What It Was Like To Be A Gold Panner In Sierra Nevada | Boring History For Sleep

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Well, hello there. 
You clitoride. 

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Knight Wanderer. 
Who absolutely did not mean to 

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stay up this late. 
I'm glad you shuffled over. 

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Let's snuggle up and let me tell
you a story here tonight. 

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Where we settle into what it was
like to be a gold Panner in the 

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Sierra, Nevada, a life shaped by
cold water, long days and the 

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stubborn hope that tomorrow's 
pan might feel heavier. 

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If these calm stories, help you 
drift off, feel free to drop a 

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follow, leave a like and tell me
where you're listening in from, 

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and what time it is for you. 
Now, he's closer to the warmth, 

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let your head sink into the 
pillow, slow your breathing and 

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turn on a fan for some hum. 
The California Gold Rush brought

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hundreds of thousands of 
dreamers to the Sierra, Nevada 

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between 1848 and the mid-1850s. 
But the real story wasn't in the

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headlines about overnight 
millionaires. 

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It was in the quiet creek beds, 
where solid tree panners spent 

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their days. 
Knee-deep in cold water, 

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searching for flights of yellow 
metal smaller than their 

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fingernails, This is what those 
slow patient days actually. 

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Felt like you wake before the 
sun touches the Eastern Ridge, 

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which means you wake in 
darkness. 

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So complete, you can barely see 
your hand. 

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Your canvas tent fills with the 
center of damp wool and wood 

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smoke. 
Permeating, every fiber of your 

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bed roll. 
Outside the American River 

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mutters to itself the way. 
It does every morning. 

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The constant whisper, that 
becomes the backdrop to 

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everything you do here. 
You've been listening to that 

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sound for three months now and 
you've stopped wondering when 

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you get used to it, because you 
already have your back aches 

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from sleeping on ground that 
never quite softens, no matter 

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how carefully arranged the pine 
needles underneath your blanket.

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Your 37 years old, which felt 
Young when you left Ohio, but 

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feels considerably less young. 
Now that you've been hauling 

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buckets of gravel up hill for 93
days straight, not that your 

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Counting. 
The August morning is cold 

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enough that you can see your 
breath, which seems impossible 

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given how hot it'll be by noon. 
This is something. 

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Nobody mentioned back East that 
the mountains could freeze you 

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at dawn and bake you buy lunch. 
You pull on your boots without 

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on lacing them fully because you
learned that trick from a Danish

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fellow to camps over and it 
saves you about 30 seconds. 

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Every morning, those seconds, 
add up Your shirt is still damp 

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from yesterday's sweat, which is
unpleasant, but not surprising 

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nothing, dries completely here. 
The air is too thin the knight's

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too cold and you work too hard 
to avoid sweating straight 

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through everything you own. 
You've got two shirts total and 

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they take turns being the less 
disgusting, one outside the 

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tent, the camp is beginning its 
morning ritual without anyone 

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saying much of anything. 
Minors aren't talkative before 

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breakfast. 
The fellow whose name you've 

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never learned but who camps 
about 50 feet Downstream is 

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already crouched by his fire 
ring feeding small sticks into 

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reluctant Flames. 
His dog a barrel shaped mutt 

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that's missing half an ear 
watches. 

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The fire. 
Like it might Escape. 

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You've noticed that the dog is 
significantly better fed than 

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its owner which says something 
about the man's priorities, that

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you find, oddly reassuring. 
You build your own fire in the 

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ring of stones. 
You assembled during your first 

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week here, back when you still 
had energy for Unnecessary 

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projects like making things look
neat. 

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Now, the stones are black with 
soot and arranged in a circle, 

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that's more suggestion than 
geometry. your kindling is dry 

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because you learn to keep it in 
your tent wrap, in an old flour,

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sack The matches you bought in 
Sacramento, a full box of them, 

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which seemed wildly expensive at
the time, a down to seven. 

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You've become religious about 
extinguishing candles and using 

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coals from the fire to light 
your pipe, rather than striking 

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a fresh match. 
The coffee. 

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You make is terrible, this isn't
self-deprecation, it's 

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objectively. 
Bad coffee, made from grounds, 

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you've already used twice, but 
it's hot and has caffeine. 

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And that's all you need. 
You drink it from a Tin Cup. 

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That burns your lip every single
morning without fail. 

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Because you never remember to 
wait the extra minute for it to 

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cool. 
Some lessons refused to be 

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learned. 
Breakfast is hardtack and bacon.

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Always hard tack and bacon, 
you've developed a technique 

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where you fry the bacon. 
First, then use the grease to 

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soften the hardtack which makes 
it marginally less likely to 

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break your teeth. 
The bacon is so salty that you 

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can feel your heart beating your
temples after eating it. 

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But salt is, the only reason it 
hasn't gone rounded. 

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You should pound the hard tack 
with a rock before soaking it in

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the grease. 
Otherwise it feels like chewing 

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through roof shingles. 
A Stellar's. 

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J lands on a branch above your 
head and screams at you with 

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what sounds like personal 
outrage, the Jays here are 

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vibrant shade of blue and 
exhibit. 

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Remarkable fearlessness, which 
commands, your respect, even 

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when their behavior is somewhat 
bothersome. 

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This particular J wants your 
bacon. 

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You don't give it any but not 
because you're stingy, you 

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genuinely don't have bacon to 
spare. 

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The bird screams again, makes a 
sound exactly like a rusty gate 

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hinge and then flies off to 
bother someone else. 

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The skies turning from black to 
Deep Purple which means you've 

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got maybe 20 minutes before 
proper Dawn, you eat fast 

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faster. 
The hardtack Greece is made your

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fingers shiny and you wipe them 
on your pants which are already.

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So, filthy that adding bacon 
grease, barely registered you've

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learned. 
Not to think too hard about the 

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state of your clothing. 
It's all going to be covered in 

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mud within an hour. 
Anyway, your plan, the only 

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piece of equipment that truly 
matters is where you left it 

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last night, turned upside down 
on a Flat Rock. 

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You've got a good pan Which is 
to say it's not cracked and the 

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bottom is relatively smooth. 
You bought it in Sacramento for 

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six dollars which was somehow 
both a fortune and a bargain. 

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the merchant said it was 
genuinely Eastern Steel, but you

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doubt it, Still, it works. 
So you don't care. 

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The walk from your Camp to your 
claim takes about 15 minutes 

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through Pines, that smell like 
vanilla when the Sun hits them, 

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right? 
But the sun hasn't hit them 

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right yet. 
The trail is barely a trail, 

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just a slightly clearer path 
through the undergrowth where 

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other miners have walked before 
you. 

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You pass, three, abandoned 
campsites, and various states of

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decay. 
One has a tent that's collapsed 

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into a sad pile of rotting 
canvas. 

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Another has a neat stack of 
firewood that someone apparently

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decided wasn't worth carrying to
their next location. 

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In the Third location, a pair of
boots with holes in both Souls 

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sits by a dead firing. 
Testament to the futility of 

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optimism. 
These abandoned camps, don't 

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depress you the way they did in 
your first weeks here. 

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Now, they're just part of the 
landscape, like the tree stumps 

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and the scattered piles of 
tailings. 

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Men come and go most go, the 
ones who stay are, the making 

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just enough to justify staying 
or a two broke to afford 

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leaving, you're not entirely 
sure which category you fall 

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into and you've stopped asking 
yourself the question. 

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Your claim is a bend in a 
smaller Creek that feeds into 

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the American River about 30 
yards from where the Creeks 

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takes a sharp, turn around a 
boulder, the size of a hay 

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wagon. 
You chose this spot because the 

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water slows down at the bend 
which means heavier particles 

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like gold. 
Theoretically might settle in 

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the gravel. 
This is science. 

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You learned from a pamphlet you 
bought in Sacramento titled the 

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49ers guide to certain wealth. 
which turned out to be, neither 

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a guide nor certain but did 
contain some useful information 

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buried among the wild 
exaggerations Creek at this hour

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is loud with morning run off. 
The water comes down from snow 

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melt higher. 
In the mountains which means 

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it's absolutely freezing. 
Even in August, you've watched 

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men jump into this Creek on hot 
and Nunes for a refreshing swim 

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and you've watched them jump 
right back out again yelling The

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creek doesn't care about air 
temperature. 

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The creek is always cold enough 
to make your feet. 

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Take you've staked your claim 
with four posts and a length of 

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rope that marks off about 30 
feet of Creek bed. 

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This practice is legal under the
Loosely defined mining laws that

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govern these mountains, meaning 
it is permitted. 

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As long as you are actively, 
working the claim and no one 

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with greater Authority decides 
to take it from you. 

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So far, nobody has your claim is
not. 

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It must be said, obviously, 
Rich, it's not even obviously 

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promising. 
It's just a patch of creeks that

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nobody else wanted badly enough 
to fight over the morning. 

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Light is starting to filter 
through the Pines. 

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Now coming in at that low angle,
that makes everything look 

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softer than it actually is. 
The water in your section of 

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Creek, looks clear and innocent 
bubbling over rocks that are 

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gold colored from iron oxide, 
but contain not a speck of 

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actual gold. 
As you've learned through 

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repeated disappointment, Real 
goal doesn't look like gold when

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it's in the creek. 
It looks like a slightly 

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brighter, Fleck of sand, simple 
to miss easier to doubt. 

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Your first job of the day is to 
move rocks. 

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It's always moving rocks. 
The technique is to clear the 

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larger stones from a section of 
Creek bed, dig down into the 

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gravel beneath them. 
And then pan that gravel hoping 

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it contains something other than
more gravel You've moved 

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approximately 7,000 rocks in 
your time here, which is not a 

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poetic exaggeration. 
You actually try to count once 

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and gave up after 700. 
The rocks are slippery with 

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algae cold, from the water, and 
frequently inhabited by Angry 

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crayfish who objected 
strenuously to be relocated 

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crayfish of pinched to 11 times 
and the experience never ceases 

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to be startling. 
They hide under the rocks with 

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their claws, extended waiting 
for an unsuspecting finger. 

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You'd find the more Charming if 
they weren't such consistent. 

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Jerks about the whole situation 
you wade into the water, which 

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immediately fills your boots 
because your boots are not 

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waterproof despite what the 
merchants in Sacramento promised

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Cold grips, your feet, like a 
firm handshake from someone 

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who's trying to prove something.
You've learned to keep moving 

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because standing still in this 
water. 

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Can make your feet. 
So numb that you might trip over

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your own ankles while walking 
back to camp. 

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There's a technique to moving 
rocks efficiently which mostly 

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involves rolling not lifting, 
the trick is to place your hands

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under the rock while it is still
in the water. 

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Use the water's buoyancy to 
assist with the initial lift and

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then fully commit to moving it 
to shore. 

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As dropping it halfway, is when 
you're most likely to injure 

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your foot, you drop to rock on 
your foot in week two, your 

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toenail turned, black and fell 
off. 

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The new one growing in is a 
weird shape that catches on your

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sock by mid-morning. 
You've cleared enough rocks to 

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expose a promising patch of 
gravel. promising is a relative 

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term, it looks essentially 
identical to every other patch 

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of gravel, you've excavated that
this reflects the mindset of 

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successful mining every pan 
could potentially contain gold 

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If you start assuming that the 
gold isn't present, you might as

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well pack up and go home to Ohio
where you have seven dollars in 

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debt and a sister in law who 
said you would return in a 

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month. 
You fill your pan with gravel 

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scooping down to the Bedrock if 
you can reach it. 

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Bedrock is where the good stuff 
settles. 

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Theoretically it is heavier than
the sand and gravel that wash 

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over it, you've reached Bedrock 
exactly three times. 

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Usually you just get tired of 
digging and decide to pan. 

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What you have? 
The gravel goes into the pan 

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along with a healthy amount of 
water. 

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Your pan is about 15 inches 
across and maybe three inches 

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deep with a flat bottom and 
sloped sides when the pan is 

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full of wet gravel, it becomes 
heavier than it appears likely 

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around 15 pounds of material 
that you will spend the next 

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several minutes shaking as if 
you are trying to wake it up. 

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The technique for panning is 
simple in theory and exhausting 

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00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:12,800
and practice. you hold the pan 
with both hands and shake its 

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side to side, under the water, 
using a circular motion that 

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keeps everything submerged but 
moving The goal is to make the 

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heavier particles including 
goal. 

228
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,300
If there is any work their way 
down to the bottom, while the 

229
00:12:26,300 --> 00:12:28,500
lightest sand and gravel wash 
over the rim. 

230
00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:32,400
This takes longer than you'd 
think much longer. 

231
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:37,000
You shake the pan for what feels
like several years but is 

232
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:41,500
probably closer to two minutes. 
Your arms start to hurt your 

233
00:12:41,500 --> 00:12:44,500
back, already unimpressed with 
your life choices, begins a 

234
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:48,100
formal complaint. 
The water is so cold that your 

235
00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:51,600
hands transition from feeling 
cold to becoming numb and then 

236
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:54,800
to experience a strange burning 
sensation, that could be 

237
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,600
frostbite. 
But is likely just your body's 

238
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,600
way of indicating that this 
situation is absurd. 

239
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:04,700
You tilt the pan slightly 
letting the lighter material 

240
00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:08,000
wash over the edge. 
The water coming off, the pan is

241
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,700
murky with sediment. 
Turning the Clear Creek into a 

242
00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:14,400
muddy swirl Downstream from 
where you're working. 

243
00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:18,800
You've basically turned a clean 
Creek into a dirty Creek, which 

244
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,100
seems like a metaphor for 
something, but you're too 

245
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:24,400
focused on the pain to figure 
out what More shaking. 

246
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:28,500
More swirling your arms feel 
like they're made of warm clay, 

247
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:31,800
your developing muscles in 
places you didn't know could 

248
00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,500
have muscles There's a spot 
between your shoulder blades 

249
00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:37,800
that's been aching continuously 
since June. 

250
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:41,900
After another minute of shaking 
you've washed away about half 

251
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:45,500
the material in your pan. 
What's left is concentrated 

252
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:49,400
gravel black sand which is 
heavier than regular sand and 

253
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:52,600
therefore annoying. 
And possibly somewhere in there.

254
00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,300
A tiny piece of gold that will 
justify the last 20 minutes of 

255
00:13:56,300 --> 00:13:58,600
work. 
You lift the pan out of the 

256
00:13:58,608 --> 00:14:02,900
water to inspect it, the surface
is still covered with black sand

257
00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:06,200
and small Pebbles, you're 
looking for color, which is what

258
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:08,100
miners called the yellow glint 
of gold. 

259
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:11,700
You're also searching for larger
nuggets but you're not 

260
00:14:11,708 --> 00:14:15,200
optimistic about finding them. 
Nuggets are what other people 

261
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:20,600
find you find flakes. 
The sun is higher now and the 

262
00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:23,600
light hitting your pain. 
Makes everything Sparkle for a 

263
00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:28,000
moment which is cruel because 
99% of what Sparkles is. 

264
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:33,700
Micah Not Gold Mica is a mineral
that attracts attention, due to 

265
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:36,100
its flashiness, and attention 
seeking nature. 

266
00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:41,400
Yet it holds no intrinsic value.
You've learned to hate Meeker 

267
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:43,400
with a passion. 
Usually reserved for people who 

268
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:45,700
owe you money. 
You swirl the pan. 

269
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:50,100
Gently watching the black sand 
shift there, right there. 

270
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:54,400
Is that color, you squint, you 
tilt the pan. 

271
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:58,700
It's either a tiny Flack of gold
or a tiny Flack of mica catching

272
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:00,400
the light in exactly the wrong 
way. 

273
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:04,700
You dip the pan back in the 
water and swirl again more 

274
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:08,000
carefully this time. 
The spec stays put while the 

275
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,500
black sand moves gold is heavier
than Mica. 

276
00:15:11,500 --> 00:15:14,600
This is gold. 
This is actual gold. 

277
00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:18,700
It's smaller than a pinhead. 
It's possibly the smallest piece

278
00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:22,500
of gold that can still be called
gold rather than gold colored 

279
00:15:22,500 --> 00:15:25,000
dust. 
But it's yours. 

280
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:29,100
You feel a small surge of 
satisfaction, that's wildly 

281
00:15:29,100 --> 00:15:32,300
disproportionate to the value of
what you've just found, which is

282
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:36,100
approximately one tenth of one 
cent, but that's not the point. 

283
00:15:36,100 --> 00:15:41,200
The point is confirmation, the 
gold is here in the right place,

284
00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:45,800
your efforts are not entirely in
vain This is what you tell 

285
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:47,800
yourself. 
As you carefully tap, the flick 

286
00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:50,900
into your Leather Pouch, which 
contains may be a teaspoon of 

287
00:15:50,908 --> 00:15:52,600
gold. 
After three months of work. 

288
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:56,400
The next pan contains nothing. 
The one after that contains, 

289
00:15:56,400 --> 00:16:00,100
three Flex so small. 
You need to check three times to

290
00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:03,300
make sure they're actually there
and not just your desperate 

291
00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:06,700
imagination. 
Fourth pan can contains what 

292
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:11,000
might be gold, but might also be
a piece of whether pirate and 

293
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,400
you're not experienced enough to
know the difference just by 

294
00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:15,200
looking. 
So you save it anyway. 

295
00:16:16,100 --> 00:16:19,600
This is what gold mining 
actually is the long repetitive 

296
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:23,700
hours between tiny victories. 
For every moment of excitement 

297
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:26,900
when you spot color, there are 
dozens of pans that contain. 

298
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:30,600
Absolutely nothing intriguing. 
You shake the pan. 

299
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:35,400
You wash the gravel, you squint 
at the results you find nothing 

300
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:40,300
you refill the pan with new 
gravel you do it all again your 

301
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,700
back hurts. 
In a specific way that suggests 

302
00:16:42,700 --> 00:16:45,500
you're going to regret being 37 
when you're 47. 

303
00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:49,700
Your knees are bruised, from 
kneeling on Creek, rocks your 

304
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,300
hands of. 
Calluses, on top of calluses, 

305
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:55,400
creating a sort of hand armor, 
that makes your fingers less 

306
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:58,600
flexible but more durable, 
you've got a blister on your 

307
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:02,000
right thumb that keeps opening 
up and then healing just enough 

308
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,200
to convince you. 
It's better right before you 

309
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:10,700
grip the pan again and it splits
so open Around noon, the heat 

310
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:14,099
becomes genuine. 
The morning cold is a distant 

311
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:17,200
memory. 
The sun reflects off the water 

312
00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:20,599
and the Rocks, creating a bright
brightness, that makes your eyes

313
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,099
hurt. 
Your supposed to be wearing a 

314
00:17:23,099 --> 00:17:26,700
hat and you are wearing one but 
the hat is mostly decorative. 

315
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:31,100
At this point, the sun here 
doesn't negotiate, you take a 

316
00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:34,000
break which means you sit on the
bank and eat hardtack without 

317
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,700
bacon because you're saving the 
bake and for dinner. 

318
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:40,300
You've got a canteen of water 
that tastes like metal and 

319
00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:44,300
canvas but it's wet and wet is 
the main requirement. 

320
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:48,200
You drink half of it, reminding 
yourself to refill it from the 

321
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:50,100
creek. 
Before you head back to Camp. 

322
00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:53,800
Drinking straight from the creek
is generally fine, though, 

323
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,000
you've heard stories about men 
getting sick from it. 

324
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,800
You've been drinking Creek Water
for three months without getting

325
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:01,900
sick which you can consider a 
victory. 

326
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:05,300
A mule deer watches you from 
across the creek, chewing 

327
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:07,400
something with an expression of 
profound judgment. 

328
00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:11,600
The deer here are not afraid of 
humans the way you'd expect. 

329
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:14,500
They've learned that mine is 
don't generally, shoot them 

330
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:17,700
because bullets are expensive 
and dragging a dead, deer back 

331
00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:21,500
to Camp is more work than most 
mine as want to do. this 

332
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:24,400
particular deer seems to be 
evaluating your Technique and 

333
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:28,400
finding it wanting You resist, 
the urge to explain yourself to 

334
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:32,100
the deer after your break, you 
move to a different section of 

335
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:34,600
your claim. 
Hoping that shifting locations 

336
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:38,900
will shift your luck. 
This belief is superstition to 

337
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:43,300
strategy yet. 
The mining industry is Rife with

338
00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:45,600
superstitions presented as 
strategies. 

339
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:50,200
Some men won't work on Sundays, 
others won't work without their 

340
00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:53,900
lucky shirt. 
One fellow, you met won't pan, 

341
00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:56,900
unless he's whistling, which 
makes him deeply unpopular with 

342
00:18:56,900 --> 00:18:58,400
the miners on neighboring 
claims. 

343
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:02,500
The afternoon pans yield a 
better return than the morning. 

344
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:07,000
7 visual flex and what might be 
two more if you're generous with

345
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,700
your definitions. 
This is a good day, not a great 

346
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:12,600
day. 
A great day would involve 

347
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,700
finding something larger than a 
Fleck, but solidly good. 

348
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:19,200
You'll add maybe three cents 
worth of gold to your pouch, 

349
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,300
which doesn't sound like much. 
Until you remember that you're 

350
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:24,900
finding it in a creek using a 
pan and your increasingly 

351
00:19:24,900 --> 00:19:27,800
questionable back. 
The thing about the Sierra 

352
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,300
Nevada that nobody warns you 
about is how quickly the weather

353
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:33,700
can shift from Pleasant to 
actively hostile. 

354
00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:37,500
You've seen it go from Sunny to 
healing in the time, it takes to

355
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:41,300
smoke a pipe, the clouds gather 
behind the Peaks to the east 

356
00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:45,500
accumulating as if they are 
preparing for something and then

357
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:47,600
suddenly it starts raining 
sideways. 

358
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:50,800
While you scramble to remember 
where you left. 

359
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:55,100
Anything, that shouldn't get 
wet, which includes everything. 

360
00:19:56,700 --> 00:20:01,600
Today stays clear, which is a 
mercy, you've endured rainstorms

361
00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:05,800
in the past and the misery, they
inflict his Indescribable to 

362
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,300
those who have not tried 
prospecting for gold under 

363
00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:13,300
torrential rain. the creek Rises
the visibility drops and 

364
00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:18,200
everything becomes a cold muddy 
exercise in stubbornness you 

365
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,000
keep working because stopping 
means losing a day of potential 

366
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,400
income and you've already lost 
too many days to afford losing 

367
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,400
more. 
The wind picks up around three 

368
00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:31,400
which is normal for this time of
year, it comes down the canyon. 

369
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:33,800
Like it's been personally 
insulted by something at the 

370
00:20:33,808 --> 00:20:36,800
bottom and is rushing down to 
file a complaint. 

371
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:42,000
Pines Sway and Creeks dropping 
pine cones, the size of your 

372
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,600
fist. 
You've been hit by Falling pine 

373
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:47,000
cones twice. 
And while it's not dangerous, 

374
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,800
it's startling and slightly 
humiliating to be attacked by a 

375
00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:55,600
tree even touching Summer is the
best season for mining, which 

376
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:58,000
tells you something about 
adverse seasons? 

377
00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,800
During the summer, you can work 
all day with your hands freezing

378
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,100
solid. 
The creek is low which means you

379
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:09,700
can reach more of the gravel. 
The nights are cool but not 

380
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:12,000
deadly. 
You've heard stories about 

381
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:16,300
winter mining about men, trying 
to thaw frozen gravel with fire 

382
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:19,800
about creeks. 
Freezing, solid about finding 

383
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:21,800
minors in the spring who didn't 
make it through. 

384
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:26,000
You plan to be in Sacramento by 
November assuming you've made 

385
00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:27,700
enough by then to afford 
leaving. 

386
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:31,100
The Autumn is supposed to be 
beautiful here, according to the

387
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,100
Danish fellow, who spent last 
fall in these mountains. 

388
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:38,500
He says the Aspens, turn yellow,
and the whole Canyon glows. 

389
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:41,500
Like it's on fire. 
He also says that October is 

390
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:44,900
when the big storms start 
rolling in from the Pacific and 

391
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,700
dumping snow by the foot. 
He says that November is when 

392
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:52,800
smart men leave and December is 
when stubborn men die. 

393
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:56,000
You've marked yourself down as 
smart though. 

394
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:58,600
You're aware that most stubborn 
men probably think of themselves

395
00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:02,000
the same way you finish working 
when the light gets too low to 

396
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,100
see color in the pan, Which 
happens early than you'd like. 

397
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:07,900
Because the canyon walls create 
Shadows that arrived before 

398
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:10,500
sunset. 
You've mastered the art of 

399
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:14,200
timing your day by the Shadows, 
observing their leisurely 

400
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:17,900
progress across the creek. 
The walk back to Camp feels 

401
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:21,100
longer than the walk to your 
clay, probably, because you're 

402
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:22,300
worn out. 
And your boots are full of 

403
00:22:22,308 --> 00:22:26,300
water, that squelches with every
step your socks are incredibly 

404
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:29,000
durable. 
They would be on saving two 

405
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,700
weeks ago, but you keep wearing 
them because the alternative is 

406
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:35,200
wearing no socks, which leads to
blisters that make the socks 

407
00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:37,400
situation, look positively 
luxurious. 

408
00:22:38,300 --> 00:22:41,500
At Camp, you have a set evening 
routine because you don't have 

409
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:43,200
the energy to think of what to 
do next. 

410
00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,700
Fire first, using the coals you 
bank this morning that are 

411
00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:49,200
hopefully still alive under the 
OSH. 

412
00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:52,800
The coals are still alive but 
barely which saves you a match. 

413
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:58,000
Small kindling, slightly, larger
sticks, and then pieces of wood,

414
00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:02,700
you've split from Deadfall. 
Fire catches and holds producing

415
00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:05,100
smoke that smells like Pine and 
accomplishment. 

416
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,900
Dinner is bacon and beans. 
The beans have been soaking in 

417
00:23:09,900 --> 00:23:11,600
Creek Water since morning in a 
pot. 

418
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:15,100
You leave by your tent, covered 
with a Flat Rock to keep the J's

419
00:23:15,100 --> 00:23:18,200
out. 
This system works about 70% of 

420
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:22,100
the time, the other 30% you 
return to find J's, sitting on 

421
00:23:22,108 --> 00:23:25,100
the Rock looking pleased with 
themselves and half your beans 

422
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:29,100
scattered in the dirt today. 
The beans are intact, which 

423
00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:32,300
means to night, you'll have 
adequate protein, you cook the 

424
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:34,900
bacon. 
First in your small pan, not the

425
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:37,600
gold pan. 
You're not a barbarian then at 

426
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,400
the beans to the bacon grease. 
This is the same cooking 

427
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:45,400
technique you use for breakfast,
which suggests your color skills

428
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,000
of not expanded significantly 
during your time here. 

429
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:52,600
The beans, absorb the grease, 
and become softer, and salty at,

430
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,800
which is the best you can hope 
for under the circumstances. 

431
00:23:56,900 --> 00:23:59,200
While the beans cook, you count 
your gold. 

432
00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,300
This is both satisfying and 
depressing depending on your 

433
00:24:02,300 --> 00:24:04,100
mood. 
Tonight, you're feeling 

434
00:24:04,108 --> 00:24:07,100
philosophical, which means you 
can look at your small Leather 

435
00:24:07,100 --> 00:24:10,600
Pouch and think I'm building 
towards something, rather than 

436
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:13,400
I've been here for three months 
and have approximately eight 

437
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:16,700
dollars worth of gold. 
The pouch contains mostly 

438
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:19,400
flakes. 
A few slightly larger pieces, 

439
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:23,100
that might generously be called,
small nuggets and a lot of black

440
00:24:23,100 --> 00:24:24,400
sand. 
You haven't been able to 

441
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,400
separate out separating gold 
from black sand is an art form 

442
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:32,000
that involves Mercury, which you
don't have or tremendous 

443
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:36,200
patience which you have but 
prefer to use elsewhere, most 

444
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,300
miners just sell their gold with
the black sand, still mixed in 

445
00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:42,700
accepting a lower price in 
exchange for not spending hours,

446
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:45,900
trying to clean it. 
You estimate, you've got about a

447
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:49,900
quarter ounce total in 
Sacramento, the price of gold is

448
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:53,400
16 dollars per ounce. 
Indicating that you have a total

449
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:57,300
of four dollars plus or minus. 
Four dollars. 

450
00:24:57,300 --> 00:24:59,600
After three months of work, 
would be depressing if you 

451
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,600
thought about it directly. 
So you think about it sideways. 

452
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:06,100
Instead, you're learning a 
trade, you're improving your 

453
00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:08,400
Technique. 
Tomorrow's pan might be the one 

454
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,700
that changes everything. 
These are the lies. 

455
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:12,700
You tell yourself that might 
actually be true. 

456
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:15,800
Mining attracts a specific type 
of person. 

457
00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:19,700
Someone comfortable being alone 
but perhaps not skilled at it. 

458
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:23,500
The distinction matters you 
spend your days working by 

459
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:26,100
yourself but you're surrounded 
by other men. 

460
00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:29,200
Doing the same thing. 
All of you existing in this 

461
00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:31,300
strange state of communal 
solitude. 

462
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,300
There's the Danish fellow whose 
Camp is Upstream from yours. 

463
00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:39,400
He is nodded at you 
approximately 60 times, but 

464
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:41,000
you've never learned his actual 
name. 

465
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,800
He's methodical in a way that 
suggesting the previous mining 

466
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,300
experience or a personality that
can't help being methodical. 

467
00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:53,300
His Camp is neat, his tools are 
organized and his morning fire 

468
00:25:53,300 --> 00:25:55,900
starts with The Cloud of smoke 
that yours produces. 

469
00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:59,600
You find this simultaneously 
admirable and annoying. 

470
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:02,400
Downstream. 
There's a group of three Chinese

471
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,800
miners who work together in a 
way, that seems both more 

472
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:06,900
efficient and more pleasant than
working alone. 

473
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,200
They've built a Rocker Box. 
A larger Contraption for 

474
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:14,200
processing gravel, and they take
turns operating it in shifts, 

475
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:17,400
you've watched them work, and 
they seem to find more gold than

476
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:19,400
you do. 
Which suggests their technique 

477
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,000
is better. 
Their claim is richer or both 

478
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:25,300
they've never been unfriendly, 
but they keep to themselves 

479
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:28,300
which you respect because you do
the same thing. 

480
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:31,800
There's a French Canadian who 
showed up two weeks ago and 

481
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:33,400
hasn't stopped talking about the
Nugget. 

482
00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:36,600
He found in his first week which
was apparently the size of a 

483
00:26:36,608 --> 00:26:39,500
pea. 
You've seen the Nugget, it's 

484
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:42,700
legitimately impressive. 
It's also the only significant 

485
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:45,400
goal he's found since which he 
mentioned his lesson. 

486
00:26:46,300 --> 00:26:49,200
He started to develop the look 
that men get when they realized 

487
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:50,900
their luck might have run out on
day three. 

488
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,500
The nearest town calling it. 
A town is generous, is a 

489
00:26:55,508 --> 00:26:58,000
six-hour walk which means you go
there. 

490
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,600
Approximately never. 
The town consists of a trading 

491
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:05,500
post, a place that sells Whiskey
and a collection of tents that 

492
00:27:05,500 --> 00:27:08,300
serve various purposes. 
None of them particularly 

493
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:10,900
interesting. 
You went there once in July to 

494
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:14,100
buy supplies and found the 
prices so inflated that you 

495
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:17,000
seriously considered just eating
pine bark for the rest of the 

496
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,500
summer. 
Mail comes through the town 

497
00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:22,700
twice a month. 
Carried by a man on a horse who 

498
00:27:22,700 --> 00:27:25,800
looks like he's reconsidering 
his life choices every time you 

499
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:28,200
see him. 
You haven't gotten male because 

500
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,500
getting male requires having 
sent mail first, and sending 

501
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:34,600
mail requires either admitting 
how things are going or lying 

502
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:37,500
about it. 
You've decided that writing home

503
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:40,200
can wait until you have 
something worth reporting Beyond

504
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,200
still here, still, poor Creek 
still cold. 

505
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,700
The thing that keeps you going 
isn't the dream of striking, it 

506
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:49,800
rich that dream died somewhere, 
around week six. 

507
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:54,200
What keeps you going? 
Is the small regular victories 

508
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,800
that arrived just often enough 
to feel like progress, A good 

509
00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:00,700
day of panning, a flake larger 
than usual. 

510
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:04,600
The satisfaction of improving 
your Technique to the point, 

511
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,300
where you can process gravel 
faster than you could last 

512
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:10,000
month, you've gotten better at 
reading the creek. 

513
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:14,100
You've learned to spot places 
where the water slows down where

514
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:17,800
obstacles create Eddies where 
the Bedrock comes close to the 

515
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,100
surface. 
These are the places gold 

516
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:22,500
accumulate if it accumulates 
anywhere. 

517
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,000
You've learned to test a spot 
with a single pan before 

518
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,500
committing to ours of digging. 
You've learned that the gravel 

519
00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:32,800
right against Bedrock is worth 
checking first, because that's 

520
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:34,600
where the heaviest particles 
settle. 

521
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,700
Your panning technique has 
improved to the point where you 

522
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:41,200
rarely lose visible, gold over 
the rim of the pan anymore which

523
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:43,500
used to happen with embarrassing
frequency. 

524
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:47,400
You've learned the right rhythm 
of shaking and swirling, the 

525
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,700
right angle to tilt the pan and 
the right amount of water to 

526
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:53,400
keep in it. 
These skills are worthless 

527
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,100
anywhere except right here in 
this Creek doing this specific 

528
00:28:57,100 --> 00:28:58,900
thing. 
But here they matter. 

529
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,200
There's a rhythm to the work 
that becomes almost meditative. 

530
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:08,200
When you let it fill the pan. 
Shake it under the water tilt 

531
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:11,300
and swirl. 
Watch the lighter material wash 

532
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,700
away. 
Check for color repeat. 

533
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:18,500
Your mind wanders during this 
process which is good because 

534
00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:20,700
otherwise you go crazy from the 
repetition. 

535
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:24,300
You think about home, you think 
about the people you left 

536
00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:26,500
behind. 
You think about whether you're 

537
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,000
actually going to make enough 
money here, to justify having 

538
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,700
left You think about dinner, you
think about gold? 

539
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,600
The best day you've had was 
three weeks ago, when you found 

540
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:41,000
five flakes in a single pan. 
Five, lakes isn't Fortune. 

541
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:42,600
It's not even a really good 
meal. 

542
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:45,700
But it was encouraging in a way 
that made you want to keep 

543
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:48,700
going. 
You've had worst day since then 

544
00:29:48,700 --> 00:29:52,600
plenty of them, but that one. 
Good day sits in your memory 

545
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,900
like proof that luck exists and 
might occasionally. 

546
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:59,200
Remember you exist, too? 
Your equipment consists of your 

547
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:05,400
pan, a shovel, a pick a blanket,
a tenth one cooking pot one 

548
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:10,600
frying pan, two shirts, one pair
of pants, one hat, assorted 

549
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:13,800
other items of questionable, 
utility and a rifle. 

550
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:15,000
You fired. 
Exactly twice. 

551
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,700
And arriving here once was to 
scare off a bear who was 

552
00:30:18,708 --> 00:30:22,100
investigating your Camp, the 
bear left though? 

553
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:24,700
You're not convinced the rifle 
at anything to do with it. 

554
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:28,500
The bear seemed more annoyed by 
the noise than threatened by it.

555
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,800
The shovel is the most important
to all after the pan. 

556
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,600
You use it to move gravel, dig 
down to bedrock, create channels

557
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,000
in the creek and occasionally as
a seat when your two tired to 

558
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:41,200
stand, but the ground is too wet
to sit on. 

559
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:44,800
The handle is worn smooth where 
your hands grip it. 

560
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:47,800
And the blade is starting to 
show signs of serious. 

561
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:50,900
Where along the edge, you'll 
need a new Shovel by next 

562
00:30:50,900 --> 00:30:53,100
summer. 
Assuming you're still here next 

563
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:56,000
summer, which is an assumption. 
You're not ready to examine Too 

564
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:59,300
Close closely, the pick breaks 
up hard packed gravel and chips 

565
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:01,400
way of Bedrock. 
When you need to clear a hollow 

566
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:04,700
where gold might be hiding. 
You're not great with the pick, 

567
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:08,100
it requires a specific kind of 
controlled violence, that 

568
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:11,100
doesn't come naturally to you, 
but you're better than you were.

569
00:31:11,100 --> 00:31:14,700
You've learned to let the weight
of the pick do most of the work 

570
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:17,800
rather than trying to muscle it 
down into the Rock. 

571
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,200
Your shoulders are grateful for 
this lesson though. 

572
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:22,500
They wish you'd learned it 
sooner. 

573
00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:27,000
Your tent is canvas. 
So supposedly waterproof, and 

574
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:31,700
actually water resistant at best
When it rains hard, small, drips

575
00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:35,000
develop in predictable spots, 
and you've learned to arrange 

576
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:38,600
your belongings to avoid them. 
Tent is tall enough that you can

577
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:42,200
sit up inside it but not stand. 
Which means you spend a lot of 

578
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:45,800
time hunched over your back as a
pinions about this Arrangement. 

579
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:49,800
The blanket you sleep in his 
wool which was expensive but 

580
00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:53,000
worth it wall stays warm. 
Even when wet, which is 

581
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:54,400
important. 
Because everything here is 

582
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:59,100
always at least slightly wet The
blanket smells like campfire and

583
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:02,800
sweat and pine needles, which is
to say it smells like you've 

584
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:04,500
been living in the mountains for
three months. 

585
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:09,400
September arrives without 
ceremony marked only by the fact

586
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:10,700
that the Danish fellow 
mentioned. 

587
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:14,000
Its September while walking past
your claim one morning. 

588
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,200
The days are still hot but the 
nights are starting to get 

589
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,000
properly cold. 
The kind of cold that makes you 

590
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:23,700
burrow deeper into your blanket 
and consider whether you've made

591
00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:27,200
good decisions. 
The creek is lower now than it 

592
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:30,200
was in July. 
The snow melt has slowed to a 

593
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:32,300
trickle which means you can 
reach gravel. 

594
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:36,500
That was underwater a month ago.
This is theoretically good news 

595
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:39,700
in practice. 
It means you're doing the same 

596
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:42,400
amount of work to assess 
slightly different gravel. 

597
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,500
That contains the same 
disappointing amount of gold as 

598
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:48,100
the previous gravel. 
The Aspen's are starting to 

599
00:32:48,108 --> 00:32:51,500
turn, just like the Danish 
fellow said they would Canyon 

600
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:54,400
walls are developing patches of 
yellow that catch the afternoon 

601
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:56,800
light and make everything look 
like a painting. 

602
00:32:57,900 --> 00:32:59,600
Beautiful. 
In a way that would be more 

603
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:01,800
enjoyable if you weren't worried
about winter coming. 

604
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:05,400
Beauty is easier to appreciate 
when you're not concerned about 

605
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:08,600
freezing to death. 
Birds are changing their 

606
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:12,200
patterns. 
The Jays are still around Jay's 

607
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:15,400
are apparently immortal. 
But other birds are starting to 

608
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:17,000
move through on their way to 
somewhere else. 

609
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,300
You've seen geese flying 
overhead in V4 Nations heading 

610
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:25,300
south with what seems like 
excessive enthusiasm, the geese 

611
00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,200
knows something, you know, 
winter in these mountains is not

612
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:31,200
a theoretical problem. 
You're starting to see other 

613
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,200
miners pack up and leave every 
few days. 

614
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,600
Another tent comes down. 
Another Camp gets abandoned and 

615
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,400
another claim becomes available 
for whoever's desperate or 

616
00:33:40,408 --> 00:33:43,700
optimistic enough to take it 
over, you've watched maybe a 

617
00:33:43,700 --> 00:33:45,300
dozen men. 
Leave in the past, two weeks, 

618
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:48,800
none of them looked happy but 
some looked more defeated than 

619
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,200
others. 
The French Canadian left last 

620
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,600
used day. 
He stopped by your claim to say 

621
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,600
goodbye which was more social 
interaction than you'd had in 

622
00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:58,500
weeks. 
He said he was heading to 

623
00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:02,100
Sacramento to find work that 
paid in actual money rather than

624
00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:05,500
tiny flecks of hope. 
He said the Nugget, he found 

625
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:07,200
him. 
Weak one would cover his travel 

626
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:10,900
costs but nothing more he said 
he'd learned an important lesson

627
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:12,699
about luck and diminishing 
returns. 

628
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:16,500
He shook your hand and left and 
you haven't seen him since 

629
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:19,800
you're now faced with the 
question that every mine in 

630
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:21,400
these mountains phases, of 
eventually. 

631
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:26,500
When do you leave The smart 
money says, leave an October 

632
00:34:26,500 --> 00:34:28,900
before the first real storms 
hit. 

633
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:33,000
The optimistic money says stay 
until you've made enough to 

634
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:35,000
justify having come here in the 
first place. 

635
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,199
The desperate money says stay as
long as physically possible 

636
00:34:38,199 --> 00:34:40,699
because going home empty-handed 
isn't really an option. 

637
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:43,400
You're not sure which category 
you fall into. 

638
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:47,199
You've made approximately 12 
dollars worth of gold in four 

639
00:34:47,199 --> 00:34:50,699
months, which works out three 
dollars per month, which is not 

640
00:34:50,699 --> 00:34:54,600
a fortune by any definition. 
On the other hand, you've 

641
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:56,800
learned skills that might 
actually translate to better 

642
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,700
returns next season, you've 
learned where gold hides you've 

643
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:03,400
learned how to read a creek. 
You've learned how to survive in

644
00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:05,800
the mountains with minimal 
supplies and maximum 

645
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:09,100
stubbornness. 
There's a question of what you'd

646
00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:14,100
be going home to Ohio feels very
far away, both geographically 

647
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:17,500
and emotionally? 
the life, you left there, the 

648
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:20,800
debts, the obligations, the 
small town predictability, 

649
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:25,700
Doesn't feel like something your
eager to return to at least here

650
00:35:25,700 --> 00:35:31,000
your poor, but independent. 
At least here, every plan has 

651
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,200
the potential to change your 
circumstances. 

652
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:37,000
The Danish fellow is staying 
through October possibly 

653
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,800
November. 
He told you this while refilling

654
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:43,200
his Canteen at the creek. 
Seeking in his careful English 

655
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,900
that suggests he's translating 
from Danish in his head before 

656
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:50,100
the words come out. 
He said he's been mining for two

657
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:54,300
years now in different locations
and that patience is the main 

658
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:57,500
requirement. 
He said that most men leave too 

659
00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:59,500
early before. 
They've learned enough to make 

660
00:35:59,500 --> 00:36:03,100
the work pay off He said this 
with the confidence of someone 

661
00:36:03,100 --> 00:36:05,800
who's either, right? 
Or has become very good at lying

662
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,200
to himself. 
You decide to stay through 

663
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:10,400
September then reassess in 
October. 

664
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:14,600
This feels like a reasonable 
compromise between optimism and 

665
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:17,300
survival. 
Instinct, you mark the date in 

666
00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:21,500
your head October 1st. 
That's when you'll make a real 

667
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,700
decision about whether to win to
hear, or to lower elevations. 

668
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:28,300
The best part of each day is the
hour after dinner, when you're 

669
00:36:28,300 --> 00:36:30,700
too tired to do anything 
productive, but not yet tired, 

670
00:36:30,700 --> 00:36:34,200
enough to sleep, you sit by your
fire, smoke your pipe. 

671
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:38,100
Coe's expensive. 
So you mix it with dried bare 

672
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:41,200
breed leaves, which is either an
authentic Frontier technique, or

673
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,800
something you invented out of 
desperation and watch the light 

674
00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:47,600
fade from the canyon. 
The evening light in the 

675
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:49,500
mountains is different from 
evening light. 

676
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:52,400
Anywhere else. 
His gold in a way that seems 

677
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,100
almost thick, like you could 
reach out and touch it. 

678
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:59,600
The air cools rapidly wants the 
sun drops behind the Western 

679
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,600
Ridge and the temperature drops 
10 or 15 degrees in the space of

680
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:06,000
20 minutes. 
You've learned to have your 

681
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,500
jacket Within Reach. 
By the time, the light starts to

682
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:10,900
turn. 
The sounds of the evening of the

683
00:37:10,908 --> 00:37:14,200
creek. 
The fire crackling, the wind 

684
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,100
moving through the pines and 
occasionally, the far-off sound 

685
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:19,300
of someone else's acts biting 
into wood. 

686
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:22,700
There's a rhythm to life here 
that slower than anything you 

687
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:25,900
experience in Ohio. 
Not peaceful, exactly. 

688
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:30,800
It's too much work to be 
peaceful, but separate remove 

689
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:32,000
from the normal pace of the 
world. 

690
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:35,200
You've started noticing small 
things, you wouldn't have 

691
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:37,700
noticed. 
Four months ago, The waist 

692
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:40,500
certain rocks, in the creek have
patterned in them that look like

693
00:37:40,500 --> 00:37:42,600
writing in a language. 
Nobody can read. 

694
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:45,300
The way the smoke from your 
fire. 

695
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:48,000
Sometimes swirls in One 
Direction while the wind is 

696
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,700
clearly blowing in another. 
The way the Stars up here are so

697
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:54,100
bright. 
They cast actual Shadows, 

698
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:59,000
turning the whole Forest into a 
study in silver and black Some 

699
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,000
evening's, you hear the sound of
a fiddle from one of the camps 

700
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:06,200
Downstream someone has a fiddle 
and knows about seven songs 

701
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:08,700
which they play in the same 
order every time. 

702
00:38:08,700 --> 00:38:11,900
You've heard this sequence so 
many times, you could probably 

703
00:38:11,900 --> 00:38:14,000
play it yourself. 
If you had a fiddle and any 

704
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,600
musical ability whatsoever, The 
fact that you can hear the 

705
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,300
fiddle from your Camp, suggests 
sound carries farther than it 

706
00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:25,100
should or that everyone is being
quieter than you'd expect from a

707
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:26,200
group of men living in the 
woods. 

708
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:30,500
What keeps you panning day after
day is the fundamental truth? 

709
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:35,100
That gold is definitely here. 
Not hypothetically here not 

710
00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:39,000
rumored to be here actually 
documentarily present in this 

711
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:41,400
Creek in quantities that are 
small. 

712
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:46,700
But real, you found it yourself.
You've held it in your hand, you

713
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:50,000
know, with absolute certainty. 
That if you panic enough gravel,

714
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,200
some of that gravel will contain
gold. 

715
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:56,100
It's different from most gambles
where you're betting on 

716
00:38:56,100 --> 00:38:58,600
something that might not even 
exist here. 

717
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:01,000
You're just trying to find 
enough of something that 

718
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,600
definitely exists. 
It's like fishing, but the fish 

719
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,800
are tiny, and made of metal and 
really good at hiding. 

720
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:12,000
The biggest piece you found so 
far, is about the size of a 

721
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:15,000
grain of rice. 
You found it three weeks ago and

722
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,700
you keep it separate from your 
other gold in a small glass 

723
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:19,600
vial. 
You bought specifically for this

724
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:24,100
purpose, it's your trophy piece,
the evidence that larger pieces 

725
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:26,500
exist and that you're capable of
finding them. 

726
00:39:26,500 --> 00:39:29,700
The fact that you haven't found 
another piece that size since is

727
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:31,600
information. 
You've chosen not to dwell on, 

728
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,800
you've heard stories about men 
finding nuggets, the size of 

729
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,200
potatoes. 
You've heard stories about men, 

730
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:39,100
becoming rich in a single after 
noon. 

731
00:39:39,100 --> 00:39:41,700
You've heard so many stories 
that you've stopped believing 

732
00:39:41,700 --> 00:39:46,000
most of them but the core truth 
remains some men, do strike it 

733
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,900
rich. 
Not many men, maybe one in a 

734
00:39:48,900 --> 00:39:52,800
thousand but someone is that one
in a thousand and there's no 

735
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:54,400
particular reason. 
It can't be you. 

736
00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:57,800
This is the hope that persists 
through the long days of finding

737
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,000
nothing. 
This is what makes you pick up 

738
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,700
the pan each morning to spike 
your aching back and your 

739
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:05,800
questionable finance's. 
This is what makes the whole 

740
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:09,000
Enterprise feel like something 
other than slow motion failure. 

741
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,300
The first of October is crisp in
a way that suggests summer has 

742
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:16,600
officially given up. 
You wake to frost on your tent 

743
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:20,400
which is new and unwelcome. 
The creek seems colder though. 

744
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:21,900
You are. 
Not sure if it's actually colder

745
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:23,900
or if you're just losing your 
tolerance for cold. 

746
00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:27,900
Either way wading in now 
requires a moment of mental 

747
00:40:27,900 --> 00:40:30,000
preparation. 
That wasn't necessary in August.

748
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:34,400
You've been here, five months, 
your original plan was three 

749
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:38,100
months maximum. 
You've exceeded your plan by two

750
00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:40,600
months and are now actively 
ignoring the fact that you made 

751
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,700
a plan at all, The Leather Pouch
with your gold. 

752
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:45,900
Now, contains maybe half an 
ounce total. 

753
00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:48,400
Eight dollars worth of work, 
though. 

754
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:51,100
You try not to calculate the per
day rate because it's 

755
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,200
depressing. 
Most of the camps around your 

756
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:56,300
empty. 
Now the Danish fellow is still 

757
00:40:56,300 --> 00:41:00,400
here along with the three 
Chinese miners Downstream and 

758
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:02,900
maybe four or five other 
scattered along the creek. 

759
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:07,400
Forest feels emptier though. 
It's hard to say if that's 

760
00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:10,700
because people left or because 
the changing season makes 

761
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:14,200
everything feel more Stark. 
You've made your decision, 

762
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:17,800
you'll stay through October. 
Then leave before the first 

763
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,100
snow, this gives you one more 
month to add to your total. 

764
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:23,900
One more month to find something
significant. 

765
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:27,200
One more month to convince 
yourself that this whole 

766
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:31,400
Adventure, wasn't a 
miscalculation October, feels 

767
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:36,600
like the absolute deadline, 
November feels like death, the 

768
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:41,100
work continues as it has for 
months, fill the pan shake it 

769
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:45,000
look for color. 
Occasionally find color, mostly 

770
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,900
find nothing. 
The rhythm is so familiar. 

771
00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:51,200
Now that you could do it in your
sleep, which is good because you

772
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,100
sometimes feel like you're doing
it in your sleep. 

773
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:56,500
On October 15th, you find a 
nugget. 

774
00:41:56,500 --> 00:42:00,500
Not a huge nugget calling. 
It nugget is technically 

775
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:03,300
generous, but definitely larger 
than a flake. 

776
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:06,700
It's about the size of a 
peppercorn with a weight. 

777
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:10,200
You can actually feel when you 
place it in your palm, this is 

778
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:13,500
the best find you've had in two 
months and you spend a 

779
00:42:13,500 --> 00:42:16,900
ridiculous amount of time just 
looking at it, turning it over, 

780
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:21,500
feeling the weight of it. 
This nugget is worth, maybe 50 

781
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:25,900
cents. 50 cents is not a 
Fortune, 50 cents will not 

782
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:29,300
change your life. 
But 50 cents found in a single 

783
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:31,700
pan is better than the three 
cents per day. 

784
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:34,900
You've been averaging and it 
represents the possibility that 

785
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:37,100
other larger pieces might be 
nearby. 

786
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,900
This is how mining works. 
Every small success, suggests 

787
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:44,800
the possibility of larger 
success just around the corner. 

788
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:48,300
You spend the rest of the day 
working the same area, where you

789
00:42:48,300 --> 00:42:51,400
found, the Nugget hoping that 
where there's one piece. 

790
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:54,300
There might be more, this is 
Sound Logic. 

791
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:57,700
This is all the same logic that 
has led you to waste entire 

792
00:42:57,700 --> 00:43:00,300
days, digging and spots. 
That turned out to contain 

793
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:03,300
exactly one piece of gold and 
nothing else. 

794
00:43:04,300 --> 00:43:08,800
By the end of the day you found 
two more flakes, normal sized, 

795
00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:12,200
nothing, special and have 
convinced yourself that the 

796
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:14,400
Nugget was probably a Solo 
Traveler. 

797
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:17,000
Not the advanced Scout for a 
major deposit. 

798
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:20,400
This is disappointing, but not 
surprising. 

799
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:24,400
Most good news, in mining turns 
out to be followed by normal 

800
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,000
news. 
The last week of October brings,

801
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:30,600
whether that makes it clear that
winter is not a metaphor The 

802
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:32,700
temperature drops below freezing
at night. 

803
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:36,600
There's no on the highest peaks 
visible from your Camp as a 

804
00:43:36,608 --> 00:43:38,300
bright white line against the 
sky. 

805
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:40,300
That seems to be creeping lower 
each day. 

806
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:44,700
The creek is painfully cold now 
and your hands go numb, within 

807
00:43:44,700 --> 00:43:48,400
minutes of starting work. 
You've made your final count. 

808
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:53,500
You've got approximately 3/4 of 
an ounce of gold worth maybe 12 

809
00:43:53,500 --> 00:43:57,300
dollars. 
After five months of work you've

810
00:43:57,300 --> 00:44:00,200
made 12 dollars. 
This works out to about two 

811
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:03,200
dollars and 40 cents per month 
which is less than you could 

812
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:07,400
make doing almost any other job.
On the other hand, you've had an

813
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:09,500
adventure. 
You've learned new skills, 

814
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:13,300
you've lived in the Sierra 
Nevada and survived, these 

815
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:17,600
things have value, even if they 
don't have a price tag, The 

816
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:20,400
Danish fellow stops by on the 
28th to say goodbye. 

817
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,200
He's staying through winter 
which you think is either. 

818
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:26,100
Braver insane. 
He says he's built a better 

819
00:44:26,100 --> 00:44:27,600
shelter and has Supply is 
stored. 

820
00:44:27,608 --> 00:44:31,200
He says, winter mining is 
difficult but possible and that 

821
00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:34,300
most men who die in the winter 
die because they're unprepared, 

822
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:37,500
not because the winter itself is
unsurvivable. 

823
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,800
He wishes you luck. 
You wish him luck. 

824
00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:44,200
You shake hands with the warmth 
of men who've been neighbors 

825
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,600
without quite being friends. 
On October 30th, you break Camp,

826
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:52,700
you take down your tent pack, 
your tools, and take a last. 

827
00:44:52,700 --> 00:44:57,000
Look at your claim. 
The creek continues, its endless

828
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:00,400
conversation with itself. 
Caring, not at all that you've 

829
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:02,900
spent five months of your life 
crouched next to it. 

830
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:08,800
Hoping, The gold is still there,
somewhere in the gravel, waiting

831
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:11,800
for the next person, desperate, 
or optimistic enough to come 

832
00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:15,100
looking for it. 
The walk back to Sacramento 

833
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:18,500
takes three days, your gold 
pouch sits in your pocket 

834
00:45:18,500 --> 00:45:20,400
heavier than you expected for 
something. 

835
00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:24,400
So, small 12 dollars worth of 
gold is not the fortune you 

836
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:29,000
hoped for but it's real money 
earned by your own labor pulled 

837
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:33,000
from a creek, one tiny flake. 
At a time You're not sure if 

838
00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:35,800
you'll come back next spring. 
You're not sure if five months 

839
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,500
of work for 12 dollars, 
represents failure, or 

840
00:45:38,500 --> 00:45:41,100
education. 
You're not sure if you're a 

841
00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:44,500
minor, who's taking a break, or 
a man who briefly tried Mining 

842
00:45:44,500 --> 00:45:46,200
and is moving on to something 
else. 

843
00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:50,800
What you're sure of is this, you
know, how to read a Creak now, 

844
00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:54,200
you know, how to survive in the 
mountains with minimal supplies.

845
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:57,000
You know what it feels like to 
find gold. 

846
00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:59,200
And you know what? 
It feels like to spend hours, 

847
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:01,300
finding nothing. 
These are things. 

848
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:05,100
You didn't know, six months ago 
and they're yours now worth more

849
00:46:05,100 --> 00:46:07,700
than 12 dollars because they 
can't be taken away. 

850
00:46:07,700 --> 00:46:10,300
The Sierra, Nevada receives 
behind you. 

851
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:13,500
As you walk, the mountains 
holding their gold, close 

852
00:46:13,500 --> 00:46:16,400
patient. 
And in different waiting, for 

853
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:19,300
the next wave of dreamers to 
arrive with their hands and 

854
00:46:19,300 --> 00:46:22,900
their hope and their willingness
to spend months in cold water 

855
00:46:22,900 --> 00:46:27,100
for the chance at something 
better, your time as a gold 

856
00:46:27,100 --> 00:46:31,200
Panner in the Sierra, Nevada is 
one story among thousands, most 

857
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:35,700
of which ended roughly the same 
way with modest returns valuable

858
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:38,700
experience and the knowledge 
that sometimes, the real 

859
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:41,300
discoveries what you learn about
yourself in the process. 

860
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:45,100
The gold remains where it's 
always been waiting in the 

861
00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:48,800
Creeks, a constant invitation, 
to those willing to bend their 

862
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:52,900
backs and numb their hands for 
the slim chance that today's pan

863
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:54,300
might be the one that changes 
everything. 

864
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:03,000
Now, shut your eyes and 
visualize yourself floating 

865
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:06,400
slowly through centuries of 
History until you gently land 

866
00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:10,300
in, what is now Iraq. 
Circa, 2100 BCE. 

867
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:12,600
The smell is what hits you 
first. 

868
00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:16,800
Not the site. 
Baking bread river water, and 

869
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:20,400
yes, a lot of livestock. 
Welcome to the first real 

870
00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:23,400
neighborhood in Civilization 
where people made the decision 

871
00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:26,300
to settle down and stop 
aimlessly wandering around like 

872
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:29,400
lost tourists. 
Tigris and new Freight is a two 

873
00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:32,400
rivers that would make any real 
estate agent cry with delight. 

874
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:35,100
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

875
00:47:35,100 --> 00:47:38,000
They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

876
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:40,800
groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

877
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,100
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

878
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:47,400
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

879
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:49,100
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

880
00:47:49,100 --> 00:47:51,800
to a dinner party guests, you 
may be asking yourself. 

881
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:53,500
Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

882
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:55,400
What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

883
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:59,300
Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

884
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:02,000
encouragement. 
You could probably grow tomatoes

885
00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:05,500
every year when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

886
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:07,400
layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

887
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:10,600
It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

888
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,800
locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

889
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,100
life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

890
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:19,000
You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

891
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:20,800
you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

892
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:25,300
This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

893
00:48:25,300 --> 00:48:30,100
visualize organic growth. 
Akin to a coral reef composed of

894
00:48:30,100 --> 00:48:34,300
human ambition and mud bricks 
narrow streets, wind between 

895
00:48:34,300 --> 00:48:38,000
houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

896
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:39,600
if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

897
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:42,000
Conversation. 
Another thing that strikes you 

898
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:45,300
as being very Antiquated, is the
lack of electrical hums, the 

899
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:48,600
quiet of engines and the absence
of any traffic that resembles 

900
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:51,600
Russia. 
Rather there's the soft splatter

901
00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:54,500
of irrigation channels, the 
steady Thunder of grain being 

902
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,100
ground and the sporadic snarling
of a donkey. 

903
00:48:57,100 --> 00:48:58,600
That's obviously upset about 
something. 

904
00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:02,900
Modern people spend a lot of 
money to experience this type of

905
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:06,100
Tranquility at wellness 
retreats, however, this quiet 

906
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:10,300
does not imply an activity. 
First large-scale, urban living 

907
00:49:10,300 --> 00:49:13,600
experiment in history is what 
you're seeing in essence, these 

908
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,400
individuals are inventing. 
As they go along resolving 

909
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:18,800
issues that have never been 
encountered by any human. 

910
00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:21,600
How do you manage thousands of 
people in one location? 

911
00:49:21,600 --> 00:49:26,000
How do you ensure that everyone 
eats When your neighbor's goat 

912
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:28,500
keeps eating your Bali? 
How do you keep things from 

913
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:30,100
going? 
Completely out of control? 

914
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:33,400
As you will see, the answer 
combines a remarkable amount of 

915
00:49:33,400 --> 00:49:37,100
Ingenuity practicality and what 
can only be called the first 

916
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:40,400
bureaucracy in history? 
Yes, paperwork was a part of 

917
00:49:40,408 --> 00:49:43,500
paradise as you become more 
accustomed to this ancient 

918
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:45,500
world. 
You start to notice something 

919
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:47,400
that would cause any 
contemporary city. 

920
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:51,500
Planner to either run screaming 
back to their zoning Maps or cry

921
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:54,200
with Envy. 
These Mesopotamians have 

922
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:57,400
produced a system of ordered 
chaos that somehow manages to 

923
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:01,100
keep everyone fed house and 
comparatively content even 

924
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:03,800
though it shouldn't work. 
Let's begin with the irrigation 

925
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:07,000
system, which is the most 
amazing engineering achievement,

926
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:09,500
you will ever witness that does 
not require electricity. 

927
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:14,400
Imagine a vast system of canals,
connecting every Field Garden 

928
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:17,300
and drinking well Nature's 
equivalent of the internet. 

929
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:21,100
You know what? 
Instead of just accepting this 

930
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:23,400
water, when you feel like giving
it to us, we're going to 

931
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:25,400
convince you to share it on our 
schedule. 

932
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:28,400
The Mesopotamian said glancing 
at their rushing Rivers. 

933
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:31,600
The end effect is a network of 
watery highways that would make 

934
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:33,600
the roads of ancient Rome appear
straightforward. 

935
00:50:34,400 --> 00:50:37,600
Individual fields are directly 
irrigated by water flowing. 

936
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:41,000
From the main rivers into 
primary canals secondary 

937
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:44,600
channels and smaller ditches. 
It's similar to having running 

938
00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:47,200
water, but it goes to your 
barley patch rather than your 

939
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:49,900
kitchen sink. 
In addition unlike your 

940
00:50:49,900 --> 00:50:53,500
contemporary Plumbing, if this 
system fails, the city is a 

941
00:50:53,500 --> 00:50:54,200
hole. 
Loses lunch. 

942
00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:57,400
In addition to water pressure, 
massive collaboration is needed 

943
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:00,800
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which is never been done before 

944
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,000
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

945
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:07,000
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbor's crops are 

946
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:09,000
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

947
00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:11,600
Upstream to construct a damn 
without taking Downstream 

948
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,600
residents into account. 
People must look beyond their 

949
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,100
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

950
00:51:17,100 --> 00:51:18,600
For the first time in human 
history. 

951
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:20,900
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

952
00:51:20,900 --> 00:51:24,400
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

953
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:28,800
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B insists

954
00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:32,200
is irrigation ditch was there 
first and farmer, a accuses 

955
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:33,500
farmer. 
B of stealing water. 

956
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:36,300
Someone has to resolve. 
The inevitable conflicts 

957
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,700
presenting, the first middle 
management in history since 

958
00:51:39,700 --> 00:51:42,100
clipboards, won't be invented 
for several thousand years. 

959
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:45,000
These water managers are more 
than just bureaucrats with 

960
00:51:45,008 --> 00:51:48,200
clipboards they combine elements
of weather, forecasting, 

961
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:52,000
engineering diplomacy and 
refereeing they must comprehend.

962
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:55,400
Not only the flow of water but 
also human thought crop growth 

963
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:59,000
and how to stop Neighbors from 
igniting generation long feuds. 

964
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:02,800
The good news is that it does 
work, your witnessing thousands 

965
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:05,600
of people successfully arranging
their daily scheduled around. 

966
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:10,100
Common resources, every year, 
the Harvest arrives, the fields,

967
00:52:10,100 --> 00:52:13,500
turn green at the appropriate 
times and the irrigation ditches

968
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:15,600
run. 
According to plan, when the 

969
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:18,500
irrigation schedule becomes 
complicated, everyone is 

970
00:52:18,500 --> 00:52:21,800
contributing labor water rights 
and a willingness to not 

971
00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:24,800
strangle their neighbors. 
It's like watching a huge 

972
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:26,900
Antiquated version of a 
neighborhood potluck. 

973
00:52:27,300 --> 00:52:28,900
Accepting of bringing 
casserole's. 

974
00:52:28,900 --> 00:52:32,200
This system's success has a 
significant impact on human 

975
00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:34,700
society. 
Some people are able to quit 

976
00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:37,200
farming when they can 
consistently produce more food 

977
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:40,700
than they require for survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

978
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:42,800
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

979
00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:46,900
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

980
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:49,400
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

981
00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:52,900
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

982
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:56,600
qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

983
00:52:56,600 --> 00:52:58,700
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

984
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:01,500
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

985
00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:04,800
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

986
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:07,300
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

987
00:53:07,308 --> 00:53:11,200
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

988
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:12,900
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

989
00:53:12,900 --> 00:53:15,900
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

990
00:53:15,900 --> 00:53:18,900
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

991
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:21,600
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you continue 

992
00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:23,800
your leisurely, exploration of 
this ancient world. 

993
00:53:24,900 --> 00:53:27,000
They have established. 
What may be the first startup 

994
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:31,200
culture in history, complete 
with competition creativity and 

995
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:33,600
the occasional spectacular 
failure from which everyone 

996
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:36,500
gains knowledge, for example, 
metalworking. 

997
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:39,300
You see people who have 
discovered that they can create 

998
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:42,800
bronze, a more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

999
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:46,400
they've ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

1000
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:49,100
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

1001
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:52,800
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

1002
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:55,700
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

1003
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:58,200
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

1004
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:01,600
transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

1005
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:04,500
they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

1006
00:54:04,500 --> 00:54:07,500
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

1007
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:11,100
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

1008
00:54:11,100 --> 00:54:14,300
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

1009
00:54:14,300 --> 00:54:17,600
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

1010
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:20,600
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

1011
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:24,000
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

1012
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:26,400
best metal. 
Workers build reputations, and 

1013
00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:29,500
people begin to request tools 
made by particular Artisans. 

1014
00:54:29,500 --> 00:54:33,400
So you have brand recognition, 
it's the Antiquated version of 

1015
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:36,400
Yelp, reviews, except of posting
them online. 

1016
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:39,000
People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

1017
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:40,700
harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

1018
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:44,600
However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

1019
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:48,200
rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

1020
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:49,700
is being created by these 
individuals. 

1021
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:53,400
They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

1022
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:55,100
between people who have 
different needs. 

1023
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:58,100
How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

1024
00:54:58,100 --> 00:55:01,500
resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

1025
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:05,000
Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

1026
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:07,700
grow barley. 
The toolmaker needs copper for 

1027
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:09,900
his next project. 
Not barley, but he wants 

1028
00:55:09,900 --> 00:55:12,800
payment. 
In order to trade up north, the 

1029
00:55:12,800 --> 00:55:14,900
copper Trader needs wool. 
Not barley. 

1030
00:55:14,900 --> 00:55:17,600
The shepherd needs barley, but 
he has wool. 

1031
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:20,700
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

1032
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:23,300
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

1033
00:55:23,300 --> 00:55:24,600
through their irrigation 
channels. 

1034
00:55:24,600 --> 00:55:27,700
They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

1035
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:29,400
value to move throughout the 
community. 

1036
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:33,300
In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

1037
00:55:33,300 --> 00:55:35,900
Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

1038
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:37,500
next project with the copper 
Trader. 

1039
00:55:38,200 --> 00:55:40,600
Toolmaker agrees to make your 
plow right away. 

1040
00:55:40,600 --> 00:55:44,100
It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

1041
00:55:44,100 --> 00:55:48,300
And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

1042
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:50,600
straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

1043
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:52,900
this system, not just any 
writing. 

1044
00:55:52,900 --> 00:55:56,000
But every day, useful, writing 
that can document who is 

1045
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:59,800
responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

1046
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:03,000
when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, your

1047
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:05,600
witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

1048
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,800
contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

1049
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:11,700
The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

1050
00:56:11,700 --> 00:56:15,400
earliest business documents ever
created purchase orders. 

1051
00:56:15,400 --> 00:56:19,500
Tax records, loan agreements, 
employment contracts, and 

1052
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:23,700
inventory lists All of it is 
here compressed into clay, with 

1053
00:56:23,700 --> 00:56:26,200
marks in the shape of wedges 
that symbolize the beginning of 

1054
00:56:26,208 --> 00:56:29,900
bureaucracy, indeed, you're all 
so witnessing the development of

1055
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:32,200
accounting. 
All of these promises 

1056
00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:35,000
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

1057
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:39,000
community must be monitored by 
someone even though the early 

1058
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,500
accountants worked by Lamplight 
with clay, tablets and Reed 

1059
00:56:42,500 --> 00:56:45,500
styluses rather than in 
contemporary offices with 

1060
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:48,800
computers, they were addressing 
the same issues that accountants

1061
00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:50,900
do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

1062
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:54,600
Solutions is astounding They're 
creating economic systems from 

1063
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:57,200
the ground up and learning by 
trial and error. 

1064
00:56:57,200 --> 00:57:00,900
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

1065
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:03,600
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

1066
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,100
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

1067
00:57:06,100 --> 00:57:07,900
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

1068
00:57:07,900 --> 00:57:11,400
exploration of this ancient 
world, these Mesopotamians 

1069
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,300
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

1070
00:57:14,300 --> 00:57:17,300
issues like trade and irrigation
their, aiming for something 

1071
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:20,700
greater something that appeals 
to the basic human need to build

1072
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:23,700
monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

1073
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:27,100
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

1074
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:30,600
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

1075
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:33,800
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

1076
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:36,800
buildings is an understatement. 
These are assertion 

1077
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:40,200
proclamations and Architectural 
justification for human 

1078
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:43,200
potential. 
People say, we can move 

1079
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:46,100
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

1080
00:57:46,108 --> 00:57:49,600
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

1081
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,100
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

1082
00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:54,800
Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

1083
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:57,400
site for a large ziggurat, no 
trucks. 

1084
00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:00,100
Cranes or mechanized equipment 
to present. 

1085
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:03,600
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

1086
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:07,200
power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

1087
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,700
willpower, the The planning 
however is what really sets it 

1088
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:14,300
apart to prevent the entire 
project from collapsing into a 

1089
00:58:14,300 --> 00:58:17,000
heap of costly debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

1090
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:20,300
bricks they will need where to 
obtain the raw materials, how 

1091
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:24,000
many workers are needed, how to 
feed all of those workers where 

1092
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:27,000
they will sleep and how to 
coordinate their efforts, your 

1093
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:29,200
witnessing a level of project 
management that won't be seen. 

1094
00:58:29,200 --> 00:58:32,300
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

1095
00:58:32,300 --> 00:58:36,100
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

1096
00:58:36,100 --> 00:58:40,000
Chains spanning the entire Known
World, the ziggurat Builders are

1097
00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:42,600
effectively managing the biggest
construction company. 

1098
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,300
In the ancient world, contrary 
to what Hollywood may have 

1099
00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:47,900
taught you, the workers 
themselves are not slaves, 

1100
00:58:47,900 --> 00:58:51,400
considerate, the most complex 
community service project in the

1101
00:58:51,408 --> 00:58:54,200
world, they are citizens 
carrying out, their civic 

1102
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:57,400
duties, seasonal workers and 
skilled artists. 

1103
00:58:57,400 --> 00:59:01,000
People donate their time to 
building projects that benefit 

1104
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:04,200
everyone during the agricultural
offseason when the fields don't 

1105
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:06,700
need to be tended. 
This desire to create something 

1106
00:59:06,700 --> 00:59:09,700
greater than anyone person. 
Could on their own has a very 

1107
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:12,900
human quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

1108
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:16,100
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

1109
00:59:16,100 --> 00:59:19,100
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats oral symbolic. 

1110
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:21,600
Look what we can do when we work
together. 

1111
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,500
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

1112
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:28,300
engineering is needed, the 
builders must comprehend. 

1113
00:59:28,300 --> 00:59:31,900
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

1114
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:35,400
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

1115
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:39,000
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

1116
00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:41,200
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

1117
00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:44,100
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

1118
00:59:44,100 --> 00:59:46,900
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

1119
00:59:46,900 --> 00:59:50,600
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

1120
00:59:50,600 --> 00:59:52,800
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

1121
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:55,900
producing millions of identical 
bricks to guarantee. 

1122
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:58,800
Uniformity throughout large 
production runs they create 

1123
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:02,900
standardized molds, quality 
assurance, protocols, and drying

1124
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:05,500
methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

1125
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:07,200
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

1126
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:09,100
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

1127
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:12,100
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

1128
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:14,400
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

1129
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,700
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

1130
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:20,700
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

1131
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:22,500
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

1132
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:24,300
Others are moving them and 
still. 

1133
01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:26,200
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

1134
01:00:26,200 --> 01:00:29,400
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

1135
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:33,300
to be motivated, supervised 
supplied and in sync, it's 

1136
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:36,000
similar to conducting an 
orchestra except that hundreds 

1137
01:00:36,000 --> 01:00:38,900
of construction workers are used
in place of musicians and 

1138
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:41,700
architecture that will Outlast 
Empires is used in place of 

1139
01:00:41,700 --> 01:00:43,600
music. 
You come across something that 

1140
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:46,600
may appear less dramatic than 
enormous construction projects, 

1141
01:00:46,600 --> 01:00:49,600
but is actually far more 
revolutionary as you can 

1142
01:00:49,600 --> 01:00:52,200
continue your peaceful journey 
through this amazing 

1143
01:00:52,200 --> 01:00:54,700
civilization. 
You're seeing the beginning of 

1144
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:59,400
formal education mathematics and
what we might call science the 

1145
01:00:59,400 --> 01:01:01,900
point at which humans started to
think methodically about 

1146
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:04,400
thinking itself. 
Something extraordinary is 

1147
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:08,100
taking place in tiny buildings, 
dotted across the cities, young,

1148
01:01:08,100 --> 01:01:09,700
adults, and children are 
congregating. 

1149
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:13,300
To learn rather than to labor 
and workshops or Fields the 

1150
01:01:13,300 --> 01:01:14,700
lessons. 
They are learning at the first 

1151
01:01:14,700 --> 01:01:17,100
schools in history will have a 
lasting impact on human 

1152
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:19,600
civilization. 
These are not informal teachings

1153
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:21,100
that parents in part to their 
children. 

1154
01:01:21,100 --> 01:01:24,600
This is formal education, 
complete with learning 

1155
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:27,100
objectives standardized, 
curricula and qualified 

1156
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:29,500
teachers. 
In addition to learning 

1157
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:31,800
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and law. 

1158
01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:35,300
Students, also practice writing 
by copying out traditional 

1159
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:37,800
texts. 
They are becoming literate in 

1160
01:01:37,800 --> 01:01:40,600
the art of knowledge acquisition
as well as in their native 

1161
01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:43,000
tongue. 
Your high school algebra teacher

1162
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:45,600
would be ecstatic about the 
mathematics being developed 

1163
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:47,800
here. 
These individuals are dealing 

1164
01:01:47,800 --> 01:01:51,100
with ideas that appear to be 
nearly contemporary, geometric 

1165
01:01:51,100 --> 01:01:54,600
principles, place value, 
notation and mathematical 

1166
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:57,300
relationships that are still 
utilized by architects today. 

1167
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:00,600
They're finding abstract 
mathematical truths that exist 

1168
01:02:00,600 --> 01:02:03,900
apart from any real world 
applications, not just counting 

1169
01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:06,500
things. 
What's amazing though is that 

1170
01:02:06,500 --> 01:02:10,200
they're using a number system 
based on 60 rather than 10 

1171
01:02:11,100 --> 01:02:13,400
They're thinking in basic 60 
while you're counting on your 

1172
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:15,300
fingers and working with powers 
of 10. 

1173
01:02:15,300 --> 01:02:19,300
This sounds really strange. 
And you realize that 60 is more 

1174
01:02:19,300 --> 01:02:22,600
divisible by numbers than 10 
years for many mathematical 

1175
01:02:22,600 --> 01:02:24,500
operations. 
Their system is actually more 

1176
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:27,000
adaptable. 
It's similar to learning that a 

1177
01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:29,500
better wheel was created. 
But thousands of years later 

1178
01:02:29,500 --> 01:02:32,700
were still using the subpar one.
There is more to this. 

1179
01:02:32,700 --> 01:02:35,900
Mathematical sophistication than
meets the eye, the same 

1180
01:02:35,900 --> 01:02:39,200
individuals who divided circles 
into 360 Degrees. 

1181
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:42,200
Yes, that's where that 
originates are. 

1182
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:45,100
Also conducting astronomical 
observations which call for 

1183
01:02:45,100 --> 01:02:48,200
exact measurement and 
documentation They're making 

1184
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:51,200
calendars that line agricultural
activities with astronomical 

1185
01:02:51,200 --> 01:02:54,600
events, tracking the Motions of 
planets and forecasting. 

1186
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:58,300
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

1187
01:02:58,300 --> 01:03:01,200
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

1188
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:03,700
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

1189
01:03:03,700 --> 01:03:07,300
planets, they can predict, when 
Venus will show up as An Evening

1190
01:03:07,300 --> 01:03:10,900
Star, as a Morning Star, they 
have developed mathematical 

1191
01:03:10,900 --> 01:03:14,900
models to forecast, astronomical
events, an identified as a diet 

1192
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:17,800
called constellations. 
Most impressive though is the 

1193
01:03:17,800 --> 01:03:20,800
way their tackling, these 
issues, their searching for 

1194
01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:24,100
underlying patterns, formulating
hypotheses and testing 

1195
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:26,700
predictions, in addition to 
merely Gathering observations. 

1196
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:30,400
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

1197
01:03:30,400 --> 01:03:33,400
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

1198
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:35,900
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

1199
01:03:35,908 --> 01:03:38,400
Mathematics. 
Students are learning how to 

1200
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:42,100
evaluate court cases write 
poetry in accordance with formal

1201
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:45,200
guide, lines and comprehend 
historical precedence. 

1202
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:47,800
In the classroom, they are 
discovering that knowledge 

1203
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,900
itself can be methodically 
arranged classified and passed 

1204
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:52,600
down from one generation to the 
next. 

1205
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:56,100
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

1206
01:03:56,100 --> 01:03:58,700
today. 
For the first time in history, 

1207
01:03:58,700 --> 01:04:02,000
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

1208
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:05,400
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

1209
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:07,800
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

1210
01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:11,600
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

1211
01:04:11,600 --> 01:04:14,100
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

1212
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:16,800
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

1213
01:04:16,800 --> 01:04:19,700
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding. 

1214
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,300
People whose job it is to think 
about abstract problems, begin 

1215
01:04:23,300 --> 01:04:25,800
to draw connections between 
various fields of knowledge. 

1216
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:29,500
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

1217
01:04:29,500 --> 01:04:32,600
geometric principles. 
The astronomer learns that 

1218
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:35,300
natural events can be predicted 
by mathematical models. 

1219
01:04:35,300 --> 01:04:38,400
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

1220
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,000
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

1221
01:04:41,000 --> 01:04:44,400
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

1222
01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:47,500
travels and become a custom to 
the mild routine of this amazing

1223
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:49,900
Society. 
You're about to learn that 

1224
01:04:49,900 --> 01:04:51,900
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

1225
01:04:51,900 --> 01:04:55,000
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

1226
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:58,800
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

1227
01:04:58,800 --> 01:05:01,600
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small high 

1228
01:05:01,600 --> 01:05:05,700
Windows of their house, letting 
the first of the day, the first 

1229
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:08,400
thing that strikes you is how 
different their everyday worries

1230
01:05:08,400 --> 01:05:10,900
are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly similar, 

1231
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:14,300
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

1232
01:05:14,300 --> 01:05:16,700
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the households grain 

1233
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:19,500
supplies. 
Father is going over his to-do 

1234
01:05:19,500 --> 01:05:22,400
list, in his head, including, 
which irrigation channels 

1235
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:25,500
require upkeep, which tools 
require repair and which 

1236
01:05:25,500 --> 01:05:28,200
neighbors he needs to work with,
in preparation for the Harvest, 

1237
01:05:28,200 --> 01:05:31,600
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

1238
01:05:31,600 --> 01:05:33,300
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

1239
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:36,000
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

1240
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:37,800
mathematics to assist with the 
family business. 

1241
01:05:37,800 --> 01:05:41,300
A little shamate refuses to 
practice her knee form writing 

1242
01:05:41,300 --> 01:05:44,500
exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

1243
01:05:44,500 --> 01:05:46,400
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

1244
01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:49,800
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

1245
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:51,800
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

1246
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:55,600
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

1247
01:05:55,600 --> 01:05:57,900
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

1248
01:05:57,900 --> 01:06:01,700
grain for breakfast. 
Father uses a filing system that

1249
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:04,600
arranges data in ways that any 
contemporary office worker would

1250
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:06,200
recognize when he looks through 
his business. 

1251
01:06:06,200 --> 01:06:09,200
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

1252
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:13,700
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

1253
01:06:13,700 --> 01:06:16,100
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

1254
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:18,200
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

1255
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:21,200
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

1256
01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:23,600
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

1257
01:06:23,600 --> 01:06:26,300
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

1258
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:28,700
given the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

1259
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:32,000
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

1260
01:06:32,000 --> 01:06:34,400
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

1261
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:37,200
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

1262
01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:40,800
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

1263
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:43,600
are served by the distribution 
system that provides them with 

1264
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:47,100
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

1265
01:06:47,100 --> 01:06:49,100
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

1266
01:06:49,100 --> 01:06:52,900
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

1267
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:55,700
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

1268
01:06:55,700 --> 01:06:57,700
fields are the source of the 
food. 

1269
01:06:57,700 --> 01:07:00,800
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship, when the 

1270
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:04,000
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

1271
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,900
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

1272
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:09,800
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

1273
01:07:09,800 --> 01:07:13,300
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

1274
01:07:13,300 --> 01:07:16,100
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

1275
01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:17,900
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

1276
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:20,200
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

1277
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:23,300
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both the place of

1278
01:07:23,300 --> 01:07:26,800
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

1279
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:30,100
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

1280
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:32,600
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

1281
01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:36,100
She is teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

1282
01:07:36,100 --> 01:07:39,400
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

1283
01:07:39,400 --> 01:07:41,300
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

1284
01:07:41,300 --> 01:07:44,200
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

1285
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:47,000
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

1286
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:50,400
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

1287
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:53,700
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

1288
01:07:53,700 --> 01:07:57,500
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

1289
01:07:57,500 --> 01:08:00,300
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

1290
01:08:00,300 --> 01:08:03,400
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

1291
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:06,100
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

1292
01:08:06,100 --> 01:08:09,100
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

1293
01:08:09,100 --> 01:08:12,500
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

1294
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:14,600
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

1295
01:08:14,600 --> 01:08:17,399
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

1296
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:20,800
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

1297
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:22,399
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

1298
01:08:22,399 --> 01:08:25,800
agriculture, Commerce, and 
social organization, there may 

1299
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:29,000
be games storytelling or music 
after supper. 

1300
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:32,600
Another revolutionary idea is 
that people have Leisure Time. 

1301
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:36,200
Human culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

1302
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:39,100
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

1303
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:41,899
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

1304
01:08:41,899 --> 01:08:44,200
In addition, to sleeping off the
dais labor. 

1305
01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:46,800
The family is refueling for 
tomorrow's involvement, in 

1306
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:49,500
Humanity's first complex, Urban 
living experiment. 

1307
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:53,300
They will awaken tomorrow. 
And once more play a part in 

1308
01:08:53,300 --> 01:08:56,399
preserving the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

1309
01:08:56,399 --> 01:09:00,300
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

1310
01:09:00,300 --> 01:09:04,200
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

1311
01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:07,600
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

1312
01:09:07,600 --> 01:09:10,500
managed to manage sizable, 
diverse populations, without 

1313
01:09:10,500 --> 01:09:12,700
everything, collapsing, in 
Anarchy and conflict. 

1314
01:09:13,700 --> 01:09:16,600
And they accomplished this by 
combining religious Authority, 

1315
01:09:16,600 --> 01:09:19,300
common sense and what can only 
be called the first 

1316
01:09:19,300 --> 01:09:21,200
all-encompassing legal system in
history. 

1317
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:24,700
Imagine the difficulties. 
These people encountered, there 

1318
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:27,899
are thousands of people each 
with their own goals, passions, 

1319
01:09:27,899 --> 01:09:30,700
and unavoidable conflicts, with 
their neighbors, you have 

1320
01:09:30,707 --> 01:09:34,700
competing religious Traditions, 
diverse ethnic groups, economic 

1321
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:38,200
classes and the inherent human 
propensity for short-sightedness

1322
01:09:38,200 --> 01:09:41,600
and selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

1323
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:44,200
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

1324
01:09:44,200 --> 01:09:46,800
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

1325
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:50,500
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the top is a king who

1326
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:52,399
represents both religion and 
politics. 

1327
01:09:52,399 --> 01:09:56,300
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

1328
01:09:56,300 --> 01:10:00,200
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

1329
01:10:00,200 --> 01:10:02,300
his channeling, the will of the 
Gods. 

1330
01:10:02,300 --> 01:10:05,800
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a law, not 

1331
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:09,100
just his own preferences. 
However, this is not a tyrants 

1332
01:10:09,100 --> 01:10:11,800
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

1333
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:15,800
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

1334
01:10:15,800 --> 01:10:18,600
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

1335
01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:23,000
Priests Merchants Artisans and 
farmers, who, truly govern, the 

1336
01:10:23,008 --> 01:10:26,400
society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

1337
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:28,800
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

1338
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:30,600
for long. 
You have an advanced 

1339
01:10:30,600 --> 01:10:33,500
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

1340
01:10:33,500 --> 01:10:37,100
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

1341
01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:41,600
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

1342
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:43,400
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

1343
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:46,500
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

1344
01:10:46,508 --> 01:10:49,300
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

1345
01:10:49,300 --> 01:10:52,700
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

1346
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:55,400
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

1347
01:10:55,400 --> 01:10:58,600
draft thorough, legal codes that
aim to cover every potential 

1348
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:01,600
conflict or offense, nearly 300 
laws. 

1349
01:11:01,600 --> 01:11:04,700
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

1350
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:08,100
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

1351
01:11:08,108 --> 01:11:10,700
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

1352
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:12,700
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

1353
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:15,700
comprehensive nests. 
They distinguish between various

1354
01:11:15,700 --> 01:11:17,400
property types and social 
classes. 

1355
01:11:17,400 --> 01:11:21,100
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

1356
01:11:21,100 --> 01:11:24,400
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, the offer 

1357
01:11:24,400 --> 01:11:26,800
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

1358
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:29,000
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

1359
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:32,400
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

1360
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:35,500
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

1361
01:11:35,500 --> 01:11:39,300
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

1362
01:11:39,300 --> 01:11:42,700
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

1363
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:45,900
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and corporate 

1364
01:11:45,900 --> 01:11:47,400
procedures that guarantee Fair 
hearing. 

1365
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:51,400
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

1366
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:55,000
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

1367
01:11:55,000 --> 01:11:58,100
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

1368
01:11:58,100 --> 01:12:00,200
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

1369
01:12:00,200 --> 01:12:03,300
legal system is open to the 
public, the laws are visible to 

1370
01:12:03,300 --> 01:12:05,500
everyone because they are 
engraved in stone. 

1371
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,000
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights 

1372
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:11,200
expectations, and the 
repercussions of different 

1373
01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:14,300
behaviors law, ceases to be 
arbitrary and becomes 

1374
01:12:14,300 --> 01:12:15,900
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

1375
01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:19,000
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

1376
01:12:19,000 --> 01:12:21,800
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

1377
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:25,400
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

1378
01:12:25,400 --> 01:12:28,100
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king wants. 

1379
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:31,600
People are aware of their 
obligations when they are due 

1380
01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:34,800
and what they get in return 
including Public Works, projects

1381
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:37,700
military protection, 
infrastructure, upkeep, and 

1382
01:12:37,708 --> 01:12:40,500
judicial Services. 
The result is something that can

1383
01:12:40,500 --> 01:12:42,300
be identified as the rule of 
law. 

1384
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:45,200
A system that treats people 
fairly and accordance with 

1385
01:12:45,208 --> 01:12:48,300
established standards offers 
procedures for settling 

1386
01:12:48,300 --> 01:12:51,500
conflicts. 
Amicably and fosters incentives 

1387
01:12:51,500 --> 01:12:54,200
for collaboration rather than 
conflict is probably more 

1388
01:12:54,200 --> 01:12:57,700
desirable than perfect Justice, 
which is probably unachievable 

1389
01:12:57,700 --> 01:13:01,600
stability, is the outcome due to
their reasonable confidence in 

1390
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:03,600
the stability of the legal and 
social framework. 

1391
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:06,000
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

1392
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:09,400
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

1393
01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:12,400
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

1394
01:13:12,400 --> 01:13:14,600
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

1395
01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:18,500
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

1396
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:22,400
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects that take

1397
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:25,900
generations to complete are all 
made possible by this stability,

1398
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:28,900
which in turns lays the 
groundwork for everything else, 

1399
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,400
we've been investigating. 
Without governmental structures 

1400
01:13:32,400 --> 01:13:35,900
that can uphold continuity and 
Order over decades or even 

1401
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:38,100
centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

1402
01:13:38,100 --> 01:13:40,500
As you continue, your 
exploration of ancient 

1403
01:13:40,500 --> 01:13:42,900
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

1404
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:46,400
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

1405
01:13:46,400 --> 01:13:50,100
profoundly spiritual but not in 
a way that separates the sacred 

1406
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:52,200
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

1407
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:54,900
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

1408
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:58,700
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

1409
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,000
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

1410
01:14:01,900 --> 01:14:05,500
However, this is a faith that 
sanctifies, practical activity 

1411
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:09,400
and finds the Divine in human 
achievement, not the kind of 

1412
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:12,000
spirituality that demands 
people, reject the material, 

1413
01:14:12,000 --> 01:14:16,200
world Mesopotamian gods are 
strikingly human-like but in the

1414
01:14:16,200 --> 01:14:19,400
most positive sense, they are 
individuals with preferences 

1415
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:22,800
knowledge and continuous 
engagement in worldly matters 

1416
01:14:22,800 --> 01:14:25,700
rather than impersonal abstract 
ideals. 

1417
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,600
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

1418
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:31,300
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

1419
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:35,400
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

1420
01:14:35,400 --> 01:14:39,600
irrigation rule over freshwater 
and wisdom makes perfect sense. 

1421
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:43,000
Since passion and conflict are 
essential components of The 

1422
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:46,100
Human Experience. 
Anonymous stands for both Love 

1423
01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:48,300
and War. 
The most fascinating thing. 

1424
01:14:48,300 --> 01:14:51,300
About these Gods though is how 
they serve as examples of the 

1425
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:53,800
kind of collaboration that 
enables civilized life. 

1426
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:57,900
The myths, describe God's 
cooperating, on Cosmic building 

1427
01:14:57,900 --> 01:15:01,600
projects, exchanging resources 
and expertise, and reaching 

1428
01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:05,100
mutually beneficial agreements. 
People who take part in 

1429
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:07,000
religious rituals are not only 
worshiping. 

1430
01:15:07,000 --> 01:15:10,700
They are also honing the social 
skills necessary to maintain the

1431
01:15:10,700 --> 01:15:12,500
smooth operation of their own 
communities. 

1432
01:15:12,500 --> 01:15:14,900
Each city is dominated by 
temples. 

1433
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:16,900
That are much more than just 
places of worship. 

1434
01:15:16,900 --> 01:15:20,800
There are combination of social 
service agencies educational 

1435
01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:24,900
institutions and economic hubs. 
In addition, to carrying out 

1436
01:15:24,900 --> 01:15:27,500
rituals the priests who work in 
these temples. 

1437
01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:31,000
Also, oversee agricultural, 
Estates run, educational 

1438
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:35,000
institutions, care for libraries
and offer welfare assistance to 

1439
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:38,200
members of the community who are
struggling a society where 

1440
01:15:38,200 --> 01:15:41,100
religious life supports rather 
than contradicts the value's 

1441
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:43,400
required. 
For successful, Urban living is 

1442
01:15:43,400 --> 01:15:46,000
the result of this remarkable 
Fusion of spiritual and 

1443
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:48,900
practical functions. 
A good worshiper. 

1444
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:51,100
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

1445
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:55,200
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

1446
01:15:55,200 --> 01:15:58,300
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

1447
01:15:58,300 --> 01:16:01,700
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

1448
01:16:01,700 --> 01:16:04,900
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

1449
01:16:04,900 --> 01:16:08,600
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

1450
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:12,200
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

1451
01:16:12,200 --> 01:16:15,600
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

1452
01:16:15,600 --> 01:16:18,600
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

1453
01:16:19,400 --> 01:16:21,900
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

1454
01:16:21,900 --> 01:16:23,800
The religious mandate to 
support. 

1455
01:16:23,808 --> 01:16:26,800
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

1456
01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:29,900
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

1457
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:33,100
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

1458
01:16:33,108 --> 01:16:36,300
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

1459
01:16:37,100 --> 01:16:40,100
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

1460
01:16:40,100 --> 01:16:41,800
taking part in a building 
project. 

1461
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:45,000
They are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

1462
01:16:45,008 --> 01:16:48,200
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

1463
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:51,300
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

1464
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:53,200
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

1465
01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:57,000
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

1466
01:16:57,000 --> 01:17:00,100
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

1467
01:17:00,100 --> 01:17:03,000
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

1468
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:06,200
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

1469
01:17:06,200 --> 01:17:09,400
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

1470
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:12,400
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

1471
01:17:12,400 --> 01:17:16,000
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

1472
01:17:16,000 --> 01:17:19,900
However, this spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

1473
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:23,800
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

1474
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:27,000
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil 

1475
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:29,800
and water, require careful 
observation and logical 

1476
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:32,200
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

1477
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:35,100
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

1478
01:17:35,100 --> 01:17:38,700
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

1479
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:41,500
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

1480
01:17:41,500 --> 01:17:44,500
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

1481
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:47,400
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

1482
01:17:47,400 --> 01:17:50,600
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

1483
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:54,300
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

1484
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:56,100
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

1485
01:17:56,100 --> 01:17:58,500
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

1486
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:01,900
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

1487
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:05,700
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

1488
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:09,200
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

1489
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:10,900
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

1490
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:13,600
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

1491
01:18:13,600 --> 01:18:16,600
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

1492
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:20,200
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

1493
01:18:20,200 --> 01:18:23,100
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

1494
01:18:23,100 --> 01:18:26,500
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

1495
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:30,100
Society is changed by writing in
every other way because 

1496
01:18:30,100 --> 01:18:33,100
Engineers can document effective
techniques and learn from past 

1497
01:18:33,100 --> 01:18:36,600
mistakes, the irrigation system 
becomes much more sophisticated 

1498
01:18:36,600 --> 01:18:40,200
once information can be 
permanently recorded because 

1499
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:44,000
presidents can be documented and
consulted legal systems become 

1500
01:18:44,000 --> 01:18:47,600
more Equitable and consistent. 
Because contracts can specify 

1501
01:18:47,600 --> 01:18:50,500
precise terms and conditions 
trade becomes more. 

1502
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:53,500
Complicated because knowledge 
can be systematically 

1503
01:18:53,500 --> 01:18:56,900
transmitted and preserved. 
Education becomes more effective

1504
01:18:56,900 --> 01:19:01,100
however writing all so, opens up
new possibilities that no one 

1505
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:03,800
had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

1506
01:19:03,800 --> 01:19:07,000
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

1507
01:19:07,008 --> 01:19:10,300
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

1508
01:19:10,300 --> 01:19:13,100
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

1509
01:19:13,800 --> 01:19:16,500
Every advancement creates 
opportunities for even more 

1510
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:19,900
advancements in, unpredictable 
ways in the realm of Economics, 

1511
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:22,000
the networking effect is the 
same. 

1512
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:25,900
Once food production is stable, 
some people can focus on crafts,

1513
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:28,200
you can create better tools and 
methods. 

1514
01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:31,200
Once you have talented artists 
with improved tools, 

1515
01:19:31,200 --> 01:19:34,800
agricultural productivity can be
increased freeing up, even more 

1516
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:38,600
workers for specialized labor. 
Every Improvement increases the 

1517
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:41,700
likelihood and ease of the 
subsequent Improvement the 

1518
01:19:41,700 --> 01:19:43,900
social Innovations, have an 
equally strong Network. 

1519
01:19:44,800 --> 01:19:47,100
You can start projects that need
long-term planning and 

1520
01:19:47,100 --> 01:19:49,300
coordination. 
Once you have an efficient 

1521
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,600
governance system, people gain 
confidence and group action 

1522
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:55,800
after large scale projects are 
completed successfully. 

1523
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:58,800
People are willing to invest in 
even more ambitious projects, 

1524
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:01,900
once they have faith in group 
efforts in ways that 

1525
01:20:01,900 --> 01:20:06,100
exponentially speed up progress,
success, breeds success. 

1526
01:20:06,100 --> 01:20:09,100
The Mesopotamians are 
experiencing the fascinating 

1527
01:20:09,100 --> 01:20:10,800
discovery that human 
communities. 

1528
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,600
Can generate value that far, 
surpasses, what individuals 

1529
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:16,500
could produce working alone. 
Your witnessing, what? 

1530
01:20:16,500 --> 01:20:19,500
Contemporary economists, refer 
to as increasing returns to 

1531
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:22,100
scale. 
Every new member of society 

1532
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:24,700
increases the productivity 
security, and ability of 

1533
01:20:24,708 --> 01:20:27,900
everyone else to accomplish 
their objectives, the networking

1534
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:29,600
of technology is equally 
impressive. 

1535
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:33,300
Mining transportation and trade 
networks, are all necessary for 

1536
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:36,600
the production of bronze. 
In addition, to metallurgy The 

1537
01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:39,000
effectiveness of the entire 
system increases with each 

1538
01:20:39,000 --> 01:20:42,300
advancement in any of these 
areas mining is more productive 

1539
01:20:42,300 --> 01:20:44,900
with better tools. 
Raw materials are less 

1540
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:46,600
expensive. 
When transportation is more 

1541
01:20:46,600 --> 01:20:50,100
efficient access to better 
quality inputs, is made possible

1542
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:54,000
by expanded trade networks. 
However, the cultural networking

1543
01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:57,100
effect may be the most 
significant, People start to 

1544
01:20:57,100 --> 01:20:59,600
have bigger dreams after 
realizing that prosperity and 

1545
01:20:59,600 --> 01:21:02,200
security can be achieved through
human effort. 

1546
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:06,200
They are more inclined to trust 
strangers, and engage in larger 

1547
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:07,800
communities. 
Once they realize that 

1548
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:10,400
collaboration can produce 
outcomes that are impossible for

1549
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:13,800
individuals to accomplish alone,
they are more inclined to rely 

1550
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:15,900
on others for products and 
services that they could 

1551
01:21:15,900 --> 01:21:18,300
potentially produce themselves. 
Once they have seen the 

1552
01:21:18,300 --> 01:21:22,000
advantages of specialization, 
this is a revolutionary change 

1553
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:24,500
in culture. 
People are choosing to become 

1554
01:21:24,500 --> 01:21:27,200
interdependent instead of 
self-sufficient for the first 

1555
01:21:27,200 --> 01:21:30,400
time in human history, they're 
coming to the conclusion that 

1556
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:33,100
working together is more 
advantageous than relying on 

1557
01:21:33,100 --> 01:21:36,000
other people. 
Their thing that humans 

1558
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:38,100
societies can be more than 
short-term convenience 

1559
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:40,800
alliances. 
You're seeing networking effects

1560
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:43,200
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

1561
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:46,800
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamian Innovations 

1562
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:50,000
influenced events throughout the
ancient world, by way of trade 

1563
01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:53,000
routes, diplomatic contacts and 
migration patterns. 

1564
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:56,800
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

1565
01:21:56,800 --> 01:21:59,700
in Babylon. 
Roman law is influenced by the 

1566
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:01,400
legal precepts developed in 
Ouray. 

1567
01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:04,800
From Egypt to India, population 
growth is made possible by 

1568
01:22:04,800 --> 01:22:08,200
Mesopotamian agricultural, 
Innovations, your witnessing. 

1569
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:10,700
The emergence of what 
contemporary academics refer to 

1570
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:14,600
as World Systems networks of 
influence and interaction that 

1571
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:18,200
link, far-flung societies and 
enable Innovations to 

1572
01:22:18,200 --> 01:22:20,800
proliferate well beyond their 
original locations. 

1573
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:24,800
For the first time, human 
advancement turns into a 

1574
01:22:24,800 --> 01:22:27,900
Cooperative Endeavor in which 
several civilizations, cooperate

1575
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:32,000
often, unknowingly to address 
shared problems, you are left 

1576
01:22:32,008 --> 01:22:34,300
with a deep respect for the 
accomplishments of these 

1577
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:37,400
extraordinary people, as our 
leisurely tour of Ancient 

1578
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:40,200
Mesopotamia. 
Comes to an end You return to 

1579
01:22:40,208 --> 01:22:43,500
the Comforts of the present with
a fresh perspective on how much 

1580
01:22:43,500 --> 01:22:46,700
we owe these pioneers of the 
past, the Golden Age of 

1581
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:49,900
witnessed was golden. 
Not because it was Flawless, but

1582
01:22:49,900 --> 01:22:52,700
because it was the first time 
that Humanity had successfully 

1583
01:22:52,700 --> 01:22:56,600
attempted to build sophisticated
societies that boosted rather 

1584
01:22:56,600 --> 01:23:01,600
than depleted human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

1585
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:03,200
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

1586
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:05,700
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

1587
01:23:05,700 --> 01:23:09,000
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions. 

1588
01:23:09,000 --> 01:23:12,300
Weren't coincidental or 
short-term fixes thousands of 

1589
01:23:12,300 --> 01:23:14,700
years later, we are still using 
modified versions of the 

1590
01:23:14,700 --> 01:23:18,100
institutions systems and ways of
thinking, they established 

1591
01:23:18,100 --> 01:23:20,800
because they were so successful.
You are building on the 

1592
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:24,400
foundations established by these
ancient Pioneers each time you 

1593
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:28,500
use mathematics, read a written 
contract engage in Democratic 

1594
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:31,600
governance or profit from 
specialization and trade, 

1595
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:35,000
perhaps most significantly. 
However, they Illustrated a 

1596
01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:38,200
feature of human nature that 
still holds true today When 

1597
01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:40,700
people are confident enough to 
look beyond their immediate 

1598
01:23:40,700 --> 01:23:43,500
survival, when they have 
incentives to work together, 

1599
01:23:43,500 --> 01:23:45,600
rather than engage in 
destructive competition. 

1600
01:23:45,600 --> 01:23:48,300
And when they have faith, that 
their efforts will be fairly 

1601
01:23:48,300 --> 01:23:51,600
rewarded, they collaborate to 
create amazing things, the 

1602
01:23:51,600 --> 01:23:54,700
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves
as a reminder that the greatest 

1603
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:57,900
human civilization is about 
fostering an environment in 

1604
01:23:57,900 --> 01:24:01,400
which each person can use their 
special gifts to promote the 

1605
01:24:01,400 --> 01:24:04,600
well-being of the group. 
Not about controlling nature or 

1606
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:07,900
outperforming Rivals. 
It involves creating systems 

1607
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:11,100
that are both robust enough to 
offer security and adaptable 

1608
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:14,700
enough to Foster creativity. 
It involves figuring out how to 

1609
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,800
respect both individual success 
and the well-being of the 

1610
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:21,800
community as you fall asleep, 
consider how human advancement 

1611
01:24:21,800 --> 01:24:24,900
is still fueled by the same 
Cooperative impulses, that 

1612
01:24:24,900 --> 01:24:27,400
created ziggurats and cuneiform 
writing. 

1613
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:31,400
The spirit of ancient 
Mesopotamia endures every time 

1614
01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:34,100
individuals decide to work 
together, rather than fight 

1615
01:24:34,100 --> 01:24:37,400
every time someone lends their 
expertise to projects bigger 

1616
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,100
than themselves. 
And every time communities make 

1617
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:42,700
investments in infrastructure 
that will benefit coming 

1618
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,800
Generations, even though the 
cities are now covered in desert

1619
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,200
sand and the irrigation channels
are dry, the human ability to 

1620
01:24:49,208 --> 01:24:52,800
bring order out of chaos, 
abundance out of scarcity and 

1621
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:55,800
meaning out of life's, basic 
materials, still flows like 

1622
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:58,100
those ancient Rivers. 
Between the Tigris, new 

1623
01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:01,100
Freights, rest easy knowing that
you're a part of a story that 

1624
01:25:01,100 --> 01:25:04,100
started with the first cities 
and goes on with every 

1625
01:25:04,100 --> 01:25:08,200
technological advancement, Every
Act of human cooperation and 

1626
01:25:08,200 --> 01:25:11,200
every instance in which people 
decide to build rather than 

1627
01:25:11,200 --> 01:25:14,300
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age
serves. 

1628
01:25:14,300 --> 01:25:16,500
As a reminder that our best 
times are never truly over. 

1629
01:25:16,500 --> 01:25:20,600
Rather, they are always just 
getting started and are waiting 

1630
01:25:20,608 --> 01:25:23,100
to be shaped by the next 
generation of people who 

1631
01:25:23,100 --> 01:25:25,700
prepared to cooperate in order 
to achieve common goals. 

1632
01:25:25,700 --> 01:25:29,100
The same mathematical patterns 
that the Ancient astronomers 

1633
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:31,900
found still govern the way. 
The Stars wheel overhead. 

1634
01:25:32,900 --> 01:25:36,400
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

1635
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:39,700
something bigger than personal 
survival, is still a strong as 

1636
01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:41,900
the fires in those old bronze 
workshops. 

1637
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:44,300
And tomorrow we carry on the 
work. 

1638
01:25:44,300 --> 01:25:47,000
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

1639
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:49,900
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

1640
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:52,700
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

1641
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:56,100
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

1642
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:58,700
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

1643
01:25:58,708 --> 01:26:02,400
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

1644
01:26:02,408 --> 01:26:06,000
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

1645
01:26:06,000 --> 01:26:09,400
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit of their 

1646
01:26:09,400 --> 01:26:12,200
own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carry 

1647
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,600
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

1648
01:26:15,600 --> 01:26:17,600
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

1649
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:20,400
discovered that a floodplain 
could become a paradise if they 

1650
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:23,300
banded together. 
The Artisans who realized that. 

1651
01:26:23,300 --> 01:26:26,400
Specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

1652
01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:29,200
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

1653
01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:32,800
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

1654
01:26:32,808 --> 01:26:35,700
interests of the community. 
Even though there's ziggurat as 

1655
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:38,800
Fallen apart, their wisdom can 
still be heard in every Public 

1656
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,800
Library, contemporary hospital 
and infrastructure project that 

1657
01:26:42,800 --> 01:26:46,900
enhances the lives of people. 
The Builders of never met even 

1658
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:51,000
though their cuneiform tablets 
are now Museum artifacts their 

1659
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:53,600
belief that knowledge should be 
shared and preserved in jurors 

1660
01:26:53,600 --> 01:26:56,000
in every book website and 
classroom. 

1661
01:26:56,000 --> 01:26:57,500
Where new information is 
learned. 

1662
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:00,000
There are understanding that 
abundance comes from 

1663
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:03,500
cooperation, rather than 
competition is evident in every 

1664
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:07,700
successful Business, Partnership
community garden and instant 

1665
01:27:07,700 --> 01:27:11,200
when neighbors choose to support
one another rather than compete.

1666
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:15,600
The irrigation channels they dug
of long since filled with sand 

1667
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:18,800
above all, they introduced us to
the radical notion that people 

1668
01:27:18,800 --> 01:27:21,500
can build societies that are 
superior to the sum of their 

1669
01:27:21,500 --> 01:27:24,700
parts. 
That chaos conflict and scarcity

1670
01:27:24,700 --> 01:27:27,800
are not necessary for human 
existence that we can create 

1671
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:29,500
worlds. 
Where everyone has enough 

1672
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:34,000
enough, food enough security 
enough purpose, enough Beauty to

1673
01:27:34,000 --> 01:27:37,700
make life worthwhile. 
If we are patient creative and 

1674
01:27:37,700 --> 01:27:40,700
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

1675
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:43,300
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

1676
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:46,800
people but also the quiet 
assurance that the same 

1677
01:27:46,800 --> 01:27:50,800
inventive collaborative spirit, 
that created the first cities is

1678
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:52,400
still creating a better world 
today. 

1679
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:56,400
Every tiny deed of compassion, 
every instance of putting 

1680
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,700
empathy ahead of judgment and 
every contribution to a cause 

1681
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:01,900
greater than yourself keeps the 
good work going. 

1682
01:28:01,900 --> 01:28:05,200
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

1683
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:08,000
destination. 
The stories, most lovely aspect 

1684
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,400
is that it isn't yet over it, 
persists, in every heart, that 

1685
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:15,100
selects cooperation over 
rivalry, hope over fear and 

1686
01:28:15,100 --> 01:28:17,400
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

1687
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:20,600
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

1688
01:28:20,600 --> 01:28:22,000
part of its continuous 
development. 

1689
01:28:22,000 --> 01:28:25,700
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

1690
01:28:25,700 --> 01:28:28,800
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

1691
01:28:28,800 --> 01:28:30,300
Garden, that will reopen 
tomorrow. 

1692
01:28:30,300 --> 01:28:33,400
Good night, civilisation 
Builder, good night. 

1693
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:36,900
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

1694
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:40,700
greatest ongoing endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

1695
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:44,000
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

1696
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:47,300
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

1697
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:49,900
capacity for Wonder really are 
Eternal. 

1698
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:53,400
The stars that led those earlier
astronomers continue to shine 

1699
01:28:53,400 --> 01:28:56,100
down on you in the same Timeless
patterns. 

1700
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:59,300
They found get enough. 
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 

1701
01:29:00,400 --> 01:29:02,200
Wake up tomorrow. 
Prepare to carry on the 

1702
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:05,400
never-ending, joyful task of 
bringing the world closer to the

1703
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:08,000
paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

1704
01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:17,500
long ago. 
Imagine the Mediterranean Sea in

1705
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:22,300
two 18 BCE as a vast blue stage,
where two great Powers circled 

1706
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:23,900
each other like cautious 
dancers. 

1707
01:29:25,100 --> 01:29:30,400
On one side, Rome still young 
still hungry expanding, from its

1708
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:32,800
Seven, Hills with the 
methodical, determination of 

1709
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:35,500
someone organizing a 
particularly complex filing 

1710
01:29:35,500 --> 01:29:40,900
system on the other Carthage. 
Ancient sophisticated wealthy 

1711
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:44,600
beyond measure, its Merchant 
ships threading, through every 

1712
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:48,400
port like silver needles, 
stitching together, the fabric 

1713
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:51,100
of ancient Commerce. 
You need to understand that 

1714
01:29:51,100 --> 01:29:54,400
these two civilizations were as 
different as wine and olive oil.

1715
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:58,900
Both valuable both essential to 
Mediterranean life, but 

1716
01:29:58,900 --> 01:30:01,700
fundamentally incompatible. 
When Force to occupy the same 

1717
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:06,700
vessel, Rome built its strength 
on citizens soldiers, who farmed

1718
01:30:06,700 --> 01:30:10,200
in peace time and fought when 
called men who viewed military 

1719
01:30:10,200 --> 01:30:12,300
service. 
As a civic duty roughly 

1720
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:15,900
equivalent to paying taxes, 
except with significantly more 

1721
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,400
marching and considerably less 
paperwork Carthage. 

1722
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:22,600
Meanwhile had turned Commerce 
into an art form, so refined 

1723
01:30:22,600 --> 01:30:25,400
that Roman Merchants looked like
children playing store by 

1724
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:28,700
comparison. 
While Romans were still figuring

1725
01:30:28,700 --> 01:30:31,500
out Maritime trade. 
Carthaginian Sailors, had been 

1726
01:30:31,508 --> 01:30:34,300
navigating by stars. 
Their ancestors had named 

1727
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:37,100
Following currents. 
Their grandfathers grandfathers,

1728
01:30:37,100 --> 01:30:40,700
had mapped and moving goods 
between continents with the 

1729
01:30:40,700 --> 01:30:43,300
Casual efficiency of someone who
has done the same route. 

1730
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:45,300
So many times, they could do it 
blindfolded. 

1731
01:30:45,300 --> 01:30:49,400
The city of Carthage itself sat 
on the North African Coast, like

1732
01:30:49,400 --> 01:30:53,500
a jewel in a setting of lesser 
Stones, its Harbors engineered 

1733
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:57,000
with such Precision that Roman 
Engineers would later study 

1734
01:30:57,000 --> 01:30:59,100
their ruins. 
The way you might study a master

1735
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:03,000
Craftsman techniques The famous 
circular military Harper could 

1736
01:31:03,008 --> 01:31:07,000
shelter over 200 warships. 
Each in its own covered birth 

1737
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,800
protected from both weather and 
prying eyes. 

1738
01:31:11,000 --> 01:31:14,000
Imagine an ancient Naval Base 
designed with the kind of 

1739
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:16,800
security and efficiency that 
would make modern military 

1740
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:20,900
planners With Envy, but what 
made Carthage, truly remarkable 

1741
01:31:20,900 --> 01:31:23,000
wasn't just its wealth or its 
ships. 

1742
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:26,700
It was the vast trading Network 
that stretched from the pillars 

1743
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:29,600
of Hercules, in the west, to the
Eastern reaches of the 

1744
01:31:29,600 --> 01:31:33,700
Mediterranean and even Beyond to
mysterious lands that Romans 

1745
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:36,000
only heard about in sailor's 
Tales. 

1746
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:40,200
Carthaginian Merchants traded in
tin from distant. 

1747
01:31:40,200 --> 01:31:45,200
Britain Amber from northern 
forests frankincense from Arabia

1748
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:48,400
and exotic animals from deep 
within Africa. 

1749
01:31:49,600 --> 01:31:52,800
They were the Amazon Prime of 
the ancient world except 

1750
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:56,100
delivery took months instead of 
days and occasionally involved 

1751
01:31:56,100 --> 01:31:59,900
elephant's, Roman Carthage had 
already fought one major war. 

1752
01:31:59,900 --> 01:32:04,600
The first Punic War, which 
lasted 23 years and ended with 

1753
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:08,300
Rome, acquiring Sicily and 
developing a Navy almost by 

1754
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:11,200
accident. 
It was the kind of conflict 

1755
01:32:11,200 --> 01:32:14,000
where both sides started out 
thinking it would be quick and 

1756
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:17,600
decisive, then found themselves 
still fighting two decades. 

1757
01:32:17,600 --> 01:32:21,500
Later having spent fortunes and 
lost entire Generations. 

1758
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:24,800
All over an island that neither 
had a particularly wanted in the

1759
01:32:24,808 --> 01:32:27,300
first place. 
The peace that followed was the 

1760
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:30,600
awkward kind where both parties 
smile at each other while 

1761
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:33,700
mentally cataloging Grievances 
and planning for round two. 

1762
01:32:34,700 --> 01:32:38,600
Carthage retreated to rebuild 
focusing on Spain where 

1763
01:32:38,600 --> 01:32:42,100
silvermines promised the wealth 
needed to pay War indemnities to

1764
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:46,700
roam roam Consolidated, its 
gains and IDE carthage's Spanish

1765
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:48,500
Holdings. 
The way you might I your 

1766
01:32:48,500 --> 01:32:51,600
neighbor's attractive lawn 
furniture into this delicate 

1767
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:54,300
balance. 
Came Hannibal Barca, whose very 

1768
01:32:54,300 --> 01:32:57,700
name would eventually make Roman
children behave and Roman 

1769
01:32:57,700 --> 01:33:00,700
Senators lose sleep. 
But we're getting ahead of 

1770
01:33:00,700 --> 01:33:03,700
ourselves. 
First, you need to understand 

1771
01:33:03,700 --> 01:33:06,600
the world. 
He inherited a Mediterranean 

1772
01:33:06,600 --> 01:33:10,800
Basin were established powers 
and Rising Ambitions created to 

1773
01:33:10,800 --> 01:33:14,700
situation a stabilizer table 
with one leg shorter than the 

1774
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:17,800
others. 
Something was going to shift, 

1775
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:20,600
eventually. 
It was just a matter of who 

1776
01:33:20,600 --> 01:33:23,400
would provide the push and which
direction the whole Arrangement 

1777
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:26,900
would tumble the landscape 
itself seemed to reflect this 

1778
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:30,000
precarious. 
Balance the mediterranean's, 

1779
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:32,500
Northern Shores, rows into 
mountain ranges that had 

1780
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:34,400
channeled and shaped human 
movement. 

1781
01:33:34,400 --> 01:33:37,500
Since people, first figured out 
that walking around obstacles, 

1782
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:41,900
was easier than going over them.
The Alps stood like a natural 

1783
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:43,900
wall between southern Europe and
the north. 

1784
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:48,000
Their peaks catching clouds and 
creating weather patterns that 

1785
01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:50,600
determined where cities grew and
armies marched. 

1786
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:54,200
Southern Spain were a story. 
Truly begins. 

1787
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:59,600
Offered a different geography, 
hot mineral, rich and populated 

1788
01:33:59,600 --> 01:34:02,600
by tribes, who had been metal 
working since before Rome was 

1789
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:05,900
even a village, The 
carthaginians had established 

1790
01:34:05,900 --> 01:34:07,700
themselves. 
They're not through Conquest, 

1791
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,700
but through the more subtle art 
of making themselves 

1792
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:14,000
commercially indispensable, 
which is like, winning a war 

1793
01:34:14,000 --> 01:34:15,900
without the expense of actually 
fighting one. 

1794
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:21,800
This was the world in 218 BCE 
balanced prosperous in patches 

1795
01:34:21,800 --> 01:34:26,600
divided by mountains, and United
by sea waiting for someone to 

1796
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:30,200
disturb its equilibrium in ways 
that would rip across centuries.

1797
01:34:31,500 --> 01:34:35,400
The stage was set, the actors 
were in position and somewhere 

1798
01:34:35,400 --> 01:34:38,300
in Spain. 
A young carthaginian General was

1799
01:34:38,300 --> 01:34:40,400
planning, something that would 
make the Roman senate which 

1800
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:42,700
they'd paid more attention to 
geography lessons. 

1801
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:46,200
Let's talk about young Hannibal 
from a moment because 

1802
01:34:46,200 --> 01:34:49,800
understanding his dream requires
understanding the man and 

1803
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:53,300
understanding the man requires 
going back to when he was just a

1804
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:57,200
boy watching his father prepare 
for war her milk, a Bacha 

1805
01:34:57,200 --> 01:35:00,400
Hannibal's. 
Father was the kind of man who 

1806
01:35:00,400 --> 01:35:03,500
carried grudges the way other 
people carry family, heirlooms 

1807
01:35:03,500 --> 01:35:08,000
carefully, protectively with 
every intention of passing them 

1808
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:12,600
down to the Next Generation. 
Commanded carthaginian forces in

1809
01:35:12,600 --> 01:35:16,000
Sicily during the first. 
Punic War, watched his City 

1810
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:19,800
forced to accept humiliating 
peace terms and spent the rest 

1811
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:22,600
of his life. 
Rebuilding carthaginian power in

1812
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:26,400
Spain with a single-minded focus
of someone planning, an 

1813
01:35:26,400 --> 01:35:30,300
extremely elaborate comeback. 
According to ancient sources and

1814
01:35:30,300 --> 01:35:32,900
you can decide how much to trust
stories that were written down 

1815
01:35:32,900 --> 01:35:34,300
by people who weren't actually 
there. 

1816
01:35:35,100 --> 01:35:38,400
Her milkar wants brought nine 
year old Hannibal to a sacrifice

1817
01:35:38,400 --> 01:35:42,200
and made him swear Eternal 
enmity to Rome. 

1818
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:46,300
Whether this actually happened 
or was later, propaganda doesn't

1819
01:35:46,300 --> 01:35:50,200
particularly matter. what 
matters is that Hannibal grew up

1820
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:54,200
in a household where Rome was 
not just an enemy, but the enemy

1821
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,900
The obstacle between Carthage 
and its rightful place in the 

1822
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:00,500
world Hannibal's. 
Educational was the ancient 

1823
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:03,400
equivalent of an advanced degree
in how to make Rome 

1824
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,100
uncomfortable. 
He studied Greek because that 

1825
01:36:06,100 --> 01:36:09,900
was what educated people did in 
the Mediterranean world, the 

1826
01:36:09,900 --> 01:36:12,800
same way modern professionals 
learning English regardless of 

1827
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:16,400
where their from he learned 
Warfare from his father and 

1828
01:36:16,400 --> 01:36:20,200
later from his brother-in-law 
has Ruble watching how to manage

1829
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:23,800
mercenary armies. 
Composed of iberians new midians

1830
01:36:23,800 --> 01:36:28,500
libyans and others who had no 
particular loyalty to Carthage 

1831
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:30,700
Beyond regular pay and competent
leadership. 

1832
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:34,600
But more than tactics or 
languages, Hannibal learn to 

1833
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:37,300
think strategically in ways that
most of his contemporaries 

1834
01:36:37,300 --> 01:36:40,400
couldn't match. 
While other generals planned 

1835
01:36:40,400 --> 01:36:44,900
campaigns Hannibal planned Wars.
While they thought about next 

1836
01:36:44,900 --> 01:36:48,000
season's fighting, he thought 
about how to reshape the entire 

1837
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:51,700
strategic situation. 
His dream wasn't simply to 

1838
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:55,600
defeat Rome in battle that was 
just Tuesday for a competent 

1839
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:58,400
General. 
His dream was to break Rome's 

1840
01:36:58,400 --> 01:37:01,000
power. 
So completely that Carthage 

1841
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:03,700
would never again, have to worry
about Roman interference. 

1842
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:06,400
Here's where you need to 
understand the Roman power 

1843
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:09,400
structure because Hannibal 
understood it better than most 

1844
01:37:09,400 --> 01:37:12,400
Romans did. 
Rome strength didn't come from, 

1845
01:37:12,400 --> 01:37:16,900
its Legions impressive as they 
were, it came from, its Alliance

1846
01:37:16,900 --> 01:37:19,500
System. 
The complex web of treaties and 

1847
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:22,300
relationships that connected 
Rome to hundreds of Italian 

1848
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:25,500
communities. 
These allies provided soldiers, 

1849
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:29,700
supplies and strategic depth 
that made Roman almost 

1850
01:37:29,700 --> 01:37:33,100
impossible to defeat through 
conventional Warfare Hannibal, 

1851
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,800
looked at the system and saw its
vulnerability ROMs. Italian 

1852
01:37:36,800 --> 01:37:40,800
allies were joining, gladly many
had been forced into a line 

1853
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,000
through Conquest. 
They provided troops, not from a

1854
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:46,400
love of Rome from lack of 
Alternatives. 

1855
01:37:46,400 --> 01:37:49,600
If someone could demonstrate 
the, Roman wasn't Invincible. 

1856
01:37:49,600 --> 01:37:52,900
If someone could March through 
Italy showing that Roman 

1857
01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:56,100
protection was worthless, then, 
perhaps these alliances would 

1858
01:37:56,100 --> 01:38:00,300
crumble like old bread, leaving 
Rome isolated and defeatable. 

1859
01:38:00,300 --> 01:38:03,500
This Insight was the foundation 
of Hannibal's dream. 

1860
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,200
He would take the water. 
Italy itself, not through a 

1861
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:09,300
naval Invasion. 
That carthage's weaken Fleet 

1862
01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:12,500
couldn't support, but through an
Overland route that everyone 

1863
01:38:12,500 --> 01:38:15,600
knew was impossible. 
He would March an army from 

1864
01:38:15,600 --> 01:38:19,500
Spain, through Gaul, over the 
Alps and into Northern Italy. 

1865
01:38:20,300 --> 01:38:22,700
Then he would defeat Roman 
armies in their own territory 

1866
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:24,500
and offer their allies a better 
deal. 

1867
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:28,200
It was the kind of plan that 
sounds absolutely insane. 

1868
01:38:28,200 --> 01:38:31,500
When you first hear it like 
someone today suggesting they'll

1869
01:38:31,500 --> 01:38:34,600
walk from New York to Los 
Angeles just to prove it can be 

1870
01:38:34,608 --> 01:38:37,200
done. 
Except with war elephants and 

1871
01:38:37,200 --> 01:38:40,200
hostile tribes and mountain 
ranges that had never been 

1872
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:43,700
crossed by an army. 
The Hannibal had advantages that

1873
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:45,900
made the impossible. 
Merely extremely difficult 

1874
01:38:45,900 --> 01:38:48,300
first. 
He had inherited his father 

1875
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,800
Spanish base, complete with 
Silver Mines, that funded his 

1876
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:55,100
operations and Veteran soldiers,
who have been fighting together 

1877
01:38:55,100 --> 01:38:56,700
long enough to trust their 
Commanders. 

1878
01:38:57,700 --> 01:39:01,100
Second, he had diplomatic 
contacts throughout Gaul who 

1879
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:04,900
could provide intelligent 
supplies and guides the ancient 

1880
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:07,400
equivalent of having friends 
along the Route, who let you 

1881
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:11,700
crash on their couch. 
Third, he had elephants which 

1882
01:39:11,700 --> 01:39:14,600
might seem like a logistical 
nightmare but were actually, 

1883
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:17,000
brilliant. 
Psychological warfare tools. 

1884
01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:20,500
Nothing says, I mean, business 
quite like showing up with 

1885
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:22,400
creatures that. 
Most people had only heard about

1886
01:39:22,400 --> 01:39:25,800
in Travelers Tales but beyond 
these practical advantages 

1887
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:28,000
Hannibal had something more 
valuable. 

1888
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:31,700
The ability to inspire people, 
to attempt things they would 

1889
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,000
never consider on their own. 
His soldiers, followed him. 

1890
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:38,900
Not because they were forced to,
but because they believed in his

1891
01:39:38,900 --> 01:39:41,900
vision or at least believe that 
following him would lead to 

1892
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:45,100
plunder glory and stories. 
They could tell their 

1893
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:51,000
grandchildren in 218, BCE a 29 
years old, Hannibal, stood, at 

1894
01:39:51,000 --> 01:39:54,100
the head of an Army in Spain and
looked North toward the Alps 

1895
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:58,300
Most generals would have seen an
impossible barrier, Hannibal 

1896
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,900
Surah route to immortality, his 
dream wasn't modest. 

1897
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:05,300
It involved rewriting the power 
structure of the entire 

1898
01:40:05,300 --> 01:40:08,500
Mediterranean world. 
But here's the thing about 

1899
01:40:08,500 --> 01:40:12,200
impossible during dreams. 
They remain impossible right up 

1900
01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:15,800
until someone accomplishes them.
Which point everyone claims, 

1901
01:40:15,800 --> 01:40:18,800
they knew it could be done. 
All along the decision to March 

1902
01:40:18,800 --> 01:40:20,500
was made not in a moment of 
passion. 

1903
01:40:20,500 --> 01:40:24,500
But after careful calculation 
Hannibal, spent months, 

1904
01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:28,000
preparing Gathering supplies, 
securing agreements with gallic,

1905
01:40:28,000 --> 01:40:31,000
tribes and studying. 
What little information existed 

1906
01:40:31,000 --> 01:40:34,500
about Alpine passes. 
He sent Scouts ahead and made 

1907
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,900
arrangements for Supply Depots. 
This wasn't impulsive 

1908
01:40:37,900 --> 01:40:40,900
adventurism it was methodical 
planning applied to an 

1909
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:43,700
outrageous objective. 
A spring approached and the 

1910
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:46,000
campaign season opened 
Hannibal's. 

1911
01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:48,100
Army began. 
Its March North from new 

1912
01:40:48,100 --> 01:40:51,300
Carthage and Spain. 
The dream was about to become a 

1913
01:40:51,300 --> 01:40:53,400
very cold, very difficult 
reality. 

1914
01:40:54,500 --> 01:40:57,700
But first, they would spend 
months Crossing relatively 

1915
01:40:57,700 --> 01:41:00,400
friendly territory, giving 
Hannibal time to train. 

1916
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:02,700
His diverse forces into a 
cohesive unit. 

1917
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:05,800
And giving his soldiers time to 
contemplate, exactly what they 

1918
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:08,800
signed up for picture yourself 
on a warming. 

1919
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:13,300
In late spring, 218 BCE standing
on the outskirts of new 

1920
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:16,800
Carthage. 
Modern Carter jaina watching an 

1921
01:41:16,800 --> 01:41:18,500
army. 
Assemble for what most observers

1922
01:41:18,500 --> 01:41:20,500
thought was just another Spanish
campaign. 

1923
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:25,000
Smell of dust and horse, sweat 
mingles with the Salt Air from 

1924
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:28,300
the Mediterranean. 
And if you close your eyes, you 

1925
01:41:28,300 --> 01:41:30,900
might think this was just 
another military deployment. 

1926
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:35,200
The kind that happened regularly
throughout the ancient world but

1927
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:38,200
open your eyes and really look 
at what's gathering. 

1928
01:41:38,200 --> 01:41:42,200
This isn't just an army. 
It's a Mobile Nation, a 

1929
01:41:42,200 --> 01:41:45,400
self-contained World preparing 
to walk from Spain to Italy. 

1930
01:41:46,500 --> 01:41:51,100
90,000 infantry from a dozen 
different tribes and Nations 

1931
01:41:51,100 --> 01:41:55,100
12,000. 
Cavalry and 37 elephants whose 

1932
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:57,500
handlers treat them with a 
careful affection. 

1933
01:41:57,500 --> 01:42:01,400
You might show a particularly 
temperamental but beloved family

1934
01:42:01,400 --> 01:42:03,800
member. 
The diversity is staggering 

1935
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:06,800
Libyan spearmen in their 
distinctive linen. 

1936
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:09,900
Armor, Stanley, Iberian 
tribesmen, carrying the falcata 

1937
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:13,700
that distinctively curved sword 
that could cut through Roman 

1938
01:42:13,700 --> 01:42:18,400
Shields like an aggressive 
letter opener, Numidian Cavalry 

1939
01:42:18,400 --> 01:42:22,200
from North Africa, sit on their 
horses, bareback, making Roman 

1940
01:42:22,200 --> 01:42:25,900
Cavalry who at least used 
Saddles feel like they're 

1941
01:42:25,900 --> 01:42:30,100
overdoing it with equipment. 
Balearic Slingers, whose 

1942
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:33,100
accuracy with their simple 
leather slings Rivals, modern 

1943
01:42:33,100 --> 01:42:36,900
Target Shooters practice their 
craft with stones that hum 

1944
01:42:36,900 --> 01:42:41,100
through the air, like Angry bees
and the elephants We need to 

1945
01:42:41,100 --> 01:42:44,100
talk about the elephants because
they're both more and less 

1946
01:42:44,100 --> 01:42:45,600
important than you might 
imagine. 

1947
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:48,300
These aren't the massive African
bush. 

1948
01:42:48,300 --> 01:42:51,900
Elephant, you see in Nature 
Documentaries, these are North 

1949
01:42:51,900 --> 01:42:56,700
African Forest, elephants 
smaller, now extinct but still 

1950
01:42:56,700 --> 01:42:58,200
impressive enough to make an 
entrance. 

1951
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:03,100
Each one requires about 300 
pounds of food daily drinks 

1952
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:06,700
enough water to fill multiple 
bathtubs and has a Handler who 

1953
01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:10,200
knows its moods preferences and 
personality quirks. 

1954
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:12,200
The way, you know, your closest 
friends coffee order. 

1955
01:43:12,200 --> 01:43:15,400
The elephant serve multiple 
purposes beyond their obvious 

1956
01:43:15,400 --> 01:43:18,900
combat role their mobile 
propaganda walking. 

1957
01:43:18,900 --> 01:43:23,400
Advertisements, for carthaginian
power and exoticism their cycle 

1958
01:43:23,400 --> 01:43:26,400
weapons, that will terrify 
enemies who have never seen 

1959
01:43:26,400 --> 01:43:30,600
anything larger than a cow. 
And their symbols of Hannibal's 

1960
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:32,700
confidence, only someone 
absolutely. 

1961
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:35,800
Certain of success would burden 
themselves with such high 

1962
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,000
maintenance companions on a 
journey through hostile 

1963
01:43:39,000 --> 01:43:40,600
territory and impossible 
mountains. 

1964
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:43,200
The March begins with a 
deceptive ease. 

1965
01:43:43,200 --> 01:43:47,000
The Army moves through Spain, 
following well-established 

1966
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:50,200
routes through territory, that's
partly under carthaginian 

1967
01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:54,800
control and partly inhabited by 
tribes who have decided that not

1968
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:57,900
interfering with this particular
Army is the better part of 

1969
01:43:57,900 --> 01:44:00,700
valor. 
The pace is deliberate, rather 

1970
01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:05,600
than rushed Roughly 10 to 15 
miles per day because moving 

1971
01:44:05,600 --> 01:44:08,400
90,000 people with their 
equipment and supplies. 

1972
01:44:08,400 --> 01:44:11,500
Isn't something you can do 
quickly without creating the 

1973
01:44:11,500 --> 01:44:15,400
kind of logistics disaster that 
ends military careers each 

1974
01:44:15,400 --> 01:44:18,400
evening, the Army stops and 
transforms itself into a 

1975
01:44:18,408 --> 01:44:21,900
temporary City. 
Tents rise in organized, 

1976
01:44:21,900 --> 01:44:24,100
patterns fires, a lit for 
cooking. 

1977
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:26,700
Centuries are posted and for a 
few hours. 

1978
01:44:26,700 --> 01:44:29,700
The world takes on a rhythm that
feels almost domestic. 

1979
01:44:30,700 --> 01:44:34,700
Soldiers, clean equipment 
repair, sandals won by the days,

1980
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:38,500
March and share food, and 
stories in languages. 

1981
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:42,700
That span the Mediterranean The 
elephants are fed and watered 

1982
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:46,200
their handlers checking them for
injuries or illness with the 

1983
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,100
thoroughness of nurses. 
Hannibal moves through these 

1984
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:52,300
evening camps with practiced, 
ease stopping to speak with 

1985
01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:55,500
different units asking about 
supplies and listening to 

1986
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:58,600
concerns. 
Leadership at this level isn't 

1987
01:44:58,600 --> 01:45:02,300
about dramatic speeches. 
It's about being seen being 

1988
01:45:02,300 --> 01:45:05,800
accessible and demonstrating 
that you share the hardships. 

1989
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:09,400
You're asking others to endure. 
When Hannibal elite soldiers 

1990
01:45:09,400 --> 01:45:13,300
rations and sleeps in a regular 
tent, it builds loyalty more 

1991
01:45:13,300 --> 01:45:17,000
effectively than any amount of 
inspiring rhetoric the Army 

1992
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:20,000
crosses, the Ebro river, that 
traditional boundary between 

1993
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:24,600
carthaginian and Roman Spears of
influence in Spain. this is the 

1994
01:45:24,600 --> 01:45:28,600
point of no return, the moment 
when the campaign becomes an 

1995
01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:31,900
official Act of War, but the 
crossing itself is 

1996
01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:36,500
anti-climactic. just a long day 
of fairing men and equipment to 

1997
01:45:36,500 --> 01:45:40,000
cross a river, that flows with 
the muddy, determination of all,

1998
01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:46,100
major waterways The elephant's 
Wade across in the bath while 

1999
01:45:46,100 --> 01:45:50,200
their handlers curse and pray in
roughly equal measure beyond the

2000
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:52,700
airbrau, the territory becomes 
progressively, less friendly, 

2001
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:55,900
Spanish tribes, who own? 
No loyalty to Carthage. 

2002
01:45:55,900 --> 01:46:00,300
I this massive army with 
understandable, nervousness Some

2003
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:04,700
of her tokens of submission, 
food, guides and Promises, not 

2004
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:08,300
to attack, if the Army just 
keeps moving others, prepare for

2005
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:11,800
resistance Gathering Warriors 
and sending messages to 

2006
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:14,000
neighboring. 
Tribes about this unprecedented 

2007
01:46:14,000 --> 01:46:17,400
Invasion Force Hannibal handles 
each situation with a 

2008
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,900
flexibility that keeps his army 
moving while minimizing delays 

2009
01:46:21,700 --> 01:46:25,400
When resistance seems serious, 
he offers overwhelming Force 

2010
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:29,300
defeating tribal armies with 
such efficiency that other 

2011
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:31,700
communities. 
Decide cooperation, looks more 

2012
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:34,100
attractive. 
When tribes seem willing to 

2013
01:46:34,100 --> 01:46:36,400
negotiate. 
He's generous with promises and 

2014
01:46:36,400 --> 01:46:39,700
modest with demands 
understanding that the goal 

2015
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:42,600
isn't to conquer Spain. 
It's to pass through it with 

2016
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:46,400
minimal damage to his army. 
The week's blur into a rhythm of

2017
01:46:46,400 --> 01:46:49,900
March Camp, occasional Skirmish 
and March again. 

2018
01:46:50,700 --> 01:46:53,800
The soldiers stopped asking 
where they're going and focus on

2019
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:56,400
the immediate tasks of surviving
each Day's Journey. 

2020
01:46:57,600 --> 01:47:01,600
Equipment wears out and his 
repair or replace but weaker 

2021
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:05,200
soldiers fall out and left 
behind with wounds illness or 

2022
01:47:05,200 --> 01:47:07,300
simple inability to maintain the
pace. 

2023
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:12,000
The army that continues North is
smaller but Harder winnowed by 

2024
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:14,700
the journey into something 
approaching fighting trim. 

2025
01:47:14,700 --> 01:47:18,400
By the time they reach the 
Pyrenees that mountain range, 

2026
01:47:18,400 --> 01:47:22,000
separating Spain from Gaul 
Hannibal, has already sent home 

2027
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:25,500
about 10,000 soldiers, whose 
loyalty seemed questionable 

2028
01:47:26,500 --> 01:47:29,300
Better smaller Army, that's 
committed than a large one, that

2029
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:31,500
might desert or betray it. 
A crucial moment. 

2030
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:35,300
It's the kind of ruthlessly 
practical decision, that 

2031
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:37,500
characterizes Hannibal's entire 
campaign. 

2032
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:41,300
Better to solve problems early 
than, watch them grow into 

2033
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:43,500
disasters. 
Later, the crossing of the 

2034
01:47:43,500 --> 01:47:47,400
Pyrenees is a preview of Greater
challenges ahead, the mountains 

2035
01:47:47,400 --> 01:47:51,200
are steep but not impossibly. 
So, the pass is well, used by 

2036
01:47:51,200 --> 01:47:55,600
Traders and Shepherds still, 
it's the Army's first real taste

2037
01:47:55,600 --> 01:47:57,500
of what. 
Moving through serious mountains

2038
01:47:57,500 --> 01:48:00,400
involves? 
Thin air that makes breathing 

2039
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:05,100
harder the rocky terrain that 
tears at sandals and whose and 

2040
01:48:05,100 --> 01:48:09,100
the cold at higher elevations. 
Even in summer, when they emerge

2041
01:48:09,100 --> 01:48:11,900
on the Galaxy side of the 
Pyrenees, the Army has shrunk 

2042
01:48:11,900 --> 01:48:15,300
to, perhaps 50,000 infantry and 
9,000 cavalry. 

2043
01:48:16,300 --> 01:48:19,300
The elephant's remain, though. 
The Mountain Crossing has left 

2044
01:48:19,300 --> 01:48:22,600
some showing signs of stress. 
But the survivors are now 

2045
01:48:22,608 --> 01:48:25,400
Veterans of a journey that has 
already exceeded what most 

2046
01:48:25,400 --> 01:48:28,900
armies, would consider a major 
campaign and they haven't even 

2047
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:31,700
reached the Alps, yet Gulf 
sprawls before them. 

2048
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:35,000
A vast Patchwork of tribal 
territories, where Celtic 

2049
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:38,300
people's live in a relationship 
with Rome that ranges from 

2050
01:48:38,300 --> 01:48:42,400
hostile to merely suspicious, 
Hannibal's diplomatic 

2051
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:44,200
preparations. 
Paid dividends here. 

2052
01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:47,600
Tribal leaders who've been 
contacted months earlier, 

2053
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:51,500
provide guides supplies and 
permission to pass through their

2054
01:48:51,500 --> 01:48:54,400
territories. 
Others hearing of this 

2055
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:57,800
unprecedented armies approached 
decide that maintaining 

2056
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:01,700
neutrality is the wisest course,
the March through gold takes on 

2057
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:04,600
a different character than the 
Spanish portion here. 

2058
01:49:04,600 --> 01:49:07,600
Hannibal isn't just passing 
through potential enemy 

2059
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:09,900
territory. 
He's building alliances that 

2060
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:13,600
might prove useful later. 
Celtic tribes, who resent, Roman

2061
01:49:13,600 --> 01:49:16,300
expansion. 
See Hannibal as a potential ally

2062
01:49:16,300 --> 01:49:19,000
against their Mutual enemy. 
They offer worries to 

2063
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:21,700
supplement. 
His forces provided intelligence

2064
01:49:21,700 --> 01:49:25,100
about Roman movements and share 
knowledge about the Alps that 

2065
01:49:25,100 --> 01:49:26,700
will prove invaluable in the 
weeks ahead. 

2066
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:30,400
A summer Wayne's and Early 
Autumn approaches the Army 

2067
01:49:30,400 --> 01:49:33,400
reaches the Rhone. 
River that major waterway that 

2068
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:35,200
flows from the Alps to the 
Mediterranean. 

2069
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:39,000
The Crossing becomes another 
major logistical challenge. 

2070
01:49:39,900 --> 01:49:44,200
The river is wide Swift and 
contested by local tribes who 

2071
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:46,300
aren't thrilled about an army 
Crossing through their 

2072
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:49,200
territory. 
Hannibal solves this through a 

2073
01:49:49,200 --> 01:49:53,400
combination of negotiation and 
intimidation arranging for boat 

2074
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:57,100
Builders to construct rafts 
while Cavalry demonstrates, what

2075
01:49:57,100 --> 01:50:00,700
happens to tribes that actively 
oppose the crossing the 

2076
01:50:00,700 --> 01:50:04,300
elephants present, a special 
challenge, some are coaxed onto 

2077
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:06,400
rafts disguised to look like 
Solid Ground. 

2078
01:50:06,400 --> 01:50:10,300
The ancient equivalent of 
tricking a cat into a carrier by

2079
01:50:10,300 --> 01:50:12,400
making it look like a cozy 
hiding spot. 

2080
01:50:13,400 --> 01:50:16,400
Others have to be persuaded 
through more direct means their 

2081
01:50:16,400 --> 01:50:19,300
handlers using every trick 
learned through years of 

2082
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:22,700
experience. 
One story claims an elephant was

2083
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:26,900
led onto a raft by its mother. 
Only to jump off and swim the 

2084
01:50:26,900 --> 01:50:30,400
river when it realized the 
deception with its Handler, 

2085
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:32,400
clinging to its ear the entire 
way. 

2086
01:50:33,500 --> 01:50:36,400
Whether true or embellished it, 
captures the mixture of comedy 

2087
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:38,200
in danger. 
That defined, the entire 

2088
01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:42,200
Enterprise beyond the road, the 
Alps rise in the distance, like 

2089
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:44,900
a promise and a threat, the Army
can see them. 

2090
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:48,800
Now on clear days snowcapped 
Peaks, that seemed to touch the 

2091
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:51,900
sky rangers. 
That no Army has ever crossed 

2092
01:50:51,900 --> 01:50:53,600
with supplies and equipment 
intact. 

2093
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:56,700
Hannibal soldiers. 
Look at those mountains and 

2094
01:50:56,700 --> 01:50:59,900
begin to understand what their 
General is really asking of 

2095
01:50:59,900 --> 01:51:02,100
them. 
They've come too far to turn 

2096
01:51:02,100 --> 01:51:04,200
back. 
Now, behind them lies, 

2097
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:06,300
territory. 
They've already crossed where 

2098
01:51:06,300 --> 01:51:09,100
Roman armies are surely 
mobilizing to cut off any 

2099
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:12,100
retreat. 
A head lies, the only path 

2100
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:16,200
forward up and over mountains 
that everyone says are 

2101
01:51:16,200 --> 01:51:19,500
impossible toward Italy and the 
war that will determine where 

2102
01:51:19,500 --> 01:51:23,000
the Hannibal is a Visionary or 
simply someone who led 50,000 

2103
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:26,000
men to die in the snow. 
The March toward the Alps 

2104
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:30,200
continues each day, bringing 
those Peaks closer each evening 

2105
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:33,700
Camp filled with quieter 
conversations, the soldiers 

2106
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:36,100
contemplate, the impossible 
challenge ahead. 

2107
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:39,700
Hannibal, walks among his troops
and tells them that the 

2108
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,800
mountains are just another 
obstacle that together. 

2109
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:45,100
They've already overcome 
challenges, others thought 

2110
01:51:45,100 --> 01:51:47,700
impossible. 
Whether they believe him or not,

2111
01:51:47,708 --> 01:51:51,000
they continued marching because 
that's what armies do. 

2112
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:55,200
They March, they Camp. 
They March again, carrying 

2113
01:51:55,200 --> 01:51:58,100
forward the dreams and Ambitions
of their commanders, until those

2114
01:51:58,100 --> 01:52:00,200
dreams become reality or turn 
into nightmares. 

2115
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:05,100
And somewhere ahead in passes 
that have seen only Traders and 

2116
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:07,500
Shepherds. 
The Alps, wait to test whether 

2117
01:52:07,500 --> 01:52:10,300
Hannibal's dream has any 
substance Beyond ambition and 

2118
01:52:10,300 --> 01:52:13,400
will let me tell you what it's 
like to stand at the base of the

2119
01:52:13,408 --> 01:52:17,000
Alps in late Autumn looking up 
at mountains that seem less like

2120
01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:19,500
geography and more like 
mythology made Solid. 

2121
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:23,000
The air has a crystalline 
quality at this altitude. 

2122
01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:25,700
Sharp and clear, and cold 
enough. 

2123
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:28,800
That each breath feels like 
drinking from a mountain stream.

2124
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:33,300
Behind you the Rolling Hills of 
gold descend, toward their own 

2125
01:52:33,300 --> 01:52:36,300
Valley. 
For you rock and snow rise 

2126
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:40,500
toward clouds that tangle in the
Peaks like wool caught on Thorns

2127
01:52:40,500 --> 01:52:43,800
Hannibal chose, his route based 
on intelligence gathered from 

2128
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:47,200
gallic Guides, who knew these 
mountains the way Sailors know, 

2129
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:49,600
familiar coastlines, the exact 
pass. 

2130
01:52:49,600 --> 01:52:51,500
He used remains debated by 
historians. 

2131
01:52:51,500 --> 01:52:53,600
Was it? 
The colder clappier? 

2132
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:57,000
The colder months in he or 
perhaps the Caldera set. 

2133
01:52:57,800 --> 01:53:00,600
Each has its Advocates and its 
Geographic logic. 

2134
01:53:01,500 --> 01:53:04,500
But for our purposes, what 
matters isn't the precise 

2135
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:09,200
location but the experience 
itself, the reality of moving an

2136
01:53:09,200 --> 01:53:11,900
army through terrain that 
actively resists human passage. 

2137
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:16,300
The initial Ascent is deceptive 
the lowest slopes offered decent

2138
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:19,600
footing and enough vegetation to
graze horses and pack animals. 

2139
01:53:19,600 --> 01:53:24,100
The Army moves in a long column 
that stretches for miles, each 

2140
01:53:24,100 --> 01:53:28,500
unit finding its own pace as the
trail Narrows and steepens the 

2141
01:53:28,500 --> 01:53:30,700
elephant's. 
Do surprise me well initially 

2142
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:33,500
their sure, footing and 
strength, make them better at 

2143
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:35,200
Mountain Travel than you might 
expect. 

2144
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:39,600
Though their handlers remain in 
constant anxiety about what lies

2145
01:53:39,600 --> 01:53:43,500
ahead but as the Army climbs 
higher the mountains, begin to 

2146
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:47,500
reveal their true nature trails 
that looked reasonable from a 

2147
01:53:47,500 --> 01:53:49,500
distance. 
Turn out to be barely wider than

2148
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:53,300
a man shoulders with drops on 
one side that make even veteran 

2149
01:53:53,300 --> 01:53:57,100
soldiers, nervous. 
The air thins, making breathing,

2150
01:53:57,100 --> 01:53:59,900
labored and increasing fatigue 
beyond what the physical 

2151
01:53:59,900 --> 01:54:04,000
exertion alone would cause. 
Veterans, who marched across 

2152
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:06,900
Spain and Gaul find themselves 
stopping frequently to catch 

2153
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:09,600
their breath. 
Puzzled by their own weakness, 

2154
01:54:09,600 --> 01:54:12,600
until someone explains, what 
altitude does to human bodies? 

2155
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:16,400
The local Celtic tribes, who 
inhabit, these Heights at their 

2156
01:54:16,400 --> 01:54:19,800
own complications. 
These aren't sophisticated City 

2157
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:22,500
dwellers impressed by elephants 
and diplomatic overtures. 

2158
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:26,000
These are mountain people. 
Whose wealth consists mainly of 

2159
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:29,000
what they can take from 
Travelers and a slow-moving Army

2160
01:54:29,000 --> 01:54:31,900
Laden with supplies, represents 
opportunities that are hard to 

2161
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:34,900
ignore. 
They know every Trail, every 

2162
01:54:34,900 --> 01:54:38,500
hiding spot and every place 
where a handful of Defenders can

2163
01:54:38,500 --> 01:54:41,900
make the path in possible, 
Hannibal faces ambushes at 

2164
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:44,600
narrow points, were a superior 
numbers mean nothing because 

2165
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:46,400
only a few men can fight at 
once. 

2166
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:50,700
Boulders rolled down slopes 
triggered by Defenders, who 

2167
01:54:50,700 --> 01:54:53,300
understand leveraging, gravity 
better than they understand 

2168
01:54:53,300 --> 01:54:56,800
formal Warfare. 
The armies Advanced slows to a 

2169
01:54:56,800 --> 01:54:59,800
crawl as each suspicious cliff 
and narrow passage must be 

2170
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:03,300
scouted secured and passed with 
agonizing caution. 

2171
01:55:03,300 --> 01:55:05,800
Imagine being a soldier in this 
situation. 

2172
01:55:05,800 --> 01:55:10,600
Your exhausted from altitude and
constant climbing your sandals 

2173
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:13,700
designed for Mediterranean 
terrain, a falling apart on 

2174
01:55:13,700 --> 01:55:16,700
these Rocky paths. 
The weather shifts with 

2175
01:55:16,700 --> 01:55:21,100
unsettling, rapidity warming, 
direct sunlight frigidly, cold 

2176
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:24,700
in Shadow, with winds, that seem
to come from every direction 

2177
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:27,900
simultaneously. 
You watch men ahead of you 

2178
01:55:27,900 --> 01:55:31,700
dislodge rocks that tumble down 
the trail, forcing everyone 

2179
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:35,800
behind to freeze until the 
danger, passes your cold, your 

2180
01:55:35,800 --> 01:55:38,900
tired and you're starting to 
wonder if your commanding 

2181
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:42,200
officers Vision. 
Might actually be fatal insanity

2182
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:44,500
but you keep climbing because 
everyone around. 

2183
01:55:44,500 --> 01:55:47,300
You keeps climbing because 
stopping means dying. 

2184
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:49,600
There's no where to go, but 
forward or back. 

2185
01:55:49,600 --> 01:55:52,900
And back means admitting defeat 
to comrades who have become 

2186
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:56,700
family through shared hardship. 
Because you're General is 

2187
01:55:56,700 --> 01:56:00,400
somewhere in this column sharing
the same cold and danger and 

2188
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:02,500
exhaustion. 
And if that determined 

2189
01:56:02,500 --> 01:56:05,200
carthaginian can keep placing 
one foot ahead of the other. 

2190
01:56:05,200 --> 01:56:08,300
So can you yell the elephant's 
become a project? 

2191
01:56:08,300 --> 01:56:12,700
That consumes enormous effort 
handlers coax them over narrow 

2192
01:56:12,700 --> 01:56:15,200
paths. 
Sometimes building up edges with

2193
01:56:15,200 --> 01:56:18,100
stones to wide in the trail 
enough for their massive bodies.

2194
01:56:19,000 --> 01:56:21,700
When an elephant bulks at a 
particularly difficult, section 

2195
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:24,700
everything stops. 
While the animal is encouraged 

2196
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:29,100
bribed with food or sometimes 
simply give him time to work up.

2197
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:31,300
Its courage. 
The patience. 

2198
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:34,300
These handlers demonstrate would
impress, any modern animal 

2199
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:35,900
trainer? 
They understand that. 

2200
01:56:35,900 --> 01:56:37,900
Forcing an elephant in these 
conditions would be 

2201
01:56:37,900 --> 01:56:41,400
counterproductive and 
potentially fatal snow begins to

2202
01:56:41,400 --> 01:56:45,300
appear first impressions on 
shaded slopes then more 

2203
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:48,900
persistently as the Army climbs 
higher The white powder is 

2204
01:56:48,900 --> 01:56:52,600
beautiful in an austere way 
catching sunlight and 

2205
01:56:52,600 --> 01:56:56,200
transforming the mountains into 
something, that might grace a 

2206
01:56:56,200 --> 01:56:59,600
landscape painting. 
But it's beauty is deceptive 

2207
01:56:59,600 --> 01:57:02,800
snow. 
Heights Trail edges, conceals 

2208
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:07,200
has its surfaces where pack 
animals slip and slide like 

2209
01:57:07,200 --> 01:57:10,300
drunks on Ice. 
The knights become genuinely 

2210
01:57:10,300 --> 01:57:13,700
dangerous, the Army Camps, 
wherever it can find Space. 

2211
01:57:13,700 --> 01:57:17,300
Often on slopes where sleeping 
means preventing yourself from 

2212
01:57:17,300 --> 01:57:21,200
Rolling downhill. 
Fires a difficult to start an 

2213
01:57:21,200 --> 01:57:24,200
impossible to maintain properly.
There's little wood at this 

2214
01:57:24,208 --> 01:57:26,800
altitude. 
And what exists is often too 

2215
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:30,900
damp or too winded to burnwell? 
Soldiers huddled together for 

2216
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:35,200
warmth sharing cloaks and body 
heat, discovering that survival 

2217
01:57:35,200 --> 01:57:39,100
requires cooperation at the most
basic level frostbite claims 

2218
01:57:39,100 --> 01:57:42,700
fingers and toes healthy to 
sickness leaves some soldiers, 

2219
01:57:42,700 --> 01:57:45,600
dizzy and nauseous unable to 
keep down the food. 

2220
01:57:45,600 --> 01:57:49,100
They need for energy. 
Pack animals, never complaining,

2221
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:52,100
but suffering nonetheless. 
Begin to fail from the 

2222
01:57:52,100 --> 01:57:56,000
combination of cold altitude and
insufficient fodder. 

2223
01:57:56,700 --> 01:57:59,100
When animals die, they are 
quickly butchered for meat 

2224
01:57:59,100 --> 01:58:01,700
wasting food in. 
These conditions isn't just 

2225
01:58:01,700 --> 01:58:05,000
foolish. 
It's suicidal, then the Army 

2226
01:58:05,000 --> 01:58:07,000
reaches the summit of their 
chosen pass. 

2227
01:58:07,000 --> 01:58:09,700
And for a moment, the suffering 
almost seems worth while. 

2228
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:13,000
From this height, they can see 
back across the route. 

2229
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:16,300
They've climbed a dizzying 
descent that makes clear. 

2230
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:20,000
How far they've come. 
More importantly, they can see a

2231
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:23,500
head to Italy the po valley, 
spread below them like a 

2232
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:27,100
Promised Land, green, and warm 
and inviting in the Autumn 

2233
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:30,000
sunlight. 
Hannibal gathers his troops at 

2234
01:58:30,008 --> 01:58:34,300
this High Point and according to
Legend tells them the worst is 

2235
01:58:34,300 --> 01:58:36,100
behind them. 
He's lying. 

2236
01:58:36,100 --> 01:58:38,000
Of course, but it's a useful 
lie. 

2237
01:58:38,000 --> 01:58:41,400
The Descent proves as difficult 
as the ascent just in different 

2238
01:58:41,400 --> 01:58:44,300
ways. 
Trails on the Northern slopes 

2239
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,300
are steeper and often covered in
ice that makes putting 

2240
01:58:47,300 --> 01:58:51,600
treacherous gravity, which was 
an enemy on the way up becomes a

2241
01:58:51,600 --> 01:58:55,000
dangerous Ally on the way down, 
threatening to send men and 

2242
01:58:55,000 --> 01:59:00,100
animals sliding uncontrollably 
down slopes The Army descends in

2243
01:59:00,108 --> 01:59:04,100
a controlled full each step a 
negotiation between progress and

2244
01:59:04,100 --> 01:59:06,300
disaster. 
A story passed down through 

2245
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:08,700
ancient sources. 
Describes a section where the 

2246
01:59:08,700 --> 01:59:12,200
trail has been destroyed by a 
landslide leaving the Army, 

2247
01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:16,700
stopped at an impassable cliff. 
Hannibal solution, demonstrates 

2248
01:59:16,700 --> 01:59:20,600
both practical engineering and 
psychological leadership his 

2249
01:59:20,600 --> 01:59:22,700
soldiers. 
Spent days building up the trail

2250
01:59:22,700 --> 01:59:26,200
with rocks and Earth, creating a
passage where none existed. 

2251
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:31,600
They heat rock faces with fires 
from precious, Timber carried 

2252
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:35,500
Up, From Below, then douse them.
With vinegar, the rapid 

2253
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:39,400
temperature, change fractures 
the stone, making it easier to 

2254
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:42,700
clear. 
Whether this specific detail is 

2255
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:45,200
accurate or an embellishment, 
hardly matters. 

2256
01:59:46,100 --> 01:59:49,200
What matters is that the Army 
finds a way through obstacles? 

2257
01:59:49,200 --> 01:59:52,000
That should have stopped them 
completely the elephant 

2258
01:59:52,000 --> 01:59:54,400
negotiate. 
These final obstacles with what 

2259
01:59:54,400 --> 01:59:56,700
can only be described as 
determination. 

2260
01:59:56,700 --> 02:00:00,500
Bordering on stubbornness 
several are lost to Falls or 

2261
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:03,700
simply to exhaustion their 
handlers morning them with 

2262
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:07,600
genuine grief. 
But most of survive making The 

2263
02:00:07,600 --> 02:00:10,800
Descent with the same surprising
agility, that got them over the 

2264
02:00:10,800 --> 02:00:13,700
summit. 
By the time, the Army reaches 

2265
02:00:13,700 --> 02:00:16,900
lower elevations where the air 
is thick and breathing comes 

2266
02:00:16,900 --> 02:00:19,100
easy. 
Again the elephants that remain 

2267
02:00:19,100 --> 02:00:22,000
have earned their place in 
history through sheer endurance 

2268
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:26,100
after 15 days in the mountains 
though some sources suggest it 

2269
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:29,000
might have been longer 
Hannibal's Army, descends into 

2270
02:00:29,008 --> 02:00:30,700
the Poe Valley, in Northern 
Italy. 

2271
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:34,400
They've lost about half their 
soldiers to combat desertion 

2272
02:00:34,400 --> 02:00:37,600
exposure and the simple 
attrition of an impossible 

2273
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:40,300
Journey. 
The survivors are ragged 

2274
02:00:40,300 --> 02:00:44,100
frostbitten and near starvation,
their equipment damaged and 

2275
02:00:44,100 --> 02:00:46,900
their morale hanging by threads 
of shared accomplishment. 

2276
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:50,200
But Done it. 
They've crossed the Alps with an

2277
02:00:50,200 --> 02:00:51,900
army with supplies with 
elephants. 

2278
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:55,700
They've accomplished something 
everyone said was impossible and

2279
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:59,000
that accomplishment transforms 
them from soldiers into 

2280
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:04,200
something more witnesses to and 
participants in a legendary feet

2281
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:07,200
that will be discussed for 
thousands of years as they 

2282
02:01:07,200 --> 02:01:11,100
descend into Italy is relative 
warmth and plenty Hannibal 

2283
02:01:11,100 --> 02:01:13,700
soldiers, probably don't think 
about their place in history. 

2284
02:01:13,700 --> 02:01:18,600
They think about food about 
warmth, about rest, they think 

2285
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:21,300
about replacing worn out 
equipment and letting Frost 

2286
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:24,800
damage, fingers and toes heal. 
I think about the fact that 

2287
02:01:24,800 --> 02:01:27,800
there are alive when so many 
others aren't what they don't 

2288
02:01:27,800 --> 02:01:29,400
yet. 
Realize is that crossing? 

2289
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:33,400
The Alps was the easy part. 
Now, they have to conquer Rome 

2290
02:01:33,400 --> 02:01:35,800
with an army that's been 
reduced, by half and is 

2291
02:01:35,800 --> 02:01:39,300
exhausted beyond anything. 
Normal military experience would

2292
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:43,500
encompass The worst despite what
Hannibal told them at the Summit

2293
02:01:43,500 --> 02:01:46,700
is definitely not behind them 
but that's a problem for 

2294
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:49,500
tomorrow tonight. 
They camp in the Foothills where

2295
02:01:49,500 --> 02:01:51,200
the air is warm and breathing 
doesn't hurt. 

2296
02:01:52,100 --> 02:01:54,700
Tonight, they tend their wounds 
and tell each other stories 

2297
02:01:54,700 --> 02:01:58,100
about the crossing that will 
grow with each retelling to 

2298
02:01:58,100 --> 02:01:59,700
night. 
They are men who have walked 

2299
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:02,900
over the roof of the world and 
survived and that's enough. 

2300
02:02:02,900 --> 02:02:06,200
The first thing Hannibal 
soldiers, probably noticed about

2301
02:02:06,200 --> 02:02:09,500
Northern Italy was how flat it 
seemed after the Alps. 

2302
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:13,700
The po valley stretched before 
them like a gift from geography 

2303
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:16,800
itself. 
Fertile Plains where Rivers, 

2304
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:20,000
meandered through? 
Farmland settlements dotted 

2305
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:22,800
across a landscape that looked 
prosperous in the hazy 

2306
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:25,900
afternoon. 
Light After weeks of mountains, 

2307
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:28,800
even modest Hills probably 
looked imposing. 

2308
02:02:28,800 --> 02:02:32,100
The second thing they noticed 
was that they were in terrible 

2309
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:34,700
shape. 
Crossing the Alps hadn't just 

2310
02:02:34,700 --> 02:02:37,400
reduced their numbers. 
It had a transformed healthy 

2311
02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:39,800
soldiers into something 
approaching medical emergencies.

2312
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:44,500
Frostbite had claimed 
extremities exhaustion, had 

2313
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,700
settled into bones deeper than 
any night's sleep could fix 

2314
02:02:47,700 --> 02:02:52,000
equipment was damaged or simply 
worn out the elephants. 

2315
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:56,200
Those survivors who made the 
journey needed care and feeding 

2316
02:02:56,200 --> 02:02:59,600
that the barren mountains hadn't
provided Hannibal, understood 

2317
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:01,200
that he couldn't fight in this 
condition. 

2318
02:03:01,200 --> 02:03:05,600
His dream of liberating Rome's. 
Italian allies required, first 

2319
02:03:05,600 --> 02:03:08,900
making his army, capable of 
fighting, which meant rest 

2320
02:03:08,900 --> 02:03:13,400
recovery and recruitment. 
The gallic tribes of the 

2321
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:16,300
Northern Italy who were their 
own reasons for resenting. 

2322
02:03:16,300 --> 02:03:21,100
Roman expansion provided what 
Hannibal needed most time and 

2323
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,900
space to rebuild the army 
established itself in territory 

2324
02:03:24,900 --> 02:03:36,600
controlled by the Offered food 
shelter and most valuable 

2325
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:39,100
Warriors to replace Hannibal's 
losses. 

2326
02:03:40,400 --> 02:03:44,400
Young men hearing tales of the 
legendary Crossing, and eager 

2327
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:46,900
for Glory or plunder or simply 
Adventure. 

2328
02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:50,700
Join the carthaginian force in 
numbers that helped restore its 

2329
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:52,800
strength during these weeks of 
recovery. 

2330
02:03:52,800 --> 02:03:55,900
Something remarkable happened 
within Hannibal's Army. 

2331
02:03:56,800 --> 02:03:59,800
The shared experience of the 
Alpine Crossing had created 

2332
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:02,400
bonds that transcended. 
The usual mercenary 

2333
02:04:02,400 --> 02:04:06,600
relationships. 
Libyans iberians numidians and 

2334
02:04:06,600 --> 02:04:10,400
now Gauls men who spoke 
different languages and 

2335
02:04:10,400 --> 02:04:14,000
worshiped different gods had 
become something approaching 

2336
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:17,300
comrades through the simple Act 
of surviving together. 

2337
02:04:18,400 --> 02:04:21,400
The Alps had been a forge that 
transformed disparate people 

2338
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:24,800
into a unified Force. 
Hannibal used this recovery. 

2339
02:04:24,800 --> 02:04:29,000
Time to train and integrate his 
new gallic recruits creating a 

2340
02:04:29,008 --> 02:04:32,000
fighting force that combined 
carthaginian tactical 

2341
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:36,500
sophistication with Celtic 
enthusiasm and local knowledge. 

2342
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:41,300
He also began his diplomatic 
offensive sending messages to 

2343
02:04:41,300 --> 02:04:43,900
Roman allies throughout Italy, 
offering them a simple 

2344
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:46,900
proposition. 
Rome doesn't protect you and I'm

2345
02:04:46,900 --> 02:04:50,400
here to prove it. 
Join me or at least a neutral 

2346
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:53,100
and together we can end Roman 
domination. 

2347
02:04:53,100 --> 02:04:56,600
It was during these Autumn 
months that Rome first began to 

2348
02:04:56,600 --> 02:04:58,300
grasp what Hannibal at 
accomplished. 

2349
02:04:59,500 --> 02:05:02,000
Arthurian Army in Italy 
shouldn't have been possible. 

2350
02:05:02,000 --> 02:05:05,600
They'd posted forces to stop any
Invasion through Spain, 

2351
02:05:05,600 --> 02:05:09,900
stationed, Fleet to prevent 
Naval Crossing's and generally 

2352
02:05:09,900 --> 02:05:13,000
assumed that the Alps would do 
their defensive work for them. 

2353
02:05:13,800 --> 02:05:16,900
Learning that Hannibal is simply
walked around their defensive 

2354
02:05:16,900 --> 02:05:19,100
strategy. 
Must have been the ancient 

2355
02:05:19,100 --> 02:05:22,300
equivalent of realizing someone 
at burglarized your house by 

2356
02:05:22,300 --> 02:05:25,100
coming through a door. 
You didn't know existed, the 

2357
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:28,800
Roman response was Swift but 
hampered by the simple fact that

2358
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:32,200
they'd prepared for the wrong 
War Legions were marching 

2359
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,200
towards Spain to confront 
Hannibal there. 

2360
02:05:35,000 --> 02:05:38,400
Fleets were positioned to 
intercept carthaginian ships and

2361
02:05:38,400 --> 02:05:41,700
nobody had thought to station 
significant forces in the po 

2362
02:05:41,700 --> 02:05:43,800
valley because nobody expected 
to need them there. 

2363
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:48,000
It's the kind of strategic 
surprise that military planner 

2364
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:51,400
study as an example of why you 
should always expect your 

2365
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:53,600
enemies to do the thing you 
think is impossible? 

2366
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:58,100
The first confrontation came at 
the time of river a relatively 

2367
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:00,800
small engagement where 
Hannibal's Cavalry proved 

2368
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:03,200
decisively Superior to their 
Roman counterparts. 

2369
02:06:04,500 --> 02:06:07,800
It wasn't a major battle by 
ancient standards more like a 

2370
02:06:07,808 --> 02:06:10,300
large Skirmish. 
That happened to involve several

2371
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:12,700
thousand men. 
But it sent an important 

2372
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:16,700
message. despite the Alpine 
Crossing, despite the Army's 

2373
02:06:16,700 --> 02:06:20,000
reduced size, carthaginian 
forces could defeat Roman 

2374
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:24,200
Legions in open combat, the 
cycle impact of designers, 

2375
02:06:24,200 --> 02:06:28,300
exceeded, ITS Tactical 
significant Hannibal had proven 

2376
02:06:28,300 --> 02:06:31,500
he could hurt Rome in its own 
territory and Roman allies 

2377
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:33,500
throughout. 
Italy began reconsidering, their

2378
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:36,500
commitments. 
Rome couldn't protect itself, 

2379
02:06:36,500 --> 02:06:40,800
could it protect them? 
If this carthaginian General was

2380
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:44,800
as capable as rumor suggested 
might joining him be safer than 

2381
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:47,600
opposing him. 
Winter approached bringing the 

2382
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:51,700
traditional end to the campaign 
season. ancient arm is generally

2383
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,600
didn't fight during winter 
months supplies became scarce, 

2384
02:06:55,600 --> 02:06:59,300
whether made movement difficult,
and everyone recognized that 

2385
02:06:59,300 --> 02:07:02,400
there were better uses of time 
than fighting in snow and mud 

2386
02:07:03,300 --> 02:07:05,000
Hannibal established, winter 
quarters. 

2387
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:08,200
In thistle Pine Gaul allowing 
his army to recover while he 

2388
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:09,700
plan. 
The following Year's campaign, 

2389
02:07:09,700 --> 02:07:14,000
this period of relative calm was
when Hannibal truly demonstrated

2390
02:07:14,000 --> 02:07:17,600
his gift for leadership, 
managing an Army in combat is 

2391
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:20,400
one thing. 
Any competent General can order 

2392
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:24,400
charges and Retreats managing an
army during months of inactivity

2393
02:07:24,400 --> 02:07:28,300
keeping soldiers, trained and 
motivated while preventing the 

2394
02:07:28,300 --> 02:07:31,900
kind of indiscipline that Idol. 
Armies develop requires 

2395
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:35,400
different skills entirely 
Hannibal maintained his troops 

2396
02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:38,400
Edge through regular training 
and occasional raids that kept 

2397
02:07:38,400 --> 02:07:40,300
both his soldiers and their 
enemies alert. 

2398
02:07:41,100 --> 02:07:44,700
He rotated units, through 
different duties ensuring no one

2399
02:07:44,700 --> 02:07:47,300
felt their service was less 
important than others. 

2400
02:07:48,000 --> 02:07:52,300
He settled disputes, enforced, 
discipline and maintained. 

2401
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:54,700
The careful balance between 
firmness and fairness. 

2402
02:07:54,700 --> 02:07:58,200
That marks effective military 
leadership, the elephants, 

2403
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,200
required, special attention. 
During these months, these 

2404
02:08:01,200 --> 02:08:05,100
weren't Hardy mounted animals 
adapted to Italian Winters they 

2405
02:08:05,100 --> 02:08:06,700
were creatures from North 
Africa. 

2406
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:10,500
Suffering in climate conditions,
their biology wasn't designed to

2407
02:08:10,500 --> 02:08:14,700
handle Handless spent enormous 
effort, keeping them warm 

2408
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:17,500
healthy, and mentally 
stimulated. 

2409
02:08:17,500 --> 02:08:21,300
Understanding that these animals
were valuable psychological 

2410
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:25,200
weapons worth the investment of 
time and resources as winter 

2411
02:08:25,200 --> 02:08:28,100
progressed Hannibal received 
intelligence about Roman 

2412
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:29,600
preparations for the following 
year. 

2413
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:34,300
Rome was Raising new Legions, 
calling an allies and generally 

2414
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:37,700
mobilizing for the kind of total
war effort that their military 

2415
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:41,000
system enabled. 
The Roman senate wasn't 

2416
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:43,700
panicking. 
Romans didn't Panic at. 

2417
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:46,800
Least not publicly. 
But they were taking Hannibal, 

2418
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:49,600
seriously and ways, they hadn't 
bothered to before his arrival, 

2419
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:52,700
Hannibal used this time to 
refine his strategic 

2420
02:08:52,700 --> 02:08:56,400
understanding of Italy. 
He studied Maps drawn by local 

2421
02:08:56,400 --> 02:09:00,200
guides interviewed traders who 
knew the road networks and 

2422
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:03,400
carefully considered which Roman
allies might be persuaded to 

2423
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:06,800
switch sides. 
His goal wasn't to conquer Italy

2424
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:10,500
City by city, that would take 
more resources than Carthage 

2425
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:12,200
possessed. 
Dead. 

2426
02:09:12,200 --> 02:09:15,400
He aimed to break rooms Alliance
System leaving the city, 

2427
02:09:15,400 --> 02:09:18,600
isolated and vulnerable the 
quiet months. 

2428
02:09:18,600 --> 02:09:21,900
Also allowed Hannibal soldiers 
to fully recover from the Alpine

2429
02:09:21,900 --> 02:09:24,600
Crossing. 
Crossed by healed or scarred 

2430
02:09:24,600 --> 02:09:28,600
over into permanent reminders. 
Bodies, regained strength lost 

2431
02:09:28,600 --> 02:09:33,000
to starvation and exposure. 
Equipment was repaired or 

2432
02:09:33,000 --> 02:09:36,200
replaced and the army that 
emerged from Winter, quarters 

2433
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:39,600
was fundamentally different from
the Ragged force that had 

2434
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:41,700
stumbled out of the mountains 
months early. 

2435
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:45,400
Spring brought renewed 
campaigning and the realization 

2436
02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:47,200
that Hannibal's arrived in 
Italy. 

2437
02:09:47,200 --> 02:09:51,400
Had transformed the Strategic 
situation in ways, Rome was 

2438
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:55,400
still struggling to comprehend. 
The legion sent to intercept him

2439
02:09:55,400 --> 02:09:57,600
in Spain. 
Were now uselessly positioned. 

2440
02:09:57,600 --> 02:09:59,700
Hundreds of miles from the 
actual War. 

2441
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:03,500
The fleet's meant to prevent 
Invasion found themselves with 

2442
02:10:03,500 --> 02:10:07,100
nothing to intercept. 
Rome's careful defensive 

2443
02:10:07,100 --> 02:10:10,100
planning had been rendered 
irrelevant by one audacious 

2444
02:10:10,100 --> 02:10:13,700
March but more importantly 
Hannibal's mere presence. 

2445
02:10:13,700 --> 02:10:17,100
In Italy was forcing Rome to 
fight on his terms rather than 

2446
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:20,200
their own. 
Instead of choosing when and 

2447
02:10:20,200 --> 02:10:23,300
where to campaign Rome had to 
respond to carthaginian 

2448
02:10:23,300 --> 02:10:26,500
movements. 
Instead of taking War to enemy 

2449
02:10:26,500 --> 02:10:29,000
territory, they had to defend 
their own Homeland. 

2450
02:10:30,100 --> 02:10:33,900
The psychological shift was 
profound Rome had always been 

2451
02:10:33,900 --> 02:10:36,100
the aggressor the expanding 
power. 

2452
02:10:37,000 --> 02:10:41,500
Now, they were reacting 
defending and uncertain, the po 

2453
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:44,500
valley where Hannibal had 
established himself became a 

2454
02:10:44,500 --> 02:10:47,800
stage where two, very different 
military philosophies would test

2455
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:50,700
each other. 
Rome relied on citizens and 

2456
02:10:50,708 --> 02:10:55,000
soldiers organized into Legions 
fighting in tight, formations 

2457
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:57,600
that emphasized Collective 
discipline over individual 

2458
02:10:57,600 --> 02:11:00,600
heroism. 
Hannibal commanded mercenaries 

2459
02:11:00,600 --> 02:11:04,500
from a dozen nation's each with 
their own fighting styles United

2460
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:07,900
by their generals tactical 
Brilliance and the promise of 

2461
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:12,000
plunder as the weather warmed 
and Roads, dried both sides 

2462
02:11:12,000 --> 02:11:14,100
prepared for the campaign that 
would determine whether 

2463
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:16,700
Hannibal's. 
Incredible Journey would become 

2464
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:21,000
a lasting strategic achievement 
or simply a spectacular suicide 

2465
02:11:21,000 --> 02:11:24,400
mission. 
The Alps have been crossed the 

2466
02:11:24,400 --> 02:11:28,900
Army had recovered and now the 
real test would begin not of 

2467
02:11:28,900 --> 02:11:31,900
endurance or determination, but 
of whether Hannibal could 

2468
02:11:31,908 --> 02:11:34,400
actually accomplish what he'd 
come to Italy to do. 

2469
02:11:34,408 --> 02:11:38,300
Let's pause here in the story as
winter turns to Spring in 

2470
02:11:38,300 --> 02:11:41,300
Northern Italy and talk about 
something that ancient 

2471
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:45,000
historians often skip over in 
their excitement to describe 

2472
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:50,000
battles and conquests Let's talk
about the waiting, the preparing

2473
02:11:50,000 --> 02:11:53,700
and the long stretches of time 
when arm is existed but didn't 

2474
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:57,600
fight when soldiers were simply 
people trying to survive another

2475
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:01,200
day in a foreign land far from 
home Hannibal's Camp. 

2476
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:03,900
During those months between 
major engagements, would have 

2477
02:12:03,908 --> 02:12:07,100
felt less like a military 
installation and more like a 

2478
02:12:07,100 --> 02:12:10,700
Mobile City. 
Picture rows of tents arranged 

2479
02:12:10,700 --> 02:12:12,600
with military Precision. 
Yes. 

2480
02:12:12,600 --> 02:12:16,500
But all the organic chaos that 
develops wherever humans settled

2481
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:20,700
temporarily Smith's work 
portable forges repairing 

2482
02:12:20,700 --> 02:12:23,400
equipment and occasionally 
creating new items when 

2483
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:26,900
materials allow. 
Settlers those civilian 

2484
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:30,000
Merchants who follow armies like
seabirds, follow fishing boats, 

2485
02:12:30,000 --> 02:12:33,700
trade, luxuries, and Necessities
with soldiers, who have coin or 

2486
02:12:33,700 --> 02:12:36,800
Goods to exchange, the smell 
would be distinctive. 

2487
02:12:37,500 --> 02:12:41,500
Smoke from countless, fires 
food, cooking in various Styles 

2488
02:12:41,500 --> 02:12:44,100
as different ethnic groups, 
prepare meals, according to 

2489
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:47,300
their Traditions, the 
ever-present odor of horses and 

2490
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:50,900
elephants and the Tang of metal 
being worked and leather being 

2491
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:54,500
treated. 
It's not unpleasant, exactly but

2492
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:56,900
it's dense with information. 
If you know how to read it. 

2493
02:12:57,900 --> 02:13:01,400
Sudden increase in metalworking 
means the Army expects combat 

2494
02:13:01,400 --> 02:13:04,500
soon. 
More food being prepared than 

2495
02:13:04,500 --> 02:13:07,400
usual, suggests either a 
celebration or preparations for 

2496
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:09,800
a March. 
The Sounds create their own 

2497
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:14,600
rhythm. soldiers training in the
mornings, The Clash of wooden 

2498
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:18,300
practice weapons, the counting 
Cadence used to coordinate 

2499
02:13:18,300 --> 02:13:22,400
movements occasional laughter, 
when someone makes mistake 

2500
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:26,400
that's funny, rather than 
dangerous Animals being tended. 

2501
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:30,700
Horses, wickering for food 
elephants, making those low 

2502
02:13:30,700 --> 02:13:33,600
rumbling sounds that you feel in
your chest more than here with 

2503
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:36,700
your ears. 
Multiple languages in 

2504
02:13:36,700 --> 02:13:40,200
conversation, the linguistic 
diversity of the Mediterranean 

2505
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:42,600
World. 
Compressed into a few Acres of 

2506
02:13:42,608 --> 02:13:46,300
Italian Countryside Hannibal 
move through these camps with a 

2507
02:13:46,300 --> 02:13:49,300
familiarity that suggested he 
was as comfortable here as 

2508
02:13:49,300 --> 02:13:51,800
anywhere. 
He'd spent most of his adult 

2509
02:13:51,800 --> 02:13:56,200
life with armies and understood 
their rhythms and needs when he 

2510
02:13:56,200 --> 02:13:58,900
inspected troops, he didn't just
check their equipment. 

2511
02:13:58,900 --> 02:14:02,500
He asked about their health 
their concerns and whether they 

2512
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:04,200
were receiving adequate 
supplies. 

2513
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:08,900
This wasn't merely calculated 
leadership it reflected a 

2514
02:14:08,900 --> 02:14:11,700
genuine understanding that 
soldiers fight better when they 

2515
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:14,700
believe their command actually 
cares whether they live or die, 

2516
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:18,200
the elephant's required constant
attention even when not 

2517
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:21,600
preparing for combat. 
These animals could simply be 

2518
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:23,700
parked somewhere and ignored 
until needed. 

2519
02:14:23,700 --> 02:14:27,100
They were complex beings with 
physical and psychological 

2520
02:14:27,100 --> 02:14:29,700
requirements that their handlers
worked to meet. 

2521
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:34,200
Each elephant had a personality 
preferences and moods that 

2522
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:36,300
varied as much as human moods 
vary. 

2523
02:14:37,300 --> 02:14:40,900
Some were naturally bold eager 
to advance when the signal 

2524
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:44,800
others were more cautious, 
requiring encouragement and 

2525
02:14:44,800 --> 02:14:48,400
reassurance before confronting 
anything unusual training, 

2526
02:14:48,400 --> 02:14:51,900
elephant's for combat involved. 
Strange compromises between the 

2527
02:14:51,900 --> 02:14:54,100
animals and nature and Military 
Necessities. 

2528
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:58,000
You can't force an elephant to 
charge into danger at finds 

2529
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:01,400
genuinely terrifying. 
The animal is too large and 

2530
02:15:01,400 --> 02:15:05,500
Powerful to compel. 
Instead handlers work to make 

2531
02:15:05,500 --> 02:15:09,100
combat situations seem enough 
that the elephant's trust in its

2532
02:15:09,100 --> 02:15:13,900
Handler outweighed, its natural 
caution It was a relationship 

2533
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:18,200
built over years based on mutual
respect and the elephants 

2534
02:15:18,200 --> 02:15:20,300
recognition. 
That following its handlers 

2535
02:15:20,300 --> 02:15:23,400
directions had always led to 
safety and food in the past 

2536
02:15:23,400 --> 02:15:26,500
during these calm periods 
between major engagements. 

2537
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:29,600
The Army, also dealt with the 
administrative realities that 

2538
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:33,100
kept any military force 
functioning Supplies had to be 

2539
02:15:33,100 --> 02:15:36,500
inventoried distributed and 
protected from theft or 

2540
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,400
spoilage. 
Pay had to be calculated and 

2541
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:43,300
distributed mercenaries fight 
for money and armies. 

2542
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:46,200
That don't pay regularly tend to
dissolve through desertion or 

2543
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:49,500
mutiny. 
Letters from home, carried by 

2544
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:52,600
merchants, or traveling 
soldiers, brought news that 

2545
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:54,100
connected. 
These Warriors to lives. 

2546
02:15:54,100 --> 02:15:57,500
They'd Left Behind months or 
years early medical care 

2547
02:15:57,500 --> 02:16:02,000
occupied significant attention. 
Ancient Warfare generated 

2548
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:03,800
injuries. 
That didn't immediately kill, 

2549
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:08,100
but required extended treatment,
Wounds that needed cleaning and 

2550
02:16:08,100 --> 02:16:11,300
monitoring to prevent infection 
broken bones. 

2551
02:16:11,300 --> 02:16:15,300
That needed setting and time to 
heal Nils is that spread through

2552
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:19,800
camps with depressing regularity
The Army had Physicians, but 

2553
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:22,600
they're knowledge was limited by
contemporary understanding of 

2554
02:16:22,600 --> 02:16:26,400
Medicine. 
Could set bones stitch wounds 

2555
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,900
and had some effective herbal 
treatments but infection 

2556
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:32,100
remained. 
A mysterious killer that struck 

2557
02:16:32,100 --> 02:16:35,700
seemingly at random the 
psychological toll of military 

2558
02:16:35,700 --> 02:16:39,700
life during these periods 
manifested in various ways, some

2559
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:43,500
soldiers became superstitious 
developing elaborate rituals 

2560
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:45,700
meant to ensure survival in the 
next battle. 

2561
02:16:46,400 --> 02:16:49,600
Others became Reckless, 
affecting an attitude of 

2562
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:54,400
careless bravado that mask, 
genuine fear, Many simply became

2563
02:16:54,400 --> 02:16:57,799
quiet conserving, emotional 
energy for the challenges. 

2564
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:00,200
They were coming Hannibal's 
leadership. 

2565
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:03,200
During these calm periods was 
perhaps more important than his 

2566
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:07,400
tactical Brilliance and combat. 
Keeping an army cohesive and 

2567
02:17:07,400 --> 02:17:11,000
effective during months of 
relative in activity requires 

2568
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:12,799
different skills than winning 
battles. 

2569
02:17:12,799 --> 02:17:16,400
He had to maintain discipline 
while preventing the kind of 

2570
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:18,700
harsh enforcement that would 
breed resentment. 

2571
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:21,900
He had to keep soldiers trained 
and ready. 

2572
02:17:21,900 --> 02:17:25,000
While not exhausting them 
through pointless drill. 

2573
02:17:25,799 --> 02:17:29,200
He had to balance competing 
demands from different ethnic 

2574
02:17:29,200 --> 02:17:32,400
groups within his Force. 
Ensuring no one felt 

2575
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:35,100
consistently disadvantaged or 
disrespected. 

2576
02:17:35,100 --> 02:17:38,100
The gallic Warriors who joined 
Hannibal's Army brought their 

2577
02:17:38,100 --> 02:17:40,500
own cultural expectations about 
Warfare. 

2578
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:42,799
They were used to seasonal 
raiding. 

2579
02:17:42,799 --> 02:17:45,700
Quick campaigns followed by 
returns home to handle 

2580
02:17:45,700 --> 02:17:49,200
agricultural work. 
The idea of multi-year campaigns

2581
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:51,900
far from home fighting, not for 
plunder. 

2582
02:17:51,900 --> 02:17:55,500
But for strategic objectives, 
represented, a cultural 

2583
02:17:55,500 --> 02:17:58,100
adjustment that required 
patient, explanation and 

2584
02:17:58,100 --> 02:18:01,400
management, religious 
observances provided structure 

2585
02:18:01,400 --> 02:18:04,900
and meaning during these waiting
periods, Different groups within

2586
02:18:04,900 --> 02:18:08,000
the Army, worshiped different 
gods, conducted different 

2587
02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:10,500
rituals and observed different 
festivals. 

2588
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:14,200
Hannibal who had been raised in 
the religiously diverse world of

2589
02:18:14,208 --> 02:18:17,500
Carthage understood, that 
allowing these observances 

2590
02:18:17,500 --> 02:18:21,299
strengthened rather than 
weakened his army. soldiers, who

2591
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,200
felt their gods were honored 
fort with more confidence than 

2592
02:18:24,200 --> 02:18:27,900
those Force to abandon their 
spiritual practices, the passage

2593
02:18:27,900 --> 02:18:31,400
of Seasons marked time in ways 
that the mere counting of days 

2594
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,900
could not capture, Bring brought
warmer weather and the 

2595
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:36,700
resumption of serious 
campaigning. 

2596
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:42,000
Summer meant heat and dust Long.
March is under the Mediterranean

2597
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:45,600
son, that turned armor into 
portable ovens Autumn brought 

2598
02:18:45,600 --> 02:18:48,100
Harvest, that could be 
appropriated to feed the Army 

2599
02:18:48,100 --> 02:18:50,900
and the knowledge that winter 
would soon limit Mobility. 

2600
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:55,500
Again, each season had its 
Rhythm its challenges and its 

2601
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:59,100
opportunities news from The 
Wider World filtered into Camp 

2602
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:02,700
through various channels. 
Merchants trading with the Army,

2603
02:19:02,700 --> 02:19:07,400
deserters from Roman forces, and
diplomatic envoys from Italian 

2604
02:19:07,400 --> 02:19:09,100
cities, considering their 
options. 

2605
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:13,400
Through these sources Hannibal 
tract, Roman preparations 

2606
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:16,600
learned, which allies were 
wavering in their loyalty and 

2607
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:20,000
gathered the intelligence that 
informed his strategic decisions

2608
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:24,100
letters from Carthage, arrived 
irregularly, bringing news from 

2609
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:26,799
home and instructions from the 
government that theoretically 

2610
02:19:26,799 --> 02:19:31,000
controlled this campaign. but 
distance and the difficulty of 

2611
02:19:31,008 --> 02:19:34,700
communication meant Hannibal 
operated with enormous autonomy,

2612
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:39,000
The carthaginian Senate might 
pass resolution about what he 

2613
02:19:39,000 --> 02:19:42,600
should do, but by the time, 
those instructions reached Italy

2614
02:19:42,600 --> 02:19:46,000
Circumstances, had usually 
changed enough that they were 

2615
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:48,900
irrelevant. 
Hannibal fought his War 

2616
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:51,600
according to his own judgment 
For Better or Worse. 

2617
02:19:51,600 --> 02:19:54,800
The relationship between 
Hannibal and his soldiers during

2618
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:57,800
these calm periods created 
bonds, that would be tested in 

2619
02:19:57,800 --> 02:20:00,800
coming battles. 
When soldiers had watched their 

2620
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:04,600
General, share their hardships 
for months or years had seen him

2621
02:20:04,600 --> 02:20:08,600
eat the same food and endure the
same whether and had observed 

2622
02:20:08,600 --> 02:20:11,600
him making decisions that 
prioritize their welfare when 

2623
02:20:11,600 --> 02:20:15,100
possible they developed loyalty 
that couldn't be purchased or 

2624
02:20:15,100 --> 02:20:18,600
commanded. 
This loyalty would prove crucial

2625
02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:22,000
when battles went badly and 
Retreat seemed more rational 

2626
02:20:22,000 --> 02:20:25,800
than continued fighting as each 
period of relative peace, ended 

2627
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:27,600
and the Army prepared for the 
next campaign. 

2628
02:20:27,600 --> 02:20:30,700
Soldiers performed, the small 
rituals that Warriors have 

2629
02:20:30,700 --> 02:20:34,900
always performed before combat 
Equipment was checked one final 

2630
02:20:34,900 --> 02:20:37,900
time. 
Personal items were secured or 

2631
02:20:37,900 --> 02:20:40,300
given to comrades for 
safekeeping in case of death. 

2632
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:43,400
Some soldiers wrote letters to 
be sent home if they didn't 

2633
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:46,600
survive, others simply spent 
quiet time alone. 

2634
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:50,700
Contemplating mortality in what 
ever terms, their religion or 

2635
02:20:50,700 --> 02:20:53,400
philosophy. 
Provided the elephant sensed the

2636
02:20:53,408 --> 02:20:56,700
shift in mood and routine. 
The handlers could tell when the

2637
02:20:56,700 --> 02:20:59,900
Army Was preparing for combat by
subtle changes in the animals 

2638
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:03,200
Behavior. 
Increased nervousness reluctant 

2639
02:21:03,200 --> 02:21:06,800
to eat and the way they grouped 
together as if seeking Mutual 

2640
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:10,900
reassurance, managing these 
magnificent but temperamental 

2641
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:14,600
creatures required understanding
that they responded to human 

2642
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:18,600
emotional states with surprising
sensitivity and then the waiting

2643
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:23,000
would end Scouts would report 
Roman movements or intelligence 

2644
02:21:23,000 --> 02:21:26,600
would arrive about a vulnerable 
Target or strategic necessity 

2645
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:31,300
would Demand Action regardless 
of whether anyone felt ready the

2646
02:21:31,300 --> 02:21:34,100
camp would transform from a 
temporary City, back into a 

2647
02:21:34,100 --> 02:21:37,500
military machine, all those 
months of waiting and 

2648
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:41,600
preparation distilling into 
renewed purpose, but even as the

2649
02:21:41,600 --> 02:21:44,900
Army prepared to March toward 
whatever, awaited them the 

2650
02:21:44,900 --> 02:21:48,700
memories of these calm periods 
remained Soldiers, carried with 

2651
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:50,100
them. 
The knowledge that their 

2652
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:52,400
comrades were. 
People not just weapons to be 

2653
02:21:52,408 --> 02:21:55,100
employed in combat. 
Commanders. 

2654
02:21:55,100 --> 02:21:58,900
Understood that their decisions 
affected, real lives families, 

2655
02:21:58,900 --> 02:22:02,200
back home, who depended on 
husbands and Fathers and Sons 

2656
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:06,200
returning, from this foreign 
war, this human Dimension, the 

2657
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:09,700
waiting, the wandering, The 
Quiet Moments between dramatic 

2658
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:13,500
events is often lost in 
historical accounts that focus 

2659
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,800
on battles and movements. 
But for the men who lived 

2660
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:20,500
through Hannibal's, Italian 
campaign, these calm periods 

2661
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:23,200
were as much a part of their 
experience as any dramatic, 

2662
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:26,200
confrontation. 
They were the times when 

2663
02:22:26,208 --> 02:22:30,600
friendships formed when fears 
were shared and when the reality

2664
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:34,200
of being far from home with an 
uncertain future pressed, most 

2665
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:37,300
heavily on Consciousness. 
Now let's fast forward through 

2666
02:22:37,300 --> 02:22:40,000
the years that followed not 
because the battles aren't 

2667
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:43,600
important, but because tonight's
story is about something deeper 

2668
02:22:43,600 --> 02:22:46,500
than tactical victories and 
strategic maneuvering. 

2669
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:50,600
It's about how one man's dream 
and one impossible March created

2670
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:54,300
ripples that spread across 
centuries changing, how humans 

2671
02:22:54,300 --> 02:22:58,100
thought about possibility itself
Hannibal would spend 15 more 

2672
02:22:58,100 --> 02:23:00,700
years in Italy. 
After crossing the Alps winning 

2673
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:02,500
battles. 
That should have destroyed Rome,

2674
02:23:02,500 --> 02:23:05,600
but never quite achieving the 
decisive victory, that would 

2675
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:10,100
break Rome's power. 
He won at trebia a Tresemme and 

2676
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:14,000
most famously at Kane where he 
destroyed a Roman army twice his

2677
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:17,000
size through tactical Brilliance
that military strategist. 

2678
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:20,600
Still study today. 
Yet, Rome refused to surrender, 

2679
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:25,000
refused to negotiate. 
Simply raise new Legions and 

2680
02:23:25,000 --> 02:23:27,700
continued fighting with a 
stubbornness that eventually 

2681
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:31,300
wore down even Hannibal's. 
Remarkable Army, the stories end

2682
02:23:31,300 --> 02:23:34,900
isn't happy by conventional 
measures Hannibal was eventually

2683
02:23:34,900 --> 02:23:39,000
recalled to Carthage to defend 
against Roman invasion. he lost 

2684
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,500
his first battle at Zama, not 
because he'd forgotten how to 

2685
02:23:42,508 --> 02:23:46,200
fight, but because Rome had 
finally learned from its defeats

2686
02:23:46,200 --> 02:23:50,800
and produced a general Scipio 
Africanus who could match 

2687
02:23:50,800 --> 02:23:55,200
Hannibal's brilliance Carthage 
sued for peace on Rome's terms, 

2688
02:23:55,200 --> 02:23:58,700
accepting conditions that 
guaranteed they'd never again. 

2689
02:23:58,700 --> 02:24:02,400
Threatened Roman power Hannibal 
lived on for years after the war

2690
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:06,500
serving his city as a civil 
administrator trying to rebuild 

2691
02:24:06,500 --> 02:24:08,700
carthaginian Prosperity through 
Commerce. 

2692
02:24:08,700 --> 02:24:13,100
Since military competition was 
no longer possible Eventually 

2693
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:17,100
pursued by Roman demands for his
surrender, he took poison rather

2694
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:20,600
than be captured dying in Exile.
Far from the Carthage. 

2695
02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:24,300
He'd spent his life trying to 
protect It's the kind of ending 

2696
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:28,200
that ancient tragedies were 
built around the brilliant hero 

2697
02:24:28,200 --> 02:24:32,000
on, not by lack of skill, but by
forces larger than any 

2698
02:24:32,000 --> 02:24:35,400
individual could control. 
But here's what makes Hannibal's

2699
02:24:35,400 --> 02:24:38,700
story worth remembering two 
Millennia later, he permanently 

2700
02:24:38,700 --> 02:24:41,900
changed, what humans thought was
possible before. 

2701
02:24:41,900 --> 02:24:45,500
Hannibal armies didn't cross, 
the Alps with elephants, they 

2702
02:24:45,500 --> 02:24:48,700
didn't March from Spain to Italy
through territory that geography

2703
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,900
said was impossible. 
He didn't win battles through 

2704
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:56,000
technical creativity that turned
expected advantages into fatal 

2705
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,300
vulnerabilities. 
The Mediterranean world had 

2706
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:03,300
assumptions about Warfare about 
logistics, and about what was 

2707
02:25:03,300 --> 02:25:06,300
feasible and Hannibal. 
Casually demolished. 

2708
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,300
Those assumptions through the 
simple, expedient of ignoring 

2709
02:25:09,300 --> 02:25:12,900
them, his crossing of, the Alps 
became the standard example, for

2710
02:25:12,900 --> 02:25:15,700
impossible, Journeys, when 
Napoleon crossed the Alps 

2711
02:25:15,700 --> 02:25:19,100
centuries, later, using proper 
roads, that hadn't existed in 

2712
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:21,900
Hannibal's. 
Time, he explicitly compared 

2713
02:25:21,900 --> 02:25:24,600
himself to the carthaginian 
general because that's how 

2714
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:27,400
deeply Hannibal's feet. 
Had embedded itself in Western 

2715
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,100
consciousness. 
When military planners talk 

2716
02:25:30,100 --> 02:25:33,400
about bold strategic moves that 
ignore conventional thinking 

2717
02:25:33,400 --> 02:25:35,500
Hannibal's. 
Name comes up with the 

2718
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:38,600
regularity of a metaphor that 
earned its place through sheer 

2719
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:41,700
appropriateness. the Tactical 
Innovations Hannibal 

2720
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:45,000
demonstrated at battles like 
kanay in Florence military 

2721
02:25:45,000 --> 02:25:49,100
thinking for centuries, The 
double envelopment he executed 

2722
02:25:49,100 --> 02:25:52,600
there, where his army surrounded
and destroyed a larger, Roman 

2723
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:55,600
Force. 
Became a template that generals 

2724
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:59,300
dreamed of replicating. 
Modern military academies. 

2725
02:25:59,300 --> 02:26:02,200
Still teach can as an example of
perfect tactical execution, 

2726
02:26:02,200 --> 02:26:06,800
which means 20 something Cadets.
Today, study a battle fought by 

2727
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:11,700
a carthaginian general, 2,200 
years ago, but Hannibal's deeper

2728
02:26:11,700 --> 02:26:14,500
Legacy isn't really about 
military tactics or strategic 

2729
02:26:14,500 --> 02:26:17,100
Innovation. 
It's about what his story 

2730
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:21,000
teaches about human capability 
determination and the 

2731
02:26:21,000 --> 02:26:23,200
relationship between dreams and 
reality. 

2732
02:26:23,200 --> 02:26:28,000
Consider what Hannibal actually 
accomplished He took a diverse 

2733
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:30,800
Army of mercenaries, who had no 
particular loyalty to each 

2734
02:26:30,800 --> 02:26:33,800
other, LED them through a 
journey that everyone said would

2735
02:26:33,800 --> 02:26:37,700
kill them and forged them into a
force that repeatedly defeated 

2736
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:40,500
the ancient world's most 
successful military power. 

2737
02:26:41,700 --> 02:26:44,300
He did this not through 
overwhelming resources or 

2738
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:48,900
Supernatural intervention. 
Through leadership planning and 

2739
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:52,100
the ability to inspire people to
attempt things, they didn't 

2740
02:26:52,100 --> 02:26:55,200
think they could have the 
soldiers, who crossed the Alps 

2741
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:58,200
with Hannibal weren't Special 
Forces or Elite troops at the 

2742
02:26:58,200 --> 02:27:02,100
start of that Journey. 
They were ordinary men Farmers 

2743
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:07,100
Sons tribal Warriors, poor young
men seeking Fortune who became 

2744
02:27:07,100 --> 02:27:10,800
extraordinary through the simple
Act of continuing when 

2745
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:15,100
continuing seemed impossible 
that transformation suggests, 

2746
02:27:15,100 --> 02:27:17,100
something important about human 
potential. 

2747
02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:20,400
How limits are more flexible 
than we assumed. 

2748
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:23,800
And sometimes the only thing 
preventing achievement is are 

2749
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:25,600
certainty, that achievement 
isn't possible. 

2750
02:27:25,600 --> 02:27:28,600
Hannibal story, also 
demonstrates how individual 

2751
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:31,300
Vision can overcome structural 
disadvantages. 

2752
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:35,300
Carthage was weaker than Rome by
almost any objective measure. 

2753
02:27:36,100 --> 02:27:39,300
Smaller population. 
Less extensive Alliance Network,

2754
02:27:39,300 --> 02:27:43,800
fewer resources. 
Conventional, strategic analysis

2755
02:27:43,800 --> 02:27:46,700
would have concluded that 
Carthage couldn't win a direct 

2756
02:27:46,700 --> 02:27:49,500
conflict with Rome, which was 
probably accurate. 

2757
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:53,500
Hannibal didn't attempt 
conventional strategy, he 

2758
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:55,800
invented a new approach found a 
route. 

2759
02:27:55,808 --> 02:27:59,300
No one expected. 
A nearly defeated Rome, despite 

2760
02:27:59,300 --> 02:28:01,900
all structural advantages. 
Favoring his anime. 

2761
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:05,400
This has implications Beyond 
Ancient Warfare in business 

2762
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:09,300
politics, personal life, 
anywhere, someone faces 

2763
02:28:09,300 --> 02:28:12,800
challenges that seem over 
Hannibal's example. 

2764
02:28:12,800 --> 02:28:15,000
Suggests that creative 
approaches can sometimes 

2765
02:28:15,000 --> 02:28:17,300
overcome. 
Apparently insurmountable 

2766
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:21,600
obstacles. 
Not always not reliably but 

2767
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:24,300
often enough that attempting. 
The seemingly impossible isn't 

2768
02:28:24,300 --> 02:28:28,500
automatically foolish, the story
illustrates the limitations of 

2769
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:32,100
individual Brilliance Hannibal 
was possibly the most gifted 

2770
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:34,900
military commander of ancient 
times yet. 

2771
02:28:34,900 --> 02:28:38,100
He ultimately fails to achieve 
his strategic objectives. 

2772
02:28:38,900 --> 02:28:43,300
Rome's institutional strengths, 
its ability to absorb defeats 

2773
02:28:43,300 --> 02:28:46,900
and continue fighting its 
extensive Alliance system and 

2774
02:28:46,900 --> 02:28:50,200
its governmental stability, 
proved more durable than 

2775
02:28:50,200 --> 02:28:53,900
Hannibal's personal genius. 
Sometimes the structural 

2776
02:28:53,900 --> 02:28:57,300
realities really do win, no 
matter how capable the 

2777
02:28:57,300 --> 02:29:00,400
individuals challenging them, 
this tension between individual 

2778
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:03,900
agency and structural forces, is
part of why Hannibal's story 

2779
02:29:03,900 --> 02:29:07,200
remains compelling. 
He succeeded Beyond any 

2780
02:29:07,200 --> 02:29:11,000
reasonable expectation yet, 
ultimately fail to change the 

2781
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:14,200
historical. 
Trajectory he challenged He was 

2782
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:17,500
simultaneously incredibly 
successful and fundamentally 

2783
02:29:17,500 --> 02:29:21,000
unsuccessful which makes his 
story more interesting than if 

2784
02:29:21,000 --> 02:29:24,900
he'd either Concord roam or been
immediately defeated the human 

2785
02:29:24,900 --> 02:29:27,700
element of Hannibal's Legacy 
might be its most enduring 

2786
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:30,200
aspect. 
Here was someone who cared 

2787
02:29:30,200 --> 02:29:33,300
enough about his soldiers to 
share their hardships who 

2788
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:35,900
developed relationships. 
With war elephants, that is 

2789
02:29:35,900 --> 02:29:39,500
handled as respected, and who 
could Inspire loyalty from 

2790
02:29:39,500 --> 02:29:42,400
people who had every reason to 
Desert or betray him. 

2791
02:29:42,400 --> 02:29:46,000
In an era when military 
commanders often viewed soldiers

2792
02:29:46,000 --> 02:29:50,200
as Expendable resources Hannibal
treated them as humans, whose 

2793
02:29:50,200 --> 02:29:52,800
welfare matted beyond their 
utility and combat. 

2794
02:29:52,800 --> 02:29:56,700
This approach to leadership 
combining strategic Brilliance 

2795
02:29:56,700 --> 02:30:00,900
with genuine concern for those 
being led as influenced thinking

2796
02:30:00,900 --> 02:30:04,800
about management and command 
ever since Modern military 

2797
02:30:04,800 --> 02:30:07,100
leadership. 
Doctrine still emphasizes the 

2798
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:10,700
importance of leaders who share 
their subordinates, hardships 

2799
02:30:10,700 --> 02:30:14,500
and business management Theory. 
Often discusses the value of 

2800
02:30:14,508 --> 02:30:17,600
leaders who prioritize employee 
welfare. 

2801
02:30:18,400 --> 02:30:22,600
These ideas Trace back through 
various sources but Hannibal's 

2802
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:26,000
example is one of the earliest 
and clearest instances of this 

2803
02:30:26,000 --> 02:30:29,200
leadership philosophy in action,
the elephants themselves became 

2804
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:33,000
legendary symbols of Hannibal or
dasetty and exoticism. 

2805
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:37,200
A centuries after writers, who 
wanted to suggest something was 

2806
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:40,500
impossibly difficult would 
compare it to taking elephants 

2807
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:43,000
over the Alps. 
The fact that most of the 

2808
02:30:43,008 --> 02:30:46,200
elephants died during the 
Italian campaign from climate 

2809
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:50,100
combat, and simple exhaustion. 
Somehow doesn't diminish the 

2810
02:30:50,100 --> 02:30:54,600
legend, if anything, it 
enhances, it demonstrating that 

2811
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:57,000
Hannibal attempted, his 
impossible Journey, despite 

2812
02:30:57,000 --> 02:31:00,800
knowing the cost would be 
enormous self was transformed by

2813
02:31:00,800 --> 02:31:03,300
the Hannah Blick Wars, in ways 
that shape its future 

2814
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:06,300
development. 
The near-death experience of 

2815
02:31:06,300 --> 02:31:09,700
facing Hannibal in Italy, 
convinced Romans that their 

2816
02:31:09,700 --> 02:31:12,700
survival required total 
dominance of the Mediterranean 

2817
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:15,400
world. 
The Roman Empire that would 

2818
02:31:15,400 --> 02:31:19,000
later stretch from Britain to 
Mesopotamia was built partly on 

2819
02:31:19,008 --> 02:31:22,200
lessons learned during those 
desperate years when a 

2820
02:31:22,200 --> 02:31:24,100
carthaginian army wandered 
through Italy. 

2821
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:29,000
Seemingly Unstoppable Carthage 
of ventral destruction raised 

2822
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:32,700
completely in a later War its 
territory sewn with salt in a 

2823
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:36,800
gesture of absolute Annihilation
was partly motivated by Roman 

2824
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:38,800
Trauma from Hannibal's 
campaigns. 

2825
02:31:39,800 --> 02:31:43,100
Rome had been so frightened by 
what one carthaginian General 

2826
02:31:43,100 --> 02:31:46,000
had accomplished that they 
decided the only safe Carthage 

2827
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:49,500
was no Carthage at all. 
It's a sobering reminder that 

2828
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:51,700
sometimes success creates its 
own disasters. 

2829
02:31:51,700 --> 02:31:55,000
Hannibal's, brilliant helped 
ensure his civilization's 

2830
02:31:55,000 --> 02:31:58,800
destruction, the cultural memory
of Hannibal spread far beyond 

2831
02:31:58,800 --> 02:32:02,200
the Mediterranean world, His 
name appears in text from 

2832
02:32:02,200 --> 02:32:05,300
cultures, that had no direct 
contact with Carthage or Rome, 

2833
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,700
passed along through trade 
routes and cultural exchange 

2834
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:12,100
until even people in medieval 
Europe and Asia, new stories 

2835
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:14,700
about the general who crossed 
the impossible mountains. 

2836
02:32:15,600 --> 02:32:18,100
This kind of cultural 
persistence suggest that his 

2837
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:21,500
story touched something 
Universal about human ambition 

2838
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:24,200
and achievement. 
Modern historians. 

2839
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:27,800
Continue debating details of 
Hannibal's campaigns which pass 

2840
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,900
he used exactly how many troops 
he had and whether specific 

2841
02:32:31,900 --> 02:32:33,700
accounts of battles are 
accurate. 

2842
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:37,500
But these scholarly debates 
important as they are to 

2843
02:32:37,500 --> 02:32:42,200
Specialists Mr. Larger point. 
Hannibal's Legacy isn't really 

2844
02:32:42,200 --> 02:32:44,600
about the precise details of his
campaigns. 

2845
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:48,000
It's about the story. 
Those campaigns tell regarding 

2846
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:51,200
what humans can accomplish when 
they refuse to accept 

2847
02:32:51,200 --> 02:32:55,200
conventional limitations as you 
settle deeper into your blankets

2848
02:32:55,200 --> 02:32:57,500
and feel sleep beginning to pull
at your Consciousness. 

2849
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:01,300
Let's bring this story to its 
quiet close with some final 

2850
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:04,900
thoughts about Hannibal and his 
March through time and memory 

2851
02:33:04,900 --> 02:33:07,900
somewhere in Northern Italy. 
If you look carefully, you can 

2852
02:33:07,900 --> 02:33:10,700
still find traces of the roots 
Hannibal's Army followed. 

2853
02:33:11,400 --> 02:33:14,800
Not obvious, monuments or 
dramatic markers, but subtle 

2854
02:33:14,800 --> 02:33:17,400
signs visible to those who know 
what to look for. 

2855
02:33:18,200 --> 02:33:21,900
Old roads that follow Perthes, 
chose for military logistics, 

2856
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:23,600
rather than commercial 
convenience. 

2857
02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:27,400
Place names that echo in 
languages, descended from the 

2858
02:33:27,408 --> 02:33:29,400
tribes who witnessed that 
unprecedented. 

2859
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:31,900
Armies passage the Alps 
themselves. 

2860
02:33:31,900 --> 02:33:35,100
Remain unchanged by the armies 
that have crossed them over 

2861
02:33:35,100 --> 02:33:37,200
millennia. 
Passes. 

2862
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:39,900
That seem so impossibly 
difficult to Hannibal soldiers 

2863
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:44,100
are now threaded with highways 
and rail tunnels made manageable

2864
02:33:44,100 --> 02:33:47,000
by engineering that would seem 
like divine intervention to 

2865
02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:50,800
ancient Travellers. 
Yet for anyone, who's walked in 

2866
02:33:50,800 --> 02:33:54,200
genuine Mountain Wilderness, 
whose fell altitude, steal their

2867
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:58,400
breath and cold numb. 
Their fingers Hannibal's 

2868
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:00,800
achievement remains impressive, 
regardless of modern 

2869
02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:04,100
technological advancement. 
Think about those soldiers who 

2870
02:34:04,100 --> 02:34:06,900
made the crossing the ones who 
survived to tell their 

2871
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:09,000
grandchildren. 
About the time, they walked over

2872
02:34:09,000 --> 02:34:12,000
the roof of the world. 
Following a general, whose 

2873
02:34:12,000 --> 02:34:16,200
dreams seemed like Madness until
it succeeded They returned 

2874
02:34:16,200 --> 02:34:19,700
eventually to homes in Libya 
Iberia, a new media. 

2875
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:24,100
Those who survived the Italian 
campaigns carrying memories of 

2876
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:27,000
snow covered Peaks and desperate
Mountain passages. 

2877
02:34:28,200 --> 02:34:32,200
Some probably exaggerated their 
stories making the mountains 

2878
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:34,700
higher and the dangers greater 
with each retelling. 

2879
02:34:35,400 --> 02:34:39,500
Others probably understated them
finding that the reality defied 

2880
02:34:39,500 --> 02:34:42,800
description and that listeners 
couldn't really understand what 

2881
02:34:42,800 --> 02:34:45,600
they had experienced. 
The elephant that survived the 

2882
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:49,000
crossing lived out their 
remaining years in Italy exotic 

2883
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:53,200
creatures far from their African
homes cared for by handlers who 

2884
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:55,500
crossed impossible mountains in 
their company. 

2885
02:34:56,700 --> 02:34:59,200
When these elephants died from 
age? 

2886
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:02,800
Combat or simple? 
Exhaustion their passing Mark 

2887
02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:06,300
the end of one of history's. 
Most unusual military logistics 

2888
02:35:06,300 --> 02:35:10,800
efforts No one would attempt war
elephants in Alpine campaigns 

2889
02:35:10,800 --> 02:35:14,300
again, partly because Hannibal 
had demonstrated both that it 

2890
02:35:14,308 --> 02:35:17,400
was possible and that the cost 
probably exceeded the benefits 

2891
02:35:17,400 --> 02:35:20,600
Hannibal himself in his later 
years of Exile. 

2892
02:35:20,600 --> 02:35:23,700
Sometimes spoke about the Alpine
Crossing to those who visited 

2893
02:35:23,700 --> 02:35:26,400
him. 
By then, it had been decades 

2894
02:35:26,400 --> 02:35:29,600
since that extraordinary March 
and the world had moved on to 

2895
02:35:29,600 --> 02:35:33,500
other conflicts and concerns. 
But for Hannibal the crossing 

2896
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:37,000
remained, Central to his 
identity, the moment when he'd 

2897
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:39,300
proven that will and planning 
could overcome barriers, 

2898
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:42,100
everyone else considered 
absolute in. 

2899
02:35:42,100 --> 02:35:45,600
His final moments taking poison 
rather than surrendering to 

2900
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,500
Roman capture. 
Did Hannibal think about the 

2901
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:51,800
Alps What about the young men? 
Who'd followed him over 

2902
02:35:51,800 --> 02:35:54,300
impossible mountains because 
they believed in his vision, 

2903
02:35:54,300 --> 02:35:57,400
about the elephants struggling, 
through snowdrifts, and the 

2904
02:35:57,400 --> 02:36:00,300
scouts finding paths when no 
paths should exist. 

2905
02:36:01,200 --> 02:36:04,900
We can't know, but it's Pleasant
to imagine that his last 

2906
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:05,800
thoughts. 
Included. 

2907
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:09,900
Some satisfaction about that 
impossible achievement that 

2908
02:36:09,900 --> 02:36:12,100
dream made real through 
determination. 

2909
02:36:12,100 --> 02:36:15,300
And Leadership the story of 
Hannibal's Crossing lives on 

2910
02:36:15,300 --> 02:36:18,100
because it speaks to something 
fundamental about human nature. 

2911
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:23,100
We need stories about people who
refuse to accept limitations who

2912
02:36:23,100 --> 02:36:25,900
looked at impossible challenges 
and decided to attempt them 

2913
02:36:25,900 --> 02:36:28,000
anyway. 
Not because these stories 

2914
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:31,400
guarantee success. 
Hannibal ultimately failed in 

2915
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:34,400
his largest strategic 
objectives, but because they 

2916
02:36:34,400 --> 02:36:39,200
remind us that impossible is 
often just difficult in Disguise

2917
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:43,000
and that human capability 
exceeds what we typically demand

2918
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:45,400
of ourselves as you drift 
towards sleep. 

2919
02:36:45,400 --> 02:36:48,400
Imagine yourself on that 
mountain pass, looking back at 

2920
02:36:48,400 --> 02:36:51,100
the route, you've climbed and 
forward to the descent into 

2921
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:54,300
Italy. 
The heiress thin and cold the 

2922
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:55,400
path. 
The head uncertain. 

2923
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:57,800
But you've come too far to turn 
back now. 

2924
02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:01,100
Around you. 
Thousands of others are making 

2925
02:37:01,100 --> 02:37:04,500
the same Journey. 
Sharing the same hardships bound

2926
02:37:04,500 --> 02:37:08,300
together by common purpose and 
shared impossibility achieved. 

2927
02:37:08,300 --> 02:37:10,400
This is what Hannibal gave to 
history. 

2928
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:15,400
Not just Tactical Innovations or
strategic lessons but a story 

2929
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:18,600
about what becomes possible when
people refuse to accept 

2930
02:37:18,600 --> 02:37:23,400
conventional limitations story 
about leadership that inspires 

2931
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:26,700
rather than compels about 
soldiers who become Heroes 

2932
02:37:26,700 --> 02:37:30,700
through simple perseverance 
about elephants and snowdrifts 

2933
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:33,300
and armies, achieving The 
Impossible through the 

2934
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:36,400
accumulation of small possible 
steps sleep. 

2935
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:41,600
Now comfortable in your warm 
bed, Safe from cold and altitude

2936
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:43,900
and the dangers that Hannibal 
soldiers faced. 

2937
02:37:44,800 --> 02:37:47,900
Carry with you into dreams. 
The knowledge that 2000 years 

2938
02:37:47,900 --> 02:37:50,500
ago. 
People did impossible things 

2939
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:54,600
because one man dreamed them 
possible and had the skill to 

2940
02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:57,600
make others share that dream. 
The Alps still stand 

2941
02:37:57,600 --> 02:38:01,000
snow-covered and magnificent 
indifferent to the humans who 

2942
02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:05,200
cross them, but they remember in
their patient Stony way, the 

2943
02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:08,400
army that shouldn't have been 
able to pass, but did leaving 

2944
02:38:08,400 --> 02:38:12,600
Footprints in snow that melted 
Millennia ago but somehow still 

2945
02:38:12,600 --> 02:38:16,100
Mark the path between impossible
and accomplished tomorrow, 

2946
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:19,600
you'll wake your own challenges,
your own mountains to cross 

2947
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:23,500
metaphorical certainly, but no 
less real for being personal 

2948
02:38:23,500 --> 02:38:26,700
rather than Geographic. 
When You Face them. 

2949
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:31,100
Remember Hannibal and his 
soldiers taking one step at a 

2950
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:34,300
time through impossible to Reign
proving that sometimes the only 

2951
02:38:34,300 --> 02:38:37,200
way to cross an impossible 
barriers to stop believing its 

2952
02:38:37,200 --> 02:38:39,500
impossible and start walking 
rest. 

2953
02:38:39,500 --> 02:38:44,200
Well, Dream of elephant, and 
snow of generals who dared 

2954
02:38:44,200 --> 02:38:48,400
greatly of soldiers, who were 
the Impossible by refusing to 

2955
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:51,700
accept impossibility. 
And know that their story 

2956
02:38:51,708 --> 02:38:54,700
continues as long as people 
remember, that human will 

2957
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:58,900
properly applied with skill and 
determination can reshape the 

2958
02:38:58,900 --> 02:39:01,600
world in ways that seem like 
Legend until they become 

2959
02:39:01,600 --> 02:39:04,300
history. 
The calm Wars of Rome ended long

2960
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:07,500
ago, but their lessons remain 
carried forward, through 

2961
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:11,700
centuries, by stories, told on 
nights, like this, when sleep 

2962
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:17,000
approaches, and the past seems 
near enough to touch Hannibal 

2963
02:39:17,000 --> 02:39:20,900
crossed the Alps 2000 years ago,
but his journey continues every 

2964
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:22,500
time. 
Someone faces an impossible 

2965
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:26,000
challenge and decides to attempt
at any way sleep. 

2966
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:28,800
Now, The mountains have been 
crossed. 

2967
02:39:29,800 --> 02:39:34,200
Story has been told and tomorrow
awaits with its own Adventures. 

2968
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:37,800
Its own impossibility is waiting
to be transformed through 

2969
02:39:37,800 --> 02:39:41,700
determination into achievements.
That future Generations might 

2970
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:51,900
remember with Wonder Picture 
London on a warm evening. 

2971
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:56,100
In late August, 1939. 
The Sun is setting over the 

2972
02:39:56,100 --> 02:40:00,100
Thames, painting, the sky in 
shades of Amber and Rose that 

2973
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:02,700
reflect off the river's surface 
like liquid copper. 

2974
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:07,000
Street lamps are beginning their
nightly ritual that gentle 

2975
02:40:07,000 --> 02:40:10,900
flickering as they come to life,
one by one, creating pools of 

2976
02:40:10,900 --> 02:40:12,900
yellow warmth along the 
Pavements. 

2977
02:40:13,500 --> 02:40:16,800
Shop Windows glow with displays 
of summer dresses and wireless 

2978
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:20,700
sets, casting, rectangles of 
light onto the sidewalks where 

2979
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:24,600
couples stroll arm in arm their 
Shadows long and lazy in the 

2980
02:40:24,608 --> 02:40:27,100
golden hour. 
You can hear the particular 

2981
02:40:27,100 --> 02:40:29,400
sounds of a city and it's 
evening mode. 

2982
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:33,700
The rumble of red, double decker
buses, the clip-clop of delivery

2983
02:40:33,700 --> 02:40:37,900
horses making their final rounds
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle

2984
02:40:37,900 --> 02:40:40,000
bells as workers, pedal home for
supper. 

2985
02:40:41,100 --> 02:40:43,300
From open Windows. 
Comes to the smell of cooking 

2986
02:40:43,300 --> 02:40:48,000
roast dinners, boiled potatoes, 
and the yeasty warmth of fresh 

2987
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:51,800
bread. 
Radio's played dance, music, the

2988
02:40:51,800 --> 02:40:54,900
kind with horns and steady, 
rhythms that make your foot, tap

2989
02:40:54,900 --> 02:40:58,500
out thinking about it. 
In Paris, the cafes are feeling 

2990
02:40:58,500 --> 02:41:01,900
with their usual evening crowd. 
The Eiffel Tower stands 

2991
02:41:01,900 --> 02:41:04,000
illuminated against the 
darkening Sky. 

2992
02:41:04,000 --> 02:41:08,600
Its iron, lattice outlined in 
electric brilliant, like a piece

2993
02:41:08,600 --> 02:41:12,400
of jewelry against velvet. 
There are neon signs advertising

2994
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:14,800
a parody. 
Warm light coming from 

2995
02:41:14,800 --> 02:41:18,600
restaurant interiors, and the 
headlamps of citrus and Reno's 

2996
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:21,300
making rivers of light along the
Sean salisi. 

2997
02:41:22,200 --> 02:41:26,100
Street musicians play accordions
on Corners their cases open for 

2998
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:29,100
coins that clink with a 
satisfying metallic ring. 

2999
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:34,700
Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the
grand buildings along unto Den. 

3000
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:38,300
Linden a floodlit the 
neoclassical facade standing 

3001
02:41:38,300 --> 02:41:42,700
proud and imposing. 
The shops, stay open late, their

3002
02:41:42,700 --> 02:41:45,500
Windows full of goods, that 
speak of prosperity and Order. 

3003
02:41:46,200 --> 02:41:49,600
Electric trams. 
Come along their tracks, their 

3004
02:41:49,600 --> 02:41:52,600
Interiors bright, and modern 
filled with passengers, reading 

3005
02:41:52,600 --> 02:41:54,700
newspapers or chatting about 
their days. 

3006
02:41:55,700 --> 02:41:58,500
These cities of spent decades 
building their electrical 

3007
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:02,900
infrastructure, stringing miles 
of cable, installing countless 

3008
02:42:02,900 --> 02:42:06,500
fixtures and creating networks 
of Illumination that have become

3009
02:42:06,500 --> 02:42:10,600
as fundamental to Urban Life as 
running water or paved streets. 

3010
02:42:11,500 --> 02:42:15,200
The age of electric light is 
barely 50 years old, still young

3011
02:42:15,200 --> 02:42:18,500
enough to feel miraculous. 
People who grew up with oil 

3012
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:20,800
lamps and candles. 
Now flip switches without 

3013
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:24,700
thinking Vanishing Darkness with
a casual gesture that would have

3014
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:26,700
seemed like sorcery to their 
grandparents. 

3015
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:32,000
But on September 1st 1939, 
Everything Changes, Germany 

3016
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:35,500
invades Poland, and within 
hours, Britain, and France are 

3017
02:42:35,500 --> 02:42:38,200
making preparations that have 
been planned in secret for 

3018
02:42:38,200 --> 02:42:41,200
months. 
Government officials retrieved 

3019
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:45,000
documents from locked safes, 
civil defense workers report to 

3020
02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:48,600
their posts and ordinary 
citizens receive instructions. 

3021
02:42:48,600 --> 02:42:51,900
That will alter the appearance 
of their world in ways, both 

3022
02:42:51,900 --> 02:42:55,600
profound and peculiar. 
The blackout is coming. 

3023
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:58,900
You might wonder why Darkness 
would be chosen as a defense 

3024
02:42:58,900 --> 02:43:01,300
strategy. 
The logic is straightforward, 

3025
02:43:01,300 --> 02:43:04,100
but chilling. 
Bombers, navigating at night, 

3026
02:43:04,100 --> 02:43:06,700
need visual reference points to 
find their targets. 

3027
02:43:07,400 --> 02:43:11,200
A city Ablaze with light is as 
easy to spot from the air as a 

3028
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:15,000
light house on a dark Coast. 
Remove that light and the 

3029
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:17,400
bombers are flying over an 
invisible landscape. 

3030
02:43:17,400 --> 02:43:20,700
Unable to distinguish a 
Munitions Factory from a 

3031
02:43:20,700 --> 02:43:24,600
residential neighborhood or a 
railway junk from a park. 

3032
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:29,100
So, the decision is made. 
When night falls, the lights 

3033
02:43:29,100 --> 02:43:32,800
must go out. 
Not just some lights or most 

3034
02:43:32,800 --> 02:43:36,600
lights, but all lights. 
Every window must be covered 

3035
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:41,100
every Street Lamp extinguished 
and every car driven with hooded

3036
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:43,800
headlamps that cast, only the 
faintest glow. 

3037
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:48,400
The great cities of Europe will 
disappear from view pulled 

3038
02:43:48,400 --> 02:43:51,900
beneath the blanket of Darkness 
as complete as any medieval 

3039
02:43:51,900 --> 02:43:54,900
village new. 
The preparations happen with 

3040
02:43:54,900 --> 02:43:58,800
remarkable speed. 
Shops sell out of black fabric 

3041
02:43:58,800 --> 02:44:02,900
within hours, hardware stores 
run out of paint, tape 

3042
02:44:02,900 --> 02:44:05,600
cardboard. 
Anything that might be used to 

3043
02:44:05,600 --> 02:44:09,100
block light the government has 
printed millions of leaflets 

3044
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:13,100
explaining the regulations and 
these appear in letterboxes like

3045
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:16,800
strange invitations to a 
backwards party where the goal 

3046
02:44:16,800 --> 02:44:20,900
is to extinguish rather than 
illuminate You can imagine the 

3047
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:23,500
conversations happening in homes
across Britain that first 

3048
02:44:23,500 --> 02:44:27,100
weekend of September. 
Family standing in their parlors

3049
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:31,600
looking at their windows with 
Newfound assessment calculating.

3050
02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:33,800
How many yards of material 
they'll need? 

3051
02:44:33,800 --> 02:44:37,500
Whether thick curtains will 
suffice or if they'll need 

3052
02:44:37,500 --> 02:44:42,400
something more substantial? 
There's an odd Domesticity to 

3053
02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:46,400
these calculation as if their 
redecorating for some peculiar 

3054
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:49,000
aesthetic preference rather than
preparing for war. 

3055
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:53,800
The instructions are specific 
and somewhat over Windows must 

3056
02:44:53,800 --> 02:44:55,900
be covered. 
So thoroughly that not a crack 

3057
02:44:55,900 --> 02:44:59,400
of light escape. 
This includes skylights glass 

3058
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:02,300
doors and even the tiny windows 
in bathrooms. 

3059
02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:07,100
The penalty for showing light is
not insignificant. finds that 

3060
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:11,100
could strain A Working Families 
budget and more importantly, the

3061
02:45:11,100 --> 02:45:14,200
social pressure of knowing that 
your carelessness might endanger

3062
02:45:14,200 --> 02:45:17,100
your neighbor's On September 
3rd, Britain. 

3063
02:45:17,100 --> 02:45:20,200
Officially declares war on 
Germany that evening as 

3064
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:22,200
Darkness. 
Approaches the blackout begins 

3065
02:45:22,200 --> 02:45:25,800
in earnest. 
Sunday, traditionally a day of 

3066
02:45:25,800 --> 02:45:28,600
rest, a family, dinners and 
evening strolls. 

3067
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:32,200
But this Sunday evening will be 
different from any of the nation

3068
02:45:32,200 --> 02:45:36,000
has known in living memory. 
The sun sets at approximately 

3069
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:41,800
7:30 p.m. on that first blackout
evening in early September 1939.

3070
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:46,900
Twilight deepens, you would 
notice something extraordinary 

3071
02:45:46,900 --> 02:45:49,700
happening or rather not 
happening. 

3072
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:53,800
The usual sequence of light's 
Awakening across the city simply

3073
02:45:53,800 --> 02:45:56,100
doesn't occur. 
The street lamps. 

3074
02:45:56,100 --> 02:45:58,900
Remained dark shop windows. 
Stay unlit. 

3075
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:03,100
The Familiar glow that typically
begins to Define buildings and 

3076
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:07,200
streets remained absent. 
Instead there's a collective 

3077
02:46:07,200 --> 02:46:10,700
dimming as if someone is slowly 
turning down the brightness 

3078
02:46:10,700 --> 02:46:15,200
control on the entire world. 
As the last and natural light 

3079
02:46:15,200 --> 02:46:19,300
Fades from the west and Sky, 
Darkness arrives with unusual 

3080
02:46:19,300 --> 02:46:22,800
completeness. 
Not the partial darkness of a 

3081
02:46:22,800 --> 02:46:26,700
normal night punctuated by 
human-made illumination, but 

3082
02:46:26,700 --> 02:46:29,300
something approaching the 
darkness of the countryside or 

3083
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:32,200
Wilderness. 
The kind of dark that City 

3084
02:46:32,200 --> 02:46:35,100
dwellers might encounter only on
camping trips or during power 

3085
02:46:35,100 --> 02:46:37,900
outages. 
The psychological impact is 

3086
02:46:37,900 --> 02:46:42,900
immediate and disorienting human
beings have an ancient hardwired

3087
02:46:42,900 --> 02:46:47,300
response to Darkness. 
We are diurnal creatures adapted

3088
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:49,800
for daylight activity and are 
nervous. 

3089
02:46:49,800 --> 02:46:53,100
Systems treat Darkness as a 
signal for rest or potential 

3090
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:55,400
Danger. 
A thousands of years. 

3091
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,500
Darkness meant Retreat to 
shelter gathering around fires 

3092
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:04,400
and seizing productive activity 
until sunrise, electric light 

3093
02:47:04,400 --> 02:47:07,800
changed all that. 
Extending the day are officially

3094
02:47:07,800 --> 02:47:10,100
allowing cities to function 
Around the Clock. 

3095
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,200
Now suddenly that ancient 
relationship with darkness is 

3096
02:47:14,200 --> 02:47:18,200
restored but in an urban context
where it feels profoundly 

3097
02:47:18,200 --> 02:47:22,300
unnatural your surrounded by 
buildings and streets the 

3098
02:47:22,300 --> 02:47:23,800
infrastructure of modern 
civilization. 

3099
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:28,700
Yet experiencing a darkness that
belongs to a pre-industrial era.

3100
02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:33,300
It creates a kind of temporal 
vertigo as if you've traveled 

3101
02:47:33,300 --> 02:47:36,100
backward in time while remaining
physically in the present. 

3102
02:47:37,100 --> 02:47:38,900
The first challenge is simply 
moving around. 

3103
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:43,000
Walking down a familiar Street, 
becomes an exercise, and careful

3104
02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:45,600
navigation. 
Your eyes, strained to 

3105
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:48,600
distinguish shapes in the Gloom.
The outline of a pillar box. 

3106
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,900
The curve of a curb silhouette 
of another person approaching 

3107
02:47:51,900 --> 02:47:56,800
curbs and steps become hazards. 
More than one person trips over 

3108
02:47:56,800 --> 02:47:58,900
their own doorstep. 
In those early blackout, 

3109
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:02,200
evenings misjudging distances in
the absence of light. 

3110
02:48:03,000 --> 02:48:07,500
Cars and buses face even greater
challenges vehicle headlamps 

3111
02:48:07,500 --> 02:48:10,600
must be fitted with special 
covers that restrict their light

3112
02:48:10,600 --> 02:48:14,500
to a tiny slit casting only the 
weakest beam onto the road 

3113
02:48:14,500 --> 02:48:17,200
ahead. 
Imagine driving at walking 

3114
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:19,200
speed. 
Appearing through your 

3115
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:22,700
windshield at a street, you can 
barely see watching for 

3116
02:48:22,700 --> 02:48:26,400
pedestrians who appear as mere 
shadows and trying to avoid 

3117
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:28,700
other vehicles that are equally 
difficult to spot. 

3118
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:33,500
The accident rate in these early
blackout days, Spike's 

3119
02:48:33,500 --> 02:48:36,000
alarmingly. 
Collisions between Vehicles, 

3120
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:41,000
cars striking pedestrians and 
people walking into lampposts or

3121
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,400
falling into gutters. 
There's a particular comedy to 

3122
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:47,400
some of these mishaps though. 
Nobody finds them funny at the 

3123
02:48:47,400 --> 02:48:50,500
time. 
Respectable citizens, stumble 

3124
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:55,400
into Hedges delivery boys. 
Cycle into parked cars, a bishop

3125
02:48:55,400 --> 02:48:57,400
walking home from evening 
service mistakes. 

3126
02:48:57,400 --> 02:49:01,300
A strangers front gate for his 
own and spend several confused 

3127
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:03,800
minutes trying to unlock it 
before realising his error. 

3128
02:49:04,700 --> 02:49:07,600
These little disasters, become 
part of the blackout experience 

3129
02:49:07,600 --> 02:49:11,700
stories to share over tea and 
evidence that everyone is 

3130
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:13,500
struggling with the same 
Strange. 

3131
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:17,200
New Reality, the government's 
Airaid, precautions wardens 

3132
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:21,000
quickly, nicknamed ARP wardens, 
begin their patrols. 

3133
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:24,400
These are ordinary citizens, 
volunteers and part-timers. 

3134
02:49:24,400 --> 02:49:27,600
Give them the authority to 
enforce blackout regulations. 

3135
02:49:28,600 --> 02:49:32,400
They walked the streets with 
masked torches watching for any 

3136
02:49:32,408 --> 02:49:34,900
violation. 
Any crack of light that might 

3137
02:49:34,900 --> 02:49:37,600
betray a city's presence to 
aircraft overhead. 

3138
02:49:38,400 --> 02:49:41,600
The wardens develop a certain 
reputation for zealousness. 

3139
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:45,400
They'll not sharply on doors. 
At the faintest glimpse of 

3140
02:49:45,408 --> 02:49:48,500
light, their voice is carrying 
through the darkness with 

3141
02:49:48,500 --> 02:49:51,000
urgent. 
Whispers, put that light out. 

3142
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:54,900
The phrase becomes so common it 
turns into a kind of Catchphrase

3143
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:59,400
repeated in music halls and 
radio comedies of verbal symbol 

3144
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:01,700
of the blackouts intrusion into 
private life. 

3145
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:05,000
Inside. 
Homes, families are adapting to 

3146
02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:08,500
their new evening routines. 
The process of preparing for 

3147
02:50:08,500 --> 02:50:11,400
blackout becomes a nightly 
ritual performed. 

3148
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:15,100
As Twilight approaches, you 
would rise from your chair, sat 

3149
02:50:15,100 --> 02:50:17,800
down your tea and begin. 
The systematic covering of 

3150
02:50:17,808 --> 02:50:20,700
windows. 
Some families use elaborate 

3151
02:50:20,700 --> 02:50:24,600
curtain systems heavy fabric on 
tracks that slide into place. 

3152
02:50:24,600 --> 02:50:28,900
Others make do with simpler 
Solutions, blankets pinned over 

3153
02:50:28,908 --> 02:50:33,300
frames, sheets of cardboard 
wedged into place and layers of 

3154
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:37,700
newspaper taped to glass. 
The effect on interior space is 

3155
02:50:37,700 --> 02:50:41,300
claustrophobic. 
With Windows covered rooms, lose

3156
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:42,900
their connection to the outside 
world. 

3157
02:50:43,800 --> 02:50:46,700
You can't glance out to check. 
The weather, can't see the 

3158
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:49,800
comforting glow of neighboring 
houses and can't watch the moon 

3159
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:54,400
rise or stars appear your home 
becomes a sealed box cut off 

3160
02:50:54,400 --> 02:50:57,800
from the usual, visual reference
points that Orient you in time 

3161
02:50:57,800 --> 02:51:00,400
and space. 
Lighting inside must be 

3162
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:03,900
carefully, managed too many 
families reduce their use of 

3163
02:51:03,908 --> 02:51:07,300
electric lights. 
Partly from habit saving 

3164
02:51:07,300 --> 02:51:10,500
resources for the war effort and
partly from an almost 

3165
02:51:10,500 --> 02:51:14,100
superstitious fear that somehow 
light will escape despite their 

3166
02:51:14,100 --> 02:51:17,800
precautions. 
They rely instead on single dim 

3167
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:21,800
bulbs or return to older 
Technologies oil, lamps candles 

3168
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:23,400
and gas light where it's still 
available. 

3169
02:51:24,500 --> 02:51:27,500
Quality of light changes 
becoming warmer but weaker 

3170
02:51:27,500 --> 02:51:31,300
creating Deep Shadows in room 
Corners, making reading 

3171
02:51:31,300 --> 02:51:33,800
difficult and turning evening 
hours into something. 

3172
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:38,000
Quieter and more subdued There's
an economic Dimension to this 

3173
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:42,100
Darkness too electric company is
reduced their output as demand 

3174
02:51:42,100 --> 02:51:45,300
plummets. 
Coal consumption drops as power 

3175
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:47,900
stations. 
Throttle back Street Maintenance

3176
02:51:47,900 --> 02:51:50,200
Crews. 
No longer need to service lamps.

3177
02:51:51,000 --> 02:51:54,700
The entire infrastructure of 
urban illumination built up over

3178
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:58,500
decades sits idle. 
It's as if a major technological

3179
02:51:58,500 --> 02:52:01,700
achievement has been suddenly, 
paused put on hold for the 

3180
02:52:01,708 --> 02:52:04,700
duration. 
But perhaps the most striking 

3181
02:52:04,700 --> 02:52:07,500
aspect of these first blackout 
nights is the quiet. 

3182
02:52:08,400 --> 02:52:12,000
With activities, constrained by 
Darkness with people staying 

3183
02:52:12,000 --> 02:52:15,000
indoors more. 
And with traffic reduced to a 

3184
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:19,800
cautious crawl cities, become 
genuinely hushed in a way, they 

3185
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:21,800
have not been since the 19th 
century. 

3186
02:52:23,300 --> 02:52:26,600
Standing on a London Street at 
9:00 on a blackout evening. 

3187
02:52:26,600 --> 02:52:29,800
You might hear sounds that 
normally drown in the urban 

3188
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:33,100
cacophony. 
Wind rustling through plain 

3189
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:37,400
trees, the distant hoot of an 
owl, in a park, your own 

3190
02:52:37,408 --> 02:52:41,900
footsteps, echoing off, building
facades The Creeks of your shoe 

3191
02:52:41,900 --> 02:52:44,000
leather and The Whisper of your 
coat. 

3192
02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:48,000
This quiet has its own peculiar 
quality. 

3193
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:51,900
Different from the Silence of 
the countryside or wilderness. 

3194
02:52:52,800 --> 02:52:56,400
It's a metropolitan quiet. 
The sound of millions of people 

3195
02:52:56,400 --> 02:52:59,800
deliberately hushing themselves 
suppressing their normal 

3196
02:52:59,800 --> 02:53:03,700
activities and existing in a 
state of communal restraint. 

3197
02:53:04,600 --> 02:53:07,900
It feels pregnant with potential
as if the city is holding. 

3198
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:11,800
Its breath waiting for something
to happen or not happen. 

3199
02:53:12,700 --> 02:53:16,400
The September progresses into 
October and October into 

3200
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:20,800
November, the blackout stops, 
being a shocking novelty and 

3201
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:25,000
becomes Instead. 
The New Normal Human beings are 

3202
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,600
remarkably adaptable creatures, 
and people develop strategies 

3203
02:53:28,600 --> 02:53:31,700
habits and even preferences 
around their darkened. 

3204
02:53:31,700 --> 02:53:35,900
Existence, Shops, adjust their 
hours opening early to catch 

3205
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:38,400
Morning, Light and closing. 
Well before Darkness make 

3206
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:41,800
shopping in practical. 
The rhythm of commercial life. 

3207
02:53:41,800 --> 02:53:45,600
Shifts backward becoming more 
diurnal, more aligned with 

3208
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:49,800
natural light cycles. 
Markets bustle at dawn in ways, 

3209
02:53:49,800 --> 02:53:53,500
they haven't for Generations. 
Office workers arrived earlier 

3210
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,400
and leave earlier trying to 
complete their commutes while 

3211
02:53:56,400 --> 02:53:58,100
the sun still offers some 
guidance. 

3212
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:02,400
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 
unexpected creativity. 

3213
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:06,000
People begin wearing white or 
light colored clothing in the 

3214
02:54:06,008 --> 02:54:09,600
evenings, making themselves more
visible to others, navigating 

3215
02:54:09,600 --> 02:54:13,000
the Gloom. 
Women carry their white handbags

3216
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:16,700
rather than darker ones, Men 
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 

3217
02:54:16,708 --> 02:54:19,900
their breast pockets. 
Some particularly safety 

3218
02:54:19,900 --> 02:54:22,900
conscious individuals paint 
white stripes on their clothing.

3219
02:54:22,900 --> 02:54:26,400
Looking rather like zebras as 
they hurry along Pavements. 

3220
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:29,200
The practice extends to 
inanimate objects. 

3221
02:54:30,200 --> 02:54:32,300
Curbs are painted white to make 
them visible. 

3222
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:37,000
Trunks of trees, lining streets,
receive white bands, pillow 

3223
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:41,100
boxes, get white stripes, even 
dogs, acquire, white collars so 

3224
02:54:41,100 --> 02:54:42,700
they can be spotted in the 
Darkness. 

3225
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:47,400
The effect Glimpse in whatever 
dim light is available, is oddly

3226
02:54:47,400 --> 02:54:51,500
festive. as if the city has been
decorated, for some backward 

3227
02:54:51,500 --> 02:54:55,100
celebration where white rather 
than bright colors provide the 

3228
02:54:55,108 --> 02:54:59,200
decoration and Businesses, find 
innovative ways to continue 

3229
02:54:59,200 --> 02:55:03,200
operating despite the darkness. 
Restaurant's used dim red light 

3230
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:06,200
that supposedly, don't carry as 
far as white light. 

3231
02:55:07,100 --> 02:55:11,200
Cinemas schedule, more matinee, 
showings pubs installed Double 

3232
02:55:11,200 --> 02:55:14,200
Door Systems. 
Small enclosed lobbies where 

3233
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:17,400
patrons can enter and close one 
door before opening the second 

3234
02:55:17,400 --> 02:55:20,200
preventing light from spilling 
onto the street? 

3235
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:24,200
These little airlocks become 
social spaces in the themselves 

3236
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:27,600
places where strangers paused 
together and compressed 

3237
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:31,300
transitions zones, sharing 
apologetic, Smiles in the 

3238
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:34,800
darkness before one of them 
Ventures to open the inner door.

3239
02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:38,100
The entertainment industry 
adapts with characteristic 

3240
02:55:38,100 --> 02:55:42,100
resilience. radio becomes even 
more Central to evening life, 

3241
02:55:42,100 --> 02:55:45,400
providing entertainment, that 
requires, no light beyond what 

3242
02:55:45,400 --> 02:55:49,000
is needed to see the dial 
Families gather around their 

3243
02:55:49,000 --> 02:55:52,600
Wireless sets in dimly lit 
rooms, following dramas and 

3244
02:55:52,600 --> 02:55:56,300
comedies listening to news 
broadcasts that have taken on 

3245
02:55:56,300 --> 02:56:00,800
new urgency. 
The BBC develops new programming

3246
02:56:00,800 --> 02:56:05,500
specifically suited to blackout 
conditions, gentle calming 

3247
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:09,100
content for people sitting in 
dark and rooms trying not to 

3248
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:11,900
think too much about why they're
sitting in darkened rooms. 

3249
02:56:13,000 --> 02:56:16,800
Reading becomes more challenging
even with curtains drawn and no 

3250
02:56:16,800 --> 02:56:19,500
light is escaping many. 
People find it difficult to read

3251
02:56:19,500 --> 02:56:21,300
by the dim bowls, they allow 
themselves. 

3252
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:25,200
Books are held closer to faces 
causing eye strain. 

3253
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:29,300
Some people ReDiscover, the 
pleasure of reading aloud with 

3254
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,300
Partners or family members, 
taking turns performing stories 

3255
02:56:32,300 --> 02:56:36,700
or newspaper articles for each 
other. it's a practice that had 

3256
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:40,300
largely died out with widespread
literacy and individual reading 

3257
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:44,000
lights now, resurrected by 
necessity, and turning out to be

3258
02:56:44,000 --> 02:56:47,900
rather Pleasant a return to the 
old tradition of communal 

3259
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:51,100
storytelling updated for the 
20th century. 

3260
02:56:52,200 --> 02:56:55,200
Children adapt to the blackout 
with the flexibility of Youth 

3261
02:56:55,200 --> 02:56:58,200
though it complicates their 
lives in numerous ways. 

3262
02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:02,800
School days, reorganize around 
available daylight evening, 

3263
02:57:02,800 --> 02:57:07,000
activities Scouts, Girl, Guides 
and youth clubs. 

3264
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:10,600
Either moved to afternoon hours 
or take on a different character

3265
02:57:10,600 --> 02:57:13,600
as participants Gathering 
carefully blacked out Halls. 

3266
02:57:14,600 --> 02:57:17,500
games and activities shift 
toward those that don't require 

3267
02:57:17,500 --> 02:57:22,100
good visibility Card games 
become popular board games 

3268
02:57:22,100 --> 02:57:26,400
experience, a Revival Radio quiz
shows Inspire living room 

3269
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:30,200
competitions, the blackout 
creates unexpected opportunities

3270
02:57:30,200 --> 02:57:32,800
for Mischief too in the 
darkness. 

3271
02:57:32,800 --> 02:57:36,700
It's easier to stay out later 
than your parents realize to 

3272
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:40,200
slip away on scene and to 
conduct the small rebellion of 

3273
02:57:40,200 --> 02:57:42,400
adolescents with reduced risk of
detection. 

3274
02:57:43,400 --> 02:57:46,500
More than one teenager discovers
that the blackout for all, its 

3275
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:50,400
restrictions offers a kind of 
Freedom that comes with reduced 

3276
02:57:50,400 --> 02:57:52,300
surveillance. 
For young couples. 

3277
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:55,100
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

3278
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:58,600
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

3279
02:57:58,600 --> 02:58:01,200
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

3280
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:04,800
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

3281
02:58:04,800 --> 02:58:08,200
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

3282
02:58:08,200 --> 02:58:11,808
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

3283
02:58:11,816 --> 02:58:15,800
intimacy by default. 
A closeness born of necessity 

3284
02:58:15,800 --> 02:58:18,100
that might not otherwise, 
develop so quickly. 

3285
02:58:19,300 --> 02:58:21,900
First kiss is happening in 
deeper Darkness than any 

3286
02:58:21,900 --> 02:58:26,400
previous generation experience, 
unobserved by passers by who can

3287
02:58:26,400 --> 02:58:30,700
barely see their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services, 

3288
02:58:30,700 --> 02:58:34,200
face particular challenges, 
doctors making house calls 

3289
02:58:34,200 --> 02:58:37,500
navigate by memory and 
guesswork, their medical bags. 

3290
02:58:37,500 --> 02:58:40,000
Bumping against their legs as 
they feel their way along 

3291
02:58:40,000 --> 02:58:43,800
streets, Nurses on night shifts.
Move through Hospital. 

3292
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:46,600
Corridors lit. 
Only by shielded lamps. 

3293
02:58:47,400 --> 02:58:50,900
Checking on patients in Wards, 
kept darker than anyone finds 

3294
02:58:50,900 --> 02:58:54,400
comfortable. 
Fire brigades drill extensively 

3295
02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:56,800
for responding to emergencies in
near total. 

3296
02:58:56,800 --> 02:59:01,200
Darkness developing systems of 
communication that rely on sound

3297
02:59:01,200 --> 02:59:03,300
and touch rather than visual 
signals. 

3298
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:08,000
The Postal Service continues. 
Its rounds though, postmen 

3299
02:59:08,000 --> 02:59:10,200
learned to sort mail by feel as 
much as sight. 

3300
02:59:10,200 --> 02:59:13,900
Their fingers, developing 
sensitivity to different paper, 

3301
02:59:13,900 --> 02:59:16,600
stocks and envelope sizes. 
Milk. 

3302
02:59:16,600 --> 02:59:18,800
Deliveries continue in the 
pre-dawn Darkness. 

3303
02:59:19,600 --> 02:59:21,600
The clink of bottles and the 
rattle of crates. 

3304
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:25,300
Providing a kind of alarm clock 
announcing the coming day to 

3305
02:59:25,300 --> 02:59:27,000
those awake early enough to hear
it. 

3306
02:59:28,200 --> 02:59:32,000
Public transportation becomes an
exercise in faith and routine. 

3307
02:59:32,800 --> 02:59:36,100
Bus conductors develop an almost
Supernatural ability to 

3308
02:59:36,100 --> 02:59:39,400
recognize stops in the darkness.
Calling them out with 

3309
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:41,800
confidence. 
Born of long familiarity. 

3310
02:59:42,700 --> 02:59:45,700
passengers learn to count stops 
and to listen for landmarks, 

3311
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:50,900
Killer church bell, the sound of
the river and the change in Echo

3312
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:53,800
as the bus passes between 
buildings of different heights. 

3313
02:59:54,800 --> 02:59:58,100
Regular commuters developmental 
Maps, so detail, they could 

3314
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:00,000
navigate their Roots 
blindfolded. 

3315
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:02,200
Which is essentially what 
they're doing. 

3316
03:00:03,000 --> 03:00:05,400
As the months progress and 
Britain settles into what 

3317
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:09,100
becomes known as the phony War. 
Period, when War has been 

3318
03:00:09,100 --> 03:00:12,400
declared but major fighting 
hasn't yet reached British soil.

3319
03:00:13,100 --> 03:00:16,100
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimension's. 

3320
03:00:16,900 --> 03:00:19,800
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

3321
03:00:19,800 --> 03:00:23,700
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

3322
03:00:23,700 --> 03:00:27,800
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

3323
03:00:27,800 --> 03:00:30,900
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

3324
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:34,400
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all. 

3325
03:00:34,400 --> 03:00:38,200
But the brightest stars, the 
full glory of the cosmos appears

3326
03:00:38,200 --> 03:00:41,600
overhead on clear night. 
Stepping outside is like 

3327
03:00:41,600 --> 03:00:44,300
discovering a lost artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

3328
03:00:44,300 --> 03:00:46,400
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

3329
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:50,500
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

3330
03:00:50,500 --> 03:00:55,300
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

3331
03:00:55,300 --> 03:00:59,400
across the darkness like a river
of light. constellation's 

3332
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:03,400
appear, not as isolated bright 
points, but as part of complex 

3333
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:08,500
starfields, Patterns within 
patterns depths and layers that 

3334
03:01:08,500 --> 03:01:10,600
electric light normally renders 
invisible. 

3335
03:01:11,700 --> 03:01:13,500
The moon. 
When it sucks seems 

3336
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:16,200
preposterously bright casting 
reel. 

3337
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:20,600
Shadows turning streets into 
silvered mazes and making you 

3338
03:01:20,600 --> 03:01:23,800
understand why poets and lovers 
of obsessed over it for 

3339
03:01:23,800 --> 03:01:26,400
millennia. 
Some people find this revelation

3340
03:01:26,400 --> 03:01:29,100
of the night sky almost worth 
the inconvenience of the 

3341
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,600
blackout. 
Astronomy clubs form, taking 

3342
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:35,500
advantage of viewing. 
Conditions that rival rural 

3343
03:01:35,500 --> 03:01:38,600
observatories. 
Amateur stargazers set up, 

3344
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:43,200
telescopes in parks and Gardens 
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 

3345
03:01:43,200 --> 03:01:47,200
moons, Saturn's rings. 
And the craters of the Moon in 

3346
03:01:47,200 --> 03:01:51,200
unprecedented detail. 
There's something hopeful about 

3347
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:54,500
this, people looking Upward at 
Beauty and vastness, while 

3348
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:57,200
preparing for conflict that 
feels Petty and small by 

3349
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:00,500
comparison. 
The darkness also reveals the 

3350
03:02:00,500 --> 03:02:03,000
bioluminescence that normally 
goes unnoticed. 

3351
03:02:03,900 --> 03:02:08,900
On damp nights decaying wood in 
Parks glows, with Foxfire that 

3352
03:02:08,900 --> 03:02:12,300
Eerie green, phosphorescent 
produced by certain fungi. 

3353
03:02:13,200 --> 03:02:17,200
People discover it by accident 
initially, alarmed by the 

3354
03:02:17,200 --> 03:02:21,200
spectral light, then fascinated 
by this natural illumination, 

3355
03:02:21,200 --> 03:02:26,800
that requires no electricity. 
Some gather pieces of glowing 

3356
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:30,700
would bringing them home like 
captured fairy lights, watching 

3357
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:32,900
them pulse and fade in darkened 
rooms. 

3358
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:36,900
Sound takes on new prominence in
the absence of visual stimuli. 

3359
03:02:37,900 --> 03:02:41,500
your hearing becomes more acute,
more attentive to the acoustic 

3360
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:45,400
environment, You notice the 
different sounds that shoes make

3361
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:49,100
on different surfaces, the crisp
click of leather on pavement. 

3362
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:53,200
The softer scuff on dirt and the
hollow Echo, when crossing a 

3363
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:56,000
bridge. 
You become aware of how sound 

3364
03:02:56,000 --> 03:02:59,700
reflects off buildings, how it 
carries differently in Cold, Air

3365
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:03,500
versus warm and how wind affects
what you can and cannot hear. 

3366
03:03:04,400 --> 03:03:06,900
Music heard in the blackout 
takes on different qualities. 

3367
03:03:07,900 --> 03:03:10,900
A piano played in a darkened 
room with only the faintest 

3368
03:03:10,900 --> 03:03:13,900
light to illuminate. 
The keys seems to fill the space

3369
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:17,200
more completely, the notes 
appear to have more presents, 

3370
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:21,000
more weight. 
Street musicians, fewer now, but

3371
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:25,200
still present create pockets of 
Melody in the darkness and 

3372
03:03:25,200 --> 03:03:28,100
pedestrians, pause to listen in 
ways. 

3373
03:03:28,100 --> 03:03:31,300
They might not in daylight when 
Vision provides so many 

3374
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:36,200
competing distractions church 
bells, continue to Mark time but

3375
03:03:36,200 --> 03:03:39,000
their sound travels differently 
through the quieted city. 

3376
03:03:39,800 --> 03:03:44,100
Without traffic noise to muffle 
the bells carry for Miles their 

3377
03:03:44,100 --> 03:03:46,900
various tones. 
Creating unintended Harmony as 

3378
03:03:46,900 --> 03:03:50,400
different churches, Mark the 
hours. some people begin to 

3379
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:54,300
navigate by bell sound using 
familiar patterns to orient 

3380
03:03:54,300 --> 03:03:58,100
themselves even when visual 
landmarks or invisible The 

3381
03:03:58,100 --> 03:04:00,800
blackout. 
So amplifies smell without 

3382
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:03,500
visual distraction. 
Your nose provides more 

3383
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:06,200
information than usual. 
You become aware of the 

3384
03:04:06,200 --> 03:04:10,500
particular Center of rain on 
Stone of fog, carrying hints of 

3385
03:04:10,508 --> 03:04:14,200
the river of coal smoke from 
chimneys and of cooking from 

3386
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:17,000
various houses creating an 
olfactory map of your 

3387
03:04:17,000 --> 03:04:20,300
neighborhood. 
Bakeries become locatable by 

3388
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:24,400
scent before sight. 
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread

3389
03:04:24,400 --> 03:04:27,600
serving as a beacon that draws 
customers through the darkness. 

3390
03:04:28,500 --> 03:04:31,200
But alongside these unexpected 
Pleasures runs a constant 

3391
03:04:31,200 --> 03:04:34,900
undercurrent of unease. 
The darkness that reveals Stars 

3392
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:38,600
also conceals potential threats,
every shadow could be an 

3393
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:41,400
obstacle and every sound might 
signal Danger. 

3394
03:04:42,600 --> 03:04:46,000
The human imagination deprived 
of visual input tends to fill, 

3395
03:04:46,000 --> 03:04:48,200
in missing information, with 
worst case scenarios. 

3396
03:04:49,200 --> 03:04:52,200
That bump in the darkness is 
probably just someone's elbow, 

3397
03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:55,600
making accidental contact, but 
for a moment, your heart rate 

3398
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:59,700
Spike's with more, Primal Fear, 
with women, particularly feel 

3399
03:04:59,700 --> 03:05:03,100
vulnerable in the darkness, the 
reduced visibility that offers 

3400
03:05:03,100 --> 03:05:07,000
privacy to courting couples, all
so provides cover for harassment

3401
03:05:07,000 --> 03:05:11,400
and assault. reported incidents 
of such crimes increased during 

3402
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,400
the blackout, though it's 
unclear whether the actual rate 

3403
03:05:14,400 --> 03:05:17,400
Rises or if Darkness simply 
enables crimes that would happen

3404
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:22,000
regardless, Many women alter 
their routines traveling, only 

3405
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:26,100
in groups, carrying whistles, or
other noise makers, and avoiding

3406
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:28,900
certain areas that feel 
particularly threatening in the 

3407
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:33,800
absence of light. back out also 
creates social isolation in 

3408
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:37,200
unexpected ways without being 
able to see into neighbor's 

3409
03:05:37,200 --> 03:05:41,100
Windows to note, the comforting 
glow of occupied homes, people 

3410
03:05:41,100 --> 03:05:45,000
feel more alone The physical 
proximity of urban life 

3411
03:05:45,000 --> 03:05:48,600
continues, you're still 
surrounded by thousands of other

3412
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:51,200
humans living their lives, just 
beyond thin walls. 

3413
03:05:52,200 --> 03:05:56,300
But the visual confirmation of 
that presence disappears, your 

3414
03:05:56,300 --> 03:05:58,600
neighbor might be three feet 
away on the other side of a 

3415
03:05:58,600 --> 03:06:01,600
wall, but in the darkness and 
quiet, they might as well be 

3416
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:05,300
mussels distant. 
This isolation is particularly 

3417
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:08,800
hard for the elderly and infirm.
Those who already struggled with

3418
03:06:08,800 --> 03:06:11,600
Mobility, find the darkness 
actively dangerous. 

3419
03:06:12,600 --> 03:06:15,700
The simple Act of walking to a 
corner shop becomes fraught with

3420
03:06:15,700 --> 03:06:18,300
Hazard. 
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 

3421
03:06:18,300 --> 03:06:22,600
obstacles, to collide with and 
the constant possibility of 

3422
03:06:22,600 --> 03:06:25,300
becoming disoriented and lost on
familiar streets. 

3423
03:06:26,500 --> 03:06:30,300
Many older people choose to stay
home more venturing out, only 

3424
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:34,800
when absolutely necessary 
accepting a constricted life as 

3425
03:06:34,800 --> 03:06:37,900
preferable to the risks of 
navigating, the shadowed City. 

3426
03:06:38,700 --> 03:06:41,500
Mental health professionals, 
notice an increase in reports of

3427
03:06:41,500 --> 03:06:45,600
anxiety and depression. 
The darkness combined with wall 

3428
03:06:45,600 --> 03:06:48,800
stress creates a psychological 
burden that some people struggle

3429
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:51,800
to manage. 
Sleep patterns disrupt. 

3430
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:56,200
Some people sleep, better in the
deeper Darkness While others lie

3431
03:06:56,200 --> 03:06:58,400
awake. 
Listening to every small sound 

3432
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:00,900
unable to relax into 
vulnerability. 

3433
03:07:02,000 --> 03:07:05,200
Dreams become more Vivid for 
many possibly because the 

3434
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:08,800
darkness and quiet create fewer 
distractions from internal 

3435
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:12,400
mental activity. 
Yet there's a strange coziness 

3436
03:07:12,400 --> 03:07:16,500
to it all a sense of communal 
experience that transcends the 

3437
03:07:16,500 --> 03:07:20,100
inconvenience and danger. 
Everyone is facing the same 

3438
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:23,900
challenge, making the same 
adjustments and developing the 

3439
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:26,600
same odd competencies for 
navigating Darkness. 

3440
03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:30,500
There's a camera artery in 
shared difficulty, a democratic 

3441
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:33,300
leveling that occurs. 
When Lord and laborer alike, 

3442
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:37,100
must feel their way along the 
same invisible Street in the 

3443
03:07:37,100 --> 03:07:40,900
blacked out homes of Britain 
family, life reorganizes itself 

3444
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:43,000
around new limitations and 
possibilities. 

3445
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,800
The blackout curtains that seal 
Windows become daily fixtures, 

3446
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:50,900
they're operation as routine as 
making tea. 

3447
03:07:51,800 --> 03:07:56,200
Each evening as natural, light 
begins to fade, someone Rises to

3448
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:59,200
perform the ritual. 
Drawing heavy fabric across 

3449
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:03,600
Windows, checking for gaps and 
ensuring, no betraying limo Mark

3450
03:08:03,608 --> 03:08:07,100
the house from above. 
The rooms once sealed feel 

3451
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:11,200
different smaller, somehow even 
though their physical dimensions

3452
03:08:11,200 --> 03:08:14,600
have not changed, the absence of
visual connection to the 

3453
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:16,700
outside. 
World, makes interior spaces 

3454
03:08:16,700 --> 03:08:22,200
feel more like caves or cocoons 
enclosed inward facing and 

3455
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:26,100
separate from the larger world. 
This can be comforting or 

3456
03:08:26,100 --> 03:08:30,100
claustrophobic depending on 
temperament and Circumstance for

3457
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:34,500
some it creates a pleasant sense
of snugness everyone tucked 

3458
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:39,300
safely together. 
For others, it feels confining a

3459
03:08:39,300 --> 03:08:41,200
nightly imprisonment in their 
own homes. 

3460
03:08:42,200 --> 03:08:45,300
Lighting becomes a subject of 
surprising complexity and 

3461
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:48,900
importance. 
How much light is in enough two 

3462
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:51,500
little strains eyes and hampers 
activities? 

3463
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:54,700
The too much feels wasteful. 
Almost Reckless. 

3464
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:58,100
Families, develop their own 
standards and practices. 

3465
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:02,000
Some maintain just one or two 
lights in the most used rooms 

3466
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:05,300
leaving hallways and lesser used
spaces and darkness. 

3467
03:09:06,100 --> 03:09:08,700
Others attempt to maintain 
something closer to their 

3468
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:12,400
pre-war lighting levels, valuing
normalcy over conservation. 

3469
03:09:13,500 --> 03:09:18,000
Quality of light matters too. 
Incandescent bulbs cast, warm, 

3470
03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:21,000
yellow, orange light, that feels
friendly and domestic. 

3471
03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:23,600
Slight where it's still 
available. 

3472
03:09:24,500 --> 03:09:28,300
Flickers slightly creating 
moving Shadows that some fine 

3473
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:32,500
nostalgic and others find eerie.
Candles, produce beautiful 

3474
03:09:32,500 --> 03:09:37,200
light, but require attention. 
Someone must trim Wix watch for 

3475
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:40,100
drips and ensure nothing catches
fire. 

3476
03:09:40,900 --> 03:09:45,000
Oil lamps smell distinctive, a 
petroleum scent that comes 

3477
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:47,800
associated with winter, 
evening's and the crackle of the

3478
03:09:47,800 --> 03:09:50,100
wireless. 
Mealtimes. 

3479
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:51,700
Adjust to the Blackout's, 
rhythms. 

3480
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:55,400
Dinner happens early while 
natural light, still assists 

3481
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:59,300
with cooking and table setting. 
The ritual of evening, t-shirts,

3482
03:09:59,300 --> 03:10:03,200
backward, too, or transforms 
into a simpler Affair taken in 

3483
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:06,100
dimly lit rooms. 
Some families find themselves, 

3484
03:10:06,108 --> 03:10:08,100
eating more cold meals in the 
evening. 

3485
03:10:08,100 --> 03:10:11,800
Avoiding the complexity of 
cooking and reduced light, and 

3486
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:16,100
making do with sandwiches left 
over Pi cheese and crackers. 

3487
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:19,300
Yet, there's also an increased 
emphasis on making evening meals

3488
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:23,100
special, a conscious effort to 
maintain normalcy and comfort, 

3489
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:26,200
despite the circumstances 
mothers and wives. 

3490
03:10:26,200 --> 03:10:29,300
Take extra care with 
presentation, setting tables 

3491
03:10:29,300 --> 03:10:31,500
nicely. 
Even if the dining room is dim 

3492
03:10:31,500 --> 03:10:35,600
using Good China and creaking 
small, ceremonies that asserts 

3493
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:40,200
civilizations continuity. 
These gestures matter more than 

3494
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:43,400
they might seem there are acts 
of resistance against the 

3495
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:47,300
disruption declaration that 
ordinary life, persist, despite 

3496
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:51,700
extraordinary circumstances 
after dinner families gather 

3497
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:53,600
together more than they might 
have before. 

3498
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:57,500
With fewer options, for 
individual entertainment, with 

3499
03:10:57,500 --> 03:11:01,000
Darkness, making it impractical 
to pursue separate activities, 

3500
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:04,300
in different rooms, people, 
congregate in the best lit 

3501
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:06,700
space, usually the sitting room 
or kitchen. 

3502
03:11:08,000 --> 03:11:11,100
This enforced togetherness 
recreates patterns of family 

3503
03:11:11,100 --> 03:11:15,200
life from early eras. before 
electric light allowed household

3504
03:11:15,200 --> 03:11:18,000
members, to scatter to different
rooms pursuing individual 

3505
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:22,300
interests, the wireless becomes,
the evening's focal point, it is

3506
03:11:22,300 --> 03:11:26,200
dial glowing like a small camp 
fire Gathering the family around

3507
03:11:26,200 --> 03:11:30,700
its broadcast voices Program 
structure the evening, the news 

3508
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:35,100
at 9, followed by entertainment,
then perhaps music before bed, 

3509
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:39,900
listening becomes a communal 
activity, something shared and 

3510
03:11:39,900 --> 03:11:43,500
discussed with reactions. 
Exchanged in real time, when 

3511
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:47,100
something funny happens in a 
comedy programme, the family's 

3512
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:50,100
laughter mingles together in the
dim room, creating a shared 

3513
03:11:50,100 --> 03:11:52,700
memory. 
A small moment of Joy amidst 

3514
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:56,700
anxiety. 
Games and puzzles experienced a 

3515
03:11:56,700 --> 03:12:00,800
Renaissance families, bring out 
jigsaws car decks and board 

3516
03:12:00,800 --> 03:12:03,200
games that have been Gathering 
dust and cupboards. 

3517
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:06,900
These activities work. 
Well, in dim, light and 

3518
03:12:06,900 --> 03:12:08,500
accommodate multiple 
participants. 

3519
03:12:08,500 --> 03:12:13,900
The social Dynamic shifts during
gameplay, hierarchies flattened 

3520
03:12:13,900 --> 03:12:17,200
children can be beat adults, 
through luck or skill, and 

3521
03:12:17,200 --> 03:12:19,500
everyone participates on more 
equal terms. 

3522
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:23,100
These evening game sessions, 
create their own satisfaction, 

3523
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:26,800
Simple Pleasures, that don't 
require technology or 

3524
03:12:26,800 --> 03:12:29,800
brightness. 
Conversation 2 becomes more 

3525
03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:33,400
Central to family life. 
Without the visual stimulation 

3526
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:35,200
of bright rooms and varied 
activities. 

3527
03:12:35,200 --> 03:12:40,200
People talk more, tell stories 
and share their days and greater

3528
03:12:40,200 --> 03:12:43,000
detail. 
Parents discuss things with 

3529
03:12:43,000 --> 03:12:46,000
children that might normally be 
postponed or abbreviated. 

3530
03:12:46,800 --> 03:12:49,700
Siblings who might typically 
ignore each other in favor of 

3531
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:51,800
separate Pursuits. 
Find themselves. 

3532
03:12:51,800 --> 03:12:55,500
Actually conversing getting to 
know each other better in these 

3533
03:12:55,500 --> 03:13:00,000
enforced periods of proximity. 
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 

3534
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:03,400
ritual in many households father
might read from the evening 

3535
03:13:03,400 --> 03:13:07,100
paper, sharing news and 
editorials sometimes with 

3536
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:09,900
commentary. 
Mother might read from novels 

3537
03:13:09,900 --> 03:13:13,700
performing different voices for 
different characters creating 

3538
03:13:13,700 --> 03:13:16,100
entertainment that doesn't 
require visual props. 

3539
03:13:17,100 --> 03:13:20,200
Older children might take turns 
reading developing their 

3540
03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:23,700
expression and comfort with 
performance. these sessions 

3541
03:13:23,700 --> 03:13:27,200
revived and oral tradition that 
had been fading, turning 

3542
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:30,200
literature back into something, 
communal rather than solitary 

3543
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:33,300
Bedtime routine simplify in some
ways. 

3544
03:13:34,200 --> 03:13:37,300
Without Bright Lights, the 
natural drowsiness that comes 

3545
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:39,600
with Darkness isn't artificially
suppressed. 

3546
03:13:40,600 --> 03:13:43,100
Children. 
Get sleepier their circadian 

3547
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:46,200
rhythms responding to 
environmental cues that electric

3548
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,900
light normally overrides. 
Parents find it easier to get 

3549
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:52,500
little ones to bed when the 
whole house is already dim and 

3550
03:13:52,500 --> 03:13:54,900
quiet. 
When there's not much exciting 

3551
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:58,100
happening to miss. 
But the darkness also 

3552
03:13:58,100 --> 03:14:01,900
introduces, new nighttime fears,
especially for children. 

3553
03:14:02,900 --> 03:14:06,200
The shadows in a dimly lit. 
Bedroom, seem deeper more 

3554
03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:09,700
ominous. 
The usual reassurance of there's

3555
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:13,300
nothing there becomes harder to 
verify when you actually can't 

3556
03:14:13,300 --> 03:14:17,300
see into corners and closets. 
Some parents leave candles 

3557
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:20,900
burning accepting the fire risk 
as preferable to Childhood 

3558
03:14:20,900 --> 03:14:23,800
Terror. 
Others develop new bedtime 

3559
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:27,600
rituals longer tucking in 
sessions stories told. 

3560
03:14:27,600 --> 03:14:31,000
In soothing tones and songs 
hummed and until sleep arrives. 

3561
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:34,500
For parents themselves, the 
blackout creates its own 

3562
03:14:34,500 --> 03:14:37,800
intimacy and distance. 
Once children are asleep. 

3563
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:40,400
Couples have the evening to 
themselves in ways, they might 

3564
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:43,300
not have before. 
When evening activities, might 

3565
03:14:43,300 --> 03:14:46,100
scatter family members to vary 
entertainments. 

3566
03:14:47,400 --> 03:14:50,900
Yet the darkness and quiet also 
emphasized their isolation. 

3567
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:54,500
Two people in a sealed house on 
a dark and Street. 

3568
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:57,900
Living Through History without 
knowing how the story ends. 

3569
03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:01,900
Some couples use this time for 
serious conversations, that 

3570
03:15:01,900 --> 03:15:05,400
daylight, and distraction 
allowed them to postpone 

3571
03:15:05,400 --> 03:15:09,800
discussion about money about 
plans for possible, evacuation 

3572
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:13,300
about fears and hopes, and about
what they'll do. 

3573
03:15:13,300 --> 03:15:17,700
If the war intensifies. 
Other couples deliberately avoid

3574
03:15:17,700 --> 03:15:21,100
heavy topics preferring to 
maintain lightness, to protect 

3575
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:23,400
their evening hours as refugees 
from worry. 

3576
03:15:24,400 --> 03:15:29,100
They play cards, listen to music
and simply sit together in 

3577
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:32,600
comfortable silence, taking 
comfort from physical proximity.

3578
03:15:33,700 --> 03:15:36,200
The blackout effects married 
life in unexpected. 

3579
03:15:36,200 --> 03:15:39,100
Ways the darkness provides 
privacy. 

3580
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:42,200
Even in homes, with thin walls 
and multiple inhabitants 

3581
03:15:42,200 --> 03:15:46,000
intimacy becomes easier when 
visual privacy is assured. 

3582
03:15:46,000 --> 03:15:50,300
When darkness guarantees 
discretion Some couples find 

3583
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:53,800
their relationships strengthened
by the enforced closeness and 

3584
03:15:53,800 --> 03:15:56,300
the shared experience of 
adapting to strange 

3585
03:15:56,300 --> 03:16:00,500
circumstances. others, find the 
proximity without Escape, 

3586
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:03,700
grating, the inability to 
retreat into separate 

3587
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:07,400
activities, creating friction 
that might otherwise dissipate 

3588
03:16:08,200 --> 03:16:11,400
Elderly family members often 
living with their adult children

3589
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:15,300
face particular challenges. 
Many older people have always 

3590
03:16:15,300 --> 03:16:19,000
relied heavily on visual cues 
and the reduction in light makes

3591
03:16:19,000 --> 03:16:22,900
everything harder reading 
knitting, even just moving 

3592
03:16:22,900 --> 03:16:26,100
around the house safely, 
Families must decide how to 

3593
03:16:26,100 --> 03:16:29,200
balance their Elders needs for 
light with blackout requirements

3594
03:16:29,200 --> 03:16:34,300
and conservation concerns. 
Compromises emerge, brighter 

3595
03:16:34,300 --> 03:16:36,900
lights, and grandmother's room, 
even if the rest of the house 

3596
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:39,900
remains dim. 
Extra candles placed 

3597
03:16:39,900 --> 03:16:43,700
strategically more assistance 
with evening tasks that Darkness

3598
03:16:43,700 --> 03:17:03,700
makes difficult. 
The blackout will be despite the

3599
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:07,500
enforced evening togetherness. 
They might maintain closer to 

3600
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,100
normal lighting levels, 
considering the extra 

3601
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:13,000
electricity expense and 
acceptable cost for comfort. 

3602
03:17:13,900 --> 03:17:17,700
Working class families make do 
with cheaper Solutions, blankets

3603
03:17:17,700 --> 03:17:22,300
nailed over Windows newspaper 
pasted to Glass and curtains 

3604
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:24,400
sewn from whatever fabric could 
be afforded. 

3605
03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:29,800
Smaller homes mean less privacy.
More enforced, proximity and 

3606
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:32,600
everyone living in each other's 
Pockets even more than usual. 

3607
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,400
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

3608
03:17:36,400 --> 03:17:39,800
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

3609
03:17:39,800 --> 03:17:42,100
element, too rich and poor 
alike. 

3610
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:45,600
Must darken their homes, the 
Duke, and his mansion, and the 

3611
03:17:45,608 --> 03:17:49,000
docker in his Terrace row. 
Both spend their evening's in 

3612
03:17:49,000 --> 03:17:53,100
dimmed rooms, both must navigate
the same dark and streets. 

3613
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:57,300
The blackout is one of the few 
wartime measures that truly 

3614
03:17:57,300 --> 03:17:59,300
applies equally across social 
strata. 

3615
03:18:00,000 --> 03:18:03,700
Creating a rare moment of shared
experience across class lines. 

3616
03:18:04,800 --> 03:18:09,800
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 
blackout continues month after 

3617
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:12,500
month. 
Something remarkable happens. 

3618
03:18:12,500 --> 03:18:15,500
People stop thinking about it 
quite so much. 

3619
03:18:16,300 --> 03:18:18,800
The extraordinary becomes 
ordinary through sheer 

3620
03:18:18,800 --> 03:18:21,700
repetition. 
The nightly ritual of darkening,

3621
03:18:21,700 --> 03:18:24,900
Windows transforms from a 
conscious process into a habit, 

3622
03:18:25,700 --> 03:18:29,300
Performed with the automaticity 
of brushing teeth or locking 

3623
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:32,900
doors. 
Innovations, accumulate, small 

3624
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:35,400
improvements that collectively 
make the darkness more 

3625
03:18:35,400 --> 03:18:38,000
manageable. 
Enterprise in individuals, 

3626
03:18:38,000 --> 03:18:41,200
develop gadgets and solutions 
that spread through communities 

3627
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:44,500
like helpful folklore. 
Someone discovers that painting 

3628
03:18:44,500 --> 03:18:47,700
stero edges, with luminous paint
makes them safer to navigate. 

3629
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:53,000
the idea spreads and soon 
glowing stairs become common 

3630
03:18:53,000 --> 03:18:56,700
little safety features that cost
pennies, but prevent countless 

3631
03:18:56,700 --> 03:19:00,300
Falls, Shops. 
Begin selling specially designed

3632
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:04,200
blackout accessories torches 
with narrow beams and red 

3633
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:06,900
filters. 
That supposedly don't compromise

3634
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,400
night vision. 
Reflective armbands and badges 

3635
03:19:10,400 --> 03:19:12,800
for pedestrians luminous 
buttons. 

3636
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:16,700
That can be sewn onto coats. 
White painted walking sticks, 

3637
03:19:16,700 --> 03:19:20,500
the commercial World adapts to 
serve the dark and consumer 

3638
03:19:20,500 --> 03:19:25,300
finding profit even in darkness.
Fashion truly Embraces. 

3639
03:19:25,300 --> 03:19:28,500
The blackout aesthetic 
designers, create clothing with 

3640
03:19:28,500 --> 03:19:31,600
safety features. 
Built in white piping on dark 

3641
03:19:31,600 --> 03:19:36,100
coats, reflective threads, woven
into fabrics and light colored 

3642
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:39,500
accessories that serve the Dual 
purposes of style and visibility

3643
03:19:40,600 --> 03:19:44,400
women's magazines run features 
on Blackout Beauty suggesting 

3644
03:19:44,400 --> 03:19:47,100
makeup and hairstyles suited to 
dim lighting. 

3645
03:19:48,100 --> 03:19:52,100
The advice is practical and 
sometimes absurd, light to face 

3646
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:54,000
powder is recommended because 
it's more visible. 

3647
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:57,800
While dark lipstick is wand 
again, lest you become a pair of

3648
03:19:57,800 --> 03:19:59,700
disembodied. 
Lips floating in the darkness 

3649
03:19:59,700 --> 03:20:03,400
restaurants and pubs develop. 
Elaborate workarounds for the 

3650
03:20:03,400 --> 03:20:06,600
blackout, restrictions some 
establishments paint their 

3651
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:10,100
Windows opaque black. 
But in stalled, elaborate 

3652
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:13,900
interior, lighting, creating 
spaces that feel almost normal 

3653
03:20:13,900 --> 03:20:17,200
once you're inside. 
Others embrace the dimness 

3654
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:21,000
installing red or blue lights 
that create atmospheric spaces. 

3655
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:24,700
While technically complying with
regulations nightclubs, in 

3656
03:20:24,700 --> 03:20:27,900
particular find that dim 
lighting can be romantic or 

3657
03:20:27,900 --> 03:20:31,200
mysterious transforming a 
restriction into a feature. 

3658
03:20:31,200 --> 03:20:34,900
The entertainment industry 
becomes increasingly creative 

3659
03:20:35,800 --> 03:20:38,900
Cinemas develop complex 
procedures for seating people in

3660
03:20:38,900 --> 03:20:41,600
darkness ushers with covered 
torches. 

3661
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:46,000
Luminous floor markers and 
spaced entry times to prevent 

3662
03:20:46,000 --> 03:20:47,900
traffic jams in the lightless 
Isles. 

3663
03:20:48,800 --> 03:20:52,000
Some theaters experiment with 
matinee, only schedules 

3664
03:20:52,000 --> 03:20:55,300
accepting reduced evening 
business rather than dealing 

3665
03:20:55,300 --> 03:20:59,300
with blackout complications. 
Others Thrive precisely because 

3666
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,500
they offer brightest escapism 
inside. 

3667
03:21:01,500 --> 03:21:03,700
While maintaining complete 
darkness outside. 

3668
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:08,000
Radio programs evolved to suit 
their audiences circumstances. 

3669
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:11,800
Content becomes more domestic 
more suited to family. 

3670
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:15,500
Listening in dimmed rooms, 
comedy programs, emphasize 

3671
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:20,200
verbal humor, over visual gags, 
dramas rely on sound effects and

3672
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:22,800
voice acting to create Vivid 
mental images. 

3673
03:21:23,700 --> 03:21:26,800
The BBC becomes increasingly 
sophisticated in its 

3674
03:21:26,800 --> 03:21:30,200
understanding of how to create 
entertainment for a population, 

3675
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:35,500
sitting in the dark unable to do
much else besides listen. local 

3676
03:21:35,500 --> 03:21:39,500
communities, develop Collective,
coping strategies neighborhoods,

3677
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:43,200
organized blackout socials 
Gathering where people can meet 

3678
03:21:43,200 --> 03:21:47,400
and commingled despite the 
darkness Churches, host, evening

3679
03:21:47,400 --> 03:21:49,400
services that become social 
events. 

3680
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:53,200
As much as religious ones, 
providing both spiritual comfort

3681
03:21:53,200 --> 03:21:56,700
and human connection. 
Community centers run 

3682
03:21:56,700 --> 03:21:59,400
activities, specifically 
designed for low-light 

3683
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,700
conditions. 
Music sessions discussion groups

3684
03:22:02,700 --> 03:22:05,500
and Collective listening to 
important broadcasts. 

3685
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:08,800
Street communities become more 
tight-knit through the shared 

3686
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:11,500
experience. 
Neighbors, who might previously 

3687
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:13,700
have exchanged only perfunctory 
greetings? 

3688
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:17,100
Now check on each other help 
each other with blackout 

3689
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:19,600
preparations and share 
resources, and solutions. 

3690
03:22:19,600 --> 03:22:23,100
The darkness creates a kind of 
Frontier mentality. 

3691
03:22:24,100 --> 03:22:27,100
A sense that you're all in this 
together face in common 

3692
03:22:27,100 --> 03:22:31,500
challenges that require Mutual 
support children remarkably 

3693
03:22:31,500 --> 03:22:33,500
resilient turn the blackout into
play. 

3694
03:22:34,400 --> 03:22:38,300
They invent gains suited to 
Darkness, elaborate version of 

3695
03:22:38,300 --> 03:22:41,400
hidden seek treasure. 
Hunts, that rely on touch and 

3696
03:22:41,400 --> 03:22:45,200
sound, rather than sight. 
And Theatrical performance is 

3697
03:22:45,200 --> 03:22:48,500
put on in dim rooms where 
imagination fills in for visual 

3698
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:51,900
spectacle. 
The blackout becomes normalized 

3699
03:22:51,900 --> 03:22:55,400
in their experience, not a 
temporary disruption but simply 

3700
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:59,500
how the world works as natural 
as rain or school or Sunday 

3701
03:22:59,500 --> 03:23:02,400
roast. 
Teachers adapt, their lesson 

3702
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:05,900
plans, incorporating blackout 
realities into education. 

3703
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:08,800
Science classes discuss 
astronomy. 

3704
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:11,900
With Newfound relevance 
students, can actually see what 

3705
03:23:11,900 --> 03:23:15,100
they're learning about. 
History lessons. 

3706
03:23:15,100 --> 03:23:17,000
Draw, parallels to Medieval 
life. 

3707
03:23:17,700 --> 03:23:20,700
Helping children understand that
most of human history occurred 

3708
03:23:20,700 --> 03:23:24,800
without electric light. 
Art classes experiment with low 

3709
03:23:24,800 --> 03:23:29,800
light media, charcoal drawings 
shadow puppets and projects that

3710
03:23:29,800 --> 03:23:34,300
work despite limited visibility.
Physical coordination improves 

3711
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:36,500
across the population. 
As people, develop better, 

3712
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:41,000
spatial awareness. your 
proprioception that internal 

3713
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:45,400
sense of where your body is in 
space sharpens when visual input

3714
03:23:45,400 --> 03:23:49,800
becomes unreliable, People learn
to move more carefully, more 

3715
03:23:49,800 --> 03:23:54,000
consciously developing a kind of
bodily intelligence that Modern 

3716
03:23:54,000 --> 03:23:58,700
Life had allowed to atrophy. 
Simple Act of walking becomes 

3717
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:03,100
more mindful, more present, and 
less the unconscious automatic 

3718
03:24:03,100 --> 03:24:06,200
process. 
It had been health effects 

3719
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:10,600
emerge, both positive and 
negative accident rates from the

3720
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:14,200
darkness remain elevated. 
People can continue to trip 

3721
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,600
Collide and stumble into 
objects. 

3722
03:24:17,400 --> 03:24:19,400
But there are unexpected 
benefits, too. 

3723
03:24:20,200 --> 03:24:23,500
The early evening, schedules 
mean, people get more sleep and 

3724
03:24:23,500 --> 03:24:25,900
their circadian rhythms. 
Are more aligned with natural 

3725
03:24:25,900 --> 03:24:29,700
light, dark Cycles. 
The reduction in artificial 

3726
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:31,500
light at night. 
Might be improving Sleep 

3727
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:34,400
Quality, though. 
Nobody's conducting formal 

3728
03:24:34,400 --> 03:24:37,900
studies to verify this the 
enforced indoor evenings mean, 

3729
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:41,700
less exposure to cold and damp 
for some potentially reducing 

3730
03:24:41,700 --> 03:24:44,700
winter illness. 
Seasonal variations in the 

3731
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:47,200
blackout, create different 
challenges and experiences. 

3732
03:24:48,100 --> 03:24:51,500
Some are evenings with their 
late sunsets require a shorter 

3733
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:54,100
periods of blackout. 
Perhaps just three or four 

3734
03:24:54,100 --> 03:24:58,700
hours, people can enjoy long 
Twilights and extended time 

3735
03:24:58,700 --> 03:25:02,500
Outdoors, while it's still light
enough to see picnics and garden

3736
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:05,800
parties adapt to early Escape 
rules wrapping up before, 

3737
03:25:05,800 --> 03:25:07,500
Darkness makes them in 
practical. 

3738
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:12,600
But winter brings longer 
blackout periods, sometimes 16 

3739
03:25:12,600 --> 03:25:14,400
hours or more of required 
Darkness. 

3740
03:25:15,400 --> 03:25:18,700
The psychological weight of this
is considerable waking in 

3741
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:21,200
darkness. 
Working through short, daylight 

3742
03:25:21,200 --> 03:25:23,900
hours, returning home to more 
Darkness. 

3743
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:29,500
It feels oppressive endless. 
Seasonal affective disorder 

3744
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:32,300
though not yet named or 
officially recognized. 

3745
03:25:32,300 --> 03:25:37,400
Surely affects many the lack of 
light combines with war anxiety 

3746
03:25:37,400 --> 03:25:42,500
to create periods of genuine, 
depression for some December 

3747
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,200
1939. 
Brings the Blackout's first 

3748
03:25:45,200 --> 03:25:48,600
winter holiday season. 
Christmas presents unique 

3749
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:51,400
challenges. 
How do you maintain festive 

3750
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:55,600
cheer in compulsory Darkness 
Families rise to the challenge 

3751
03:25:55,600 --> 03:25:59,300
with determination that borders 
on defiance Christmas lights. 

3752
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:02,600
Those strings of colored bulbs, 
that normally decorate windows, 

3753
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:05,900
and trees must be abandoned or 
drastically modified. 

3754
03:26:06,800 --> 03:26:10,800
Some people criter interior 
displays, decorating trees in 

3755
03:26:10,800 --> 03:26:14,800
rooms with completely blacked 
out, windows, creating private 

3756
03:26:14,800 --> 03:26:17,400
festivals of light that can't be
seen from outside. 

3757
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:23,300
Carol singing adapts to blackout
conditions groups, carry covered

3758
03:26:23,300 --> 03:26:25,200
lands as they move from house to
house. 

3759
03:26:25,200 --> 03:26:29,000
Their voice is rising in the 
darkness creating moments of 

3760
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,200
beauty and connection. 
That feel more pressure for the 

3761
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:35,600
surrounding Gloom. 
The ancient hymns about light 

3762
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:38,100
coming into darkness, take on 
new residents. 

3763
03:26:39,000 --> 03:26:41,300
Silent Night, feels especially 
appropriate. 

3764
03:26:41,300 --> 03:26:44,300
When nights are so profoundly 
silent and dark. 

3765
03:26:45,300 --> 03:26:48,700
Gift-giving focuses on practical
item suited to blackout life, 

3766
03:26:48,700 --> 03:26:53,600
torches luminous paint warm 
clothing and books for reading 

3767
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:56,000
aloud. 
But there are frivolous gifts 

3768
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:58,100
too. 
Deliberate, assertions of 

3769
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:02,400
normalcy and joy, despite 
circumstances dolls, and toy 

3770
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:06,300
soldiers for children, perfume 
and stockings for wives and 

3771
03:27:06,300 --> 03:27:09,700
pipes and tobacco. 
For husbands, these gestures 

3772
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:13,900
matter enormously small Defiance
is against the wars restrictions

3773
03:27:13,900 --> 03:27:18,100
declarations that life and 
pleasure can continue New Year's

3774
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:20,600
Eve, presents. 
Its own strange circumstances, 

3775
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:24,700
the traditional celebrations 
gathering in public squares, 

3776
03:27:24,700 --> 03:27:28,100
watching for midnight and the 
explosion of noise and lighters 

3777
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:31,100
the New Year. 
Arrives must be reimagined. 

3778
03:27:32,100 --> 03:27:35,200
People celebrate in dark and 
homes, listening for church 

3779
03:27:35,200 --> 03:27:39,100
bells gathering around Wireless 
sets for special broadcasts. 

3780
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:44,500
When midnight comes they might 
step out into darkness, hearing 

3781
03:27:44,500 --> 03:27:46,400
distant, voices, calling 
greetings. 

3782
03:27:46,400 --> 03:27:49,300
They cannot see feeling 
connected to Invisible 

3783
03:27:49,300 --> 03:27:54,700
neighbors, through sound alone. 
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 

3784
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:58,000
determination. 
The blackout will continue but 

3785
03:27:58,000 --> 03:27:59,300
people have learned to live with
it. 

3786
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:04,800
The initial shock has worn off 
replaced by practice competence.

3787
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:08,600
You know, how to navigate your 
street in darkness, you know, 

3788
03:28:08,608 --> 03:28:11,300
how long your blackout 
preparations, take, you know, 

3789
03:28:11,308 --> 03:28:14,400
which activities work in dim 
light in which don't the 

3790
03:28:14,400 --> 03:28:18,100
learning curve has been climbed 
and what remains is simply 

3791
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:21,600
persistent. 
The blackout continues through 

3792
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:25,800
1940 and Beyond lasting in 
various forms, until September. 

3793
03:28:25,800 --> 03:28:30,600
1944, when regulations finally 
relax as the threat of bombing 

3794
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:34,400
diminishes, but even before 
official relaxation, the 

3795
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:38,300
blackout out of volts and become
less absolute As military 

3796
03:28:38,300 --> 03:28:42,800
technology improves and bombing 
strategies change the strict 

3797
03:28:42,800 --> 03:28:44,400
requirements. 
Loosened slightly. 

3798
03:28:45,400 --> 03:28:48,100
Dim lights become permissible in
some circumstances. 

3799
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:52,400
A complete darkness of those 
first months gradually lightened

3800
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:56,400
to a more manageable Gloom. 
The first relaxation is 

3801
03:28:56,400 --> 03:29:00,600
attentive, almost apologetic. 
Regulations. 

3802
03:29:00,600 --> 03:29:03,300
Allow heavily shielded Street 
Lighting in some areas. 

3803
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:07,600
Not the full illumination of 
pre-war years, but enough to 

3804
03:29:07,600 --> 03:29:10,900
prevent the worst accidents and 
to make navigation possible 

3805
03:29:10,900 --> 03:29:14,800
without constant hazard. 
These new lights, cast pools of 

3806
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:19,100
dim Radiance that seemed 
extraordinarily bright after 

3807
03:29:19,100 --> 03:29:22,800
years of complete darkness. 
Even though they are actually 

3808
03:29:22,800 --> 03:29:24,700
quite faint by historical 
standards. 

3809
03:29:25,600 --> 03:29:28,800
People's reactions to these 
first returns of public lighting

3810
03:29:28,800 --> 03:29:31,400
reveal. 
How much the darkness has 

3811
03:29:31,400 --> 03:29:34,800
affected them. 
Some feel immediate relief, an 

3812
03:29:34,800 --> 03:29:37,000
easing of tension, they hadn't, 
quite realized they were 

3813
03:29:37,000 --> 03:29:40,500
carrying the simple ability to 
see where you're walking to 

3814
03:29:40,500 --> 03:29:42,600
recognize faces to orient 
yourself. 

3815
03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:47,200
Visually These feel like 
luxuries gifts restored after 

3816
03:29:47,200 --> 03:29:49,800
long debt probation. 
Others. 

3817
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:52,000
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 
the lights return. 

3818
03:29:52,000 --> 03:29:56,500
After years of Darkness even 
dim, lighting can feel exposing 

3819
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,000
and vulnerable. 
Some people have grown 

3820
03:29:59,000 --> 03:30:02,700
accustomed to the anonymity that
Darkness provides the sense of 

3821
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:05,100
being unseen As you move through
public spaces. 

3822
03:30:05,900 --> 03:30:09,300
The return of light. 
However, faint removes that 

3823
03:30:09,300 --> 03:30:12,700
protective invisibility. 
The gradual restoration 

3824
03:30:12,700 --> 03:30:17,100
progresses through 1944 as 
allied forces, push across 

3825
03:30:17,100 --> 03:30:19,100
Europe and the threat to 
Britain. 

3826
03:30:19,100 --> 03:30:24,400
Recedes. more lights, return 
regulations, relax further and 

3827
03:30:24,400 --> 03:30:27,800
the familiar glow of evening 
civilization begins to rebuild 

3828
03:30:28,700 --> 03:30:32,600
Shop Windows light up first, 
just modestly but enough to 

3829
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:35,000
display goods and to create 
welcoming spaces. 

3830
03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:38,800
Then streetlamps return to more 
normal operation. 

3831
03:30:38,800 --> 03:30:41,400
They're familiar yellow. 
Orange, light painting, 

3832
03:30:41,400 --> 03:30:44,400
Pavements, and facades. 
For those who remember the 

3833
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:46,400
change. 
And by this point, young 

3834
03:30:46,400 --> 03:30:49,600
children have lived their entire
conscious lives under blackout 

3835
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:52,100
conditions. 
The restoration of light feels 

3836
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:56,600
almost magical treats that had 
been navigated by memory and 

3837
03:30:56,600 --> 03:30:59,300
faiths suddenly reveal 
themselves in detail. 

3838
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,500
Building show their full 
architectural character. 

3839
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:06,900
Faces become readable from a 
distance, the urban landscape 

3840
03:31:06,900 --> 03:31:09,200
recovers, its visible 
complexity. 

3841
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:13,100
The psychological impact of 
restored, lighting is profound 

3842
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:16,400
and multifaceted. 
They're certainly celebration 

3843
03:31:16,400 --> 03:31:20,300
relief and joy at this tangible 
of the wars. 

3844
03:31:20,300 --> 03:31:25,700
Waning But there's a strange 
sadness and unexpected Nostalgia

3845
03:31:25,700 --> 03:31:28,300
for something that everyone 
complained about constantly 

3846
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:31,600
while it was happening. 
The blackout years for all their

3847
03:31:31,600 --> 03:31:33,900
difficulty. 
Had created a kind of 

3848
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:38,600
Fellowship, a shared experience 
that had bound communities 

3849
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:41,500
together. 
With the return of light comes 

3850
03:31:41,500 --> 03:31:45,300
the return of normal, Urban 
anonymity, the dissolution of 

3851
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:49,200
that intense Mutual dependence. 
Some of the Innovations and 

3852
03:31:49,200 --> 03:31:53,200
adaptations developed during the
blackout persist even after 

3853
03:31:53,200 --> 03:31:56,800
they're no longer necessary. 
People who learn to navigate by 

3854
03:31:56,800 --> 03:31:59,000
sound and memory retain those 
skills. 

3855
03:31:59,800 --> 03:32:02,500
Families, who discovered they 
enjoyed evening read aloud 

3856
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:04,400
sessions. 
Continue them even when bright 

3857
03:32:04,400 --> 03:32:06,200
lights would permit individual 
reading. 

3858
03:32:06,900 --> 03:32:09,800
Communities that Drew together 
in darkness, maintain some of 

3859
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:13,000
that closeness. 
Those relationships that formed 

3860
03:32:13,000 --> 03:32:17,000
during shared difficulty. 
physical traces of the blackout,

3861
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,700
persist too, white painted, 
curbs and tree trunks remain 

3862
03:32:20,700 --> 03:32:23,900
their purpose of sleep, but 
their presence continuing 

3863
03:32:24,800 --> 03:32:27,200
Blackout curtains, stay up in 
many homes. 

3864
03:32:27,200 --> 03:32:30,800
Why take them down when they're 
already installed when they 

3865
03:32:30,800 --> 03:32:33,900
useful for privacy? 
When there are minor of 

3866
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:37,600
survival? 
Architectural features designed 

3867
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:40,800
for the blackout era. 
Those double door entries on 

3868
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:42,800
pubs. 
The carefully positioned 

3869
03:32:42,800 --> 03:32:46,300
lighting fixers remain as 
fossils of a particular 

3870
03:32:46,300 --> 03:32:49,500
historical moment. 
Ecological effects of the 

3871
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:51,200
blackout years, gradually 
reverse. 

3872
03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:55,700
As artificial light Returns the 
night sky slowly disappears. 

3873
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:58,300
Again, behind its veil of urban 
glow. 

3874
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:03,400
Stars fade from Easy visibility.
The Milky Way with drawers, the 

3875
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:05,300
darkness that had revealed 
Celestial. 

3876
03:33:05,300 --> 03:33:07,900
Beauty, is pushed back by human 
illumination? 

3877
03:33:08,700 --> 03:33:11,800
Some people mourn. 
This loss realizing that the 

3878
03:33:11,800 --> 03:33:14,000
blackout had given them a gift, 
they'll never receive. 

3879
03:33:14,000 --> 03:33:18,400
Again the regular sight of the 
universe, their heads, The 

3880
03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:21,500
generation that lived through 
the blackout carries memories, 

3881
03:33:21,500 --> 03:33:24,200
that shape their relationship 
with light and darkness for the 

3882
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:27,400
rest of their lives. 
Those who were children during 

3883
03:33:27,400 --> 03:33:29,600
the blackout often. 
Develop, either a strong 

3884
03:33:29,600 --> 03:33:33,000
preference for Darkness finding 
comfort in the nighttime 

3885
03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:35,400
environment. 
They knew as children or an 

3886
03:33:35,400 --> 03:33:38,600
equally strong preference, for 
abundant light, The kind of 

3887
03:33:38,608 --> 03:33:42,000
overcompensation for years of 
enforced dimness. 

3888
03:33:43,600 --> 03:33:45,900
The blackout leaves. 
Its mark on British culture in 

3889
03:33:45,900 --> 03:33:50,100
subtle ways, a certain comfort 
with dimmer lighting persists. 

3890
03:33:50,800 --> 03:33:53,700
British homes and public spaces 
10 toward more modest 

3891
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,000
illumination than their American
counterparts. 

3892
03:33:57,400 --> 03:33:59,700
Different that may Trace. 
Partially to this period of 

3893
03:33:59,708 --> 03:34:02,600
enforced. 
Darkness, the idea that too much

3894
03:34:02,608 --> 03:34:06,800
light is wasteful even slightly 
vulgar becomes embedded in 

3895
03:34:06,800 --> 03:34:10,400
aesthetic Sensibility. 
The historical memory of the 

3896
03:34:10,400 --> 03:34:12,500
blackout carries multiple 
meanings. 

3897
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:16,500
It becomes a symbol of British 
resilience of the homefront 

3898
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:19,200
contribution, to the war effort 
and of collective. 

3899
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:23,500
Sacrifice for a common cause 
politicians and cultural 

3900
03:34:23,500 --> 03:34:27,300
commentators invoke the blackout
as an example of what a society 

3901
03:34:27,300 --> 03:34:31,000
can endure when properly 
motivated when United by shared 

3902
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:34,800
purpose, but the blackout. 
All so serves as a reminder of 

3903
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:38,600
Wars intrusion into civilian 
life of how conflict transforms 

3904
03:34:38,600 --> 03:34:43,000
ordinary existence in ways, both
large and small, It demonstrates

3905
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:47,000
that Warfare is not just distant
battles fought by soldiers, but 

3906
03:34:47,000 --> 03:34:50,600
all the accumulated, small 
deprivations and adjustments 

3907
03:34:50,600 --> 03:34:54,600
that everyone must make. 
The nightly ritual of darkening,

3908
03:34:54,600 --> 03:34:58,900
Windows, the cautious navigation
of familiar streets and the 

3909
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:01,700
adaptation of every evening 
routine to accommodate the 

3910
03:35:01,708 --> 03:35:05,300
absence of light. 
For modern observers, the 

3911
03:35:05,300 --> 03:35:08,800
blackout offers A peculiar 
window into a world that 

3912
03:35:08,800 --> 03:35:11,600
simultaneously recognizable and 
alien. 

3913
03:35:12,600 --> 03:35:17,100
The Britain of 1939 had 
electricity radio, Autumn 

3914
03:35:17,100 --> 03:35:21,500
appeals and Cinema all the 
technological fixtures of Modern

3915
03:35:21,500 --> 03:35:24,500
Life. 
Yet the deliberate removal of 

3916
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:28,200
just one element artificial 
light after dark. 

3917
03:35:28,200 --> 03:35:32,200
Transformed daily experience. 
In ways that connected people 

3918
03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:35,000
backward to pre-industrial, 
patterns of living. 

3919
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:38,400
There's something almost 
meditative about contemplating 

3920
03:35:38,400 --> 03:35:41,400
the blackout years. 
This period, when millions of 

3921
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:45,800
people deliberately darken their
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 

3922
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:50,300
navigating shadowed streets and 
learning to experience their 

3923
03:35:50,300 --> 03:35:55,400
environment through senses other
than sight, In our current ERA 

3924
03:35:55,400 --> 03:35:59,700
of constant illumination, when 
light pollution is so pervasive 

3925
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:03,200
that many children grow up, 
never seeing the Milky Way. 

3926
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:07,200
When cities glow so brightly 
that their visible from space, 

3927
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:10,800
there's something oddly 
appealing about this historical 

3928
03:36:10,800 --> 03:36:15,000
moment of chosen Darkness. 
The blackout reminds us that our

3929
03:36:15,000 --> 03:36:18,300
relationship with light and 
darkness is not fixed or natural

3930
03:36:18,300 --> 03:36:23,400
but historically constructed 
shaped by technology, regulation

3931
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:27,200
and social practice. 
For most of human history, 

3932
03:36:27,200 --> 03:36:30,500
Darkness was inevitable. 
You made the best light you 

3933
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:34,500
could with fire or oil but 
ultimately night meant Darkness.

3934
03:36:35,700 --> 03:36:40,100
Electric light changed, this 
pushing Darkness, back and 

3935
03:36:40,100 --> 03:36:44,600
extending the day artificially. 
The blackout briefly reversed 

3936
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:47,900
this transformation restoring 
Darkness not through 

3937
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:51,600
technological failure. 
Through deliberate choice. 

3938
03:36:52,400 --> 03:36:56,000
As you lie here. 
Now, warm and comfortable in a 

3939
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:58,400
room where light is available at
the flick of a switch. 

3940
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:02,300
It's worth contemplating. 
What the blackout reveals about 

3941
03:37:02,300 --> 03:37:04,400
human adaptability and 
resilience. 

3942
03:37:05,300 --> 03:37:08,300
The people of Britain in 1939 
didn't know how long the war 

3943
03:37:08,300 --> 03:37:11,800
would last whether the blackout 
would be needed for weeks or 

3944
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:15,200
years or whether they are cities
would survive or be destroyed 

3945
03:37:15,200 --> 03:37:19,900
yet they adapted persevered and 
found moments of beauty and 

3946
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:21,900
connection. 
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 

3947
03:37:22,900 --> 03:37:25,800
The blackout demonstrates 
something essential about human 

3948
03:37:25,800 --> 03:37:30,100
communities that we can endure 
significant disruption to normal

3949
03:37:30,100 --> 03:37:33,900
life when we understand the 
purpose behind it, when we 

3950
03:37:33,900 --> 03:37:36,800
believe we're contributing to 
something larger than our 

3951
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:40,900
individual comfort. 
The nightly ritual of darkening 

3952
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:42,900
Windows became a form of 
participation. 

3953
03:37:44,100 --> 03:37:47,500
A tangible action that connected
each household to the National 

3954
03:37:47,500 --> 03:37:50,300
effort. 
There's something deeply human 

3955
03:37:50,300 --> 03:37:53,700
about gathering in darkened 
rooms about families coming 

3956
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:57,300
together, around dim lights 
about Community supporting each 

3957
03:37:57,300 --> 03:37:58,900
other, through shared 
difficulty. 

3958
03:37:59,600 --> 03:38:03,600
These patterns recur throughout 
human history around ancient, 

3959
03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:08,500
campfires in medieval great 
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 

3960
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:10,000
Pioneer cabins on winter 
evenings. 

3961
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:14,300
The blackout temporarily 
restored, these older patterns 

3962
03:38:14,300 --> 03:38:18,400
using modern technology to 
recreate, pre-modern conditions.

3963
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:23,000
The sensory richness of the 
blackout experience, the visible

3964
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:25,700
stars. 
The Amplified sounds, the 

3965
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:27,600
heightened awareness of smell 
and touch. 

3966
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:31,400
Suggests that our normal 
brightly lit, existence May 

3967
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:34,200
diminish, certain forms of 
awareness and experience. 

3968
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:39,100
We gain practical benefits from 
abundant light certainly, but we

3969
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:40,700
may lose other kinds of 
perception. 

3970
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:43,200
Other ways of experiencing our 
environment. 

3971
03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:45,700
In each other, the blackouts and
force. 

3972
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:49,600
Slowed down its requirement for 
more careful movement, more 

3973
03:38:49,600 --> 03:38:53,900
deliberate action and more time 
spent in quiet domestic setting 

3974
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:57,500
these create a quality of life 
that many people found 

3975
03:38:57,500 --> 03:39:03,000
surprisingly satisfying, despite
the circumstances, Frantic pace 

3976
03:39:03,000 --> 03:39:07,500
of Modern Life, the constant 
visual stimulation, the ability 

3977
03:39:07,500 --> 03:39:10,400
to pursue individual activities,
in separate rooms with 

3978
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:14,200
independent lighting. 
All these Innovations have costs

3979
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:17,500
as well as benefits. 
Consider how the blackout 

3980
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:21,600
changed social interaction. 
In darkness, you couldn't judge 

3981
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:24,100
people by their appearance quite
so readily. 

3982
03:39:24,700 --> 03:39:27,900
Conversations happened, without 
the constant visual feedback. 

3983
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:31,100
We normally rely on people, 
learn to listen, more carefully 

3984
03:39:31,100 --> 03:39:34,500
to pay attention to voice, tone 
and word choice rather than 

3985
03:39:34,500 --> 03:39:36,300
facial expressions and body 
language. 

3986
03:39:37,300 --> 03:39:40,100
This created different kinds of 
intimacy and different patterns 

3987
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:43,300
of connection. 
The democratizing effect of the 

3988
03:39:43,308 --> 03:39:45,700
blackout the way, it affected 
rich. 

3989
03:39:45,700 --> 03:39:49,400
And poor alike, created, a rare 
moment of genuinely shared 

3990
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:53,100
experience across social 
classes. the Duke and the doctor

3991
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:57,200
of both navigated the same 
darkened streets, both sat in 

3992
03:39:57,200 --> 03:40:01,000
dimmed rooms and both face the 
same challenges of maintaining 

3993
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:05,300
normal life despite abnormal 
conditions, This shared 

3994
03:40:05,300 --> 03:40:09,100
experience contributed to the 
social solidarity, that 

3995
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:11,100
characterized Britain during the
War years. 

3996
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:14,400
The blackout also reveals 
something about the relationship

3997
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:19,100
between freedom and security. 
The regulations represented, a 

3998
03:40:19,100 --> 03:40:22,200
significant restriction of 
personal Liberty, you couldn't 

3999
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:25,600
like your own home as you wished
couldn't move freely at night 

4000
03:40:25,600 --> 03:40:29,100
without risk and face penalties 
for violations. 

4001
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,400
Yet, most people accepted these 
restrictions as legitimate and 

4002
03:40:33,408 --> 03:40:36,800
necessary, a reasonable 
trade-off for Collective safety.

4003
03:40:38,100 --> 03:40:41,400
The balance between individual 
freedom and common security is 

4004
03:40:41,400 --> 03:40:43,700
never simple. 
Never permanent. 

4005
03:40:43,700 --> 03:40:47,700
It must be constantly negotiated
and renegotiated. 

4006
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:51,200
The Innovations and adaptations 
that emerged during the 

4007
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:54,800
blackout, the Luminous paint, 
the white marked curbs. 

4008
03:40:54,800 --> 03:40:57,800
The hooded headlamps the double 
door entries. 

4009
03:40:57,800 --> 03:41:01,600
Represent human creativity 
responding to constraint. 

4010
03:41:02,700 --> 03:41:06,300
Necessity, truly does mother 
invention and the blackout 

4011
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:07,900
years? 
Produced countless small 

4012
03:41:07,900 --> 03:41:10,500
solutions to the problems that 
Darkness created. 

4013
03:41:11,400 --> 03:41:14,700
These Innovations demonstrate, 
the restrictions can Inspire 

4014
03:41:14,700 --> 03:41:19,200
rather than merely limit. 
Working within constraints can 

4015
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,400
generate creativity. 
The return of light. 

4016
03:41:22,400 --> 03:41:25,300
After years of Darkness must 
have felt like emerging from a 

4017
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:28,200
long tunnel. 
The Familiar World revealed 

4018
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:32,100
again, the simple pleasure of 
seeing clearly of moving without

4019
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:36,300
constant caution of Windows that
connect rather than seal. 

4020
03:41:37,300 --> 03:41:40,500
Yet along with this relief, came
the loss of something too. 

4021
03:41:41,300 --> 03:41:45,100
That peculiar intimacy, that 
Darkness had created, that 

4022
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:48,900
sharpened awareness that sense 
of shared endurance. 

4023
03:41:50,100 --> 03:41:53,000
For those who live through it. 
The blackout becomes one of 

4024
03:41:53,000 --> 03:41:56,500
those formative experiences that
shape perception for a lifetime.

4025
03:41:57,400 --> 03:42:00,800
They carry memories of 
navigating Darkness, a families 

4026
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:05,300
gathered in dim rooms of stars, 
brilliant overhead and of the 

4027
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:08,500
particular quality of Silence 
that descended on cities 

4028
03:42:08,500 --> 03:42:12,100
designed for noise. 
These memories become stories, 

4029
03:42:12,100 --> 03:42:16,800
then history, then Legend part 
of the narrative that nation's 

4030
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:18,500
tell themselves about their 
past. 

4031
03:42:19,500 --> 03:42:22,000
As we come to the end of our 
journey through the blackout 

4032
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:25,400
years, as your eyelids grow 
heavy, and your breathing slows.

4033
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:29,400
Let's gather the gentle lessons 
that this history offers for 

4034
03:42:29,400 --> 03:42:33,100
your own rest tonight. 
The blackout teachers us that 

4035
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:37,300
darkness is not necessarily 
something to fear but rather a 

4036
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:39,800
natural state that humans lived 
with for Millennia before 

4037
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:43,700
electric light became common. 
Those wartime Britains learn to 

4038
03:42:43,700 --> 03:42:48,100
find comfort and even Beauty and
darkness, the visible stars, the

4039
03:42:48,100 --> 03:42:51,600
heightened awareness of sound 
and smell and the coziness of 

4040
03:42:51,600 --> 03:42:56,400
dimly lit rooms where families 
gathered close as you prepare 

4041
03:42:56,400 --> 03:43:00,200
for Sleep, your participating in
the same ancient human practice 

4042
03:43:00,200 --> 03:43:04,900
voluntarily entering Darkness 
trusting it to hold, you safely,

4043
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:08,400
while your Consciousness dims 
the darkness of sleep is 

4044
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:12,800
restorative necessary and a gift
rather than a threat. 

4045
03:43:13,600 --> 03:43:17,600
Like those blackout nights. 
It offers a time of rest of 

4046
03:43:17,600 --> 03:43:21,200
withdrawal, from the constant 
stimulation of Waking Life and 

4047
03:43:21,200 --> 03:43:23,000
of renewal that comes through 
quiet. 

4048
03:43:23,000 --> 03:43:26,300
And absence of light, the 
blackout families who learn to 

4049
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:30,400
slow down to move more carefully
to pay attention to senses 

4050
03:43:30,400 --> 03:43:33,000
Beyond sight. 
They discovered rhythms that 

4051
03:43:33,000 --> 03:43:38,200
sleep requires to the winding 
down, the gradual dimming, the 

4052
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:40,600
shift from activity to 
Stillness. 

4053
03:43:41,500 --> 03:43:45,600
These transitions matter, they 
prepare body and mind for the 

4054
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:48,900
darkness of sleep. 
Just as blackout preparations. 

4055
03:43:48,900 --> 03:43:51,000
Ready? 
Homes for the darkness of night.

4056
03:43:52,000 --> 03:43:54,900
The resilience of those blackout
years reminds us that humans can

4057
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:57,600
adapt to almost anything and can
find peace. 

4058
03:43:57,600 --> 03:44:00,800
And even pleasure in 
circumstances that initially 

4059
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:04,300
seemed impossible if they could 
learn to thrive in dark and 

4060
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:08,000
cities, you can certainly trust 
yourself to the darkness of your

4061
03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:11,500
bedroom, to the natural process 
of sleep, that your body knows 

4062
03:44:11,500 --> 03:44:14,600
how to perform. 
The community and connection 

4063
03:44:14,600 --> 03:44:17,900
that emerged from the shared 
blackout experience suggests, 

4064
03:44:17,900 --> 03:44:21,100
something about the importance 
of letting go of accepting 

4065
03:44:21,100 --> 03:44:24,300
limitations and of working with 
rather than against 

4066
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:27,900
circumstances sleep requires 
this same surrender. 

4067
03:44:28,500 --> 03:44:31,300
You cannot force it. 
Only create conditions that 

4068
03:44:31,300 --> 03:44:34,100
welcome it. 
Like those families dimming 

4069
03:44:34,100 --> 03:44:36,400
their lights and settling into 
evening quiet. 

4070
03:44:36,400 --> 03:44:40,000
You prepare the space and then 
allow the darkness to do its 

4071
03:44:40,000 --> 03:44:42,900
work. 
Those visible stars during the 

4072
03:44:42,900 --> 03:44:46,900
blackout, the celestial beauty 
that emerged when artificial 

4073
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:50,700
light withdrew, remind us, that 
Darkness reveals as well as 

4074
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:55,100
conceals. 
In sleeps, Darkness dreams 

4075
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:58,700
emerge, unconscious. 
Processes do their necessary 

4076
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:03,000
work and the mind sorts and 
files and heals in ways that 

4077
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:07,600
can't happen in waking light. 
Trust the darkness to show you 

4078
03:45:07,600 --> 03:45:11,000
what you need to see. 
The gradual adaptation to the 

4079
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,400
blackout, the way, fear, 
transformed to competence, and 

4080
03:45:14,400 --> 03:45:17,400
then, Comfort mirrors. 
The journey into sleep that you 

4081
03:45:17,400 --> 03:45:20,300
make each night. 
At first letting go of 

4082
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:23,200
Consciousness can feel 
vulnerable, even frightening. 

4083
03:45:24,200 --> 03:45:29,700
But with practice with trust it 
becomes natural, even welcome. 

4084
03:45:30,500 --> 03:45:35,500
The darkness becomes familiar 
safe and a friend rather than a 

4085
03:45:35,500 --> 03:45:38,200
threat. 
As the blackout eventually, 

4086
03:45:38,200 --> 03:45:41,600
lifted and light returned. 
So too, will you wake tomorrow 

4087
03:45:41,600 --> 03:45:45,900
to light an activity? 
But, for now, like those wartime

4088
03:45:45,900 --> 03:45:49,300
family settling into their 
dimmed homes, you can Embrace 

4089
03:45:49,300 --> 03:45:53,600
this time of darkness and quiet 
Let your eyes closed like 

4090
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:58,100
blackout curtains drawing shut. 
Feel your awareness dim like 

4091
03:45:58,100 --> 03:46:01,500
lights turning down. 
Allow yourself to sink into 

4092
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:05,100
Stillness like a City, Going 
Quiet under the night sky. 

4093
03:46:06,600 --> 03:46:09,500
People of the blackout years 
survived, not through constant 

4094
03:46:09,500 --> 03:46:14,000
vigilance, but through 
acceptance adaptation and the 

4095
03:46:14,000 --> 03:46:18,300
ability to find peace in Altered
circumstances, they learned that

4096
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:21,900
Darkness could be endured that 
it brought gifts along with its 

4097
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:25,400
challenges and that life 
continued and even flourished 

4098
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:28,600
under its cover. 
Your sleep tonight is your 

4099
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:31,500
personal blackout a time of 
chosen. 

4100
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:36,500
Darkness of withdrawal from the 
world's demands of rest and 

4101
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:40,100
restoration. 
Like those wartime britons, you 

4102
03:46:40,100 --> 03:46:42,000
don't know exactly what tomorrow
will bring. 

4103
03:46:42,800 --> 03:46:45,700
You can trust that this period 
of Darkness will prepare you for

4104
03:46:45,700 --> 03:46:49,200
whatever light reveals. 
The last lesson of the blackout 

4105
03:46:49,200 --> 03:46:52,700
is, perhaps the most important 
that sometimes the most valuable

4106
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:57,000
thing we can do is simply stop. 
Darken our world and rest. 

4107
03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:01,500
Not as defeat or Retreat. 
That is necessary preparation 

4108
03:47:01,500 --> 03:47:05,000
for continuing. 
Those nightly blackout rituals 

4109
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:08,100
weren't just safety measures. 
They were acknowledgments that 

4110
03:47:08,100 --> 03:47:11,300
activity must balance with 
Stillness that light needs 

4111
03:47:11,300 --> 03:47:15,000
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 
that life requires periods of 

4112
03:47:15,008 --> 03:47:18,200
quiet and rest. 
So let yourself rest. 

4113
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:22,700
Now let the darkness hold you as
it held those millions of people

4114
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:28,400
through their blackout years 
safely, gently preparing you for

4115
03:47:28,400 --> 03:47:30,200
whatever tomorrow's light will 
bring. 

4116
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,200
Your eyes are growing heavy. 
Your breath is slowing. 

4117
03:47:35,100 --> 03:47:38,600
The darkness around, you is 
peaceful protective and 

4118
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:40,500
appropriate. 
Sleep. 

4119
03:47:40,500 --> 03:47:43,200
Well, knowing that you're 
participating in one of 

4120
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:45,800
Humanity's oldest and most 
natural practices. 

4121
03:47:46,700 --> 03:47:50,200
The darkness is your friend 
tonight just as it became the 

4122
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:53,100
friend of those who learned to 
live through the great blackout 

4123
03:47:53,100 --> 03:47:58,000
rest easy rest deep rest. 
Well and when morning comes when

4124
03:47:58,000 --> 03:48:00,500
light returns you'll wake 
refreshed as those blackout 

4125
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:04,800
families woke to another day 
resilient and adapted and ready 

4126
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:07,600
to continue. 
For now though, just darkness, 

4127
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:10,800
just quiet, just rest. 
Sleep. 

4128
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:18,600
Well. 
Welcome to Tudor England, where 

4129
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:21,400
the approach of Darkness meant 
something entirely different 

4130
03:48:21,400 --> 03:48:25,900
than it does today. 
Between 1485 and 1603. 

4131
03:48:25,900 --> 03:48:30,400
When the sun set over thatched 
cottages and manor, houses alike

4132
03:48:30,400 --> 03:48:34,800
and entire ritual, unfolded, 
that shaped how people rested 

4133
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,300
dreamed and greeted. 
Each new day to night. 

4134
03:48:38,300 --> 03:48:42,300
Will explore the intimate world 
of Tudor sleep from the moment. 

4135
03:48:42,300 --> 03:48:46,800
Twilight descended to the first 
of dawn, discovering, how your 

4136
03:48:46,800 --> 03:48:51,100
ancestors found, rest in an era 
without electricity central 

4137
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:53,900
heating or any of the modern 
Comforts, we take for granted 

4138
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:56,400
now. 
Imagine if you will yourself 

4139
03:48:56,400 --> 03:49:00,000
standing in a Tudor Marketplace,
on a September afternoon and the

4140
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:03,600
light is already changing, the 
sun, hangs lower than you'd 

4141
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:06,300
expect. 
For 4:00 casting Long Shadows 

4142
03:49:06,300 --> 03:49:09,200
across the cobblestone's around 
you. 

4143
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:12,300
Merchants are packing up their 
stalls with increasing urgency. 

4144
03:49:12,300 --> 03:49:16,500
And you realize, this isn't just
about closing shop, it's about 

4145
03:49:16,508 --> 03:49:19,900
getting home before the darkness
arrives in Earnest in Tudor, 

4146
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:22,500
England, and Nightfall wasn't 
simply an inconvenience to be 

4147
03:49:22,508 --> 03:49:26,400
conquered with a I switch it 
represented a fundamental shift 

4148
03:49:26,400 --> 03:49:31,300
in how life operated your body 
if you'd lived in this era would

4149
03:49:31,300 --> 03:49:34,000
have been attuned to the sun's 
movements in ways that modern 

4150
03:49:34,000 --> 03:49:38,700
humans have largely forgotten. 
The pineal gland in your brain 

4151
03:49:38,700 --> 03:49:42,800
responding to decreasing light 
would begin releasing melatonin 

4152
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:46,400
much earlier than it does today.
Sometimes as early as 

4153
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:50,100
mid-afternoon, in winter months,
The phrase close of Day held 

4154
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:54,200
literal weight shops, shuttered,
their Windows families, gathered

4155
03:49:54,200 --> 03:49:57,400
their children from Play. 
Even livestock seem to 

4156
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:00,400
understand the approaching 
transition making their way 

4157
03:50:00,400 --> 03:50:02,000
toward bonds without much 
prompting. 

4158
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,900
This wasn't fear, exactly, 
though nighttime did carry 

4159
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:09,100
legitimate concerns about safety
and navigation. 

4160
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:13,600
Rather it was acceptance of a 
natural Rhythm that governed 

4161
03:50:13,600 --> 03:50:17,300
everything from work, scheduled 
to meal times to social 

4162
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:20,000
Gatherings. 
As you walk through a two to 

4163
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:22,300
town at dusk. 
You'd notice the sound changing 

4164
03:50:23,100 --> 03:50:25,700
the hammering from the 
blacksmith's Forge false silent.

4165
03:50:26,400 --> 03:50:29,700
The calls of Street vendors Fade
Away in their place. 

4166
03:50:29,700 --> 03:50:31,500
Comes a different acoustic 
landscape. 

4167
03:50:31,500 --> 03:50:34,300
The settling of Timber frames as
building's. 

4168
03:50:34,300 --> 03:50:37,800
Cool, the distant bleeding of 
sheep, being penned for the 

4169
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:40,900
night and the closest sounds of 
families moving inside their 

4170
03:50:40,900 --> 03:50:43,600
homes. 
Someone nearby is bringing in 

4171
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:46,500
firewood. 
The logs clunking against each 

4172
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:48,200
other, with that particular 
Hollow sound. 

4173
03:50:48,200 --> 03:50:51,300
That means they've been drawing 
all summer, the smell of cooking

4174
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:54,300
fires intensified. 
As you pass house is where 

4175
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:55,900
supper preparations are 
underway. 

4176
03:50:56,800 --> 03:51:00,400
Smoke curls from chimneys. 
A relatively new feature in 

4177
03:51:00,400 --> 03:51:03,500
Tudor times, actually, there's 
many older buildings still 

4178
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:05,900
relied on Central halves with 
holes in the roof. 

4179
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:11,000
The aroma tells you what's for 
dinner in a dozen homes pottage 

4180
03:51:11,000 --> 03:51:13,200
made with whatever vegetables 
came from the garden. 

4181
03:51:13,200 --> 03:51:16,600
Perhaps some salted pork. 
If it's a household with means 

4182
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:19,200
and bread, baking on half 
stones, for tomorrow's 

4183
03:51:19,200 --> 03:51:22,400
breakfast, your own household. 
Assuming, you're neither 

4184
03:51:22,408 --> 03:51:25,800
wealthy, nor destitute operates 
on a predictable schedule. 

4185
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:29,200
Supper happens while they're 
still enough natural light to 

4186
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:32,500
see your food, clearly not out 
of preference, but necessity. 

4187
03:51:33,400 --> 03:51:36,700
Candles and Rush, Lights cost 
money, and you'll need them for 

4188
03:51:36,700 --> 03:51:39,100
the essential tasks. 
That must happen after dark. 

4189
03:51:40,000 --> 03:51:42,000
The tower rush like sputter and 
smoke. 

4190
03:51:42,000 --> 03:51:45,800
Giving off a smell that visitors
from our time would find 

4191
03:51:45,800 --> 03:51:49,100
unpleasant, but that Tudor knows
his barely registered. 

4192
03:51:50,000 --> 03:51:53,600
These were decorative elements 
but practical tools jealously 

4193
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,800
guarded and carefully. 
Rationed children are already 

4194
03:51:56,800 --> 03:52:00,300
showing signs of drowsiness much
earlier than modern kids would 

4195
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:04,400
With, without the stimulation of
screens or bright light, their 

4196
03:52:04,400 --> 03:52:07,700
circadian rhythms. 
Follow ancient patterns, you 

4197
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:09,600
might see a five-year-old 
robbing her eyes. 

4198
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:12,600
Six o'clock, ready for bed. 
Long before the adults will 

4199
03:52:12,600 --> 03:52:15,800
retire. 
This isn't considered unusual or

4200
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:19,000
problematic. 
It's simply how children are the

4201
03:52:19,000 --> 03:52:21,800
transition from day to night. 
Carried a certain Comfort 

4202
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:24,900
despite its challenges. 
There was predictability in the 

4203
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:27,200
routine. 
A sense that you were doing what

4204
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:29,300
countless Generations before you
had done. 

4205
03:52:30,000 --> 03:52:32,900
As Darkness settled more 
completely over the town, you'd 

4206
03:52:32,900 --> 03:52:36,000
begin moving through the rituals
that prepare both house and body

4207
03:52:36,000 --> 03:52:38,700
for sleep. 
Rituals that were as much about 

4208
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:41,600
psychological preparation as 
physical assess. 

4209
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:44,100
Chapter 2, the bed chamber 
itself. 

4210
03:52:44,100 --> 03:52:47,300
Let's step into a typical Tudor 
bedroom, though. 

4211
03:52:47,300 --> 03:52:50,600
Typical covers a wide range 
depending on social status. 

4212
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:54,600
We'll start with a middling 
household prosperous enough to 

4213
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:57,800
have separate sleeping quarters 
but far from the elaborate 

4214
03:52:57,800 --> 03:53:01,400
Arrangements of nobility. 
Climb a narrow wooden staircase.

4215
03:53:01,400 --> 03:53:05,500
Your hand trailing along, a wall
made of wattle and orb. 

4216
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:10,800
Woven sticks covered with a 
mixture of mud, clay and straw. 

4217
03:53:12,100 --> 03:53:16,200
The texture onto your fingers is
rough, but solid cool to the 

4218
03:53:16,208 --> 03:53:19,600
touch. 
At the top, you Ducks slightly 

4219
03:53:19,600 --> 03:53:22,000
through a doorway built. 
For people who averaged several 

4220
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:25,300
inches shorter than modern 
humans though not quite as short

4221
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:28,900
as myth would have it. 
The average two demands stood 

4222
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:32,600
around 5 foot 7. 
The average woman about five 

4223
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:34,800
foot two, the bed chamber isn't 
large. 

4224
03:53:34,800 --> 03:53:38,100
In fact, it strikes you as 
remarkably small by contemporary

4225
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:43,000
standards, 10 feet by 12 feet, 
and it serves multiple purposes 

4226
03:53:43,000 --> 03:53:46,900
Beyond sleeping against one 
wall, stands, the bed itself, 

4227
03:53:46,900 --> 03:53:51,800
the rooms most valuable piece of
furniture and quite possibly the

4228
03:53:51,800 --> 03:53:54,300
most expensive item. 
The family owns. 

4229
03:53:55,200 --> 03:53:58,000
This isn't a mattress on a frame
from a furniture store. 

4230
03:53:58,000 --> 03:54:02,100
This is a substantial wooden 
structure built to last 

4231
03:54:02,100 --> 03:54:03,600
Generations. 
That will be mentioned 

4232
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:07,100
specifically in the owners. 
Will the bed frame Rises higher 

4233
03:54:07,100 --> 03:54:09,600
off the floor than you'd expect 
roughly three feet up. 

4234
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:13,200
There's practical reasoning 
here, elevation provides 

4235
03:54:13,200 --> 03:54:16,500
protection from floor drafts. 
And from the various creatures 

4236
03:54:16,500 --> 03:54:18,700
that might wander across the 
floorboards at night. 

4237
03:54:19,500 --> 03:54:23,300
The space underneath serves as a
storage for chess boxes and 

4238
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:26,300
sometimes even a trundle bed 
that pulls out for children or 

4239
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:28,500
servants. 
What catches your attention? 

4240
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:31,700
Most is the bed itself. 
Particularly the mattress 

4241
03:54:31,700 --> 03:54:35,000
situation which operates on a 
principle of layering that would

4242
03:54:35,000 --> 03:54:39,100
make perfect sense to anyone who
understands Insulation at the 

4243
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:41,100
base. 
It's a canvas sack stuffed with 

4244
03:54:41,100 --> 03:54:45,500
straw quite firmly packed. 
This Foundation layer gets 

4245
03:54:45,500 --> 03:54:49,000
replaced seasonally. 
Fresh straw and Autumn brought a

4246
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:52,300
particular satisfaction like the
feeling of new rushes on the 

4247
03:54:52,300 --> 03:54:56,500
floor or a newly thatched roof. 
On top of this lies, a second 

4248
03:54:56,500 --> 03:55:00,300
mattress thinner, and stuffed 
with wool, if the household can 

4249
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:04,200
afford it or more straw mixed 
with dried herbs, if they can't,

4250
03:55:04,200 --> 03:55:08,200
the term mattress itself comes 
from the Arabic word, meaning to

4251
03:55:08,200 --> 03:55:11,900
throw referring to the cushions 
thrown on the floor for 

4252
03:55:11,900 --> 03:55:15,400
sleeping. 
Tudor beds had evolved well 

4253
03:55:15,400 --> 03:55:18,300
beyond floor. 
Cushions incorporating Knowledge

4254
03:55:18,300 --> 03:55:20,800
from Continental. 
Craftsman about comfort and 

4255
03:55:20,800 --> 03:55:24,200
construction. 
A well-made bed represented a 

4256
03:55:24,208 --> 03:55:28,500
significant investment. 
Perhaps three months of wages 

4257
03:55:28,500 --> 03:55:32,200
for a laborer bed, curtains, 
hang from a wooden frame, and 

4258
03:55:32,200 --> 03:55:35,100
these serve purposes that are 
modern heated bedrooms don't 

4259
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:39,300
require Heavy will or linen. 
Curtains sometimes lined with 

4260
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,800
additional fabric for winter 
Creator room within a room. 

4261
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:47,800
When drawn, they trapped body 
heat and provide genuine privacy

4262
03:55:47,800 --> 03:55:49,300
in home where privacy was 
scared. 

4263
03:55:50,400 --> 03:55:53,300
The curtains also block drafts 
that slip through shuttered 

4264
03:55:53,300 --> 03:55:56,700
windows and gaps in walls, 
making the enclosed space, 

4265
03:55:56,700 --> 03:56:00,000
several degrees warmer than the 
outer room, the curtains aren't 

4266
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:02,400
purely functional. 
They carry social meaning to 

4267
03:56:02,400 --> 03:56:06,400
their quality, and decoration 
and now status to anyone who 

4268
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:10,100
enters the room, Wealthy 
households might have curtains 

4269
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:12,900
embroidered with family crests 
or biblical scenes. 

4270
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:16,800
Middling families, might add 
simple, geometric patterns, or 

4271
03:56:16,800 --> 03:56:20,800
contrasting colored trim. 
Even modest households try to 

4272
03:56:20,800 --> 03:56:24,100
manage something Beyond plain 
undyed fabric. 

4273
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:28,600
Perhaps adding bands of color at
the edges or simple embroidered 

4274
03:56:28,600 --> 03:56:32,300
flowers, near the opening bed, 
linens, tell another story about

4275
03:56:32,300 --> 03:56:35,000
Tudor life. 
If you're fortunate enough to 

4276
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:38,500
have sheets, they're made of 
linen, hemp or flax woven into 

4277
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:40,400
cloth, that started out quite 
rough. 

4278
03:56:40,400 --> 03:56:44,300
But softened with repeated 
washing Cotton is exotic and 

4279
03:56:44,300 --> 03:56:47,300
expensive, imported from great 
distances. 

4280
03:56:48,500 --> 03:56:51,500
Silk is for the truly wealthy 
your sheets. 

4281
03:56:51,500 --> 03:56:54,500
Assuming you have them rather 
than sleeping directly on the 

4282
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:58,000
wall mattress cover, get washed 
perhaps once a month or every 

4283
03:56:58,000 --> 03:57:02,000
six weeks depending on the 
season and available water, the 

4284
03:57:02,000 --> 03:57:05,200
pillow under your head contains 
feathers, if your prosperous or 

4285
03:57:05,200 --> 03:57:09,100
wool or buckwheat hulls, if 
you're not Multiple pillows are 

4286
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:12,200
a luxury. 
Most people make do with one and

4287
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:15,200
it's not unusual for two people,
sharing a bed to share a single 

4288
03:57:15,208 --> 03:57:18,300
pillow as well. 
The pillowcase called a pillow 

4289
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,000
bear gets washed more frequently
than sheets, because your face 

4290
03:57:22,000 --> 03:57:25,600
touches it, nightly blankets and
coverlets complete, the bedding 

4291
03:57:25,600 --> 03:57:30,200
and here again, we see that 
principle of layering A linen 

4292
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:32,700
sheet, goes over the sleeper, 
then wool blanket. 

4293
03:57:32,700 --> 03:57:37,100
Then perhaps a coverlet, a 
decorative woven or embroidered 

4294
03:57:37,100 --> 03:57:39,800
covering that is as much about 
display as warmth. 

4295
03:57:40,500 --> 03:57:44,400
In Winter, you might have a 
Furrow added to the pile, wrap, 

4296
03:57:44,400 --> 03:57:46,500
it or lamb skin. 
If you're moderately prosperous 

4297
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:50,300
or expensive, imported Furs, if 
you're wealthy, the room 

4298
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:52,900
contains other Furniture, 
though, not much by modern 

4299
03:57:52,900 --> 03:57:55,700
standards. 
A chess sits at the foot of the 

4300
03:57:55,708 --> 03:58:00,200
bed holding clothing and linens.
This chest probably traveled 

4301
03:58:00,200 --> 03:58:03,400
here with the wife when she 
married as part of her Dowry and

4302
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:04,800
it might be the only piece of 
furniture. 

4303
03:58:04,800 --> 03:58:09,200
She truly owns outright a small 
table near the bed holds candle 

4304
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:13,300
in a holder Perhaps a couple of 
water or ale or maybe a prayer 

4305
03:58:13,300 --> 03:58:15,000
book. 
If the household is literate and

4306
03:58:15,000 --> 03:58:18,000
devout enough to own one pegs on
the wall, hold clothing. 

4307
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:21,700
The concept of a closet or 
wardrobe belongs mainly to the 

4308
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:23,800
very wealthy. 
Your few garments. 

4309
03:58:23,800 --> 03:58:27,000
Hang on these wooden pegs and 
your careful with them because 

4310
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:29,900
cloth represents significant 
expense and labor. 

4311
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:33,600
That wool gown hanging by the 
door, took a shepherd's year of 

4312
03:58:33,608 --> 03:58:37,700
work, a sheer of skill, a 
Spinners hours at the wheel a 

4313
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:41,400
Weaver's time at the loom and a 
Tailor's, expertise with needle 

4314
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:43,900
and thread. 
You don't treat it carelessly, 

4315
03:58:43,900 --> 03:58:47,900
the floor might be wood planks 
or packed Earth depending on the

4316
03:58:47,900 --> 03:58:51,200
House's age and the owners 
means, either way, it's covered 

4317
03:58:51,200 --> 03:58:55,400
with rushes long grasses, strewn
across the surface that serves 

4318
03:58:55,400 --> 03:58:59,300
as a combination Floor Covering 
insulation and waste absorption 

4319
03:58:59,300 --> 03:59:02,300
system. 
Fresh rushes smell green and 

4320
03:59:02,300 --> 03:59:07,100
pleasant old rushes due for 
changing smell of all the things

4321
03:59:07,100 --> 03:59:09,000
that have fallen into the them 
over weeks or months. 

4322
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:13,600
You'd notice it immediately, but
Judah noses were acclimated to 

4323
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:16,900
organic smells that modern 
sensibilities, find challenging 

4324
03:59:16,900 --> 03:59:20,900
a window quite small by modern 
standards sits high in one wall,

4325
03:59:20,900 --> 03:59:25,500
it has shutters but no glass 
windows, remain expensive and 

4326
03:59:25,500 --> 03:59:28,000
mainly appear in the homes of 
the wealthy or in churches. 

4327
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:31,900
When shutters closed at night, 
they block wind and rain but 

4328
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:35,100
also all light and fresh air. 
So there's a constant 

4329
03:59:35,100 --> 03:59:39,100
negotiation between warmth and 
ventilation between Securities 

4330
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:41,900
and stuffiness. 
The walls might have a religious

4331
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,200
image or two woodblock. 
Prints of saints are affordable.

4332
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:49,400
Even for modest households A 
crucifix hangs near the bed 

4333
03:59:49,400 --> 03:59:51,800
placed where you'll see it 
lasting at night. 

4334
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:54,700
And first thing in the morning, 
a reminder of spiritual 

4335
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:57,200
protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep. 

4336
03:59:57,200 --> 04:00:01,300
This room represents safety, 
privacy and rest in a world 

4337
04:00:01,300 --> 04:00:03,100
where all three are precious 
Commodities. 

4338
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:07,000
It's not merely a place to 
sleep, but a sanctuary from the 

4339
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:10,400
demand of daylight, the 
observation of neighbors, and 

4340
04:00:10,400 --> 04:00:14,300
the requirements of work. 
Within these walls, with those 

4341
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:18,900
curtains drawn, you can be 
simply yourself free temporarily

4342
04:00:18,900 --> 04:00:21,700
from the social roles and 
expectations that govern 

4343
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:25,700
behavior in the public sphere. 
Chapter 3, who sleeps, where the

4344
04:00:25,700 --> 04:00:27,800
question of sleeping 
Arrangements in Tudor England, 

4345
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:31,100
reveals, much about social 
structure, family, Dynamics, and

4346
04:00:31,100 --> 04:00:34,600
practical necessities. 
The modern assumption, that each

4347
04:00:34,600 --> 04:00:38,800
person deserves their own bed, 
let alone their own room would 

4348
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:42,400
strike Tudor Minds as bizarre 
and rather wasteful in your 

4349
04:00:42,400 --> 04:00:44,400
middling household. 
The sleeping Arrangements, 

4350
04:00:44,400 --> 04:00:46,000
operate on a clear higher 
Archie. 

4351
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:49,500
The master and Mistress of the 
house, share the main bed 

4352
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:51,600
chamber. 
We've just explored this 

4353
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:53,400
represents both privilege and 
responsibility. 

4354
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:55,900
Their bed is the good one. 
Yes. 

4355
04:00:55,900 --> 04:00:59,500
But there are also expected to 
manage household Affairs, which 

4356
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:02,400
means they might be woken by 
servants reporting problems at 

4357
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:05,700
any our children sleeping 
Arrangements, depend on age and 

4358
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:08,400
gender. 
Young children, regardless of 

4359
04:01:08,400 --> 04:01:10,600
sex, might share a bed in a 
separate chamber. 

4360
04:01:10,600 --> 04:01:14,100
If the house has one or sleep in
the same room as their parents 

4361
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:18,400
in smaller homes, Trundle beds, 
slides under the main bed during

4362
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:20,500
the day and pulls out at night 
for children. 

4363
04:01:21,400 --> 04:01:24,900
This works reasonably well until
the children reach a certain age

4364
04:01:24,900 --> 04:01:27,600
at which point gender 
segregation becomes important 

4365
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:30,700
for modesty older. 
Boys, might sleep in an attic 

4366
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:33,900
space or in an outbuilding. 
Well, older girls typically 

4367
04:01:33,900 --> 04:01:37,400
remain in the house, proper 
under closest supervision This 

4368
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:40,500
isn't uniform across all 
households practical 

4369
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:43,300
considerations often override 
ideal Arrangements. 

4370
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,900
If you only have one chamber, 
everyone sleeps there, in 

4371
04:01:46,900 --> 04:01:49,900
whatever configuration makes 
sense, servants present. 

4372
04:01:49,900 --> 04:01:53,200
Another layer of sleeping 
Logistics in larger households 

4373
04:01:53,200 --> 04:01:56,800
servants, might have their own 
quarters often, quite cramped 

4374
04:01:56,800 --> 04:01:59,200
Chambers in attics or over 
outbuildings. 

4375
04:02:00,000 --> 04:02:03,200
In smaller, establishments, a 
serving girl might sleep in the 

4376
04:02:03,208 --> 04:02:05,400
Kitchen. 
Near the dying fire or at the 

4377
04:02:05,400 --> 04:02:08,600
foot of her mistress's bed, or 
in the same room with the 

4378
04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:13,000
children, she helped 10. 
Male servants might bed down in 

4379
04:02:13,000 --> 04:02:17,100
Stables, workshops or any 
available space that offers some

4380
04:02:17,100 --> 04:02:21,000
shelter, the concept of servants
sleeping in the same rooms as 

4381
04:02:21,000 --> 04:02:25,000
their employers strikes, modern 
sensibilities as strange, but 

4382
04:02:25,000 --> 04:02:27,800
Tudor households operated more 
communally than ours. 

4383
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:32,600
Privacy was less about physical 
separation and more about social

4384
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:35,600
understanding. 
You pretended not to notice 

4385
04:02:35,600 --> 04:02:39,000
certain things and others 
extended the same courtesy to. 

4386
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:42,500
You bed-sharing was utterly 
normal across all social 

4387
04:02:42,500 --> 04:02:46,400
classes, two or three children. 
Commonly shared a bed and this 

4388
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:49,300
Arrangement continued well, into
adulthood for unmarried 

4389
04:02:49,300 --> 04:02:52,600
siblings. 
Adult guests might share beds 

4390
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:55,600
with household members of the 
same sex without anyone thinking

4391
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,900
twice about it. 
When ins advertised beds, they 

4392
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:03,300
often meant spaces in beds. 
You might find yourself sharing 

4393
04:03:03,300 --> 04:03:06,100
with a stranger though, in 
Keepers, trying to pair people 

4394
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,900
of similar, apparent status, 
this proximity, didn't generally

4395
04:03:09,900 --> 04:03:14,800
carry romantic implications, 
bed, sharing was practical, beds

4396
04:03:14,800 --> 04:03:19,000
cost money bed, linens cost, 
money heating, multiple rooms 

4397
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:22,300
cost money and besides shared 
body heat. 

4398
04:03:22,300 --> 04:03:25,500
Kept, everyone. 
Warmer people slept in their 

4399
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:30,200
undergarments not naked as many 
modern people do, which provided

4400
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:33,900
a basic layer of modesty. 
The wealthy had more options but

4401
04:03:33,900 --> 04:03:37,600
didn't necessarily chose 
solitude A nobleman and his wife

4402
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:40,400
might have separate bed Chambers
but this was often about 

4403
04:03:40,400 --> 04:03:43,100
creating private spaces for 
entertaining, guests of their 

4404
04:03:43,100 --> 04:03:45,100
own sex rather than avoiding 
each other. 

4405
04:03:46,100 --> 04:03:48,800
The lady might receive female 
friends in her chamber. 

4406
04:03:48,800 --> 04:03:51,500
During the day. 
While the gentleman used his for

4407
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:54,200
business meetings, or 
entertaining other men, great 

4408
04:03:54,200 --> 04:03:57,600
households had elaborate 
sleeping hierarchies, the Lord 

4409
04:03:57,600 --> 04:03:59,400
and Lady had their private 
Chambers. 

4410
04:03:59,400 --> 04:04:04,000
Yes, but these rooms opened onto
others, where personal servants,

4411
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:06,500
slept ready to assist at a 
moment's notice. 

4412
04:04:07,500 --> 04:04:10,300
A ladies maid might sleep in a 
small chamber joining her 

4413
04:04:10,300 --> 04:04:13,600
mistress's room literally, on 
call throughout the night. 

4414
04:04:15,100 --> 04:04:18,700
The gentleman's valet had 
similar Arrangements apprentices

4415
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:21,700
in merchant or craft households 
presented their own sleeping 

4416
04:04:21,700 --> 04:04:23,900
puzzle. 
They were neither family nor 

4417
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,700
exactly servants occupying an 
ambiguous middle status. 

4418
04:04:28,600 --> 04:04:31,400
Typically they slept in the 
workshop itself for in his 

4419
04:04:31,400 --> 04:04:34,800
chamber above it, their presence
serving partly a security 

4420
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:38,000
against theft. 
The relationship between master 

4421
04:04:38,000 --> 04:04:41,000
and Apprentice included and 
understanding that the master 

4422
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:44,500
would provide bed and board. 
So the apprentices sleeping 

4423
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:48,100
Arrangements were part of the 
contract babies and very young 

4424
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:50,000
children. 
Often slept in cradles near 

4425
04:04:50,000 --> 04:04:53,100
their parents bed, close enough,
that a mother could reach out 

4426
04:04:53,100 --> 04:04:54,800
and rock the cradle without 
getting up. 

4427
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:58,300
Some cradles were designed to 
hook onto the main bed frame, 

4428
04:04:58,300 --> 04:05:01,100
keeping the infant literally 
within Arms Reach. 

4429
04:05:02,200 --> 04:05:06,600
Wet nurses employed in wealthier
families, might sleep with the 

4430
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:09,600
infant in a separate room. 
Essentially, taking over 

4431
04:05:09,600 --> 04:05:12,100
nighttime parenting duties. 
So the mother could rest 

4432
04:05:12,100 --> 04:05:15,600
undisturbed the danger of 
overlaying, accidentally 

4433
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:17,900
smothering. 
An infant while sleeping was 

4434
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:20,300
well, recognized and genuinely 
feared. 

4435
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:24,900
Some parishes kept records of 
these deaths and moralists 

4436
04:05:24,900 --> 04:05:28,300
preached against parents, bring 
babies into their beds though. 

4437
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:31,100
Necessity often over Road 
cautioning, cold weather. 

4438
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:34,700
Or when a child was sick as 
children, grew their sleeping 

4439
04:05:34,700 --> 04:05:37,300
locations tracked, their 
increasing Independence and 

4440
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:40,600
changing roles. 
A boy approaching apprenticeship

4441
04:05:40,600 --> 04:05:44,100
age might move out of the family
sleeping quarters as preparation

4442
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:45,700
for his coming departure from 
home. 

4443
04:05:46,700 --> 04:05:49,700
A girl approaching marriageable 
age needed increased 

4444
04:05:49,700 --> 04:05:51,900
supervision. 
So her sleeping Arrangements 

4445
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:55,400
might actually become less 
independent, moving closer to 

4446
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:59,000
parental oversight elderly 
family members presented, yet 

4447
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:02,200
another consideration, 
grandparents who could no longer

4448
04:06:02,208 --> 04:06:05,500
maintain their own households 
like moving with adult children,

4449
04:06:05,500 --> 04:06:08,600
requiring adjustments to 
sleeping Arrangements. 

4450
04:06:08,600 --> 04:06:12,500
A grandmother might share a bed 
with granddaughter's both 

4451
04:06:12,500 --> 04:06:14,800
providing supervision and 
receiving care. 

4452
04:06:15,800 --> 04:06:18,300
A grandfather might bet down 
near the fire on the ground 

4453
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:20,000
floor. 
If climbing stairs became 

4454
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:23,600
difficult during play years or 
times of illness, sleeping 

4455
04:06:23,600 --> 04:06:26,900
Arrangements, shifted 
dramatically the sick were 

4456
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:30,500
isolated as much as possible 
though, isolation in a Tudor 

4457
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:31,900
house meant something different 
than it does. 

4458
04:06:31,900 --> 04:06:35,700
Now, perhaps sleeping alone in a
chamber rather than sharing a 

4459
04:06:35,700 --> 04:06:39,300
bed with the door closed to 
contain contagious Vapors, that 

4460
04:06:39,300 --> 04:06:42,500
medical Theory, blamed for 
spreading disease seasonal, 

4461
04:06:42,500 --> 04:06:46,500
variations affected sleeping 
locations, too in summer, some 

4462
04:06:46,500 --> 04:06:49,500
people move their sleeping 
pallets to cooler locations, 

4463
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:53,300
perhaps a chamber on the north 
side of the house or even into 

4464
04:06:53,300 --> 04:06:56,000
Garden's for the truly with 
secure properties. 

4465
04:06:57,100 --> 04:07:00,800
In Winter, everyone contracted 
into the warmest rooms accepting

4466
04:07:00,800 --> 04:07:04,600
crowding and exchange for warmth
all these Arrangements operated 

4467
04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:08,300
under unspoken rules about 
hierarchy modesty and mutual 

4468
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,000
respect. 
You knew where you ranked in the

4469
04:07:11,008 --> 04:07:15,100
household by where you slept 
what you slept on and whom you 

4470
04:07:15,100 --> 04:07:18,600
slept near. 
The social order that structured

4471
04:07:18,600 --> 04:07:22,600
Waking, Life continued into the 
night reflected in, who got the 

4472
04:07:22,600 --> 04:07:25,800
good mattress, the wool blankets
and the spot. 

4473
04:07:25,800 --> 04:07:30,000
Father, this from drafty Windows
chapter 4 preparing for Sleep. 

4474
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:33,300
The transition from Waking Life 
to sleep in Tudor England 

4475
04:07:33,300 --> 04:07:35,800
involved rituals both practical 
and spiritual. 

4476
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:39,900
A series of actions that 
prepared body home and soul for 

4477
04:07:39,900 --> 04:07:42,800
the vulnerable hours of 
Darkness, your evening routine 

4478
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:46,400
begins, while some light Still 
Remains first, comes the task of

4479
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:50,200
securing the house checking that
shutters are fastened, doors are

4480
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:52,200
barred and anything valuable is 
put away. 

4481
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,900
This isn't paranoia but prudent 
caution without street, lights 

4482
04:07:56,900 --> 04:07:58,900
or night watches in smaller 
communities. 

4483
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:02,300
Darkness provides cover. 
For those with bad intentions. 

4484
04:08:02,300 --> 04:08:05,100
You check the fire. 
Making sure it's banked properly

4485
04:08:05,100 --> 04:08:08,300
for the night. 
Letting a fire go completely out

4486
04:08:08,300 --> 04:08:12,100
was a serious inconvenience. 
Requiring, you to either restart

4487
04:08:12,100 --> 04:08:16,000
it from scratch using flint and 
steel, a time-consuming process 

4488
04:08:16,000 --> 04:08:19,400
or send someone to a neighbor to
fetch live colds in the morning.

4489
04:08:20,300 --> 04:08:22,700
Most households kept fires 
burning continuously. 

4490
04:08:22,700 --> 04:08:27,800
Sometimes for years carefully 
maintained day and night banking

4491
04:08:27,800 --> 04:08:29,700
a fire involves covering the 
burning. 

4492
04:08:29,700 --> 04:08:33,200
Coals with ashes to slow 
combustion while keeping them 

4493
04:08:33,200 --> 04:08:36,600
alive until morning. 
It's a skill that takes practice

4494
04:08:36,600 --> 04:08:40,500
to get right too much Ash and 
you smother the fire completely 

4495
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,800
too little and you burn through 
your wood stores. 

4496
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:46,300
Waste for me, a well banked 
fire. 

4497
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:50,000
Should still show red Embers 
when uncovered at dawn ready to 

4498
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:51,900
spring back to life with fresh 
wood? 

4499
04:08:51,900 --> 04:08:55,600
And a bit of bellows work water 
gets hold inside for morning 

4500
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,500
needs if your house doesn't have
an indoor, well or convenient, 

4501
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:01,700
rain barrel, In winter. 
This prevents you from having to

4502
04:09:01,700 --> 04:09:03,700
break ice to acts as water at 
dawn. 

4503
04:09:04,500 --> 04:09:06,800
A bucket or pitcher sits ready 
near the fire. 

4504
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:09,800
Where the remaining heat keeps 
it from freezing solid in the 

4505
04:09:09,808 --> 04:09:13,300
coldest months prayers form, an 
essential part of the bedtime 

4506
04:09:13,300 --> 04:09:16,700
routine, even in households that
aren't particularly devout 

4507
04:09:16,700 --> 04:09:19,300
during the day. 
Nighttime prayers, serve 

4508
04:09:19,300 --> 04:09:20,900
important, psychological 
functions. 

4509
04:09:20,900 --> 04:09:25,700
They Mark the transition from 
active to resting States, the 

4510
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:28,200
invoke protection during the 
vulnerable hours of sleep and 

4511
04:09:28,200 --> 04:09:31,300
they reinforced the moral 
framework that governs daily 

4512
04:09:31,300 --> 04:09:35,000
life in Catholic homes. 
Before the Reformation, the 

4513
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:36,900
rosary might be recited as a 
family. 

4514
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:41,200
After England breaks from Rome, 
Protestant prayers replace 

4515
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:44,400
Catholic ones though. 
The basic Rhythm remains similar

4516
04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:48,100
a formal acknowledgment of 
dependence on Divine protection,

4517
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:50,700
through the night. 
Children, learn prayers 

4518
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:54,600
specifically designed for bed 
time, asking angels to guard 

4519
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:56,500
them. 
While they sleep, requesting. 

4520
04:09:56,500 --> 04:10:00,200
They wait to see another day 
personal hygiene before bed is 

4521
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:01,700
less elaborate than modern 
routine. 

4522
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:06,000
But not non-existent you might 
rinse your face and hands with 

4523
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:09,500
water from a basement, using a 
cloth to wipe away the days, 

4524
04:10:09,500 --> 04:10:14,000
accumulation of dirt and sweat, 
Teeth cleaning when it happens, 

4525
04:10:14,000 --> 04:10:18,300
involves rubbing them with a 
cloth perhaps dipped in salt or 

4526
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:21,700
a mixture of herbs, toothbrushes
exist but aren't common. 

4527
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:25,700
Their novel items expensive and 
not yet considered essential 

4528
04:10:25,700 --> 04:10:28,600
hair gets attention especially 
for women. 

4529
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:33,800
Long hair worn by most females, 
regardless of age needs brushing

4530
04:10:33,800 --> 04:10:37,000
or combing to remove Tangles and
debris accumulated during the 

4531
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:39,700
day. 
This serves practical purposes, 

4532
04:10:39,700 --> 04:10:44,300
untangling is easier when done 
daily and aesthetic ones as 

4533
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:47,000
women take pride in maintaining 
healthy hair, even though it 

4534
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:49,500
remains covered in public 
nightclubs. 

4535
04:10:49,500 --> 04:10:51,200
And tutoring, England aren't 
what you might imagine. 

4536
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:54,200
There's no such thing as pajamas
in the modern sense. 

4537
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:58,100
Instead you sleep in your 
undergarments, your shift if 

4538
04:10:58,100 --> 04:11:01,900
you're a woman, your shirt. 
If you're a man, these linen 

4539
04:11:01,900 --> 04:11:05,600
garments warn under your outer 
clothes during the day become 

4540
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:07,700
nightwear after you remove 
everything else. 

4541
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:11,500
They're washed more frequently 
than outer garments because they

4542
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:13,800
absorb body oils and sweat 
directly. 

4543
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:17,700
The wealthy might own specific 
sleeping shifts made of finer 

4544
04:11:17,700 --> 04:11:21,700
linen but this is a luxury Most 
people make do with the same 

4545
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:25,000
undergarments day and night 
perhaps changing them once or 

4546
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:28,500
twice a week. 
More often in summer lesson in 

4547
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:30,500
winter when washing and drying 
laundry. 

4548
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:33,800
Becomes more challenging 
nightcaps, serve important 

4549
04:11:33,800 --> 04:11:36,400
functions for women. 
They keep hair contained and 

4550
04:11:36,408 --> 04:11:39,300
clean for men and women. 
Both they provide warmth. 

4551
04:11:40,000 --> 04:11:43,500
Substantial heat escapes through
your head and a good linen or 

4552
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:47,300
Wool Cap helps retain it. 
You'd know more sleep without a 

4553
04:11:47,300 --> 04:11:50,100
nightcap than you'd sleep 
without a blanket, except 

4554
04:11:50,100 --> 04:11:52,800
perhaps during the hottest 
summer nights, checking on 

4555
04:11:52,800 --> 04:11:56,300
children becomes part of the 
evening routine, you make sure 

4556
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:59,400
younger ones have relieved 
themselves, chamber pots. 

4557
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:03,500
Sit under beds or in corners for
nighttime use Because venturing 

4558
04:12:03,500 --> 04:12:06,100
outside the privy and darkness 
isn't appealing. 

4559
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:10,500
You settle any last minute needs
car, many fears about Darkness 

4560
04:12:10,500 --> 04:12:13,600
or strange sounds and pull 
blankets up around small, 

4561
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:16,200
shoulders in larger households 
servants. 

4562
04:12:16,200 --> 04:12:18,000
Perform, a final round of 
Duties. 

4563
04:12:18,000 --> 04:12:21,900
The empty chamber pots from the 
day, carry up pictures of water 

4564
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:25,100
from morning, make sure Rush, 
lights are safely, extinguished,

4565
04:12:25,100 --> 04:12:28,000
and check that the households 
dog is inside or outside, 

4566
04:12:28,000 --> 04:12:31,900
depending on its role guard 
dogs, stay outside and lap dogs.

4567
04:12:31,900 --> 04:12:35,600
Come in somehow told engage in a
practice called reading in bed, 

4568
04:12:35,600 --> 04:12:37,700
though. 
This is limited to those who can

4569
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:40,000
read and can afford candles or 
oil lamps. 

4570
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:44,900
Religious texts are most common.
Psalms devotional works and 

4571
04:12:44,908 --> 04:12:46,700
lives of saints before the 
Reformation. 

4572
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:51,100
Reading serves both spiritual 
edification and practical 

4573
04:12:51,100 --> 04:12:53,500
purposes. 
As the eye straining work of 

4574
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:55,900
reading. 
By poor light naturally, induces

4575
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:58,800
sleepiness conversation happens 
too though. 

4576
04:12:58,800 --> 04:13:01,800
Not the late night discussions 
in the age of electric lights. 

4577
04:13:02,700 --> 04:13:06,000
Married couples might review the
days of events plan, tomorrow's 

4578
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:09,000
tasks and discuss children or 
household concerns. 

4579
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:13,300
But these talks wind down 
relatively quickly, candles cost

4580
04:13:13,300 --> 04:13:18,000
money and tomorrow begins early.
Finally, you climb into bed, a 

4581
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:19,600
process that requires a bit of 
coordination. 

4582
04:13:19,600 --> 04:13:23,800
Given the beds height, Wooden 
steps or a small stool, might 

4583
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:25,900
assist, or you simply clamber 
up. 

4584
04:13:26,500 --> 04:13:29,500
The bed curtains closed ceiling 
you into your private domain. 

4585
04:13:29,500 --> 04:13:32,800
The remaining light gets 
extinguished a rush. 

4586
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:34,400
Like, snuffed a candle blown 
out. 

4587
04:13:34,400 --> 04:13:37,300
Darkness settling, completely 
the bed itself. 

4588
04:13:37,300 --> 04:13:41,300
Feels different from Modern 
mattresses, His firm, not soft 

4589
04:13:41,300 --> 04:13:44,600
and it can forms to your body's 
weight rather than cushioning 

4590
04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:47,600
you above it. 
The straw beneath Russells with 

4591
04:13:47,600 --> 04:13:50,600
every movement? 
The wool or linen against your 

4592
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:54,600
skin, carries the smell of the 
household would smoke cooking. 

4593
04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:58,400
The herbs scattered amongst 
stored Linens and the general 

4594
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:03,300
organic Center of daily life you
lie on your side most likely or 

4595
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:07,000
on your back with knees bent 
Sleeping positions recommended 

4596
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:10,600
by medical authorities, who had 
opinions about, which positions 

4597
04:14:10,600 --> 04:14:14,000
promoted health and which 
encouraged bad dreams or 

4598
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:16,900
illness. 
Whether people actually followed

4599
04:14:16,900 --> 04:14:20,500
this advice is debatable, but 
the existence of such guidelines

4600
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:24,700
shows that even sleep positions.
Carried cultural meaning chapter

4601
04:14:24,700 --> 04:14:27,800
5, the pattern of two sleeps, 
one of the most surprising 

4602
04:14:27,800 --> 04:14:29,500
aspects of Tudor. 
Sleep habits. 

4603
04:14:29,500 --> 04:14:33,500
At least a modern Minds is the 
practice of segmented sleep. 

4604
04:14:34,300 --> 04:14:38,200
What historians call First, 
sleep and second sleep separated

4605
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:40,800
by a quiet waking period, in the
middle of the night. 

4606
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:45,400
You fall asleep shortly after 
full, Darkness arrives exhausted

4607
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:47,800
from a day of physical labor or 
household management. 

4608
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:53,200
First sleep comes easily your 
body surrendering to fatigue, 

4609
04:14:53,200 --> 04:14:57,600
melatonin flooding your system, 
unchecked by artificial light. 

4610
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:02,600
You sleep deeply dreamless, or 
with the vivid dreams that 

4611
04:15:02,608 --> 04:15:04,800
accompanied the first sleep 
cycle of the night. 

4612
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:08,600
Then, somewhere around midnight 
or one in the morning, you wake 

4613
04:15:08,600 --> 04:15:11,600
up, this isn't insomnia or a 
sleep disorder. 

4614
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:14,900
It's a natural pattern 
documented across Europe in this

4615
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:17,500
period. 
Your eyes open in the darkness 

4616
04:15:17,500 --> 04:15:21,700
and your mind, surfaces from 
sleep into a peculiar state of 

4617
04:15:21,700 --> 04:15:25,200
calm wakefulness. 
You're not anxious or Restless, 

4618
04:15:25,200 --> 04:15:29,100
you'll simply awake. 
This quiet hour or two between 

4619
04:15:29,100 --> 04:15:31,800
sleep served various purposes in
Tudor life. 

4620
04:15:31,800 --> 04:15:36,300
Some people use it for prayer or
meditation considering it a 

4621
04:15:36,300 --> 04:15:39,700
spiritually significant time 
when the barrier between Earthly

4622
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:43,600
and divine, might be thinner. 
Prayers during this interval, 

4623
04:15:43,600 --> 04:15:47,400
were thought to carry special 
power and some religious manuals

4624
04:15:47,400 --> 04:15:50,600
included, prayer, specifically 
designated for the midnight. 

4625
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:53,900
Watch married, couples might use
this time for intimate 

4626
04:15:53,900 --> 04:15:57,400
conversation or love making. 
With children and servants 

4627
04:15:57,400 --> 04:15:59,800
sleeping with daily pressures 
suspended. 

4628
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:03,200
The interval between sleeps 
offered rare privacy. 

4629
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:07,300
Medical texts from the period 
suggests this timing for marital

4630
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:10,500
relations claiming that 
conception was more likely when 

4631
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:13,000
the body was relaxed but not 
fully unconscious. 

4632
04:16:13,000 --> 04:16:17,100
Other simply like quietly 
thinking through problems or 

4633
04:16:17,100 --> 04:16:20,500
making mental plans. 
Without the distractions of 

4634
04:16:20,508 --> 04:16:24,700
daytime, no one calling your 
name, no tasks demanding 

4635
04:16:24,700 --> 04:16:27,300
attention, you could process 
thoughts more clearly. 

4636
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:30,700
Solutions to problems might 
emerge during these 

4637
04:16:30,700 --> 04:16:34,100
contemplative hours. 
Decisions that seemed impossible

4638
04:16:34,100 --> 04:16:36,900
in daylight might resolve 
themselves in the calm of 

4639
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:39,600
midnight waking. 
Some people got up during this 

4640
04:16:39,600 --> 04:16:42,000
interval, moving through the 
dark house for practical 

4641
04:16:42,000 --> 04:16:44,400
reasons. 
You might need the chamber pot, 

4642
04:16:44,400 --> 04:16:48,500
you might check on a sick child 
or elderly parent, you might 

4643
04:16:48,500 --> 04:16:51,400
tend the fire adding a log. 
If the night was particularly 

4644
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:54,300
cold, banking, it more 
thoroughly if you'd wake to find

4645
04:16:54,300 --> 04:16:57,200
it burning too hot. 
The wealthy might like to candle

4646
04:16:57,200 --> 04:17:00,100
and read or write Diaries from 
the period. 

4647
04:17:00,100 --> 04:17:03,100
Sometimes mention thoughts 
recorded during the night, watch

4648
04:17:03,100 --> 04:17:07,600
letters might be composed 
accounts reviewed and poems. 

4649
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:10,400
Drafted. 
Some of the errors literary 

4650
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:13,700
output probably originated in 
these quiet midnight hours. 

4651
04:17:13,700 --> 04:17:17,100
When creative thoughts flowed 
freely you might simply lie. 

4652
04:17:17,100 --> 04:17:20,200
There listening to the nighttime
soundscape of your house and 

4653
04:17:20,200 --> 04:17:24,000
neighborhood In Winter, you'd 
hear the wind testing shutters. 

4654
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:27,700
The Creeks of Timber adjusting 
to temperature changes and 

4655
04:17:27,700 --> 04:17:32,300
perhaps the scratch of mice in 
the walls, in summer, insects 

4656
04:17:32,300 --> 04:17:35,700
chirped, outside and birds 
called occasionally, some 

4657
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:38,800
species are more active at night
than daylight dwellers realize 

4658
04:17:39,400 --> 04:17:42,400
The practice of segmented, sleep
aligned with natural human 

4659
04:17:42,400 --> 04:17:46,100
physiology in ways that modern 
Consolidated, sleep, often does 

4660
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:48,600
not. 
Without electric light to 

4661
04:17:48,600 --> 04:17:52,200
suppress melatonin production 
and without the stimulation of 

4662
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:56,300
screens and entertainment. 
The body naturally settled into 

4663
04:17:56,300 --> 04:17:59,800
this two phase pattern you were 
not fighting your biology to 

4664
04:17:59,800 --> 04:18:02,200
maintain it. 
You are simply following what 

4665
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:05,900
your body did on its own. 
This interval rarely lasted more

4666
04:18:05,900 --> 04:18:10,100
than an hour or two gradually. 
You'd feel sleep returning that 

4667
04:18:10,100 --> 04:18:13,500
gentle tug of drowsiness that 
signaled your body was ready for

4668
04:18:13,500 --> 04:18:16,800
the second phase of rest. 
You'd settle back into your 

4669
04:18:16,800 --> 04:18:19,500
straw mattress. 
Pull the wool, blankets closer 

4670
04:18:19,500 --> 04:18:23,400
and slip into second sleep. 
Second sleep was different from 

4671
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:26,500
first sleep. 
Lighter more prone to dreams and

4672
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:29,500
easier to wake from. 
You might shift positions, more 

4673
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:33,900
surface, briefly without fully 
waking and experience the Vivid 

4674
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:36,700
narrative dreams that happen in 
the later sleep cycles. 

4675
04:18:36,700 --> 04:18:39,600
Medical authorities. 
Believed second sleep was when 

4676
04:18:39,600 --> 04:18:41,800
the body completed its 
restorative work. 

4677
04:18:41,800 --> 04:18:46,000
Balancing the humours 
consolidating memories and 

4678
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:49,900
preparing for Waking Life. 
Transition from second sleep to 

4679
04:18:49,900 --> 04:18:51,400
morning happened gradually as 
well. 

4680
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:54,400
You didn't leap awake at an 
alarms insistence. 

4681
04:18:54,400 --> 04:18:58,700
Instead you drifted toward 
Consciousness, perhaps hovering 

4682
04:18:58,700 --> 04:19:02,000
in that half awake state, where 
dreams and thoughts into mingle 

4683
04:19:02,000 --> 04:19:04,800
where you're aware of your 
physical surroundings but not 

4684
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:07,600
yet ready to engage with them. 
This sleep pattern. 

4685
04:19:07,600 --> 04:19:11,400
So foreign to Modern 
Consolidated at our sleep was 

4686
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:14,700
documented not just in England, 
but across Western Europe in 

4687
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:18,200
this period. 
References to first and second 

4688
04:19:18,200 --> 04:19:21,700
sleep appear in legal 
depositions, medical texts 

4689
04:19:21,700 --> 04:19:25,400
literature and Diaries. 
People scheduled activities 

4690
04:19:25,400 --> 04:19:27,800
around it. 
A time to meet other might be 

4691
04:19:27,808 --> 04:19:31,600
set for after first sleeping, 
everyone knew what that meant, 

4692
04:19:31,600 --> 04:19:36,500
the practice began to disappear 
in the 17th, and 18th centuries,

4693
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:39,200
as artificial lighting, 
improved, and nighttime 

4694
04:19:39,200 --> 04:19:42,700
activities became more common. 
Street Lighting in cities, 

4695
04:19:42,700 --> 04:19:46,700
better home, lighting, coffee, 
houses, staying open late and 

4696
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:49,800
theatrical performances, 
extending into evening hours. 

4697
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:53,700
All these gradually compressed 
nighttime into a period for 

4698
04:19:53,700 --> 04:19:57,700
Consolidated, sleep rather than 
segmented, rest with a 

4699
04:19:57,700 --> 04:20:01,100
contemplative interval, modern 
sleep, researchers have studied 

4700
04:20:01,100 --> 04:20:06,500
this pattern, sometimes calling 
it by phasic sleep or by modal 

4701
04:20:06,500 --> 04:20:09,000
sleep. 
When subjects in sleep 

4702
04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:11,800
Laboratories are deprived of 
artificial light for extended 

4703
04:20:11,800 --> 04:20:14,500
periods. 
Many naturally fall into this 

4704
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:19,300
two sleep pattern with a quiet 
waking interval in between this 

4705
04:20:19,300 --> 04:20:23,100
suggests Tudor sleep habits 
weren't cultural quirks but 

4706
04:20:23,100 --> 04:20:26,900
responses to natural human 
biology operating with without 

4707
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:28,600
artificial. 
Light's interference 

4708
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:32,900
understanding this pattern helps
explain various aspects of Tudor

4709
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:34,000
life. 
That might otherwise seem 

4710
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:37,200
puzzling. 
Why did people go to bed? 

4711
04:20:37,200 --> 04:20:42,300
So, early, even before full 
Darkness fell, Partly because 

4712
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:44,000
they'd wake in the middle of the
night anyway. 

4713
04:20:44,000 --> 04:20:47,800
So the total time in bed needed 
to be longer than actual sleep 

4714
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:51,000
time. 
Why do period sources describe 

4715
04:20:51,000 --> 04:20:54,100
midnight as a special 
contemplative time? 

4716
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:58,000
Because people regularly 
experienced it in a unique State

4717
04:20:58,000 --> 04:21:01,000
of Consciousness. 
Neither fully asleep nor fully 

4718
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:05,300
awake in the daytime sense for 
you lying in your Tudor bed with

4719
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:08,600
curtains drawn around you. 
This pattern would feel entirely

4720
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:13,100
natural The transition from 
first to second sleep, wouldn't 

4721
04:21:13,100 --> 04:21:16,300
worry you. 
It's just how Knight Works, how 

4722
04:21:16,300 --> 04:21:20,300
it's always worked and how 
everyone you know experiences it

4723
04:21:21,700 --> 04:21:25,500
The quiet hour in darkness alone
with your thoughts or quite 

4724
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:29,000
quietly, talking with your 
spouse represents, not disrupted

4725
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:32,600
sleep, but an integral part of 
how human beings rest. 

4726
04:21:32,600 --> 04:21:38,000
When aligned with natural 
rhythms, chapter 6, staying warm

4727
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:41,000
through winter nights, winter 
nights in Tudor England, 

4728
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:44,600
presented genuine challenges. 
Particularly in the brutal 

4729
04:21:44,600 --> 04:21:46,300
months between December and 
February. 

4730
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:50,500
When temperatures regularly 
dropped well below freezing and 

4731
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:54,500
houses despite their fires and 
inhabitants best efforts 

4732
04:21:54,500 --> 04:21:58,400
remained cold by modern 
standards your bed chamber in 

4733
04:21:58,400 --> 04:22:02,200
deep winter, might hover around,
44 degrees Fahrenheit, and 

4734
04:22:02,200 --> 04:22:04,300
that's where the fire burning 
somewhere in the house. 

4735
04:22:05,200 --> 04:22:08,200
Without central heating or 
insulation beyond the straw in 

4736
04:22:08,200 --> 04:22:09,600
the walls and the rushes on the 
floor. 

4737
04:22:09,600 --> 04:22:13,300
Keeping warm became a nightly 
engineering project involving 

4738
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:16,700
multiple strategies layered 
together, the bed curtains which

4739
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:20,300
we mentioned earlier, become 
crucial wintertime allies when 

4740
04:22:20,300 --> 04:22:23,200
fully closed, they create what's
essentially a tent within the 

4741
04:22:23,200 --> 04:22:26,900
room, trapping the heat 
generated by your body or bodies

4742
04:22:26,900 --> 04:22:30,900
and separating you from the 
colder air Beyond The 

4743
04:22:30,900 --> 04:22:33,400
temperature difference between 
inside the curtained bed and the

4744
04:22:33,408 --> 04:22:37,300
outer chamber might be 10 or 15 
degrees significant. 

4745
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:40,300
When you're trying to sleep, 
that layering principle in the 

4746
04:22:40,300 --> 04:22:42,100
bedding. 
Reaches its full expression in 

4747
04:22:42,100 --> 04:22:44,800
winter. 
You start with the base straw 

4748
04:22:44,800 --> 04:22:48,600
mattress at the wall topper. 
Then cover yourself with a linen

4749
04:22:48,600 --> 04:22:52,600
sheet, wool blankets. 
Possibly a coverlet, perhaps a 

4750
04:22:52,600 --> 04:22:55,500
Furrow. 
And in the coldest weather, your

4751
04:22:55,500 --> 04:22:57,200
outdoor clothes on top of 
everything. 

4752
04:22:58,200 --> 04:23:01,800
Your essentially building an 
insulating nest with yourself as

4753
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:05,400
the heat Source at the center 
warming pans represented, one of

4754
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:09,000
the errors, great bedtime 
luxuries, long-handled prayer, 

4755
04:23:09,000 --> 04:23:12,600
or copper pans with perforated. 
Lids that held hot coals from 

4756
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:15,100
the fire. 
You'd run this device between 

4757
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:18,400
the sheets, before, climbing 
into bed warming, the linen and 

4758
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:20,900
wool, and chasing away the bone,
deep chill. 

4759
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:25,500
For about half an hour after 
using a warming pan, your bed, 

4760
04:23:25,500 --> 04:23:29,700
felt positively toasty. 
Small Miracle on a January night

4761
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:33,200
when your breath misted in the 
are not everyone owned warming 

4762
04:23:33,200 --> 04:23:34,400
pans. 
They were significant 

4763
04:23:34,400 --> 04:23:38,100
Investments, poorer households. 
Improvised with heated Stones, 

4764
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:41,100
wrapped in cloth, achieving 
similar results though, 

4765
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:43,000
requiring more care to avoid 
Burns. 

4766
04:23:43,900 --> 04:23:47,400
Stone heated in the fire's Edge 
wrapped in several layers of 

4767
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:49,300
wool and tucked. 
At the foot of the bed. 

4768
04:23:49,300 --> 04:23:51,700
Could keep your toes. 
Warm for hours bed. 

4769
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:54,500
Socks existed. 
Though socks in general were 

4770
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:55,800
less common than you might 
expect. 

4771
04:23:56,800 --> 04:23:59,500
Stockings. 
What we might call long socks or

4772
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:02,500
tights were standard day wear 
for both sexes. 

4773
04:24:02,500 --> 04:24:05,300
And you might keep these on 
under your sleeping shift, if 

4774
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:08,700
the night was particularly 
brutal, the very cold, sensitive

4775
04:24:08,700 --> 04:24:10,500
might add a second layer of 
everything. 

4776
04:24:10,500 --> 04:24:14,900
Those limits Mobility under the 
heavy blankets like cats. 

4777
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:17,200
As mentioned before weren't 
optional in Winter. 

4778
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:21,100
A substantial wall cap kept heat
from escaping through your head 

4779
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:23,300
and protected your ears from the
cold. 

4780
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:26,600
Some people also wraped cloths 
around their necks. 

4781
04:24:26,600 --> 04:24:29,700
Particularly if they were prone 
to throw months, in cold 

4782
04:24:29,700 --> 04:24:33,300
weather, shared body heat became
increasingly valuable as 

4783
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:36,500
temperatures dropped. 
This is one reason bed sharing 

4784
04:24:36,500 --> 04:24:39,200
was so. 
Prevalent two people generate 

4785
04:24:39,200 --> 04:24:44,100
more warmth than one and three 
more than two children packed 

4786
04:24:44,100 --> 04:24:46,100
together in a bed weren't just 
saving space. 

4787
04:24:46,100 --> 04:24:48,200
They were pooling thermal 
resources. 

4788
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,300
Married couples had an obvious 
Advantage here, though. 

4789
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:54,600
Even, they might invite a young 
child into their bed. 

4790
04:24:54,600 --> 04:24:58,400
On the coldest nights, despite 
usual preferences for separate 

4791
04:24:58,400 --> 04:25:01,900
sleeping Arrangements, somehow 
solds brought small braziers or 

4792
04:25:01,908 --> 04:25:05,000
heated bricks into bed. 
Chambers before sleep warming. 

4793
04:25:05,000 --> 04:25:07,700
The air briefly, though, these 
had to be removed before 

4794
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:10,600
actually sleeping due to the 
danger of fire and the fumes 

4795
04:25:10,600 --> 04:25:14,400
they produced Carbon monoxide 
poisoning wasn't understood in 

4796
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:17,400
these terms, but people 
recognize that sleeping with 

4797
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:20,200
burning coals in an enclosed 
space, could kill you. 

4798
04:25:21,100 --> 04:25:24,000
Probably attributing it to bad 
Vapors, rather than the actual 

4799
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:28,400
mechanism of asphyxiation rooms 
of the kitchen or Bakehouse were

4800
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:32,400
prized in Winter because he, 
from below rows, into them if 

4801
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:35,600
your family ran in or shop with 
others operating into the 

4802
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:39,100
evening, the chambers above 
stayed, noticeably warmer than 

4803
04:25:39,108 --> 04:25:42,000
others. 
Some people positioned beds 

4804
04:25:42,000 --> 04:25:44,600
directly above the first floor, 
half for similar reasons, 

4805
04:25:44,600 --> 04:25:47,800
excepting the occasional bit of 
smoke seeping through 

4806
04:25:47,800 --> 04:25:49,900
floorboards in exchange for 
extra warmth. 

4807
04:25:50,600 --> 04:25:53,000
Draft proofing, became a 
household project as winter 

4808
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:57,100
approached gaps in shutters. 
Got stuffed with Rags or sealed 

4809
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:00,000
with wax. 
Floors received extra layers of 

4810
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:03,600
rushes for insulation, 
tapestries on walls, serve 

4811
04:26:03,600 --> 04:26:07,000
decorative purposes. 
Yes, but also created dead air 

4812
04:26:07,000 --> 04:26:10,800
space that reduced heat loss 
through stone or Timber, even a 

4813
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:13,100
simple cloth hanging could make 
a measurable difference. 

4814
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:17,800
Still, you'd be cold by modern 
standards, your nose would be 

4815
04:26:17,808 --> 04:26:21,400
chilly Face exposed to the air 
outside the blankets. 

4816
04:26:22,200 --> 04:26:24,800
Getting up in the night, to use 
the chamber pot required, 

4817
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:28,800
genuine courage, leaving the 
warm Nest, meant exposing 

4818
04:26:28,800 --> 04:26:32,300
yourself to frigid air. 
That made your muscles clench 

4819
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:35,300
and your skin prickle. 
You to accomplish your business 

4820
04:26:35,300 --> 04:26:39,100
quickly and dive back under the 
covers burrowing in and until 

4821
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:41,800
your body heat warmed. 
Everything again, morning 

4822
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,600
presented the hardest moment 
that transition from warm bed to

4823
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:48,400
cold room when your body 
protested vigorously against 

4824
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:52,400
moving, you'd procrastinate 
lingering under the blankets 

4825
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:55,800
stealing yourself for the 
unpleasant but necessary task of

4826
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:58,800
getting up and dressing. 
The first person up had the 

4827
04:26:58,808 --> 04:27:02,000
worst of it, they'd restart the 
fire and begin warming, the 

4828
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:05,500
house, making it easier. 
For those who followed children 

4829
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:07,200
might. 
Wake to frost patterns on the 

4830
04:27:07,208 --> 04:27:11,000
inside of shutters, ice in the 
washing water and their breath 

4831
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:15,200
forming clouds in the air. 
This wasn't unusual or alarming,

4832
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:17,600
it was simply how winter 
mornings felt. 

4833
04:27:18,300 --> 04:27:22,300
You dressed quickly layering on 
garments moving, close to the 

4834
04:27:22,300 --> 04:27:26,000
fire as soon as possible and 
beginning, the day's work partly

4835
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:28,200
to generate body heat through 
activity. 

4836
04:27:28,200 --> 04:27:31,900
Despite these challenges due to 
people didn't generally complain

4837
04:27:31,900 --> 04:27:34,500
about cold the way. 
Modern people might, it was 

4838
04:27:34,500 --> 04:27:38,200
expected normal and part of the 
seasonal Rhythm of Life. 

4839
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:42,500
You prepared for it, accepted it
and worked with it rather than 

4840
04:27:42,500 --> 04:27:45,800
fighting against it. 
The return of Spring's warmth, 

4841
04:27:45,800 --> 04:27:49,800
when it finally came, felt like 
a genuine blessing, a relief. 

4842
04:27:49,800 --> 04:27:53,900
So profound that people's moods,
lifted noticeably with the rise 

4843
04:27:53,900 --> 04:27:58,900
in temperatures and days chapter
7, the soundscape of night 

4844
04:27:58,900 --> 04:28:02,500
lying, in your curtained bed, in
a Tudor night, the sound 

4845
04:28:02,500 --> 04:28:04,700
surrounding you. 
Create an acoustic environment 

4846
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:07,700
completely different from 
anything most modern people 

4847
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:10,800
experience. 
Let's listen carefully to what 

4848
04:28:10,800 --> 04:28:13,500
you'd hear during those 
nighttime hours, the house 

4849
04:28:13,508 --> 04:28:16,300
itself, provides a constant 
backdrop of sails. 

4850
04:28:17,000 --> 04:28:19,900
Timber frames expand and 
contract with temperature 

4851
04:28:19,900 --> 04:28:24,700
changes producing creeks groans 
and occasional, sharp cracks 

4852
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,400
that might start you until you 
learn to recognize them as 

4853
04:28:27,400 --> 04:28:30,900
normal. 
The thatch on the roof Russells 

4854
04:28:30,900 --> 04:28:34,700
when wind passes over it. 
A sound like soft scratching or 

4855
04:28:34,700 --> 04:28:36,800
the movement of some large 
animal though. 

4856
04:28:36,800 --> 04:28:40,500
It's just dried straw shifting 
against itself in Winter, the 

4857
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:42,000
wind becomes a dominant 
presence. 

4858
04:28:42,000 --> 04:28:46,000
It finds every Gap in the 
shutters producing whistles in 

4859
04:28:46,000 --> 04:28:49,000
different pitches, depending on 
the size of the opening and the 

4860
04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:53,600
wind strength, it Buffs the 
walls, making the hole structure

4861
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:57,200
shutter slightly during the 
strongest gusts, you can hear it

4862
04:28:57,200 --> 04:29:00,600
approaching a cross, the 
landscape, rushing through bare 

4863
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:04,100
trees before hitting your house.
Then moving away again into the 

4864
04:29:04,108 --> 04:29:06,500
darkness rein on a thatched 
roof. 

4865
04:29:06,500 --> 04:29:09,200
Sounds different from rain on 
Modern shingles or tiles 

4866
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:14,000
software or muffled like someone
pouring dry sand, rather than 

4867
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:15,600
water. 
Heavy. 

4868
04:29:15,600 --> 04:29:18,400
Rain creates a steady rushing 
sound that some people find 

4869
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:22,400
soothing a natural white noise 
that musk's other sounds and 

4870
04:29:22,400 --> 04:29:25,000
helps LOL you back to Second 
sleep animals. 

4871
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,600
Contribute, their voices, 
throughout the night, mice, Gary

4872
04:29:28,600 --> 04:29:33,400
inside walls, their tiny claws, 
scratching on wood their squeaks

4873
04:29:33,400 --> 04:29:37,300
occasionally Audible You accept 
their presence as inevitable, 

4874
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:39,900
keeping a house, completely 
mouse. 

4875
04:29:39,900 --> 04:29:42,100
Free is nearly impossible 
though. 

4876
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:44,500
You try to prevent them from 
getting into food stores. 

4877
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:48,300
sometimes you hear a thump and a
brief struggle as the house cat 

4878
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:52,200
catches one, doing its job 
outside, owls, call to each 

4879
04:29:52,200 --> 04:29:55,200
other, they're hooting carrying 
clearly through the still night 

4880
04:29:55,200 --> 04:29:59,300
air Foxes produce. 
Surprisingly disturbing sounds 

4881
04:29:59,300 --> 04:30:03,700
screams that can sound Almost 
Human, particularly unsettling 

4882
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:07,200
if you're not expecting them. 
Dogs bark in the distance. 

4883
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,800
One setting off another, 
creating a chain of canine 

4884
04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:13,300
communication across the 
neighborhood livestock. 

4885
04:30:13,300 --> 04:30:16,600
Make nighttime noises too. 
If you're near a barn you might 

4886
04:30:16,600 --> 04:30:18,400
hear cattle shifting in their 
stalls. 

4887
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:21,900
Pigs grunting and horses 
stamping and blowing air through

4888
04:30:21,900 --> 04:30:25,400
their nostrils, chickens, 
sometimes, startled awake and 

4889
04:30:25,400 --> 04:30:27,600
cluck nervously before settling 
back down. 

4890
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:30,200
These sounds are reassuring in 
their way. 

4891
04:30:30,200 --> 04:30:33,600
They mean, your animals are safe
still alive, and still you're 

4892
04:30:33,600 --> 04:30:37,300
well and sustenance human sounds
punctuate the night as well. 

4893
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:39,900
Someone in the house might 
snore. 

4894
04:30:39,900 --> 04:30:43,400
The sound carrying from one 
chamber to another through 

4895
04:30:43,400 --> 04:30:46,800
Timberwolves that provide less 
sound insulation than modern 

4896
04:30:46,800 --> 04:30:51,200
Construction. 
Babies cry and get soothed young

4897
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:53,700
children. 
Call out from dreams or knee 

4898
04:30:53,700 --> 04:30:56,700
middle of the night comfort. 
You might hear your neighbors 

4899
04:30:56,700 --> 04:30:58,800
through shared walls. 
If you live in attached 

4900
04:30:58,800 --> 04:31:03,300
townhouses, their coughs, their 
conversations, their movements 

4901
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:06,700
across creaky floors, church, 
bells, Mark, the passage of 

4902
04:31:06,700 --> 04:31:08,900
nighttime hours in towns and 
villages. 

4903
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:11,700
Not every hour gets rung in 
every place. 

4904
04:31:11,700 --> 04:31:15,600
But midnight, typically receive 
special notice, and some 

4905
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:17,600
Churches ring bells Before Dawn 
Services. 

4906
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:22,000
These bells serve practical 
purposes, they help people track

4907
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:24,900
time in the darkness. 
They call people to prayer at 

4908
04:31:24,900 --> 04:31:27,800
appointed hours and they provide
reassurance that the 

4909
04:31:27,800 --> 04:31:29,800
communities. 
Spiritual Guardians, remain 

4910
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:33,200
watchful in cities, 
nightwatchman call out the 

4911
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:36,000
hours, walking their roots, and 
announcing the time. 

4912
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:38,700
Along with the weather 
conditions to a clock and all's 

4913
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:41,100
well or three o'clock and cold 
clear night. 

4914
04:31:42,100 --> 04:31:45,800
These calls serve multiple 
purposes, they Mark time. 

4915
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:49,400
They announced the watchman's 
presence to deter criminals and 

4916
04:31:49,400 --> 04:31:52,100
they provide Comfort to those 
lying awake that someone is 

4917
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:55,000
keeping guard, the fire. 
If you can hear it from your 

4918
04:31:55,000 --> 04:31:58,900
chamber produces, its own sound 
would pops and hisses. 

4919
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:03,300
A sap turns to steam, Kohl's 
shift and resettle in the half 

4920
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:07,100
with soft crashes on 
particularly quiet nights. 

4921
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:11,700
You might even hear the whisper 
of flames consuming would Sounds

4922
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:13,600
so soft. 
It's barely perceptible, but 

4923
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:17,900
somehow audible in deep silence 
chamber pots get used throughout

4924
04:32:17,900 --> 04:32:20,600
the night. 
Producing sounds that medieval 

4925
04:32:20,600 --> 04:32:24,600
modesty, simply acknowledged and
politely ignored Everyone 

4926
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:26,900
performed. 
The same biological functions. 

4927
04:32:26,900 --> 04:32:30,700
Everyone made the same sounds 
and everyone practiced. 

4928
04:32:30,700 --> 04:32:34,100
The social fiction of not 
noticing what they heard from 

4929
04:32:34,100 --> 04:32:37,300
behind bed curtains or from 
other Chambers seasonal, 

4930
04:32:37,300 --> 04:32:41,400
variations affected the 
soundscape significantly summer 

4931
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:45,000
nights brought insect choruses, 
crickets producing their 

4932
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:48,300
rhythmic chirping. 
Moths batting against shutters 

4933
04:32:48,300 --> 04:32:50,400
drawn to whatever light seep 
through cracks. 

4934
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:54,900
Frogs near ponds or streams 
added their croaking to the mix.

4935
04:32:55,700 --> 04:32:59,000
Bats, flying overhead produced 
sounds too high for most human 

4936
04:32:59,000 --> 04:33:02,900
ears, but occasionally audible 
as soft squeaking thunder in 

4937
04:33:02,900 --> 04:33:04,800
summer. 
Storms, could shake the entire 

4938
04:33:04,800 --> 04:33:07,500
house. 
Each crash followed by the sound

4939
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:11,000
of rain, intense of fighting, 
you'd hear the initial large 

4940
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:13,400
drops. 
Hit the thatch, then the steady 

4941
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:17,099
downpour patch the rushing of 
water, through gutters, or off, 

4942
04:33:17,099 --> 04:33:20,599
Eve's the sound of the storm 
passing over like a living 

4943
04:33:20,599 --> 04:33:22,900
thing. 
Moving through the landscape in 

4944
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:26,000
the quiet periods between sounds
silence itself. 

4945
04:33:26,000 --> 04:33:30,200
Had a quality different from 
Modern silence, No electric hum 

4946
04:33:30,200 --> 04:33:32,200
of refrigerators or heating 
systems. 

4947
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:35,800
No distant traffic. 
Sounds No airplane. 

4948
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:40,099
Overhead just genuine quiet. 
Broken only by the immediate 

4949
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:43,700
sounds of your household and 
natural environment a silent. 

4950
04:33:43,700 --> 04:33:46,400
So complete, that modern people 
who experience it often. 

4951
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:50,200
Find it unsettling at first. 
So accustomed, a Wii to 

4952
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,800
continuous background noise, 
your own body, produces sound, 

4953
04:33:53,800 --> 04:33:56,700
you might notice in the 
Stillness, Your heartbeat 

4954
04:33:56,700 --> 04:33:58,700
becomes audible. 
When you press your ear against 

4955
04:33:58,707 --> 04:34:02,800
the mattress, you're breathing 
your stomach gurgling quietly, 

4956
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:05,099
the rustle of linen against your
skin. 

4957
04:34:05,099 --> 04:34:08,400
When you shift position all 
become part of the Sonic 

4958
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:10,099
environment. 
When everything else Falls 

4959
04:34:10,099 --> 04:34:13,300
still, some sounds inspired fear
or Superstition. 

4960
04:34:13,300 --> 04:34:17,599
Unexplained noises might be 
attributed to Spirits or demons 

4961
04:34:17,599 --> 04:34:20,300
testing the households defenses,
though. 

4962
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,400
Most people understood that most
mysterious sounds had natural 

4963
04:34:23,400 --> 04:34:28,700
explanations, once you learned 
to identify them, Still a sudden

4964
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:33,500
loud noise in the Deep night. 
It Source uncertain could set 

4965
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:37,900
your heart racing and make you 
clutch your religious medals or 

4966
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:41,599
whisper protective prayers. 
The return of mourning, sounds 

4967
04:34:41,599 --> 04:34:46,500
provided its own comfort The 
first Birds Before Dawn roosters

4968
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:49,900
crowing, they're not always 
exactly at dawn despite folklore

4969
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:51,900
signal the approaching End Of 
Night. 

4970
04:34:53,200 --> 04:34:56,500
Your gold pouch sits in your 
pocket heavier than you expected

4971
04:34:56,500 --> 04:34:59,300
for something. 
So, small 12 dollars worth of 

4972
04:34:59,300 --> 04:35:03,200
gold is not the fortune you 
hoped for but it's real money 

4973
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:07,200
earned by your own labor pulled 
from a creek, one tiny flake. 

4974
04:35:07,200 --> 04:35:10,599
At a time You're not sure if 
you'll come back next spring. 

4975
04:35:10,599 --> 04:35:13,300
You're not sure if five months 
of work for 12 dollars, 

4976
04:35:13,300 --> 04:35:15,300
represents failure, or 
education. 

4977
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:19,099
You're not sure if you're a 
minor, who's taking a break, or 

4978
04:35:19,099 --> 04:35:22,400
a man who briefly tried Mining 
and is moving on to something 

4979
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,800
else. 
What you're sure of is this, you

4980
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:28,900
know, how to read a creek. 
Now, you know how to survive in 

4981
04:35:28,900 --> 04:35:30,599
the mountains with minimal 
supplies. 

4982
04:35:30,599 --> 04:35:33,200
You know what it feels like to 
find gold. 

4983
04:35:33,200 --> 04:35:35,599
And you know what? 
It feels like to spend hours, 

4984
04:35:35,599 --> 04:35:37,800
finding nothing. 
These are things. 

4985
04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:41,500
You didn't know, six months ago 
and they yours now worth more 

4986
04:35:41,500 --> 04:35:45,300
than 12 dollars because they 
can't be taken away the Sierra, 

4987
04:35:45,300 --> 04:35:46,700
Nevada. 
Recedes behind you. 

4988
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:49,900
As you walk, the mountains 
holding their gold, close 

4989
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:52,800
patient. 
And in different waiting, for 

4990
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:55,800
the next wave of dreamers to 
arrive with their hands and 

4991
04:35:55,800 --> 04:35:59,400
their hope and their willingness
to spend months in cold water 

4992
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:03,599
for the chance at something 
better, your time as a gold 

4993
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:07,599
Panner in the Sierra, Nevada is 
one story among thousands, most 

4994
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:12,099
of which ended roughly the same 
way with modest returns valuable

4995
04:36:12,099 --> 04:36:15,099
experience and the knowledge 
that sometimes, the real 

4996
04:36:15,099 --> 04:36:17,700
discoveries what you learn about
yourself in the process. 

4997
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:21,500
The gold remains where it's 
always been waiting in the 

4998
04:36:21,500 --> 04:36:25,200
Creeks, a constant invitation, 
to those willing to bend their 

4999
04:36:25,200 --> 04:36:29,400
backs and numb their hands for 
the slim chance that today's pan

5000
04:36:29,400 --> 04:36:30,800
might be the one that changes 
everything. 

5001
04:36:36,599 --> 04:36:39,400
Now, shut your eyes and 
visualize yourself floating 

5002
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:42,900
slowly through centuries of 
History until you gently land 

5003
04:36:42,900 --> 04:36:46,800
in, what is now Iraq. 
Circa, 2100 BCE. 

5004
04:36:46,800 --> 04:36:49,000
The smell is what hits you 
first. 

5005
04:36:49,000 --> 04:36:53,300
Not the site. 
Baking bread river water, and 

5006
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,900
yes, a lot of livestock. 
Welcome to the first real 

5007
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:59,900
neighborhood in Civilization 
where people made the decision 

5008
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:02,700
to settle down and stop 
aimlessly wandering around like 

5009
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:05,800
lost tourists. 
Tigris and new Freight is a two 

5010
04:37:05,800 --> 04:37:08,800
rivers that would make any real 
estate agent cry with delight. 

5011
04:37:09,700 --> 04:37:11,500
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

5012
04:37:11,500 --> 04:37:14,500
They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

5013
04:37:14,500 --> 04:37:17,200
groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

5014
04:37:18,099 --> 04:37:20,599
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

5015
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:23,800
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

5016
04:37:23,800 --> 04:37:25,599
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

5017
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:28,200
to a dinner party guests, you 
may be asking yourself. 

5018
04:37:28,200 --> 04:37:29,900
Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

5019
04:37:29,900 --> 04:37:31,800
What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

5020
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:35,800
Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

5021
04:37:35,800 --> 04:37:38,400
encouragement. 
You could probably grow tomatoes

5022
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:41,900
every year when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

5023
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:43,800
layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

5024
04:37:44,700 --> 04:37:47,000
It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

5025
04:37:47,008 --> 04:37:50,200
locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

5026
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:52,500
life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

5027
04:37:52,500 --> 04:37:55,400
You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

5028
04:37:55,400 --> 04:37:57,200
you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

5029
04:37:57,200 --> 04:38:01,700
This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

5030
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:06,500
visualize organic growth. 
Akin to a coral reef composed of

5031
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:10,800
human ambition and mud bricks 
narrow streets, wind between 

5032
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:14,400
houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

5033
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:16,099
if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

5034
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:18,900
Conversation, another thing that
strikes you as being very 

5035
04:38:18,900 --> 04:38:22,300
Antiquated, is the lack of 
electrical hums, the quiet of 

5036
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:25,300
engines and the absence of any 
traffic that resembles Russia. 

5037
04:38:25,300 --> 04:38:29,599
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

5038
04:38:29,599 --> 04:38:33,000
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

5039
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:34,800
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

5040
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:37,900
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

5041
04:38:37,900 --> 04:38:40,500
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

5042
04:38:40,500 --> 04:38:44,099
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

5043
04:38:45,099 --> 04:38:48,099
First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history is what 

5044
04:38:48,108 --> 04:38:51,200
you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

5045
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:53,900
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

5046
04:38:53,900 --> 04:38:57,200
encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

5047
04:38:57,200 --> 04:39:00,200
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

5048
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:03,599
eats When your neighbor's goat 
keeps eating your Bali? 

5049
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:05,200
How do you keep things from 
going? 

5050
04:39:05,200 --> 04:39:08,400
Completely out of control? 
As you will see, the answer 

5051
04:39:08,400 --> 04:39:12,000
combines a remarkable amount of 
Ingenuity practicality and what 

5052
04:39:12,000 --> 04:39:14,599
can only be called the first 
bureaucracy in history? 

5053
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:18,800
Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

5054
04:39:18,800 --> 04:39:20,300
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

5055
04:39:20,300 --> 04:39:23,000
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

5056
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:25,800
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

5057
04:39:25,800 --> 04:39:28,800
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

5058
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:32,099
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

5059
04:39:32,099 --> 04:39:35,700
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

5060
04:39:35,700 --> 04:39:38,600
comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

5061
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:41,800
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

5062
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:44,800
amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

5063
04:39:44,800 --> 04:39:48,700
not require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

5064
04:39:48,700 --> 04:39:52,600
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

5065
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:55,300
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what? 

5066
04:39:56,000 --> 04:39:58,700
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

5067
04:39:58,700 --> 04:40:01,400
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

5068
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:03,800
schedule. 
The Mesopotamian said glancing 

5069
04:40:03,800 --> 04:40:06,600
at their rushing Rivers. 
The end effect is a network of 

5070
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:09,500
watery highways that would make 
the roads of ancient Rome appear

5071
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:12,600
straightforward. 
Individual fields are directly 

5072
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:15,700
irrigated by water flowing. 
From the main rivers into 

5073
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:19,300
primary canals secondary 
channels and smaller ditches. 

5074
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:22,300
It's similar to having running 
water, but it goes to your 

5075
04:40:22,300 --> 04:40:24,400
barley patch rather than your 
kitchen sink. 

5076
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:27,900
In addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing, if this 

5077
04:40:27,900 --> 04:40:30,100
system fails, the city is a 
hole. 

5078
04:40:30,100 --> 04:40:31,900
Loses lunch. 
In addition to water pressure, 

5079
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:35,500
massive collaboration is needed 
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 

5080
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:38,100
which is never been done before 
in human history. 

5081
04:40:38,100 --> 04:40:41,700
One farmer cannot choose to use 
more water for his Fields. 

5082
04:40:41,700 --> 04:40:43,700
While his neighbor's crops are 
dying. 

5083
04:40:43,700 --> 04:40:46,900
It is impossible for someone 
Upstream to construct a damn 

5084
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:49,100
without taking Downstream 
residents into account. 

5085
04:40:49,900 --> 04:40:52,800
People must look beyond their 
immediate needs, their tribe, 

5086
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:54,800
and their family. 
For the first time in human 

5087
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:56,900
history. 
Things start to get interesting 

5088
04:40:56,900 --> 04:40:59,100
at this point. 
The water schedule, must be 

5089
04:40:59,100 --> 04:41:02,400
overseen by someone who gets 
what, and when must be decided 

5090
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:06,700
by someone When farmer B insists
is irrigation ditch was there 

5091
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:09,200
first and farmer, a accuses 
farmer. 

5092
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:11,500
B of stealing water. 
Someone has to resolve. 

5093
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:14,400
The inevitable conflicts 
presenting, the first middle 

5094
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:17,400
management in history since 
clipboards, won't be invented 

5095
04:41:17,400 --> 04:41:20,400
for several thousand years. 
These water managers are more 

5096
04:41:20,400 --> 04:41:23,500
than just bureaucrats with 
clipboards they combine elements

5097
04:41:23,500 --> 04:41:26,200
of weather, forecasting, 
engineering diplomacy and 

5098
04:41:26,200 --> 04:41:29,800
refereeing they must comprehend.
Not only the flow of water but 

5099
04:41:29,800 --> 04:41:33,500
also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

5100
04:41:33,500 --> 04:41:37,200
igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

5101
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:40,300
work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully, 

5102
04:41:40,300 --> 04:41:44,000
arranging their daily schedules 
around common resources, every 

5103
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,400
year, the Harvest arrives, the 
fields, turn green at the 

5104
04:41:47,400 --> 04:41:50,200
appropriate times and the 
irrigation ditches run. 

5105
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,200
According to plan, when the 
irrigation schedule becomes 

5106
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:56,800
complicated, everyone is 
contributing labor water rights 

5107
04:41:56,800 --> 04:41:59,300
and a willingness to not 
strangle their neighbors. 

5108
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:02,400
It's like watching a huge 
Antiquated version of a 

5109
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:04,500
neighborhood potluck. 
Accepting of bringing 

5110
04:42:04,500 --> 04:42:07,100
casserole's. 
This system's success has a 

5111
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:09,100
significant impact on human 
society. 

5112
04:42:09,100 --> 04:42:12,100
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

5113
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:14,800
consistently produce more food 
than they require for survival. 

5114
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:18,400
Additionally, some people can 
start doing other things, once 

5115
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:20,700
they are able to stop 
cultivating food full-time, 

5116
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:24,000
interesting things revolutionary
actions. 

5117
04:42:24,000 --> 04:42:27,700
This is how your first devoted 
priests your first full-time 

5118
04:42:27,700 --> 04:42:31,000
artists, and your first 
qualified administrators come to

5119
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:34,100
be It's how you get people who 
don't have to worry about 

5120
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:37,000
whether there will be enough 
grain for the next Harvest to 

5121
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:40,500
spend their days thinking about 
astronomy mathematics, or how to

5122
04:42:40,508 --> 04:42:42,900
make better beer. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

5123
04:42:42,900 --> 04:42:46,000
expertise along with 
specialization people, can now 

5124
04:42:46,000 --> 04:42:48,700
become exceptionally skilled at 
one thing for the first time in 

5125
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:51,100
human history. 
As they are no longer forced to 

5126
04:42:51,100 --> 04:42:54,200
be mediocre at everything. 
In order to survive, you might 

5127
04:42:54,200 --> 04:42:56,600
be surprised to learn that. 
These Mesopotamians are born 

5128
04:42:56,608 --> 04:42:59,400
business people as you continue 
your leisurely, exploration of 

5129
04:42:59,408 --> 04:43:02,000
this ancient world. 
They have established. 

5130
04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:05,200
What may be the first startup 
culture in history, complete 

5131
04:43:05,200 --> 04:43:08,900
with competition creativity and 
the occasional spectacular 

5132
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:11,700
failure from which everyone 
gains knowledge, for example, 

5133
04:43:11,700 --> 04:43:14,600
metalworking. 
You see people who have 

5134
04:43:14,600 --> 04:43:17,700
discovered that they can create 
bronze, a more durable and 

5135
04:43:17,700 --> 04:43:21,200
practical metal than anything 
they've ever used by heating, 

5136
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:24,700
specific rocks to the ideal 
temperature and combining them 

5137
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:27,300
with other rocks. 
This is the beginning of the 

5138
04:43:27,300 --> 04:43:31,000
technology industry, not just a 
development in technology, there

5139
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:32,900
is collaboration among the 
bronze makers. 

5140
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:36,100
They require traders who can 
transport tin and copper, from 

5141
04:43:36,100 --> 04:43:39,000
hundreds of miles away, because 
they are necessary. 

5142
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:42,200
They require individuals who 
specialize in the production of 

5143
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:45,200
charcoal because they require 
fuel for their furnaces. 

5144
04:43:45,200 --> 04:43:49,100
They require a market that is 
sophisticated enough to discern 

5145
04:43:49,100 --> 04:43:52,700
between a mediocre bronze tool 
and a truly exceptional one in 

5146
04:43:52,700 --> 04:43:55,400
order to attract clients who 
value quality metal work. 

5147
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:57,900
Before you know, it Supply 
chains are in place. 

5148
04:43:57,900 --> 04:44:01,100
You have quality control yes the
best metal. 

5149
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:04,400
Workers build reputations, and 
people begin to request tools 

5150
04:44:04,400 --> 04:44:07,500
made by particular Artisans. 
So you have brand recognition, 

5151
04:44:07,500 --> 04:44:12,400
it's the Antiquated version of 
Yelp, reviews, except of posting

5152
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:14,200
them online. 
People tell their neighbors, 

5153
04:44:14,200 --> 04:44:16,400
which blacksmith produces 
harvest season tools. 

5154
04:44:16,400 --> 04:44:19,200
That don't break. 
However, the true Innovation 

5155
04:44:19,200 --> 04:44:22,200
taking place here is economic 
rather than technological. 

5156
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:25,700
The modern concept of Commerce 
is being created by these 

5157
04:44:25,700 --> 04:44:28,100
individuals. 
They are determining how to 

5158
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:30,900
fairly trade goods and services 
between people who have 

5159
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:33,600
different needs. 
How to plan for future needs 

5160
04:44:33,600 --> 04:44:36,300
while managing current 
resources, and how to assign 

5161
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:39,600
value to goods and services. 
Think about the difficulties, 

5162
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:42,100
you need a new plow because you 
grow barley. 

5163
04:44:42,100 --> 04:44:44,800
The toolmaker needs copper for 
his next project. 

5164
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:46,700
Not barley, but he wants 
payment. 

5165
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:50,500
In order to trade up north, the 
copper Trader needs wool. 

5166
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,300
Not barley. 
The shepherd needs barley, but 

5167
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:55,200
he has wool. 
How can this be made to work? 

5168
04:44:55,200 --> 04:44:57,600
Their solution is sophisticated 
in. 

5169
04:44:57,600 --> 04:45:00,600
Its intricacy, like water 
through their irrigation 

5170
04:45:00,600 --> 04:45:02,700
channels. 
They establish a system of 

5171
04:45:02,700 --> 04:45:05,300
credit and debt that enables 
value to move throughout the 

5172
04:45:05,300 --> 04:45:08,300
community. 
In exchange, for your promise, 

5173
04:45:08,300 --> 04:45:10,800
to pay him with barley after the
Harvest, which he can, then 

5174
04:45:10,800 --> 04:45:13,500
exchange for supplies for his 
next project with the copper 

5175
04:45:13,500 --> 04:45:16,000
Trader. 
Toolmaker agrees to make your 

5176
04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:19,200
plow right away. 
It's credit without credit cards

5177
04:45:19,200 --> 04:45:22,200
and banking without banks. 
And it all depends on reputation

5178
04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:25,600
and Trust writing is a seemingly
straightforward, but 

5179
04:45:25,600 --> 04:45:28,900
revolutionary requirement for 
this system, not just any 

5180
04:45:28,900 --> 04:45:31,300
writing. 
But every day, useful, writing 

5181
04:45:31,300 --> 04:45:34,200
that can document who is 
responsible for what when 

5182
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:37,500
payment is due and what happens 
when someone fails to fulfill 

5183
04:45:37,500 --> 04:45:40,500
their end of the agreement, your
witnessing the creation of 

5184
04:45:40,500 --> 04:45:43,900
business records receipts and 
contracts in addition to being 

5185
04:45:43,900 --> 04:45:47,100
works of ancient literature. 
The cuneiform tablets found 

5186
04:45:47,100 --> 04:45:49,800
throughout the cities of the 
earliest business documents ever

5187
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:54,100
created purchase orders. 
Tax records, loan agreements, 

5188
04:45:54,100 --> 04:45:58,200
employment contracts, and 
inventory lists All of it is 

5189
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:01,500
here compressed into clay, with 
marks in the shape of wedges 

5190
04:46:01,500 --> 04:46:04,900
that symbolize the beginning of 
bureaucracy, indeed, you're all 

5191
04:46:04,908 --> 04:46:06,800
so witnessing the development of
accounting. 

5192
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:10,300
All of these promises 
transactions and credits and 

5193
04:46:10,300 --> 04:46:13,500
debts, moving through the 
community must be monitored by 

5194
04:46:13,500 --> 04:46:17,000
someone even though the early 
accountants worked by Lamplight 

5195
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:20,800
with clay, tablets and Reed 
styluses rather than in 

5196
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:23,800
contemporary offices with 
computers, they were addressing 

5197
04:46:23,800 --> 04:46:25,800
the same issues that accountants
do today. 

5198
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:29,900
The inventiveness of these 
Solutions is astounding They're 

5199
04:46:29,900 --> 04:46:32,800
creating economic systems from 
the ground up and learning by 

5200
04:46:32,800 --> 04:46:35,100
trial and error. 
How to make complex societies 

5201
04:46:35,100 --> 04:46:38,600
run smoothly, rather than simply
replicating, what worked 

5202
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,100
elsewhere, you're going to see 
something that will make you 

5203
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:42,800
appreciate human ambition, even 
more. 

5204
04:46:42,800 --> 04:46:45,500
As you can continue your cozy, 
exploration of this ancient 

5205
04:46:45,500 --> 04:46:49,000
world, these Mesopotamians 
aren't satisfied. 

5206
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:52,100
With merely resolving pragmatic 
issues like trade and irrigation

5207
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,500
their, aiming for something 
greater something that appeals 

5208
04:46:55,500 --> 04:46:58,100
to the basic human need to build
monuments to their own 

5209
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:02,000
creativity, your witnessing, the
construction of ziggurats which 

5210
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:04,800
are enormous stepped pyramids 
that resemble old-fashioned 

5211
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:07,700
skyscrapers and rise out of the 
level Terrain. 

5212
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:11,500
However, referring to them as 
buildings is an understatement. 

5213
04:47:11,500 --> 04:47:15,400
These are assertion 
proclamations and Architectural 

5214
04:47:15,400 --> 04:47:17,000
justification for human 
potential. 

5215
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:21,300
People say, we can move 
mountains of Earth and we can do

5216
04:47:21,300 --> 04:47:24,000
it one basket at a time. 
When you watch one being 

5217
04:47:24,000 --> 04:47:26,700
constructed, the logistics alone
are astounding. 

5218
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:29,900
Millions of mud bricks. 
Must be made dried and 

5219
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:33,400
transported to the construction 
site for a large ziggurat, no 

5220
04:47:33,400 --> 04:47:35,900
trucks. 
Cranes or mechanized equipment 

5221
04:47:35,900 --> 04:47:38,400
to present. 
Everything is propelled by 

5222
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:41,800
animal strength, human muscle 
power, a complex network of 

5223
04:47:41,800 --> 04:47:45,400
ramps and levers, and unwavering
willpower, the The planning 

5224
04:47:45,400 --> 04:47:49,200
however is what really sets it 
apart to prevent the entire 

5225
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:51,800
project from collapsing into a 
heap of costly debris. 

5226
04:47:51,800 --> 04:47:55,200
Someone must determine how many 
bricks they will need where to 

5227
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:58,500
obtain the raw materials, how 
many workers are needed, how to 

5228
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:01,500
feed all of those workers where 
they will sleep and how to 

5229
04:48:01,508 --> 04:48:04,400
coordinate their efforts, your 
witnessing a level of project 

5230
04:48:04,400 --> 04:48:06,800
management that won't be seen. 
Again until the building of 

5231
04:48:06,800 --> 04:48:10,600
medieval Cathedrals, with 
hundreds of workers, dozens of 

5232
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:14,300
specialized trades and Supply. 
Chains spanning the entire Known

5233
04:48:14,300 --> 04:48:18,000
World, the ziggurat Builders are
effectively managing the biggest

5234
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:21,100
construction company in the 
ancient world, contrary to what 

5235
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:23,800
Hollywood may have taught you, 
the workers themselves are not 

5236
04:48:23,808 --> 04:48:27,300
slaves, considerate, the most 
complex community service 

5237
04:48:27,300 --> 04:48:30,200
project in the world, they are 
citizens carrying out. 

5238
04:48:30,200 --> 04:48:33,900
Their civic duties seasonal 
workers and skilled artists. 

5239
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:37,500
People donate their time to 
building projects that benefit 

5240
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:40,600
everyone during the agricultural
offseason when the fields don't 

5241
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:43,200
need to be tended. 
This desire to create something 

5242
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:46,100
greater than anyone person. 
Could on their own has a very 

5243
04:48:46,100 --> 04:48:49,300
human quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

5244
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,500
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

5245
04:48:52,500 --> 04:48:55,500
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats oral symbolic. 

5246
04:48:56,300 --> 04:48:58,100
Look what we can do when we work
together. 

5247
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:02,000
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

5248
04:49:02,000 --> 04:49:04,700
engineering is needed, the 
builders must comprehend. 

5249
04:49:04,700 --> 04:49:08,300
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

5250
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:11,900
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

5251
04:49:11,900 --> 04:49:15,500
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

5252
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:17,600
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

5253
04:49:17,600 --> 04:49:20,600
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

5254
04:49:20,600 --> 04:49:23,400
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

5255
04:49:23,400 --> 04:49:27,000
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

5256
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:29,200
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

5257
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,300
producing millions of identical 
bricks to guarantee. 

5258
04:49:32,300 --> 04:49:35,300
Uniformity throughout large 
production runs they create 

5259
04:49:35,300 --> 04:49:39,300
standardized molds, quality 
assurance, protocols, and drying

5260
04:49:39,300 --> 04:49:41,900
methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

5261
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:43,600
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

5262
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:45,500
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

5263
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:48,500
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

5264
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:50,900
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

5265
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:54,200
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

5266
04:49:54,200 --> 04:49:57,100
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

5267
04:49:57,100 --> 04:49:58,900
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

5268
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:00,700
Others are moving them and 
still. 

5269
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:02,600
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

5270
04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:05,900
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

5271
04:50:05,900 --> 04:50:09,700
to be motivated, supervised 
supplied and in sync, it's 

5272
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:12,400
similar to conducting an 
orchestra except that hundreds 

5273
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:15,300
of construction workers are used
in place of musicians and 

5274
04:50:15,300 --> 04:50:18,200
architecture that will Outlast 
Empires is used in place of 

5275
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:20,100
music. 
You come across something that 

5276
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:23,100
may appear less dramatic than 
enormous construction projects, 

5277
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:26,100
but is actually far more 
revolutionary as you can 

5278
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:28,600
continue your peaceful journey 
through this amazing 

5279
04:50:28,600 --> 04:50:31,100
civilization. 
You're seeing the beginning of 

5280
04:50:31,100 --> 04:50:35,800
formal education mathematics and
what we might call science the 

5281
04:50:35,800 --> 04:50:38,400
point at which humans started to
think methodically about 

5282
04:50:38,400 --> 04:50:40,800
thinking itself. 
Something extraordinary is 

5283
04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:44,600
taking place in tiny buildings, 
dotted across the cities, young,

5284
04:50:44,600 --> 04:50:46,200
adults, and children are 
congregating. 

5285
04:50:46,300 --> 04:50:49,700
To learn rather than to labor 
and workshops or Fields the 

5286
04:50:49,700 --> 04:50:51,100
lessons. 
They are learning at the first 

5287
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:53,500
schools in history will have a 
lasting impact on human 

5288
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:56,100
civilization. 
These are not informal teachings

5289
04:50:56,100 --> 04:50:57,500
that parents in part to their 
children. 

5290
04:50:57,500 --> 04:51:01,100
This is formal education, 
complete with learning 

5291
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:03,600
objectives standardized, 
curricula and qualified 

5292
04:51:03,600 --> 04:51:06,000
teachers. 
In addition to learning 

5293
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:08,200
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and law. 

5294
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,700
Students, also practice writing 
by copying out traditional 

5295
04:51:11,700 --> 04:51:14,200
texts. 
They are becoming literate in 

5296
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,000
the art of knowledge acquisition
as well as in their native 

5297
04:51:17,000 --> 04:51:19,400
tongue. 
Your high school algebra teacher

5298
04:51:19,400 --> 04:51:22,000
would be ecstatic about the 
mathematics being developed 

5299
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:24,300
here. 
These individuals are dealing 

5300
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:27,600
with ideas that appear to be 
nearly contemporary, geometric 

5301
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:31,000
principles, place value, 
notation and mathematical 

5302
04:51:31,000 --> 04:51:33,700
relationships that are still 
utilized by architects today. 

5303
04:51:33,700 --> 04:51:37,100
They're finding abstract 
mathematical truths that exist 

5304
04:51:37,100 --> 04:51:40,400
apart from any real world 
applications, not just counting 

5305
04:51:40,400 --> 04:51:42,900
things. 
What's amazing though is that 

5306
04:51:42,900 --> 04:51:46,700
they're using a number system 
based on 60 rather than 10 

5307
04:51:47,600 --> 04:51:49,900
They're thinking in basic 60 
while you're counting on your 

5308
04:51:49,900 --> 04:51:51,700
fingers and working with powers 
of 10. 

5309
04:51:51,700 --> 04:51:55,800
This sounds really strange. 
And you realize that 60 is more 

5310
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:59,000
divisible by numbers than 10 
years for many mathematical 

5311
04:51:59,000 --> 04:52:01,000
operations. 
Their system is actually more 

5312
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:03,500
adaptable. 
It's similar to learning that a 

5313
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:05,900
better wheel was created. 
But thousands of years later 

5314
04:52:05,900 --> 04:52:09,100
were still using the subpar one.
There is more to this. 

5315
04:52:09,100 --> 04:52:12,400
Mathematical sophistication than
meets the eye, the same 

5316
04:52:12,400 --> 04:52:15,700
individuals who divided circles 
into 360 Degrees. 

5317
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:18,700
Yes, that's where that 
originates are. 

5318
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:21,600
Also conducting astronomical 
observations which call for 

5319
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:24,600
exact measurement and 
documentation They're making 

5320
04:52:24,608 --> 04:52:27,600
calendars that line agricultural
activities with astronomical 

5321
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:31,100
events, tracking the Motions of 
planets and forecasting. 

5322
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:34,700
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

5323
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:37,700
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

5324
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:40,100
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

5325
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,700
planets, they can predict, when 
Venus will show up as An Evening

5326
04:52:43,700 --> 04:52:47,300
Star, as a Morning Star, they 
have developed mathematical 

5327
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:51,300
models to forecast, astronomical
events, an identified as a diet 

5328
04:52:51,300 --> 04:52:54,300
called constellations. 
Most impressive though is the 

5329
04:52:54,300 --> 04:52:57,300
way their tackling, these 
issues, their searching for 

5330
04:52:57,300 --> 04:53:00,500
underlying patterns, formulating
hypotheses and testing 

5331
04:53:00,500 --> 04:53:03,200
predictions, in addition to 
merely Gathering observations. 

5332
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:06,800
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

5333
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:09,800
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

5334
04:53:09,800 --> 04:53:12,300
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

5335
04:53:12,308 --> 04:53:14,800
Mathematics. 
Students are learning how to 

5336
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:18,500
evaluate court cases write 
poetry in accordance with formal

5337
04:53:18,500 --> 04:53:21,600
guide, lines and comprehend 
historical precedence. 

5338
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,200
In the classroom, they are 
discovering that knowledge 

5339
04:53:24,200 --> 04:53:27,300
itself can be methodically 
arranged classified and passed 

5340
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:29,000
down from one generation to the 
next. 

5341
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:32,500
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

5342
04:53:32,500 --> 04:53:35,200
today. 
For the first time in history, 

5343
04:53:35,200 --> 04:53:38,400
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

5344
04:53:38,408 --> 04:53:41,800
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

5345
04:53:41,800 --> 04:53:44,200
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

5346
04:53:45,100 --> 04:53:48,100
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

5347
04:53:48,100 --> 04:53:50,500
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

5348
04:53:50,500 --> 04:53:53,200
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

5349
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:56,100
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding. 

5350
04:53:57,000 --> 04:53:59,800
People whose job it is to think 
about abstract problems, begin 

5351
04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:02,300
to draw connections between 
various fields of knowledge. 

5352
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:05,900
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

5353
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,000
geometric principles. 
The astronomer learns that 

5354
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:11,800
natural events can be predicted 
by mathematical models. 

5355
04:54:11,800 --> 04:54:14,900
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

5356
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:17,400
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

5357
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:20,800
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

5358
04:54:20,800 --> 04:54:24,000
travels and become a custom to 
the mild routine of this amazing

5359
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:26,400
Society. 
You're about to learn that 

5360
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:28,300
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

5361
04:54:28,300 --> 04:54:31,500
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

5362
04:54:31,500 --> 04:54:35,200
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

5363
04:54:35,200 --> 04:54:38,000
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small high 

5364
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:42,100
Windows of their house, letting 
the first of the day, the first 

5365
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:44,900
thing that strikes you is how 
different their everyday worries

5366
04:54:44,900 --> 04:54:47,400
are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly similar, 

5367
04:54:48,200 --> 04:54:50,800
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

5368
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:53,100
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the households grain 

5369
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:55,900
supplies. 
Father is going over his to-do 

5370
04:54:55,900 --> 04:54:58,800
list, in his head, including, 
which irrigation channels 

5371
04:54:58,800 --> 04:55:01,900
require upkeep, which tools 
require repair and which 

5372
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:04,700
neighbors he needs to work with,
in preparation for the Harvest, 

5373
04:55:04,700 --> 04:55:08,100
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

5374
04:55:08,100 --> 04:55:09,800
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

5375
04:55:10,500 --> 04:55:12,500
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

5376
04:55:12,500 --> 04:55:14,300
mathematics to assist with the 
family business. 

5377
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:17,700
A little shamate refuses to 
practice her knee form writing 

5378
04:55:17,700 --> 04:55:20,900
exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

5379
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:22,800
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

5380
04:55:22,800 --> 04:55:26,300
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

5381
04:55:26,300 --> 04:55:28,200
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

5382
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:32,100
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

5383
04:55:32,100 --> 04:55:34,300
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

5384
04:55:34,300 --> 04:55:38,100
grain for breakfast. 
Father uses a filing system that

5385
04:55:38,100 --> 04:55:41,000
arranges data in ways that any 
contemporary office worker would

5386
04:55:41,000 --> 04:55:42,600
recognize when he looks through 
his business. 

5387
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:45,600
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

5388
04:55:45,600 --> 04:55:50,200
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

5389
04:55:50,200 --> 04:55:52,500
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

5390
04:55:52,500 --> 04:55:54,600
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

5391
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:57,700
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

5392
04:55:57,700 --> 04:56:00,000
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

5393
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:02,700
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

5394
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:05,200
given the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

5395
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:08,500
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

5396
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:10,900
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

5397
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:13,700
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

5398
04:56:13,700 --> 04:56:17,300
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

5399
04:56:17,300 --> 04:56:20,000
are served by the distribution 
system that provides them with 

5400
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:23,500
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

5401
04:56:23,500 --> 04:56:25,500
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

5402
04:56:25,500 --> 04:56:29,300
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

5403
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:32,100
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

5404
04:56:32,100 --> 04:56:34,100
fields are the source of the 
food. 

5405
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,300
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship, when the 

5406
04:56:37,300 --> 04:56:40,400
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

5407
04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:44,300
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

5408
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:46,300
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

5409
04:56:46,300 --> 04:56:49,700
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

5410
04:56:49,700 --> 04:56:52,500
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

5411
04:56:52,500 --> 04:56:54,400
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

5412
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:56,600
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

5413
04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:59,700
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both the place of

5414
04:56:59,708 --> 04:57:03,300
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

5415
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:06,600
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

5416
04:57:06,600 --> 04:57:09,100
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

5417
04:57:09,100 --> 04:57:12,600
She is teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

5418
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:15,800
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

5419
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:17,800
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

5420
04:57:17,800 --> 04:57:20,600
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

5421
04:57:20,600 --> 04:57:23,400
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

5422
04:57:23,408 --> 04:57:26,900
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

5423
04:57:26,900 --> 04:57:30,100
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

5424
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:34,000
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

5425
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:36,800
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

5426
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:39,800
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

5427
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:42,500
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

5428
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:45,500
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

5429
04:57:45,500 --> 04:57:48,900
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

5430
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:51,000
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

5431
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,800
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

5432
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:57,300
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

5433
04:57:57,300 --> 04:57:58,800
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

5434
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:02,200
agriculture, Commerce, and 
social organization, there may 

5435
04:58:02,208 --> 04:58:05,400
be games storytelling or music 
after supper. 

5436
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:09,000
Another revolutionary idea is 
that people have Leisure Time. 

5437
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:12,600
Human culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

5438
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,600
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

5439
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:18,300
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

5440
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:20,700
In addition, to sleeping off the
dais labor. 

5441
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:23,300
The family is refueling for 
tomorrow's involvement, in 

5442
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:25,900
Humanity's first complex, Urban 
living experiment. 

5443
04:58:27,000 --> 04:58:29,700
They will awaken tomorrow. 
And once more play a part in 

5444
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:32,900
preserving the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

5445
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,800
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

5446
04:58:36,800 --> 04:58:40,600
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

5447
04:58:40,600 --> 04:58:44,000
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

5448
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:47,000
managed to manage sizable, 
diverse populations, without 

5449
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:49,200
everything, collapsing, in 
Anarchy and conflict. 

5450
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:53,000
And they accomplished this by 
combining religious Authority, 

5451
04:58:53,000 --> 04:58:55,700
common sense and what can only 
be called the first 

5452
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:57,700
all-encompassing legal system in
history. 

5453
04:58:57,700 --> 04:59:01,100
Imagine the difficulties. 
These people encountered, there 

5454
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:04,300
are thousands of people each 
with their own goals, passions, 

5455
04:59:04,300 --> 04:59:07,200
and unavoidable conflicts, with 
their neighbors, you have 

5456
04:59:07,200 --> 04:59:11,200
competing religious Traditions, 
diverse ethnic groups, economic 

5457
04:59:11,200 --> 04:59:14,700
classes and the inherent human 
propensity for short-sightedness

5458
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:18,100
and selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

5459
04:59:18,100 --> 04:59:20,700
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

5460
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:23,300
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

5461
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,700
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the, top is a king 

5462
04:59:26,700 --> 04:59:28,900
who represents both religion and
politics. 

5463
04:59:28,900 --> 04:59:32,700
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

5464
04:59:32,700 --> 04:59:36,600
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

5465
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:38,700
his channeling, the will of the 
Gods. 

5466
04:59:38,700 --> 04:59:42,200
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a law, not 

5467
04:59:42,200 --> 04:59:45,600
just his own preferences. 
However, this is not a tyrants 

5468
04:59:45,600 --> 04:59:48,200
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

5469
04:59:48,200 --> 04:59:52,300
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

5470
04:59:52,300 --> 04:59:55,000
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

5471
04:59:56,000 --> 04:59:59,400
Priests Merchants Artisans and 
farmers, who, truly govern, the 

5472
04:59:59,408 --> 05:00:02,800
society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

5473
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:05,300
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

5474
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:07,000
for long. 
You have an advanced 

5475
05:00:07,000 --> 05:00:09,900
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

5476
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:13,600
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

5477
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:18,000
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

5478
05:00:18,000 --> 05:00:19,900
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

5479
05:00:20,700 --> 05:00:22,900
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

5480
05:00:22,908 --> 05:00:25,700
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

5481
05:00:25,700 --> 05:00:29,200
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

5482
05:00:29,200 --> 05:00:31,800
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

5483
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:35,000
draft thorough, legal codes that
aim to cover every potential 

5484
05:00:35,000 --> 05:00:38,100
conflict or offense, nearly 300 
laws. 

5485
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:41,100
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

5486
05:00:41,108 --> 05:00:44,600
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

5487
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:47,100
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

5488
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:49,100
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

5489
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:52,100
comprehensive nests. 
They distinguish between various

5490
05:00:52,100 --> 05:00:53,800
property types and social 
classes. 

5491
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:57,500
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

5492
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,900
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, the offer 

5493
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:03,300
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

5494
05:01:03,300 --> 05:01:05,500
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

5495
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:08,800
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

5496
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:12,000
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

5497
05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:15,700
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

5498
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:19,200
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

5499
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:22,300
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and corporate 

5500
05:01:22,300 --> 05:01:23,800
procedures that guarantee Fair 
hearing. 

5501
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:27,800
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

5502
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:31,400
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

5503
05:01:31,400 --> 05:01:34,600
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

5504
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:36,700
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

5505
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:39,800
legal system is open to the 
public, the laws are visible to 

5506
05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:41,900
everyone because they are 
engraved in stone. 

5507
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:44,400
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights 

5508
05:01:44,400 --> 05:01:47,600
expectations, and the 
repercussions of different 

5509
05:01:47,600 --> 05:01:50,800
behaviors law, ceases to be 
arbitrary and becomes 

5510
05:01:50,800 --> 05:01:52,400
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

5511
05:01:52,400 --> 05:01:55,400
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

5512
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:58,200
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

5513
05:01:58,200 --> 05:02:01,900
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

5514
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:04,600
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king wants. 

5515
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:08,100
People are aware of their 
obligations when they are due 

5516
05:02:08,100 --> 05:02:11,200
and what they get in return 
including Public Works, projects

5517
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:14,200
military protection, 
infrastructure, upkeep, and 

5518
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:17,000
judicial Services. 
The result is something that can

5519
05:02:17,000 --> 05:02:18,700
be identified as the rule of 
law. 

5520
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:21,700
A system that treats people 
fairly and accordance with 

5521
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:24,700
established standards offers 
procedures for settling 

5522
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:27,900
conflicts. 
Amicably and fosters incentives 

5523
05:02:27,900 --> 05:02:30,700
for collaboration rather than 
conflict is probably more 

5524
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:34,100
desirable than perfect Justice, 
which is probably unachievable 

5525
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:38,100
stability, is the outcome due to
their reasonable confidence in 

5526
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:40,100
the stability of the legal and 
social framework. 

5527
05:02:40,100 --> 05:02:42,400
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

5528
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:45,800
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

5529
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,800
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

5530
05:02:48,800 --> 05:02:51,000
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

5531
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:54,900
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

5532
05:02:54,900 --> 05:02:58,800
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects that take

5533
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:02,400
generations to complete are all 
made possible by this stability,

5534
05:03:02,400 --> 05:03:05,400
which in turns lays the 
groundwork for everything else, 

5535
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:08,900
we've been investigating. 
Without governmental structures 

5536
05:03:08,900 --> 05:03:12,300
that can uphold continuity and 
Order over decades or even 

5537
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:14,600
centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

5538
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:17,000
As you continue, your 
exploration of ancient 

5539
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:19,400
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

5540
05:03:19,400 --> 05:03:22,800
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

5541
05:03:22,800 --> 05:03:26,500
profoundly spiritual but not in 
a way that separates the sacred 

5542
05:03:26,500 --> 05:03:28,600
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

5543
05:03:28,600 --> 05:03:31,300
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

5544
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:35,100
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

5545
05:03:35,100 --> 05:03:37,500
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

5546
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:42,000
However, this is a faith that 
sanctifies, practical activity 

5547
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:45,800
and finds the Divine in human 
achievement, not the kind of 

5548
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:48,400
spirituality that demands 
people, reject the material, 

5549
05:03:48,400 --> 05:03:52,600
world Mesopotamian gods are 
strikingly human-like but in the

5550
05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:55,800
most positive sense, they are 
individuals with preferences 

5551
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:59,300
knowledge and continuous 
engagement in worldly matters 

5552
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:02,200
rather than impersonal abstract 
ideals. 

5553
05:04:03,100 --> 05:04:06,000
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

5554
05:04:06,000 --> 05:04:07,700
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

5555
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:11,800
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

5556
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:16,100
irrigation rule over freshwater 
and wisdom makes perfect sense. 

5557
05:04:16,100 --> 05:04:19,400
Since passion and conflict are 
essential components of The 

5558
05:04:19,400 --> 05:04:22,500
Human Experience. 
Anonymous stands for both Love 

5559
05:04:22,500 --> 05:04:24,700
and War. 
The most fascinating thing. 

5560
05:04:24,700 --> 05:04:27,800
About these Gods though is how 
they serve as examples of the 

5561
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:30,300
kind of collaboration that 
enables civilized life. 

5562
05:04:31,300 --> 05:04:34,300
The myths, describe God's 
cooperating, on Cosmic building 

5563
05:04:34,300 --> 05:04:38,000
projects, exchanging resources 
and expertise, and reaching 

5564
05:04:38,000 --> 05:04:41,600
mutually beneficial agreements. 
People who take part in 

5565
05:04:41,600 --> 05:04:43,400
religious rituals are not only 
worshiping. 

5566
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:47,100
They are also honing the social 
skills necessary to maintain the

5567
05:04:47,100 --> 05:04:48,900
smooth operation of their own 
communities. 

5568
05:04:48,900 --> 05:04:51,400
Each city is dominated by 
temples. 

5569
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:53,400
That are much more than just 
places of worship. 

5570
05:04:53,400 --> 05:04:57,200
There are combination of social 
service agencies educational 

5571
05:04:57,200 --> 05:05:01,400
institutions and economic hubs. 
In addition, to carrying out 

5572
05:05:01,400 --> 05:05:03,900
rituals the priests who work in 
these temples. 

5573
05:05:03,900 --> 05:05:07,400
Also, oversee agricultural, 
Estates run, educational 

5574
05:05:07,400 --> 05:05:11,400
institutions, care for libraries
and offer welfare assistance to 

5575
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:14,600
members of the community who are
struggling a society where 

5576
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:17,600
religious life supports rather 
than contradicts the value's 

5577
05:05:17,600 --> 05:05:19,800
required. 
For successful, Urban living is 

5578
05:05:19,800 --> 05:05:22,400
the result of this remarkable 
Fusion of spiritual and 

5579
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:25,300
practical functions. 
A good worshiper. 

5580
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:27,500
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

5581
05:05:27,500 --> 05:05:31,600
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

5582
05:05:31,600 --> 05:05:34,700
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

5583
05:05:34,700 --> 05:05:38,100
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

5584
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:41,400
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

5585
05:05:41,400 --> 05:05:45,100
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

5586
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:48,600
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

5587
05:05:48,600 --> 05:05:52,000
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

5588
05:05:52,000 --> 05:05:55,100
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

5589
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,300
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

5590
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:00,300
The religious mandate to 
support. 

5591
05:06:00,300 --> 05:06:03,300
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

5592
05:06:03,300 --> 05:06:06,400
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

5593
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:09,500
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

5594
05:06:09,508 --> 05:06:12,700
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

5595
05:06:13,600 --> 05:06:16,500
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

5596
05:06:16,500 --> 05:06:18,200
taking part in a building 
project. 

5597
05:06:19,000 --> 05:06:21,500
They are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

5598
05:06:21,500 --> 05:06:24,600
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

5599
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:27,700
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

5600
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:29,700
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

5601
05:06:29,700 --> 05:06:33,500
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

5602
05:06:33,500 --> 05:06:36,500
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

5603
05:06:36,508 --> 05:06:39,500
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

5604
05:06:39,500 --> 05:06:42,600
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

5605
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:45,900
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

5606
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:48,800
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

5607
05:06:48,808 --> 05:06:52,400
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

5608
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,300
However, this spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

5609
05:06:57,200 --> 05:07:00,300
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

5610
05:07:00,300 --> 05:07:03,400
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil 

5611
05:07:03,400 --> 05:07:06,300
and water, require careful 
observation and logical 

5612
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:08,700
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

5613
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:11,600
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

5614
05:07:11,600 --> 05:07:15,100
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

5615
05:07:15,100 --> 05:07:17,900
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

5616
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:20,900
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

5617
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:23,800
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

5618
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:27,100
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

5619
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:30,800
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

5620
05:07:30,800 --> 05:07:32,500
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

5621
05:07:32,500 --> 05:07:34,900
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

5622
05:07:35,700 --> 05:07:38,400
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

5623
05:07:38,400 --> 05:07:42,200
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

5624
05:07:42,200 --> 05:07:45,600
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

5625
05:07:45,600 --> 05:07:47,400
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

5626
05:07:47,400 --> 05:07:50,100
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

5627
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,000
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

5628
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:56,600
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

5629
05:07:56,600 --> 05:07:59,600
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

5630
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:03,000
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

5631
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:06,500
Society is changed by writing in
every other way because 

5632
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:09,600
Engineers can document effective
techniques and learn from past 

5633
05:08:09,600 --> 05:08:13,100
mistakes, the irrigation system 
becomes much more sophisticated 

5634
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:16,600
once information can be 
permanently recorded because 

5635
05:08:16,600 --> 05:08:20,500
presidents can be documented and
consulted legal systems become 

5636
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:24,000
more Equitable and consistent. 
Because contracts can specify 

5637
05:08:24,000 --> 05:08:26,900
precise terms and conditions 
trade becomes more. 

5638
05:08:26,900 --> 05:08:30,000
Complicated because knowledge 
can be systematically 

5639
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:33,400
transmitted and preserved. 
Education becomes more effective

5640
05:08:33,400 --> 05:08:37,500
however writing all so, opens up
new possibilities that no one 

5641
05:08:37,508 --> 05:08:40,200
had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

5642
05:08:40,200 --> 05:08:43,500
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

5643
05:08:43,508 --> 05:08:46,700
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

5644
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:49,600
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

5645
05:08:50,300 --> 05:08:53,000
Every advancement creates 
opportunities for even more 

5646
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:56,300
advancements in, unpredictable 
ways in the realm of Economics, 

5647
05:08:56,300 --> 05:08:58,400
the networking effect is the 
same. 

5648
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:02,300
Once food production is stable, 
some people can focus on crafts,

5649
05:09:02,300 --> 05:09:04,600
you can create better tools and 
methods. 

5650
05:09:04,600 --> 05:09:07,700
Once you have talented artists 
with improved tools, 

5651
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:11,300
agricultural productivity can be
increased freeing up, even more 

5652
05:09:11,300 --> 05:09:15,100
workers for specialized labor. 
Every Improvement increases the 

5653
05:09:15,100 --> 05:09:18,100
likelihood and ease of the 
subsequent Improvement the 

5654
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:20,400
social Innovations, have an 
equally strong Network. 

5655
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:23,500
You can start projects that need
long-term planning and 

5656
05:09:23,508 --> 05:09:25,700
coordination. 
Once you have an efficient 

5657
05:09:25,700 --> 05:09:29,100
governance system, people gain 
confidence and group action 

5658
05:09:29,100 --> 05:09:32,200
after large scale projects are 
completed successfully. 

5659
05:09:32,200 --> 05:09:35,300
People are willing to invest in 
even more ambitious projects, 

5660
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:38,300
once they have faith in group 
efforts in ways that 

5661
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:42,500
exponentially speed up progress,
success, breeds success. 

5662
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:45,500
The Mesopotamians are 
experiencing the fascinating 

5663
05:09:45,500 --> 05:09:47,200
discovery that human 
communities. 

5664
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:50,100
Can generate value that far, 
surpasses, what individuals 

5665
05:09:50,100 --> 05:09:53,000
could produce working alone. 
Your witnessing, what? 

5666
05:09:53,000 --> 05:09:56,000
Contemporary economists, refer 
to as increasing returns to 

5667
05:09:56,000 --> 05:09:58,600
scale. 
Every new member of society 

5668
05:09:58,600 --> 05:10:01,100
increases the productivity 
security, and ability of 

5669
05:10:01,108 --> 05:10:04,400
everyone else to accomplish 
their objectives, the networking

5670
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:06,000
of technology is equally 
impressive. 

5671
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:09,700
Mining transportation and trade 
networks, are all necessary for 

5672
05:10:09,700 --> 05:10:13,000
the production of bronze. 
In addition, to metallurgy The 

5673
05:10:13,000 --> 05:10:15,400
effectiveness of the entire 
system increases with each 

5674
05:10:15,400 --> 05:10:18,800
advancement in any of these 
areas mining is more productive 

5675
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:21,300
with better tools. 
Raw materials are less 

5676
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:23,100
expensive. 
When transportation is more 

5677
05:10:23,100 --> 05:10:26,500
efficient access to better 
quality inputs, is made possible

5678
05:10:26,500 --> 05:10:30,500
by expanded trade networks. 
However, the cultural networking

5679
05:10:30,500 --> 05:10:33,500
effect may be the most 
significant, People start to 

5680
05:10:33,500 --> 05:10:36,100
have bigger dreams after 
realizing that prosperity and 

5681
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:38,700
security can be achieved through
human effort. 

5682
05:10:39,500 --> 05:10:42,700
They are more inclined to trust 
strangers, and engage in larger 

5683
05:10:42,700 --> 05:10:44,300
communities. 
Once they realize that 

5684
05:10:44,300 --> 05:10:46,900
collaboration can produce 
outcomes that are impossible for

5685
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:50,300
individuals to accomplish alone,
they are more inclined to rely 

5686
05:10:50,300 --> 05:10:52,300
on others for products and 
services that they could 

5687
05:10:52,300 --> 05:10:54,800
potentially produce themselves. 
Once they have seen the 

5688
05:10:54,800 --> 05:10:58,400
advantages of specialization, 
this is a revolutionary change 

5689
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:01,000
in culture. 
People are choosing to become 

5690
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:03,600
interdependent instead of 
self-sufficient for the first 

5691
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:06,800
time in human history, they're 
coming to the conclusion that 

5692
05:11:06,800 --> 05:11:09,500
working together is more 
advantageous than relying on 

5693
05:11:09,508 --> 05:11:12,400
other people. 
Their thing that humans 

5694
05:11:12,400 --> 05:11:14,600
societies can be more than 
short-term convenience 

5695
05:11:14,600 --> 05:11:17,200
alliances. 
You're seeing networking effects

5696
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:19,600
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

5697
05:11:19,600 --> 05:11:23,200
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamian Innovations 

5698
05:11:23,200 --> 05:11:26,400
influenced events throughout the
ancient world, by way of trade 

5699
05:11:26,400 --> 05:11:29,500
routes, diplomatic contacts and 
migration patterns. 

5700
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:33,300
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

5701
05:11:33,300 --> 05:11:36,100
in Babylon. 
Roman law is influenced by the 

5702
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:37,900
legal precepts developed in 
Ouray. 

5703
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:41,200
From Egypt to India, population 
growth is made possible by 

5704
05:11:41,200 --> 05:11:44,700
Mesopotamian agricultural, 
Innovations, your witnessing. 

5705
05:11:44,700 --> 05:11:47,200
The emergence of what 
contemporary academics refer to 

5706
05:11:47,200 --> 05:11:51,100
as World Systems networks of 
influence and interaction that 

5707
05:11:51,100 --> 05:11:54,600
link, far-flung societies and 
enable Innovations to 

5708
05:11:54,600 --> 05:11:57,200
proliferate well beyond their 
original locations. 

5709
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:01,300
For the first time, human 
advancement turns into a 

5710
05:12:01,300 --> 05:12:04,300
Cooperative Endeavor in which 
several civilizations, cooperate

5711
05:12:04,300 --> 05:12:08,500
often, unknowingly to address 
shared problems, you are left 

5712
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:10,700
with a deep respect for the 
accomplishments of these 

5713
05:12:10,700 --> 05:12:13,900
extraordinary people, as our 
leisurely tour of Ancient 

5714
05:12:13,900 --> 05:12:16,600
Mesopotamia. 
Comes to an end You return to 

5715
05:12:16,608 --> 05:12:19,900
the Comforts of the present with
a fresh perspective on how much 

5716
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,200
we owe these pioneers of the 
past, the Golden Age of 

5717
05:12:23,200 --> 05:12:26,400
witnessed was golden. 
Not because it was Flawless, but

5718
05:12:26,400 --> 05:12:29,100
because it was the first time 
that Humanity had successfully 

5719
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:33,000
attempted to build sophisticated
societies that boosted rather 

5720
05:12:33,000 --> 05:12:38,100
than depleted human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

5721
05:12:38,100 --> 05:12:39,600
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

5722
05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:42,100
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

5723
05:12:42,100 --> 05:12:45,400
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions. 

5724
05:12:45,400 --> 05:12:48,700
Weren't coincidental or 
short-term fixes thousands of 

5725
05:12:48,700 --> 05:12:51,100
years later, we are still using 
modified versions of the 

5726
05:12:51,100 --> 05:12:54,600
institutions systems and ways of
thinking, they established 

5727
05:12:54,600 --> 05:12:57,200
because they were so successful.
You are building on the 

5728
05:12:57,208 --> 05:13:00,900
foundations established by these
ancient Pioneers each time you 

5729
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:05,000
use mathematics, read a written 
contract engage in Democratic 

5730
05:13:05,000 --> 05:13:08,000
governance or profit from 
specialization and trade, 

5731
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:11,400
perhaps most significantly. 
However, they Illustrated a 

5732
05:13:11,400 --> 05:13:14,700
feature of human nature that 
still holds true today When 

5733
05:13:14,700 --> 05:13:17,200
people are confident enough to 
look beyond their immediate 

5734
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:19,900
survival, when they have 
incentives to work together, 

5735
05:13:19,900 --> 05:13:22,100
rather than engage in 
destructive competition. 

5736
05:13:22,100 --> 05:13:24,700
And when they have faith, that 
their efforts will be fairly 

5737
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:28,100
rewarded, they collaborate to 
create amazing things, the 

5738
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:31,200
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves
as a reminder that the greatest 

5739
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:34,300
human civilization is about 
fostering an environment in 

5740
05:13:34,300 --> 05:13:37,800
which each person can use their 
special gifts to promote the 

5741
05:13:37,800 --> 05:13:41,100
well-being of the group. 
Not about controlling nature or 

5742
05:13:41,100 --> 05:13:44,300
outperforming Rivals. 
It involves creating systems 

5743
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:47,500
that are both robust enough to 
offer security and adaptable 

5744
05:13:47,500 --> 05:13:51,100
enough to Foster creativity. 
It involves figuring out how to 

5745
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:54,300
respect both individual success 
and the well-being of the 

5746
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:58,200
community as you fall asleep, 
consider how human advancement 

5747
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:01,400
is still fueled by the same 
Cooperative impulses, that 

5748
05:14:01,400 --> 05:14:03,800
created ziggurats and cuneiform 
writing. 

5749
05:14:04,900 --> 05:14:07,800
The spirit of ancient 
Mesopotamia endures every time 

5750
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:10,600
individuals decide to work 
together, rather than fight 

5751
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:13,900
every time someone lends their 
expertise to projects bigger 

5752
05:14:13,900 --> 05:14:16,600
than themselves. 
And every time communities make 

5753
05:14:16,600 --> 05:14:19,100
investments in infrastructure 
that will benefit coming 

5754
05:14:19,100 --> 05:14:22,300
Generations, even though the 
cities are now covered in desert

5755
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:25,700
sand and the irrigation channels
are dry, the human ability to 

5756
05:14:25,700 --> 05:14:29,200
bring order out of chaos, 
abundance out of scarcity and 

5757
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:32,200
meaning out of life's, basic 
materials, still flows like 

5758
05:14:32,200 --> 05:14:34,600
those ancient Rivers. 
Between the Tigris, new 

5759
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:37,500
Freights, rest easy knowing that
you're a part of a story that 

5760
05:14:37,500 --> 05:14:40,600
started with the first cities 
and goes on with every 

5761
05:14:40,600 --> 05:14:44,600
technological advancement, Every
Act of human cooperation and 

5762
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:47,600
every instance in which people 
decide to build rather than 

5763
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:50,700
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age
serves. 

5764
05:14:50,700 --> 05:14:53,000
As a reminder that our best 
times are never truly over. 

5765
05:14:53,000 --> 05:14:57,100
Rather, they are always just 
getting started and are waiting 

5766
05:14:57,100 --> 05:14:59,600
to be shaped by the next 
generation of people who 

5767
05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:02,100
prepared to cooperate in order 
to achieve common goals. 

5768
05:15:02,100 --> 05:15:05,500
The same mathematical patterns 
that the Ancient astronomers 

5769
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:08,300
found still govern the way. 
The Stars wheel overhead. 

5770
05:15:09,300 --> 05:15:12,800
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

5771
05:15:12,800 --> 05:15:16,100
something bigger than personal 
survival, is still a strong as 

5772
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:18,400
the fires in those old bronze 
workshops. 

5773
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:20,800
And tomorrow we carry on the 
work. 

5774
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:23,400
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

5775
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:26,400
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

5776
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:29,200
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

5777
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:32,500
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

5778
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:35,200
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

5779
05:15:35,200 --> 05:15:38,800
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

5780
05:15:38,808 --> 05:15:42,500
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

5781
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:45,900
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit of their 

5782
05:15:45,900 --> 05:15:48,800
own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carried

5783
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:52,000
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

5784
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:54,000
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

5785
05:15:54,000 --> 05:15:56,800
discovered that a floodplain 
could become a paradise if they 

5786
05:15:56,800 --> 05:15:59,700
banded together. 
The artists who realized that 

5787
05:15:59,700 --> 05:16:02,800
specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

5788
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,600
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

5789
05:16:05,600 --> 05:16:09,300
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

5790
05:16:09,300 --> 05:16:12,200
interests of the community. 
Even though there's ziggurat as 

5791
05:16:12,200 --> 05:16:15,300
Fallen apart, their wisdom can 
still be heard in every Public 

5792
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:19,200
Library, contemporary Hospital, 
an infrastructure project, that 

5793
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:22,300
enhances the lives of people. 
The Builders of never met. 

5794
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:26,600
Even though their cuneiform 
tablets are now Museum artifacts

5795
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:29,600
their belief that knowledge 
should be shared and preserved 

5796
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:32,500
in jurors in every book website 
and classroom. 

5797
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:33,900
Where new information is 
learned. 

5798
05:16:33,900 --> 05:16:36,500
There are understanding that 
abundance comes from 

5799
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:40,000
cooperation, rather than 
competition is evident in every 

5800
05:16:40,000 --> 05:16:42,600
successful Business, 
Partnership, Community, 

5801
05:16:42,600 --> 05:16:46,000
guardian, and instance, where 
neighbors choose to support one 

5802
05:16:46,000 --> 05:16:50,500
another rather than compete. 
The irrigation channels they dug

5803
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:53,900
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

5804
05:16:53,908 --> 05:16:56,900
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

5805
05:16:56,900 --> 05:16:58,500
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

5806
05:16:58,500 --> 05:17:02,300
That chaos conflict and scarcity
are not necessary for human 

5807
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:06,000
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

5808
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:10,500
enough food and enough, security
enough purpose, enough Beauty to

5809
05:17:10,500 --> 05:17:14,200
make life worthwhile. 
If we are patient creative and 

5810
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:17,200
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

5811
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:19,700
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

5812
05:17:19,700 --> 05:17:23,200
people but also the quiet 
assurance that the same 

5813
05:17:23,200 --> 05:17:27,200
inventive collaborative spirit, 
that created the first cities is

5814
05:17:27,200 --> 05:17:28,900
still creating a better world 
today. 

5815
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:32,800
Every tiny deed of compassion, 
every instance of putting 

5816
05:17:32,800 --> 05:17:36,100
empathy ahead of judgment and 
every contribution to a cause 

5817
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:38,300
greater than yourself keeps the 
good work going. 

5818
05:17:38,300 --> 05:17:41,500
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

5819
05:17:41,500 --> 05:17:44,400
destination. 
The stories, most lovely aspect 

5820
05:17:44,400 --> 05:17:47,800
is that it isn't yet over it, 
persists, in every heart, that 

5821
05:17:47,800 --> 05:17:51,500
selects cooperation over 
rivalry, hope over fear and 

5822
05:17:51,500 --> 05:17:53,900
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

5823
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,000
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

5824
05:17:57,000 --> 05:17:58,400
part of its continuous 
development. 

5825
05:17:58,400 --> 05:18:02,000
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

5826
05:18:02,000 --> 05:18:05,200
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

5827
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:06,800
Garden. 
That will reopen to tomorrow. 

5828
05:18:06,800 --> 05:18:09,900
Good night, civilisation 
Builder, good night. 

5829
05:18:09,900 --> 05:18:13,300
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

5830
05:18:13,300 --> 05:18:17,100
greatest ongoing endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

5831
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:20,400
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

5832
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,800
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

5833
05:18:23,800 --> 05:18:26,300
capacity for Wonder really are 
Eternal. 

5834
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:29,900
The stars that led those earlier
astronomers continue to shine 

5835
05:18:29,900 --> 05:18:32,600
down on you in the same Timeless
patterns. 

5836
05:18:32,600 --> 05:18:35,800
They found get enough. 
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 

5837
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:38,700
Wake up tomorrow. 
Prepare to carry on the 

5838
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:41,800
never-ending, joyful task of 
bringing the world closer to the

5839
05:18:41,808 --> 05:18:44,400
paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

5840
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:54,000
long ago. 
Imagine the Mediterranean Sea in

5841
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:58,800
two 18 BCE as a vast blue stage,
where two great Powers circled 

5842
05:18:58,800 --> 05:19:00,300
each other like cautious, dance 
dancers. 

5843
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:06,800
On one side, Rome still young 
still hungry expanding, from its

5844
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,200
Seven, Hills with the 
methodical, determination of 

5845
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:11,900
someone organizing a 
particularly complex filing 

5846
05:19:11,900 --> 05:19:15,500
system on the other Carthage. 
Ancient. 

5847
05:19:15,500 --> 05:19:18,000
Sophisticated wealthy beyond 
measure. 

5848
05:19:18,000 --> 05:19:22,200
Its Merchants ship's threading 
through every port like silver 

5849
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:25,800
needles, stitching together, the
fabric of ancient Commerce. 

5850
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:29,200
You need to understand that. 
These two civilization were as 

5851
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:33,600
different as wine and olive oil.
Both valuable both essential to 

5852
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:36,700
Mediterranean life. 
But fundamentally incompatible, 

5853
05:19:36,700 --> 05:19:38,600
when forced to occupy the same 
vessel. 

5854
05:19:39,700 --> 05:19:43,200
Rome built its strength on 
citizens soldiers, who farmed in

5855
05:19:43,200 --> 05:19:46,700
peace time and fought when 
called men who viewed military 

5856
05:19:46,700 --> 05:19:48,700
service. 
As a civic duty roughly 

5857
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:52,400
equivalent to paying taxes, 
except with significantly more 

5858
05:19:52,400 --> 05:19:55,800
marching and considerably less 
paperwork Carthage. 

5859
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:59,000
Meanwhile had turned Commerce 
into an art form, so refined 

5860
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:01,800
that Roman Merchants looked like
children playing store by 

5861
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:05,100
comparison. 
While Romans were still figuring

5862
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:08,000
out Maritime trade. 
Carthaginian Sailors, had been 

5863
05:20:08,008 --> 05:20:10,800
navigating by stars. 
Their ancestors had named 

5864
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:13,500
Following currents. 
Their grandfathers grandfathers,

5865
05:20:13,500 --> 05:20:17,100
had mapped and moving goods 
between continents with the 

5866
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:19,800
Casual efficiency of someone who
has done the same route. 

5867
05:20:19,800 --> 05:20:21,700
So many times, they could do it 
blindfolded. 

5868
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:25,800
The city of Carthage itself sat 
on the North African Coast, like

5869
05:20:25,800 --> 05:20:30,000
a jewel in a setting of lesser 
Stones, its Harbors engineered 

5870
05:20:30,000 --> 05:20:33,400
with such Precision that Roman 
Engineers would later study 

5871
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:35,600
their ruins. 
The way you might study a master

5872
05:20:35,600 --> 05:20:39,400
Craftsman's technique's. 
Famous circular military Harper 

5873
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,600
could shelter over 200 warships.
Each in its own. 

5874
05:20:42,600 --> 05:20:46,200
Covered birth protected from 
both weather and prying eyes. 

5875
05:20:47,400 --> 05:20:50,400
Imagine an ancient Naval Base 
designed with the kind of 

5876
05:20:50,408 --> 05:20:53,200
security and efficiency that 
would make modern military 

5877
05:20:53,200 --> 05:20:57,300
planners With Envy, but what 
made Carthage, truly remarkable 

5878
05:20:57,300 --> 05:20:59,400
wasn't just its wealth or its 
ships. 

5879
05:20:59,400 --> 05:21:03,100
It was the vast trading Network 
that stretched from the pillars 

5880
05:21:03,100 --> 05:21:06,000
of Hercules, in the west, to the
Eastern reaches of the 

5881
05:21:06,008 --> 05:21:10,200
Mediterranean and even Beyond to
mysterious lands that Romans 

5882
05:21:10,200 --> 05:21:12,400
only heard about in sailor's 
Tales. 

5883
05:21:13,300 --> 05:21:16,600
Carthaginian Merchants traded in
tin from distant. 

5884
05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:21,700
Britain Amber from northern 
forests frankincense from Arabia

5885
05:21:21,700 --> 05:21:24,900
and exotic animals from deep 
within Africa. 

5886
05:21:26,000 --> 05:21:29,200
They were the Amazon Prime of 
the ancient world except 

5887
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:32,200
delivery took months and stead 
of days and occasionally 

5888
05:21:32,200 --> 05:21:35,600
involved elephant's, Roman 
Carthage had already fought one,

5889
05:21:35,600 --> 05:21:38,400
major war. 
The first Punic War, which 

5890
05:21:38,400 --> 05:21:43,000
lasted 23 years and ended with 
Rome, acquiring Sicily and 

5891
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:45,200
developing a Navy almost by 
accident. 

5892
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,200
It was the kind of conflict 
where both sides started out 

5893
05:21:49,200 --> 05:21:52,200
thinking it would be quick and 
decisive, then found themselves 

5894
05:21:52,200 --> 05:21:56,300
still fighting two decades. 
Later having spent fortunes and 

5895
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:59,900
lost entire Generations. 
All over an island that neither 

5896
05:21:59,900 --> 05:22:01,800
had a particularly wanted in the
first place. 

5897
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:05,500
The peace that followed was the 
awkward kind where both parties 

5898
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:08,800
smile at each other while 
mentally cataloging Grievances 

5899
05:22:08,800 --> 05:22:13,000
and planning for round two. 
Carthage retreated to rebuild 

5900
05:22:13,000 --> 05:22:16,800
focusing on Spain where 
silvermines promised the wealth 

5901
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:20,900
needed to pay War indemnities to
roam roam Consolidated, its 

5902
05:22:20,900 --> 05:22:23,600
gains and IDE carthage's Spanish
Holdings. 

5903
05:22:23,600 --> 05:22:26,200
The way you might I your 
neighbor's attractive lawn 

5904
05:22:26,200 --> 05:22:28,300
furniture into this delicate 
balance. 

5905
05:22:28,300 --> 05:22:32,000
Came Hannibal Barca, whose very 
name would eventually make Roman

5906
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:35,200
children behave and Roman 
Senators lose sleep. 

5907
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:37,300
But we're getting ahead of 
ourselves. 

5908
05:22:37,300 --> 05:22:40,700
First, you need to understand 
the world. 

5909
05:22:40,700 --> 05:22:45,200
He inherited a Mediterranean 
Basin were established powers 

5910
05:22:45,200 --> 05:22:49,100
and Rising Ambitions created to 
situation a stabilizer table 

5911
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:51,500
with one leg shorter than the 
others. 

5912
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:54,900
Something was going to shift, 
eventually. 

5913
05:22:55,800 --> 05:22:58,500
It was just a matter of who 
would provide the push and which

5914
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:01,500
direction the whole Arrangement 
would tumble the landscape 

5915
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:04,000
itself seemed to reflect this 
precarious. 

5916
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:07,800
Balance the mediterranean's, 
Northern Shores, rows into 

5917
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:10,400
mountain ranges that had 
channeled and shaped human 

5918
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:12,700
movement. 
Since people, first figured out 

5919
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:15,600
that walking around obstacles, 
was easier than going over them.

5920
05:23:16,800 --> 05:23:19,900
The Alps stood like a natural 
wall between southern Europe and

5921
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:22,700
the north. 
Their peaks catching clouds and 

5922
05:23:22,700 --> 05:23:26,100
creating weather patterns that 
determined where cities grew and

5923
05:23:26,100 --> 05:23:29,700
armies marched. 
Southern Spain were a story. 

5924
05:23:29,700 --> 05:23:32,800
Truly begins. 
Offered a different geography, 

5925
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:37,400
hot mineral, rich and populated 
by tribes, who had been metal 

5926
05:23:37,400 --> 05:23:41,000
working since before Rome was 
even a village, The 

5927
05:23:41,000 --> 05:23:42,500
carthaginians had established 
themselves. 

5928
05:23:42,500 --> 05:23:46,400
They're not through Conquest, 
but through the more subtle art 

5929
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:48,600
of making themselves 
commercially indispensable, 

5930
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,600
which is like, winning a war 
without the expense of actually 

5931
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:55,300
fighting one. 
This was the world in 218 BCE 

5932
05:23:55,300 --> 05:24:00,800
balanced prosperous in patches 
divided by mountains, and United

5933
05:24:00,800 --> 05:24:05,000
by sea waiting for someone to 
disturb its equilibrium in ways 

5934
05:24:05,000 --> 05:24:10,100
that would rip across centuries.
The stage was set, the actors 

5935
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:12,500
were in position and somewhere 
in Spain. 

5936
05:24:12,500 --> 05:24:15,700
A young carthaginian General was
planning, something that would 

5937
05:24:15,700 --> 05:24:18,100
make the Roman senate which 
they'd paid more attention to 

5938
05:24:18,100 --> 05:24:21,100
geography lessons. 
Let's talk about young Hannibal 

5939
05:24:21,100 --> 05:24:24,200
from a moment because 
understanding his dream requires

5940
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:27,600
understanding the man and 
understanding the man requires 

5941
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:31,500
going back to when he was just a
boy watching his father prepare 

5942
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,800
for war her milk, a Bacha 
Hannibal's. 

5943
05:24:34,800 --> 05:24:38,300
Father was the kind of man who 
carried grudges the way other 

5944
05:24:38,300 --> 05:24:42,800
people carry family, heirlooms 
carefully, protectively with 

5945
05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:45,800
every intention of passing them 
down to the Next Generation. 

5946
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:50,200
Commanded carthaginian forces in
Sicily during the first. 

5947
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:54,200
Punic War, watched his City 
forced to accept humiliating 

5948
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:56,800
peace terms and spent the rest 
of his life. 

5949
05:24:56,800 --> 05:25:01,300
Rebuilding carthaginian power in
Spain with a single-minded focus

5950
05:25:01,300 --> 05:25:04,300
of someone planning, an 
extremely elaborate comeback. 

5951
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:08,200
According to ancient sources and
you can decide how much to trust

5952
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:10,500
stories that were written down 
by people who weren't actually 

5953
05:25:10,500 --> 05:25:13,300
there. 
Her milkar wants brought nine 

5954
05:25:13,300 --> 05:25:17,500
year old Hannibal to a sacrifice
and made him swear Eternal 

5955
05:25:17,500 --> 05:25:21,000
enmity to Rome. 
Whether this actually happened 

5956
05:25:21,000 --> 05:25:24,900
or was later, propaganda doesn't
particularly matter. what 

5957
05:25:24,900 --> 05:25:28,600
matters is that Hannibal grew up
in a household where Rome was 

5958
05:25:28,600 --> 05:25:33,100
not just an enemy, but the enemy
The obstacle between Carthage 

5959
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:35,900
and its rightful place in the 
world Hannibal's. 

5960
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:38,700
Educational was the ancient 
equivalent of an advanced degree

5961
05:25:38,700 --> 05:25:40,300
in how to make Rome 
uncomfortable. 

5962
05:25:41,100 --> 05:25:44,300
He studied Greek because that 
was what educated people did in 

5963
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:48,000
the Mediterranean world, the 
same way modern professionals 

5964
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:51,400
learning English regardless of 
where their from he learned 

5965
05:25:51,400 --> 05:25:54,300
Warfare from his father and 
later from his brother-in-law 

5966
05:25:54,300 --> 05:25:57,600
has Ruble watching how to manage
mercenary armies. 

5967
05:25:57,600 --> 05:26:03,100
Composed of iberians new midians
libyans and others who had no 

5968
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,700
particular loyalty to Carthage 
Beyond regular pay and competent

5969
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:09,000
leadership. 
But more than tactics or 

5970
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,700
languages, Hannibal learn to 
think strategically in ways that

5971
05:26:12,700 --> 05:26:14,500
most of his contemporaries 
couldn't match. 

5972
05:26:15,400 --> 05:26:19,100
While other generals planned 
campaigns Hannibal planned Wars.

5973
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:22,800
While they thought about next 
season's fighting, he thought 

5974
05:26:22,800 --> 05:26:25,600
about how to reshape the entire 
strategic situation. 

5975
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:30,300
His dream wasn't simply to 
defeat Rome in battle that was 

5976
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:32,400
just Tuesday for a competent 
General. 

5977
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:35,100
His dream was to break Rome's 
power. 

5978
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:38,800
So completely that Carthage 
would never again, have to worry

5979
05:26:38,800 --> 05:26:41,400
about Roman interference. 
Here's where you need to 

5980
05:26:41,408 --> 05:26:44,700
understand the Roman power 
structure because Hannibal 

5981
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:46,500
understood it better than most 
Romans did. 

5982
05:26:47,400 --> 05:26:51,000
Rome strength didn't come from, 
its Legions impressive as they 

5983
05:26:51,000 --> 05:26:53,700
were, it came from, its Alliance
System. 

5984
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:57,400
The complex web of treaties and 
relationships that connected 

5985
05:26:57,400 --> 05:26:59,400
Rome to hundreds of Italian 
communities. 

5986
05:27:00,300 --> 05:27:04,700
These allies provided soldiers, 
supplies and strategic depth 

5987
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:07,500
that made Roman almost 
impossible to defeat through 

5988
05:27:07,500 --> 05:27:10,900
conventional Warfare Hannibal, 
looked at the system and saw its

5989
05:27:10,900 --> 05:27:15,700
vulnerability ROMs. Italian 
allies were joining, gladly many

5990
05:27:15,700 --> 05:27:18,100
had been forced into a line 
through Conquest. 

5991
05:27:18,800 --> 05:27:22,100
They provided troops, not from a
love of Rome from lack of 

5992
05:27:22,100 --> 05:27:24,800
Alternatives. 
If someone could demonstrate 

5993
05:27:24,800 --> 05:27:28,000
that Rome wasn't Invincible. 
If someone could March through 

5994
05:27:28,000 --> 05:27:31,200
Italy showing that Roman 
protection was worthless, then, 

5995
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,900
perhaps these alliances would 
crumble like old bread, leaving 

5996
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:38,900
Rome isolated and defeatable. 
This Insight was the foundation 

5997
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:41,700
of Hannibal's dream. 
He would take the water. 

5998
05:27:41,700 --> 05:27:44,100
Italy itself, not through a 
naval Invasion. 

5999
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:47,400
That carthage's weaken Fleet 
couldn't support, but through an

6000
05:27:47,400 --> 05:27:49,800
Overland route that everyone 
knew was impossible. 

6001
05:27:50,600 --> 05:27:54,400
He would March an army from 
Spain, through Gaul, over the 

6002
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:58,000
Alps and into Northern Italy. 
Then he would defeat Roman 

6003
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:00,700
armies in their own territory 
and offer their allies a better 

6004
05:28:00,700 --> 05:28:02,700
deal. 
It was the kind of plan that 

6005
05:28:02,700 --> 05:28:06,400
sounds absolutely insane. 
When you first hear it like 

6006
05:28:06,400 --> 05:28:09,100
someone today suggesting they'll
walk from New York to Los 

6007
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:11,300
Angeles just to prove it can be 
done. 

6008
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:15,200
Except with war elephants and 
hostile tribes and mountain 

6009
05:28:15,200 --> 05:28:17,700
ranges that had never been 
crossed by an army. 

6010
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:20,900
The Hannibal had advantages that
made the impossible. 

6011
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:23,200
Merely extremely difficult 
first. 

6012
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,600
He had inherited his father 
Spanish base, complete with 

6013
05:28:26,608 --> 05:28:30,100
Silver Mines, that funded his 
operations and Veteran soldiers,

6014
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:32,600
who have been fighting together 
long enough to trust their 

6015
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:36,000
Commanders. 
Second, he had diplomatic 

6016
05:28:36,000 --> 05:28:38,700
contacts throughout Gaul who 
could provide intelligent 

6017
05:28:38,700 --> 05:28:42,800
supplies and guides the ancient 
equivalent of having friends 

6018
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:44,700
along the Route, who let you 
crash on their couch. 

6019
05:28:45,800 --> 05:28:49,500
Third, he had elephants which 
might seem like a logistical 

6020
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:51,600
nightmare but were actually, 
brilliant. 

6021
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:55,700
Psychological warfare tools. 
Nothing says, I mean, business 

6022
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:57,600
quite like showing up with 
creatures that. 

6023
05:28:57,600 --> 05:29:00,900
Most people had only heard about
in Travelers Tales but beyond 

6024
05:29:00,900 --> 05:29:04,100
these practical advantages 
Hannibal had something more 

6025
05:29:04,100 --> 05:29:07,000
valuable. 
The ability to inspire people, 

6026
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:09,400
to attempt things they would 
never consider on their own. 

6027
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:13,300
His soldiers, followed him. 
Not because they were forced to,

6028
05:29:13,300 --> 05:29:17,300
but because they believed in his
vision or at least believe that 

6029
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:20,900
following him would lead to 
plunder glory and stories. 

6030
05:29:20,900 --> 05:29:25,600
They could tell their 
grandchildren in 218, BCE a 29 

6031
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:29,000
years old, Hannibal, stood, at 
the head of an Army in Spain and

6032
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:32,900
looked North toward the Alps 
Most generals would have seen an

6033
05:29:32,900 --> 05:29:37,300
impossible barrier, Hannibal 
Surah route to immortality, his 

6034
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:40,500
dream wasn't modest. 
It involved rewriting the power 

6035
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,100
structure of the entire 
Mediterranean world. 

6036
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:46,300
But here's the thing about 
impossible during dreams. 

6037
05:29:46,300 --> 05:29:50,200
They remain impossible right up 
until someone accomplishes them.

6038
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:53,000
Which point everyone claims, 
they knew it could be done. 

6039
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:56,500
All along the decision to March 
was made not in a moment of 

6040
05:29:56,500 --> 05:29:59,200
passion. 
But after careful calculation 

6041
05:29:59,200 --> 05:30:02,700
Hannibal, spent months, 
preparing Gathering supplies, 

6042
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:05,900
securing agreements with gallic,
tribes and studying. 

6043
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,700
What little information existed 
about Alpine passes. 

6044
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:12,600
He sent Scouts ahead and made 
arrangements for Supply Depots. 

6045
05:30:12,600 --> 05:30:16,200
This wasn't impulsive 
adventurism it was methodical 

6046
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:18,500
planning applied to an 
outrageous objective. 

6047
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:21,300
A spring approached and the 
campaign season opened 

6048
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:22,900
Hannibal's. 
Army began. 

6049
05:30:22,900 --> 05:30:25,500
Its March North from new 
Carthage and Spain. 

6050
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:29,300
The dream was about to become a 
very cold, very difficult 

6051
05:30:29,300 --> 05:30:32,500
reality. 
But first, they would spend 

6052
05:30:32,500 --> 05:30:35,700
months Crossing relatively 
friendly territory, giving 

6053
05:30:35,700 --> 05:30:38,400
Hannibal time to train. 
His diverse forces into a 

6054
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:40,800
cohesive unit. 
And giving his soldiers time to 

6055
05:30:40,800 --> 05:30:44,400
contemplate, exactly what they 
signed up for picture yourself 

6056
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:48,700
on a warming. 
In late spring, 218 BCE standing

6057
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:50,300
on the outskirts of new 
Carthage. 

6058
05:30:50,300 --> 05:30:53,200
Modern Carter jaina watching an 
army. 

6059
05:30:53,208 --> 05:30:56,400
Assemble for what most observers
thought was just another Spanish

6060
05:30:56,400 --> 05:30:59,800
campaign. 
Smell of dust and horse, sweat 

6061
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:02,100
mingles with the Salt Air from 
the Mediterranean. 

6062
05:31:02,100 --> 05:31:05,900
And if you close your eyes, you 
might think this was just 

6063
05:31:05,900 --> 05:31:09,500
another military deployment. 
The kind that happened regularly

6064
05:31:09,500 --> 05:31:13,800
throughout the ancient world but
open your eyes and really look 

6065
05:31:13,800 --> 05:31:16,200
at what's gathering. 
This isn't just an army. 

6066
05:31:16,200 --> 05:31:20,100
It's a Mobile Nation, a 
self-contained World preparing 

6067
05:31:20,100 --> 05:31:26,100
to walk from Spain to Italy. 
90,000 infantry from a dozen 

6068
05:31:26,100 --> 05:31:28,900
different tribes and Nations 
12,000. 

6069
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:32,800
Cavalry and 37 elephants whose 
handlers treat them with a 

6070
05:31:32,800 --> 05:31:35,900
careful affection. 
You might show a particularly 

6071
05:31:35,900 --> 05:31:38,200
temperamental but beloved family
member. 

6072
05:31:38,200 --> 05:31:42,200
The diversity is staggering 
Libyan spearmen in their 

6073
05:31:42,200 --> 05:31:44,600
distinctive linen. 
Armor, Stanley, Iberian 

6074
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:48,900
tribesmen, carrying the falcata 
that distinctively curved sword 

6075
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:52,100
that could cut through Roman 
Shields like an aggressive 

6076
05:31:52,100 --> 05:31:56,300
letter opener, Numidian Cavalry 
from North Africa, sit on their 

6077
05:31:56,300 --> 05:32:00,500
horses, bareback, making Roman 
Cavalry who at least used 

6078
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,300
Saddles feel like they're 
overdoing it with equipment. 

6079
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:07,700
Balearic Slingers, whose 
accuracy with their simple 

6080
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:11,600
leather slings Rivals, modern 
Target Shooters practice their 

6081
05:32:11,600 --> 05:32:14,700
craft with stones that hum 
through the air, like Angry bees

6082
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:19,500
and the elephants We need to 
talk about the elephants because

6083
05:32:19,500 --> 05:32:21,700
they're both more and less 
important than you might 

6084
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:24,500
imagine. 
These aren't the massive African

6085
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:26,400
bush. 
Elephant, you see in Nature 

6086
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:29,800
Documentaries, these are North 
African Forest, elephants 

6087
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:34,200
smaller, now extinct but still 
impressive enough to make an 

6088
05:32:34,208 --> 05:32:37,300
entrance. 
Each one requires about 300 

6089
05:32:37,300 --> 05:32:40,800
pounds of food daily drinks 
enough water to fill multiple 

6090
05:32:40,800 --> 05:32:45,300
bathtubs and has a Handler who 
knows its moods preferences and 

6091
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:47,700
personality quirks. 
The way, you know, your closest 

6092
05:32:47,700 --> 05:32:50,300
friends coffee order. 
The elephant serve multiple 

6093
05:32:50,300 --> 05:32:53,700
purposes beyond their obvious 
combat role their mobile 

6094
05:32:53,700 --> 05:32:57,200
propaganda walking. 
Advertisements, for carthaginian

6095
05:32:57,200 --> 05:33:01,500
power and exoticism their cycle 
weapons, that will terrify 

6096
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:04,400
enemies who have never seen 
anything larger than a cow. 

6097
05:33:05,300 --> 05:33:08,600
And their symbols of Hannibal's 
confidence, only someone 

6098
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:11,200
absolutely. 
Certain of success would burden 

6099
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:14,400
themselves with such high 
maintenance companions on a 

6100
05:33:14,400 --> 05:33:16,500
journey through hostile 
territory and impossible 

6101
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,100
mountains. 
The March begins with a 

6102
05:33:19,100 --> 05:33:21,800
deceptive ease. 
The Army moves through Spain, 

6103
05:33:21,800 --> 05:33:25,400
following well-established 
routes through territory, that's

6104
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:29,100
partly under carthaginian 
control and partly inhabited by 

6105
05:33:29,108 --> 05:33:32,700
tribes who have decided that not
interfering with this particular

6106
05:33:32,700 --> 05:33:34,900
Army is the better part of 
valor. 

6107
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:40,000
The pace is deliberate, rather 
than rushed Roughly 10 to 15 

6108
05:33:40,000 --> 05:33:43,600
miles per day because moving 
90,000 people with their 

6109
05:33:43,600 --> 05:33:46,400
equipment and supplies. 
Isn't something you can do 

6110
05:33:46,400 --> 05:33:49,800
quickly without creating the 
kind of logistics disaster that 

6111
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:53,500
ends military careers each 
evening, the Army stops and 

6112
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:55,700
transforms itself into a 
temporary City. 

6113
05:33:56,800 --> 05:34:00,400
Tents rise in organized, 
patterns fires, a lit for 

6114
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:02,900
cooking. 
Centuries are posted and for a 

6115
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:04,800
few hours. 
The world takes on a rhythm that

6116
05:34:04,800 --> 05:34:08,200
feels almost domestic. 
Soldiers, clean equipment 

6117
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:13,500
repair, sandals won by the days,
March and share food, and 

6118
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:17,700
stories in languages. 
That span the Mediterranean The 

6119
05:34:17,700 --> 05:34:21,300
elephants are fed and watered 
their handlers checking them for

6120
05:34:21,300 --> 05:34:23,800
injuries or illness with the 
thoroughness of nurses. 

6121
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:27,100
Hannibal moves through these 
evening camps with practiced, 

6122
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:30,500
ease stopping to speak with 
different units asking about 

6123
05:34:30,500 --> 05:34:32,400
supplies and listening to 
concerns. 

6124
05:34:33,600 --> 05:34:36,300
Leadership at this level isn't 
about dramatic speeches. 

6125
05:34:36,300 --> 05:34:40,900
It's about being seen being 
accessible and demonstrating 

6126
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:43,800
that you share the hardships. 
You're asking others to endure. 

6127
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,600
When Hannibal elite soldiers 
rations and sleeps in a regular 

6128
05:34:47,600 --> 05:34:51,300
tent, it builds loyalty more 
effectively than any amount of 

6129
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:55,200
inspiring rhetoric the Army 
crosses, the Ebro river, that 

6130
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:58,400
traditional boundary between 
carthaginian and Roman Spears of

6131
05:34:58,408 --> 05:35:03,500
influence in Spain. this is the 
point of no return, the moment 

6132
05:35:03,500 --> 05:35:07,200
when the campaign becomes an 
official Act of War, but the 

6133
05:35:07,208 --> 05:35:11,200
crossing itself is 
anti-climactic. just a long day 

6134
05:35:11,200 --> 05:35:14,700
of fairing men and equipment to 
cross a river, that flows with 

6135
05:35:14,700 --> 05:35:19,600
the muddy, determination of all,
major waterways The elephant's 

6136
05:35:19,600 --> 05:35:24,500
Wade across in the bath while 
their handlers curse and pray in

6137
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:27,900
roughly equal measure beyond the
airbrau, the territory becomes 

6138
05:35:27,900 --> 05:35:31,100
progressively, less friendly, 
Spanish tribes, who own? 

6139
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:33,900
No loyalty to Carthage. 
I this massive army with 

6140
05:35:33,900 --> 05:35:38,000
understandable, nervousness Some
of her tokens of submission, 

6141
05:35:38,000 --> 05:35:42,400
food, guides and Promises, not 
to attack, if the Army just 

6142
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:46,900
keeps moving others, prepare for
resistance Gathering Warriors 

6143
05:35:46,900 --> 05:35:48,700
and sending messages to 
neighboring. 

6144
05:35:48,700 --> 05:35:52,900
Tribes about this unprecedented 
Invasion Force Hannibal handles 

6145
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:55,500
each situation with a 
flexibility that keeps his army 

6146
05:35:55,500 --> 05:35:59,700
moving while minimizing delays 
When resistance seems serious, 

6147
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:03,800
he offers overwhelming Force 
defeating tribal armies with 

6148
05:36:03,800 --> 05:36:06,400
such efficiency that other 
communities. 

6149
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:08,600
Decide cooperation, looks more 
attractive. 

6150
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:11,100
When tribes seem willing to 
negotiate. 

6151
05:36:11,100 --> 05:36:14,200
He's generous with promises and 
modest with demands 

6152
05:36:14,200 --> 05:36:17,100
understanding that the goal 
isn't to conquer Spain. 

6153
05:36:17,100 --> 05:36:20,700
It's to pass through it with 
minimal damage to his army. 

6154
05:36:20,700 --> 05:36:25,300
The week's blur into a rhythm of
March Camp, occasional Skirmish 

6155
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:28,300
and March again. 
The soldiers stopped asking 

6156
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:31,900
where they're going and focus on
the immediate tasks of surviving

6157
05:36:31,900 --> 05:36:35,400
each Day's Journey. 
Equipment wears out and his 

6158
05:36:35,400 --> 05:36:39,500
repair or replace but weaker 
soldiers fall out and left 

6159
05:36:39,500 --> 05:36:43,500
behind with wounds illness or 
simple inability to maintain the

6160
05:36:43,500 --> 05:36:46,200
pace. 
The army that continues North is

6161
05:36:46,200 --> 05:36:49,600
smaller but Harder winnowed by 
the journey into something 

6162
05:36:49,600 --> 05:36:52,900
approaching fighting trim. 
By the time they reach the 

6163
05:36:52,900 --> 05:36:56,300
Pyrenees that mountain range, 
separating Spain from Gaul 

6164
05:36:56,300 --> 05:37:00,700
Hannibal, has already sent home 
about 10,000 soldiers, whose 

6165
05:37:00,700 --> 05:37:04,300
loyalty seemed questionable 
Better smaller Army, that's 

6166
05:37:04,300 --> 05:37:07,300
committed than a large one, that
might desert or betray it. 

6167
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:10,400
A crucial moment. 
It's the kind of ruthlessly 

6168
05:37:10,400 --> 05:37:13,400
practical decision, that 
characterizes Hannibal's entire 

6169
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:16,600
campaign. 
Better to solve problems early 

6170
05:37:16,600 --> 05:37:18,400
than, watch them grow into 
disasters. 

6171
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:22,000
Later, the crossing of the 
Pyrenees is a preview of Greater

6172
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,300
challenges ahead, the mountains 
are steep but not impossibly. 

6173
05:37:25,300 --> 05:37:29,900
So, the pass is well, used by 
Traders and Shepherds still, 

6174
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:32,400
it's the Army's first real taste
of what. 

6175
05:37:32,400 --> 05:37:34,600
Moving through serious mountains
involves? 

6176
05:37:35,500 --> 05:37:39,200
Thin air that makes breathing 
harder the rocky terrain that 

6177
05:37:39,200 --> 05:37:43,400
tears at sandals and who's and 
the cold at higher elevations. 

6178
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:46,500
Even in summer, when they emerge
on the Galaxy side of the 

6179
05:37:46,500 --> 05:37:50,500
Pyrenees, the Army has shrunk 
to, perhaps 50,000 infantry and 

6180
05:37:50,500 --> 05:37:54,400
9,000 cavalry. 
The elephant's remain, though. 

6181
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:57,100
The Mountain Crossing has left 
some showing signs of stress. 

6182
05:37:57,900 --> 05:38:00,400
But the survivors are now 
Veterans of a journey that has 

6183
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,200
already exceeded what most 
armies, would consider a major 

6184
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:07,400
campaign and they haven't even 
reached the Alps, yet Gulf 

6185
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:10,200
sprawls before them. 
A vast Patchwork of tribal 

6186
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:12,900
territories, where Celtic 
people's live in a relationship 

6187
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:16,500
with Rome that ranges from 
hostile to merely suspicious, 

6188
05:38:17,700 --> 05:38:19,600
Hannibal's diplomatic 
preparations. 

6189
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:22,500
Paid dividends here. 
Tribal leaders who've been 

6190
05:38:22,508 --> 05:38:26,600
contacted months earlier, 
provide guides supplies and 

6191
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:28,700
permission to pass through their
territories. 

6192
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:32,600
Others hearing of this 
unprecedented armies approached 

6193
05:38:32,600 --> 05:38:36,300
decide that maintaining 
neutrality is the wisest course,

6194
05:38:36,300 --> 05:38:39,300
the March through gold takes on 
a different character than the 

6195
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:42,800
Spanish portion here. 
Hannibal isn't just passing 

6196
05:38:42,800 --> 05:38:44,500
through potential enemy 
territory. 

6197
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,600
He's building alliances that 
might prove useful later. 

6198
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:50,700
Celtic tribes, who resent, Roman
expansion. 

6199
05:38:50,700 --> 05:38:53,800
See Hannibal as a potential ally
against their Mutual enemy. 

6200
05:38:54,600 --> 05:38:56,000
They offer worries to 
supplement. 

6201
05:38:56,000 --> 05:39:00,400
His forces provided intelligence
about Roman movements and share 

6202
05:39:00,400 --> 05:39:02,600
knowledge about the Alps that 
will prove invaluable in the 

6203
05:39:02,608 --> 05:39:05,100
weeks ahead. 
A summer Wayne's and Early 

6204
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:07,700
Autumn approaches the Army 
reaches the Rhone. 

6205
05:39:07,700 --> 05:39:11,100
River that major waterway that 
flows from the Alps to the 

6206
05:39:11,100 --> 05:39:14,000
Mediterranean. 
The Crossing becomes another 

6207
05:39:14,000 --> 05:39:18,800
major logistical challenge. 
The river is wide Swift and 

6208
05:39:18,800 --> 05:39:21,900
contested by local tribes who 
aren't thrilled about an army 

6209
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:23,100
Crossing through their 
territory. 

6210
05:39:24,200 --> 05:39:27,400
Hannibal solves this through a 
combination of negotiation and 

6211
05:39:27,400 --> 05:39:31,500
intimidation arranging for boat 
Builders to construct rafts 

6212
05:39:31,500 --> 05:39:35,400
while Cavalry demonstrates, what
happens to tribes that actively 

6213
05:39:35,400 --> 05:39:38,400
oppose the crossing the 
elephants present, a special 

6214
05:39:38,400 --> 05:39:42,000
challenge, some are coaxed onto 
rafts disguised to look like 

6215
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:44,500
Solid Ground. 
The ancient equivalent of 

6216
05:39:44,500 --> 05:39:48,300
tricking a cat into a carrier by
making it look like a cozy 

6217
05:39:48,300 --> 05:39:51,300
hiding spot. 
Others have to be persuaded 

6218
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:54,500
through more direct means their 
handlers using every trick 

6219
05:39:54,500 --> 05:39:56,400
learned through years of 
experience. 

6220
05:39:57,500 --> 05:40:00,900
One story claims an elephant was
led onto a raft by its mother. 

6221
05:40:00,900 --> 05:40:04,800
Only to jump off and swim the 
river when it realized the 

6222
05:40:04,808 --> 05:40:08,600
deception with its Handler, 
clinging to its ear the entire 

6223
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:11,400
way. 
Whether true or embellished it, 

6224
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:13,500
captures the mixture of comedy 
in danger. 

6225
05:40:13,500 --> 05:40:17,100
That defined, the entire 
Enterprise beyond the road, the 

6226
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,900
Alps rise in the distance, like 
a promise and a threat, the Army

6227
05:40:20,900 --> 05:40:23,900
can see them. 
Now on clear days snowcapped 

6228
05:40:23,900 --> 05:40:26,800
Peaks, that seemed to touch the 
sky rangers. 

6229
05:40:26,800 --> 05:40:29,400
That no Army has ever crossed 
with supplies and equipment 

6230
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:31,800
intact. 
Hannibal soldiers. 

6231
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:34,600
Look at those mountains and 
begin to understand what their 

6232
05:40:34,600 --> 05:40:36,500
General is really asking of 
them. 

6233
05:40:36,500 --> 05:40:38,800
They've come too far to turn 
back. 

6234
05:40:38,800 --> 05:40:41,200
Now, behind them lies, 
territory. 

6235
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,100
They've already crossed where 
Roman armies are surely 

6236
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:46,000
mobilizing to cut off any 
retreat. 

6237
05:40:46,800 --> 05:40:51,200
A head lies, the only path 
forward up and over mountains 

6238
05:40:51,200 --> 05:40:54,800
that everyone says are 
impossible toward Italy and the 

6239
05:40:54,800 --> 05:40:57,300
war that will determine where 
the Hannibal is a Visionary or 

6240
05:40:57,300 --> 05:41:00,700
simply someone who led 50,000 
men to die in the snow. 

6241
05:41:00,700 --> 05:41:04,400
The March toward the Alps 
continues each day, bringing 

6242
05:41:04,400 --> 05:41:08,400
those Peaks closer each evening 
Camp filled with quieter 

6243
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:11,600
conversations, the soldiers 
contemplate, the impossible 

6244
05:41:11,600 --> 05:41:15,300
challenge ahead. 
Hannibal, walks among his troops

6245
05:41:15,300 --> 05:41:17,400
and tells them that the 
mountains are just another 

6246
05:41:17,400 --> 05:41:20,000
obstacle that together. 
They've already overcome 

6247
05:41:20,000 --> 05:41:22,100
challenges, others thought 
impossible. 

6248
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:26,400
Whether they believe him or not,
they continued marching because 

6249
05:41:26,400 --> 05:41:29,600
that's what armies do. 
They March, they Camp. 

6250
05:41:29,600 --> 05:41:33,300
They March again, carrying 
forward the dreams and Ambitions

6251
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:36,200
of their commanders, until those
dreams become reality or turn 

6252
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:40,100
into nightmares. 
And somewhere ahead in passes 

6253
05:41:40,100 --> 05:41:42,000
that have seen only Traders and 
Shepherds. 

6254
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:45,200
The Alps, wait to test whether 
Hannibal's dream has any 

6255
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:48,400
substance Beyond ambition and 
will let me tell you what it's 

6256
05:41:48,400 --> 05:41:51,900
like to stand at the base of the
Alps in late Autumn looking up 

6257
05:41:51,900 --> 05:41:54,500
at mountains that seem less like
geography and more like 

6258
05:41:54,500 --> 05:41:58,100
mythology made Solid. 
The air has a crystalline 

6259
05:41:58,100 --> 05:42:01,900
quality at this altitude. 
Sharp and clear, and cold 

6260
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:03,500
enough. 
That each breath feels like 

6261
05:42:03,500 --> 05:42:08,100
drinking from a mountain stream.
Behind you the Rolling Hills of 

6262
05:42:08,100 --> 05:42:09,900
gold descend, toward their own 
Valley. 

6263
05:42:10,800 --> 05:42:14,500
For you rock and snow rise 
toward clouds that tangle in the

6264
05:42:14,500 --> 05:42:18,900
Peaks like wool caught on Thorns
Hannibal chose, his route based 

6265
05:42:18,900 --> 05:42:22,000
on intelligence gathered from 
gallic Guides, who knew these 

6266
05:42:22,000 --> 05:42:25,500
mountains the way Sailors know, 
familiar coastlines, the exact 

6267
05:42:25,500 --> 05:42:27,300
pass. 
He used remains debated by 

6268
05:42:27,300 --> 05:42:29,000
historians. 
Was it? 

6269
05:42:29,000 --> 05:42:32,100
The colder clappier? 
The colder months in he or 

6270
05:42:32,100 --> 05:42:35,900
perhaps the Caldera set. 
Each has its Advocates and its 

6271
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:39,300
Geographic logic. 
But for our purposes, what 

6272
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:42,800
matters isn't the precise 
location but the experience 

6273
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:46,500
itself, the reality of moving an
army through terrain that 

6274
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:50,700
actively resists human passage. 
The initial Ascent is deceptive 

6275
05:42:50,700 --> 05:42:54,400
the lowest slopes offered decent
footing and enough vegetation to

6276
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:58,500
graze horses and pack animals. 
The Army moves in a long column 

6277
05:42:58,500 --> 05:43:02,400
that stretches for miles, each 
unit finding its own pace as the

6278
05:43:02,400 --> 05:43:05,300
trail Narrows and steepens the 
elephant's. 

6279
05:43:05,300 --> 05:43:08,700
Do surprise me well initially 
their sure, footing and 

6280
05:43:08,700 --> 05:43:11,200
strength, make them better at 
Mountain Travel than you might 

6281
05:43:11,208 --> 05:43:14,100
expect. 
Though their handlers remain in 

6282
05:43:14,100 --> 05:43:18,100
constant anxiety about what lies
ahead but as the Army climbs 

6283
05:43:18,100 --> 05:43:22,500
higher the mountains, begin to 
reveal their true nature trails 

6284
05:43:22,500 --> 05:43:24,100
that looked reasonable from a 
distance. 

6285
05:43:24,100 --> 05:43:27,900
Turn out to be barely wider than
a man shoulders with drops on 

6286
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:30,700
one side that make even veteran 
soldiers, nervous. 

6287
05:43:31,500 --> 05:43:35,400
The air thins, making breathing,
labored and increasing fatigue 

6288
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:37,900
beyond what the physical 
exertion alone would cause. 

6289
05:43:39,000 --> 05:43:42,000
Veterans, who marched across 
Spain and Gaul find themselves 

6290
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:43,800
stopping frequently to catch 
their breath. 

6291
05:43:44,600 --> 05:43:47,400
Puzzled by their own weakness, 
until someone explains, what 

6292
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:51,000
altitude does to human bodies? 
The local Celtic tribes, who 

6293
05:43:51,000 --> 05:43:53,900
inhabit, these Heights at their 
own complications. 

6294
05:43:54,700 --> 05:43:57,600
These aren't sophisticated City 
dwellers impressed by elephants 

6295
05:43:57,600 --> 05:44:00,700
and diplomatic overtures. 
These are mountain people. 

6296
05:44:00,700 --> 05:44:03,200
Whose wealth consists mainly of 
what they can take from 

6297
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:07,000
Travelers and a slow-moving Army
Laden with supplies, represents 

6298
05:44:07,000 --> 05:44:08,600
opportunities that are hard to 
ignore. 

6299
05:44:09,600 --> 05:44:13,300
They know every Trail, every 
hiding spot and every place 

6300
05:44:13,300 --> 05:44:16,300
where a handful of Defenders can
make the path in possible, 

6301
05:44:16,300 --> 05:44:19,800
Hannibal faces ambushes at 
narrow points, were a superior 

6302
05:44:19,800 --> 05:44:22,600
numbers mean nothing because 
only a few men can fight at 

6303
05:44:22,600 --> 05:44:25,400
once. 
Boulders rolled down slopes 

6304
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:28,600
triggered by Defenders, who 
understand leveraging, gravity 

6305
05:44:28,600 --> 05:44:30,800
better than they understand 
formal Warfare. 

6306
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:34,900
The armies Advanced slows to a 
crawl as each suspicious cliff 

6307
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:38,200
and narrow passage must be 
scouted secured and passed with 

6308
05:44:38,200 --> 05:44:41,700
agonizing caution. 
Imagine being a soldier in this 

6309
05:44:41,700 --> 05:44:44,700
situation. 
Your exhausted from altitude and

6310
05:44:44,700 --> 05:44:48,300
constant climbing your sandals 
designed for Mediterranean 

6311
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,400
terrain, a falling apart on 
these Rocky paths. 

6312
05:44:52,200 --> 05:44:55,800
The weather shifts with 
unsettling, rapidity warming, 

6313
05:44:55,800 --> 05:44:59,800
direct sunlight frigidly, cold 
in Shadow, with winds, that seem

6314
05:44:59,800 --> 05:45:01,700
to come from every direction 
simultaneously. 

6315
05:45:03,100 --> 05:45:05,900
You watch men ahead of you 
dislodge rocks that tumble down 

6316
05:45:05,900 --> 05:45:09,600
the trail, forcing everyone 
behind to freeze until the 

6317
05:45:09,600 --> 05:45:14,200
danger, passes your cold, your 
tired and you're starting to 

6318
05:45:14,200 --> 05:45:16,100
wonder if your commanding 
officers Vision. 

6319
05:45:16,100 --> 05:45:20,300
Might actually be fatal insanity
but you keep climbing because 

6320
05:45:20,300 --> 05:45:22,500
everyone around. 
You keeps climbing because 

6321
05:45:22,500 --> 05:45:25,300
stopping means dying. 
There's no where to go, but 

6322
05:45:25,300 --> 05:45:28,200
forward or back. 
And back means admitting defeat 

6323
05:45:28,200 --> 05:45:31,000
to comrades who have become 
family through shared hardship. 

6324
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:35,000
Because you're General is 
somewhere in this column sharing

6325
05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:37,500
the same cold and danger and 
exhaustion. 

6326
05:45:37,500 --> 05:45:40,500
And if that determined 
carthaginian can keep placing 

6327
05:45:40,500 --> 05:45:44,100
one foot ahead of the other. 
So can you yell the elephant's 

6328
05:45:44,100 --> 05:45:46,700
become a project? 
That consumes enormous effort 

6329
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:49,700
handlers coax them over narrow 
paths. 

6330
05:45:49,700 --> 05:45:53,100
Sometimes building up edges with
stones to wide in the trail 

6331
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:57,100
enough for their massive bodies.
When an elephant bulks at a 

6332
05:45:57,100 --> 05:45:59,700
particularly difficult, section 
everything stops. 

6333
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:03,900
While the animal is encouraged 
bribed with food or sometimes 

6334
05:46:03,900 --> 05:46:06,000
simply give him time to work up.
Its courage. 

6335
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:09,300
The patience. 
These handlers demonstrate would

6336
05:46:09,300 --> 05:46:11,300
impress, any modern animal 
trainer? 

6337
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:13,500
They understand that. 
Forcing an elephant in these 

6338
05:46:13,508 --> 05:46:15,800
conditions would be 
counterproductive and 

6339
05:46:15,800 --> 05:46:19,400
potentially fatal snow begins to
appear first impressions on 

6340
05:46:19,408 --> 05:46:23,100
shaded slopes then more 
persistently as the Army climbs 

6341
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:27,300
higher The white powder is 
beautiful in an austere way 

6342
05:46:27,300 --> 05:46:30,700
catching sunlight and 
transforming the mountains into 

6343
05:46:30,700 --> 05:46:33,300
something, that might grace a 
landscape painting. 

6344
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:37,000
But it's beauty is deceptive 
snow. 

6345
05:46:37,000 --> 05:46:42,000
Heights Trail edges, conceals 
has its surfaces where pack 

6346
05:46:42,000 --> 05:46:44,600
animals slip and slide like 
drunks on Ice. 

6347
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:48,800
The knights become genuinely 
dangerous, the Army Camps, 

6348
05:46:48,800 --> 05:46:52,300
wherever it can find Space. 
Often on slopes where sleeping 

6349
05:46:52,300 --> 05:46:54,700
means preventing yourself from 
Rolling downhill. 

6350
05:46:55,800 --> 05:46:59,100
Fires a difficult to start an 
impossible to maintain properly.

6351
05:46:59,100 --> 05:47:01,200
There's little wood at this 
altitude. 

6352
05:47:01,200 --> 05:47:05,300
And what exists is often too 
damp or too winded to burnwell? 

6353
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:09,600
Soldiers huddled together for 
warmth sharing cloaks and body 

6354
05:47:09,600 --> 05:47:13,300
heat, discovering that survival 
requires cooperation at the most

6355
05:47:13,300 --> 05:47:17,500
basic level frostbite claims 
fingers and toes healthy to 

6356
05:47:17,500 --> 05:47:21,200
sickness leaves some soldiers, 
dizzy and nauseous unable to 

6357
05:47:21,208 --> 05:47:22,800
keep down the food. 
They need for energy. 

6358
05:47:23,700 --> 05:47:26,800
Pack animals, never complaining,
but suffering nonetheless. 

6359
05:47:26,800 --> 05:47:31,300
Begin to fail from the 
combination of cold altitude and

6360
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:34,600
insufficient fodder. 
When animals die, they're 

6361
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:36,900
quickly butchered for meat. 
Wasting food in. 

6362
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:38,800
These conditions isn't just 
foolish. 

6363
05:47:38,800 --> 05:47:42,700
It's suicidal, then the Army 
reaches the summit of their 

6364
05:47:42,700 --> 05:47:44,800
chosen pass. 
And for a moment, the suffering 

6365
05:47:44,800 --> 05:47:48,400
almost seems worth while. 
From this height, they can see 

6366
05:47:48,400 --> 05:47:51,400
back across the route. 
They've climbed a dizzying 

6367
05:47:51,400 --> 05:47:54,000
descent that makes clear. 
How far they've come. 

6368
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:58,600
More importantly, they can see a
head to Italy the po valley, 

6369
05:47:58,600 --> 05:48:02,300
spread below them like a 
Promised Land, green, and warm 

6370
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:04,100
and inviting in the Autumn 
sunlight. 

6371
05:48:05,000 --> 05:48:08,600
Hannibal gathers his troops at 
this High Point and according to

6372
05:48:08,600 --> 05:48:11,300
Legend tells them the worst is 
behind them. 

6373
05:48:11,300 --> 05:48:14,000
He's lying. 
Of course, but it's a useful 

6374
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:16,400
lie. 
The Descent proves as difficult 

6375
05:48:16,400 --> 05:48:18,200
as the ascent just in different 
ways. 

6376
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:22,700
Trails on the Northern slopes 
are steeper and often covered in

6377
05:48:22,700 --> 05:48:26,200
ice that makes putting 
treacherous gravity, which was 

6378
05:48:26,200 --> 05:48:29,600
an enemy on the way up becomes a
dangerous Ally on the way down, 

6379
05:48:29,600 --> 05:48:33,400
threatening to send men and 
animals sliding uncontrollably 

6380
05:48:33,400 --> 05:48:39,000
down slopes The Army descends in
a controlled full each step a 

6381
05:48:39,000 --> 05:48:41,000
negotiation between progress and
disaster. 

6382
05:48:41,000 --> 05:48:43,700
A story passed down through 
ancient sources. 

6383
05:48:43,700 --> 05:48:46,900
Describes a section where the 
trail has been destroyed by a 

6384
05:48:46,900 --> 05:48:50,400
landslide leaving the Army, 
stopped at an impassable cliff. 

6385
05:48:51,600 --> 05:48:54,700
Hannibal solution, demonstrates 
both practical engineering and 

6386
05:48:54,700 --> 05:48:57,300
psychological leadership his 
soldiers. 

6387
05:48:57,300 --> 05:49:01,300
Spent days building up the trail
with rocks and Earth, creating a

6388
05:49:01,300 --> 05:49:05,800
passage where none existed. 
They heat rock faces with fires 

6389
05:49:05,800 --> 05:49:10,200
from precious, Timber carried 
Up, From Below, then douse them.

6390
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:13,700
With vinegar, the rapid 
temperature, change fractures 

6391
05:49:13,700 --> 05:49:16,200
the stone, making it easier to 
clear. 

6392
05:49:17,400 --> 05:49:20,700
Whether this specific detail is 
accurate or an embellishment, 

6393
05:49:20,700 --> 05:49:24,100
hardly matters. 
What matters is that the Army 

6394
05:49:24,100 --> 05:49:26,900
finds a way through obstacles? 
That should have stopped them 

6395
05:49:26,900 --> 05:49:29,300
completely the elephant 
negotiate. 

6396
05:49:29,300 --> 05:49:32,300
These final obstacles with what 
can only be described as 

6397
05:49:32,300 --> 05:49:34,400
determination. 
Bordering on stubbornness 

6398
05:49:35,400 --> 05:49:38,800
several are lost to Falls or 
simply to exhaustion their 

6399
05:49:38,800 --> 05:49:41,100
handlers morning them with 
genuine grief. 

6400
05:49:42,000 --> 05:49:45,900
But most of survive making The 
Descent with the same surprising

6401
05:49:45,900 --> 05:49:47,600
agility, that got them over the 
summit. 

6402
05:49:48,700 --> 05:49:51,900
By the time, the Army reaches 
lower elevations where the air 

6403
05:49:51,900 --> 05:49:53,700
is thick and breathing comes 
easy. 

6404
05:49:53,700 --> 05:49:56,500
Again the elephants that remain 
have earned their place in 

6405
05:49:56,508 --> 05:50:00,700
history through sheer endurance 
after 15 days in the mountains 

6406
05:50:00,700 --> 05:50:03,200
though some sources suggest it 
might have been longer 

6407
05:50:03,200 --> 05:50:06,800
Hannibal's Army, descends into 
the Poe Valley, in Northern 

6408
05:50:06,800 --> 05:50:09,100
Italy. 
They've lost about half their 

6409
05:50:09,100 --> 05:50:12,600
soldiers to combat desertion 
exposure and the simple 

6410
05:50:12,600 --> 05:50:14,500
attrition of an impossible 
Journey. 

6411
05:50:15,500 --> 05:50:18,500
The survivors are ragged 
frostbitten and near starvation,

6412
05:50:18,500 --> 05:50:22,200
their equipment damaged and 
their morale hanging by threads 

6413
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:24,700
of shared accomplishment. 
But Done it. 

6414
05:50:24,700 --> 05:50:27,800
They've crossed the Alps with an
army with supplies with 

6415
05:50:27,800 --> 05:50:29,900
elephants. 
They've accomplished something 

6416
05:50:29,900 --> 05:50:33,700
everyone said was impossible and
that accomplishment transforms 

6417
05:50:33,700 --> 05:50:38,600
them from soldiers into 
something more witnesses to and 

6418
05:50:38,600 --> 05:50:41,700
participants in a legendary feet
that will be discussed for 

6419
05:50:41,700 --> 05:50:45,400
thousands of years as they 
descend into Italy is relative 

6420
05:50:45,400 --> 05:50:48,900
warmth and plenty Hannibal 
soldiers, probably don't think 

6421
05:50:48,900 --> 05:50:52,400
about their place in history. 
They think about food about 

6422
05:50:52,400 --> 05:50:56,400
warmth, about rest, they think 
about replacing worn out 

6423
05:50:56,400 --> 05:50:59,300
equipment and letting Frost 
damage, fingers and toes heal. 

6424
05:51:00,100 --> 05:51:02,600
I think about the fact that 
there are alive when so many 

6425
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:04,400
others aren't what they don't 
yet. 

6426
05:51:04,400 --> 05:51:07,300
Realize is that crossing? 
The Alps was the easy part. 

6427
05:51:08,000 --> 05:51:10,500
Now, they have to conquer Rome 
with an army that's been 

6428
05:51:10,508 --> 05:51:14,000
reduced, by half and is 
exhausted beyond anything. 

6429
05:51:14,000 --> 05:51:18,600
Normal military experience would
encompass The worst despite what

6430
05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:21,600
Hannibal told them at the Summit
is definitely not behind them 

6431
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:24,500
but that's a problem for 
tomorrow tonight. 

6432
05:51:24,500 --> 05:51:27,200
They camp in the Foothills where
the air is warm and breathing 

6433
05:51:27,200 --> 05:51:29,800
doesn't hurt. 
Tonight, they tend their wounds 

6434
05:51:29,800 --> 05:51:32,600
and tell each other stories 
about the crossing that will 

6435
05:51:32,600 --> 05:51:34,700
grow with each retelling to 
night. 

6436
05:51:34,700 --> 05:51:37,700
They are men who have walked 
over the roof of the world and 

6437
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:40,900
survived and that's enough. 
The first thing Hannibal 

6438
05:51:40,900 --> 05:51:44,700
soldiers, probably noticed about
Northern Italy was how flat it 

6439
05:51:44,700 --> 05:51:48,600
seemed after the Alps. 
The po valley stretched before 

6440
05:51:48,600 --> 05:51:50,600
them like a gift from geography 
itself. 

6441
05:51:51,500 --> 05:51:53,900
Fertile Plains where Rivers, 
meandered through? 

6442
05:51:53,900 --> 05:51:57,800
Farmland settlements dotted 
across a landscape that looked 

6443
05:51:57,800 --> 05:51:59,500
prosperous in the hazy 
afternoon. 

6444
05:51:59,500 --> 05:52:04,400
Light After weeks of mountains, 
even modest Hills probably 

6445
05:52:04,400 --> 05:52:07,200
looked imposing. 
The second thing they noticed 

6446
05:52:07,200 --> 05:52:09,100
was that they were in terrible 
shape. 

6447
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:12,000
Crossing the Alps hadn't just 
reduced their numbers. 

6448
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:14,800
It had a transformed healthy 
soldiers into something 

6449
05:52:14,800 --> 05:52:18,400
approaching medical emergencies.
Frostbite had claimed 

6450
05:52:18,400 --> 05:52:22,500
extremities exhaustion, had 
settled into bones deeper than 

6451
05:52:22,508 --> 05:52:26,600
any night's sleep could fix 
equipment was damaged or simply 

6452
05:52:26,600 --> 05:52:30,100
worn out the elephants. 
Those survivors who made the 

6453
05:52:30,100 --> 05:52:34,200
journey needed care and feeding 
that the barren mountains hadn't

6454
05:52:34,200 --> 05:52:37,200
provided Hannibal, understood 
that he couldn't fight in this 

6455
05:52:37,200 --> 05:52:40,200
condition. 
His dream of liberating Rome's. 

6456
05:52:40,200 --> 05:52:43,400
Italian allies required, first 
making his army, capable of 

6457
05:52:43,408 --> 05:52:47,600
fighting, which meant rest 
recovery and recruitment. 

6458
05:52:48,700 --> 05:52:51,700
The gallic tribes of the 
Northern Italy who were their 

6459
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:55,100
own reasons for resenting. 
Roman expansion provided what 

6460
05:52:55,100 --> 05:52:59,800
Hannibal needed most time and 
space to rebuild the army 

6461
05:52:59,800 --> 05:53:06,000
established itself in territory 
controlled by the insuperior and

6462
05:53:06,000 --> 05:53:08,900
aggressive neighbor who keeps 
expanding their fence line onto 

6463
05:53:08,900 --> 05:53:12,300
your property. 
They offered food shelter and 

6464
05:53:12,300 --> 05:53:15,500
most valuable Warriors to 
replace Hannibal's losses. 

6465
05:53:16,900 --> 05:53:20,300
Young gallic men hearing tales 
of the legendary Crossing and 

6466
05:53:20,308 --> 05:53:23,300
eager for Glory or plunder or 
simply Adventure. 

6467
05:53:23,300 --> 05:53:27,200
Join the carthaginian force in 
numbers that helped restore its 

6468
05:53:27,200 --> 05:53:29,300
strength during these weeks of 
recovery. 

6469
05:53:29,300 --> 05:53:32,400
Something remarkable happened 
within Hannibal's Army. 

6470
05:53:33,300 --> 05:53:36,200
The shared experience of the 
Alpine Crossing had created 

6471
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:38,900
bonds that transcended. 
The usual mercenary 

6472
05:53:38,900 --> 05:53:45,500
relationships. libyans iberians 
numidians and now Gauls men who 

6473
05:53:45,500 --> 05:53:48,200
spoke different languages and 
worshiped different gods. 

6474
05:53:48,900 --> 05:53:52,600
And become something approaching
comrades through the simple Act 

6475
05:53:52,600 --> 05:53:56,400
of surviving together. 
The Alps had been a forge that 

6476
05:53:56,400 --> 05:53:59,400
transformed disparate people's 
into a unified Force. 

6477
05:53:59,400 --> 05:54:02,800
Hannibal used this recovery time
to train an integrate. 

6478
05:54:02,800 --> 05:54:07,000
His new Galaxy recruits creating
a fighting force that combined 

6479
05:54:07,000 --> 05:54:10,600
carthaginian tactical 
sophistication with Celtic 

6480
05:54:10,600 --> 05:54:15,700
enthusiasm and local knowledge. 
He also began his diplomatic 

6481
05:54:15,700 --> 05:54:19,300
offensive sending messages to 
Roman allies throughout Italy, 

6482
05:54:19,300 --> 05:54:20,800
offering them a simple 
proposition. 

6483
05:54:21,600 --> 05:54:24,200
Rome doesn't protect you and I'm
here to prove it. 

6484
05:54:24,800 --> 05:54:28,900
Join me or at least a neutral 
and together we can end Roman 

6485
05:54:28,900 --> 05:54:31,400
domination. 
It was during these Autumn 

6486
05:54:31,400 --> 05:54:34,400
months that Rome first began to 
grasp what Hannibal at 

6487
05:54:34,400 --> 05:54:37,300
accomplished. 
The carthaginian Army in Italy 

6488
05:54:37,300 --> 05:54:41,000
shouldn't have been possible. 
They'd posted forces to stop any

6489
05:54:41,000 --> 05:54:44,200
Invasion through Spain. 
Stationed fleets to prevent 

6490
05:54:44,200 --> 05:54:47,900
Naval Crossing's and generally 
assumed that the Alps would do 

6491
05:54:47,900 --> 05:54:52,000
their defensive work for them. 
Learning that Hannibal is simply

6492
05:54:52,000 --> 05:54:53,900
walked around their defensive 
strategy. 

6493
05:54:53,900 --> 05:54:57,300
Must have been the ancient 
equivalent of realizing someone 

6494
05:54:57,300 --> 05:54:59,900
at burglarized your house by 
coming through a door. 

6495
05:54:59,900 --> 05:55:03,500
You didn't know existed, the 
Roman response was Swift but 

6496
05:55:03,500 --> 05:55:06,200
hampered by the simple fact that
they'd prepared for the wrong 

6497
05:55:06,200 --> 05:55:10,000
War Legions were marching 
towards Spain to confront 

6498
05:55:10,000 --> 05:55:12,500
Hannibal there. 
Fleets were positioned to 

6499
05:55:12,500 --> 05:55:16,300
intercept carthaginian ships and
nobody had thought to station 

6500
05:55:16,300 --> 05:55:19,400
significant forces in the po 
valley because nobody expected 

6501
05:55:19,400 --> 05:55:22,600
to need them there. 
It's the kind of strategic 

6502
05:55:22,600 --> 05:55:26,500
surprise that military planners 
study as an example of why you 

6503
05:55:26,500 --> 05:55:29,100
should always expect your 
enemies to do the thing you 

6504
05:55:29,100 --> 05:55:32,300
think is impossible? 
The first confrontation came at 

6505
05:55:32,300 --> 05:55:35,500
the tissue signus River a 
relatively small engagement 

6506
05:55:35,500 --> 05:55:38,900
where Hannibal's Cavalry proved 
decisively Superior to their 

6507
05:55:38,900 --> 05:55:42,300
Roman counterparts. 
It wasn't a major battle by 

6508
05:55:42,300 --> 05:55:45,400
ancient standards more like a 
large Skirmish. 

6509
05:55:45,400 --> 05:55:47,400
That happened to involve several
thousand men. 

6510
05:55:48,100 --> 05:55:49,400
But it sent an important 
message. 

6511
05:55:50,500 --> 05:55:54,000
Despite the Alpine Crossing, 
despite the Army's reduced size,

6512
05:55:54,000 --> 05:55:57,800
carthaginian forces could defeat
Roman Legions in open combat. 

6513
05:55:57,800 --> 05:56:02,000
The cycle impact of to sign us 
exceeded ITS Tactical 

6514
05:56:02,000 --> 05:56:06,100
significant Hannibal had proven 
he could hurt Rome in its own 

6515
05:56:06,100 --> 05:56:08,200
territory and Roman allies 
throughout. 

6516
05:56:08,200 --> 05:56:10,600
Italy began reconsidering, their
commitments. 

6517
05:56:11,400 --> 05:56:14,400
Rome couldn't protect itself, 
could it protect them? 

6518
05:56:15,500 --> 05:56:19,000
If this carthaginian General was
as capable as rumor suggested 

6519
05:56:19,000 --> 05:56:22,000
might joining him be safer than 
opposing him. 

6520
05:56:22,000 --> 05:56:25,600
Winter approached bringing the 
traditional end to the campaign 

6521
05:56:25,600 --> 05:56:28,300
season. 
Ancient arm is generally didn't 

6522
05:56:28,300 --> 05:56:32,700
fight during winter months 
supplies, became scarce weather 

6523
05:56:32,700 --> 05:56:36,100
made movement difficult and 
everyone recognized that there 

6524
05:56:36,100 --> 05:56:38,800
were better uses of time than 
fighting in snow and mud 

6525
05:56:39,700 --> 05:56:42,600
Hannibal established winter 
quarters, in cisalpine Gaul 

6526
05:56:42,600 --> 05:56:45,000
allowing his army to recover 
while he planned. 

6527
05:56:45,000 --> 05:56:48,600
The following Year's campaign, 
this period of relative calm was

6528
05:56:48,600 --> 05:56:51,500
when Hannibal truly demonstrated
his gift for leadership. 

6529
05:56:51,500 --> 05:56:54,600
Managing an Army in combat is 
one thing. 

6530
05:56:54,600 --> 05:56:59,600
Any competent General can order 
charges and Retreats managing an

6531
05:56:59,600 --> 05:57:03,200
army during months of inactivity
keeping soldiers, trained and 

6532
05:57:03,200 --> 05:57:06,600
motivated while preventing the 
kind of indiscipline that Idol. 

6533
05:57:06,600 --> 05:57:09,800
Armies develop requires 
different skills and entirely 

6534
05:57:09,800 --> 05:57:13,200
Hannibal maintained his troops 
Edge through regular training 

6535
05:57:13,200 --> 05:57:15,800
and occasional raids that kept 
both his soldiers and their 

6536
05:57:15,800 --> 05:57:18,900
enemies alert. 
He rotated units, through 

6537
05:57:18,900 --> 05:57:22,600
different duties ensuring no one
felt their service was less 

6538
05:57:22,600 --> 05:57:27,200
important than others. 
He settled disputes, enforced, 

6539
05:57:27,200 --> 05:57:29,800
discipline and maintained. 
The careful balance between 

6540
05:57:29,800 --> 05:57:33,000
firmness and fairness. 
That marks effective military 

6541
05:57:33,000 --> 05:57:36,000
leadership, the elephants, 
required, special attention. 

6542
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:39,100
During these months, these 
weren't Hardy Mountain animals, 

6543
05:57:39,100 --> 05:57:42,700
adapted, to Italian Winters. 
They were creatures from North 

6544
05:57:42,700 --> 05:57:45,300
Africa. 
Suffering in climate conditions,

6545
05:57:45,300 --> 05:57:49,800
their biology wasn't designed to
handle Handless spent enormous 

6546
05:57:49,800 --> 05:57:53,100
effort, keeping them warm 
healthy, and mentally 

6547
05:57:53,100 --> 05:57:56,200
stimulated. 
Understanding that these animals

6548
05:57:56,200 --> 05:57:59,300
were valuable psychological 
weapons worth the investment of 

6549
05:57:59,300 --> 05:58:03,300
time and resources as winter 
progressed Hannibal received 

6550
05:58:03,300 --> 05:58:05,800
intelligence about Roman 
preparations for the following 

6551
05:58:05,800 --> 05:58:08,500
year. 
Rome was Raising new Legions, 

6552
05:58:08,500 --> 05:58:12,600
calling an allies and generally 
mobilizing for the kind of total

6553
05:58:12,600 --> 05:58:15,200
war effort that their military 
system enabled. 

6554
05:58:16,100 --> 05:58:18,000
The Roman senate wasn't 
panicking. 

6555
05:58:18,000 --> 05:58:21,100
Romans didn't Panic at. 
Least not publicly. 

6556
05:58:22,000 --> 05:58:24,600
But they were taking Hannibal, 
seriously and ways, they hadn't 

6557
05:58:24,600 --> 05:58:28,000
bothered to before his arrival, 
Hannibal used this time to 

6558
05:58:28,000 --> 05:58:30,200
refine his strategic 
understanding of Italy. 

6559
05:58:31,100 --> 05:58:35,000
He studied Maps drawn by local 
guides interviewed traders who 

6560
05:58:35,000 --> 05:58:38,600
knew the road networks and 
carefully considered which Roman

6561
05:58:38,600 --> 05:58:40,700
allies might be persuaded to 
switch sides. 

6562
05:58:40,700 --> 05:58:45,300
His goal wasn't to conquer Italy
City by city, that would take 

6563
05:58:45,300 --> 05:58:47,500
more resources than Carthage 
possessed. 

6564
05:58:48,400 --> 05:58:50,300
Dead. 
He aimed to break rooms Alliance

6565
05:58:50,300 --> 05:58:54,500
System leaving the city, 
isolated and vulnerable the 

6566
05:58:54,500 --> 05:58:56,700
quiet months. 
Also allowed Hannibal soldiers 

6567
05:58:56,700 --> 05:58:58,500
to fully recover from the Alpine
Crossing. 

6568
05:58:59,400 --> 05:59:02,300
Crossed by healed or scarred 
over into permanent reminders. 

6569
05:59:03,200 --> 05:59:06,900
Bodies, regained strength lost 
to starvation and exposure. 

6570
05:59:08,100 --> 05:59:11,200
Equipment was repaired or 
replaced and the army that 

6571
05:59:11,200 --> 05:59:14,500
emerged from Winter, quarters 
was fundamentally different from

6572
05:59:14,500 --> 05:59:17,500
the Ragged force that had 
stumbled out of the mountains 

6573
05:59:17,500 --> 05:59:19,900
months early. 
Spring brought renewed 

6574
05:59:19,900 --> 05:59:23,300
campaigning and the realization 
that Hannibal's arrived in 

6575
05:59:23,300 --> 05:59:25,300
Italy. 
Had transformed the Strategic 

6576
05:59:25,300 --> 05:59:29,300
situation in ways, Rome was 
still struggling to comprehend. 

6577
05:59:30,300 --> 05:59:33,500
The legion sent to intercept him
in Spain, were now uselessly 

6578
05:59:33,500 --> 05:59:36,200
positioned of miles from the 
actual War. 

6579
05:59:37,100 --> 05:59:39,900
The fleet's meant to prevent 
Invasion found themselves with 

6580
05:59:39,900 --> 05:59:43,600
nothing to intercept. 
Rome's careful defensive 

6581
05:59:43,600 --> 05:59:46,600
planning had been rendered 
irrelevant by one audacious 

6582
05:59:46,600 --> 05:59:50,200
March but more importantly 
Hannibal's mere presence. 

6583
05:59:50,200 --> 05:59:53,500
In Italy was forcing Rome to 
fight on his terms rather than 

6584
05:59:53,500 --> 05:59:56,600
their own. 
Instead of choosing when and 

6585
05:59:56,600 --> 05:59:59,700
where to campaign Rome had to 
respond to carthaginian 

6586
05:59:59,700 --> 06:00:03,000
movements. 
Instead of taking water to enemy

6587
06:00:03,000 --> 06:00:05,400
territory, they had to defend 
their own Homeland. 

6588
06:00:06,600 --> 06:00:08,500
Psychological shift was 
profound. 

6589
06:00:08,500 --> 06:00:12,600
Rome had always been the 
aggressor the expanding power. 

6590
06:00:13,500 --> 06:00:18,000
Now, they were reacting 
defending and uncertain, the Poe

6591
06:00:18,000 --> 06:00:20,900
Valley where Hannibal had 
established himself became a 

6592
06:00:20,900 --> 06:00:24,200
stage where two, very different 
military philosophies would test

6593
06:00:24,200 --> 06:00:27,200
each other. 
Rome relied on citizens and 

6594
06:00:27,200 --> 06:00:31,500
soldiers organized into Legions 
fighting in tight, formations 

6595
06:00:31,500 --> 06:00:34,100
that emphasized Collective 
discipline over individual 

6596
06:00:34,100 --> 06:00:37,000
heroism. 
Hannibal commanded mercenaries 

6597
06:00:37,000 --> 06:00:40,900
from a dozen nation's each with 
their own fighting styles United

6598
06:00:40,900 --> 06:00:44,300
by their generals tactical 
Brilliance and the promise of 

6599
06:00:44,300 --> 06:00:48,400
plunder as the weather warmed 
and Roads, dried both sides 

6600
06:00:48,400 --> 06:00:50,500
prepared for the campaign that 
would determine whether 

6601
06:00:50,500 --> 06:00:53,100
Hannibal's. 
Incredible Journey would become 

6602
06:00:53,100 --> 06:00:57,400
a lasting strategic achievement 
or simply a spectacular suicide 

6603
06:00:57,400 --> 06:01:00,800
mission. 
The Alps have been crossed the 

6604
06:01:00,800 --> 06:01:05,400
Army had recovered and now the 
real test would begin not of 

6605
06:01:05,400 --> 06:01:08,400
endurance or determination, but 
of whether Hannibal could 

6606
06:01:08,400 --> 06:01:10,900
actually accomplish what? 
He'd come to Italy to do. 

6607
06:01:10,900 --> 06:01:14,700
Let's pause here in the story as
winter turns to Spring in 

6608
06:01:14,700 --> 06:01:17,700
Northern Italy and talk about 
something that ancient 

6609
06:01:17,700 --> 06:01:21,500
historians often skip over in 
their excitement to describe 

6610
06:01:21,500 --> 06:01:26,400
battles and conquests Let's talk
about the waiting, the preparing

6611
06:01:26,400 --> 06:01:30,100
and the long stretches of time 
when arm is existed but didn't 

6612
06:01:30,100 --> 06:01:34,000
fight when soldiers were simply 
people trying to survive another

6613
06:01:34,000 --> 06:01:37,600
day in a foreign land far from 
home Hannibal's Camp. 

6614
06:01:37,600 --> 06:01:40,400
During those months between 
major engagements, would have 

6615
06:01:40,400 --> 06:01:43,500
felt less like a military 
installation and more like a 

6616
06:01:43,508 --> 06:01:47,200
Mobile City. 
Picture rows of tents arranged 

6617
06:01:47,200 --> 06:01:49,100
with military Precision. 
Yes. 

6618
06:01:49,100 --> 06:01:52,900
But all the organic chaos that 
develops wherever humans settled

6619
06:01:52,900 --> 06:01:57,100
temporarily Smith's work 
portable forges repairing 

6620
06:01:57,100 --> 06:01:59,800
equipment and occasionally 
creating new items when 

6621
06:01:59,800 --> 06:02:03,300
materials allow. 
Settlers those civilian 

6622
06:02:03,300 --> 06:02:06,400
Merchants who follow armies like
seabirds, follow fishing boats, 

6623
06:02:06,400 --> 06:02:10,100
trade, luxuries, and Necessities
with soldiers, who have coin or 

6624
06:02:10,100 --> 06:02:13,300
Goods to exchange, the smell 
would be distinctive. 

6625
06:02:14,000 --> 06:02:17,900
Smoke from countless, fires 
food, cooking in various Styles 

6626
06:02:17,900 --> 06:02:20,500
as different ethnic groups, 
prepare meals, according to 

6627
06:02:20,500 --> 06:02:23,700
their Traditions, the 
ever-present odor of horses and 

6628
06:02:23,700 --> 06:02:27,400
elephants and the Tang of metal 
being worked and leather being 

6629
06:02:27,400 --> 06:02:30,900
treated. 
It's not unpleasant, exactly but

6630
06:02:30,900 --> 06:02:33,300
it's dense with information. 
If you know how to read it. 

6631
06:02:34,400 --> 06:02:37,800
Sudden increase in metalworking 
means the Army expects combat 

6632
06:02:37,800 --> 06:02:40,900
soon. 
More food being prepared than 

6633
06:02:40,900 --> 06:02:43,800
usual, suggests either a 
celebration or preparations for 

6634
06:02:43,800 --> 06:02:46,200
a March. 
The Sounds create their own 

6635
06:02:46,200 --> 06:02:51,000
rhythm. soldiers training in the
mornings, The Clash of wooden 

6636
06:02:51,000 --> 06:02:54,700
practice weapons, the counting 
Cadence used to coordinate 

6637
06:02:54,700 --> 06:02:58,900
movements occasional laughter, 
when someone makes mistake 

6638
06:02:58,900 --> 06:03:02,800
that's funny, rather than 
dangerous Animals being tended. 

6639
06:03:03,700 --> 06:03:07,200
Horses, wickering for food 
elephants, making those low 

6640
06:03:07,200 --> 06:03:10,100
rumbling sounds that you feel in
your chest more than here with 

6641
06:03:10,100 --> 06:03:13,100
your ears. 
Multiple languages in 

6642
06:03:13,100 --> 06:03:16,700
conversation, the linguistic 
diversity of the Mediterranean 

6643
06:03:16,700 --> 06:03:19,100
World. 
Compressed into a few Acres of 

6644
06:03:19,100 --> 06:03:22,700
Italian Countryside Hannibal 
move through these camps with a 

6645
06:03:22,708 --> 06:03:25,700
familiarity that suggested he 
was as comfortable here as 

6646
06:03:25,700 --> 06:03:28,200
anywhere. 
He'd spent most of his adult 

6647
06:03:28,200 --> 06:03:32,700
life with armies and understood 
their rhythms and needs when he 

6648
06:03:32,700 --> 06:03:35,300
inspected troops, he didn't just
check their equipment. 

6649
06:03:35,300 --> 06:03:38,900
He asked about their health 
their concerns and whether they 

6650
06:03:38,900 --> 06:03:40,600
were receiving adequate 
supplies. 

6651
06:03:41,400 --> 06:03:45,300
This wasn't merely calculated 
leadership it reflected a 

6652
06:03:45,300 --> 06:03:48,100
genuine understanding that 
soldiers fight better when they 

6653
06:03:48,100 --> 06:03:51,200
believe their command actually 
cares whether they live or die, 

6654
06:03:51,200 --> 06:03:54,600
the elephant's required constant
attention even when not 

6655
06:03:54,600 --> 06:03:58,100
preparing for combat. 
These animals could simply be 

6656
06:03:58,100 --> 06:04:00,100
parked somewhere and ignored 
until needed. 

6657
06:04:00,100 --> 06:04:03,600
They were complex beings with 
physical and psychological 

6658
06:04:03,600 --> 06:04:06,200
requirements that their handlers
worked to meet. 

6659
06:04:07,000 --> 06:04:10,600
Each elephant had a personality 
preferences and moods that 

6660
06:04:10,600 --> 06:04:12,800
varied as much as human moods 
vary. 

6661
06:04:13,700 --> 06:04:17,300
Some were naturally bold eager 
to advance when the signal 

6662
06:04:17,300 --> 06:04:21,300
others were more cautious, 
requiring encouragement and 

6663
06:04:21,300 --> 06:04:24,900
reassurance before confronting 
anything unusual training, 

6664
06:04:24,900 --> 06:04:28,300
elephant's for combat involved. 
Strange compromises between the 

6665
06:04:28,300 --> 06:04:30,500
animals and nature and Military 
Necessities. 

6666
06:04:30,500 --> 06:04:34,400
You can't force an elephant to 
charge into danger at finds 

6667
06:04:34,400 --> 06:04:37,800
genuinely terrifying. 
The animal is too large and 

6668
06:04:37,800 --> 06:04:41,900
Powerful to compel. 
Instead handlers work to make 

6669
06:04:41,900 --> 06:04:45,500
combat situations seem enough 
that the elephant's trust in its

6670
06:04:45,500 --> 06:04:50,400
Handler outweighed, its natural 
caution It was a relationship 

6671
06:04:50,400 --> 06:04:54,700
built over years based on mutual
respect and the elephants 

6672
06:04:54,700 --> 06:04:56,800
recognition. 
That following its handlers 

6673
06:04:56,800 --> 06:04:59,900
directions had always led to 
safety and food in the past 

6674
06:04:59,900 --> 06:05:03,000
during these calm periods 
between major engagements. 

6675
06:05:03,000 --> 06:05:06,100
The Army, also dealt with the 
administrative realities that 

6676
06:05:06,100 --> 06:05:09,500
kept any military force 
functioning Supplies had to be 

6677
06:05:09,500 --> 06:05:12,900
inventoried distributed and 
protected from theft or 

6678
06:05:12,900 --> 06:05:15,900
spoilage. 
Pay had to be calculated and 

6679
06:05:15,900 --> 06:05:19,700
distributed mercenaries fight 
for money and armies. 

6680
06:05:19,700 --> 06:05:22,600
That don't pay regularly tend to
dissolve through desertion or 

6681
06:05:22,600 --> 06:05:26,000
mutiny. 
Letters from home, carried by 

6682
06:05:26,000 --> 06:05:29,000
merchants, or traveling 
soldiers, brought news that 

6683
06:05:29,000 --> 06:05:30,600
connected. 
These Warriors to lives. 

6684
06:05:30,600 --> 06:05:34,000
They'd Left Behind months or 
years early medical care 

6685
06:05:34,000 --> 06:05:38,400
occupied significant attention. 
Ancient Warfare generated 

6686
06:05:38,400 --> 06:05:40,200
injuries. 
That didn't immediately kill, 

6687
06:05:40,200 --> 06:05:44,500
but required extended treatment,
Wounds that needed cleaning and 

6688
06:05:44,500 --> 06:05:47,700
monitoring to prevent infection 
broken bones. 

6689
06:05:47,700 --> 06:05:51,700
That needed setting and time to 
heal Nils is that spread through

6690
06:05:51,700 --> 06:05:56,200
camps with depressing regularity
The Army had Physicians, but 

6691
06:05:56,200 --> 06:05:59,100
they're knowledge was limited by
contemporary understanding of 

6692
06:05:59,100 --> 06:06:02,800
Medicine. 
Could set bones stitch wounds 

6693
06:06:02,800 --> 06:06:06,400
and had some effective herbal 
treatments but infection 

6694
06:06:06,400 --> 06:06:08,500
remained. 
A mysterious killer that struck 

6695
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:12,100
seemingly at random the 
psychological toll of military 

6696
06:06:12,100 --> 06:06:16,200
life during these periods 
manifested in various ways, some

6697
06:06:16,200 --> 06:06:19,900
soldiers became superstitious 
developing elaborate rituals 

6698
06:06:19,900 --> 06:06:22,100
meant to ensure survival in the 
next battle. 

6699
06:06:22,900 --> 06:06:26,000
Others became Reckless, 
affecting an attitude of 

6700
06:06:26,000 --> 06:06:30,800
careless bravado that mask, 
genuine fear, Many simply became

6701
06:06:30,800 --> 06:06:34,300
quiet conserving, emotional 
energy for the challenges. 

6702
06:06:34,300 --> 06:06:36,600
They were coming Hannibal's 
leadership. 

6703
06:06:36,600 --> 06:06:39,600
During these calm periods was 
perhaps more important than his 

6704
06:06:39,600 --> 06:06:43,900
tactical Brilliance and combat. 
Keeping an army cohesive and 

6705
06:06:43,900 --> 06:06:47,400
effective during months of 
relative in activity requires 

6706
06:06:47,400 --> 06:06:49,300
different skills than winning 
battles. 

6707
06:06:49,300 --> 06:06:52,900
He had to maintain discipline 
while preventing the kind of 

6708
06:06:52,900 --> 06:06:55,100
harsh enforcement that would 
breed resentment. 

6709
06:06:56,200 --> 06:06:58,400
He had to keep soldiers trained 
and ready. 

6710
06:06:58,400 --> 06:07:01,500
While not exhausting them 
through pointless drill. 

6711
06:07:02,300 --> 06:07:05,600
He had to balance competing 
demands from different ethnic 

6712
06:07:05,600 --> 06:07:08,800
groups within his Force. 
Ensuring no one felt 

6713
06:07:08,800 --> 06:07:11,500
consistently disadvantaged or 
disrespected. 

6714
06:07:11,500 --> 06:07:14,600
The gallic Warriors who joined 
Hannibal's Army brought their 

6715
06:07:14,600 --> 06:07:16,900
own cultural expectations about 
Warfare. 

6716
06:07:16,900 --> 06:07:19,200
They were used to seasonal 
raiding. 

6717
06:07:19,200 --> 06:07:22,100
Quick campaigns followed by 
returns home to handle 

6718
06:07:22,100 --> 06:07:25,600
agricultural work. 
The idea of multi-year campaigns

6719
06:07:25,600 --> 06:07:28,400
far from home fighting, not for 
plunder. 

6720
06:07:28,400 --> 06:07:32,000
But for strategic objectives, 
represented, a cultural 

6721
06:07:32,000 --> 06:07:34,500
adjustment that required 
patient, explanation and 

6722
06:07:34,500 --> 06:07:37,800
management, religious 
observances provided structure 

6723
06:07:37,800 --> 06:07:41,300
and meaning during these waiting
periods, Different groups within

6724
06:07:41,300 --> 06:07:44,400
the Army, worshiped different 
gods, conducted different 

6725
06:07:44,400 --> 06:07:47,000
rituals and observed different 
festivals. 

6726
06:07:47,900 --> 06:07:50,700
Hannibal who had been raised in 
the religiously diverse world of

6727
06:07:50,700 --> 06:07:54,000
Carthage understood, that 
allowing these observances 

6728
06:07:54,000 --> 06:07:57,800
strengthened rather than 
weakened his army. soldiers, who

6729
06:07:57,800 --> 06:08:00,700
felt their gods were honored 
fort with more confidence than 

6730
06:08:00,700 --> 06:08:04,400
those Force to abandon their 
spiritual practices, the passage

6731
06:08:04,400 --> 06:08:07,800
of Seasons marked time in ways 
that the mere counting of days 

6732
06:08:07,800 --> 06:08:11,300
could not capture, Bring brought
warmer weather and the 

6733
06:08:11,308 --> 06:08:13,100
resumption of serious 
campaigning. 

6734
06:08:14,000 --> 06:08:18,400
Summer meant heat and dust Long.
March is under the Mediterranean

6735
06:08:18,400 --> 06:08:22,000
son, that turned armor into 
portable ovens Autumn brought 

6736
06:08:22,000 --> 06:08:24,500
Harvest, that could be 
appropriated to feed the Army 

6737
06:08:24,500 --> 06:08:27,400
and the knowledge that winter 
would soon limit Mobility. 

6738
06:08:27,400 --> 06:08:31,900
Again, each season had its 
Rhythm its challenges and its 

6739
06:08:31,900 --> 06:08:35,600
opportunities news from The 
Wider World filtered into Camp 

6740
06:08:35,600 --> 06:08:39,100
through various channels. 
Merchants trading with the Army,

6741
06:08:39,100 --> 06:08:43,900
deserters from Roman forces, and
diplomatic envoys from Italian 

6742
06:08:43,900 --> 06:08:45,500
cities, considering their 
options. 

6743
06:08:46,600 --> 06:08:49,800
Through these sources Hannibal 
tract, Roman preparations 

6744
06:08:49,800 --> 06:08:53,100
learned, which allies were 
wavering in their loyalty and 

6745
06:08:53,100 --> 06:08:56,400
gathered the intelligence that 
informed his strategic decisions

6746
06:08:56,400 --> 06:09:00,600
letters from Carthage, arrived 
irregularly, bringing news from 

6747
06:09:00,600 --> 06:09:03,300
home and instructions from the 
government that theoretically 

6748
06:09:03,300 --> 06:09:07,400
controlled this campaign. but 
distance and the difficulty of 

6749
06:09:07,408 --> 06:09:11,100
communication meant Hannibal 
operated with enormous autonomy,

6750
06:09:12,100 --> 06:09:15,400
The carthaginian Senate might 
pass resolution about what he 

6751
06:09:15,408 --> 06:09:19,000
should do, but by the time, 
those instructions reached Italy

6752
06:09:19,000 --> 06:09:22,500
Circumstances, had usually 
changed enough that they were 

6753
06:09:22,500 --> 06:09:25,300
irrelevant. 
Hannibal fought his War 

6754
06:09:25,300 --> 06:09:28,100
according to his own judgment 
For Better or Worse. 

6755
06:09:28,100 --> 06:09:31,200
The relationship between 
Hannibal and his soldiers during

6756
06:09:31,200 --> 06:09:34,300
these calm periods created 
bonds, that would be tested in 

6757
06:09:34,300 --> 06:09:37,300
coming battles. 
When soldiers had watched their 

6758
06:09:37,300 --> 06:09:41,100
General, share their hardships 
for months or years had seen him

6759
06:09:41,100 --> 06:09:45,100
eat the same food and endure the
same whether and had observed 

6760
06:09:45,100 --> 06:09:48,100
him making decisions that 
prioritize their welfare when 

6761
06:09:48,100 --> 06:09:51,600
possible they developed loyalty 
that couldn't be purchased or 

6762
06:09:51,600 --> 06:09:55,000
commanded. 
This loyalty would prove crucial

6763
06:09:55,000 --> 06:09:58,500
when battles went badly and 
Retreat seemed more rational 

6764
06:09:58,500 --> 06:10:02,200
than continued fighting as each 
period of relative peace, ended 

6765
06:10:02,200 --> 06:10:04,000
and the Army prepared for the 
next campaign. 

6766
06:10:04,000 --> 06:10:07,100
Soldiers performed, the small 
rituals that Warriors have 

6767
06:10:07,100 --> 06:10:11,400
always performed before combat 
Equipment was checked one final 

6768
06:10:11,400 --> 06:10:14,300
time. 
Personal items were secured or 

6769
06:10:14,300 --> 06:10:16,800
given to comrades for 
safekeeping in case of death. 

6770
06:10:17,500 --> 06:10:19,800
Some soldiers wrote letters to 
be sent home if they didn't 

6771
06:10:19,800 --> 06:10:23,000
survive, others simply spent 
quiet time alone. 

6772
06:10:23,000 --> 06:10:27,200
Contemplating mortality in what 
ever terms, their religion or 

6773
06:10:27,200 --> 06:10:29,800
philosophy. 
Provided the elephant sensed the

6774
06:10:29,808 --> 06:10:33,200
shift in mood and routine. 
The handlers could tell when the

6775
06:10:33,200 --> 06:10:36,400
Army Was preparing for combat by
subtle changes in the animals 

6776
06:10:36,400 --> 06:10:39,700
Behavior. 
Increased nervousness reluctant 

6777
06:10:39,700 --> 06:10:43,200
to eat and the way they grouped 
together as if seeking Mutual 

6778
06:10:43,200 --> 06:10:47,400
reassurance, managing these 
magnificent but temperamental 

6779
06:10:47,400 --> 06:10:51,100
creatures required understanding
that they responded to human 

6780
06:10:51,100 --> 06:10:55,000
emotional states with surprising
sensitivity and then the waiting

6781
06:10:55,000 --> 06:10:59,500
would end Scouts would report 
Roman movements or intelligence 

6782
06:10:59,500 --> 06:11:03,100
would arrive about a vulnerable 
Target or strategic necessity 

6783
06:11:03,100 --> 06:11:07,700
would Demand Action regardless 
of whether anyone felt ready the

6784
06:11:07,700 --> 06:11:10,500
camp would transform from a 
temporary City, back into a 

6785
06:11:10,508 --> 06:11:13,900
military machine, all those 
months of waiting and 

6786
06:11:13,900 --> 06:11:18,000
preparation distilling into 
renewed purpose, but even as the

6787
06:11:18,000 --> 06:11:21,400
Army prepared to March toward 
whatever, awaited them the 

6788
06:11:21,400 --> 06:11:25,100
memories of these calm periods 
remained Soldiers, carried with 

6789
06:11:25,108 --> 06:11:26,500
them. 
The knowledge that their 

6790
06:11:26,500 --> 06:11:28,900
comrades were. 
People not just weapons to be 

6791
06:11:28,908 --> 06:11:31,500
employed in combat. 
Commanders. 

6792
06:11:31,500 --> 06:11:35,300
Understood that their decisions 
affected, real lives families, 

6793
06:11:35,300 --> 06:11:38,600
back home, who depended on 
husbands and Fathers and Sons 

6794
06:11:38,600 --> 06:11:42,700
returning, from this foreign 
war, this human Dimension, the 

6795
06:11:42,700 --> 06:11:46,100
waiting, the wandering, The 
Quiet Moments between dramatic 

6796
06:11:46,100 --> 06:11:49,900
events is often lost in 
historical accounts that focus 

6797
06:11:49,900 --> 06:11:53,300
on battles and movements. 
But for the men who lived 

6798
06:11:53,300 --> 06:11:56,900
through Hannibal's, Italian 
campaign, these calm periods 

6799
06:11:56,900 --> 06:11:59,600
were as much a part of their 
experience as any dramatic, 

6800
06:11:59,600 --> 06:12:02,600
confrontation. 
They were the times when 

6801
06:12:02,608 --> 06:12:07,000
friendships formed when fears 
were shared and when the reality

6802
06:12:07,000 --> 06:12:10,600
of being far from home with an 
uncertain future pressed, most 

6803
06:12:10,600 --> 06:12:13,700
heavily on Consciousness. 
Now let's fast forward through 

6804
06:12:13,700 --> 06:12:16,400
the years that followed not 
because the battles aren't 

6805
06:12:16,400 --> 06:12:20,000
important, but because tonight's
story is about something deeper 

6806
06:12:20,000 --> 06:12:22,900
than tactical victories and 
strategic maneuvering. 

6807
06:12:22,900 --> 06:12:27,000
It's about how one man's dream 
and one impossible March created

6808
06:12:27,000 --> 06:12:30,800
ripples that spread across 
centuries changing, how humans 

6809
06:12:30,800 --> 06:12:34,600
thought about possibility itself
Hannibal would spend 15 more 

6810
06:12:34,600 --> 06:12:37,100
years in Italy. 
After crossing the Alps winning 

6811
06:12:37,100 --> 06:12:38,900
battles. 
That should have destroyed Rome,

6812
06:12:38,900 --> 06:12:42,000
but never quite achieving the 
decisive victory, that would 

6813
06:12:42,000 --> 06:12:46,600
break Rome's power. 
He won at trebia a Tresemme and 

6814
06:12:46,600 --> 06:12:50,500
most famously at Kane where he 
destroyed a Roman army twice his

6815
06:12:50,500 --> 06:12:53,500
size through tactical Brilliance
that military strategist. 

6816
06:12:53,500 --> 06:12:57,000
Still study today. 
Yet, Rome refused to surrender, 

6817
06:12:57,000 --> 06:13:01,400
refused to negotiate. 
Simply raise new Legions and 

6818
06:13:01,400 --> 06:13:04,200
continued fighting with a 
stubbornness that eventually 

6819
06:13:04,200 --> 06:13:07,800
wore down even Hannibal's. 
Remarkable Army, the stories end

6820
06:13:07,800 --> 06:13:11,400
isn't happy by conventional 
measures Hannibal was eventually

6821
06:13:11,400 --> 06:13:15,500
recalled to Carthage to defend 
against Roman invasion. he lost 

6822
06:13:15,500 --> 06:13:18,900
his first battle at Zama, not 
because he'd forgotten how to 

6823
06:13:18,908 --> 06:13:22,700
fight, but because Rome had 
finally learned from its defeats

6824
06:13:22,700 --> 06:13:27,200
and produced a general Scipio 
Africanus, who could match 

6825
06:13:27,200 --> 06:13:31,600
Hannibal's brilliance Carthage 
sued for peace on Rome's terms, 

6826
06:13:31,600 --> 06:13:35,100
accepting conditions that 
guaranteed they'd never again. 

6827
06:13:35,100 --> 06:13:38,900
Threatened Roman power Hannibal 
lived on for years after the war

6828
06:13:38,900 --> 06:13:43,000
serving his city as a civil 
administrator trying to rebuild 

6829
06:13:43,000 --> 06:13:45,200
carthaginian Prosperity through 
Commerce. 

6830
06:13:45,200 --> 06:13:49,600
Since military competition was 
no longer possible Eventually 

6831
06:13:49,600 --> 06:13:53,500
pursued by Roman demands for his
surrender, he took poison rather

6832
06:13:53,500 --> 06:13:57,000
than be captured dying in Exile.
Far from the Carthage. 

6833
06:13:57,000 --> 06:14:00,800
He'd spent his life trying to 
protect It's the kind of ending 

6834
06:14:00,800 --> 06:14:04,700
that ancient tragedies were 
built around the brilliant hero 

6835
06:14:04,700 --> 06:14:08,500
on, not by lack of skill, but by
forces larger than any 

6836
06:14:08,500 --> 06:14:11,800
individual could control. 
But here's what makes Hannibal's

6837
06:14:11,800 --> 06:14:15,100
story worth remembering two 
Millennia later, He permanently 

6838
06:14:15,100 --> 06:14:18,300
changed, what humans thought was
possible before. 

6839
06:14:18,300 --> 06:14:21,900
Hannibal armies didn't cross, 
the Alps with elephants, they 

6840
06:14:21,900 --> 06:14:25,200
didn't March from Spain to Italy
through territory that geography

6841
06:14:25,200 --> 06:14:28,300
said was impossible. 
He didn't win battles through 

6842
06:14:28,300 --> 06:14:32,400
technical creativity that turned
expected advantages into fatal 

6843
06:14:32,400 --> 06:14:35,700
vulnerabilities. 
The Mediterranean world had 

6844
06:14:35,700 --> 06:14:39,800
assumptions about Warfare about 
logistics, and about what was 

6845
06:14:39,800 --> 06:14:42,700
feasible and Hannibal. 
Casually demolished. 

6846
06:14:42,700 --> 06:14:45,700
Those assumptions through the 
simple, expedient of ignoring 

6847
06:14:45,700 --> 06:14:49,300
them, his crossing of, the Alps 
became the standard example, for

6848
06:14:49,300 --> 06:14:52,200
impossible, Journeys, when 
Napoleon crossed the Alps 

6849
06:14:52,200 --> 06:14:55,600
centuries, later, using proper 
roads, that hadn't existed in 

6850
06:14:55,600 --> 06:14:58,300
Hannibal's. 
Time, he explicitly compared 

6851
06:14:58,300 --> 06:15:01,100
himself to the carthaginian 
general because that's how 

6852
06:15:01,100 --> 06:15:03,900
deeply Hannibal's feet. 
Had embedded itself in Western 

6853
06:15:03,900 --> 06:15:06,600
consciousness. 
When military planners talk 

6854
06:15:06,600 --> 06:15:09,800
about bold strategic moves that 
ignore conventional thinking 

6855
06:15:09,800 --> 06:15:11,900
Hannibal's. 
Name comes up with the 

6856
06:15:11,900 --> 06:15:15,100
regularity of a metaphor that 
earned its place through sheer 

6857
06:15:15,100 --> 06:15:18,200
appropriateness. the Tactical 
Innovations Hannibal 

6858
06:15:18,200 --> 06:15:21,400
demonstrated at battles like 
kanay in Florence military 

6859
06:15:21,400 --> 06:15:25,600
thinking for centuries, The 
double envelopment he executed 

6860
06:15:25,600 --> 06:15:29,100
there, where his army surrounded
and destroyed a larger, Roman 

6861
06:15:29,100 --> 06:15:32,000
Force. 
Became a template that generals 

6862
06:15:32,000 --> 06:15:35,700
dreamed of replicating. 
Modern military academies. 

6863
06:15:35,700 --> 06:15:38,600
Still teach can as an example of
perfect tactical execution, 

6864
06:15:38,600 --> 06:15:43,300
which means 20 something Cadets.
Today, study a battle fought by 

6865
06:15:43,300 --> 06:15:48,200
a carthaginian general, 2,200 
years ago, but Hannibal's deeper

6866
06:15:48,200 --> 06:15:51,000
Legacy isn't really about 
military tactics or strategic 

6867
06:15:51,000 --> 06:15:53,600
Innovation. 
It's about what his story 

6868
06:15:53,600 --> 06:15:57,500
teaches about human capability 
determination and the 

6869
06:15:57,500 --> 06:15:59,600
relationship between dreams and 
reality. 

6870
06:15:59,600 --> 06:16:04,400
Consider what Hannibal actually 
accomplished He took a diverse 

6871
06:16:04,400 --> 06:16:07,200
Army of mercenaries, who had no 
particular loyalty to each 

6872
06:16:07,200 --> 06:16:10,300
other, LED them through a 
journey that everyone said would

6873
06:16:10,300 --> 06:16:14,200
kill them and forged them into a
force that repeatedly defeated 

6874
06:16:14,200 --> 06:16:16,900
the ancient world's most 
successful military power. 

6875
06:16:18,200 --> 06:16:20,700
He did this not through 
overwhelming resources or 

6876
06:16:20,700 --> 06:16:25,400
Supernatural intervention. 
Through leadership planning and 

6877
06:16:25,400 --> 06:16:28,500
the ability to inspire people to
attempt things, they didn't 

6878
06:16:28,500 --> 06:16:31,700
think they could have the 
soldiers, who crossed the Alps 

6879
06:16:31,700 --> 06:16:34,700
with Hannibal weren't Special 
Forces or Elite troops at the 

6880
06:16:34,700 --> 06:16:38,600
start of that Journey. 
They were ordinary men Farmers 

6881
06:16:38,600 --> 06:16:43,500
Sons tribal Warriors, poor young
men seeking Fortune who became 

6882
06:16:43,500 --> 06:16:47,300
extraordinary through the simple
Act of continuing when 

6883
06:16:47,300 --> 06:16:51,500
continuing seemed impossible 
that transformation suggests, 

6884
06:16:51,500 --> 06:16:53,500
something important about human 
potential. 

6885
06:16:54,400 --> 06:16:56,800
How limits are more flexible 
than we assumed. 

6886
06:16:56,800 --> 06:17:00,300
And sometimes the only thing 
preventing achievement is are 

6887
06:17:00,300 --> 06:17:02,000
certainty, that achievement 
isn't possible. 

6888
06:17:02,000 --> 06:17:05,100
Hannibal story, also 
demonstrates how individual 

6889
06:17:05,100 --> 06:17:07,700
Vision can overcome structural 
disadvantages. 

6890
06:17:08,600 --> 06:17:11,800
Carthage was weaker than Rome by
almost any objective measure. 

6891
06:17:12,500 --> 06:17:15,700
Smaller population. 
Less extensive Alliance Network,

6892
06:17:15,700 --> 06:17:20,300
fewer resources. 
Conventional, strategic analysis

6893
06:17:20,300 --> 06:17:23,200
would have concluded that 
Carthage couldn't win a direct 

6894
06:17:23,200 --> 06:17:25,900
conflict with Rome, which was 
probably accurate. 

6895
06:17:26,900 --> 06:17:29,900
Hannibal didn't attempt 
conventional strategy, he 

6896
06:17:29,900 --> 06:17:32,300
invented a new approach found a 
route. 

6897
06:17:32,300 --> 06:17:35,700
No one expected. 
A nearly defeated Rome, despite 

6898
06:17:35,700 --> 06:17:38,300
all structural advantages. 
Favoring his anime. 

6899
06:17:38,300 --> 06:17:41,900
This has implications Beyond 
Ancient Warfare in business 

6900
06:17:41,900 --> 06:17:45,800
politics, personal life, 
anywhere, someone faces 

6901
06:17:45,800 --> 06:17:49,200
challenges that seem over 
Hannibal's example. 

6902
06:17:49,200 --> 06:17:51,400
Suggests that creative 
approaches can sometimes 

6903
06:17:51,400 --> 06:17:53,700
overcome. 
Apparently insurmountable 

6904
06:17:53,700 --> 06:17:58,000
obstacles. 
Not always not reliably but 

6905
06:17:58,000 --> 06:18:00,700
often enough that attempting. 
The seemingly impossible isn't 

6906
06:18:00,700 --> 06:18:05,000
automatically foolish, the story
illustrates the limitations of 

6907
06:18:05,000 --> 06:18:08,500
individual Brilliance Hannibal 
was possibly the most gifted 

6908
06:18:08,500 --> 06:18:11,300
military commander of ancient 
times yet. 

6909
06:18:11,300 --> 06:18:14,500
He ultimately fails to achieve 
his strategic objectives. 

6910
06:18:15,300 --> 06:18:19,800
Rome's institutional strengths, 
its ability to absorb defeats 

6911
06:18:19,800 --> 06:18:23,300
and continue fighting its 
extensive Alliance system and 

6912
06:18:23,300 --> 06:18:26,600
its governmental stability, 
proved more durable than 

6913
06:18:26,600 --> 06:18:30,300
Hannibal's personal genius. 
Sometimes the structural 

6914
06:18:30,300 --> 06:18:33,700
realities really do win, no 
matter how capable the 

6915
06:18:33,700 --> 06:18:36,900
individuals challenging them, 
this tension between individual 

6916
06:18:36,900 --> 06:18:40,400
agency and structural forces, is
part of why Hannibal's story 

6917
06:18:40,400 --> 06:18:43,600
remains compelling. 
He succeeded Beyond any 

6918
06:18:43,600 --> 06:18:47,500
reasonable expectation yet, 
ultimately fail to change the 

6919
06:18:47,500 --> 06:18:50,600
historical. 
Trajectory he challenged He was 

6920
06:18:50,600 --> 06:18:53,900
simultaneously incredibly 
successful and fundamentally 

6921
06:18:53,900 --> 06:18:57,500
unsuccessful which makes his 
story more interesting than if 

6922
06:18:57,500 --> 06:19:01,300
he'd either Concord roam or been
immediately defeated the human 

6923
06:19:01,300 --> 06:19:04,100
element of Hannibal's Legacy 
might be its most enduring 

6924
06:19:04,100 --> 06:19:06,700
aspect. 
Here was someone who cared 

6925
06:19:06,700 --> 06:19:09,800
enough about his soldiers to 
share their hardships who 

6926
06:19:09,800 --> 06:19:12,300
developed relationships. 
With war elephants, that is 

6927
06:19:12,300 --> 06:19:15,900
handled as respected, and who 
could Inspire loyalty from 

6928
06:19:15,900 --> 06:19:18,800
people who had every reason to 
Desert or betray him. 

6929
06:19:18,800 --> 06:19:22,400
In an era when military 
commanders often viewed soldiers

6930
06:19:22,400 --> 06:19:26,600
as Expendable resources Hannibal
treated them as humans, whose 

6931
06:19:26,600 --> 06:19:29,200
welfare matted beyond their 
utility and combat. 

6932
06:19:29,200 --> 06:19:33,100
This approach to leadership 
combining strategic Brilliance 

6933
06:19:33,100 --> 06:19:37,300
with genuine concern for those 
being led as influenced thinking

6934
06:19:37,300 --> 06:19:41,200
about management and command 
ever since Modern military 

6935
06:19:41,200 --> 06:19:43,500
leadership. 
Doctrine still emphasizes the 

6936
06:19:43,500 --> 06:19:47,100
importance of leaders who share 
their subordinates, hardships 

6937
06:19:47,100 --> 06:19:51,000
and business management Theory. 
Often discusses the value of 

6938
06:19:51,000 --> 06:19:54,000
leaders who prioritize employee 
welfare. 

6939
06:19:54,800 --> 06:19:59,000
These ideas Trace back through 
various sources but Hannibal's 

6940
06:19:59,000 --> 06:20:02,400
example is one of the earliest 
and clearest instances of this 

6941
06:20:02,400 --> 06:20:05,600
leadership philosophy in action,
the elephants themselves became 

6942
06:20:05,600 --> 06:20:09,400
legendary symbols of Hannibal or
dasetty and exoticism. 

6943
06:20:10,400 --> 06:20:13,700
A centuries after writers, who 
wanted to suggest something was 

6944
06:20:13,700 --> 06:20:16,900
impossibly difficult would 
compare it to taking elephants 

6945
06:20:16,900 --> 06:20:19,500
over the Alps. 
The fact that most of the 

6946
06:20:19,500 --> 06:20:22,600
elephants died during the 
Italian campaign from climate 

6947
06:20:22,600 --> 06:20:26,500
combat, and simple exhaustion. 
Somehow doesn't diminish the 

6948
06:20:26,500 --> 06:20:31,100
legend, if anything, it 
enhances, it demonstrating that 

6949
06:20:31,100 --> 06:20:33,500
Hannibal attempted, his 
impossible Journey, despite 

6950
06:20:33,500 --> 06:20:37,200
knowing the cost would be 
enormous self was transformed by

6951
06:20:37,200 --> 06:20:39,700
the Hannah Blick Wars, in ways 
that shape its future 

6952
06:20:39,700 --> 06:20:42,700
development. 
The near-death experience of 

6953
06:20:42,700 --> 06:20:46,200
facing Hannibal in Italy, 
convinced Romans that their 

6954
06:20:46,200 --> 06:20:49,200
survival required total 
dominance of the Mediterranean 

6955
06:20:49,200 --> 06:20:51,900
world. 
The Roman Empire that would 

6956
06:20:51,900 --> 06:20:55,500
later stretch from Britain to 
Mesopotamia was built partly on 

6957
06:20:55,508 --> 06:20:58,700
lessons learned during those 
desperate years when a 

6958
06:20:58,700 --> 06:21:00,600
carthaginian army wandered 
through Italy. 

6959
06:21:00,600 --> 06:21:05,400
Seemingly Unstoppable Carthage 
of ventral destruction raised 

6960
06:21:05,400 --> 06:21:09,100
completely in a later War its 
territory sewn with salt in a 

6961
06:21:09,100 --> 06:21:13,200
gesture of absolute Annihilation
was partly motivated by Roman 

6962
06:21:13,200 --> 06:21:15,200
Trauma from Hannibal's 
campaigns. 

6963
06:21:16,200 --> 06:21:19,600
Rome had been so frightened by 
what one carthaginian General 

6964
06:21:19,600 --> 06:21:22,500
had accomplished that they 
decided the only safe Carthage 

6965
06:21:22,500 --> 06:21:26,000
was no Carthage at all. 
It's a sobering reminder that 

6966
06:21:26,000 --> 06:21:28,200
sometimes success creates its 
own disasters. 

6967
06:21:28,200 --> 06:21:31,500
Hannibal's, brilliant helped 
ensure his civilization's 

6968
06:21:31,500 --> 06:21:35,300
destruction, the cultural memory
of Hannibal spread far beyond 

6969
06:21:35,300 --> 06:21:38,700
the Mediterranean world, His 
name appears in text from 

6970
06:21:38,700 --> 06:21:41,800
cultures, that had no direct 
contact with Carthage or Rome, 

6971
06:21:41,800 --> 06:21:45,200
passed along through trade 
routes and cultural exchange 

6972
06:21:45,200 --> 06:21:48,500
until even people in medieval 
Europe and Asia, new stories 

6973
06:21:48,500 --> 06:21:51,200
about the general, who crossed 
the impossible mountains. 

6974
06:21:52,100 --> 06:21:54,600
This kind of cultural 
persistence suggest that his 

6975
06:21:54,600 --> 06:21:58,000
story touched something 
Universal about human ambition 

6976
06:21:58,000 --> 06:22:00,600
and achievement. 
Modern historians. 

6977
06:22:00,600 --> 06:22:04,200
Continue debating details of 
Hannibal's campaigns which pass 

6978
06:22:04,200 --> 06:22:08,400
he used exactly how many troops 
he had and whether specific 

6979
06:22:08,400 --> 06:22:10,100
accounts of battles are 
accurate. 

6980
06:22:10,900 --> 06:22:13,900
But these scholarly debates 
important as they are to 

6981
06:22:13,900 --> 06:22:18,600
Specialists Mr. Larger point. 
Hannibal's Legacy isn't really 

6982
06:22:18,600 --> 06:22:21,000
about the precise details of his
campaigns. 

6983
06:22:21,000 --> 06:22:24,400
It's about the story. 
Those campaigns tell regarding 

6984
06:22:24,400 --> 06:22:27,600
what humans can accomplish when 
they refuse to accept 

6985
06:22:27,600 --> 06:22:31,600
conventional limitations as you 
settle deeper into your blankets

6986
06:22:31,600 --> 06:22:34,000
and feel sleep beginning to pull
at your Consciousness. 

6987
06:22:34,000 --> 06:22:37,700
Let's bring this story to its 
quiet close with some final 

6988
06:22:37,700 --> 06:22:41,300
thoughts about Hannibal and his 
March through time and memory 

6989
06:22:41,300 --> 06:22:44,300
somewhere in Northern Italy. 
If you look carefully, you can 

6990
06:22:44,300 --> 06:22:47,100
still find traces of the roots 
Hannibal's Army followed. 

6991
06:22:47,800 --> 06:22:51,300
Not obvious, monuments or 
dramatic markers, but subtle 

6992
06:22:51,300 --> 06:22:53,800
signs visible to those who know 
what to look for. 

6993
06:22:54,600 --> 06:22:58,300
Old roads that follow Perthes, 
chose for military logistics, 

6994
06:22:58,300 --> 06:23:00,000
rather than commercial 
convenience. 

6995
06:23:01,100 --> 06:23:03,900
Place names that echo in 
languages, descended from the 

6996
06:23:03,900 --> 06:23:05,800
tribes who witnessed that 
unprecedented. 

6997
06:23:05,800 --> 06:23:08,300
Armies passage the Alps 
themselves. 

6998
06:23:08,300 --> 06:23:11,600
Remain unchanged by the armies 
that have crossed them over 

6999
06:23:11,600 --> 06:23:13,700
millennia. 
Passes. 

7000
06:23:13,700 --> 06:23:16,300
That seem so impossibly 
difficult to Hannibal soldiers 

7001
06:23:16,300 --> 06:23:20,600
are now threaded with highways 
and rail tunnels made manageable

7002
06:23:20,600 --> 06:23:23,400
by engineering that would seem 
like divine intervention to 

7003
06:23:23,400 --> 06:23:27,300
ancient Travellers. 
Yet for anyone, who's walked in 

7004
06:23:27,300 --> 06:23:30,600
genuine Mountain Wilderness, 
whose fell altitude, steal their

7005
06:23:30,608 --> 06:23:34,800
breath and cold numb. 
Their fingers Hannibal's 

7006
06:23:34,800 --> 06:23:37,200
achievement remains impressive, 
regardless of modern 

7007
06:23:37,200 --> 06:23:40,500
technological advancement. 
Think about those soldiers who 

7008
06:23:40,500 --> 06:23:43,400
made the crossing the ones who 
survived to tell their 

7009
06:23:43,400 --> 06:23:45,400
grandchildren. 
About the time, they walked over

7010
06:23:45,400 --> 06:23:48,400
the roof of the world. 
Following a general, whose 

7011
06:23:48,400 --> 06:23:52,700
dreams seemed like Madness until
it succeeded They returned 

7012
06:23:52,700 --> 06:23:56,100
eventually to homes in Libya 
Iberia, a new media. 

7013
06:23:56,800 --> 06:24:00,500
Those who survived the Italian 
campaigns carrying memories of 

7014
06:24:00,500 --> 06:24:03,500
snow covered Peaks and desperate
Mountain passages. 

7015
06:24:04,600 --> 06:24:08,600
Some probably exaggerated their 
stories making the mountains 

7016
06:24:08,600 --> 06:24:11,100
higher and the dangers greater 
with each retelling. 

7017
06:24:11,900 --> 06:24:15,900
Others probably understated them
finding that the reality defied 

7018
06:24:15,900 --> 06:24:19,200
description and that listeners 
couldn't really understand what 

7019
06:24:19,200 --> 06:24:22,000
they had experienced. 
The elephant that survived the 

7020
06:24:22,008 --> 06:24:25,400
crossing lived out their 
remaining years in Italy exotic 

7021
06:24:25,400 --> 06:24:29,600
creatures far from their African
homes cared for by handlers who 

7022
06:24:29,600 --> 06:24:32,000
crossed impossible mountains in 
their company. 

7023
06:24:33,200 --> 06:24:35,600
When these elephants died from 
age? 

7024
06:24:35,600 --> 06:24:39,200
Combat or simple? 
Exhaustion their passing Mark 

7025
06:24:39,200 --> 06:24:42,800
the end of one of history's. 
Most unusual military logistics 

7026
06:24:42,800 --> 06:24:47,200
efforts No one would attempt war
elephants in Alpine campaigns 

7027
06:24:47,200 --> 06:24:50,800
again, partly because Hannibal 
had demonstrated both that it 

7028
06:24:50,800 --> 06:24:53,900
was possible and that the cost 
probably exceeded the benefits 

7029
06:24:53,900 --> 06:24:57,100
Hannibal himself in his later 
years of Exile. 

7030
06:24:57,100 --> 06:25:00,200
Sometimes spoke about the Alpine
Crossing to those who visited 

7031
06:25:00,200 --> 06:25:02,800
him. 
By then, it had been decades 

7032
06:25:02,800 --> 06:25:06,000
since that extraordinary March 
and the world had moved on to 

7033
06:25:06,000 --> 06:25:10,000
other conflicts and concerns. 
But for Hannibal the crossing 

7034
06:25:10,000 --> 06:25:13,400
remained, Central to his 
identity, the moment when he'd 

7035
06:25:13,400 --> 06:25:15,800
proven that will and planning 
could overcome barriers, 

7036
06:25:15,800 --> 06:25:18,500
everyone else considered 
absolute in. 

7037
06:25:18,500 --> 06:25:22,100
His final moments taking poison 
rather than surrendering to 

7038
06:25:22,100 --> 06:25:25,000
Roman capture. 
Did Hannibal think about the 

7039
06:25:25,000 --> 06:25:28,200
Alps What about the young men? 
Who'd followed him over 

7040
06:25:28,200 --> 06:25:30,700
impossible mountains because 
they believed in his vision, 

7041
06:25:30,700 --> 06:25:33,800
about the elephants struggling, 
through snowdrifts, and the 

7042
06:25:33,800 --> 06:25:36,700
scouts finding paths when no 
paths should exist. 

7043
06:25:37,700 --> 06:25:41,300
We can't know, but it's Pleasant
to imagine that his last 

7044
06:25:41,300 --> 06:25:42,200
thoughts. 
Included. 

7045
06:25:42,200 --> 06:25:46,300
Some satisfaction about that 
impossible achievement that 

7046
06:25:46,300 --> 06:25:48,500
dream made real through 
determination. 

7047
06:25:48,500 --> 06:25:51,800
And Leadership the story of 
Hannibal's Crossing lives on 

7048
06:25:51,800 --> 06:25:54,500
because it speaks to something 
fundamental about human nature. 

7049
06:25:55,500 --> 06:25:59,500
We need stories about people who
refuse to accept limitations who

7050
06:25:59,500 --> 06:26:02,400
looked at impossible challenges 
and decided to attempt them 

7051
06:26:02,400 --> 06:26:04,400
anyway. 
Not because these stories 

7052
06:26:04,400 --> 06:26:07,900
guarantee success. 
Hannibal ultimately failed in 

7053
06:26:07,900 --> 06:26:10,800
his largest strategic 
objectives, but because they 

7054
06:26:10,800 --> 06:26:15,600
remind us that impossible is 
often just difficult in Disguise

7055
06:26:15,600 --> 06:26:19,500
and that human capability 
exceeds what we typically demand

7056
06:26:19,500 --> 06:26:21,900
of ourselves as you drift 
towards sleep. 

7057
06:26:21,900 --> 06:26:24,800
Imagine yourself on that 
mountain pass, looking back at 

7058
06:26:24,800 --> 06:26:27,600
the route, you've climbed and 
forward to the descent into 

7059
06:26:27,600 --> 06:26:30,700
Italy. 
The heiress thin and cold the 

7060
06:26:30,700 --> 06:26:31,900
path. 
The head uncertain. 

7061
06:26:31,900 --> 06:26:34,200
But you've come too far to turn 
back now. 

7062
06:26:35,200 --> 06:26:37,600
Around you. 
Thousands of others are making 

7063
06:26:37,600 --> 06:26:40,900
the same Journey. 
Sharing the same hardships bound

7064
06:26:40,900 --> 06:26:44,700
together by common purpose and 
shared impossibility achieved. 

7065
06:26:44,700 --> 06:26:46,900
This is what Hannibal gave to 
history. 

7066
06:26:46,900 --> 06:26:51,800
Not just Tactical Innovations or
strategic lessons but a story 

7067
06:26:51,800 --> 06:26:55,000
about what becomes possible when
people refuse to accept 

7068
06:26:55,000 --> 06:26:59,800
conventional limitations story 
about leadership that inspires 

7069
06:26:59,800 --> 06:27:03,200
rather than compels about 
soldiers who become Heroes 

7070
06:27:03,200 --> 06:27:07,100
through simple perseverance 
about elephants and snowdrifts 

7071
06:27:07,100 --> 06:27:09,700
and armies, achieving The 
Impossible through the 

7072
06:27:09,700 --> 06:27:12,800
accumulation of small possible 
steps sleep. 

7073
06:27:12,800 --> 06:27:18,000
Now comfortable in your warm 
bed, Safe from cold and altitude

7074
06:27:18,000 --> 06:27:20,400
and the dangers that Hannibal 
soldiers faced. 

7075
06:27:21,200 --> 06:27:24,300
Carry with you into dreams. 
The knowledge that 2000 years 

7076
06:27:24,300 --> 06:27:27,000
ago. 
People did impossible things 

7077
06:27:27,000 --> 06:27:31,000
because one man dreamed them 
possible and had the skill to 

7078
06:27:31,000 --> 06:27:34,000
make others share that dream. 
The Alps still stand 

7079
06:27:34,000 --> 06:27:37,400
snow-covered and magnificent 
indifferent to the humans who 

7080
06:27:37,400 --> 06:27:41,700
cross them, but they remember in
their patient Stony way, the 

7081
06:27:41,700 --> 06:27:44,900
army that shouldn't have been 
able to pass, but did leaving 

7082
06:27:44,900 --> 06:27:49,100
Footprints in snow that melted 
Millennia ago but somehow still 

7083
06:27:49,100 --> 06:27:52,500
Mark the path between impossible
and accomplished tomorrow, 

7084
06:27:52,500 --> 06:27:56,000
you'll wake your own challenges,
your own mountains to cross 

7085
06:27:56,000 --> 06:28:00,000
metaphorical certainly, but no 
less real for being personal 

7086
06:28:00,000 --> 06:28:03,200
rather than Geographic. 
When You Face them. 

7087
06:28:03,200 --> 06:28:07,500
Remember Hannibal and his 
soldiers taking one step at a 

7088
06:28:07,500 --> 06:28:10,700
time through impossible to Reign
proving that sometimes the only 

7089
06:28:10,700 --> 06:28:13,600
way to cross an impossible 
barriers to stop believing its 

7090
06:28:13,600 --> 06:28:15,900
impossible and start walking 
rest. 

7091
06:28:15,900 --> 06:28:20,700
Well, Dream of elephant, and 
snow of generals who dared 

7092
06:28:20,700 --> 06:28:24,900
greatly of soldiers, who were 
the Impossible by refusing to 

7093
06:28:24,900 --> 06:28:28,200
accept impossibility. 
And know that their story 

7094
06:28:28,200 --> 06:28:31,200
continues as long as people 
remember, that human will 

7095
06:28:31,200 --> 06:28:35,300
properly applied with skill and 
determination can reshape the 

7096
06:28:35,308 --> 06:28:38,000
world in ways that seem like 
Legend until they become 

7097
06:28:38,000 --> 06:28:40,800
history. 
The calm Wars of Rome ended long

7098
06:28:40,800 --> 06:28:44,000
ago, but their lessons remain 
carried forward, through 

7099
06:28:44,000 --> 06:28:48,100
centuries, by stories, told on 
nights, like this, when sleep 

7100
06:28:48,100 --> 06:28:53,400
approaches, and the past seems 
near enough to touch Hannibal 

7101
06:28:53,400 --> 06:28:57,400
crossed the Alps 2000 years ago,
but his journey continues every 

7102
06:28:57,400 --> 06:28:59,000
time. 
Someone faces an impossible 

7103
06:28:59,000 --> 06:29:02,500
challenge and decides to attempt
at any way sleep. 

7104
06:29:02,500 --> 06:29:05,200
Now, The mountains have been 
crossed. 

7105
06:29:06,200 --> 06:29:10,600
Story has been told and tomorrow
awaits with its own Adventures. 

7106
06:29:10,600 --> 06:29:14,300
Its own impossibility is waiting
to be transformed through 

7107
06:29:14,300 --> 06:29:18,200
determination into achievements.
That future Generations might 

7108
06:29:18,200 --> 06:29:28,300
remember with Wonder Picture 
London on a warm evening. 

7109
06:29:28,300 --> 06:29:32,500
In late August, 1939. 
The Sun is setting over the 

7110
06:29:32,500 --> 06:29:36,600
Thames, painting, the sky in 
shades of Amber and Rose that 

7111
06:29:36,600 --> 06:29:39,200
reflect off the river's surface 
like liquid copper. 

7112
06:29:40,200 --> 06:29:43,500
Street lamps are beginning their
nightly ritual that gentle 

7113
06:29:43,500 --> 06:29:47,400
flickering as they come to life,
one by one, creating pools of 

7114
06:29:47,400 --> 06:29:49,300
yellow warmth along the 
Pavements. 

7115
06:29:50,000 --> 06:29:53,300
Shop Windows glow with displays 
of summer dresses and wireless 

7116
06:29:53,300 --> 06:29:57,200
sets, casting, rectangles of 
light onto the sidewalks where 

7117
06:29:57,200 --> 06:30:01,000
couples stroll arm in arm their 
Shadows long and lazy in the 

7118
06:30:01,008 --> 06:30:03,500
golden hour. 
You can hear the particular 

7119
06:30:03,500 --> 06:30:05,800
sounds of a city and it's 
evening mode. 

7120
06:30:05,800 --> 06:30:10,200
The rumble of red, double decker
buses, the clip-clop of delivery

7121
06:30:10,200 --> 06:30:14,400
horses making their final rounds
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle

7122
06:30:14,400 --> 06:30:16,500
bells as workers, pedal home for
supper. 

7123
06:30:17,600 --> 06:30:19,700
From open Windows. 
Comes to the smell of cooking 

7124
06:30:19,700 --> 06:30:24,500
roast dinners, boiled potatoes, 
and the yeasty warmth of fresh 

7125
06:30:24,500 --> 06:30:28,200
bread. 
Radio's played dance, music, the

7126
06:30:28,200 --> 06:30:31,300
kind with horns and steady, 
rhythms that make your foot, tap

7127
06:30:31,300 --> 06:30:34,900
out thinking about it. 
In Paris, the cafes are feeling 

7128
06:30:34,900 --> 06:30:38,300
with their usual evening crowd. 
The Eiffel Tower stands 

7129
06:30:38,300 --> 06:30:40,400
illuminated against the 
darkening Sky. 

7130
06:30:40,400 --> 06:30:45,000
Its iron, lattice outlined in 
electric brilliant, like a piece

7131
06:30:45,000 --> 06:30:48,800
of jewelry against velvet. 
There are neon signs advertising

7132
06:30:48,800 --> 06:30:51,200
a parody. 
Warm light coming from 

7133
06:30:51,200 --> 06:30:55,000
restaurant interiors, and the 
headlamps of citrus and Reno's 

7134
06:30:55,000 --> 06:30:57,700
making rivers of light along the
Sean salisi. 

7135
06:30:58,600 --> 06:31:02,600
Street musicians play accordions
on Corners their cases open for 

7136
06:31:02,600 --> 06:31:05,500
coins that clink with a 
satisfying metallic ring. 

7137
06:31:06,300 --> 06:31:11,100
Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the
grand buildings along unto Den. 

7138
06:31:11,100 --> 06:31:14,800
Linden a floodlit the 
neoclassical facade standing 

7139
06:31:14,800 --> 06:31:19,200
proud and imposing. 
The shops, stay open late, their

7140
06:31:19,200 --> 06:31:21,900
Windows full of goods, that 
speak of prosperity and Order. 

7141
06:31:22,700 --> 06:31:26,000
Electric trams. 
Come along their tracks, their 

7142
06:31:26,000 --> 06:31:29,100
Interiors bright, and modern 
filled with passengers, reading 

7143
06:31:29,100 --> 06:31:31,200
newspapers or chatting about 
their days. 

7144
06:31:32,200 --> 06:31:34,900
These cities of spent decades 
building their electrical 

7145
06:31:34,900 --> 06:31:39,300
infrastructure, stringing miles 
of cable, installing countless 

7146
06:31:39,300 --> 06:31:43,000
fixtures and creating networks 
of Illumination that have become

7147
06:31:43,000 --> 06:31:47,000
as fundamental to Urban Life as 
running water or paved streets. 

7148
06:31:48,000 --> 06:31:51,300
The age of electric light is 
barely 50 years old, still. 

7149
06:31:51,300 --> 06:31:54,900
Young enough to feel miraculous.
People who grew up with oil 

7150
06:31:54,900 --> 06:31:57,200
lamps and candles. 
Now flip switches without 

7151
06:31:57,200 --> 06:32:01,100
thinking Vanishing Darkness with
a casual gesture that would have

7152
06:32:01,100 --> 06:32:03,200
seemed like sorcery to their 
grandparents. 

7153
06:32:04,100 --> 06:32:08,400
But on September 1st 1939, 
Everything Changes, Germany 

7154
06:32:08,400 --> 06:32:12,000
invades Poland, and within 
hours, Britain, and France are 

7155
06:32:12,000 --> 06:32:14,600
making preparations that have 
been planned in secret for 

7156
06:32:14,600 --> 06:32:17,700
months. 
Government officials retrieved 

7157
06:32:17,700 --> 06:32:21,400
documents from locked safes, 
civil defense workers report to 

7158
06:32:21,400 --> 06:32:25,000
their posts and ordinary 
citizens receive instructions. 

7159
06:32:25,000 --> 06:32:28,300
That will alter the appearance 
of their world in ways, both 

7160
06:32:28,300 --> 06:32:32,000
profound and peculiar. 
The blackout is coming. 

7161
06:32:32,000 --> 06:32:35,300
You might wonder why Darkness 
would be chosen as a defense 

7162
06:32:35,300 --> 06:32:37,700
strategy. 
The logic is straightforward, 

7163
06:32:37,700 --> 06:32:40,500
but chilling. 
Bombers, navigating at night, 

7164
06:32:40,500 --> 06:32:43,100
need visual reference points to 
find their targets. 

7165
06:32:43,800 --> 06:32:47,600
A city Ablaze with light is as 
easy to spot from the air as a 

7166
06:32:47,600 --> 06:32:51,500
light house on a dark Coast. 
Remove that light and the 

7167
06:32:51,500 --> 06:32:53,900
bombers are flying over an 
invisible landscape. 

7168
06:32:53,900 --> 06:32:57,200
Unable to distinguish a 
Munitions Factory from a 

7169
06:32:57,200 --> 06:33:01,000
residential neighborhood or a 
railway junk from a park. 

7170
06:33:01,800 --> 06:33:05,600
So, the decision is made. 
When night falls, the lights 

7171
06:33:05,600 --> 06:33:09,200
must go out. 
Not just some lights or most 

7172
06:33:09,200 --> 06:33:13,100
lights, but all lights. 
Every window must be covered 

7173
06:33:13,100 --> 06:33:17,600
every Street Lamp extinguished 
and every car driven with hooded

7174
06:33:17,600 --> 06:33:20,200
headlamps that cast, only the 
faintest glow. 

7175
06:33:21,600 --> 06:33:24,800
The great cities of Europe will 
disappear from view pulled 

7176
06:33:24,800 --> 06:33:28,300
beneath the blanket of Darkness 
as complete as any medieval 

7177
06:33:28,300 --> 06:33:31,300
village new. 
The preparations happen with 

7178
06:33:31,300 --> 06:33:35,200
remarkable speed. 
Shops sell out of black fabric 

7179
06:33:35,200 --> 06:33:39,300
within hours, hardware stores 
run out of paint, tape 

7180
06:33:39,300 --> 06:33:42,100
cardboard. 
Anything that might be used to 

7181
06:33:42,100 --> 06:33:45,600
block light the government has 
printed millions of leaflets 

7182
06:33:45,600 --> 06:33:49,500
explaining the regulations and 
these appear in letterboxes like

7183
06:33:49,500 --> 06:33:53,300
strange invitations to a 
backwards party where the goal 

7184
06:33:53,300 --> 06:33:57,300
is to extinguish rather than 
illuminate You can imagine the 

7185
06:33:57,300 --> 06:33:59,900
conversations happening in homes
across Britain that first 

7186
06:33:59,900 --> 06:34:03,600
weekend of September. 
Family standing in their parlors

7187
06:34:03,600 --> 06:34:08,000
looking at their windows with 
Newfound assessment calculating.

7188
06:34:08,000 --> 06:34:10,200
How many yards of material 
they'll need? 

7189
06:34:10,200 --> 06:34:13,900
Whether thick curtains will 
suffice or if they'll need 

7190
06:34:13,900 --> 06:34:18,800
something more substantial? 
There's an odd Domesticity to 

7191
06:34:18,800 --> 06:34:22,800
these calculation as if their 
redecorating for some peculiar 

7192
06:34:22,800 --> 06:34:25,500
aesthetic preference rather than
preparing for war. 

7193
06:34:26,200 --> 06:34:30,300
The instructions are specific 
and somewhat over Windows must 

7194
06:34:30,300 --> 06:34:32,300
be covered. 
So thoroughly that not a crack 

7195
06:34:32,300 --> 06:34:35,800
of light escape. 
This includes skylights glass 

7196
06:34:35,800 --> 06:34:38,700
doors and even the tiny windows 
in bathrooms. 

7197
06:34:39,500 --> 06:34:43,500
The penalty for showing light is
not insignificant. finds that 

7198
06:34:43,500 --> 06:34:47,500
could strain A Working Families 
budget and more importantly, the

7199
06:34:47,500 --> 06:34:50,600
social pressure of knowing that 
your carelessness might endanger

7200
06:34:50,600 --> 06:34:53,600
your neighbor's On September 
3rd, Britain. 

7201
06:34:53,600 --> 06:34:56,600
Officially declares war on 
Germany that evening as 

7202
06:34:56,600 --> 06:34:58,700
Darkness. 
Approaches the blackout begins 

7203
06:34:58,700 --> 06:35:02,200
in earnest. 
Sunday, traditionally a day of 

7204
06:35:02,208 --> 06:35:05,100
rest, a family, dinners and 
evening strolls. 

7205
06:35:05,100 --> 06:35:08,600
But this Sunday evening will be 
different from any of the nation

7206
06:35:08,600 --> 06:35:12,500
has known in living memory. 
The sun sets at approximately 

7207
06:35:12,500 --> 06:35:18,200
7:30 p.m. on that first blackout
evening in early September 1939.

7208
06:35:19,700 --> 06:35:23,400
Twilight deepens, you would 
notice something extraordinary 

7209
06:35:23,400 --> 06:35:26,100
happening or rather not 
happening. 

7210
06:35:27,100 --> 06:35:30,200
The usual sequence of light's 
Awakening across the city simply

7211
06:35:30,200 --> 06:35:32,600
doesn't occur. 
The street lamps. 

7212
06:35:32,600 --> 06:35:35,400
Remained dark shop windows. 
Stay unlit. 

7213
06:35:36,300 --> 06:35:39,500
The Familiar glow that typically
begins to Define buildings and 

7214
06:35:39,500 --> 06:35:43,600
streets remained absent. 
Instead there's a collective 

7215
06:35:43,600 --> 06:35:47,100
dimming as if someone is slowly 
turning down the brightness 

7216
06:35:47,100 --> 06:35:51,600
control on the entire world. 
As the last and natural light 

7217
06:35:51,600 --> 06:35:55,700
Fades from the west and Sky, 
Darkness arrives with unusual 

7218
06:35:55,700 --> 06:35:59,200
completeness. 
Not the partial darkness of a 

7219
06:35:59,200 --> 06:36:03,200
normal night punctuated by 
human-made illumination, but 

7220
06:36:03,200 --> 06:36:05,800
something approaching the 
darkness of the countryside or 

7221
06:36:05,800 --> 06:36:08,600
Wilderness. 
The kind of dark that City 

7222
06:36:08,600 --> 06:36:11,600
dwellers might encounter only on
camping trips or during power 

7223
06:36:11,600 --> 06:36:14,300
outages. 
The psychological impact is 

7224
06:36:14,300 --> 06:36:19,400
immediate and disorienting human
beings have an ancient hardwired

7225
06:36:19,400 --> 06:36:23,800
response to Darkness. 
We are diurnal creatures adapted

7226
06:36:23,800 --> 06:36:26,200
for daylight activity and are 
nervous. 

7227
06:36:26,200 --> 06:36:29,500
Systems treat Darkness as a 
signal for rest or potential 

7228
06:36:29,500 --> 06:36:31,900
Danger. 
A thousands of years. 

7229
06:36:31,900 --> 06:36:35,900
Darkness meant Retreat to 
shelter gathering around fires 

7230
06:36:35,900 --> 06:36:40,800
and seizing productive activity 
until sunrise, electric light 

7231
06:36:40,800 --> 06:36:44,300
changed all that. 
Extending the day are officially

7232
06:36:44,300 --> 06:36:46,500
allowing cities to function 
Around the Clock. 

7233
06:36:47,300 --> 06:36:50,600
Now suddenly that ancient 
relationship with darkness is 

7234
06:36:50,600 --> 06:36:54,600
restored but in an urban context
where it feels profoundly 

7235
06:36:54,600 --> 06:36:58,700
unnatural your surrounded by 
buildings and streets the 

7236
06:36:58,700 --> 06:37:00,200
infrastructure of modern 
civilization. 

7237
06:37:00,200 --> 06:37:05,100
Yet experiencing a darkness that
belongs to a pre-industrial era.

7238
06:37:06,100 --> 06:37:09,700
It creates a kind of temporal 
vertigo as if you've traveled 

7239
06:37:09,700 --> 06:37:12,500
backward in time while remaining
physically in the present. 

7240
06:37:13,500 --> 06:37:15,400
The first challenge is simply 
moving around. 

7241
06:37:16,400 --> 06:37:19,400
Walking down a familiar Street, 
becomes an exercise, and careful

7242
06:37:19,400 --> 06:37:22,000
navigation. 
Your eyes, strained to 

7243
06:37:22,000 --> 06:37:25,100
distinguish shapes in the Gloom.
The outline of a pillar box. 

7244
06:37:25,100 --> 06:37:28,400
The curve of a curb silhouette 
of another person approaching 

7245
06:37:28,400 --> 06:37:33,300
curbs and steps become hazards. 
More than one person trips over 

7246
06:37:33,300 --> 06:37:35,300
their own doorstep. 
In those early blackout, 

7247
06:37:35,300 --> 06:37:38,700
evenings misjudging distances in
the absence of light. 

7248
06:37:39,400 --> 06:37:43,900
Cars and buses face even greater
challenges vehicle headlamps 

7249
06:37:43,900 --> 06:37:47,100
must be fitted with special 
covers that restrict their light

7250
06:37:47,100 --> 06:37:50,900
to a tiny slit casting only the 
weakest beam onto the road 

7251
06:37:50,900 --> 06:37:53,700
ahead. 
Imagine driving at walking 

7252
06:37:53,700 --> 06:37:55,700
speed. 
Appearing through your 

7253
06:37:55,700 --> 06:37:59,100
windshield at a street, you can 
barely see watching for 

7254
06:37:59,100 --> 06:38:02,800
pedestrians who appear as mere 
shadows and trying to avoid 

7255
06:38:02,800 --> 06:38:05,200
other vehicles that are equally 
difficult to spot. 

7256
06:38:06,700 --> 06:38:10,000
The accident rate in these early
blackout days, Spike's 

7257
06:38:10,000 --> 06:38:12,400
alarmingly. 
Collisions between Vehicles, 

7258
06:38:12,400 --> 06:38:17,400
cars striking pedestrians and 
people walking into lampposts or

7259
06:38:17,400 --> 06:38:20,900
falling into gutters. 
There's a particular comedy to 

7260
06:38:20,900 --> 06:38:23,800
some of these mishaps though. 
Nobody finds them funny at the 

7261
06:38:23,800 --> 06:38:26,900
time. 
Respectable citizens, stumble 

7262
06:38:26,900 --> 06:38:31,800
into Hedges delivery boys. 
Cycle into parked cars, a bishop

7263
06:38:31,800 --> 06:38:33,900
walking home from evening 
service mistakes. 

7264
06:38:33,900 --> 06:38:37,700
A strangers front gate for his 
own and spend several confused 

7265
06:38:37,700 --> 06:38:40,300
minutes trying to unlock it 
before realising his error. 

7266
06:38:41,100 --> 06:38:44,000
These little disasters, become 
part of the blackout experience 

7267
06:38:44,000 --> 06:38:48,100
stories to share over tea and 
evidence that everyone is 

7268
06:38:48,100 --> 06:38:50,000
struggling with the same 
Strange. 

7269
06:38:50,000 --> 06:38:53,700
New Reality, the government's 
Airaid, precautions wardens 

7270
06:38:53,700 --> 06:38:57,500
quickly, nicknamed ARP wardens, 
begin their patrols. 

7271
06:38:57,500 --> 06:39:00,800
These are ordinary citizens, 
volunteers and part-timers. 

7272
06:39:00,800 --> 06:39:04,000
Give them the authority to 
enforce blackout regulations. 

7273
06:39:05,000 --> 06:39:08,800
They walked the streets with 
masked tortures watching for any

7274
06:39:08,808 --> 06:39:11,300
violation. 
Any crack of light that might 

7275
06:39:11,300 --> 06:39:14,000
betray a city's presence to 
aircraft overhead. 

7276
06:39:14,900 --> 06:39:18,100
The wardens develop a certain 
reputation for zealousness. 

7277
06:39:18,900 --> 06:39:21,900
They'll not sharply on doors. 
At the faintest glimpse of 

7278
06:39:21,900 --> 06:39:24,900
light, their voice is carrying 
through the darkness with 

7279
06:39:24,900 --> 06:39:27,400
urgent. 
Whispers, put that light out. 

7280
06:39:28,400 --> 06:39:31,400
The phrase becomes so common it 
turns into a kind of Catchphrase

7281
06:39:31,400 --> 06:39:35,900
repeated in music halls and 
radio comedies of verbal symbol 

7282
06:39:35,900 --> 06:39:38,100
of the blackouts intrusion into 
private life. 

7283
06:39:39,000 --> 06:39:41,400
Inside. 
Homes, families are adapting to 

7284
06:39:41,400 --> 06:39:44,900
their new evening routines. 
The process of preparing for 

7285
06:39:44,900 --> 06:39:47,800
blackout becomes a nightly 
ritual performed. 

7286
06:39:47,800 --> 06:39:51,600
As Twilight approaches, you 
would rise from your chair, sat 

7287
06:39:51,600 --> 06:39:54,300
down your tea and begin. 
The systematic covering of 

7288
06:39:54,300 --> 06:39:57,200
windows. 
Some families use elaborate 

7289
06:39:57,200 --> 06:40:01,000
curtain systems heavy fabric on 
tracks that slide into place. 

7290
06:40:01,000 --> 06:40:05,300
Others make do with simpler 
Solutions, blankets pinned over 

7291
06:40:05,308 --> 06:40:09,700
frames, sheets of cardboard 
wedged into place and layers of 

7292
06:40:09,700 --> 06:40:14,100
newspaper taped to glass. 
The effect on interior space is 

7293
06:40:14,100 --> 06:40:17,700
claustrophobic. 
With Windows covered rooms, lose

7294
06:40:17,700 --> 06:40:19,300
their connection to the outside 
world. 

7295
06:40:20,200 --> 06:40:23,100
You can't glance out to check. 
The weather, can't see the 

7296
06:40:23,100 --> 06:40:26,200
comforting glow of neighboring 
houses and can't watch the moon 

7297
06:40:26,200 --> 06:40:30,800
rise or stars appear your home 
becomes a sealed box cut off 

7298
06:40:30,800 --> 06:40:34,200
from the usual, visual reference
points that Orient you in time 

7299
06:40:34,200 --> 06:40:36,900
and space. 
Lighting inside must be 

7300
06:40:36,900 --> 06:40:40,400
carefully, managed too many 
families reduce their use of 

7301
06:40:40,400 --> 06:40:43,700
electric lights. 
Partly from habit saving 

7302
06:40:43,700 --> 06:40:47,000
resources for the war effort and
partly from an almost 

7303
06:40:47,000 --> 06:40:50,600
superstitious fear that somehow 
light will escape despite their 

7304
06:40:50,600 --> 06:40:54,200
precautions. 
They rely instead on single dim 

7305
06:40:54,200 --> 06:40:58,300
bulbs or return to older 
Technologies oil, lamps candles 

7306
06:40:58,300 --> 06:40:59,900
and gas light where it's still 
available. 

7307
06:41:00,900 --> 06:41:03,900
Quality of light changes 
becoming warmer but weaker 

7308
06:41:03,900 --> 06:41:07,700
creating Deep Shadows in room 
Corners, making reading 

7309
06:41:07,700 --> 06:41:10,300
difficult and turning evening 
hours into something. 

7310
06:41:10,300 --> 06:41:14,400
Quieter and more subdued There's
an economic Dimension to this 

7311
06:41:14,400 --> 06:41:17,500
Darkness too. 
Electric company is reduce their

7312
06:41:17,500 --> 06:41:21,700
output as demand plummets, coal 
consumption drops as power 

7313
06:41:21,700 --> 06:41:24,400
stations. 
Throttle back Street Maintenance

7314
06:41:24,400 --> 06:41:26,600
Crews. 
No longer need to service lamps.

7315
06:41:27,400 --> 06:41:31,200
The entire infrastructure of 
urban illumination built up over

7316
06:41:31,200 --> 06:41:34,900
decades sits idle. 
It's as if a major technological

7317
06:41:34,900 --> 06:41:38,200
achievement has been suddenly, 
paused put on hold for the 

7318
06:41:38,200 --> 06:41:41,100
duration. 
But perhaps the most striking 

7319
06:41:41,100 --> 06:41:44,000
aspect of these first blackout 
nights is the quiet. 

7320
06:41:44,800 --> 06:41:48,500
With activities, constrained by 
Darkness with people staying 

7321
06:41:48,500 --> 06:41:51,400
indoors more. 
And with traffic reduced to a 

7322
06:41:51,400 --> 06:41:56,300
cautious crawl cities, become 
genuinely hushed in a way, they 

7323
06:41:56,300 --> 06:41:58,300
have not been since the 19th 
century. 

7324
06:41:59,800 --> 06:42:03,000
Standing on a London Street at 
9:00 on a blackout evening. 

7325
06:42:03,000 --> 06:42:06,200
You might hear sounds that 
normally drown in the urban 

7326
06:42:06,200 --> 06:42:09,600
cacophony. 
Wind rustling through plain 

7327
06:42:09,600 --> 06:42:13,900
trees, the distant hoot of an 
owl, in a park, your own 

7328
06:42:13,908 --> 06:42:18,400
footsteps, echoing off, building
facades The Creeks of your shoe 

7329
06:42:18,400 --> 06:42:20,500
leather and The Whisper of your 
coat. 

7330
06:42:21,900 --> 06:42:24,500
This quiet has its own peculiar 
quality. 

7331
06:42:25,300 --> 06:42:28,300
Different from the Silence of 
the countryside or wilderness. 

7332
06:42:29,200 --> 06:42:32,900
It's a metropolitan quiet. 
The sound of millions of people 

7333
06:42:32,900 --> 06:42:36,200
deliberately hushing themselves 
suppressing their normal 

7334
06:42:36,200 --> 06:42:40,100
activities and existing in a 
state of communal restraint. 

7335
06:42:41,100 --> 06:42:44,300
It feels pregnant with potential
as if the city is holding. 

7336
06:42:44,300 --> 06:42:48,200
Its breath waiting for something
to happen or not happen. 

7337
06:42:49,200 --> 06:42:52,900
The September progresses into 
October and October into 

7338
06:42:52,900 --> 06:42:57,200
November, the blackout stops, 
being a shocking novelty and 

7339
06:42:57,200 --> 06:43:01,400
becomes Instead. 
The New Normal Human beings are 

7340
06:43:01,400 --> 06:43:05,000
remarkably adaptable creatures, 
and people develop strategies 

7341
06:43:05,000 --> 06:43:08,100
habits and even preferences 
around their darkened. 

7342
06:43:08,100 --> 06:43:12,300
Existence, Shops, adjust their 
hours opening early to catch 

7343
06:43:12,300 --> 06:43:14,900
Morning, Light and closing. 
Well before Darkness make 

7344
06:43:14,900 --> 06:43:18,300
shopping in practical. 
The rhythm of commercial life. 

7345
06:43:18,300 --> 06:43:22,000
Shifts backward becoming more 
diurnal, more aligned with 

7346
06:43:22,000 --> 06:43:26,200
natural light cycles. 
Markets bustle at dawn in ways, 

7347
06:43:26,200 --> 06:43:29,900
they haven't for Generations. 
Office workers arrived earlier 

7348
06:43:29,900 --> 06:43:32,900
and leave earlier trying to 
complete their commutes while 

7349
06:43:32,900 --> 06:43:34,600
the sun still offers some 
guidance. 

7350
06:43:35,500 --> 06:43:38,800
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 
unexpected creativity. 

7351
06:43:39,800 --> 06:43:42,500
People begin wearing white or 
light colored clothing in the 

7352
06:43:42,500 --> 06:43:46,100
evenings, making themselves more
visible to others, navigating 

7353
06:43:46,100 --> 06:43:49,400
the Gloom. 
Women carry their white handbags

7354
06:43:49,400 --> 06:43:53,100
rather than darker ones, Men 
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 

7355
06:43:53,108 --> 06:43:56,400
their breast pockets. 
Some particularly safety 

7356
06:43:56,400 --> 06:43:59,400
conscious individuals paint 
white stripes on their clothing.

7357
06:43:59,400 --> 06:44:02,900
Looking rather like zebras as 
they hurry along Pavements. 

7358
06:44:03,600 --> 06:44:05,600
The practice extends to 
inanimate objects. 

7359
06:44:06,600 --> 06:44:08,800
Curbs are painted white to make 
them visible. 

7360
06:44:09,600 --> 06:44:13,500
Trunks of trees, lining streets,
receive white bands, pillow 

7361
06:44:13,500 --> 06:44:17,500
boxes, get white stripes, even 
dogs, acquire, white collars so 

7362
06:44:17,500 --> 06:44:19,100
they can be spotted in the 
Darkness. 

7363
06:44:20,100 --> 06:44:23,800
The effect Glimpse in whatever 
dim light is available, is oddly

7364
06:44:23,800 --> 06:44:28,000
festive. as if the city has been
decorated, for some backward 

7365
06:44:28,000 --> 06:44:31,600
celebration where white rather 
than bright colors provide the 

7366
06:44:31,600 --> 06:44:35,600
decoration and Businesses, find 
innovative ways to continue 

7367
06:44:35,600 --> 06:44:39,700
operating despite the darkness. 
Restaurant's used dim red light 

7368
06:44:39,700 --> 06:44:42,600
that supposedly, don't carry as 
far as white light. 

7369
06:44:43,500 --> 06:44:47,700
Cinemas schedule, more matinee, 
showings pubs installed Double 

7370
06:44:47,700 --> 06:44:50,700
Door Systems. 
Small enclosed lobbies where 

7371
06:44:50,700 --> 06:44:53,800
patrons can enter and close one 
door before opening the second 

7372
06:44:53,800 --> 06:44:56,700
preventing light from spilling 
onto the street? 

7373
06:44:57,700 --> 06:45:00,600
These little airlocks become 
social spaces in the themselves 

7374
06:45:00,600 --> 06:45:04,000
places where strangers paused 
together and compressed 

7375
06:45:04,000 --> 06:45:07,700
transitions zones, sharing 
apologetic, Smiles in the 

7376
06:45:07,708 --> 06:45:11,200
darkness before one of them 
Ventures to open the inner door.

7377
06:45:12,100 --> 06:45:14,500
The entertainment industry 
adapts with characteristic 

7378
06:45:14,500 --> 06:45:18,600
resilience. radio becomes even 
more Central to evening life, 

7379
06:45:18,600 --> 06:45:21,900
providing entertainment, that 
requires, no light beyond what 

7380
06:45:21,900 --> 06:45:25,500
is needed to see the dial 
Families gather around their 

7381
06:45:25,500 --> 06:45:29,100
Wireless sets in dimly lit 
rooms, following dramas and 

7382
06:45:29,100 --> 06:45:32,800
comedies listening to news 
broadcasts that have taken on 

7383
06:45:32,800 --> 06:45:37,200
new urgency. 
The BBC develops new programming

7384
06:45:37,200 --> 06:45:41,900
specifically suited to blackout 
conditions, gentle calming 

7385
06:45:41,900 --> 06:45:45,500
content for people sitting in 
dark and rooms trying not to 

7386
06:45:45,500 --> 06:45:48,300
think too much about why they're
sitting in darkened rooms. 

7387
06:45:49,500 --> 06:45:53,200
Reading becomes more challenging
even with curtains drawn and no 

7388
06:45:53,200 --> 06:45:56,000
light is escaping many. 
People find it difficult to read

7389
06:45:56,000 --> 06:45:57,700
by the dim bowls, they allow 
themselves. 

7390
06:45:58,700 --> 06:46:01,600
Books are held closer to faces 
causing eye strain. 

7391
06:46:02,500 --> 06:46:05,700
Some people ReDiscover, the 
pleasure of reading aloud with 

7392
06:46:05,700 --> 06:46:08,800
Partners or family members, 
taking turns performing stories 

7393
06:46:08,800 --> 06:46:13,100
or newspaper articles for each 
other. it's a practice that had 

7394
06:46:13,100 --> 06:46:16,700
largely died out with widespread
literacy and individual reading 

7395
06:46:16,700 --> 06:46:20,400
lights now, resurrected by 
necessity, and turning out to be

7396
06:46:20,400 --> 06:46:24,400
rather Pleasant a return to the 
old tradition of communal 

7397
06:46:24,400 --> 06:46:27,500
storytelling updated for the 
20th century. 

7398
06:46:28,600 --> 06:46:31,600
Children adapt to the blackout 
with the flexibility of Youth 

7399
06:46:31,600 --> 06:46:34,600
though it complicates their 
lives in numerous ways. 

7400
06:46:35,700 --> 06:46:39,200
School days, reorganize around 
available daylight evening, 

7401
06:46:39,200 --> 06:46:43,400
activities Scouts, Girl, Guides 
and youth clubs. 

7402
06:46:43,400 --> 06:46:47,100
Either moved to afternoon hours 
or take on a different character

7403
06:46:47,100 --> 06:46:50,100
as participants Gathering 
carefully blacked out Halls. 

7404
06:46:51,100 --> 06:46:54,000
games and activities shift 
toward those that don't require 

7405
06:46:54,000 --> 06:46:58,500
good visibility Card games 
become popular board games 

7406
06:46:58,500 --> 06:47:02,800
experience, a Revival Radio quiz
shows Inspire living room 

7407
06:47:02,800 --> 06:47:06,600
competitions, the blackout 
creates unexpected opportunities

7408
06:47:06,600 --> 06:47:09,200
for Mischief too in the 
darkness. 

7409
06:47:09,200 --> 06:47:13,100
It's easier to stay out later 
than your parents realize to 

7410
06:47:13,100 --> 06:47:16,600
slip away on scene and to 
conduct the small rebellion of 

7411
06:47:16,600 --> 06:47:18,800
adolescents with reduced risk of
detection. 

7412
06:47:19,800 --> 06:47:23,000
More than one teenager discovers
that the blackout for all, its 

7413
06:47:23,000 --> 06:47:26,800
restrictions offers a kind of 
Freedom that comes with reduced 

7414
06:47:26,800 --> 06:47:28,800
surveillance. 
For young couples. 

7415
06:47:28,800 --> 06:47:31,500
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

7416
06:47:32,500 --> 06:47:35,000
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

7417
06:47:35,000 --> 06:47:37,600
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

7418
06:47:37,600 --> 06:47:41,300
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

7419
06:47:41,300 --> 06:47:44,600
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

7420
06:47:44,600 --> 06:47:48,300
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

7421
06:47:48,300 --> 06:47:52,300
intimacy by default. 
A closeness born of necessity 

7422
06:47:52,300 --> 06:47:54,500
that might not otherwise, 
develop so quickly. 

7423
06:47:55,700 --> 06:47:58,400
First kiss is happening in 
deeper Darkness than any 

7424
06:47:58,400 --> 06:48:02,900
previous generation experience, 
unobserved by passers by who can

7425
06:48:02,900 --> 06:48:07,100
barely see their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services, 

7426
06:48:07,100 --> 06:48:10,700
face particular challenges, 
doctors making house calls 

7427
06:48:10,700 --> 06:48:14,000
navigate by memory and 
guesswork, their medical bags. 

7428
06:48:14,000 --> 06:48:16,400
Bumping against their legs as 
they feel their way along 

7429
06:48:16,400 --> 06:48:20,300
streets, Nurses on night shifts.
Move through Hospital. 

7430
06:48:20,300 --> 06:48:23,100
Corridors lit. 
Only by shielded lamps. 

7431
06:48:23,800 --> 06:48:27,400
Checking on patients in Wards, 
kept darker than anyone finds 

7432
06:48:27,400 --> 06:48:30,800
comfortable. 
Fire brigades drill extensively 

7433
06:48:30,800 --> 06:48:33,200
for responding to emergencies in
near total. 

7434
06:48:33,200 --> 06:48:37,700
Darkness developing systems of 
communication that rely on sound

7435
06:48:37,700 --> 06:48:39,700
and touch rather than visual 
signals. 

7436
06:48:40,900 --> 06:48:44,400
The Postal Service continues. 
Its rounds though, postmen 

7437
06:48:44,400 --> 06:48:46,600
learned to sort mail by feel as 
much as sight. 

7438
06:48:46,600 --> 06:48:50,300
Their fingers, developing 
sensitivity to different paper, 

7439
06:48:50,300 --> 06:48:53,000
stocks and envelope sizes. 
Milk. 

7440
06:48:53,000 --> 06:48:55,200
Deliveries continue in the 
pre-dawn Darkness. 

7441
06:48:56,000 --> 06:48:58,000
The clink of bottles and the 
rattle of crates. 

7442
06:48:58,000 --> 06:49:01,700
Providing a kind of alarm clock 
announcing the coming day to 

7443
06:49:01,700 --> 06:49:03,500
those awake early enough to hear
it. 

7444
06:49:04,700 --> 06:49:08,500
Public transportation becomes an
exercise in faith and routine. 

7445
06:49:09,300 --> 06:49:12,500
Bus conductors develop an almost
Supernatural ability to 

7446
06:49:12,500 --> 06:49:15,800
recognize stops in the darkness.
Calling them out with 

7447
06:49:15,800 --> 06:49:18,300
confidence. 
Born of long familiarity. 

7448
06:49:19,100 --> 06:49:22,100
passengers learn to count stops 
and to listen for landmarks, 

7449
06:49:23,300 --> 06:49:27,300
Killer church bell, the sound of
the river and the change in Echo

7450
06:49:27,300 --> 06:49:30,200
as the bus passes between 
buildings of different heights. 

7451
06:49:31,200 --> 06:49:34,500
Regular commuters developmental 
Maps, so detail, they could 

7452
06:49:34,500 --> 06:49:36,400
navigate their Roots 
blindfolded. 

7453
06:49:37,300 --> 06:49:38,600
Which is essentially what 
they're doing. 

7454
06:49:39,500 --> 06:49:41,800
As the months progress and 
Britain settles into what 

7455
06:49:41,800 --> 06:49:45,500
becomes known as the phony War. 
Period, when War has been 

7456
06:49:45,500 --> 06:49:48,800
declared but major fighting 
hasn't yet reached British soil.

7457
06:49:49,600 --> 06:49:52,500
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimension's. 

7458
06:49:53,300 --> 06:49:56,200
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

7459
06:49:56,200 --> 06:50:00,100
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

7460
06:50:00,100 --> 06:50:04,200
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

7461
06:50:04,200 --> 06:50:07,400
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

7462
06:50:08,300 --> 06:50:10,800
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all. 

7463
06:50:10,800 --> 06:50:14,600
But the brightest stars, the 
full glory of the cosmos appears

7464
06:50:14,600 --> 06:50:18,000
overhead on clear night. 
Stepping outside is like 

7465
06:50:18,000 --> 06:50:20,700
discovering a lost artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

7466
06:50:20,700 --> 06:50:22,900
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

7467
06:50:22,900 --> 06:50:26,900
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

7468
06:50:26,900 --> 06:50:31,700
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

7469
06:50:31,700 --> 06:50:35,900
across the darkness like a river
of light. constellation's 

7470
06:50:35,900 --> 06:50:39,900
appear, not as isolated bright 
points, but as part of complex 

7471
06:50:39,900 --> 06:50:45,000
starfields, Patterns within 
patterns depths and layers that 

7472
06:50:45,000 --> 06:50:47,100
electric light normally renders 
invisible. 

7473
06:50:48,100 --> 06:50:49,900
The moon. 
When it sucks seems 

7474
06:50:49,900 --> 06:50:52,600
preposterously bright casting 
reel. 

7475
06:50:52,600 --> 06:50:57,000
Shadows turning streets into 
silvered mazes and making you 

7476
06:50:57,000 --> 06:51:00,200
understand why poets and lovers 
of obsessed over it for 

7477
06:51:00,200 --> 06:51:02,900
millennia. 
Some people find this revelation

7478
06:51:02,900 --> 06:51:05,500
of the night sky almost worth 
the inconvenience of the 

7479
06:51:05,500 --> 06:51:09,100
blackout. 
Astronomy clubs form, taking 

7480
06:51:09,100 --> 06:51:11,900
advantage of viewing. 
Conditions that rival rural 

7481
06:51:11,900 --> 06:51:15,000
observatories. 
Amateur stargazers set up, 

7482
06:51:15,000 --> 06:51:19,700
telescopes in parks and Gardens 
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 

7483
06:51:19,700 --> 06:51:23,600
moons, Saturn's rings. 
And the craters of the Moon in 

7484
06:51:23,600 --> 06:51:27,600
unprecedented detail. 
There's something hopeful about 

7485
06:51:27,600 --> 06:51:31,000
this, people looking Upward at 
Beauty and vastness, while 

7486
06:51:31,000 --> 06:51:33,600
preparing for conflict that 
feels Petty and small by 

7487
06:51:33,600 --> 06:51:37,000
comparison. 
The darkness also reveals the 

7488
06:51:37,000 --> 06:51:39,400
bioluminescence that normally 
goes unnoticed. 

7489
06:51:40,400 --> 06:51:45,400
On damp nights decaying wood in 
Parks glows, with Foxfire that 

7490
06:51:45,400 --> 06:51:48,800
Eerie green, phosphorescent 
produced by certain fungi. 

7491
06:51:49,600 --> 06:51:53,600
People discover it by accident 
initially, alarmed by the 

7492
06:51:53,600 --> 06:51:57,700
spectral light, then fascinated 
by this natural illumination, 

7493
06:51:57,700 --> 06:52:03,200
that requires no electricity. 
Some gather pieces of glowing 

7494
06:52:03,200 --> 06:52:07,200
would bringing them home like 
captured fairy lights, watching 

7495
06:52:07,200 --> 06:52:09,400
them pulse and fade in darkened 
rooms. 

7496
06:52:10,400 --> 06:52:13,300
Sound takes on new prominence in
the absence of visual stimuli. 

7497
06:52:14,400 --> 06:52:17,900
your hearing becomes more acute,
more attentive to the acoustic 

7498
06:52:17,900 --> 06:52:21,900
environment, You notice the 
different sounds that shoes make

7499
06:52:21,900 --> 06:52:25,500
on different surfaces, the crisp
click of leather on pavement. 

7500
06:52:25,500 --> 06:52:29,700
The softer scuff on dirt and the
hollow Echo, when crossing a 

7501
06:52:29,700 --> 06:52:32,500
bridge. 
You become aware of how sound 

7502
06:52:32,500 --> 06:52:36,200
reflects off buildings, how it 
carries differently in Cold, Air

7503
06:52:36,200 --> 06:52:39,900
versus warm and how wind affects
what you can and cannot hear. 

7504
06:52:40,800 --> 06:52:43,400
Music heard in the blackout 
takes on different qualities. 

7505
06:52:44,300 --> 06:52:47,300
A piano played in a darkened 
room with only the faintest 

7506
06:52:47,300 --> 06:52:50,300
light to illuminate. 
The keys seems to fill the space

7507
06:52:50,300 --> 06:52:53,600
more completely, the notes 
appear to have more presents, 

7508
06:52:53,600 --> 06:52:57,500
more weight. 
Street musicians, fewer now, but

7509
06:52:57,500 --> 06:53:01,700
still present create pockets of 
Melody in the darkness and 

7510
06:53:01,700 --> 06:53:04,500
pedestrians, pause to listen in 
ways. 

7511
06:53:04,500 --> 06:53:07,700
They might not in daylight when 
Vision provides so many 

7512
06:53:07,700 --> 06:53:12,600
competing distractions church 
bells, continue to Mark time but

7513
06:53:12,600 --> 06:53:15,400
their sound travels differently 
through the quieted city. 

7514
06:53:16,300 --> 06:53:20,500
Without traffic noise to muffle 
the bells carry for Miles their 

7515
06:53:20,500 --> 06:53:23,300
various tones. 
Creating unintended Harmony as 

7516
06:53:23,300 --> 06:53:26,800
different churches, Mark the 
hours. some people begin to 

7517
06:53:26,800 --> 06:53:30,700
navigate by bell sound using 
familiar patterns to orient 

7518
06:53:30,700 --> 06:53:34,600
themselves even when visual 
landmarks or invisible The 

7519
06:53:34,600 --> 06:53:37,300
blackout. 
So amplifies smell without 

7520
06:53:37,300 --> 06:53:39,900
visual distraction. 
Your nose provides more 

7521
06:53:39,900 --> 06:53:42,600
information than usual. 
You become aware of the 

7522
06:53:42,600 --> 06:53:47,000
particular Center of rain on 
Stone of fog, carrying hints of 

7523
06:53:47,008 --> 06:53:50,600
the river of coal smoke from 
chimneys and of cooking from 

7524
06:53:50,600 --> 06:53:53,400
various houses creating an 
olfactory map of your 

7525
06:53:53,400 --> 06:53:56,700
neighborhood. 
Bakeries become locatable by 

7526
06:53:56,700 --> 06:54:00,800
scent before sight. 
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread

7527
06:54:00,800 --> 06:54:04,000
serving as a beacon that draws 
customers through the darkness. 

7528
06:54:04,900 --> 06:54:07,700
But alongside these unexpected 
Pleasures runs a constant 

7529
06:54:07,700 --> 06:54:11,400
undercurrent of unease. 
The darkness that reveals Stars 

7530
06:54:11,400 --> 06:54:15,100
also conceals potential threats,
every shadow could be an 

7531
06:54:15,100 --> 06:54:17,800
obstacle and every sound might 
signal Danger. 

7532
06:54:19,000 --> 06:54:22,400
The human imagination deprived 
of visual input tends to fill, 

7533
06:54:22,400 --> 06:54:24,700
in missing information, with 
worst case scenarios. 

7534
06:54:25,700 --> 06:54:28,600
That bump in the darkness is 
probably just someone's elbow, 

7535
06:54:28,600 --> 06:54:32,100
making accidental contact, but 
for a moment, your heart rate 

7536
06:54:32,100 --> 06:54:36,200
Spike's with more, Primal Fear, 
with women, particularly feel 

7537
06:54:36,200 --> 06:54:39,500
vulnerable in the darkness, the 
reduced visibility that offers 

7538
06:54:39,500 --> 06:54:43,400
privacy to courting couples, all
so provides cover for harassment

7539
06:54:43,400 --> 06:54:47,800
and assault. reported incidents 
of such crimes increased during 

7540
06:54:47,800 --> 06:54:50,900
the blackout, though it's 
unclear whether the actual rate 

7541
06:54:50,900 --> 06:54:53,800
Rises or if Darkness simply 
enables crimes that would happen

7542
06:54:53,800 --> 06:54:58,400
regardless, Many women alter 
their routines traveling, only 

7543
06:54:58,400 --> 06:55:02,500
in groups, carrying whistles, or
other noise makers, and avoiding

7544
06:55:02,500 --> 06:55:05,300
certain areas that feel 
particularly threatening in the 

7545
06:55:05,300 --> 06:55:10,300
absence of light. back out also 
creates social isolation in 

7546
06:55:10,300 --> 06:55:13,600
unexpected ways without being 
able to see into neighbor's 

7547
06:55:13,600 --> 06:55:17,500
Windows to note, the comforting 
glow of occupied homes, people 

7548
06:55:17,500 --> 06:55:21,400
feel more alone The physical 
proximity of urban life 

7549
06:55:21,400 --> 06:55:25,000
continues, you're still 
surrounded by thousands of other

7550
06:55:25,000 --> 06:55:27,600
humans living their lives, just 
beyond thin walls. 

7551
06:55:28,700 --> 06:55:32,700
But the visual confirmation of 
that presence disappears, your 

7552
06:55:32,700 --> 06:55:35,000
neighbor might be three feet 
away on the other side of a 

7553
06:55:35,000 --> 06:55:38,000
wall, but in the darkness and 
quiet, they might as well be 

7554
06:55:38,000 --> 06:55:41,700
mussels distant. 
This isolation is particularly 

7555
06:55:41,700 --> 06:55:45,200
hard for the elderly and infirm.
Those who already struggled with

7556
06:55:45,200 --> 06:55:48,000
Mobility, find the darkness 
actively dangerous. 

7557
06:55:49,100 --> 06:55:52,100
The simple Act of walking to a 
corner shop becomes fraught with

7558
06:55:52,100 --> 06:55:54,800
Hazard. 
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 

7559
06:55:54,800 --> 06:55:59,000
obstacles, to collide with and 
the constant possibility of 

7560
06:55:59,000 --> 06:56:01,800
becoming disoriented and lost on
familiar streets. 

7561
06:56:02,900 --> 06:56:06,700
Many older people choose to stay
home more venturing out, only 

7562
06:56:06,700 --> 06:56:11,200
when absolutely necessary 
accepting a constricted life as 

7563
06:56:11,200 --> 06:56:14,300
preferable to the risks of 
navigating, the shadowed City. 

7564
06:56:15,100 --> 06:56:17,900
Mental health professionals, 
notice an increase in reports of

7565
06:56:17,908 --> 06:56:22,000
anxiety and depression. 
The darkness combined with wall 

7566
06:56:22,000 --> 06:56:25,300
stress creates a psychological 
burden that some people struggle

7567
06:56:25,300 --> 06:56:28,200
to manage. 
Sleep patterns disrupt. 

7568
06:56:28,200 --> 06:56:32,600
Some people sleep, better in the
deeper Darkness While others lie

7569
06:56:32,600 --> 06:56:34,800
awake. 
Listening to every small sound 

7570
06:56:34,800 --> 06:56:37,300
unable to relax into 
vulnerability. 

7571
06:56:38,400 --> 06:56:41,700
Dreams become more Vivid for 
many possibly because the 

7572
06:56:41,700 --> 06:56:45,300
darkness and quiet create fewer 
distractions from internal 

7573
06:56:45,300 --> 06:56:48,900
mental activity. 
Yet there's a strange coziness 

7574
06:56:48,900 --> 06:56:52,900
to it all a sense of communal 
experience that transcends the 

7575
06:56:52,900 --> 06:56:56,600
inconvenience and danger. 
Everyone is facing the same 

7576
06:56:56,600 --> 06:57:00,300
challenge, making the same 
adjustments and developing the 

7577
06:57:00,300 --> 06:57:03,000
same odd competencies for 
navigating Darkness. 

7578
06:57:03,000 --> 06:57:06,900
There's a camera artery in 
shared difficulty, a democratic 

7579
06:57:06,900 --> 06:57:09,700
leveling that occurs. 
When Lord and laborer alike, 

7580
06:57:09,700 --> 06:57:13,500
must feel their way along the 
same invisible Street in the 

7581
06:57:13,500 --> 06:57:17,300
blacked out homes of Britain 
family, life reorganizes itself 

7582
06:57:17,300 --> 06:57:19,500
around new limitations and 
possibilities. 

7583
06:57:20,700 --> 06:57:24,300
The blackout curtains that seal 
Windows become daily fixtures, 

7584
06:57:24,300 --> 06:57:27,300
they're operation as routine as 
making tea. 

7585
06:57:28,200 --> 06:57:32,600
Each evening as natural, light 
begins to fade, someone Rises to

7586
06:57:32,600 --> 06:57:35,600
perform the ritual. 
Drawing heavy fabric across 

7587
06:57:35,600 --> 06:57:40,100
Windows, checking for gaps and 
ensuring, no betraying limo Mark

7588
06:57:40,100 --> 06:57:43,500
the house from above. 
The rooms once sealed feel 

7589
06:57:43,500 --> 06:57:47,600
different smaller, somehow even 
though their physical dimensions

7590
06:57:47,600 --> 06:57:51,100
have not changed, the absence of
visual connection to the 

7591
06:57:51,100 --> 06:57:53,200
outside. 
World, makes interior spaces 

7592
06:57:53,200 --> 06:57:58,600
feel more like caves or cocoons 
enclosed inward facing and 

7593
06:57:58,600 --> 06:58:02,500
separate from the larger world. 
This can be comforting or 

7594
06:58:02,500 --> 06:58:06,500
claustrophobic depending on 
temperament and Circumstance for

7595
06:58:06,500 --> 06:58:11,000
some it creates a pleasant sense
of snugness everyone tucked 

7596
06:58:11,000 --> 06:58:15,800
safely together. 
For others, it feels confining a

7597
06:58:15,800 --> 06:58:17,600
nightly imprisonment in their 
own homes. 

7598
06:58:18,600 --> 06:58:21,800
Lighting becomes a subject of 
surprising complexity and 

7599
06:58:21,800 --> 06:58:25,300
importance. 
How much light is in enough two 

7600
06:58:25,300 --> 06:58:27,900
little strains eyes and hampers 
activities? 

7601
06:58:27,900 --> 06:58:31,200
The too much feels wasteful. 
Almost Reckless. 

7602
06:58:32,100 --> 06:58:34,600
Families, develop their own 
standards and practices. 

7603
06:58:35,400 --> 06:58:38,400
Some maintain just one or two 
lights in the most used rooms 

7604
06:58:38,400 --> 06:58:41,700
leaving hallways and lesser used
spaces and darkness. 

7605
06:58:42,600 --> 06:58:45,200
Others attempt to maintain 
something closer to their 

7606
06:58:45,200 --> 06:58:48,800
pre-war lighting levels, valuing
normalcy over conservation. 

7607
06:58:49,900 --> 06:58:54,500
Quality of light matters too. 
Incandescent bulbs cast, warm, 

7608
06:58:54,500 --> 06:58:57,500
yellow, orange light, that feels
friendly and domestic. 

7609
06:58:58,800 --> 06:59:00,000
Slight where it's still 
available. 

7610
06:59:00,900 --> 06:59:04,800
Flickers slightly creating 
moving Shadows that some fine 

7611
06:59:04,800 --> 06:59:08,900
nostalgic and others find eerie.
Candles, produce beautiful 

7612
06:59:08,900 --> 06:59:13,600
light, but require attention. 
Someone must trim Wix watch for 

7613
06:59:13,600 --> 06:59:16,500
drips and ensure nothing catches
fire. 

7614
06:59:17,400 --> 06:59:21,400
Oil lamps smell distinctive, a 
petroleum scent that comes 

7615
06:59:21,400 --> 06:59:24,200
associated with winter, 
evening's and the crackle of the

7616
06:59:24,200 --> 06:59:26,600
wireless. 
Mealtimes. 

7617
06:59:26,600 --> 06:59:28,100
Adjust to the Blackout's, 
rhythms. 

7618
06:59:28,900 --> 06:59:31,800
Dinner happens early while 
natural light, still assists 

7619
06:59:31,800 --> 06:59:35,800
with cooking and table setting. 
The ritual of evening, t-shirts,

7620
06:59:35,800 --> 06:59:39,600
backward, too, or transforms 
into a simpler Affair taken in 

7621
06:59:39,600 --> 06:59:42,600
dimly lit rooms. 
Some families find themselves, 

7622
06:59:42,600 --> 06:59:44,500
eating more cold meals in the 
evening. 

7623
06:59:44,500 --> 06:59:48,300
Avoiding the complexity of 
cooking and reduced light, and 

7624
06:59:48,300 --> 06:59:52,500
making do with sandwiches left 
over Pi cheese and crackers. 

7625
06:59:52,500 --> 06:59:55,800
Yet, there's also an increased 
emphasis on making evening meals

7626
06:59:55,800 --> 06:59:59,500
special, a conscious effort to 
maintain normalcy and comfort, 

7627
06:59:59,500 --> 07:00:02,700
despite the circumstances 
mothers and wives. 

7628
07:00:02,700 --> 07:00:05,800
Take extra care with 
presentation, setting tables 

7629
07:00:05,800 --> 07:00:07,900
nicely. 
Even if the dining room is dim 

7630
07:00:07,900 --> 07:00:12,100
using Good China and creaking 
small, ceremonies that asserts 

7631
07:00:12,100 --> 07:00:16,600
civilizations continuity. 
These gestures matter more than 

7632
07:00:16,600 --> 07:00:19,900
they might seem there are acts 
of resistance against the 

7633
07:00:19,900 --> 07:00:23,800
disruption declaration that 
ordinary life, persist, despite 

7634
07:00:23,800 --> 07:00:28,200
extraordinary circumstances 
after dinner families gather 

7635
07:00:28,200 --> 07:00:30,000
together more than they might 
have before. 

7636
07:00:31,000 --> 07:00:33,900
With fewer options, for 
individual entertainment, with 

7637
07:00:33,900 --> 07:00:37,500
Darkness, making it impractical 
to pursue separate activities, 

7638
07:00:37,500 --> 07:00:40,700
in different rooms, people, 
congregate in the best lit 

7639
07:00:40,700 --> 07:00:43,200
space, usually the sitting room 
or kitchen. 

7640
07:00:44,400 --> 07:00:47,600
This enforced togetherness 
recreates patterns of family 

7641
07:00:47,600 --> 07:00:51,700
life from early eras. before 
electric light allowed household

7642
07:00:51,700 --> 07:00:54,400
members, to scatter to different
rooms pursuing individual 

7643
07:00:54,400 --> 07:00:58,700
interests, the wireless becomes,
the evening's focal point, it is

7644
07:00:58,700 --> 07:01:02,600
dial glowing like a small camp 
fire Gathering the family around

7645
07:01:02,600 --> 07:01:07,100
its broadcast voices Program 
structure the evening, the news 

7646
07:01:07,100 --> 07:01:11,600
at 9, followed by entertainment,
then perhaps music before bed, 

7647
07:01:11,600 --> 07:01:16,300
listening becomes a communal 
activity, something shared and 

7648
07:01:16,300 --> 07:01:19,900
discussed with reactions. 
Exchanged in real time, when 

7649
07:01:19,900 --> 07:01:23,500
something funny happens in a 
comedy programme, the family's 

7650
07:01:23,500 --> 07:01:26,500
laughter mingles together in the
dim room, creating a shared 

7651
07:01:26,500 --> 07:01:29,200
memory. 
A small moment of Joy amidst 

7652
07:01:29,200 --> 07:01:33,200
anxiety. 
Games and puzzles experienced a 

7653
07:01:33,200 --> 07:01:37,300
Renaissance families, bring out 
jigsaws car decks and board 

7654
07:01:37,300 --> 07:01:39,600
games that have been Gathering 
dust and cupboards. 

7655
07:01:40,500 --> 07:01:43,300
These activities work. 
Well, in dim, light and 

7656
07:01:43,300 --> 07:01:45,000
accommodate multiple 
participants. 

7657
07:01:45,000 --> 07:01:50,300
The social Dynamic shifts during
gameplay, hierarchies flattened 

7658
07:01:50,300 --> 07:01:53,700
children can be beat adults, 
through luck or skill, and 

7659
07:01:53,700 --> 07:01:56,000
everyone participates on more 
equal terms. 

7660
07:01:57,000 --> 07:01:59,500
These evening game sessions, 
create their own satisfaction, 

7661
07:01:59,500 --> 07:02:03,200
Simple Pleasures, that don't 
require technology or 

7662
07:02:03,200 --> 07:02:06,300
brightness. 
Conversation 2 becomes more 

7663
07:02:06,300 --> 07:02:09,800
Central to family life. 
Without the visual stimulation 

7664
07:02:09,800 --> 07:02:11,700
of bright rooms and varied 
activities. 

7665
07:02:11,700 --> 07:02:16,600
People talk more, tell stories 
and share their days and greater

7666
07:02:16,600 --> 07:02:19,400
detail. 
Parents discuss things with 

7667
07:02:19,400 --> 07:02:22,500
children that might normally be 
postponed or abbreviated. 

7668
07:02:23,300 --> 07:02:26,100
Siblings who might typically 
ignore each other in favor of 

7669
07:02:26,108 --> 07:02:28,200
separate Pursuits. 
Find themselves. 

7670
07:02:28,200 --> 07:02:32,000
Actually conversing getting to 
know each other better in these 

7671
07:02:32,000 --> 07:02:36,400
enforced periods of proximity. 
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 

7672
07:02:36,400 --> 07:02:39,900
ritual in many households father
might read from the evening 

7673
07:02:39,900 --> 07:02:43,500
paper, sharing news and 
editorials sometimes with 

7674
07:02:43,500 --> 07:02:46,400
commentary. 
Mother might read from novels 

7675
07:02:46,400 --> 07:02:50,100
performing different voices for 
different characters creating 

7676
07:02:50,100 --> 07:02:52,500
entertainment that doesn't 
require visual props. 

7677
07:02:53,500 --> 07:02:56,700
Older children might take turns 
reading developing their 

7678
07:02:56,700 --> 07:03:00,100
expression and comfort with 
performance. these sessions 

7679
07:03:00,100 --> 07:03:03,600
revived and oral tradition that 
had been fading, turning 

7680
07:03:03,600 --> 07:03:06,700
literature back into something, 
communal rather than solitary 

7681
07:03:07,600 --> 07:03:09,800
Bedtime routine simplify in some
ways. 

7682
07:03:10,600 --> 07:03:13,700
Without Bright Lights, the 
natural drowsiness that comes 

7683
07:03:13,700 --> 07:03:16,000
with Darkness isn't artificially
suppressed. 

7684
07:03:17,100 --> 07:03:19,500
Children. 
Get sleepier their circadian 

7685
07:03:19,500 --> 07:03:22,700
rhythms responding to 
environmental cues that electric

7686
07:03:22,700 --> 07:03:26,400
light normally overrides. 
Parents find it easier to get 

7687
07:03:26,400 --> 07:03:29,000
little ones to bed when the 
whole house is already dim and 

7688
07:03:29,000 --> 07:03:31,400
quiet. 
When there's not much exciting 

7689
07:03:31,400 --> 07:03:34,600
happening to miss. 
But the darkness also 

7690
07:03:34,600 --> 07:03:38,300
introduces, new nighttime fears,
especially for children. 

7691
07:03:39,400 --> 07:03:42,700
The shadows in a dimly lit. 
Bedroom, seem deeper more 

7692
07:03:42,700 --> 07:03:46,100
ominous. 
The usual reassurance of there's

7693
07:03:46,100 --> 07:03:49,800
nothing there becomes harder to 
verify when you actually can't 

7694
07:03:49,800 --> 07:03:53,800
see into corners and closets. 
Some parents leave candles 

7695
07:03:53,800 --> 07:03:57,300
burning accepting the fire risk 
as preferable to Childhood 

7696
07:03:57,300 --> 07:04:00,300
Terror. 
Others develop new bed time, 

7697
07:04:00,300 --> 07:04:04,000
rituals longer tucking in 
sessions stories told. 

7698
07:04:04,000 --> 07:04:07,500
In soothing tones and songs 
hummed and until sleep arrives. 

7699
07:04:08,600 --> 07:04:11,000
For parents themselves, the 
blackout creates its own 

7700
07:04:11,000 --> 07:04:14,200
intimacy and distance. 
Once children are asleep. 

7701
07:04:14,200 --> 07:04:16,800
Couples have the evening to 
themselves in ways, they might 

7702
07:04:16,800 --> 07:04:19,700
not have before. 
When evening activities, might 

7703
07:04:19,700 --> 07:04:22,500
scatter family members to vary 
entertainments. 

7704
07:04:23,800 --> 07:04:27,300
Yet the darkness and quiet also 
emphasize their isolation. 

7705
07:04:28,300 --> 07:04:30,900
Two people in a sealed house on 
a dark and Street. 

7706
07:04:31,700 --> 07:04:34,300
Living Through History without 
knowing how the story ends. 

7707
07:04:35,400 --> 07:04:38,400
Some couples use this time for 
serious conversations, that 

7708
07:04:38,400 --> 07:04:41,800
daylight, and distraction 
allowed them to postpone 

7709
07:04:41,800 --> 07:04:46,200
discussion about money about 
plans for possible, evacuation 

7710
07:04:46,200 --> 07:04:49,800
about fears and hopes, and about
what they'll do. 

7711
07:04:49,800 --> 07:04:54,100
If the war intensifies. 
Other couples deliberately avoid

7712
07:04:54,100 --> 07:04:57,600
heavy topics preferring to 
maintain lightness, to protect 

7713
07:04:57,600 --> 07:04:59,800
their evening hours as refugees 
from worry. 

7714
07:05:00,800 --> 07:05:05,500
They play cards, listen to music
and simply sit together in 

7715
07:05:05,500 --> 07:05:09,000
comfortable silence, taking 
comfort from physical proximity.

7716
07:05:10,200 --> 07:05:12,600
The blackout effects married 
life in unexpected. 

7717
07:05:12,600 --> 07:05:15,500
Ways the darkness provides 
privacy. 

7718
07:05:15,500 --> 07:05:18,600
Even in homes, with thin walls 
and multiple inhabitants 

7719
07:05:18,600 --> 07:05:22,400
intimacy becomes easier when 
visual privacy is assured. 

7720
07:05:22,400 --> 07:05:26,700
When darkness guarantees 
discretion Some couples find 

7721
07:05:26,700 --> 07:05:30,300
their relationships strengthened
by the enforced closeness and 

7722
07:05:30,300 --> 07:05:32,800
the shared experience of 
adapting to strange 

7723
07:05:32,800 --> 07:05:37,000
circumstances. others, find the 
proximity without Escape, 

7724
07:05:37,000 --> 07:05:40,100
grating, the inability to 
retreat into separate 

7725
07:05:40,100 --> 07:05:43,900
activities, creating friction 
that might otherwise dissipate 

7726
07:05:44,600 --> 07:05:47,800
Elderly family members often 
living with their adult children

7727
07:05:47,800 --> 07:05:51,700
face particular challenges. 
Many older people have always 

7728
07:05:51,700 --> 07:05:55,500
relied heavily on visual cues 
and the reduction in light makes

7729
07:05:55,500 --> 07:05:59,300
everything harder reading 
knitting, even just moving 

7730
07:05:59,300 --> 07:06:02,500
around the house safely, 
Families must decide how to 

7731
07:06:02,508 --> 07:06:05,700
balance their Elders needs for 
light with blackout requirements

7732
07:06:05,700 --> 07:06:10,700
and conservation concerns. 
Compromises emerge, brighter 

7733
07:06:10,700 --> 07:06:13,300
lights, and grandmother's room, 
even if the rest of the house 

7734
07:06:13,300 --> 07:06:16,300
remains dim. 
Extra candles placed 

7735
07:06:16,300 --> 07:06:20,100
strategically more assistance 
with evening tasks that Darkness

7736
07:06:20,100 --> 07:06:40,100
makes difficult. 
The blackout will be despite the

7737
07:06:40,100 --> 07:06:44,000
enforced evening togetherness. 
They might maintain closer to 

7738
07:06:44,000 --> 07:06:46,500
normal lighting levels, 
considering the extra 

7739
07:06:46,500 --> 07:06:49,400
electricity expense and 
acceptable cost for comfort. 

7740
07:06:50,400 --> 07:06:54,100
Working class families make do 
with cheaper Solutions, blankets

7741
07:06:54,100 --> 07:06:58,800
nailed over Windows newspaper 
pasted to Glass and curtains 

7742
07:06:58,800 --> 07:07:00,900
sewn from whatever fabric could 
be afforded. 

7743
07:07:01,900 --> 07:07:06,200
Smaller homes mean less privacy.
More enforced, proximity and 

7744
07:07:06,200 --> 07:07:09,000
everyone living in each other's 
Pockets even more than usual. 

7745
07:07:10,000 --> 07:07:12,800
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

7746
07:07:12,800 --> 07:07:16,200
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

7747
07:07:16,200 --> 07:07:18,600
element, too rich and poor 
alike. 

7748
07:07:18,600 --> 07:07:22,100
Must darken their homes, the 
Duke, and his mansion, and the 

7749
07:07:22,100 --> 07:07:25,400
docker in his Terrace row. 
Both spend their evening's in 

7750
07:07:25,400 --> 07:07:29,500
dimmed rooms, both must navigate
the same dark and streets. 

7751
07:07:30,500 --> 07:07:33,700
The blackout is one of the few 
wartime measures that truly 

7752
07:07:33,700 --> 07:07:35,800
applies equally across social 
strata. 

7753
07:07:36,500 --> 07:07:40,200
Creating a rare moment of shared
experience across class lines. 

7754
07:07:41,300 --> 07:07:46,200
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 
blackout continues month after 

7755
07:07:46,200 --> 07:07:49,000
month. 
Something remarkable happens. 

7756
07:07:49,000 --> 07:07:51,900
People stop thinking about it 
quite so much. 

7757
07:07:52,800 --> 07:07:55,200
The extraordinary becomes 
ordinary through sheer 

7758
07:07:55,200 --> 07:07:58,200
repetition. 
The nightly ritual of darkening,

7759
07:07:58,200 --> 07:08:01,300
Windows transforms from a 
conscious process into a habit, 

7760
07:08:02,100 --> 07:08:05,700
Performed with the automaticity 
of brushing teeth or locking 

7761
07:08:05,700 --> 07:08:09,400
doors. 
Innovations, accumulate, small 

7762
07:08:09,400 --> 07:08:11,800
improvements that collectively 
make the darkness more 

7763
07:08:11,800 --> 07:08:14,400
manageable. 
Enterprise in individuals, 

7764
07:08:14,400 --> 07:08:17,600
develop gadgets and solutions 
that spread through communities 

7765
07:08:17,600 --> 07:08:20,900
like helpful folklore. 
Someone discovers that painting 

7766
07:08:20,900 --> 07:08:24,200
stero edges, with luminous paint
makes them safer to navigate. 

7767
07:08:25,100 --> 07:08:29,400
the idea spreads and soon 
glowing stairs become common 

7768
07:08:29,400 --> 07:08:33,100
little safety features that cost
pennies, but prevent countless 

7769
07:08:33,100 --> 07:08:36,700
Falls, Shops. 
Begin selling specially designed

7770
07:08:36,700 --> 07:08:40,700
blackout accessories torches 
with narrow beams and red 

7771
07:08:40,700 --> 07:08:43,400
filters. 
That supposedly don't compromise

7772
07:08:43,400 --> 07:08:46,800
night vision. 
Reflective armbands and badges 

7773
07:08:46,800 --> 07:08:49,300
for pedestrians luminous 
buttons. 

7774
07:08:49,300 --> 07:08:53,100
That can be sewn onto coats. 
White painted walking sticks, 

7775
07:08:53,100 --> 07:08:56,900
the commercial World adapts to 
serve the dark and consumer 

7776
07:08:56,900 --> 07:09:01,800
finding profit even in darkness.
Fashion truly Embraces. 

7777
07:09:01,800 --> 07:09:05,000
The blackout aesthetic 
designers, create clothing with 

7778
07:09:05,000 --> 07:09:08,000
safety features. 
Built in white piping on dark 

7779
07:09:08,000 --> 07:09:12,600
coats, reflective threads, woven
into fabrics and light colored 

7780
07:09:12,600 --> 07:09:15,900
accessories that serve the Dual 
purposes of style and visibility

7781
07:09:17,000 --> 07:09:20,800
women's magazines run features 
on Blackout Beauty suggesting 

7782
07:09:20,800 --> 07:09:23,600
makeup and hairstyles suited to 
dim lighting. 

7783
07:09:24,500 --> 07:09:28,500
The advice is practical and 
sometimes absurd, light to face 

7784
07:09:28,500 --> 07:09:30,500
powder is recommended because 
it's more visible. 

7785
07:09:30,500 --> 07:09:32,900
While dark lipstick is wand 
again. 

7786
07:09:32,900 --> 07:09:34,700
Against lest you become a pair 
of disembodied? 

7787
07:09:34,700 --> 07:09:38,400
Lips floating in the darkness 
restaurants and pubs develop. 

7788
07:09:38,400 --> 07:09:41,800
Elaborate workarounds for the 
blackout, restrictions some 

7789
07:09:41,800 --> 07:09:44,600
establishments paint their 
Windows opaque black. 

7790
07:09:44,600 --> 07:09:48,400
But in stalled, elaborate 
interior, lighting, creating 

7791
07:09:48,400 --> 07:09:51,400
spaces that feel almost normal 
once you're inside. 

7792
07:09:52,200 --> 07:09:55,800
Others embrace the dimness 
installing red or blue lights 

7793
07:09:55,800 --> 07:09:58,900
that create atmospheric spaces. 
While technically complying with

7794
07:09:58,900 --> 07:10:02,800
regulations nightclubs, in 
particular find that dim 

7795
07:10:02,800 --> 07:10:06,500
lighting can be romantic or 
mysterious transforming a 

7796
07:10:06,500 --> 07:10:09,600
restriction into a feature. 
The entertainment industry 

7797
07:10:09,600 --> 07:10:13,700
becomes increasingly creative 
Cinemas develop complex 

7798
07:10:13,700 --> 07:10:17,600
procedures for seating people in
darkness ushers with covered 

7799
07:10:17,600 --> 07:10:20,500
torches. 
Luminous floor markers and 

7800
07:10:20,500 --> 07:10:23,900
spaced entry times to prevent 
traffic jams in the lightless 

7801
07:10:23,900 --> 07:10:26,900
Isles. 
Some theaters experiment with 

7802
07:10:26,900 --> 07:10:30,400
matinee, only schedules 
accepting reduced evening 

7803
07:10:30,400 --> 07:10:33,300
business rather than dealing 
with blackout complications. 

7804
07:10:34,100 --> 07:10:37,400
Others Thrive precisely because 
they offer brightest escapism 

7805
07:10:37,400 --> 07:10:39,100
inside. 
While maintaining complete 

7806
07:10:39,100 --> 07:10:42,900
darkness outside. 
Radio programs evolved to suit 

7807
07:10:42,900 --> 07:10:46,600
their audiences circumstances. 
Content becomes more domestic 

7808
07:10:46,600 --> 07:10:49,600
more suited to family. 
Listening in dimmed rooms, 

7809
07:10:49,600 --> 07:10:54,000
comedy programs, emphasize 
verbal humor, over visual gags, 

7810
07:10:54,000 --> 07:10:58,400
dramas rely on sound effects and
voice acting to create Vivid 

7811
07:10:58,400 --> 07:11:02,000
mental images. 
The BBC becomes increasingly 

7812
07:11:02,000 --> 07:11:05,100
sophisticated in its 
understanding of how to create 

7813
07:11:05,100 --> 07:11:09,000
entertainment for a population, 
sitting in the dark unable to do

7814
07:11:09,000 --> 07:11:13,500
much else besides listen. local 
communities, develop Collective,

7815
07:11:13,500 --> 07:11:17,600
coping strategies neighborhoods,
organized blackout socials 

7816
07:11:17,600 --> 07:11:21,000
Gathering where people can meet 
and commingled despite the 

7817
07:11:21,000 --> 07:11:25,400
darkness Churches, host, evening
services that become social 

7818
07:11:25,400 --> 07:11:27,300
events. 
As much as religious ones, 

7819
07:11:27,300 --> 07:11:30,800
providing both spiritual comfort
and human connection. 

7820
07:11:31,800 --> 07:11:34,600
Community centers run 
activities, specifically 

7821
07:11:34,600 --> 07:11:36,400
designed for low-light 
conditions. 

7822
07:11:36,400 --> 07:11:40,600
Music sessions discussion groups
and Collective listening to 

7823
07:11:40,600 --> 07:11:44,100
important broadcasts. 
Street communities become more 

7824
07:11:44,100 --> 07:11:45,900
tight-knit through the shared 
experience. 

7825
07:11:46,900 --> 07:11:49,700
Neighbors, who might previously 
have exchanged only perfunctory 

7826
07:11:49,700 --> 07:11:52,500
greetings? 
Now check on each other help 

7827
07:11:52,500 --> 07:11:55,000
each other with blackout 
preparations and share 

7828
07:11:55,000 --> 07:11:58,400
resources, and solutions. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

7829
07:11:58,400 --> 07:12:01,900
Frontier mentality. 
A sense that you're all in this 

7830
07:12:01,900 --> 07:12:05,200
together face in common 
challenges that require Mutual 

7831
07:12:05,200 --> 07:12:09,600
support children remarkably 
resilient turn the blackout into

7832
07:12:09,600 --> 07:12:12,300
play. 
They invent gains suited to 

7833
07:12:12,300 --> 07:12:16,400
Darkness, elaborate version of 
hidden seek treasure. 

7834
07:12:16,400 --> 07:12:19,500
Hunts, that rely on touch and 
sound, rather than sight. 

7835
07:12:19,500 --> 07:12:23,200
And Theatrical performance is 
put on in dim rooms where 

7836
07:12:23,200 --> 07:12:25,600
imagination fills in for visual 
spectacle. 

7837
07:12:26,800 --> 07:12:30,500
The blackout becomes normalized 
in their experience, not a 

7838
07:12:30,500 --> 07:12:34,100
temporary disruption but simply 
how the world works as natural 

7839
07:12:34,100 --> 07:12:36,400
as rain or school or Sunday 
roast. 

7840
07:12:37,300 --> 07:12:40,800
Teachers adapt, their lesson 
plans, incorporating blackout 

7841
07:12:40,800 --> 07:12:44,600
realities into education. 
Science classes discuss 

7842
07:12:44,600 --> 07:12:46,500
astronomy. 
With Newfound relevance 

7843
07:12:46,500 --> 07:12:49,100
students, can actually see what 
they're learning about. 

7844
07:12:50,700 --> 07:12:53,100
History lessons. 
Draw, parallels to Medieval 

7845
07:12:53,100 --> 07:12:55,600
life. 
Helping children understand that

7846
07:12:55,600 --> 07:12:58,300
most of human history occurred 
without electric light. 

7847
07:12:59,200 --> 07:13:03,700
Art classes experiment with low 
light media, charcoal drawings 

7848
07:13:03,700 --> 07:13:08,200
shadow puppets and projects that
work despite limited visibility.

7849
07:13:09,300 --> 07:13:11,600
Physical coordination improves 
across the population. 

7850
07:13:11,600 --> 07:13:15,400
As people, develop better, 
spatial awareness. your 

7851
07:13:15,400 --> 07:13:18,800
proprioception that internal 
sense of where your body is in 

7852
07:13:18,800 --> 07:13:24,400
space sharpens when visual input
becomes unreliable, People learn

7853
07:13:24,400 --> 07:13:28,600
to move more carefully, more 
consciously developing a kind of

7854
07:13:28,600 --> 07:13:31,900
bodily intelligence that Modern 
Life had allowed to atrophy. 

7855
07:13:33,400 --> 07:13:37,700
Simple Act of walking becomes 
more mindful, more present, and 

7856
07:13:37,700 --> 07:13:40,300
less the unconscious automatic 
process. 

7857
07:13:40,300 --> 07:13:44,600
It had been health effects 
emerge, both positive and 

7858
07:13:44,600 --> 07:13:48,400
negative accident rates from the
darkness remain elevated. 

7859
07:13:48,400 --> 07:13:52,400
People can continue to trip 
Collide and stumble into 

7860
07:13:52,400 --> 07:13:54,900
objects. 
But there are unexpected 

7861
07:13:54,900 --> 07:13:58,000
benefits, too. 
The early evening, schedules 

7862
07:13:58,000 --> 07:14:01,100
mean, people get more sleep and 
their circadian rhythms. 

7863
07:14:01,100 --> 07:14:03,600
Are more aligned with natural 
light, dark Cycles. 

7864
07:14:04,700 --> 07:14:06,800
The reduction in artificial 
light at night. 

7865
07:14:06,800 --> 07:14:09,400
Might be improving Sleep 
Quality, though. 

7866
07:14:09,400 --> 07:14:12,800
Nobody's conducting formal 
studies to verify this the 

7867
07:14:12,800 --> 07:14:16,000
enforced indoor evenings mean, 
less exposure to cold and damp 

7868
07:14:16,000 --> 07:14:19,000
for some potentially reducing 
winter illness. 

7869
07:14:19,800 --> 07:14:22,200
Seasonal variations in the 
blackout, create different 

7870
07:14:22,200 --> 07:14:25,700
challenges and experiences. 
Some are evenings with their 

7871
07:14:25,700 --> 07:14:28,900
late sunsets require a shorter 
periods of blackout. 

7872
07:14:29,700 --> 07:14:32,800
Perhaps just three or four 
hours, people can enjoy long 

7873
07:14:32,800 --> 07:14:36,600
Twilights and extended time 
Outdoors, while it's still light

7874
07:14:36,600 --> 07:14:40,600
enough to see picnics and garden
parties adapt to early Escape 

7875
07:14:40,600 --> 07:14:43,600
rules wrapping up before, 
Darkness makes them in 

7876
07:14:43,600 --> 07:14:46,500
practical. 
But winter brings longer 

7877
07:14:46,500 --> 07:14:50,300
blackout periods, sometimes 16 
hours or more of required 

7878
07:14:50,300 --> 07:14:53,100
Darkness. 
The psychological weight of this

7879
07:14:53,100 --> 07:14:55,700
is considerable waking in 
darkness. 

7880
07:14:55,700 --> 07:14:59,900
Working through short, daylight 
hours, returning home to more 

7881
07:14:59,900 --> 07:15:03,400
Darkness. 
It feels oppressive endless. 

7882
07:15:04,300 --> 07:15:07,600
Seasonal affective disorder 
though not yet named or 

7883
07:15:07,600 --> 07:15:11,700
officially recognized. 
Surely affects many the lack of 

7884
07:15:11,700 --> 07:15:16,300
light combines with war anxiety 
to create periods of genuine, 

7885
07:15:16,300 --> 07:15:20,200
depression for some December 
1939. 

7886
07:15:20,200 --> 07:15:22,800
Brings the Blackout's first 
winter holiday season. 

7887
07:15:23,600 --> 07:15:25,500
Christmas presents unique 
challenges. 

7888
07:15:25,500 --> 07:15:29,700
How do you maintain festive 
cheer in compulsory Darkness 

7889
07:15:30,600 --> 07:15:33,500
Families rise to the challenge 
with determination that borders 

7890
07:15:33,500 --> 07:15:37,900
on defiance Christmas lights. 
Those strings of colored bulbs, 

7891
07:15:37,900 --> 07:15:41,200
that normally decorate windows, 
and trees must be abandoned or 

7892
07:15:41,200 --> 07:15:44,900
drastically modified. 
Some people criter interior 

7893
07:15:44,900 --> 07:15:49,200
displays, decorating trees in 
rooms with completely blacked 

7894
07:15:49,200 --> 07:15:53,000
out, windows, creating private 
festivals of light that can't be

7895
07:15:53,000 --> 07:15:57,400
seen from outside. 
Carol singing adapts to blackout

7896
07:15:57,400 --> 07:16:01,500
conditions groups, carry covered
lands as they move from house to

7897
07:16:01,500 --> 07:16:03,400
house. 
Their voice is rising in the 

7898
07:16:03,408 --> 07:16:06,700
darkness creating moments of 
beauty and connection. 

7899
07:16:06,700 --> 07:16:09,700
That feel more pressure for the 
surrounding Gloom. 

7900
07:16:10,700 --> 07:16:13,700
The ancient hymns about light 
coming into darkness, take on 

7901
07:16:13,700 --> 07:16:17,200
new residents. 
Silent Night, feels especially 

7902
07:16:17,200 --> 07:16:19,500
appropriate. 
When nights are so profoundly 

7903
07:16:19,500 --> 07:16:23,400
silent and dark. 
Gift-giving focuses on practical

7904
07:16:23,400 --> 07:16:28,400
item suited to blackout life, 
torches luminous paint warm 

7905
07:16:28,400 --> 07:16:30,500
clothing and books for reading 
aloud. 

7906
07:16:31,200 --> 07:16:32,700
But there are frivolous gifts 
too. 

7907
07:16:32,700 --> 07:16:36,300
Deliberate, assertions of 
normalcy and joy, despite 

7908
07:16:36,300 --> 07:16:40,800
circumstances dolls, and toy 
soldiers for children, perfume 

7909
07:16:40,800 --> 07:16:43,700
and stockings for wives and 
pipes and tobacco. 

7910
07:16:43,700 --> 07:16:48,900
For husbands, these gestures 
matter enormously small Defiance

7911
07:16:48,900 --> 07:16:52,700
is against the wars restrictions
declarations that life and 

7912
07:16:52,700 --> 07:16:55,300
pleasure can continue New Year's
Eve, presents. 

7913
07:16:55,300 --> 07:16:59,600
Its own strange circumstances, 
the traditional celebrations 

7914
07:16:59,600 --> 07:17:02,900
gathering in public squares, 
watching for midnight and the 

7915
07:17:02,900 --> 07:17:05,300
explosion of noise and lighters 
the New Year. 

7916
07:17:05,300 --> 07:17:09,900
Arrives must be reimagined. 
People celebrate in dark and 

7917
07:17:09,900 --> 07:17:13,900
homes, listening for church 
bells gathering around Wireless 

7918
07:17:13,900 --> 07:17:18,300
sets for special broadcasts. 
When midnight comes they might 

7919
07:17:18,300 --> 07:17:22,200
step out into darkness, hearing 
distant, voices, calling 

7920
07:17:22,200 --> 07:17:24,600
greetings. 
They cannot see feeling 

7921
07:17:24,600 --> 07:17:27,400
connected to Invisible 
neighbors, through sound alone. 

7922
07:17:28,600 --> 07:17:31,300
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 
determination. 

7923
07:17:32,500 --> 07:17:35,600
The blackout will continue but 
people have learned to live with

7924
07:17:35,600 --> 07:17:38,300
it. 
The initial shock has worn off 

7925
07:17:38,308 --> 07:17:43,200
replaced by practice competence.
You know, how to navigate your 

7926
07:17:43,200 --> 07:17:46,000
street in darkness, you know, 
how long your blackout 

7927
07:17:46,000 --> 07:17:49,300
preparations, take, you know, 
which activities work in dim 

7928
07:17:49,300 --> 07:17:52,500
light in which don't the 
learning curve has been climbed 

7929
07:17:52,500 --> 07:17:55,800
and what remains is simply 
persistent. 

7930
07:17:56,700 --> 07:18:00,600
The blackout continues through 
1940 and Beyond lasting in 

7931
07:18:00,600 --> 07:18:05,400
various forms, until September. 
1944, when regulations finally 

7932
07:18:05,400 --> 07:18:09,300
relax as the threat of bombing 
diminishes, but even before 

7933
07:18:09,300 --> 07:18:12,300
official relaxation, the 
blackout out of volts and become

7934
07:18:12,300 --> 07:18:16,700
less absolute As military 
technology improves and bombing 

7935
07:18:16,700 --> 07:18:19,900
strategies change the strict 
requirements. 

7936
07:18:19,900 --> 07:18:23,500
Loosened slightly. 
Dim lights become permissible in

7937
07:18:23,500 --> 07:18:26,900
some circumstances. 
A complete darkness of those 

7938
07:18:26,900 --> 07:18:30,400
first months gradually lightened
to a more manageable Gloom. 

7939
07:18:31,200 --> 07:18:35,000
The first relaxation is 
attentive, almost apologetic. 

7940
07:18:36,300 --> 07:18:38,600
Regulations. 
Allow heavily shielded Street 

7941
07:18:38,600 --> 07:18:41,800
Lighting in some areas. 
Not the full illumination of 

7942
07:18:41,800 --> 07:18:45,900
pre-war years, but enough to 
prevent the worst accidents and 

7943
07:18:45,900 --> 07:18:48,700
to make navigation possible 
without constant hazard. 

7944
07:18:49,500 --> 07:18:53,100
These new lights, cast pools of 
dim Radiance that seemed 

7945
07:18:53,100 --> 07:18:57,200
extraordinarily bright after 
years of complete darkness. 

7946
07:18:57,200 --> 07:19:00,600
Even though they are actually 
quite faint by historical 

7947
07:19:00,600 --> 07:19:03,400
standards. 
People's reactions to these 

7948
07:19:03,400 --> 07:19:06,100
first returns of public lighting
reveal. 

7949
07:19:06,100 --> 07:19:08,400
How much the darkness has 
affected them. 

7950
07:19:09,000 --> 07:19:12,400
Some feel immediate relief, an 
easing of tension, they hadn't, 

7951
07:19:12,400 --> 07:19:15,600
quite realized they were 
carrying the simple ability to 

7952
07:19:15,600 --> 07:19:18,600
see where you're walking to 
recognize faces to orient 

7953
07:19:18,600 --> 07:19:20,900
yourself. 
Visually These feel like 

7954
07:19:20,900 --> 07:19:24,900
luxuries gifts restored after 
long debt probation. 

7955
07:19:25,900 --> 07:19:27,700
Others. 
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 

7956
07:19:27,700 --> 07:19:30,900
the lights return. 
After years of Darkness even 

7957
07:19:30,900 --> 07:19:33,600
dim, lighting can feel exposing 
and vulnerable. 

7958
07:19:34,600 --> 07:19:37,100
Some people have grown 
accustomed to the anonymity that

7959
07:19:37,100 --> 07:19:40,600
Darkness provides the sense of 
being unseen As you move through

7960
07:19:40,600 --> 07:19:43,400
public spaces. 
The return of light. 

7961
07:19:43,400 --> 07:19:47,000
However, faint removes that 
protective invisibility. 

7962
07:19:48,100 --> 07:19:51,600
The gradual restoration 
progresses through 1944 as 

7963
07:19:51,600 --> 07:19:55,200
allied forces, push across 
Europe and the threat to 

7964
07:19:55,200 --> 07:19:58,100
Britain. 
Recedes. more lights, return 

7965
07:19:58,100 --> 07:20:02,300
regulations, relax further and 
the familiar glow of evening 

7966
07:20:02,300 --> 07:20:06,700
civilization begins to rebuild 
Shop Windows light up first, 

7967
07:20:06,700 --> 07:20:10,400
just modestly but enough to 
display goods and to create 

7968
07:20:10,400 --> 07:20:14,300
welcoming spaces. 
Then streetlamps return to more 

7969
07:20:14,300 --> 07:20:16,600
normal operation. 
They're familiar yellow. 

7970
07:20:16,600 --> 07:20:19,200
Orange, light painting, 
Pavements, and facades. 

7971
07:20:19,900 --> 07:20:21,500
For those who remember the 
change. 

7972
07:20:21,500 --> 07:20:24,200
And by this point, young 
children have lived their entire

7973
07:20:24,200 --> 07:20:26,200
conscious lives under blackout 
conditions. 

7974
07:20:26,200 --> 07:20:31,500
The restoration of light feels 
almost magical treats that had 

7975
07:20:31,500 --> 07:20:34,600
been navigated by memory and 
faiths suddenly reveal 

7976
07:20:34,600 --> 07:20:37,600
themselves in detail. 
Building show their full 

7977
07:20:37,600 --> 07:20:41,600
architectural character. 
Faces become readable from a 

7978
07:20:41,600 --> 07:20:44,700
distance, the urban landscape 
recovers, its visible 

7979
07:20:44,700 --> 07:20:47,800
complexity. 
The psychological impact of 

7980
07:20:47,800 --> 07:20:50,900
restored, lighting is profound 
and multifaceted. 

7981
07:20:51,600 --> 07:20:55,700
They're certainly celebration 
relief and joy at this tangible 

7982
07:20:55,700 --> 07:20:59,200
of the wars. 
Waning But there's a strange 

7983
07:20:59,200 --> 07:21:03,200
sadness and unexpected Nostalgia
for something that everyone 

7984
07:21:03,200 --> 07:21:05,400
complained about constantly 
while it was happening. 

7985
07:21:06,500 --> 07:21:08,700
The blackout years for all their
difficulty. 

7986
07:21:09,300 --> 07:21:13,200
Had created a kind of 
Fellowship, a shared experience 

7987
07:21:13,200 --> 07:21:15,400
that had bound communities 
together. 

7988
07:21:16,300 --> 07:21:19,400
With the return of light comes 
the return of normal, Urban 

7989
07:21:19,400 --> 07:21:23,700
anonymity, the dissolution of 
that intense Mutual dependence. 

7990
07:21:24,500 --> 07:21:27,300
Some of the Innovations and 
adaptations developed during the

7991
07:21:27,300 --> 07:21:31,000
blackout persist even after 
they're no longer necessary. 

7992
07:21:31,900 --> 07:21:34,900
People who learn to navigate by 
sound and memory retain those 

7993
07:21:34,900 --> 07:21:37,500
skills. 
Families, who discovered they 

7994
07:21:37,500 --> 07:21:39,400
enjoyed evening read aloud 
sessions. 

7995
07:21:39,400 --> 07:21:42,100
Continue them even when bright 
lights would permit individual 

7996
07:21:42,100 --> 07:21:44,700
reading. 
Communities that Drew together 

7997
07:21:44,700 --> 07:21:47,000
in darkness, maintain some of 
that closeness. 

7998
07:21:47,000 --> 07:21:50,900
Those relationships that formed 
during shared difficulty. 

7999
07:21:51,900 --> 07:21:55,500
physical traces of the blackout,
persist too, white painted, 

8000
07:21:55,500 --> 07:21:59,100
curbs and tree trunks remain 
their purpose of sleep, but 

8001
07:21:59,100 --> 07:22:02,700
their presence continuing 
Blackout curtains, stay up in 

8002
07:22:02,700 --> 07:22:05,700
many homes. 
Why take them down when they're 

8003
07:22:05,700 --> 07:22:08,500
already installed when they 
useful for privacy? 

8004
07:22:08,500 --> 07:22:10,800
When there are minor of 
survival? 

8005
07:22:12,100 --> 07:22:15,200
Architectural features designed 
for the blackout era. 

8006
07:22:15,200 --> 07:22:17,800
Those double door entries on 
pubs. 

8007
07:22:17,800 --> 07:22:21,300
The carefully positioned 
lighting fixers remain as 

8008
07:22:21,300 --> 07:22:23,700
fossils of a particular 
historical moment. 

8009
07:22:24,700 --> 07:22:27,100
Ecological effects of the 
blackout years, gradually 

8010
07:22:27,100 --> 07:22:30,300
reverse. 
As artificial light Returns the 

8011
07:22:30,300 --> 07:22:34,100
night sky slowly disappears. 
Again, behind its veil of urban 

8012
07:22:34,100 --> 07:22:37,200
glow. 
Stars fade from Easy visibility.

8013
07:22:37,200 --> 07:22:41,200
The Milky Way with drawers, the 
darkness that had revealed 

8014
07:22:41,200 --> 07:22:43,600
Celestial. 
Beauty, is pushed back by human 

8015
07:22:43,600 --> 07:22:46,400
illumination? 
Some people mourn. 

8016
07:22:46,400 --> 07:22:49,600
This loss realizing that the 
blackout had given them a gift, 

8017
07:22:49,608 --> 07:22:52,508
they'll never receive. 
Again the regular sight of the 

8018
07:22:52,516 --> 07:22:56,100
universe, their heads, The 
generation that lived through 

8019
07:22:56,100 --> 07:22:59,100
the blackout carries memories, 
that shape their relationship 

8020
07:22:59,100 --> 07:23:01,600
with light and darkness for the 
rest of their lives. 

8021
07:23:02,400 --> 07:23:04,900
Those who were children during 
the blackout often. 

8022
07:23:04,900 --> 07:23:08,200
Develop, either a strong 
preference for Darkness finding 

8023
07:23:08,200 --> 07:23:09,800
comfort in the nighttime 
environment. 

8024
07:23:09,800 --> 07:23:13,200
They knew as children or an 
equally strong preference, for 

8025
07:23:13,200 --> 07:23:17,300
abundant light, The kind of 
overcompensation for years of 

8026
07:23:17,300 --> 07:23:20,800
enforced dimness. 
The blackout leaves. 

8027
07:23:20,800 --> 07:23:24,900
Its mark on British culture in 
subtle ways, a certain comfort 

8028
07:23:24,900 --> 07:23:28,900
with dimmer lighting persists. 
British homes and public spaces 

8029
07:23:28,900 --> 07:23:32,000
10 toward more modest 
illumination than their American

8030
07:23:32,000 --> 07:23:34,800
counterparts. 
Different that may Trace. 

8031
07:23:34,800 --> 07:23:36,700
Partially to this period of 
enforced. 

8032
07:23:36,700 --> 07:23:41,400
Darkness, the idea that too much
light is wasteful even slightly 

8033
07:23:41,400 --> 07:23:44,600
vulgar becomes embedded in 
aesthetic Sensibility. 

8034
07:23:45,600 --> 07:23:48,300
The historical memory of the 
blackout carries multiple 

8035
07:23:48,300 --> 07:23:51,000
meanings. 
It becomes a symbol of British 

8036
07:23:51,000 --> 07:23:54,500
resilience of the homefront 
contribution, to the war effort 

8037
07:23:54,500 --> 07:23:57,400
and of collective. 
Sacrifice for a common cause 

8038
07:23:58,500 --> 07:24:01,800
politicians and cultural 
commentators invoke the blackout

8039
07:24:01,800 --> 07:24:05,100
as an example of what a society 
can endure when properly 

8040
07:24:05,100 --> 07:24:09,800
motivated when United by shared 
purpose, but the blackout. 

8041
07:24:09,800 --> 07:24:12,900
All so serves as a reminder of 
Wars intrusion into civilian 

8042
07:24:12,900 --> 07:24:16,900
life of how conflict transforms 
ordinary existence in ways, both

8043
07:24:16,900 --> 07:24:21,100
large and small, It demonstrates
that Warfare is not just distant

8044
07:24:21,100 --> 07:24:25,300
battles fought by soldiers, but 
all the accumulated, small 

8045
07:24:25,300 --> 07:24:28,400
deprivations and adjustments 
that everyone must make. 

8046
07:24:29,400 --> 07:24:33,500
The nightly ritual of darkening,
Windows, the cautious navigation

8047
07:24:33,500 --> 07:24:36,900
of familiar streets and the 
adaptation of every evening 

8048
07:24:36,900 --> 07:24:39,000
routine to accommodate the 
absence of light. 

8049
07:24:40,400 --> 07:24:43,400
For modern observers, the 
blackout offers A peculiar 

8050
07:24:43,400 --> 07:24:47,500
window into a world that 
simultaneously recognizable and 

8051
07:24:47,500 --> 07:24:50,900
alien. 
The Britain of 1939 had 

8052
07:24:50,900 --> 07:24:56,000
electricity radio, Autumn 
appeals and Cinema all the 

8053
07:24:56,000 --> 07:24:58,400
technological fixtures of Modern
Life. 

8054
07:24:59,300 --> 07:25:03,400
Yet the deliberate removal of 
just one element artificial 

8055
07:25:03,400 --> 07:25:07,400
light after dark. 
Transformed daily experience. 

8056
07:25:07,400 --> 07:25:10,400
In ways that connected people 
backward to pre-industrial, 

8057
07:25:10,400 --> 07:25:12,800
patterns of living. 
There's something almost 

8058
07:25:12,800 --> 07:25:15,800
meditative about contemplating 
the blackout years. 

8059
07:25:15,800 --> 07:25:19,600
This period, when millions of 
people deliberately darken their

8060
07:25:19,608 --> 07:25:25,100
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 
navigating shadowed streets and 

8061
07:25:25,100 --> 07:25:28,800
learning to experience their 
environment through senses other

8062
07:25:28,800 --> 07:25:34,400
than sight, In our current ERA 
of constant illumination, when 

8063
07:25:34,400 --> 07:25:38,200
light pollution is so pervasive 
that many children grow up, 

8064
07:25:38,200 --> 07:25:42,300
never seeing the Milky Way. 
When cities glow so brightly 

8065
07:25:42,300 --> 07:25:45,600
that their visible from space, 
there's something oddly 

8066
07:25:45,600 --> 07:25:48,600
appealing about this historical 
moment of chosen Darkness. 

8067
07:25:50,000 --> 07:25:52,600
The blackout reminds us that our
relationship with light and 

8068
07:25:52,600 --> 07:25:56,700
darkness is not fixed or natural
but historically constructed 

8069
07:25:56,700 --> 07:26:01,400
shaped by technology, regulation
and social practice. 

8070
07:26:02,500 --> 07:26:05,200
For most of human history, 
Darkness was inevitable. 

8071
07:26:05,200 --> 07:26:09,300
You made the best light you 
could with fire or oil but 

8072
07:26:09,300 --> 07:26:14,000
ultimately night meant Darkness.
Electric light changed, this 

8073
07:26:14,000 --> 07:26:17,800
pushing Darkness, back and 
extending the day artificially. 

8074
07:26:19,300 --> 07:26:23,200
The blackout briefly reversed 
this transformation restoring 

8075
07:26:23,200 --> 07:26:25,800
Darkness not through 
technological failure. 

8076
07:26:26,500 --> 07:26:29,600
Through deliberate choice. 
As you lie here. 

8077
07:26:29,600 --> 07:26:33,700
Now, warm and comfortable in a 
room where light is available at

8078
07:26:33,700 --> 07:26:36,800
the flick of a switch. 
It's worth contemplating. 

8079
07:26:36,800 --> 07:26:40,200
What the blackout reveals about 
human adaptability and 

8080
07:26:40,200 --> 07:26:43,600
resilience. 
The people of Britain in 1939 

8081
07:26:43,600 --> 07:26:46,900
didn't know how long the war 
would last whether the blackout 

8082
07:26:46,900 --> 07:26:50,300
would be needed for weeks or 
years or whether they are cities

8083
07:26:50,300 --> 07:26:54,900
would survive or be destroyed 
yet they adapted persevered and 

8084
07:26:54,900 --> 07:26:56,700
found moments of beauty and 
connection. 

8085
07:26:56,700 --> 07:27:00,700
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 
The blackout demonstrates 

8086
07:27:00,700 --> 07:27:04,500
something essential about human 
communities that we can endure 

8087
07:27:04,500 --> 07:27:08,500
significant disruption to normal
life when we understand the 

8088
07:27:08,500 --> 07:27:11,900
purpose behind it, when we 
believe we're contributing to 

8089
07:27:11,900 --> 07:27:14,300
something larger than our 
individual comfort. 

8090
07:27:15,700 --> 07:27:18,800
The nightly ritual of darkening 
Windows became a form of 

8091
07:27:18,800 --> 07:27:22,400
participation. 
A tangible action that connected

8092
07:27:22,400 --> 07:27:24,500
each household to the National 
effort. 

8093
07:27:25,300 --> 07:27:28,300
There's something deeply human 
about gathering in darkened 

8094
07:27:28,300 --> 07:27:31,600
rooms about families coming 
together, around dim lights 

8095
07:27:31,600 --> 07:27:34,700
about Community supporting each 
other, through shared 

8096
07:27:34,700 --> 07:27:37,600
difficulty. 
These patterns recur throughout 

8097
07:27:37,600 --> 07:27:42,100
human history around ancient, 
campfires in medieval great 

8098
07:27:42,100 --> 07:27:46,100
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 
Pioneer cabins on winter 

8099
07:27:46,100 --> 07:27:49,100
evenings. 
The blackout temporarily 

8100
07:27:49,100 --> 07:27:52,800
restored, these older patterns 
using modern technology to 

8101
07:27:52,800 --> 07:27:57,200
recreate, pre-modern conditions.
The sensory richness of the 

8102
07:27:57,200 --> 07:28:00,100
blackout experience, the visible
stars. 

8103
07:28:00,100 --> 07:28:03,500
The Amplified sounds, the 
heightened awareness of smell 

8104
07:28:03,500 --> 07:28:06,100
and touch. 
Suggests that our normal 

8105
07:28:06,100 --> 07:28:09,400
brightly lit, existence May 
diminish, certain forms of 

8106
07:28:09,400 --> 07:28:13,200
awareness and experience. 
We gain practical benefits from 

8107
07:28:13,200 --> 07:28:16,600
abundant light certainly, but we
may lose other kinds of 

8108
07:28:16,600 --> 07:28:19,200
perception. 
Other ways of experiencing our 

8109
07:28:19,200 --> 07:28:21,700
environment. 
In each other, the blackouts and

8110
07:28:21,708 --> 07:28:24,200
force. 
Slowed down its requirement for 

8111
07:28:24,200 --> 07:28:28,200
more careful movement, more 
deliberate action and more time 

8112
07:28:28,200 --> 07:28:32,800
spent in quiet domestic setting 
these create a quality of life 

8113
07:28:32,800 --> 07:28:36,400
that many people found 
surprisingly satisfying, despite

8114
07:28:36,400 --> 07:28:41,500
the circumstances, Frantic pace 
of Modern Life, the constant 

8115
07:28:41,500 --> 07:28:45,700
visual stimulation, the ability 
to pursue individual activities,

8116
07:28:45,700 --> 07:28:48,000
in separate rooms with 
independent lighting. 

8117
07:28:48,800 --> 07:28:51,900
All these Innovations have costs
as well as benefits. 

8118
07:28:52,600 --> 07:28:55,300
Consider how the blackout 
changed social interaction. 

8119
07:28:56,200 --> 07:28:59,700
In darkness, you couldn't judge 
people by their appearance quite

8120
07:28:59,700 --> 07:29:02,700
so readily. 
Conversations happened, without 

8121
07:29:02,700 --> 07:29:06,400
the constant visual feedback. 
We normally rely on people, 

8122
07:29:06,400 --> 07:29:09,700
learn to listen, more carefully 
to pay attention to voice, tone 

8123
07:29:09,700 --> 07:29:12,500
and word choice rather than 
facial expressions and body 

8124
07:29:12,500 --> 07:29:15,100
language. 
This created different kinds of 

8125
07:29:15,100 --> 07:29:17,200
intimacy and different patterns 
of connection. 

8126
07:29:18,100 --> 07:29:21,800
The democratizing effect of the 
blackout the way, it affected 

8127
07:29:21,800 --> 07:29:24,300
rich. 
And poor alike, created, a rare 

8128
07:29:24,300 --> 07:29:27,100
moment of genuinely shared 
experience across social 

8129
07:29:27,100 --> 07:29:31,000
classes. the Duke and the doctor
of both navigated the same 

8130
07:29:31,000 --> 07:29:36,100
darkened streets, both sat in 
dimmed rooms and both face the 

8131
07:29:36,100 --> 07:29:39,400
same challenges of maintaining 
normal life despite abnormal 

8132
07:29:39,400 --> 07:29:43,500
conditions, This shared 
experience contributed to the 

8133
07:29:43,508 --> 07:29:47,100
social solidarity, that 
characterized Britain during the

8134
07:29:47,100 --> 07:29:49,900
War years. 
The blackout also reveals 

8135
07:29:49,900 --> 07:29:52,600
something about the relationship
between freedom and security. 

8136
07:29:53,500 --> 07:29:56,600
The regulations represented, a 
significant restriction of 

8137
07:29:56,608 --> 07:30:00,200
personal Liberty, you couldn't 
like your own home as you wished

8138
07:30:00,200 --> 07:30:04,400
couldn't move freely at night 
without risk and face penalties 

8139
07:30:04,400 --> 07:30:08,200
for violations. 
Yet, most people accepted these 

8140
07:30:08,200 --> 07:30:11,700
restrictions as legitimate and 
necessary, a reasonable 

8141
07:30:11,700 --> 07:30:15,900
trade-off for Collective safety.
The balance between individual 

8142
07:30:15,900 --> 07:30:18,800
freedom and common security is 
never simple. 

8143
07:30:18,800 --> 07:30:22,700
Never permanent. 
It must be constantly negotiated

8144
07:30:22,700 --> 07:30:26,200
and renegotiated. 
The Innovations and adaptations 

8145
07:30:26,200 --> 07:30:29,400
that emerged during the 
blackout, the Luminous paint, 

8146
07:30:29,400 --> 07:30:33,400
the white marked curbs. 
The hooded headlamps the double 

8147
07:30:33,400 --> 07:30:36,600
door entries. 
Represent human creativity 

8148
07:30:36,600 --> 07:30:40,900
responding to constraint. 
Necessity, truly does mother 

8149
07:30:40,900 --> 07:30:43,000
invention and the blackout 
years? 

8150
07:30:43,000 --> 07:30:45,800
Produced countless small 
solutions to the problems that 

8151
07:30:45,800 --> 07:30:49,600
Darkness created. 
These Innovations demonstrate, 

8152
07:30:49,600 --> 07:30:53,000
the restrictions can Inspire 
rather than merely limit. 

8153
07:30:54,000 --> 07:30:56,700
Working within constraints can 
generate creativity. 

8154
07:30:57,900 --> 07:31:00,300
The return of light. 
After years of Darkness must 

8155
07:31:00,300 --> 07:31:02,400
have felt like emerging from a 
long tunnel. 

8156
07:31:03,100 --> 07:31:06,000
The Familiar World revealed 
again, the simple pleasure of 

8157
07:31:06,000 --> 07:31:11,000
seeing clearly of moving without
constant caution of Windows that

8158
07:31:11,000 --> 07:31:15,500
connect rather than seal. 
Yet along with this relief, came

8159
07:31:15,500 --> 07:31:19,500
the loss of something too. 
That peculiar intimacy, that 

8160
07:31:19,500 --> 07:31:23,900
Darkness had created, that 
sharpened awareness that sense 

8161
07:31:23,900 --> 07:31:27,600
of shared endurance. 
For those who live through it. 

8162
07:31:27,600 --> 07:31:31,100
The blackout becomes one of 
those formative experiences that

8163
07:31:31,100 --> 07:31:34,700
shape perception for a lifetime.
They carry memories of 

8164
07:31:34,700 --> 07:31:39,700
navigating Darkness, a families 
gathered in dim rooms of stars, 

8165
07:31:39,700 --> 07:31:43,500
brilliant overhead and of the 
particular quality of Silence 

8166
07:31:43,500 --> 07:31:45,900
that descended on cities 
designed for noise. 

8167
07:31:47,000 --> 07:31:51,900
These memories become stories, 
then history, then Legend part 

8168
07:31:51,900 --> 07:31:54,500
of the narrative that nation's 
tell themselves about their 

8169
07:31:54,500 --> 07:31:57,100
past. 
As we come to the end of our 

8170
07:31:57,100 --> 07:32:00,300
journey through the blackout 
years, as your eyelids grow 

8171
07:32:00,300 --> 07:32:04,000
heavy, and your breathing slows.
Let's gather the gentle lessons 

8172
07:32:04,000 --> 07:32:06,600
that this history offers for 
your own rest tonight. 

8173
07:32:08,200 --> 07:32:11,200
The blackout teachers us that 
darkness is not necessarily 

8174
07:32:11,200 --> 07:32:15,200
something to fear but rather a 
natural state that humans lived 

8175
07:32:15,200 --> 07:32:17,800
with for Millennia before 
electric light became common. 

8176
07:32:17,800 --> 07:32:22,200
Those wartime Britains learn to 
find comfort and even Beauty and

8177
07:32:22,200 --> 07:32:25,900
darkness, the visible stars, the
heightened awareness of sound 

8178
07:32:25,900 --> 07:32:30,000
and smell and the coziness of 
dimly lit rooms where families 

8179
07:32:30,000 --> 07:32:34,500
gathered close as you prepare 
for Sleep, your participating in

8180
07:32:34,500 --> 07:32:39,000
the same ancient human practice 
voluntarily entering Darkness 

8181
07:32:39,000 --> 07:32:42,800
trusting it to hold, you safely,
while your Consciousness dims 

8182
07:32:43,600 --> 07:32:48,000
the darkness of sleep is 
restorative necessary and a gift

8183
07:32:48,000 --> 07:32:51,500
rather than a threat. 
Like those blackout nights. 

8184
07:32:51,500 --> 07:32:55,400
It offers a time of rest of 
withdrawal, from the constant 

8185
07:32:55,400 --> 07:32:58,900
stimulation of Waking Life and 
of renewal that comes through 

8186
07:32:58,900 --> 07:33:01,400
quiet. 
And absence of light, the 

8187
07:33:01,400 --> 07:33:05,000
blackout families who learn to 
slow down to move more carefully

8188
07:33:05,000 --> 07:33:07,600
to pay attention to senses 
Beyond sight. 

8189
07:33:07,600 --> 07:33:11,900
They discovered rhythms that 
sleep requires to the winding 

8190
07:33:11,900 --> 07:33:16,300
down, the gradual dimming, the 
shift from activity to 

8191
07:33:16,300 --> 07:33:20,400
Stillness. 
These transitions matter, they 

8192
07:33:20,400 --> 07:33:23,100
prepare body and mind for the 
darkness of sleep. 

8193
07:33:23,100 --> 07:33:25,700
Just as blackout preparations. 
Ready? 

8194
07:33:25,700 --> 07:33:29,800
Homes for the darkness of night.
The resilience of those blackout

8195
07:33:29,800 --> 07:33:33,500
years reminds us that humans can
adapt to almost anything and can

8196
07:33:33,500 --> 07:33:35,600
find peace. 
And even pleasure in 

8197
07:33:35,600 --> 07:33:39,300
circumstances that initially 
seemed impossible if they could 

8198
07:33:39,300 --> 07:33:42,800
learn to thrive in dark and 
cities, you can certainly trust 

8199
07:33:42,800 --> 07:33:46,400
yourself to the darkness of your
bedroom, to the natural process 

8200
07:33:46,400 --> 07:33:48,700
of sleep, that your body knows 
how to perform. 

8201
07:33:49,800 --> 07:33:52,300
The community and connection 
that emerged from the shared 

8202
07:33:52,300 --> 07:33:55,600
blackout experience suggests, 
something about the importance 

8203
07:33:55,600 --> 07:33:59,800
of letting go of accepting 
limitations and of working with 

8204
07:33:59,800 --> 07:34:03,200
rather than against 
circumstances sleep requires 

8205
07:34:03,200 --> 07:34:05,800
this same surrender. 
You cannot force it. 

8206
07:34:05,800 --> 07:34:08,400
Only create conditions that 
welcome it. 

8207
07:34:09,000 --> 07:34:12,000
Like those families dimming 
their lights and settling into 

8208
07:34:12,000 --> 07:34:14,900
evening quiet. 
You prepare the space and then 

8209
07:34:14,900 --> 07:34:16,900
allow the darkness to do its 
work. 

8210
07:34:17,800 --> 07:34:21,800
Those visible stars during the 
blackout, the celestial beauty 

8211
07:34:21,800 --> 07:34:25,400
that emerged when artificial 
light withdrew, remind us, that 

8212
07:34:25,400 --> 07:34:28,000
Darkness reveals as well as 
conceals. 

8213
07:34:29,000 --> 07:34:33,200
In sleeps, Darkness dreams 
emerge, unconscious. 

8214
07:34:33,200 --> 07:34:37,300
Processes do their necessary 
work and the mind sorts and 

8215
07:34:37,308 --> 07:34:41,200
files and heals in ways that 
can't happen in waking light. 

8216
07:34:42,300 --> 07:34:45,000
Trust the darkness to show you 
what you need to see. 

8217
07:34:46,000 --> 07:34:49,100
The gradual adaptation to the 
blackout, the way, fear, 

8218
07:34:49,100 --> 07:34:52,300
transformed to competence, and 
then, Comfort mirrors. 

8219
07:34:52,300 --> 07:34:54,600
The journey into sleep that you 
make each night. 

8220
07:34:55,400 --> 07:34:57,800
At first letting go of 
Consciousness can feel 

8221
07:34:57,808 --> 07:35:03,700
vulnerable, even frightening. 
But with practice with trust it 

8222
07:35:03,700 --> 07:35:08,500
becomes natural, even welcome. 
The darkness becomes familiar 

8223
07:35:08,500 --> 07:35:12,100
safe and a friend rather than a 
threat. 

8224
07:35:13,300 --> 07:35:16,100
As the blackout eventually, 
lifted and light returned. 

8225
07:35:16,100 --> 07:35:19,200
So too, will you wake tomorrow 
to light an activity? 

8226
07:35:19,200 --> 07:35:23,600
But, for now, like those wartime
family settling into their 

8227
07:35:23,600 --> 07:35:27,900
dimmed homes, you can Embrace 
this time of darkness and quiet 

8228
07:35:28,800 --> 07:35:32,000
Let your eyes closed like 
blackout curtains drawing shut. 

8229
07:35:33,000 --> 07:35:35,500
Feel your awareness dim like 
lights turning down. 

8230
07:35:35,500 --> 07:35:39,900
Allow yourself to sink into 
Stillness like a City, Going 

8231
07:35:39,900 --> 07:35:44,200
Quiet under the night sky. 
People of the blackout years 

8232
07:35:44,200 --> 07:35:47,500
survived, not through constant 
vigilance, but through 

8233
07:35:47,500 --> 07:35:52,600
acceptance adaptation and the 
ability to find peace in Altered

8234
07:35:52,600 --> 07:35:57,100
circumstances, they learned that
Darkness could be endured that 

8235
07:35:57,100 --> 07:36:00,000
it brought gifts along with its 
challenges and that life 

8236
07:36:00,000 --> 07:36:02,500
continued and even flourished 
under its cover. 

8237
07:36:03,700 --> 07:36:07,300
Your sleep tonight is your 
personal blackout a time of 

8238
07:36:07,300 --> 07:36:10,500
chosen. 
Darkness of withdrawal from the 

8239
07:36:10,500 --> 07:36:13,800
world's demands of rest and 
restoration. 

8240
07:36:14,700 --> 07:36:18,000
Like those wartime britons, you 
don't know exactly what tomorrow

8241
07:36:18,000 --> 07:36:20,600
will bring. 
You can trust that this period 

8242
07:36:20,600 --> 07:36:23,300
of Darkness will prepare you for
whatever light reveals. 

8243
07:36:24,200 --> 07:36:26,800
The last lesson of the blackout 
is, perhaps the most important 

8244
07:36:26,800 --> 07:36:30,700
that sometimes the most valuable
thing we can do is simply stop. 

8245
07:36:30,700 --> 07:36:35,800
Darken our world and rest. 
Not as defeat or Retreat. 

8246
07:36:35,800 --> 07:36:38,700
That is necessary preparation 
for continuing. 

8247
07:36:39,900 --> 07:36:42,700
Those nightly blackout rituals 
weren't just safety measures. 

8248
07:36:42,700 --> 07:36:46,000
They were acknowledgments that 
activity must balance with 

8249
07:36:46,000 --> 07:36:50,000
Stillness that light needs 
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 

8250
07:36:50,000 --> 07:36:52,800
that life requires periods of 
quiet and rest. 

8251
07:36:52,800 --> 07:36:57,500
So let yourself rest. 
Now let the darkness hold you as

8252
07:36:57,500 --> 07:37:01,000
it held those millions of people
through their blackout years 

8253
07:37:01,000 --> 07:37:06,300
safely, gently preparing you for
whatever tomorrow's light will 

8254
07:37:06,300 --> 07:37:08,600
bring. 
Your eyes are growing heavy. 

8255
07:37:09,500 --> 07:37:12,800
Your breath is slowing. 
The darkness around, you is 

8256
07:37:12,800 --> 07:37:15,700
peaceful protective and 
appropriate. 

8257
07:37:16,600 --> 07:37:18,700
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're 

8258
07:37:18,700 --> 07:37:21,100
participating in one of 
Humanity's oldest and most 

8259
07:37:21,108 --> 07:37:24,600
natural practices. 
The darkness is your friend 

8260
07:37:24,600 --> 07:37:28,000
tonight just as it became the 
friend of those who learned to 

8261
07:37:28,000 --> 07:37:32,300
live through the great blackout 
rest easy rest deep rest. 

8262
07:37:32,300 --> 07:37:35,500
Well and when morning comes when
light returns you'll wake 

8263
07:37:35,500 --> 07:37:38,300
refreshed as those blackout 
families woke to another day 

8264
07:37:38,300 --> 07:37:41,800
resilient and adapted and ready 
to continue. 

8265
07:37:42,800 --> 07:37:46,200
For now though, just darkness, 
just quiet, just rest. 

8266
07:37:47,000 --> 07:37:47,600
Sleep. 
Well. 

8267
07:37:53,100 --> 07:37:56,500
Welcome to Tudor England, where 
the approach of Darkness meant 

8268
07:37:56,500 --> 07:37:58,800
something entirely different 
than it does today. 

8269
07:37:59,900 --> 07:38:04,900
Between 1485 and 1603. 
When the sun set over thatched 

8270
07:38:04,900 --> 07:38:09,600
cottages and manor, houses alike
and entire ritual, unfolded, 

8271
07:38:09,600 --> 07:38:12,900
that shaped how people rested 
dreamed and greeted. 

8272
07:38:12,900 --> 07:38:16,500
Each new day to night. 
Will explore the intimate world 

8273
07:38:16,500 --> 07:38:20,500
of Tudor sleep from the moment. 
Twilight descended to the first 

8274
07:38:20,500 --> 07:38:25,400
of dawn, discovering, how your 
ancestors found, rest in an era 

8275
07:38:25,400 --> 07:38:29,100
without electricity central 
heating or any of the modern 

8276
07:38:29,100 --> 07:38:31,300
Comforts, we take for granted 
now. 

8277
07:38:31,300 --> 07:38:34,500
Imagine if you will yourself 
standing in a Tudor Marketplace,

8278
07:38:34,500 --> 07:38:38,600
on a September afternoon and the
light is already changing, the 

8279
07:38:38,600 --> 07:38:40,300
sun, hangs lower than you'd 
expect. 

8280
07:38:40,300 --> 07:38:45,400
For 4:00 casting Long Shadows 
across the cobblestone's around 

8281
07:38:45,400 --> 07:38:47,100
you. 
Merchants are packing up their 

8282
07:38:47,100 --> 07:38:50,900
stalls with increasing urgency. 
And you realize, this isn't just

8283
07:38:50,900 --> 07:38:54,500
about closing shop, it's about 
getting home before the darkness

8284
07:38:54,500 --> 07:38:57,500
arrives in Earnest in Tudor, 
England, and Nightfall wasn't 

8285
07:38:57,500 --> 07:39:01,000
simply an inconvenience to be 
conquered with a I switch it 

8286
07:39:01,000 --> 07:39:05,500
represented a fundamental shift 
in how life operated your body 

8287
07:39:05,500 --> 07:39:09,300
if you'd lived in this era would
have been attuned to the sun's 

8288
07:39:09,300 --> 07:39:12,100
movements in ways that modern 
humans have largely forgotten. 

8289
07:39:13,300 --> 07:39:17,300
The pineal gland in your brain 
responding to decreasing light 

8290
07:39:17,300 --> 07:39:21,100
would begin releasing melatonin 
much earlier than it does today.

8291
07:39:21,100 --> 07:39:25,000
Sometimes, as early as mid after
noon, in winter months, the 

8292
07:39:25,000 --> 07:39:28,800
phrase of Day held literal 
weight shops, shuttered, their 

8293
07:39:28,808 --> 07:39:31,900
Windows families, gathered their
children from Play. 

8294
07:39:31,900 --> 07:39:34,800
Even livestock seem to 
understand the approaching 

8295
07:39:34,800 --> 07:39:38,100
transition making their way 
toward Barnes without much 

8296
07:39:38,100 --> 07:39:41,300
prompting. 
This wasn't fear, exactly, 

8297
07:39:41,300 --> 07:39:44,900
though nighttime did carry 
legitimate concerns about safety

8298
07:39:44,900 --> 07:39:48,500
and navigation. 
Rather it was acceptance of a 

8299
07:39:48,508 --> 07:39:52,100
natural Rhythm that governed 
everything from work, scheduled 

8300
07:39:52,100 --> 07:39:54,200
to meal times to social 
Gatherings. 

8301
07:39:54,200 --> 07:39:57,100
As you walk through a Tudor town
at dusk. 

8302
07:39:57,100 --> 07:40:00,400
You'd notice the sounds changing
the hammering from the 

8303
07:40:00,400 --> 07:40:04,600
blacksmith's Forge false silent.
The calls of Street vendors Fade

8304
07:40:04,600 --> 07:40:07,300
Away in their place. 
Comes a different acoustic 

8305
07:40:07,300 --> 07:40:10,200
landscape. 
The settling of Timber frames as

8306
07:40:10,200 --> 07:40:13,000
building's. 
Cool, the distant bleeding of 

8307
07:40:13,000 --> 07:40:16,000
sheep, being penned for the 
night and the closest sounds of 

8308
07:40:16,000 --> 07:40:17,800
families moving inside their 
homes. 

8309
07:40:18,700 --> 07:40:20,500
Someone nearby is bringing in 
firewood. 

8310
07:40:20,500 --> 07:40:23,800
The logs clunking against each 
other, with that particular 

8311
07:40:23,800 --> 07:40:25,800
Hollow sound. 
That means they've been drying 

8312
07:40:25,800 --> 07:40:29,500
all summer the smell of cooking 
fires intensifies. 

8313
07:40:29,500 --> 07:40:32,400
As you pass houses, where supper
preparations are underway. 

8314
07:40:33,300 --> 07:40:37,200
Smoke curls from chimneys. 
A relatively new feature in 

8315
07:40:37,200 --> 07:40:39,900
Tudor times, actually, there's 
many older buildings still 

8316
07:40:39,900 --> 07:40:42,300
relied on Central halves with 
holes in the roof. 

8317
07:40:43,600 --> 07:40:47,400
The aroma tells you what's for 
dinner in a dozen homes pottage 

8318
07:40:47,400 --> 07:40:49,600
made with whatever vegetables 
came from the garden. 

8319
07:40:49,600 --> 07:40:53,100
Perhaps some salted pork. 
If it's a household with means 

8320
07:40:53,100 --> 07:40:56,900
and bread, baking on half stones
for tomorrow's breakfast, your 

8321
07:40:56,900 --> 07:41:00,000
own household, assuming your 
neither wealthy or destitute 

8322
07:41:00,000 --> 07:41:02,200
operates on a predictable 
schedule. 

8323
07:41:03,300 --> 07:41:05,900
Supper happens while this still 
enough natural light to see your

8324
07:41:05,900 --> 07:41:08,100
food. 
Clearly not out of preference 

8325
07:41:08,100 --> 07:41:11,700
but necessity. 
Candles and rush like cost money

8326
07:41:11,700 --> 07:41:14,200
and you'll need them for the 
essential tasks. 

8327
07:41:14,200 --> 07:41:18,000
That must happen after dark. 
The tower rush like sputter and 

8328
07:41:18,000 --> 07:41:21,000
smoke. 
Giving off a smell that visitors

8329
07:41:21,000 --> 07:41:24,400
from our time would find 
unpleasant, but that Tudor knows

8330
07:41:24,400 --> 07:41:27,900
his barely registered. 
These were decorative elements 

8331
07:41:27,900 --> 07:41:31,300
but practical tools jealously 
guarded and carefully. 

8332
07:41:31,300 --> 07:41:35,100
Rationed children are already 
showing signs of drowsiness much

8333
07:41:35,100 --> 07:41:38,600
earlier than modern kids would 
Without the stimulation of 

8334
07:41:38,608 --> 07:41:41,900
screens or Bright Lights their 
circadian rhythms. 

8335
07:41:41,900 --> 07:41:45,200
Follow ancient patterns. 
You might see a five-year-old. 

8336
07:41:45,200 --> 07:41:47,900
Rubbing her eyes at 6:00. 
Ready for bed. 

8337
07:41:47,900 --> 07:41:49,600
Long before the adults will 
retire. 

8338
07:41:50,300 --> 07:41:52,700
This isn't considered unusual or
problematic. 

8339
07:41:52,700 --> 07:41:56,900
It's simply how children are the
transition from day to night. 

8340
07:41:56,908 --> 07:41:59,400
Carried a certain Comfort 
despite its challenges. 

8341
07:41:59,400 --> 07:42:03,300
There was predictability in the 
routine, a sense that you were 

8342
07:42:03,300 --> 07:42:05,700
doing what countless Generations
before you had done. 

8343
07:42:06,500 --> 07:42:09,300
As Darkness settled more 
completely over the town, you'd 

8344
07:42:09,300 --> 07:42:12,500
begin moving through the rituals
that prepare both house and body

8345
07:42:12,500 --> 07:42:15,100
for sleep. 
Rituals that were as much about 

8346
07:42:15,100 --> 07:42:17,900
psychological preparation as 
physical assess. 

8347
07:42:18,500 --> 07:42:20,500
Chapter 2, the bedchamber 
itself. 

8348
07:42:20,500 --> 07:42:23,800
Let's step into a typical Tudor 
bedroom, though. 

8349
07:42:23,800 --> 07:42:27,100
Typical covers a wide range 
depending on social status. 

8350
07:42:28,100 --> 07:42:31,100
We'll start with a middling 
household prosperous enough to 

8351
07:42:31,100 --> 07:42:34,200
have separate sleeping quarters 
but far from the elaborate 

8352
07:42:34,200 --> 07:42:37,900
Arrangements of nobility. 
Climb a narrow wooden staircase.

8353
07:42:37,900 --> 07:42:41,900
Your hand trailing along, a wall
made of wattle and orb. 

8354
07:42:42,800 --> 07:42:47,200
Woven sticks covered with a 
mixture of mud, clay and straw. 

8355
07:42:48,500 --> 07:42:52,600
The texture onto your fingers is
rough, but solid cool to the 

8356
07:42:52,608 --> 07:42:56,100
touch. 
At the top, you duck slightly 

8357
07:42:56,100 --> 07:42:58,500
through a doorway built for 
people who averaged several 

8358
07:42:58,500 --> 07:43:02,000
inches shorter than modern 
humans though not quite as short

8359
07:43:02,000 --> 07:43:05,200
as myth would have it. 
The average Tudor man, stood 

8360
07:43:05,200 --> 07:43:08,800
around 5 foot 7. 
The average woman about five 

8361
07:43:08,800 --> 07:43:11,200
foot two, the bed chamber isn't 
large. 

8362
07:43:11,200 --> 07:43:14,500
In fact, it strikes you as 
remarkably small by contemporary

8363
07:43:14,500 --> 07:43:19,500
standards, 10 feet by 12 feet, 
and it serves multiple purposes 

8364
07:43:19,500 --> 07:43:23,400
Beyond sleeping against one 
wall, stands, the bed itself, 

8365
07:43:23,400 --> 07:43:28,300
the rooms most valuable piece of
furniture and quite possibly the

8366
07:43:28,300 --> 07:43:30,700
most expensive item. 
The family owns. 

8367
07:43:31,600 --> 07:43:34,400
This isn't a mattress on a frame
from a furniture store. 

8368
07:43:34,400 --> 07:43:38,500
This is a substantial wooden 
structure built to last 

8369
07:43:38,500 --> 07:43:40,000
Generations. 
That will be mentioned 

8370
07:43:40,000 --> 07:43:43,500
specifically in the owners. 
Will the bed frame Rises higher 

8371
07:43:43,500 --> 07:43:46,000
off the floor than you'd expect 
roughly three feet up. 

8372
07:43:46,000 --> 07:43:49,600
There's practical reasoning 
here, elevation provides 

8373
07:43:49,600 --> 07:43:52,900
protection from floor drafts. 
And from the various creatures 

8374
07:43:52,900 --> 07:43:55,200
that might wander across the 
floorboards at night. 

8375
07:43:56,000 --> 07:43:59,700
The space underneath serves as a
storage for chess boxes and 

8376
07:43:59,700 --> 07:44:02,700
sometimes even a trundle bed 
that pulls out for children or 

8377
07:44:02,700 --> 07:44:04,900
servants. 
What catches your attention? 

8378
07:44:04,900 --> 07:44:08,200
Most is the bed itself. 
Particular the mattress 

8379
07:44:08,200 --> 07:44:11,500
situation which operates on a 
principle of layering that would

8380
07:44:11,500 --> 07:44:15,500
make perfect sense to anyone who
understands Insulation at the 

8381
07:44:15,500 --> 07:44:17,600
base. 
It's a canvas sack stuffed with 

8382
07:44:17,600 --> 07:44:21,900
straw quite firmly packed. 
This Foundation layer gets 

8383
07:44:21,900 --> 07:44:25,300
replaced seasonally. 
Fresh straw and Autumn brought a

8384
07:44:25,300 --> 07:44:28,700
particular satisfaction like the
feeling of new rushes on the 

8385
07:44:28,708 --> 07:44:32,900
floor or a newly thatched roof. 
On top of this lies, a second 

8386
07:44:32,900 --> 07:44:36,500
mattress thinner, and stuffed 
with wool, if the household can 

8387
07:44:36,500 --> 07:44:40,600
afford it or more straw mixed 
with dried herbs, if they can't,

8388
07:44:40,600 --> 07:44:44,700
the term mattress itself comes 
from the Arabic word, meaning to

8389
07:44:44,700 --> 07:44:48,200
throw referring to the cushions 
thrown on the floor for 

8390
07:44:48,200 --> 07:44:51,700
sleeping. 
The Tudor beds at evolved well 

8391
07:44:51,700 --> 07:44:54,700
beyond floor. 
Cushions incorporating Knowledge

8392
07:44:54,700 --> 07:44:57,300
from Continental. 
Craftsman about comfort and 

8393
07:44:57,300 --> 07:45:00,900
construction. 
A well-made bed represented a 

8394
07:45:00,900 --> 07:45:04,900
significant investment. 
Perhaps three months of wages 

8395
07:45:04,900 --> 07:45:08,700
for a laborer bed, curtains, 
hang from a wooden frame, and 

8396
07:45:08,700 --> 07:45:11,600
these serve purposes that are 
modern heated bedrooms don't 

8397
07:45:11,600 --> 07:45:15,700
require Heavy wool or linen. 
Curtains sometimes lined with 

8398
07:45:15,700 --> 07:45:19,200
additional fabric for winter 
Creator room within a room. 

8399
07:45:20,100 --> 07:45:24,700
When drawn, they trap body heat 
and provide genuine privacy, and

8400
07:45:24,700 --> 07:45:28,700
homeware privacy was scarce. 
The curtains also block drafts 

8401
07:45:28,700 --> 07:45:31,400
that slip through shuttered 
windows and gaps in walls, 

8402
07:45:31,400 --> 07:45:34,600
making the enclosed space, 
several degrees warmer than the 

8403
07:45:34,600 --> 07:45:37,400
outer room, the curtains aren't 
purely functional. 

8404
07:45:37,400 --> 07:45:41,300
They carry social meaning to 
their quality and decoration 

8405
07:45:41,300 --> 07:45:43,500
announced status to anyone who 
enters the room. 

8406
07:45:44,500 --> 07:45:47,600
Wealthy households might have 
curtains embroidered with family

8407
07:45:47,600 --> 07:45:51,400
crests or biblical scenes. 
Middling families, might add 

8408
07:45:51,400 --> 07:45:54,600
simple, geometric patterns, or 
contrasting colored trim. 

8409
07:45:55,500 --> 07:45:58,800
Even modest households try to 
manage something Beyond plain 

8410
07:45:58,800 --> 07:46:03,000
undyed fabric. 
Perhaps adding bands of color at

8411
07:46:03,000 --> 07:46:07,100
the Edge's or simple embroidered
flowers near the opening bed 

8412
07:46:07,100 --> 07:46:09,500
linens, tell another story about
Tudor life. 

8413
07:46:09,500 --> 07:46:14,700
If your fortunate enough to have
sheets they made of flax woven 

8414
07:46:14,700 --> 07:46:17,800
into cloth that started out 
quite rough, but softened with 

8415
07:46:17,800 --> 07:46:22,500
repeated washing Cotton is 
exotic and expensive, imported 

8416
07:46:22,500 --> 07:46:26,300
from great distances. 
Silk is for the truly wealthy 

8417
07:46:26,300 --> 07:46:29,400
your sheets. 
Assuming you have them rather 

8418
07:46:29,400 --> 07:46:32,800
than sleeping directly on the 
wall mattress cover, get washed 

8419
07:46:32,800 --> 07:46:36,200
perhaps once a month or every 
six weeks depending on the 

8420
07:46:36,200 --> 07:46:39,700
season and available water, the 
pillow under your head contains 

8421
07:46:39,700 --> 07:46:43,200
feathers, if your prosperous or 
wool or buckwheat hulls, if 

8422
07:46:43,200 --> 07:46:46,100
you're not Multiple pillows are 
a luxury. 

8423
07:46:46,100 --> 07:46:50,100
Most people make do with one and
it's not unusual for two people.

8424
07:46:50,100 --> 07:46:53,900
Sharing a bed to share a single 
pillow as well. pillowcase 

8425
07:46:53,900 --> 07:46:57,100
called a pillow bear gets 
washed, more frequently than 

8426
07:46:57,100 --> 07:47:00,600
sheets, because your face 
touches it, nightly blankets and

8427
07:47:00,600 --> 07:47:03,700
coverlets complete, the bedding 
and here again, we see that 

8428
07:47:03,700 --> 07:47:07,900
principle of layering A linen 
sheet, goes over the sleeper, 

8429
07:47:07,900 --> 07:47:12,000
then wool blanket. 
Then perhaps a coverlet, a 

8430
07:47:12,000 --> 07:47:15,000
decorative woven or embroidered 
covering that is as much about 

8431
07:47:15,000 --> 07:47:18,400
display as warmth. 
In Winter, you might have a 

8432
07:47:18,400 --> 07:47:21,600
Furrow added to the pile rabbit 
or lambskin. 

8433
07:47:21,600 --> 07:47:25,300
If your moderately prosperous or
expensive, imported Furs, if 

8434
07:47:25,300 --> 07:47:27,400
your wealthy. 
The room contains other 

8435
07:47:27,400 --> 07:47:29,700
Furniture though, not much by 
modern standards. 

8436
07:47:30,800 --> 07:47:34,100
A chest sits at the foot of the 
bed holding clothing and linens.

8437
07:47:35,200 --> 07:47:37,700
This chest, probably traveled 
here with the wife when she 

8438
07:47:37,700 --> 07:47:40,900
married as part of her Dowry and
it might be the only piece of 

8439
07:47:40,908 --> 07:47:43,900
furniture. 
She truly owned outright a small

8440
07:47:43,900 --> 07:47:47,500
table near, the bed holds candle
in a holder, perhaps a cup of 

8441
07:47:47,508 --> 07:47:50,000
water or ale, or maybe a prayer 
book. 

8442
07:47:50,000 --> 07:47:53,500
If the household is literate and
devout enough to own one pegs on

8443
07:47:53,508 --> 07:47:56,600
the wall, hold clothing. 
The concept of a closet or 

8444
07:47:56,600 --> 07:47:58,800
wardrobe belongs mainly to the 
very wealthy. 

8445
07:47:59,500 --> 07:48:02,100
Your few garments. 
Hang on these wooden pegs and 

8446
07:48:02,100 --> 07:48:05,200
you're careful with them because
cloth represents significant 

8447
07:48:05,200 --> 07:48:08,600
expense and labor. 
That wool gown hanging by the 

8448
07:48:08,600 --> 07:48:10,300
door, took a shepherd's year of 
work. 

8449
07:48:10,300 --> 07:48:14,700
A sheerer skill a Spinner's 
hours at the wheel, a Weaver's 

8450
07:48:14,700 --> 07:48:17,900
time at the loom and a Tailor's,
expertise with needle and 

8451
07:48:17,900 --> 07:48:20,200
thread. 
You don't treat it carelessly, 

8452
07:48:20,200 --> 07:48:24,300
the floor might be wood planks 
or packed Earth depending on the

8453
07:48:24,300 --> 07:48:27,600
House's age and the owners 
means, either way, it's covered 

8454
07:48:27,600 --> 07:48:31,900
with rushes long grasses, strewn
across the surface that serve as

8455
07:48:31,900 --> 07:48:35,700
a combination Floor Covering 
insulation and waste absorption 

8456
07:48:35,700 --> 07:48:38,700
system. 
Fresh rushes smell green and 

8457
07:48:38,700 --> 07:48:43,500
pleasant old rushes due for 
changing smell of all the things

8458
07:48:43,500 --> 07:48:45,500
that have fallen into them over 
weeks or months. 

8459
07:48:46,500 --> 07:48:50,100
You'd notice it immediately, but
Judah noses were acclimated to 

8460
07:48:50,100 --> 07:48:53,300
organic smells that modern 
sensibilities, find challenging 

8461
07:48:53,300 --> 07:48:57,300
a window quite small by modern 
standards sits high in one wall,

8462
07:48:57,300 --> 07:49:01,900
it has shutters but no glass 
windows, remain expensive and 

8463
07:49:01,900 --> 07:49:04,500
mainly appear in the homes of 
the wealthy or in churches. 

8464
07:49:04,500 --> 07:49:08,300
When shutters closed at night, 
they block wind and rain but 

8465
07:49:08,300 --> 07:49:11,600
also all light and fresh air. 
So there's a constant 

8466
07:49:11,600 --> 07:49:15,700
negotiation between warmth and 
ventilation between security and

8467
07:49:15,700 --> 07:49:18,400
stuffiness. 
The walls might have a religious

8468
07:49:18,400 --> 07:49:21,700
image or two woodblock. 
Prints of saints are affordable,

8469
07:49:21,700 --> 07:49:25,800
even for modest households A 
crucifix hangs near the bed 

8470
07:49:25,800 --> 07:49:28,200
placed where you'll see it 
lasting at night. 

8471
07:49:28,200 --> 07:49:31,100
And first thing in the morning, 
a reminder of spiritual 

8472
07:49:31,100 --> 07:49:33,600
protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep. 

8473
07:49:33,600 --> 07:49:37,600
This room represents safety, 
privacy and rest in a world 

8474
07:49:37,608 --> 07:49:39,300
where all three are precious 
Commodities. 

8475
07:49:39,300 --> 07:49:43,400
It's not merely a place to 
sleep, but a sanctuary from the 

8476
07:49:43,400 --> 07:49:46,800
demand of daylight, the 
observation of neighbors, and 

8477
07:49:46,800 --> 07:49:50,700
the requirements of work. 
Within these walls, with those 

8478
07:49:50,700 --> 07:49:55,300
curtains drawn, you can be 
simply yourself free temporarily

8479
07:49:55,300 --> 07:49:58,100
from the social roles and 
expectations that govern 

8480
07:49:58,100 --> 07:50:02,100
behavior in the public sphere. 
Chapter 3, who sleeps, where the

8481
07:50:02,100 --> 07:50:04,200
question of sleeping 
Arrangements in Tudor England, 

8482
07:50:04,200 --> 07:50:07,600
reveals, much about social 
structure, family, Dynamics, and

8483
07:50:07,600 --> 07:50:11,000
practical necessities. 
The modern assumption, that each

8484
07:50:11,000 --> 07:50:15,200
person deserves their own bed, 
let alone their own room would 

8485
07:50:15,200 --> 07:50:18,800
strike Tudor Minds as bizarre 
and rather wasteful in your 

8486
07:50:18,800 --> 07:50:20,900
middle household. 
The sleeping Arrangements, 

8487
07:50:20,900 --> 07:50:22,500
operate on a clear higher 
Archie. 

8488
07:50:23,200 --> 07:50:24,800
Master and Mistress of the 
house. 

8489
07:50:24,800 --> 07:50:28,000
Share the main bed chamber. 
We've just explored this 

8490
07:50:28,000 --> 07:50:30,000
represents both privilege and 
responsibility. 

8491
07:50:30,000 --> 07:50:32,300
Their bed is the good one. 
Yes. 

8492
07:50:32,300 --> 07:50:36,000
But there are also expected to 
manage household Affairs, which 

8493
07:50:36,000 --> 07:50:39,100
means they might be woken by 
servants reporting problems at 

8494
07:50:39,100 --> 07:50:42,400
any our children sleeping 
Arrangements, depend on age and 

8495
07:50:42,400 --> 07:50:44,900
gender. 
Young children, regardless of 

8496
07:50:44,900 --> 07:50:46,900
sex, might share a bed in a 
separate chamber. 

8497
07:50:46,900 --> 07:50:50,600
If the house has one or sleep in
the same room as their parents 

8498
07:50:50,600 --> 07:50:54,900
in smaller homes, Trundle beds, 
slides under the main bed during

8499
07:50:54,900 --> 07:50:56,900
the day and pulls out at night 
for children. 

8500
07:50:57,900 --> 07:51:01,200
This works reasonably well until
the children reach a certain age

8501
07:51:01,200 --> 07:51:04,100
at which point gender 
segregation becomes important 

8502
07:51:04,100 --> 07:51:07,100
for modesty older. 
Boys, might sleep in an attic 

8503
07:51:07,100 --> 07:51:10,300
space or in an outbuilding. 
While older girls typically 

8504
07:51:10,300 --> 07:51:13,900
remain in the house, proper 
under closest supervision This 

8505
07:51:13,900 --> 07:51:16,900
isn't uniform across all 
households practical 

8506
07:51:16,900 --> 07:51:19,800
considerations often override 
ideal Arrangements. 

8507
07:51:19,800 --> 07:51:23,300
If you only have one chamber, 
everyone sleeps there and 

8508
07:51:23,300 --> 07:51:26,400
whatever configuration makes 
sense, servants present. 

8509
07:51:26,400 --> 07:51:29,600
Another layer of sleeping 
Logistics in larger households 

8510
07:51:29,600 --> 07:51:33,300
servants, might have their own 
quarters often, quite cramped 

8511
07:51:33,300 --> 07:51:35,500
Chambers in attics or over out 
building. 

8512
07:51:36,500 --> 07:51:39,700
In smaller, establishments, a 
serving girl might sleep in the 

8513
07:51:39,700 --> 07:51:41,800
Kitchen. 
Near the dying fire or at the 

8514
07:51:41,808 --> 07:51:45,100
foot of her mistress's bed. 
Or in the same room with the 

8515
07:51:45,100 --> 07:51:49,800
children, she helps tend. 
Male servants might bed down in 

8516
07:51:49,800 --> 07:51:53,700
Stables, workshops or any 
available space that offers some

8517
07:51:53,700 --> 07:51:57,400
shelter, the concept of servants
sleeping in the same rooms as 

8518
07:51:57,408 --> 07:52:01,400
their employers strikes, modern 
sensibilities as strange, but 

8519
07:52:01,400 --> 07:52:04,300
Tudor households, operated more 
communally than ours. 

8520
07:52:05,200 --> 07:52:09,000
Privacy was less about physical 
separation and more about social

8521
07:52:09,000 --> 07:52:11,900
understanding. 
You pretended not to notice 

8522
07:52:11,900 --> 07:52:15,300
certain things and others 
extended the same courtesy to 

8523
07:52:15,300 --> 07:52:17,900
you bed. 
Sharing was utterly normal 

8524
07:52:17,900 --> 07:52:21,000
across all social classes, two 
or three children. 

8525
07:52:21,000 --> 07:52:24,500
Commonly shared a bed and this 
Arrangement continued well into 

8526
07:52:24,500 --> 07:52:26,300
adulthood for unmarried 
sibling's. 

8527
07:52:27,100 --> 07:52:30,100
Adult guests might share beds 
with household members of the 

8528
07:52:30,100 --> 07:52:33,100
same sex without anyone thinking
twice about it. 

8529
07:52:33,900 --> 07:52:37,900
When ins advertised beds, they 
often meant spaces in beds. 

8530
07:52:37,900 --> 07:52:41,100
You might find yourself sharing 
with a stranger though. 

8531
07:52:41,100 --> 07:52:44,000
In Keepers tried to pair people 
of similar, apparent status, 

8532
07:52:44,000 --> 07:52:47,900
this proximity, didn't generally
carry romantic implications, 

8533
07:52:47,900 --> 07:52:53,300
bed, sharing was practical, beds
cost money bed, linens cost, 

8534
07:52:53,300 --> 07:52:58,300
money heating, multiple rooms 
cost money and besides shared 

8535
07:52:58,300 --> 07:53:02,000
body heat, kept everyone. 
Warmer People slept in their 

8536
07:53:02,000 --> 07:53:06,600
undergarments not naked as many 
modern people do which provided 

8537
07:53:06,600 --> 07:53:10,300
a basic layer of modesty. 
The wealthy had more options but

8538
07:53:10,300 --> 07:53:14,000
didn't necessarily choose 
solitude A nobleman in his wife,

8539
07:53:14,000 --> 07:53:16,900
might have separate bed Chambers
but this was often about 

8540
07:53:16,900 --> 07:53:19,500
creating private spaces for 
entertaining, guests of their 

8541
07:53:19,500 --> 07:53:21,500
own sex rather than avoiding 
each other. 

8542
07:53:22,600 --> 07:53:25,100
The lady might receive female 
friends in her chamber. 

8543
07:53:25,100 --> 07:53:28,000
During the day, while the 
gentleman used his for business,

8544
07:53:28,000 --> 07:53:31,400
meeting or entertaining other 
men, great households had 

8545
07:53:31,400 --> 07:53:34,800
elaborate sleeping hierarchies, 
the Lord and Lady had their 

8546
07:53:34,800 --> 07:53:38,800
private Chambers. 
Yes, but these rooms opened onto

8547
07:53:38,800 --> 07:53:42,400
others, were personal servants, 
slept ready to assist at a 

8548
07:53:42,400 --> 07:53:45,600
moment's notice. 
A lady made Might sleep in a 

8549
07:53:45,600 --> 07:53:49,300
small chamber joining her Mrs. 
Room literally on call 

8550
07:53:49,300 --> 07:53:52,800
throughout the night. 
The gentleman's valet had 

8551
07:53:52,800 --> 07:53:56,900
similar Arrangements apprentices
in merchant or craft households 

8552
07:53:56,900 --> 07:53:58,600
presented their own sleeping 
puzzle. 

8553
07:53:58,600 --> 07:54:03,000
They were neither family nor 
exactly servants occupying an 

8554
07:54:03,000 --> 07:54:06,300
ambiguous middle status. 
Typically they slept in the 

8555
07:54:06,300 --> 07:54:09,900
workshop itself or in the 
chamber above it, the present 

8556
07:54:09,900 --> 07:54:13,600
serving partly, a security 
against theft, the relationship 

8557
07:54:13,600 --> 07:54:16,900
between master and Apprentice 
included and understanding that 

8558
07:54:16,900 --> 07:54:19,000
the master would provide bed and
board. 

8559
07:54:19,700 --> 07:54:22,100
So the apprentices sleeping 
Arrangements were part of the 

8560
07:54:22,100 --> 07:54:24,800
contract babies and very young 
children. 

8561
07:54:24,800 --> 07:54:28,400
Often slept in cradles near 
their parents bed, close enough,

8562
07:54:28,400 --> 07:54:30,700
that a mother could reach out 
and rock the cradle without 

8563
07:54:30,700 --> 07:54:33,400
getting up. 
Some cradles were designed to 

8564
07:54:33,400 --> 07:54:36,600
hook onto the main bed frame, 
keeping the infant literally 

8565
07:54:36,600 --> 07:54:40,700
within Arms Reach. 
Wet nurse is employed in 

8566
07:54:40,700 --> 07:54:43,800
wealthier families. 
Might sleep with the infant in a

8567
07:54:43,800 --> 07:54:46,000
separate room. 
Essentially, taking over 

8568
07:54:46,000 --> 07:54:48,400
nighttime parenting duties. 
So the mother could rest 

8569
07:54:48,400 --> 07:54:52,000
undisturbed the danger of 
overlaying, accidentally 

8570
07:54:52,000 --> 07:54:54,300
smothering. 
An infant while sleeping was 

8571
07:54:54,300 --> 07:54:56,600
well, recognized and genuinely 
feared. 

8572
07:54:57,600 --> 07:55:01,200
Some parishes kept records of 
these deaths and moralists 

8573
07:55:01,200 --> 07:55:04,000
preached against parents 
bringing babies into their beds 

8574
07:55:04,000 --> 07:55:06,300
though. 
Necessity often, overload 

8575
07:55:06,300 --> 07:55:09,700
cautioning, cold weather. 
Or when a child was sick as 

8576
07:55:09,700 --> 07:55:12,400
children, grew their sleeping 
locations tracked, their 

8577
07:55:12,400 --> 07:55:14,600
increasing Independence and 
changing roles. 

8578
07:55:15,600 --> 07:55:18,500
A boy approaching apprenticeship
age might move out of the family

8579
07:55:18,500 --> 07:55:21,900
sleeping quarters as preparation
for his coming departure from 

8580
07:55:21,900 --> 07:55:24,700
home. 
A girl approaching marriageable 

8581
07:55:24,700 --> 07:55:26,500
age needed increased 
supervision. 

8582
07:55:26,500 --> 07:55:29,500
So her sleeping Arrangements 
might actually become less 

8583
07:55:29,500 --> 07:55:32,300
independent. 
Moving closer to parental 

8584
07:55:32,300 --> 07:55:35,800
oversight elderly, family 
members presented, yet another 

8585
07:55:35,800 --> 07:55:39,300
consideration, grandparents, who
could no longer maintain their 

8586
07:55:39,300 --> 07:55:41,500
own households like move in. 
With that. 

8587
07:55:41,500 --> 07:55:44,400
Adult children, requiring 
adjustments, to sleeping 

8588
07:55:44,400 --> 07:55:47,400
Arrangements, a grandmother 
might share a bed with 

8589
07:55:47,400 --> 07:55:51,200
granddaughter's both providing 
supervision and receiving care. 

8590
07:55:52,200 --> 07:55:54,800
A grandfather might bet down 
near the fire on the ground 

8591
07:55:54,800 --> 07:55:56,700
floor of climbing stairs became 
difficult. 

8592
07:55:56,700 --> 07:56:00,500
During play Gears or times of 
illness sleeping, Arrangement 

8593
07:56:00,500 --> 07:56:04,100
shifted dramatically. 
The sick were isolated as much 

8594
07:56:04,100 --> 07:56:07,500
as possible though, isolation in
a Tudor house meant something 

8595
07:56:07,500 --> 07:56:10,400
different than it does. 
Now, perhaps sleeping alone in a

8596
07:56:10,408 --> 07:56:14,000
chamber rather than sharing a 
bed with the door closed to 

8597
07:56:14,000 --> 07:56:17,100
contain contagious Vapors, that 
medical Theory, blamed for 

8598
07:56:17,100 --> 07:56:20,600
spreading disease seasonal, 
variations affected sleeping 

8599
07:56:20,600 --> 07:56:24,200
locations, too in summer, some 
people move their sleeping 

8600
07:56:24,200 --> 07:56:27,600
pallets to cooler locations, 
perhaps a chamber on the north 

8601
07:56:27,600 --> 07:56:31,200
side of the house or even into 
Guardians for the truly wealthy 

8602
07:56:31,200 --> 07:56:35,400
with secure properties. 
In Winter, everyone contracted 

8603
07:56:35,400 --> 07:56:39,000
into the warmest rooms accepting
crowding and exchange for warmth

8604
07:56:39,000 --> 07:56:42,500
all these Arrangements operated 
under unspoken rules about 

8605
07:56:42,500 --> 07:56:45,200
hierarchy modesty and mutual 
respect. 

8606
07:56:46,200 --> 07:56:48,900
You knew where you ranked in the
household by where you slept 

8607
07:56:48,900 --> 07:56:52,100
what you slept on and whom you 
slept near. 

8608
07:56:53,400 --> 07:56:56,800
The social order that structured
Waking, Life continued into the 

8609
07:56:56,808 --> 07:57:01,200
night reflected in, who got the 
good mattress, the wool blankets

8610
07:57:01,200 --> 07:57:04,000
and the spot. 
Father, this from drafty Windows

8611
07:57:04,000 --> 07:57:08,500
chapter 4 preparing for Sleep. 
The transition from Waking Life 

8612
07:57:08,500 --> 07:57:11,500
to sleep in Tudor England 
involved rituals both practical 

8613
07:57:11,500 --> 07:57:14,200
and spiritual. 
A series of actions that 

8614
07:57:14,200 --> 07:57:17,300
prepared body home and soul for 
the vulnerable hours of 

8615
07:57:17,300 --> 07:57:20,500
Darkness, your evening routine 
begins, while some light Still 

8616
07:57:20,500 --> 07:57:23,600
Remains first, comes the task of
securing the house. 

8617
07:57:23,600 --> 07:57:26,800
Checking that shutters are 
fastened doors, a barred. 

8618
07:57:26,800 --> 07:57:28,700
And anything valuable is put 
away. 

8619
07:57:29,500 --> 07:57:33,500
This isn't paranoia but prudent 
caution without streetlights or 

8620
07:57:33,500 --> 07:57:35,400
night watches in smaller 
communities. 

8621
07:57:35,400 --> 07:57:38,600
Darkness provides cover. 
For those with bad intention. 

8622
07:57:38,600 --> 07:57:41,500
You check the fire. 
Making sure it's banked properly

8623
07:57:41,500 --> 07:57:44,700
for the night. 
Letting a fire go completely out

8624
07:57:44,700 --> 07:57:48,500
was a serious inconvenience. 
Requiring, you to either restart

8625
07:57:48,500 --> 07:57:52,400
it from scratch using flint and 
steel, a time-consuming process 

8626
07:57:52,400 --> 07:57:55,900
or send someone to a neighbor to
fetch live colds in the morning.

8627
07:57:56,700 --> 07:57:59,200
Most households kept fires 
burning continuously. 

8628
07:57:59,200 --> 07:58:04,300
Sometimes for years carefully 
maintained day and night banking

8629
07:58:04,300 --> 07:58:06,100
a fire involves covering the 
burning. 

8630
07:58:06,100 --> 07:58:09,600
Coals with ashes to slow 
combustion while keeping them 

8631
07:58:09,600 --> 07:58:13,000
alive until morning. 
It's a skill that takes practice

8632
07:58:13,000 --> 07:58:17,000
to get right too much Ash and 
you smother the fire completely 

8633
07:58:17,000 --> 07:58:20,200
too little and you burn through 
your wood stores. 

8634
07:58:20,200 --> 07:58:24,400
Wastefully a well banked fire. 
Should still show red Embers 

8635
07:58:24,400 --> 07:58:28,000
when uncovered at dawn ready to 
spring back to life with fresh 

8636
07:58:28,000 --> 07:58:30,500
wood? 
And a bit of bellows work water 

8637
07:58:30,500 --> 07:58:33,500
gets hold inside for morning 
needs if your house doesn't have

8638
07:58:33,500 --> 07:58:36,700
an indoor, well or convenient, 
rain barrel, In winter. 

8639
07:58:36,700 --> 07:58:39,700
This prevents you from having to
break ice to access water at 

8640
07:58:39,700 --> 07:58:42,600
dawn. 
A bucket or pitcher sits ready 

8641
07:58:42,600 --> 07:58:45,200
near the fire where the 
remaining heat keeps it from 

8642
07:58:45,200 --> 07:58:48,400
freezing solid in the coldest 
months prayers, Foreman, 

8643
07:58:48,400 --> 07:58:52,100
essential part of the bed time 
routine, even in households that

8644
07:58:52,100 --> 07:58:54,800
aren't particularly devout 
during the day night time 

8645
07:58:54,800 --> 07:58:56,600
prayers. 
Serve important psychological 

8646
07:58:56,600 --> 07:58:59,300
functions. 
They Mark the transition from 

8647
07:58:59,300 --> 07:59:03,600
active to resting States invoke 
protection during the vulnerable

8648
07:59:03,600 --> 07:59:06,800
hours of sleep and they 
reinforced the moral framework 

8649
07:59:06,800 --> 07:59:09,600
that governs daily life in 
Catholic homes. 

8650
07:59:09,600 --> 07:59:13,100
Before the Reformation, the 
rosary might be recited as a 

8651
07:59:13,100 --> 07:59:16,000
family. 
After England breaks from Rome, 

8652
07:59:16,000 --> 07:59:19,800
Protestant prayers, replaced 
Catholic ones though, the basic 

8653
07:59:19,800 --> 07:59:23,600
Rhythm remains similar, a formal
acknowledgment of dependence on 

8654
07:59:23,608 --> 07:59:25,300
Divine protection, through the 
night. 

8655
07:59:26,200 --> 07:59:28,500
Children, learn prayers, 
specifically designed for 

8656
07:59:28,500 --> 07:59:31,900
bedtime asking angels to guard 
them while they sleep 

8657
07:59:31,900 --> 07:59:34,300
requesting. 
They wake to see another day 

8658
07:59:34,300 --> 07:59:37,800
personal hygiene before bed is 
less elaborate than modern 

8659
07:59:37,800 --> 07:59:41,800
routines, but not non-existent 
You might rinse your face and 

8660
07:59:41,800 --> 07:59:45,700
hands with water from a basin, 
using a cloth to wipe away the 

8661
07:59:45,700 --> 07:59:47,800
days, accumulation of dirt and 
sweat. 

8662
07:59:48,900 --> 07:59:52,100
Teeth cleaning when it happens, 
involves rubbing them with a 

8663
07:59:52,100 --> 07:59:57,500
cloth dipped in salt or a me of 
herbs, toothbrushes exist but 

8664
07:59:57,500 --> 08:00:00,600
aren't common. 
Their novel items expensive and 

8665
08:00:00,600 --> 08:00:04,600
not yet considered essential 
hair gets attention especially 

8666
08:00:04,600 --> 08:00:07,600
for women. 
Long hair warned, by most 

8667
08:00:07,600 --> 08:00:11,300
females, regardless of age needs
brushing or combing to remove 

8668
08:00:11,300 --> 08:00:13,600
Tangles and debris accumulated 
during the day. 

8669
08:00:14,500 --> 08:00:18,500
This serves practical purposes, 
untangling is easier when done 

8670
08:00:18,500 --> 08:00:22,100
daily and aesthetic ones as 
women take pride in maintaining 

8671
08:00:22,100 --> 08:00:24,700
healthy hair, even though it 
remains covered in public 

8672
08:00:24,700 --> 08:00:27,100
nightclubs. 
And Tudor England aren't what 

8673
08:00:27,100 --> 08:00:29,700
you might imagine. 
There's no such thing as pajamas

8674
08:00:29,700 --> 08:00:32,600
in the modern sense. 
Instead you sleep in your 

8675
08:00:32,600 --> 08:00:36,200
undergarments your shift if 
you're a woman, your shirt. 

8676
08:00:36,208 --> 08:00:40,100
If you're a man, these linen 
garments worn under your outer 

8677
08:00:40,100 --> 08:00:43,600
clothes during the day become 
nightwear after you remove 

8678
08:00:43,600 --> 08:00:46,200
everything else. 
They're washed more frequently 

8679
08:00:46,200 --> 08:00:49,700
than outer garments because they
absorb body oils and sweat 

8680
08:00:49,700 --> 08:00:52,300
directly. 
The wealthy might own specific 

8681
08:00:52,300 --> 08:00:57,000
sleeping shifts made of finer 
linen but this is a luxury Most 

8682
08:00:57,000 --> 08:00:59,600
people make do with the same 
undergarments day and night. 

8683
08:00:59,600 --> 08:01:02,200
Perhaps changing them once or 
twice a week. 

8684
08:01:02,200 --> 08:01:06,100
More often in summer less often 
in winter when washing and 

8685
08:01:06,100 --> 08:01:07,900
drying laundry. 
Becomes more challenging 

8686
08:01:07,900 --> 08:01:11,700
nightcaps, serve important 
functions for women. 

8687
08:01:11,700 --> 08:01:14,400
They keep hair contained and 
clean for men and women. 

8688
08:01:14,400 --> 08:01:17,200
Both they provide warmth. 
Substantial. 

8689
08:01:17,200 --> 08:01:20,500
He to escape through your head 
and a good linen or Wool Cap 

8690
08:01:20,500 --> 08:01:23,500
helps retain it. 
You'd know more sleep without a 

8691
08:01:23,500 --> 08:01:26,500
nightcap than you'd sleep 
without a blanket, except 

8692
08:01:26,500 --> 08:01:29,300
perhaps during the hottest 
summer nights, checking on 

8693
08:01:29,300 --> 08:01:31,100
children becomes part of the 
evening. 

8694
08:01:31,100 --> 08:01:34,300
Routine, you make sure young 
ones have relieved themselves 

8695
08:01:34,300 --> 08:01:38,400
chamber pots, sit under beds or 
in corners for nighttime use 

8696
08:01:39,200 --> 08:01:42,200
Because venturing outside the 
privy and darkness isn't 

8697
08:01:42,200 --> 08:01:44,600
appealing. 
You settle any last minute, 

8698
08:01:44,608 --> 08:01:48,600
needs car, many fears about 
Darkness or strange sounds and 

8699
08:01:48,600 --> 08:01:52,000
pull blankets up around small, 
shoulders in larger households 

8700
08:01:52,000 --> 08:01:53,900
servants. 
Perform, a final round of 

8701
08:01:53,900 --> 08:01:56,400
Duties. 
The empty chamber pots from the 

8702
08:01:56,400 --> 08:01:58,900
day, carry up pictures of water 
for morning. 

8703
08:01:58,900 --> 08:02:02,300
Make sure Rush, lights are 
safely, extinguished, and check 

8704
08:02:02,300 --> 08:02:05,100
that the household's dog is 
inside, or outside, depending on

8705
08:02:05,100 --> 08:02:08,300
its role guard, dog, stay 
outside and lap dogs. 

8706
08:02:08,300 --> 08:02:11,700
Come in some households, engage 
in a practice called reading in 

8707
08:02:11,700 --> 08:02:14,200
bed, though. 
This is limited to those who can

8708
08:02:14,200 --> 08:02:16,400
read and can afford candles or 
oil lamps. 

8709
08:02:17,500 --> 08:02:21,400
Religious texts are most common.
Psalms devotional works and 

8710
08:02:21,400 --> 08:02:23,100
lives of saints before the 
Reformation. 

8711
08:02:24,600 --> 08:02:27,500
Reading serves both spiritual 
edification and practical 

8712
08:02:27,500 --> 08:02:30,000
purposes. 
As the ice training work of 

8713
08:02:30,000 --> 08:02:34,000
reading by Paul light naturally,
induces sleepiness conversation 

8714
08:02:34,000 --> 08:02:36,500
happens too though. 
Not the late night discussions 

8715
08:02:36,500 --> 08:02:40,700
in the age of electric lights. 
Married couples might review the

8716
08:02:40,700 --> 08:02:44,300
days of events plan, tomorrow's 
tasks and discuss children or 

8717
08:02:44,300 --> 08:02:47,500
household concerns. 
But these talks wind down 

8718
08:02:47,500 --> 08:02:51,100
relatively quickly, candles cost
money and tomorrow begins early.

8719
08:02:51,100 --> 08:02:55,500
Finally, you climb into bed, a 
process that requires a bit of 

8720
08:02:55,508 --> 08:02:59,800
coordination in the beds height.
Wooden steps or a small stool, 

8721
08:02:59,800 --> 08:03:02,300
might assist, or you simply 
clamber up. 

8722
08:03:02,900 --> 08:03:05,900
The bed curtains closed ceiling 
you into your private domain. 

8723
08:03:05,900 --> 08:03:09,400
The remaining light gets 
extinguished a rush light, 

8724
08:03:09,400 --> 08:03:12,500
snuffed a candle blown out. 
Darkness settling, completely 

8725
08:03:12,500 --> 08:03:14,900
the bed itself. 
Feels different from Modern 

8726
08:03:14,900 --> 08:03:17,000
mattresses. 
It's firm. 

8727
08:03:17,000 --> 08:03:20,600
Not soft, and it can forms to 
your body's weight rather than 

8728
08:03:20,600 --> 08:03:24,000
cushioning you above it. 
The straw beneath Russells with 

8729
08:03:24,000 --> 08:03:27,100
every movement? 
The wool or linen against your 

8730
08:03:27,100 --> 08:03:31,000
skin, carries the smell of the 
household would smoke cooking. 

8731
08:03:31,000 --> 08:03:34,800
The herbs scattered amongst 
stored Linens and the general 

8732
08:03:34,800 --> 08:03:39,700
organic Center of daily life you
lie on your side most likely or 

8733
08:03:39,700 --> 08:03:43,400
on your back with knees bent 
Sleeping positions recommended 

8734
08:03:43,400 --> 08:03:47,000
by medical Authority is who had 
opinions about which positions 

8735
08:03:47,000 --> 08:03:50,400
promoted health, and which 
encouraged bad dreams or 

8736
08:03:50,400 --> 08:03:53,300
illness. 
Whether people actually followed

8737
08:03:53,300 --> 08:03:56,900
this advice is debatable, but 
the existence of such guidelines

8738
08:03:56,900 --> 08:04:01,100
shows that even sleep positions.
Carried cultural meaning chapter

8739
08:04:01,100 --> 08:04:04,100
5, the pattern of two sleeps, 
one of the most surprising 

8740
08:04:04,100 --> 08:04:08,200
aspects of Tudor sleep habits. 
At least a modern mine's is the 

8741
08:04:08,200 --> 08:04:12,300
practice of segmented sleep. 
What historians call First, 

8742
08:04:12,300 --> 08:04:16,400
sleep and second sleep separated
by a quiet waking period, in the

8743
08:04:16,408 --> 08:04:19,200
middle of the night. 
You fall asleep shortly after 

8744
08:04:19,200 --> 08:04:23,600
full, Darkness arrives exhausted
from a day of physical labor or 

8745
08:04:23,600 --> 08:04:27,200
household management. 
That first sleep comes easily, 

8746
08:04:27,200 --> 08:04:31,900
your body surrendering to 
fatigue, melatonin flooding your

8747
08:04:31,900 --> 08:04:34,200
system, unchecked by artificial 
light. 

8748
08:04:34,900 --> 08:04:39,100
You sleep deeply dreamless, or 
with the vivid dreams that 

8749
08:04:39,100 --> 08:04:41,300
accompanied the first sleep 
cycle of the night. 

8750
08:04:41,300 --> 08:04:45,000
Then, somewhere around midnight,
or one in the morning, you wake 

8751
08:04:45,000 --> 08:04:47,700
up. 
This isn't insomnia or a sleep 

8752
08:04:47,700 --> 08:04:49,700
disorder. 
It's a natural pattern 

8753
08:04:49,700 --> 08:04:51,600
documented across Europe in this
period. 

8754
08:04:52,400 --> 08:04:56,000
Your eyes open in the darkness 
and your mind, surfaces from 

8755
08:04:56,000 --> 08:04:59,200
sleep into a peculiar state of 
calm wakefulness. 

8756
08:05:00,200 --> 08:05:03,400
You're not anxious or Restless, 
you'll simply awake. 

8757
08:05:03,400 --> 08:05:07,500
This quiet hour or two between 
sleep served various purposes in

8758
08:05:07,500 --> 08:05:10,400
Tudor life. 
Some people use it for prayer or

8759
08:05:10,400 --> 08:05:14,100
meditation considering it a 
spiritually significant time 

8760
08:05:14,100 --> 08:05:17,300
when the barrier between Earthly
and divine, might be thinner. 

8761
08:05:18,700 --> 08:05:21,200
Prayers during this interval, 
were thought to carry special 

8762
08:05:21,200 --> 08:05:25,300
power and some religious manuals
included prayers specifically 

8763
08:05:25,300 --> 08:05:29,200
designated for the midnight. 
Watch married, couples might use

8764
08:05:29,200 --> 08:05:31,500
this time for intimate 
conversation or love making. 

8765
08:05:32,300 --> 08:05:35,700
With children and servant 
sleeping with daily precious 

8766
08:05:35,700 --> 08:05:38,400
suspended. 
The interval between sleeps 

8767
08:05:38,400 --> 08:05:42,000
offered rare privacy. 
Medical texts from the period 

8768
08:05:42,000 --> 08:05:45,400
suggests this timing for marital
relations claiming that 

8769
08:05:45,400 --> 08:05:48,500
conception was more likely when 
the body was relaxed but not 

8770
08:05:48,500 --> 08:05:51,700
fully unconscious. 
Others simply like quietly 

8771
08:05:51,700 --> 08:05:55,000
thinking through problems or 
making mental plans. 

8772
08:05:55,800 --> 08:05:58,900
Without the distractions of 
daytime, no one calling your 

8773
08:05:58,900 --> 08:06:03,000
name, no tasks demanding 
attention, you could process 

8774
08:06:03,000 --> 08:06:06,100
thoughts more clearly. 
Solutions to problems might 

8775
08:06:06,100 --> 08:06:08,300
emerge during these 
contemplative hours. 

8776
08:06:09,100 --> 08:06:12,100
Decisions that seemed impossible
in daylight might resolve 

8777
08:06:12,100 --> 08:06:14,100
themselves in the calm of 
midnight waking. 

8778
08:06:14,100 --> 08:06:17,200
Some people got up during this 
interval, moving through the 

8779
08:06:17,200 --> 08:06:18,900
dark house for practical 
reasons. 

8780
08:06:18,900 --> 08:06:22,900
You might need the chamber pot, 
you might check on a sick child 

8781
08:06:22,900 --> 08:06:26,800
or elderly parent, you might 
tend the fire adding a log. 

8782
08:06:26,800 --> 08:06:29,500
If the night was particularly 
cold, banging it more 

8783
08:06:29,500 --> 08:06:31,200
thoroughly. 
If you'd wake to find it burning

8784
08:06:31,200 --> 08:06:35,800
too hot, the wealthy might light
candle and read or write Diaries

8785
08:06:35,800 --> 08:06:38,000
from the period. 
Sometimes mention thoughts 

8786
08:06:38,000 --> 08:06:41,700
recorded during the night. 
Watch letters might be composed 

8787
08:06:41,700 --> 08:06:44,500
accounts reviewed and poems. 
Drafted. 

8788
08:06:45,500 --> 08:06:48,500
Some of the errors literary 
output probably originated in 

8789
08:06:48,500 --> 08:06:51,700
these quiet midnight hours. 
When creative thoughts flowed 

8790
08:06:51,700 --> 08:06:54,800
freely you might simply lie. 
There listening to the nighttime

8791
08:06:54,800 --> 08:06:59,000
soundscape of your house and 
neighborhood In Winter, you'd 

8792
08:06:59,000 --> 08:07:02,600
hear the wind testing shutters. 
The Creeks of Timber adjusting 

8793
08:07:02,600 --> 08:07:05,700
to temperature changes and 
perhaps the scratch of mice in 

8794
08:07:05,700 --> 08:07:10,400
the walls, in summer, insects 
chirped, outside and birds 

8795
08:07:10,400 --> 08:07:13,600
called occasionally, some 
species are more active at night

8796
08:07:13,600 --> 08:07:18,100
than daylight dwellers realize 
of segmented sleep aligned with 

8797
08:07:18,100 --> 08:07:21,800
natural human physiology in ways
that modern Consolidated sleep 

8798
08:07:21,800 --> 08:07:25,500
off, often does not Without 
electric light to suppress 

8799
08:07:25,500 --> 08:07:29,500
melatonin production and without
the stimulation of screens and 

8800
08:07:29,500 --> 08:07:32,600
entertainment. 
The body naturally settled into 

8801
08:07:32,600 --> 08:07:36,200
this two-phase pattern, you 
won't fighting your biology to 

8802
08:07:36,200 --> 08:07:38,600
maintain it. 
You are simply following what 

8803
08:07:38,600 --> 08:07:42,400
your body did on its own. 
This interval rarely lasted more

8804
08:07:42,400 --> 08:07:46,600
than an hour or two gradually. 
You'd feel sleep returning that 

8805
08:07:46,600 --> 08:07:49,900
gentle tug of drowsiness that 
signaled your body was ready for

8806
08:07:49,900 --> 08:07:53,200
the second phase of rest. 
You'd settle back into your 

8807
08:07:53,200 --> 08:07:56,000
straw mattress. 
Pull the wool, blankets closer 

8808
08:07:56,000 --> 08:07:59,800
and slip into second sleep. 
Second sleep was different from 

8809
08:07:59,800 --> 08:08:02,900
first sleep. 
Lighter more prone to dreams and

8810
08:08:02,900 --> 08:08:05,900
easier to wake from. 
You might shift positions, more 

8811
08:08:05,900 --> 08:08:10,300
surface, briefly without fully 
waking and experience the Vivid 

8812
08:08:10,300 --> 08:08:13,100
narrative dreams that happen in 
the later sleep cycles. 

8813
08:08:13,100 --> 08:08:16,100
Medical authorities. 
Believed second sleep was when 

8814
08:08:16,100 --> 08:08:18,300
the body completed its 
restorative work. 

8815
08:08:18,300 --> 08:08:22,400
Balancing the humours 
consolidating memories and 

8816
08:08:22,400 --> 08:08:26,300
preparing for Waking Life. 
Transition from second sleep to 

8817
08:08:26,300 --> 08:08:27,800
morning happened gradually as 
well. 

8818
08:08:27,800 --> 08:08:30,800
You didn't leap awake at an 
alarms insistence. 

8819
08:08:30,800 --> 08:08:35,200
Instead you drifted toward 
Consciousness, perhaps hovering 

8820
08:08:35,200 --> 08:08:38,500
in that half awake state, where 
dreams and thoughts into mingle 

8821
08:08:38,500 --> 08:08:41,200
where you're aware of your 
physical surroundings but not 

8822
08:08:41,200 --> 08:08:44,000
yet ready to engage with them. 
This sleep pattern. 

8823
08:08:44,000 --> 08:08:47,900
So foreign to Modern 
Consolidated at our sleep was 

8824
08:08:47,900 --> 08:08:51,200
documented not just in England, 
but across Western Europe in 

8825
08:08:51,200 --> 08:08:54,700
this period. 
References to first and second 

8826
08:08:54,700 --> 08:08:58,100
sleep appear in legal 
depositions, medical texts 

8827
08:08:58,100 --> 08:09:01,800
literature and Diaries. 
People scheduled activities 

8828
08:09:01,800 --> 08:09:04,300
around it. 
A time to meet other might be 

8829
08:09:04,300 --> 08:09:07,800
set for after first sleep. 
Implying everyone knew what that

8830
08:09:07,800 --> 08:09:12,400
meant, the practice began to 
disappear in the 17th and 18th 

8831
08:09:12,400 --> 08:09:15,600
centuries, as artificial 
lighting, improved and nighttime

8832
08:09:15,600 --> 08:09:19,100
activities became more common. 
Street Lighting in cities, 

8833
08:09:19,100 --> 08:09:23,100
better home, lighting, coffee, 
houses, staying open late and 

8834
08:09:23,100 --> 08:09:26,200
theatrical performances, 
extending into evening hours. 

8835
08:09:27,100 --> 08:09:30,100
All these gradually compressed 
nighttime into a period for 

8836
08:09:30,108 --> 08:09:34,100
Consolidated, sleep rather than 
segmented, rest with a 

8837
08:09:34,100 --> 08:09:37,500
contemplative interval, modern 
sleep, researchers have studied 

8838
08:09:37,500 --> 08:09:43,000
this pattern, sometimes calling 
it by physics sleep or by modal 

8839
08:09:43,000 --> 08:09:45,500
sleep. 
When subjects in sleep 

8840
08:09:45,500 --> 08:09:48,300
Laboratories are deprived of 
artificial light for extended 

8841
08:09:48,300 --> 08:09:51,200
periods. 
Many naturally fall into these 

8842
08:09:51,200 --> 08:09:55,800
two sleep pattern with a quiet 
waking interval in between this 

8843
08:09:55,800 --> 08:09:59,500
suggests Tudor sleep habits 
weren't cultural quirks but 

8844
08:09:59,500 --> 08:10:03,300
responses to natural human 
biology operating with without 

8845
08:10:03,300 --> 08:10:06,200
artificial. 
Intense understanding. 

8846
08:10:06,200 --> 08:10:09,400
This pattern helps explain 
various aspects of Tudor life. 

8847
08:10:09,400 --> 08:10:10,800
That might otherwise seem 
puzzling. 

8848
08:10:12,400 --> 08:10:16,000
Why did people go to bed? 
So, early, even before full 

8849
08:10:16,000 --> 08:10:19,800
Darkness fell, Partly because 
they'd wake in the middle of the

8850
08:10:19,800 --> 08:10:22,900
night anyway. 
So the total time in bed needed 

8851
08:10:22,900 --> 08:10:24,600
to be longer than actual sleep 
time. 

8852
08:10:25,400 --> 08:10:29,100
Why do period sources describe 
midnight as a special 

8853
08:10:29,100 --> 08:10:32,400
contemplative time? 
Because people regularly 

8854
08:10:32,400 --> 08:10:35,000
experienced it in a unique State
of Consciousness. 

8855
08:10:35,000 --> 08:10:39,600
Neither fully asleep nor fully 
awake in the daytime sense for 

8856
08:10:39,600 --> 08:10:42,900
you lying in your Tudor bed with
curtains drawn around you. 

8857
08:10:42,900 --> 08:10:47,500
This pattern would feel entirely
natural The transition from 

8858
08:10:47,500 --> 08:10:50,200
first to second sleep, wouldn't 
worry you. 

8859
08:10:50,200 --> 08:10:54,600
It's just how Knight Works, how 
it's always worked and how 

8860
08:10:54,600 --> 08:11:00,700
everyone you know experiences it
the quiet hour in darkness alone

8861
08:11:00,700 --> 08:11:03,000
with your thoughts or quite 
quietly, talking with your 

8862
08:11:03,000 --> 08:11:07,600
spouse represents, not disrupted
sleep, but an integral part of 

8863
08:11:07,600 --> 08:11:11,000
how human beings rest. 
When a line with natural 

8864
08:11:11,000 --> 08:11:16,200
rhythms, chapter 6, staying warm
through winter nights, winter 

8865
08:11:16,200 --> 08:11:19,200
nights in Tudor England, 
presented genuine challenges. 

8866
08:11:19,200 --> 08:11:22,300
Particularly in the brutal 
months between December and 

8867
08:11:22,300 --> 08:11:24,400
February. 
When temperatures regularly 

8868
08:11:24,400 --> 08:11:29,300
dropped well below freezing and 
houses despite their fires and 

8869
08:11:29,300 --> 08:11:32,700
inhabitants best efforts 
remained cold by modern 

8870
08:11:32,700 --> 08:11:36,400
standards your bed chamber in 
deep winter, might hover around,

8871
08:11:36,400 --> 08:11:39,900
44 degrees Fahrenheit, and 
that's where the fire burning 

8872
08:11:39,900 --> 08:11:42,900
somewhere in the house. 
Without central heating or 

8873
08:11:42,900 --> 08:11:45,600
insulation beyond the straw in 
the walls and the rushes on the 

8874
08:11:45,600 --> 08:11:48,300
floor. 
Keeping warm became a nightly 

8875
08:11:48,300 --> 08:11:51,400
engineering project involving 
multiple strategies layered 

8876
08:11:51,400 --> 08:11:54,300
together, the bed curtains which
we mentioned earlier, become 

8877
08:11:54,300 --> 08:11:58,200
crucial wintertime allies when 
fully closed, they create what's

8878
08:11:58,200 --> 08:12:01,400
essentially a tent within the 
room, trapping the heat 

8879
08:12:01,400 --> 08:12:05,100
generated by your body or bodies
and separating you from the 

8880
08:12:05,100 --> 08:12:08,400
colder air Beyond The 
temperature difference between 

8881
08:12:08,400 --> 08:12:11,700
inside the curtained bed and the
outer chamber might be 10 or 15 

8882
08:12:11,700 --> 08:12:14,900
degrees significant. 
When you're trying to sleep, 

8883
08:12:14,900 --> 08:12:17,000
that layering principle in the 
bedding. 

8884
08:12:17,000 --> 08:12:18,900
Reaches its full expression in 
winter. 

8885
08:12:19,800 --> 08:12:23,100
You start with the base straw 
mattress at the wall topper. 

8886
08:12:23,100 --> 08:12:26,700
Then cover yourself with a linen
sheet, wool blankets. 

8887
08:12:26,700 --> 08:12:29,700
Possibly a coverlet, perhaps a 
Furrow. 

8888
08:12:29,700 --> 08:12:33,200
And in the coldest weather, your
outdoor clothes on top of 

8889
08:12:33,200 --> 08:12:36,100
everything. 
Your essentially building an 

8890
08:12:36,100 --> 08:12:39,500
insulating nest with yourself as
the heat Source at the center 

8891
08:12:39,500 --> 08:12:43,200
warming pans represented, one of
the errors, great bedtime 

8892
08:12:43,200 --> 08:12:47,400
luxuries, long-handled prayer, 
or copper pans with perforated. 

8893
08:12:47,400 --> 08:12:49,500
Lids that held hot coals from 
the fire. 

8894
08:12:50,300 --> 08:12:52,900
You'd run this device between 
the sheets, before, climbing 

8895
08:12:52,900 --> 08:12:56,600
into bed warming, the linen and 
wool, and chasing away the bone,

8896
08:12:56,600 --> 08:12:59,900
deep chill. 
For about half an hour after 

8897
08:12:59,900 --> 08:13:03,500
using a warming pan, your bed, 
felt positively toasty. 

8898
08:13:04,300 --> 08:13:07,500
Small Miracle on a January night
when your breath misted in the 

8899
08:13:07,500 --> 08:13:10,000
are not everyone owned warming 
pans. 

8900
08:13:10,000 --> 08:13:12,700
They were significant 
Investments, poorer households. 

8901
08:13:12,708 --> 08:13:16,300
Improvised with heated Stones, 
wrapped in cloth, achieving 

8902
08:13:16,300 --> 08:13:18,800
similar results though, 
requiring more care to avoid 

8903
08:13:18,800 --> 08:13:22,100
Burns. 
Stone heated in the fire's Edge 

8904
08:13:22,100 --> 08:13:24,800
wrapped in several layers of 
wool and tucked. 

8905
08:13:24,800 --> 08:13:26,600
At the foot of the bed. 
Could keep your toes. 

8906
08:13:26,600 --> 08:13:29,100
Warm for hours bed. 
Socks existed. 

8907
08:13:29,100 --> 08:13:31,900
Though socks in general were 
less common than you might 

8908
08:13:31,908 --> 08:13:33,700
expect. 
Stockings. 

8909
08:13:33,700 --> 08:13:38,100
What we might call long socks or
tights were standard day wear 

8910
08:13:38,100 --> 08:13:40,500
for both sexes. 
And you might keep these on 

8911
08:13:40,500 --> 08:13:42,900
under your sleeping shift, if 
the night was particularly 

8912
08:13:42,900 --> 08:13:46,600
brutal, the very cold, sensitive
might add a second layer of 

8913
08:13:46,600 --> 08:13:49,300
everything. 
Those limits Mobility under the 

8914
08:13:49,300 --> 08:13:52,900
heavy blankets like cats. 
As mentioned before weren't 

8915
08:13:52,900 --> 08:13:56,200
optional in Winter. 
A substantial wall cap kept heat

8916
08:13:56,200 --> 08:13:59,300
from escaping through your head 
and protected your ears from the

8917
08:13:59,300 --> 08:14:02,300
cold. 
Some people also wraped cloths 

8918
08:14:02,300 --> 08:14:04,900
around their necks. 
Particularly if they were prone 

8919
08:14:04,900 --> 08:14:08,300
to throw months, in cold 
weather, shared body heat became

8920
08:14:08,300 --> 08:14:10,700
increasingly valuable as 
temperatures dropped. 

8921
08:14:11,300 --> 08:14:13,300
This is one reason bed sharing 
was so. 

8922
08:14:13,300 --> 08:14:17,500
Prevalent two people generate 
more warmth than one and three 

8923
08:14:17,500 --> 08:14:21,700
more than two children packed 
together in a bed weren't just 

8924
08:14:21,708 --> 08:14:24,300
saving space. 
They were pooling thermal 

8925
08:14:24,300 --> 08:14:27,300
resources. 
Married couples had an obvious 

8926
08:14:27,300 --> 08:14:30,000
Advantage here, though. 
Even, they might invite a young 

8927
08:14:30,000 --> 08:14:33,000
child into their bed. 
On the coldest nights, despite 

8928
08:14:33,000 --> 08:14:36,700
usual preferences for separate 
sleeping Arrangements, somehow 

8929
08:14:36,700 --> 08:14:39,700
solds brought small braziers or 
heated bricks into bed. 

8930
08:14:39,700 --> 08:14:43,200
Chambers before sleep warming. 
The air briefly, though, these 

8931
08:14:43,200 --> 08:14:45,300
had to be removed before 
actually sleeping due to the 

8932
08:14:45,308 --> 08:14:49,300
danger of fire and the fumes 
they produced Carbon monoxide 

8933
08:14:49,300 --> 08:14:52,300
poisoning wasn't understood in 
these terms, but people 

8934
08:14:52,300 --> 08:14:55,600
recognize that sleeping with 
burning coals in an enclosed 

8935
08:14:55,600 --> 08:14:59,000
space, could kill you. 
Probably attributing it to bad 

8936
08:14:59,000 --> 08:15:03,100
Vapors, rather than the actual 
mechanism of asphyxiation rooms 

8937
08:15:03,100 --> 08:15:06,600
of the kitchen or Bakehouse were
prized in Winter because he, 

8938
08:15:06,600 --> 08:15:10,700
from below rows, into them if 
your family ran in or shop with 

8939
08:15:10,700 --> 08:15:13,900
others operating into the 
evening, the chambers above 

8940
08:15:13,900 --> 08:15:15,900
stayed, noticeably warmer than 
others. 

8941
08:15:17,000 --> 08:15:19,800
Some people positioned beds 
directly above the first floor, 

8942
08:15:19,800 --> 08:15:23,200
half for similar reasons, 
excepting the occasional bit of 

8943
08:15:23,200 --> 08:15:25,900
smoke seeping through 
floorboards in exchange for 

8944
08:15:25,900 --> 08:15:28,100
extra warmth. 
Draft proofing, became a 

8945
08:15:28,100 --> 08:15:31,600
household project as winter 
approached gaps in shutters. 

8946
08:15:31,600 --> 08:15:34,000
Got stuffed with Rags or sealed 
with wax. 

8947
08:15:34,000 --> 08:15:37,700
Floors received extra layers of 
rushes for insulation, 

8948
08:15:37,700 --> 08:15:41,000
tapestries on walls, serve 
decorative purposes. 

8949
08:15:41,000 --> 08:15:44,800
Yes, but also created dead air 
space that reduced heat loss 

8950
08:15:44,800 --> 08:15:48,500
through stone or Timber, even a 
simple cloth hanging could make 

8951
08:15:48,500 --> 08:15:52,200
a measurable difference. 
Still, you'd be cold by modern 

8952
08:15:52,200 --> 08:15:56,800
standards, your nose would be 
chilly Face exposed to the air 

8953
08:15:56,800 --> 08:16:00,000
outside the blankets. 
Getting up in the night, to use 

8954
08:16:00,000 --> 08:16:03,600
the chamber pot required, 
genuine courage, leaving the 

8955
08:16:03,600 --> 08:16:06,600
warm Nest, meant exposing 
yourself to frigid air. 

8956
08:16:06,600 --> 08:16:10,100
That made your muscles clench 
and your skin prickle. 

8957
08:16:10,700 --> 08:16:13,400
You to accomplish your business 
quickly and dive back under the 

8958
08:16:13,400 --> 08:16:16,600
covers burrowing in and until 
your body heat warmed. 

8959
08:16:16,600 --> 08:16:19,600
Everything again, morning 
presented the hardest moment 

8960
08:16:19,600 --> 08:16:23,400
that transition from warm bed to
cold room when your body 

8961
08:16:23,400 --> 08:16:27,000
protested vigorously against 
moving, you'd procrastinate 

8962
08:16:27,000 --> 08:16:30,400
lingering under the blankets 
stealing yourself for the 

8963
08:16:30,408 --> 08:16:33,300
unpleasant but necessary task of
getting up and dressing. 

8964
08:16:34,100 --> 08:16:37,100
The first person up had the 
worst of it, they'd restart the 

8965
08:16:37,100 --> 08:16:40,100
fire and begin warming, the 
house, making it easier. 

8966
08:16:40,100 --> 08:16:42,100
For those who followed children 
might. 

8967
08:16:42,100 --> 08:16:45,700
Wake to frost patterns on the 
inside of shutters, ice in the 

8968
08:16:45,700 --> 08:16:48,700
washing water and their breath 
forming clouds in the air. 

8969
08:16:49,600 --> 08:16:53,300
This wasn't unusual or alarming,
it was simply how winter 

8970
08:16:53,300 --> 08:16:56,800
mornings felt. 
You dressed quickly layering on 

8971
08:16:56,800 --> 08:17:00,800
garments moving, close to the 
fire as soon as possible and 

8972
08:17:00,800 --> 08:17:04,000
beginning, the day's work partly
to generate body heat through 

8973
08:17:04,000 --> 08:17:07,000
activity. 
Despite these challenges due to 

8974
08:17:07,000 --> 08:17:09,100
people didn't generally complain
about cold the way. 

8975
08:17:09,108 --> 08:17:13,300
Modern people might, it was 
expected normal and part of the 

8976
08:17:13,300 --> 08:17:17,400
seasonal Rhythm of Life. 
You prepared for it, accepted it

8977
08:17:17,400 --> 08:17:20,100
and worked with it rather than 
fighting against it. 

8978
08:17:20,100 --> 08:17:23,900
The return of Spring's warmth, 
when it finally came, felt like 

8979
08:17:23,900 --> 08:17:28,300
a genuine blessing, a relief. 
So profound that people's moods,

8980
08:17:28,300 --> 08:17:33,000
lifted noticeably with the rise 
in temperatures and days chapter

8981
08:17:33,000 --> 08:17:37,200
7, the soundscape of night 
lying, in your curtained bed, in

8982
08:17:37,200 --> 08:17:39,800
a Tudor night, the sound 
surrounding you. 

8983
08:17:39,800 --> 08:17:42,500
Create an acoustic environment 
completely different from 

8984
08:17:42,500 --> 08:17:44,900
anything most modern people 
experience. 

8985
08:17:45,900 --> 08:17:48,200
Let's listen carefully to what 
you'd hear during those 

8986
08:17:48,200 --> 08:17:51,500
nighttime hours, the house 
itself, provides a constant 

8987
08:17:51,500 --> 08:17:55,100
backdrop of sails. 
Timber frames expand and 

8988
08:17:55,100 --> 08:17:59,500
contract with temperature 
changes producing creeks groans 

8989
08:17:59,500 --> 08:18:02,600
and occasional, sharp cracks 
that might start you until you 

8990
08:18:02,600 --> 08:18:04,100
learn to recognize them as 
normal. 

8991
08:18:05,600 --> 08:18:08,600
The thatch on the roof Russells 
when wind passes over it. 

8992
08:18:09,300 --> 08:18:12,200
A sound like soft scratching or 
the movement of some large 

8993
08:18:12,200 --> 08:18:14,900
animal though. 
It's just dried straw shifting 

8994
08:18:14,900 --> 08:18:18,000
against itself in Winter, the 
wind becomes a dominant 

8995
08:18:18,000 --> 08:18:20,400
presence. 
It finds every Gap in the 

8996
08:18:20,408 --> 08:18:23,800
shutters producing whistles in 
different pitches, depending on 

8997
08:18:23,800 --> 08:18:27,800
the size of the opening and the 
wind strength, it Buffs the 

8998
08:18:27,800 --> 08:18:31,200
walls, making the hole structure
shutter slightly during the 

8999
08:18:31,200 --> 08:18:34,600
strongest gusts, you can hear it
approaching a cross, the 

9000
08:18:34,600 --> 08:18:38,400
landscape, rushing, through bare
trees before hitting your house,

9001
08:18:38,400 --> 08:18:42,800
then moving away again into the 
darkness rain on a thatched 

9002
08:18:42,800 --> 08:18:44,300
roof. 
Sounds different from rain on 

9003
08:18:44,300 --> 08:18:48,800
Modern shingles or tiles 
software or muffled like someone

9004
08:18:48,800 --> 08:18:50,800
pouring dry sand, rather than 
water. 

9005
08:18:51,700 --> 08:18:53,600
Heavy. 
Rain creates a steady rushing 

9006
08:18:53,600 --> 08:18:57,200
sound that some people find 
soothing a natural white noise 

9007
08:18:57,200 --> 08:19:00,300
that musk's other sounds and 
helps LOL you back to Second 

9008
08:19:00,300 --> 08:19:02,600
sleep animals. 
Contribute, their voices, 

9009
08:19:02,600 --> 08:19:07,500
throughout the night, mice, Gary
inside walls, their tiny claws, 

9010
08:19:07,500 --> 08:19:12,300
scratching on wood their squeaks
occasionally Audible You accept 

9011
08:19:12,300 --> 08:19:15,900
their presence as inevitable, 
keeping a house, completely 

9012
08:19:15,900 --> 08:19:17,700
mouse. 
Free is nearly impossible 

9013
08:19:17,700 --> 08:19:19,800
though. 
You try to prevent them from 

9014
08:19:19,800 --> 08:19:23,700
getting into food stores. 
sometimes you hear a thump and a

9015
08:19:23,700 --> 08:19:26,300
brief struggle as the house cat 
catches one, doing its job 

9016
08:19:26,300 --> 08:19:30,600
outside, owls, call to each 
other, they're hooting carrying 

9017
08:19:30,600 --> 08:19:33,800
clearly through the still night 
air Foxes produce. 

9018
08:19:33,800 --> 08:19:38,000
Surprisingly disturbing sounds 
screams that can sound Almost 

9019
08:19:38,000 --> 08:19:41,400
Human, particularly unsettling 
if you're not expecting them. 

9020
08:19:42,100 --> 08:19:45,200
Dogs bark in the distance. 
One setting off another, 

9021
08:19:45,200 --> 08:19:48,300
creating a chain of canine 
communication across the 

9022
08:19:48,300 --> 08:19:51,200
neighborhood livestock. 
Make nighttime noises too. 

9023
08:19:51,200 --> 08:19:54,300
If you're near a barn you might 
hear cattle shifting in their 

9024
08:19:54,300 --> 08:19:56,900
stalls. 
Pigs grunting and horses 

9025
08:19:56,900 --> 08:20:00,500
stamping and blowing air through
their nostrils, chickens, 

9026
08:20:00,500 --> 08:20:03,500
sometimes, startled awake and 
cluck nervously before settling 

9027
08:20:03,500 --> 08:20:06,400
back down. 
These sounds are reassuring in 

9028
08:20:06,400 --> 08:20:08,600
their way. 
They mean, your animals are safe

9029
08:20:08,600 --> 08:20:12,400
still alive, and still you're 
well and sustenance human sounds

9030
08:20:12,400 --> 08:20:15,800
punctuate the night as well. 
Someone in the house might 

9031
08:20:15,800 --> 08:20:18,200
snore. 
The sound carrying from one 

9032
08:20:18,200 --> 08:20:21,500
chamber to another through 
Timberwolves that provide less 

9033
08:20:21,500 --> 08:20:23,800
sound insulation than modern 
Construction. 

9034
08:20:24,800 --> 08:20:28,100
Babies cry and get soothed young
children. 

9035
08:20:28,100 --> 08:20:31,100
Call out from dreams or knee 
middle of the night comfort. 

9036
08:20:32,000 --> 08:20:34,300
You might hear your neighbors 
through shared walls. 

9037
08:20:34,300 --> 08:20:37,900
If you live in attached 
townhouses, their coughs, their 

9038
08:20:37,900 --> 08:20:41,900
conversations, their movements 
across creaky floors, church, 

9039
08:20:41,900 --> 08:20:44,800
bells, Mark, the passage of 
nighttime hours in towns and 

9040
08:20:44,808 --> 08:20:47,600
villages. 
Not every hour gets rung in 

9041
08:20:47,600 --> 08:20:50,100
every place. 
But midnight, typically receive 

9042
08:20:50,100 --> 08:20:53,700
special notice, and some 
Churches ring bells Before Dawn 

9043
08:20:53,700 --> 08:20:56,400
Services. 
These bells serve practical 

9044
08:20:56,400 --> 08:20:59,600
purposes, they help people track
time in the darkness. 

9045
08:20:59,600 --> 08:21:03,200
They call people to prayer at 
appointed hours and they provide

9046
08:21:03,200 --> 08:21:04,800
reassurance that the 
communities. 

9047
08:21:04,800 --> 08:21:08,000
Spiritual Guardians, remain 
watchful in cities, 

9048
08:21:08,000 --> 08:21:11,400
nightwatchman call out the 
hours, walking their roots, and 

9049
08:21:11,400 --> 08:21:13,100
announcing the time. 
Along with the weather 

9050
08:21:13,100 --> 08:21:16,900
conditions to a clock and all's 
well or three o'clock and cold 

9051
08:21:16,900 --> 08:21:20,000
clear night. 
These calls serve multiple 

9052
08:21:20,000 --> 08:21:23,800
purposes, they Mark time. 
They announced the watchman's 

9053
08:21:23,800 --> 08:21:27,200
presence to deter criminals and 
they provide Comfort to those 

9054
08:21:27,200 --> 08:21:30,300
lying awake that someone is 
keeping guard, the fire. 

9055
08:21:30,300 --> 08:21:33,400
If you can hear it from your 
chamber produces, its own sound 

9056
08:21:33,400 --> 08:21:38,100
would pops and hisses. 
A sap turns to steam, Kohl's 

9057
08:21:38,100 --> 08:21:41,900
shift and resettle in the half 
with soft crashes on 

9058
08:21:41,900 --> 08:21:45,100
particularly quiet nights. 
You might even hear the whisper 

9059
08:21:45,100 --> 08:21:48,700
of flames consuming would Sounds
so soft. 

9060
08:21:48,700 --> 08:21:52,300
It's barely perceptible, but 
somehow audible in deep silence 

9061
08:21:52,300 --> 08:21:54,700
chamber pots get used throughout
the night. 

9062
08:21:54,700 --> 08:21:58,900
Producing sounds that medieval 
modesty, simply acknowledged and

9063
08:21:58,900 --> 08:22:01,600
politely ignored Everyone 
performed. 

9064
08:22:01,600 --> 08:22:05,600
The same biological functions. 
Everyone made the same sounds 

9065
08:22:05,600 --> 08:22:09,000
and everyone practiced. 
The social fiction of not 

9066
08:22:09,000 --> 08:22:12,100
noticing what they heard from 
behind bed curtains or from 

9067
08:22:12,100 --> 08:22:15,200
other Chambers seasonal, 
variations affected the 

9068
08:22:15,200 --> 08:22:19,700
soundscape significantly summer 
nights brought insect choruses, 

9069
08:22:19,700 --> 08:22:22,500
crickets producing their 
rhythmic chirping. 

9070
08:22:22,500 --> 08:22:26,300
Moths batting against shutters 
drawn to whatever light seep 

9071
08:22:26,300 --> 08:22:29,400
through cracks. 
Frogs near ponds or streams 

9072
08:22:29,400 --> 08:22:34,000
added their croaking to the mix.
Bats, flying overhead produced 

9073
08:22:34,000 --> 08:22:37,200
sounds too high for most human 
ears, but occasionally audible 

9074
08:22:37,200 --> 08:22:39,800
as soft squeaking thunder in 
summer. 

9075
08:22:39,800 --> 08:22:41,600
Storms, could shake the entire 
house. 

9076
08:22:41,600 --> 08:22:45,300
Each crash followed by the sound
of rain, intense of fighting, 

9077
08:22:45,300 --> 08:22:47,900
you'd hear the initial large 
drops. 

9078
08:22:47,900 --> 08:22:51,800
Hit the thatch, then the steady 
downpour patch the rushing of 

9079
08:22:51,808 --> 08:22:55,700
water, through gutters, or off, 
Eve's the sound of the storm 

9080
08:22:55,700 --> 08:22:57,300
passing over like a living 
thing. 

9081
08:22:57,300 --> 08:23:01,300
Moving through the landscape in 
the quiet periods between sounds

9082
08:23:01,300 --> 08:23:03,700
silence itself. 
Had a quality different from 

9083
08:23:03,700 --> 08:23:07,900
Modern silence, No electric hum 
of refrigerators or heating 

9084
08:23:07,900 --> 08:23:10,300
systems. 
No distant traffic. 

9085
08:23:10,300 --> 08:23:14,700
Sounds No airplane. 
Overhead just genuine quiet. 

9086
08:23:14,700 --> 08:23:17,800
Broken only by the immediate 
sounds of your household and 

9087
08:23:17,800 --> 08:23:21,700
natural environment a silent. 
So complete, that modern people 

9088
08:23:21,700 --> 08:23:24,400
who experience it often. 
Find it unsettling at first. 

9089
08:23:24,400 --> 08:23:28,000
So accustomed, a Wii to 
continuous background noise, 

9090
08:23:28,000 --> 08:23:31,100
your own body, produces sound, 
you might notice in the 

9091
08:23:31,100 --> 08:23:34,000
Stillness, Your heartbeat 
becomes audible. 

9092
08:23:34,000 --> 08:23:37,300
When you press your ear against 
the mattress, you're breathing 

9093
08:23:37,300 --> 08:23:41,200
your stomach gurgling quietly, 
the rustle of linen against your

9094
08:23:41,200 --> 08:23:43,400
skin. 
When you shift position all 

9095
08:23:43,400 --> 08:23:45,400
become part of the Sonic 
environment. 

9096
08:23:45,400 --> 08:23:48,700
When everything else Falls 
still, some sounds inspired fear

9097
08:23:48,700 --> 08:23:52,100
or Superstition. 
Unexplained noises might be 

9098
08:23:52,100 --> 08:23:55,800
attributed to Spirits or demons 
testing the households defenses,

9099
08:23:55,800 --> 08:23:58,100
though. 
Most people understood that most

9100
08:23:58,100 --> 08:24:01,900
mysterious sounds had natural 
explanations, once you learned 

9101
08:24:01,900 --> 08:24:07,000
to identify them, Still a sudden
loud noise in the Deep night. 

9102
08:24:07,000 --> 08:24:12,100
It Source uncertain could set 
your heart racing and make you 

9103
08:24:12,100 --> 08:24:15,900
clutch your religious medals or 
whisper protective prayers. 

9104
08:24:15,900 --> 08:24:20,600
The return of mourning, sounds 
provided its own comfort The 

9105
08:24:20,600 --> 08:24:24,200
first Birds Before Dawn roosters
crowing, they're not always 

9106
08:24:24,200 --> 08:24:28,000
exactly at dawn despite folklore
signal the approaching End Of 

9107
08:24:28,008 --> 08:24:30,900
Night. 
Other birds, joined gradually 

9108
08:24:30,900 --> 08:24:34,600
building toward the dawn chorus.
You'd hear the household 

9109
08:24:34,600 --> 08:24:38,600
beginning to stir people, rising
fires being revived and the 

9110
08:24:38,600 --> 08:24:41,600
sounds of daily life returning 
to replace the nighttime. 

9111
08:24:41,600 --> 08:24:44,700
Soundscape. 
This acoustic World shaped how 

9112
08:24:44,700 --> 08:24:49,200
Tudor people experience night, 
Without visual stimuli with 

9113
08:24:49,200 --> 08:24:53,400
Darkness, complete Behind Closed
shutters and curtains, hearing 

9114
08:24:53,400 --> 08:24:55,900
became the primary sense. 
Connecting you to the world 

9115
08:24:55,900 --> 08:24:59,500
beyond your bed. 
You learned to interpret sound 

9116
08:24:59,500 --> 08:25:03,600
to distinguish normal from 
alarming to find comfort in 

9117
08:25:03,600 --> 08:25:09,300
expected noises and concern in 
unexpected ones. the nighttime 

9118
08:25:09,300 --> 08:25:14,600
soundscape far from being empty,
silence was richly textured with

9119
08:25:14,600 --> 08:25:18,700
information about whether 
animals, neighbors, and the 

9120
08:25:18,700 --> 08:25:23,500
house itself A constant stream 
of Sonic data that Tudor is 

9121
08:25:23,500 --> 08:25:27,100
processed instinctively 
throughout the Night, chapter 8.

9122
08:25:27,700 --> 08:25:31,300
Dawn and Rising the transition 
from night to day happened 

9123
08:25:31,300 --> 08:25:35,200
gradually in Tudor England. 
A slow emergence from sleep and 

9124
08:25:35,200 --> 08:25:38,400
darkness that aligned with the 
body's natural rhythms far, more

9125
08:25:38,400 --> 08:25:40,400
than modern alarm clock 
Awakenings. 

9126
08:25:40,400 --> 08:25:44,300
You'd become aware of increasing
light first even before fully 

9127
08:25:44,300 --> 08:25:46,700
waking. 
The Blackness behind your 

9128
08:25:46,700 --> 08:25:47,600
closed. 
Eyelids. 

9129
08:25:47,600 --> 08:25:51,100
Shifts to a lighter shade. 
As Dawn brightens the world, 

9130
08:25:51,100 --> 08:25:55,000
beyond your shuttered windows. 
Thin strips of light appear at 

9131
08:25:55,008 --> 08:25:58,000
the edge of shutters. 
And announcing that night grip 

9132
08:25:58,000 --> 08:26:01,200
is loosening, the household 
sounds change character. 

9133
08:26:01,900 --> 08:26:04,600
When night sounds were sporadic 
and muted morning, brings 

9134
08:26:04,600 --> 08:26:08,900
purposeful activity. 
The first person up often a 

9135
08:26:08,900 --> 08:26:11,600
servant or the housewife 
herself, moved through the house

9136
08:26:11,600 --> 08:26:14,800
on specific mission's. 
You hear the scrape of 

9137
08:26:14,808 --> 08:26:18,600
implements at the half, working 
to revive the banked fire. 

9138
08:26:18,600 --> 08:26:22,200
You hear the clunk of logs, 
being added the Creeks of the 

9139
08:26:22,200 --> 08:26:25,100
Bellows and the first crackling 
as flames. 

9140
08:26:25,100 --> 08:26:28,500
Catch holed, you might lie, 
still for a few minutes, not 

9141
08:26:28,500 --> 08:26:30,200
quite ready to leave your warm 
Nest. 

9142
08:26:30,200 --> 08:26:32,000
Listening to the house, wake 
around you. 

9143
08:26:32,700 --> 08:26:36,300
Someone opens a shutter down. 
Stairs, admitting light in the 

9144
08:26:36,300 --> 08:26:39,900
fresh morning air, you hear 
water being poured feet on 

9145
08:26:39,900 --> 08:26:42,800
stairs and low voices of people 
greeting. 

9146
08:26:42,800 --> 08:26:44,700
Each other and beginning their 
day's tasks. 

9147
08:26:44,700 --> 08:26:48,500
The quality of light seeping 
into your chamber changes as the

9148
08:26:48,500 --> 08:26:53,300
sun rises, What started as pale 
gray brightens toward gold or 

9149
08:26:53,300 --> 08:26:54,600
silver, depending on the 
weather. 

9150
08:26:55,400 --> 08:26:58,500
On clear mornings. 
You might see actual shafts of 

9151
08:26:58,500 --> 08:27:00,200
light. 
Piercing through gaps in the 

9152
08:27:00,208 --> 08:27:02,400
shutters. 
Cloudy days. 

9153
08:27:02,400 --> 08:27:05,100
The illumination remains 
diffuse, that's still increases 

9154
08:27:05,100 --> 08:27:07,300
to the point where you can 
distinguish shapes in the room. 

9155
08:27:07,300 --> 08:27:10,900
Rising requires a certain amount
of determination on cold 

9156
08:27:10,900 --> 08:27:14,500
mornings, you have to leave your
warm cocoon, and expose yourself

9157
08:27:14,500 --> 08:27:16,300
to are. 
That's cold enough to make your 

9158
08:27:16,300 --> 08:27:20,500
skin prickly immediately. 
The process happens in stages. 

9159
08:27:21,400 --> 08:27:24,400
First, you sit up under the 
blanket preparing yourself. 

9160
08:27:25,300 --> 08:27:27,900
Then you emerge, perhaps 
wrapping a blanket around your 

9161
08:27:27,908 --> 08:27:30,600
shoulders, as you swing your 
legs, over the side of the bed, 

9162
08:27:30,600 --> 08:27:34,100
your feet Hit the Floor, cold 
even through any Floor Covering 

9163
08:27:34,100 --> 08:27:37,000
or discarding clothing, you 
might step on you move. 

9164
08:27:37,000 --> 08:27:40,800
Quickly now, motivated by 
discomfort reaching for your 

9165
08:27:40,800 --> 08:27:44,400
outer clothes that hang nearby. 
Dressing happens rapidly 

9166
08:27:44,400 --> 08:27:48,100
layering on garments that have 
been sitting in the cold air all

9167
08:27:48,100 --> 08:27:50,500
night and feel clammy until your
body heat warms them. 

9168
08:27:50,500 --> 08:27:53,800
If you're lucky, someone has 
brought warm water up for 

9169
08:27:53,800 --> 08:27:56,300
washing. 
If not, you make do with 

9170
08:27:56,300 --> 08:27:57,600
whatever's in the chamber 
picture. 

9171
08:27:57,600 --> 08:28:01,200
Probably cold enough to make you
gasp when you Splash it on your 

9172
08:28:01,208 --> 08:28:04,000
face. 
This shock of cold water does 

9173
08:28:04,000 --> 08:28:06,600
wake you effectively though? 
No need for coffee. 

9174
08:28:06,600 --> 08:28:08,300
When ice cold, water hits your 
skin. 

9175
08:28:08,300 --> 08:28:10,500
Personal prayers might happen 
now. 

9176
08:28:10,500 --> 08:28:14,000
A quick devotional practice 
before the day's demands begin 

9177
08:28:14,800 --> 08:28:17,700
Kneeling by the bed you'd run 
through familiar prayers, 

9178
08:28:17,700 --> 08:28:21,500
perhaps adding specific requests
relevant to the day ahead. 

9179
08:28:22,500 --> 08:28:25,500
Safety for a journey. 
Success in business, dealings 

9180
08:28:25,500 --> 08:28:29,400
health for a sick, family 
member, anything Weighing on 

9181
08:28:29,400 --> 08:28:32,700
your mind as you face a new day,
emptying chamber pots 

9182
08:28:32,700 --> 08:28:34,600
represents. 
One of the Less Pleasant morning

9183
08:28:34,600 --> 08:28:37,400
tasks, some one. 
Usually a servant. 

9184
08:28:37,400 --> 08:28:40,300
If you have one or the 
housewife, if you don't carry 

9185
08:28:40,300 --> 08:28:43,100
these down stairs out to the 
privy, or to a spot where the 

9186
08:28:43,108 --> 08:28:45,600
contents will be buried or 
otherwise disposed of. 

9187
08:28:46,400 --> 08:28:49,200
In cities, chamber pots might be
emptied into Street. 

9188
08:28:49,200 --> 08:28:52,900
Gutters a practice that 
contributed to Urban sanitation 

9189
08:28:52,900 --> 08:28:56,200
problems and unpleasant smells 
hair gets attention, 

9190
08:28:56,200 --> 08:28:59,500
particularly for women. 
That nightcap comes off 

9191
08:28:59,500 --> 08:29:02,800
revealing hair that needs 
brushing or combing before being

9192
08:29:02,800 --> 08:29:06,000
covered again with a koip or 
other head covering appropriate 

9193
08:29:06,000 --> 08:29:09,500
for the day's activities. 
Men might run their fingers 

9194
08:29:09,500 --> 08:29:12,800
through shorter hair and call it
done, though. 

9195
08:29:12,800 --> 08:29:14,100
Some attention to grooming 
happened. 

9196
08:29:14,100 --> 08:29:18,200
Even for males teeth. 
Receive quick attention, a rinse

9197
08:29:18,200 --> 08:29:21,300
of the mouth with water or ale 
perhaps running a cloth over 

9198
08:29:21,300 --> 08:29:24,200
teeth to remove the furry 
feeling that builds overnight. 

9199
08:29:25,300 --> 08:29:28,200
More thorough cleaning might 
wait until later if guests are 

9200
08:29:28,200 --> 08:29:30,700
expected. 
Or if you're preparing for a 

9201
08:29:30,700 --> 08:29:33,300
special occasion beds don't get 
made in the modern sense. 

9202
08:29:33,300 --> 08:29:38,500
Instead they get aired blankets 
thrown back covers folded over 

9203
08:29:38,500 --> 08:29:41,600
the foot of the bed allowing air
to circulate through the 

9204
08:29:41,600 --> 08:29:44,300
bedding. 
This prevents mustiness and 

9205
08:29:44,300 --> 08:29:47,800
gives moisture from night time 
breathing and sweating a chance 

9206
08:29:47,800 --> 08:29:51,000
to evaporate. 
In good weather, you might hang 

9207
08:29:51,000 --> 08:29:54,100
blankets out a window or carry 
them outside to are in the sun, 

9208
08:29:54,100 --> 08:29:57,400
which freshens the remarkably. 
Well breakfast. 

9209
08:29:57,400 --> 08:30:00,400
In Tudor, England wasn't the 
substantial meal it became in 

9210
08:30:00,408 --> 08:30:04,600
later centuries. many people 
especially those doing physical 

9211
08:30:04,600 --> 08:30:08,400
labor ate, something light, 
Bread with butter or cheese, 

9212
08:30:08,400 --> 08:30:12,600
perhaps ale or small beer. 
Maybe pottage left from the 

9213
08:30:12,600 --> 08:30:16,800
previous evening supper and 
reheated. truly might have more 

9214
08:30:16,800 --> 08:30:21,000
elaborate morning meals, but for
most breaking fast meant exactly

9215
08:30:21,000 --> 08:30:25,000
that Breaking the overnight fast
with enough food to start the 

9216
08:30:25,000 --> 08:30:28,500
day, not filling yourself, 
completely children. 

9217
08:30:28,500 --> 08:30:30,900
Need waking and helping, 
especially younger ones. 

9218
08:30:30,900 --> 08:30:34,600
They're not naturally early 
Rises at this period, lacking 

9219
08:30:34,600 --> 08:30:36,900
the school schedules. 
That would later structure 

9220
08:30:36,900 --> 08:30:39,800
childhood mornings. 
You might need to coax a child 

9221
08:30:39,800 --> 08:30:43,100
from bed, help with dressing, 
and make sure faces. 

9222
08:30:43,100 --> 08:30:47,200
Get washed and hair gets combed.
The same parental tasks that 

9223
08:30:47,200 --> 08:30:50,300
cross all time, periods. 
As Lightning creases, you can 

9224
08:30:50,300 --> 08:30:53,800
finally open the shutters fully 
Admitting the morning into the 

9225
08:30:53,800 --> 08:30:57,100
house, the quality of light 
tells you much about the day 

9226
08:30:57,100 --> 08:30:58,300
ahead. 
Clear? 

9227
08:30:58,300 --> 08:31:01,900
And bright means fair. 
Weather is likely gray and flats

9228
08:31:01,900 --> 08:31:05,600
suggests rain and particular 
colors of the Dawn Sky, predict 

9229
08:31:05,600 --> 08:31:09,000
wind or storm, depending on folk
wisdom accumulated over 

9230
08:31:09,000 --> 08:31:11,600
Generations. 
The house begins to fill with 

9231
08:31:11,600 --> 08:31:14,800
the days activities, if there's 
a shop or Workshop its 

9232
08:31:14,800 --> 08:31:18,000
preparations begin. 
The household revolves around 

9233
08:31:18,000 --> 08:31:21,000
farming, people moved toward 
bars and Fields. 

9234
08:31:21,000 --> 08:31:24,900
If you're in a townhouse with a 
trade to pursue tools, come out 

9235
08:31:24,900 --> 08:31:29,000
workspaces, get a range and The 
Business of making a living 

9236
08:31:29,008 --> 08:31:31,800
begins in Earnest. 
You take your place in this 

9237
08:31:31,800 --> 08:31:35,300
daily Rhythm moving from the 
private world of sleep and 

9238
08:31:35,300 --> 08:31:37,800
bedroom into the public world of
work and community. 

9239
08:31:39,000 --> 08:31:43,500
The transition feels natural 
aligned with light and sound and

9240
08:31:43,500 --> 08:31:46,300
the needs of your body. 
There's no jarring alarm. 

9241
08:31:46,300 --> 08:31:48,900
No sense of being wrenched from 
sleep before. 

9242
08:31:48,900 --> 08:31:52,200
You're ready. 
Just a gradual emergence that 

9243
08:31:52,200 --> 08:31:56,500
respect biological rhythms, even
as it responds to practical 

9244
08:31:56,500 --> 08:32:00,400
Necessities the morning routine 
repeated day after day with 

9245
08:32:00,400 --> 08:32:04,700
minor variations for seasons and
circumstances, provide structure

9246
08:32:04,700 --> 08:32:07,100
and comfort. 
You know what comes next? 

9247
08:32:07,100 --> 08:32:08,900
Because it's what always comes 
next. 

9248
08:32:09,700 --> 08:32:12,200
The predictability might seem 
boring to Modern sensibilities. 

9249
08:32:12,200 --> 08:32:16,700
That value variety and Novelty. 
But Tudor people generally found

9250
08:32:16,700 --> 08:32:20,600
Security in repetition in doing 
what their parents did, what 

9251
08:32:20,600 --> 08:32:24,200
their grandparents did and what 
everyone around them does, by 

9252
08:32:24,200 --> 08:32:28,900
the time fall daylight arrives, 
your dressed washed fed, at 

9253
08:32:28,900 --> 08:32:32,600
least minimally and engaged in 
the days, first tasks. 

9254
08:32:33,700 --> 08:32:35,800
The night has fully released, 
its hold. 

9255
08:32:36,500 --> 08:32:40,200
Whatever dreams or thoughts 
occupied those dark hours Fade 

9256
08:32:40,200 --> 08:32:44,900
Into memory as a media concerns 
demanded attention, the daily 

9257
08:32:44,900 --> 08:32:47,600
cycle that will eventually lead.
You back to that same bed, 

9258
08:32:47,600 --> 08:32:51,900
begins, again as inevitable and 
natural as the sun's path across

9259
08:32:51,900 --> 08:32:56,400
the sky chapter 9, the cultural 
meaning of sleep sleep. 

9260
08:32:56,400 --> 08:32:59,400
In Tudor England, carried, 
meanings that extended far 

9261
08:32:59,400 --> 08:33:02,000
beyond the simple. 
Biological need for rest. 

9262
08:33:03,000 --> 08:33:07,200
How you slept where you slept, 
what you wore and what 

9263
08:33:07,200 --> 08:33:10,500
surrounded you, while sleeping 
all these reflected and 

9264
08:33:10,500 --> 08:33:14,500
reinforced the social order, 
spiritual beliefs and 

9265
08:33:14,500 --> 08:33:18,000
philosophical understanding of 
human nature at the most basic 

9266
08:33:18,000 --> 08:33:22,100
level sleep represented. 
Vulnerability while sleeping you

9267
08:33:22,100 --> 08:33:25,400
couldn't defend yourself, 
couldn't maintain social masks 

9268
08:33:25,400 --> 08:33:28,000
and couldn't control your 
behavior or appearance. 

9269
08:33:29,100 --> 08:33:31,900
This made the sleeping chamber, 
a space, requiring protection, 

9270
08:33:31,900 --> 08:33:37,100
both physical and spiritual. 
Prayers before bed weren't just 

9271
08:33:37,100 --> 08:33:40,200
empty ritual, they expressed 
genuine concern about the 

9272
08:33:40,200 --> 08:33:43,800
helpless hours ahead. 
The bed itself carried enormous 

9273
08:33:43,800 --> 08:33:47,900
symbolic weight, When you made a
will and most people of any 

9274
08:33:47,900 --> 08:33:52,500
means made Will's, you 
specifically be the bed naming 

9275
08:33:52,500 --> 08:33:55,800
it as a valuable asset to be 
passed to particular Aires. 

9276
08:33:57,200 --> 08:34:01,900
The bed represented, security, 
Domesticity and the private life

9277
08:34:01,900 --> 08:34:05,000
of the family. 
To inherit someone's bed meant 

9278
08:34:05,000 --> 08:34:06,600
more than gaining a physical 
object. 

9279
08:34:06,600 --> 08:34:10,900
It meant taking on a piece of 
their domestic Legacy marriage 

9280
08:34:10,900 --> 08:34:12,600
beds, held particular 
significant. 

9281
08:34:12,600 --> 08:34:16,500
The marriage bed was blessed by 
the church and the act of being 

9282
08:34:16,500 --> 08:34:19,000
bedded. 
The ceremonial putting to bed of

9283
08:34:19,008 --> 08:34:22,800
the new bride and groom marked 
the transition to married life. 

9284
08:34:23,600 --> 08:34:25,500
Witnesses. 
Might actually accompany the 

9285
08:34:25,500 --> 08:34:27,400
couple to the bed chamber, 
though. 

9286
08:34:27,400 --> 08:34:30,400
They'd leave before. 
Consummation occurred the bed, 

9287
08:34:30,400 --> 08:34:33,500
thus served as both symbol and 
Stage for one of life's most 

9288
08:34:33,508 --> 08:34:37,200
important transitions. 
Occurred in the same beds. 

9289
08:34:37,200 --> 08:34:40,700
Most people died at home in 
their own beds, surrounded by 

9290
08:34:40,708 --> 08:34:43,500
family. 
The bed witnessed your birth. 

9291
08:34:43,500 --> 08:34:47,000
If you were born at home your 
conception your wedding night, 

9292
08:34:47,000 --> 08:34:50,100
your children's births, A 
finally, your death. 

9293
08:34:50,900 --> 08:34:54,200
If you pieces of furniture 
participated so intimately in 

9294
08:34:54,200 --> 08:34:57,800
life's major passages, social 
hierarchy expressed itself in 

9295
08:34:57,800 --> 08:35:01,700
sleeping arrangements with 
remarkable Clarity servants. 

9296
08:35:01,700 --> 08:35:05,900
Slept on straw pallets on floors
are in attics middling, folks, 

9297
08:35:05,900 --> 08:35:08,300
slept in proper beds with decent
mattresses. 

9298
08:35:08,300 --> 08:35:12,100
The wealthy slept, in massive 
poster, beds with expensive 

9299
08:35:12,100 --> 08:35:16,100
hangings, feather mattresses, 
and finally ins where you slept 

9300
08:35:16,100 --> 08:35:18,900
and what you slept on announced.
Your status, as surely as your 

9301
08:35:18,900 --> 08:35:22,700
clothing did during waking hours
dreams, held significant that 

9302
08:35:22,700 --> 08:35:24,700
modern psychology doesn't quite 
capture. 

9303
08:35:25,800 --> 08:35:29,400
Tudor people believed dreams 
could carry messages from God, 

9304
08:35:29,400 --> 08:35:32,900
from angels, from the 
subconscious mind, struggling 

9305
08:35:32,900 --> 08:35:36,300
with waking problems or 
sometimes from darker sources. 

9306
08:35:37,100 --> 08:35:41,800
Prophetic dreams warning, dreams
dreams that revealed Hidden 

9307
08:35:41,800 --> 08:35:45,100
Truths, all these appeared in 
literature and focus belief. 

9308
08:35:45,700 --> 08:35:48,700
You might consult an almanac or 
a priest about the meaning of a 

9309
08:35:48,700 --> 08:35:51,400
particularly Vivid, or 
disturbing dream, the 

9310
08:35:51,400 --> 08:35:54,100
vulnerability of sleep made 
people careful about who could 

9311
08:35:54,100 --> 08:35:57,800
observe them sleeping. 
Servants might see their masters

9312
08:35:57,800 --> 08:36:00,300
in night clothes. 
That this was part of the 

9313
08:36:00,300 --> 08:36:04,200
intimate household relationship.
Balance by mutual dependencies 

9314
08:36:04,200 --> 08:36:07,700
and understood boundaries. 
Strangers seeing you sleep 

9315
08:36:07,700 --> 08:36:12,300
though represented a kind of 
violation, your guard was down 

9316
08:36:12,300 --> 08:36:16,200
your face. 
Relaxed into its true form and 

9317
08:36:16,200 --> 08:36:18,600
your body positioned without the
careful control. 

9318
08:36:18,600 --> 08:36:21,900
You maintained while awake 
medical Theory can connected 

9319
08:36:21,900 --> 08:36:25,300
sleep to the body's humeral 
balance Sleep allowed, the 

9320
08:36:25,300 --> 08:36:28,900
digestive system to process 
food, the body to repair itself 

9321
08:36:28,900 --> 08:36:33,400
and the Brain to clear itself of
vapors accumulated during waking

9322
08:36:33,400 --> 08:36:36,000
hours. 
Too much sleep made, you 

9323
08:36:36,000 --> 08:36:39,800
sluggish and flag Matic. 
Two little sleep dried out the 

9324
08:36:39,800 --> 08:36:43,000
body's fluids leading, tolerate 
irritability. 

9325
08:36:44,100 --> 08:36:47,800
The right amount of sleep, which
varied by age Constitution, and 

9326
08:36:47,800 --> 08:36:51,900
seasoned maintained equilibrium 
different phases of Life, 

9327
08:36:51,900 --> 08:36:53,500
required different amounts of 
sleep. 

9328
08:36:54,400 --> 08:36:56,900
Babies and young children 
needed, much sleep for proper 

9329
08:36:56,900 --> 08:37:01,200
growth, adults in their Prime 
needed, moderate sleep enough 

9330
08:37:01,200 --> 08:37:05,500
for health, but not so much. 
It encouraged laziness Elderly 

9331
08:37:05,500 --> 08:37:09,700
people naturally required less 
their bodies winding down toward

9332
08:37:09,700 --> 08:37:12,900
life's end. 
These patterns seemed obvious 

9333
08:37:12,900 --> 08:37:16,600
through observation and folk 
wisdom, aligned reasonably well 

9334
08:37:16,600 --> 08:37:20,300
with what modern sleep Sciences 
since confirmed seasonal, sleep 

9335
08:37:20,300 --> 08:37:22,600
patterns, reflected the 
agricultural calendar. 

9336
08:37:22,600 --> 08:37:26,100
Winter allowed slightly longer 
sleep periods since less 

9337
08:37:26,100 --> 08:37:30,400
daylight meant fewer workouts. 
Some are demanded early arising 

9338
08:37:30,400 --> 08:37:33,700
to make use of long days though.
Afternoon rests might 

9339
08:37:33,700 --> 08:37:37,000
compensate. 
The wealthy less tied to 

9340
08:37:37,000 --> 08:37:40,000
agricultural rhythms could 
maintain more consistent 

9341
08:37:40,000 --> 08:37:43,400
schedules though. 
Even they adjusted to seasonal 

9342
08:37:43,400 --> 08:37:46,500
light changes religious, 
observance intersected with 

9343
08:37:46,500 --> 08:37:50,900
sleep in multiple ways. 
Monks and nuns Rose for night 

9344
08:37:50,900 --> 08:37:53,600
prayers. 
The night offices, that divided 

9345
08:37:53,600 --> 08:37:56,900
sleep into segments different 
from the late pattern of first 

9346
08:37:56,900 --> 08:38:00,500
and second sleep. 
Devoutly people might rise at 

9347
08:38:00,500 --> 08:38:04,400
midnight for private prayers, 
imitating, monastic practice. 

9348
08:38:05,300 --> 08:38:09,300
Religious holidays might involve
night vigils or Dawn processions

9349
08:38:09,300 --> 08:38:11,500
that disrupted normal sleep 
patterns. 

9350
08:38:11,500 --> 08:38:14,300
The language people used about 
sleep carried. 

9351
08:38:14,300 --> 08:38:16,900
Moral overtones to be a slugger 
bed. 

9352
08:38:16,900 --> 08:38:20,800
Someone who stayed too long in 
bed implied, moral failure, 

9353
08:38:20,800 --> 08:38:25,500
laziness and lack of virtue. 
The early riser, demonstrated 

9354
08:38:25,500 --> 08:38:28,800
industry godliness and proper 
household management. 

9355
08:38:29,800 --> 08:38:32,000
Early to bed and early to rise 
makes a man. 

9356
08:38:32,008 --> 08:38:34,200
Healthy wealthy and wise 
captured. 

9357
08:38:34,200 --> 08:38:37,300
This attitude though that 
specific formulation came 

9358
08:38:37,300 --> 08:38:40,600
slightly later than the Tudor 
period sleep made you equal to 

9359
08:38:40,600 --> 08:38:43,800
everyone else in a way. 
The nobleman, and the peasant, 

9360
08:38:43,800 --> 08:38:46,700
both needed sleep. 
Both experienced dreams and both

9361
08:38:46,700 --> 08:38:50,700
lay helpless in the dark. 
This temporary equality perhaps 

9362
08:38:50,700 --> 08:38:54,500
made sleep slightly troubling to
social hierarchies, it suggested

9363
08:38:54,500 --> 08:38:57,700
that beneath the elaborate 
social structures, All Humans 

9364
08:38:57,700 --> 08:39:00,800
shared basic needs and 
experiences that no amount of 

9365
08:39:00,800 --> 08:39:05,100
wealth or status could eliminate
literature of the period use 

9366
08:39:05,100 --> 08:39:07,800
sleep as a metaphor and plot 
device extensively. 

9367
08:39:08,700 --> 08:39:11,800
Shakespeare writing at the tail 
end of this era, filled his 

9368
08:39:11,800 --> 08:39:15,700
plays, with sleep imagery 
innocent sleep, that knits up 

9369
08:39:15,700 --> 08:39:18,800
the raveled sleave of care, the 
sleep of death. 

9370
08:39:18,800 --> 08:39:22,600
And the prophetic dreams that 
advanced plots or reveal 

9371
08:39:22,600 --> 08:39:26,300
characters in a state's His 
audience is understood these 

9372
08:39:26,300 --> 08:39:29,500
references immediately because 
sleep held such cultural weight.

9373
08:39:29,500 --> 08:39:33,000
The position you slept in 
supposedly revealed character 

9374
08:39:33,000 --> 08:39:35,900
traits. 
Sleeping on your back indicated.

9375
08:39:35,900 --> 08:39:39,000
An open honest nature. 
Side. 

9376
08:39:39,000 --> 08:39:40,600
Sleeping showed balance and 
moderation. 

9377
08:39:41,600 --> 08:39:44,800
Sleeping on your stomach 
suggested, secretiveness or 

9378
08:39:44,800 --> 08:39:48,400
devious Tendencies. 
Whether anyone actually believe 

9379
08:39:48,400 --> 08:39:52,100
this or just found it amusing as
hard to say, but the existence 

9380
08:39:52,100 --> 08:39:55,600
of such folklore shows that even
unconscious sleeping positions 

9381
08:39:55,600 --> 08:39:59,300
carried, meaning, nightmares, 
required spiritual explanation, 

9382
08:40:00,000 --> 08:40:03,700
The term itself comes from 
Nightmare a demon or evil spirit

9383
08:40:03,700 --> 08:40:07,500
that sat on your chest, while 
you slept, causing bad dreams 

9384
08:40:07,500 --> 08:40:11,300
and difficulty breathing. 
Other cultures had similar 

9385
08:40:11,300 --> 08:40:15,200
Concepts the succubus and 
Incubus of medieval belief. 

9386
08:40:16,200 --> 08:40:18,900
Spiritual Beings that visited 
sleepers with various 

9387
08:40:18,900 --> 08:40:21,800
intentions. 
Whether people literally 

9388
08:40:21,800 --> 08:40:25,400
believed in these entities, or 
use them as explanations for 

9389
08:40:25,400 --> 08:40:28,500
Sleep phenomenal, like, sleep, 
paralysis varied among 

9390
08:40:28,500 --> 08:40:32,300
individuals and regions the 
continuity between sleep and 

9391
08:40:32,300 --> 08:40:36,300
death, the resemblance of the 
sleeping body to a quartz made 

9392
08:40:36,300 --> 08:40:39,000
sleep, both natural and slightly
uncanny. 

9393
08:40:39,700 --> 08:40:43,200
You surrendered Consciousness, 
trusted that you'd wake again 

9394
08:40:43,200 --> 08:40:47,000
but couldn't guarantee it every 
night involved a small Act of 

9395
08:40:47,008 --> 08:40:49,600
Faith that this sleep wouldn't 
become permanent sleep. 

9396
08:40:50,400 --> 08:40:53,500
Morning prayers often included. 
Thanks for being allowed to wake

9397
08:40:53,500 --> 08:40:56,400
and acknowledgment that survival
through the night wasn't 

9398
08:40:56,400 --> 08:40:59,000
automatic. 
This Rich web of meaning 

9399
08:40:59,000 --> 08:41:01,700
surrounding sleep. 
Made it far more than a 

9400
08:41:01,700 --> 08:41:05,800
biological necessity Sleep, 
represented, spiritual States 

9401
08:41:05,800 --> 08:41:10,400
Social positions, moral 
qualities, and existential 

9402
08:41:10,400 --> 08:41:13,500
concerns. 
The rituals surrounding sleep, 

9403
08:41:13,500 --> 08:41:16,100
the prayers, the careful 
preparations. 

9404
08:41:16,100 --> 08:41:19,500
The symbolic objects. 
Like blessed medallions. 

9405
08:41:19,500 --> 08:41:23,100
Hung near beds. 
Addressed, these multiple layers

9406
08:41:23,100 --> 08:41:25,400
of meaning. 
Acknowledging that when you 

9407
08:41:25,400 --> 08:41:28,900
close your eyes each night, you 
entered a realm where the normal

9408
08:41:28,900 --> 08:41:31,500
rules were suspended and 
something else, something both 

9409
08:41:31,500 --> 08:41:34,000
dangerous and necessary took 
over until dawn. 

9410
08:41:34,000 --> 08:41:37,800
And so we come to the end of our
nighttime journey through Tudor 

9411
08:41:37,800 --> 08:41:40,300
England. 
You've experienced the full 

9412
08:41:40,300 --> 08:41:44,400
cycle from dust for Shadows 
through the depth of night, to 

9413
08:41:44,400 --> 08:41:48,100
mornings, gradual return. 
You felt the weight of wool 

9414
08:41:48,100 --> 08:41:52,600
blanket on a cold night. 
Heard, the sound of darkness and

9415
08:41:52,600 --> 08:41:55,200
understood The rhythms of 
segmented sleep, and the 

9416
08:41:55,200 --> 08:41:58,300
cultural meanings woven through 
every aspect of rest. 

9417
08:41:58,300 --> 08:42:02,300
The modern world has gained much
in comfort and convenience, but 

9418
08:42:02,300 --> 08:42:05,700
it has lost something too. 
That deeper alignment with 

9419
08:42:05,700 --> 08:42:09,700
natural rhythms that acceptance 
of darkness and its own 

9420
08:42:09,700 --> 08:42:13,000
particular gifts. 
That sense of sleep as something

9421
08:42:13,000 --> 08:42:15,900
more than mere unconsciousness 
between productive waking 

9422
08:42:15,900 --> 08:42:18,900
periods. 
Tudor people for all their 

9423
08:42:18,900 --> 08:42:21,500
discomforts and challenges. 
Knew how to rest in ways. 

9424
08:42:21,500 --> 08:42:24,600
We've largely forgotten, perhaps
there's wisdom in their 

9425
08:42:24,600 --> 08:42:28,200
practices that we might recover 
not by returning to straw 

9426
08:42:28,200 --> 08:42:31,700
mattresses and chamber pots but 
by remembering that sleep 

9427
08:42:31,700 --> 08:42:34,700
deserves respect that Darkness 
has value. 

9428
08:42:34,700 --> 08:42:40,100
And that rest is not idleness 
but renewal As you drift towards

9429
08:42:40,100 --> 08:42:42,500
sleep in your own time, in your 
own bed. 

9430
08:42:43,300 --> 08:42:46,700
Perhaps you can carry a bit of 
Tudor wisdom with you. the 

9431
08:42:46,700 --> 08:42:50,600
acceptance of natural rhythms, 
the appreciation for simple 

9432
08:42:50,600 --> 08:42:54,700
Comforts and the understanding 
that a good night's rest is not 

9433
08:42:54,700 --> 08:42:58,700
a luxury, but a fundamental 
human need on by Generations, 

9434
08:42:58,700 --> 08:43:02,600
who slept before you and those 
who will sleep after your gone 

9435
08:43:02,600 --> 08:43:05,600
sleep well, whenever and 
wherever you find your rest, 

9436
08:43:11,800 --> 08:43:16,500
Imagine what the world was like,
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy

9437
08:43:16,500 --> 08:43:19,100
becoming the Holy, Roman 
Emperor, and most people thought

9438
08:43:19,100 --> 08:43:20,500
the Earth was the center of 
everything. 

9439
08:43:20,500 --> 08:43:23,800
There was a time when the most 
amazing piece of technology, you

9440
08:43:23,800 --> 08:43:27,700
had was a Watermill, the news 
traveled as fast as a horse and 

9441
08:43:27,700 --> 08:43:30,400
you learned about the universe 
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 

9442
08:43:30,400 --> 08:43:34,300
philosophy, Christian Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

9443
08:43:34,300 --> 08:43:36,900
he saw in the sky that one 
night, you lived in a world 

9444
08:43:36,900 --> 08:43:39,900
where the heavens were as 
reliable as Clockwork or at 

9445
08:43:39,900 --> 08:43:42,800
least as reliable as a sundial, 
which was the most accurate. 

9446
08:43:42,800 --> 08:43:45,800
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.
The moon went through, its 

9447
08:43:45,800 --> 08:43:48,700
phases and the Stars moved in 
patterns that people have known 

9448
08:43:48,700 --> 08:43:51,700
about since the beginning of 
recorded history in a time when 

9449
08:43:51,700 --> 08:43:55,300
so much of life was uncertain, 
this Celestial reliability was 

9450
08:43:55,300 --> 08:43:57,700
more than just useful, it was 
very comforting. 

9451
08:43:59,000 --> 08:44:01,500
Hollywood might make you think 
that people in the Middle Ages 

9452
08:44:01,500 --> 08:44:04,900
were primitive but they weren't,
they were skilled astronomers, 

9453
08:44:04,900 --> 08:44:07,800
who could predict when eclipses 
would happen figure out when 

9454
08:44:07,800 --> 08:44:11,200
Easter would be years in advance
and find their way by the stars.

9455
08:44:11,200 --> 08:44:14,800
With amazing accuracy Monastery,
libraries kept careful, records 

9456
08:44:14,800 --> 08:44:18,500
of comets, the movements of 
planets and other strange things

9457
08:44:18,500 --> 08:44:20,500
that happened in the sky for 
hundreds of years. 

9458
08:44:20,500 --> 08:44:23,300
These people didn't freak out at
every shooting star. 

9459
08:44:23,300 --> 08:44:25,300
They were experienced 
skywatchers. 

9460
08:44:25,300 --> 08:44:28,300
Who could tell the difference 
between normal and amazing in 

9461
08:44:28,300 --> 08:44:30,500
comparison to how complicated 
things are today. 

9462
08:44:30,500 --> 08:44:34,000
The medieval view of the 
universe was very simple Earth 

9463
08:44:34,000 --> 08:44:36,400
was in the middle of everything 
and around. 

9464
08:44:36,400 --> 08:44:39,700
It were Crystal spheres that 
held the moon planets and stars 

9465
08:44:39,700 --> 08:44:42,700
in their, never-ending dance. 
The empyrean was beyond the 

9466
08:44:42,700 --> 08:44:45,400
sphere of fixed stars, and it 
was where God lived in. 

9467
08:44:45,400 --> 08:44:48,600
Perfect Light, it was a universe
that made sense where everything

9468
08:44:48,600 --> 08:44:50,800
was in the right place and had a
reason for being there. 

9469
08:44:50,800 --> 08:44:55,200
People in 774 live their lives 
in ways that most people today 

9470
08:44:55,200 --> 08:44:58,100
forgotten, you woke up with the 
sun because candles were 

9471
08:44:58,100 --> 08:45:02,000
expensive and Filete was hard to
find the sun's path across the 

9472
08:45:02,000 --> 08:45:02,900
sky. 
Not the clock. 

9473
08:45:02,900 --> 08:45:05,900
Told you how long your work day 
was Farmers, knew that certain 

9474
08:45:05,900 --> 08:45:08,900
crops should be planted when 
certain stars came up at dawn 

9475
08:45:08,900 --> 08:45:11,900
and monks split their prayers 
into different parts. 

9476
08:45:11,900 --> 08:45:14,600
Based on the canonical hours 
that followed the sun's 

9477
08:45:14,600 --> 08:45:17,300
movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

9478
08:45:17,300 --> 08:45:20,200
lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

9479
08:45:20,200 --> 08:45:22,900
closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

9480
08:45:22,900 --> 08:45:24,400
only things that could reach 
your world. 

9481
08:45:24,400 --> 08:45:27,500
If you were lucky enough to go 
on a pilgrimage, you could see 

9482
08:45:27,500 --> 08:45:29,900
them, it would have seemed a 
strange to you, that things 

9483
08:45:29,900 --> 08:45:31,800
happening. 
Millions of miles away in space 

9484
08:45:31,800 --> 08:45:35,100
could affect your daily life as 
the idea that you could one day 

9485
08:45:35,100 --> 08:45:37,400
video chat with someone on the 
other side of the world. 

9486
08:45:37,400 --> 08:45:40,600
But even in this small world, 
people were very aware of the 

9487
08:45:40,600 --> 08:45:43,600
sky, the night was really dark 
because there were no electric 

9488
08:45:43,600 --> 08:45:44,900
lights to wash out. 
The Stars. 

9489
08:45:44,900 --> 08:45:48,300
This made celestial events, much
more visible and dramatic than 

9490
08:45:48,300 --> 08:45:51,800
they are now everyone could see 
a bright Comet not just 

9491
08:45:51,800 --> 08:45:55,000
astronomers with special tools. 
The Milky Way looked like a 

9492
08:45:55,000 --> 08:45:58,700
cosmic Highway across the sky 
and meteor showers were events 

9493
08:45:58,700 --> 08:46:00,500
that Whole Villages would stay 
up to watch. 

9494
08:46:00,500 --> 08:46:03,900
Everything was affected by 
religion, and people often saw 

9495
08:46:03,900 --> 08:46:06,900
celestial events through 
religious lenses, strange things

9496
08:46:06,900 --> 08:46:09,100
happening in the sky. 
Could be signs of political 

9497
08:46:09,100 --> 08:46:13,400
change warnings from God about 
how to act morally or signs of 

9498
08:46:13,408 --> 08:46:16,000
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

9499
08:46:16,000 --> 08:46:19,300
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

9500
08:46:19,300 --> 08:46:23,000
understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

9501
08:46:23,000 --> 08:46:25,300
were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

9502
08:46:25,300 --> 08:46:29,600
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 
and Pliny the Elder these texts.

9503
08:46:29,600 --> 08:46:32,500
Helped people understand how the
world worked, but medieval 

9504
08:46:32,500 --> 08:46:35,000
Scholars were just passive, 
recipients of ancient knowledge.

9505
08:46:35,000 --> 08:46:38,000
They also made their own 
observations and sometimes came 

9506
08:46:38,000 --> 08:46:40,300
to different conclusions than 
classical authorities. 

9507
08:46:40,300 --> 08:46:43,400
People were curious and 
observant at the time, but only 

9508
08:46:43,400 --> 08:46:46,100
up to a point natural 
philosophers endeavored to 

9509
08:46:46,100 --> 08:46:48,500
comprehend God's creation 
through meticulous examination. 

9510
08:46:48,500 --> 08:46:51,900
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

9511
08:46:51,900 --> 08:46:53,600
truth. 
It was important to pay 

9512
08:46:53,600 --> 08:46:56,000
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

9513
08:46:56,000 --> 08:46:58,900
scientifically interesting. 
But also, because they could 

9514
08:46:58,900 --> 08:47:01,400
Could have spiritual, meaning 
trade networks linked. 

9515
08:47:01,400 --> 08:47:03,900
Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

9516
08:47:03,900 --> 08:47:07,400
exchanges a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

9517
08:47:07,400 --> 08:47:10,400
hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 

9518
08:47:10,400 --> 08:47:14,200
paths and diplomatic channels to
reach chroniclers information 

9519
08:47:14,200 --> 08:47:17,800
moved slowly but steadily making
a medieval version of an 

9520
08:47:17,800 --> 08:47:20,500
intellectual Network that could 
keep, and share important 

9521
08:47:20,500 --> 08:47:25,700
observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 where the 

9522
08:47:25,700 --> 08:47:28,200
stars, followed familiar 
patterns, and strange things 

9523
08:47:28,200 --> 08:47:30,000
happened. 
So, rarely that they were 

9524
08:47:30,000 --> 08:47:32,600
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

9525
08:47:32,600 --> 08:47:36,100
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

9526
08:47:36,100 --> 08:47:40,000
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

9527
08:47:40,000 --> 08:47:42,400
records. 
It would take humans over a 

9528
08:47:42,400 --> 08:47:44,700
thousand years to make the 
scientific tools needed to 

9529
08:47:44,700 --> 08:47:48,500
figure out what it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

9530
08:47:48,500 --> 08:47:50,500
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

9531
08:47:50,508 --> 08:47:52,600
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

9532
08:47:52,600 --> 08:47:55,300
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

9533
08:47:55,300 --> 08:47:57,200
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars. 

9534
08:47:57,200 --> 08:48:00,700
They knew they had no Idea that 
invisible radiation was about to

9535
08:48:00,700 --> 08:48:03,300
fall from space and amounts, 
that wouldn't be seen again for 

9536
08:48:03,300 --> 08:48:06,400
another Thousand Years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

9537
08:48:06,400 --> 08:48:08,100
your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night. 

9538
08:48:08,100 --> 08:48:12,300
In 774, maybe sometime between 
late winter and early summer. 

9539
08:48:12,300 --> 08:48:14,200
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

9540
08:48:14,200 --> 08:48:16,200
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

9541
08:48:16,200 --> 08:48:19,800
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

9542
08:48:19,800 --> 08:48:21,900
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

9543
08:48:21,900 --> 08:48:25,200
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

9544
08:48:25,200 --> 08:48:27,400
is happening higher above. 
The Earth's atmosphere that 

9545
08:48:27,400 --> 08:48:30,000
people won't fully understand 
until the 21st century. 

9546
08:48:30,000 --> 08:48:33,300
A huge burst of high energy 
particles is hitting Earth's 

9547
08:48:33,300 --> 08:48:36,000
upper atmosphere with a force 
that has never been seen before 

9548
08:48:36,000 --> 08:48:39,000
these cosmic rays, which 
wouldn't be called that for 

9549
08:48:39,000 --> 08:48:41,900
another Thousand Years. 
A falling from space, like an 

9550
08:48:41,900 --> 08:48:44,700
invisible waterfall of 
radiation, carrying energies 

9551
08:48:44,700 --> 08:48:45,900
that are much bigger than 
anything. 

9552
08:48:45,900 --> 08:48:47,700
Human technology can make even 
today. 

9553
08:48:47,700 --> 08:48:51,000
One of the biggest mysteries of 
medieval astronomy is where this

9554
08:48:51,000 --> 08:48:54,100
Cosmic bombardment came from. 
This is partly because the 

9555
08:48:54,100 --> 08:48:56,200
people who were affected 
couldn't see it directly. 

9556
08:48:56,200 --> 08:48:58,600
This event didn't make any 
visible light. 

9557
08:48:59,200 --> 08:49:02,800
Change the night, sky in any big
ways or show any clear, signs, 

9558
08:49:02,800 --> 08:49:05,500
that something strange was 
happening, unlike a comet or 

9559
08:49:05,500 --> 08:49:07,800
supernova. 
It was like being in the middle 

9560
08:49:07,800 --> 08:49:10,200
of the most amazing fireworks 
show in the history of the 

9561
08:49:10,200 --> 08:49:14,000
universe while wearing a 
blindfold what was going on even

9562
08:49:14,000 --> 08:49:17,200
though it couldn't be seen, was 
truly amazing protons. 

9563
08:49:17,200 --> 08:49:19,900
And other high-energy particles 
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 

9564
08:49:19,900 --> 08:49:23,000
at almost the speed of light, 
this caused secondary particles 

9565
08:49:23,000 --> 08:49:24,600
to rain, down toward the 
surface. 

9566
08:49:24,600 --> 08:49:28,400
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal cosmic ray 

9567
08:49:28,400 --> 08:49:30,500
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

9568
08:49:30,500 --> 08:49:33,600
spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

9569
08:49:33,600 --> 08:49:36,900
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

9570
08:49:36,900 --> 08:49:39,000
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon 14. 

9571
08:49:39,000 --> 08:49:42,600
The radioactive isotope, that 
archaeologists used to date old 

9572
08:49:42,600 --> 08:49:45,000
things. 
This process usually happens at 

9573
08:49:45,000 --> 08:49:48,500
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

9574
08:49:48,500 --> 08:49:53,400
ticking steadily for thousands 
of years but in 774 that clock, 

9575
08:49:53,400 --> 08:49:57,500
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

9576
08:49:57,500 --> 08:49:59,200
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever. 

9577
08:49:59,700 --> 08:50:02,600
Trees did a great job of 
recording this event, even 

9578
08:50:02,600 --> 08:50:04,400
though they didn't know they 
were acting as Cosmic 

9579
08:50:04,400 --> 08:50:09,300
historians, they took an extra 
carbon-14 as they grew in 774 

9580
08:50:09,300 --> 08:50:13,900
and 775, which scientists would 
later recognized as one of the 

9581
08:50:13,900 --> 08:50:17,500
most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

9582
08:50:17,500 --> 08:50:20,100
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

9583
08:50:20,100 --> 08:50:22,400
seen. 
The cosmic rays were also making

9584
08:50:22,400 --> 08:50:25,500
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

9585
08:50:25,500 --> 08:50:27,800
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 
rocks. 

9586
08:50:27,800 --> 08:50:30,800
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

9587
08:50:30,800 --> 08:50:33,700
world like pieces of a puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

9588
08:50:33,700 --> 08:50:37,100
for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

9589
08:50:37,100 --> 08:50:40,200
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

9590
08:50:40,200 --> 08:50:44,900
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

9591
08:50:44,900 --> 08:50:48,400
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

9592
08:50:48,400 --> 08:50:51,900
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

9593
08:50:51,900 --> 08:50:55,500
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City sized objects with the 

9594
08:50:55,500 --> 08:50:58,500
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other in our Cosmic 

9595
08:50:58,500 --> 08:51:01,100
neighborhood. 
Ending out a short but very 

9596
08:51:01,100 --> 08:51:02,900
strong burst of high-energy 
particles. 

9597
08:51:02,900 --> 08:51:05,800
You can start to understand the 
energies involved, if you 

9598
08:51:05,800 --> 08:51:09,000
picture two Atomic nuclei the 
size of Manhattan, crashing into

9599
08:51:09,000 --> 08:51:11,600
each other at speeds of 
thousands of miles per second. 

9600
08:51:11,600 --> 08:51:14,900
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

9601
08:51:14,900 --> 08:51:17,400
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

9602
08:51:17,400 --> 08:51:20,400
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

9603
08:51:20,400 --> 08:51:24,200
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses 

9604
08:51:24,200 --> 08:51:26,100
that sometimes explode with 
energy. 

9605
08:51:26,100 --> 08:51:28,800
That can be seen from thousands 
of light years away. 

9606
08:51:28,800 --> 08:51:32,400
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

9607
08:51:32,400 --> 08:51:35,100
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

9608
08:51:35,100 --> 08:51:37,000
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

9609
08:51:37,000 --> 08:51:40,700
possibilities is that Earths are
a gamma ray burst which is one 

9610
08:51:40,700 --> 08:51:43,900
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics, when huge 

9611
08:51:43,900 --> 08:51:47,100
Stars collapse into black holes 
or when strange Stellar, 

9612
08:51:47,100 --> 08:51:49,700
remnants collide with each 
other, in a way that destroys 

9613
08:51:49,700 --> 08:51:52,500
everything. 
These events can outshine whole 

9614
08:51:52,500 --> 08:51:56,100
Galaxies for a short time. 
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth

9615
08:51:56,100 --> 08:51:59,500
directly could have caused the 
cosmic Race by that was seen in 

9616
08:51:59,600 --> 08:52:03,800
774 the timing of the event is 
what makes it so interesting 

9617
08:52:03,800 --> 08:52:09,900
from 774 to 776 medieval records
from all over the world. 

9618
08:52:09,900 --> 08:52:13,400
Talked about strange things that
happened like strange lights in 

9619
08:52:13,400 --> 08:52:16,700
the sky, strange weather 
patterns and other things that 

9620
08:52:16,700 --> 08:52:18,500
chroniclers thought were worth 
noting. 

9621
08:52:18,500 --> 08:52:21,700
These observations may have 
natural explanations that have 

9622
08:52:21,700 --> 08:52:24,500
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 
but the connection is 

9623
08:52:24,500 --> 08:52:26,900
interesting enough to make. 
You think about what people, who

9624
08:52:26,900 --> 08:52:30,200
looked at the sky, in the Middle
Ages, might have seen that, they

9625
08:52:30,200 --> 08:52:34,500
couldn't explain the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 was short by 

9626
08:52:34,500 --> 08:52:37,900
astronomical standards, it 
probably lasted months in of 

9627
08:52:37,900 --> 08:52:40,200
years. 
However it was strong enough to 

9628
08:52:40,200 --> 08:52:42,600
leave permanent marks in Earth's
natural records. 

9629
08:52:42,600 --> 08:52:45,400
It was like getting a cosmic 
Telegram in a language that 

9630
08:52:45,400 --> 08:52:48,300
people wouldn't be able to read 
for more than 1,000 years when 

9631
08:52:48,300 --> 08:52:51,200
they had better tools and 
theories from a medieval point 

9632
08:52:51,200 --> 08:52:53,800
of view, this storm was 
completely invisible to any 

9633
08:52:53,800 --> 08:52:56,700
technology or observation method
that was available at the time 

9634
08:52:56,700 --> 08:52:59,400
cosmic, ray of events. 
Don't leave any visible signs. 

9635
08:52:59,600 --> 08:53:03,600
That would alert people and like
a Clips is comets or supernovae.

9636
08:53:03,600 --> 08:53:07,500
The people of 774 were going 
through one of the most amazing 

9637
08:53:07,500 --> 08:53:11,300
astrophysical events in history,
but they had no way of knowing 

9638
08:53:11,300 --> 08:53:14,100
it was happening. 
But in a way, they were all part

9639
08:53:14,100 --> 08:53:17,800
of a cosmic experiment working 
together without even knowing it

9640
08:53:17,800 --> 08:53:20,600
to make a time capsule, that 
would help scientists. 

9641
08:53:20,600 --> 08:53:23,300
Learn more about both medieval 
history and astrophysics. 

9642
08:53:23,300 --> 08:53:27,500
Every tree that grew every piece
of ice that formed and every 

9643
08:53:27,500 --> 08:53:30,500
living thing that developed 
during those important years was

9644
08:53:30,500 --> 08:53:33,200
quietly, leaving behind 
evidence, that would be very 

9645
08:53:33,200 --> 08:53:36,800
useful to researchers 13th. 
Centuries later even though 

9646
08:53:36,800 --> 08:53:39,000
medieval people couldn't see 
cosmic rays. 

9647
08:53:39,000 --> 08:53:44,200
The years 774 to 776 were not 
boring for the people who lived 

9648
08:53:44,200 --> 08:53:46,200
through them. 
There are records from Europe 

9649
08:53:46,200 --> 08:53:48,300
and Asia that talk about strange
things that happened. 

9650
08:53:48,300 --> 08:53:51,600
During this time, we can't say, 
for sure that Cosmic radiation 

9651
08:53:51,600 --> 08:53:54,200
calls all of them. 
But the timing is interesting 

9652
08:53:54,200 --> 08:53:56,700
enough to make you wonder what 
people in the Middle Ages were 

9653
08:53:56,700 --> 08:53:59,500
really seeing imagine being 
among in a script. 

9654
08:53:59,500 --> 08:54:02,800
Corium in 775. 
Keeping the chronicle. 

9655
08:54:02,800 --> 08:54:05,000
That tells the story of your 
Monastery is most important 

9656
08:54:05,000 --> 08:54:07,800
events. 
You dip your quill in oak, gall 

9657
08:54:07,800 --> 08:54:10,700
ink and write down that the 
winter has been unusually harsh 

9658
08:54:10,700 --> 08:54:13,900
and that strange colors have 
appeared in the northern sky a 

9659
08:54:13,900 --> 08:54:16,800
few times, you don't know that 
more Cosmic radiation could 

9660
08:54:16,800 --> 08:54:20,300
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere in small ways or that

9661
08:54:20,300 --> 08:54:23,100
high energy particles could 
cause strange auroras to appear 

9662
08:54:23,100 --> 08:54:25,100
at lower. 
Latitudes than usual, the 

9663
08:54:25,100 --> 08:54:28,100
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most reliable sources

9664
08:54:28,100 --> 08:54:30,600
from the Middle. 
Ages says the red crucifix 

9665
08:54:30,600 --> 08:54:33,000
appeared in the sky after Sunset
around this time. 

9666
08:54:33,000 --> 08:54:36,500
Medieval chroniclers were 
skilled at watching the sky and 

9667
08:54:36,500 --> 08:54:38,500
could tell the difference 
between normal and strange 

9668
08:54:38,500 --> 08:54:40,500
events. 
So when they took the time to 

9669
08:54:40,500 --> 08:54:42,400
write down strange, celestial 
events. 

9670
08:54:42,400 --> 08:54:44,900
They were probably seeing 
something that was really 

9671
08:54:44,900 --> 08:54:51,500
strange between 774 and 776. 
Chinese astronomical records 

9672
08:54:51,500 --> 08:54:54,600
from the Tang Dynasty which kept
some of the most advanced 

9673
08:54:54,600 --> 08:54:58,100
Celestial observations in the 
world noted, a number of strange

9674
08:54:58,100 --> 08:55:00,700
events Chinese. 
Astronomers were specially good 

9675
08:55:00,700 --> 08:55:03,900
at keeping track of comets, Nova
and other short-lived events 

9676
08:55:03,900 --> 08:55:07,200
their records, talk about guest 
stars and strange atmospheric 

9677
08:55:07,200 --> 08:55:10,000
events that don't match up with 
any known astronomical events 

9678
08:55:10,000 --> 08:55:12,900
that can be seen from Earth. 
The annals of Ulster say that 

9679
08:55:12,900 --> 08:55:15,300
there were strange lights and 
weather patterns in Ireland. 

9680
08:55:15,300 --> 08:55:17,900
During this time, Irish 
monasteries were places where 

9681
08:55:17,900 --> 08:55:20,500
people could learn and keep 
detailed records of events on 

9682
08:55:20,500 --> 08:55:23,400
Earth and in the sky. 
Their Chronicles often give us 

9683
08:55:23,408 --> 08:55:25,600
information about things that 
other sources might miss. 

9684
08:55:25,600 --> 08:55:28,700
The fact that different 
independent Chronicle Traditions

9685
08:55:28,700 --> 08:55:31,000
or record strange things 
happening at the same time, 

9686
08:55:31,000 --> 08:55:34,300
suggests that something strange 
was really going on. 

9687
08:55:34,300 --> 08:55:36,800
But this is where the story gets
really interesting. 

9688
08:55:36,800 --> 08:55:38,800
From a human point of view 
people. 

9689
08:55:38,800 --> 08:55:41,700
In the Middle Ages who saw these
things had to make sense of them

9690
08:55:41,700 --> 08:55:44,500
using what they already knew 
this meant that they mostly 

9691
08:55:44,500 --> 08:55:46,300
understood strange things 
through religious and 

9692
08:55:46,300 --> 08:55:48,300
philosophical lenses, in stead 
of a scientific. 

9693
08:55:48,300 --> 08:55:51,400
Once a strange light in the 
northern sky, could mean that 

9694
08:55:51,400 --> 08:55:54,400
the government is about to 
change that God is unhappy with 

9695
08:55:54,400 --> 08:55:57,100
how people are acting all that. 
The end of the world is near 

9696
08:55:57,100 --> 08:55:59,400
people probably thought of the 
Red Cross. 

9697
08:55:59,400 --> 08:56:01,700
In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as 
a Christian Vision. 

9698
08:56:01,700 --> 08:56:04,300
Maybe showing God's judgment or 
Mercy. 

9699
08:56:04,300 --> 08:56:07,000
These interpretations weren't 
simple or stupid. 

9700
08:56:07,000 --> 08:56:10,700
They were smart tries to make 
sense of strange events with the

9701
08:56:10,700 --> 08:56:12,200
best tools available at the 
time. 

9702
08:56:12,200 --> 08:56:14,400
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle. 

9703
08:56:14,400 --> 08:56:20,500
Ages was strange from 774 to 776
with different records talking 

9704
08:56:20,500 --> 08:56:24,300
about harsh Winters, strange, 
storms, and other weather events

9705
08:56:24,300 --> 08:56:26,500
that were out of the ordinary 
cosmic rays. 

9706
08:56:26,500 --> 08:56:29,200
Don't directly control the 
weather, but they can change the

9707
08:56:29,200 --> 08:56:31,600
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

9708
08:56:31,600 --> 08:56:34,900
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval. 

9709
08:56:34,900 --> 08:56:37,600
People would have thought it was
magic that invisible particles 

9710
08:56:37,600 --> 08:56:39,600
from space, could change the 
weather on Earth. 

9711
08:56:39,600 --> 08:56:43,000
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

9712
08:56:43,000 --> 08:56:45,700
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

9713
08:56:45,700 --> 08:56:48,100
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

9714
08:56:48,100 --> 08:56:51,600
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

9715
08:56:51,600 --> 08:56:55,600
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

9716
08:56:55,600 --> 08:56:57,000
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

9717
08:56:57,000 --> 08:56:59,300
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting. 

9718
08:56:59,400 --> 08:57:02,700
Differently than they should 
have, theoretically increased 

9719
08:57:02,700 --> 08:57:05,100
Cosmic radiation could impact 
plant growth and development. 

9720
08:57:05,100 --> 08:57:08,400
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice, even if they 

9721
08:57:08,400 --> 08:57:11,300
couldn't articulate their 
observations monks, may have 

9722
08:57:11,308 --> 08:57:14,200
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

9723
08:57:14,200 --> 08:57:17,400
Monastery Gardens which were, 
well kept places medieval 

9724
08:57:17,400 --> 08:57:19,800
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

9725
08:57:19,800 --> 08:57:22,400
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

9726
08:57:22,400 --> 08:57:24,900
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

9727
08:57:24,900 --> 08:57:27,700
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

9728
08:57:27,700 --> 08:57:31,300
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming 

9729
08:57:31,300 --> 08:57:34,900
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray of event 

9730
08:57:34,900 --> 08:57:37,800
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a bigger effect on 

9731
08:57:37,800 --> 08:57:40,900
the minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though no 

9732
08:57:40,900 --> 08:57:42,400
one could say for sure what was 
going on. 

9733
08:57:42,400 --> 08:57:45,900
Strange light in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

9734
08:57:45,900 --> 08:57:48,000
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

9735
08:57:48,000 --> 08:57:49,800
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

9736
08:57:49,800 --> 08:57:52,900
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

9737
08:57:52,900 --> 08:57:55,600
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

9738
08:57:55,600 --> 08:57:58,300
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

9739
08:57:58,300 --> 08:58:01,300
live in cities today. 
A might not notice at all a 

9740
08:58:01,300 --> 08:58:04,000
farmer who slept outside every 
night would notice if the Aurora

9741
08:58:04,000 --> 08:58:06,100
appeared at latitudes that were 
lower than usual. 

9742
08:58:06,100 --> 08:58:09,800
Similarly, a monk who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

9743
08:58:09,800 --> 08:58:12,300
the colors of dawn, or dusk, 
look different than usual. 

9744
08:58:12,300 --> 08:58:15,100
When strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

9745
08:58:15,100 --> 08:58:18,800
People usually turn to religion,
more asked learned people for 

9746
08:58:18,800 --> 08:58:21,400
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

9747
08:58:21,400 --> 08:58:24,500
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

9748
08:58:24,500 --> 08:58:27,700
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

9749
08:58:27,700 --> 08:58:30,600
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

9750
08:58:30,600 --> 08:58:33,300
natural events. 
It is specially sad that people 

9751
08:58:33,300 --> 08:58:35,500
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

9752
08:58:35,508 --> 08:58:39,400
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

9753
08:58:39,400 --> 08:58:42,100
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

9754
08:58:42,100 --> 08:58:45,100
They were like people who were 
trying to understand a symphony 

9755
08:58:45,100 --> 08:58:47,900
book, could only hear a few 
notes here and there or who were

9756
08:58:47,900 --> 08:58:50,200
trying to enjoy a painting but 
could only see random 

9757
08:58:50,200 --> 08:58:53,500
brushstrokes but their careful 
observations and detailed 

9758
08:58:53,500 --> 08:58:56,800
records which are still kept in 
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

9759
08:58:56,800 --> 08:59:00,900
annals on several continents. 
Modern scientists important 

9760
08:59:00,900 --> 08:59:04,200
information about both the 
cosmic ray event and its 

9761
08:59:04,200 --> 08:59:07,500
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

9762
08:59:07,508 --> 08:59:10,400
candlelight in stone scriptorium
made records. 

9763
08:59:10,400 --> 08:59:13,200
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicists 13th. 

9764
08:59:13,200 --> 08:59:18,800
Centuries later, people living 
between 774 and 776 experienced 

9765
08:59:18,800 --> 08:59:21,600
mystery in, its purest form 
things that were clearly 

9766
08:59:21,600 --> 08:59:24,000
important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

9767
08:59:24,000 --> 08:59:26,700
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

9768
08:59:26,700 --> 08:59:30,400
careful observation keeping 
detailed records and thinking 

9769
08:59:30,400 --> 08:59:33,000
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

9770
08:59:33,000 --> 08:59:34,900
traditions. 
That had helped people 

9771
08:59:34,900 --> 08:59:38,000
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

9772
08:59:38,000 --> 08:59:40,600
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

9773
08:59:40,600 --> 08:59:43,400
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

9774
08:59:43,400 --> 08:59:46,700
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, library's and the 

9775
08:59:46,700 --> 08:59:49,000
hidden records written in tree 
rings in ice cores. 

9776
08:59:49,000 --> 08:59:53,500
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

9777
08:59:53,500 --> 08:59:55,500
ray of event. 
They had to put together, 

9778
08:59:55,500 --> 08:59:59,500
medieval Chronicles and the most
advanced astrophysics to Figure 

9779
08:59:59,500 --> 09:00:03,000
it out in the early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree ring

9780
09:00:03,000 --> 09:00:05,700
data saw something amazing that 
led to the big Discovery. 

9781
09:00:05,700 --> 09:00:11,800
The amount of carbon 14 in Wood 
samples from 774 to 775 went up 

9782
09:00:11,800 --> 09:00:14,600
a lot which hasn't happened in 
the last few thousand years. 

9783
09:00:14,600 --> 09:00:18,000
It was like nature had suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

9784
09:00:18,000 --> 09:00:21,500
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

9785
09:00:21,500 --> 09:00:24,100
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

9786
09:00:24,100 --> 09:00:27,300
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

9787
09:00:27,300 --> 09:00:29,800
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

9788
09:00:29,800 --> 09:00:32,800
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

9789
09:00:32,800 --> 09:00:36,500
Greenland had higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other isotopes 

9790
09:00:36,500 --> 09:00:38,300
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

9791
09:00:38,300 --> 09:00:42,200
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical ocean showed signs

9792
09:00:42,200 --> 09:00:43,900
of the same event in their 
chemical makeup. 

9793
09:00:43,900 --> 09:00:46,800
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scene on 

9794
09:00:46,800 --> 09:00:49,800
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

9795
09:00:49,808 --> 09:00:52,900
candlelight with quill. 
Peninsula knowingly, recorded 

9796
09:00:52,900 --> 09:00:55,900
pieces of this Cosmic puzzle in 
their careful notes, about 

9797
09:00:55,900 --> 09:00:58,700
strange events. 
It was no longer just to strange

9798
09:00:58,700 --> 09:00:59,700
medieval. 
Superstition. 

9799
09:00:59,700 --> 09:01:02,800
That the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
mentioned a red crucifix in the 

9800
09:01:02,800 --> 09:01:05,200
sky. 
It could be useful, scientific 

9801
09:01:05,200 --> 09:01:07,900
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

9802
09:01:07,900 --> 09:01:11,300
Chinese astronomical records, 
were especially useful because 

9803
09:01:11,300 --> 09:01:15,000
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Kept very detailed records of 

9804
09:01:15,000 --> 09:01:18,000
celestial events. 
Their records of guest stars, 

9805
09:01:18,000 --> 09:01:25,000
strange lights and Atmospheric 
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped

9806
09:01:25,000 --> 09:01:28,700
us understand how experienced 
skywatches might have seen such 

9807
09:01:28,700 --> 09:01:32,100
an event with the tools they had
at the time to connect medieval 

9808
09:01:32,100 --> 09:01:33,500
Chronicles to Modern 
astrophysics. 

9809
09:01:33,500 --> 09:01:36,300
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

9810
09:01:36,300 --> 09:01:38,800
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend. 

9811
09:01:38,800 --> 09:01:42,000
Not only the observations made 
by medieval individuals, but 

9812
09:01:42,000 --> 09:01:44,700
also how these observations 
would have been interpreted and 

9813
09:01:44,700 --> 09:01:48,500
documented within their cultural
and scientific contexts medieval

9814
09:01:48,500 --> 09:01:51,400
chroniclers would have used the 
language of Omens wanders, and 

9815
09:01:51,400 --> 09:01:54,400
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

9816
09:01:54,400 --> 09:01:57,000
in terms of particle physics and
Atmospheric chemistry. 

9817
09:01:57,000 --> 09:01:59,700
The result of this 
cross-disciplinary detective 

9818
09:01:59,700 --> 09:02:02,400
work was a picture of an event 
that was both dramatic and 

9819
09:02:02,400 --> 09:02:04,900
invisible. 
Nobody Technology could have 

9820
09:02:04,908 --> 09:02:08,300
detected, the cosmic ray 
bombardment itself, but careful,

9821
09:02:08,300 --> 09:02:10,900
observers might have been able 
to see its secondary effects 

9822
09:02:10,900 --> 09:02:15,000
such as stranger, aurors 
atmospheric phenomena, and maybe

9823
09:02:15,000 --> 09:02:16,600
even small changes in weather 
patterns. 

9824
09:02:16,600 --> 09:02:20,400
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

9825
09:02:20,400 --> 09:02:22,300
matches. 
The time when cosmic ray levels 

9826
09:02:22,300 --> 09:02:25,100
were high, this suggests that 
some of the strange things that 

9827
09:02:25,100 --> 09:02:27,500
medieval writers wrote, about 
may have been caused by the 

9828
09:02:27,500 --> 09:02:30,700
invisible radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

9829
09:02:30,700 --> 09:02:33,500
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

9830
09:02:33,500 --> 09:02:35,600
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

9831
09:02:35,600 --> 09:02:38,800
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from Bagdad

9832
09:02:38,800 --> 09:02:41,700
and Cordoba all to talk about 
strange things that happen. 

9833
09:02:41,700 --> 09:02:44,500
During the time. 
Medieval Islamic astronomers 

9834
09:02:44,500 --> 09:02:47,000
were some of the best at 
observing celestial events in 

9835
09:02:47,000 --> 09:02:50,400
the world, their records often 
add to and clarify what European

9836
09:02:50,400 --> 09:02:53,300
and Chinese sources of set. 
The worldwide nature of these 

9837
09:02:53,300 --> 09:02:54,900
records. 
Suggest that what was happening.

9838
09:02:54,900 --> 09:02:57,300
Was truly Global not just in one
area. 

9839
09:02:57,300 --> 09:03:00,500
Modern researchers have a hard 
time figuring out which cosmic 

9840
09:03:00,500 --> 09:03:03,600
ray effects are real and which 
are just the normal background 

9841
09:03:03,600 --> 09:03:06,500
of Strange events that medieval 
chroniclers wrote about all the 

9842
09:03:06,500 --> 09:03:08,400
time. 
People in the Middle Ages. 

9843
09:03:08,400 --> 09:03:11,300
Lived in a world where comets, 
eclipses, strange weather. 

9844
09:03:11,300 --> 09:03:14,200
And many other events were 
always happening and being seen 

9845
09:03:14,200 --> 09:03:17,200
as important to figure out, 
which anomalies might be linked 

9846
09:03:17,200 --> 09:03:19,500
to the cosmic ray event, you 
need to carefully. 

9847
09:03:19,500 --> 09:03:22,900
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

9848
09:03:22,900 --> 09:03:24,700
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

9849
09:03:24,700 --> 09:03:27,600
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

9850
09:03:27,600 --> 09:03:29,400
how consistent. 
They are across different 

9851
09:03:29,400 --> 09:03:32,300
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

9852
09:03:32,300 --> 09:03:34,600
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

9853
09:03:34,600 --> 09:03:37,500
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

9854
09:03:37,500 --> 09:03:40,600
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

9855
09:03:40,600 --> 09:03:42,800
strange. 
And not just what people in 

9856
09:03:42,800 --> 09:03:45,500
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

9857
09:03:45,500 --> 09:03:49,000
This Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

9858
09:03:49,000 --> 09:03:51,500
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

9859
09:03:51,500 --> 09:03:54,300
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

9860
09:03:54,300 --> 09:03:57,200
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

9861
09:03:57,200 --> 09:03:59,800
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

9862
09:03:59,800 --> 09:04:03,000
sources and the historical 
context, geochemists and 

9863
09:04:03,000 --> 09:04:06,600
climatologists, Study tree, 
rings, ice cores and other 

9864
09:04:06,600 --> 09:04:09,300
natural records that keep 
chemical traces of events from 

9865
09:04:09,300 --> 09:04:13,000
long ago. 
The 774 event is a specially 

9866
09:04:13,000 --> 09:04:16,100
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

9867
09:04:16,100 --> 09:04:18,800
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

9868
09:04:18,800 --> 09:04:21,700
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

9869
09:04:21,700 --> 09:04:25,300
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

9870
09:04:25,300 --> 09:04:27,600
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

9871
09:04:27,600 --> 09:04:30,600
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

9872
09:04:30,600 --> 09:04:33,000
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

9873
09:04:33,000 --> 09:04:36,100
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

9874
09:04:36,100 --> 09:04:41,400
774 to 776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

9875
09:04:41,400 --> 09:04:44,700
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

9876
09:04:44,700 --> 09:04:47,400
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

9877
09:04:47,400 --> 09:04:50,900
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

9878
09:04:50,900 --> 09:04:52,700
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

9879
09:04:52,700 --> 09:04:55,700
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

9880
09:04:55,700 --> 09:04:59,200
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

9881
09:04:59,200 --> 09:05:01,100
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

9882
09:05:01,100 --> 09:05:05,400
However, medieval people who saw
The event gave scientists the 

9883
09:05:05,400 --> 09:05:07,800
context, they needed to 
understand how it might have 

9884
09:05:07,800 --> 09:05:09,300
looked to people who lived 
through it. 

9885
09:05:09,300 --> 09:05:12,800
The combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

9886
09:05:12,800 --> 09:05:16,200
research has uncovered a story 
that neither method could have 

9887
09:05:16,200 --> 09:05:19,300
found on its own. 
The people who saw the 774 

9888
09:05:19,300 --> 09:05:21,900
cosmic ray event had no idea. 
They were witnessing 

9889
09:05:21,900 --> 09:05:25,200
astronomical history, but 
they're careful record-keeping 

9890
09:05:25,200 --> 09:05:27,700
and detailed observations made a
time capsule. 

9891
09:05:27,700 --> 09:05:30,600
That would be very useful to 
researchers more than 1,000 

9892
09:05:30,600 --> 09:05:32,400
years later. 
It's a reminder that 

9893
09:05:32,400 --> 09:05:35,300
observations that seem unrelated
can sometimes show their true 

9894
09:05:35,300 --> 09:05:37,400
importance. 
Only when looked at, from the 

9895
09:05:37,400 --> 09:05:39,100
point of view of later, 
scientific knowledge. 

9896
09:05:39,100 --> 09:05:42,800
Imagine waking up on a normal 
morning in 775. 

9897
09:05:42,800 --> 09:05:46,200
When the year before had brought
news of strange events from all 

9898
09:05:46,200 --> 09:05:49,300
over the world, you get up with 
the sun because that's when life

9899
09:05:49,300 --> 09:05:51,900
starts in a time. 
Before electric light's, when 

9900
09:05:51,900 --> 09:05:54,700
you step outside your home, 
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 

9901
09:05:54,700 --> 09:05:58,000
a monastery sell or a merchant 
house, you might look up at the 

9902
09:05:58,000 --> 09:06:00,700
sky and realize that something 
strange has been happening up 

9903
09:06:00,700 --> 09:06:03,000
there. 
The cosmic ray event that peaked

9904
09:06:03,000 --> 09:06:05,800
in 7. 
Was making small changes in your

9905
09:06:05,800 --> 09:06:07,200
environment that you couldn. 
See. 

9906
09:06:08,199 --> 09:06:10,900
Strange things that Chronicles 
and travelers wrote about were 

9907
09:06:10,900 --> 09:06:13,800
adding a sense of wonder and 
uncertainty to everyday life 

9908
09:06:13,800 --> 09:06:16,800
people in the Middle, Ages were 
used to living with mystery. 

9909
09:06:16,800 --> 09:06:19,600
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world were 

9910
09:06:19,600 --> 09:06:22,600
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there was so many 

9911
09:06:22,608 --> 09:06:25,199
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like, big 

9912
09:06:25,199 --> 09:06:27,100
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

9913
09:06:27,100 --> 09:06:28,800
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

9914
09:06:28,807 --> 09:06:31,800
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

9915
09:06:31,800 --> 09:06:34,500
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

9916
09:06:34,500 --> 09:06:37,800
always start with prayers. 
But prayers from the Middle Ages

9917
09:06:37,800 --> 09:06:40,500
often asked for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

9918
09:06:40,500 --> 09:06:43,400
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights. 

9919
09:06:43,400 --> 09:06:45,800
And unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

9920
09:06:45,800 --> 09:06:48,600
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

9921
09:06:48,600 --> 09:06:51,100
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanations was 

9922
09:06:51,100 --> 09:06:53,699
not very clear. 
Strange, things could be seen as

9923
09:06:53,699 --> 09:06:57,600
either Divine messages or bad 
Omens, most people in 700 and 

9924
09:06:57,600 --> 09:07:00,400
775 were farmers. 
So they had to pay close 

9925
09:07:00,400 --> 09:07:03,100
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time 

9926
09:07:03,100 --> 09:07:06,500
to be successful in farming. 
In the Middle Ages, you had to 

9927
09:07:06,500 --> 09:07:08,600
be able to read subtle signs in 
the Environment. 

9928
09:07:08,600 --> 09:07:11,600
Like when to plant based on the 
temperature and moisture of the 

9929
09:07:11,600 --> 09:07:14,400
soil, how to tell when the 
weather would change based on 

9930
09:07:14,400 --> 09:07:17,400
the clouds and wind patterns, 
and how to tell when it was time

9931
09:07:17,400 --> 09:07:20,800
to harvest people who survived 
depended on being able to read 

9932
09:07:20,800 --> 09:07:23,300
Nature's signals, would notice 
any strange changes in the 

9933
09:07:23,307 --> 09:07:26,100
environment right away, the 
higher levels of cosmic 

9934
09:07:26,100 --> 09:07:27,600
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

9935
09:07:27,600 --> 09:07:30,100
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

9936
09:07:30,100 --> 09:07:32,900
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

9937
09:07:32,900 --> 09:07:36,000
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how cropped, grew and

9938
09:07:36,000 --> 09:07:38,400
developed, even though the 
effects would be small. 

9939
09:07:38,400 --> 09:07:41,100
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

9940
09:07:41,100 --> 09:07:44,400
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

9941
09:07:44,400 --> 09:07:46,500
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

9942
09:07:46,500 --> 09:07:49,199
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

9943
09:07:49,199 --> 09:07:52,699
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces where small 

9944
09:07:52,699 --> 09:07:55,900
changes might be easier to see 
monks who took care of herb, 

9945
09:07:55,900 --> 09:07:58,400
garden, Gardens and medicinal 
plants, were trained to be very 

9946
09:07:58,400 --> 09:08:01,600
observant and pay close 
attention to how plants grew and

9947
09:08:01,600 --> 09:08:04,699
how healthy they were because 
they so much about how plants 

9948
09:08:04,699 --> 09:08:06,900
normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

9949
09:08:06,900 --> 09:08:09,400
spot things that less 
Experienced observers would have

9950
09:08:09,400 --> 09:08:12,100
missed the psychological climate
of daily life. 

9951
09:08:12,100 --> 09:08:15,000
During this era was likely 
affected by the proliferation of

9952
09:08:15,000 --> 09:08:18,600
anomalous reports from various 
regions, and sources, medieval 

9953
09:08:18,600 --> 09:08:21,500
communication networks, which 
were based on trade, routes 

9954
09:08:21,500 --> 09:08:24,800
pilgrimage routes, and 
diplomatic contacts moved 

9955
09:08:24,800 --> 09:08:27,900
information slowly. 
But steadily strange stories 

9956
09:08:27,900 --> 09:08:30,900
from Faraway places would slowly
make their way into local 

9957
09:08:30,900 --> 09:08:34,400
communities, making people feel 
like the normal order of things 

9958
09:08:34,400 --> 09:08:37,500
was changing in some way people.
In the Middle Ages, knew that 

9959
09:08:37,500 --> 09:08:40,500
big events often made themselves
known through natural signs and 

9960
09:08:40,500 --> 09:08:43,500
Omens medieval people. 
Strongly believed, that strange 

9961
09:08:43,500 --> 09:08:46,600
events could happen before big 
changes and politics Society or 

9962
09:08:46,600 --> 09:08:49,500
religion people who lived at the
time would have thought that 

9963
09:08:49,500 --> 09:08:52,199
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

9964
09:08:52,199 --> 09:08:55,400
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

9965
09:08:55,400 --> 09:08:58,800
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

9966
09:08:58,800 --> 09:09:02,300
about strange weather strange, 
lights and other strange, things

9967
09:09:02,300 --> 09:09:04,900
that Travelers and chroniclers 
had seen more often during this 

9968
09:09:04,900 --> 09:09:07,800
time because medieval 
communities were small in. 

9969
09:09:08,000 --> 09:09:11,100
Testing news spread quickly, the
collection of strange reports 

9970
09:09:11,100 --> 09:09:13,400
would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

9971
09:09:13,400 --> 09:09:16,400
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events. 

9972
09:09:16,400 --> 09:09:19,699
People who worked outside would 
have had more chances to see 

9973
09:09:19,699 --> 09:09:22,100
strange weather patterns. 
The people who worked inside 

9974
09:09:22,100 --> 09:09:25,600
might not have seen blacksmiths 
carpenters, and other craftsmen 

9975
09:09:25,600 --> 09:09:28,199
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

9976
09:09:28,199 --> 09:09:30,900
notice changes in the Colours of
the sky strange. 

9977
09:09:30,900 --> 09:09:33,800
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

9978
09:09:33,800 --> 09:09:36,699
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

9979
09:09:36,699 --> 09:09:38,199
hitting the, upper atmosphere of
Earth. 

9980
09:09:38,199 --> 09:09:41,000
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

9981
09:09:41,000 --> 09:09:43,500
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

9982
09:09:43,500 --> 09:09:47,000
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

9983
09:09:47,000 --> 09:09:48,600
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

9984
09:09:48,600 --> 09:09:52,199
The night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

9985
09:09:52,199 --> 09:09:54,600
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

9986
09:09:54,600 --> 09:09:58,000
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

9987
09:09:58,000 --> 09:10:00,199
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

9988
09:10:00,199 --> 09:10:04,400
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious, 

9989
09:10:04,400 --> 09:10:06,900
observance is made of 
encompassed specific prayers or 

9990
09:10:06,900 --> 09:10:09,100
rituals intended to 
appropriately address the 

9991
09:10:09,100 --> 09:10:12,699
enigmatic signs that appeared 
with notable frequency, medieval

9992
09:10:12,699 --> 09:10:15,300
Christianity, offered Frameworks
for interpreting natural 

9993
09:10:15,300 --> 09:10:18,600
phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

9994
09:10:18,600 --> 09:10:22,000
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

9995
09:10:22,000 --> 09:10:24,699
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

9996
09:10:24,699 --> 09:10:27,199
life, in the Middle. 
Ages were still governed by the 

9997
09:10:27,199 --> 09:10:29,300
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

9998
09:10:29,300 --> 09:10:31,699
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

9999
09:10:31,699 --> 09:10:34,100
were in the air, or how many 
strange lights were in the sky. 

10000
09:10:34,900 --> 09:10:38,500
Spring planting summer 
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 

10001
09:10:38,500 --> 09:10:42,100
winter preservation, activities 
all followed their old patterns,

10002
09:10:42,100 --> 09:10:45,199
but there may have been more 
talks about what current events 

10003
09:10:45,199 --> 09:10:47,900
mean and what they could mean 
for the future while the work 

10004
09:10:47,900 --> 09:10:51,100
was going on, Merchants and 
travelers, who had the most 

10005
09:10:51,100 --> 09:10:52,900
information about different 
parts of the world. 

10006
09:10:52,900 --> 09:10:56,199
In medieval times were very 
important in spreading news, 

10007
09:10:56,199 --> 09:10:59,300
about strange events to 
different areas, a merchant, who

10008
09:10:59,300 --> 09:11:01,800
traveled between cities a lot 
could act as an unofficial 

10009
09:11:01,800 --> 09:11:04,000
Clearing House for stories. 
About strange things that 

10010
09:11:04,000 --> 09:11:07,400
happened letting people compare 
what happened in their own area,

10011
09:11:07,400 --> 09:11:10,600
with what happened in other 
places, the cumulative effect of

10012
09:11:10,600 --> 09:11:12,699
living through a time. 
When strange things happened 

10013
09:11:12,699 --> 09:11:15,600
more often than usual was 
probably a stronger feeling of 

10014
09:11:15,600 --> 09:11:18,699
living in important times. 
People in the Middle Ages knew 

10015
09:11:18,699 --> 09:11:21,400
that they were part of ongoing 
historical stories like the 

10016
09:11:21,400 --> 09:11:24,400
history of Their Kingdoms, the 
history of the Bible and the 

10017
09:11:24,408 --> 09:11:27,199
story of Christendom. 
They thought that strange 

10018
09:11:27,199 --> 09:11:30,000
natural events might mean that 
important parts of these bigger 

10019
09:11:30,000 --> 09:11:32,900
stories were being written. 
What makes this a specially sad?

10020
09:11:32,900 --> 09:11:36,400
Is that the people of 7 85. 
We're going through a very 

10021
09:11:36,400 --> 09:11:39,800
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

10022
09:11:39,800 --> 09:11:43,000
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

10023
09:11:43,000 --> 09:11:45,800
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

10024
09:11:45,807 --> 09:11:48,600
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

10025
09:11:48,600 --> 09:11:51,199
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

10026
09:11:51,199 --> 09:11:54,000
That would be very useful to 
scientists to 1000 years later, 

10027
09:11:54,000 --> 09:11:55,800
but they didn't know it at the 
time. 

10028
09:11:55,800 --> 09:11:58,699
The story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

10029
09:11:58,699 --> 09:12:01,699
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

10030
09:12:01,699 --> 09:12:05,300
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

10031
09:12:05,300 --> 09:12:08,800
in Japanese cedar trees. 
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 

10032
09:12:08,800 --> 09:12:12,400
margins of medieval manuscripts.
It's a story that shows how the 

10033
09:12:12,400 --> 09:12:16,199
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

10034
09:12:16,199 --> 09:12:19,199
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

10035
09:12:19,199 --> 09:12:21,500
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

10036
09:12:21,500 --> 09:12:23,199
them. 
As is often the case with 

10037
09:12:23,199 --> 09:12:26,300
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

10038
09:12:26,300 --> 09:12:29,400
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

10039
09:12:29,400 --> 09:12:32,699
studying radiocarbon levels in 
tree, rings in the early 2000s 

10040
09:12:32,699 --> 09:12:36,600
were creating detailed timelines
of past weather conditions when 

10041
09:12:36,600 --> 09:12:39,199
they found something that had 
never been seen before. 

10042
09:12:40,100 --> 09:12:43,600
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 
that happen all over the world 

10043
09:12:43,600 --> 09:12:49,300
in trees between 774 and 775. 
Imagine the moment when these 

10044
09:12:49,300 --> 09:12:51,400
scientists first understood, 
what they were seeing 

10045
09:12:51,400 --> 09:12:54,600
radiocarbon dating works. 
Because cosmic rays change 

10046
09:12:54,600 --> 09:12:58,100
nitrogen in the air. 
Into carbon-14 at rates that are

10047
09:12:58,100 --> 09:13:00,100
fairly predictable for thousands
of years. 

10048
09:13:00,100 --> 09:13:03,500
This process has been running 
like a clock in space, making a 

10049
09:13:03,500 --> 09:13:06,800
baseline that archaeologists and
climate researchers used to date

10050
09:13:06,800 --> 09:13:10,900
old things but in 774 that 
steady clock in space suddenly 

10051
09:13:10,900 --> 09:13:15,300
sped up the spike was huge about
20 times higher than normal 

10052
09:13:15,300 --> 09:13:18,300
levels of cosmic rays and it 
happened all over the place. 

10053
09:13:18,300 --> 09:13:24,699
At the same time during their 
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 

10054
09:13:24,699 --> 09:13:27,600
in Japan, Germany, North America
and other parts of the world. 

10055
09:13:27,600 --> 09:13:31,500
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

10056
09:13:31,500 --> 09:13:34,500
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

10057
09:13:34,500 --> 09:13:38,100
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

10058
09:13:38,100 --> 09:13:40,900
At first scientists didn't know 
What could have caused such a 

10059
09:13:40,908 --> 09:13:42,400
big and sudden event around the 
world. 

10060
09:13:42,400 --> 09:13:46,000
Testing nuclear weapons in the 
1960s had caused fake 

10061
09:13:46,000 --> 09:13:49,199
radiocarbon spikes but the 
natural historical record didn't

10062
09:13:49,199 --> 09:13:53,199
have anything like what they 
were seeing in 774 in theory 

10063
09:13:53,199 --> 09:13:57,600
solar flares could cause more 
cosmic rays but the 774 event 

10064
09:13:57,600 --> 09:14:00,900
was so big that it was bigger 
than any known solar storm. 

10065
09:14:00,900 --> 09:14:03,900
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

10066
09:14:03,900 --> 09:14:07,199
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic race signatures that

10067
09:14:07,199 --> 09:14:10,300
could back up their findings 
Antarctic Ice cores which 

10068
09:14:10,300 --> 09:14:13,100
trapped gases and particles from
the atmosphere in layers that 

10069
09:14:13,100 --> 09:14:16,199
look like pages in a Frozen 
book, showed higher levels of 

10070
09:14:16,199 --> 09:14:20,000
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes
made by Cosmic grey interactions

10071
09:14:20,000 --> 09:14:23,100
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings from tropical

10072
09:14:23,100 --> 09:14:25,500
ocean had other chemical signs 
of the same event. 

10073
09:14:25,500 --> 09:14:27,900
Scientist was sure. 
They were looking at something 

10074
09:14:27,900 --> 09:14:31,199
truly new in the historical 
record because evidence from 

10075
09:14:31,199 --> 09:14:35,500
many different sources. 
Tree rings, ice cores and coral.

10076
09:14:35,500 --> 09:14:39,300
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

10077
09:14:39,300 --> 09:14:43,800
7. 
To 7775 but figuring out. 

10078
09:14:43,800 --> 09:14:46,500
What happened was, just the 
first step in understanding it, 

10079
09:14:46,500 --> 09:14:49,400
what might have caused such a 
strong burst of cosmic 

10080
09:14:49,400 --> 09:14:51,400
radiation. 
This is where medieval 

10081
09:14:51,400 --> 09:14:54,199
Chronicles became an 
unexpectedly important part of 

10082
09:14:54,199 --> 09:14:57,000
the scientific equation, 
scientists figured out that if 

10083
09:14:57,000 --> 09:15:03,000
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 
lot between 774 and 7775 There 

10084
09:15:03,000 --> 09:15:05,500
might be indirect proof of what 
happened in, historical records 

10085
09:15:05,500 --> 09:15:07,699
from that time. 
Chroniclers, from the Middle 

10086
09:15:07,699 --> 09:15:10,699
Ages were skilled at noticing. 
Strange things in the sky in the

10087
09:15:10,708 --> 09:15:12,500
air. 
And they may have seen things 

10088
09:15:12,500 --> 09:15:14,900
that could be linked to higher 
levels of cosmic radiation. 

10089
09:15:14,900 --> 09:15:18,199
Researchers had to think like 
both scientists and historians 

10090
09:15:18,199 --> 09:15:21,100
in order to link medieval 
observations to Modern 

10091
09:15:21,100 --> 09:15:23,800
astrophysics. 
They had to know not only what 

10092
09:15:23,800 --> 09:15:26,900
people in the Middle Ages might 
have seen but also how those 

10093
09:15:26,900 --> 09:15:29,500
observations would have been 
understood and recorded in the 

10094
09:15:29,500 --> 09:15:32,800
8th Century ways of knowing and 
believing a phenomenon that 

10095
09:15:32,800 --> 09:15:35,400
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

10096
09:15:35,400 --> 09:15:37,900
particle physics. 
Maybe depicted in medieval 

10097
09:15:37,900 --> 09:15:40,900
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

10098
09:15:40,900 --> 09:15:44,400
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

10099
09:15:44,400 --> 09:15:47,000
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

10100
09:15:47,000 --> 09:15:52,600
During the years 774 to 7776 the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 

10101
09:15:52,600 --> 09:15:56,600
of a red crucifix in the sky, 
Chinese records of guest stars 

10102
09:15:56,600 --> 09:16:00,000
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 
other chronological accounts of 

10103
09:16:00,000 --> 09:16:02,300
strange lights and weather 
patterns from this. 

10104
09:16:02,500 --> 09:16:05,400
Time suddenly became more 
important as possible proof of 

10105
09:16:05,400 --> 09:16:08,600
cosmic ray effects, the 
scientific teamwork needed to 

10106
09:16:08,600 --> 09:16:10,900
solve this mystery. 
As an example of how modern 

10107
09:16:10,900 --> 09:16:13,699
research works. 
Best astrophysicists came up 

10108
09:16:13,699 --> 09:16:16,500
with theoretical models of what 
could cause such strong cosmic. 

10109
09:16:16,500 --> 09:16:20,000
Ray bursts, scientists who study
the atmosphere talked about how 

10110
09:16:20,000 --> 09:16:22,600
high energy particles. 
Could change the chemistry of 

10111
09:16:22,600 --> 09:16:25,900
the upper atmosphere historians 
and archaeologists offered their

10112
09:16:25,900 --> 09:16:28,100
knowledge of medieval sources 
and timelines. 

10113
09:16:28,100 --> 09:16:31,400
Geochemists created ways to get 
cosmic rays signatures from 

10114
09:16:31,400 --> 09:16:34,199
natural archives. 
Each piece of evidence backed up

10115
09:16:34,199 --> 09:16:37,000
and made the others clearer. 
The tree-ring data gave very 

10116
09:16:37,000 --> 09:16:40,000
accurate measurements of when, 
and how big things were the 

10117
09:16:40,000 --> 09:16:42,800
analysis of ice calls confirm 
that the event affected the 

10118
09:16:42,800 --> 09:16:46,199
whole world, medieval Chronicles
provided perspectives on the 

10119
09:16:46,199 --> 09:16:47,900
potential perceptions of the 
events. 

10120
09:16:47,900 --> 09:16:50,800
Secondary Effects, by human 
observers, theoretical 

10121
09:16:50,800 --> 09:16:53,900
astrophysics, proposed potential
Origins for such a profound 

10122
09:16:53,900 --> 09:16:56,100
cosmic. 
Ray burst the most likely 

10123
09:16:56,100 --> 09:16:59,199
explanation is that Earth was 
hit by radiation from either a 

10124
09:16:59,199 --> 09:17:02,300
gamma ray burst which is one of 
the strongest explosions known 

10125
09:17:02,300 --> 09:17:05,699
in the The universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

10126
09:17:05,699 --> 09:17:09,300
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

10127
09:17:09,300 --> 09:17:11,900
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

10128
09:17:11,900 --> 09:17:15,400
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

10129
09:17:15,400 --> 09:17:19,900
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

10130
09:17:19,900 --> 09:17:24,000
This discovery is especially 
important because it is one of 

10131
09:17:24,000 --> 09:17:26,900
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

10132
09:17:26,900 --> 09:17:30,100
recorded gamma-ray. 
Bursts are so powerful that they

10133
09:17:30,100 --> 09:17:31,900
can briefly outshine whole 
galaxies. 

10134
09:17:31,900 --> 09:17:36,100
If one happened close enough to 
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 

10135
09:17:36,100 --> 09:17:39,500
race spike, it would be a very 
rare astronomical event. 

10136
09:17:39,500 --> 09:17:41,900
The talking about things that 
happen may be. 

10137
09:17:41,900 --> 09:17:45,100
Once every few thousand years in
our part of the universe, the 

10138
09:17:45,100 --> 09:17:47,500
effects go beyond just figuring 
out what happened in one 

10139
09:17:47,500 --> 09:17:51,400
stranger event. 
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is

10140
09:17:51,400 --> 09:17:53,900
a good way to figure out how 
these kinds of events affect the

10141
09:17:53,900 --> 09:17:55,400
atmosphere and biosphere of 
earth. 

10142
09:17:55,400 --> 09:17:58,300
Scientists can better, 
understand similar, but less 

10143
09:17:58,300 --> 09:18:02,000
dramatic cosmic ray changes 
throughout geological history by

10144
09:18:02,000 --> 09:18:04,800
looking at the The isotopic 
signatures left behind by this 

10145
09:18:04,800 --> 09:18:07,500
well-known event. 
Modern technology has made it 

10146
09:18:07,500 --> 09:18:10,500
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

10147
09:18:10,500 --> 09:18:14,699
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval Chronicles 

10148
09:18:14,699 --> 09:18:17,199
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

10149
09:18:17,199 --> 09:18:19,600
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

10150
09:18:19,600 --> 09:18:22,400
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

10151
09:18:22,400 --> 09:18:24,400
research. 
Found a story that neither 

10152
09:18:24,400 --> 09:18:27,100
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

10153
09:18:27,100 --> 09:18:31,000
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that they're 

10154
09:18:31,000 --> 09:18:32,800
careful. 
Observations would one day help 

10155
09:18:32,800 --> 09:18:36,500
scientists learn more about 
neutron stars gamma-ray, bursts 

10156
09:18:36,500 --> 09:18:40,400
and cosmic ray physics, but they
are detect records, which are 

10157
09:18:40,400 --> 09:18:42,800
still kept in Monastery. 
Libraries and Royal archives 

10158
09:18:42,800 --> 09:18:46,199
were very important for solving.
One of the biggest astrophysical

10159
09:18:46,199 --> 09:18:48,600
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

10160
09:18:48,600 --> 09:18:51,600
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

10161
09:18:51,600 --> 09:18:53,500
let's think about how a cosmic 
event. 

10162
09:18:53,500 --> 09:18:58,900
That lasted only a few months in
774 has changed how we think 

10163
09:18:58,900 --> 09:19:01,100
about the universe for more than
1,000 years. 

10164
09:19:01,100 --> 09:19:04,600
It's Worried about how things we
can't see, can leave permanent 

10165
09:19:04,600 --> 09:19:07,800
marks on the world and how those
marks can wait. 100s of years 

10166
09:19:07,800 --> 09:19:09,400
for someone to learn how to read
them. 

10167
09:19:09,400 --> 09:19:13,800
Scientists now, call the cosmic 
ray event of 774, the most 

10168
09:19:13,807 --> 09:19:16,400
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 
recorded history. 

10169
09:19:16,400 --> 09:19:19,900
Its effects go far beyond just 
being an interesting data point 

10170
09:19:19,900 --> 09:19:22,700
for astrophysicists. 
This event, fundamentally 

10171
09:19:22,700 --> 09:19:25,500
changed how we think about the 
relationship between Cosmic 

10172
09:19:25,500 --> 09:19:29,300
phenomena and terrestrial life 
showing that even systems on 

10173
09:19:29,300 --> 09:19:33,000
Earth, that seem stable can be 
drastically Changed by rare but 

10174
09:19:33,000 --> 09:19:36,500
powerful events happening 
millions of miles away in Space,

10175
09:19:36,500 --> 09:19:40,000
the tree rings that recorded 
this Cosmic bombardment are 

10176
09:19:40,000 --> 09:19:43,000
still around today preserved in 
old wooden buildings 

10177
09:19:43,000 --> 09:19:46,300
archaeological site and forests 
around the world. 

10178
09:19:46,300 --> 09:19:51,900
Every piece of wood that grew 
between 774 and 775 has a 

10179
09:19:51,900 --> 09:19:55,600
chemical signature of the 
amazing year in its cells, like 

10180
09:19:55,600 --> 09:19:58,200
a molecular autograph written by
the universe itself. 

10181
09:19:58,200 --> 09:20:02,900
This invisible time stamp links,
medieval Cathedrals an Temples 

10182
09:20:02,900 --> 09:20:06,400
and archaeological artifacts 
from this time period to one of 

10183
09:20:06,408 --> 09:20:09,400
the most important astrophysical
events in human history. 

10184
09:20:09,400 --> 09:20:12,400
The 774 event has changed the 
way we do. 

10185
09:20:12,400 --> 09:20:15,200
Modern radiocarbon dating before
this discovery. 

10186
09:20:15,200 --> 09:20:18,200
Scientists thought that levels 
of carbon-14 in the atmosphere 

10187
09:20:18,200 --> 09:20:21,700
had stayed pretty stable over 
time with only small changes 

10188
09:20:21,700 --> 09:20:24,700
caused by solar activity and 
other things that could be 

10189
09:20:24,700 --> 09:20:28,900
predicted the sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

10190
09:20:28,900 --> 09:20:32,100
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

10191
09:20:32,100 --> 09:20:36,100
that take into account sudden. 
Cosmic ray of events, the 774 

10192
09:20:36,100 --> 09:20:38,400
event has helped make 
archaeological dating more 

10193
09:20:38,400 --> 09:20:40,600
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 

10194
09:20:40,600 --> 09:20:42,900
signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

10195
09:20:42,900 --> 09:20:45,400
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

10196
09:20:45,400 --> 09:20:48,600
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

10197
09:20:48,600 --> 09:20:51,400
organic materials from all over 
the world, this lets 

10198
09:20:51,400 --> 09:20:54,300
archaeologist line up their 
timelines with amazing accuracy.

10199
09:20:54,300 --> 09:20:57,500
The effects on our understanding
of medieval history of being, 

10200
09:20:57,500 --> 09:21:02,200
just as big 774 cosmic ray of 
events serves as a stable, 

10201
09:21:02,200 --> 09:21:05,400
Chronological reference aiding 
historians, and correlating 

10202
09:21:05,400 --> 09:21:08,200
events, across diverse cultural 
traditions, and geographical 

10203
09:21:08,200 --> 09:21:12,200
areas, when Chinese Chronicles, 
European monasteries and Middle 

10204
09:21:12,200 --> 09:21:14,100
Eastern sources. 
All right, about strange things 

10205
09:21:14,100 --> 09:21:17,300
happening at the same time, it 
makes sense that these events 

10206
09:21:17,300 --> 09:21:19,400
could be connected to the same 
Cosmic event. 

10207
09:21:19,400 --> 09:21:22,700
Climate science has also gained 
insights from comprehending, the

10208
09:21:22,700 --> 09:21:25,600
influence of cosmic rays on 
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 

10209
09:21:25,600 --> 09:21:29,800
the 774 event was too short to 
change the climate in the long 

10210
09:21:29,800 --> 09:21:33,000
term, but it did show that 
Cosmic radiation can affect 

10211
09:21:33,000 --> 09:21:36,000
atmospheric processes in ways 
that climate models need to take

10212
09:21:36,000 --> 09:21:38,800
into account, contemporary 
researchers examining 

10213
09:21:38,800 --> 09:21:40,600
historical. 
Climate variations are 

10214
09:21:40,600 --> 09:21:44,600
increasingly focusing on cosmic 
ray fluctuations as a potential 

10215
09:21:44,600 --> 09:21:46,900
influence, on atmospheric. 
Chemistry of alterations 

10216
09:21:46,900 --> 09:21:50,200
researchers are now actively 
looking for similar events in 

10217
09:21:50,200 --> 09:21:53,000
the geological record, 
scientists are now looking for 

10218
09:21:53,000 --> 09:21:55,500
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

10219
09:21:55,500 --> 09:21:58,300
Ice, cores and other natural 
records. 

10220
09:21:58,300 --> 09:22:01,200
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

10221
09:22:01,200 --> 09:22:03,900
radiation from Every new piece 
of information. 

10222
09:22:03,900 --> 09:22:07,000
Helps us understand how often 
these things happen, what they 

10223
09:22:07,000 --> 09:22:11,300
might do, the 774 event has 
changed how we study space 

10224
09:22:11,300 --> 09:22:13,500
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

10225
09:22:13,500 --> 09:22:16,800
satellites and electronic 
systems and knowing how extreme 

10226
09:22:16,800 --> 09:22:19,000
events have happened in the past
can help engineers make 

10227
09:22:19,000 --> 09:22:20,600
technology that can survive 
them. 

10228
09:22:20,600 --> 09:22:25,000
The 774 spike is a good example 
of the kinds of cosmic ray 

10229
09:22:25,000 --> 09:22:27,700
intensities that Earth's 
technology might need to be able

10230
09:22:27,700 --> 09:22:30,300
to handle during rare. 
But powerful astrophysical 

10231
09:22:30,300 --> 09:22:33,400
events, the need for scientists 
and historians to work together 

10232
09:22:33,400 --> 09:22:38,000
to understand the 774 event has 
led to new models for how these 

10233
09:22:38,000 --> 09:22:41,400
two Fields can work together. 
Astrophysicists now, often ask 

10234
09:22:41,400 --> 09:22:44,400
medieval historians for help and
climatologists and 

10235
09:22:44,400 --> 09:22:46,900
archaeologists worked together 
to learn more about how the 

10236
09:22:46,900 --> 09:22:48,400
environment has changed over 
time. 

10237
09:22:48,400 --> 09:22:51,800
Researchers are realizing that 
to fully understand complex 

10238
09:22:51,800 --> 09:22:54,000
phenomena. 
They need to look at them from 

10239
09:22:54,000 --> 09:22:56,800
many different angles. 
This is made the lines between 

10240
09:22:56,800 --> 09:23:01,300
different academic Fields, less,
clear, the discovery of 774 has 

10241
09:23:01,300 --> 09:23:04,200
changed the way both history and
Science are taught in schools. 

10242
09:23:04,200 --> 09:23:07,300
The story shows how modern 
scientific tools can get 

10243
09:23:07,300 --> 09:23:10,100
information from old materials 
that people in the past. 

10244
09:23:10,100 --> 09:23:13,400
Couldn't get to while also 
showing how important it is to 

10245
09:23:13,400 --> 09:23:15,300
carefully. 
Observe history in order to 

10246
09:23:15,300 --> 09:23:18,900
understand scientific data, 
students learn to understand the

10247
09:23:18,900 --> 09:23:21,500
past, they often need to use the
best technology and the best 

10248
09:23:21,508 --> 09:23:24,600
research. 
The 700 774 event has also 

10249
09:23:24,600 --> 09:23:27,500
changed the way we think about 
how people see natural events 

10250
09:23:27,500 --> 09:23:30,900
medieval chroniclers who wrote 
about strange, weather events in

10251
09:23:30,900 --> 09:23:35,700
774 to 776. 
We're doing scientific research 

10252
09:23:35,700 --> 09:23:38,400
that they could never have 
imagined and the information 

10253
09:23:38,400 --> 09:23:41,600
they gathered would be useful. 
A Thousand Years Later their 

10254
09:23:41,600 --> 09:23:44,300
careful observations. 
Remind us that even records, 

10255
09:23:44,300 --> 09:23:46,800
that seem unimportant might have
information that future 

10256
09:23:46,800 --> 09:23:48,600
Generations will find very 
useful. 

10257
09:23:48,600 --> 09:23:52,800
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

10258
09:23:52,800 --> 09:23:56,500
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing and sometimes

10259
09:23:56,500 --> 09:24:01,700
violent Cosmic environment, the 
774 event had a direct effect on

10260
09:24:01,700 --> 09:24:04,400
our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

10261
09:24:04,400 --> 09:24:07,200
that are far away, we can still 
see the effects today. 

10262
09:24:07,200 --> 09:24:10,200
It makes the universe seem more 
real and important to Everyday 

10263
09:24:10,200 --> 09:24:12,900
Life. 
The Discovery has also made us 

10264
09:24:12,900 --> 09:24:16,100
think about how these cosmic ray
events might have changed human 

10265
09:24:16,100 --> 09:24:18,300
history in ways, we don't yet 
know about. 

10266
09:24:18,300 --> 09:24:21,600
If strong Cosmic radiation can 
change the chemistry of the 

10267
09:24:21,600 --> 09:24:24,700
atmosphere and possibly change 
the weather climate or even 

10268
09:24:24,700 --> 09:24:28,800
biological processes, then rare.
But powerful, Cosmic events may 

10269
09:24:28,800 --> 09:24:31,500
have had an impact on historical
events that we don't know about 

10270
09:24:31,500 --> 09:24:35,500
understanding of events. 
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 

10271
09:24:35,500 --> 09:24:38,800
has helped shape, modern talks 
about existential risks and 

10272
09:24:38,800 --> 09:24:41,600
planetary defense. 
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 

10273
09:24:41,600 --> 09:24:44,500
directly threaten Earth as much 
as asteroid impacts or super. 

10274
09:24:44,500 --> 09:24:48,000
Volcanic eruptions do. 
But they do show that Earth is 

10275
09:24:48,000 --> 09:24:51,700
in a cosmic environment where 
rare powerful events can have 

10276
09:24:51,700 --> 09:24:54,200
Global effects. 
When making plans for the 

10277
09:24:54,200 --> 09:24:57,500
long-term survival of humanity, 
we need to think about all the 

10278
09:24:57,500 --> 09:24:59,800
cosmic events that could have an
effect on our planet. 

10279
09:24:59,800 --> 09:25:03,800
The 774 event has become a 
touchstone for talks about how 

10280
09:25:03,800 --> 09:25:06,900
scientific discovery and 
historical understanding are 

10281
09:25:06,900 --> 09:25:09,200
related. 
It shows how the most advanced 

10282
09:25:09,200 --> 09:25:12,000
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

10283
09:25:12,000 --> 09:25:13,500
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

10284
09:25:13,500 --> 09:25:16,700
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

10285
09:25:16,700 --> 09:25:21,600
scientific data better? 
The cosmic ray of 774 is a 

10286
09:25:21,600 --> 09:25:23,300
reminder that the universe is 
full of things. 

10287
09:25:23,300 --> 09:25:26,600
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

10288
09:25:26,600 --> 09:25:29,600
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core. 

10289
09:25:29,600 --> 09:25:32,200
And every well-preserved 
medieval Chronicle that we 

10290
09:25:32,200 --> 09:25:35,400
haven't yet, figured out how to 
find or understand the storm 

10291
09:25:35,400 --> 09:25:39,800
that hit Earth in 774 was 
invisible and waited, more than 

10292
09:25:39,800 --> 09:25:42,700
12, centuries for people to 
learn how to figure out what had

10293
09:25:42,700 --> 09:25:45,800
happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

10294
09:25:45,800 --> 09:25:49,300
keeps Changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

10295
09:25:49,300 --> 09:25:52,400
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

10296
09:25:52,400 --> 09:25:55,300
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

10297
09:25:55,300 --> 09:25:58,400
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

10298
09:25:58,400 --> 09:26:00,700
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

10299
09:26:00,700 --> 09:26:02,100
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

10300
09:26:02,100 --> 09:26:05,600
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

10301
09:26:05,600 --> 09:26:08,600
bombardment of high energy, 
particles has turned into a link

10302
09:26:08,600 --> 09:26:12,600
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

10303
09:26:12,600 --> 09:26:16,200
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

10304
09:26:16,200 --> 09:26:18,400
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

10305
09:26:18,408 --> 09:26:22,000
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

10306
09:26:22,000 --> 09:26:25,500
languages that we still learning
how to read as we come to the 

10307
09:26:25,500 --> 09:26:27,600
end of our journey through this 
Cosmic mystery. 

10308
09:26:27,600 --> 09:26:31,900
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 of event teaches us

10309
09:26:31,900 --> 09:26:33,900
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

10310
09:26:33,900 --> 09:26:37,400
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

10311
09:26:37,400 --> 09:26:39,200
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

10312
09:26:39,200 --> 09:26:41,900
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

10313
09:26:41,908 --> 09:26:44,100
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

10314
09:26:44,100 --> 09:26:47,200
cosmic systems, whose working we
are only Starting to understand 

10315
09:26:47,200 --> 09:26:52,600
in 774 radiation came down from 
space and connected Earth to 

10316
09:26:52,600 --> 09:26:55,100
events happening at distances 
and scales that are hard. 

10317
09:26:55,100 --> 09:26:57,400
To imagine the high energy 
particles that hit. 

10318
09:26:57,400 --> 09:26:59,700
Our atmosphere came from 
colliding, neutron stars, 

10319
09:26:59,700 --> 09:27:04,100
exploding magnetars or gamma ray
bursts from dying Stars. 

10320
09:27:04,100 --> 09:27:07,100
They had to travel across 
Interstellar space, to get to us

10321
09:27:07,100 --> 09:27:09,400
the trees. 
That recorded this event in 

10322
09:27:09,400 --> 09:27:12,700
their growth rings were in a 
very real Way recording the 

10323
09:27:12,700 --> 09:27:14,900
death throws of stars, that had 
lived and died. 

10324
09:27:14,900 --> 09:27:17,300
Millions of years before humans 
were around. 

10325
09:27:17,300 --> 09:27:20,700
This Cosmic link goes against 
the medieval view that the Earth

10326
09:27:20,700 --> 09:27:24,200
was at the center of a small 
understandable Universe, the 

10327
09:27:24,200 --> 09:27:26,900
people of 774 lived in a 
universe. 

10328
09:27:26,900 --> 09:27:30,000
That seemed to be an order. 
The stars were in a celestial 

10329
09:27:30,000 --> 09:27:33,700
sphere with Earth at the center 
and Divine Purpose as the main 

10330
09:27:33,700 --> 09:27:36,100
idea. 
The real universe that sent them

10331
09:27:36,100 --> 09:27:39,100
Cosmic radiation was so big that
people in the Middle Ages. 

10332
09:27:39,100 --> 09:27:42,100
Could even imagine it it was 
full of things that could affect

10333
09:27:42,100 --> 09:27:44,900
Earth over distances. 
So great that light itself took 

10334
09:27:44,900 --> 09:27:47,900
years to cross the Medieval view
of how everything in the 

10335
09:27:47,908 --> 09:27:50,300
universe is connected. 
Wasn't completely wrong though. 

10336
09:27:50,300 --> 09:27:53,500
Medieval thinkers thought that 
events in the sky could affect 

10337
09:27:53,500 --> 09:27:55,800
things on earth. 
Even though their ideas about 

10338
09:27:55,800 --> 09:27:58,900
how this worked were wrong. 
The idea that Earth is part of 

10339
09:27:58,908 --> 09:28:02,000
larger Cosmic systems, that can 
affect local conditions, was 

10340
09:28:02,000 --> 09:28:06,200
very smart. 
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 

10341
09:28:06,200 --> 09:28:09,500
that explosions of stars that 
happen, light years away can 

10342
09:28:09,500 --> 09:28:11,200
have effect on things that 
happen on Earth. 

10343
09:28:11,900 --> 09:28:15,300
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

10344
09:28:15,300 --> 09:28:18,600
limited our sensors are and how 
important it is to make tools 

10345
09:28:18,600 --> 09:28:20,900
that help us see more clearly 
people in the Middle. 

10346
09:28:20,900 --> 09:28:22,700
Ages were very good at watching 
the sky. 

10347
09:28:22,700 --> 09:28:26,000
They could accurately predict 
eclipses follow the movements of

10348
09:28:26,000 --> 09:28:29,900
planets and spots, strange 
celestial events but in the 8th 

10349
09:28:29,900 --> 09:28:33,000
Century, there was no way to see
cosmic ray bombardment at all 

10350
09:28:33,000 --> 09:28:36,300
because of this technological, 
limitation people who are 

10351
09:28:36,300 --> 09:28:39,200
witnessing one of the most 
dramatic astrophysical events in

10352
09:28:39,200 --> 09:28:41,700
recorded. 
History had no direct way to 

10353
09:28:41,708 --> 09:28:44,200
find out what was going on. 
It was like trying to understand

10354
09:28:44,200 --> 09:28:47,400
a symphony while only hearing a 
few notes here and there or 

10355
09:28:47,400 --> 09:28:50,600
trying to enjoy a huge landscape
while only seeing small details 

10356
09:28:50,600 --> 09:28:53,600
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

10357
09:28:53,600 --> 09:28:55,800
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

10358
09:28:55,800 --> 09:28:58,400
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

10359
09:28:58,400 --> 09:29:01,100
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

10360
09:29:01,100 --> 09:29:04,200
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

10361
09:29:04,200 --> 09:29:07,100
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

10362
09:29:07,100 --> 09:29:09,100
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

10363
09:29:09,100 --> 09:29:11,700
This lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

10364
09:29:12,000 --> 09:29:14,200
Of humans could get this growth 
in. 

10365
09:29:14,200 --> 09:29:15,800
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

10366
09:29:15,800 --> 09:29:18,700
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

10367
09:29:18,700 --> 09:29:20,800
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

10368
09:29:20,800 --> 09:29:24,400
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

10369
09:29:24,400 --> 09:29:27,400
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

10370
09:29:27,400 --> 09:29:30,200
of astronomical events just 
waiting for people to make the 

10371
09:29:30,200 --> 09:29:34,400
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

10372
09:29:34,400 --> 09:29:36,800
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

10373
09:29:36,800 --> 09:29:38,600
different time scales to 
understand them. 

10374
09:29:38,600 --> 09:29:42,500
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

10375
09:29:42,500 --> 09:29:45,200
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

10376
09:29:45,200 --> 09:29:47,300
old. 
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages

10377
09:29:47,300 --> 09:29:50,000
wrote down what they saw within 
years or Decades of the event 

10378
09:29:50,000 --> 09:29:52,600
modern scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

10379
09:29:52,600 --> 09:29:54,900
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

10380
09:29:54,900 --> 09:29:58,000
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

10381
09:29:58,000 --> 09:30:02,800
the 7704 event people from 
different academic fields and 

10382
09:30:02,800 --> 09:30:04,700
historical periods had to work 
together. 

10383
09:30:04,700 --> 09:30:07,900
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

10384
09:30:07,900 --> 09:30:10,200
knowingly, taking part in 
research, that wouldn't be 

10385
09:30:10,200 --> 09:30:13,200
finished until the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

10386
09:30:13,200 --> 09:30:15,800
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery, libraries for

10387
09:30:15,800 --> 09:30:19,400
over 1000 Years gave scientists 
the information they needed to 

10388
09:30:19,400 --> 09:30:21,900
solve a cosmic mystery, they 
could never have imagined. 

10389
09:30:21,900 --> 09:30:25,100
This temporary partnership makes
me, think about what information

10390
09:30:25,100 --> 09:30:28,200
we might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

10391
09:30:28,200 --> 09:30:31,700
researchers hundreds of years 
from now, our extensive records 

10392
09:30:31,700 --> 09:30:33,900
of whether climate and cosmic 
ray changes. 

10393
09:30:33,900 --> 09:30:37,700
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

10394
09:30:37,700 --> 09:30:41,600
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

10395
09:30:41,600 --> 09:30:44,500
subjects, in scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

10396
09:30:44,500 --> 09:30:48,800
well after our departure, the 
7774 event, or shows that rare, 

10397
09:30:48,800 --> 09:30:51,700
but powerful events can have 
effects that lasts long after 

10398
09:30:51,700 --> 09:30:54,200
their over the bombardment of 
cosmic rays. 

10399
09:30:54,200 --> 09:30:57,500
May have lasted for months, but 
it left behind permanent marks 

10400
09:30:57,500 --> 09:30:59,700
that have changed our 
understanding of radiocarbon 

10401
09:30:59,700 --> 09:31:03,200
dating archaeological 
chronologies and how Earth and 

10402
09:31:03,200 --> 09:31:05,600
space interact for more than 
1,000 years. 

10403
09:31:05,600 --> 09:31:08,700
Short of events can have effects
that lasts for hundreds of 

10404
09:31:08,708 --> 09:31:13,300
years, the 774 cosmic ray of And
makes us think about our place 

10405
09:31:13,300 --> 09:31:15,800
in systems that work on scales 
that are bigger than what we can

10406
09:31:15,808 --> 09:31:17,900
see. 
And feel we live in Galactic 

10407
09:31:17,900 --> 09:31:21,000
neighborhoods Where Stars can 
explode and change the chemistry

10408
09:31:21,000 --> 09:31:23,300
of the atmosphere on planets 
that are light years away. 

10409
09:31:23,300 --> 09:31:26,600
Every day we live our lives. 
Against the backdrop of cosmic 

10410
09:31:26,600 --> 09:31:29,200
processes that follow physical 
laws were still learning about 

10411
09:31:29,200 --> 09:31:33,100
the human response to Cosmic 
Mystery, exemplified by the 

10412
09:31:33,100 --> 09:31:36,300
meticulous, observation 
comprehensive, documentation, 

10413
09:31:36,300 --> 09:31:39,400
and profound interpretation 
exhibited by medieval 

10414
09:31:39,400 --> 09:31:42,800
chroniclers signifies a 
distinctively valuable aspect of

10415
09:31:42,800 --> 09:31:44,900
the universe to the best of our 
knowledge. 

10416
09:31:44,900 --> 09:31:48,800
Earth is the sole location where
conscious entities, a 

10417
09:31:48,800 --> 09:31:52,300
systematically observing, 
documenting and analyzing Cosmic

10418
09:31:52,300 --> 09:31:55,100
events in an effort to 
comprehend their significance 

10419
09:31:55,100 --> 09:31:59,000
and consequences. 
The people of 774 were exposed 

10420
09:31:59,000 --> 09:32:02,000
to Cosmic radiation without 
knowing where it came from or 

10421
09:32:02,000 --> 09:32:04,500
what it meant. 
They were curious and careful 

10422
09:32:04,500 --> 09:32:07,000
and made detail records. 
That would be very helpful to 

10423
09:32:07,000 --> 09:32:10,300
Future Generations, their 
reaction to the unknown, neither

10424
09:32:10,300 --> 09:32:13,700
panicking, or ignoring Events. 
But in Stead carefully, 

10425
09:32:13,700 --> 09:32:16,900
observing and recording shows 
the best of human scientific 

10426
09:32:16,900 --> 09:32:19,000
instincts. 
Researchers today, who are 

10427
09:32:19,000 --> 09:32:22,900
looking into the 774 event a 
following in the footsteps of 

10428
09:32:22,900 --> 09:32:25,600
medieval chroniclers by 
carefully observing and 

10429
09:32:25,600 --> 09:32:28,500
thoughtfully interpreting. 
What they see they use tools 

10430
09:32:28,500 --> 09:32:31,400
that medieval chroniclers could 
never have imagined but they 

10431
09:32:31,400 --> 09:32:34,300
still use the same basic methods
of systematic data, collection, 

10432
09:32:34,300 --> 09:32:38,200
and collaborative, analysis. 
The enduring human curiosity 

10433
09:32:38,200 --> 09:32:40,900
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 
links us through the ages to 

10434
09:32:40,900 --> 09:32:44,600
individuals who also Marvel at 
the universe's operations, as 

10435
09:32:44,600 --> 09:32:47,500
you get ready to end this story 
and maybe go to sleep, think 

10436
09:32:47,500 --> 09:32:50,000
about how you're a part of this 
ongoing human project to 

10437
09:32:50,000 --> 09:32:53,200
understand Cosmic events, the 
Stars you might see through your

10438
09:32:53,200 --> 09:32:55,800
window or in the same part of 
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 

10439
09:32:55,800 --> 09:33:00,200
radiation to Earth. 
In 774 the universe that made 

10440
09:33:00,200 --> 09:33:02,800
that old mystery is still 
telling its story in tree, 

10441
09:33:02,800 --> 09:33:06,200
rings, ice cores and things that
people see that future 

10442
09:33:06,200 --> 09:33:09,100
Generations will be able to 
figure out the cosmic ray of 

10443
09:33:09,108 --> 09:33:12,900
event of 774 is a reminder that 
There are many things in the 

10444
09:33:12,900 --> 09:33:15,700
universe that we haven't yet, 
learned to see, or understand 

10445
09:33:15,700 --> 09:33:18,200
every night. 
Sky has signs of things that 

10446
09:33:18,200 --> 09:33:20,100
might be happening on Earth that
we can't see yet. 

10447
09:33:20,100 --> 09:33:23,400
The invisible storm that hit 
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 

10448
09:33:23,400 --> 09:33:26,300
just one example of the cosmic, 
dramas that are always happening

10449
09:33:26,300 --> 09:33:28,400
around us. 
Most of them are still waiting 

10450
09:33:28,400 --> 09:33:30,100
for humans to get the tools and 
knowledge. 

10451
09:33:30,100 --> 09:33:33,400
They need to understand how 
important they are sweet dreams.

10452
09:33:33,400 --> 09:33:36,700
I hope you dream of medieval 
monks carefully writing down 

10453
09:33:36,700 --> 09:33:39,400
strange things by candlelight, 
not knowing that they were 

10454
09:33:39,400 --> 09:33:41,800
making data for astrophysicists 
13th. 

10455
09:33:41,800 --> 09:33:44,400
Centuries in the future. 
This is a reminder that every 

10456
09:33:44,400 --> 09:33:46,900
careful observation, every 
preserved record. 

10457
09:33:46,900 --> 09:33:50,600
And every moment of wonder about
the cosmos like one day help us 

10458
09:33:50,600 --> 09:33:52,900
solve Mysteries. 
We have an even thought to ask 

10459
09:33:52,900 --> 09:33:56,300
about yet as you fall asleep, 
rapt in the warmth of your 

10460
09:33:56,300 --> 09:33:59,200
modern blanket, in a world lit 
by electric lights, that would 

10461
09:33:59,200 --> 09:34:03,600
have seemed magical to people in
700 774 take a moment to think 

10462
09:34:03,600 --> 09:34:07,200
about the Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years ago

10463
09:34:07,200 --> 09:34:11,200
and invisible Cosmic storm hit 
Earth it left its mark on every 

10464
09:34:11,200 --> 09:34:15,100
tree that Grew every piece of 
ice that formed and every living

10465
09:34:15,100 --> 09:34:17,500
thing that was alive. 
During those important months 

10466
09:34:17,500 --> 09:34:21,100
people, in the Middle Ages, who 
live through this event, Farmers

10467
09:34:21,100 --> 09:34:24,100
tending their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

10468
09:34:24,100 --> 09:34:27,200
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of planets

10469
09:34:27,200 --> 09:34:30,600
had no way to see the 
high-energy particles falling 

10470
09:34:30,600 --> 09:34:33,600
from space, but they reacted to 
the strange things they could 

10471
09:34:33,600 --> 09:34:37,000
see with the same careful, 
observation and thorough 

10472
09:34:37,000 --> 09:34:40,000
record-keeping that is typical 
of the best scientific Instinct 

10473
09:34:40,000 --> 09:34:42,200
in humans. 
Their detailed records, which 

10474
09:34:42,200 --> 09:34:44,600
were kept in monasteries and 
Royal archives all over the 

10475
09:34:44,600 --> 09:34:48,200
world eventually gave modern 
scientists important information

10476
09:34:48,200 --> 09:34:51,400
about one of the most powerful 
astrophysical events in history.

10477
09:34:51,400 --> 09:34:54,500
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

10478
09:34:54,500 --> 09:34:56,600
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

10479
09:34:56,600 --> 09:35:00,500
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

10480
09:35:00,500 --> 09:35:04,000
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical understanding of

10481
09:35:04,000 --> 09:35:06,300
Stella phenomena, grows the 
cosmic. 

10482
09:35:06,300 --> 09:35:09,800
Ray of 774 keeps giving us new 
information. 

10483
09:35:09,800 --> 09:35:13,300
There is no doubt that To 
Generations will find more proof

10484
09:35:13,300 --> 09:35:16,200
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

10485
09:35:16,200 --> 09:35:19,000
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

10486
09:35:19,000 --> 09:35:22,200
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

10487
09:35:22,200 --> 09:35:25,200
the universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

10488
09:35:25,200 --> 09:35:28,000
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this 

10489
09:35:28,000 --> 09:35:31,300
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

10490
09:35:31,300 --> 09:35:33,600
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

10491
09:35:33,600 --> 09:35:36,100
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

10492
09:35:36,100 --> 09:35:39,100
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

10493
09:35:39,100 --> 09:35:42,000
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

10494
09:35:42,000 --> 09:35:44,200
know how to look for the natural
world. 

10495
09:35:44,200 --> 09:35:47,200
Keeps detailed records of 
astronomical events in chemical 

10496
09:35:47,200 --> 09:35:49,900
languages that we're still 
learning to read as you get 

10497
09:35:49,900 --> 09:35:53,200
ready for bed tonight. 
Cosmic rays are softly falling 

10498
09:35:53,200 --> 09:35:56,400
on Earth from far away. 
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 

10499
09:35:56,400 --> 09:35:58,600
been happening every night for 
billions of years. 

10500
09:35:58,600 --> 09:36:02,300
Most of this radiation is too 
weak to leave any traces, but 

10501
09:36:02,300 --> 09:36:04,700
stars in our Cosmic 
neighborhood, a living and dying

10502
09:36:04,700 --> 09:36:07,500
in ways that could one day send 
more powerful, bursts of high 

10503
09:36:07,500 --> 09:36:11,200
energy particles toward Earth, 
future observers maybe even your

10504
09:36:11,200 --> 09:36:14,200
own Attendance, might look back 
at this time and wonder what 

10505
09:36:14,200 --> 09:36:17,200
Cosmic events we went through 
without knowing they could find 

10506
09:36:17,200 --> 09:36:19,000
signs of Stellar events in 
materials. 

10507
09:36:19,000 --> 09:36:21,900
From our time signs that are 
current technology isn't 

10508
09:36:21,900 --> 09:36:25,400
Advanced enough to find or 
understand the universe might be

10509
09:36:25,400 --> 09:36:27,800
sending us messages in our 
modern world that we won't be 

10510
09:36:27,800 --> 09:36:30,400
able to understand until we come
up with new tools and ways of 

10511
09:36:30,400 --> 09:36:34,500
thinking people, in 774 were 
part of cosmic history without 

10512
09:36:34,500 --> 09:36:36,600
even knowing it. 
They made records. 

10513
09:36:36,600 --> 09:36:39,300
That would be very useful to 
researchers. 1,000 years later, 

10514
09:36:39,300 --> 09:36:42,400
we might also be unknowingly. 
Taking part in astronomical 

10515
09:36:42,400 --> 09:36:44,400
studies, that won't be finished 
until long after. 

10516
09:36:44,400 --> 09:36:46,600
We're gone. 
Our careful observations and 

10517
09:36:46,600 --> 09:36:48,200
thorough record-keeping May one 
day. 

10518
09:36:48,200 --> 09:36:50,500
Help us figure out Cosmic 
Mysteries, that we can't even 

10519
09:36:50,500 --> 09:36:55,300
begin to imagine the invisible 
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 

10520
09:36:55,300 --> 09:36:58,200
medieval Wonder to Modern 
understanding ancient 

10521
09:36:58,200 --> 09:37:01,800
observations to Modern 
astrophysics and human curiosity

10522
09:37:01,800 --> 09:37:04,200
to the huge processes that shape
our universe. 

10523
09:37:04,200 --> 09:37:07,200
It reminds us that we live in 
systems that are much bigger 

10524
09:37:07,200 --> 09:37:08,800
than what we can see and feel 
right now. 

10525
09:37:08,800 --> 09:37:13,600
But we have the unique ability 
to observe Record and slowly 

10526
09:37:13,600 --> 09:37:17,700
understand, these Cosmic events,
as you fall asleep, you are part

10527
09:37:17,700 --> 09:37:20,400
of a story that has been going 
on for a long time, from 

10528
09:37:20,400 --> 09:37:24,000
medieval chroniclers to Modern 
scientists from observations 

10529
09:37:24,000 --> 09:37:26,700
made long ago to discoveries 
that will happen in the future. 

10530
09:37:26,700 --> 09:37:31,500
The same universe that sent 
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774

10531
09:37:31,500 --> 09:37:34,500
surrounds, you tonight. 
It is full of things that future

10532
09:37:34,500 --> 09:37:36,600
Generations will study and 
understand in ways. 

10533
09:37:36,600 --> 09:37:41,800
We can't even imagine right now.
The mystery of 774 shows us that

10534
09:37:41,800 --> 09:37:45,000
with time, careful 
record-keeping, and working 

10535
09:37:45,000 --> 09:37:48,300
together to figure things out. 
We can find out things that seem

10536
09:37:48,300 --> 09:37:51,600
impossible to know writing by 
candlelight in the Middle Ages 

10537
09:37:51,600 --> 09:37:55,200
and studying isotopic signatures
today are both parts of the same

10538
09:37:55,200 --> 09:37:58,500
big human project. 
Figuring out where we fit in the

10539
09:37:58,508 --> 09:38:01,600
universe sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're part 

10540
09:38:01,608 --> 09:38:05,000
of this ongoing story of cosmic 
Discovery, the universe around 

10541
09:38:05,000 --> 09:38:08,000
you is full of amazing things, 
that future generations of 

10542
09:38:08,000 --> 09:38:10,200
curious. 
People will discover understand 

10543
09:38:10,200 --> 09:38:13,400
and appreciate these. 
People will share our wonder 

10544
09:38:13,400 --> 09:38:15,700
about how the world. 
Works beyond what we can see. 

10545
09:38:15,700 --> 09:38:20,200
The invisible storm of 774 shows
us that the most important 

10546
09:38:20,200 --> 09:38:22,400
events in Cosmic. 
History might happen, right next

10547
09:38:22,400 --> 09:38:26,200
to us without us, even knowing 
it leaving clues for future, 

10548
09:38:26,200 --> 09:38:29,000
observers to find and figure out
every night. 

10549
09:38:29,000 --> 09:38:32,900
The universe gets new cosmic, 
radiation, new, Stellar events 

10550
09:38:32,900 --> 09:38:36,300
and new chances to write its own
history in the natural records 

10551
09:38:36,300 --> 09:38:39,100
that are all around us. 
Think of the dreams of medieval 

10552
09:38:39,100 --> 09:38:41,800
Chronicles and modern 
scientists, cosmic rays and 

10553
09:38:41,800 --> 09:38:44,900
ancient trees, invisible storms 
and careful observation. 

10554
09:38:44,900 --> 09:38:48,000
Think about the ongoing human 
project of figuring out the 

10555
09:38:48,008 --> 09:38:50,800
universe and your place in a 
story that connects careful 

10556
09:38:50,800 --> 09:38:53,400
observers across centuries of 
cosmic mystery and discovery