 
messages have impact, but 

5379
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:24,200
limited impact You give to the 
church when you can and you help

5380
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:26,200
truly desperate Neighbors when 
possible. 

5381
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:29,000
But you also hoard your 
resources against your own 

5382
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:31,900
future. 
Need virtue is constrained by 

5383
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:35,900
survival imperatives. 
The Mana system itself is a form

5384
05:10:35,900 --> 05:10:39,600
of coerced, cooperation, you 
provide labor, and portions of 

5385
05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:42,300
harvest to the Lord. 
And in exchange, he 

5386
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:45,200
theoretically provides 
protection, Justice and 

5387
05:10:45,200 --> 05:10:49,100
stability. 
Whether this exchange is fair is

5388
05:10:49,100 --> 05:10:53,600
debatable but it's the system 
you're born into, you cooperate,

5389
05:10:53,600 --> 05:10:56,600
with its demands because 
resistance is dangerous and 

5390
05:10:56,600 --> 05:10:59,500
futile. 
The cooperation is structural 

5391
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:02,900
rather than voluntary, but it 
still shapes Village Life. 

5392
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:05,700
Women have their own cooperation
networks. 

5393
05:11:05,700 --> 05:11:09,000
Separate from men your wife 
shares, Child, Care advice, 

5394
05:11:09,000 --> 05:11:12,700
Herbal Remedies and emotional 
support with other women. 

5395
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:16,900
These relationships matter 
enormously, when you're pregnant

5396
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:20,200
frightened or dealing with 
problems, you can't share with 

5397
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:22,000
men. 
You turn to other women who 

5398
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:25,400
understand through shared 
experience The female 

5399
05:11:25,400 --> 05:11:28,800
cooperation Network operates, 
somewhat invisibly, but is 

5400
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:32,700
crucial for survival. the 
children form their own 

5401
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:37,200
cooperation structures, even in 
Winter's isolation, they create 

5402
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:42,000
games share the limited toys 
that exist, and develop complex,

5403
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:46,000
social hierarchies, that mirror 
adults Society, they're learning

5404
05:11:46,008 --> 05:11:49,300
cooperation, early 
internalizing, the lesson that 

5405
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:53,300
survival requires Alliance, that
individuals can't Thrive alone 

5406
05:11:53,300 --> 05:11:56,500
and the community membership 
requires both giving and 

5407
05:11:56,500 --> 05:12:01,400
receiving By late winter, you 
can identify, which cooperation 

5408
05:12:01,400 --> 05:12:03,900
relationships are strong and 
which are strained. 

5409
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:07,400
You know, who you can count on 
in a crisis and who will make it

5410
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:11,100
excuses, you know, who remembers
debts and who conveniently 

5411
05:12:11,100 --> 05:12:15,300
forgets these assessments matter
because spring will bring you 

5412
05:12:15,300 --> 05:12:18,900
needs for cooperation. 
Planting requires, shared 

5413
05:12:18,900 --> 05:12:22,900
laboring requires shared 
knowledge, and the whole cycle 

5414
05:12:22,900 --> 05:12:26,600
of mutual dependence will 
intensify as work demands, 

5415
05:12:26,600 --> 05:12:30,600
increase. 
Cooperation isn't beautiful or 

5416
05:12:30,600 --> 05:12:33,400
Noble. 
It's pragmatic and sometimes 

5417
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:37,500
resentful, but it works. 
The Village survives, because 

5418
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:40,700
people help each other, just 
enough share, just enough and 

5419
05:12:40,700 --> 05:12:43,700
cooperate, just enough to make 
Collective survival possible. 

5420
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:47,700
You're not doing it out of pure 
altruism, but the outcome helps 

5421
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:52,100
everyone nonetheless. 
The first real sign appears in 

5422
05:12:52,100 --> 05:12:56,600
early March the day when the sun
shows actual warmth rather than 

5423
05:12:56,600 --> 05:13:01,600
pale Cold Light you stand in. 
It greatly face turned upward 

5424
05:13:01,600 --> 05:13:06,500
and feel heat penetrating your 
layers of clothing Subtle this 

5425
05:13:06,500 --> 05:13:09,300
warmth. 
Not enough to shed your cloak. 

5426
05:13:10,000 --> 05:13:13,100
But it's different from the 
winter, Sunset and Shining. 

5427
05:13:14,000 --> 05:13:18,100
This son carries conviction. you
notice water dripping from the 

5428
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:22,000
thatch roof and snow melting 
into mud, and you allow yourself

5429
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:26,200
to believe that winter is 
genuinely loosening its grip The

5430
05:13:26,200 --> 05:13:28,400
birds return before you quite 
register. 

5431
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:32,500
Their absence One morning, you 
wake to unfamiliar sound 

5432
05:13:32,500 --> 05:13:37,200
chirping singing and the complex
vocalizations of creatures that 

5433
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:39,000
fled South and are now 
returning. 

5434
05:13:39,800 --> 05:13:43,400
The noise seems almost excessive
after Winter's quiet, but it's 

5435
05:13:43,400 --> 05:13:46,100
the most welcoming access you've
ever experienced. 

5436
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:50,300
Birds mean, insects which mean 
warmer weather, which means the 

5437
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:54,400
whole ecosystem is reactivating.
You're not alone in this Frozen 

5438
05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:57,800
world anymore. 
The first green shoots appear in

5439
05:13:57,800 --> 05:14:01,700
late March, tiny points of color
emerging from the brown Earth. 

5440
05:14:02,400 --> 05:14:06,100
You examine them with something 
close to reverence, grasping, to

5441
05:14:06,100 --> 05:14:09,800
grow the earliest wild herbs, 
pushing through the thorong 

5442
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:12,600
ground. 
Your cow best. 

5443
05:14:12,600 --> 05:14:16,800
Seems to sense the change. 
She loves differently less 

5444
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:20,200
mournfully as if she too knows 
that green food is coming. 

5445
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:23,400
The chickens emerge from their 
Coop, more readily. 

5446
05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:26,400
Scratching at the slowly 
softening Earth. 

5447
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:30,000
You inventory the food stores 
with mixed feelings? 

5448
05:14:31,000 --> 05:14:35,400
The grain is nearly exhausted. 
That two weeks worth Remains, 

5449
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:40,100
the apples are gone entirely the
last weeks ago, the turnips of 

5450
05:14:40,108 --> 05:14:43,100
dwindled to a handful. 
Many showing rocked despite 

5451
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:47,300
careful storage. 
You've survived, but barely. 

5452
05:14:48,200 --> 05:14:51,300
If spring were delayed by even a
month, you'd be in genuine 

5453
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:54,100
crisis. 
The timing has worked as it 

5454
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:56,600
usually does. 
But the margin feels 

5455
05:14:56,600 --> 05:15:00,500
terrifyingly thin, the work 
changes as spring approaches 

5456
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:04,300
instead of pure survival 
maintenance, your beginning to 

5457
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:05,800
prepare for the new growing 
season. 

5458
05:15:06,700 --> 05:15:10,300
Tools need sharpening for 
planting seeds, must be sorted 

5459
05:15:10,300 --> 05:15:14,700
and organized. 
Fields Frozen and dormant for 

5460
05:15:14,700 --> 05:15:17,800
months, need to be assessed for 
drainage and fertility. 

5461
05:15:18,700 --> 05:15:22,000
The transitioning from endurance
to action from waiting to 

5462
05:15:22,000 --> 05:15:25,200
working towards something 
productive, the social World 

5463
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:28,900
reopens gradually neighbors 
emerged from their Cottages, 

5464
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:32,600
more frequently visiting to 
share news and assess who 

5465
05:15:32,600 --> 05:15:36,800
survived winter intact, You 
learn that two Village, Elders 

5466
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:40,800
died. 
Neither unexpectedly both simply

5467
05:15:40,800 --> 05:15:43,200
worn down by the accumulated 
stress of one. 

5468
05:15:43,200 --> 05:15:46,700
Winter to many. 
Three babies were born, which 

5469
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:48,800
feels miraculous, give him 
Winter's harshness. 

5470
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:50,600
The Village has changed 
slightly. 

5471
05:15:50,600 --> 05:15:54,600
Its composition shifted by death
and birth, and the random 

5472
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:59,100
variation of Human Experience. 
The paths between Cottages 

5473
05:15:59,100 --> 05:16:03,200
reappear a snow melts and mud 
dries, you can visit without 

5474
05:16:03,200 --> 05:16:06,500
struggling through snow drifts 
the walk to church becomes 

5475
05:16:06,500 --> 05:16:10,000
almost Pleasant on mild days. 
The world is expanding. 

5476
05:16:10,000 --> 05:16:13,800
Again, your universe is no 
longer contracted to the cottage

5477
05:16:13,800 --> 05:16:18,700
and immediate surrounding The 
expansion feels psychological as

5478
05:16:18,700 --> 05:16:22,200
much as physical. 
Possibilities re-emerging. 

5479
05:16:22,200 --> 05:16:25,800
Life resuming complexity and 
variety. 

5480
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:31,000
You notice changes in your self 
and your family, everyone is 

5481
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:33,900
thin more so than you realize 
while it was happening. 

5482
05:16:33,900 --> 05:16:36,400
Gradually Your children have 
grown. 

5483
05:16:36,400 --> 05:16:39,800
Despite insufficient nutrition 
though, not as much as they 

5484
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:43,300
should have. 
Your spouse looks older, the 

5485
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:45,900
winter, having etched new lines 
around eyes and mouth. 

5486
05:16:46,800 --> 05:16:49,600
You probably look. 
Similarly aged though, you have 

5487
05:16:49,600 --> 05:16:54,500
no mirror to confirm winter 
leaves marks Easter arrives in 

5488
05:16:54,500 --> 05:16:58,600
early April and the celebration 
feels genuinely joyful rather 

5489
05:16:58,600 --> 05:17:01,200
than merely obligatory. 
Christ. 

5490
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:04,800
Resurrection, parallels Nature's
resurrection and both seem 

5491
05:17:04,800 --> 05:17:07,400
miraculous after Winter's death 
like suspension. 

5492
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:11,000
You attend the special mass, 
which is longer and more 

5493
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:13,000
elaborate than usual, Sunday, 
Services. 

5494
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:17,400
You receive communion with 
profound gratitude, you've 

5495
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:20,300
survived to see another Easter 
which is never guaranteed. 

5496
05:17:21,400 --> 05:17:25,000
The Easter feast though, modest 
by prosperous standards feels 

5497
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:27,300
extravagant after Winter's 
deprivation. 

5498
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:30,500
This fresh bread made with the 
last precious wheat. 

5499
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:34,600
There's roasted meat contributed
collectively by several 

5500
05:17:34,600 --> 05:17:37,100
families, who slaughtered 
animals for the occasion. 

5501
05:17:37,100 --> 05:17:41,600
There are the first spring 
greens tender slightly bitter. 

5502
05:17:41,600 --> 05:17:45,100
And utterly delicious after 
months of turnips and grain. 

5503
05:17:45,100 --> 05:17:50,700
You eat slowly savoring, every 
bite eating past fullness for 

5504
05:17:50,700 --> 05:17:55,800
the first time in months. 
The funny thing about Springs 

5505
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:58,600
arrival is how quickly winter 
begins to seem unreal. 

5506
05:17:58,600 --> 05:18:02,200
Was it really that cold that 
hungry that difficult? 

5507
05:18:03,100 --> 05:18:06,800
The memory start to blur, almost
immediately your mind perhaps 

5508
05:18:06,800 --> 05:18:09,000
protecting itself from dwelling 
on hardship. 

5509
05:18:09,000 --> 05:18:14,000
Now, that hardship has ease You 
know, intellectually that winter

5510
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:17,400
was brutal, but the emotional 
memory begins fading. 

5511
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:21,400
As soon as the present improves,
the first planting happened in 

5512
05:18:21,400 --> 05:18:25,000
mid-april and despite your 
exhaustion you feel excited. 

5513
05:18:26,200 --> 05:18:30,200
Seeds going into the warming 
Earth represent, hope investment

5514
05:18:30,200 --> 05:18:32,800
in future. 
Abundance and the beginning of 

5515
05:18:32,800 --> 05:18:36,200
the cycle that will hopefully 
prevent next winter from being 

5516
05:18:36,200 --> 05:18:40,300
quite as desperate. 
You drop seeds into furrows, 

5517
05:18:40,300 --> 05:18:44,800
cover them with soil and pray 
for their growth. with the same 

5518
05:18:44,808 --> 05:18:49,200
further you prayed for survival 
weeks earlier, Best goes to 

5519
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:52,000
Pastor in late April and 
watching her graze on Fresh 

5520
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:54,800
grass, is nearly as satisfying 
as eating yourself. 

5521
05:18:55,900 --> 05:18:59,900
She moves slowly at first 
weakened by winter but she's 

5522
05:18:59,900 --> 05:19:03,100
eating living food again and you
can see relief in her large 

5523
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:07,400
eyes, the chickens resumed 
laying sporadically, one egg 

5524
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:11,300
here, two eggs there gradually 
increasing as their nutrition 

5525
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:14,400
improves. 
These eggs taste impossibly, 

5526
05:19:14,400 --> 05:19:16,600
rich and good after Winter's 
deprivation. 

5527
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:20,900
You begin the work of restoring 
the cottage, which suffered 

5528
05:19:20,900 --> 05:19:24,600
through winter, despite your 
best efforts, the door needs 

5529
05:19:24,600 --> 05:19:28,600
replacing in multiple places. 
The thatch has gaps. 

5530
05:19:28,600 --> 05:19:31,700
That must be filled before next 
winter, the whole structure 

5531
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:35,300
needs attention. 
But now you have time daylight 

5532
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:38,200
and slightly better energy to 
address these needs. 

5533
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:42,800
The work is still hard but it's 
hopeful hard building toward 

5534
05:19:42,800 --> 05:19:45,600
Improvement rather than merely 
preventing collapse. 

5535
05:19:46,300 --> 05:19:48,900
The Village gradually. 
Resumed its Fuller rhythms 

5536
05:19:48,900 --> 05:19:53,800
markets reopen as Merchants 
resume of traveling. 

5537
05:19:54,800 --> 05:19:56,900
News arrives from The Wider 
world. 

5538
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:00,700
Stories of what happened during 
winter in places you've never 

5539
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:04,000
seen. 
Workers arrived seeking Harvest 

5540
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:07,700
employment later in the year. 
The population of faces, you see

5541
05:20:07,708 --> 05:20:10,600
regularly expands and the 
expansion itself. 

5542
05:20:10,600 --> 05:20:13,000
Brings Joy. 
You'd forgotten how much you 

5543
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:14,100
need. 
Variety and Novelty. 

5544
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:20,000
By early May winter feels 
definitively over the mornings. 

5545
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:22,700
Are warm enough that the fire 
can be allowed to die out during

5546
05:20:22,700 --> 05:20:25,500
the day. 
You open shutters and doors to 

5547
05:20:25,500 --> 05:20:29,200
let fresh air circulate through 
the cottage expelling, Winter's 

5548
05:20:29,200 --> 05:20:32,400
accumulated, staleness. 
Children, play outside 

5549
05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:36,400
extensively, burning off energy,
that had no where to go during 

5550
05:20:36,400 --> 05:20:39,400
confinement. 
Life has resumed. 

5551
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,300
Not exactly where it left off in
October. 

5552
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:46,800
But in a new iteration of the 
Endless cycle, You reflect on 

5553
05:20:46,800 --> 05:20:49,700
what winter torch you though? 
You're not sure you wanted the 

5554
05:20:49,700 --> 05:20:52,500
lessons. 
You learned how little you truly

5555
05:20:52,500 --> 05:20:57,400
need to survive warmth basic 
food, shelter, and 

5556
05:20:57,400 --> 05:20:59,700
companionship, reduced to 
Essentials. 

5557
05:20:59,700 --> 05:21:02,900
You learned your own capacity 
for endurance for tolerating 

5558
05:21:02,900 --> 05:21:05,900
discomfort, that seemed 
intolerable you learned, which 

5559
05:21:05,900 --> 05:21:09,000
relationships are truly 
reliable, and which are merely 

5560
05:21:09,000 --> 05:21:12,800
convenient, you learned that 
life Narrows and expands in 

5561
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:15,500
predictable patterns and that 
both the narrowing and the 

5562
05:21:15,508 --> 05:21:19,000
expanding are survivable. 
The stores, you'll build this 

5563
05:21:19,000 --> 05:21:21,600
summer will be informed by last 
winter shortages. 

5564
05:21:21,600 --> 05:21:26,000
You'll try to harvest more for 
best store more grain and 

5565
05:21:26,000 --> 05:21:29,300
preserve more vegetables. 
Whether you'll succeed is 

5566
05:21:29,300 --> 05:21:33,800
uncertain, agriculture remains 
dependent on whether luck and 

5567
05:21:33,800 --> 05:21:37,600
factors beyond your control. 
But you'll try. 

5568
05:21:38,700 --> 05:21:42,100
Trying as what you do because 
the alternative is passively 

5569
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:45,700
accepting next Winter's hardship
rather than working to mitigate 

5570
05:21:45,700 --> 05:21:48,300
it. 
You look ahead to Summer with 

5571
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:50,500
anticipation and anxiety, mixed 
together. 

5572
05:21:51,300 --> 05:21:57,000
Summer means work hard 
sustained, crucial work to grow 

5573
05:21:57,000 --> 05:21:59,200
and preserve enough to survive 
another winter. 

5574
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:04,800
Cycle is eternal and exhausting.
But it's also the only life, you

5575
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:08,000
know, and it contains its own 
satisfactions. 

5576
05:22:08,000 --> 05:22:12,200
You've survived winter again, 
spring has returned as it always

5577
05:22:12,200 --> 05:22:14,700
does. 
The World Turns the seasons 

5578
05:22:14,700 --> 05:22:18,200
change and you continue in the 
ancient Rhythm that are 

5579
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:20,000
sustained your people for 
countless Generations. 

5580
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:25,900
The medieval winter is over. 
Your tired thin and marked by 

5581
05:22:25,900 --> 05:22:28,000
its passage. 
But you're alive. 

5582
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:31,800
Your family is alive and the 
green world is returning. 

5583
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:37,000
For now for this moment standing
in mace Sunshine with the whole 

5584
05:22:37,000 --> 05:22:39,400
growing season ahead, that's 
enough. 

5585
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:47,800
Picture. 
This, your standing on a wooden 

5586
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:50,600
dock somewhere along the 
Norwegian Coast around 9:58. 

5587
05:22:50,600 --> 05:22:53,900
Watching 30 AUD. 
Bearded men load supplies onto. 

5588
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:55,500
What? 
Looks like an oversized canoe 

5589
05:22:55,500 --> 05:22:58,900
with delusions of grandeur. 
This ship is your ride for the 

5590
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:02,000
next several months. 
The Viking longship that's about

5591
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:04,300
as comfortable as sleeping on a 
park bench during a 

5592
05:23:04,300 --> 05:23:06,500
thunderstorm. 
You'd probably expect something 

5593
05:23:06,500 --> 05:23:09,600
impressive, right? 
Perhaps you were expecting a 

5594
05:23:09,600 --> 05:23:12,200
Majestic vessel with towering 
masks and spacious quarters. 

5595
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:16,400
Well, surprise your new home 
measures roughly 75 feet long 

5596
05:23:16,400 --> 05:23:20,900
and maybe 15 feet wide at its 
broadest point that smaller than

5597
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:23,600
most modern two bedroom 
apartments, your sharing it with

5598
05:23:23,600 --> 05:23:25,900
30 other people who haven't 
discovered deodorant yet. 

5599
05:23:26,900 --> 05:23:29,300
The whole thing, it's so low. 
In the water that you could 

5600
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:31,700
practically drag your fingers in
the sea while. 

5601
05:23:31,700 --> 05:23:35,100
Sitting on the side, the ship 
itself is actually a Marvel of 

5602
05:23:35,100 --> 05:23:37,400
engineering, though. 
Your back going to appreciate 

5603
05:23:37,400 --> 05:23:37,800
that. 
Fact. 

5604
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:41,300
After the first week built from 
overlapping Oak planks held 

5605
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:44,800
together with Iron rivets, its 
designed to flex with the waves 

5606
05:23:44,800 --> 05:23:47,600
rather than fight them. 
Think of it as the medieval 

5607
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:50,600
equivalent of a yoga instructor 
incredibly flexible. 

5608
05:23:50,600 --> 05:23:53,800
But that doesn't mean you want 
to spend months pressed up 

5609
05:23:53,800 --> 05:23:56,300
against one. 
Your sleeping Arrangements would

5610
05:23:56,300 --> 05:23:59,300
make a college dorm room. 
Look luxurious, there are no 

5611
05:23:59,300 --> 05:24:02,800
beds, no hammocks. 
Just a thin layer of animal hide

5612
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:06,100
between you and the wooden deck.
Everyone sleeps, wherever they 

5613
05:24:06,100 --> 05:24:09,900
can obtain space, which usually 
means curled up next to the guy 

5614
05:24:09,900 --> 05:24:12,200
who has been eating nothing. 
But salted, fish onions for 

5615
05:24:12,200 --> 05:24:15,900
three weeks. 
The ship rocks constantly even 

5616
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:18,400
in calm weather. 
Creating a gentle swaying 

5617
05:24:18,400 --> 05:24:20,400
motion. 
That sounds romantic Until you 

5618
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:24,600
realize it never ever stops. 
These long ships are both very 

5619
05:24:24,600 --> 05:24:27,700
strong and very fragile, which 
is their most interesting 

5620
05:24:27,700 --> 05:24:30,000
feature. 
They are capable of maneuvering 

5621
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:34,200
through enormous wave and rough.
Seas effortlessly gliding across

5622
05:24:34,200 --> 05:24:37,100
the water. 
However, a misstep on a loose 

5623
05:24:37,100 --> 05:24:40,100
Plank and quickly lead to an 
unexpected immersion in the 

5624
05:24:40,108 --> 05:24:43,100
North Atlantic. 
The Vikings built these ships to

5625
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:46,400
be fast and maneuverable not 
comfortable which becomes 

5626
05:24:46,400 --> 05:24:48,500
painfully obvious. 
The moment you try to find a 

5627
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:51,100
spot to sit that doesn't involve
someone's elbow in your ribs. 

5628
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:56,200
Storage spaces at such a premium
that every inch matters. your 

5629
05:24:56,200 --> 05:24:58,900
personal belongings, assuming 
you have any be on the clothes, 

5630
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,000
on your back, get stuffed into 
whatever, tiny Gap, you can 

5631
05:25:02,008 --> 05:25:05,400
discover, Most of your fellow 
passengers have brought along 

5632
05:25:05,400 --> 05:25:08,800
weapons tools and trading Goods.
All of which take precedence 

5633
05:25:08,800 --> 05:25:12,300
over luxury items like extra 
clothing or anything resembling 

5634
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:15,300
comfort. 
The ship's aligned with shields,

5635
05:25:15,300 --> 05:25:17,800
when you're not rowing, which 
serves the dual purpose of 

5636
05:25:17,800 --> 05:25:20,600
protection and decoration. 
It looks impressive from a 

5637
05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:22,900
distance like a floating rainbow
of War gear. 

5638
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:25,500
Up close. 
However you realize these 

5639
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:29,100
shields or double as dinner 
tables, cutting boards and make 

5640
05:25:29,100 --> 05:25:32,300
shift pillows medieval 
multi-tasking at its finest. 

5641
05:25:33,500 --> 05:25:36,800
What strikes you most about life
aboard is how exposed Everything

5642
05:25:36,800 --> 05:25:40,000
feels. 
There's no privacy No Escape 

5643
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:43,600
From the elements and absolutely
no way to hide when that person 

5644
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:46,200
who brought the fermented shark,
starts opening his lunch. 

5645
05:25:47,100 --> 05:25:51,000
The ocean stretches endlessly in
every direction and your tiny 

5646
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:53,300
wooden World. 
Feels both insignificant and 

5647
05:25:53,300 --> 05:25:57,700
miraculous floating on all that 
vastness The crew moves around 

5648
05:25:57,700 --> 05:26:01,000
the ship with practiced ease 
stepping over sleeping bodies 

5649
05:26:01,000 --> 05:26:04,200
and ducking under ropes with the
grace of dancers who perfected 

5650
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:06,000
their routine through sheer 
necessity. 

5651
05:26:06,900 --> 05:26:10,300
You meanwhile spend most of your
time, trying not to trip over 

5652
05:26:10,300 --> 05:26:14,500
the various bits of rope sale 
and Humanity scattered across 

5653
05:26:14,500 --> 05:26:18,000
every available surface. 
As you settle in for your first 

5654
05:26:18,000 --> 05:26:21,400
night aboard, listening to The 
Creeks of wood and the slap of 

5655
05:26:21,400 --> 05:26:24,400
waves against the hull. 
You begin to understand that 

5656
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:27,500
this journey will test every 
assumption you've ever had about

5657
05:26:27,500 --> 05:26:30,300
Comfort privacy and personal 
space. 

5658
05:26:31,300 --> 05:26:34,400
Welcome to Viking travel where 
the journey truly is the 

5659
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:37,500
destination mainly because 
you'll spend so much time 

5660
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:40,700
getting their morning aboard of 
Viking longship arrives where 

5661
05:26:40,700 --> 05:26:43,200
the already or not. 
Usually announced by someone 

5662
05:26:43,200 --> 05:26:45,600
stepping on your leg while 
heading to the side of the boat 

5663
05:26:45,600 --> 05:26:49,400
for their morning 
constitutional. privacy, as you 

5664
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:53,200
quickly, discover is a concept 
as foreign of Vikings as indoor 

5665
05:26:53,200 --> 05:26:57,600
plumbing, which is to say, 
completely non-existent Your 

5666
05:26:57,600 --> 05:27:00,500
daily routine begins with the 
delightful realization, that 

5667
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:04,200
everything you own is damp. 
The North Sea has a way of 

5668
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:06,600
making itself known through 
every Gap in the ship's 

5669
05:27:06,600 --> 05:27:09,800
construction and moisture 
becomes your constant component.

5670
05:27:10,700 --> 05:27:14,500
Your clothes feel perpetually 
clammy, your bedding, squelches 

5671
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:17,600
when you move, and even your 
thoughts seem to develop a thin 

5672
05:27:17,600 --> 05:27:20,000
layer of condensation. 
Breakfast. 

5673
05:27:20,000 --> 05:27:23,400
If you can call it, that 
consists of whatever dried 

5674
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:26,100
salted or pickled, Provisions. 
Haven't gone stale overnight. 

5675
05:27:27,200 --> 05:27:30,300
the Vikings were masters of food
preservation, mainly because 

5676
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:33,600
they had to be Fresh food, 
deteriorates rapidly, in an 

5677
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:36,300
environment dominated by 
saltwater and there are no 

5678
05:27:36,300 --> 05:27:39,600
convenient options for dining 
such as a medieval fast food 

5679
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:42,100
establishment. 
You'll become intimately 

5680
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:45,000
acquainted with hardtack a 
biscuit, so tough. 

5681
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:48,600
It could probably stop an arrow 
in battle and frequently serves 

5682
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:51,200
double duty as both food and 
construction material for, 

5683
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:54,700
emergency ship repairs. 
The ship's fresh water supply 

5684
05:27:54,700 --> 05:27:58,000
lives in wooden barrels that 
take up precious space but 

5685
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:00,700
represent the different between 
life and a very uncomfortable 

5686
05:28:00,700 --> 05:28:03,200
death. 
Water is rationed care for 

5687
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,100
carefully and you learn to 
appreciate every slightly stale 

5688
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:09,800
wooden flavored sip. 
Beer also, makes an appearance 

5689
05:28:09,800 --> 05:28:12,800
in these barrels, not because 
the Vikings were party animals, 

5690
05:28:12,800 --> 05:28:16,000
but because fermented beverages 
stayed safe to drink longer than

5691
05:28:16,000 --> 05:28:19,300
plain water. 
Alcohols miraculous ability to 

5692
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:21,800
ensure food safety. 
During the medieval area is 

5693
05:28:21,800 --> 05:28:25,100
truly remarkable. 
Personal hygiene becomes an 

5694
05:28:25,108 --> 05:28:27,300
exercise in creativity and 
compromise. 

5695
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:30,900
You might get to wash your face 
and hands with seawater, which 

5696
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:33,100
leaves your skin feeling? 
Like you've been rubbing it with

5697
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:36,400
sandpaper but at least removes 
some of the accumulating Grime. 

5698
05:28:36,400 --> 05:28:38,500
Hair washing happens when it 
rains. 

5699
05:28:38,500 --> 05:28:40,800
Assuming you can position 
yourself to catch the runoff, 

5700
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:44,000
the remainder of the time, one 
can only hope that others share 

5701
05:28:44,000 --> 05:28:45,800
a similar level of odor as one 
self. 

5702
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,300
The toilet situation. 
Deserves special mention if only

5703
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:54,000
because it's so memorably awful.
The head consists of a bucket or

5704
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:56,700
a hole cut in a plank that hangs
over the side of the ship. 

5705
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,700
Using it requires timing, the 
waves correctly, maintaining 

5706
05:29:00,700 --> 05:29:03,800
your balance and praying that 
the wind doesn't shift Direction

5707
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:07,800
at an opportune moment. 
Privacy means hoping everyone 

5708
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:10,500
else is politely looking the 
other way, which they usually 

5709
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:13,200
are having been through this 
awkward dance themselves. 

5710
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,100
Clothing serves multiple 
purposes Beyond, basic modesty, 

5711
05:29:17,100 --> 05:29:21,400
your cloak doubles as a blanket.
Your boots work as pillows and 

5712
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:24,400
your belt holds everything from 
eating utensils to emergency 

5713
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:27,800
rope. 
Viking's dressed in layers, wool

5714
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:30,500
and linen primarily. 
Which sounds practical Until you

5715
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:32,700
realize that wet wool. 
Smells like a combination of 

5716
05:29:32,700 --> 05:29:35,000
wet, dog. 
And regret and takes forever to 

5717
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:39,400
dry in the perpetually human. 
Medical Care. 

5718
05:29:39,400 --> 05:29:41,900
Consists mainly of hoping 
nothing goes seriously wrong 

5719
05:29:41,900 --> 05:29:44,600
because your options are limited
to whatever Herbal Remedies 

5720
05:29:44,600 --> 05:29:47,800
someone thought to bring along 
plus the time on a tradition of 

5721
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:51,100
walking it off. 
Minor cuts are treated with 

5722
05:29:51,100 --> 05:29:52,700
whatever clean-ish cloth is 
available. 

5723
05:29:52,700 --> 05:29:56,200
While more serious injuries 
require creative problem-solving

5724
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:59,800
and a lot of optimism The ships 
Rhythm, dictates everything. 

5725
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:04,100
When the wind picks up, everyone
not actively sailing tries to 

5726
05:30:04,100 --> 05:30:07,300
stay out of the way of the crew 
managing the sale and steering 

5727
05:30:07,300 --> 05:30:10,000
when it dies down. 
You might discover yourself 

5728
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:12,600
grabbing an ore and contributing
to the collective effort of 

5729
05:30:12,608 --> 05:30:15,100
making the boat move forward, 
through sheer muscle power. 

5730
05:30:15,900 --> 05:30:18,100
There's no such thing as a 
passenger on a viking. 

5731
05:30:18,100 --> 05:30:19,900
Longship. 
Everyone can contribute 

5732
05:30:19,900 --> 05:30:23,100
something, even if it's just 
staying quiet while other people

5733
05:30:23,100 --> 05:30:25,900
work weather becomes your 
constant Obsession. 

5734
05:30:25,900 --> 05:30:29,600
You learn to read clouds. 
Like ancient scriptures watching

5735
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:31,600
for signs of storms. 
That could turn your already 

5736
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:34,000
uncomfortable journey into a 
genuinely life threatening 

5737
05:30:34,000 --> 05:30:37,500
situation. 
The ship handles rough Seas 

5738
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:41,700
remarkably well but remarkably. 
Well still means getting thrown 

5739
05:30:41,700 --> 05:30:44,200
around like laundry and washing 
machine while trying to keep 

5740
05:30:44,200 --> 05:30:47,200
your mega positions from 
disappearing overboard living, 

5741
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:50,100
in close quarters with 30, other
people, for months, at a time 

5742
05:30:50,100 --> 05:30:53,200
requires a delicate social 
balance, that would challenge 

5743
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:55,200
even the most experienced 
diplomat. 

5744
05:30:55,900 --> 05:30:59,500
Imagine your least favorite 
family reunion except it never 

5745
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:03,200
ends everyone's armed and 
there's nowhere to escape for a 

5746
05:31:03,200 --> 05:31:05,500
breather. 
The ship operates under a strict

5747
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:08,600
but unspoken hierarchy that 
keeps things from descending 

5748
05:31:08,600 --> 05:31:12,700
into complete chaos. 
The captain, usually, the ship's

5749
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:16,000
owner and the one who organized 
this particular Adventure sits 

5750
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,500
at the top of the food chain. 
His word is law mainly because 

5751
05:31:19,500 --> 05:31:22,200
he's the one who knows how to 
navigate and everyone else would

5752
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:25,800
prefer not to die, horribly at 
sea, but below him experienced 

5753
05:31:25,800 --> 05:31:28,300
Sailors and warriors. 
Command respect through 

5754
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:30,300
competence. 
And the occasional display of 

5755
05:31:30,300 --> 05:31:34,800
superior arm wrestling ability. 
Your social standing aboard ship

5756
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:38,300
depends on a complex, mix of 
factors, your fighting ability, 

5757
05:31:38,300 --> 05:31:40,500
your usefulness and sailing the 
ship. 

5758
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:43,200
How much you contributed to 
funding the Expedition. 

5759
05:31:43,200 --> 05:31:46,000
And whether you've managed to 
annoy everyone within the first 

5760
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:50,100
week, respect to get earned 
through actions, not birth. 

5761
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:53,200
though being related to someone 
important, certainly doesn't 

5762
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,700
hurt your cause Conflict 
resolution happens through a 

5763
05:31:56,700 --> 05:32:00,100
combination of peer pressure, 
practical necessity and the 

5764
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:02,000
ever-present threat of being 
thrown overboard. 

5765
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:05,200
Minor disputes. 
Gets settled through negotiation

5766
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:08,400
major ones through combat and 
really serious problems through 

5767
05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:10,200
the captain's. 
Absolute Authority. 

5768
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:14,500
Democracy has its place but not 
when you're trying to outrun a 

5769
05:32:14,500 --> 05:32:17,800
storm or navigate through 
unfamiliar Waters, The ship 

5770
05:32:17,800 --> 05:32:20,000
develops its own culture within 
days of departure. 

5771
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:24,000
Inside jokes emerge from shared 
misery, nicknames. 

5772
05:32:24,000 --> 05:32:26,500
Get assigned based on 
embarrassing incidents or 

5773
05:32:26,500 --> 05:32:28,800
distinctive habits and informal 
rules. 

5774
05:32:28,800 --> 05:32:32,500
Develop about everything from 
who gets to sleep where to how 

5775
05:32:32,500 --> 05:32:34,900
long someone can spend at the 
ship's limited washing 

5776
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:37,700
facilities. 
These Unwritten laws become as 

5777
05:32:37,700 --> 05:32:39,500
important as any formal code of 
conduct. 

5778
05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:43,600
Storytelling serves as both 
entertainment and social glue 

5779
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:47,000
during the long boring stretches
between exciting moments of 

5780
05:32:47,000 --> 05:32:49,200
Terror. 
The Vikings were Master 

5781
05:32:49,200 --> 05:32:52,600
storytellers and evening's often
featured elaborate Tales of 

5782
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:55,400
heroic Deeds. 
Mythical creatures and 

5783
05:32:55,400 --> 05:32:57,600
Adventures both real and 
imagined. 

5784
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,400
These stories serve multiple 
purposes, they passed time, 

5785
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,600
preserve cultural knowledge and 
provide a socially acceptable 

5786
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:07,600
way for people to brag about 
their accomplishments without 

5787
05:33:07,600 --> 05:33:12,100
seeming to obnoxious about it. 
Gambling provides another outlet

5788
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:14,600
for social interaction and 
tension, release. 

5789
05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:18,400
Dice games, contests of 
strength, and betting on 

5790
05:33:18,400 --> 05:33:20,800
everything from where the 
patterns to Wildlife, sightings 

5791
05:33:20,800 --> 05:33:24,900
help break up the monopolies. 
Vikings would bet on practically

5792
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:28,200
anything, partly for 
entertainment and partly because

5793
05:33:28,200 --> 05:33:31,300
small Stakes competition helps, 
establish social dynamics 

5794
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:33,400
without resorting to actual 
violence. 

5795
05:33:34,300 --> 05:33:36,900
Personal space becomes a 
negotiated commodity. 

5796
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:41,000
Your designated sleeping spot is
sacred territory but everything 

5797
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:44,300
else is open for communal. 
Use learning to respect others. 

5798
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:47,600
Few possessions while protecting
your own requires diplomatic 

5799
05:33:47,600 --> 05:33:50,600
skills, that would impress 
modern United Nations, 

5800
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,800
peacekeepers. 
The Golden Rule aboard ship is 

5801
05:33:53,800 --> 05:33:57,300
simple, don't mess with other 
people's stuff and they probably

5802
05:33:57,300 --> 05:34:00,400
won't mess with yours. 
Food sharing follows strict, 

5803
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:04,800
protocols based on contribution,
status and practical necessity. 

5804
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:07,600
Everyone eats from common stores
butt. 

5805
05:34:07,600 --> 05:34:09,200
Portion, sizes, and food 
quality. 

5806
05:34:09,200 --> 05:34:11,300
Reflect your position in the 
ship's hierarchy. 

5807
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:14,900
The captain eats better than the
newest crew member that everyone

5808
05:34:14,900 --> 05:34:16,700
gets fed. 
Because a hungry crew, member is

5809
05:34:16,700 --> 05:34:20,400
a dangerous crew member. 
Despite the cramped conditions, 

5810
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:24,300
romance occasionally blossoms 
will be at with considerable 

5811
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:26,100
creative activity and absolute 
discretion. 

5812
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:30,800
Most ships are all male Affairs.
But mixed Expeditions do happen,

5813
05:34:30,800 --> 05:34:35,100
especially for trading voyages, 
or family, migration, any 

5814
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,000
romantic entanglements. 
Need to stay extremely low. 

5815
05:34:38,000 --> 05:34:41,200
To avoid disrupting ship 
Dynamics because jealousy in 

5816
05:34:41,200 --> 05:34:43,100
close quarters. 
Can turn deadly fast. 

5817
05:34:44,000 --> 05:34:46,700
The constant proximity means 
that everyone learned everyone 

5818
05:34:46,700 --> 05:34:49,400
else is habits both good and 
deeply annoying. 

5819
05:34:50,000 --> 05:34:53,500
You discover who snores, you 
talks in their sleep, you as 

5820
05:34:53,500 --> 05:34:56,800
digestive issues and who insists
on sharpening their weapons at 

5821
05:34:56,800 --> 05:35:00,300
dawn every single day. 
Tolerance, becomes a crucial 

5822
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:03,000
survival skill. 
Just as important as mastering 

5823
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:07,300
not tying or reading the wind 
arguments, when they happen tend

5824
05:35:07,300 --> 05:35:10,200
to escalate quickly and the 
confined space, but they also 

5825
05:35:10,200 --> 05:35:12,900
resolved faster because there's 
literally no where to go to 

5826
05:35:12,900 --> 05:35:15,600
nurse grudges. 
You learn to apologize, quickly,

5827
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:19,400
forgive readily and pick your 
battles cautiously because the 

5828
05:35:19,400 --> 05:35:22,000
person you're fighting with 
today, might be the one. 

5829
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:23,400
Hauling you back aboard 
tomorrow. 

5830
05:35:23,400 --> 05:35:26,400
When you fall overboard, finding
your way across thousands of 

5831
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:30,800
miles of open ocean without GPS.
Compass or even accurate Maps 

5832
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:33,000
requires skills that border on 
the supernatural. 

5833
05:35:33,900 --> 05:35:37,700
Viking Navigators called 
seawise, for good reason, relied

5834
05:35:37,700 --> 05:35:40,300
on a combination of experience 
observational. 

5835
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:43,400
And what modern people might 
generously call educated, 

5836
05:35:43,400 --> 05:35:47,600
guessing your Navigator watches,
everything, the color and 

5837
05:35:47,600 --> 05:35:51,300
behavior of waves, the direction
of wind patterns, the flight 

5838
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,700
Paths of seabirds, and the 
position of stars when they're 

5839
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:56,700
visible through the Perpetual 
cloud cover. 

5840
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:00,200
His memorized, the location of 
every Landmark along for 

5841
05:36:00,200 --> 05:36:03,900
military coasts and can estimate
distance traveled by the feel of

5842
05:36:03,908 --> 05:36:05,300
the ship's motion through the 
water. 

5843
05:36:06,100 --> 05:36:08,100
It's like being Guided by 
someone who's turned 

5844
05:36:08,100 --> 05:36:10,200
environmental awareness into a 
superpower. 

5845
05:36:10,900 --> 05:36:14,400
The sun Compass when you can see
the sun provides basic 

5846
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:18,900
directional guidance. the Cloudy
Skies which describe about 80% 

5847
05:36:18,900 --> 05:36:21,900
of your sailing time require 
more creative, navigation 

5848
05:36:21,900 --> 05:36:25,900
techniques, Your Navigator might
use a Sunstone a piece of 

5849
05:36:25,908 --> 05:36:28,900
Iceland spa that can locate the 
sun's position even through 

5850
05:36:28,900 --> 05:36:31,400
heavy clouds by analyzing 
polarized light. 

5851
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:34,300
It sounds like magic and 
honestly it is. 

5852
05:36:35,300 --> 05:36:38,100
Predicting, the weather becomes 
crucial not just for comfort. 

5853
05:36:39,300 --> 05:36:42,100
Storm clouds building on the 
horizon might give you a few 

5854
05:36:42,108 --> 05:36:44,700
hours warning to find shelter or
prepare for rough Seas. 

5855
05:36:45,500 --> 05:36:47,800
Your Navigator reads cloud 
formations like other. 

5856
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:51,200
People read newspapers, 
interpreting subtle changes in 

5857
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:54,600
color shape and movement to 
predict what's coming next. 

5858
05:36:55,500 --> 05:36:57,000
He's right. 
More often than modern 

5859
05:36:57,000 --> 05:36:59,800
meteorologists. 
Mainly because his life depends 

5860
05:36:59,800 --> 05:37:02,800
on accuracy. 
Coastal navigation, relies 

5861
05:37:02,800 --> 05:37:06,700
heavily on pilotage the art of 
recognizing specific landmarks 

5862
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:09,400
watercolors and geographical 
features. 

5863
05:37:10,300 --> 05:37:13,100
Your Navigator has spent years 
memorizing, the appearance of 

5864
05:37:13,100 --> 05:37:16,500
coastlines, from specific 
distances and angles that 

5865
05:37:16,500 --> 05:37:19,200
distinctive Headland. 
The particular shade of green 

5866
05:37:19,200 --> 05:37:22,500
water near a river, mouth all 
the way mountains line up in the

5867
05:37:22,500 --> 05:37:25,200
distance, all serve as 
navigational signposts on the 

5868
05:37:25,208 --> 05:37:29,000
medieval Maritime Highway. 
Open ocean navigation, 

5869
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:31,400
challenges these skills to the 
utmost extent. 

5870
05:37:32,100 --> 05:37:34,900
Without land references, your 
Navigator estimates position 

5871
05:37:34,900 --> 05:37:37,800
through dead. 
Reckoning calculating distance 

5872
05:37:37,800 --> 05:37:40,000
and Direction, traveled from a 
known starting point. 

5873
05:37:40,800 --> 05:37:44,300
It requires constant attention 
to speed, wind direction, and 

5874
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:46,700
the subtle clues that indicate 
current and drift. 

5875
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:51,100
One small error in calculation 
compounded over days or weeks 

5876
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:53,800
can leave you hundreds of miles 
from where you think you are. 

5877
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:57,800
The ships shallow draft, while 
uncomfortable for passengers 

5878
05:37:57,800 --> 05:38:00,400
provides crucial navigational 
advantages. 

5879
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:02,800
You can sail in waters to 
shallow for. 

5880
05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:06,200
Most other vessels follow 
coastlines closely and pull up 

5881
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:10,000
on beaches for overnight stops. 
This ability to hug the shore 

5882
05:38:10,000 --> 05:38:12,800
whenever possible. 
Reduces the need for Pure open 

5883
05:38:12,800 --> 05:38:16,400
ocean navigation, and provides 
regular opportunities to correct

5884
05:38:16,400 --> 05:38:20,400
course using familiar landmarks.
SEC conditions, tell experienced

5885
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:24,300
Sailors, volumes about location 
and weather patterns the size 

5886
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:28,200
spacing and direction of wave 
indicate proximity to land gets 

5887
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:30,300
of water and approaching weather
systems. 

5888
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:33,900
Your Navigator can estimate 
distance from Shore by observing

5889
05:38:33,900 --> 05:38:37,900
how waves behave, larger swells 
suggest deep water and distance 

5890
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:40,600
from Land. 
While shorter choppier waves 

5891
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:44,400
often indicate shallow areas or 
nearby coastlines, Wildlife 

5892
05:38:44,400 --> 05:38:48,200
serves as another navigational 
tool, certain seabirds range 

5893
05:38:48,200 --> 05:38:50,100
only specific distances from 
Shore. 

5894
05:38:50,100 --> 05:38:53,700
So spotting particular species 
tells you roughly how far you 

5895
05:38:53,700 --> 05:38:55,700
are from Land. 
The direction. 

5896
05:38:55,700 --> 05:38:58,400
Birds fly in the evening often 
points toward their nesting 

5897
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:02,100
areas on Shore, even floating 
debris provides Clues. 

5898
05:39:02,100 --> 05:39:06,000
Freshly broken branches suggest 
proximity to rivers or storm 

5899
05:39:06,000 --> 05:39:09,200
damaged coastlines, time 
measurement, relies on natural 

5900
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:11,900
rhythms. 
Rather than clocks the Navigator

5901
05:39:11,900 --> 05:39:15,800
tracks Days by sunset and 
sunrise estimates hours by the 

5902
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:19,200
sun's position, when visible and
gauges travel time by familiar, 

5903
05:39:19,200 --> 05:39:22,400
reference points when following 
known routes, it's imprecise by 

5904
05:39:22,400 --> 05:39:25,500
modern standards, but adequate 
for navigation, that focuses 

5905
05:39:25,500 --> 05:39:29,100
more on reaching general areas 
than specific coordinates, when 

5906
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:31,900
everything goes wrong. 
Storms, blow you off course, 

5907
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:35,200
clouds obscure Celestial 
navigation AIDS and you lose 

5908
05:39:35,200 --> 05:39:37,900
track of your position. 
Survival depends on The 

5909
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:41,100
Navigators, ability to make 
educated guesses when gradually 

5910
05:39:41,100 --> 05:39:44,500
work back toward no Waters. 
Your tasks might involve 

5911
05:39:44,500 --> 05:39:47,900
following bird flight patterns 
toward Land watching for changes

5912
05:39:47,900 --> 05:39:50,600
in watercolor. 
That indicate shallow areas or 

5913
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:53,600
simply maintaining consistent 
Direction until you encounter 

5914
05:39:53,600 --> 05:39:57,300
recognizable Coastline. 
The cycle pressure on Navigators

5915
05:39:57,300 --> 05:40:01,300
is enormous, everyone's life 
depends on their expertise, and 

5916
05:40:01,300 --> 05:40:04,000
there's no backup system if they
make serious errors. 

5917
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:08,200
Most Navigators train for 
decades before attempting major 

5918
05:40:08,200 --> 05:40:11,100
voyages, learning their craft 
through apprenticeship with 

5919
05:40:11,100 --> 05:40:14,000
experienced c-wise captains, who
passed down knowledge 

5920
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:16,900
accumulated over generations of 
Maritime exploration. 

5921
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:20,900
The common perception of Vikings
as mindless barbarians, ravaging

5922
05:40:20,900 --> 05:40:23,300
Europe overlooks. 
The fact that they were among 

5923
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:26,300
the most sophisticated Traders, 
and entrepreneurs of their era, 

5924
05:40:26,300 --> 05:40:29,900
your longship serves as both 
transportation and a mobile 

5925
05:40:29,900 --> 05:40:33,400
Warehouse carrying goods. 
That will be traded sold or 

5926
05:40:33,400 --> 05:40:37,000
occasionally acquired through 
less diplomatic means across a 

5927
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:39,600
commercial network spanning from
Greenland to Constantinople. 

5928
05:40:40,900 --> 05:40:43,400
Trade goods packed into every 
available inch of ships. 

5929
05:40:43,400 --> 05:40:45,800
Space represent months of 
planning and investment. 

5930
05:40:46,700 --> 05:40:50,400
Amber from the Baltic Coast. 
Walrus ivory from the Arctic 

5931
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:55,300
Silver from Arabic coins iron 
weapons and tools fur from 

5932
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:59,200
northern animals and slaves, 
captured in raid, all Joel for 

5933
05:40:59,200 --> 05:41:02,100
storage space, with your 
personal belongings, the ship 

5934
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:05,000
resembles, a floating department
store, specializing in luxury 

5935
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:08,400
goods and human misery. 
Your trading Expeditions follow 

5936
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:11,600
established routes connecting, 
Scandinavia with the rest of the

5937
05:41:11,600 --> 05:41:14,500
Medieval World. 
Eastern route, takes you down, 

5938
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:18,700
Russian rivers to Constantinople
and the Byzantine empire were 

5939
05:41:18,700 --> 05:41:22,600
Nordic Amber and furs are 
exchanged for silk spices and 

5940
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:25,700
Byzantine goal. 
The Western route leads to 

5941
05:41:25,700 --> 05:41:29,500
Britain, Ireland and France. 
Where Viking Goods meet Roman 

5942
05:41:29,500 --> 05:41:33,300
influenced markets hungry for 
Northern Specialties, each route

5943
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:36,900
requires different Navigation, 
skills, trade, languages and 

5944
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:41,500
diplomatic approaches. raiding, 
despite its dramatic reputation 

5945
05:41:41,500 --> 05:41:44,500
often serves as just another 
form of aggressive business, 

5946
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:49,300
negotiation, Many raids actually
begin as trading Expeditions 

5947
05:41:49,300 --> 05:41:52,300
that turn violent, when 
negotiations break down, or when

5948
05:41:52,308 --> 05:41:55,500
the Vikings realize, they can 
take what they want, more easily

5949
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:58,400
than they can buy it. 
The line between Trader and 

5950
05:41:58,400 --> 05:42:02,200
radar shifts depending on 
circumstances opportunity and 

5951
05:42:02,200 --> 05:42:04,300
the relative strength of 
potential trading partners. 

5952
05:42:05,300 --> 05:42:07,100
The economics of Viking 
Expeditions. 

5953
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:11,600
Require careful calculation of 
risks and rewards ship's crew, 

5954
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:14,900
provisions and trade, goods 
represent significant up from 

5955
05:42:14,900 --> 05:42:17,800
investment often. 
Requiring multiple investors 

5956
05:42:17,800 --> 05:42:21,700
pooling resources for major 
expeditions Profits get divided,

5957
05:42:21,700 --> 05:42:23,900
according to complex formulas, 
based on investment 

5958
05:42:23,900 --> 05:42:27,200
participation and predetermined 
agreements that would impress. 

5959
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:30,800
Modern Venture capitalists. 
Your crew includes specialists 

5960
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:34,100
in various forms of Commerce. 
Beyond Simple muscle, powered 

5961
05:42:34,100 --> 05:42:36,800
intimidation. 
Some members speak, multiple 

5962
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:38,800
languages and understand foreign
Customs. 

5963
05:42:38,800 --> 05:42:42,300
Others have expertise in 
evaluating precious metals and 

5964
05:42:42,300 --> 05:42:45,900
trade goods and a few possessed.
The Diplomatic skills necessary 

5965
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:48,600
for negotiating with foreign 
merchants and local rulers. 

5966
05:42:49,300 --> 05:42:52,800
Successful Viking Expeditions 
require as much business Acumen 

5967
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:55,800
as martial prowess. 
Markets in foreign ports, 

5968
05:42:55,800 --> 05:42:58,400
operate according to local 
Customs, that your crew has 

5969
05:42:58,408 --> 05:43:01,300
learned through experience and 
cultural Exchange. 

5970
05:43:02,000 --> 05:43:05,600
Understanding religious to booze
social hierarchies and seasonal 

5971
05:43:05,600 --> 05:43:07,900
trading patterns makes the 
difference between profitable 

5972
05:43:07,900 --> 05:43:10,100
Commerce and diplomatic 
disasters. 

5973
05:43:10,900 --> 05:43:14,500
Vikings develop remarkable 
cultural adaptability adjusting 

5974
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:16,800
their approach based on whether 
their dealing with Christian 

5975
05:43:16,800 --> 05:43:20,300
monasteries Islamic merchants or
Pagan tribal leaders. 

5976
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:23,700
Currently varies dramatically 
across your trading Network 

5977
05:43:23,700 --> 05:43:27,000
Arabic, silver coin, circulate 
wide, widely and provide. 

5978
05:43:27,000 --> 05:43:30,900
A relatively stable medium of 
exchange, but many transactions 

5979
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:34,500
rely on barter systems where 
goods are exchanged directly for

5980
05:43:34,500 --> 05:43:37,100
other Goods. 
Your Navigator might trade Amber

5981
05:43:37,100 --> 05:43:40,900
for silk in Constantinople then 
exchange that Silk for silver 

5982
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:44,200
and Kiev then convert silver 
into iron tools in Norway. 

5983
05:43:45,200 --> 05:43:48,100
It's medieval international 
finance at its most complex. 

5984
05:43:48,900 --> 05:43:52,100
Slave trading, unfortunately 
represents a major component of 

5985
05:43:52,100 --> 05:43:55,300
Viking Commerce. 
Captives taken in raids, become 

5986
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:58,600
valuable trade goods, especially
in markets, where labor 

5987
05:43:58,600 --> 05:44:00,200
shortages, create demand for 
workers. 

5988
05:44:01,100 --> 05:44:04,300
The Vikings Geographic position 
between slave producing regions 

5989
05:44:04,300 --> 05:44:06,400
and labor. 
Hungry markets makes them 

5990
05:44:06,400 --> 05:44:09,400
natural middlemen in this 
horrific but economically 

5991
05:44:09,400 --> 05:44:13,000
important trade, quality control
becomes crucial when your 

5992
05:44:13,000 --> 05:44:16,100
reputation affects future 
trading opportunities, diluted 

5993
05:44:16,100 --> 05:44:20,200
silver, inferior, weapons or 
slaves, who die in transport 

5994
05:44:20,200 --> 05:44:22,900
damaged relationships with 
trading partners and reduce 

5995
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:24,700
profitability of future 
expeditions. 

5996
05:44:25,800 --> 05:44:29,000
Successful Viking, Merchants 
maintain quality standards, not 

5997
05:44:29,000 --> 05:44:32,100
because of altruism but because 
repeat business requires 

5998
05:44:32,100 --> 05:44:35,300
satisfied customers. 
Competition comes from other 

5999
05:44:35,300 --> 05:44:38,700
Viking Crews local, merchants 
and established trading. 

6000
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:40,800
Networks that predate Viking 
involvement. 

6001
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:45,300
Success requires finding Market,
niches, developing reliable, 

6002
05:44:45,300 --> 05:44:48,300
Supply, chains and building 
relationships with key trading 

6003
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,100
partners. 
Some Viking specialize in 

6004
05:44:51,100 --> 05:44:54,200
particular routes or Goods 
becoming known for specific 

6005
05:44:54,200 --> 05:44:56,400
expertise that command premium 
prices. 

6006
05:44:57,300 --> 05:45:00,100
Whether a navigation delays, can
destroy profit margins by 

6007
05:45:00,100 --> 05:45:03,200
missing seasonal markets or 
arriving after competitors of 

6008
05:45:03,200 --> 05:45:06,500
saturated demand. 
Your trading Expedition operates

6009
05:45:06,500 --> 05:45:09,100
on tight schedules. 
Dictated by sailing Seasons 

6010
05:45:09,100 --> 05:45:12,400
Market cycles and religious 
festivals that affect local 

6011
05:45:12,400 --> 05:45:15,300
Commerce. 
Timing becomes as important as 

6012
05:45:15,300 --> 05:45:16,800
the quality of goods being 
traded. 

6013
05:45:17,600 --> 05:45:21,200
Investment diversification 
across multiple Expeditions. 

6014
05:45:21,200 --> 05:45:24,500
And trade goods, wealthy 
Vikings, rarely put all their 

6015
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,900
resources into single Ventures. 
Instead participating in 

6016
05:45:27,900 --> 05:45:30,500
multiple Expeditions with 
different destinations and 

6017
05:45:30,508 --> 05:45:33,100
objectives. 
Its medieval portfolio 

6018
05:45:33,100 --> 05:45:36,100
management designed to maximize 
returns while minimizing the 

6019
05:45:36,100 --> 05:45:39,800
chance of total Financial ruin 
life aboard of Viking longship. 

6020
05:45:39,800 --> 05:45:43,700
Reduces existence to its most 
basic elements, staying warm, 

6021
05:45:43,700 --> 05:45:46,500
staying fed, staying dry, and 
staying alive. 

6022
05:45:47,400 --> 05:45:49,400
The small victories that 
punctuate your journey. 

6023
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:53,900
A successful fishing Expedition 
a day of favorable, wind or 

6024
05:45:53,900 --> 05:45:56,000
simply waking up without 
someone's foot in your face. 

6025
05:45:56,000 --> 05:45:59,700
Become Monumental celebrations 
in the context of your floating 

6026
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:02,700
hardship. 
Fishing provides both food and 

6027
05:46:02,700 --> 05:46:05,100
entertainment during the long 
stretches of Ocean Travel. 

6028
05:46:05,800 --> 05:46:09,400
Lines trail behind the ship 
constantly tended by whoever 

6029
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:10,900
isn't actively sailing or 
rowing. 

6030
05:46:11,700 --> 05:46:13,700
Catching. 
Fish means, fresh protein to 

6031
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:15,900
supplement. 
The monotonous diet of preserved

6032
05:46:15,900 --> 05:46:19,500
Foods, plus the excitement of 
successful outwitting secrets 

6033
05:46:19,500 --> 05:46:22,700
with medieval technology the 
entire crew celebrates. 

6034
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:25,900
When someone lands a 
particularly large specimen, not

6035
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:28,500
just because it means better 
eating, but because it breaks 

6036
05:46:28,500 --> 05:46:33,200
the TDM of another identical day
at sea, Cooking happens over a 

6037
05:46:33,200 --> 05:46:36,100
small fire contained. 
In a sand-filled metal box, the 

6038
05:46:36,100 --> 05:46:38,700
ships, kitchen, dining room, and
social Center. 

6039
05:46:38,700 --> 05:46:42,000
All rolled into one cramped, 
Smoky space. 

6040
05:46:42,900 --> 05:46:47,000
The fire provides warmth light 
and the ability to prepare hot 

6041
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:50,400
food, making it arguably the 
most important feature of the 

6042
05:46:50,400 --> 05:46:53,900
ship, besides the hull itself. 
Keeping the fire going in. 

6043
05:46:53,900 --> 05:46:57,600
Rough weather requires constant 
attention and no small amount of

6044
05:46:57,600 --> 05:47:00,300
skill. 
Since a straight wave or sudden 

6045
05:47:00,300 --> 05:47:03,200
gust of wind can extinguish your
only source of cooked food and 

6046
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:06,000
warmth. 
Water collection becomes an 

6047
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:08,200
obsession. 
During rainy weather, every 

6048
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:11,200
available container gets pressed
into service to catch precious, 

6049
05:47:11,200 --> 05:47:14,300
fresh water, from cooking pots 
to empty helmets. 

6050
05:47:15,100 --> 05:47:18,000
You learn to position containers
strategically to catch runoff 

6051
05:47:18,000 --> 05:47:20,600
from the sale and everyone 
develops an almost Supernatural 

6052
05:47:20,600 --> 05:47:24,000
ability to wake up when rain 
starts falling, no matter how 

6053
05:47:24,000 --> 05:47:27,200
exhausted they are. 
Fresh water taste like the most 

6054
05:47:27,200 --> 05:47:30,700
luxurious ever created. 
When you've been rationing stale

6055
05:47:30,700 --> 05:47:34,100
barrel water for weeks, 
entertainment relies heavily on 

6056
05:47:34,100 --> 05:47:38,500
human creativity and social 
interaction riddles, word games,

6057
05:47:38,500 --> 05:47:41,800
and contests of memory help pass
time during calm weather. 

6058
05:47:42,500 --> 05:47:46,500
Physical competitions, arm 
wrestling balancing contests or 

6059
05:47:46,500 --> 05:47:50,000
games of skill with weapons, 
provide excitement and help 

6060
05:47:50,000 --> 05:47:54,000
maintain fighting Fitness. 
Music when someone has brought 

6061
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:57,100
along an instrument transforms 
evening, Gatherings into 

6062
05:47:57,100 --> 05:47:58,700
something approaching 
civilization. 

6063
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:02,500
Maintenance tasks occupy much of
the cruise attention during 

6064
05:48:02,500 --> 05:48:05,700
daylight hours. 
The ship requires constant care 

6065
05:48:05,700 --> 05:48:09,800
bailing water that seeps through
the hull adjusting rigging and 

6066
05:48:09,800 --> 05:48:12,800
repairing equipment, damaged by 
salt, spray and constant use 

6067
05:48:12,800 --> 05:48:17,100
these tasks provide structure to
otherwise formless days and give

6068
05:48:17,108 --> 05:48:18,500
everyone something productive to
do. 

6069
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:22,200
The ship becomes like a needy 
pet, that requires constant 

6070
05:48:22,200 --> 05:48:25,500
attention to keep it healthy and
functional personal rituals and 

6071
05:48:25,500 --> 05:48:28,400
superstitions developed to cope 
with the psychological stress of

6072
05:48:28,408 --> 05:48:31,500
prolonged, Ocean Travel. 
Some crew members develop a 

6073
05:48:31,508 --> 05:48:34,800
labret morning routines, others 
create personal ceremonies 

6074
05:48:34,800 --> 05:48:38,700
around meals or navigation 
checks these behaviors while 

6075
05:48:38,700 --> 05:48:41,300
sometimes appearing. 
Irrational, provide logical 

6076
05:48:41,300 --> 05:48:44,000
anchors in an environment where 
every day Blends into the next. 

6077
05:48:45,000 --> 05:48:46,800
Sleep becomes both escape and 
challenge. 

6078
05:48:47,500 --> 05:48:50,600
Despite cramped conditions and 
constant motion exhaustion 

6079
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:53,300
enabled sleep but regular 
interruptions from whether 

6080
05:48:53,300 --> 05:48:56,700
changes navigation emergencies 
or natural calls interrupt rest.

6081
05:48:57,600 --> 05:48:59,800
You learn to fall asleep, 
quickly, when opportunity 

6082
05:48:59,800 --> 05:49:03,200
presents itself and to function 
effectively on fragmented, sleep

6083
05:49:03,200 --> 05:49:05,300
patterns, that would leave 
modern people completely 

6084
05:49:05,300 --> 05:49:08,700
dysfunctional. 
Whether protection requires 

6085
05:49:08,700 --> 05:49:12,400
constant adaptation and 
creativity. your clothing layers

6086
05:49:12,400 --> 05:49:15,700
are adjusted throughout the day 
as conditions, change adding 

6087
05:49:15,700 --> 05:49:18,700
garments, when wind picks up, 
removing them when physical 

6088
05:49:18,700 --> 05:49:22,300
work, generates heat and 
rearranging everything when rain

6089
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:25,600
starts falling Staying 
reasonably dry and warm becomes 

6090
05:49:25,600 --> 05:49:28,800
a full-time occupation that 
requires as much attention as 

6091
05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:32,600
any other survival skill. 
Small luxuries take on enormous 

6092
05:49:32,600 --> 05:49:36,100
psychological importance, a 
piece of preserved fruit, a 

6093
05:49:36,100 --> 05:49:38,800
drink of wine, or even a few 
minutes of privacy become 

6094
05:49:38,800 --> 05:49:41,400
treasured experience. 
Is that provide disproportionate

6095
05:49:41,400 --> 05:49:44,700
happiness, You learned to save a
tiny Pleasures because they 

6096
05:49:44,700 --> 05:49:47,500
represent the only breaks from 
an otherwise relentlessly 

6097
05:49:47,500 --> 05:49:50,400
Austrian existence. 
Social bonds strengthened 

6098
05:49:50,400 --> 05:49:52,700
through shared hardship and 
mutual dependence. 

6099
05:49:53,600 --> 05:49:55,800
The people you might have 
ignored or disliked on land 

6100
05:49:55,800 --> 05:49:58,400
become crucial allies in the 
struggle for daily survival. 

6101
05:49:59,200 --> 05:50:02,100
Helping someone repair their 
gear share in food during 

6102
05:50:02,100 --> 05:50:05,000
shortages or simply providing 
companionship during 

6103
05:50:05,000 --> 05:50:06,900
particularly difficult. 
Whether creates relationships 

6104
05:50:06,900 --> 05:50:12,200
that last long after the voyage 
ends negotiation, tradition and 

6105
05:50:12,200 --> 05:50:15,200
occasional Force resolve, 
territorial disputes over 

6106
05:50:15,200 --> 05:50:18,700
sleeping, Space storage areas 
and access to the fire. 

6107
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:22,500
Your personal space shrinks to 
whatever you can physically 

6108
05:50:22,500 --> 05:50:26,300
defend, but everyone understands
the necessity of respecting 

6109
05:50:26,300 --> 05:50:28,100
others. 
Minimal claims to shipboard, 

6110
05:50:28,100 --> 05:50:30,900
real estate. 
Violating these unspoken 

6111
05:50:30,900 --> 05:50:33,900
agreements threatens, the social
fabric that keeps the entire 

6112
05:50:33,900 --> 05:50:37,100
Enterprise functional. 
The site of familiar Coastline 

6113
05:50:37,100 --> 05:50:40,600
after months at Sea triggers, 
emotions, that land, lubbers 

6114
05:50:40,600 --> 05:50:43,000
struggled to understand your 
home Shores. 

6115
05:50:43,000 --> 05:50:46,300
Previously, taken for granted 
now appear as the most beautiful

6116
05:50:46,300 --> 05:50:50,000
landscape ever, created the 
simple Prospect of sleeping on 

6117
05:50:50,000 --> 05:50:53,900
Solid Ground eating fresh food 
and enjoying privacy becomes 

6118
05:50:53,900 --> 05:50:55,500
almost overwhelming in its 
appeal. 

6119
05:50:56,400 --> 05:50:59,700
Landfall requires careful 
planning and execution your 

6120
05:50:59,700 --> 05:51:02,100
shallow draft. 
Longship can be almost anywhere 

6121
05:51:02,100 --> 05:51:05,400
but choosing the right spot. 
Involves considering Tides. 

6122
05:51:05,400 --> 05:51:08,600
Whether local politics and the 
condition of your crew and 

6123
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:11,500
cargo. 
A successful Landing represents 

6124
05:51:11,500 --> 05:51:15,200
the culmination of months of 
navigation, survival and 

6125
05:51:15,200 --> 05:51:18,700
teamwork but it's all. 
So when many Expeditions face, 

6126
05:51:18,700 --> 05:51:21,900
their greatest risks from local 
authorities or competing Viking 

6127
05:51:21,900 --> 05:51:25,700
groups, Unloading transforms the
ship from a cramped to living 

6128
05:51:25,700 --> 05:51:29,100
space back in to a cargo vessel.
Trade goods that have been 

6129
05:51:29,100 --> 05:51:31,000
carefully protected throughout 
the journey. 

6130
05:51:31,000 --> 05:51:34,300
Now, get evaluated sorted and 
prepared for local markets. 

6131
05:51:35,000 --> 05:51:36,800
The Amber. 
That seemed so precious during 

6132
05:51:36,800 --> 05:51:39,900
storms now faces the harsh 
reality of market prices and 

6133
05:51:39,900 --> 05:51:43,500
trading negotiations. 
Some Goods may have deteriorated

6134
05:51:43,500 --> 05:51:46,200
during the voyage turning 
expected profits into 

6135
05:51:46,200 --> 05:51:49,600
disappointing losses. 
Your crew disperses according to

6136
05:51:49,600 --> 05:51:52,400
predetermined agreements and 
personal relationships developed

6137
05:51:52,400 --> 05:51:56,200
during the voyage, Some members 
came aboard as Hired Hands and 

6138
05:51:56,200 --> 05:51:59,000
departed with their wages. 
Others invested in the 

6139
05:51:59,000 --> 05:52:02,500
Expedition and await their share
of profits and a few have become

6140
05:52:02,500 --> 05:52:05,100
close companions who will 
maintain relationships long 

6141
05:52:05,100 --> 05:52:06,600
after the ship returns to 
Harbor. 

6142
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:10,500
The social bonds forged in 
hardship, often proved more 

6143
05:52:10,508 --> 05:52:14,400
valuable than the material gains
from trade reintegration into 

6144
05:52:14,400 --> 05:52:18,400
land, based society requires 
cycle adjustment, almost a 

6145
05:52:18,400 --> 05:52:21,700
significant as the original 
departure months of communal, 

6146
05:52:21,700 --> 05:52:24,600
living shared hardship, and 
constant motion. 

6147
05:52:24,600 --> 05:52:27,300
Leave you changed in ways that 
become apparent. 

6148
05:52:27,300 --> 05:52:30,800
Only when you try to resume 
normal life, Your tolerance for 

6149
05:52:30,800 --> 05:52:33,800
petty complaints, and minor and 
convenience is increased 

6150
05:52:33,800 --> 05:52:36,200
dramatically. 
While your patience for people 

6151
05:52:36,200 --> 05:52:38,500
who have an experience, real 
hardship may have decreased 

6152
05:52:38,500 --> 05:52:41,300
proportionally. 
Stories from your Voyage become 

6153
05:52:41,300 --> 05:52:43,700
valuable social currently in 
your home Community. 

6154
05:52:43,700 --> 05:52:48,200
Tales of storms, you survived, 
strange lands, you visited and 

6155
05:52:48,200 --> 05:52:49,900
dangers. 
You overcame entertain 

6156
05:52:49,900 --> 05:52:52,700
audiences, and establish your 
reputation as someone who has 

6157
05:52:52,700 --> 05:52:54,100
seen the world beyond the 
familiar. 

6158
05:52:55,000 --> 05:52:57,200
Repetition refines these 
stories. 

6159
05:52:57,200 --> 05:53:01,100
Gradually transforming them from
raw experience into polished, 

6160
05:53:01,100 --> 05:53:03,800
narratives that may bear only a 
passing resemblance to actual 

6161
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:06,200
events. 
The practical skills learned 

6162
05:53:06,200 --> 05:53:10,200
aboard ship, navigation, 
seamanship, trading combat and 

6163
05:53:10,200 --> 05:53:12,500
survival. 
Make you more valuable to your 

6164
05:53:12,500 --> 05:53:15,200
community and more attractive 
for future expeditions. 

6165
05:53:16,200 --> 05:53:19,000
Knowledge of foreign languages 
customs and market conditions 

6166
05:53:19,000 --> 05:53:22,300
required during your travels 
opens opportunities for 

6167
05:53:22,300 --> 05:53:25,100
employment with other 
Expeditions or local Merchants 

6168
05:53:25,100 --> 05:53:29,100
engaged in Long Distance trade. 
Physical changes from months of 

6169
05:53:29,100 --> 05:53:31,400
difficult, living become visible
to friends and family. 

6170
05:53:32,200 --> 05:53:35,700
Your hands are more calloused, 
your face more weather in your 

6171
05:53:35,700 --> 05:53:38,400
body adapted to the physical 
demands of Life at sea. 

6172
05:53:39,300 --> 05:53:42,500
These changes serve as permanent
reminders of your journey and 

6173
05:53:42,500 --> 05:53:45,100
Mark, you as someone who is 
endured what many people cannot 

6174
05:53:45,100 --> 05:53:47,500
imagine attempting find 
Financial outcomes. 

6175
05:53:47,500 --> 05:53:51,100
Vary dramatically depending on 
the expedition's, success, your 

6176
05:53:51,100 --> 05:53:54,000
initial investment and market 
conditions at Journey's End. 

6177
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:57,800
Some crew members return wealthy
enough to buy Farms or ships of 

6178
05:53:57,800 --> 05:54:01,000
their own others. 
Barely cover their expenses and 

6179
05:54:01,000 --> 05:54:03,500
a few face Financial ruin. 
If the voyage encounters serious

6180
05:54:03,500 --> 05:54:06,200
problems. 
The Viking economy rewards, 

6181
05:54:06,200 --> 05:54:09,900
success handsomely, but punishes
failure harshly planning for 

6182
05:54:09,900 --> 05:54:12,800
future Expeditions often begins 
before the current voyages 

6183
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:16,300
completely finished successful 
trips generate demand for repeat

6184
05:54:16,300 --> 05:54:18,400
Journeys. 
While Lessons Learned suggest 

6185
05:54:18,400 --> 05:54:21,700
improvements for next time. 
The ship requires maintenance 

6186
05:54:21,700 --> 05:54:25,000
and modifications crew members 
need replacement or Recruitment 

6187
05:54:25,000 --> 05:54:27,300
and trade goods. 
Must be selected based on 

6188
05:54:27,300 --> 05:54:31,100
experience with foreign markets,
your transformed perspective on 

6189
05:54:31,100 --> 05:54:34,800
risk, comfort and Human 
Relationships, affects decisions

6190
05:54:34,800 --> 05:54:38,000
about future Life Choices. 
Some people observe that 

6191
05:54:38,000 --> 05:54:41,000
land-based existence feels 
limiting After experiencing the 

6192
05:54:41,000 --> 05:54:44,400
freedom and intensity of Ocean 
Travel While others discover 

6193
05:54:44,400 --> 05:54:46,700
that one. 
Major Expedition, satisfies 

6194
05:54:46,700 --> 05:54:48,400
their desire for adventure 
permanently. 

6195
05:54:49,600 --> 05:54:53,000
The Voyage changes, everyone but
not always in predictable 

6196
05:54:53,000 --> 05:54:56,400
directions. 
The cycle of departure journey 

6197
05:54:56,400 --> 05:54:59,900
and return that defines Viking, 
Expeditions reflects larger 

6198
05:54:59,900 --> 05:55:04,000
patterns in medieval life where 
travel was dangerous expensive 

6199
05:55:04,000 --> 05:55:07,400
and transformative. 
Your months aboard, the longship

6200
05:55:07,400 --> 05:55:10,700
represent, not just a business 
venture or Adventure, but a rite

6201
05:55:10,700 --> 05:55:13,700
of passage that separates those 
who dream about distant places 

6202
05:55:13,700 --> 05:55:17,600
from those who have actually 
seen them years later when the 

6203
05:55:17,600 --> 05:55:19,300
pain is gone. 
And the prophets are spent. 

6204
05:55:19,300 --> 05:55:21,800
All that remains, is the 
knowledge that you succeeded in.

6205
05:55:21,800 --> 05:55:25,200
One of the hardest Endeavors of 
your time, you crossed vast 

6206
05:55:25,200 --> 05:55:28,300
Ocean's in a wooden ship 
survived storms, that could have

6207
05:55:28,308 --> 05:55:32,100
killed you traded with foreign 
people in distant lands and 

6208
05:55:32,100 --> 05:55:36,100
returned home to tell the tale. 
In a time when the majority of 

6209
05:55:36,100 --> 05:55:38,500
people rarely Venture more than 
a few miles from their 

6210
05:55:38,500 --> 05:55:42,200
birthplace, this accomplishment 
alone distinguishes you as a 

6211
05:55:42,200 --> 05:55:45,600
unique individual, someone who 
chose the extraordinary over the

6212
05:55:45,600 --> 05:55:47,600
ordinary and persevere to share 
the story.