Why Did Ancient Empires Just Disappear? | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey everyone. 
Tonight, we're unraveling a 

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mystery that Echoes through the 
ruins of History. 

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Why? 
So many ancient empires seemed 

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to collapse? 
Suddenly one moment, they're 

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building roads and palaces the 
next they're gone buried under 

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sand Ash or silence. 
So before you get cozy, take a 

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moment to like the video and 
subscribe. 

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If you appreciate what we 
provide here. 

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Also, please let us know where 
you're watching from and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now, dim your lights, turn on 

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your fan, from that background 
hum. 

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And let's dive into what we have
for today. 

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You know, that neighbor who 
always seems to have everything 

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together. 
Despite having a Perfect Lawn, a

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shiny car, and kids, who seem to
never fight, they still manage 

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to find time to make cookies for
the entire neighborhood. 

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Then one day as you drive, by 
you notice a for sale. 

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Sign on the lawn weeds emerging 
through the cracks in the 

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driveway and you find yourself 
thinking what transpired Ancient

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empires were a lot like that 
neighbor. 

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From the outside, everything 
looked magnificent, sprawling 

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cities, impressive, armies and 
trade routes stretching across 

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continents. 
But underneath all that marble 

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and Military might the same 
kinds of problems were quietly 

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eating away at the foundation 
that eventually brings down any 

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household. 
Just on a scale that would make 

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your mortgage broker weep. 
The thing about empire collapse 

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is that it's never really sudden
despite what the history books 

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might tell you. 
It's more like watching your 

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favorite sweater slowly unravel.
One observes a loose thread 

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here, a small hole there, yet 
one continues to wear it because

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after all it remains largely 
functional as a sweater until 

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one day, you Dawn it and your 
arm passes through what was once

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asleep. 
One day, you put it on and your 

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arm pierces through what was 
once a sleeve? 

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Take the Western Roman Empire. 
For instance, everyone talks 

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about how it fell informed 76 
CE. 

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But that's like saying your 
marriage ended the day, you 

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signed the divorce papers The 
real breakdown had been 

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happening for decades centuries,
even the Romans had been dealing

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with inflation. 
That would make today's grocery 

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prices look reasonable Barbarian
groups moving in like relatives 

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who come for a weekend visit and
never leave and an army that was

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increasingly made up of the very
people. 

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They were supposed to be 
fighting against, but here's 

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what's fascinating. 
None of these problems were 

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secret. 
Roman writers were complaining 

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about the same issues your local
newspaper. 

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Editorial section gripes about 
today. 

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Corrupt politicians, economic 
inequality infrastructure, 

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falling apart. 
And young people who didn't 

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respect Traditional Values sound
familiar. 

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The Romans had their own version
of kids. 

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These days don't know how good 
they have it. 

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The real mystery isn't why 
Empires collapsed, but why they 

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held together as long as they 
did. 

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Think about it. 
You're trying to manage 

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territories, that spend 
thousands of miles of different 

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cultures languages, you can't 
pronounce and local Customs that

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range from perfectly reasonable 
to wait, they sacrifice. 

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What to which God? 
All of this occurred with 

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communication technology that 
made smoke signals appear 

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advance. 
Imagine trying to run a modern 

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Corporation where messages 
between the CEO and branch 

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managers took months to deliver 
where half your employees spoke 

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different languages and where 
your biggest competitors were 

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nomadic groups. 
Who could pack up their entire 

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civilization and disappear into 
the step faster than you could 

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say, quarterly earnings report. 
Yet somehow these ancient 

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empires managed to keep the 
light on metaphorically 

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speaking. 
They hadn't quite figured out 

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electricity yet for centuries. 
If you can consider both halves 

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of the Empire, the Romans alone 
managed to sustain their 

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operations for over a 
millennium. 

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That's longer than most Fortune.
500 companies stay in business 

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and they don't have to worry 
about Visigoths raids or 

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volcanic eruptions that block 
out the Sun for months. 

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The secret wasn't the ancient 
people's was somehow more 

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competent than us. 
Though, they definitely knew how

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to build things that lasted 
longer than your average 

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smartphone. 
The secret was that they 

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understood something, we 
sometimes forget, Empires aren't

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just political entities. 
They're basically giant 

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ecosystems with all the 
complexity that implies just 

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like in nature when one part of 
the system starts failing, it 

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affects everything else. 
The drought in Egypt meant less 

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grain for Rome which meant 
higher bread prices, which meant

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angry cities, which meant 
nervous politicians, which meant

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higher taxes to pay for more 
soldiers, which meant even 

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angrier citizens. 
It's the ancient equivalent of a

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supply chain crisis except 
instead of waiting longer for 

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your Amazon package, people 
starved, perhaps, you've never 

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considered the extent to which 
the weather influences your 

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mood, but ancient empires were 
essentially subject to the whims

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of every passing cloud. 
Bad weather wasn't just about 

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canceling picnics. 
It could literally topple 

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civilizations. 
The Maya, for instance, built 

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one of the most sophisticated 
civilizations in the Americas. 

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We're talking about people who 
calculated the movement of 

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Venus, more accurately, the 
Europeans would manage for 

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another Thousand Years who 
invented the concept of 0 

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independently, and who built 
cities that made medieval 

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European towns look like 
Suburban strip malls. 

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These weren't people who gave up
easily, but then the rain 

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stopped coming, they didn't stop
abruptly. 

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That would have been too 
visible. 

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Instead, the situation, 
resembled a restaurant gradually

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cutting costs. 
First, they watered down the 

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super little then they start 
using cheaper ingredients. 

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Before, you know, it you're 
wondering why you ever thought 

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this place was special, but it 
happened so gradually. 

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You barely noticed each step. 
The Maya face what climatologist

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called the terminal classic 
drought which sounds like the 

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kind of thing that should come 
with dramatic music and special 

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effects in reality. 
It was probably just a series of

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years where people looked up at 
the sky and muttered. 

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Come on, not again. 
But when your entire 

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civilization depends on rainfed,
agriculture, not again can 

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quickly become not ever again. 
What's particularly 

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heartbreaking is that the Maya, 
saw it coming their record show.

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They were deeply worried about 
the relationship between their 

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kings and the rain gods. 
Tried everything more, elaborate

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ceremonies bigger sacrifices and
constructing additional temples.

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It's like, turning up the 
thermostat when you're heating 

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system is broken your addressing
the symptoms, not the problem. 

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But when you don't understand 
the problem, the symptoms are 

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all you have to work with. 
The drought didn't just mean 

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less food. 
It meant cities that had 

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supported hundreds of thousands 
of people suddenly couldn't 

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support, tens of thousands, it 
meant trade networks, that had 

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connected regions across Central
America, started to fray as 

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everyone focused on their 
survival. 

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It meant the elaborate political
Alliance is that had held my 

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civilization together, began to 
crack like dried mud. 

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Meanwhile, Halfway Around The 
World. 

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The Bronze Age was ending in 
what historians dramatically 

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called the Bronze Age collapse. 
Picture this at some point 

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around 1200 BC Advanced 
civilizations across the 

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Mediterranean and near East 
started falling like dominoes. 

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The Mycenaeans in Greece, the 
Hittites, and turkey and cities 

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in Syria, and Palestine, all of 
them, either destroyed or 

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abandoned within a few 
Generations. 

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For the longest time. 
Historians blamed, mysterious 

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sea people's for this collapse. 
As if a number of ancient 

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Pirates, had decided to tour the
Mediterranean and trash every 

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major city they came across. 
It's a compelling story 

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mysterious, Raiders appearing 
from nowhere, bringing chaos and

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destruction, then Vanishing back
into Legend. 

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However, the reality likely 
amounted, to a combination of 

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unfavorable circumstances 
unfavorable weather patterns and

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unfortunate timing. 
Recent research suggests that 

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the Mediterranean region 
experienced to significant 

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climate shift, around this time,
cooler drier conditions would 

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have meant crop failures, which 
meant hungry people, which meant

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social unrest, which meant 
political instability under such

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pressure. 
It doesn't take mysterious sea, 

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Raiders to escalate the 
situation. 

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Sometimes the Raiders are just 
your people. 

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Desperately looking for 
somewhere better to live. 

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The fascinating thing is how 
quickly complex societies can 

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unravel once the process starts.
The Bronze Age civilizations had

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taken centuries to develop 
writing systems complex, trade 

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networks, specialized crafts and
sophisticated government 

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structures. 
However, they lost much of this 

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knowledge within a few 
Generations. 

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All that meticulous construction
vanishes in mere moments akin to

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a wave striking a sandcastle. 
This scenario is where climate 

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change becomes particularly 
scary for modern civilizations. 

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We think we're tougher than 
ancient people because we have 

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better technology, but we're 
also more connected and 

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specialized when ancient Farmers
had a poor harvest, they might 

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starve, but they still knew how 
to grow food. 

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If our complex Supply chains 
break down how many of us 

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actually know how to produce the
basics. 

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We need to survive. 
Let's talk about money because 

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nothing brings down an Empire, 
quite like financial problems. 

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And, before you start thinking, 
this doesn't apply to. 

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You remember, the empires are 
really just very large, very old

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versions, of households, trying 
to balance their budgets while 

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maintaining their Lifestyles, 
the Roman Empire had, what you 

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might call the world's first 
credit crisis. 

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By the third Century CE, they 
were facing inflation. 

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That would make modern 
economists reach for the 

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antisense. 
The issue began innocuously as 

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the Romans had been gradually 
decreasing. 

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The silver content in their 
coins to extend their resources.

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It's the ancient equivalent of 
watering down the milk to make 

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it last longer, accept everyone 
in the Empire eventually noted 

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When people lose trust in the 
currency things unravel, 

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remarkably quickly. 
Imagine if you woke up tomorrow 

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and everyone suddenly decided 
that your dollars were only 

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worth 50 cents, not just you 
everyone overnight, you're 

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savings. 
Your salary or mortgage and 

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everything would be thrown into 
chaos. 

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That's essentially what happened
to Rome except they didn't have 

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a economist on television 
explaining what was going wrong.

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Roman soldiers who were the 
backbone of the Empire? 

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Started demanding payment and 
goods. 

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Rather than coins when the Army 
loses faith in the currency 

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you're essentially paying for 
protection with groceries. 

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It works for a while but it's 
not exactly sustainable. 

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When you're trying to project 
power across three continents, 

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but Rome's financial troubles 
weren't just about bad monetary 

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policy. 
They were also dealing with what

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economists call Imperial 
overstretch basically, they had 

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taken on more responsibilities 
than they could afford. 

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It's like buying a house that's 
technically within your budget. 

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If you don't eat much and never 
get sick, your car never breaks 

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down and you never want to 
vacation. 

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The Romans had committed to 
defending thousands of miles of 

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Frontier against neighbors who 
kept getting more organized and 

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more aggressive. 
They had to maintain roads 

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aqueducts and public buildings 
across an area larger than the 

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United States. 
They had to keep grain flowing 

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to cities that could not feed 
themselves because hungary's 

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have a tendency to Riot and 
riots are bad for business. 

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Meanwhile, the tax base was 
shrinking. 

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Constant Warfare had devastated 
agricultural regions, plague had

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reduced the population. 
In many areas, wealthy had 

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become expert at avoiding taxes.
Some things never change which 

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meant the burden fell 
increasingly on people who were 

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already struggling. 
It's a well known phenomenon 

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that during difficult times 
those with the greatest 

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financial means tend to avoid 
providing assistance. 

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The hand dynasty in China, faced
similar problems around the same

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time, they had expanded to 
control territory, stretching 

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from Korea to Central Asia, 
which sounds impressive Until 

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you realize they were trying to 
govern it with horses and 

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handwritten messages. 
The Silk Road trade networks, 

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brought wealth that they also 
brought enormous administrative 

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costs and Military commitments. 
The Han Emperors found 

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themselves trapped in what 
modern Economist called the 

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resource. 
The wealthier, their empire 

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became, the more expensive, it 
was to maintain success bread 

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obligation, an obligation bread,
expense and expense bread. 

236
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:57,000
The need for more success to pay
for it all. 

237
00:11:57,000 --> 00:11:59,300
It's like getting promoted to a 
job. 

238
00:11:59,308 --> 00:12:02,600
That pays more, but requires you
to spend so much on professional

239
00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:05,600
clothes and longer commutes you 
end up with less money than 

240
00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:08,900
before. 
What's particularly tragic is 

241
00:12:08,900 --> 00:12:11,100
that many of these Empires 
understood their financial 

242
00:12:11,100 --> 00:12:15,300
problems and try to solve them? 
The Romans attempted currency 

243
00:12:15,300 --> 00:12:19,600
reforms tax reforms and 
administrative reforms the hand 

244
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,000
tried to reduce military 
commitments, and streamlined, 

245
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:24,600
the bureaucracy. 
But by the time, the problems 

246
00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:26,100
were obvious enough to demand 
action. 

247
00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:29,000
They were often too deeply 
embedded in the system to 

248
00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:30,900
resolve without causing even 
more disruption. 

249
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:33,800
It's like trying to renovate 
your house while you're still 

250
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:37,400
living in it. 
In theory, you can do it but in 

251
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:39,800
practice every fix reveals three
more problems. 

252
00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:42,700
And meanwhile you're living with
plastic sheeting in stead of 

253
00:12:42,708 --> 00:12:45,400
walls and wondering why you 
didn't just move somewhere else.

254
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:49,400
The lesson here isn't that 
expansion is always bad or the 

255
00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,500
empires are doomed to fail? 
Success create its own problems 

256
00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:56,500
which must be handled as 
carefully as the original issues

257
00:12:56,500 --> 00:13:00,200
growth without planning, is just
another word for crisis waiting 

258
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:02,300
to happen. 
You might be surprised to learn 

259
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:05,100
that foreign armies did not 
conquer the majority of ancient 

260
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:07,600
empires. 
They were brought down by their 

261
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:10,500
own military forces, or by the 
very people, they had hired to 

262
00:13:10,500 --> 00:13:12,800
protect them. 
It's like finding out your 

263
00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:16,400
security system as being helping
burglars case your house, the 

264
00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,300
late Roman Empire is the classic
example of this phenomenon. 

265
00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:23,500
By the fourth and 5th Century is
the Roman army was increasingly 

266
00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:25,600
made up of what they called 
Federalists. 

267
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:29,500
Basically entire Barbarian 
tribes who have been hired as 

268
00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:32,600
mercenaries or allowed to settle
within Roman territory in 

269
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:36,800
exchange from military service. 
On paper, it was a brilliant 

270
00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:40,800
solution to two problems, the 
Romans needed soldiers and the 

271
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,100
Barbarian tribes needed land and
steady. 

272
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:46,800
Pay in practice, it was like 
hiring your teenagers friends to

273
00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:48,200
babysit while you're out of 
town. 

274
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,600
Sure, they know the house rules 
and they seem responsible 

275
00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:54,500
enough, but their ultimate 
loyalty is to their interests, 

276
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,000
not yours. 
And when things go wrong, you 

277
00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,200
might come home to discover. 
They've invited all their 

278
00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:01,900
friends over and decided they 
liked your house better than 

279
00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:06,200
their own. 
The Visigoths ostrogoths vandals

280
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:08,700
and other groups, didn't set out
to destroy the Roman Empire. 

281
00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:12,700
Many of their leaders had Roman 
military ranks War, Roman 

282
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:15,800
uniforms and genuinely 
considered themselves part of 

283
00:14:15,808 --> 00:14:18,600
the Roman system. 
But when the Empire could not 

284
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:21,300
pay them regularly or when 
better opportunities present 

285
00:14:21,300 --> 00:14:24,400
themselves, their priorities 
shifted in perfectly, 

286
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,200
understandable ways. 
It's important to understand 

287
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,000
that these weren't Savaged by 
uncivilized hordes. 

288
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,900
These were organized, political 
entities, making rational 

289
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:35,000
decisions about their survival 
and prosperity. 

290
00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:39,900
Alaric a former Roman general 
led the Visigoths who sacked 

291
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:44,100
Rome in 410 CE, Halloran 
attacked Rome not out of hatred 

292
00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:46,800
for Roman civilization but 
because the Roman government 

293
00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:49,200
owed his people money and 
refused to repay it. 

294
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:53,400
The Tang Dynasty in China faced 
a remarkably, similar problem 

295
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:57,300
during the Andalusian rebellion 
in the 8th century and Lucian 

296
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:00,300
the general of Central Asian 
origin held in mental authority.

297
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,500
Over the northeastern Frontier, 
he was precisely the kind of 

298
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:05,800
person. 
The Tang needed, someone who 

299
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:08,200
understood both Chinese 
administrative systems. 

300
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,300
And the nomadic people's they 
were trying to control. 

301
00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:13,200
But here's the thing about 
giving someone that much power. 

302
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,300
He start to realize they don't 
actually need you anymore. 

303
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,300
And Russian commanded armies 
that were larger and better 

304
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:21,400
trained than the forces 
available to the emperor. 

305
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,600
He controlled territory that was
wealthier and more productive 

306
00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:28,200
than many entire kingdoms. 
When political tensions arose, 

307
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:30,500
he had the resources to do 
something about it. 

308
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:34,700
The Rebellion lasted eight years
and devastated, much of northern

309
00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:36,800
China even though the Tang 
Dynasty. 

310
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,300
Technically survived, it never 
fully recovered its previous 

311
00:15:40,300 --> 00:15:43,100
strength or Unity. 
It's like surviving a heart 

312
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:45,500
attack. 
You'll still alive, but you'll 

313
00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:49,300
never quite the same afterward. 
What's particularly intriguing 

314
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,000
is how these military problems 
were often the result of 

315
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:56,200
previous successes. 
The Romans recruited barbarians 

316
00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:58,800
because their early conquests 
had made traditional Roman 

317
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,800
military, service less 
attractive to Romans citizens. 

318
00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:04,300
Why risk your life on the 
frontier? 

319
00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:07,200
When you could make money and 
trade or Administration in the 

320
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:11,100
comfortable interior provinces 
Similarly, the Tang Dynasty. 

321
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,400
Relied on non-chinese, generals 
like an ocean because they're 

322
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:16,800
expansion into Central. 
Asia required people who 

323
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:19,800
understood local conditions and 
cultures Chinese. 

324
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:22,700
Generals from the Heartland were
often ineffective in Frontier 

325
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:25,800
regions, where the rules of 
warfare and diplomacy were 

326
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:29,000
entirely different. 
Success in solving one problem, 

327
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,300
often creates new ones that are 
harder to solve. 

328
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,500
Once you've hired foreign 
troops, you have to keep them 

329
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:37,000
happy, which usually means 
paying them more than your 

330
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:39,200
citizens are willing to accept 
for the same work. 

331
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:43,000
Once you've given Frontier, 
generals autonomy, you have to 

332
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,000
trust that they'll continue to 
use it in your interests rather 

333
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,400
than their own. 
The most sobering aspect of 

334
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:51,900
these military collapses is how 
reasonable they look from 

335
00:16:51,900 --> 00:16:54,800
everyone's perspective? 
The central government was 

336
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:58,200
trying to maintain control over 
vast territories with limited 

337
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:00,700
resources. 
The foreign allies were trying 

338
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:02,400
to secure Better Lives for their
people. 

339
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,599
The individual generals were 
trying to advance their careers 

340
00:17:05,599 --> 00:17:08,599
and protect their soldiers. 
Nobody was trying to destroy 

341
00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:10,800
civilization. 
They were all just trying to 

342
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:12,400
make the best of difficult 
circumstances. 

343
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:16,300
Yet the cumulative effect of all
these rational decisions was the

344
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,500
collapse of political systems 
that had maintained peace and 

345
00:17:19,500 --> 00:17:23,700
prosperity for centuries. 
It's a reminder that beneficial 

346
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:26,800
intentions and rational Behavior
don't always lead to 

347
00:17:26,808 --> 00:17:30,000
advantageous outcomes, 
especially in complex systems 

348
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,100
where individual decisions can 
have far-reaching unintended 

349
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:35,800
consequences. 
Nothing, quite puts life in 

350
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:37,100
perspective like a good 
pandemic. 

351
00:17:37,100 --> 00:17:39,800
Ancient empires had more than 
their share of both. 

352
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:44,100
But unlike modern disease, 
outbreaks ancient plagues didn't

353
00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:47,800
just kill people, the unraveled,
the entire social fabric that 

354
00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:51,500
held civilizations together. 
The antonine plague, hit the 

355
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:55,900
Roman Empire and 165 CE and 
basically didn't stop for 15 

356
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:58,200
years. 
While some Modern historians 

357
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:01,200
believe it was smallpox others 
argue, it was measles 

358
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,700
demonstrating the long-standing 
tradition of academics, debating

359
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:08,100
deadly diseases. 
What we do know is that it 

360
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:11,100
killed somewhere between 5 and 
10% of the entire Roman 

361
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,300
population, which is, like, 
wiping out every person in 

362
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:18,400
California and Texas combined. 
But here's what makes ancient 

363
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:20,400
plagues particularly 
devastating. 

364
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:24,400
Ancient economies were almost 
entirely based on human labor. 

365
00:18:25,100 --> 00:18:28,000
When you lose 10% of your 
Workforce overnight, you don't 

366
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:32,000
just have 10% less productivity.
You have a complete breakdown of

367
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,200
the systems that depend on 
having enough people to make 

368
00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:37,500
them work. 
Think about your workplace if 

369
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:40,300
half your co-workers suddenly 
disappeared, you wouldn't just 

370
00:18:40,300 --> 00:18:42,500
be doing more work. 
You'd be doing completely 

371
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:45,300
different work. 
Probably badly while also trying

372
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:47,500
to figure out which of their 
responsibilities were actually 

373
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:50,700
important and which were just 
bureaucratic busy work that 

374
00:18:50,700 --> 00:18:53,500
nobody will miss. 
Now, imagine that scenario 

375
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:56,600
playing out across an entire 
Empire in every town on every 

376
00:18:56,600 --> 00:19:00,000
farm and in every Workshop. 
The plague hit Rome, just as 

377
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,800
Marcus, Aurelius was trying to 
combat major Barbarian 

378
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:04,400
incursions along the Danube 
Frontier. 

379
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:08,100
Instead of having the resources 
to mount an effective military 

380
00:19:08,100 --> 00:19:11,800
response, he found himself 
managing a civilization that was

381
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:15,400
quite literally dying. 
Tax revenues collapsed because 

382
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,600
there were fewer people to tax. 
Many of the survivors were too 

383
00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:21,000
busy dealing with immediate 
survival to worry about paying 

384
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,000
taxes. 
The military recruitment system 

385
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,600
broke down because the 
traditional sources of soldiers,

386
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,600
young men from rural areas had 
been hit particularly hard by 

387
00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:33,600
the disease. 
As much Merchants died or 

388
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:36,000
decided that traveling to 
potentially infected cities was 

389
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,800
a poor business strategy. 
Trade networks frayed it's like 

390
00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:43,500
watching a complex machine lose 
crucial Parts, one by one until 

391
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:45,400
it finally just stops working 
entirely. 

392
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,000
Meanwhile across the Empire. 
People were trying to make sense

393
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,200
of why they're Gods had 
apparently abandoned them. 

394
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,200
The Roman State religion was 
based on the idea that proper 

395
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,000
rituals and sacrifices would 
ensure Divine favor and 

396
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:02,700
protection. when plague 
devastated the Empire, despite 

397
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:05,700
all the appropriate ceremonies, 
it raised uncomfortable 

398
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:08,100
questions about whether the old 
gods were still paying 

399
00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:11,800
attention, This spiritual 
crisis, paved the way for new 

400
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:15,300
religious movements, especially 
Christianity, which provided 

401
00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:18,600
alternative explanations for 
suffering, and diverse forms of 

402
00:20:18,608 --> 00:20:21,700
Hope for the future. 
The plague didn't create 

403
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:25,000
Christianity but it certainly 
helped create conditions where 

404
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,000
Christian ideas about Divine 
Justice and eternal life became 

405
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:29,300
more. 
Appealing to people who are 

406
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:31,300
watching their world, literally 
die around them. 

407
00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:34,800
The Justinian plague which hit 
the Byzantine empire in the 

408
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:36,900
sixth century was even more 
devastating. 

409
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:41,400
This was probably Bubonic 
plague, the same disease that 

410
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:43,600
would later become famous as the
Black Death. 

411
00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:47,700
It arrived in Constantinople 
aboard grain ships from Egypt, 

412
00:20:47,700 --> 00:20:50,600
which is a reminder that trade 
networks that bring Prosperity 

413
00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:54,400
can also bring catastrophe. 
The plague killed an estimated 

414
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:58,400
25 million people across the 
Byzantine Empire and surrounding

415
00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:02,000
regions Emperor, Justinian 
himself, contracted the plague 

416
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,100
but survived, although he was 
reportedly never quite the same 

417
00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:07,500
afterward. 
Emperor Justinian had to 

418
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:09,800
drastically scale. 
Back his Grand plans to 

419
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,400
reconquer the Western Roman 
territories as the Empire 

420
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:16,300
focused on simply Staying Alive.
What's particularly striking 

421
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:18,800
about the Justinian plague is 
how it changed the entire 

422
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,100
trajectory of European and 
Middle Eastern history. 

423
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:25,000
Before the plague, the Byzantine
Empire was probably strong 

424
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,700
enough to reclaim much of the 
former Roman territories and 

425
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:30,100
re-establish a unified 
Mediterranean world. 

426
00:21:30,900 --> 00:21:33,800
After the plague that 
possibility disappeared forever.

427
00:21:34,700 --> 00:21:37,200
The demographic collapse. 
Also shifted the balance of 

428
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:40,000
power between the Byzantine 
Empire and the rising Islamic 

429
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:42,800
states to the South a healthy 
populist. 

430
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,800
Byzantine Empire might have been
able to stop or at least 

431
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:48,700
significantly slow the Arab 
conquests of the seventh 

432
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:52,100
century. plague weekend, Empire 
could barely defend its 

433
00:21:52,100 --> 00:21:55,600
Heartland The place didn't just 
affect Empires directly through 

434
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:59,700
death in economic disruption. 
They also changed how people 

435
00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:02,200
thought about, government 
religion and social 

436
00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:05,000
organization. 
When established authorities 

437
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:07,100
can't protect people from 
invisible threats. 

438
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:09,100
Those authorities lose 
legitimacy. 

439
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:13,300
When traditional explanations 
for how the world Works fail to 

440
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:15,700
account. 
For catastrophic events, people 

441
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,700
become more open to new ideas 
and new forms of social 

442
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:21,700
organization. 
In this context plagues often 

443
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,500
acted as Catalyst. 
That accelerated changes already

444
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,200
in progress. 
The Roman Empire was already 

445
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:29,800
dealing with military economic, 
and political pressures. 

446
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:33,200
When the antonine plague hit 
While the plague didn't initiate

447
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:37,200
these issues, it intensified 
their complexity and spawned new

448
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,300
challenges that overextended the
system sometimes Empires. 

449
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:43,100
Don't collapse gradually, 
sometimes they just disappear. 

450
00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:46,900
The Maya cities of the Southern 
lowlands were abandoned so 

451
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:49,000
quickly. 
That archaeologists observed 

452
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:51,200
dinner plates. 
Still sitting on tables as if 

453
00:22:51,208 --> 00:22:53,600
people just stepped out for a 
moment and never came back. 

454
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:56,800
It's like finding a ghost town 
where the ghost forgot to take 

455
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,300
their belongings. 
The speed of these sudden 

456
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:02,200
collapses is what makes them so 
mysterious and so frightening, 

457
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:06,400
we often believe that complex 
societies are resilient capable 

458
00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:08,400
of bending without breaking 
that. 

459
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:10,500
There is a plan in place for 
when things go wrong. 

460
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:14,800
But the archaeological record is
full of civilizations that 

461
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,700
seemed perfectly fine, one day 
and were empty ruins. 

462
00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:21,500
The next Angkor the capital of 
the Khmer Empire in Cambodia 

463
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:24,600
supported over a million people 
at his height in the 12th 

464
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:27,100
century. 
The temple complex at ankle. 

465
00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:29,400
Watch remains one of the most 
impressive architectural 

466
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:33,800
achievements in human history. 
The Hydraulic Engineering system

467
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:37,300
that supported the city was so 
sophisticated that modern 

468
00:23:37,300 --> 00:23:39,600
Engineers are still figuring out
how it worked. 

469
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,600
This was not a civilization that
seemed like to just pack up and 

470
00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:46,700
leave yet. 
By the 15th century ankle, was 

471
00:23:46,700 --> 00:23:49,300
largely abandoned. 
The jungle was already beginning

472
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:52,500
to reclaim the temples and 
palaces the elaborate Canal 

473
00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:55,200
system that had supported. 
The massive population was 

474
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,600
falling into disrepair. 
What had been one of the world's

475
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:01,900
largest cities became a ruined. 
So, overgrown that European 

476
00:24:01,900 --> 00:24:04,600
explorers in the 19th century 
initially. 

477
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,100
Thought the temples were natural
rock. 

478
00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:10,800
Formations what happened? 
The truth is, we are unsure of 

479
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,000
the exact cause which adds to 
the tarot of the Southern 

480
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,400
collapse. 
Current theories, focus on 

481
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,000
climate change. 
Specifically a shift from the 

482
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,200
medieval warm period to the 
little ice age, that disrupted 

483
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:24,200
the monsoon. 
Patterns the premier depended on

484
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:25,500
for their water management 
system. 

485
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:28,600
The climate change alone doesn't
explain the speed of the 

486
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:31,600
abandonment. 
After all, the Khmer had dealt 

487
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:33,500
with variable weather patterns 
for centuries. 

488
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:37,200
They had built redundancy into 
their water systems precisely 

489
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:39,400
because they understood that 
droughts and floods were 

490
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:42,100
inevitable. 
Something must have shifted, the

491
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:45,800
perspective from difficult, but 
manageable to abandon everything

492
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:48,600
and flee. 
The most likely explanation is 

493
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,000
that ankle suffered from what 
systems theorists call. 

494
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,400
Cascading failure. 
The water management system was 

495
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,500
incredibly sophisticated but 
that sophistication made it 

496
00:24:57,500 --> 00:25:01,100
fragile in unexpected ways. 
When one part of the system 

497
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:04,200
failed it stressed the others 
which then filed and so on. 

498
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:08,100
It's like when your computer 
crashes usually it's not because

499
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,500
of one catastrophic error, but 
because a series of small 

500
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:14,700
problems interacting ways that 
overwhelm the system's ability 

501
00:25:14,700 --> 00:25:16,800
to cope. 
The difference is that, when 

502
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:20,100
your computer crashes, you can 
restart it when a civilization 

503
00:25:20,108 --> 00:25:23,700
crashes, the knowledge of how to
restart it often dies. 

504
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:26,700
With the people who flee the 
Bronze Age collapse provides. 

505
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:29,600
Another example of sudden 
widespread system failure, 

506
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:34,400
Around 1200 BCE the entire 
Eastern Mediterranean World 

507
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,000
seemed to fall apart within a 
generation or two. cities that 

508
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,500
had flourished for centuries 
were destroyed or abandoned 

509
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:43,900
trade networks that are 
connected regions from Greece to

510
00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:47,800
Mesopotamia, simply stopped 
functioning Writing systems were

511
00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:49,500
forgotten in some areas for 
centuries. 

512
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:53,100
What makes this collapse 
particularly puzzling is that it

513
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:55,700
affected regions with very 
different, political systems, 

514
00:25:55,700 --> 00:26:00,100
economies and cultures. 
The Mycenaean palaces in Greece,

515
00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:02,400
had little in common with the 
hittite cities in Turkey. 

516
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,400
Yet they both collapsed at 
roughly the same time, it seemed

517
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:08,900
as though someone had abruptly 
ended, an entire civilization 

518
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:11,400
yet, no one had the authority to
do. 

519
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:14,600
So recent archaeological 
evidence suggests that the 

520
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:17,600
Bronze Age world was much more 
interconnected than previously 

521
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,300
thought. 
The palace at pilots in Greece, 

522
00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:22,900
contained records of trade 
relationship, stretching across 

523
00:26:22,900 --> 00:26:26,300
the Mediterranean. 
Egyptian tombs contain objects 

524
00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:28,500
made from materials that. 
Could only have come from 

525
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:32,700
Scandinavia or Afghanistan. 
The uluburun Shipwreck off the 

526
00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:35,600
coast of turkey contained goods 
from at least seven different 

527
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,700
regions. 
This interconnectedness was a 

528
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:40,700
source of strength during 
productive times. 

529
00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:44,000
It allowed for specialized 
production, efficient resource 

530
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,900
allocation, and the spread of 
beneficial Technologies and 

531
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:49,000
ideas. 
But it also created 

532
00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:51,600
vulnerability. 
When one part of the network 

533
00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:54,900
failed, the failure could 
Cascade through the entire 

534
00:26:54,900 --> 00:26:57,500
system faster than anyone could 
respond. 

535
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,300
Economist increasingly believe 
that supply chain failure. 

536
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:05,100
Caused the Bronze Age collapse. 
When the network of trade 

537
00:27:05,100 --> 00:27:07,700
relationships that supported 
Bronze Age civilization was 

538
00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:11,100
disrupted whether by climate 
change political instability or 

539
00:27:11,100 --> 00:27:15,000
simple overextension, the entire
system collapsed because no 

540
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,500
single region could produce 
everything it needed locally. 

541
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,400
The implications for our own 
interconnected World sobering. 

542
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,300
We depend on Global Supply 
chains that are far more 

543
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:26,200
complex. 
And extensive than anything, the

544
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:30,300
Bronze Age civilization could 
have imagined Our food, our 

545
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:34,400
energy, our technology, our 
medicines almost everything we 

546
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:37,700
need for Modern Life, depends on
systems that span the globe. 

547
00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:41,200
And involve millions of people 
will never meet what happens if 

548
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:45,300
those systems fail. 
The Bronze Age collapse suggests

549
00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:49,300
that the failure might be sudden
comprehensive and very difficult

550
00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:52,300
to reverse once it begins. 
After spending thousands of 

551
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:54,600
years studying, why ancient 
empires collapsed? 

552
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:56,700
You'd think we'd have learned 
something useful. 

553
00:27:56,700 --> 00:28:00,900
Instead, we keep making the same
mistakes, just with better 

554
00:28:00,900 --> 00:28:03,900
technology and more 
sophisticated ways of justifying

555
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:06,400
them. 
The most dangerous myth. 

556
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,800
We tell ourselves, is that 
collapse is always someone 

557
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:11,900
else's fault. 
When we study ancient empires, 

558
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:16,000
we focus on external threats, 
Barbarian invasions foreign 

559
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,900
conquests and natural disasters,
Comforting to think that 

560
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,800
civilizations fail because of 
forces beyond their control 

561
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,500
because that means our 
civilization's problems are 

562
00:28:25,500 --> 00:28:27,900
temporary setbacks rather than 
systemic flaws. 

563
00:28:28,900 --> 00:28:32,600
The truth is Messier and more 
uncomfortable most Empires 

564
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:34,600
collapse because they couldn't 
solve problems. 

565
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:37,300
That were entirely predictable 
and largely self-inflicted. 

566
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:40,600
The Romans knew their currency 
was being debased. 

567
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:43,600
The Maya knew their cities were 
growing beyond what their 

568
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:46,700
agricultural system could 
support the Tang Dynasty. 

569
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:48,900
Knew that giving too much power 
to Frontier. 

570
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:52,300
Generals was risky. 
They knew that they couldn't act

571
00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:55,000
on what they knew because acting
would have required short-term 

572
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,500
sacrifices for long-term 
benefits and political systems 

573
00:28:58,500 --> 00:29:01,300
and notoriously poor at making 
those kinds of trade-offs. 

574
00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:04,800
It is more convenient to 
postpone problems and rely on 

575
00:29:04,808 --> 00:29:08,000
future solutions from others. 
Sound familiar. 

576
00:29:09,300 --> 00:29:11,400
We know that climate change is 
real and dangerous. 

577
00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:14,700
We know that economic inequality
is reaching levels that 

578
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:16,500
historically lead to social 
instability. 

579
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,000
We know that our political 
institutions are under stress 

580
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:22,600
and that public trust in 
government is declining. 

581
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,800
We know that our infrastructure 
is aging and that are social, 

582
00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:29,100
safety nets are underfunded but 
knowing an acting a different 

583
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:32,300
things especially when acting 
requires admitting that some of 

584
00:29:32,308 --> 00:29:35,400
our most cherished assumptions 
about how the world Works might 

585
00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:38,100
be wrong. 
The Romans never admitted that 

586
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:41,600
their empire had grown too large
to govern effectively the Maya 

587
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:43,900
never acknowledged that their 
agricultural system was 

588
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:46,700
unsustainable. 
We have our own blind spots that

589
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,700
future historians will probably 
find equally obvious and equally

590
00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:52,000
frustrating. 
The second myth is that 

591
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:55,100
technology will save us. 
We assume that because we have 

592
00:29:55,100 --> 00:29:57,800
better tools than ancient 
peoples, will be able to solve 

593
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,300
problems that defeated them. 
However, technology can have 

594
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,600
both positive and negative 
effects, it can solve problems, 

595
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:07,400
but it can also create new 
problems that are harder to 

596
00:30:07,408 --> 00:30:11,600
solve than the original ones. 
The Romans possess Superior 

597
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:13,800
military technology compared to 
their enemies. 

598
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:16,900
But this Advantage allowed them 
to conquer more territory 

599
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:20,300
leading to administrative and 
economic problems that 

600
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:23,100
ultimately overwhelmed their 
ability to manage these issues. 

601
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:26,900
The Maya developed 
sophisticated, astronomical and 

602
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:30,100
mathematical knowledge that they
used it to build cities that 

603
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:32,600
were ultimately unsustainable 
given their environmental 

604
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,500
constraints. 
Our technology is far more 

605
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:38,000
advanced than anything, ancient 
people's could have imagined, 

606
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,100
but it's also created 
dependencies and vulnerabilities

607
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:44,900
that they never had to worry 
about when Roman communication 

608
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:47,800
systems fail. 
Messages took longer to deliver.

609
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,700
When our communication systems 
fail, Global Financial markets 

610
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:52,600
can crash. 
In minutes. 

611
00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:56,500
The third myth is the collapse 
means the end of everything in 

612
00:30:56,500 --> 00:30:58,400
reality collapses. 
Usually, a process of 

613
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:01,800
simplification and 
reorganization rather than total

614
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,600
Destruction. 
When the Western Roman Empire 

615
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:06,500
fell, the people didn't 
disappear. 

616
00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:10,100
They adapted to new political 
Arrangements, developed new 

617
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:12,800
economic systems and found new 
ways to organize their 

618
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:15,400
communities. 
The Dark Ages weren't actually 

619
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:19,900
that dark people continued to 
farm to trade to build to learn 

620
00:31:19,900 --> 00:31:22,700
and to create art. 
They just did it in different 

621
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:25,700
ways and at smaller scales than 
their Imperial predecessors. 

622
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:28,900
Often the end of Empire meant 
the beginning of more, 

623
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:31,400
sustainable and more responsive 
forms of social organization. 

624
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,500
This isn't meant to minimize the
genuine suffering that often 

625
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:38,300
accompanies collapse, or to 
suggest that we should welcome. 

626
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:41,800
The end of our own civilization.
But it is meant to point out 

627
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:45,300
that human society is a 
remarkably adaptable, and that 

628
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,600
the end of one way of doing 
things, often opens up space for

629
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,100
better ways of doing things. 
Final myth is that we can 

630
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:54,000
prevent Collapse by learning 
from history. 

631
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:58,100
The uncomfortable truth is that 
knowing how Empires collapse 

632
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:00,600
doesn't necessarily help you 
prevent your own Empire. 

633
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:04,200
From collapsing, the problems 
that bring down civilizations 

634
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,100
are usually obvious to people 
living through them, but they're

635
00:32:07,100 --> 00:32:08,900
all. 
So usually embedded so deeply in

636
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:11,800
the system that solving them 
would require changing the very 

637
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,200
things that make the system 
successful in the first place. 

638
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:18,100
The Romans couldn't solve their 
military problems without giving

639
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:20,500
up the territories that made 
them wealthy enough to pay for 

640
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:23,000
their military. 
The Maya couldn't solve their 

641
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,600
problems without abandoning the 
Intensive agriculture that 

642
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:28,300
supported their large 
populations. 

643
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,400
We can't solve our climate 
problems without changing the 

644
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:34,800
Industrial Systems that provide 
our standard of living This 

645
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,500
doesn't mean that collapses 
inevitable or that we should 

646
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:39,200
give up trying to solve our 
problems. 

647
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,500
It means that Solutions require 
us to be honest about the 

648
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:45,100
trade-offs involved and willing 
to accept that. 

649
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:48,600
Some changes might make us less 
powerful or less wealthy in the 

650
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:50,600
short term to make us more 
sustainable. 

651
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,400
In the long term, the real 
lesson from the collapse of 

652
00:32:53,408 --> 00:32:56,400
ancient empires. 
Isn't that all civilizations are

653
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:59,000
doomed to fail? 
It's that civilizations that 

654
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,700
refuse to adapt to changing 
circumstances and doomed to 

655
00:33:01,708 --> 00:33:03,800
fail. 
While those that can find ways 

656
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,200
to transform themselves, have a 
chance to survive. 

657
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:10,100
And even Thrive the question 
isn't, whether our civilization 

658
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:11,700
will face existential 
challenges. 

659
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:15,900
It will the question is whether 
we'll be wise enough to change 

660
00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,600
before changes forced upon us 
and humble enough to learn from 

661
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,200
the mistakes of the past, while 
we still have time to avoid 

662
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:23,800
repeating them. 
Sleep. 

663
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,500
Well, tomorrow is another day to
build something better. 

664
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:32,700
Picture this, you're walking 
down a busy street when it 

665
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:35,500
starts to drizzle without even 
thinking you reach into your 

666
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:38,000
bag, pull out that trusty 
umbrella and pop it open. 

667
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:40,200
It's just another Tuesday, 
right? 

668
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:44,000
But here's the thing that might 
blow your mind a little that 

669
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:45,600
simple. 
Gesture connects you to one of 

670
00:33:45,608 --> 00:33:49,200
Humanity's most quietly 
revolutionary inventions you see

671
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:51,800
umbrellas. 
Didn't just keep people dry. 

672
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:55,800
They accidentally rewrote the 
rules of civilization itself and

673
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:57,300
nobody really noticed it 
happening. 

674
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:00,600
It's the kind of story that 
makes you wonder what other 

675
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,200
everyday objects have been 
secretly running the world while

676
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,400
we were paying attention. 
Let's start with your ancestors.

677
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:09,500
Funny and sad. 
Whether experience is catching, 

678
00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:12,100
the rain, was a full contact 
sport before the invention of 

679
00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:15,900
umbrellas people would Sprint 
from building to building dive 

680
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:19,000
under whatever shelter they 
could locate or just accept this

681
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,900
soggy fate and treasure along 
looking thoroughly miserable. 

682
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:24,699
The real problem wasn't just 
getting wet. 

683
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:27,199
It was what getting wet meant 
for society. 

684
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,100
Rain acted as a significant 
impediment to civilization. 

685
00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:34,000
Markets would shut down 
construction. 

686
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,300
Would stop people would huddle 
indoors waiting for the sky to 

687
00:34:37,300 --> 00:34:39,699
clear before they could get back
to the important business of 

688
00:34:39,699 --> 00:34:43,300
building the world. 
The ancient Egyptians were the 

689
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:46,000
first to crack this code though,
they were actually trying to 

690
00:34:46,007 --> 00:34:47,699
solve a different problem 
entirely. 

691
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,199
They invented the first 
umbrellas around 3,000 years ago

692
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:55,400
but get this, they were for 
blocking Sun, not rain. 

693
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,300
Egypt isn't exactly known for 
its downpours, so they needed 

694
00:34:59,300 --> 00:35:02,300
shade more than waterproofing. 
These early umbrellas were 

695
00:35:02,300 --> 00:35:05,500
basically portable shadows, and 
they worked beautifully for that

696
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:08,200
purpose. 
The funny thing is these 

697
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,900
Egyptian umbrellas were also 
status symbols, only the wealthy

698
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:14,400
and Powerful got to walk around 
with their personal shade 

699
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,300
makers. 
Common folks just had to squint 

700
00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:20,700
and sweat their way through the 
desert heat, while the Pharaohs 

701
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:23,700
and Nobles glided along in their
little Circles of cool comfort. 

702
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:25,900
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

703
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:30,100
The umbrella didn't stay in each
Egypt like all good ideas, it 

704
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:32,900
started traveling and every 
culture that adopted, it changed

705
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:35,500
it a little bit. 
The ancient Chinese took the 

706
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:38,600
basic concept and made it 
waterproof because unlike Egypt,

707
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:42,500
China actually had rained to 
deal with They used wax paper 

708
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:46,200
and bamboo to create the first 
real rain umbrellas and suddenly

709
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:49,200
staying dry became a possibility
for ordinary people. 

710
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:52,800
The Greeks and Romans adopted 
the umbrella Trend but were 

711
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:55,600
unsure how to use it. 
The Greeks mostly used them for 

712
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:57,800
sun protection, particularly for
women. 

713
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:01,900
Roman women wore them a stylish 
accessories while Roman men 

714
00:36:01,900 --> 00:36:04,900
avoided carrying them. 
It's amusing to consider that 

715
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:07,500
carrying an umbrella was deemed 
unmanly and Roman culture. 

716
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:10,300
These individuals who had 
conquered half of the known 

717
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:12,900
world, had a strict stance on 
staying dry. 

718
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:16,200
This gender divide around 
umbrellas would pop up again and

719
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:18,700
again, throughout history, and 
it's one of those cultural 

720
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:22,000
quirks that makes you realize 
how arbitrary our social rules 

721
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:26,500
can be Something as practical as
not getting soaked somehow and 

722
00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:30,100
came tangled up with ideas about
masculinity and femininity and 

723
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:32,300
it would take centuries for that
to sort itself out. 

724
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:36,000
What's really fascinating is how
the umbrella quietly began 

725
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:38,400
changing. 
The rhythm of daily life in 

726
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:41,200
places where people started 
using them regularly, you'd see 

727
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,400
something remarkable happen. 
Rain stopped being a reason to 

728
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,100
cancel everything markets, could
stay open. 

729
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,500
People could keep working, the 
weather became less of a 

730
00:36:50,508 --> 00:36:52,900
dictator and more of a minor 
inconvenience. 

731
00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:56,800
This may sound like a small 
change but small changes have a 

732
00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:00,100
way of snowballing into big ones
when people can move around 

733
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:04,000
regardless of whether Commerce 
improves when Commerce, improves

734
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:07,900
cities grow and cities. 
Grow civilization becomes more 

735
00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:11,500
complex and interesting. 
The umbrella served as a tiny 

736
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:14,200
key, enabling a more whether 
independent way of living. 

737
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,100
And this was just the beginning.
The Umbrellas real impact on 

738
00:37:18,100 --> 00:37:21,800
human civilization was still 
centuries away waiting to unfold

739
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:23,200
in ways that would surprise 
everyone. 

740
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:26,400
Now, you might be wondering how 
a simple device for staying dry 

741
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:28,900
could possibly migrate around 
the world and change everything 

742
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:31,200
it touched. 
But that's exactly what 

743
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:33,200
happened. 
And the story gets more 

744
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:35,100
interesting. 
When you realize that umbrellas 

745
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:39,000
didn't just travel, they adapted
valved and caused little 

746
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:40,600
Revolution were ever they 
landed. 

747
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:44,000
After the Chinese perfected, the
waterproof umbrella. 

748
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,100
The concept began its slow 
Journey Westwood along the 

749
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:50,000
ancient trade routes picture. 
Merchants carrying these 

750
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,700
ingenious devices alongside silk
and spices probably not 

751
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:55,100
realizing they were 
transporting. 

752
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:57,200
One of history's, most 
underrated game changers. 

753
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:00,600
The umbrella was like a 
technological, sleeper, hit 

754
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,500
quietly impressive, but not 
flashy enough to grab headlines.

755
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,100
When umbrellas reached medieval 
Europe, they encountered a 

756
00:38:08,100 --> 00:38:12,200
culture that was frankly, pretty
resistant to change, Europeans 

757
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:15,400
had been dealing with rain the 
same way for centuries running 

758
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,200
high-end and generally accepting
that whether was something that 

759
00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:21,000
happened to you, not something 
you could do anything about. 

760
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:24,200
The idea that you could just 
carry whether protection with, 

761
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,400
you is genuinely revolutionary, 
but here's where the story gets 

762
00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:30,600
delightfully, weird. 
The umbrella faced some serious 

763
00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:33,800
cultural resistance in Europe 
and the reasons were absolutely 

764
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:36,500
ridiculous. 
In many places people thought 

765
00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:40,600
umbrellas Were Somehow ungodly 
The logic went something like 

766
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:42,600
this. 
God sends rain. 

767
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:45,100
So trying to avoid rainfall was 
like rejecting. 

768
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:48,000
God's will It's the kind of 
reasoning that makes you 

769
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,000
grateful to live in more 
practical times. 

770
00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:54,000
The Catholic Church initially 
had mixed feelings about 

771
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:57,400
umbrellas, some clergy embrace 
them as sensible tools. 

772
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:00,100
While others worry, they 
represented human arrogance in 

773
00:39:00,100 --> 00:39:03,000
the face of divine weather, 
Imagine having to get 

774
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:04,900
theological approval for your 
rain gear. 

775
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:07,700
It's almost endearing. 
How seriously people took these 

776
00:39:07,700 --> 00:39:10,000
things. 
Meanwhile, the umbrella was 

777
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:13,200
having a completely different 
reception in Asia in Japan 

778
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:16,000
umbrellas became integrated into
daily life. 

779
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,400
So seamlessly that they 
influenced art literature and 

780
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,400
social Customs. 
Japanese umbrella, makers 

781
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,100
develop techniques that turned 
umbrella crafting in to a true 

782
00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:27,300
art form. 
They created umbrellas that were

783
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:30,100
beautiful enough to be 
accessories but practical enough

784
00:39:30,100 --> 00:39:33,300
to actually keep you dry. 
The Japanese also figured out 

785
00:39:33,308 --> 00:39:36,400
something that Europeans were 
still struggling with umbrellas 

786
00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:39,400
could be both functional and 
fashionable in Japan. 

787
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:42,000
Your umbrella Choice said 
something about your personality

788
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:45,100
and social status but it wasn't 
considered strange or ungodly. 

789
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:48,800
It was just practical style 
which is a concept that Europe 

790
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:50,400
would take much longer to 
embrace. 

791
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:54,400
Back in Europe, the umbrella was
slowly winning converts but it 

792
00:39:54,408 --> 00:39:57,800
was an uphill battle. 
The Turning Point came, when 

793
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,800
some Brave individuals decided 
to just start using umbrellas 

794
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:02,700
and ignore the cultural 
weirdness. 

795
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:06,800
These umbrella Pioneers faced 
ridicule religious criticism, 

796
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:10,700
and social ostracism all for the
crime of wanting to stay dry. 

797
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,100
When you think about it, they 
were basically the Civil Rights 

798
00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:17,400
activists of weather protection.
The Breakthrough moment came in 

799
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:21,100
the 1700s when umbrellas finally
gained acceptance among European

800
00:40:21,100 --> 00:40:24,500
women, This wasn't because 
attitude had suddenly changed, 

801
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:27,800
but because women's fashion had 
reached a point where protecting

802
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:31,000
elaborate hairstyles and 
expensive clothing from Reign 

803
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:35,000
had become a real necessity. 
Usually practicality prevailed 

804
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,700
over prejudice. 
But European men were still 

805
00:40:37,708 --> 00:40:40,300
holdouts. 
The gender divide which had been

806
00:40:40,308 --> 00:40:43,400
prevalent in ancient Rome 
persisted in 18th century, 

807
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:45,900
Europe. 
Men would rather get soaked than

808
00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:47,800
carry, something that might make
them look feminine. 

809
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:50,000
It's one of those historical 
details. 

810
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,000
That makes you realize how much 
energy people used to spend on 

811
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:56,600
completely arbitrary, social 
rules, The Umbrellas journey 

812
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,800
through different cultures 
created fascinating variations. 

813
00:41:00,500 --> 00:41:04,000
In India, umbrellas became 
symbols of authority and power. 

814
00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:07,400
Indian rulers would have 
elaborate ceremonial umbrellas 

815
00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:10,700
held over them as signs of their
status, the umbrella went from 

816
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:13,400
being a practical tool to being 
a piece of Royal regalia. 

817
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:17,700
In Thailand, the umbrella became
so culturally significant that 

818
00:41:17,700 --> 00:41:20,200
it appeared in religious serum 
in Royal processions. 

819
00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:23,600
Thai Craftsman developed, 
incredibly, ornate, umbrella 

820
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:25,800
designs. 
There were as much art as they 

821
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:29,300
were weather protection. 
These were just umbrellas, they 

822
00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:32,300
were cultural statements. 
It's amazing how each culture 

823
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,700
made the umbrella, their own, 
the Chinese focused on practical

824
00:41:35,700 --> 00:41:38,500
efficiency, the Japanese 
emphasized Beauty and 

825
00:41:38,500 --> 00:41:41,900
craftsmanship, the Indians 
turned umbrellas into symbols of

826
00:41:41,908 --> 00:41:44,300
power. 
The ties made them into works of

827
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:47,300
art. 
European spent centuries arguing

828
00:41:47,300 --> 00:41:49,000
about whether they were morally 
acceptable. 

829
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:52,700
This pattern of cultural 
adaptation would become crucial 

830
00:41:52,700 --> 00:41:55,900
to understanding how umbrellas 
eventually changed civilization.

831
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,000
They weren't just tools that 
people used. 

832
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,500
They were tools that adapted to 
each culture's needs and values 

833
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:05,600
becoming more useful and 
socially acceptable with each 

834
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:09,000
adaptation. 
By the time umbrellas were ready

835
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,500
to make their real impact on 
human civilization. 

836
00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:15,000
They had been tested and refined
by dozens of different cultures.

837
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,700
No longer were they merely 
Egyptian sunshades or Chinese 

838
00:42:18,700 --> 00:42:23,000
rain protection, it become a 
truly global technology, ready 

839
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,800
to solve a problem that nobody 
quite realized was holding back,

840
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:29,000
human progress, if you want to 
understand how umbrellas really 

841
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,400
changed human civilization, you 
need to understand London in the

842
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,300
1700s. 
Picture the rainiest city in 

843
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:38,300
Europe, filled with people who 
had convinced themselves that 

844
00:42:38,300 --> 00:42:42,000
carrying an umbrella was somehow
embarrassing or unmanly, it was 

845
00:42:42,008 --> 00:42:44,600
like watching an entire 
population, choose to suffer for

846
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:48,700
completely arbitrary reasons. 
London's weather was legendary 

847
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:52,800
for its ability to ruin plans, 
drizzle downpours and a 

848
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,100
persistently enveloped. 
The city soaking you without 

849
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:59,200
your awareness. 
London is a developed an entire 

850
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,300
culture around being perpetually
damp and they wore their weather

851
00:43:02,300 --> 00:43:05,800
beaten stoicism, like a badge of
honor But London's weather 

852
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:08,500
wasn't just inconvenient. 
It was economically. 

853
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:11,800
Devastating every time. 
The rain became excessively, 

854
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,700
heavy businesses would come to a
complete halt, Street Markets, 

855
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:19,100
would close construction. 
Projects would stop, people 

856
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:22,000
would huddle in taverns and 
shops waiting for the weather to

857
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:23,700
clear enough to get back to 
their lives. 

858
00:43:23,700 --> 00:43:27,200
Precipitation essentially held 
the cities economy, hostage 

859
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:30,600
entered, Jonas Hanway. 
A man who would unintentionally 

860
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:33,300
become one of history's, most 
unlikely, revolutionaries 

861
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:37,100
Hanway, a philanthropist and 
social reformer had traveled 

862
00:43:37,100 --> 00:43:40,200
extensively to observe how other
cultures dealt with rain. 

863
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,800
Specifically, he had witnessed 
the practicality and 

864
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:47,800
effectiveness of umbrellas. 
So in 1750, he decided to do 

865
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,800
something radical. 
He started carrying an umbrella.

866
00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:54,100
Through the Streets of London. 
The reaction was immediate and 

867
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:56,700
brutal. 
Londoners were horrified. 

868
00:43:56,700 --> 00:44:00,000
Here was this gentleman walking 
around with what they saw as a 

869
00:44:00,008 --> 00:44:03,600
feminine accessory, completely 
unbothered by the social rules 

870
00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:04,800
that everyone else was 
following. 

871
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:09,500
Hanway was mocked ridiculed, and
subjected to a level of public 

872
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:11,900
shaming, that seems absolutely 
absurd. 

873
00:44:11,900 --> 00:44:15,600
Now, people threw things at him,
children followed him around 

874
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:19,300
laughing and pointing adults 
whispered about him in shops and

875
00:44:19,308 --> 00:44:21,500
patterns. 
But here's the thing about 

876
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:26,600
Hanway, he just kept walking Day
after day rain or shine, he 

877
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,200
carried his umbrella. 
Through London streets, he was 

878
00:44:29,208 --> 00:44:32,900
dry comfortable and completely 
unbothered by the social, 

879
00:44:32,900 --> 00:44:36,900
hysteria swirling around him. 
He discovered a valuable Insight

880
00:44:36,900 --> 00:44:41,000
prioritizing practicality over 
arbitrary, social norms was 

881
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,700
crucial, The campaign against 
hanoi's umbrella was led by an 

882
00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:47,500
unexpected group. 
London's Hackney Carriage 

883
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:49,800
drivers. 
These were the taxi drivers of 

884
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:52,600
their day and they correctly 
realized that if people could 

885
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:55,800
stay dry while walking, they 
might not need as many carriage 

886
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:58,500
rides. 
Hands umbrella represented 

887
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:00,700
genuine economic threat to their
livelihood. 

888
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:03,100
So they organized a campaign of 
harassment. 

889
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:05,800
That would make modern internet 
trolls proud. 

890
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:09,900
Carriage drivers would try to 
run Hanway down they'd splash. 

891
00:45:09,900 --> 00:45:13,100
Him with Muddy Water, they'd 
shout insults and make obscene 

892
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:15,800
gestures. 
The umbrella had become a symbol

893
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:18,900
of economic disruption and the 
older economy was fighting back 

894
00:45:18,900 --> 00:45:22,300
with everything it had. 
Hanway had allies. 

895
00:45:22,300 --> 00:45:25,400
He didn't even know about there 
were other londoners who had 

896
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:28,300
been watching this drama unfold 
and they were starting to think 

897
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:30,400
that maybe the crazy umbrella 
man had a point. 

898
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:32,700
Why should people have to get 
soaked? 

899
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:34,300
Just to follow social 
conventions. 

900
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:37,400
Why should the weather control? 
Everyone's daily lives. 

901
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:41,000
Slowly quietly. 
Other people started carrying 

902
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:45,000
umbrellas. at first, it was just
a few brave souls who were 

903
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:48,600
willing to endure the social 
consequences of staying dry But 

904
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:51,400
as more people joined the 
umbrella movement, the social 

905
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,800
pressure began to shift, it 
became harder to mock people for

906
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:56,100
doing something that was 
sensible. 

907
00:45:56,700 --> 00:45:58,900
The Turning Point came, when 
prominent members of London 

908
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,100
Society began carrying 
umbrellas, once respected, 

909
00:46:02,100 --> 00:46:04,900
businessmen, government 
officials and social leaders 

910
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:09,100
started using them, the cultural
tide turned it became acceptable

911
00:46:09,100 --> 00:46:12,400
fashionable then absolutely 
normal to carry an umbrella in 

912
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:14,200
London. 
What happened? 

913
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:18,700
Next was remarkable London's 
economy began to change in ways 

914
00:46:18,700 --> 00:46:22,000
that nobody had predicted. 
With people able to move around,

915
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:26,000
regardless of whether Commerce 
became more reliable markets. 

916
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:29,300
Could stay open in light rain 
construction projects could 

917
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:32,600
continue through drizzle. 
The city's, economic, activity, 

918
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:34,900
became less dependent on perfect
weather conditions. 

919
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,900
This had a snowball effect that 
transformed London into a more 

920
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:43,400
Dynamic, productive City. when 
people can work and shop and 

921
00:46:43,400 --> 00:46:46,900
travel regardless of, whether 
the entire pace of urban life 

922
00:46:46,900 --> 00:46:51,000
accelerates, London was becoming
a modern city, partly because 

923
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:53,600
its residents, had finally 
figured out how to stay dry. 

924
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:57,300
The Umbrella Revolution also 
changed London social dynamics. 

925
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:00,300
Street life became more vibrant 
because people weren't 

926
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:02,700
constantly ducking into 
buildings to avoid rain. 

927
00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:07,000
Public spaces became more usable
even during London's frequent 

928
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:08,900
light rain. 
People could enjoy the city's 

929
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:12,800
famous parks and squares, but 
perhaps, most importantly, the 

930
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,300
umbrella breakthrough in London,
proved that cultural resistance 

931
00:47:15,300 --> 00:47:19,000
to practical Innovations, could 
be, overcome Hanway had shown 

932
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:22,000
that one person consistently 
doing something sensible, 

933
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,200
despite social pressure could 
eventually change an entire 

934
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:28,500
cities Behavior London's 
umbrella adoption was being 

935
00:47:28,500 --> 00:47:30,600
watched by other cities across 
Europe and Beyond. 

936
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:35,600
If London can serve traditional 
weather, obsessed London could 

937
00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:39,000
Embrace umbrellas then, maybe 
the resistance to this simple, 

938
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,600
but revolutionary technology was
finally breaking down. 

939
00:47:42,500 --> 00:47:45,400
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to spread across the developed 

940
00:47:45,400 --> 00:47:48,600
world and when they did, they 
would change far more than just 

941
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:52,100
people's relationship with rain.
They would fundamentally alter 

942
00:47:52,100 --> 00:47:55,000
how human civilization dealt 
with the unpredictable forces of

943
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:57,100
nature. 
You probably never thought of 

944
00:47:57,100 --> 00:47:59,900
umbrellas as Industrial 
Equipment, but that's exactly 

945
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:01,900
what they became during the 
1800s. 

946
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:05,800
While everyone was focused on 
steam engines and factories. 

947
00:48:05,800 --> 00:48:08,900
Umbrellas were quietly, solving 
one of the industrial 

948
00:48:08,900 --> 00:48:12,300
revolution's biggest problems, 
keeping workers productive 

949
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:16,000
regardless of whether Before 
widespread umbrella adoption 

950
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:19,400
industrial productivity was 
still surprisingly dependent on 

951
00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:22,400
whether patterns. 
Construction workers would lose 

952
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:25,600
entire days to rain. 
Dock Workers couldn't 

953
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:29,000
effectively load and unload 
ships in heavy, downpours even 

954
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:31,500
Factory workers were affected. 
Since many had to travel 

955
00:48:31,500 --> 00:48:34,900
significant distances to work 
and would arrive soaked and 

956
00:48:34,900 --> 00:48:37,500
miserable on rainy days. 
And here's where it gets 

957
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,900
interesting, as umbrellas became
more common and socially 

958
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:43,900
acceptable, something remarkable
happened to Industrial 

959
00:48:43,900 --> 00:48:46,500
productivity. 
Workers could travel to their 

960
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:50,100
jobs regardless of whether they 
arrived at work dry and ready to

961
00:48:50,100 --> 00:48:53,400
be productive construction. 
Projects could continue through 

962
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:55,900
light rain. 
The weather became less of a 

963
00:48:55,900 --> 00:49:00,000
factory in industrial output the
data clearly demonstrates this 

964
00:49:00,900 --> 00:49:04,000
City's that adopted umbrellas 
earlier showed measurably higher

965
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:06,700
productivity during rainy 
Seasons compared to cities that 

966
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:09,900
resisted them. 
It wasn't a huge difference but 

967
00:49:09,900 --> 00:49:13,300
it was consistent and 
significant. umbrellas were 

968
00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:16,000
literally helping power, the 
Industrial Revolution by making 

969
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:19,500
human labor more, whether 
independent This industrial 

970
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:23,000
connection led to the first mass
production of umbrellas Factory.

971
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:25,700
Trees began producing affordable
umbrellas for Working Class 

972
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,500
People. 
Not just the wealthy The 

973
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:31,000
Industrial Revolution created, a
need for whether independent 

974
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:33,900
workers an umbrellas filled that
need perfectly. 

975
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,600
It's one of those beautiful 
examples of technology creating 

976
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:40,500
its own demand. 
The umbrella industry itself 

977
00:49:40,500 --> 00:49:43,000
became a significant part of the
industrial economy. 

978
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,500
Umbrella factories, employed, 
thousands of workers and 

979
00:49:46,500 --> 00:49:49,700
developed sophisticated, 
manufacturing techniques, they 

980
00:49:49,700 --> 00:49:53,100
pioneered new materials, 
improved, designs and created 

981
00:49:53,100 --> 00:49:55,700
distribution networks. 
That reached every corner of the

982
00:49:55,700 --> 00:49:58,400
developed world. 
The umbrella had gone from being

983
00:49:58,400 --> 00:50:01,000
a curiosity to being a 
Cornerstone of industrial 

984
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:04,100
society. 
But the real breakthrough came 

985
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:06,200
when umbrella started changing 
urban planning. 

986
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:09,700
City planners began to realize 
that if people could move around

987
00:50:09,700 --> 00:50:12,700
comfortably enlightened, they 
could design cities differently.

988
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:16,900
The Pedestrian areas could be 
more, extensive public spaces 

989
00:50:16,900 --> 00:50:19,200
could be designed with the 
assumption that people would use

990
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:20,500
them in various weather 
conditions. 

991
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,700
This shift in urban planning. 
Philosophy was subtle. 

992
00:50:23,700 --> 00:50:27,800
But profound Cities began to 
feel more livable because they 

993
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:29,900
were designed for people who had
weather protection. 

994
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:32,400
Street, layouts became more 
pedestrian. 

995
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:35,900
Friendly public transportation 
systems could be designed with 

996
00:50:35,900 --> 00:50:38,500
the assumption that people could
walk to stations regardless of 

997
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:41,900
whether Umbrella also played a 
crucial role in the development 

998
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:45,300
of modern retail department 
stores and shopping districts 

999
00:50:45,300 --> 00:50:48,300
became viable because customers 
could browse and Shop. 

1000
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:52,400
Even during light rain before 
umbrellas retail was much more 

1001
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:56,000
weather dependent storekeepers 
would lose entire business days 

1002
00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:58,400
to reign. 
But with umbrellas shopping 

1003
00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:01,600
became a year-round activity. 
This retail revolution, had 

1004
00:51:01,600 --> 00:51:05,200
enormous economic implications 
cities with good umbrella. 

1005
00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:07,600
Adoption developed more 
sophisticated commercial 

1006
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:11,200
districts, consumer culture 
could flourish because 

1007
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:13,400
consumption wasn't limited by 
weather patterns. 

1008
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,900
The modern shopping experience 
where people casually browse 

1009
00:51:16,900 --> 00:51:19,900
stores, regardless of whether 
was made possible partly by 

1010
00:51:19,900 --> 00:51:22,500
umbrellas. 
The Umbrellas impact on women's 

1011
00:51:22,500 --> 00:51:26,500
participation in public life was
particularly significant before 

1012
00:51:26,500 --> 00:51:29,500
umbrellas women's, elaborate 
clothing and hairstyles made 

1013
00:51:29,500 --> 00:51:30,800
them. 
A specially vulnerable to 

1014
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:34,600
whether the southern downpour 
could ruin an expensive dress or

1015
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:36,800
destroy hours of careful 
grooming. 

1016
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:40,500
This made women more likely to 
stay indoors during uncertain 

1017
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:43,200
whether limiting their 
participation in public life. 

1018
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:46,200
But umbrellas changed this 
Dynamic completely. 

1019
00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:49,800
Women could venture out with 
confidence, knowing they had 

1020
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:51,600
protection from Sudden, weather 
changes. 

1021
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:55,200
This might sound like a small 
thing, but it contributed to 

1022
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:57,300
broader changes in women's 
social participation. 

1023
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:01,100
When women could move around 
cities more freely, they became 

1024
00:52:01,108 --> 00:52:03,500
more active and commerce 
culture, and eventually 

1025
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:06,800
Politics, the umbrella also 
influenced the development of 

1026
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:08,900
modern professional culture 
business. 

1027
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:11,400
Meetings, could be scheduled 
with, as much concern about 

1028
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:13,900
whether Professional 
appointments became more 

1029
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:16,200
reliable. 
The business world could operate

1030
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:19,300
with greater predictability 
because whether became less of a

1031
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:22,900
disruptive Factor. 
Most importantly, umbrellas 

1032
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:25,600
helped create the modern 
expectation that daily life 

1033
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:26,800
should be comfortable and 
predictable. 

1034
00:52:27,700 --> 00:52:30,400
Before umbrellas people accepted
the weather would occasionally 

1035
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:33,300
make them miserable. 
There was a fatalistic attitude 

1036
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:35,000
toward getting soaked or 
overheated. 

1037
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:38,600
But umbrellas introduced the 
idea that discomfort from 

1038
00:52:38,600 --> 00:52:40,500
weather was optional. 
Not inevitable. 

1039
00:52:40,500 --> 00:52:44,500
This psychological shift was 
enormous once people realized 

1040
00:52:44,500 --> 00:52:46,700
they could control their comfort
level in relation to. 

1041
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:50,000
Whether they started expecting 
that control in other areas of 

1042
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:53,600
life, the umbrella contributed 
to the modern mindset that sees 

1043
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:57,200
environmental discomfort as a 
problem to be sold, not a fake 

1044
00:52:57,200 --> 00:53:00,300
to be accepted. 
The Industrial Revolution is 

1045
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:03,800
usually remembered for its big 
dramatic Innovations, steam 

1046
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:08,200
engines Railways factories. but 
umbrellas were quietly enabling 

1047
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:11,000
all of these larger changes by 
making human activity more, 

1048
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,800
whether independent They were 
the unsung heroes of industrial 

1049
00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:18,100
productivity, Urban Development,
and social progress. 

1050
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:22,800
By The mid-1800s Umbrellas had 
become so integrated into 

1051
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:26,200
industrial society that it was 
hard to imagine how civilization

1052
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:29,500
had functioned without them. 
They are transformed from exotic

1053
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:33,400
Curiosities to essential tools 
of Modern Life and their biggest

1054
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:36,600
impact was still to come by the 
late 1800s. 

1055
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:38,700
Something remarkable was 
happening with umbrellas that 

1056
00:53:38,700 --> 00:53:41,500
were changed the course of human
civilization, they were becoming

1057
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:45,900
truly democratic For the first 
time in history protection from 

1058
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:47,400
weather wasn't just for the 
wealthy. 

1059
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,900
Anyone could have afford an 
umbrella and this simple fact 

1060
00:53:50,900 --> 00:53:53,300
had consequences that nobody 
quite saw coming. 

1061
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:57,400
The democratization of umbrellas
happened because of mass 

1062
00:53:57,400 --> 00:53:59,300
production, but its effects 
went. 

1063
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:03,000
Far beyond just making rain gear
affordable. when Ordinary, 

1064
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:05,100
People could move around 
comfortably regardless of 

1065
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:08,200
whether the entire social 
structure of cities began to 

1066
00:54:08,200 --> 00:54:11,800
shift, Class distinctions that 
had partly depended on whether 

1067
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:15,800
vulnerability started to blur. 
Think about it this way before, 

1068
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,700
cheap umbrellas, getting caught 
in, the rain was a class marker.

1069
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:22,300
Wealthy people had carriages 
covered walkways and servants to

1070
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:24,000
handle weather-related 
inconveniences. 

1071
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:26,400
Working-class people just got 
wet. 

1072
00:54:27,300 --> 00:54:30,600
But when everyone could carry an
umbrella, this particular form 

1073
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:34,100
of weather-based, inequality 
disappeared, This leveling 

1074
00:54:34,100 --> 00:54:37,900
effect was more significant than
it might seem in societies where

1075
00:54:37,900 --> 00:54:40,700
your social status was partly 
determined by how well you could

1076
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:43,800
avoid life's discomforts 
accessible weather protection 

1077
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:47,500
was genuinely revolutionary. 
An umbrella could not make you 

1078
00:54:47,500 --> 00:54:50,500
wealthy but it could make you 
look and feel more dignified in 

1079
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:52,800
public regardless of your 
economic circumstances. 

1080
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,500
The psychological impact was 
enormous people who had spent 

1081
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:00,700
their entire lives accepting 
that whether would occasionally 

1082
00:55:00,700 --> 00:55:04,400
make the miserable suddenly had 
control over at least one aspect

1083
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:07,400
of their comfort. 
This sense of agency, the 

1084
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:09,100
feeling that you could do 
something about your 

1085
00:55:09,100 --> 00:55:12,800
circumstances had implications 
far beyond just staying dry. 

1086
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:16,400
Women's rights activists of the 
era understood this connection 

1087
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:18,900
intuitively. 
They saw that umbrellas gave 

1088
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:20,300
women more freedom to move 
around. 

1089
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:23,500
Cities in dependently, when you 
could protect yourself from 

1090
00:55:23,500 --> 00:55:26,300
Southern weather changes. 
You could participate more fully

1091
00:55:26,300 --> 00:55:29,500
in public life. 
Umbrellas became symbols of 

1092
00:55:29,500 --> 00:55:31,700
women's increasing autonomy, and
social participation. 

1093
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:35,000
The umbrella also played a 
surprising role in the 

1094
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:38,400
development of modern democracy.
When people could gather 

1095
00:55:38,400 --> 00:55:41,700
Outdoors, regardless of whether 
political rallies and public 

1096
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:45,100
meetings became more viable. 
Democratic participation 

1097
00:55:45,100 --> 00:55:48,000
increased because whether became
less of a barrier to political 

1098
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:50,400
engagement. 
You could attend a political 

1099
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:53,200
rally, even if it looked like 
rain because you had your 

1100
00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:56,000
umbrella. 
This might sound like a stretch 

1101
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:59,100
but consider how many historical
political movements depended on 

1102
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:01,700
outdoor gatherings? 
The ability to assemble 

1103
00:56:01,700 --> 00:56:04,500
regardless of whether conditions
was crucial to the development 

1104
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:07,500
of mass democracy. 
Umbrellas didn't create 

1105
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:10,800
Democratic movements but they 
made Democratic participation 

1106
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:13,700
more accessible to Ordinary 
People. the economic 

1107
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:17,200
implications were equally 
profound small, businesses could

1108
00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:20,200
operate more reliably because 
customers could shop in light 

1109
00:56:20,200 --> 00:56:22,500
rain, Street vendors could serve
customers. 

1110
00:56:22,500 --> 00:56:26,400
Regardless of whether the entire
informal economy, became more 

1111
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:29,400
whether independent which was 
particularly important for 

1112
00:56:29,400 --> 00:56:32,000
working class on entrepreneurs, 
who couldn't afford covered 

1113
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:34,600
storefronts. 
Urban culture was transformed as

1114
00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:36,700
well. 
The weather no longer constantly

1115
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:39,700
force people indoors resulting 
in cities, becoming more 

1116
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:42,700
vibrant. 
Street Life, flourished, public 

1117
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:44,400
spaces, were used more 
intensively. 

1118
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:47,700
The rhythm of urban life became 
less dependent on weather 

1119
00:56:47,700 --> 00:56:50,200
patterns, which made cities feel
more alive and dynamic. 

1120
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:53,700
The umbrella also changed 
fashion, and social norms in 

1121
00:56:53,708 --> 00:56:56,300
unexpected ways, for the first 
time. 

1122
00:56:56,300 --> 00:56:59,000
People could dress nicely 
without worrying constantly 

1123
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:02,000
about whether damage this 
encouraged more elaborate and 

1124
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:04,300
delicate clothing styles which 
in turn influence the 

1125
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:07,600
development of modern fashion. 
When you can protect your outfit

1126
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:11,400
from rain, you can take more 
risks with style but the most 

1127
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,300
important change was in people's
relationship with nature itself.

1128
00:57:15,600 --> 00:57:18,300
A thousands of years humans had 
seen, whether as something that 

1129
00:57:18,300 --> 00:57:21,800
happened to them a force, they 
could only endure or hide from. 

1130
00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:26,000
Umbrellas represented, the first
truly portable weather 

1131
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:27,900
protection that anyone could 
use. 

1132
00:57:27,900 --> 00:57:30,000
They were a stepped toward 
humans. 

1133
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:31,600
Having more control over their 
environment. 

1134
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:35,600
This shift in mindset was 
crucial to the development of 

1135
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:39,100
modern civilization. 
Once people realized they could 

1136
00:57:39,100 --> 00:57:41,500
modify their relationship with 
natural forces. 

1137
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:45,000
They started looking for ways to
control other aspects of their 

1138
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:47,500
environment. 
The umbrella was an early 

1139
00:57:47,500 --> 00:57:50,500
example of Technology making 
humans more independent from 

1140
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:53,600
natural conditions. 
The success of umbrellas. 

1141
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,800
Also proved that simple 
practical Innovations could have

1142
00:57:56,800 --> 00:58:00,600
enormous social impact. 
They weren't complex machines or

1143
00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:03,400
dramatic scientific 
breakthroughs they were just 

1144
00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:06,000
well designed tools that sold a 
universal problem. 

1145
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:09,800
Their success demonstrated that 
Civilization could be Advanced 

1146
00:58:09,800 --> 00:58:12,300
through accessible Democratic 
Technologies. 

1147
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:17,000
Not just through Elite 
Innovations by 1900 umbrellas 

1148
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:19,900
had become so integrated into 
daily life that most people 

1149
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:21,800
couldn't imagine functioning 
without them. 

1150
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:26,400
They had transformed from luxury
items to basic necessities and 

1151
00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:28,500
in doing so. 
They had helped create a more 

1152
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:31,800
egalitarian, whether independent
form of human civilization. 

1153
00:58:32,600 --> 00:58:35,400
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to play an even larger role in 

1154
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:38,600
shaping the modern world. 
Their greatest impact on human 

1155
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:42,200
civilization was about to unfold
in ways that would touch every 

1156
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:45,800
aspect of 20th century life. 
As the 20th century dawned 

1157
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:49,600
umbrellas had already changed 
human civilization in ways that 

1158
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:53,600
nobody fully appreciated, but 
their most profound impact was 

1159
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:57,500
still ahead waiting to unfold in
the rapidly modernizing world of

1160
00:58:57,500 --> 00:59:00,500
the 1900s. 
What happened next would show 

1161
00:59:00,500 --> 00:59:02,400
just how much a simple piece of 
technology. 

1162
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:05,600
Could influence the development 
of modern society? 

1163
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:08,800
The automobile Revolution might 
have killed the umbrella 

1164
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:11,100
industry but it actually did the
opposite. 

1165
00:59:11,100 --> 00:59:14,700
As cars became common people 
realized they still needed 

1166
00:59:14,700 --> 00:59:17,600
umbrellas for the walk from 
their car to their destination. 

1167
00:59:17,600 --> 00:59:20,800
Urban parking wasn't designed to
protect people from weather. 

1168
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:23,000
So umbrellas became essential 
accessories. 

1169
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:26,100
For the automotive age, they 
bridge, the gap between private 

1170
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:27,700
transportation and public 
spaces. 

1171
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:31,500
This relationship between 
umbrellas and cars helped shape,

1172
00:59:31,500 --> 00:59:34,800
Modern urban design. 
City planners began to assume 

1173
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:36,800
that people would have portable 
weather protection. 

1174
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:39,600
So they could design parking 
areas and public spaces with 

1175
00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:42,500
less concern about providing 
comprehensive weather shelter. 

1176
00:59:43,200 --> 00:59:45,400
The umbrella had become an 
integral part of the urban 

1177
00:59:45,400 --> 00:59:47,800
infrastructure, even though it 
wasn't technically 

1178
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:51,000
infrastructure at all. 
The adoption of umbrellas also 

1179
00:59:51,000 --> 00:59:53,800
closely correlated with the rise
of office culture in the early 

1180
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:57,000
1900s. 
Umbrellas partly enabled the 

1181
00:59:57,000 --> 00:59:59,500
modern expectation that workers 
would arrive at the office 

1182
00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:01,800
presentable and ready to work 
regardless of the weather. 

1183
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:04,400
People could maintain 
professional appearance 

1184
01:00:04,400 --> 01:00:06,900
standards during their commute. 
Thanks to Reliable weather 

1185
01:00:06,900 --> 01:00:09,600
protection. 
The economic implications of 

1186
01:00:09,600 --> 01:00:11,300
this revolution in professional 
culture. 

1187
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:13,600
Were immense businesses, could 
operate more. 

1188
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:15,900
Predictably because their 
Workforce wasn't constantly 

1189
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:19,300
disrupted by weather The 
reliability of meeting 

1190
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:22,300
schedules. 
Increased umbrellas played a 

1191
01:00:22,300 --> 01:00:25,300
significant role in enabling the
modern business World, which 

1192
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:28,500
prioritizes punctuality and a 
consistent professional 

1193
01:00:28,500 --> 01:00:32,100
appearance, World War One, 
demonstrated The Umbrellas 

1194
01:00:32,100 --> 01:00:33,900
importance to Modern military 
logistics. 

1195
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:37,100
Soldiers needed to stay 
functional in all weather 

1196
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:40,300
conditions and umbrellas became 
important piece of equipment for

1197
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:43,600
officers and support personnel. 
The war showed that even 

1198
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:45,900
military operations could 
benefit from better weather 

1199
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,300
protection for personnel. 
Adoption of umbrellas also 

1200
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:51,400
influence the post-war economic,
boom of the 1920s. 

1201
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:55,100
Consumer culture flourished 
partly, because people could 

1202
01:00:55,100 --> 01:00:58,100
shop comfortably in various 
weather conditions, the 

1203
01:00:58,100 --> 01:01:00,800
development of modern retail 
districts with their emphasis on

1204
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:03,600
pedestrian shopping. 
And outdoor displays was made 

1205
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:06,100
possible by the assumption that 
customers would have weather 

1206
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:09,000
protection. 
Another aspect of the umbrellas 

1207
01:01:09,000 --> 01:01:11,200
social important emerged during 
the Great Depression. 

1208
01:01:11,200 --> 01:01:14,800
Even during economic hardship, 
people prioritized have having 

1209
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:18,300
weather protection, umbrellas 
became symbols of dignity and 

1210
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:20,100
self-sufficiently during tough 
times. 

1211
01:01:20,100 --> 01:01:23,600
They represented, the idea that 
you could maintain your comfort 

1212
01:01:23,600 --> 01:01:27,200
and appearance even when faceing
economic difficulties Hollywood 

1213
01:01:27,200 --> 01:01:30,600
and popular culture of the era 
embraced umbrellas as symbols of

1214
01:01:30,608 --> 01:01:34,300
sophistication and urban life. 
Movies, showed elegant people, 

1215
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:38,200
navigating city streets with 
stylish umbrellas reinforcing, 

1216
01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:40,900
the idea that weather protection
was part of a modern living. 

1217
01:01:41,900 --> 01:01:44,500
The umbrella had become a 
cultural icon representing 

1218
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:46,900
Humanities triumph over natural 
discomfort. 

1219
01:01:47,900 --> 01:01:50,900
The post-world War 2, Suburban 
boom, created new roles for 

1220
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:53,300
umbrellas. 
Suburban living meant more 

1221
01:01:53,300 --> 01:01:55,700
outdoor activities, and more 
walking between cars and 

1222
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:58,900
buildings, umbrellas became 
essential equipment for the 

1223
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:01,700
Suburban lifestyle, helping 
people maintain the Casual 

1224
01:02:01,700 --> 01:02:04,100
outdoor culture that defined 
post-war America. 

1225
01:02:05,200 --> 01:02:06,800
The development of modern air 
travel. 

1226
01:02:06,800 --> 01:02:09,900
Also, relied on umbrellas. 
Airports were designed with the 

1227
01:02:09,908 --> 01:02:12,600
assumption that passengers would
have portable weather protection

1228
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:15,000
for moving between terminals and
aircraft. 

1229
01:02:15,800 --> 01:02:18,500
Transportation Planning had 
integrated the umbrella so 

1230
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:21,600
deeply, the people took it for 
granted as an integral part of 

1231
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:24,100
their toolkit. 
The adoption of umbrellas. 

1232
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:27,200
Also contributed to the rise of 
the service economy in the 

1233
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:30,900
latter, half of the 20th 
century, service workers needed 

1234
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:33,800
to move between locations and 
clients and various weather 

1235
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:37,100
conditions, umbrellas maid, 
service faced businesses. 

1236
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:40,000
More viable by allowing workers 
to maintain Professional 

1237
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:43,700
Standards, regardless of whether
the women's Liberation movement 

1238
01:02:43,700 --> 01:02:47,700
of the 1960s and 70s on the 
foundation of Independence, that

1239
01:02:47,700 --> 01:02:51,200
umbrellas had helped create 
Women who could move around 

1240
01:02:51,200 --> 01:02:54,700
cities confidently protected 
from weather were better 

1241
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:57,100
positioned to participate fully 
in professional and political 

1242
01:02:57,108 --> 01:02:59,500
life. 
The umbrella had been quietly 

1243
01:02:59,500 --> 01:03:04,000
supporting women's autonomy for 
decades umbrellas also played a 

1244
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:06,700
crucial role in the development 
of modern sports and recreation 

1245
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:10,200
culture outdoor events could 
proceed in light rain because 

1246
01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:11,700
Spectators had weather 
protection. 

1247
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:14,900
The availability of personal 
weather protection. 

1248
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:18,500
Supported the modern expectation
that recreational activities 

1249
01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:19,800
should be comfortable, and 
accessible. 

1250
01:03:20,900 --> 01:03:23,500
By the end of the 20th century 
umbrellas had become so 

1251
01:03:23,500 --> 01:03:25,900
thoroughly integrated into 
Modern Life that they were 

1252
01:03:25,900 --> 01:03:27,600
invisible. 
They had helped create 

1253
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:31,000
civilization where weather was a
minor inconvenience rather than 

1254
01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:33,000
a major constraint on human 
activity. 

1255
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:35,900
Accessible portable weather 
protection, laid, the 

1256
01:03:35,900 --> 01:03:37,300
foundation. 
For the modern world's 

1257
01:03:37,300 --> 01:03:39,300
assumption that people could 
function. 

1258
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:42,500
Normally in various weather 
conditions, the umbrella had 

1259
01:03:42,500 --> 01:03:46,300
accomplished a remarkable feat. 
It increased human independence 

1260
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:48,900
from natural forces without 
necessitating complex, 

1261
01:03:48,900 --> 01:03:51,200
technology, or extensive 
infrastructure. 

1262
01:03:52,300 --> 01:03:55,800
It was a democratic solution to 
ancient problem and it had 

1263
01:03:55,800 --> 01:03:59,000
quietly enabled much of what we 
consider modern civilization 

1264
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:00,600
here. 
You are at the end of this 

1265
01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:03,600
story, probably looking at 
umbrellas completely differently

1266
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:07,500
than you did now or go. 
What started as a simple tale 

1267
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:10,600
about staying dry has revealed 
something much more profound, 

1268
01:04:10,600 --> 01:04:15,100
how a basic tool can quietly 
reshape the entire trajectory of

1269
01:04:15,100 --> 01:04:18,700
human civilization. 
The most remarkable thing about 

1270
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:22,700
the Umbrella Revolution is how 
invisible it became by the 

1271
01:04:22,700 --> 01:04:26,500
mid-20th century umbrellas were 
so thoroughly integrated into 

1272
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:28,400
human life. 
And people stopped thinking 

1273
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:30,500
about them as revolutionary 
technology. 

1274
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:33,400
They had become part of the 
background infrastructure of 

1275
01:04:33,400 --> 01:04:37,200
modern living like sidewalks or 
streetlights essential. 

1276
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,900
But unnoticed, this invisibility
is actually the mark of the 

1277
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:43,900
umbrellas complete success. 
The most transformative 

1278
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:47,200
Technologies are often the ones 
that become so natural that we 

1279
01:04:47,208 --> 01:04:48,800
forget their Technologies at 
all. 

1280
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,700
You don't think about your 
umbrella as a sophisticated 

1281
01:04:51,700 --> 01:04:54,100
piece of engineering, that 
represents the thousands of 

1282
01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:56,800
years of human Innovation. 
You just think of it as the 

1283
01:04:56,800 --> 01:05:00,700
thing that keeps you dry but now
you know better, you know that 

1284
01:05:00,700 --> 01:05:02,700
you're umbrella connects you to 
ancient Egyptian. 

1285
01:05:02,700 --> 01:05:06,300
Pharaohs seeking shade Chinese 
inventors creating the first 

1286
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:10,900
waterproof designs and brave 
souls like Jonah who endured 

1287
01:05:10,900 --> 01:05:13,300
ridiculed to prove that staying 
dry was worth fighting. 

1288
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:17,600
For every time you open your 
umbrella, your participating, In

1289
01:05:17,600 --> 01:05:19,700
one of humanities, longest 
running technological 

1290
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:22,600
traditions. 
The umbrella story also reveals 

1291
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:24,900
something important about how 
civilization actually 

1292
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:27,300
progresses. 
It's not just about dramatic 

1293
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:29,000
breakthroughs and famous 
inventors. 

1294
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,700
Sometimes the most important 
advances come from simple tools 

1295
01:05:32,700 --> 01:05:36,000
that solve everyday problems. 
So, effectively that they change

1296
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:39,300
how entire societies function, 
the umbrella proves that 

1297
01:05:39,300 --> 01:05:42,600
Democratic Innovations 
technologies that everyone can 

1298
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:45,200
use can be just as revolutionary
as Elite. 

1299
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,200
Scientific discoveries. 
Think about what umbrellas 

1300
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:51,000
actually accomplished, they made
human activity more. 

1301
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:54,200
Whether independent, which sound
modest, but turned out to be 

1302
01:05:54,208 --> 01:05:57,400
civilization changing. 
They enabled the development of 

1303
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:01,400
modern urban life, professional 
culture consumer society and 

1304
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:04,800
Democratic participation. 
They helped create the modern 

1305
01:06:04,800 --> 01:06:07,300
expectation that daily life 
should be comfortable and 

1306
01:06:07,300 --> 01:06:10,800
predictable, regardless of 
natural conditions, perhaps most

1307
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:13,300
importantly, umbrellas 
demonstrated that humans could 

1308
01:06:13,300 --> 01:06:15,900
take control of their 
relationship with nature through

1309
01:06:15,900 --> 01:06:19,300
accessible technology. 
They were an early example of 

1310
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:22,000
how simple tools could make 
people more independent from 

1311
01:06:22,000 --> 01:06:24,700
environmental forces this 
mindset. 

1312
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:28,300
The idea that natural discomfort
is a problem to be sold rather 

1313
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:30,700
than a fate to be accepted the 
game. 

1314
01:06:30,708 --> 01:06:33,900
Fundamental to Modern 
civilization the Umbrella. 

1315
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:36,800
Revolution shows, how cultural 
resistance to practical 

1316
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:40,200
Innovations can be overcome 
remember all those people who 

1317
01:06:40,200 --> 01:06:43,800
thought umbrellas were on Godly 
unmanly or just plain weird. 

1318
01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:47,600
They were swept aside by the 
simple logic of staying dry. 

1319
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:51,700
Good ideas eventually win even 
when they faced intense social 

1320
01:06:51,700 --> 01:06:55,400
resistance today, as you 
navigate a world shaped by 

1321
01:06:55,408 --> 01:06:58,900
Umbrella, adoption your living 
in a civilization, that's more 

1322
01:06:58,900 --> 01:07:01,400
whether independent more 
democratic and more comfortable 

1323
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:05,300
than any previous Human Society.
The modern worlds assumption 

1324
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:07,500
that people can function, 
normally in various weather 

1325
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:10,500
conditions is built on the 
foundation that umbrellas helped

1326
01:07:10,500 --> 01:07:13,900
create the next time you see 
someone struggling with an 

1327
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:16,000
umbrella on a windy day, 
remember that their 

1328
01:07:16,000 --> 01:07:18,400
participating in one of 
Humanity's most successful 

1329
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:22,600
ongoing experiments in 
environmental control That 

1330
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:25,600
flimsy piece of fabric and metal
represents, thousands of years 

1331
01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:28,700
of human Ingenuity and 
determination to make life a 

1332
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:31,100
little bit better. 
The umbrella story is still 

1333
01:07:31,100 --> 01:07:34,600
being written new materials, 
better designs and changing 

1334
01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:38,200
social needs continue to evolve 
this ancient technology but it's

1335
01:07:38,208 --> 01:07:40,000
fundamental promise Remains the 
Same. 

1336
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,600
That humans don't have to accept
discomfort from natural forces 

1337
01:07:43,600 --> 01:07:46,600
when simple practical Solutions 
are available. 

1338
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:50,300
So the next time you reach for 
your umbrella, take a moment to 

1339
01:07:50,300 --> 01:07:53,000
appreciate what your holding. 
It's not just where the 

1340
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:57,500
protection, it's a symbol of 
human adaptability Ingenuity and

1341
01:07:57,500 --> 01:08:01,400
the quiet persistence that is 
shapes of civilization, your 

1342
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:04,100
carrying a piece of history that
changed the world by helping 

1343
01:08:04,100 --> 01:08:07,700
people stay dry. 
That's how umbrellas changed 

1344
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:10,800
human civilization. 
Not through dramatic Revolution,

1345
01:08:10,800 --> 01:08:14,900
but through the simple 
persistent logic of making life 

1346
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:19,300
a little bit better one rainy 
day at a time, sometimes the 

1347
01:08:19,300 --> 01:08:22,700
most profound changes come from 
the most humble tools and 

1348
01:08:22,700 --> 01:08:24,800
sometimes the greatest 
revolutions are the ones that 

1349
01:08:24,808 --> 01:08:27,100
happen. 
So, gradually that nobody 

1350
01:08:27,100 --> 01:08:30,500
notices until they're complete. 
Now, you know, the secret 

1351
01:08:30,500 --> 01:08:33,700
history of one of Humanity's 
most underestimated inventions, 

1352
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:36,100
the umbrella didn't just keep 
people dry. 

1353
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:39,500
It helped create the modern 
world and every time you use 

1354
01:08:39,500 --> 01:08:42,899
one, your participating in that 
ongoing story of human progress,

1355
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:49,300
one comfortable step. you know 
how sometimes the most 

1356
01:08:49,300 --> 01:08:52,800
ridiculous moments in history 
happen and powerful people try 

1357
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:57,500
to do something perfectly normal
Well, settle in because you're 

1358
01:08:57,500 --> 01:09:01,399
about to hear about the time. 
Napoleon Bonaparte conquer of 

1359
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:05,399
Europe, Emperor, France, the man
who redrew the map of the world 

1360
01:09:05,399 --> 01:09:08,899
got completely overwhelmed by a 
bunch of fluffy rabbits. 

1361
01:09:08,899 --> 01:09:13,600
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 
when his power was at its peak, 

1362
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:17,100
he has just signed the Treaty of
tilsit with a Russia, which 

1363
01:09:17,100 --> 01:09:19,200
essentially divides Europe 
between him and Tsar. 

1364
01:09:19,200 --> 01:09:21,800
Alexander the phone as if they 
are splitting a Pete, sir. 

1365
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:24,899
The treaty negotiations, took 
place on a raft in the middle of

1366
01:09:24,899 --> 01:09:27,899
the niemen river. 
Sounds uncomfortable, but was 

1367
01:09:27,899 --> 01:09:30,399
apparently the fashionable way 
to conduct International 

1368
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:34,200
diplomacy back then. 
Napoleon is feeling pretty good 

1369
01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:37,800
about himself. 
He's 37 years old, ruler of an 

1370
01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:40,800
Empire that stretches from Spain
to Poland and he's just 

1371
01:09:40,800 --> 01:09:43,300
convinced one of Europe's. 
Most powerful rulers to be his 

1372
01:09:43,300 --> 01:09:46,899
friend instead of his enemy. 
In his mind, the occasion calls 

1373
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:50,899
for a celebration, this is not 
just any celebration but one 

1374
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:52,899
that is fittingly Imperial and 
manly. 

1375
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:55,400
So, what does the emperor of 
France decide to do? 

1376
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:58,600
He wants to go hunting. 
Specifically, he wants to go 

1377
01:09:58,600 --> 01:10:01,600
rabbit hunting. 
Now, this may seem like a 

1378
01:10:01,600 --> 01:10:05,300
perfectly reasonable way for a 
powerful man to decompress after

1379
01:10:05,300 --> 01:10:09,400
all hunting was the traditional 
pastime of European nobility it 

1380
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:12,400
showed you had Leisure Time, 
excellent, aim and weren't 

1381
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:13,900
afraid to get a little dirt 
under your fingernails. 

1382
01:10:15,700 --> 01:10:18,500
This is where Napoleon's 
personality begins to emerge. 

1383
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,600
Napoleon cannot simply go 
hunting like any other 

1384
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:24,000
individual. 
Everything has to be ground. 

1385
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:27,500
Everything has to be perfect and
everything has to make a 

1386
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:29,600
statement. 
He does not want to wander 

1387
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:31,500
through the woods. 
So hoping to spot a rabbit or 

1388
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:34,800
two, he desires a hunt that is 
not only Grand but also 

1389
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:37,800
spectacular a hunt that will 
leave a lasting impression. 

1390
01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:42,500
Turns to his chief of staff 
Alexandra Bertier, and tells him

1391
01:10:42,500 --> 01:10:45,900
to organize a rabbit hunt. 
This is not just any rabbit hunt

1392
01:10:45,900 --> 01:10:49,800
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 
Bertier, who was dealt with 

1393
01:10:49,808 --> 01:10:51,800
Napoleon's? 
Grandiose ideas for years 

1394
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:55,500
probably sized internally, but 
immediately gets to work. 

1395
01:10:55,500 --> 01:10:59,600
After all, if your boss is just 
conquered, most of Europe, you 

1396
01:10:59,600 --> 01:11:02,500
don't argue with him about party
planning, the location. 

1397
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,400
Chosen is the grounds around 
melisten Napoleon's country 

1398
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:07,900
estate. 
It's a beautiful property with 

1399
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:11,400
Rolling Hills, scattered woods 
and plenty of open space. 

1400
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:16,300
Perfect for a Hunting Party. 
The plan is simple, invite all 

1401
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:18,700
the important Military Officers 
and government officials 

1402
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:22,200
released hundreds of rabbits 
into the countryside, and then 

1403
01:11:22,200 --> 01:11:23,900
have a grand time, chasing them 
down. 

1404
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:27,800
You can imagine Napoleon's 
excitement as the plans come 

1405
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:30,000
together. 
He's probably pacing around his 

1406
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:33,600
study hands clasped behind his 
back in that famous, Posse 

1407
01:11:33,600 --> 01:11:36,100
detailing, exactly. 
How he wants everything 

1408
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:39,100
arranged, the weapons must be 
cleaned and prepared. 

1409
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:42,500
The Refreshments must be 
perfect, and then must be many 

1410
01:11:42,500 --> 01:11:45,100
rabbits. 
This phase is where bustier 

1411
01:11:45,100 --> 01:11:47,400
starts to earn his reputation. 
As one of his history's, most 

1412
01:11:47,400 --> 01:11:50,700
competent staff officers, he 
understands that his Emperor 

1413
01:11:50,700 --> 01:11:52,200
doesn't just want a Hunting 
Party. 

1414
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:55,100
He wants to hunting party that 
will become a legend. 

1415
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:58,600
Betty starts the planning 
process with the same 

1416
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:01,000
meticulousness. 
He would apply to a military 

1417
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:04,100
campaign. 
First, he needs to secure the 

1418
01:12:04,100 --> 01:12:06,600
hunting grounds. 
The estate must be properly 

1419
01:12:06,600 --> 01:12:09,800
prepared with beta's position to
drive the rabbits toward the 

1420
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:11,700
hunters. 
Then there's the matter of 

1421
01:12:11,700 --> 01:12:14,500
weapons, fine. 
Hunting rifles, for all the 

1422
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:17,800
guests, properly maintained and 
sighted food. 

1423
01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:20,600
And drink should also be 
provided for the guests as they 

1424
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:23,100
will undoubtedly engage in a 
lengthy day of outdoor 

1425
01:12:23,100 --> 01:12:25,500
activities. 
They need to arrange 

1426
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:27,700
transportation to and from the 
hunting grounds. 

1427
01:12:28,500 --> 01:12:31,600
Starting to sound less like a 
casual afternoon and more like a

1428
01:12:31,608 --> 01:12:34,900
logistical operation. 
But most importantly, Bertier 

1429
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:37,800
needs rabbits Bertier. 
Requires an abundance of 

1430
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:41,500
rabbits, the year is 1807, so 
it's not like he can just call 

1431
01:12:41,500 --> 01:12:43,200
up a rabbit Supply and place an 
order. 

1432
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:46,300
He needs to find someone who can
provide hundreds of Rapids on 

1433
01:12:46,308 --> 01:12:49,200
short notice and they need to be
the right kind of rabbits 

1434
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:53,300
healthy numerous and suitable 
for an imperial Hunting Party. 

1435
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:57,400
As you drift off to night 
picture, Napoleon in his study 

1436
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:00,500
completely absorbed in planning,
what he thinks will be a perfect

1437
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:03,600
day of hunting with no idea that
he's about to face one of the 

1438
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:05,400
most embarrassing moments of his
career. 

1439
01:13:05,400 --> 01:13:09,500
So there's Bertier Napoleon's, 
most trusted organizer facing 

1440
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:12,500
what might seem like a simple 
task, get some rabbits for the 

1441
01:13:12,500 --> 01:13:15,500
emperor's hunting party, but you
know how it is when your boss 

1442
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:18,400
wants something done perfectly 
suddenly, even the simplest job 

1443
01:13:18,400 --> 01:13:22,400
comes complicated. 
Bertier starts by doing what any

1444
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:24,900
sensible person would do. 
He asks around? 

1445
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,600
Where does one acquire? 
Several hundred rabbits for a 

1446
01:13:28,600 --> 01:13:30,800
hunting party. 
It's not exactly the kind of 

1447
01:13:30,808 --> 01:13:33,000
question that comes up in normal
conversation. 

1448
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:36,400
Oh, by the way, do you know 
anyone who has a few hundred 

1449
01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:38,900
rabbits lying around asking for 
an emperor? 

1450
01:13:38,900 --> 01:13:42,200
The answer it turns out is local
farmers and rabbit breeders. 

1451
01:13:43,100 --> 01:13:45,500
In early 19th century, France 
rabbit. 

1452
01:13:45,500 --> 01:13:49,300
Farming was actually quite 
common rabbits were a reliable 

1453
01:13:49,300 --> 01:13:52,800
source of meat and fur. 
They reproduced quickly and they

1454
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:54,700
didn't require much space or 
expensive. 

1455
01:13:54,700 --> 01:13:58,300
Feed your average French farmer.
Probably had a dozen or so 

1456
01:13:58,308 --> 01:14:00,000
Rapids in hutches behind his 
house. 

1457
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:02,500
But heated, doesn't need a 
doesn't rabbits. 

1458
01:14:02,500 --> 01:14:05,800
He needs hundreds. 
So he starts sending out his 

1459
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:07,800
assistant to every farm and 
rabbit. 

1460
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:11,100
Breeder, within a day's travel 
of males on the message is 

1461
01:14:11,100 --> 01:14:13,500
simple. 
The emperor needs rabbits and he

1462
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:16,400
needs them by a specific date. 
Money is no object. 

1463
01:14:17,300 --> 01:14:19,500
Now, you can imagine the 
conversations this must have 

1464
01:14:19,500 --> 01:14:21,000
sparked in, French Farmhouse 
houses. 

1465
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:24,600
The emperor wants. 
Our rabbits does the emperor 

1466
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:28,500
want them all the hunting? 
Well if bonapartes Rapids 

1467
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:33,000
Bonaparte gets Rapids, Probably 
seemed like the most patriotic 

1468
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:34,500
thing. 
A rabbit farmer could do for 

1469
01:14:34,500 --> 01:14:37,100
France. 
Words quickly through the 

1470
01:14:37,100 --> 01:14:40,600
farming communities imperial 
agents, soon contact, every 

1471
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:43,500
rabbit, breeder in the region, 
the demand is so high. 

1472
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:46,300
That people start bringing 
rabbits from farther and farther

1473
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:49,500
away, carts full of rabbit 
cages, start rolling toward 

1474
01:14:49,500 --> 01:14:52,500
melames on from all directions. 
Here's where things get 

1475
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:54,400
intriguing. 
And we're Bertier makes what 

1476
01:14:54,400 --> 01:14:58,000
historians now recognized as a 
crucial error, he's so focused 

1477
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:00,800
on getting enough rabbits that 
he doesn't pay close attention 

1478
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:04,300
to what kind he's getting. 
See, there are basically two 

1479
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:06,600
types of rabbits, you might 
encounter in this situation. 

1480
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:09,800
There are wild rabbits, the kind
that live in the woods and 

1481
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:12,900
Fields that are naturally wary 
of humans and will run away. 

1482
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:15,800
The moment, they are released, 
these are the rabbits that would

1483
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:19,400
make for proper hunting skittish
Swift and inclined to scatter in

1484
01:15:19,400 --> 01:15:21,500
all directions. 
The moment they sense danger, 

1485
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:25,400
then there are domestic rabbits 
the kind that farmers raise for 

1486
01:15:25,400 --> 01:15:28,200
mutant fur. 
These rabbits have been bred for

1487
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:31,400
generations to be docile welfare
and comfortable around humans. 

1488
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:35,200
They used to be handled and used
to being fed by people and they 

1489
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:38,100
associate humans with food and 
safety, rather than danger. 

1490
01:15:38,100 --> 01:15:40,800
The TA in his rush to fulfill 
Napoleon's. 

1491
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:43,100
Order ends up with a mix of both
types. 

1492
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,200
But here's the problem, the 
domestic rabbits vastly, 

1493
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,700
outnumber the Wild Ones, most 
local farmers and breeders are 

1494
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:51,800
supplying domestic rabbits 
because they have a large 

1495
01:15:51,808 --> 01:15:55,400
quantity of them and domestic 
rabbits, it turns out behave 

1496
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:57,600
very differently from wild. 
Rabbits, when released into the 

1497
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:00,700
countryside, as the day of the 
hunter approaches hundreds of 

1498
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:04,200
rabbits, in wooden cages of 
being transported, To malm the 

1499
01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:08,100
logistics alone are impressive. 
We've got dozens of cars each 

1500
01:16:08,100 --> 01:16:10,800
loaded with rabbit cages. 
Converging on the Napoleon's. 

1501
01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:15,300
Estate the rabbits are fed and 
watered kept in the shade and 

1502
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:17,800
generally treated better than 
many soldiers in the polygons 

1503
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:20,500
Army. 
Staff at Melissa on is probably 

1504
01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:22,500
a bit bewildered by the whole 
operation. 

1505
01:16:23,900 --> 01:16:26,700
Stable boys are suddenly dealing
with hundreds of rabbits instead

1506
01:16:26,700 --> 01:16:28,900
of Horses. 
The Grounds keepers are being 

1507
01:16:28,908 --> 01:16:31,000
asked to help, prepare release 
points for the rabbits. 

1508
01:16:31,700 --> 01:16:34,400
The kitchen staff is also 
involved, as they must provide 

1509
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:36,500
food for all the rabbits and the
hunt day. 

1510
01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:40,000
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 
more and more excited about his 

1511
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:43,500
upcoming Hunting Party. 
Napoleon is likely examining his

1512
01:16:43,500 --> 01:16:47,200
hunting rifle strategizing with 
his officers and envisioning. 

1513
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:49,800
The tales that will unfold from 
This Magnificent hunt. 

1514
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:52,200
In his mind, it's going to be a 
perfect day. 

1515
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:55,200
Good weather, good company. 
And plenty of rabbits to provide

1516
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:57,600
exciting sport. 
Bertier. 

1517
01:16:57,600 --> 01:17:00,000
Meanwhile is dealing with the 
Practical details. 

1518
01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:03,400
Could you please advise on the 
optimal location for releasing 

1519
01:17:03,400 --> 01:17:05,600
the rabbits? 
How many should be released at 

1520
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:07,800
once? 
Should they be released all at 

1521
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:10,400
the same time or in waves to 
keep the hunting interesting 

1522
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:13,200
throughout the day? 
These are the kinds of questions

1523
01:17:13,200 --> 01:17:16,200
that don't come up in military 
planning, but their crucial for 

1524
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:19,600
a successful Hunting Party. 
The decision is made to release 

1525
01:17:19,600 --> 01:17:22,300
all the rabbits at once from 
several different points around 

1526
01:17:22,300 --> 01:17:25,400
the hunting grounds, the move 
should provide plenty of targets

1527
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:27,600
and ensure that the rabbit 
scatter in all directions, 

1528
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:30,100
giving everyone a good chance at
some hunting. 

1529
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:34,100
Seems like a perfectly 
reasonable plan as you go to 

1530
01:17:34,100 --> 01:17:38,000
bed, imagine the rabbits in 
their cages unaware that they're

1531
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:40,800
about to make history in the 
most unexpected way, the morning

1532
01:17:40,800 --> 01:17:43,800
of the great rabbit, hunt, 
Dawn's, clear, and bright the 

1533
01:17:43,800 --> 01:17:45,300
kind of summer day. 
That makes you want to be 

1534
01:17:45,300 --> 01:17:48,700
outside doing something active. 
Napoleon wakes up in an 

1535
01:17:48,700 --> 01:17:51,500
excellent mood. 
Probably humming to himself as 

1536
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:53,200
he gets dressed in his hunting 
outfit. 

1537
01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:56,300
He's chosen his clothes 
carefully, elegant. 

1538
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:58,900
But practical, the fitting and 
Emperor who's about to 

1539
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:01,800
demonstrate his prowess. 
In the field, you can picture 

1540
01:18:01,800 --> 01:18:04,700
him standing in front of his 
mirror, adjusting his coat. 

1541
01:18:04,700 --> 01:18:06,700
Making sure everything is 
perfect. 

1542
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:09,700
This isn't just a hunting trip. 
It's a performance. 

1543
01:18:11,000 --> 01:18:13,900
Napoleon wants to present 
himself as a masterful huntsman 

1544
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:16,900
to all the important people in 
his government and Military who 

1545
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:20,200
will be present. 
The guests start arriving at 

1546
01:18:20,200 --> 01:18:23,600
males on in the late morning. 
These aren't just casual friends

1547
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:26,600
invited for a day of sport. 
These are the power Brokers of 

1548
01:18:26,600 --> 01:18:29,300
the French Empire Military 
Officers, who have helped 

1549
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:32,200
Napoleon conquer Europe. 
Government officials who run his

1550
01:18:32,200 --> 01:18:35,200
administration and diplomats who
negotiate his treaties. 

1551
01:18:36,100 --> 01:18:38,900
Everyone's dressed in their 
finest hunting attire, carrying 

1552
01:18:38,900 --> 01:18:41,700
beautiful rifles. 
Looking forward to a day of 

1553
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:45,400
Imperial entertainment. 
The atmosphere is festive and 

1554
01:18:45,408 --> 01:18:48,100
relaxed after years of constant 
Warfare. 

1555
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:51,600
Everyone's ready for a break. 
The Treaty of tilsit has brought

1556
01:18:51,600 --> 01:18:54,600
a temporary peace to Europe and 
for the first time in years 

1557
01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:57,300
Napoleon's, Inner Circle can 
gather without discussing 

1558
01:18:57,300 --> 01:19:00,800
military campaigns or political 
crises, it's just going to be a 

1559
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:03,300
pleasant day of hunting, tasty 
food and masculine. 

1560
01:19:03,300 --> 01:19:06,900
Camaraderie 30A, meanwhile, is 
running around, making sure 

1561
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:09,700
everything is perfect. 
These coordinating with the 

1562
01:19:09,700 --> 01:19:12,000
beaters who will drive the 
rabbits toward the hunters, 

1563
01:19:12,000 --> 01:19:15,000
checking that the refreshment 
stations are properly stocked 

1564
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:18,300
and making sure all the rifles 
are in excellent working order. 

1565
01:19:19,000 --> 01:19:21,900
He's also supervising the final 
preparations for the Rapid 

1566
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:24,200
Release. 
Throughout the hunting grounds, 

1567
01:19:24,200 --> 01:19:26,300
the rabbits themselves are 
placed in key locations. 

1568
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,900
Hundreds of cages are scattered 
through the woods and Fields. 

1569
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:33,400
Each one containing several 
rabbits ready to be released on 

1570
01:19:33,400 --> 01:19:36,400
Signal Plan is beautifully 
simple. 

1571
01:19:36,400 --> 01:19:39,800
When Napoleon gives the word, 
all the cages will be open 

1572
01:19:39,800 --> 01:19:42,300
simultaneously. 
Releasing a small army of 

1573
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,900
rabbits in to the countryside. 
The hunters will then fan out 

1574
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:49,400
and begin their sport. 
What nobody realizes that the 

1575
01:19:49,400 --> 01:19:52,100
majority of these rabbits of 
spent their entire lives in 

1576
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:55,200
captivity. 
They've been handed by Farmers 

1577
01:19:55,200 --> 01:19:59,500
handled by humans and generally 
treated as livestock craft and 

1578
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:02,100
wild animals. 
They don't have the instincts 

1579
01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:04,200
that would make them good 
hunting targets, they don't 

1580
01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:05,500
know. 
They're supposed to be afraid of

1581
01:20:05,508 --> 01:20:08,900
humans. 
The Hunting Party gathers in the

1582
01:20:08,900 --> 01:20:12,100
main field and Napoleon gives a 
little speech about the day's 

1583
01:20:12,100 --> 01:20:14,800
activities. 
He's in his element commanding 

1584
01:20:14,800 --> 01:20:17,900
attention, setting the tone for 
what he expects to be a 

1585
01:20:17,900 --> 01:20:20,600
memorable day. 
The rifles are loaded, the 

1586
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:23,400
beaters are in position and 
everyone's ready for the grand 

1587
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:27,300
release. 38, gives the signal 
and all across the hunting 

1588
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:31,600
grounds caged doors, swing open.
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 

1589
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:34,600
into the sunshine, probably 
blinking in the sudden 

1590
01:20:34,600 --> 01:20:37,100
brightness and looking around to
get their bearings. 

1591
01:20:38,700 --> 01:20:41,300
For a brief moment, everything 
appears to be proceeding as 

1592
01:20:41,308 --> 01:20:43,800
planned. 
The hunters spread out across 

1593
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:47,600
the field rifles, ready 
expecting the rabbits to scatter

1594
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:50,100
in all directions and provide 
them with moving targets. 

1595
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:53,900
Napoleon himself takes a 
position in the center of the 

1596
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:55,300
field. 
Probably. 

1597
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:58,000
Feeling very satisfied with how 
well everything is organized. 

1598
01:20:58,800 --> 01:21:02,400
But then something unexpected 
happens and of running away from

1599
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:04,300
the humans. 
The rabbits start moving toward 

1600
01:21:04,300 --> 01:21:08,000
them, not just a few rabbits, 
but dozens of them, then 

1601
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:11,300
hundreds, they're hopping across
the field with what appears to 

1602
01:21:11,308 --> 01:21:13,200
be. 
Determination heading straight 

1603
01:21:13,200 --> 01:21:16,400
for the hunting party. 
At first, the scene probably 

1604
01:21:16,400 --> 01:21:19,400
seems amusing rather than 
alarming, maybe Napoleon 

1605
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:21,300
Chuckles and makes a joke about 
Brave. 

1606
01:21:21,300 --> 01:21:23,500
Rabbits. 
Maybe some of the officers laugh

1607
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:25,900
about, rabbits, that don't know.
They're supposed to be afraid of

1608
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:28,700
hunters. 
It's quirky and unexpected but 

1609
01:21:28,700 --> 01:21:32,400
not necessarily problematic. 
But the rabbits keep coming and 

1610
01:21:32,400 --> 01:21:34,100
more rabbits, keep emerging from
the woods. 

1611
01:21:34,100 --> 01:21:37,400
And instead of providing moving 
targets running away from the 

1612
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:40,700
hunters, they're converging on 
the humans like their expecting 

1613
01:21:40,700 --> 01:21:43,400
something, which of course they 
are. 

1614
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:47,400
They are expecting to be fed, 
just like they've been fed every

1615
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:51,400
day of their lives. 
The Hunting Party Starts to 

1616
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:54,100
realize that something is going 
very wrong with their carefully 

1617
01:21:54,100 --> 01:21:57,200
planned day of sport. 
These aren't wild rabbits 

1618
01:21:57,200 --> 01:21:59,900
behaving like wild. 
Rabbits, he's a domestic. 

1619
01:21:59,900 --> 01:22:02,600
Rabbits behaving, like domestic,
rabbits and domestic. 

1620
01:22:02,600 --> 01:22:05,400
Rabbits have very different 
ideas about what humans are for.

1621
01:22:06,300 --> 01:22:09,400
As you drift off to sleep. 
Imagine Napoleon standing in 

1622
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:12,500
that field rifle. 
In he observing hundreds of 

1623
01:22:12,500 --> 01:22:15,600
rabbits, hopping toward him with
an unmistakable confidence and 

1624
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:18,700
beginning to realize that his 
perfect Hunting Party is about 

1625
01:22:18,700 --> 01:22:21,600
to transform into something 
entirely different pulling. 

1626
01:22:22,000 --> 01:22:24,900
Do you recall the moment when 
you become aware of a dire 

1627
01:22:24,900 --> 01:22:27,100
situation? 
Yet uncertain about how to 

1628
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:29,800
address it? 
That's exactly where Napoleon 

1629
01:22:29,800 --> 01:22:33,400
finds himself as hundreds of 
rabbits, continue hopping toward

1630
01:22:33,400 --> 01:22:36,900
the hunting party with what can 
only be described as enthusiasm 

1631
01:22:36,900 --> 01:22:40,400
that first, the situation is 
more puzzling than alarming. 

1632
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:42,500
These are supposed to be prey 
animals. 

1633
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:45,400
After all, they're supposed to 
run away when they see humans 

1634
01:22:45,400 --> 01:22:48,800
with rifles instead, there are 
approaching like they're 

1635
01:22:48,800 --> 01:22:51,800
expecting a handout. 
Some of the officers are still 

1636
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:55,300
chuckling nervously making jokes
about Fearless, French rabbits 

1637
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,600
showing their patriotic Spirit, 
but the rabbits keep coming, 

1638
01:22:58,600 --> 01:23:01,700
then they're not just 
approaching their surrounding 

1639
01:23:01,700 --> 01:23:04,200
the hunting party. 
It's like watching a slow 

1640
01:23:04,200 --> 01:23:06,700
motion. 
Avalanche of floppy ears. 

1641
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:10,500
The rabbits hop closer and 
closer and some of them start 

1642
01:23:10,500 --> 01:23:13,000
doing what domestic rabbits do 
when they want attention from 

1643
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:15,600
humans. 
They start climbing picture. 

1644
01:23:15,600 --> 01:23:18,700
Imagine a poly and the emperor, 
France and Conquer of Europe, 

1645
01:23:18,700 --> 01:23:22,000
standing in a field As Rabbits 
begin hopping onto his boots. 

1646
01:23:22,000 --> 01:23:26,500
Then on to his legs, then up 
with his coat, these aren't tiny

1647
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:29,600
rabbits, either, these are 
well-fed farm, rabbits, some of 

1648
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:31,900
them weighing several pounds 
each and their treating 

1649
01:23:31,900 --> 01:23:34,300
Napoleon, like he's their 
favorite farmer coming to feed 

1650
01:23:34,300 --> 01:23:36,100
them. 
The other Hunters are 

1651
01:23:36,108 --> 01:23:39,300
experiencing the same problem, 
rabbits are climbing all over 

1652
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:41,100
them getting tangled in their 
hunting gear. 

1653
01:23:41,100 --> 01:23:44,800
Generally behaving like overly 
Friendly Pets rather than Wild 

1654
01:23:44,800 --> 01:23:47,100
game. 
Some of the officers are trying 

1655
01:23:47,108 --> 01:23:50,100
to gently push the rabbits away,
but there are too many of them 

1656
01:23:50,108 --> 01:23:54,700
and they keep coming. 
Napoleon's, initial Amusement is

1657
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:58,400
rapidly turning to irritation. 
This is not how an imperial 

1658
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:01,200
Hunting Party is supposed to go.
He's supposed to be 

1659
01:24:01,208 --> 01:24:04,800
demonstrating his, Marksmanship 
enjoying civilized Sport with 

1660
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:07,500
his colleague's and creating 
stories that will enhance his 

1661
01:24:07,500 --> 01:24:12,600
reputation. stead he's being 
over by affectionate rabbits the

1662
01:24:12,600 --> 01:24:16,200
situation gets worse when the 
rabbit starting more aggressive 

1663
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:18,800
behavior, They are not 
aggressive in the sense of 

1664
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:22,500
attacking but aggressive in the 
sense of relentlessly pursuing 

1665
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,800
their desires and what they 
want, have been trained by a 

1666
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:28,500
lifetime of human. 
Interaction is food and 

1667
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:30,700
attention from these humans who 
have appeared in their 

1668
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:33,700
territory. 
Some of the larger rabbits begin

1669
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:36,700
to exhibit Bolder Behavior. 
They're not just climbing on the

1670
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:40,700
hunters, there exploring 
Pockets, chewing on clothing and

1671
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:43,300
generally treating The Hunting 
Party like a mobile petting zoo 

1672
01:24:43,300 --> 01:24:46,700
Napoleon finds himself with 
rabbits in his coat Pockets 

1673
01:24:46,700 --> 01:24:50,000
rabbits tugging at his buttons 
and rabbits, that seemed 

1674
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:53,700
determined to climb all the way 
up to his shoulders, the rifles 

1675
01:24:53,700 --> 01:24:56,900
intended for hunting, turn into 
completely useless tools. 

1676
01:24:56,900 --> 01:24:59,600
You can't shoot at rabbits that 
are climbing all over you 

1677
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:02,000
without risking injury, to 
yourself or your fellow hunters.

1678
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:05,000
And even if you could get a 
clear shot, these rabbits are so

1679
01:25:05,008 --> 01:25:07,400
tame and friendly that shooting 
them would feel less like 

1680
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:10,200
hunting and more like Massacre. 
Their tier Watching This 

1681
01:25:10,200 --> 01:25:13,400
Disaster unfold probably 
realizes exactly what went 

1682
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:15,700
wrong. 
Instead of encountering wild. 

1683
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:19,800
Rabbits beta has encountered 
domestic rabbits who view humans

1684
01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:23,200
as sources of food and comfort, 
rather than, as potential 

1685
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:26,900
predators, But realizing the 
problem and fixing it at two 

1686
01:25:26,900 --> 01:25:28,600
different things, especially 
when you're dealing with 

1687
01:25:28,600 --> 01:25:31,900
hundreds of determined rabbits, 
the hunters try various 

1688
01:25:31,900 --> 01:25:35,200
strategies to deal with their 
situation, some attempt to walk 

1689
01:25:35,200 --> 01:25:37,700
away from the rabbits but the 
rabbit simply follow them. 

1690
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:40,000
Treating the scenario is a fun 
game. 

1691
01:25:40,000 --> 01:25:43,600
Others try to shoo the rabbits 
away but the rabbits interpret 

1692
01:25:43,600 --> 01:25:46,800
this as playful interaction and 
become even more enthusiastic 

1693
01:25:46,800 --> 01:25:49,800
Napoleon. 
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 

1694
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:52,500
frustrated, he's trying to 
maintain his Imperial dignity 

1695
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,700
while literally covered in 
rabbits, every time he manages 

1696
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:58,600
to remove one rabbit from his 
personal two more take its 

1697
01:25:58,608 --> 01:26:00,900
place. 
His carefully planned hunting. 

1698
01:26:00,900 --> 01:26:03,600
Outfit is getting covered in 
rabbit for and possibly other 

1699
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:05,100
things that rabbits leave 
behind. 

1700
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:08,300
The other members of The Hunting
Party having their struggles. 

1701
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:11,700
These men important government 
officials and Military Officers 

1702
01:26:11,700 --> 01:26:14,400
are accustomed to receiving 
respect and deference. 

1703
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:18,200
Instead they're being treated 
like walking Rabbit toys by an 

1704
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:20,200
army of overly friendly farm 
animals. 

1705
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:23,500
The beaters who were supposed to
drive the rabbits toward the 

1706
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:25,800
hunters standing around looking 
confused. 

1707
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:28,500
Their job was to make sure the 
rabbits ran in the right 

1708
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:30,900
direction, but these rabbits 
don't need to be driven 

1709
01:26:30,900 --> 01:26:33,600
anywhere. 
The rabbits are precisely where 

1710
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:36,300
they should be swarming all over
the humans. 

1711
01:26:36,300 --> 01:26:39,900
They believe their their to feed
them as the situation continues 

1712
01:26:39,900 --> 01:26:42,400
to deteriorate and Napoleon 
starts giving orders. 

1713
01:26:42,400 --> 01:26:46,000
He's a military commander after 
all and his instinct when faced 

1714
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:49,000
with a crisis is to take charge 
and start issuing commands. 

1715
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:52,200
What exactly do you instruct 
when you're being surrounded by 

1716
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:55,900
amiable rabbits Retreat, from 
the rabbits, doesn't sound very 

1717
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:58,800
Imperial tonight. 
As you settle in fiction, 

1718
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:02,300
Napoleon standing in that field 
is Imperial composure, beginning

1719
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:04,800
to crack as he realizes that 
he's about to suffer. 

1720
01:27:04,800 --> 01:27:06,900
One of the most ridiculous 
defeats of his career. 

1721
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:10,100
At the hands of creatures, that 
weigh less than his boots. 

1722
01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:13,400
Every disaster culminates in a 
realization that maintaining 

1723
01:27:13,400 --> 01:27:16,400
dignity is no longer a luxury 
for Napoleon. 

1724
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:19,400
That moment arrives when a 
particularly large rabbit 

1725
01:27:19,400 --> 01:27:22,400
manages to climb all the way up 
his coat and perch on his 

1726
01:27:22,400 --> 01:27:24,900
shoulder. 
Like some kind of furry floppy, 

1727
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:28,500
eared parrot. the emperor of 
France, the man who has stared 

1728
01:27:28,500 --> 01:27:31,700
down the armies of Austria 
Prussia and Russia finds himself

1729
01:27:31,700 --> 01:27:35,100
in the utterly ridiculous 
position of being unable to 

1730
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:38,400
dislodge, a single rabbit from 
his personal without losing his 

1731
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:42,000
balance and potentially falling 
over naturally, doesn't have 

1732
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:45,500
other rabbits around his feet 
hopping back and forth rendering

1733
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:49,100
any abrupt movement hazardous 
You can imagine the thoughts 

1734
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:50,900
going through Napoleon's head at
this moment. 

1735
01:27:50,900 --> 01:27:53,700
This is supposed to be a 
relaxing day of Sport. 

1736
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:57,500
The chance to unwind with his 
closest Associates and enjoy 

1737
01:27:57,500 --> 01:28:01,800
some traditional aristocratic 
entertainment Instead an army of

1738
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:05,000
overly affectionate farm animals
is treating him like a jungle 

1739
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:07,400
gym. 
The other Hunters are faring, 

1740
01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:09,800
know better. 
The creatures that eat lettuce 

1741
01:28:09,800 --> 01:28:12,300
are defeating these seasoned 
Military Officers who have 

1742
01:28:12,308 --> 01:28:14,100
charged into battle without 
flinching. 

1743
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:17,500
Some of them are trying to 
maintain their composure, but 

1744
01:28:17,500 --> 01:28:20,200
it's hard to look dignified when
you're covered in rabbit fur and

1745
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:22,000
there's a rabbit trying to nest 
in your hat. 

1746
01:28:23,700 --> 01:28:27,100
The situation reaches its peak. 
When someone History doesn't 

1747
01:28:27,100 --> 01:28:30,400
record who makes the Fatal 
mistake of trying to run away 

1748
01:28:30,400 --> 01:28:32,900
from the rabbits. 
Perhaps, it's one of the younger

1749
01:28:32,900 --> 01:28:36,000
officers, someone who thinks he 
can simply outrun the problem 

1750
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,900
for running turns out to be 
exactly the wrong strategy 

1751
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:42,100
because it triggers every 
rabbits instinct to chase after 

1752
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,800
something, that's moving 
suddenly instead of just 

1753
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:47,400
climbing on the stationary 
humans, the rabbits start 

1754
01:28:47,408 --> 01:28:51,000
hopping off to the running 
humans and rabbits it turns out 

1755
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:53,200
a surprisingly fast when they 
want to be. 

1756
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:57,300
They can hop at speeds of up to 
25 miles per hour, which is 

1757
01:28:57,308 --> 01:29:00,000
considerably fast the most 
humans can run while carrying 

1758
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:03,000
hunting rifles and wearing 
formal hunting attire. 

1759
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:07,000
Napoleon seeing one of his 
officers being chased across the

1760
01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:10,600
field by a horde of bouncing, 
rabbits probably realizes that 

1761
01:29:10,600 --> 01:29:14,100
the situation has moved Beyond 
embarrassing and into the realm 

1762
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:17,600
of the completely absurd. 
This is the kind of seen that 

1763
01:29:17,600 --> 01:29:19,800
would be funny if it were 
happening to someone else but is

1764
01:29:19,800 --> 01:29:22,600
absolutely mortifying when it's 
happening to you. 

1765
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:26,900
The decision is reached though. 
It is not entirely clear who 

1766
01:29:26,900 --> 01:29:29,500
made it that the Hunting Party 
should retreat. 

1767
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:32,900
It's not a tactical 
repositioning or a strategic 

1768
01:29:32,900 --> 01:29:36,200
withdrawal, but a genuine 
Retreat from an army of rabbits.

1769
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:40,500
Napoleon who has never retreated
from a human enemy is about to 

1770
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:43,600
retreat from a bunch of farm 
animals but retreating from 

1771
01:29:43,600 --> 01:29:46,100
Rabbits, turns out to be more 
complicated than retreating. 

1772
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:49,200
From say, Austrian Cavalry. 
The rabbits don't understand 

1773
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:52,200
military protocol, they don't 
recognize surrender Flags or 

1774
01:29:52,208 --> 01:29:54,600
ceasefire signals. 
They just see their favorite 

1775
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:57,200
humans trying to leave and their
determined to follow. 

1776
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:01,300
The hunting party starts moving 
toward their carriages, but the 

1777
01:30:01,308 --> 01:30:04,500
rabbits move with them. 
It's like trying to evacuate a 

1778
01:30:04,500 --> 01:30:07,200
building while being followed by
100s of overly enthusiastic 

1779
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:10,200
pets. 
Every step toward the carriages 

1780
01:30:10,200 --> 01:30:13,200
as a company by a bouncing 
escort of rabbits who seem to 

1781
01:30:13,200 --> 01:30:15,700
think their presence is the, 
most entertaining thing that's 

1782
01:30:15,700 --> 01:30:18,600
ever happened. 
To the Napoleon trying to 

1783
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:20,500
maintain some. 
Semblance of Imperial dignity 

1784
01:30:20,500 --> 01:30:24,800
walks as calmly as he can toward
his Carriage, but it's hard to 

1785
01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:27,700
look Imperial when your brushing
rabbits off your coat, every few

1786
01:30:27,700 --> 01:30:30,100
steps and there's rabbit fur 
floating around. 

1787
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:34,200
You like some kind of Barnyard, 
snowstorm Carriages when they 

1788
01:30:34,200 --> 01:30:36,000
finally reach them present their
problems. 

1789
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:40,600
The rabbits completely terrify 
the horses horses and rabbits 

1790
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:43,700
don't normally interact and the 
horses aren't sure what to make 

1791
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:46,000
of these small bounce and 
creatures that keep hopping 

1792
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,900
around their hooves. 
Some of the horses are dancing. 

1793
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:52,600
Nervously, others are trying to 
back away and the Coachmen are 

1794
01:30:52,600 --> 01:30:53,700
struggling to keep them under 
control. 

1795
01:30:54,800 --> 01:30:57,500
Getting into the carriages 
becomes an operation in itself. 

1796
01:30:57,500 --> 01:31:00,600
The moment someone opens a 
carriage door rabbit start 

1797
01:31:00,600 --> 01:31:03,800
trying to hop inside they're not
being malicious, they just want 

1798
01:31:03,800 --> 01:31:06,400
to continue their interaction 
with these fascinating humans. 

1799
01:31:07,600 --> 01:31:10,200
But having a carriage full of 
rabbits, is not exactly what 

1800
01:31:10,200 --> 01:31:12,600
Napoleon had in mind for his 
dignified departure. 

1801
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:17,000
The scene becomes increasingly 
chaotic as The Hunting Party 

1802
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:19,600
tries to separate themselves 
from their rabbit and Meyers 

1803
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:23,000
Some of the officers are 
literally having to pick rabbits

1804
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:25,900
off themselves and set them down
before climbing into carriages. 

1805
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:29,000
Others are trying to create 
barriers to keep the rabbits 

1806
01:31:29,000 --> 01:31:32,100
from following them. 
Napoleon finally makes it to his

1807
01:31:32,100 --> 01:31:34,900
Carriage probably with less 
Grace than his used to 

1808
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:38,300
displaying in public. 
The Coachman, who is never dealt

1809
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:41,300
with a rabbit Siege before his 
doing his best, to keep the 

1810
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:43,200
rabbits from climbing onto the 
carriage itself. 

1811
01:31:44,100 --> 01:31:46,700
Some of the more athletic 
rabbits are actually managing to

1812
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,000
hop onto the running boards and 
peer into the windows. 

1813
01:31:49,700 --> 01:31:52,800
As you drift off tonight. 
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 

1814
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:55,500
Carriage looking out at a field 
full of rabbits. 

1815
01:31:56,400 --> 01:31:59,500
Probably wondering why their new
human friends are leaving and 

1816
01:31:59,500 --> 01:32:01,700
trying to figure out how he's 
going to explain the matter to 

1817
01:32:01,700 --> 01:32:03,500
anyone. 
The carriage ride back to 

1818
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:06,200
Melissa, is probably one of the 
most awkward Journeys in 

1819
01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:09,900
Napoleon's life. 
Here he is the Emperor France 

1820
01:32:09,900 --> 01:32:12,600
fresh from one of the most 
embarrassing defeats in military

1821
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:16,100
history and he has to sit there 
with rabbit first still clinging

1822
01:32:16,100 --> 01:32:18,100
to his coat while pretending 
that what just happened. 

1823
01:32:18,100 --> 01:32:21,100
Was somehow normal. 
You can imagine the Silence of 

1824
01:32:21,100 --> 01:32:23,500
that Carriage. 
How do you address the situation

1825
01:32:23,500 --> 01:32:26,500
after being unexpectedly? 
Overrun by a group of domestic. 

1826
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:29,000
Rabbits. 
How might one present that in a 

1827
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:31,200
way that appears impressive 
rather than an absurd? 

1828
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:35,600
Napoleon who typically possesses
a welfare of words, like he 

1829
01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:38,500
spends the entire Journey 
attempting to contextualize This

1830
01:32:38,500 --> 01:32:41,000
Disaster. 
The other carriages are dealing 

1831
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:42,800
with their own awkward 
situations. 

1832
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:45,400
These are high ranking military 
officers, and government 

1833
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:47,600
officials who have just 
experienced something that 

1834
01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:50,900
defies all their training and 
experience, They've been in 

1835
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:54,100
battles, they've negotiated 
trees, and they've dealt with 

1836
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:57,000
political crises, but none of 
that prepared them for being 

1837
01:32:57,000 --> 01:32:59,100
climbed on by overly friendly 
farm animals. 

1838
01:32:59,900 --> 01:33:02,800
Some offices may be joking to 
lighten the mood, but what do 

1839
01:33:02,800 --> 01:33:05,300
you joke about when rabbits have
just defeated your Emperor? 

1840
01:33:05,300 --> 01:33:08,900
Others are maintaining a 
dignified silence pretending 

1841
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:10,400
that nothing unusual has 
happened. 

1842
01:33:10,400 --> 01:33:13,300
A few are probably already 
trying to figure out how to tell

1843
01:33:13,300 --> 01:33:16,600
the story to their wives without
sounding completely insane. 

1844
01:33:17,600 --> 01:33:20,700
Meanwhile, back at the hunting 
grounds Bertier is left to deal 

1845
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:23,800
with the aftermath, but a must 
decide how to handle the 

1846
01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:25,500
hundreds of rabbits roaming. 
The estate. 

1847
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:28,500
He can't just leave them there. 
They're not wild rabbits. 

1848
01:33:28,500 --> 01:33:31,500
So they don't know how to 
survive on their own, but he 

1849
01:33:31,500 --> 01:33:34,600
also can't exactly round them 
all up and return them to their 

1850
01:33:34,600 --> 01:33:37,600
original owners because that 
would require admitting what 

1851
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:40,400
happened. 
The estate staff is probably 

1852
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,100
having the strangest day of 
their careers, the 

1853
01:33:43,100 --> 01:33:45,900
groundskeepers who are expecting
to help with a normal Hunting 

1854
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:47,900
Party. 
Now, dealing with a rabbit 

1855
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:51,400
population explosion. 
Stable hands are trying to calm 

1856
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:54,000
down horses who are stilled by 
the mornings events. 

1857
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:57,100
Everyone is attempting to 
restore some semblance of 

1858
01:33:57,100 --> 01:33:59,400
normalcy to the once peaceful 
country estate. 

1859
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:02,600
Word of the rabbit incident 
starts spreading almost 

1860
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:06,000
immediately, despite everyone's 
best efforts to keep it quiet. 

1861
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:08,300
Servants. 
Talk to other servants. 

1862
01:34:08,300 --> 01:34:11,800
Coachmen share stories with 
other Coachmen and pretty soon. 

1863
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:14,300
The tail is making its way 
through the Social Circle of 

1864
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:17,400
Paris. 
Stories, that spread aren't 

1865
01:34:17,400 --> 01:34:19,400
exactly accurate. 
There are embellished 

1866
01:34:19,400 --> 01:34:23,200
exaggerated and twisted into 
something, even more ridiculous 

1867
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:26,900
than what actually happened. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 

1868
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:28,300
with a crisis of public 
relations. 

1869
01:34:28,300 --> 01:34:32,200
Napoleon has established his 
reputation by being Invincible. 

1870
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:36,200
Mastering every situation and 
never letting anyone catch him 

1871
01:34:36,200 --> 01:34:38,300
off guard. 
The idea that he could be 

1872
01:34:38,300 --> 01:34:41,800
defeated by a bunch of rabbits, 
is exactly the kind of story 

1873
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:44,500
that his political enemies would
love to spread around Europe. 

1874
01:34:44,500 --> 01:34:47,600
The official version of events 
that emerges is carefully, 

1875
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:50,300
sanitized. 
The hunting party was successful

1876
01:34:50,300 --> 01:34:53,300
and enjoyable, the emperor 
demonstrated his excellent 

1877
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,600
Marksmanship and everyone had a 
thoroughly Imperial time. 

1878
01:34:56,600 --> 01:34:59,800
Any mention of rabbits behaving 
unusually as carefully. 

1879
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:02,600
Emitted from the official 
records that you can't 

1880
01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:06,000
completely suppress a story. 
This good Whispers and private 

1881
01:35:06,000 --> 01:35:08,500
letters circulate the rabbit 
incident as a historical 

1882
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:12,000
anecdote Military Officers. 
Tell the story to their friends,

1883
01:35:12,000 --> 01:35:15,200
government officials, share it 
with their families and 

1884
01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:17,000
gradually become part of the 
unofficial. 

1885
01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:21,300
History of Napoleon's reign, The
irony lies in the fact that this

1886
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:24,500
absurd rabbit defeat occurs 
during the Pinnacle of 

1887
01:35:24,508 --> 01:35:27,600
Napoleon's power. 
He's just negotiated the Treaty 

1888
01:35:27,600 --> 01:35:31,200
of tilsit and controls most of 
Europe and he's at the peak of 

1889
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:32,600
his political and Military 
influence. 

1890
01:35:32,600 --> 01:35:37,100
However, he finds himself 
completely powerless against a 

1891
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:40,100
group of domestic, rabbits, who 
really seek food and affection 

1892
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:43,100
years later when Napoleon is in 
Exile. 

1893
01:35:43,100 --> 01:35:46,100
On Saint Helena. 
He probably has plenty of time 

1894
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:47,700
to reflect on the rapid 
incident. 

1895
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:51,500
The story becomes, increasingly 
humorous, over time and distance

1896
01:35:51,500 --> 01:35:53,700
yet. 
It also serves as a poignant 

1897
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:56,400
illustration of how even the 
most powerful individuals can 

1898
01:35:56,400 --> 01:36:00,900
succumb to unforeseen 
circumstances. 30A, meanwhile, 

1899
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:04,500
learns a valuable lesson about 
the importance of understanding 

1900
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:08,500
your resources, a successfully 
managed military logistics for 

1901
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:11,000
some of the most complex 
campaigns in European history. 

1902
01:36:11,000 --> 01:36:14,500
But his failure to distinguish 
between wild and domestic 

1903
01:36:14,500 --> 01:36:18,400
rabbits as led to his defeat. 
It's probably not a mistake 

1904
01:36:18,400 --> 01:36:22,000
he'll ever make again. 
The rabbits themselves have had 

1905
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:24,100
their brief moment of historical
significance. 

1906
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:27,300
Our eventually rounded up and 
returned to more conventional 

1907
01:36:27,300 --> 01:36:29,900
lives. 
Some probably end up back on 

1908
01:36:29,900 --> 01:36:32,400
farms. 
Others might be relocated to 

1909
01:36:32,400 --> 01:36:34,000
areas where they can live more 
naturally. 

1910
01:36:35,400 --> 01:36:38,800
But for one morning in 1807, 
they were the most important 

1911
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:41,700
creatures in France as you 
settle in for the night. 

1912
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:44,700
Think about how this story 
reveals something essential 

1913
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:47,900
about human nature, no matter 
how powerful or important, we 

1914
01:36:47,900 --> 01:36:50,800
become we're all just one 
encounter with unexpected, 

1915
01:36:50,800 --> 01:36:53,200
rabbits away from looking 
completely ridiculous. 

1916
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:56,800
The beautiful thing about 
Napoleon's rabbit, incident is 

1917
01:36:56,800 --> 01:36:58,700
how it perfectly captures the 
absurdity. 

1918
01:36:58,700 --> 01:37:00,900
That looks beneath all human 
pretension. 

1919
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:03,800
Here we have the most powerful 
man in Europe. 

1920
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:06,800
Someone who has literally 
reshaped the political landscape

1921
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:10,300
of the entire continent and he's
brought down by creatures. 

1922
01:37:10,300 --> 01:37:14,500
Most people consider suitable 
for children to zoos the stories

1923
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:17,500
can continue to survival, 
despite everyone's best efforts 

1924
01:37:17,500 --> 01:37:19,600
to suppress it adds to its 
Delight. 

1925
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:23,100
Napoleon's government, certainly
didn't want this story getting 

1926
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:26,500
out and most of the participants
probably preferred not to talk 

1927
01:37:26,500 --> 01:37:29,800
about their morning being 
overwhelmed by farm animals, but

1928
01:37:29,800 --> 01:37:31,900
the story was simply too good to
stay buried. 

1929
01:37:33,000 --> 01:37:35,800
Over the years, the rapid 
incident has taken on a life of 

1930
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:39,200
its own each telling like all 
good, historical anecdotes in 

1931
01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:41,100
Belushi's and exaggerates the 
story. 

1932
01:37:42,000 --> 01:37:45,000
And certain Renditions, 
thousands of rabbits, completely

1933
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:47,400
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 
versions. 

1934
01:37:47,400 --> 01:37:50,400
The rapid attack actually. 
Injures in Napoleon some 

1935
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:53,100
stories, claim, the Rapids were 
deliberately released as part of

1936
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:55,800
a practical joke, While others 
suggest they were trained to 

1937
01:37:55,800 --> 01:37:57,700
attack rabbits deployed by his 
enemies. 

1938
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:02,100
Truth, as you now know, is both 
more mundane and more amusing 

1939
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:05,000
than the legends. 
It wasn't thousands of rabbits, 

1940
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:07,900
and they weren't trying to 
attack anyone who was simply a 

1941
01:38:07,900 --> 01:38:10,500
case of domestic rabbits 
behaving, like domestic rabbits,

1942
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:14,000
treating humans as sources of 
food and comfort, rather than as

1943
01:38:14,000 --> 01:38:17,500
predators to be avoided. 
Story endures because it reveals

1944
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:19,900
something important about power 
and Human Nature. 

1945
01:38:21,000 --> 01:38:24,100
Napoleon dedicated the majority 
of his career to demonstrating 

1946
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:26,900
his ability to mount any 
challenge through his unwavering

1947
01:38:26,900 --> 01:38:30,300
determination, strategic 
planning and exceptional 

1948
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:34,300
organizational skills. 
He defeated armies conquered 

1949
01:38:34,300 --> 01:38:37,300
Nations and rewrote the laws of 
entire societies. 

1950
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:40,300
However, he was unable to 
overcome a group of hungry, 

1951
01:38:40,300 --> 01:38:43,000
rabbits, there's something 
deeply, satisfying about this 

1952
01:38:43,000 --> 01:38:45,600
story, especially for those of 
us who sometimes feel 

1953
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:48,100
overwhelmed by the ordinary 
challenges of daily life. 

1954
01:38:48,900 --> 01:38:51,900
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 
Bonaparte, perhaps our own minor

1955
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:54,900
setbacks don't carry such an 
embarrassment, maybe getting 

1956
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:58,400
flustered by a technology 
problem or being outwitted by a 

1957
01:38:58,400 --> 01:39:01,200
household, pet, or failing to 
assemble a piece of furniture 

1958
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:03,100
properly, puts us, in pretty 
good company. 

1959
01:39:04,800 --> 01:39:07,000
The rabbit incident also 
highlights, the importance of 

1960
01:39:07,008 --> 01:39:09,300
understanding your resources, 
and your environment. 

1961
01:39:10,400 --> 01:39:13,700
Bertier was an excellent 
organizer, but he fail to ask 

1962
01:39:13,700 --> 01:39:15,800
the right questions about the 
rabbits he was acquiring. 

1963
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:19,700
He focused on quantity rather 
than quality and he didn't 

1964
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,200
consider how the rabbits 
background might affect their 

1965
01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:24,500
behavior. 
It's a lesson that applies to 

1966
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:27,600
everything from military 
campaigns to dinner parties, The

1967
01:39:27,600 --> 01:39:31,300
Details Matter and assumptions 
can be dangerous. modern 

1968
01:39:31,300 --> 01:39:34,400
historians have used the rabbit 
story as an example of how even 

1969
01:39:34,400 --> 01:39:36,600
the most carefully planned 
events can go wrong in 

1970
01:39:36,600 --> 01:39:40,100
unexpected ways, it's become a 
case study in the limits of 

1971
01:39:40,100 --> 01:39:43,900
control and the importance of 
contingency planning, military 

1972
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:45,900
academies. 
Sometimes use it as humorous 

1973
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:48,700
example of how intelligence 
gathering should include 

1974
01:39:48,700 --> 01:39:52,100
seemingly trivial details. 
The story has also become a 

1975
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:54,500
favorite among those who study 
the psychology of power. 

1976
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:59,700
Which reaction to the rabbit 
incident, his apparent inability

1977
01:39:59,700 --> 01:40:02,900
to laugh at himself. 
His focus on damage control 

1978
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:05,500
rather than enjoying the 
absurdity revealed. 

1979
01:40:05,500 --> 01:40:08,100
Something about how absolute 
power can make people lose their

1980
01:40:08,100 --> 01:40:11,500
sense of humor about themselves.
But the rabbit incidents most 

1981
01:40:11,500 --> 01:40:15,600
lasting lesson is that life is 
unpredictable and observed, no 

1982
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:17,500
matter who you are or how 
powerful you are. 

1983
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:20,800
Napoleon could plan brilliant 
military campaigns and 

1984
01:40:20,808 --> 01:40:24,200
reorganize entirely legal 
systems but he couldn't plan for

1985
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:27,700
the possibility that hundreds of
domestic rabbits would mistake 

1986
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:30,600
him for their favorite farmer. 
The rabbits of course, were 

1987
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,700
completely innocent in all this,
they were just being rabbits 

1988
01:40:33,700 --> 01:40:35,800
following their instincts and 
their training. 

1989
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:40,900
They saw humans and expected 
food and attention just as 

1990
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:43,500
they'd been conditioned to 
expect throughout their lives 

1991
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:46,400
from their perspective. 
The humans were the ones 

1992
01:40:46,400 --> 01:40:48,100
behaving strangely by running 
away. 

1993
01:40:48,100 --> 01:40:51,700
Instead of providing the 
expected carrots and lettuce. 

1994
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:55,500
In the end, the rabbit incident 
becomes a perfect metaphor for 

1995
01:40:55,508 --> 01:40:59,100
the gap between our plans, and 
reality between our self-image 

1996
01:40:59,100 --> 01:41:00,600
and how the world actually 
works. 

1997
01:41:01,300 --> 01:41:04,900
Napoleon saw himself as the 
master of Europe, but the rabbit

1998
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:06,800
saw him as a potential source of
breakfast. 

1999
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,900
Both perspectives were valid but
only one of them was prepared 

2000
01:41:10,900 --> 01:41:12,200
for what actually happened that 
morning. 

2001
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:15,100
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

2002
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:18,700
Remember that, no matter how 
important our plans seem to us, 

2003
01:41:18,700 --> 01:41:21,300
somewhere, there are rabbits who
have their ideas about how 

2004
01:41:21,300 --> 01:41:24,300
things should work. 
And sometimes, just sometimes 

2005
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:30,300
the rabbits win. 
Picture yourself settling into 

2006
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:32,100
your favorite reading chair on a
foggy. 

2007
01:41:32,100 --> 01:41:36,400
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 
Slams flicker outside your 

2008
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:40,000
window, casting Shadows on 
cobblestone streets, that seemed

2009
01:41:40,000 --> 01:41:44,100
to whisper secrets. 
This exact atmosphere enveloped 

2010
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:47,900
a young medical student named 
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 

2011
01:41:47,908 --> 01:41:51,200
his cramped, flat staring at a 
blank piece of paper and 

2012
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:53,500
questioning how you would manage
to pay his rent. 

2013
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:56,800
You know that feeling when 
you're desperately trying to 

2014
01:41:56,800 --> 01:41:59,700
come up with a brilliant idea 
and your brain feels like it's 

2015
01:41:59,700 --> 01:42:03,700
been stuffed with cotton wool. 
Well, that's precisely where 

2016
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:06,300
Arthur found himself. 
He'd been scribbling away at 

2017
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:09,400
various stories trying to make a
name for himself as a writer, 

2018
01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:12,900
but nothing seemed to stick. 
His medical practice was about 

2019
01:42:12,900 --> 01:42:16,100
to successful as a chocolate 
teapot and his bank account was 

2020
01:42:16,100 --> 01:42:19,700
looking rather anemic. 
But here's where the story gets 

2021
01:42:19,700 --> 01:42:22,600
captivating. 
Arthur had been studying under a

2022
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:26,800
professor named Dr. Joseph Bell.
And this man was absolutely 

2023
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:31,000
extraordinary, not in a flashy. 
Look at me, sort of way, but in 

2024
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,700
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 
that would make your jaw drop. 

2025
01:42:33,708 --> 01:42:36,700
Dr. Belle. 
Have this uncanny ability to 

2026
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:39,400
look at a patient and deduce. 
Their entire life story. 

2027
01:42:39,400 --> 01:42:41,700
Just from observing the smallest
details. 

2028
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:45,100
He'd glance at someone's hands 
and tell them their profession. 

2029
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:49,000
Notice a particular type of mud 
on their boots and know exactly 

2030
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:50,900
which part of Edinburgh. 
They'd walk through that 

2031
01:42:50,900 --> 01:42:53,200
morning. 
It was like watching a magician 

2032
01:42:53,200 --> 01:42:57,000
except the tricks were real and 
the magic was simply Keen. 

2033
01:42:57,000 --> 01:42:59,100
Observation mixed with logical 
thinking. 

2034
01:43:00,300 --> 01:43:02,900
Arthur would sit in those 
medical lectures completely 

2035
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:05,700
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 
work. 

2036
01:43:05,700 --> 01:43:08,100
His deductive Wizardry on 
unsuspecting patients. 

2037
01:43:09,100 --> 01:43:11,600
The excellent doctor would peer 
at a man's fingernails and 

2038
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:14,700
announce r. 
I c, you're a carpenter, who's 

2039
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:17,000
been working with Oak recently, 
and judging by that. 

2040
01:43:17,000 --> 01:43:19,900
Slight stain, on your thumb, 
you've been using a particular 

2041
01:43:19,900 --> 01:43:22,200
type of varnish. 
That's only sold in three shops 

2042
01:43:22,200 --> 01:43:25,000
in the city. 
The patients would stare at him,

2043
01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:27,600
like he just read their minds 
but Arthur began to understand 

2044
01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:29,100
that it wasn't mine reading at 
all. 

2045
01:43:29,108 --> 01:43:31,700
It was merely the skill of 
recognizing. 

2046
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:33,300
What? 
Others missed and linking 

2047
01:43:33,300 --> 01:43:37,400
seemingly unconnected elements. 
October wasn't performing magic 

2048
01:43:37,400 --> 01:43:39,800
tricks. 
He was demonstrating that the 

2049
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:42,300
world is full of Clues. 
If you just know how to read 

2050
01:43:42,300 --> 01:43:45,200
them. 
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 

2051
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:48,400
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.
Bell's methods began to 

2052
01:43:48,408 --> 01:43:51,700
percolate through his mind, like
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 

2053
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:56,500
What if he thought someone could
solve crimes using the same 

2054
01:43:56,500 --> 01:43:59,300
techniques? 
what if a detective could see, 

2055
01:43:59,300 --> 01:44:03,700
not just what happened at a 
crime scene, but how who, and 

2056
01:44:03,700 --> 01:44:08,600
why The idea began to take shape
slowly like a photographed, 

2057
01:44:08,600 --> 01:44:11,300
developing an adult. 
Arthur. 

2058
01:44:11,300 --> 01:44:15,000
Imagine a tall thin man with 
sharp features and even shop at 

2059
01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:19,600
The ability to enter a room and 
instantly identify the seven 

2060
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:21,500
details that others had 
overlooked. 

2061
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:25,200
Person who found the Ordinary 
World rather dull that came 

2062
01:44:25,208 --> 01:44:27,700
alive when presented with a 
puzzle that needed solving. 

2063
01:44:29,000 --> 01:44:32,900
And so in that small Edinburgh, 
flat with the fog pressing 

2064
01:44:32,900 --> 01:44:35,600
against the windows and the 
Gaslamp flickering on his desk. 

2065
01:44:35,600 --> 01:44:38,500
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 
write about a Consulting 

2066
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:42,500
detective named Sherlock Holmes.
He had no idea that he was about

2067
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:45,100
to create the most famous 
fictional detective in history 

2068
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:48,600
or that over a century later. 
People would still be arguing 

2069
01:44:48,600 --> 01:44:50,100
about whether Holmes was real or
not. 

2070
01:44:51,000 --> 01:44:54,100
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 
Inspire the character Arthur 

2071
01:44:54,100 --> 01:44:58,100
created, he was a blend of 
Victorian anxieties, scientific 

2072
01:44:58,100 --> 01:45:01,300
optimism and the growing belief 
that logic could solve any 

2073
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:04,000
problem. 
Homes represented everything. 

2074
01:45:04,000 --> 01:45:07,200
The Victorian era wanted to 
believe about itself, that 

2075
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:10,600
reason would try out for chaos, 
that careful observation could 

2076
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:14,100
reveal truth and that even the 
most complex Mysteries could be 

2077
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,100
unraveled by a sufficiently 
clever mind. 

2078
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:19,600
Little did Arthur know that his 
creation would outlive him 

2079
01:45:19,600 --> 01:45:23,600
outgrow him and eventually 
become more real to many people 

2080
01:45:23,600 --> 01:45:26,800
than the man who dreamed him up.
Let's delve deeper into Doctor. 

2081
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:30,500
Joseph Bell was comprehending 
him as akin to comprehending the

2082
01:45:30,500 --> 01:45:31,800
hidden element in your 
grandmother's. 

2083
01:45:31,800 --> 01:45:35,200
Renowned recipe without him. 
There would be no Sherlock 

2084
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:38,300
Holmes, and the world would be a
significantly less interesting 

2085
01:45:38,300 --> 01:45:40,900
place. 
Dr. Belle wasn't your typical 

2086
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:43,800
Victorian gentleman. 
While other doctors of his era 

2087
01:45:43,800 --> 01:45:45,800
were still debating. 
Whether washing hands between 

2088
01:45:45,800 --> 01:45:49,400
patients was really necessary. 
Bell was revolutionizing the 

2089
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:51,300
entire approach to medical 
diagnosis. 

2090
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:54,800
He believed that a doctor's job 
wasn't just to treat symptoms 

2091
01:45:54,800 --> 01:45:58,200
but to become a detective of the
human body piecing together 

2092
01:45:58,200 --> 01:46:01,500
Clues to solve the mystery of 
what was actually wrong with the

2093
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:04,400
patient. 
Imagine walking into his 

2094
01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:06,200
classroom at the University of 
Edinburgh. 

2095
01:46:06,200 --> 01:46:09,600
The room would be thick with 
anticipation, the students, 

2096
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:12,200
waited to see what Miracle of 
deduction, their Professor would

2097
01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:14,400
perform that day. 
Bellwood. 

2098
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:17,300
Summon a volunteer, patient 
prompting, a helpless individual

2099
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:19,900
to shuffle forward. 
Like he pondering their current 

2100
01:46:19,900 --> 01:46:23,200
circumstances, Bellwood 
meticulously, circle around 

2101
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:24,900
them. 
His Keen eyes scrutinizing, 

2102
01:46:24,900 --> 01:46:29,300
every detail, are might say 
stroking, his chin thoughtfully.

2103
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:33,200
I see you've recently returned 
from the continent, Germany. 

2104
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:35,700
I would say based on the 
particular type of clay under 

2105
01:46:35,700 --> 01:46:39,100
your fingernails, your regarding
by profession that you've been 

2106
01:46:39,108 --> 01:46:42,600
doing some carpentry work 
lately, Oak judging by the wood 

2107
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:45,400
shavings in your hair and that's
slightly limp suggest you 

2108
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:48,800
injured your left leg about 
three weeks ago probably Fall. 

2109
01:46:48,800 --> 01:46:51,800
The patient would not in 
amazement confirming every 

2110
01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:54,200
detail while the student 
scribbled frantically in their 

2111
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:57,500
notebooks trying to capture the 
magic But Bell would always 

2112
01:46:57,508 --> 01:47:00,600
explain his reasoning. 
The clay was a specific type 

2113
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:02,500
found. 
Only in certain German regions. 

2114
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:06,000
Calluses on the man's hands, 
show the pattern of someone who 

2115
01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:08,700
worked with plants but had 
recently been gripping, 

2116
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:11,900
different tools, the wood 
shavings were a clear indicator 

2117
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:14,800
and the man's preference for his
right leg during walking 

2118
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:19,100
revealed, a recent injury. 
What made belly extraordinary 

2119
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:21,800
wasn't just his powers of 
observation, though. 

2120
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:25,200
Those were remarkable but his 
ability to teach others to see 

2121
01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:28,200
the world differently. 
He would tell his students that 

2122
01:47:28,200 --> 01:47:30,400
most people looked but didn't 
observe. 

2123
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:35,100
They saw a man with dirty hands 
and thought laborer, but they 

2124
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:37,700
missed the specific type of dirt
that could tell them exactly 

2125
01:47:37,700 --> 01:47:40,300
what kind of work he did and 
where he'd been doing it. 

2126
01:47:40,300 --> 01:47:43,500
Hell had this wonderful way of 
making the ordinary seen 

2127
01:47:43,500 --> 01:47:46,300
extraordinary. 
He'd pick up a walking. 

2128
01:47:46,300 --> 01:47:49,100
Stick left behind by a patient 
and turn it into a treasure 

2129
01:47:49,100 --> 01:47:52,200
Trove of information. 
The wear patterns on the handle 

2130
01:47:52,200 --> 01:47:54,400
could tell him if the owner was 
left or right handed. 

2131
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:57,200
The type of wooden 
craftsmanship, reveal their 

2132
01:47:57,200 --> 01:48:00,300
social class. 
Scratches and dents told stories

2133
01:48:00,300 --> 01:48:03,300
of how it had been used. 
Even the height of the stick 

2134
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:05,700
provided clues about the owner's
statue and gate. 

2135
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:08,600
Arthur Conan Doyle would sit in 
these demonstrations. 

2136
01:48:08,600 --> 01:48:13,300
Absolutely captivated years 
later he would write about Dr. 

2137
01:48:13,300 --> 01:48:16,300
Belle with obvious affection, 
describing him as a man who 

2138
01:48:16,300 --> 01:48:17,900
could diagnose, not just 
diseases. 

2139
01:48:17,900 --> 01:48:22,800
But entire life, stories, Bell 
became Arthur's model for what a

2140
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:24,200
truly observant person could 
achieve. 

2141
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:26,500
And those classroom 
demonstrations became the 

2142
01:48:26,500 --> 01:48:30,600
blueprint for countless 
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, but

2143
01:48:30,600 --> 01:48:33,100
here's something delightfully 
ironic about the whole 

2144
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:36,200
situation. 
Dr. Belle, the man who inspired 

2145
01:48:36,200 --> 01:48:38,800
the world's most famous 
detective was, actually quite 

2146
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:42,500
modest about his abilities. 
He insisted that his methods 

2147
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:44,900
weren't magical or even 
particularly difficult. 

2148
01:48:44,900 --> 01:48:48,800
They just required patience 
practice, and a willingness to 

2149
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:50,900
pay attention to details. 
That others ignored. 

2150
01:48:51,800 --> 01:48:54,500
Bell would often say that the 
key to his success was simply 

2151
01:48:54,500 --> 01:48:57,700
remembering that every person 
carries their story written on 

2152
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:01,700
their body, in their clothes and
in their mannerisms, most people

2153
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:04,500
he explained are so focused on 
looking ahead that they never 

2154
01:49:04,500 --> 01:49:07,300
really look around. 
They missed the poetry written 

2155
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:09,200
in. 
Calluses the stories told by 

2156
01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:12,200
shoe leather and the novels 
hidden in the way someone holds 

2157
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:15,000
their shoulders. 
When Arthur finally created 

2158
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:17,600
Sherlock Holmes, he was 
essentially asking the question.

2159
01:49:18,700 --> 01:49:20,900
Someone took Dr, Bell's methods,
and applied them. 

2160
01:49:20,900 --> 01:49:25,200
Not to medicine but to cry. 
What if that Keen eye for detail

2161
01:49:25,200 --> 01:49:28,100
and logical mind were turned 
towards solving Mysteries and 

2162
01:49:28,100 --> 01:49:32,100
stead of diagnosing illnesses. 
The result was a character who 

2163
01:49:32,100 --> 01:49:35,000
could walk into a room and 
immediately see things that 

2164
01:49:35,000 --> 01:49:38,600
would take Ordinary People hours
to notice if they notice them at

2165
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:40,300
all. 
Let's transport ourselves to 

2166
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:43,500
Victorian London for a moment 
because understanding the world 

2167
01:49:43,500 --> 01:49:46,500
that Embrace Sherlock Holmes is 
like understanding why certain 

2168
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,000
songs become hits. 
It's all about timing atmosphere

2169
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:53,300
and what people desperately need
to hear at exactly the right 

2170
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:57,000
moment. 
Picture London in the 1890s and 

2171
01:49:57,000 --> 01:49:59,700
you'll find yourself in a city 
that was both magnificent and 

2172
01:49:59,700 --> 01:50:04,400
terrifying often simultaneously.
The industrial revolution had 

2173
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:08,400
transformed it into this massive
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis

2174
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:11,400
with over 4 million. 
People crammed into spaces that 

2175
01:50:11,408 --> 01:50:13,500
had been designed for maybe a 
quarter of that number. 

2176
01:50:14,600 --> 01:50:17,300
The city was growing so fast 
that it seemed to be bursting at

2177
01:50:17,308 --> 01:50:20,200
the seams like a sausage that's 
been over stuffed. 

2178
01:50:20,200 --> 01:50:23,800
You'd walk down streets where 
magnificent, Victorian mansions 

2179
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:26,600
to just a few blocks away from 
slums that would make your 

2180
01:50:26,600 --> 01:50:30,200
stomach turn. 
The contrast was jarring, one 

2181
01:50:30,200 --> 01:50:33,300
moment, you might be strolling 
past elegant gas-lit boulevards 

2182
01:50:33,300 --> 01:50:36,100
where well-dressed gentleman tip
their hats to ladies in a 

2183
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:38,500
labyrinth bustles. 
And the next you'd find yourself

2184
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:42,400
in narrow fog, choked Alleyways,
where the sun barely penetrated 

2185
01:50:42,400 --> 01:50:44,100
and danger, lurked around every 
corner. 

2186
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:47,100
This was the London of Jack the 
Ripper off after all. 

2187
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:50,000
The very real terror of those 
unsolved. 

2188
01:50:50,000 --> 01:50:52,800
Murders had gripped, the city 
just a few years before Holmes 

2189
01:50:52,800 --> 01:50:55,700
made his debut. 
People were genuinely frightened

2190
01:50:55,700 --> 01:50:57,900
and the police seemed completely
baffled. 

2191
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:01,900
The idea that someone could 
commit such horrible crime and 

2192
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:05,500
simply vanish into the urban 
maze was deeply, unsettling to a

2193
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:07,900
society that prided itself on 
order and progress. 

2194
01:51:08,900 --> 01:51:10,300
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

2195
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:13,300
This era was also the age of 
scientific optimism. 

2196
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:16,600
People believe that rational 
thinking and careful observation

2197
01:51:16,600 --> 01:51:20,200
could solve any problem, Darwin 
had shown them that even the 

2198
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:22,500
mysteries of human existence 
could be unraveled through 

2199
01:51:22,500 --> 01:51:25,600
patient study. 
Electric lights will begin to 

2200
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:28,600
push back the darkness and the 
telegraph was shrinking. 

2201
01:51:28,600 --> 01:51:31,300
The world. 
There was this wonderful sense 

2202
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:34,100
that Humanity was on the verge 
of conquering all the great 

2203
01:51:34,100 --> 01:51:37,600
mysteries of existence. 
Into this mixture of fear and 

2204
01:51:37,600 --> 01:51:41,000
hopes step Sherlock Holmes, and 
he was Flawless for the moment. 

2205
01:51:41,000 --> 01:51:44,700
This character could make sense 
of the chaos of city life. 

2206
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:49,000
He could walk into the most 
baffling situation and through 

2207
01:51:49,000 --> 01:51:52,300
pure logic and observation 
restore order to the world. 

2208
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:56,000
He was like a lighthouse in a 
storm cutting through the fog of

2209
01:51:56,000 --> 01:51:58,200
uncertainty, with the bright 
beam of reason. 

2210
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:02,600
Timing couldn't have been 
better, people wanted stories 

2211
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:05,300
that showed the world made sense
that every problem had a 

2212
01:52:05,308 --> 01:52:08,600
solution and that good could win
over evil through cleverness 

2213
01:52:08,600 --> 01:52:10,600
rather than luck or divine 
intervention. 

2214
01:52:11,800 --> 01:52:14,500
Home's represented, the 
Victorian dream of the rational 

2215
01:52:14,500 --> 01:52:17,600
man who could solve any puzzle. 
If he just applied enough 

2216
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:19,300
intelligence and careful of 
observation. 

2217
01:52:20,300 --> 01:52:23,000
But there was another layer to 
London's Readiness for homes. 

2218
01:52:23,700 --> 01:52:27,100
The city had transformed into a 
vibrant Hub of individuals from 

2219
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:30,000
diverse backgrounds. 
In a single day, you might 

2220
01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:34,000
encounter a Russian count, a 
Chinese Merchant and Irish dock 

2221
01:52:34,000 --> 01:52:37,800
worker and a Scottish Professor.
Each person carried Their Own 

2222
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:42,100
Story, their own secrets and 
their own Mysteries The city 

2223
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:45,200
itself had become a kind of 
living breathing puzzle and 

2224
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:47,800
people were fascinated by the 
idea that someone could read the

2225
01:52:47,808 --> 01:52:49,200
clues. 
Hidden in plain sight. 

2226
01:52:50,200 --> 01:52:53,300
The police blessed their hearts 
were doing their best, but they 

2227
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,200
were essentially using medieval 
methods to solve modern crime. 

2228
01:52:57,100 --> 01:53:00,100
They heavily relied on 
confessions eyewitness testimony

2229
01:53:00,100 --> 01:53:02,300
and capturing criminals in the 
act. 

2230
01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:06,400
The idea of carefully examining 
a crime scene for clues of using

2231
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:09,600
scientific methods to analyze 
evidence, the building a case 

2232
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,600
through logical deduction. 
These were revolutionary 

2233
01:53:12,600 --> 01:53:15,100
Concepts that most real 
detectives hadn't even 

2234
01:53:15,100 --> 01:53:19,400
considered So, when readers open
those early Holmes stories, they

2235
01:53:19,400 --> 01:53:20,600
weren't just getting 
entertainment. 

2236
01:53:20,600 --> 01:53:23,700
They were getting a glimpse of 
what crime solving could be like

2237
01:53:23,700 --> 01:53:25,600
if someone really smart was in 
charge. 

2238
01:53:27,100 --> 01:53:30,100
Home's represented everything 
that Victorian readers wished. 

2239
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:33,400
Their actual police force could 
be observant, logical, 

2240
01:53:33,400 --> 01:53:38,000
Incorruptible and successful. 
The story is also tapped into 

2241
01:53:38,000 --> 01:53:39,600
something deeply satisfying 
about. 

2242
01:53:39,600 --> 01:53:42,800
The Victorian belief in 
progress, here was proof that 

2243
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:46,700
human intelligence properly 
applied, could triumph over any 

2244
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:50,200
challenge Holmes never solved 
crimes, through luck or 

2245
01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:52,200
accident. 
He sold them through careful 

2246
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:56,200
observation, logical thinking 
and refusing to accept that any 

2247
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:59,600
mystery was unsolvable. 
This was a society that was 

2248
01:53:59,600 --> 01:54:01,700
simultaneously proud of, its 
achievements. 

2249
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:05,100
And worried about its problems, 
crime was Rising. 

2250
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:08,300
The cities were becoming more 
complex and dangerous, and 

2251
01:54:08,300 --> 01:54:11,800
traditional Solutions were not 
working Holmes, offered hope 

2252
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:14,600
that intelligence and Method 
could restore order to a world 

2253
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:16,800
that sometimes seem to be 
spinning out of control. 

2254
01:54:16,800 --> 01:54:20,300
Now, here's where our story 
takes a fascinating turn because

2255
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:23,100
Arthur Conan Doyle, didn't just 
create a character he 

2256
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:25,400
accidentally invented an entire 
literary. 

2257
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:29,800
Genre Before the arrival of 
homes, crime fiction lacked a 

2258
01:54:29,800 --> 01:54:33,100
crucial component. 
You see crime stories existed 

2259
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:36,000
before homes, but they were 
quite different creatures. 

2260
01:54:36,000 --> 01:54:39,600
Most of them were Sensational 
Tales focused on the gruesome 

2261
01:54:39,600 --> 01:54:42,100
details of murders. 
All the dramatic capture of 

2262
01:54:42,108 --> 01:54:44,500
villains. 
They were less about solving 

2263
01:54:44,500 --> 01:54:47,500
puzzles and more about shocking 
readers with Tales of urban 

2264
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:50,300
horror. 
Think of them as the Victorian 

2265
01:54:50,300 --> 01:54:52,700
equivalent of those breathless 
newspaper headlines. 

2266
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,700
You see at the grocery store 
checkout designed to grab 

2267
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:57,600
attention, rather than Engage 
The Mind. 

2268
01:54:58,600 --> 01:55:01,800
A few detective stories that did
exist were often clumsy Affairs 

2269
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:05,200
where the solution came out of 
nowhere, like a magician, 

2270
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:07,900
pulling a rabbit from a hat 
without showing it to you first.

2271
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:11,700
Readers were expected to sit 
back and be amazed rather than 

2272
01:55:11,700 --> 01:55:13,300
participate in the solving 
process. 

2273
01:55:13,300 --> 01:55:16,600
It was entertaining but it 
wasn't particularly satisfying 

2274
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:19,500
entertainment. 
Then Along came home and 

2275
01:55:19,500 --> 01:55:23,000
suddenly everything changed 
Arthur created what would become

2276
01:55:23,000 --> 01:55:26,600
known as fair play. 
Detective fiction stories where 

2277
01:55:26,600 --> 01:55:30,000
the reader was all the same 
Clues as the detective and could

2278
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:32,200
theoretically solve the mystery 
themselves. 

2279
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:36,300
Of course, most of us would miss
the significance of tobacco 

2280
01:55:36,300 --> 01:55:39,700
Ashton's, all the 17 different 
types of footprints, but the 

2281
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:42,100
clues were there for anyone. 
Sharp enough to spot them. 

2282
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:45,600
This Innovation was 
revolutionary instead of just 

2283
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:49,100
reading about crime's, people 
could now participate in solving

2284
01:55:49,100 --> 01:55:52,100
them Arthur had turned passive 
entertainment in to an 

2285
01:55:52,100 --> 01:55:55,500
interactive experience readers, 
would eagerly follow homes 

2286
01:55:55,500 --> 01:55:58,100
through his investigations, 
trying to spot the clues 

2287
01:55:58,100 --> 01:56:00,400
themselves. 
Attempting to deduce the 

2288
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:03,700
solution before the brilliant. 
Detective revealed it, It was 

2289
01:56:03,708 --> 01:56:06,500
akin to the difference between 
observing someone play a game 

2290
01:56:06,508 --> 01:56:10,000
and engaging in it yourself. 
But Arthur's Innovation went 

2291
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:11,700
deeper than just including 
Clues. 

2292
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:14,800
He devised an impeccable and 
gratifying framework for 

2293
01:56:14,800 --> 01:56:17,300
detective stories, which remains
in use today. 

2294
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:20,200
Every home story follows a 
similar pattern. 

2295
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:23,600
A baffling mystery is presented 
homes. 

2296
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:25,300
Observes details, that others 
Miss. 

2297
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:28,800
He forms a theory based on 
logical deduction and then he 

2298
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:31,000
proves his theory through. 
Dramatic revelation. 

2299
01:56:31,900 --> 01:56:34,900
Once you've immersed yourself in
this, well, choreographed dance.

2300
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:38,200
Other types of crime stories. 
Begin to feel incomplete. 

2301
01:56:39,100 --> 01:56:41,800
The Genius of this structure is 
that it mirrors the way our 

2302
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:43,600
minds work when we're trying to 
solve a problem. 

2303
01:56:43,600 --> 01:56:48,400
We gather information inform 
hypotheses and test them and we 

2304
01:56:48,400 --> 01:56:50,900
reach conclusions. 
Home's. 

2305
01:56:50,900 --> 01:56:53,300
A storytel natural because they 
followed the same thought 

2306
01:56:53,300 --> 01:56:56,700
processes that readers used in 
their own lives just with much 

2307
01:56:56,700 --> 01:57:00,200
more dramatic Stakes. 
Arthur also created something 

2308
01:57:00,200 --> 01:57:03,900
that hadn't existed before the 
recurring detective character. 

2309
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:07,000
Previous crime stories 
typically, featured different 

2310
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:10,100
protagonists in each Tale. 
But Holmes was the same 

2311
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:13,600
brilliant detective in every 
story, growing more familiar to 

2312
01:57:13,600 --> 01:57:17,100
readers with the adventure. 
People began to feel like they 

2313
01:57:17,100 --> 01:57:19,300
knew him personally. 
Like he was a friend. 

2314
01:57:19,300 --> 01:57:21,800
They could rely on to make sense
of a confusing world. 

2315
01:57:21,800 --> 01:57:25,300
This familiarity allowed Arthur 
to develop homes as character in

2316
01:57:25,300 --> 01:57:27,500
ways that wouldn't have been 
possible with one-off 

2317
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:31,400
protagonists. readers learned 
about his habits, his methods, 

2318
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:36,000
his preferences and even his 
weaknesses Holmes became real to

2319
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:38,200
people in a way that few 
fictional characters ever 

2320
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:41,800
achieve, he wasn't just a 
problem-solving machine, he was 

2321
01:57:41,808 --> 01:57:45,000
a person with quirks and flaws 
and a distinctive personality 

2322
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:49,000
The success of homes is stories.
Also established the template 

2323
01:57:49,000 --> 01:57:52,800
for the detective sidekick Dr. 
Watson played a crucial role as 

2324
01:57:52,800 --> 01:57:54,500
the readers representative in 
the story. 

2325
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:57,900
He was intelligent enough to 
understand home's explanation, 

2326
01:57:57,900 --> 01:58:00,800
but not so brilliant that he 
could solve the mysteries in 

2327
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:03,200
himself. 
He asked the question that we 

2328
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:06,900
does wanted to ask and expressed
the amazement of viewers felt 

2329
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:10,400
when home's revealed his 
deductions Arthur stumbled upon 

2330
01:58:10,400 --> 01:58:13,200
something that would become one 
of the most enduring formulas in

2331
01:58:13,200 --> 01:58:16,300
all of literature. 
The brilliant detective, the 

2332
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:20,100
loyal companion, the baffling 
mystery, the careful 

2333
01:58:20,100 --> 01:58:22,600
investigation, The Logical 
solution. 

2334
01:58:22,600 --> 01:58:26,300
These elements were so perfectly
balanced that they created a 

2335
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:28,800
template that countless writers 
would follow for the next 

2336
01:58:28,800 --> 01:58:32,200
century and beyond. 
What's particularly remarkable 

2337
01:58:32,200 --> 01:58:34,800
is that Arthur didn't set out to
create a new genre. 

2338
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:38,200
He was merely attempting to 
craft entertaining stories that 

2339
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:41,100
would contribute to his 
financial stability, but in 

2340
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:44,800
creating homes, he attacked into
something fundamental about how 

2341
01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:48,700
human minds work and what kinds 
of stories satisfy us at the 

2342
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:51,100
deepest level. 
The impact was immediate and 

2343
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:54,200
Lasting other writers began 
creating their own detective 

2344
01:58:54,200 --> 01:58:58,000
characters, but they all 
followed the homes model. the 

2345
01:58:58,000 --> 01:59:00,500
genre that Arthur had 
accidentally invented became one

2346
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:03,800
of the most popular forms of 
fiction, spawning, thousands of 

2347
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:08,300
books, plays movies and 
television shows, here's where 

2348
01:59:08,300 --> 01:59:11,500
our story takes an ironic twist,
that would make Holmes himself 

2349
01:59:11,500 --> 01:59:16,100
smiled, wryly, Arthur Conan 
Doyle have been created the most

2350
01:59:16,100 --> 01:59:19,400
beloved detective in literary. 
History began to view his 

2351
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:21,400
Creation with something 
approaching horror. 

2352
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:24,300
It's like watching someone 
created a beautiful garden and 

2353
01:59:24,300 --> 01:59:26,700
then become frustrated when 
everyone wants to talk about the

2354
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:30,200
flowers instead of the 
vegetables you see Arthur had 

2355
01:59:30,200 --> 01:59:33,700
bigger Ambitions than writing 
detective stories, he fancied 

2356
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:35,400
himself, a serious literary 
author. 

2357
01:59:35,400 --> 01:59:38,200
The kind who would write 
important historical novels that

2358
01:59:38,200 --> 01:59:40,300
would be studied in universities
for Generations. 

2359
01:59:40,300 --> 01:59:44,800
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 
epic about medieval knights and 

2360
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:48,100
Noble calls causes stories, that
would Elevate the human spirit 

2361
01:59:48,100 --> 01:59:50,700
and earn him a place among the 
foremost literary Masters. 

2362
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:54,400
But every time he published a 
historical novel readers would 

2363
01:59:54,400 --> 01:59:58,200
politely applaud and then 
immediately asked When's the 

2364
01:59:58,200 --> 02:00:01,200
next home Story coming out, it 
was like being a chef who 

2365
02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:03,900
creates an elaborate 
seven-course meal, only to have 

2366
02:00:03,900 --> 02:00:07,200
everyone ignore the artistically
arranged vegetables and ask for 

2367
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:11,200
more of the simple bread rolls. 
The problem was that homes have 

2368
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:15,300
become phenomenally Successful 
by the 1890s Arthur was earning 

2369
02:00:15,300 --> 02:00:17,900
more money from his detective 
stories than he had ever dreamed

2370
02:00:17,900 --> 02:00:20,500
possible. 
The Strand magazine was paying 

2371
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:23,400
him handsomely for each new 
homes adventure and readers 

2372
02:00:23,400 --> 02:00:26,600
couldn't get enough of them 
however Arthur realized that 

2373
02:00:26,600 --> 02:00:28,500
success could also be a form of 
isolation. 

2374
02:00:28,500 --> 02:00:32,300
He began to feel like home was 
overshadowing everything else he

2375
02:00:32,300 --> 02:00:35,200
wanted to accomplish. 
People introduced him as the 

2376
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:38,700
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 
Not as the author of historical 

2377
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:42,000
novels about medieval England, 
Serious literary. 

2378
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:44,000
Work was being treated as a side
project. 

2379
02:00:44,000 --> 02:00:47,300
While his detective stories were
considered his main achievement 

2380
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:50,400
It was deeply frustrating for a 
man who had worked. 

2381
02:00:50,400 --> 02:00:53,100
So hard to establish himself as 
a serious writer. 

2382
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:57,600
In 1893 are made one of the most
shocking decisions in literary 

2383
02:00:57,600 --> 02:00:59,700
history. 
Bringing the situation to its 

2384
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:02,100
peak. 
He decided to kill off Sherlock 

2385
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:04,700
Holmes. 
He did not kill off Sherlock. 

2386
02:01:04,700 --> 02:01:08,900
Holmes gradually through old age
or in a subtle manner instead, 

2387
02:01:08,900 --> 02:01:13,400
did so dramatically in a story 
called the final problem, he 

2388
02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:15,800
sent home's tumbling over the 
right in before Falls and 

2389
02:01:15,800 --> 02:01:19,100
Switzerland locked in Mortal 
Combat with his arch, nemesis 

2390
02:01:19,100 --> 02:01:22,900
Professor Moriarty Arthur 
believed he was liberating 

2391
02:01:22,900 --> 02:01:26,100
himself from the detective, whom
he considered a burden. 

2392
02:01:26,100 --> 02:01:29,400
He imagined that with Holmes 
gone readers would finally pay 

2393
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:32,400
attention to his other work. 
He could write about historical 

2394
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:36,200
subjects Explore spiritual 
themes and create the kind of 

2395
02:01:36,200 --> 02:01:38,300
literature that would earn him 
lasting respect. 

2396
02:01:39,400 --> 02:01:42,000
That Arthur seriously 
underestimated how much people 

2397
02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:46,100
loved homes the reaction to the 
final problem was unlike 

2398
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:48,000
anything. 
The literary world had ever seen

2399
02:01:48,000 --> 02:01:52,700
readers were devastated. 
The Strand magazine, lost 20,000

2400
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:56,000
subscribers overnight. 
People wore black armbands in 

2401
02:01:56,000 --> 02:01:59,400
mourning, some readers wrote, 
Furious letters, accusing Arthur

2402
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:02,000
of literary murder. 
Others simply refused to believe

2403
02:02:02,000 --> 02:02:05,300
that Holmes was really dead. 
The outcry was so intense that 

2404
02:02:05,300 --> 02:02:08,600
it surprised even after he'd 
considered home's to be merely 

2405
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:12,700
another character in yet another
story but to readers Holmes had 

2406
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:16,300
evolved into something far more 
significant, he was a symbol of 

2407
02:02:16,308 --> 02:02:20,000
rational thought triumphing over
chaos and Justice, prevailing 

2408
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:23,100
over, evil of intelligence, 
solving problems, that seemed 

2409
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:26,400
impossible killing home's felt 
like killing hope itself. 

2410
02:02:26,400 --> 02:02:31,000
For 8 years after held firm, he 
continued writing his historical

2411
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:34,000
novels his spiritual 
exploration, and serious 

2412
02:02:34,000 --> 02:02:37,200
literary works. 
The ghost of homes, haunted 

2413
02:02:37,200 --> 02:02:39,800
everything. 
He did Rita's kept asking. 

2414
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:43,000
When the detective would return 
Publishers kept offering him 

2415
02:02:43,000 --> 02:02:46,100
enormous sums for new home 
stories and Arthur kept 

2416
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:48,200
insisting, that the character 
was dead and buried. 

2417
02:02:49,200 --> 02:02:54,100
Finally, in 1901, Arthur gave 
into the pressure, he wrote The 

2418
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:57,500
Hound of the Baskervilles, which
he positioned as a story from 

2419
02:02:57,500 --> 02:03:01,000
before Holmes's death, but 
readers weren't satisfied with a

2420
02:03:01,000 --> 02:03:03,100
prequel. 
They wanted their detective back

2421
02:03:03,100 --> 02:03:04,900
in the present, solving new 
Mysteries. 

2422
02:03:06,400 --> 02:03:09,400
The demand was so intense that 
Arthur eventually had to perform

2423
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:11,400
literary. 
Resurrection surgery, bringing 

2424
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:14,200
home's back to life in the 
adventure of the empty house in 

2425
02:03:14,200 --> 02:03:17,600
1903. 
Arthur's explanation for how 

2426
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:21,000
home survived the fall was in 
genius. but clearly written by 

2427
02:03:21,008 --> 02:03:23,700
someone who was trying to solve 
a problem, he'd never intended 

2428
02:03:23,700 --> 02:03:26,300
to create, Home had faked his 
death. 

2429
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:29,400
He explained living in hiding 
for three years while tracking 

2430
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:31,400
down the rest of Moriarty's 
organization. 

2431
02:03:31,400 --> 02:03:35,100
It was a clever solution that 
you could almost hear Arthur 

2432
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:37,900
sighing, as he wrote it. 
The whole episode reveals 

2433
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:40,800
something, fascinating about the
relationship between authors and

2434
02:03:40,800 --> 02:03:44,300
their Creations, Arthur had 
intended home's to be a 

2435
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:47,100
temporary character. 
A means to an end a way to pay 

2436
02:03:47,100 --> 02:03:49,400
the bills while he worked on 
more important projects. 

2437
02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:53,000
The great fictional characters 
have a way of taking on lives of

2438
02:03:53,000 --> 02:03:56,100
their own becoming more real to 
readers than the people who 

2439
02:03:56,100 --> 02:03:59,300
created them. 
For the remainder of his life. 

2440
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:02,600
Arthur continued to write home 
stories yet, he never fully 

2441
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:04,800
reconciled with the success of 
his creation. 

2442
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:08,600
He was proud of the detectives 
popularity, but he was also 

2443
02:04:08,600 --> 02:04:11,700
frustrated that his serious work
never received the same 

2444
02:04:11,700 --> 02:04:14,300
attention. 
It's one of literature's finest 

2445
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:16,900
ironies that the work Arthur 
considered his lesser 

2446
02:04:16,900 --> 02:04:19,100
achievement, turned out to be 
his greatest contribution to the

2447
02:04:19,100 --> 02:04:21,100
world. 
Now, let's dive into something 

2448
02:04:21,100 --> 02:04:23,700
that makes the home stories 
particularly fascinating. 

2449
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,200
The way Arthur woe real 
scientific Advance is into his 

2450
02:04:27,200 --> 02:04:30,300
fictional detective work. 
It's like watching someone build

2451
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:33,200
a bridge between the world of 
imagination in the world of 

2452
02:04:33,200 --> 02:04:35,900
scientific progress. 
Creating something that was both

2453
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:40,000
entertaining and educational. 
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 

2454
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:43,000
He was a trained physician who 
had studied the latest 

2455
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:47,000
scientific methods of his time 
when he created homes, he was 

2456
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:50,200
essentially asking the question.
What would crime solving look 

2457
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:51,600
like? 
If it were approached with the 

2458
02:04:51,600 --> 02:04:55,600
same scientific rigor, that was 
revolutionizing medicine and 

2459
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:59,100
other fields? 
consider homes as famous method 

2460
02:04:59,100 --> 02:05:02,300
of deducing, someone's entire 
life story from Tiny, physical 

2461
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:06,000
Clues, This approach wasn't just
literary fantasy. 

2462
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:09,600
It was based on real scientific 
principles that Arthur had 

2463
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:13,200
learned in medical school. 
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 

2464
02:05:13,200 --> 02:05:15,900
careful observation could reveal
incredible amounts of 

2465
02:05:15,900 --> 02:05:18,000
information about a person's 
life and habits. 

2466
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:21,700
Arthur took this concept and 
applied it to detective, work, 

2467
02:05:21,700 --> 02:05:24,700
creating a character who could 
read people like books. 

2468
02:05:25,400 --> 02:05:28,100
Holmes's use of fingerprints is 
particularly intriguing because 

2469
02:05:28,100 --> 02:05:29,800
Arthur was actually ahead of his
time. 

2470
02:05:29,800 --> 02:05:33,000
Police forces didn't widely use 
for printing until the early 

2471
02:05:33,000 --> 02:05:37,400
1900s despite the publication of
the first home story in 1887 

2472
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:40,800
Arthur, had read about the 
scientific work on fingerprints 

2473
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:42,800
and Incorporated it into his 
fiction. 

2474
02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:45,100
Before most real detectives at 
even heard of it. 

2475
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,200
In many ways, home's, was using 
forensic technique that wouldn't

2476
02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:51,900
become standard police procedure
for another decade or two. 

2477
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:55,900
The same was true for many other
scientific methods that home's 

2478
02:05:55,900 --> 02:05:58,900
employed, the analyzed 
handwriting studied different 

2479
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:02,300
types of tobacco Ash examined 
Footprints, with scientific 

2480
02:06:02,300 --> 02:06:05,900
precision and used chemical test
to detect bloodstains. 

2481
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:09,900
These work just clever plot 
devices, they were based on real

2482
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:13,000
scientific techniques that were 
being developed in Laboratories 

2483
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:16,000
around the world. 
Arthur was particularly 

2484
02:06:16,000 --> 02:06:19,900
fascinated by the emerging field
of Toxicology, the study of 

2485
02:06:19,908 --> 02:06:22,200
poisons and their effects on the
human body. 

2486
02:06:22,800 --> 02:06:25,900
Arthur's, medical background and
his interest in using science to

2487
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,900
solve crimes, evident in several
home stories, that feature 

2488
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:31,700
exotic poisons and their 
detection. 

2489
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:35,000
He understood that poison was 
often a weapon of choice for 

2490
02:06:35,000 --> 02:06:37,800
Cleaver criminals, because it 
was difficult to detect with the

2491
02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:40,100
crude methods of available to 
most police forces. 

2492
02:06:41,200 --> 02:06:44,700
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 
Baker Street was filled with the

2493
02:06:44,700 --> 02:06:47,400
kind of equipment that real 
scientists were using to make 

2494
02:06:47,400 --> 02:06:51,200
breakthrough discoveries. 
Any serious research facility of

2495
02:06:51,208 --> 02:06:53,500
the time would have contained 
the chemical operators 

2496
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:56,100
microscopes and reference books 
that are described. 

2497
02:06:56,900 --> 02:06:59,200
He was showing readers that 
scientific methods could be 

2498
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:00,900
applied to criminal 
investigation. 

2499
02:07:00,900 --> 02:07:04,200
Turning detective work from a 
matter of luck and intuition 

2500
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:08,300
into a systematic process. 
But arthas genius was in. 

2501
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:11,200
Making these scientific methods 
successful to ordinary readers. 

2502
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:14,600
He didn't bog down his stories 
with technical details or 

2503
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:16,700
lengthy explanations of 
scientific principles. 

2504
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:21,600
Instead, he showed homes using 
these methods in action solving 

2505
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:23,600
crimes through careful 
observation and logical 

2506
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:26,000
analysis. 
Rita's could follow the 

2507
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:29,100
detective's reasoning process 
without needing background in 

2508
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:32,600
chemistry or biology. 
This approach had an unexpected 

2509
02:07:32,600 --> 02:07:36,300
educational affect many readers 
learned about scientific methods

2510
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:39,300
through Holmes's stories often 
without realizing they were 

2511
02:07:39,308 --> 02:07:42,000
getting a science lesson, along 
with their entertainment. 

2512
02:07:43,000 --> 02:07:45,300
Stories helped popularize. 
The idea that rational 

2513
02:07:45,300 --> 02:07:49,000
scientific thinking could solve 
complex problems contributing to

2514
02:07:49,000 --> 02:07:51,400
the growing public respect for 
scientific methods. 

2515
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,600
The Victorian belief that human 
behavior, followed logical 

2516
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:56,500
patterns, that were 
understandable and predictable 

2517
02:07:56,500 --> 02:07:59,700
also influenced homes as 
approach to Crime solving. 

2518
02:08:00,500 --> 02:08:03,800
If you studied someone carefully
enough home suggested, you could

2519
02:08:03,800 --> 02:08:07,500
understand their motivation 
predict their actions and solve 

2520
02:08:07,500 --> 02:08:08,800
the puzzles. 
They created. 

2521
02:08:08,800 --> 02:08:11,900
This was a reassuring message 
for readers who were living 

2522
02:08:11,900 --> 02:08:14,500
through a period of Rapid social
change and uncertainty. 

2523
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:18,500
The scientific accuracy of homes
is methods, of course. 

2524
02:08:19,400 --> 02:08:21,800
Some of his deductions were 
based on solid observational 

2525
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:24,400
principles While others were 
more, fantastic. 

2526
02:08:25,300 --> 02:08:28,700
Was careful to ground, even his 
most dramatic Solutions in 

2527
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:32,000
plausible, scientific reasoning.
He wanted readers to believe 

2528
02:08:32,000 --> 02:08:35,100
that Holmes is methods could 
actually work even if they were 

2529
02:08:35,100 --> 02:08:37,200
sometimes exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

2530
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,000
What's particularly remarkable 
is how many of homes is 

2531
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:43,800
fictional forensic techniques. 
Eventually became standard 

2532
02:08:43,800 --> 02:08:47,500
police procedure Arthur's 
imagination frequently for Saul 

2533
02:08:47,500 --> 02:08:50,800
real, scientific advancements 
proposing, investigative 

2534
02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:53,800
techniques that would not gain 
widespread acceptance for years 

2535
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:57,300
or decades. 
In many ways, the home store is 

2536
02:08:57,300 --> 02:08:59,600
served as a kind of training 
manual for future detectives 

2537
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:02,400
showing them possibilities. 
They might not have considered 

2538
02:09:02,400 --> 02:09:05,100
otherwise. 
The scientific Foundation of 

2539
02:09:05,100 --> 02:09:07,100
homes is methods. 
Also helped to establish The 

2540
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:09,200
credibility of detective 
fiction, as a genre. 

2541
02:09:10,100 --> 02:09:11,900
These weren't just wild 
adventures stories. 

2542
02:09:11,900 --> 02:09:14,500
They were logical puzzles. 
That could be solved through 

2543
02:09:14,500 --> 02:09:17,500
careful reasoning. 
This intellectual respectability

2544
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:20,500
helped, Elevate crime, fiction 
from Mere Sensational 

2545
02:09:20,500 --> 02:09:23,200
entertainment, to a more 
sophisticated form of literature

2546
02:09:23,200 --> 02:09:26,400
as we reached the end of our 
cozy Journey Through the origins

2547
02:09:26,400 --> 02:09:28,700
of Sherlock Holmes. 
It's worth pondering. 

2548
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:32,000
Why this character has refused 
to stay buried in the Victorian 

2549
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:35,600
era where he was born. 
Like a particularly persistent 

2550
02:09:35,600 --> 02:09:39,300
ghost home has horned every 
generation since Arthur, first 

2551
02:09:39,300 --> 02:09:42,900
dreamed him up adapting to New 
Times while somehow remaining 

2552
02:09:42,900 --> 02:09:46,600
eternally himself. 
A remarkable thing about homes 

2553
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:49,100
is, how he's managed to 
transcend his original time and 

2554
02:09:49,100 --> 02:09:51,600
place. 
You can transplant him to modern

2555
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:52,100
day. 
London. 

2556
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,600
Give him a smartphone and access
to the internet and he still 

2557
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:57,000
fundamentally the same 
character. 

2558
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:01,600
His methods change, you might 
use DNA analysis instead of 

2559
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:05,100
tobacco, Ash identification, but
is essential, nature remains 

2560
02:10:05,100 --> 02:10:07,700
unchanged. 
He continues to be a brilliant 

2561
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:11,300
Outsider, who perceives what 
others Overlook a man capable of

2562
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:13,700
bringing order to chaos through 
sheer intellect. 

2563
02:10:14,700 --> 02:10:17,500
This adaptability suggests that 
Arthur tapped into something 

2564
02:10:17,500 --> 02:10:20,400
deeper than just Victorian 
anxieties about crime and urban 

2565
02:10:20,400 --> 02:10:22,600
life. 
He created a character who 

2566
02:10:22,600 --> 02:10:26,000
represents Timeless human 
desires, the wish to make sense 

2567
02:10:26,000 --> 02:10:29,000
of a confusing world. 
The hope that intelligence can 

2568
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:32,200
triumph over evil and the 
comfort of knowing that there's 

2569
02:10:32,200 --> 02:10:34,700
someone out there who can solve 
problems that seem impossible to

2570
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,600
the rest of us. 
Every generation has found its 

2571
02:10:37,600 --> 02:10:41,200
reasons to love homes. during 
the world wars, he represented 

2572
02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:43,800
British resilience and the 
Triumph of civilization over 

2573
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:48,300
barbarism in the 1960s, he 
became a Counter Culture hero. 

2574
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:51,500
The ultimate individualist who 
refused to conform to social 

2575
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:54,600
expectations in our current age 
of information overload. 

2576
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:57,600
He's the person who can cut 
through the noise and find the 

2577
02:10:57,608 --> 02:11:00,700
signal and can separate truth 
from the overwhelming flood of 

2578
02:11:00,708 --> 02:11:04,900
data that surrounds us. 
The stories themselves have 

2579
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:07,500
taken on a life that goes far 
beyond what Arthur ever 

2580
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:11,400
imagined. 
There are more than 25,000 home 

2581
02:11:11,400 --> 02:11:14,300
stories that have been written 
by other authors, creating a 

2582
02:11:14,300 --> 02:11:17,200
vast literary universe. 
That continues to expand more 

2583
02:11:17,200 --> 02:11:19,400
than a century after the 
characters creation. 

2584
02:11:20,400 --> 02:11:22,800
Holmes has appeared in every 
medium imaginable. 

2585
02:11:22,800 --> 02:11:27,900
Radio shows, television series 
movies, video games, and even 

2586
02:11:27,900 --> 02:11:32,000
virtual reality experiences. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

2587
02:11:32,000 --> 02:11:35,600
thing about homes is how his 
managed to become more real than

2588
02:11:35,600 --> 02:11:39,400
many, actual people you can 
visit 221B Baker Street in 

2589
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:42,400
London, where there's a museum 
dedicated to the fictional 

2590
02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:47,100
detective, the Royal Mail issues
stamps, featuring homes, The 

2591
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:50,000
British government has given him
an official address, there are 

2592
02:11:50,000 --> 02:11:52,500
societies around the world, 
dedicated to studying his 

2593
02:11:52,500 --> 02:11:55,400
methods, and analyzing his 
adventures as if they were 

2594
02:11:55,400 --> 02:11:58,300
historical documents. 
This blurring of the line 

2595
02:11:58,300 --> 02:12:00,700
between fiction and reality, 
would have amused off. 

2596
02:12:00,700 --> 02:12:02,800
Arthur you spent so much of his 
later life. 

2597
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,000
Trying to convince people that 
Holmes was just a character in 

2598
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:06,900
stories. 
He'd written. 

2599
02:12:08,500 --> 02:12:10,400
Publix insistence on treating 
homes. 

2600
02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:13,400
As a real person speaks to 
something profound about the 

2601
02:12:13,400 --> 02:12:16,700
power of outstanding, fictional 
characters to capture our 

2602
02:12:16,700 --> 02:12:19,900
imaginations and become part of 
our shared cultural reality. 

2603
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:24,400
The influence of homes on real 
world, detective work has been 

2604
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:27,100
enormous. 
Police departments around the 

2605
02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:30,800
world have adopted methods that 
homes used in fiction decades 

2606
02:12:30,800 --> 02:12:32,700
before they became standard 
practice. 

2607
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:37,000
The careful examination of crime
scenes, the scientific analysis 

2608
02:12:37,000 --> 02:12:40,400
of evidence, the cycle of 
profiling of suspects. 

2609
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:43,400
These techniques that seem 
obvious to us now were 

2610
02:12:43,400 --> 02:12:45,600
revolutionary when Arthur first 
wrote about them. 

2611
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:49,200
Holmes has also influenced how 
we think about problem solving 

2612
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:51,600
in general. 
Is method of careful 

2613
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:55,600
observation, logical deduction, 
and systematic analysis has been

2614
02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:59,400
applied to Fields, far beyond 
criminal investigation, Business

2615
02:12:59,400 --> 02:13:02,200
Leaders. 
Scientists and Educators have 

2616
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:04,700
all found ways to apply home 
from thinking to their 

2617
02:13:04,700 --> 02:13:07,900
challenges as you settle back 
into your comfortable, chair, 

2618
02:13:07,900 --> 02:13:10,000
and perhaps, Close Your Eyes For
a Moment. 

2619
02:13:10,008 --> 02:13:14,500
Consider this Somewhere in the 
world right now, someone is 

2620
02:13:14,500 --> 02:13:18,200
discovering Sherlock Holmes for 
the first time their experience 

2621
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:22,000
in that same sense of wonder 
that readers fell more than a 

2622
02:13:22,000 --> 02:13:24,000
century ago. 
When they first encountered the 

2623
02:13:24,000 --> 02:13:28,200
tall thin detective with his 
piercing eyes and incredible 

2624
02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:32,000
deductive abilities The 
character that Arthur Conan 

2625
02:13:32,000 --> 02:13:35,300
Doyle created in frustration, 
developed with reluctance and 

2626
02:13:35,300 --> 02:13:38,200
tried to kill off in 
exasperation has become one of 

2627
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:40,500
the most enduring figures in all
of literature. 

2628
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:44,200
Holmes represents our Eternal. 
Hope that reason can triumph 

2629
02:13:44,200 --> 02:13:47,100
over chaos that careful 
observation can reveal Hidden 

2630
02:13:47,100 --> 02:13:49,100
Truths. 
And that there's always a 

2631
02:13:49,108 --> 02:13:53,300
logical solution to even the 
most baffling mystery. in a 

2632
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:56,600
world that often seems random 
and senseless homes offers, the 

2633
02:13:56,600 --> 02:13:59,000
comforting assurance, that 
everything makes sense, if you 

2634
02:13:59,000 --> 02:14:01,900
just know how to look at it 
properly, He's the friend. 

2635
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:05,300
We all wish we had the mind. 
We all wish we possessed. 

2636
02:14:05,300 --> 02:14:08,000
And the reassurance, we all need
that somewhere out there. 

2637
02:14:08,000 --> 02:14:11,300
Someone is smart enough to solve
the problems that baffle the 

2638
02:14:11,300 --> 02:14:16,700
rest of us. 
Thomas Jefferson was born on 

2639
02:14:16,700 --> 02:14:21,400
April, the 13th 1743 at Shadwell
a plantation in the Virginia. 

2640
02:14:21,400 --> 02:14:25,100
Piedmont, his father. 
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 

2641
02:14:25,100 --> 02:14:27,800
and landowner renowned for 
physical strength and an 

2642
02:14:27,800 --> 02:14:31,700
adventurous Spirit, his mother 
Jane Randolph came from a 

2643
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:35,100
prominent family growing up amid
Rolling Hills and dense. 

2644
02:14:35,100 --> 02:14:38,900
Forests young Thomas embrace the
frontier ethos even as he 

2645
02:14:38,900 --> 02:14:41,200
absorbed the Gentile, 
expectations of the colonial 

2646
02:14:41,200 --> 02:14:43,900
Gentry. 
Delighted and for horseback 

2647
02:14:43,900 --> 02:14:47,200
rides, the hush of Mountain 
Trails and the hum of 

2648
02:14:47,200 --> 02:14:49,500
intellectual debate. 
Courtesy of visiting tutors. 

2649
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:54,000
By the 1750s, Virginia's 
plantation economy thrived on 

2650
02:14:54,000 --> 02:14:57,100
Tobacco cultivation. 
With an enslaved, Workforce 

2651
02:14:57,100 --> 02:15:00,600
forming its backbone, Peter 
Jefferson owned enslaved, 

2652
02:15:00,600 --> 02:15:03,800
laborers, and Thomas, grew up. 
Witnessing the institutions, 

2653
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:06,300
daily operations, and uneasy 
inheritance. 

2654
02:15:06,300 --> 02:15:09,800
That would later spark internal 
conflict in his adult years but 

2655
02:15:09,800 --> 02:15:12,600
as a child he balanced field 
observations with classical 

2656
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:15,200
studies. 
His father died when Thomas was 

2657
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:19,600
14 leaving him, a sizable estate
but all the burden of paternal 

2658
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:23,600
absence this responsibility 
shaped him and stilling a drive 

2659
02:15:23,600 --> 02:15:25,800
for self-reliance and scholarly 
achievement. 

2660
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:30,100
Around age 17, jeffson enrolled 
at the College of William and 

2661
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:33,400
Mary in Williamsburg, he 
immersed himself in philosophy 

2662
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:36,600
mathematics and the law. 
Studying under influential 

2663
02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:40,000
mentors like George wives late 
night reading session at the 

2664
02:15:40,008 --> 02:15:43,200
Royal Governors Palace Library 
fostered, his fascination with 

2665
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:46,600
Enlightenment thinkers, John 
Locke, Montesquieu and others 

2666
02:15:46,600 --> 02:15:49,700
their calls for reason, over 
tradition, resonated with 

2667
02:15:49,700 --> 02:15:53,800
Jefferson who scouted texts on 
government science and ethics. 

2668
02:15:53,800 --> 02:15:58,100
He also cultivated his violin 
skills, joining small, music, 

2669
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:00,600
Gatherings that balance his 
rigorous academic schedule. 

2670
02:16:01,500 --> 02:16:04,800
After concluding his college 
Years, Jefferson read law with 

2671
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:07,900
Wythe forging. 
A bond that melded legal rigor 

2672
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:11,400
with ethical inquiry. 
This training hammered him. 

2673
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:14,300
The notion that laws must be 
grounded in rational principles.

2674
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:18,800
Not arbitrary. 
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track

2675
02:16:18,800 --> 02:16:21,500
of tensions Brewing between the 
colonies and Britain. 

2676
02:16:22,300 --> 02:16:25,200
Attending assemblies where 
Taxation and representation of 

2677
02:16:25,200 --> 02:16:29,000
Royal the Gentry, even then 
Jefferson's reflective nature. 

2678
02:16:29,000 --> 02:16:32,400
Showed he was not the most 
boisterous voice, but his 

2679
02:16:32,400 --> 02:16:35,299
private letters revealed a keen 
sense of Injustice at 

2680
02:16:35,299 --> 02:16:39,600
parliament's intrusions by 1767.
He began practicing law. 

2681
02:16:39,600 --> 02:16:43,200
After being admitted to the bar,
he frequently represented small 

2682
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:46,200
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

2683
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:49,500
in customs and forcement 
observers noted his calm 

2684
02:16:49,500 --> 02:16:52,100
demeanor. 
The Killers arguments and 

2685
02:16:52,100 --> 02:16:55,600
persuasive writing. 
He built a reputation as a 

2686
02:16:55,600 --> 02:16:58,299
reliable Advocate who valued 
Clarity over theatrics. 

2687
02:16:59,100 --> 02:17:02,799
That skill set would soon extend
to political life as Colonial 

2688
02:17:02,799 --> 02:17:05,900
unrest over the Stamp Act and 
Townsend duties escalated. 

2689
02:17:06,799 --> 02:17:10,400
Parallel to his legal career, 
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion

2690
02:17:10,400 --> 02:17:13,799
of Monticello his future 
architectural, Masterpiece 

2691
02:17:13,799 --> 02:17:16,400
perched, on a hill near 
Shadwell, he had begun to 

2692
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:19,600
designing the house in his early
twenties reference in paladian, 

2693
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:23,100
Stylez, gleaned from books. 
The properties Vantage offered 

2694
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,600
sweeping views symbolizing for 
Jefferson, both intellectual 

2695
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:29,100
curiosity and the potential of 
the new world. 

2696
02:17:30,000 --> 02:17:32,400
He adored the notion of 
designing living spaces with 

2697
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:36,500
geometric, Harmony installing 
hidden staircases symmetrical 

2698
02:17:36,500 --> 02:17:40,799
wings and carefully proportioned
rooms. want to cello is not just

2699
02:17:40,799 --> 02:17:44,400
a home, but a living laboratory 
for architecture, Horticulture 

2700
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:48,900
and personal reflection 
Reflection. 

2701
02:17:49,900 --> 02:17:53,700
In 1769, he won a seat in the 
Virginia House of Burgesses 

2702
02:17:53,700 --> 02:17:56,500
marking his formal entry into 
public affairs. 

2703
02:17:56,500 --> 02:18:00,400
He arrived in a tense climate 
radical voices called for 

2704
02:18:00,400 --> 02:18:03,600
boycotts of British goods 
Jefferson though quietly spoken 

2705
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:09,100
sided with the emerging Patriots
over each though initially 

2706
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:12,600
Mildred in tone over time, his 
pain would sharpen as London 

2707
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:16,400
DoubleDown on the colonial 
Authority around this era, he 

2708
02:18:16,400 --> 02:18:20,200
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,
a young Widow, famed for musical

2709
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,600
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

2710
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:27,799
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

2711
02:18:27,799 --> 02:18:30,600
personal life. 
She joined him at Monticello, 

2712
02:18:30,600 --> 02:18:34,200
oh, her health was fragile. 
They spent tranquil moments, 

2713
02:18:34,200 --> 02:18:37,000
reading or playing Duets 
Jefferson on violin. 

2714
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:41,900
Martha on hops, Accord. 
Their bond was 10 over shadowed 

2715
02:18:41,900 --> 02:18:43,600
by the mortality rates of the 
period. 

2716
02:18:44,299 --> 02:18:47,700
Over their decade together. 
Martha bought children but only 

2717
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:51,000
two daughters survived to 
adulthood her eventual passing 

2718
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:52,700
left. 
Jefferson in deep mourning and 

2719
02:18:52,700 --> 02:18:55,000
likely influenced his future 
emotional Reserve. 

2720
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:58,900
Early in the 17th century. 
Jefferson found himself on the 

2721
02:18:58,907 --> 02:19:02,799
brink of a more significant, 
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 

2722
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:05,200
Party erupted. 
The British closed, the port of 

2723
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:08,299
Boston and the call for 
intercolonial Unity, grew louder

2724
02:19:08,299 --> 02:19:12,000
Jefferson's Penn influenced by 
his legal background, and 

2725
02:19:12,000 --> 02:19:15,100
Enlightenment convictions would 
soon craft arguments that 

2726
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:19,900
soared, Beyond local assemblies.
Fate was guiding him toward the 

2727
02:19:19,900 --> 02:19:22,600
epicenter of revolutionary 
debate where he had become a 

2728
02:19:22,608 --> 02:19:25,600
pivotal voice championing 
Independents and articulating. 

2729
02:19:25,600 --> 02:19:28,100
A new model of governance for 
now though. 

2730
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:31,700
He was a rising Virginia, 
notable poised methodical and 

2731
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:34,700
quietly determined with 
Monticello as both sanctuary and

2732
02:19:34,708 --> 02:19:38,500
symbol of evolving ideals 
Jeffers, political instincts, 

2733
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:41,900
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

2734
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:45,900
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

2735
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:50,300
rights of British America. 
Pamphlet, addressing colonial 

2736
02:19:50,300 --> 02:19:53,100
grievances. 
Though less famous than later 

2737
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:54,600
texts. 
It signaled. 

2738
02:19:54,600 --> 02:19:58,000
A decisive shift arguing. 
That Parliament had no authority

2739
02:19:58,000 --> 02:20:00,000
to govern the colonies without 
their consent. 

2740
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:03,900
This stance radical for its time
circulated. 

2741
02:20:03,900 --> 02:20:07,100
Widely some older Patriots, 
found at Brash, but for 

2742
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:09,700
Jefferson it was a matter of 
logical extension. 

2743
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:13,700
If reason and natural rights 
were Universal, British claims 

2744
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:17,800
to Dominion flouted moral law, 
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 

2745
02:20:17,800 --> 02:20:21,800
talents sending him in 1774 to 
the second continental congress 

2746
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:25,000
in Philadelphia the environment 
crackled with possibility 

2747
02:20:25,000 --> 02:20:28,700
delegates from 13 colonies 
debated whether to petition the 

2748
02:20:28,700 --> 02:20:32,000
crown or brace for Independence,
Jefferson stoic, Presence 

2749
02:20:32,000 --> 02:20:35,600
overshadowed by the fiery 
rhetoric of John Adams, or the 

2750
02:20:35,608 --> 02:20:38,900
gravitas of Benjamin Franklin, 
masked his deep conviction. 

2751
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,800
He served on committees drafting
formal statements, the 

2752
02:20:42,800 --> 02:20:45,200
skirmishes around Lexington and 
Concord flared into the 

2753
02:20:45,200 --> 02:20:47,500
Revolutionary War. 
The push for full Independence 

2754
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:52,900
intensified In June 1776, the 
Congress of pointed a five-man 

2755
02:20:52,900 --> 02:20:54,700
committee to draft a declaration
asserting. 

2756
02:20:54,700 --> 02:20:58,000
The colonies break from Britain 
despite his relative youth 

2757
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,400
Jefferson was chosen with atoms.
And frankly, in among the 

2758
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:05,600
others, they recognize his gift 
for articulate Pros, honed by 

2759
02:21:05,608 --> 02:21:09,100
years of reading and lighting 
and treaters as hold up in a 

2760
02:21:09,100 --> 02:21:12,200
second floor, apartment 
Jefferson wrote feverishly for 

2761
02:21:12,200 --> 02:21:14,900
two weeks. 
He produced a text that merged 

2762
02:21:14,900 --> 02:21:18,300
locking and philosophy with a 
distinctly American context, 

2763
02:21:18,300 --> 02:21:22,200
championing life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. 

2764
02:21:23,300 --> 02:21:26,200
The phrase soared Beyond local 
grievances to a universal 

2765
02:21:26,200 --> 02:21:29,800
principle of individual rights. 
Adams and Franklin made slight 

2766
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:33,800
edits and the Congress after 
heated debate adopted a final 

2767
02:21:33,800 --> 02:21:37,900
version on July 4th, 1776. 
Thus Jefferson's words became 

2768
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:40,900
the Bedrock statement of a 
nascent Nation though, the final

2769
02:21:40,900 --> 02:21:43,400
text moderated some of his 
vehement attacks on slavery. 

2770
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:47,800
speaking of slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

2771
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:51,300
even then, He condemned the 
slave trade in an early draft of

2772
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:54,700
the Declaration that passage was
cut under pressure from Southern

2773
02:21:54,700 --> 02:21:57,200
delegates. 
Personally owned in slaved 

2774
02:21:57,200 --> 02:22:00,800
individuals, at Monticello over 
time, he penned theoretical 

2775
02:22:00,800 --> 02:22:04,400
critiques of slavery as morally.
Corrosive Yeti never 

2776
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:08,300
comprehensively freed his own, 
this Paradox rarely resolved 

2777
02:22:08,300 --> 02:22:12,000
would haunt his legacy. 
Despite disclaiming the system 

2778
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:15,500
as an abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

2779
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:18,300
Ran ran deep. 
Following the declaration's 

2780
02:22:18,300 --> 02:22:21,400
adoption Jefferson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

2781
02:22:21,400 --> 02:22:25,500
State's new Constitution, and 
overhaul its legal codes, the 

2782
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:27,600
champion disestablishment of the
Anglican Church. 

2783
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:30,500
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

2784
02:22:30,500 --> 02:22:33,400
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

2785
02:22:33,400 --> 02:22:35,400
concentrated wealth, and certain
families. 

2786
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:39,400
Such measures including the 
Statute for Religious Freedom 

2787
02:22:39,400 --> 02:22:42,300
would become pillars of 
Jefferson's vision of a 

2788
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:45,200
republican Society, a place 
where personal conscience 

2789
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:47,700
reigned and inherited privileged
dwindled. 

2790
02:22:48,400 --> 02:22:51,400
Yet implementing them stirred, 
resistance from tradition-bound 

2791
02:22:51,400 --> 02:22:55,200
legislators during the war, 
Jefferson served as Virginia's. 

2792
02:22:55,200 --> 02:23:00,600
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 
Tenya overshadowed by British 

2793
02:23:00,600 --> 02:23:04,500
invasions The conflict tested 
him in ways that writing never 

2794
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:07,000
had. 
He faced logistical, chaos, 

2795
02:23:07,000 --> 02:23:11,200
troop shortages, Mega supplies, 
and loyalists uprisings. 

2796
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:15,300
British forces under Benedict, 
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 

2797
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:16,800
capturing Jefferson at 
Monticello. 

2798
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:20,800
Critics of his governorship 
circulated branding him in 

2799
02:23:20,800 --> 02:23:22,400
effective or hesitant Under 
Pressure. 

2800
02:23:22,400 --> 02:23:26,700
This damage to his reputation, 
but the walls chaos left no easy

2801
02:23:26,700 --> 02:23:31,100
solutions for any leader. 
In 1781 after stepping down, 

2802
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:34,100
Jefferson retreated to 
Monticello battered in spirit. 

2803
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:37,800
Personal realm also dealt in 
blows heartbreak. 

2804
02:23:37,800 --> 02:23:40,200
At the death of his wife Martha 
in 1782. 

2805
02:23:40,200 --> 02:23:44,000
She had endured multiple 
difficult pregnancies and her 

2806
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:45,800
final days. 
Saw Jefferson nearly 

2807
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:49,500
inconsolable, her deathbed 
request, that he not remarried. 

2808
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:52,800
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 
He burned their correspondence. 

2809
02:23:52,800 --> 02:23:55,900
An acting deep grief, and a 
desire for privacy. 

2810
02:23:55,900 --> 02:23:59,300
The father of two surviving 
daughters, he turned inward 

2811
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:03,100
focusing on writing notes, on 
the state of Virginia, a 

2812
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:05,700
comprehensive, look at his 
regions geography, economy and 

2813
02:24:05,700 --> 02:24:09,100
Moors sprinkled with 
philosophical musings that text 

2814
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:12,700
published years, later revealed,
both his intellectual scope, the

2815
02:24:12,700 --> 02:24:15,300
racial theories that many modern
readers find troubling. 

2816
02:24:16,200 --> 02:24:20,900
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 
felt the weight of personal loss

2817
02:24:20,900 --> 02:24:22,900
and the uncertainties of the new
Confederation. 

2818
02:24:23,700 --> 02:24:25,500
He took a seat in the 
Continental Congress. 

2819
02:24:25,500 --> 02:24:28,300
Forging ahead with legislative 
tasks. 

2820
02:24:29,100 --> 02:24:31,700
The faint outlines of a more 
stable federal government were 

2821
02:24:31,700 --> 02:24:36,300
forming and so we see Jefferson 
father of the Declaration parted

2822
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:40,100
from his wife and certain about 
the new nation's trajectory that

2823
02:24:40,100 --> 02:24:42,400
steadfast in pursuit of Reason, 
by governments. 

2824
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:46,200
His next chapter, beckoned a 
diplomatic role in Europe, 

2825
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:48,400
giving him advantage on global 
politics. 

2826
02:24:48,400 --> 02:24:50,600
That would shape his future, as 
Secretary of State and 

2827
02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:55,600
eventually president. 
For now, though he was a man in 

2828
02:24:55,600 --> 02:24:58,200
flux bridging, heartbreak, 
revolutionary ideals. 

2829
02:24:58,200 --> 02:25:01,600
And the complexities of forging 
a stable Republic from scratch. 

2830
02:25:02,300 --> 02:25:05,900
In 1784 Congress appointed 
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 

2831
02:25:05,900 --> 02:25:08,600
to France. 
Succeeding Benjamin Franklin in 

2832
02:25:08,600 --> 02:25:10,800
representing the fledgling. 
United States abroad. 

2833
02:25:11,600 --> 02:25:15,000
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 
found the city teeming with 

2834
02:25:15,000 --> 02:25:19,200
Enlightenment further, 
intellectual salons, Noble, 

2835
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:22,700
flamboyance, despite missing 
Monticello's quiet Hills. 

2836
02:25:22,700 --> 02:25:25,700
He savored the chance to 
cultivate ties with European 

2837
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:27,400
thinkers and push for commercial
treaties. 

2838
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,700
Beneficial to the US. 
He immersed himself in French 

2839
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:33,500
culture, tending theater, 
frequenting scientific 

2840
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:36,600
demonstrations and forging 
friendships with luminaries like

2841
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:40,900
the Marquee de Lafayette. 
This diplomatic post sharp and 

2842
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,000
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 
He observed how Europe's 

2843
02:25:44,000 --> 02:25:47,900
monarchical structures, stifled 
personal freedoms reinforcing 

2844
02:25:47,900 --> 02:25:50,900
his belief that the American 
Express experiment in Republican

2845
02:25:50,900 --> 02:25:52,500
governance was unique 
impressions. 

2846
02:25:53,300 --> 02:25:56,200
At the same time, he recognized 
that Europe's manufacturing, 

2847
02:25:56,200 --> 02:26:00,100
base dwarfed, that of the US. 
He lobbied European states to 

2848
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,400
accept American exports, 
specially tobacco and Timba, 

2849
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:06,300
hoping to reduce Reliance on 
British Markets. 

2850
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:10,500
Negotiations proved slow but 
Jefferson's calm intellect 

2851
02:26:10,500 --> 02:26:11,700
helped. 
Cultivate Goodwill. 

2852
02:26:12,500 --> 02:26:16,400
While in Paris Jefferson also 
served as a cultural conduit, he

2853
02:26:16,400 --> 02:26:19,200
introduced French Elites to 
American plants and produce 

2854
02:26:19,200 --> 02:26:23,100
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 
pecan trees in return. 

2855
02:26:23,100 --> 02:26:27,200
He noted French architecture and
engineering particularly the 

2856
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:29,100
building of canals and 
mechanisms. 

2857
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:32,400
Flour Mills letters, home 
brimmed with ideas for 

2858
02:26:32,400 --> 02:26:34,900
implementing such Innovations in
the new United States 

2859
02:26:34,900 --> 02:26:38,500
reflecting, his unwavering 
desire to see his homeland 

2860
02:26:38,500 --> 02:26:41,200
flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

2861
02:26:41,200 --> 02:26:44,200
politics swirling. 
In France though, few predicted 

2862
02:26:44,200 --> 02:26:47,300
how rapidly the monarchy would 
topple in the coming years, on a

2863
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:50,400
personal note, Jefferson's time 
in France was laced with 

2864
02:26:50,400 --> 02:26:53,900
paternal obligations. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

2865
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,200
later. 
Joined by young daughter Polly 

2866
02:26:56,200 --> 02:27:00,200
to ensure they had a European 
education. he also maintained a 

2867
02:27:00,200 --> 02:27:02,800
retinue that included enslaved 
individuals from Monticello 

2868
02:27:02,800 --> 02:27:07,500
including Sally, Hemmings whose 
presents stirred controversies 

2869
02:27:07,500 --> 02:27:10,700
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries, Historians

2870
02:27:10,700 --> 02:27:13,800
debate, the specifics of their 
relationship, but many conclude 

2871
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:16,100
that she bought children. 
Father, father by Jefferson 

2872
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:19,700
while details remain partly 
opaque the power in Balance 

2873
02:27:19,708 --> 02:27:21,500
under schools. 
The moral complexity is 

2874
02:27:21,508 --> 02:27:23,500
overshadowing his public 
championing of Liberty. 

2875
02:27:24,500 --> 02:27:27,400
In 1789 was the French 
Revolution, erupted? 

2876
02:27:27,400 --> 02:27:30,600
Jefferson initially celebrated 
the wave of Reform. 

2877
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:33,300
He saw parallels, with 
America's, recent independent 

2878
02:27:33,300 --> 02:27:37,000
struggle, welcoming calls to 
curb aristocratic privilege. 

2879
02:27:37,000 --> 02:27:40,700
Yet, the revolution's escalation
when moderate hopes gave way to 

2880
02:27:40,708 --> 02:27:44,600
the reign of terror alarmed him.
Before that radical shift. 

2881
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:49,000
He had already departed, France.
recalled to serve as the first 

2882
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:51,600
Secretary of State under 
President George Washington in 

2883
02:27:51,600 --> 02:27:56,800
1790 His Paris Soldier and ended
with a mixed of admiration, for 

2884
02:27:56,800 --> 02:27:59,900
French and Enlightenment and 
unease at the extremes, their 

2885
02:27:59,900 --> 02:28:03,000
Revolution might unleash. 
Returning to the US Jeff's. 

2886
02:28:03,000 --> 02:28:05,400
Jefferson joined Washington's 
cabinet tasked with shaping 

2887
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,900
foreign policy, this role put 
him at odds with treasury 

2888
02:28:08,900 --> 02:28:11,900
secretary Alexander Hamilton who
championed a strong federal 

2889
02:28:11,900 --> 02:28:13,400
government and close ties with 
Britain. 

2890
02:28:14,100 --> 02:28:17,900
Jefferson conversely favored, 
robust State autonomy and warmer

2891
02:28:17,900 --> 02:28:20,900
relations with France, their 
clashes of the birth of 

2892
02:28:20,900 --> 02:28:24,900
America's first party system. 
The Federalists led by Hamilton 

2893
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:29,500
advocated centralization while 
the Democratic Republicans, led 

2894
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:33,300
by Jefferson pushed for a Greer 
in democracy and suspicion, of 

2895
02:28:33,300 --> 02:28:36,900
concentrated Federal power. 
During this cabinet period. 

2896
02:28:36,900 --> 02:28:41,300
Jefferson navigated multiple 
crises tensions with Britain. 

2897
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:44,300
Over Frontier, forts uncertain 
alliances with 

2898
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:47,600
post-revolutionary, France and 
domestic Strife like the Whiskey

2899
02:28:47,600 --> 02:28:50,300
Rebellion. 
A championed free trade and a 

2900
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:52,900
minimal Navy. 
Resisting Hamilton's push for a 

2901
02:28:52,900 --> 02:28:55,500
standing army. 
Deep philosophical differences, 

2902
02:28:55,500 --> 02:28:58,500
turned personal, prompting 
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 

2903
02:28:58,500 --> 02:29:01,300
in 1793 soon. 
He built a political Network 

2904
02:29:01,300 --> 02:29:04,200
harnessing sympathetic 
newspapers to shape public 

2905
02:29:04,200 --> 02:29:06,300
opinion. 
This Dynamic signaled, the 

2906
02:29:06,308 --> 02:29:09,400
future of American politics, 
where partisan alignments would 

2907
02:29:09,400 --> 02:29:14,400
drive policy discourse. 
By 1796 the Schism was public 

2908
02:29:14,400 --> 02:29:17,700
Jefferson found himself running 
for president against John 

2909
02:29:17,700 --> 02:29:20,600
Adams, though. 
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 

2910
02:29:20,608 --> 02:29:22,300
narrowly and became Adams's 
vice. 

2911
02:29:22,300 --> 02:29:24,800
President, a job lacking much 
real power. 

2912
02:29:25,800 --> 02:29:28,700
From the Senate's, Vantage 
Jefferson observed Adams as 

2913
02:29:28,700 --> 02:29:31,400
president C in acting laws like 
the Alien and Sedition Acts 

2914
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:33,500
which Jefferson deemed 
Chronicle. 

2915
02:29:33,500 --> 02:29:36,900
Furious covertly authored the 
Kentucky, resolution's 

2916
02:29:36,900 --> 02:29:39,600
suggesting States could nullify 
unconstitutional. 

2917
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,700
Federal statutes the movie 
introduced a heated debate, over

2918
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:47,700
federal state relations critics,
labeled its subversive, but 

2919
02:29:47,700 --> 02:29:51,800
Jefferson saw it as safeguarding
the Spirit of 76, thus by the 

2920
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:55,600
cusp of the 1800 election. 
Jefferson embodied a republican 

2921
02:29:55,600 --> 02:29:59,500
Champion for agrarian liberties.
Suspicious of federalist 

2922
02:29:59,500 --> 02:30:02,400
centralization. 
Yet, he also carried personal 

2923
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:05,300
baggage from his enslaver 
background and the complexities 

2924
02:30:05,300 --> 02:30:08,600
of his private life. 
The stage was set for a pivotal 

2925
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:11,900
showdown in US politics with the
country's future Direction at 

2926
02:30:11,900 --> 02:30:15,500
stake in a swirl of partisan 
editorials and backroom deals. 

2927
02:30:15,500 --> 02:30:18,500
The election would test whether 
the fledging Republic, could 

2928
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:22,400
survive a peaceful transition of
power or devolve into rancor. 

2929
02:30:23,300 --> 02:30:25,400
Jefferson's calm. 
But determined approach. 

2930
02:30:25,400 --> 02:30:28,200
Once again, pressed him into a 
central role, bridging 

2931
02:30:28,200 --> 02:30:31,400
Enlightenment ideals and the 
gritty realities of partisan 

2932
02:30:31,400 --> 02:30:34,400
brawls. 
The election of 1800 brought 

2933
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:37,000
turmoil. 
John Adams, sought re-election, 

2934
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:40,800
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 
and Jefferson's Democratic 

2935
02:30:40,800 --> 02:30:42,600
Republicans Consolidated around 
him. 

2936
02:30:42,600 --> 02:30:46,500
The campaign was vitriolic 
filled with accusations, 

2937
02:30:46,500 --> 02:30:49,400
Federalists called Jefferson and
atheist. 

2938
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:53,100
Radical Republicans branded 
Adams a monarchist. 

2939
02:30:53,800 --> 02:30:57,500
In an era before direct popular 
ballots electors, cast votes for

2940
02:30:57,500 --> 02:31:01,400
President and Vice President. 
In a complicated procedure, a 

2941
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:04,100
tire emerged between Jefferson 
and his running, mate, Aaron 

2942
02:31:04,100 --> 02:31:07,900
Burr each receiving, the same 
number of electoral votes, the 

2943
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:11,000
House of Representatives 
controlled by Federalists had to

2944
02:31:11,000 --> 02:31:14,200
break the tie. 
Days of tense, balloting ensued,

2945
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:17,000
ultimately with Hamilton's 
reluctant nod. 

2946
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:21,000
Jefferson triumphed, your deal 
spurred the 12th Amendment. 

2947
02:31:21,700 --> 02:31:25,000
Ensuring future presidential and
vice presidential candidates had

2948
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:27,700
distinct ballots. 
The pursuit. 

2949
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:32,100
Thus Jefferson assume of the 
presidency in 1801. 

2950
02:31:32,100 --> 02:31:35,600
His inaugural address famously 
extolled Unity. 

2951
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:38,500
We are all Republicans. 
We are all Federalists. 

2952
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:41,100
Signifying. 
A desire to heal partisan 

2953
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:43,300
wounds. 
He scaled back, certain 

2954
02:31:43,300 --> 02:31:46,900
Federalist measures cutting the 
Army, budget, abolishing some 

2955
02:31:46,900 --> 02:31:49,900
taxes, and releasing those 
imprisoned, under the Sedition 

2956
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:52,300
Act. 
Aimed for a wise and Frugal 

2957
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,400
government believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

2958
02:31:55,400 --> 02:31:58,200
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

2959
02:31:59,000 --> 02:32:02,100
This pastoral Vision resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

2960
02:32:02,100 --> 02:32:03,800
saw the new president as their 
champion. 

2961
02:32:04,700 --> 02:32:07,500
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

2962
02:32:07,500 --> 02:32:13,100
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars unexpectedly, offered to 

2963
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:15,300
sell France's vast North 
American Holdings. 

2964
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:20,200
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 
Constitution provided no 

2965
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:22,600
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude. 

2966
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:26,800
Here the chance to double the 
nation's territory overshadowed,

2967
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:30,200
strict constitutional Scruples, 
for 15 million dollars. 

2968
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:33,300
The US acquired a domain 
stretching from the Mississippi 

2969
02:32:33,300 --> 02:32:37,000
River to the Rocky Mountains. 
This bold stroke ensured control

2970
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:40,200
of the Mississippi's, crucial 
Port of New Orleans and opened a

2971
02:32:40,200 --> 02:32:43,600
frontier for expansion. 
Westerners rejoiced but 

2972
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:46,900
Federalists borked claiming it 
diluted the eastern states 

2973
02:32:46,900 --> 02:32:49,800
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded, 

2974
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:53,400
blending principle with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

2975
02:32:53,400 --> 02:32:55,600
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

2976
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:59,000
The Lewis and Clark expedition 
Merryweather Lewis is former 

2977
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:02,300
secretary and William Clark, led
a team from the Missouri River 

2978
02:33:02,300 --> 02:33:07,000
to the Pacific coast, their 1804
to 1806 Journey map to Roots 

2979
02:33:07,000 --> 02:33:11,100
documented flora and fauna and 
engaged with indigenous Nations.

2980
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:15,500
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 
findings seeing it as a 

2981
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:19,400
scientific Quest paralleling his
Enlightenment ideals, the 

2982
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:22,600
Expedition successful national 
pride and curiosity about the 

2983
02:33:22,600 --> 02:33:26,000
continents, vast potential. 
Yet it also signified new 

2984
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:28,900
tensions with tribal communities
as more settle as pressed. 

2985
02:33:28,900 --> 02:33:31,900
Westwood, domestically, 
Jefferson face to control 

2986
02:33:31,900 --> 02:33:34,700
services, he disliked the 
existence of the bank of the 

2987
02:33:34,708 --> 02:33:36,800
United States. 
But tolerated, it, when 

2988
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:41,100
expedient, he slashed Federal 
budgets forcing in the Navy to 

2989
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:44,500
protest, that the nation's seed 
defenses weakened, furthermore, 

2990
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:48,500
the issue of slavery, persisted 
Jefferson's personal writings 

2991
02:33:48,500 --> 02:33:51,000
described it as a moral and 
political Hazard. 

2992
02:33:51,000 --> 02:33:54,400
Yet he neither freed most of his
own enslaved individuals, nor 

2993
02:33:54,400 --> 02:33:59,000
championed Federal abolition 
Indeed, the 1807 law Banning the

2994
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:01,600
importation of enslaved. 
Africans was a partial measure, 

2995
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:05,000
some historians argue, Jefferson
missed a critical chance to push

2996
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:08,200
for more sweeping reforms. 
Foreign Affairs, proved 

2997
02:34:08,200 --> 02:34:11,600
trickier, Britain and France. 
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 

2998
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:15,500
ignoring us neutrality, seizing,
American Merchant ships and 

2999
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:17,400
impressing US Sailors into their
navies. 

3000
02:34:18,200 --> 02:34:21,700
Sentenced Jefferson tried 
economic Warfare, championing, 

3001
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:25,500
the Embargo Act of 1807. 
Halting nearly all US exports. 

3002
02:34:25,500 --> 02:34:29,600
He reasoned, Britain and France 
needed American Goods in Stead. 

3003
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:33,700
The measured devastated us 
ports, invited smuggling and 

3004
02:34:33,700 --> 02:34:35,200
turned public opinion against 
him. 

3005
02:34:36,100 --> 02:34:39,100
The Fiasco Illustrated the 
limits of Peaceable coercion. 

3006
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:43,300
Eventually the unpopular embargo
was repealed tarnishing 

3007
02:34:43,300 --> 02:34:47,200
Jefferson's last year. 
In office, in 1809, he handed 

3008
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:51,200
the president to his close, Ally
James, Madison quietly retiring 

3009
02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:56,500
to Montello his two terms shape,
the US expanded territory a 

3010
02:34:56,500 --> 02:34:59,600
stable political identity but 
also heightened Regional 

3011
02:34:59,600 --> 02:35:04,300
tensions his approach mix of 
lofty Republican ideals and 

3012
02:35:04,300 --> 02:35:07,200
occasional pragmatic 
contradictions left a complex 

3013
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:11,900
imprint People revered him as a 
philosophical statement, but 

3014
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:13,700
criticized his moral 
inconsistencies. 

3015
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:17,600
He parted from Washington DC, 
Warren from the tribulations of 

3016
02:35:17,608 --> 02:35:19,800
governance yet proud, he had 
preserved, a measure of 

3017
02:35:19,808 --> 02:35:22,600
individual liberty and doubled 
the nation's size without 

3018
02:35:22,600 --> 02:35:24,800
large-scale War back at 
Monticello. 

3019
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:27,700
The next chapter in Jefferson's 
life would revolve around the 

3020
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:31,600
pursuit of knowledge, founding a
university and hosting endless 

3021
02:35:31,600 --> 02:35:33,800
visitors intrigued by the sage 
of the revolution. 

3022
02:35:34,800 --> 02:35:38,100
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery
and states rights would soon 

3023
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:40,400
overshadow. 
The era, complicating his 

3024
02:35:40,400 --> 02:35:43,400
cherished vision of a harmonious
agrarian democracy. 

3025
02:35:44,300 --> 02:35:47,800
For now though, he retreated to 
the place, he loved surrounded 

3026
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:51,900
by invention's fields of crops 
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 

3027
02:35:51,900 --> 02:35:55,000
staying active in public 
discourse through letters that 

3028
02:35:55,000 --> 02:35:58,000
carried enormous influence in 
the young republics intellectual

3029
02:35:58,000 --> 02:36:00,300
circles. 
Retirement for Thomas. 

3030
02:36:00,300 --> 02:36:03,600
Jefferson did not quite to 
seclusion back at Monticello. 

3031
02:36:03,600 --> 02:36:08,000
After 1809, he embraced the role
of sage of Monticello receiving 

3032
02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:10,900
statement foreign visitors in 
Curious, Travelers. 

3033
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:14,600
He corresponded widely shaping 
discourse on her American 

3034
02:36:14,600 --> 02:36:19,200
identity and preserving his 
Revolution era repute. the 

3035
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:23,200
estate itself, reflected his 
Restless creativity expansions 

3036
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,300
to the house Pavilions and 
elaborate of gardens for 

3037
02:36:26,300 --> 02:36:29,800
experimental horticulture 
Visitors often found him in his 

3038
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:32,500
library or tinkering with 
mechanical gadgets, like a 

3039
02:36:32,500 --> 02:36:35,100
polygraph machine that 
duplicated his handwriting. 

3040
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:38,100
His thirst for Innovation, 
remained undimmed. 

3041
02:36:38,100 --> 02:36:41,500
However, Monticello's finances 
were precarious. 

3042
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:45,500
Jefferson indulged in 
architectural, whims financed 

3043
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:49,000
extended family and endured the 
fluctuating price of tobacco 

3044
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:53,100
debts mounted specially as he 
refused to scale back a gracious

3045
02:36:53,100 --> 02:36:56,700
lifestyle. 
Slavery underpinned Monticello's

3046
02:36:56,700 --> 02:36:59,100
operation's with over 100 
enslaved. 

3047
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:02,400
Individuals performing the labor
Jefferson supervised them 

3048
02:37:02,400 --> 02:37:05,600
recording births tasks and 
schedules with methodical 

3049
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:06,800
detail. 
Yep. 

3050
02:37:06,800 --> 02:37:09,300
Behind These Ledges Lake human 
lives subjected to force 

3051
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:11,900
servitude. 
He recognized the moral 

3052
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:15,600
Quagmire, but rationalized it 
with incrementalist arguments, 

3053
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:17,200
or deferrals, to Future 
Generations. 

3054
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:21,000
This tension complicated, his 
Public Image as a champion of 

3055
02:37:21,000 --> 02:37:23,500
Liberty. 
One of his crowning, retirement.

3056
02:37:23,500 --> 02:37:25,800
Achievements was founding the 
University of Virginia. 

3057
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:29,400
Jefferson felt older 
institution's clung to religious

3058
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:32,800
influences or archaic. 
Curricular, he envisioned a 

3059
02:37:32,800 --> 02:37:36,300
secular campus, emphasizing 
modern languages, science and 

3060
02:37:36,300 --> 02:37:39,700
abroad base liberal education. 
Persuading, the Virginia 

3061
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:42,200
legislature to back it required 
political finesse. 

3062
02:37:42,200 --> 02:37:45,600
He personally designed the 
campus layout with a central 

3063
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,700
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman
Pantheon flanked by academical 

3064
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:52,600
Village Pavilions. 
Construction began in 

3065
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:57,500
Charlottesville near Monticello 
around 1817, even in his 70s, 

3066
02:37:57,500 --> 02:38:01,300
Jefferson frequently visited, 
the site, checking architectural

3067
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:04,600
details, conferring with 
Builders and selecting faculty 

3068
02:38:05,300 --> 02:38:08,400
Aimed to cultivate enlightened 
citizen leaders for a republic 

3069
02:38:08,400 --> 02:38:10,700
that demanded knowledge base 
self-governance. 

3070
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:14,500
Meanwhile, National issues, 
still beckoned as an elder 

3071
02:38:14,500 --> 02:38:16,700
Statesman of the democratic 
Republican party. 

3072
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:20,600
Jefferson provided advice to 
Madison and later to Monroe. 

3073
02:38:20,600 --> 02:38:23,900
He supported the Louisiana 
purchased as expansion, further,

3074
02:38:23,900 --> 02:38:26,200
welcome in new States into the 
Union. 

3075
02:38:26,200 --> 02:38:29,800
However, the War of 1812 with 
Britain tested his conviction 

3076
02:38:29,800 --> 02:38:32,000
about limited government and a 
small military. 

3077
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:34,600
He lamented that some 
Federalists aane. 

3078
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:36,900
Claves seemed willing to 
undermine National Unity 

3079
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:40,900
especially in the Northeast. 
Letters, show him, torn between 

3080
02:38:40,900 --> 02:38:43,900
localism and the emergence of a 
broader national identity. 

3081
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,300
As the US overcame that conflict
Jefferson expressed relief that 

3082
02:38:48,300 --> 02:38:51,800
Europe's meddling was lessening.
Parallel development was his 

3083
02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:53,500
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

3084
02:38:53,500 --> 02:38:56,800
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

3085
02:38:56,800 --> 02:39:00,200
correspondence for years. 
But in retirement, both 

3086
02:39:00,200 --> 02:39:03,600
recognized mutual bond shaped by
the revolution's intensity 

3087
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:06,200
through letters. 
They Revisited old debates. 

3088
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:10,000
Monarchy versus republic, the 
role of religion, the fragility 

3089
02:39:10,000 --> 02:39:13,200
of democracy, their exchange 
sword with philosophical 

3090
02:39:13,200 --> 02:39:16,500
reflection, spiced with humor, 
about Advanced age. 

3091
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:20,000
The Revival of their friendships
stands as a testament to the 

3092
02:39:20,008 --> 02:39:22,600
capacity for bridging old. 
Political Rifts. 

3093
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:26,200
In these letters Jefferson 
revealed his abiding optimism. 

3094
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:29,800
That the American experiment 
though in perfect would endure 

3095
02:39:29,800 --> 02:39:33,300
if Guided by reason and virtuous
leadership, Yet. 

3096
02:39:33,300 --> 02:39:36,200
Personal sorrow. 
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

3097
02:39:36,200 --> 02:39:38,900
several of his children enduring
repeated heartbreak. 

3098
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:41,400
The Monticello household was no,
quiet. 

3099
02:39:41,400 --> 02:39:44,900
Domain. 
Grandchildren ran about extended

3100
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:48,300
relative sought financial aid, 
and guests arrived unannounced 

3101
02:39:48,300 --> 02:39:50,300
to glean a moment with the 
iconic founder. 

3102
02:39:51,400 --> 02:39:53,500
You wore the mask of a 
benevolent patriarch? 

3103
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:56,200
The Diaries hint at bouts of 
melancholy. 

3104
02:39:57,000 --> 02:40:00,000
The precarious economy pressed 
him to mortgage properties and 

3105
02:40:00,000 --> 02:40:02,500
he relied on lines of credit 
that threatened to upend the 

3106
02:40:02,500 --> 02:40:06,500
estate. the image of Monticello 
as a microcosm of Republican, 

3107
02:40:06,500 --> 02:40:10,500
Enlightenment concealed, a 
precarious Ledger balancing As 

3108
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:13,800
Jefferson neared 80 he took 
pride in the University of 

3109
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:17,100
Virginia's nearing completion. 
You personally selected some 

3110
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:20,700
Library materials established 
faculty guidelines and wrote 

3111
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:23,300
about its potential to transform
the American Education. 

3112
02:40:24,400 --> 02:40:28,100
In 1825, University opened to 
its first class of students. 

3113
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:30,800
Jefferson's dream had become 
real. 

3114
02:40:31,600 --> 02:40:35,900
A secular institution dedicated 
to free inquiry unencumbered by 

3115
02:40:35,900 --> 02:40:38,400
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 
tradition. 

3116
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,900
He believed it would Foster the 
next generation of leaders to 

3117
02:40:41,900 --> 02:40:47,400
safeguard the Republic's ideals.
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 

3118
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,000
slipping freed from daily policy
fights. 

3119
02:40:50,000 --> 02:40:53,300
He dedicated his final energy to
ensuring the University's 

3120
02:40:53,300 --> 02:40:56,200
stability. 
People noticed his health fading

3121
02:40:56,200 --> 02:40:58,600
but he refused to slow yearned 
to see. 

3122
02:40:58,600 --> 02:41:02,200
July, 4th, 1826. 
The 50th anniversary of the 

3123
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:06,700
Declaration of Independence. 
That day arrived in a poetic 

3124
02:41:06,700 --> 02:41:09,600
twist, John Adams, and 
Jefferson, both passed away on 

3125
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:12,300
that date with Jefferson died in
the early afternoon. 

3126
02:41:13,400 --> 02:41:15,900
The Synergy of these two 
revolutionaries departing on the

3127
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:19,300
nation's half-century. 
Mark cemented a legend thus 

3128
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:22,400
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 
was no quiet Twilight. 

3129
02:41:22,400 --> 02:41:24,900
But a culminating chapter of 
architectural, Innovation, 

3130
02:41:24,900 --> 02:41:28,700
educational reform and 
reflection on a revolution's 

3131
02:41:28,700 --> 02:41:30,800
legacy. 
He left behind a complicated 

3132
02:41:30,800 --> 02:41:33,900
estate, weighed by debt, a 
family overshadowed, by the 

3133
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:36,700
institution of slavery. 
Yet also a shining new 

3134
02:41:36,700 --> 02:41:40,300
University in a trove of letters
that would shape America's 

3135
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:44,300
self-perception for Generations.
In him old illusions of an 

3136
02:41:44,300 --> 02:41:48,000
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 
the Unstoppable push of a 

3137
02:41:48,000 --> 02:41:50,500
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

3138
02:41:50,500 --> 02:41:54,200
that still Define the American 
ethos in the immediate wake of 

3139
02:41:54,200 --> 02:41:58,300
Jefferson's death admirers and 
critics clashed over his legacy,

3140
02:41:58,300 --> 02:42:01,900
many hailed him as the pain 
behind the Declaration of 

3141
02:42:01,908 --> 02:42:04,500
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

3142
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:07,800
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase and the Visionary who 

3143
02:42:07,800 --> 02:42:11,300
championed religious freedom. 
Others, lambasted his 

3144
02:42:11,300 --> 02:42:14,500
inconsistencies a 
self-proclaimed, a galatian who 

3145
02:42:14,500 --> 02:42:17,900
held in slaved laborers and 
Enlightenment thinker who let 

3146
02:42:17,900 --> 02:42:19,900
personal finance is descend into
chaos. 

3147
02:42:19,900 --> 02:42:24,100
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

3148
02:42:24,100 --> 02:42:26,700
for expansion. 
Monticello the physical 

3149
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:28,300
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect. 

3150
02:42:28,300 --> 02:42:32,300
Soon faced Financial term oil. 
His heirs struggled to pay his 

3151
02:42:32,300 --> 02:42:34,600
debts. 
They sold land and eventually 

3152
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:38,100
auctioned off furniture and 
slaved individuals fracturing, 

3153
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:40,200
the community that had sustained
the plantation. 

3154
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:44,400
Monticello changed hands 
multiple times deteriorating 

3155
02:42:44,400 --> 02:42:47,500
until the early 20th century. 
When the Thomas Jefferson 

3156
02:42:47,500 --> 02:42:50,400
Foundation, Acquired and 
restored it, symbolically 

3157
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,100
reassembling his architectural 
dream as an American heritage 

3158
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:55,900
site. 
This restoration also reignited 

3159
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:58,600
debates about the everyday 
reality of enslaved, families, 

3160
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:01,900
who once toiled their 
culminating in renewed, emphasis

3161
02:43:01,900 --> 02:43:05,200
on their stories, the dimension 
historically, muted in the 

3162
02:43:05,200 --> 02:43:08,500
veneration of Jefferson 
Meanwhile the broader American 

3163
02:43:08,500 --> 02:43:12,200
public constructed, a Mythic 
image of Jefferson in the 19th 

3164
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:16,100
century, as political parties 
shifted references to 

3165
02:43:16,100 --> 02:43:20,200
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 
praising, his emphasis on small 

3166
02:43:20,200 --> 02:43:24,200
government minimal taxes and the
righteousness of Rural Life. 

3167
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:28,500
Andrew Jackson's supporters 
invoked Jefferson as a figure 

3168
02:43:28,500 --> 02:43:32,100
who Champion the Common Man. 
But historians recognize that 

3169
02:43:32,100 --> 02:43:35,400
Jefferson's own approach to 
governance was more nuanced than

3170
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:39,000
popularized idealists claimed. 
He recognized the necessity of 

3171
02:43:39,008 --> 02:43:41,700
compromise and occasionally 
invoked, strong Federal 

3172
02:43:41,700 --> 02:43:44,100
measures, especially in foreign 
affairs. 

3173
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:47,900
The early 20th century saw the 
Progressive Era, adopted 

3174
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:51,400
different aspect of Jefferson 
the intellectual founder who 

3175
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:55,300
believed in educated citizenry. 
Debates around the founders, 

3176
02:43:55,300 --> 02:43:59,100
intentions sword with 
Jefferson's letters cited by all

3177
02:43:59,100 --> 02:44:00,900
sides. 
Archival. 

3178
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:02,800
Releases of his personal 
correspondence. 

3179
02:44:02,800 --> 02:44:06,500
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

3180
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:09,300
and his Dynamic shift from 
localist to expansionist. 

3181
02:44:10,100 --> 02:44:11,500
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

3182
02:44:11,500 --> 02:44:14,100
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

3183
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:19,000
Paragons but flawed Statesmen 
shaped by urgent demands and 

3184
02:44:19,000 --> 02:44:21,700
scholarship. 
The 1970s and Beyond propelled, 

3185
02:44:21,700 --> 02:44:24,600
a fresh wave of inquiry, 
focusing on Jefferson's 

3186
02:44:24,600 --> 02:44:27,700
relationship with Sally. 
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 

3187
02:44:27,708 --> 02:44:31,800
late 1990s pointed strongly to 
him fathering his children. 

3188
02:44:31,800 --> 02:44:35,400
This Revelation forced a 
national reevaluation of the so 

3189
02:44:35,400 --> 02:44:38,600
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized. 

3190
02:44:38,600 --> 02:44:40,800
Others found it. 
Holy unsurprising. 

3191
02:44:40,800 --> 02:44:44,800
In retrospect it underscored the
complexities swirling onto his 

3192
02:44:44,800 --> 02:44:48,800
polished philosophical veneer. 
For man who wrote all men are 

3193
02:44:48,800 --> 02:44:53,300
created equal reconciling these.
Two Realms intellectual champion

3194
02:44:53,300 --> 02:44:56,400
of Liberty, and personal 
practitioner of slavery was 

3195
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,000
never straightforward, academic 
attention. 

3196
02:44:59,000 --> 02:45:01,200
Also, delve, deep into his 
political philosophy, 

3197
02:45:01,200 --> 02:45:05,200
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 
of Liberty and held Aaron 

3198
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:09,200
experience across the continent.
Yet it set the stage for Native 

3199
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,300
displacement and further 
entrenchment of slave labor in 

3200
02:45:12,300 --> 02:45:15,700
new territories, While he 
personally doubted, the morality

3201
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:17,700
of forcibly taking indigenous 
lands. 

3202
02:45:17,700 --> 02:45:21,300
He accepted the Unstoppable 
momentum of Frontier settlers. 

3203
02:45:22,100 --> 02:45:25,500
This acceptance shaped federal 
policy that stoked tensions for 

3204
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:28,700
Generations culminating and 
forced relocations. 

3205
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:32,800
Today, some reevaluate 
Jefferson's role in establishing

3206
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:35,800
moral Frameworks that 
facilitated expansion at other 

3207
02:45:35,800 --> 02:45:39,300
Zoom events. 
In popular memory, Jefferson's 

3208
02:45:39,300 --> 02:45:43,900
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

3209
02:45:43,900 --> 02:45:47,200
as a testament to his rhetorical
Brilliance visitors, read 

3210
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,100
excerpts from the Declaration of
Independence and letters on the 

3211
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:53,700
rotunda's walls under scoring 
his luminous, call for a quality

3212
02:45:53,700 --> 02:45:57,100
and freedom of conscience. 
The monument, ironically does 

3213
02:45:57,100 --> 02:46:01,000
not portray the full tank of 
contradictions, yet, more in 

3214
02:46:01,000 --> 02:46:03,900
Seas intuitive programs. 
And now incorporate nuanced, 

3215
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:06,900
describing his Progressive 
achievements and moral failing, 

3216
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:10,800
side by side, Amid these 
controversies Jefferson's 

3217
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:13,000
intellectual achievements. 
Remain uncontested. 

3218
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,200
His articulation of natural 
rights and the notion that 

3219
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:19,200
legitimate government stems from
the consent of the governed 

3220
02:46:19,200 --> 02:46:21,600
carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

3221
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:25,000
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

3222
02:46:25,000 --> 02:46:27,200
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

3223
02:46:27,200 --> 02:46:31,100
from religious tolerance to 
public education. meanwhile 

3224
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:34,100
University of Virginia stands as
living reminder of his 

3225
02:46:34,100 --> 02:46:36,800
conviction that knowledge, 
Fosters responsible governance, 

3226
02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:41,600
Its rotunda overshadowing. 
The lawn keeps the spirit of 

3227
02:46:41,600 --> 02:46:45,800
Enlightenment learning alive. 
Hence to centuries on Thomas, 

3228
02:46:45,800 --> 02:46:49,900
Jefferson remains as complicated
as the era, he shaped luminous 

3229
02:46:49,900 --> 02:46:52,200
author. 
Democracy's founding Creed 

3230
02:46:52,200 --> 02:46:55,900
overshadowed by glaring 
contradictions on race and 

3231
02:46:55,900 --> 02:46:59,800
personal conduct His life 
prompts reflection on how lofty 

3232
02:46:59,800 --> 02:47:03,300
ideals can Clash with ingrained,
social structures and personal 

3233
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:06,300
entanglements. 
For many Americans and observes 

3234
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:09,000
abroad. 
Grappling with Jefferson is akin

3235
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:11,100
to grappling with the nation's 
own layered identity. 

3236
02:47:11,100 --> 02:47:13,800
Billed on Noble declarations 
yet. 

3237
02:47:13,800 --> 02:47:16,500
Intimately entangled in 
unresolved in Justice's. 

3238
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:20,600
The conversation, he started 
continues bridging history and 

3239
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:24,200
contemporary debates on Liberty 
equality and the messy reality 

3240
02:47:24,200 --> 02:47:28,000
is in between Thomas Jefferson's
life, invites Reflections on how

3241
02:47:28,000 --> 02:47:31,200
Visionary ideals intersect with 
the flawed scope of practical 

3242
02:47:31,200 --> 02:47:33,800
living. 
He exemplifies the possibility 

3243
02:47:33,800 --> 02:47:37,700
that one can be intellectually 
gifted deeply principled yet. 

3244
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:41,600
Remain in Tangled in personal 
contradictions, Observing his 

3245
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:43,300
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

3246
02:47:43,300 --> 02:47:46,700
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

3247
02:47:46,700 --> 02:47:50,600
Each a facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggle 

3248
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:53,700
personal convictions with 
structural constraints, that 

3249
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:56,600
Monticello his architectural 
flourishes, highlight, how 

3250
02:47:56,600 --> 02:47:59,600
creativity can transform 
personal space into a canvas of 

3251
02:47:59,608 --> 02:48:04,700
experimentation secret passages 
rotating book stands, an 

3252
02:48:04,700 --> 02:48:07,800
advanced ventilation, remind us 
that even domestic life can 

3253
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:09,200
become a playground of 
innovation. 

3254
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:12,200
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

3255
02:48:12,200 --> 02:48:16,500
including Home and Office, But 
Monticello also underscores, how

3256
02:48:16,508 --> 02:48:18,400
Comfort can rely on unseen, 
labor? 

3257
02:48:18,400 --> 02:48:22,500
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 
enslaved, men, and women forced 

3258
02:48:22,500 --> 02:48:26,100
to cater to Jefferson's designs.
This reality, cautions that 

3259
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:28,800
technological or aesthetic 
progress, can co-exist with 

3260
02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:31,900
ethical failings Jefferson's 
public service. 

3261
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:37,000
From drafting the Declaration to
guide policy underscores. 

3262
02:48:37,000 --> 02:48:38,700
The power of well-crafted 
language. 

3263
02:48:38,700 --> 02:48:42,200
He harnessed rhetorical 
Precision to unify disparate 

3264
02:48:42,200 --> 02:48:45,500
colonies under ideals. 
That centuries later remain a 

3265
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:48,500
moral yardstick. 
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,

3266
02:48:48,500 --> 02:48:51,300
we cannot dismiss how 
effectively words shape, 

3267
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:55,100
Collective identity. 
In an age of digital media, 

3268
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,500
Jefferson's example of firms 
that carefully chosen language 

3269
02:48:58,500 --> 02:49:02,700
can Galvanize or fractionally 
divided. his success in bridging

3270
02:49:02,700 --> 02:49:05,800
disputes among the founders, 
suggest the value of measured 

3271
02:49:05,800 --> 02:49:10,400
compromise at the same time of 
the 1800 election warns us that 

3272
02:49:10,408 --> 02:49:14,200
partnership can nearly fracture 
young democracy One cannot 

3273
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:16,500
ignore the deeper, moral debate,
how man? 

3274
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:19,200
Proclaiming Universal rights, 
upheld the structure of slavery.

3275
02:49:20,200 --> 02:49:22,400
Modern readers might view that 
as an irredeemable 

3276
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:25,500
contradiction. 
Alternatively, one might 

3277
02:49:25,500 --> 02:49:28,200
interpret it as a historical 
caution that even 

3278
02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:31,300
well-intentioned reformers can 
remain captive to entrench deck 

3279
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:34,900
in a social norms. 
Jefferson story prominently 

3280
02:49:34,900 --> 02:49:37,400
highlights the difference 
between personal moral Clarity 

3281
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:40,800
in institutional inertia. 
It compels us to question our 

3282
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:43,500
complicity in modern systems 
that might conflict with our 

3283
02:49:43,500 --> 02:49:46,800
professed values. 
Additionally, Jefferson's 

3284
02:49:46,800 --> 02:49:48,800
championing of religious freedom
stands out. 

3285
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:52,300
He insisted that each person's 
beliefs lay beyond the 

3286
02:49:52,300 --> 02:49:55,200
governmental reach. 
Stance that shape, not just 

3287
02:49:55,200 --> 02:49:57,600
America, but Global Norms on 
religious liberty. 

3288
02:49:58,500 --> 02:50:00,300
The Statute for Religious 
Freedom in Virginia, 

3289
02:50:00,300 --> 02:50:04,500
overshadowed by the 
declaration's fame, seeded the 

3290
02:50:04,500 --> 02:50:07,400
principal that government cannot
coerce spiritual conviction 

3291
02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:09,900
today. 
As debate on religious 

3292
02:50:09,900 --> 02:50:13,900
expression swirl worldwide, his 
early, push for disestablishment

3293
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:17,500
remains relevant. 
Another subtle Dimension is 

3294
02:50:17,500 --> 02:50:20,900
Jefferson's approach to 
educational Frameworks, founding

3295
02:50:20,900 --> 02:50:23,300
the University of Virginia 
mirrored his conviction that 

3296
02:50:23,300 --> 02:50:25,500
informed populace anchors, a 
stable Republic. 

3297
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:29,500
You favored broad curricula from
ancient languages to Modern 

3298
02:50:29,500 --> 02:50:32,100
Sciences, rejecting Church 
oversight. 

3299
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:35,600
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

3300
02:50:35,600 --> 02:50:39,000
freedom, the role of public 
universities, and how to equip 

3301
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:41,200
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

3302
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:44,800
His notion that education 
Fosters, self-rule might be more

3303
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:48,400
pertinent than ever. 
In his final years weighed down 

3304
02:50:48,408 --> 02:50:52,500
by debts, Jefferson exemplified 
how personal miscalculation can 

3305
02:50:52,500 --> 02:50:55,800
overshadow public triumphs? 
The man who shaped a nation 

3306
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:59,300
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

3307
02:50:59,300 --> 02:51:00,900
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

3308
02:51:02,000 --> 02:51:04,900
Story, underscores that bright 
Minds can still falter in 

3309
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:07,700
everyday management. 
For modern professionals 

3310
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:09,800
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

3311
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:13,500
Brilliant, in some Arenas does 
not inoculate against practical.

3312
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:17,500
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

3313
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:22,100
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined sagas. 

3314
02:51:22,100 --> 02:51:26,200
Observers then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

3315
02:51:26,200 --> 02:51:27,900
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

3316
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:31,500
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

3317
02:51:31,500 --> 02:51:34,300
Republic's half-century Mark 
remains a striking historical 

3318
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:36,700
coincidence. 
Yet behind that. 

3319
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:39,700
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

3320
02:51:39,700 --> 02:51:41,800
were aging Patriots. 
Who parted with an American 

3321
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:45,100
still in flux. 
Fragile, expanding, and 

3322
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:48,500
grappling with unsolved 
tensions, the rhetorical arcs, 

3323
02:51:48,500 --> 02:51:51,800
they set forth would guide and 
haunt subsequent Generations in 

3324
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:56,600
deciding how, or whether to 
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 

3325
02:51:56,600 --> 02:52:00,100
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as
a mosaic. 

3326
02:52:00,100 --> 02:52:04,900
Liberation's poet, contradictory
slave owner Visionary statement 

3327
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:08,800
flawed caretaker of finance's 
and father of an institution 

3328
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:12,300
championing reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

3329
02:52:12,300 --> 02:52:14,800
to the interplay of aspirational
and compromise. 

3330
02:52:14,800 --> 02:52:17,900
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

3331
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:22,200
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

3332
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:24,300
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

3333
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,000
We inhabit. 
And confronting Jefferson's 

3334
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:29,400
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

3335
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:31,300
Founding Father. 
We confront the universal 

3336
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,200
tension of forging, a just 
Society in an imperfect world 

3337
02:52:34,200 --> 02:52:38,400
and that conversation spurred by
the man from Monticello remains 

3338
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:43,900
as vital as ever. 
You know how you sometimes? 

3339
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:45,900
Catch yourself. 
Embellishing a story, just a 

3340
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:48,200
little bit. 
Perhaps you incorporate a subtle

3341
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:50,600
detail to enhance its appeal 
during dinner parties. 

3342
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:53,500
Well, imagine if your entire 
profession was built on doing 

3343
02:52:53,500 --> 02:52:57,900
exactly that, except in pressing
your neighbors, you were fooling

3344
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:01,000
entire kingdoms and occasionally
starting Wars by accident. 

3345
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:04,800
Welcome to the wonderfully weird
world of medieval and 

3346
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,700
Renaissance map making. 
We're lying wasn't just 

3347
02:53:07,700 --> 02:53:09,800
acceptable. 
It was practically a job 

3348
02:53:09,808 --> 02:53:13,100
requirement. 
Picture yourself settling into a

3349
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:15,800
comfortable chair by the 
fireplace, maybe with a cup of 

3350
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:19,000
something warm while we explore 
one of history's, most Charming,

3351
02:53:19,000 --> 02:53:22,800
professional scams. 
Upon reflection that's precisely

3352
02:53:22,800 --> 02:53:25,500
the truth of the situation for 
centuries. 

3353
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:28,300
The most respected cartographers
in Europe were essentially 

3354
02:53:28,300 --> 02:53:31,200
running elaborate cones and 
everyone just went along with it

3355
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:33,500
because frankly nobody knew any 
better. 

3356
02:53:34,300 --> 02:53:37,600
You see back in the day and were
talking roughly from the 12th 

3357
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:39,700
century. 
All the way up to the 1600s 

3358
02:53:39,700 --> 02:53:43,700
making Maps was less about 
accuracy and more about filling 

3359
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:47,600
up all that space on parchment. 
Imagine you're a mapmaker in 

3360
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:51,200
say, 1347. 
You have a beautiful piece of 

3361
02:53:51,200 --> 02:53:54,100
Vellum laid out on your desk and
you possess a clear 

3362
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:56,300
understanding of the 
mediterranean's appearance. 

3363
02:53:57,100 --> 02:54:00,500
Sailors have navigated its 
waters for centuries you can 

3364
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:04,400
draw Italy with your eyes closed
and the coastline of Spain holds

3365
02:54:04,400 --> 02:54:08,700
no Mysteries but then you get to
the edges the vast unknown 

3366
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:12,200
awaits you and here's where 
things get intriguing because 

3367
02:54:12,200 --> 02:54:13,800
you can't just leave blank 
spaces. 

3368
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:16,700
That would be admitting 
ignorance, medieval 

3369
02:54:16,700 --> 02:54:18,900
professionals had about as much 
tolerance for admitting. 

3370
02:54:18,900 --> 02:54:21,200
They didn't know something as 
your average teenager today. 

3371
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:25,500
So what do you do? 
You make stuff up and not just 

3372
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:27,400
little stuff. 
We're talking about entire 

3373
02:54:27,400 --> 02:54:30,500
continents mythical islands and 
creatures that would make 

3374
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:35,200
Hollywood monster design as weep
With Envy The best part everyone

3375
02:54:35,200 --> 02:54:38,200
expected you to do this. 
It wasn't considered fraud. 

3376
02:54:38,200 --> 02:54:40,900
It was considered, filling in 
the gaps with your best educated

3377
02:54:40,900 --> 02:54:43,200
guess. 
Even if your education came 

3378
02:54:43,200 --> 02:54:46,400
entirely from Heaven's stories 
and fever dreams take the 

3379
02:54:46,400 --> 02:54:49,000
Hereford, Monday, created around
1300. 

3380
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:52,800
This thing is gorgeous. 
A work of art that happens to 

3381
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:55,600
also be a map. 
But if you try to use it for 

3382
02:54:55,608 --> 02:54:58,500
navigation, you'd probably end 
up somewhere in the Atlantic 

3383
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:01,400
having a chili very wet 
conversation with some very 

3384
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:04,800
confused fish. 
The mapmaker included everything

3385
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:08,400
from the Garden of Eden, 
helpfully located in Asia to 

3386
02:55:08,400 --> 02:55:10,300
various monsters scattered 
around Africa. 

3387
02:55:10,300 --> 02:55:13,600
Because apparently mediaeval 
cartographers believed that the 

3388
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:16,900
further you got from Europe the 
more likely you were to run into

3389
02:55:16,900 --> 02:55:20,100
something with too many heads. 
The funny thing is, these 

3390
02:55:20,100 --> 02:55:22,100
weren't mistakes in the way we 
think of them today. 

3391
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:24,500
These were deliberate creative 
choices. 

3392
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:28,200
Medieval mapmakers operated 
under the assumption that the 

3393
02:55:28,208 --> 02:55:31,000
world was full of Wonders. 
And if they hadn't personally 

3394
02:55:31,000 --> 02:55:33,700
seen proof, that a particular 
Wonder didn't exist in a 

3395
02:55:33,700 --> 02:55:37,200
particular place, well, it might
as well go on the map. 

3396
02:55:38,300 --> 02:55:42,000
It was really an optimistic lie.
The kind of fibbing that says 

3397
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:44,100
sure there might be a unicorn 
over there. 

3398
02:55:44,100 --> 02:55:46,600
Why not? 
And the customers loved it. 

3399
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:50,600
King's and wealthy merchants 
didn't want boring accurate 

3400
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:54,000
Maps, they wanted maps, that 
told stories maps. 

3401
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:57,200
That confirmed everything they'd
heard about the Exotic edges of 

3402
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:00,200
the world and that lacking 
monsters was devoid of 

3403
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:02,600
imagination, which diminished 
its purpose. 

3404
02:56:03,700 --> 02:56:05,900
The quest wasn't just about 
filling space though. 

3405
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:10,100
In a world where information 
travels slowly and often became 

3406
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:13,200
thoroughly mangled medieval 
mapmakers operated. 

3407
02:56:14,200 --> 02:56:17,000
By the time a story about a 
distant land, had traveled from 

3408
02:56:17,000 --> 02:56:19,400
Explorer to Trader to scholar to
mapmaker. 

3409
02:56:19,400 --> 02:56:23,200
It had usually picked up so many
embellishments that it bore 

3410
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,100
about, as much resemblance to 
reality as a fish story told by 

3411
02:56:26,100 --> 02:56:27,600
your uncle after his fourth 
beer. 

3412
02:56:28,500 --> 02:56:31,300
So, as you drift off tonight, 
remember that somewhere in 

3413
02:56:31,300 --> 02:56:34,100
history. 
There's a map maker who drew a 

3414
02:56:34,100 --> 02:56:37,800
perfectly lovely Island that 
never existed, populated it with

3415
02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:40,900
creatures that never lived and 
convinced half of Europe. 

3416
02:56:40,900 --> 02:56:44,600
That it was a real place worth 
visiting and honestly the world 

3417
02:56:44,600 --> 02:56:46,800
was probably some more 
interesting for it. 

3418
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:50,100
Now you might be wondering how 
exactly one goes about lying 

3419
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:53,900
professionally on maps without 
getting fired exiled or fed to 

3420
02:56:53,900 --> 02:56:56,300
whatever monsters you've been 
drawing in the margins. 

3421
02:56:56,300 --> 02:57:00,300
The answer of surprisingly 
simple, you don't call it lying.

3422
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:04,600
You call it interpretation of 
available sources or synthesis 

3423
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:07,000
of traveler accounts. 
It's all about the marketing 

3424
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:10,700
really, medieval and Renaissance
mapmakers had the technique down

3425
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:12,900
to an art form. 
They take a grain of Truth, 

3426
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:16,800
maybe a sailor story about 
seeing land on the horizon, and 

3427
02:57:16,800 --> 02:57:19,700
grow it into a full-fledged 
continent, complete with cities 

3428
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:23,700
rivers, and the occasional 
dragons, Think of it as the 

3429
02:57:23,700 --> 02:57:26,200
original version of making a 
mountain out of a molehill, 

3430
02:57:26,200 --> 02:57:28,700
except the molehill might not 
have existed either. 

3431
02:57:29,700 --> 02:57:32,200
The map making process back then
was part detective. 

3432
02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:34,500
Work Park. 
Creative writing and part 

3433
02:57:34,500 --> 02:57:38,000
wishful thinking You'd gather 
every scrap of information you 

3434
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:43,100
could find ancient texts 
Travelers Tales other maps and 

3435
02:57:43,100 --> 02:57:44,900
wild guesses. 
From people who claim to know, 

3436
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:47,900
someone who once met a guy who 
sailed somewhere vaguely in that

3437
02:57:47,908 --> 02:57:51,400
direction. 
Subsequently, you would arrange 

3438
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:53,900
all the gathered information on 
your work, bench and Endeavor to

3439
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,000
make sense of it, fully aware 
that a significant portion was 

3440
02:57:57,000 --> 02:57:59,600
likely an accurate and the 
remainder was certainly dubious.

3441
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:02,900
But the best part is that 
everyone knew how the system 

3442
02:58:02,900 --> 02:58:05,900
worked and accepted it. 
If everyone was aware of the 

3443
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:10,000
joke, it would be considered for
King's commissioning Maps were 

3444
02:58:10,000 --> 02:58:13,300
not expecting GPS, level 
accuracy, they wanted something 

3445
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:16,700
impressive to hang on the castle
wall, something that would make 

3446
02:58:16,700 --> 02:58:20,300
visiting dignitaries go and are 
and maybe feel a little 

3447
02:58:20,308 --> 02:58:22,900
intimidated by the vast scope of
their host, geographical 

3448
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:25,600
knowledge. 
The true experts devised, their 

3449
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:28,200
own nuanced strategies, to 
mitigate their risks. 

3450
02:58:28,200 --> 02:58:31,800
They'd include little notes in 
Latin that roughly translated, 

3451
02:58:31,800 --> 02:58:34,700
mint things like this 
information comes from sources 

3452
02:58:34,700 --> 02:58:39,200
of questionable reliability or 
hear there might be dragon's but

3453
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:42,900
honestly who knows? 
these disclaimers were usually 

3454
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:45,900
written in tiny script and 
tucked away in Corners where 

3455
02:58:45,900 --> 02:58:48,400
nobody would notice them unless 
they were specifically looking 

3456
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:52,300
One of the most famous examples 
of organized cartographic. 

3457
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:54,500
Creativity was the island of 
Brazil. 

3458
02:58:55,300 --> 02:58:58,700
Not Brazil, the country. 
It spelled differently and 

3459
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:02,100
actually exists. 
No, we're talking about Brazil 

3460
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:04,800
with an s. 
A mythical Island that appeared 

3461
02:59:04,800 --> 02:59:08,600
on maps of the North Atlantic 
for over 500 years, it showed up

3462
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:10,500
on different maps, in different 
locations. 

3463
02:59:10,500 --> 02:59:13,600
Sometimes round sometimes, 
Crescent shaped sometimes 

3464
02:59:13,600 --> 02:59:18,000
accompanied by smaller Islands. 
Sometimes flying solo mapmakers 

3465
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:21,400
continued to include it because 
their peers had done so and they

3466
02:59:21,400 --> 02:59:25,200
felt it was important to respect
to establish Preston and the 

3467
02:59:25,200 --> 02:59:27,200
island had a whole mythology 
around it. 

3468
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:30,400
Some claimed it was shrouded in 
mist and only appeared every 

3469
02:59:30,400 --> 02:59:33,300
seven years. 
Others said it was inhabited by 

3470
02:59:33,300 --> 02:59:37,100
an advanced civilization that 
had masked invisibility which 

3471
02:59:37,100 --> 02:59:39,800
was certainly a convenient 
explanation for why nobody could

3472
02:59:39,800 --> 02:59:42,800
ever find the place Sailors. 
Occasionally claimed to have 

3473
02:59:42,808 --> 02:59:46,200
spotted it in the distance but 
somehow it always vanished 

3474
02:59:46,200 --> 02:59:47,900
before they could get close 
enough to land. 

3475
02:59:48,700 --> 02:59:51,500
It's interesting how the 
situation unfolded what makes 

3476
02:59:51,500 --> 02:59:54,200
this story even more amusing? 
Is that people kept mounting 

3477
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:58,500
expeditions to find Brazil? 
Well, into the 18th Century Real

3478
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:02,500
Money changed hands. 
Real ship sets, sail real 

3479
03:00:02,500 --> 03:00:05,200
Sailors spent real weeks. 
Searching empty ocean for an 

3480
03:00:05,208 --> 03:00:08,100
island that existed only in the 
collective imagination of the 

3481
03:00:08,100 --> 03:00:11,800
European map, making Community. 
It resembled a Century's long 

3482
03:00:11,808 --> 03:00:15,100
game of concealment with no one,
bothering to acknowledge that. 

3483
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:18,300
One of the participants was 
purely fictional and that make 

3484
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:20,500
us themselves. 
Often seem to understand that 

3485
03:00:20,500 --> 03:00:22,600
they were in the entertainment 
business as much as the 

3486
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:25,300
information business. 
Their Maps were gorgeous. 

3487
03:00:25,300 --> 03:00:28,000
Works of art filled with 
elaborate compass roses, 

3488
03:00:28,000 --> 03:00:30,300
decorative, borders, and sea 
monsters. 

3489
03:00:30,300 --> 03:00:32,800
That looked like, they'd been 
designed by someone who really 

3490
03:00:32,800 --> 03:00:35,900
enjoyed their work. 
These Maps serve not only as 

3491
03:00:35,900 --> 03:00:39,300
functional documents but also as
Conversation Pieces, status 

3492
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:42,000
symbols and windows in to a 
world that Blended elements of 

3493
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:45,500
reality and fantasy. 
And you know what, maybe that 

3494
03:00:45,500 --> 03:00:49,000
wasn't such a negative thing in 
an age, when most people never 

3495
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:52,100
traveled more than a few miles 
from where they were born, these

3496
03:00:52,100 --> 03:00:54,300
Maps offered glimpses of a 
larger World filled with 

3497
03:00:54,308 --> 03:00:57,400
possibilities. 
Well most of those possibilities

3498
03:00:57,400 --> 03:01:00,700
were entirely fictional, they 
ignited the imagination in a 

3499
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:04,500
manner that purely accurate Maps
might not have sometimes an 

3500
03:01:04,500 --> 03:01:06,500
occasional creative 
embellishment makes life more 

3501
03:01:06,500 --> 03:01:08,800
interesting even if it 
occasionally leads to 

3502
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:11,400
disappointment when you actually
try to visit the places that 

3503
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:14,400
sounded so wonderful on paper. 
If you've ever wondered what 

3504
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:16,800
happens when an entire 
profession decides to 

3505
03:01:16,800 --> 03:01:18,900
collectively, believe in 
something that doesn't exist. 

3506
03:01:18,900 --> 03:01:23,500
The story of antilia is a 
perfect case study this island 

3507
03:01:23,500 --> 03:01:27,300
which never was never could be, 
and never should have been 

3508
03:01:27,300 --> 03:01:31,200
managed to appear on maps for 
over 200 years complete with 

3509
03:01:31,200 --> 03:01:34,900
details, coastlines, Inland 
cities and enough backstory to 

3510
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:37,400
fill a novel. 
The legend went something like 

3511
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:40,400
this way. 
Back in seven, eleven add. 

3512
03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:44,400
When the Moors conquered Spain 7
Bishops, fled across the 

3513
03:01:44,400 --> 03:01:47,400
Atlantic, with their 
congregation's and founded Seven

3514
03:01:47,400 --> 03:01:51,700
Cities on a Mysterious Island. 
These Bishops being resourceful 

3515
03:01:51,700 --> 03:01:55,200
types, supposedly built a 
thriving Christian civilization 

3516
03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:58,600
complete with gold mines, Pearl,
fisheries, and excellent 

3517
03:01:58,600 --> 03:02:00,600
defensive capabilities that kept
them. 

3518
03:02:00,600 --> 03:02:04,000
Safe from both Moorish Invasion 
and whatever sea monsters happen

3519
03:02:04,000 --> 03:02:07,600
to be in the neighborhood. 
Now you'd think that an island 

3520
03:02:07,608 --> 03:02:10,200
large enough to support Seven 
Cities and their surrounding 

3521
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:14,200
Farmers would be pretty hard to 
miss, you'd be right, but that 

3522
03:02:14,200 --> 03:02:16,500
didn't stop. 
Matt makers from Duty including 

3523
03:02:16,500 --> 03:02:20,400
antilia on Charter after chart, 
usually placing it somewhere in 

3524
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:22,300
the Atlantic west of Portugal 
and Spain. 

3525
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:26,000
The island migrated around a bit
from map to map. 

3526
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:28,800
Apparently even imaginary 
Islands were subject to 

3527
03:02:28,800 --> 03:02:32,000
Continental Drift. 
The really impressive part was 

3528
03:02:32,000 --> 03:02:34,300
how detailed these depictions 
became over time. 

3529
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:38,500
What started as a simple blob 
labeled Antilla gradually 

3530
03:02:38,500 --> 03:02:42,100
evolved into carefully drawn, 
coastlines with Bays peninsulas 

3531
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:45,200
and River mouths. 
Mapmakers added, the Seven 

3532
03:02:45,200 --> 03:02:47,700
Cities, each with its name and 
approximate location. 

3533
03:02:47,700 --> 03:02:51,300
Some even included Roads, 
connecting the cities because 

3534
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:53,700
apparently mediaeval 
cartographers were thorough in 

3535
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:56,400
their fiction. 
Portuguese, Sailors, being 

3536
03:02:56,400 --> 03:02:59,600
practical, people occasionally, 
set out to find this convenient 

3537
03:02:59,600 --> 03:03:03,000
Atlantic Paradise. 
After all, if they really was an

3538
03:03:03,000 --> 03:03:06,300
Island full of Christians City 
on gold, mine's seemed worth 

3539
03:03:06,300 --> 03:03:09,600
checking out. 
These Expeditions had a 

3540
03:03:09,600 --> 03:03:12,000
remarkable talent for almost 
finding antilia. 

3541
03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:15,100
Sailors would return with 
stories of seeing land in the 

3542
03:03:15,108 --> 03:03:18,900
distance or finding beaches 
covered with mysterious sand or 

3543
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:21,700
encountering, unusually, tame 
birds that must have come from 

3544
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:25,400
some nearby civilization. 
No one ever succeeded in landing

3545
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:28,800
on antilia but they achieved a 
tantalizingly close approach. 

3546
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:31,500
The best part of these near 
discoveries was how they 

3547
03:03:31,508 --> 03:03:34,300
reinforced the islands. 
Existence in everyone's Minds. 

3548
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:38,000
Sailors were consistently almost
finding antilia. 

3549
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:41,600
That was practically proof that 
it was out there somewhere. the 

3550
03:03:41,600 --> 03:03:45,100
fact that almost an actually are
completely different thing, 

3551
03:03:45,100 --> 03:03:48,200
didn't seem to bother anyone 
much, It was the geographical 

3552
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:51,500
equivalent of my girlfriend 
lives in Canada technically 

3553
03:03:51,500 --> 03:03:54,100
unprovable but not technically 
impossible either. 

3554
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:57,400
Christopher Columbus. 
Knew about antilia. 

3555
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,700
In fact some historians think 
his calculations about the 

3556
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:04,300
distance to Asia were partly 
based on the assumption that he 

3557
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:07,000
could stop for supplies at this 
mythical Island on the way. 

3558
03:04:08,000 --> 03:04:11,300
Imagine his surprise when he 
kept sailing west and found a 

3559
03:04:11,300 --> 03:04:13,800
completely different set of 
continents in Stead. 

3560
03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:17,700
However, it is likely that 
accidentally discovering the 

3561
03:04:17,700 --> 03:04:20,600
Americas while searching for a 
fictional island is one of the 

3562
03:04:20,600 --> 03:04:22,400
more significant mistakes in 
human history. 

3563
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:26,800
What's fascinating is, how long 
until he persisted even after 

3564
03:04:26,800 --> 03:04:29,100
explorers? 
Started finding actual islands 

3565
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:32,500
in the Atlantic. 
Once explorers discovered at the

3566
03:04:32,500 --> 03:04:35,500
Azores and tillya, simply 
relocated further west. 

3567
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:39,900
When the Caribbean islands were 
found and Tilia relocated again.

3568
03:04:40,700 --> 03:04:43,800
It was like a geographical game 
of musical chairs with the 

3569
03:04:43,800 --> 03:04:46,500
mythical Island, always 
managing, to find a new empty 

3570
03:04:46,500 --> 03:04:48,900
spot on the map where it could 
theoretically exist. 

3571
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:52,800
The island finally started 
disappearing from maps in the 

3572
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:56,400
late 16th century, not because 
anyone proved it didn't exist 

3573
03:04:56,400 --> 03:04:59,500
but because map makers were 
running out of empty ocean to 

3574
03:04:59,500 --> 03:05:02,000
put it in. 
The Atlantic was getting crowded

3575
03:05:02,000 --> 03:05:05,100
with real islands and there 
wasn't room for Imaginary ones 

3576
03:05:05,100 --> 03:05:07,300
anymore. 
It was a practical decision 

3577
03:05:07,300 --> 03:05:11,000
rather than a philosophical one 
and Tilia didn't die because 

3578
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:14,100
people stopped believing in it. 
It died because reality was 

3579
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:17,500
taking up too much space. 
But even today you can find the 

3580
03:05:17,500 --> 03:05:20,200
remnants of this Century's long 
geographical fiction. 

3581
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:24,300
The Caribbean islands are still 
called the Antilles the name 

3582
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:26,300
that comes directly from our 7 
City Island. 

3583
03:05:26,300 --> 03:05:29,600
That Never Was Every time 
someone mentioned the Lesser 

3584
03:05:29,600 --> 03:05:33,200
Antilles or the Greater Antilles
in the memory of those seven 

3585
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:35,400
Bishops and their imaginary 
Christian Paradise. 

3586
03:05:36,200 --> 03:05:38,900
Probably the most successful 
piece of medieval fake news in 

3587
03:05:38,900 --> 03:05:41,100
history. 
Outlasting, the civilization 

3588
03:05:41,100 --> 03:05:43,000
that created it by several 
centuries. 

3589
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:45,500
You're likely beginning to 
understand that medieval 

3590
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:48,000
mapmakers had a relatively 
relaxed approach to factual 

3591
03:05:48,000 --> 03:05:51,400
accuracy, but we haven't yet 
discussed their most delightful 

3592
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:53,500
creation. 
With decorative monster. 

3593
03:05:53,500 --> 03:05:57,500
If you don't populate, the vast 
unexplored regions on your map 

3594
03:05:57,500 --> 03:05:59,800
with terrifying creatures. 
What's the purpose? 

3595
03:06:00,900 --> 03:06:03,700
The decoration wasn't just 
random doodling during slow 

3596
03:06:03,700 --> 03:06:06,800
afternoon at the cartography 
Shop, monster placement required

3597
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:10,500
meticulous consideration of 
geography mythology and customer

3598
03:06:10,500 --> 03:06:13,400
expectations. 
You couldn't simply place a 

3599
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:17,000
dragon anywhere and consider the
task complete different regions 

3600
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,100
called for different types of 
fantastic formula and a 

3601
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:22,500
professional mapmaker needed to 
know the difference between a 

3602
03:06:22,500 --> 03:06:25,200
good spot for a sea serpent and 
a prime location for a man 

3603
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:29,100
eating plant. 
Phrase here, be dragons, has 

3604
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:32,000
become famous as a shorthand for
the unknown, but actual, 

3605
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,400
medieval Maps. 
Rarely use those exact words. 

3606
03:06:34,400 --> 03:06:37,500
Most map makers were more 
creative in their warnings. 

3607
03:06:37,500 --> 03:06:40,200
They'd include details 
illustrations of whatever 

3608
03:06:40,200 --> 03:06:42,300
horrible creature. 
Supposedly lived in each 

3609
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:45,800
unexplored region often within 
instructive little notes about 

3610
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:49,200
its feeding habits temperament 
and preferred method of 

3611
03:06:49,200 --> 03:06:53,300
devouring unwary Travelers. 
Africa was particularly, well, 

3612
03:06:53,300 --> 03:06:55,100
stocked with fascinating 
Wildlife. 

3613
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:59,800
According to Medieval mapmakers,
Continent apparently hosted 

3614
03:06:59,800 --> 03:07:03,100
everything from Giants, who 
lived backwards, whatever that 

3615
03:07:03,100 --> 03:07:07,000
meant to trys of people, with 
their faces in their chests to 

3616
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:08,600
animals that were basically 
Lions. 

3617
03:07:08,600 --> 03:07:12,700
But with human hands and said of
Paul's, These weren't just 

3618
03:07:12,708 --> 03:07:16,300
random monster designs. 
They came from a long tradition 

3619
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:18,600
of travel literature that had 
been enthusiastically. 

3620
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:23,500
Embellished over generations of 
retelling classical authors who 

3621
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,500
had never visited the places, 
they described provided, the 

3622
03:07:26,500 --> 03:07:29,800
source material for many of 
these creatures Pliny. 

3623
03:07:29,800 --> 03:07:33,200
The Elder writing in Rome in the
first century compiled, a 

3624
03:07:33,208 --> 03:07:36,500
natural history filled with 
second-hand accounts of distant 

3625
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:38,400
lands and their exotic 
inhabitants. 

3626
03:07:39,200 --> 03:07:42,700
His work included, dog-headed 
men, people with backwards feet 

3627
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:46,000
and various other anatomical, 
impossibilities that medieval 

3628
03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:48,400
mapmakers copied Faithfully onto
their charts. 

3629
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:52,000
Nobody seemed to question, 
whether Pliny might have been a 

3630
03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:54,100
bit gullible. 
Whether his sources might have 

3631
03:07:54,108 --> 03:07:57,500
been pulling his leg, Sea 
monsters were another growth in 

3632
03:07:57,500 --> 03:07:59,800
Industry. 
The ocean was vast, large 

3633
03:07:59,800 --> 03:08:02,500
largely unexplored and perfect 
for hosting creatures of any 

3634
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:05,400
size and description. 
The mapmakers imagination could 

3635
03:08:05,400 --> 03:08:08,300
conjure up. 
Some maps featured relatively 

3636
03:08:08,300 --> 03:08:11,800
modest certains. 
Basically large snakes with fins

3637
03:08:11,800 --> 03:08:15,100
and an attitude problem. 
Others depicted, multi-headed 

3638
03:08:15,100 --> 03:08:18,600
beasts, the size of islands 
capable of creating World, Pools

3639
03:08:18,600 --> 03:08:22,400
by swimming in circles. 
The most famous sea monster of 

3640
03:08:22,400 --> 03:08:25,200
the cartographic world was 
probably the crack of though. 

3641
03:08:25,200 --> 03:08:27,800
It went by various names 
depending on which mapmaker was 

3642
03:08:27,800 --> 03:08:30,200
drawing it. 
This creature was typically 

3643
03:08:30,200 --> 03:08:34,700
depicted as an enormous octopus 
or squid, large enough to wrap 

3644
03:08:34,700 --> 03:08:37,600
its tentacles around entire 
ships and drag them down to 

3645
03:08:37,600 --> 03:08:40,000
whatever, passed for the bottom 
of the medieval ocean. 

3646
03:08:41,100 --> 03:08:43,500
The Kraken had the advantage of 
being based on something real 

3647
03:08:43,500 --> 03:08:47,700
giant squids do exist, but the 
mapmakers versions were usually 

3648
03:08:47,708 --> 03:08:50,700
about 10 times larger than 
anything that actually lived in 

3649
03:08:50,700 --> 03:08:53,300
the sea. 
What made these monster Maps? 

3650
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:56,800
Particularly entertaining was 
how specific they got about the 

3651
03:08:56,800 --> 03:09:00,200
creatures behaviors. 
It wasn't enough to just draw a 

3652
03:09:00,200 --> 03:09:01,700
dragon. 
You needed to include 

3653
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:04,800
information about what the 
dragon 8, how it interacted with

3654
03:09:04,800 --> 03:09:07,500
local human populations and 
whether it was the sort of 

3655
03:09:07,500 --> 03:09:10,400
dragon that hoarded treasure or 
the sort that just enjoyed 

3656
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:12,800
setting things on fire for 
recreational purposes. 

3657
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:17,000
Some maps included details about
seasonal, migration patterns for

3658
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:19,500
various monsters. 
As if these were real animals 

3659
03:09:19,500 --> 03:09:23,200
that someone had been carefully 
studying for years The economics

3660
03:09:23,200 --> 03:09:24,900
of monster Maps were pretty 
straightforward. 

3661
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:28,400
Customers wanted their money's 
worth and a map covered with 

3662
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:30,200
blank spaces didn't look like 
money. 

3663
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,900
Well, spent filling those spaces
with carefully researched and 

3664
03:09:33,900 --> 03:09:37,100
mythological creatures showed 
that the mapmaker had really 

3665
03:09:37,100 --> 03:09:39,900
done their homework, even if 
their homework consisted 

3666
03:09:39,900 --> 03:09:43,800
entirely of making things up a 
map with good monster coverage 

3667
03:09:43,800 --> 03:09:46,800
looked authoritative 
comprehensive and worth 

3668
03:09:46,800 --> 03:09:50,400
displaying prominently in your 
Castle's main hall. the funny 

3669
03:09:50,400 --> 03:09:53,700
thing is some of these imaginary
creatures were more thoroughly 

3670
03:09:53,700 --> 03:09:56,900
documented than real animals 
that lived in places mapmakers 

3671
03:09:56,900 --> 03:10:00,400
could actually visit You could 
find incredibly detailed 

3672
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:03,300
descriptions of griffins and 
their nesting habits but good 

3673
03:10:03,300 --> 03:10:04,500
luck. 
Finding accurate information 

3674
03:10:04,500 --> 03:10:07,700
about say regular European birds
that any map maker could have 

3675
03:10:07,700 --> 03:10:10,800
observed by walking outside. 
Their workshop running, a 

3676
03:10:10,800 --> 03:10:13,800
successful map making business 
in medieval times required, a 

3677
03:10:13,800 --> 03:10:17,200
delicate balance between giving 
customers what they expected and

3678
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:20,400
avoiding the kind of spectacular
failures that might damage your 

3679
03:10:20,400 --> 03:10:23,300
professional reputation. 
It was similar to fortune 

3680
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:26,200
telling but in for telling the 
future you were describing 

3681
03:10:26,200 --> 03:10:29,600
places that might or might not 
exist in locations that were 

3682
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:32,900
probably completely wrong. 
The most successful mapmakers 

3683
03:10:32,900 --> 03:10:36,300
developed what we might call the
Strategic hedge ways of 

3684
03:10:36,308 --> 03:10:40,100
including exciting exotic 
content while subtly protecting 

3685
03:10:40,100 --> 03:10:43,000
themselves from accusation of 
outright fabrication. 

3686
03:10:44,000 --> 03:10:47,000
They'd copy information from 
other respected Maps, which 

3687
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:48,700
provided a kind of professional 
cover. 

3688
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:51,700
If your map turned out to be 
wildly, inaccurate, you could 

3689
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:54,500
always point to your sources and
suggest that any errors were 

3690
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:58,200
inherited rather than invented. 
This process led to one of the 

3691
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:00,500
most amusing aspects of medieval
cartography. 

3692
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:03,900
Perpetuation of mistakes through
what amounted to professional 

3693
03:11:03,900 --> 03:11:06,900
courtesy. 
If a respected map maker 

3694
03:11:06,900 --> 03:11:10,500
included a particular island or 
Monster or impossible River on 

3695
03:11:10,500 --> 03:11:13,000
their chart. 
Other mapmakers would often 

3696
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:16,200
include the same feature even if
it didn't make much geographical

3697
03:11:16,200 --> 03:11:18,600
sense. 
Nobody wanted to be the one 

3698
03:11:18,600 --> 03:11:20,900
cartographer who left out 
something that everyone else 

3699
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:23,400
considered important. 
Even if everyone else was 

3700
03:11:23,400 --> 03:11:27,300
completely wrong about it. 
The price structure for medieval

3701
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:31,100
Maps, reflected, these realities
and intriguing ways basic maps, 

3702
03:11:31,100 --> 03:11:33,400
with just the essential 
geographical features were 

3703
03:11:33,400 --> 03:11:36,000
relatively affordable. 
And if you wanted the full 

3704
03:11:36,000 --> 03:11:39,200
treatment complete with 
monsters, mythical Islands, 

3705
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:43,000
detailed illustrations and 
exotic place names you paid 

3706
03:11:43,000 --> 03:11:46,200
premium prices. 
Essentially, the most expensive 

3707
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:48,600
Maps were works of art, that 
incorporated geographical 

3708
03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:52,200
information, not just totally 
designed geographical documents 

3709
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:55,100
wealthy customers often 
commissioned, custom maps, that 

3710
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:57,500
emphasized, whatever regions or 
features they were most 

3711
03:11:57,500 --> 03:12:00,600
interested in a merchant. 
Planing trade routes, might want

3712
03:12:00,600 --> 03:12:03,200
extra detail in commercial 
ports, and shipping lanes. 

3713
03:12:03,200 --> 03:12:06,200
While a nobleman might prefer 
elaborate illustrations of his 

3714
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:08,800
family's coat of arms scattered 
across various continents. 

3715
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:12,400
Some designers primarily 
designed Maps as Conversation 

3716
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:16,000
Pieces prioritizing visual 
impact and entertainment value 

3717
03:12:16,000 --> 03:12:19,800
over geographical accuracy. 
The map making guilds that 

3718
03:12:19,808 --> 03:12:22,600
developed in major European 
cities, served partly as 

3719
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:25,800
professional organizations and 
partly as quality control 

3720
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,500
systems. 
They established standards for 

3721
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:32,400
things like parchment quality 
ink formulations and artistic 

3722
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:35,500
techniques, but they were 
remarkably flexible about 

3723
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:39,100
accuracy requirements. 
A map could be completely wrong 

3724
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:42,200
about the basic shape of 
continents and still earn Guild 

3725
03:12:42,200 --> 03:12:45,400
approval as long as it was 
beautifully executed and based 

3726
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,700
on appropriately, prestigious 
sources competition between 

3727
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:52,300
mapmaking centers, led to some 
creative approaches to marketing

3728
03:12:52,300 --> 03:12:56,000
Venetian Maps emphasized, their 
access to information from 

3729
03:12:56,000 --> 03:12:58,300
Eastern trade routes while 
Spanish Maps. 

3730
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:02,100
Highlighted their expertise in 
Atlantic exploration eventually.

3731
03:13:02,100 --> 03:13:05,200
English cartographers promoted 
their developing expertise in 

3732
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:08,800
Northern Waters while Portuguese
map makers, asserted that they 

3733
03:13:08,800 --> 03:13:10,700
had unique knowledge of African 
coastlines. 

3734
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:13,800
Each Regional map, making 
tradition developed, its own 

3735
03:13:13,800 --> 03:13:18,000
signature style of educated 
guessing, The rise of printing 

3736
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:20,600
in the 15th century democratized
map distribution. 

3737
03:13:20,600 --> 03:13:23,100
They didn't necessarily improve 
map accuracy. 

3738
03:13:23,900 --> 03:13:26,700
If anything printing, made it 
easier for mistakes to spread 

3739
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:30,000
quickly and widely. 
Single inaccurate printed map 

3740
03:13:30,000 --> 03:13:33,000
could influence hundreds of 
other Maps, creating cascading 

3741
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:34,500
errors, that persisted for 
Generations. 

3742
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:37,300
The same technology that should 
have made. 

3743
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:41,100
Corrections easier actually made
widespread misinformation more 

3744
03:13:41,100 --> 03:13:43,800
durable. 
Customer feedback was rarely 

3745
03:13:43,800 --> 03:13:46,200
immediate enough to affect 
map-making practices 

3746
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,400
significantly. 
If you bought a map that turned 

3747
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:51,700
out to be wrong about the 
location of a particular Island,

3748
03:13:51,700 --> 03:13:54,300
you probably wouldn't discover 
the error for years. 

3749
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:58,000
If ever, you might think you may
navigation errors instead of the

3750
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:00,900
map being wrong. 
This built-in delay between 

3751
03:14:00,900 --> 03:14:03,200
creation and verification meant 
that map. 

3752
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:06,300
Makers could maintain successful
careers based on information 

3753
03:14:06,300 --> 03:14:09,400
that was consistently 
spectacularly wrong. 

3754
03:14:10,300 --> 03:14:13,100
The most successful mapmakers 
learn to manage customary, 

3755
03:14:13,100 --> 03:14:16,000
expectations without explicitly,
admitting the limitations of 

3756
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:18,800
their knowledge. 
A developed a professional 

3757
03:14:18,800 --> 03:14:22,000
vocabulary full of terms, that 
sounded authoritative while 

3758
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:24,400
actually meaning your guests as 
accurate as mine. 

3759
03:14:25,400 --> 03:14:27,400
Phrases. 
Like according to the most 

3760
03:14:27,400 --> 03:14:32,300
reliable sources and as reported
by experienced Navigators could 

3761
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:35,000
cover a multitude of uncertainty
is without technically 

3762
03:14:35,000 --> 03:14:38,300
constituting fraud change came 
slowly to the world of 

3763
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:41,400
mapmaking, partly? 
Because the old system works so 

3764
03:14:41,400 --> 03:14:44,500
well for everyone involved. 
Customers got beautiful, 

3765
03:14:44,500 --> 03:14:48,400
entertaining Maps, full of 
wonderful possibilities that 

3766
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:51,500
make us got to exercise their 
creativity while earning steady 

3767
03:14:51,500 --> 03:14:54,400
living's. 
Sailors got convenient, excuses 

3768
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,600
for failed voyages. 
After all, if the monsters 

3769
03:14:57,600 --> 03:15:00,400
didn't attack you, those tricky 
currents around the mythical 

3770
03:15:00,400 --> 03:15:04,300
Island probably would but 
eventually, reality started 

3771
03:15:04,300 --> 03:15:07,700
intruding on this comfortable 
Arrangement, the problem began 

3772
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:10,600
with Portuguese Sailors in the 
15th century who had the 

3773
03:15:10,608 --> 03:15:13,200
annoying habit of actually 
visiting the places they were 

3774
03:15:13,200 --> 03:15:16,300
supposed to visit and then 
coming back with inconveniently 

3775
03:15:16,300 --> 03:15:19,600
accurate reports about what 
they'd found their Instead of 

3776
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,400
respectfully confirming the 
established geographical wisdom,

3777
03:15:22,400 --> 03:15:25,900
these explorers kept insisting 
that coastlines were shaped 

3778
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:29,200
differently than the maps 
suggested that certain islands 

3779
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:32,200
didn't exist and that the 
monsters were surprisingly 

3780
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:33,800
absent. 
From areas where they were 

3781
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:37,600
supposed to be abundant, Vasco 
de Gamers Voyage around. 

3782
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:39,900
Africa was particularly 
Troublesome for traditional 

3783
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:43,300
mapmakers here was someone who 
had actually sail around the 

3784
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:47,300
entire continent mapped its 
actual Coastline and returned 

3785
03:15:47,300 --> 03:15:49,500
with details information about 
what was really there. 

3786
03:15:49,500 --> 03:15:52,800
This kind of first-hand 
knowledge was deeply and 

3787
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:55,700
convenient for cartographers who
had spent decades perfecting 

3788
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:59,300
their artistic interpretations 
of African geography, based on 

3789
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:02,700
centuries old second-hand 
accounts, The Spanish, 

3790
03:16:02,700 --> 03:16:05,600
exploration of the Americas 
created, similar problems, 

3791
03:16:05,600 --> 03:16:08,900
Columbus, and his successors 
consistently found new 

3792
03:16:08,900 --> 03:16:11,800
continents in areas where 
established Maps depicted empty 

3793
03:16:11,800 --> 03:16:14,400
Ocean's yet. 
They lacked The Taste to return 

3794
03:16:14,400 --> 03:16:19,100
tangible evidence of their 
discoveries, Gold exotic plants 

3795
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:22,100
and Indigenous. 
People were much harder to argue

3796
03:16:22,100 --> 03:16:24,400
with than theoretical 
discussions about what might 

3797
03:16:24,400 --> 03:16:27,700
exist in distant Waters. 
The Protestant Reformation 

3798
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:31,600
introduced an unexpected twist 
to the situation medieval Maps, 

3799
03:16:31,600 --> 03:16:34,500
had often included religious 
elements, the Garden of Eden, 

3800
03:16:34,500 --> 03:16:38,100
various biblical locations, and 
Christian symbolism integrated 

3801
03:16:38,100 --> 03:16:42,200
with geographical features. 
As religious Authority became 

3802
03:16:42,200 --> 03:16:44,000
more contested in some parts of 
Europe. 

3803
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:47,300
The theological aspects of 
traditional map making came 

3804
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:48,800
under scrutiny, along with 
everything else. 

3805
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:52,100
Some reformers argue that mixing
religious Doctrine with 

3806
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:55,400
geographical information was 
inappropriate, which eliminated 

3807
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:57,600
one of the traditional 
justifications for including 

3808
03:16:57,600 --> 03:17:01,400
speculative content on maps. 
The invention of more accurate 

3809
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:03,900
navigation instruments. 
Gradually raised the standards 

3810
03:17:03,900 --> 03:17:08,300
for what constituted acceptable 
geographical information when 

3811
03:17:08,300 --> 03:17:10,900
sailors could determine their 
latitude with reasonable 

3812
03:17:10,900 --> 03:17:14,800
Precision maps that placed 
familiar locations of miles from

3813
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:18,700
their actual positions, became 
problematic magnetic, compass 

3814
03:17:18,700 --> 03:17:20,900
yaste. 
And eventually, more 

3815
03:17:20,900 --> 03:17:23,900
sophisticated tools, made it 
harder for makers to hide 

3816
03:17:23,900 --> 03:17:25,600
behind. 
The excuse, that navigation was 

3817
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:29,100
inherently uncertain. 
Competition from, explorers 

3818
03:17:29,100 --> 03:17:31,800
turned cartographers, put 
additional pressure on 

3819
03:17:31,800 --> 03:17:34,400
traditional map. 
Makers, people who had actually 

3820
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:37,100
visited distant places. 
Could produce Maps based on 

3821
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:39,900
Direct observation rather than 
scholarly speculation. 

3822
03:17:40,700 --> 03:17:43,000
He's Explorer. 
Cartographers didn't necessarily

3823
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:46,400
create more beautiful Maps, but 
their charts have the compelling

3824
03:17:46,400 --> 03:17:48,900
advantage of actually working 
for navigation purposes. 

3825
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:52,900
Although customers valued 
Beauty, those who intended to 

3826
03:17:52,900 --> 03:17:55,500
use their maps for real travel, 
placed a greater value on 

3827
03:17:55,500 --> 03:17:58,000
functionality. 
The printing Industries 

3828
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:00,600
development, created, both 
problems and opportunities for 

3829
03:18:00,600 --> 03:18:04,200
mapmakers on one hand. 
The ability to produce printed 

3830
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:07,500
Maps more quickly, and cheaply 
than hand-drawn ones opened up 

3831
03:18:07,500 --> 03:18:10,300
new markets and increase the 
availability of geographical 

3832
03:18:10,300 --> 03:18:13,300
information. 
On the other hand printing, made

3833
03:18:13,300 --> 03:18:16,300
it easier to compare maps from 
different sources which 

3834
03:18:16,300 --> 03:18:19,200
highlighted inconsistencies and 
errors that might have gone 

3835
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:21,600
unnoticed when each map was a 
unique manuscript. 

3836
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:25,300
Scientific method was perhaps 
the most serious long-term 

3837
03:18:25,300 --> 03:18:29,200
threat to creative cartography. 
As Scholars began emphasizing 

3838
03:18:29,200 --> 03:18:32,800
direct observation, 
reproduceable experiments and 

3839
03:18:32,800 --> 03:18:35,200
systematic skepticism about 
received wisdom. 

3840
03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:38,600
The traditional approach to 
mapmaking looked increasingly 

3841
03:18:38,600 --> 03:18:42,700
unscientific Maps based on 
centuries old texts and 

3842
03:18:42,708 --> 03:18:45,000
theoretical speculation didn't 
fit. 

3843
03:18:45,000 --> 03:18:47,900
Well with the new emphasis on 
empirical evidence and logical 

3844
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:50,900
analysis. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

3845
03:18:50,900 --> 03:18:53,900
or complete even as more 
accurate information became 

3846
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:56,000
available. 
Many mapmakers continued 

3847
03:18:56,000 --> 03:18:58,800
including traditional elements 
alongside newer more reliable 

3848
03:18:58,800 --> 03:19:02,200
content. 
Some maps from the 16th and 17th

3849
03:19:02,200 --> 03:19:04,900
centuries show in almost 
schizophrenic split between 

3850
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:08,300
carefully, surveyed, coastlines,
and mythical interior features. 

3851
03:19:08,300 --> 03:19:11,300
As if the cartographers couldn't
quite bring themselves to 

3852
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:14,700
abandon the old ways entirely as
you settle in for the end of our

3853
03:19:14,700 --> 03:19:17,300
journey through the wonderfully,
deceptive world of medieval 

3854
03:19:17,300 --> 03:19:19,900
mapmaking. 
It's worth considering what we 

3855
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:23,000
lost when cartography became a 
science instead of an art form. 

3856
03:19:23,000 --> 03:19:27,800
Yes, modern maps are infinitely,
more accurate infinitely, more 

3857
03:19:27,800 --> 03:19:31,100
useful and infinitely, less 
likely to send you sailing off 

3858
03:19:31,100 --> 03:19:33,800
the edge of the world or into 
the waiting tentacles of a 

3859
03:19:33,808 --> 03:19:36,900
hungry cracker. 
But there are so infinitely less

3860
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:40,100
likely to spark your 
imagination, or make you wonder 

3861
03:19:40,100 --> 03:19:42,400
what might be waiting, just 
beyond the next Horizon. 

3862
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:48,000
The Golden Age of creatively 
ended sometime in the 18th 

3863
03:19:48,000 --> 03:19:51,700
century, when the combination of
better instruments, systematic 

3864
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:55,200
exploration and scientific 
rigor, made it impossible to 

3865
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:58,400
maintain the old traditions of 
educated guessing and artistic 

3866
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:01,400
interpretation. 
The last mythical Islands, 

3867
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:04,800
disappeared from authoritative 
Maps, the sea monsters were 

3868
03:20:04,800 --> 03:20:08,100
relegated to decorative corners 
and the vast blank spaces. 

3869
03:20:08,100 --> 03:20:11,300
Labeled Terra Incognito 
gradually filled with 

3870
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:13,800
disappointingly, real 
geographical features. 

3871
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:17,200
But the influence of those 
centuries of cartographic, 

3872
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:20,100
creativity lingered in 
unexpected ways. 

3873
03:20:20,100 --> 03:20:23,700
The Age of Exploration was 
partly motivated by maps that 

3874
03:20:23,700 --> 03:20:27,300
showed a world filled with 
wonderful possibilities islands 

3875
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:31,500
of gold, passages to the Orient 
and lands inhabited by exotic 

3876
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:35,700
peoples and fantastic creatures.
If the maps of Columbus's time 

3877
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:38,000
had accurately depicted the vast
empty ocean. 

3878
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:41,400
He would actually encounter, 
would he have sailed West? 

3879
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:45,900
If generations of optimistic, 
cartographers hadn't inflated, 

3880
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:49,700
the potential rewards with the 
great Voyages of Discovery of 

3881
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:53,100
seemed worth the risk and 
expense the mythology, created 

3882
03:20:53,100 --> 03:20:56,800
by medieval mapmakers became 
embedded in European culture in 

3883
03:20:56,800 --> 03:20:58,400
ways that outlasted the maps 
themselves. 

3884
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:03,000
Stories about antilia influence,
Spanish expectations about the 

3885
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:06,800
Americas, Legends of prestige, 
John's Christian kingdom shaped 

3886
03:21:06,800 --> 03:21:08,900
Portuguese. 
Exploration of Africa in Asia. 

3887
03:21:08,900 --> 03:21:12,600
The idea that the world's edges 
were populated by monsters and 

3888
03:21:12,600 --> 03:21:16,500
Marvels became part of the 
European imagination, creating a

3889
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,300
sense that exploration was not 
just about trade routes and 

3890
03:21:19,300 --> 03:21:23,000
territorial expansion at about 
discovering ones that would 

3891
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:27,200
justify the greatest risks. 
It took centuries for some of 

3892
03:21:27,208 --> 03:21:30,200
the most persistent geographical
myths to completely vanish. 

3893
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:33,600
The Northwest Passage a 
hypothetical Northern route, 

3894
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:35,100
connecting the Atlantic and 
Pacific. 

3895
03:21:35,100 --> 03:21:39,700
Oceans appeared on maps for over
400 years before explorers 

3896
03:21:39,700 --> 03:21:43,100
finally confirmed that it didn't
exist in any practical sense, 

3897
03:21:43,100 --> 03:21:45,800
despite repeated evidence to the
country. 

3898
03:21:45,800 --> 03:21:48,600
Many Maps depicted California as
an island. 

3899
03:21:48,600 --> 03:21:52,200
Well, into the 18th century. 
These weren't simple mistakes, 

3900
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:56,000
they were examples of wishful 
thinking, so powerful that it 

3901
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,600
overrode contradictory evidence 
for Generations. 

3902
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,000
The decorative elements of 
medieval Maps evolved into the 

3903
03:22:02,000 --> 03:22:05,100
artistic Traditions that still 
influence cartographic design 

3904
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:07,800
today. 
Modern Maps may not include 

3905
03:22:07,800 --> 03:22:10,900
dragon's or certains. 
They still use artistic 

3906
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:14,000
technique to developed by 
mapmakers who understood that 

3907
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:17,100
geographical documents needed to
be visually appealing as well as

3908
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:20,100
informative. 
The elaborate Compass Rose's, 

3909
03:22:20,100 --> 03:22:23,600
decorative borders, and careful 
attention to typography. 

3910
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:26,700
That characterized the best 
contemporary Maps can be traced 

3911
03:22:26,700 --> 03:22:29,700
directly back to mediaeval. 
Cartographers knew that 

3912
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:31,900
presentation mattered as much as
context. 

3913
03:22:33,000 --> 03:22:36,600
Most importantly, the medieval 
map making Traditions serves as 

3914
03:22:36,600 --> 03:22:39,000
a reminder of the complex 
relationship between information

3915
03:22:39,000 --> 03:22:42,400
and Truth. 
Those old cartographers weren't 

3916
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:44,000
deliberately trying to deceive 
anyone. 

3917
03:22:44,000 --> 03:22:47,500
They were doing their best to 
synthesize limited contradictory

3918
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:50,000
information into useful 
documents for their customers. 

3919
03:22:50,800 --> 03:22:53,000
They filled gaps in their 
knowledge, with educated 

3920
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:56,200
guesses, traditional stories and
reasonable assumptions that 

3921
03:22:56,200 --> 03:22:59,700
turned out to be wrong. 
In that sense, they weren't so 

3922
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:02,300
different from Modern experts 
who extrapolate from incomplete 

3923
03:23:02,300 --> 03:23:05,100
data and make predictions about 
complex systems. 

3924
03:23:05,100 --> 03:23:08,800
They don't fully understand. 
The next time you use GPS to 

3925
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:12,100
navigate to someplace, you've 
never been before spare, a 

3926
03:23:12,100 --> 03:23:14,700
thought for the generations of 
mapmakers who tackle the same 

3927
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:18,300
basic problem with much less 
reliable information, much, more

3928
03:23:18,300 --> 03:23:21,700
Creative Solutions, they may 
have gotten the details wrong, 

3929
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:25,900
but they got the spirit, right? 
The world is a big mysterious, 

3930
03:23:25,900 --> 03:23:28,800
wonderful place, full of 
possibilities. 

3931
03:23:28,800 --> 03:23:30,400
We haven't discovered yet the 
Wonders. 

3932
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:33,700
We can't quite imagine, and if 
you ever find yourself in a 

3933
03:23:33,700 --> 03:23:36,300
situation where you need to fill
in some gaps, in your knowledge 

3934
03:23:36,300 --> 03:23:39,600
with your best educated guests, 
remember that your following in 

3935
03:23:39,600 --> 03:23:42,700
a long and honorable tradition. 
Just be careful not to include 

3936
03:23:42,700 --> 03:23:45,900
any dragons in the margins. 
These days people tend to check 

3937
03:23:45,900 --> 03:23:49,900
those details sweet dreams and 
may your Maps where the 

3938
03:23:49,900 --> 03:23:52,800
geographical Professional or 
personal lead you to 

3939
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:54,800
discoveries. 
That are at least as wonderful 

3940
03:23:54,800 --> 03:23:56,400
as the ones you imagined along 
the way. 

3941
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:03,700
The alarm clocks shrill cry ring
through the Dallas hotel room at

3942
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:07,100
precisely 6:30 a.m. though. 
I must confess, I was already 

3943
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:10,100
Wide Awake. 
Sleep had become as elusive as 

3944
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:11,600
Republican votes in 
Massachusetts. 

3945
03:24:11,600 --> 03:24:15,100
These days. 
I rolled over my back protesting

3946
03:24:15,100 --> 03:24:18,800
with the enthusiasm of a cold 
war Summit, meeting all tension 

3947
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:22,900
and very little resolution 
Jackie Stewart beside me, her 

3948
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:26,500
hair, still perfectly quaffed, 
even in Slumber, given our 

3949
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:28,400
political climate. 
It was practically a job 

3950
03:24:28,400 --> 03:24:31,400
requirement for her to maintain 
her composure even during a 

3951
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:34,100
hurricane. 
Good morning, Mr. President, she

3952
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:37,500
murdered her voice carrying that
familiar mixture of affection 

3953
03:24:37,500 --> 03:24:40,100
and formality that had become 
our morning ritual. 

3954
03:24:40,100 --> 03:24:44,100
Even in private moments, the 
presidents, he seemed to hover 

3955
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:46,900
over us like a omnipresent 
secret service agent. 

3956
03:24:48,000 --> 03:24:51,300
Good morning, Mrs. Kennedy, I 
replied attempting to inject 

3957
03:24:51,300 --> 03:24:54,000
some levity into what promised 
to be another day of handshaking

3958
03:24:54,000 --> 03:24:57,000
and the general Business of 
Being presidential. 

3959
03:24:57,000 --> 03:24:59,400
Are you prepared to Dazzle, 
Texas? 

3960
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,700
The double entender wasn't lost 
on either of us and Jackie's 

3961
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:05,700
raised eyebrows suggested. 
She found like hula about his 

3962
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:07,000
presidential as my Boston 
accent. 

3963
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:11,800
The morning routine began with 
military Precision shower shave 

3964
03:25:11,800 --> 03:25:13,500
and the careful selection of a 
tire. 

3965
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:17,700
That would photograph well under
the harsh Texas Sun My back 

3966
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:21,600
brace, that constant companion 
since my PT 109 days required. 

3967
03:25:21,600 --> 03:25:25,200
Its usual, careful adjustment. 
The irony wasn't lost on me that

3968
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:26,500
they're very thin meant to keep 
me up. 

3969
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:29,800
Prayer, often made me feel like 
I was wearing a medieval torture

3970
03:25:29,800 --> 03:25:33,700
device. 
Still appearances mattered and a

3971
03:25:33,700 --> 03:25:36,300
president, couldn't very well 
slouch through a motorcade, like

3972
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:37,800
a college student in a lecture 
hall. 

3973
03:25:38,600 --> 03:25:39,900
Breakfast arrived with the 
morning. 

3974
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:43,400
Briefings delivered by staffers 
who Moved with the efficient 

3975
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:46,300
urgency of The Men, Who their 
jobs depended on keeping the 

3976
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:48,500
leader of the Free World, 
properly caffeinated, and 

3977
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:52,300
informed The newspapers spread 
before me, painted the usual 

3978
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:56,000
picture, Cold, War tensions, 
civil rights, struggles, and 

3979
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:58,600
political maneuvering, that 
would make Machiavelli proud 

3980
03:25:58,600 --> 03:26:01,500
each headline, seemed to demand,
immediate attention. 

3981
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:05,200
As if the world's problems could
be solved over coffee and toast.

3982
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,700
The crowds in Fort Worth were 
magnificent last night. 

3983
03:26:08,700 --> 03:26:12,100
Kenny O'Donnell reported his 
Boston accent, making 

3984
03:26:12,100 --> 03:26:15,500
magnificent sale on like a 
personal endorsement from the 

3985
03:26:15,500 --> 03:26:18,200
pope himself. 
Dallas should be even better. 

3986
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:22,600
His optimism was contagious yet,
I couldn't dispel the notion 

3987
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:26,000
that Texas Hospitality carries 
specific requirements, namely 

3988
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:29,900
remembering who was hosting. the
flight to Dallas proved 

3989
03:26:29,900 --> 03:26:33,300
uneventful, which In politics is
often the best kind of event. 

3990
03:26:33,300 --> 03:26:36,400
One can hope for Jackie. 
Looked radiant in her pink 

3991
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:38,500
Chanel suit. 
Chosen specifically for its 

3992
03:26:38,500 --> 03:26:41,700
photogenic qualities and its 
ability to stand out in a crowd.

3993
03:26:41,700 --> 03:26:45,600
You know, I told her as we 
prepared for landing that color 

3994
03:26:45,600 --> 03:26:46,900
makes you look like a million 
bucks. 

3995
03:26:48,300 --> 03:26:50,500
Smiled. 
But I couldn't tell if it was in

3996
03:26:50,500 --> 03:26:53,100
response to the compliment or 
because I had managed to keep my

3997
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,900
economic metaphors, relatively 
modest crowds pressed against 

3998
03:26:56,900 --> 03:26:58,600
the barriers at the Love Field 
reception. 

3999
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:02,200
So passing, the expectations of 
an opening night at a Broadway 

4000
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:04,900
show. 
The enthusiasm was genuine, 

4001
03:27:04,900 --> 03:27:09,100
which always lifted my spirits. 
There's something profoundly 

4002
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:11,800
moving about American's 
exercising their Democratic 

4003
03:27:11,800 --> 03:27:15,700
right to gather cheer and 
occasionally throw flowers at 

4004
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:19,200
their elected officials. 
The Secret Service maintain 

4005
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:22,400
their Vigilant positions, their 
eyes scanning the crowd with the

4006
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:25,900
intensity of accountants. 
Reviewing tax returns methodical

4007
03:27:25,900 --> 03:27:29,500
thorough and slightly paranoid 
as we made our way toward the 

4008
03:27:29,508 --> 03:27:30,300
waiting. 
Limousine. 

4009
03:27:30,300 --> 03:27:32,800
I couldn't help, but notice the 
perfect weather. 

4010
03:27:33,900 --> 03:27:36,500
Sun Shone with the kind of 
Brilliance that made everything 

4011
03:27:36,500 --> 03:27:40,500
seem possible, the are carried 
just enough warmth to make the 

4012
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:43,500
open car comfortable and the sky
stretched endlessly. 

4013
03:27:43,500 --> 03:27:46,700
Blue above us. 
It was I thought to myself a 

4014
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:50,100
capital day for democracy. 
The presidential limousine that 

4015
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:54,200
Marvel of American Automotive 
Engineering and paranoia waited 

4016
03:27:54,200 --> 03:27:57,500
with its top-down to accommodate
the spectacular, Texas weather. 

4017
03:27:58,500 --> 03:28:01,800
Governor John Connolly and his 
wife Nelly comfortably settled 

4018
03:28:01,800 --> 03:28:05,200
into the jump seats, 
demonstrating the practice, ease

4019
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:08,200
of politicians, who have spent 
decades, perfecting the art of 

4020
03:28:08,208 --> 03:28:10,800
appearing comfortable in 
uncomfortable situations. 

4021
03:28:10,800 --> 03:28:14,800
Jackie arranged herself for side
me with the grace of someone who

4022
03:28:14,800 --> 03:28:17,200
had been doing this particular 
dance for nearly three years 

4023
03:28:17,200 --> 03:28:19,400
now. 
This is going to be quite a 

4024
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:22,300
ride, I mentioned to Connolly, 
although my thoughts were 

4025
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,900
focused Less on the 12-mile 
route through Dallas and more on

4026
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:29,400
the political implications of 
our visit to Texas next year's 

4027
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:32,000
election, calculation heavily 
weighed the state's electoral 

4028
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:36,000
vote, in each handshake wave and
perfectly timed smile, 

4029
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:39,800
symbolized and investment in 
America's Democratic future, or 

4030
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:41,700
at least, that's how I prefer to
think about it. 

4031
03:28:41,700 --> 03:28:44,700
Rather than as an elaborate 
exercise and police called 

4032
03:28:44,700 --> 03:28:47,800
theater. 
The motorcade began its stately 

4033
03:28:47,800 --> 03:28:50,700
procession through Dallas 
streets lined with enthusiastic 

4034
03:28:50,700 --> 03:28:53,200
citizens. 
The Secret Service had plotted 

4035
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:56,000
our route with mathematical 
Precision, wide streets for 

4036
03:28:56,000 --> 03:28:59,500
visibility, strategic turns to 
maximize crowd exposure and 

4037
03:28:59,500 --> 03:29:01,800
carefully time stops. 
That would allow the Press Corps

4038
03:29:01,800 --> 03:29:03,900
to capture those essential 
photographs, that would Grace 

4039
03:29:03,900 --> 03:29:07,400
tomorrows from Pages democracy. 
I'd Learned was as much about 

4040
03:29:07,400 --> 03:29:11,400
Optics as it was about policy. 
Mr. President you certainly 

4041
03:29:11,400 --> 03:29:12,800
can't say, Dallas doesn't love 
you. 

4042
03:29:12,800 --> 03:29:16,000
Nearly Connolly called out over 
the crowd noise, her voice 

4043
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:18,900
carrying the kind of genuine 
warmth that made politics 

4044
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:21,200
occasionally worthwhile, she was
right. 

4045
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:24,700
The reception had been overall 
wellingly positive with crowds, 

4046
03:29:24,700 --> 03:29:27,300
I pressed forward to catch 
glimpses of the presidential 

4047
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:30,700
party children, waved American 
flags with the unselfconscious 

4048
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:32,400
enthusiasm. 
That reminded me why? 

4049
03:29:32,400 --> 03:29:35,600
This job despite its 
considerable Birds remained 

4050
03:29:35,600 --> 03:29:40,100
fundamentally hopeful The sun 
beat down with friendly intense 

4051
03:29:40,100 --> 03:29:42,100
City. 
When I found myself, genuinely 

4052
03:29:42,100 --> 03:29:45,200
enjoying the ride. 
There's something uniquely 

4053
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:50,100
American about a motorcade. 
The ordered chaos of democracy 

4054
03:29:50,100 --> 03:29:53,000
in motion. 
Citizens Gathering spontaneously

4055
03:29:53,000 --> 03:29:55,800
to participate in the grand 
experiment of self-governance. 

4056
03:29:56,700 --> 03:29:59,300
Even the most cynical political 
operative would have to admit. 

4057
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:01,500
There was something stirring 
about it. 

4058
03:30:01,500 --> 03:30:05,100
All Jackie waived with practice 
Perfection, a pink suit, 

4059
03:30:05,100 --> 03:30:08,000
providing exactly the visual 
contrast, the advanced team had 

4060
03:30:08,000 --> 03:30:10,300
calculated. 
Every detail, had been 

4061
03:30:10,308 --> 03:30:13,300
choreographed from the car's 
position in the motorcade to the

4062
03:30:13,300 --> 03:30:15,100
timing of our arrival at the 
trademark. 

4063
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:19,500
Political success, I discovered 
lay in the intersection of 

4064
03:30:19,500 --> 03:30:21,500
genuine sentiment and careful 
planning. 

4065
03:30:22,300 --> 03:30:25,400
The crowd seemed to sense both 
elements responding with an 

4066
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:28,100
enthusiasm that felt authentic 
rather than manufactured. 

4067
03:30:28,100 --> 03:30:31,800
You know, I leaned over to tell 
Jackie, I think we might 

4068
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:35,900
actually win Texas next year. 
The comment was partly serious, 

4069
03:30:35,900 --> 03:30:39,100
political analysis, and partly 
an attempt to like in the mood. 

4070
03:30:39,800 --> 03:30:43,400
Presidential campaigns were 
marathon's not Sprints and every

4071
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:47,200
positive reception represented 
momentum, that could be upon the

4072
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:48,600
mathematics of electoral 
politics. 

4073
03:30:48,600 --> 03:30:51,700
Demanded constant attention to 
these Regional variations in 

4074
03:30:51,700 --> 03:30:54,100
public sentiment. 
The route took us through 

4075
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:57,100
downtown Dallas passed 
buildings, whose windows were 

4076
03:30:57,100 --> 03:31:00,300
filled with office workers 
taking an extended lunch break 

4077
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:04,300
to witness history in motion. 
Some held cameras, others simply

4078
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:06,500
watched and a few displayed 
signs. 

4079
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:08,700
Welcoming the presidential party
to text us. 

4080
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:13,100
The diversity of the crowd, 
pleased me young and old various

4081
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:16,200
ethnic backgrounds, the kind of 
American Melting Pot that made 

4082
03:31:16,200 --> 03:31:19,800
democracy, not just possible, 
but inevitable Governor Connally

4083
03:31:19,800 --> 03:31:23,000
provided running commentary on 
local landmarks pointing out. 

4084
03:31:23,000 --> 03:31:26,600
Sites of historical significance
with the pride of a man showing 

4085
03:31:26,600 --> 03:31:28,800
off his hometown to 
distinguished visitors. 

4086
03:31:28,800 --> 03:31:33,200
His knowledge was encyclopedic, 
his delivery engaging and his 

4087
03:31:33,200 --> 03:31:36,400
obvious affection for Texas. 
Infections political 

4088
03:31:36,400 --> 03:31:39,600
Partnerships are reflected 
worked best when they were built

4089
03:31:39,600 --> 03:31:42,400
on genuine mutual respect and 
shared objectives. 

4090
03:31:43,200 --> 03:31:46,100
The Limousines Pace remained 
steady allowing for optimal 

4091
03:31:46,100 --> 03:31:49,300
crowd interaction, while 
maintaining security protocols 

4092
03:31:49,300 --> 03:31:52,300
every few blocks at spot Secret 
Service. 

4093
03:31:52,300 --> 03:31:55,600
Agents positioned, strategically
their presence, both reassuring 

4094
03:31:55,600 --> 03:31:58,600
and slightly sobering. 
The balance between 

4095
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:01,200
accessibility and security had 
become one of the defining 

4096
03:32:01,200 --> 03:32:04,500
challenges of modern democracy, 
how to remain close to the 

4097
03:32:04,500 --> 03:32:06,100
people. 
While acknowledging the reality 

4098
03:32:06,100 --> 03:32:07,800
of an increasingly complex 
world. 

4099
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:12,000
As we approached dealing Plaza. 
I noticed the crowds growing 

4100
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:15,200
even larger Crest against 
barriers with the enthusiasm of 

4101
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:17,100
Baseball fans, waiting for 
autographs. 

4102
03:32:17,100 --> 03:32:21,600
The enthusiasm was palpable, the
Texas Hospitality genuine and 

4103
03:32:21,600 --> 03:32:25,300
the political implications 
encouraging Whatever challenges,

4104
03:32:25,300 --> 03:32:28,600
lay ahead, this moment 
represented democracy at its 

4105
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:31,800
most Elemental level citizens 
and their affected 

4106
03:32:31,800 --> 03:32:33,800
Representatives, sharing the 
same space. 

4107
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:36,900
The same Sunshine. 
The same hopes for the future. 

4108
03:32:36,900 --> 03:32:40,800
Dealey Plaza opened before us 
like a natural Amphitheater with

4109
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:43,000
Spectators arranged along the 
grassy. 

4110
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:45,300
Slopes in what could have been 
mistaken for a particularly 

4111
03:32:45,300 --> 03:32:48,800
well, attended outdoor concert 
The crowd's energy was 

4112
03:32:48,800 --> 03:32:52,000
infectious, people pointed 
waived and called out. 

4113
03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:54,900
Greetings with the kind of 
spontaneous enthusiasm, that 

4114
03:32:54,900 --> 03:32:56,800
reminded me, why? 
I had entered politics in the 

4115
03:32:56,800 --> 03:33:00,900
first place democracy at its 
core was about these moments of 

4116
03:33:00,900 --> 03:33:03,600
connection between the governed 
and those who served them. 

4117
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:07,200
What a turnout I called to 
Jackie, though, the crowd noise 

4118
03:33:07,200 --> 03:33:11,200
nearly swallowed my words. 
She nodded her smile radiant as 

4119
03:33:11,200 --> 03:33:15,100
she continued her practice wave.
Not too enthusiastic to appear 

4120
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:17,800
on dignified. 
Not to reserve to see Malouf 

4121
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:21,400
Three years of presidential 
appearances had perfected, her 

4122
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:24,200
technique to an art form. 
The photographers would love 

4123
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:26,300
this. 
I thought already envisioning, 

4124
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:28,900
tomorrow's newspaper coverage 
with headlines about Texas, 

4125
03:33:28,900 --> 03:33:30,700
hospitality and Democratic 
Unity. 

4126
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,900
The Limousines progression, 
through the plaza, felt almost 

4127
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:37,600
ceremonial like a slow-motion 
parade celebrating the peaceful 

4128
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:41,600
transfer of democratic power 
children sat on their parents' 

4129
03:33:41,600 --> 03:33:45,200
shoulders teenagers, clustered 
together with cameras and adults

4130
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:48,400
pressed forward, with the kind 
of Civic engagement that made 

4131
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:51,400
the entire system work. 
While this was what the founding

4132
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:53,300
fathers. 
Had envisioned active 

4133
03:33:53,300 --> 03:33:57,500
citizenship public participation
and government by consent of the

4134
03:33:57,500 --> 03:34:01,700
governed Governor Connally half 
turned in his seat, pointing 

4135
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:04,700
toward a group of particularly 
enthusiastic supporters near the

4136
03:34:04,708 --> 03:34:08,000
grassy knoll Those folks have 
been waiting since Dawn. 

4137
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:11,300
He said his Texas drawl adding 
warmth to the observation 

4138
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:14,300
political advanced work was part
science. 

4139
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:18,200
Part art and part sheer luck, 
but when it all came together 

4140
03:34:18,200 --> 03:34:21,200
like this the results Justified,
every hour of planning and 

4141
03:34:21,208 --> 03:34:25,700
preparation, The sun continued, 
its friendly assault, making the

4142
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:28,600
pink of Jackie's suit, even more
vibrant against the blue 

4143
03:34:28,600 --> 03:34:30,700
skinnier color. 
Coordination might seem trivial 

4144
03:34:30,700 --> 03:34:33,300
to political newcomers but 
experienced campaigners 

4145
03:34:33,300 --> 03:34:37,000
understood that visual impact 
often mattered as much as policy

4146
03:34:37,000 --> 03:34:39,400
positions. 
Every element of today's 

4147
03:34:39,400 --> 03:34:42,100
appearance had been calculated 
to project competence 

4148
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:44,500
accessibility and optimistic 
leadership. 

4149
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:49,100
The crowd's response suggested, 
the strategy was working As we 

4150
03:34:49,100 --> 03:34:52,300
near the plaza center, I 
observed the crowd composition 

4151
03:34:52,300 --> 03:34:55,400
with the expertise of someone 
who had dedicated decades to 

4152
03:34:55,400 --> 03:34:59,700
studying electoral demographics.
The mix looked promising, young 

4153
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:02,600
families middle. 
Age professionals and elderly 

4154
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:05,300
citizens, exercising their 
Democratic prerogative to 

4155
03:35:05,300 --> 03:35:09,300
witness history, these authentic
moments of public engagement one

4156
03:35:09,300 --> 03:35:13,500
or lost Regional campaigns. 
Mr. Producer president, they 

4157
03:35:13,500 --> 03:35:17,200
really do love you here. 
Nelly, Connolly's voice carried 

4158
03:35:17,200 --> 03:35:20,200
genuine, pleasure and I had to 
agree with her assessment. 

4159
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:23,200
The reception had exceeded. 
Even our most optimistic 

4160
03:35:23,200 --> 03:35:27,100
projection texus with its 
complex political landscape and 

4161
03:35:27,100 --> 03:35:29,300
crucial electoral significance 
represented. 

4162
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:32,900
One of the keys to next year's 
campaign days, like this bill, 

4163
03:35:32,900 --> 03:35:36,100
the kind of momentum that could 
carry through an entire election

4164
03:35:36,100 --> 03:35:39,100
cycle. 
The motorcades pace allowed for 

4165
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:42,300
extended interaction hands 
reached out for handshakes 

4166
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,500
voices called personal, 
greetings and cameras captured. 

4167
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,100
The kind of spontaneous moments 
that define Democratic 

4168
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,400
participation. 
Secret Service agents maintained

4169
03:35:51,400 --> 03:35:54,000
their Vigilant positions, but 
their presence felt 

4170
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:57,400
appropriately unobtrusive. 
The balance between security and

4171
03:35:57,400 --> 03:35:59,700
accessibility had been struck 
precisely, right? 

4172
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:03,100
Jackie leaned over briefly her 
voice carrying Amusement. 

4173
03:36:03,100 --> 03:36:05,700
I think we've created quite a 
sensation. 

4174
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:08,800
She was right. 
The crowds enthusiasm had 

4175
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:11,100
reached almost Festival 
proportions with people 

4176
03:36:11,100 --> 03:36:13,700
streaming into the plaza from 
surrounding streets. 

4177
03:36:13,700 --> 03:36:15,700
To catch glimpses of the 
presidential party. 

4178
03:36:16,600 --> 03:36:20,100
This was democracy in his most 
Elemental form citizens 

4179
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:22,900
Gathering to participate in the 
grand American experiment. 

4180
03:36:24,500 --> 03:36:27,400
The limousine began. 
Its gentle turn onto Elm Street.

4181
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:30,200
Following the predetermined 
route that would take us through

4182
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:32,900
the heart of the plaza before 
continuing towards the Trade 

4183
03:36:32,900 --> 03:36:35,300
Mart. 
Every aspect of the journey had 

4184
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:38,200
been choreographed from the 
speed of our progression to the 

4185
03:36:38,200 --> 03:36:40,200
optimal angles for crowd 
interaction. 

4186
03:36:41,300 --> 03:36:45,100
Political theater, when executed
properly served the dual purpose

4187
03:36:45,100 --> 03:36:46,900
of entertainment and Civic 
engagement. 

4188
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:49,800
Looking at the clear texture 
Sky. 

4189
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:52,200
I couldn't help. 
But feel optimistic about the 

4190
03:36:52,200 --> 03:36:56,300
day, the visit and the future. 
The crowds the weather and the 

4191
03:36:56,300 --> 03:36:59,500
entire atmosphere suggested that
democracy was working exactly as

4192
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:02,000
intended. 
Citizens were engaged, 

4193
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:05,600
government was accessible and 
the peaceful transfer of power 

4194
03:37:05,600 --> 03:37:07,800
continued, its unbroken American
tradition. 

4195
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:11,900
It was, I thought to myself a 
perfect day for politics, the 

4196
03:37:11,900 --> 03:37:14,700
gentle curve onto Elm Street, 
provided an even better vantage 

4197
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:17,400
point for crowd observation and 
what I saw continued to 

4198
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:20,500
reinforce my growing confidence 
about Texas's political future, 

4199
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:24,800
the demographic mix remained 
encouraging Working Families, 

4200
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:29,200
business owners, and Jordan's 
retirees, exactly. 

4201
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:31,700
The kind of broadcast Coalition 
that successful campaigns 

4202
03:37:31,700 --> 03:37:34,500
required Political mathematics, 
demanded. 

4203
03:37:34,500 --> 03:37:37,600
This kind of cross-sectional 
appeal and today's reception 

4204
03:37:37,600 --> 03:37:41,500
suggested we were achieving it. 
This is what I call a Texas 

4205
03:37:41,500 --> 03:37:43,900
size. 
Welcome, I commented to Governor

4206
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:47,300
Connally, who beamed with the 
satisfaction of a host whose 

4207
03:37:47,300 --> 03:37:49,100
party was exceeding 
expectations. 

4208
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:52,800
Regional Pride was a powerful, 
political force and Texas 

4209
03:37:52,800 --> 03:37:55,700
possessed in the abundance. 
The state sense of itself is 

4210
03:37:55,700 --> 03:37:59,500
unique important and influential
made it both challenging and 

4211
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,500
rewarding for National 
politicians day felt distinctly 

4212
03:38:02,500 --> 03:38:05,000
rewarding. 
Secret Service had positioned 

4213
03:38:05,000 --> 03:38:08,100
agents throughout the area with 
their characteristic blend of 

4214
03:38:08,100 --> 03:38:11,200
visibility and discretion, their
presence provided necessary 

4215
03:38:11,200 --> 03:38:14,100
security, without overwhelming 
the Democratic character of the 

4216
03:38:14,100 --> 03:38:16,400
event. 
Balancing protection with 

4217
03:38:16,400 --> 03:38:19,100
accessibility and become one of 
the defining challenges of 

4218
03:38:19,100 --> 03:38:22,200
modern presidential leadership. 
How to remain connected to the 

4219
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:23,800
people. 
While acknowledging contemporary

4220
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,100
security realities. 
Jackie continued her graceful 

4221
03:38:27,100 --> 03:38:31,300
performance each wave calibrated
to project warmth without 

4222
03:38:31,300 --> 03:38:34,900
appearing, overly familiar. 
Presidential spouse's walk to 

4223
03:38:34,900 --> 03:38:38,900
particularly narrow line to 
formal and they seemed cold to 

4224
03:38:38,900 --> 03:38:41,600
casual and they undermine the 
Dignity of the office. 

4225
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:45,400
She'd masked the balance with 
characteristic intelligence and 

4226
03:38:45,400 --> 03:38:48,800
style the photographers were 
undoubtedly capturing images 

4227
03:38:48,800 --> 03:38:50,400
that would define today's 
coverage. 

4228
03:38:51,500 --> 03:38:54,100
The crowds energy showed no 
signs of diminishing as we 

4229
03:38:54,100 --> 03:38:55,600
progressed deeper into the 
plaza. 

4230
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:59,300
If anything, the enthusiasm 
seemed to be building, With 

4231
03:38:59,308 --> 03:39:02,500
people calling out personal 
greetings, an extending hands in

4232
03:39:02,500 --> 03:39:05,100
hopes of contact. 
These moments of human 

4233
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:08,600
connection were what made the 
political process worthwhile the

4234
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:10,100
reminders. 
That governance was ultimately 

4235
03:39:10,100 --> 03:39:14,300
about serving real people with 
real hopes and concerns You 

4236
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:16,500
know, I mentioned a Jackie, I 
think we might need to schedule 

4237
03:39:16,500 --> 03:39:20,100
more Texas visits. 
A comment was a blend of humor 

4238
03:39:20,100 --> 03:39:24,100
and serious politics success, 
bread, success, in politics and 

4239
03:39:24,100 --> 03:39:27,100
today's reception would generate
positive coverage that could 

4240
03:39:27,108 --> 03:39:31,100
influence future public opinion.
Authentic moments of public 

4241
03:39:31,100 --> 03:39:33,500
engagement often built electoral
momentum. 

4242
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:36,700
The limousine steady Pace 
allowed for optimal crowd 

4243
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:39,600
interaction, while maintaining 
the security, protocols that 

4244
03:39:39,600 --> 03:39:43,100
have become standard procedure. 
Every aspect of presidential 

4245
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,000
movement required careful 
coordination between multiple 

4246
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:50,000
agencies Advanced teams and 
local officials when it all 

4247
03:39:50,000 --> 03:39:53,200
worked smoothly as it had today,
the result was seamless 

4248
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:56,000
Democratic theater that served 
both ceremonial and practical 

4249
03:39:56,000 --> 03:39:58,700
purposes. 
Observing the crowd their 

4250
03:39:58,700 --> 03:40:01,600
diversity and genuine 
enthusiasm, struck me. 

4251
03:40:01,600 --> 03:40:04,300
These were not partisan 
political rallies with 

4252
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:06,700
carefully. 
Screened attendees, these were 

4253
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:09,900
ordinary citizens taking time 
from their daily routines to 

4254
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:13,300
participate in democracy, their 
presence represented. 

4255
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:16,000
The kind of Civic engagement 
that made the entire system 

4256
03:40:16,000 --> 03:40:19,600
functional effectively. 
The Texas Sun continued, its 

4257
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:23,100
friendly bombardment making the 
day feel more like a celebration

4258
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:26,500
than a political obligation. 
The weather had a significant 

4259
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:29,400
impact on the success of public 
events and today's conditions 

4260
03:40:29,400 --> 03:40:31,900
were ideal. 
Clear skies comfortable 

4261
03:40:31,900 --> 03:40:34,500
temperatures. 
An excellent visibility created 

4262
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:37,300
ideal circumstances for the kind
of public engagement that 

4263
03:40:37,300 --> 03:40:39,400
defines successful Democratic 
Leadership. 

4264
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:43,000
Governor Connally provided 
ongoing commentary about local 

4265
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:44,600
landmarks and the crowds 
composition. 

4266
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:47,600
His observations reflecting 
profound knowledge of Texas 

4267
03:40:47,600 --> 03:40:50,300
politics and genuine pride in 
his State's reception of the 

4268
03:40:50,308 --> 03:40:53,800
presidential party. 
Regional Partnerships were 

4269
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:56,700
crucial to National success and 
today's collaboration was 

4270
03:40:56,700 --> 03:41:00,400
functioning exactly as planned. 
As we continue through the 

4271
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,300
plaza, I found myself. 
Genuinely enjoying the 

4272
03:41:03,300 --> 03:41:06,100
experience, rather than simply 
enduring it as a political 

4273
03:41:06,100 --> 03:41:09,800
necessity, the crowds warmth, 
the perfect weather and the 

4274
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:12,100
general atmosphere of 
Celebration made this field like

4275
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:14,900
one of those rare occasions when
politics at its highest 

4276
03:41:14,900 --> 03:41:18,400
aspirations bringing people 
together around shared hopes and

4277
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:22,400
common purpose is the router 
head looked clear the crowd 

4278
03:41:22,400 --> 03:41:26,000
remained in enthusiastic and the
entire event was proceeding with

4279
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:28,900
the kind of smooth Precision 
that political Advanced teams 

4280
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:32,500
dreamed about The result was 
democracy working. 

4281
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:36,700
Exactly as intended with 
citizens and their Ash detected,

4282
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:38,500
Representatives sharing the same
space. 

4283
03:41:38,500 --> 03:41:41,600
The same moment in the same 
optimistic vision of American 

4284
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:44,300
possibilities. 
The plazas unique geography 

4285
03:41:44,300 --> 03:41:47,000
created natural Acoustics. 
That Amplified the crowds 

4286
03:41:47,000 --> 03:41:49,100
enthusiasm. 
Making their cheers and 

4287
03:41:49,100 --> 03:41:51,200
Applause, Echo off the 
surrounding buildings, like 

4288
03:41:51,200 --> 03:41:54,200
applause and a concert hall. 
The effect was almost musical 

4289
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:58,300
spontaneous Symphony of 
democratic participation that 

4290
03:41:58,300 --> 03:42:00,700
reminded me why Public Service? 
Despite its considerable 

4291
03:42:00,700 --> 03:42:04,600
challenges remained 
fundamentally rewarding These 

4292
03:42:04,600 --> 03:42:07,400
were the moments that justified,
the long hours the difficult 

4293
03:42:07,400 --> 03:42:10,900
decision, the constant scrutiny 
that defined presidential life. 

4294
03:42:12,000 --> 03:42:14,100
This reception is absolutely 
remarkable. 

4295
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:17,700
I told Governor Connally who 
nodded with obvious satisfaction

4296
03:42:17,700 --> 03:42:21,800
Texas Hospitality was proving 
itself in spectacular fashion 

4297
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:25,200
and the political implications 
were undeniably positive 

4298
03:42:25,200 --> 03:42:28,400
Regional support of this 
caliber, could translate into 

4299
03:42:28,400 --> 03:42:31,800
significant electoral advances 
and today's demonstration of 

4300
03:42:31,808 --> 03:42:34,500
public enthusiasm would 
undoubtedly influence future 

4301
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:37,800
campaign calculations. 
Jackie's performance continued 

4302
03:42:37,800 --> 03:42:41,500
to be Flawless, her wave's 
precisely calibrated to 

4303
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:43,300
acknowledge the crowd without 
appearing. 

4304
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:45,200
Either two casual or overly 
formal. 

4305
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:47,800
The Pink Suit had been an 
inspired Choice. 

4306
03:42:47,800 --> 03:42:51,300
It photographed beautifully 
against the blue sky and 

4307
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:53,100
provided exactly the visual 
impact. 

4308
03:42:53,100 --> 03:42:57,400
Our Advanced team had calculated
political success often depended

4309
03:42:57,400 --> 03:43:01,200
on seemingly Minor Details. 
That when combined created major

4310
03:43:01,200 --> 03:43:04,300
Impressions, the Secret Service 
maintained their Vigilant 

4311
03:43:04,300 --> 03:43:07,600
positions throughout the plaza. 
Their presence both reassuring 

4312
03:43:07,600 --> 03:43:11,400
and appropriately unobtrusive 
modern presidential security, 

4313
03:43:11,400 --> 03:43:13,900
required constant vigilance 
without overwhelming the 

4314
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:15,600
Democratic character of public 
events. 

4315
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:19,200
Today's balance, effectively 
allowed interaction, while 

4316
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:22,900
maintaining necessary protective
protocols as we approached what 

4317
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:24,300
appeared to be the Plaza's 
Center. 

4318
03:43:24,300 --> 03:43:28,400
I noticed the crowd density, 
increasing even further people 

4319
03:43:28,400 --> 03:43:31,400
were pressing against barriers 
with the enthusiasm of Baseball 

4320
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:34,900
fans, hoping for autographs, 
their faces reflecting, genuine 

4321
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:37,900
excitement about the opportunity
to witness history in motion. 

4322
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:42,600
This was Civic engagement at his
most Elemental level citizens, 

4323
03:43:42,600 --> 03:43:45,400
choosing to participate in the 
Democratic process through their

4324
03:43:45,400 --> 03:43:47,100
physical presence and vocal 
support. 

4325
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:50,900
The Limousines progression 
allowed for extended observation

4326
03:43:50,900 --> 03:43:53,700
of crowd composition. 
And what I saw can continue to 

4327
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:57,200
reinforce optimistic assessments
about Texas's political future. 

4328
03:43:57,200 --> 03:44:01,500
The demographic mixed 
encouraging young families with 

4329
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:04,000
children middle-aged 
professionals and elderly 

4330
03:44:04,000 --> 03:44:06,700
citizens, exercising their 
democratic prerogatives. 

4331
03:44:07,600 --> 03:44:09,300
Successful National campaigns 
required. 

4332
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:10,900
Exactly. 
This kind of broad-based 

4333
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:14,300
regional appeal. 
Mr. Pozor the president. 

4334
03:44:14,300 --> 03:44:16,300
I don't think I've ever seen 
Dallas. 

4335
03:44:16,300 --> 03:44:19,400
This excited about a political 
visit, nearly Connolly, 

4336
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:21,900
observed, her voice, carrying 
genuine warmth. 

4337
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:25,900
A comment reflected the kind of 
authentic local perspective that

4338
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:28,500
political professionals value 
highly. 

4339
03:44:29,300 --> 03:44:32,800
Spontaneous enthusiasm couldn't 
be manufactured or purchased it 

4340
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:35,900
emerged from genuine public 
sentiment and real political 

4341
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:38,600
momentum. 
The weather continued to 

4342
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:41,000
cooperate with almost 
Supernatural precision. 

4343
03:44:41,700 --> 03:44:44,400
Providing perfect conditions for
outdoor political events. 

4344
03:44:44,400 --> 03:44:48,400
Clear skies, comfortable, 
temperatures, and excellent. 

4345
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,500
Visibility created ideal 
circumstances for the kind of 

4346
03:44:51,500 --> 03:44:53,600
public engagement. 
That defined successful 

4347
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,500
Democratic Leadership. 
Even the most experienced 

4348
03:44:56,500 --> 03:44:59,500
political operatives would have 
to acknowledge that days like 

4349
03:44:59,500 --> 03:45:04,000
this were exceptional. 
Looking ahead, I could see the 

4350
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:06,900
routing through the plaza before
turning toward our final 

4351
03:45:06,900 --> 03:45:10,200
destination of the trademark. 
Every aspect of today's 

4352
03:45:10,200 --> 03:45:13,700
schedule, had been carefully 
coordinated to maximize positive

4353
03:45:13,700 --> 03:45:16,200
public interaction. 
While maintaining security 

4354
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,400
requirements when political 
advanced work function, this 

4355
03:45:19,400 --> 03:45:22,700
smoothly the results, Justified 
every hour of planning and 

4356
03:45:22,700 --> 03:45:26,500
preparation, The crowds energy 
remained consistently High. 

4357
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:30,600
With people continuing to call 
out greetings and wave with 

4358
03:45:30,600 --> 03:45:34,400
undiminished enthusiasm. 
Political momentum was often 

4359
03:45:34,400 --> 03:45:37,300
built on exactly these kinds of 
authentic moments of public 

4360
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:40,200
connection times when the 
theoretical concepts of 

4361
03:45:40,200 --> 03:45:43,400
democratic governance became 
real through direct human 

4362
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,600
interaction between citizens and
their elected representatives. 

4363
03:45:46,600 --> 03:45:50,100
Jackie leaned over briefly her 
voice carrying satisfaction. 

4364
03:45:50,100 --> 03:45:53,100
I think we can call this visit a
complete success. 

4365
03:45:54,000 --> 03:45:57,300
She was absolutely right. 
Like any measurable standard, 

4366
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,000
today's reception had exceeded 
expectations. 

4367
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,500
The political implications were 
overly positive. 

4368
03:46:03,500 --> 03:46:06,700
The public response had been 
enthusiastic, and the entire 

4369
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,100
event was preceding with 
remarkable smoothness. 

4370
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:12,400
As the limousine continued, its 
stately progression through 

4371
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:14,800
Daley Plaza. 
I found myself thinking that 

4372
03:46:14,800 --> 03:46:17,200
this was exactly what the 
founding fathers had envisioned.

4373
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:21,400
When they designed American 
democracy engaged, Citizen's 

4374
03:46:21,400 --> 03:46:25,100
accessible government and the 
peaceful transfer of power 

4375
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:28,400
through public participation, 
and consent of the governed, it 

4376
03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:30,500
was, I reflected. 
And nearly perfect day for 

4377
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:33,000
democracy. 
The sounds of the plaza seemed 

4378
03:46:33,000 --> 03:46:36,100
to intensify as we approached 
what felt like the Cristiano of 

4379
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:40,200
our Dallas visit. 
Plows chairs and individual 

4380
03:46:40,200 --> 03:46:43,100
voices calling out. 
Greetings, created a tapestry of

4381
03:46:43,100 --> 03:46:45,900
democratic participation that 
reminded me why I had entered 

4382
03:46:45,900 --> 03:46:48,700
public service. 
This was the essential element 

4383
03:46:48,700 --> 03:46:51,500
that made all the political 
maneuvering, the long hours and 

4384
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:54,800
the constant scrutiny worth 
while these moments of genuine 

4385
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:56,400
connection with the American 
people. 

4386
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:00,700
Jackie. 
Truly looks stunning. 

4387
03:47:00,700 --> 03:47:04,600
Today, I said my voice almost 
drowned out by the din of the 

4388
03:47:04,600 --> 03:47:07,700
crowd political theater, 
required attention to these 

4389
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:11,100
details in today's performance 
was achieving its objectives 

4390
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:14,200
flawlessly. 
Governor Connally continued, his

4391
03:47:14,200 --> 03:47:17,000
running commentary about local 
landmarks and crowd, composition

4392
03:47:17,000 --> 03:47:21,000
his obvious pride in Texas. 
Hospitality evident in every 

4393
03:47:21,000 --> 03:47:23,800
observation. 
Regional Partnerships were 

4394
03:47:23,800 --> 03:47:25,700
crucial to National political 
success. 

4395
03:47:25,700 --> 03:47:29,000
And today's collaboration was 
functioning with the kind of 

4396
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:31,700
precision that political 
professionals, spent careers 

4397
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:35,300
trying to achieve The reception 
had exceeded even our most 

4398
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:37,700
optimistic projections, the 
Secret Service. 

4399
03:47:37,700 --> 03:47:41,300
Maintain their positions with 
characteristic vigilance their 

4400
03:47:41,300 --> 03:47:44,300
presence, providing necessary 
security without overwhelming 

4401
03:47:44,300 --> 03:47:45,900
the Democratic character of the 
event. 

4402
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:50,000
Balancing protection with 
accessibility had become one of 

4403
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:52,400
the defining challenges of the 
modern presidential leadership 

4404
03:47:52,400 --> 03:47:55,700
and today's rangements 
represented that balance at its 

4405
03:47:55,708 --> 03:47:58,800
most effective. 
I was struck by the crowds 

4406
03:47:58,800 --> 03:48:00,100
diversity and they're real 
excitement. 

4407
03:48:00,100 --> 03:48:04,200
These weren't carefully screened
partisan supporters, these were 

4408
03:48:04,200 --> 03:48:07,200
ordinary citizens taking time 
from their daily routines, to 

4409
03:48:07,200 --> 03:48:10,400
participate in the Democratic 
process, their presence 

4410
03:48:10,400 --> 03:48:14,300
represented Civic engagement at 
its most fundamental level, the 

4411
03:48:14,300 --> 03:48:16,300
kind that made American 
democracy, not just possible, 

4412
03:48:16,300 --> 03:48:20,100
but inevitable. 
The plazas unique Acoustics 

4413
03:48:20,100 --> 03:48:24,300
continue to amplify every sound 
creating an almost theatrical 

4414
03:48:24,300 --> 03:48:26,500
atmosphere. 
That seemed perfectly suited to 

4415
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:30,300
the occasion political events 
when they work properly achieved

4416
03:48:30,300 --> 03:48:33,700
a kind of ceremonial significant
that transcended their immediate

4417
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:37,500
practical purposes today felt 
like one of those rare occasions

4418
03:48:37,500 --> 03:48:40,000
when politics achieved its 
highest aspirations. 

4419
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:43,800
This has been flawless. 
I told Jackie and I meant it 

4420
03:48:43,800 --> 03:48:46,300
completely the weather, the 
crowds, and the entire 

4421
03:48:46,300 --> 03:48:48,900
atmosphere had combined to 
create exactly the kind of 

4422
03:48:48,900 --> 03:48:51,300
public engagement that 
justified, the considerable 

4423
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:53,500
effort required to maintain 
Democratic governance. 

4424
03:48:54,400 --> 03:48:55,800
Days. 
Like this reminded me why? 

4425
03:48:55,800 --> 03:48:57,800
The president see despite its 
Birds. 

4426
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:01,900
Remained fundamentally hopeful 
The limousine steady Pace 

4427
03:49:01,900 --> 03:49:05,100
allowed for continued crowd 
interaction with people pressing

4428
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:07,300
forward to catch glimpses of the
presidential party, and 

4429
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,000
photographers capturing images 
that would define tomorrow's 

4430
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:12,700
coverage. 
Every element was functioning 

4431
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:14,900
with the kind of smooth 
Precision that political 

4432
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:18,100
Advanced teams dreamed about 
achieving as we continue through

4433
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:19,900
the plaza. 
I found myself thinking about 

4434
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:23,300
the broader side of today's 
success, Texas represented 

4435
03:49:23,300 --> 03:49:25,900
crucial electoral territory for 
next year's campaign. 

4436
03:49:25,900 --> 03:49:28,300
And this kind of authentic 
public enthusiasm. 

4437
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:32,500
Could translate into significant
political momentum The crowds 

4438
03:49:32,500 --> 03:49:36,100
energy remained consistently 
High, their voices, creating a 

4439
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:38,800
sustained celebration of 
democratic engagement that 

4440
03:49:38,800 --> 03:49:40,500
echoed off the surrounding 
buildings. 

4441
03:49:40,500 --> 03:49:42,300
This was what the founding 
fathers. 

4442
03:49:42,300 --> 03:49:45,700
Had envisioned active, 
citizenship accessible 

4443
03:49:45,700 --> 03:49:49,000
government and the peaceful 
exercise of democratic power 

4444
03:49:49,000 --> 03:49:51,700
through public participation and
mutual respect. 

4445
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:55,600
Suddenly there was a sound. 
I didn't immediately recognize 

4446
03:49:55,600 --> 03:49:59,500
sharp distinct, cutting through 
the crowd noise with unusual 

4447
03:49:59,500 --> 03:50:02,000
clarity. 
For just a moment. 

4448
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:04,800
I found myself thinking it 
sounded almost like that, that 

4449
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:06,600
couldn't be, right? 
That could be true. 

4450
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:08,800
Not here, not today. 
Not when everything was going so

4451
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:11,500
smoothly. 
The crowd was still cheering. 

4452
03:50:11,500 --> 03:50:15,000
Jackie was still waving and the 
sun was still shining with that 

4453
03:50:15,000 --> 03:50:16,400
remarkable. 
Texas, brilliant. 

4454
03:50:17,400 --> 03:50:20,600
This was supposed to be a 
perfect day for democracy, a 

4455
03:50:20,600 --> 03:50:22,500
moment that would remind 
everyone, why the American 

4456
03:50:22,500 --> 03:50:25,100
government. 
Established by the consent of 

4457
03:50:25,108 --> 03:50:29,200
the governed remains Humanity's.
Best hope for peaceful 

4458
03:50:29,200 --> 03:50:32,600
coexistence. 
There was another sound clearer 

4459
03:50:32,600 --> 03:50:35,400
this time and I felt something. 
I couldn't quite identify. 

4460
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:39,100
The plaza seemed to shift 
slightly the crowds voices, 

4461
03:50:39,100 --> 03:50:42,100
taking on a different quality. 
Jackie was facing me her 

4462
03:50:42,100 --> 03:50:45,000
expression transforming from the
routine of a political 

4463
03:50:45,000 --> 03:50:49,400
performance to a new expression 
of concern confusion and alarm. 

4464
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:52,700
Jack. 
She said and her voice. 

4465
03:50:52,700 --> 03:50:54,300
Carried a note. 
I'd never heard before. 

4466
03:50:55,200 --> 03:50:57,400
And in that moment, with perfect
clarity. 

4467
03:50:57,400 --> 03:51:00,600
I finally understood that some 
stories don't end the way. 

4468
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:03,500
Anyone expects them to time, 
seemed to slow in the most 

4469
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:06,400
peculiar way, like those moments
in combat when everything 

4470
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:10,000
becomes crystallized and 
immediate The voice is of the 

4471
03:51:10,000 --> 03:51:12,300
crowd persisted yet. 
They underwent a transformation 

4472
03:51:12,300 --> 03:51:16,400
transitioning from a joyful core
to a completely different tone. 

4473
03:51:16,400 --> 03:51:19,800
Jackie's face was turning toward
me with an expression I'd never 

4474
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:23,000
seen before, not the practice, 
composure of political 

4475
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:25,800
performance, but something Roar,
in immediate and terrified. 

4476
03:51:25,800 --> 03:51:30,400
My God, what are they doing? 
Governor Connolly's voice cut 

4477
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:33,300
through the altered atmosphere 
and I realized he was looking 

4478
03:51:33,300 --> 03:51:35,500
not at the crowd but at 
something else entirely. 

4479
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:39,500
The cheerful chaos of democratic
celebration was transforming 

4480
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:42,800
into something darker. 
More urgent and more real than 

4481
03:51:42,800 --> 03:51:45,400
any political satire, we'd 
carefully pieced together. 

4482
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:49,200
The Pink Suit that had looked so
perfect in the Texas Sunshine. 

4483
03:51:49,200 --> 03:51:52,200
Now seemed almost garish against
the sudden gravity of whatever 

4484
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:55,300
was happening, political 
calculations electoral 

4485
03:51:55,300 --> 03:51:56,900
mathematics Regional 
demographics. 

4486
03:51:56,900 --> 03:52:00,700
All the Frameworks, I'd spent 
decades mastering suddenly felt 

4487
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:03,300
Irrelevant in the face of this 
moment that was spinning Beyond 

4488
03:52:03,300 --> 03:52:07,200
anyone's control or planning. 
Jackie's hand extended towards 

4489
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:09,000
me revealing a terror in her 
eyes. 

4490
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:12,700
That was unrelated to campaign. 
Setbacks, this was an entirely 

4491
03:52:12,700 --> 03:52:16,600
different realm existing beyond 
the meticulously orchestrated 

4492
03:52:16,600 --> 03:52:19,500
realm of presidential, 
appearances and Democratic 

4493
03:52:19,500 --> 03:52:23,200
theater, The Secret Service 
agents were moving their 

4494
03:52:23,200 --> 03:52:26,300
position shifting with an 
urgency that suggested protocols

4495
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:30,200
far removed from crowd-control. 
Jackie, what? 

4496
03:52:31,000 --> 03:52:33,600
I try to say that the words 
seemed to dissolve before. 

4497
03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:37,300
I could complete them. 
The plazas Acoustics which had 

4498
03:52:37,300 --> 03:52:40,300
so perfectly Amplified, the 
crowds of enthusiasm, just 

4499
03:52:40,300 --> 03:52:43,000
moments before. 
Now carried sounds that belong 

4500
03:52:43,000 --> 03:52:44,800
to an entirely different kind of
event. 

4501
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:48,800
The sounds of sharp reports 
screams and Chaos were 

4502
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:52,400
reminiscent of a crisis. 
Rather than a celebration of The

4503
03:52:52,400 --> 03:52:55,200
limousine which had been 
progressing with such stately 

4504
03:52:55,200 --> 03:52:58,400
Precision through the carefully.
Planned route was suddenly 

4505
03:52:58,400 --> 03:53:01,800
accelerating with desperate, 
urgency something far more 

4506
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:04,300
primitive and immediate had 
replaced, the measured pace of 

4507
03:53:04,308 --> 03:53:07,700
political drama. 
Such Behavior wasn't part of any

4508
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:10,300
advanced teams calculations or 
security protocols. 

4509
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:14,400
This was improvisation born of 
emergency looking at Jackie's 

4510
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:16,000
face. 
I finally understood that all my

4511
03:53:16,000 --> 03:53:19,700
careful analysis of crowd, 
composition Regional politics 

4512
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:22,500
and electoral momentum. 
Had missed the most important 

4513
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:26,500
element in entirely. 
Democracy wasn't just about 

4514
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:28,600
engaged citizens and accessible 
government. 

4515
03:53:28,600 --> 03:53:32,100
It was all about the fundamental
fragility of the entire 

4516
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:36,200
Enterprise individual decisions 
that existed in entirely outside

4517
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:39,300
the systems assumptions. 
Could shatter the peaceful 

4518
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:44,900
transfer of power The Texas Sun 
continued shining with the same.

4519
03:53:44,900 --> 03:53:48,500
Brilliant intensity. 
But everything at illuminated 

4520
03:53:48,500 --> 03:53:50,600
had changed in ways. 
I was only beginning to 

4521
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,900
comprehend The crowds that it 
seemed so welcoming. 

4522
03:53:53,900 --> 03:53:57,200
So genuinely enthusiastic. 
So representative of American 

4523
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:01,300
democracy at its finest now, 
appeared different, not hostile.

4524
03:54:01,300 --> 03:54:03,300
Exactly. 
The powerless to prevent 

4525
03:54:03,300 --> 03:54:05,300
whatever was happening from 
continuing to happen. 

4526
03:54:05,300 --> 03:54:08,400
Jackie, get down, someone was 
yelling but the voice seemed to 

4527
03:54:08,408 --> 03:54:11,400
come from very far away even 
though I knew it must be closed.

4528
03:54:11,400 --> 03:54:14,700
But careful, choreography of 
presidential movement had 

4529
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:17,500
dissolved into something 
unscripted and uncontrolled. 

4530
03:54:17,500 --> 03:54:20,700
This was the kind of moment that
existed outside political 

4531
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:24,200
planning, Beyond, security, 
protocols, past the reach of 

4532
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:28,000
democratic institutions, the 
plaza, initially perceived as 

4533
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:31,100
ideal for our objectives due to 
its natural Amphitheater. 

4534
03:54:31,100 --> 03:54:34,600
Excellent, Acoustics and clear 
sightlines that promoted 

4535
03:54:34,600 --> 03:54:35,900
optimal. 
Crowded interaction. 

4536
03:54:35,900 --> 03:54:38,600
Now manifested itself as a 
different entity. 

4537
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,600
Geography that had facilitated 
political connection could 

4538
03:54:42,600 --> 03:54:46,300
apparently serve other purposes 
as well purposes that had 

4539
03:54:46,300 --> 03:54:48,600
nothing to do with Civic 
engagement or Democratic 

4540
03:54:48,600 --> 03:54:51,500
participation. 
In what felt like the last 

4541
03:54:51,500 --> 03:54:54,700
moment of clear thinking I might
have, I realized that history 

4542
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:57,600
was full of these Southern 
transitions moments when 

4543
03:54:57,600 --> 03:55:00,800
everything that seems stable and
predictable revealed itself to 

4544
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:03,200
be far more fragile than anyone 
had imagined. 

4545
03:55:04,100 --> 03:55:08,300
Presidency American democracy 
and the entire elaborate system.

4546
03:55:08,300 --> 03:55:10,600
We'd all worked, so hard to 
maintain it. 

4547
03:55:10,600 --> 03:55:12,900
All depended on assumptions. 
That could be challenged by 

4548
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:16,100
individual actions that existed 
entirely outside the system's 

4549
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:19,700
logic. 
Jackie was now screaming and The

4550
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:21,600
Pink Suit was spreading a warm 
glow. 

4551
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:25,300
The moment we had experienced 
with such Precision was 

4552
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:28,400
dissolving into something 
entirely, different something, 

4553
03:55:28,400 --> 03:55:33,500
real irreversible and Final. 
And as Consciousness began to 

4554
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:37,200
fade, my last coherent thought 
was that the puns had finally 

4555
03:55:37,200 --> 03:55:40,000
stopped being funny. 
The conversation was no longer 

4556
03:55:40,000 --> 03:55:43,600
about political bullets or 
campaign shots, or any of the 

4557
03:55:43,600 --> 03:55:46,200
military metaphors that filled 
up every day, political 

4558
03:55:46,200 --> 03:55:49,600
vocabulary, the conversation 
shifted to discussing actual 

4559
03:55:49,600 --> 03:55:52,200
bullets. 
Real shots, and genuine 

4560
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:55,000
consequences that transcended 
near wordplay and wit. 

4561
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:58,700
The perfect day for democracy 
was ending in the most imperfect

4562
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:02,000
way imaginable and there would 
be no opportunity for revision. 

4563
03:56:02,000 --> 03:56:05,600
No chance for second takes and 
no possibility of political 

4564
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:08,000
recovery. 
Unexpectedly. 

4565
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:11,600
Some stories, come to an end. 
The Texas sun was still burning,

4566
03:56:11,600 --> 03:56:14,300
a crowds continued reacting and 
history. 

4567
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:17,308
Continued moving forward into 
whatever came next but I would 

4568
03:56:17,316 --> 03:56:18,800
not be part of that 
continuation. 

4569
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:22,200
It appeared that I'd already 
pinned the Final Chapter that. 

4570
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:24,400
I remained oblivious to what was
going through my mind. 

4571
03:56:27,900 --> 03:56:31,000
You're standing on a wooden 
platform somewhere in Ohio and 

4572
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:33,500
its 1847. 
The morning. 

4573
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,500
Air smells primarily of cold 
smoke, with a hint of Adventure,

4574
03:56:36,500 --> 03:56:39,800
your carpet bag, sits Heavy in 
Your Hand stuffed with 

4575
03:56:39,800 --> 03:56:41,800
everything. 
You own that seemed important 

4576
03:56:41,800 --> 03:56:44,000
three days ago when you decided 
to head West. 

4577
03:56:44,800 --> 03:56:47,300
Now you're wondering why you 
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes

4578
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:50,600
and only one spare shirt. 
The locomotive sits before you 

4579
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:53,800
hissing and clanking like some 
great Metal Beast with 

4580
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:56,900
indigestion, steam Puffs from 
various openings. 

4581
03:56:56,900 --> 03:56:59,700
You can't shake the feeling that
the whole Contraption might 

4582
03:56:59,700 --> 03:57:03,400
explode at any moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man, 

4583
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:05,900
with arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

4584
03:57:05,900 --> 03:57:07,400
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

4585
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:10,800
He's probably seen enough boiler
explosions to know what one 

4586
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:14,200
looks like before it happens. 
This thought doesn't complete 

4587
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:17,500
you as much as you'd hoped. 
He climb aboard the passenger 

4588
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:20,300
car which is essentially a 
wooden box on Wheels with 

4589
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:22,800
Windows. 
The seats are arranged in rows 

4590
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,700
facing forward though. 
Seats his, perhaps to generous a

4591
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:28,600
term. 
They're more like church pews 

4592
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:31,700
with backs upholstered in 
horsehair that prickles through 

4593
03:57:31,700 --> 03:57:34,500
your clothes. 
The aisle between them is narrow

4594
03:57:34,500 --> 03:57:37,000
enough, that two people can't 
pass without one of them sucking

4595
03:57:37,000 --> 03:57:39,000
in their stomach and doing a 
little sideways shuffle. 

4596
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:41,700
Your fellow passengers are 
settling in around you. 

4597
03:57:41,700 --> 03:57:44,200
There's a woman in a severe, 
black dress who's already 

4598
03:57:44,208 --> 03:57:47,200
claimed the window seat and 
looks like she defend it with 

4599
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:50,300
her life. 
Behind her a traveling salesman,

4600
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:53,100
arranges his sample cases with 
the Precision of a military 

4601
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:56,800
operation across the aisle. 
A young mother tries to convince

4602
03:57:56,800 --> 03:57:59,700
her toddler that the train isn't
actually a monster over the 

4603
03:57:59,700 --> 03:58:02,500
child seemed skeptical. 
And frankly, you don't blame 

4604
03:58:02,500 --> 03:58:05,700
him. 
The conductor appears a man 

4605
03:58:05,700 --> 03:58:07,500
whose mustache has its own 
postal code. 

4606
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:10,400
He's wearing a uniform that 
seemed better decades and 

4607
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:12,600
carries a pocket watch. 
He consults with religious 

4608
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:16,200
devotion, All Aboard. 
He calls though you're already 

4609
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:17,500
aboard. 
So you're not sure if the 

4610
03:58:17,500 --> 03:58:20,200
request applies to you, or if 
you should get off and get back 

4611
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:22,500
on, again, you choose to remain 
Where You Are. 

4612
03:58:23,400 --> 03:58:26,100
With a tremendous jolt, that 
nearly sends you into the lap of

4613
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:27,400
the stern. 
Woman by the window. 

4614
03:58:27,400 --> 03:58:30,200
The train begins to move the 
wheels. 

4615
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:32,800
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 
that will haunt your dreams for 

4616
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:35,200
the next three weeks. 
Clackity clock. 

4617
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:40,400
It's almost musical if your 
taste in music runs to 

4618
03:58:40,400 --> 03:58:42,800
repetitive. 
Percussion performed by Iron 

4619
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:46,400
wheels on iron rails. 
The scenery outside starts to 

4620
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:50,300
crawl past this speed, you could
probably hop off pick some 

4621
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:53,400
wildflowers and hop back on 
again, though the conductors 

4622
03:58:53,400 --> 03:58:55,700
mustache suggests, the idea 
wouldn't be appreciated. 

4623
03:58:56,700 --> 03:59:01,000
Fields role by dotted with cows,
who see mildly interested in 

4624
03:59:01,000 --> 03:59:04,800
this mechanical intrusion into 
their pastoral day. a farmer 

4625
03:59:04,800 --> 03:59:08,600
waves from his plow and you wave
back feeling very Cosmopolitan 

4626
03:59:08,600 --> 03:59:13,300
and modern, The car rocks gently
from side to side not entirely 

4627
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:16,400
unlike being in a cradle. 
If cradles were made of wood and

4628
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:19,800
iron and pulled by steam 
engines, the motion is soothing.

4629
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:22,700
Once you get used to it though, 
it takes about the same amount 

4630
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:26,300
of time as a mild case of 
seasickness You close your eyes 

4631
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:28,200
and try to imagine your on a 
ship sailing. 

4632
03:59:28,200 --> 03:59:31,100
A cross prayer. 
In stead of Ocean's, the carpet 

4633
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:33,800
bags slide around on the floor, 
with each curve and bump. 

4634
03:59:33,800 --> 03:59:37,500
Everybody's luggage performs, a 
small dance, and every now and 

4635
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,500
then someone's hat box tries to 
escape only to have its 

4636
03:59:40,500 --> 03:59:41,900
embarrassed owner. 
Restrain it. 

4637
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,200
The woman next to you is tied 
her reticulate her wrist with 

4638
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:48,600
what appears to be a shoelace. 
Clearly, she's traveled by train

4639
03:59:48,600 --> 03:59:52,400
before outside the world passes 
by at the breathtaking speed of 

4640
03:59:52,400 --> 03:59:55,600
about 15 miles per hour. 
The present is the future. 

4641
03:59:55,600 --> 03:59:58,700
You think to yourself the 
present is what progress looks 

4642
03:59:58,700 --> 04:00:01,500
like. 
People travel across vast 

4643
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:04,600
distances on iron horses 
reaching speeds, that would have

4644
04:00:04,600 --> 04:00:06,300
been Unthinkable for your 
grandparents. 

4645
04:00:06,300 --> 04:00:10,200
However, at this moment, as I 
watch a particularly energetic 

4646
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:13,100
squirrel, keep Pace with the 
train for a solid 30 seconds. 

4647
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:16,900
The entire experience feels less
revolutionary and more quaint. 

4648
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:20,800
The whistle blows, a long 
mournful sound that somehow 

4649
04:00:20,800 --> 04:00:23,000
manages to be both exciting and 
lonely. 

4650
04:00:23,000 --> 04:00:27,300
At the same time, you're moving 
now carried forward by Steam and

4651
04:00:27,300 --> 04:00:30,100
steel into whatever Adventure, 
awaits down the line. 

4652
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:33,000
After your first hour aboard, 
your beginning to understand 

4653
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:36,900
that train travel comes with its
peculiar social rules, most of 

4654
04:00:36,900 --> 04:00:38,700
which nobody bothered to write 
down anywhere. 

4655
04:00:39,400 --> 04:00:41,800
It's like being invited to a 
party where everyone knows the 

4656
04:00:41,800 --> 04:00:45,500
secret handshake, except you 
take the window seats situation.

4657
04:00:45,500 --> 04:00:49,200
For instance, the woman beside 
you as a squatters rights on the

4658
04:00:49,200 --> 04:00:53,700
window view and she guards, it 
jealously When you lean slightly

4659
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:56,100
toward the glass to catch a 
glimpse of a particularly 

4660
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:58,800
captivating cowl. 
She shifted to considerable bulk

4661
04:00:58,800 --> 04:01:01,800
to block your view entirely. 
Seems like she's following 

4662
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:05,000
proper train etiquette, but you 
suspect, she's making it up as 

4663
04:01:05,000 --> 04:01:08,300
she goes, the art of eating 
aboard, a moving train proves to

4664
04:01:08,308 --> 04:01:10,300
be more challenging than you'd 
anticipated. 

4665
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:14,500
The railroad has thoughtfully 
provided a dining car though. 

4666
04:01:14,500 --> 04:01:17,500
Dining is perhaps too. 
Elegant a term for what 

4667
04:01:17,500 --> 04:01:19,700
transpires there you make your 
way down. 

4668
04:01:19,700 --> 04:01:22,600
The aisle, grabbing seat backs 
and fellow passengers for 

4669
04:01:22,600 --> 04:01:26,000
support as the car sways and 
lurches the dining car. 

4670
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:28,000
Attendant. 
A man who is clearly made peace 

4671
04:01:28,000 --> 04:01:29,300
with the chaos of his 
profession. 

4672
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:32,400
Serves up plates of food that 
seemed determined to slide into 

4673
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:35,000
your lap. 
Your beef stew sloshes from side

4674
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:38,400
to side with each train, rock, 
you quickly, learn to time your 

4675
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:41,500
spoonfuls, with the motion of 
the car, scooping up stew, when 

4676
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:44,700
it slides toward you and waiting
patiently, when it migrates to 

4677
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:47,100
the far side of the bowl, the 
resembles. 

4678
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:50,400
A fishing experience will be at 
with gravy and vegetables as the

4679
04:01:50,400 --> 04:01:52,700
catch and a constantly shifting 
pond. 

4680
04:01:53,700 --> 04:01:56,300
The other diners have developed 
various strategies for dealing 

4681
04:01:56,300 --> 04:01:59,300
with mobile meals. 
One gentleman has wedged, his 

4682
04:01:59,300 --> 04:02:01,900
plate between two coffee cups, 
creating a little edible 

4683
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:05,600
Fortress, a lady at the next 
table as give up entirely on 

4684
04:02:05,600 --> 04:02:08,500
utensils and is politely 
nibbling her dinner roll, while 

4685
04:02:08,500 --> 04:02:12,500
watching her suit performance. 
The traveling salesman from your

4686
04:02:12,500 --> 04:02:15,600
car somehow managed to balance 
his entire meal on his knees, 

4687
04:02:15,600 --> 04:02:18,000
while continuing to work on his 
correspondence. 

4688
04:02:18,800 --> 04:02:20,500
You suspect his Parts circus 
performer. 

4689
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:23,900
Coffee service presents its own 
unique challenges. 

4690
04:02:23,900 --> 04:02:27,700
The attendant approaches with a 
large pot, and The Confident are

4691
04:02:27,700 --> 04:02:29,800
of someone who's done the job 
1000 times before. 

4692
04:02:30,800 --> 04:02:33,600
He paused the coffee in a smooth
Arc that somehow accounts for 

4693
04:02:33,600 --> 04:02:36,900
the Train's motion, the cups 
movement, and the likelihood 

4694
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:38,800
that you'll jerk your hand at 
The crucial moment. 

4695
04:02:38,800 --> 04:02:41,800
Most of the coffee actually 
makes it into the cup. 

4696
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:43,800
Which feels like a small 
miracle. 

4697
04:02:44,600 --> 04:02:47,500
Between meals, you discover, 
that privacy is a negotiable 

4698
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:50,900
concept, aboard, a train, your 
fellow passengers seem to view 

4699
04:02:50,900 --> 04:02:53,100
your personal business as 
legitimate entertainment. 

4700
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,600
The stern Woman by the window 
has taken to commenting on your 

4701
04:02:56,600 --> 04:02:58,900
reading material. 
Despite the fact that you 

4702
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:01,900
haven't asked for her literary 
opinions, When you pull out a 

4703
04:03:01,908 --> 04:03:04,600
penny novel, she sniffs to 
approvingly and mutter something

4704
04:03:04,600 --> 04:03:08,000
about the decline of modern 
morals, you can sit up pointing 

4705
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:10,000
out that her own reading 
material appears to be a 

4706
04:03:10,008 --> 04:03:12,800
Temperance tracked but decide 
that discretion is the better 

4707
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:15,100
part of not getting into. 
An argument with someone you'll 

4708
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:17,000
be sitting next to for the next 
two days. 

4709
04:03:17,900 --> 04:03:20,400
The traveling salesman has 
appointed himself, the cars 

4710
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:23,800
unofficial social directors 
knows, everyone's destination 

4711
04:03:23,800 --> 04:03:27,300
occupation, and life story 
within the first 50 miles. 

4712
04:03:28,200 --> 04:03:31,400
By Miles 75. 
He's offering unsolicited advice

4713
04:03:31,400 --> 04:03:33,700
about everything from the best 
hotels in Chicago. 

4714
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:35,800
To the proper treatment of 
bunions. 

4715
04:03:36,700 --> 04:03:39,400
You learn more about bunion care
than any reasonable person. 

4716
04:03:39,400 --> 04:03:42,900
Should know, however, you must 
admit that his enthusiasm is 

4717
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:45,300
endearing. 
The bathroom facilities on the 

4718
04:03:45,308 --> 04:03:48,600
train deserve special mention, 
although they may not be ideal 

4719
04:03:48,600 --> 04:03:52,100
to use during dinner time. 
Embracing Nature's call while 

4720
04:03:52,100 --> 04:03:55,000
traveling at 50 miles per hour 
over questionable, track 

4721
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:58,400
Demands, a certain level of 
athletic ability and a 

4722
04:03:58,400 --> 04:03:59,800
willingness to embrace 
Adventure. 

4723
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:04,100
Facilities themselves are about 
the size of a broom closet 

4724
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:07,100
furnished with the seat that 
seems designed by someone. 

4725
04:04:07,100 --> 04:04:10,200
Who'd, never actually sat down 
before the whole experience 

4726
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,000
teaches you new levels of 
appreciation for stationary 

4727
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:15,900
Plumbing. 
Nightfall brings its set of 

4728
04:04:15,900 --> 04:04:18,500
Social Challenges, the seats, 
don't recline. 

4729
04:04:18,500 --> 04:04:21,900
Exactly, but you can achieve a 
sort of semi slumped position 

4730
04:04:21,900 --> 04:04:25,000
that passes for Comfort if 
you're not particular about your

4731
04:04:25,000 --> 04:04:28,700
spine's alignment. 
The stern woman has produced a 

4732
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:32,000
pillow from somewhere and has 
claimed both armrests with the 

4733
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:33,700
authority of a territorial 
squirrel. 

4734
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:37,300
You fold your coat into a 
makeshift pillow and settle in 

4735
04:04:37,300 --> 04:04:40,700
for what promises to be a very 
educational night in The Art of 

4736
04:04:40,708 --> 04:04:43,600
Sleeping lasting up. 
The sounds of the train. 

4737
04:04:43,600 --> 04:04:45,400
Take on a different quality in 
the Darkness. 

4738
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:49,200
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 

4739
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:53,400
Someone several seats back has 
begun snoring in Counterpoint to

4740
04:04:53,400 --> 04:04:55,300
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 
odd. 

4741
04:04:55,300 --> 04:04:59,000
Sort of mobile lullaby morning, 
arrives with the subtlety of a 

4742
04:04:59,000 --> 04:05:02,300
brass band announced by the 
conductors voice, calling out 

4743
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:03,400
the next station. 
Stop. 

4744
04:05:03,400 --> 04:05:07,300
You've managed about three hours
of actual sleep scattered 

4745
04:05:07,300 --> 04:05:10,100
throughout the night. 
In 20 minute intervals, between 

4746
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:13,800
the trains more enthusiastic 
lurches and the creative snoring

4747
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:17,500
Symphony that developed around 
midnight Your fellow passengers 

4748
04:05:17,500 --> 04:05:19,900
are stirring with various 
degrees of success. 

4749
04:05:21,100 --> 04:05:23,500
The traveling salesman appears 
to have slept like a baby. 

4750
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:27,000
If babies typically woke up 
perfectly groomed and ready to 

4751
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:29,600
discuss the virtues of their 
latest patent medicine. 

4752
04:05:30,700 --> 04:05:33,700
The stern woman looks exactly as
severe as she did yesterday. 

4753
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:37,800
Leading you to suspect, she may 
not actually sleep but simply 

4754
04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:41,200
Powers down like some sort of 
Victorian atoms and new 

4755
04:05:41,200 --> 04:05:44,000
passenger boards at this stop. 
And he's the kind of character 

4756
04:05:44,000 --> 04:05:45,400
that makes train travel 
memorable. 

4757
04:05:45,400 --> 04:05:48,700
He's clearly a frontier type 
dressed in buckskins. 

4758
04:05:48,700 --> 04:05:50,800
That have seen more Adventure 
than a penny novel. 

4759
04:05:50,800 --> 04:05:54,300
His beard appears to have been 
styled by wind storm, and he 

4760
04:05:54,308 --> 04:05:56,700
carries himself with the easy 
confidence of someone whose 

4761
04:05:56,700 --> 04:05:59,900
wrestled bears and lived to tell
about it probably over dinner. 

4762
04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:02,800
He settles into a seat across 
the aisle. 

4763
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:06,200
Immediately begins regaling 
anyone within earshot with Tales

4764
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,600
of his exploits. 
According to his stories, he's 

4765
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:14,300
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 
prospector and briefly, a circus

4766
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:17,400
performer. 
You suspect some embellishment, 

4767
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:20,000
particularly regarding the story
about training. 

4768
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:22,800
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 
morning coffee but his 

4769
04:06:22,808 --> 04:06:26,100
enthusiasm is infectious. 
Even the stern woman. 

4770
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:28,200
Seems grudgingly interested 
though. 

4771
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:29,900
She maintained her disapproving 
expression. 

4772
04:06:29,900 --> 04:06:33,000
As a matter of principle, the 
young mother with the toddler 

4773
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:35,900
has given up any pretense of 
controlling her child, who was 

4774
04:06:35,900 --> 04:06:38,300
discovered that the aisle makes 
an excellent race track. 

4775
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:42,900
The boy kareen's from seat to 
seat using passengers knees as 

4776
04:06:42,900 --> 04:06:46,400
turning posts in his Grand Prix.
Most Travelers, accept this with

4777
04:06:46,400 --> 04:06:49,400
resigned Good Humor though the 
traveling salesman looks nervous

4778
04:06:49,400 --> 04:06:52,300
about his carefully. 
Arranged sample cases at the 

4779
04:06:52,300 --> 04:06:54,700
next stop. 
A preacher boards recognizable 

4780
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:58,000
by his severe black coat and the
way he surveys the car as if 

4781
04:06:58,000 --> 04:07:00,200
calculating everyone's likely 
hood of salvation. 

4782
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:03,500
He takes a seat near the back 
and immediately begins reading 

4783
04:07:03,500 --> 04:07:05,700
from what you assume as a Bible 
though. 

4784
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:07,900
At this distance, it could be a 
cookbook for all, you know. 

4785
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:12,800
The frontier character catches 
sight of him and grins and you 

4786
04:07:12,800 --> 04:07:14,800
sense that philosophical 
discussions, may be in your 

4787
04:07:14,808 --> 04:07:16,700
future. 
A group of immigrants. 

4788
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:20,100
Filled several seats near the 
front of the car they speak in a

4789
04:07:20,100 --> 04:07:22,200
language. 
You don't recognize gesturing 

4790
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:24,600
animatedly and pointing out the 
windows at the passing 

4791
04:07:24,600 --> 04:07:28,000
landscape. 
Their excitement is palpable and

4792
04:07:28,000 --> 04:07:30,800
you realize you're witnessing 
people seeing their new country 

4793
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:33,600
for the first time. 
It provides perspective on your 

4794
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:36,800
own Journey although you are 
still not entirely sure why you 

4795
04:07:36,800 --> 04:07:40,900
chose to Head West initially The
dining car attendant makes his 

4796
04:07:40,900 --> 04:07:44,100
rounds announcing breakfast with
the air of someone whose up, 

4797
04:07:44,100 --> 04:07:46,000
hoping anyone will be surprised 
by the menu. 

4798
04:07:46,000 --> 04:07:50,100
There's hardtack coffee is 
strong as a horse shoe and a 

4799
04:07:50,100 --> 04:07:51,700
dish that could easily pass for 
eggs. 

4800
04:07:51,700 --> 04:07:55,300
If you don't scrutinize it to 
closely, The frontier character 

4801
04:07:55,300 --> 04:07:58,000
claims that the food is the 
finest Cuisine, he has 

4802
04:07:58,000 --> 04:07:59,200
experienced since leaving 
civilization. 

4803
04:07:59,200 --> 04:08:03,500
However, considering his stories
about eating bark and Prairie 

4804
04:08:03,500 --> 04:08:06,100
Grass, this may not be a 
significant compliment, 

4805
04:08:07,300 --> 04:08:10,200
Conversation, flows, easily 
around the car, resembling the 

4806
04:08:10,200 --> 04:08:12,400
interactions of people who have 
been brought together by 

4807
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,100
circumstance. 
The preacher and the 

4808
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:17,900
frontiersmen have indeed. 
Struck up a debate about the 

4809
04:08:17,900 --> 04:08:20,100
nature of civilization versus 
the Wilderness. 

4810
04:08:20,100 --> 04:08:23,100
The preacher argues for the 
moral benefits of settled 

4811
04:08:23,100 --> 04:08:26,400
Society, while the frontiersmen 
counters with stories about the 

4812
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:30,000
corrupting influence of cities. 
You find yourself nodding along 

4813
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:33,300
to both sides which probably 
makes you either very wise or 

4814
04:08:33,300 --> 04:08:36,400
very confused. 
The stern woman has appointed 

4815
04:08:36,400 --> 04:08:38,500
herself. 
The moral guardian of the car 

4816
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:42,400
offering unsolicited commentary 
on everyone's Behavior, reading 

4817
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:46,300
material and general deportment.
When the traveling salesman 

4818
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,800
produces deck of cards she 
launches into a lecture about 

4819
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,300
the evils of gambling that would
make the preacher proud. 

4820
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:55,600
The salesman explains that he 
was merely planning to 

4821
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,500
demonstrate a card trick for the
toddler, but she remains 

4822
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:01,900
unconvinced. 
By often noon, the various 

4823
04:09:01,900 --> 04:09:04,200
personalities of settled into a 
comfortable routine. 

4824
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:07,600
The frontiersmen entertains the 
group with his stories. 

4825
04:09:07,600 --> 04:09:11,100
The preacher offers moral 
advice, the traveling salesman 

4826
04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:14,000
provides solutions to 
unidentified problems and the 

4827
04:09:14,008 --> 04:09:15,800
stern woman. 
Uphold order with her 

4828
04:09:15,800 --> 04:09:18,500
disapproval. 
The immigrants continued, their 

4829
04:09:18,500 --> 04:09:21,400
animated discussions 
occasionally breaking into what 

4830
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:24,300
sounds like folksongs. 
You've become The Unofficial 

4831
04:09:24,300 --> 04:09:27,200
mediator, the neutral party. 
Everyone feels comfortable 

4832
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:31,100
talking to you may not have 
strong opinions or your carpet 

4833
04:09:31,100 --> 04:09:32,300
bag. 
May contain the only good 

4834
04:09:32,300 --> 04:09:35,000
whiskey on the train hidden 
under your spare shirts. 

4835
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:38,500
Either way your learning more 
about human nature than you ever

4836
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:41,600
expected. 
The toddler has warned himself 

4837
04:09:41,600 --> 04:09:43,900
out and finally fallen asleep in
his mother's arms. 

4838
04:09:43,900 --> 04:09:46,500
Providing the first Quiet 
Moments since Dawn. 

4839
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:50,400
Even the train seems to be 
running more smoothly as if it 

4840
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:52,100
too. 
Appreciates the brief respite 

4841
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:55,200
from chaos, the dinner service 
that evening proves to be an 

4842
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:57,000
adventure worthy of the frontier
itself. 

4843
04:09:57,900 --> 04:10:00,600
You've learned from your lunch 
experience and approach the 

4844
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:04,700
dining car with a strategy 
secure, your food find something

4845
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:08,100
to brace against and accept that
dignity is optional when 

4846
04:10:08,100 --> 04:10:11,600
traveling at 15 miles per hour 
over tracks laid by optimistic 

4847
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:14,700
railroad workers. 
The menu hasn't changed since 

4848
04:10:14,700 --> 04:10:17,700
breakfast, which isn't 
particularly surprising, given 

4849
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:20,700
that the dining cars pantry is 
roughly the size of your 

4850
04:10:20,700 --> 04:10:24,200
grandmother's pie, safe, the 
attendant whose name you've 

4851
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:26,100
learned. 
Is Frank has developed a 

4852
04:10:26,108 --> 04:10:27,700
philosophical approach to his 
work. 

4853
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:31,200
That involves accepting the 
limitations of cooking aboard. 

4854
04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:34,600
A moving train while maintaining
unreasonable optimism about the 

4855
04:10:34,600 --> 04:10:37,000
results. 
Tonight's mystery meet is 

4856
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:39,400
chicken but it bounces around 
your plate. 

4857
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:40,900
Like it never got used to being 
dead. 

4858
04:10:41,800 --> 04:10:44,500
The vegetables have achieved 
that perfect mushy consistency 

4859
04:10:44,500 --> 04:10:47,700
where you can't quite tell if 
you're eating carrots or 

4860
04:10:47,700 --> 04:10:49,700
turnips. 
And frankly, it doesn't matter 

4861
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:52,000
because they both taste like the
inside of a cold bin. 

4862
04:10:52,900 --> 04:10:55,500
Your dining companions, this 
evening, include a banker from 

4863
04:10:55,500 --> 04:10:58,700
Philadelphia who keeps checking 
his pocket watch, as if he can 

4864
04:10:58,700 --> 04:11:00,200
somehow make the train arrive 
faster. 

4865
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:02,200
Through sheer temporal 
willpower. 

4866
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:05,800
Across from him, sits a school, 
mum heading to a teaching 

4867
04:11:05,800 --> 04:11:09,300
position in Kansas armed with 
enough, moral fiber to build a 

4868
04:11:09,308 --> 04:11:11,800
small church and the kind of 
determined cheerfulness. 

4869
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:14,700
That suggests she's prepared to 
educate the frontier in terms of

4870
04:11:14,708 --> 04:11:17,600
mission. 
The frontiersmen has joined your

4871
04:11:17,600 --> 04:11:21,200
table bringing with him Tales of
dining on roasted prairie, dog. 

4872
04:11:21,200 --> 04:11:25,000
And something he calls Mountain 
Oysters which you suspect aren't

4873
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:27,500
actually oysters and definitely 
aren't from any mountain. 

4874
04:11:27,500 --> 04:11:30,900
You'd care to visit His stories,
make the mysterious train 

4875
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:33,600
chicken seemed downright Gourmet
by comparison. 

4876
04:11:35,000 --> 04:11:37,800
Halfway through the meal, the 
train hits, a particularly 

4877
04:11:37,800 --> 04:11:41,800
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 
ensues your chicken breaks free 

4878
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:45,100
sliding across the table towards
the banker who's reflexes 

4879
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:47,900
suggest he is successfully 
avoided flying food in the past.

4880
04:11:49,600 --> 04:11:53,300
The school moms coffee creates a
small tidal wave that somehow 

4881
04:11:53,300 --> 04:11:56,500
manages to miss her entirely 
while thoroughly soaking her 

4882
04:11:56,500 --> 04:11:58,900
bread roll. 
Frankly, attendant doesn't even 

4883
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:02,100
clearly witnessed this 
performance. 

4884
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:06,200
Many times before the banker now
wearing your dinner maintains 

4885
04:12:06,200 --> 04:12:08,200
his dignity with admirable, 
stoicism. 

4886
04:12:08,200 --> 04:12:11,200
He Dabs at the chicken grease on
his vest with the same 

4887
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:14,200
methodical Precision, he 
probably applies to balancing 

4888
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,100
ledgers. 
Occupational hazard of trained 

4889
04:12:17,100 --> 04:12:19,200
dining. 
He observes philosophically as 

4890
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:22,000
if being assaulted by mobile 
culture is a regular part of his

4891
04:12:22,000 --> 04:12:25,700
financial career. 
With the efficient competence, 

4892
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:28,300
of someone accustomed to manage 
in classroom catastrophes. 

4893
04:12:28,300 --> 04:12:31,300
The school man, produces a 
handkerchief and begins cleaning

4894
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,300
up the coffee disaster. 
The cheerfulness Remains 

4895
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:37,700
undaunted though, you suspect, 
she's mentally composing letters

4896
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:40,700
home about the Exotic dangers of
Frontier dining. 

4897
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:44,500
After dinner, you retire to your
seat to discover that motion 

4898
04:12:44,500 --> 04:12:46,500
sickness has finally caught up 
with you. 

4899
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:50,700
It creeps in gradually starting 
with a vague uneasiness that you

4900
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:52,600
initially attribute to the 
mysterious chicken. 

4901
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,500
Constant swaying motion of the 
car which seemed Charming this 

4902
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:58,700
morning. 
Now, feels less like a gentle 

4903
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:01,500
cradle and more like being 
trapped inside, a powerful 

4904
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,600
washing machine with the sharp 
eye of someone who has likely 

4905
04:13:04,600 --> 04:13:08,100
diagnosed, half the ailments in 
her hometown the stern woman, 

4906
04:13:08,100 --> 04:13:11,500
notices your distress. 
She produces a small bottle from

4907
04:13:11,500 --> 04:13:14,100
her reticule with the confidence
of a traveling Apothecary. 

4908
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:18,300
She announces peppermint oil as 
if she's offering a miraculous 

4909
04:13:18,300 --> 04:13:20,900
remedy. 
Settles the stomach and clears, 

4910
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:24,700
the head, you are no position to
refuse, help even from someone 

4911
04:13:24,700 --> 04:13:28,000
whose previous medical advice, 
consisted, mainly of moral 

4912
04:13:28,000 --> 04:13:31,500
lectures, the peppermint oil 
does help though, whether it's 

4913
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:34,100
the actual medicine or just the 
relief of having someone show 

4914
04:13:34,100 --> 04:13:37,700
unexpected, kindness is hard to 
say the traveling salesman 

4915
04:13:37,700 --> 04:13:40,200
overhearing. 
Your plight launches into an 

4916
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:43,200
enthusiastic pitch for his 
latest remedy, guaranteed to 

4917
04:13:43,200 --> 04:13:47,000
cure everything from motion, 
sickness to melancholy His 

4918
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:50,000
sample case, reveals an 
impressive array of bottles tins

4919
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:53,300
and mysterious packages each 
promising to solve problems. 

4920
04:13:53,300 --> 04:13:56,600
You didn't know you had, you 
politely decline, his offer of 

4921
04:13:56,600 --> 04:14:00,200
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 
Elixir, partly because your 

4922
04:14:00,200 --> 04:14:03,000
feeling better and partly 
because anything described as 

4923
04:14:03,008 --> 04:14:06,700
miraculous and sold from a 
suitcase, seemed suspect the 

4924
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:09,200
rocking motion of the train, 
which caused your stomach 

4925
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:11,700
troubles. 
Ironically become soothing, once

4926
04:14:11,700 --> 04:14:15,300
the nausea passes, the rhythmic 
clacking of Wheels settles into 

4927
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:17,800
a hypnotic pattern, that makes 
your eyelids heavy. 

4928
04:14:19,000 --> 04:14:19,900
Outside. 
The windows. 

4929
04:14:19,900 --> 04:14:22,700
Twilight is painting the 
landscape in soft, purple, and 

4930
04:14:22,700 --> 04:14:25,300
Golds turning ordinary Farmland 
into something. 

4931
04:14:25,300 --> 04:14:28,000
Almost magical. 
Your fellow passengers are 

4932
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:29,800
settling into their evening 
routines. 

4933
04:14:29,800 --> 04:14:33,400
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

4934
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:37,200
to be letter writing his pain 
scratching across paper in time 

4935
04:14:37,200 --> 04:14:40,800
with the trains rhythm. 
The immigrants have grown quiet 

4936
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:45,200
gazing out at their new country 
with expressions of Wonder and 

4937
04:14:45,200 --> 04:14:49,200
perhaps a little homesickness. 
The toddler has discovered that 

4938
04:14:49,200 --> 04:14:52,200
the space under the seats makes 
an excellent Fort and has begun 

4939
04:14:52,200 --> 04:14:55,800
a complex game involving his few
toys and a remarkable amount of 

4940
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:58,600
imagination. 
His mother watches with the 

4941
04:14:58,600 --> 04:15:00,700
patient expression of someone 
who's learned to find 

4942
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:02,600
entertainment in the smallest 
victories. 

4943
04:15:03,500 --> 04:15:06,000
Frank appears with evening 
coffee, which you accept 

4944
04:15:06,000 --> 04:15:08,600
gratefully, despite its 
resemblance to coal tar. 

4945
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,600
Because sometimes the ritual of 
warmth and caffeine matters more

4946
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:15,500
than the actual quality of 
either Darkness, settles over 

4947
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:18,500
the train like a familiar 
blanket, transforming the 

4948
04:15:18,500 --> 04:15:22,300
passenger car into a cozy. 
If some what cramped cocoon. 

4949
04:15:23,000 --> 04:15:25,300
Warm light and human 
companionship. 

4950
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:30,100
The conductor makes his evening 
rounds, lighting, the oil lamps 

4951
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:33,100
that cast Dancing Shadows on the
walls and create pools of gold 

4952
04:15:33,100 --> 04:15:36,400
and light throughout the car. 
The effect is intimate. 

4953
04:15:36,400 --> 04:15:39,400
Turning your rolling wooden box 
in to something approaching 

4954
04:15:39,400 --> 04:15:41,900
comfortable. 
Sleeping on a train, your 

4955
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,900
discovering is less a single 
event, and more a series of 

4956
04:15:44,900 --> 04:15:48,200
negotiations between your body, 
the seat and the laws of 

4957
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:50,900
physics. 
The seats weren't designed with 

4958
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:54,000
overnight comfort in mind. 
Having been crafted by someone 

4959
04:15:54,000 --> 04:15:56,500
who apparently believed that 
humans were naturally shaped 

4960
04:15:56,500 --> 04:15:59,300
like church. 
Pews, you try various positions,

4961
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:03,400
the classic slump the sideways 
lean and an ambitious attempt to

4962
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:06,100
use your carpet bag as a 
footrest which ends with your 

4963
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:09,300
luggage sliding three seats 
forward during a particularly 

4964
04:16:09,300 --> 04:16:12,600
spirited curve. 
The stern woman has transformed 

4965
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:16,400
herself into a fortress of 
propriety somehow managing to 

4966
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:19,800
arrange her shawls and skirts in
a way that maintains perfect 

4967
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:22,100
modesty. 
While achieving what appears to 

4968
04:16:22,100 --> 04:16:25,200
be actual comfort. 
You suspect, she's had training 

4969
04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:28,100
in this particular skill, 
possibly from a finishing school

4970
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:30,700
that offered Advanced courses in
traveling with dignity. 

4971
04:16:30,700 --> 04:16:36,000
A gentle snoring suggests she's 
mastered the art completely The 

4972
04:16:36,000 --> 04:16:38,500
frontiersmen has claimed two 
seats by virtue of Simply being 

4973
04:16:38,500 --> 04:16:41,800
too large for one, and he sleeps
with the easy confidence of 

4974
04:16:41,800 --> 04:16:44,400
someone accustomed to bedding. 
Down Under The Open Sky. 

4975
04:16:45,700 --> 04:16:48,900
Occasionally, he mutters in his 
sleep fragments of Adventures 

4976
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:50,700
that may or may not have 
actually happened. 

4977
04:16:50,700 --> 04:16:54,300
You catch references to 
honorary, mules, and the biggest

4978
04:16:54,300 --> 04:16:57,700
catfish in Missouri delivered 
with the same conviction, he 

4979
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:01,400
brings to his waking stories. 
The traveling salesman has 

4980
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:04,100
somehow arranged his sample. 
Cases into a makeshift bed. 

4981
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:06,500
That looks more comfortable than
your seat though. 

4982
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:09,400
You suspect it violates several 
unspoken rules about train 

4983
04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:11,800
etiquette. 
He's covered himself with what 

4984
04:17:11,800 --> 04:17:13,400
appears to be a tarp 
advertising. 

4985
04:17:13,400 --> 04:17:16,600
His patent medicines, turning 
himself into a human billboard, 

4986
04:17:16,600 --> 04:17:20,300
even in sleep. 
At midnight, the train abruptly 

4987
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:24,100
stops startling everyone awake 
Through the Windows, you can see

4988
04:17:24,100 --> 04:17:27,500
lanterns moving in the darkness 
and voices, carry the tone of 

4989
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:29,800
men dealing with some sort of 
mechanical crisis. 

4990
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:33,200
The conductor appears his 
mustache looking less 

4991
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:36,000
authoritative than usual to 
explain that they're having a 

4992
04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:39,000
small difficulty with the 
locomotive's enthusiasm, which 

4993
04:17:39,000 --> 04:17:40,700
you take to mean the engine as 
broken down. 

4994
04:17:40,700 --> 04:17:43,500
Again, this sort of thing, 
you're learning is considered 

4995
04:17:43,500 --> 04:17:48,000
perfectly normal in 1847 trains.
Break down the way horses throw 

4996
04:17:48,000 --> 04:17:50,100
shoes or Wagon Wheels. 
Come loose. 

4997
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:53,600
It's not a Christus merely an 
inconvenience that requires 

4998
04:17:53,600 --> 04:17:57,100
patience and possibly some 
creative engineering, Frank 

4999
04:17:57,100 --> 04:18:00,200
appears with more coffee as if 
caffeine is the universal 

5000
04:18:00,200 --> 04:18:04,200
solution to mechanical problems.
The delay gives everyone a 

5001
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:07,800
chance to stretch walk around 
and engage in the kind of 

5002
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:10,300
philosophical discussions. 
That only happen at midnight 

5003
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:12,800
when your stranded beside 
railroad tracks in the middle of

5004
04:18:12,800 --> 04:18:15,500
Ohio. 
Preacher in the frontiersmen 

5005
04:18:15,500 --> 04:18:17,300
resume their debate about 
Civilization. 

5006
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:20,700
Now expanded to include theories
about mechanical progress and 

5007
04:18:20,700 --> 04:18:24,500
God's opinion of steam engines. 
The banker produces a flask from

5008
04:18:24,500 --> 04:18:27,600
his coat and offers it around 
with the generosity of someone 

5009
04:18:27,600 --> 04:18:29,900
who's giving up worrying about 
propriety at this hour. 

5010
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:34,600
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 
A small sip though, she makes a 

5011
04:18:34,600 --> 04:18:36,100
face that suggests her 
Temperance. 

5012
04:18:36,100 --> 04:18:39,700
Principles are still intact, 
just temporarily suspended for 

5013
04:18:39,700 --> 04:18:42,600
medicinal purposes. 
The immigrants gather near their

5014
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:45,100
seats, talking quietly among 
themselves while the children 

5015
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:48,500
sleep against their parents 
shoulders their patients appears

5016
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:50,800
boundless. 
As if they've grown accustomed 

5017
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:53,300
to patiently awaiting the start 
of their lives. 

5018
04:18:54,400 --> 04:18:56,700
You wonder what they're leaving 
behind and what they hope to 

5019
04:18:56,700 --> 04:18:58,000
find at the end of their 
Journey. 

5020
04:18:58,700 --> 04:19:01,500
Outside the repair, work 
continues with the steady rhythm

5021
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:05,500
of men who know their business 
hammering, the hiss of steam and

5022
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:08,100
occasional cursing that carries 
clearly in the night air. 

5023
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:11,400
The locomotive is clearly a 
temperamental creature. 

5024
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:14,400
That requires both mechanical 
skill and diplomatic handling. 

5025
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:18,400
Stern woman has produced 
needlework from somewhere in her

5026
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:21,900
seemingly, bottomless, reticule,
and his teaching by Lamplight 

5027
04:19:21,900 --> 04:19:23,600
with the concentration of a 
surgeon. 

5028
04:19:24,400 --> 04:19:28,600
She notices your attention and 
explains without prompting that 

5029
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:31,700
Idle Hands, even at midnight 
beside broken down. 

5030
04:19:31,700 --> 04:19:35,700
Trains are a dangerous place. 
Her moral principles, apparently

5031
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:38,900
don't recognize standard 
sleeping hours by two in the 

5032
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:40,100
morning. 
The repairs are complete 

5033
04:19:40,100 --> 04:19:43,400
announced by a triumphant 
whistle that probably wakes up 

5034
04:19:43,400 --> 04:19:47,400
every cow within 5 miles. 
Everyone settles back into their

5035
04:19:47,400 --> 04:19:50,400
improvised sleeping arrangements
with the weary satisfaction of 

5036
04:19:50,400 --> 04:19:52,100
Travelers who've shared a small 
Adventure. 

5037
04:19:52,100 --> 04:19:56,100
The train begins moving again 
with its characteristic series 

5038
04:19:56,100 --> 04:20:00,000
of jerks and jolts like a giant 
waking up with arthritis. 

5039
04:20:00,000 --> 04:20:03,000
The rhythmic clacking returns, 
perhaps slightly, more 

5040
04:20:03,000 --> 04:20:06,400
enthusiastic than before, as if 
the locomotive is making up for 

5041
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:10,900
lost time, outside the dark 
landscape slides passed dotted 

5042
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:13,500
with occasional Farmhouse 
Windows glowing, warm and yellow

5043
04:20:13,500 --> 04:20:15,900
in the distance. 
Sleep comes easier. 

5044
04:20:15,900 --> 04:20:19,800
Now in induced by exhaustion and
the hypnotic motion of wheels on

5045
04:20:19,800 --> 04:20:23,600
Rails, even your uncomfortable 
seat, begins to feel almost cozy

5046
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:27,400
and you drift off to the sound 
of gentle snoring creaking wood 

5047
04:20:27,400 --> 04:20:30,000
and the endless song of iron 
Wheels. 

5048
04:20:30,000 --> 04:20:32,500
Carrying you toward whatever 
Adventure awaits at the end of 

5049
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:35,800
the line morning arrives with 
The Reluctant gray light of 

5050
04:20:35,800 --> 04:20:39,200
dawn, filtering through the 
passenger car windows revealing 

5051
04:20:39,200 --> 04:20:41,500
a landscape that looks 
suspiciously similar to 

5052
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:45,200
yesterday's scenery. you're 
beginning to suspect that Ohio 

5053
04:20:45,200 --> 04:20:48,700
is considerably larger than the 
map suggested or possibly that 

5054
04:20:48,700 --> 04:20:52,200
you've been traveling in circles
while you slept The latter seems

5055
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:55,100
unlikely given the determined 
forward motion of the locomotive

5056
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:59,200
but after 36 hours on Rails, 
your sense of geography has 

5057
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,400
become somewhat negotiable. 
Your body has achieved a sort of

5058
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:05,800
daunt with the train seat 
accepting discomfort as the 

5059
04:21:05,800 --> 04:21:09,400
natural state of existence while
maintaining hope that Sensation 

5060
04:21:09,400 --> 04:21:11,100
will eventually return to your 
legs. 

5061
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:15,200
The stern woman is already awake
and somehow perfectly groomed 

5062
04:21:15,200 --> 04:21:19,000
leading you to wonder if she is 
actually human or perhaps some 

5063
04:21:19,000 --> 04:21:22,100
sort of traveling autonom 
designed to make the rest of 

5064
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:26,900
humanity, feel inadequate. 
Frank begins his morning rounds 

5065
04:21:26,900 --> 04:21:29,500
with coffee that has the 
consistency of warm tar and 

5066
04:21:29,500 --> 04:21:32,300
twice the potency. 
The traveling salesman greets, 

5067
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:35,400
the new day within enthusiasm, 
that would be admirable if it 

5068
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:38,900
won't quite so early and Loud, 
he's already reorganized his 

5069
04:21:38,900 --> 04:21:41,600
sample cases and his preparing 
to demonstrate his patent 

5070
04:21:41,600 --> 04:21:44,900
medicine's to anyone unfortunate
enough to make eye contact. 

5071
04:21:45,800 --> 04:21:49,300
The frontier character awakens 
from his Slumber, akin to a bear

5072
04:21:49,308 --> 04:21:52,700
emerging from hibernation, 
accompanied by sound effects 

5073
04:21:52,700 --> 04:21:55,600
capable of frightening small 
children and possibly even 

5074
04:21:55,600 --> 04:21:59,500
larger ones His morning routine,
involves spectacular, stretching

5075
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:02,300
creative cursing. 
And the production of what 

5076
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:04,300
appears to be hardtack from his 
coat pocket. 

5077
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:07,600
He knows on this breakfast with 
the satisfaction of a man 

5078
04:22:07,608 --> 04:22:11,200
accustomed to food that fights 
back outside the windows, the 

5079
04:22:11,200 --> 04:22:14,500
landscape has begun to change 
subtly the neat farmsteads of 

5080
04:22:14,508 --> 04:22:18,100
settled Ohio are giving way to 
wider spaces, more scattered 

5081
04:22:18,100 --> 04:22:21,400
buildings and longer stretches 
where civilization seems to have

5082
04:22:21,400 --> 04:22:24,100
given up entirely. 
Your approaching, the real 

5083
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,700
Frontier now where the map gets 
vague and adventure comes less 

5084
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:31,000
theoretical. 
The banker consults his pocket 

5085
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:34,900
watch with increasing frequency 
as if he can somehow accelerate 

5086
04:22:34,900 --> 04:22:36,900
the train through sheer temporal
anxiety. 

5087
04:22:38,000 --> 04:22:41,800
His destination is Chicago where
he has important business that 

5088
04:22:41,800 --> 04:22:44,700
apparently cannot wait for the 
normal pace of steam Locomotion.

5089
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,700
He's began muttering 
calculations under his breath 

5090
04:22:47,700 --> 04:22:51,000
working out arrival times with 
the desperate, Precision of a 

5091
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:54,200
man whose promised to be 
somewhere specific at a time 

5092
04:22:54,208 --> 04:22:55,900
that's looking increasingly 
unlikely. 

5093
04:22:57,200 --> 04:22:59,100
Around mid-morning the train 
develops. 

5094
04:22:59,100 --> 04:23:02,400
What Frank diplomatically calls 
a case of the slows. 

5095
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:06,600
The locomotive begins chugging 
with less enthusiasm like an 

5096
04:23:06,600 --> 04:23:09,500
aging horse, that's decided its 
covered enough ground for one 

5097
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:11,700
day. 
Your 15 mile per hour. 

5098
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:15,100
Pace drops to something closer 
to a brisk walk, which means the

5099
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:17,800
energetic squirrels are once 
again keeping Pace outside your 

5100
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:20,600
window. 
This mechanical reluctance 

5101
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:23,500
creates what the conductor 
announces as a brief delay for 

5102
04:23:23,500 --> 04:23:26,600
locomotive encouragement, which 
sounds much more dignified than 

5103
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:28,200
the engine is. 
Having another breakdown. 

5104
04:23:28,200 --> 04:23:31,700
You're learning that railroad 
terminology exists primarily to 

5105
04:23:31,700 --> 04:23:34,200
make mechanical failures sound 
like deliberate scheduling 

5106
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:36,300
decisions. 
The delay provides an 

5107
04:23:36,300 --> 04:23:39,200
opportunity for extended 
socializing which by now 

5108
04:23:39,200 --> 04:23:41,000
resembles a mobile town hall 
meeting. 

5109
04:23:41,800 --> 04:23:44,400
The preacher has begun holding 
in formal services for anyone 

5110
04:23:44,400 --> 04:23:47,300
interested, although his 
congregation mainly consists of 

5111
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:50,000
immigrant, who may not 
understand his words, but seem 

5112
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:52,500
to appreciate the familiar 
rhythm of religious ceremonies. 

5113
04:23:53,500 --> 04:23:56,200
The school has started an 
impromptu geography lesson, 

5114
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:59,600
using the passing landscape, to 
explain the settlement patterns 

5115
04:23:59,600 --> 04:24:02,800
of the American frontier. 
Her enthusiasm for Education, 

5116
04:24:02,800 --> 04:24:06,000
remains undaunted by her 
audience's mixed interest in 

5117
04:24:06,000 --> 04:24:08,200
learning about soil types and 
river systems. 

5118
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,500
The toddler seems particularly 
fascinated by her chalk which 

5119
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:15,300
she somehow produced from her 
seemingly magical carpet bag, 

5120
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:18,500
your fellow passengers have 
developed the easy, familiarity 

5121
04:24:18,500 --> 04:24:21,400
of people who've shared Close 
Quarters and minor Adventures, 

5122
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:24,900
personal space has become 
acquaint memory and everyone's 

5123
04:24:24,900 --> 04:24:26,500
life story is now common 
knowledge. 

5124
04:24:26,500 --> 04:24:29,900
You know, about the bankers 
three daughters the preacher's 

5125
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:32,800
mission to bring Salvation to 
Kansas the school moms 

5126
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:36,400
correspondence with her sister 
in Boston and approximately 47 

5127
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,600
of the Frontiersman. 
Most unlikely Adventures, the 

5128
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:42,900
stern woman has revealed herself
to be well-traveled offering, 

5129
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:45,800
commentary on railroad system. 
She's experienced from Baltimore

5130
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:46,500
to St. 
Louis. 

5131
04:24:47,500 --> 04:24:50,600
Her disapproval, you realize 
comes from extensive experience 

5132
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:53,400
with the gap between what train 
travel promises and what it 

5133
04:24:53,400 --> 04:24:56,600
actually delivers. 
She's less morally outraged than

5134
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:59,900
practically disappointed which 
somehow make her criticism more 

5135
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:02,800
endearing. 
Lunch consists of the same 

5136
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:05,400
mysterious substances as 
yesterday though. 

5137
04:25:05,400 --> 04:25:07,600
Frank has managed to arrange 
them differently on the plate. 

5138
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:09,800
Creating the illusion of 
variety. 

5139
04:25:10,700 --> 04:25:13,800
The dining car conversation 
centers on destination fever 

5140
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:17,400
that peculiar condition that 
affects long-distance Travelers 

5141
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:18,900
as they approach their Journeys 
end. 

5142
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:22,400
Everyone has begun talking 
faster planning more 

5143
04:25:22,400 --> 04:25:25,600
enthusiastically, and checking 
their belongings with increasing

5144
04:25:25,600 --> 04:25:28,500
frequency. 
This anticipation appears to 

5145
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:30,800
have a particularly strong 
impact on immigrants. 

5146
04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:34,500
Their excitement is palpable as 
they recognize that the 

5147
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:36,700
landscape outside is becoming 
their new home. 

5148
04:25:37,500 --> 04:25:40,300
They point at farms and towns 
with the intensity of people 

5149
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:42,700
claiming territory with their 
eyes already. 

5150
04:25:42,700 --> 04:25:45,200
Beginning the psychological 
process of belonging somewhere 

5151
04:25:45,200 --> 04:25:49,800
new By afternoon, even the 
locomotive seems to have caught 

5152
04:25:49,800 --> 04:25:52,800
destination fever. 
Picking up pace with renewed, 

5153
04:25:52,800 --> 04:25:56,400
mechanical enthusiasm. 
Clacking of Wheels takes on a 

5154
04:25:56,400 --> 04:25:59,200
more urgent Rhythm. 
As if the train itself, is eager

5155
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:01,500
to reach the end of the line and
rest its Iron Bones. 

5156
04:26:01,500 --> 04:26:04,600
The final hours of your train 
journey unfold with the 

5157
04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:06,600
Bittersweet quality of all 
ending's. 

5158
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:10,400
Tinged with both relief and an 
unexpected, Nostalgia for the 

5159
04:26:10,408 --> 04:26:14,800
rolling community of temporarily
joined Your destination appears 

5160
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:18,200
on the horizon as a smudge of 
smoke and Scattered buildings 

5161
04:26:18,200 --> 04:26:21,800
growing larger with each 
rhythmic of the wheels. 

5162
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:25,800
After three days of wandering, 
if you'd ever arrive anywhere, 

5163
04:26:25,800 --> 04:26:29,700
the reality of actually reaching
the end of the line feels almost

5164
04:26:29,700 --> 04:26:32,300
surreal, the locomotive seems to
sense. 

5165
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:35,700
Its approaching rest developing,
a more eager Chuck that suggests

5166
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:38,000
its ready as you are to stop 
moving for a while. 

5167
04:26:38,700 --> 04:26:40,600
Your body has adapted to 
constant motion. 

5168
04:26:40,600 --> 04:26:43,800
So thoroughly that you suspect, 
you'll spend the next week's 

5169
04:26:43,800 --> 04:26:47,000
swaying slightly while standing 
still like a sailor who's been 

5170
04:26:47,000 --> 04:26:49,900
too long at sea. 
The stern woman has begun. 

5171
04:26:49,900 --> 04:26:52,100
The complex process of 
reassembling herself into 

5172
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:55,700
traveling order, folding, shawls
and securing belongings with the

5173
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:57,400
Precision of a general preparing
for battle. 

5174
04:26:58,300 --> 04:27:01,100
A transformation from rumpled 
Passenger, back into the picture

5175
04:27:01,100 --> 04:27:04,400
of Victorian propriety, as 
fascinating to watch involving 

5176
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:07,000
more pins and strategic tucking 
than you thought humanly 

5177
04:27:07,000 --> 04:27:09,300
possible. 
The traveling salesman is 

5178
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:11,500
conducting. 
A final inventory of his sample 

5179
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:14,600
cases probably calculating 
profits and losses from his 

5180
04:27:14,600 --> 04:27:17,800
mobile pharmacy. 
He sold several bottles of his 

5181
04:27:17,800 --> 04:27:20,200
mysterious Elixir to fellow 
passengers though. 

5182
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:23,000
The weather from genuine belief 
in his products or simply Cabin.

5183
04:27:23,000 --> 04:27:25,500
Fever induced purchasing 
decisions remains unclear. 

5184
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:29,500
The frontiersmen bought three 
bottles claiming they'd be 

5185
04:27:29,508 --> 04:27:32,600
perfect for trading with Indians
though you suspect he plans to 

5186
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:35,100
drink them himself. 
Your fellow Travelers. 

5187
04:27:35,100 --> 04:27:37,900
Begin the ritual of exchanging 
addresses and Promises to write,

5188
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:39,300
though. 
You all know that. 

5189
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:42,300
Once you step off this train, 
you'll scatter to your separate 

5190
04:27:42,300 --> 04:27:44,500
Destinies and probably never 
cross paths. 

5191
04:27:44,500 --> 04:27:48,700
Again, Still the ritual matters.
These people have become your 

5192
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:52,300
temporary family bound together 
by shared discomfort and the 

5193
04:27:52,300 --> 04:27:55,700
peculiar intimacy that develops 
when strangers are trapped in 

5194
04:27:55,700 --> 04:27:57,500
close quarters for days at a 
time. 

5195
04:27:58,300 --> 04:28:01,200
The banker, finally, relaxes his
death grip on his pocket watch 

5196
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:03,600
accepting that he'll arrive when
he arrives. 

5197
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:06,400
And his Chicago business will 
have to adapt accordingly. 

5198
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:10,200
His anxiety has transformed into
philosophical acceptance, 

5199
04:28:10,200 --> 04:28:12,000
though. 
He mentioned several times that 

5200
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:16,200
he'll never again trust. 
Railroad schedules by people who

5201
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:18,300
clearly viewed as a flexible 
concept. 

5202
04:28:19,400 --> 04:28:22,300
The preacher has been energized 
by approaching his mission 

5203
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:24,700
field. 
Seeking with renewed further 

5204
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,500
about bringing civilization and 
salvation to the frontier. 

5205
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:32,600
With Amusement, the frontiersmen
listens occasionally commenting 

5206
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:35,700
on the type of Salvation that 
truly comes in handy when 

5207
04:28:35,700 --> 04:28:38,200
confronted with hostile Wildlife
or severe weather. 

5208
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:41,800
Their ongoing theological debate
has become one of the journeys. 

5209
04:28:41,800 --> 04:28:45,100
Most entertaining features. 
The school man has grown quiet 

5210
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:48,200
as her destination approaches. 
Perhaps contemplating the 

5211
04:28:48,200 --> 04:28:50,700
reality of teaching Frontier 
children who made view book 

5212
04:28:50,700 --> 04:28:53,500
learning as less immediately 
useful, then tracking and 

5213
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:56,300
shooting skills. 
Her determination remains 

5214
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:59,000
unshakeable but it's now 
tempered with the Practical, 

5215
04:28:59,000 --> 04:29:01,600
understanding that education 
takes different forms in 

5216
04:29:01,600 --> 04:29:03,900
different places. 
The immigrants gather, their 

5217
04:29:03,900 --> 04:29:07,000
belongings with reverent care, 
handling their few possessions 

5218
04:29:07,000 --> 04:29:11,300
like sacred relics Everything 
they own in America fits into a 

5219
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:15,000
handful of bags and bundles but 
their faces shine with the hope 

5220
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:18,200
of people who've successfully 
crossed an ocean and a continent

5221
04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:21,400
to reach their dreams. 
Their excitement is infectious, 

5222
04:29:21,400 --> 04:29:24,500
reminding everyone else that 
arrival means possibility. 

5223
04:29:25,500 --> 04:29:28,800
The toddler has finally worn 
himself completely out and 

5224
04:29:28,800 --> 04:29:31,600
sleeps peacefully in his 
mother's arms, oblivious to the 

5225
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:33,500
significance of reaching their 
new home. 

5226
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:36,600
His mother looks out at the 
approaching town with the mixed 

5227
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,200
expression of someone who's 
relieved the journey as ending. 

5228
04:29:40,100 --> 04:29:44,500
Terrified about what comes next.
As the train begins. 

5229
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:47,600
Its Final Approach. 
Slowing with a series of gentle 

5230
04:29:47,600 --> 04:29:50,700
jerks and extended whistle 
blasts that announced your to 

5231
04:29:50,700 --> 04:29:53,500
the waiting town. 
You realize that this journey 

5232
04:29:53,500 --> 04:29:56,000
has been about more than simply 
getting from one place to 

5233
04:29:56,000 --> 04:29:58,600
another. 
You've experienced a slice of 

5234
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:02,000
America in transition a country 
building itself, one mile of 

5235
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:04,600
track to time the station. 
Appears ahead. 

5236
04:30:04,600 --> 04:30:08,200
A simple, wooden building that 
nevertheless represents the end 

5237
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:11,300
of one adventure, and the 
beginning of another People wait

5238
04:30:11,300 --> 04:30:14,000
on the platform. 
Some greeting expected arrivals 

5239
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,300
other simply curious about who 
the iron horse has delivered to 

5240
04:30:17,300 --> 04:30:21,100
their town today. 
The final stop arrives with a 

5241
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:23,800
ceremony befitting the 
completion of an Epic Journey. 

5242
04:30:24,700 --> 04:30:28,000
Tremendous hiss of steam, the 
squeal of breaks. 

5243
04:30:28,000 --> 04:30:31,800
And one last authoritative jolt 
that sends everyone reaching for

5244
04:30:31,800 --> 04:30:34,900
something solid to grab. 
Frank appears in the doorway, 

5245
04:30:34,900 --> 04:30:38,200
announcing your arrival with the
satisfaction of a man who 

5246
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,600
successfully delivered another 
load of hopeful Humanity to 

5247
04:30:41,600 --> 04:30:45,000
their chosen destination. 
You gather your carpet bag, 

5248
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:48,000
which somehow feels heavier than
when you started though, it 

5249
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:52,400
contains exactly the same items.
Perhaps it's weighted down with 

5250
04:30:52,400 --> 04:30:55,000
memories now or maybe you've 
just grown weaker from three 

5251
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:57,200
days of train food and 
improvised sleeping. 

5252
04:30:58,000 --> 04:31:01,200
Either way, you're ready to feel
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 

5253
04:31:01,200 --> 04:31:03,800
Again? 
As you step down onto the 

5254
04:31:03,800 --> 04:31:06,900
platform, the absence of 
constant motion feels strange 

5255
04:31:06,900 --> 04:31:09,600
and wonderful. 
The world has stopped rocking. 

5256
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:13,300
Stopped clacking, and stopped, 
hissing steam at irregular 

5257
04:31:13,300 --> 04:31:16,800
intervals. 
The silence is almost over after

5258
04:31:16,800 --> 04:31:20,700
days of mechanical conversation.
Fellow passengers dispersed with

5259
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:24,100
surprising speed reclaiming, 
their individual identities 

5260
04:31:24,100 --> 04:31:25,800
after days of communal 
existence. 

5261
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:29,600
The Exchange final hand shakes 
make last minute to dress 

5262
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:33,000
exchanges and make promises to 
write that they may not keep. 

5263
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:36,300
As if you've passed some sort of
endurance tests, you've been 

5264
04:31:36,308 --> 04:31:39,200
administering the stern woman 
nods approvingly at your 

5265
04:31:39,208 --> 04:31:42,500
survival of the journey. 
The locomotive sits steaming 

5266
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:45,700
quietly looking somehow smaller.
Now, that it's not in motion, 

5267
04:31:45,700 --> 04:31:48,900
the mighty Iron Horse, that's 
been your world for three days, 

5268
04:31:48,900 --> 04:31:52,100
is just a machine, again, 
waiting for its next load of 

5269
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:55,200
passengers and their dreams, 
your shoulder, your carpet bag 

5270
04:31:55,200 --> 04:31:57,600
and walk toward the town. 
Your legs still slightly 

5271
04:31:57,600 --> 04:32:00,500
unsteady from Days of swaying, 
motion behind you. 

5272
04:32:00,500 --> 04:32:02,500
The train whistle blows. 
One last time. 

5273
04:32:02,500 --> 04:32:06,000
A farewell that somehow manages 
to sound both mournful and 

5274
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:09,400
hopeful the frontier? 
Stretches ahead full of 

5275
04:32:09,408 --> 04:32:11,700
possibility and uncertainty in 
equal measure. 

5276
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:16,800
You've arrived here by Steam and
steal and the peculiar magic of 

5277
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:19,900
American optimism. 
Made manifest in iron rails. 

5278
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:22,600
Whatever happens. 
Next, you'll always remember 

5279
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:25,300
these three days when you 
traveled into the future at 15 

5280
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,900
miles per hour, acceded by the 
most fascinating collection of 

5281
04:32:28,900 --> 04:32:32,900
humanity, you've ever had the 
pleasure to meet The adventure 

5282
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:39,400
you realize is just beginning. 
Cyrus the Great came into a 

5283
04:32:39,400 --> 04:32:42,900
world teeming with Mythic haze 
around 600. 

5284
04:32:42,900 --> 04:32:47,800
BCE in a corner of South-Western
neuron known as anshan later 

5285
04:32:47,800 --> 04:32:50,800
ages wove Legends of how his 
Destiny was prophesied before 

5286
04:32:50,800 --> 04:32:53,200
birth. 
Tradition says his mother 

5287
04:32:53,200 --> 04:32:56,200
mandane was the daughter of 
Asti. 

5288
04:32:56,200 --> 04:32:59,200
Again the median King alarmed by
a dream. 

5289
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:02,100
Suggesting her child would 
topple him as Jiggies ordered 

5290
04:33:02,100 --> 04:33:05,300
the infant Cyrus's death. 
Yet the official tasked with 

5291
04:33:05,308 --> 04:33:07,700
murder found the baby too. 
Innocent to slaughter. 

5292
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:10,500
He handed him to a shepherd's 
family instead. 

5293
04:33:10,500 --> 04:33:14,700
So The Story Goes ensuring Cyrus
survived in obscurity. 

5294
04:33:15,400 --> 04:33:18,800
Whether or not these details 
ring strictly true, they reveal.

5295
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,700
How from the start storytellers 
recognized an extraordinary 

5296
04:33:22,700 --> 04:33:26,300
quality in him someone rising 
from Peril to shape and Empire 

5297
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:31,099
In early, Boyhood it said, Cyrus
displayed remarkable empathy, 

5298
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:35,800
bridging differences among local
tribes, the South-Western Fringe

5299
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:37,599
of the Zagros. 
Mountains was, no calm 

5300
04:33:37,599 --> 04:33:42,599
territory, Warlords, vdova, 
water sources, trade routes and 

5301
04:33:42,599 --> 04:33:45,700
farmland. 
Yet Cyrus reputedly navigate 

5302
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:49,099
these tensions with an uncanny 
mix of kindness and resolve. 

5303
04:33:49,800 --> 04:33:53,300
Forging friendships among 
Shepherds and minor Chiefs over 

5304
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:55,599
time. 
The local talk was less about a 

5305
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:58,500
hidden child saved from a king's
wrath and more about a 

5306
04:33:58,500 --> 04:34:00,900
charismatic. 
Youth unafraid to challenge 

5307
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:06,000
older, men's assumptions Elders.
The weary found him unexpectedly

5308
04:34:06,000 --> 04:34:09,300
persuasive. 
When Cyrus reached adolescence. 

5309
04:34:10,300 --> 04:34:13,200
His lineage demanded, he connect
with the court in anshan. 

5310
04:34:13,200 --> 04:34:16,099
He discovered that his father 
kambis. 

5311
04:34:16,099 --> 04:34:18,200
The first was a vassal to the 
Meads. 

5312
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,599
The median, suzerainty 
overshadowed the region with a 

5313
04:34:21,599 --> 04:34:25,400
Stag's reigning ink Botana and 
older Metropolis perched, among 

5314
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:29,400
mountains that overshadowing 
rankled, the once proud Kings of

5315
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:33,000
anshan had accepted vassal 
status for decades, Cyrus 

5316
04:34:33,000 --> 04:34:35,900
gleaned quickly, that many in 
the southwestern region, chafed,

5317
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:39,400
under median taxes and arbitrary
demands observing. 

5318
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:41,900
Resentments carefully, he 
concluded that. 

5319
04:34:41,900 --> 04:34:45,000
If he ever Rose to power, he 
might Galvanize these 

5320
04:34:45,000 --> 04:34:48,400
frustrations into a cohesive 
front though, overshadowed by 

5321
04:34:48,400 --> 04:34:52,900
the meds and shun maintained, a 
distinct cultural identity, the 

5322
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:54,400
Realms. 
Traditions, traced, back to 

5323
04:34:54,408 --> 04:34:58,099
elamite and Persian route routes
forging, a tapestry of customs. 

5324
04:34:58,800 --> 04:35:02,300
Cyrus open to absorbing 
knowledge study, the Region's 

5325
04:35:02,300 --> 04:35:06,099
older languages cleaning law 
from Wise Men verse in our cake 

5326
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:09,000
myths. 
One result a worldview that 

5327
04:35:09,000 --> 04:35:11,900
placed bridging cultural divides
at the center of leadership. 

5328
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,700
He recognized that stable ruled 
demanded acknowledging local 

5329
04:35:15,700 --> 04:35:18,300
Traditions rather than imposing 
a single rigid system. 

5330
04:35:18,300 --> 04:35:21,300
This concept would later 
manifest in how he governed a 

5331
04:35:21,300 --> 04:35:23,400
sprawling Empire with Myriad 
people's. 

5332
04:35:24,400 --> 04:35:27,400
As a Young Man Cyrus served 
briefly in the median Army. 

5333
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:31,500
Perhaps under the watchful eye 
of Asti is Accounts differ on 

5334
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:34,599
how cordial that relationship 
was some sources claim. 

5335
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:36,900
The older King ironically found 
Cyrus appealing. 

5336
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:39,900
Only belatedly realizing the 
youths growing ambition. 

5337
04:35:40,599 --> 04:35:42,599
Others proposed that a stage is 
kept him. 

5338
04:35:42,608 --> 04:35:44,599
Close precisely to forestall 
rebellion. 

5339
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:48,099
In either case Osiris saw the 
medes weaknesses from within. 

5340
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:52,400
They boasted strong Cavalry and 
Fortress, but corruption and 

5341
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,099
complacency riddled sdrs is 
bureaucracy. 

5342
04:35:55,099 --> 04:35:58,599
The king's courtiers squabbled 
indulging in. 

5343
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:01,900
Luxurious feasts. 
Meanwhile lesser vassal States. 

5344
04:36:01,900 --> 04:36:03,599
Seethed under burdened some 
tribute. 

5345
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:07,099
The stage was set for a Revolt 
of sparked by the right figure. 

5346
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:11,300
Upon campuses. 
The first death Cyrus became the

5347
04:36:11,300 --> 04:36:14,500
nominal ruler of anshan. 
He faced immediate tension with 

5348
04:36:14,500 --> 04:36:19,900
equator, sometime around 550 BC,
Cyrus launched an uprising, 

5349
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:24,900
unifying Persians under his 
Banner, The old stories depict 

5350
04:36:24,900 --> 04:36:26,200
him. 
Proclaiming that the time had 

5351
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:29,400
come to cast off median 
overlordship forging, a new 

5352
04:36:29,408 --> 04:36:31,300
order that recognized Persian 
leadership. 

5353
04:36:31,300 --> 04:36:35,700
He marched North leveraging 
alliances with other disaffected

5354
04:36:35,700 --> 04:36:38,500
tribes. 
Osteocytes. 

5355
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:42,200
But discovered many loyal 
officers had turned coat enticed

5356
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:44,200
by Cyrus's promise of a fairer 
rule. 

5357
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:48,400
In a surprising turn, Cyrus 
captured equitana with minimal 

5358
04:36:48,400 --> 04:36:50,900
resistance, Cyrus seized as 
Jegs. 

5359
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:55,200
Thereby ending, his rule with 
the meat skins subdued Cyrus did

5360
04:36:55,200 --> 04:36:57,099
something unusual for a 
conqueror. 

5361
04:36:57,099 --> 04:37:01,200
He spared as young as his life 
absorbing the median, capital 

5362
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:02,800
and aristocracy without Mass 
Slaughter. 

5363
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,400
This approach hinted at the 
Hallmark of his future Empire. 

5364
04:37:06,400 --> 04:37:10,000
Respect for local Elites 
provided they served under him 

5365
04:37:10,900 --> 04:37:13,900
Some ancient kingdoms might have
sacked at botana, to destroy it,

5366
04:37:13,908 --> 04:37:16,599
permanently Cyrus recognized the
value. 

5367
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:18,400
In co-opting the existing 
Administration. 

5368
04:37:18,400 --> 04:37:22,900
Forging a dual monarchy of 
sorts, median and Persian 

5369
04:37:23,599 --> 04:37:27,400
Already onlookers noticed that 
Cyrus was no typical warlord 

5370
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:30,599
driven solely by Conquest. 
He had a cunning sentence of 

5371
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:33,000
policy. 
The newly minted King of the 

5372
04:37:33,000 --> 04:37:36,800
Persians Andy's reigned from 
equator, adopting median 

5373
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:40,200
structures while weaving in 
Persian influences, he 

5374
04:37:40,200 --> 04:37:43,300
reorganized the Army, combining 
median, heavy Cavalry with 

5375
04:37:43,300 --> 04:37:47,800
Persian infantry discipline. 
Within a few short years news of

5376
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:51,400
a rising power in the Iranian 
Plateau spread Westwood reaching

5377
04:37:51,400 --> 04:37:54,500
Lydia in Anatolia and the edges 
of Mesopotamia. 

5378
04:37:55,400 --> 04:37:57,000
Many scoffed that a newly 
minted. 

5379
04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:58,500
Persian Kingdom couldnt 
overshadow. 

5380
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:00,700
Establish powers like Lydia or 
Babylon. 

5381
04:38:01,300 --> 04:38:05,000
Cyrus unperturbed busied 
himself, forging alliances 

5382
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,599
building, supply lines and 
reinforcing Frontiers. 

5383
04:38:08,599 --> 04:38:12,900
He sent that other Horizons, 
beckoned lands ruled by Kings 

5384
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:16,000
who viewed him as a mere. 
Upstart, the next chapter would 

5385
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:19,599
prove them wrong, the Cyrus's 
Unstoppable expansions would 

5386
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:21,700
reshape the entire Region's 
political map. 

5387
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:26,000
Securing the median, Throne was 
but a first step Cyrus turned, 

5388
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:29,200
his gaze, West toward Lydia 
ruled by the wealthy King 

5389
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:33,099
Chris's famed for controling, 
vast gold reserves and forging 

5390
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:34,700
alliances with Greek city 
states. 

5391
04:38:35,599 --> 04:38:38,300
Croesus had observed, the 
Persian takeover of media with 

5392
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:40,700
the alarm. 
He reasoned that a swiftly. 

5393
04:38:40,700 --> 04:38:42,500
Rising. 
Cyrus might threaten Lydia's 

5394
04:38:42,500 --> 04:38:45,900
eastern border. 
Some suggested forging an 

5395
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:49,000
alliance with the new Persian 
king, but croesus crowd of 

5396
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:52,099
Lydia's riches and alliance's 
opted for confrontation. 

5397
04:38:53,099 --> 04:38:55,900
The impetus came when Cyrus 
advance from the Zagros region 

5398
04:38:55,900 --> 04:38:59,700
to the house River, boundary 
crisis, marched out and tissue 

5399
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:02,700
painting the Swift campaign. 
To impart a lesson to Persia 

5400
04:39:03,300 --> 04:39:07,000
However, after some inconclusive
battles winter approached and 

5401
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:09,700
closest, retreated believing 
Warfare would pause. 

5402
04:39:09,700 --> 04:39:12,599
He sent mercenaries home 
planning to resume hostilities 

5403
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:15,800
and spring. 
Cyrus defying. 

5404
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:18,500
Typical seasonal Norms. 
Pursued the lydian's 

5405
04:39:18,500 --> 04:39:22,599
relentlessly during winter. 
This bold move caught, croesus 

5406
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:25,700
unprepared the swirl of smaller 
engagements left. 

5407
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:29,599
Lydia's, outposts reeling. 
By the time Cruces scrambled. 

5408
04:39:29,599 --> 04:39:33,200
His allies again, Cyrus was at 
Lydia's, doorstep, the 

5409
04:39:33,200 --> 04:39:36,800
culminating Siege of Sardis, 
Lydia's Capital became 

5410
04:39:36,800 --> 04:39:39,700
legendary. 
The city's walls, perched on 

5411
04:39:39,700 --> 04:39:43,900
steep Cliffs Cyrus scanning. 
The Fortress Found A seeming, 

5412
04:39:43,900 --> 04:39:47,200
weakness one Cliff face, that 
looked unclimbable to Defenders,

5413
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:52,000
thus less guarded and a cover of
night, his men scaled that near 

5414
04:39:52,000 --> 04:39:56,300
vertical slope surprising the 
watch they gained entry opening 

5415
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:58,600
the gates for the main Persian 
Force. 

5416
04:39:59,500 --> 04:40:01,700
Sardis fell and Kris was 
captured. 

5417
04:40:01,700 --> 04:40:05,000
Tradition says that Cyrus 
initially played to execute 

5418
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:07,700
creases on a funeral pyre, but 
he changed his mind. 

5419
04:40:07,700 --> 04:40:10,700
Some say, it was after hearing 
increase as lament about the 

5420
04:40:10,708 --> 04:40:14,200
cruelty of Fortune. 
Alternatively, an oracle or 

5421
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:17,800
retainers Council might have 
spurred Cyrus's Clemente, Chris 

5422
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:20,500
was spared. 
However, and give an honorary 

5423
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:24,300
position in his new government. 
The gesture signaled, a patent, 

5424
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:27,500
Cyrus subdued Rivals, yet. 
Frequently integrated them 

5425
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,600
preserving local structures if 
they accepted his authority. 

5426
04:40:31,500 --> 04:40:35,100
with Lydia subdued Cyrus 
effectively inherited, its 

5427
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:38,400
Anatolian possessions, including
Greek city-states along the 

5428
04:40:38,400 --> 04:40:43,000
Aegean Coast Those ionian Greeks
had treated with croesus, but 

5429
04:40:43,000 --> 04:40:44,700
were uncertain about Persian 
rule. 

5430
04:40:45,300 --> 04:40:47,900
Some tried resisting. 
Cyrus assigned. 

5431
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:51,000
Local satraps Governors, who 
demanded tribute, but otherwise 

5432
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:55,000
left local Customs intact. 
Over time his ionian 

5433
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:57,900
city-states, realized Persian 
governance could be quite 

5434
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:00,900
hands-off if tributes were paid.
The approach. 

5435
04:41:00,900 --> 04:41:04,100
Partially is tensions, their 
pockets of Revolt remained. 

5436
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:07,700
The Persians recognized that 
shipping was crucial for a giant

5437
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:09,800
Commerce. 
So Cyrus refrained from 

5438
04:41:09,800 --> 04:41:13,400
heavy-handed oppression, that 
might stifle trade in effect. 

5439
04:41:13,400 --> 04:41:16,800
I only in city states, found 
themselves overshadowed by a 

5440
04:41:16,800 --> 04:41:20,700
mortar and conqueror than they 
might have feared then came the 

5441
04:41:20,700 --> 04:41:23,800
inevitable confrontation with 
Babylon, the famed Empire 

5442
04:41:23,800 --> 04:41:28,500
controlling Mesopotamia. 
Babylon's King nedus was known 

5443
04:41:28,500 --> 04:41:30,100
for eccentric, religious 
policies. 

5444
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:32,700
Alienating certain factions 
within the city. 

5445
04:41:32,700 --> 04:41:36,800
Many priests of dark disliked in
a Bonnie's focus on the moon 

5446
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:40,800
gods in meanwhile, outlying 
province's of Babylon, grew 

5447
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:45,000
restive, Cyrus aim to exploit 
these Rifts maintained 

5448
04:41:45,000 --> 04:41:48,400
correspondence with Babylonian 
dissidents presenting himself as

5449
04:41:48,400 --> 04:41:51,400
a liberator who would restore 
worship of Marduk and rectifying

5450
04:41:51,400 --> 04:41:54,500
neglect from the monarchy. 
Propaganda tablets found 

5451
04:41:54,500 --> 04:41:56,400
centuries. 
Later suggests that some 

5452
04:41:56,400 --> 04:42:02,300
Babylonian Elites welcomed him. 
By 539 BCE Cyrus marched to 

5453
04:42:02,300 --> 04:42:05,800
Babylon defeating the main Army 
at Opus with minimal trouble. 

5454
04:42:05,800 --> 04:42:10,500
Then in an event overshadowed by
myth, the gates of Babylon 

5455
04:42:10,500 --> 04:42:12,700
opened letting him enter 
peacefully. 

5456
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:16,700
The city's inhabitants possibly 
fatigued by Nappanee. 

5457
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:20,500
Dismiss rule found a little 
cause to resist with that. 

5458
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,200
The storied Metropolis fell 
quietly to a new Empire. 

5459
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:26,800
Cyrus formalized, these 
conquests into what we know as 

5460
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:29,900
the Akai Menard Empire. 
He proclaimed a policy of 

5461
04:42:29,900 --> 04:42:31,700
respecting local, religions and 
traditions. 

5462
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:35,400
Seeing in this approach, a key 
to stable governance across vast

5463
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:38,000
distances. 
Most famous artifact of this 

5464
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:41,400
dance, is the Cyrus cylinder. 
Discovered Millennia later 

5465
04:42:41,400 --> 04:42:45,500
inscribed in cornea form. 
It Praises Cyrus as chosen by 

5466
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:47,700
Marduk to restore proper Worship
in Babylon. 

5467
04:42:47,700 --> 04:42:51,200
It also records, how he 
repatriated displaced people's 

5468
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:55,100
forging, an image of a tolerant 
almost benevolent conqueror. 

5469
04:42:55,900 --> 04:42:59,400
Historians debate, the extent of
Tolerance noting that tribute 

5470
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:03,100
demands still weighed heavy on 
subject people's however by the 

5471
04:43:03,108 --> 04:43:05,700
standards of the era, his 
approach was more lenient than 

5472
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:08,100
typical. 
He rarely burned cities or 

5473
04:43:08,100 --> 04:43:12,000
enslaved entire populations. 
Rather he integrated local 

5474
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:14,600
Elites weaving them into such 
truffle structures. 

5475
04:43:14,600 --> 04:43:19,400
This policy extended to the 
Hebrews exiled in Babylon, Cyrus

5476
04:43:19,400 --> 04:43:21,600
famously permitted them to 
return to Jerusalem and rebuild 

5477
04:43:21,600 --> 04:43:25,000
their Temple Hebrew scriptures, 
Lord him as an anointed figure. 

5478
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:28,700
A foreign King recognized as an 
instrument of divine will. 

5479
04:43:29,600 --> 04:43:32,700
Uniqueness of a mess of Potomac 
Empire that championed the 

5480
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:35,800
restoration of a local temple 
abroad was not lost on 

5481
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,800
contemporary Observers. 
For Cyrus this meant forging 

5482
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:41,400
loyalty, across a mosaic of 
cultures. 

5483
04:43:41,400 --> 04:43:45,300
He recognized that the Empire's 
core, they not just inferior 

5484
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:49,300
arms, but in a sense of 
prosperity and religious freedom

5485
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:53,600
under Persian oversight, By the 
mid 530 BCE. 

5486
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:57,800
The Empire sprawled from the 
fringes of Anatolia to the edge 

5487
04:43:57,800 --> 04:44:01,000
of the Iranian Plateau with 
Babylon as a second capital. 

5488
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:04,700
Cyrus oversaw the creation of 
Roads, linking these domains 

5489
04:44:04,700 --> 04:44:07,300
encouraging Caravans to travel 
more securely. 

5490
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:12,300
A new administrative pattern 
emerged each province satrapy 

5491
04:44:12,300 --> 04:44:15,800
had a satrap typically local 
nobility, loyal to the throne, 

5492
04:44:15,800 --> 04:44:19,900
balanced by a roving inspectors 
and lines of communication to 

5493
04:44:19,900 --> 04:44:22,400
Cyrus. 
Freed from local Wars. 

5494
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:25,000
Trade flourished. 
Western sources. 

5495
04:44:25,000 --> 04:44:27,300
Sometimes labeled him a 
law-giver though. 

5496
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:29,300
He never compiled a code. 
Akin to Hammurabi. 

5497
04:44:29,300 --> 04:44:33,100
Instead he simply refrained from
supplanting local codes unless 

5498
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:36,500
necessary letting them continue 
under a broader Imperial. 

5499
04:44:36,500 --> 04:44:41,000
Canopy In forging, this Empire 
Cyrus overshadowed, the older 

5500
04:44:41,000 --> 04:44:42,700
pattern of fracture City 
Kingdom. 

5501
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:48,100
Now, a single rule United Myriad
tongues from ionian, Greek, to 

5502
04:44:48,100 --> 04:44:52,900
Aramaic from lydian to elamite. 
For the moment, all seemed 

5503
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:55,300
Unstoppable. 
But an Empire. 

5504
04:44:55,300 --> 04:44:58,400
So vast in never totally brushed
against fresh Frontiers 

5505
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:02,100
boeckling. 
The next wave of expansion or 

5506
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:05,100
would caution Council 
consolidation, the man who 

5507
04:45:05,100 --> 04:45:08,000
ascended from rumored infancy in
a shepherd's Hut to commanding, 

5508
04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:12,000
half the known region. 
Now, faced, the question, Was 

5509
04:45:12,000 --> 04:45:13,800
the Empire's thirst for growth 
ever? 

5510
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:16,400
Sated or did Destiny push him 
onward. 

5511
04:45:16,400 --> 04:45:20,200
Risking new hazards. 
With Babylon integrated into his

5512
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:22,700
Empire. 
Cyrus contemplated the Eastern 

5513
04:45:22,700 --> 04:45:25,700
Frontier. 
The Iranian Plateau merged into 

5514
04:45:25,700 --> 04:45:29,700
Central Asian steppes home to 
nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes 

5515
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:32,100
known for mobile Warfare 
Legends. 

5516
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:36,100
Say, that Cyrus's father kambis.
The First Once warned him that 

5517
04:45:36,100 --> 04:45:39,200
subduing, such tribes required 
persistent vigilance as they 

5518
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:43,300
seldom recognized stable borders
but the new Empire needed to 

5519
04:45:43,308 --> 04:45:46,600
Anchor its eastern flank. 
The specially of trade routes 

5520
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:50,200
from the Indus Valley or 
bacteria is said were to channel

5521
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:53,900
Goods across Persian heartlands,
Cyrus recognized, the Dual 

5522
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:56,700
impetus secure. 
Those roots and ensure, no flank

5523
04:45:56,700 --> 04:46:00,800
vulnerability, He dispatched, 
armies along the oxus river and 

5524
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,700
mood Daria, forging alliances 
with local Chieftain. 

5525
04:46:03,700 --> 04:46:07,800
Some steppe tribes in by the 
prospect of stable, trade and 

5526
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:11,100
potential gifts from the great 
king cooperated others. 

5527
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:15,400
Resisted leading to skirmishes 
in Desert Canyon Cyrus 

5528
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:17,800
accompanied part of the campaign
employing. 

5529
04:46:17,800 --> 04:46:20,700
The same tolerance approach 
tribes that submitted 

5530
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:23,800
maintained, local leadership, 
paying tribute, but enjoying 

5531
04:46:23,800 --> 04:46:26,800
relative autonomy. 
That method overshadowed the old

5532
04:46:26,800 --> 04:46:29,300
practice of forced relocations 
or decimation. 

5533
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:31,400
Yet his men found the 
environment. 

5534
04:46:31,400 --> 04:46:34,600
Harsh with punishing, Heat by 
day and frigid nights 

5535
04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:37,600
Complicated by elusive tribal. 
Raiders adapted. 

5536
04:46:37,600 --> 04:46:41,300
Ambushes in back, Tria Cyrus and
countered, a settled 

5537
04:46:41,300 --> 04:46:43,200
civilization, older than many 
realized. 

5538
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:47,500
An area with fortresses 
irrigation and a lineage of 

5539
04:46:47,508 --> 04:46:51,300
trade connections with India. 
You found skillful Artisans and 

5540
04:46:51,300 --> 04:46:54,200
wise men with knowledge of 
local, religions, some 

5541
04:46:54,200 --> 04:46:57,800
worshiping, a hero Mazda and a 
variance of zoroastrian 

5542
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:00,200
practice. 
This encounter, possibly 

5543
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:03,000
reaffirmed his approach of 
letting each region keep its 

5544
04:47:03,000 --> 04:47:06,400
faith. 
Indeed coins from that era show,

5545
04:47:06,400 --> 04:47:10,100
local imagery mixed with Persian
inscriptions, reflecting a 

5546
04:47:10,100 --> 04:47:13,200
Synergy rather than forced 
uniformity historians. 

5547
04:47:13,200 --> 04:47:15,900
See in this pattern, the seeds 
of an Empire tolerant enough to 

5548
04:47:15,900 --> 04:47:18,800
last for centuries 
overshadowing, the ephemeral 

5549
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:22,200
expansion of early conquerors. 
Who imposed uniform codes? 

5550
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:25,500
Yet the East never fully bowed 
Cyrus soon. 

5551
04:47:25,500 --> 04:47:28,200
Realized that Beyond bacteria, 
lay more, formidable, tribes, 

5552
04:47:29,100 --> 04:47:31,200
Surviving inscriptions 
mentioned, a feared group 

5553
04:47:31,200 --> 04:47:34,100
referred to as the massager 
Getty dwelling across the 

5554
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:36,600
Jacksons River. 
They were skilled horse, 

5555
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:40,100
archers, famously led by a 
warrior Queen named tamiris. 

5556
04:47:40,900 --> 04:47:43,100
The problem was that direct 
conflict with the mint venturing

5557
04:47:43,100 --> 04:47:45,500
into semi desert lands were 
supply line collapsed. 

5558
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:49,900
The Cyrus's ambition, on 
assessee drove him to attempt an

5559
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:54,700
incursion around 5:30 BC. 
Some sources suggest he built a 

5560
04:47:54,700 --> 04:47:57,900
bridging strategy, possibly 
Bridging the Jacques arts or 

5561
04:47:57,900 --> 04:48:00,300
else, luring the Massachusetts 
high into friendly a Terrain. 

5562
04:48:00,300 --> 04:48:04,100
The outcome was tragic for him. 
Herodotus claims a pitched 

5563
04:48:04,100 --> 04:48:07,700
battle saw, the Persian forces 
eventually out maneuvered, Cyrus

5564
04:48:07,700 --> 04:48:10,000
himself. 
Refusing retreat, was either 

5565
04:48:10,000 --> 04:48:14,200
captured or killed in the melee 
Legend has it Queen to Meijer 

5566
04:48:14,200 --> 04:48:17,500
dipped his severed head in a bag
of blood cursing. 

5567
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:20,600
Him for devouring her people. 
We cannot confirm the dramatic 

5568
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:24,900
details with absolute certainty.
Ancient accounts vary. 

5569
04:48:25,700 --> 04:48:28,900
Some say, Cyrus died from 
wounds, others claim an 

5570
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:30,200
accident, in the swirling 
desert. 

5571
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:33,600
However, all accounts agree that
his demise occurred on the 

5572
04:48:33,600 --> 04:48:36,800
Eastern Frontier. 
This abrupt end, overshadowed, 

5573
04:48:36,800 --> 04:48:39,700
the notion that he'd have 
Consolidated further expansions 

5574
04:48:39,700 --> 04:48:43,600
without him, the Empire, 
defaulted to his son canvases. 

5575
04:48:43,600 --> 04:48:47,900
The second who turned attention 
to Egyptian campaigns, If not 

5576
04:48:47,900 --> 04:48:51,900
for that, fatal Eastern gamble. 
Cyrus might have had decades to 

5577
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:55,400
refine governance bridging Asia,
Minor to the Indus under a 

5578
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:59,300
carefully balanced rule fate, 
intervened bequeathing, us only 

5579
04:48:59,308 --> 04:49:03,000
partial glimpses of what might 
have been back in the heartlands

5580
04:49:03,000 --> 04:49:05,400
of Cyrus's death Unleashed 
grief. 

5581
04:49:05,400 --> 04:49:09,000
He had reigned for around three 
decades, forging, the largest 

5582
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:12,500
Empire, the region at witnessed 
Even many respondents felt 

5583
04:49:12,500 --> 04:49:16,300
useful sorrow in Babylon. 
Priests who previously lauded 

5584
04:49:16,300 --> 04:49:18,800
him as Maddox chosen. 
Recognized that a new chapter 

5585
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:22,700
approached under can be sees his
shadow in Southwestern Persia 

5586
04:49:22,700 --> 04:49:25,900
folktale, circulated praising 
father Cyrus. 

5587
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:30,300
Who delivered them from median? 
Oppression ionian Greeks though.

5588
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:32,000
Not always content with Persian 
rule. 

5589
04:49:32,000 --> 04:49:35,400
Ionically expressed more respect
for Cyrus than for subsequent 

5590
04:49:35,400 --> 04:49:39,100
Kings praising, his measured 
approach Cyrus's body. 

5591
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:42,500
Presumably recovered from the 
battlefield was laid in a tomb 

5592
04:49:42,500 --> 04:49:45,900
in posadi a site. 
He had chosen earlier ancient 

5593
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:48,100
Travellers described it as a 
simple yet. 

5594
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:51,800
Identified structure with a 
gabled roof, overshadowed by 

5595
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:54,600
know, elaborate Temple. 
But set him at a garden in 

5596
04:49:54,600 --> 04:49:58,500
subsequent errors, every Persian
king revered that tomb, ensuring

5597
04:49:58,500 --> 04:50:01,000
none. 
Defiled it, Alexander the Great 

5598
04:50:01,000 --> 04:50:03,900
centuries. 
Later visited and reportedly 

5599
04:50:03,900 --> 04:50:06,800
found the tomb with a simple 
inscription, praising Cyrus as 

5600
04:50:06,800 --> 04:50:09,700
the founder of an Empire 
summoning, the reflection that 

5601
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:14,700
every conqueror, no matter how 
Grand meets mortality that tomb 

5602
04:50:14,700 --> 04:50:18,200
though, occasionally, looted or 
neglected endures in partial 

5603
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:21,000
ruins, a quiet Testament to 
amounts of ephemeral. 

5604
04:50:21,000 --> 04:50:24,300
Hold on a vast territory. 
His death on settled, the 

5605
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:28,100
monarchies immediate stability 
can be sees the second embarked 

5606
04:50:28,100 --> 04:50:31,500
on expansion into Egypt. 
Overshadowing local satra 

5607
04:50:31,500 --> 04:50:34,100
attention. 
The memory of Cyrus, however, 

5608
04:50:34,100 --> 04:50:36,400
never dissipated each 
subsequent. 

5609
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:40,300
Persian ruler from campuses to 
Darius, Tres legitimacy to 

5610
04:50:40,300 --> 04:50:43,400
Cyrus's lineage They credited 
him with forging. 

5611
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:45,900
A national identity that 
encompassed diverse, languages, 

5612
04:50:45,900 --> 04:50:49,200
faiths, and social Customs under
a unified. 

5613
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,800
Administrative framework in 
every corner of the Empire, from

5614
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:54,700
the ionian shore, to the Indus 
Valley. 

5615
04:50:54,700 --> 04:50:58,200
The idea of the king of kings 
who protected, local Traditions,

5616
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:00,300
while demanding loyalty 
remained, a Cornerstone of 

5617
04:51:00,308 --> 04:51:03,700
Imperial ideology. 
Cyrus, Even In Absentia, 

5618
04:51:03,700 --> 04:51:06,500
overshadowed, the realm with his
moral laced, approach to 

5619
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:10,600
rulership the dynasty. 
That Cyrus initiated endured for

5620
04:51:10,600 --> 04:51:12,500
two. 
Centuries overshadowed 

5621
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:15,000
eventually by Alexander's 
Conquest in the fourth Century, 

5622
04:51:15,000 --> 04:51:18,200
BC e. 
Yet even as Alexander marched 

5623
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,900
across the Persian Empire. 
Local memory of Cyrus spurred, a

5624
04:51:21,900 --> 04:51:25,200
measure of pride in unity. 
Some communities upon 

5625
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:28,600
Alexander's, arrival recounted, 
how Cyrus had first liberated 

5626
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:32,200
them from repressive rule. 
Alexander intrigued by these 

5627
04:51:32,200 --> 04:51:36,700
accounts visited Cyrus's tomb, 
pasargadae and 3:30 BC. 

5628
04:51:37,800 --> 04:51:41,300
And I witness described the tomb
as humble yet dignified with a 

5629
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:44,200
stone chamber and the remains 
resting on a golden beer. 

5630
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,800
Alexander allegedly ordered 
repairs after discovering the 

5631
04:51:47,800 --> 04:51:50,300
tomb rifled by unscrupulous 
soldiers. 

5632
04:51:50,300 --> 04:51:54,300
This gesture signified, How 
Deeply Cyrus's reputation for 

5633
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:57,500
magnanimous leadership. 
Struck even his Empires eventual

5634
04:51:57,500 --> 04:52:01,800
conqueror Greek sources like 
xenophon cyberia further, 

5635
04:52:01,800 --> 04:52:05,300
Amplified Cyrus's Legacy, 
xenophon depicted him as an 

5636
04:52:05,300 --> 04:52:10,200
exemplary ruler wise, just and 
beloved by Soldier and subject 

5637
04:52:10,200 --> 04:52:12,200
alike. 
Scholars debate. 

5638
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:15,000
How factual xenophon's portrayal
is some seahorses. 

5639
04:52:15,000 --> 04:52:16,700
Half. 
Moral Treatise half his 

5640
04:52:16,700 --> 04:52:20,200
historical novel but the sirope 
shaped Western ideas of King 

5641
04:52:20,200 --> 04:52:23,900
ship, overshadowing alternative 
narratives Roman thinkers like 

5642
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:27,000
Cicero or Machiavelli. 
Cited Cyrus as a model for Weis.

5643
04:52:27,000 --> 04:52:29,600
Monarchy. 
Indeed, the phrase benevolent 

5644
04:52:29,600 --> 04:52:33,000
conqueror found perhaps its 
earliest champion and how Greeks

5645
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:35,900
were cast him. 
The reality of his campaigns 

5646
04:52:35,900 --> 04:52:39,700
like forcibly subduing, Lydia or
merciless battles in the East 

5647
04:52:39,700 --> 04:52:42,300
fell into the background of 
these moral sketches. 

5648
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:46,600
Meanwhile in later Persian 
tradition Cyrus emerged, almost 

5649
04:52:46,600 --> 04:52:50,500
as a cultural hero overshadowing
even Darius and terms of moral, 

5650
04:52:50,500 --> 04:52:54,100
reverence some medieval Islamic 
scholars wrote of him as due. 

5651
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:58,200
Alkane the two horned one, 
certain interpretive Traditions,

5652
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:01,900
linking him to a figure in the 
Quran who travelled widely and 

5653
04:53:01,900 --> 04:53:04,000
overcame great challenges 
though. 

5654
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:07,200
Not universally accepted that 
Association underscored how 

5655
04:53:07,200 --> 04:53:09,300
widely His Image range and 
cultural memory. 

5656
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:12,900
People in West Asia recognized 
him as a champion of religious 

5657
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:16,200
tolerance referencing. 
The famed cylinder in which he 

5658
04:53:16,200 --> 04:53:19,900
declared marduk's blessing 
others found in him an early 

5659
04:53:19,908 --> 04:53:22,600
blueprint for Empire. 
Building balanced by moral codes

5660
04:53:22,600 --> 04:53:26,500
during the Renaissance in Europe
renewed interest in classical 

5661
04:53:26,500 --> 04:53:28,600
texts. 
Revived Cyrus's story again 

5662
04:53:28,600 --> 04:53:32,100
overshadowed, though it was by 
more immediate local concerns 

5663
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:34,600
princes. 
Might glance at xenophon's 

5664
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,200
Treatise, as an allegory, for 
how to rule with both Justice 

5665
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:41,900
and might in the 18th century in
lightened and thinkers to 

5666
04:53:41,900 --> 04:53:44,900
reference to him, while 
discussing Universal monarchy or

5667
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:48,200
the philosophy of Tolerance. 
Voltaire, for instance, 

5668
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:52,000
occasionally invoked Cyrus as an
example of a more enlightened 

5669
04:53:52,000 --> 04:53:55,400
conqueror compared to the brutal
expansion of certain European 

5670
04:53:55,400 --> 04:53:58,600
Empires. 
Yet ironically the early as 

5671
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:02,700
logical Revelation about Cyrus. 
Such as the unearthing of the 

5672
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:06,700
Cyrus cylinder in 1879 
reaffirmed, that the Persian 

5673
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:09,300
kings of Tolerance, weren't 
purely myth. 

5674
04:54:09,300 --> 04:54:13,100
That artifact discovered in the 
ruins of Babylon, inscribed in a

5675
04:54:13,108 --> 04:54:17,000
kadian cuneiform outlines, how 
Cyrus restored shrines and 

5676
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:18,500
returned. 
Displayed people to their 

5677
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:22,600
homelands The cylinder stands as
one of History's, earliest known

5678
04:54:22,600 --> 04:54:24,200
Declaration of religious 
freedom. 

5679
04:54:24,200 --> 04:54:27,900
Overshadowing older examples 
that typically validated 

5680
04:54:27,900 --> 04:54:31,100
conquests with deities, but 
rarely promised a pressed 

5681
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:34,800
people's new liberties 
Historians debate, the precise 

5682
04:54:34,800 --> 04:54:38,400
context, maybe it was partly 
propaganda to legitimize his new

5683
04:54:38,400 --> 04:54:41,300
rule, but it remains a striking 
departure from the standard. 

5684
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:43,300
Forced assimilation, typical of 
the era. 

5685
04:54:44,100 --> 04:54:47,400
Modern Iranians viewers with a 
blend of national pride and 

5686
04:54:47,400 --> 04:54:48,900
Fascination. 
Some. 

5687
04:54:48,900 --> 04:54:51,200
See him as a unifying. 
Father figure of the Iranian 

5688
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:54,700
identity overshadowing, the 
fractiousness of medieval and 

5689
04:54:54,700 --> 04:54:57,400
modern periods. 
Even secular nationalists in the

5690
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,500
20th, century embraced him as a 
symbol of a culturally Rich 

5691
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:04,700
tolerant heritage. 
For instance, the shaft of Iran 

5692
04:55:04,700 --> 04:55:08,600
in 1971, staged a massive 
ceremonial event of a separately

5693
04:55:08,600 --> 04:55:11,800
referencing Cyrus as the 
Empire's founder this 

5694
04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:14,900
Extravaganza. 
Ironically, overshadowed by a 

5695
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:18,300
modern discontent showed how 
deeply as memory resonated. 

5696
04:55:19,200 --> 04:55:21,900
Revolutionaries later, disdain, 
the monarchies appropriation of 

5697
04:55:21,900 --> 04:55:25,500
ancient glories, but not 
necessarily disclaiming Cyrus's 

5698
04:55:25,500 --> 04:55:28,800
historical, significance. 
One under explored, angle is the

5699
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:30,900
possibility that Cyrus is style 
of leadership. 

5700
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:33,500
Strongly influenced, how 
subsequent Middle Eastern Powers

5701
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:36,600
approached Empire. 
The notion that subjugated 

5702
04:55:36,600 --> 04:55:40,100
people might keep their local 
laws worship and aristocracies 

5703
04:55:40,100 --> 04:55:42,800
in exchange for paying tribute 
and remaining loyal established 

5704
04:55:42,800 --> 04:55:46,000
a president. 
The Ottoman Empire centuries. 

5705
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:50,100
Later had a millet system that 
rang with Echoes of Cyrus's 

5706
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:52,600
approach. 
This overshadowing Legacy 

5707
04:55:52,600 --> 04:55:56,700
remained subtle yet persistent 
thus, Cyrus's story flows across

5708
04:55:56,700 --> 04:56:00,300
epochs from a child rumored to 
have escaped and execution order

5709
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:04,900
to a cunning Statesman uniting 
Persians and medes to a 

5710
04:56:04,900 --> 04:56:07,700
conqueror, forging an Empire 
that overshadowed old Regional 

5711
04:56:07,700 --> 04:56:10,900
policies culminating in a 
cultural hero for multiple 

5712
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:15,300
civilizations, each era, 
reinterprets him, some extolling

5713
04:56:15,300 --> 04:56:18,200
him as the ultimate wise, King, 
others cautioning that the 

5714
04:56:18,200 --> 04:56:21,800
realities of Conquest, always 
bear a darker side, but no 

5715
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:24,700
matter how the narrative shifts 
the essential thread is that of 

5716
04:56:24,700 --> 04:56:27,300
a man forging a novel Empire 
with broad tolerance 

5717
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:30,900
overshadowing the archaic 
tyranny or Petty squabbling that

5718
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:34,200
preceded him and leaving a 
blueprint that outlived the 

5719
04:56:34,200 --> 04:56:37,700
ephemeral politics of the day. 
When we examine how Cyrus 

5720
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:41,400
governed, the structure of his 
Empire stands out, instead of 

5721
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:44,600
imposing Persian officials 
everywhere, he Created satra, 

5722
04:56:44,600 --> 04:56:47,700
boys, granting local, Elites, 
some autonomy, so long as they 

5723
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:50,100
pledged Allegiance, and taxes to
the great king. 

5724
04:56:50,100 --> 04:56:52,800
Each satrap, managed daily 
Affairs. 

5725
04:56:52,800 --> 04:56:56,400
Overshadowed only by the king's 
Authority and roving inspectors 

5726
04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:58,700
called the eyes and ears of the 
king. 

5727
04:56:58,700 --> 04:57:03,100
This system reduced Rebellion 
like Hood as local Customs, 

5728
04:57:03,100 --> 04:57:06,900
large Lee stated intact, The 
difference from older Empires, 

5729
04:57:06,900 --> 04:57:10,600
like the Assyrians, who often 
deported populations or use 

5730
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:15,000
Terror tactics was striking. 
People recognized a new brand of

5731
04:57:15,000 --> 04:57:18,900
rule where assimilation demanded
fewer forced migrations and more

5732
04:57:18,908 --> 04:57:22,500
recognition of local identity 
Cyrus's approached to Water 

5733
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:25,000
Management tells a compelling 
story of violence. 

5734
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:29,400
In certain arid provinces older 
feuds erupted over irrigation, 

5735
04:57:29,400 --> 04:57:31,700
ditches. 
The Persian Administration 

5736
04:57:31,700 --> 04:57:35,500
introduced consistent oversight,
ensuring Farmland disputes were 

5737
04:57:35,500 --> 04:57:38,900
arbitrated by official judges. 
This reduced local Klan 

5738
04:57:38,900 --> 04:57:41,300
violence, boosting agricultural 
output. 

5739
04:57:42,200 --> 04:57:45,000
Some speculate that the reason 
the Empire thrived economically 

5740
04:57:45,000 --> 04:57:48,900
was precisely these micro level 
reforms overshadowing. 

5741
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:50,800
The simpler older pattern of the
warlord. 

5742
04:57:50,800 --> 04:57:53,200
Merely collecting tribute 
through intimidation 

5743
04:57:53,200 --> 04:57:58,500
diplomatically Cyrus engaged in 
inter Empire marriages the 

5744
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:01,700
melding of Persian and median. 
Lines was the earliest example. 

5745
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:05,300
But he also welcomed lydian 
Aristocrats into his court. 

5746
04:58:05,900 --> 04:58:09,200
Forging alliances with families.
Once loyal to croesus. 

5747
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:13,400
In rare cases a princess or 
daughter from subdued region 

5748
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:17,400
might join the Persian Court. 
These events over shadowed, the 

5749
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:21,300
typical scenario, forcibly 
taking hostages instead, Cyrus 

5750
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:23,500
wanted them to partake. 
In the Empire's Splendor, 

5751
04:58:23,500 --> 04:58:26,800
weaving them into a social 
fabric that dissuaded Rebellion.

5752
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:30,900
The old hostage system became 
more subtle shading into an 

5753
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:34,200
inclusive aristocracy where 
local leaders found new status 

5754
04:58:34,200 --> 04:58:38,300
as part of the AKA mened 
nobility, spiritually Cyrus's, 

5755
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:42,100
personal faith remains debated. 
Some Modern Iranians claimed him

5756
04:58:42,100 --> 04:58:45,100
as a zoroastrian, but direct 
evidence is scarce. 

5757
04:58:45,900 --> 04:58:49,600
The excellent sources suggest he
revealed ahura Mazda reflecting 

5758
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,900
zoroastrian influence, but never
forced that worship on diverse 

5759
04:58:52,900 --> 04:58:55,700
Realms. 
The Cyrus cylinder emphasizes 

5760
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:59,300
Marta's acceptance into Babylon.
While Greek accounts mentioned 

5761
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:02,100
that among Persian Elites 
certain rights to the elements 

5762
04:59:02,100 --> 04:59:04,100
like the sky and fire were 
honored. 

5763
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:08,000
He overshadowed early Awards by 
not imposing a single religious 

5764
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:11,300
identity indeed. 
Many credit him with forging an 

5765
04:59:11,300 --> 04:59:12,700
Empire that for centuries 
maintained. 

5766
04:59:12,700 --> 04:59:15,900
A measure of tolerance for local
temples, overshadowing the 

5767
04:59:15,900 --> 04:59:18,800
simpler approach of idle 
smashing or forced conversions. 

5768
04:59:19,800 --> 04:59:22,500
Cyrus's Persona in the eyes of 
Greek, contemporaries varied 

5769
04:59:22,500 --> 04:59:26,200
some depicted him as a gentle 
Father Figure others found him 

5770
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:29,500
cunning exploiting tolerance, 
only to keep rebellious hearts 

5771
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:33,600
of Jude in ionian, Greek City, 
State's certain segments, 

5772
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:36,300
admired him for toppling. 
Lydia's creases, who would 

5773
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:39,600
overshadowed them, ironically, 
forging a liberator narrative 

5774
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:44,100
But I only an elite soon 
realized Persian Susie had its 

5775
04:59:44,100 --> 04:59:48,500
demands tribute garrisons and 
complicated negotiations. 

5776
04:59:48,500 --> 04:59:50,300
If they wanted to maintain local
autonomy. 

5777
04:59:51,200 --> 04:59:53,800
Despite celebrating their 
commercial expansions under 

5778
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:57,300
Persian rule, the ionian elites 
were vigilant for potential 

5779
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:01,200
changes in the Imperial stance. 
Perhaps of the most surprising 

5780
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:03,900
Dimension is how Cyrus never 
crowned himself with an 

5781
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:07,200
elaborate New Riegel title. 
Akin to emperor of all lands. 

5782
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:09,700
Instead. 
He used older Traditions, like 

5783
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:13,600
king of anshan King of the 
meters and Persians, or king of 

5784
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:15,600
Babylon. 
In official inscriptions. 

5785
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:19,700
Linking them in a chain that 
overshadowed old rivalries each 

5786
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:22,200
region, saw him a successor to 
its last legitimate. 

5787
05:00:22,200 --> 05:00:25,900
Monarchy this acceptance across 
diverse lands is a reason. 

5788
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:29,500
The Empire stabilized swiftly 
overshadowing typical post 

5789
05:00:29,500 --> 05:00:32,800
Conquest chaos. 
The Synergy of recognized King 

5790
05:00:32,800 --> 05:00:35,800
ship and practical policies. 
Prevented many local revolts 

5791
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:39,500
even in the Eastern, Frontiers 
only the fiercely independent 

5792
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:42,700
steppe tribes remained wholly 
Beyond easiest assimilation. 

5793
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:47,100
Modern archaeologists rummaging 
through sights like Pasad, or 

5794
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:51,000
equator and descriptions, 
tributing, Grand titles, and 

5795
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:55,100
praising Cyrus's benevolence 
However, they also find glimpses

5796
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:58,400
of force tribute tools 
conscript, labor reminding us 

5797
05:00:58,400 --> 05:01:00,600
that no Empire extends without 
cost. 

5798
05:01:01,300 --> 05:01:04,200
The difference is that Cyrus 
balanced typical harshness with 

5799
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:08,100
broader leniency, instead of 
mass enslavement or forced 

5800
05:01:08,100 --> 05:01:12,300
relocations, you practice 
strategic generosity, a city 

5801
05:01:12,300 --> 05:01:15,400
that surrendered might keep its 
local Council paying only 

5802
05:01:15,400 --> 05:01:19,600
partial tributes for a time. 
A rebellious region once subdued

5803
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:22,800
found him open to restitution if
they accepted Imperial 

5804
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:25,800
suzerainty. 
This pattern repeated across 

5805
05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:30,400
Anatolia Mesopotamia and Beyond 
forging an Empire that outlived 

5806
05:01:30,400 --> 05:01:33,300
him by centuries. 
One wonders how the world might 

5807
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,000
have changed had Cyrus not died 
in that Eastern campaign. 

5808
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:39,700
Perhaps he'd have established a 
definitive Capital, bridging 

5809
05:01:39,700 --> 05:01:41,600
Persian and Mesopotamian 
Aesthetics. 

5810
05:01:41,600 --> 05:01:44,800
He might have expanded further 
into the industry region, 

5811
05:01:44,800 --> 05:01:47,400
overshadowing future expansion 
by Darius. 

5812
05:01:48,200 --> 05:01:49,500
The abruptness of his death 
left. 

5813
05:01:49,500 --> 05:01:51,400
Many of those, what ifs 
unresolved? 

5814
05:01:52,200 --> 05:01:55,300
Yet, his blueprint was so robust
that successes like commbuys 

5815
05:01:55,300 --> 05:01:59,200
sustained or Darius of the built
upon its seamlessly rarely 

5816
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:01,800
discarding the system of 
satrapies or the approach to 

5817
05:02:01,800 --> 05:02:05,800
local autonomy, this continuity 
under scores, How Deeply Cyrus's

5818
05:02:05,800 --> 05:02:09,100
approach was woven into the 
Empire's Bedrock, his policies. 

5819
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,500
Akin to the reformed water 
channels, permeated, the 

5820
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:15,400
Imperial veins surpassing the 
fleeting preferences of 

5821
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,900
subsequent Kings, In the 
centuries, following Cyrus's 

5822
05:02:18,900 --> 05:02:22,600
Empire wave after wave of 
Conquest battered West Asia 

5823
05:02:22,600 --> 05:02:26,600
Alexander's Invasion. 
The seleucid Empire, the paths 

5824
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:30,900
and the sasanian dynasty. 
Each new regime State claims 

5825
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:34,500
over the old heartlands yet. 
Repeated references to the old 

5826
05:02:34,500 --> 05:02:38,200
ways of Cyrus appearing. 
Local Legends overshadowing 

5827
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:42,200
short-term rule Cyrus's system, 
became a benchmark for managing 

5828
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:46,000
a multi-ethnic domain. 
Even the storied House of sasan 

5829
05:02:46,000 --> 05:02:49,900
centuries later argued they 
recaptured the spirit of a 

5830
05:02:49,900 --> 05:02:52,700
cleared, monarchy their coinage 
or Rock relief. 

5831
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:55,600
Sometimes invoke to motifs 
reminiscent of Cyrus's era 

5832
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:58,500
overshadowed by a new version of
Persian identity. 

5833
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:02,200
That cyclical pattern of 
referencing Cyrus indicates. 

5834
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:05,100
He was not just a fleeting 
conqueror, but a permanent 

5835
05:03:05,100 --> 05:03:08,900
archetype. 
Outside the Middle East, Greek, 

5836
05:03:08,900 --> 05:03:12,000
authors, transmitted and 
idealized account. 

5837
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:16,200
Culminating in xenophon's, Kira 
pedia which painted Cyrus as a 

5838
05:03:16,208 --> 05:03:21,100
paragon of kingly virtue. 
Over the next two Millennia that

5839
05:03:21,100 --> 05:03:24,000
text influence statement from 
Machiavelli to the founding 

5840
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:27,600
fathers of the United States. 
The gleaned from it lessons on 

5841
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:31,700
balancing fear and love forging 
alliances and uniting diverse 

5842
05:03:31,700 --> 05:03:35,400
people's ironically, the real 
Cyrus might have been more 

5843
05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:38,500
pragmatic and occasionally 
ruthless than xenophon's moral 

5844
05:03:38,500 --> 05:03:41,800
hero, but the overshadowing 
effect of the text shaped 

5845
05:03:41,800 --> 05:03:44,500
Western political thought, 
Early. 

5846
05:03:44,500 --> 05:03:47,300
Modern Europe's fascination. 
With enlightened absolutism 

5847
05:03:47,300 --> 05:03:51,000
found in Cyrus a distant model, 
someone who overcame fractures, 

5848
05:03:51,000 --> 05:03:53,900
Petty, Lords by imposing a 
central Authority, tempered by 

5849
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:57,500
tolerance. 
Back in his homeland to Pasad. 

5850
05:03:57,500 --> 05:04:02,600
Endured storms and conquests. 
Overshadowing a femoral shrines,

5851
05:04:02,600 --> 05:04:07,600
when Alexander visited, he left 
it intact later, pathian, or 

5852
05:04:07,600 --> 05:04:10,500
Susan Kings though. 
Not worshipers of Cyrus 

5853
05:04:10,500 --> 05:04:13,900
recognized, the tomb, 
significance as a link to an 

5854
05:04:13,900 --> 05:04:17,700
illustrious Iranian heritage 
Under the Muslim Conquest. 

5855
05:04:17,700 --> 05:04:21,000
Centuries later, Legends 
persisted around the tomb. 

5856
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:23,900
Some calling it carbon are 
Madera. 

5857
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:28,200
A Sulu man of Solomon's mother 
who the local population, like 

5858
05:04:28,200 --> 05:04:31,200
the memory, that it was Cyrus's,
final resting place. 

5859
05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:35,300
Rare travelers from Venetian 
Merchants to ottoman, envoys 

5860
05:04:35,300 --> 05:04:38,700
occasionally documented, a 
solitary Tower like structure in

5861
05:04:38,708 --> 05:04:41,700
the Iranian Plateau. 
Overshadowed by know massive 

5862
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:46,400
City inside lane, scriptions or 
faint, carvings referencing a 

5863
05:04:46,400 --> 05:04:49,800
king who wants bestowed, the 
region like a Colossus in the 

5864
05:04:49,800 --> 05:04:53,300
20th century as modern. 
Iranian nationalism, stirred 

5865
05:04:53,300 --> 05:04:57,900
Cyrus's memory was rehabilitated
as an emblem of national unity 

5866
05:04:57,900 --> 05:05:01,500
in his historical grandeur. 
Razor sharp Tel Aviv is a 

5867
05:05:01,500 --> 05:05:04,000
guardi. 
Staging ceremonies that 

5868
05:05:04,000 --> 05:05:05,700
overshadowed, the sights 
archaeological. 

5869
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:08,800
Hush the monarchy sought 
symbolic links to an ancient 

5870
05:05:08,800 --> 05:05:12,300
lineage championing Cyrus's 
cylinder as an early human 

5871
05:05:12,300 --> 05:05:15,500
rights Charter. 
This overshadowed complexities 

5872
05:05:15,500 --> 05:05:18,800
like the Imperial nature of his 
conquests but offered a rallying

5873
05:05:18,800 --> 05:05:23,100
point for Iranian identity, even
post-revolutionary Iran while 

5874
05:05:23,100 --> 05:05:26,600
reinterpreting pre-islamic 
glories, cannot fully disregard 

5875
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:30,400
Cyrus's significance. 
Pilgrims still come some quietly

5876
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:32,300
leaving Flowers by the tomb to 
honor. 

5877
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:35,200
The father of the Persian realm 
overshadowing theological 

5878
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:37,900
differences, In the global 
sphere. 

5879
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:41,800
The Cyrus cylinder tools museums
sparking discussions on 

5880
05:05:41,800 --> 05:05:44,100
religious tolerance. 
Good governance and The 

5881
05:05:44,100 --> 05:05:48,100
Narrative of enlightened Empire 
some critics caution that while 

5882
05:05:48,100 --> 05:05:51,300
the cylinder of progressive tone
for its era, we shouldn't 

5883
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:53,800
actress, Lee label, Cyrus and 
modern Democrat. 

5884
05:05:53,800 --> 05:05:58,500
He was after all an absolute 
monarch nonetheless, the 

5885
05:05:58,500 --> 05:06:01,500
overshadowing message of linear 
and returning Exiles stands out 

5886
05:06:01,500 --> 05:06:04,500
in a time when many ancient 
conquerors pillaged and 

5887
05:06:04,500 --> 05:06:07,600
enslaved. 
Indeed the notion of a state 

5888
05:06:07,600 --> 05:06:10,300
respecting, local gods. 
And temples was Radical for the 

5889
05:06:10,300 --> 05:06:14,700
period. yet, it's not as if 
Cyrus overcame all cruelty and 

5890
05:06:14,700 --> 05:06:17,900
certain provinces that resisted 
The Persian armies could be 

5891
05:06:17,908 --> 05:06:21,600
ruthless using Siege tactics to 
starve city populations. 

5892
05:06:21,600 --> 05:06:25,500
But once victory was secured the
mercy or acceptance of local 

5893
05:06:25,500 --> 05:06:29,300
practices overshadowed total 
subjugation Scholars highlight 

5894
05:06:29,300 --> 05:06:31,900
that such a measured approach 
likely, prevented constant 

5895
05:06:31,900 --> 05:06:35,500
revolts People under Persian 
rule might pay taxes and serve 

5896
05:06:35,500 --> 05:06:39,100
in the Army but they kept 
shrines, local councils, and a 

5897
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:42,300
measure of cultural autonomy. 
This delicate, interplay formed,

5898
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:45,600
the Empire's, core strength, 
overshadowing older Mesopotamian

5899
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:48,400
or Neo Assyrian methods reliant 
on sheer Terror. 

5900
05:06:49,300 --> 05:06:52,600
As we revisit Cyrus's life, in 
total, we see an interplay of 

5901
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:55,800
Epic achievements. 
And ephemeral mortality, he rose

5902
05:06:55,800 --> 05:06:58,500
from a rumored near in fantasy 
to forging a realm from the 

5903
05:06:58,500 --> 05:07:03,300
Eastern Iran overshadowing 
King's who wants boasted on a 

5904
05:07:03,300 --> 05:07:06,500
saleable night yet he too 
succumb to the hazards of 

5905
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:10,700
Frontier Warfare. 
The Grand Empire remained By his

5906
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:13,900
administrative blueprint 
overshadowing the ephemeral 

5907
05:07:13,900 --> 05:07:17,100
nature of any single mortal even
in death. 

5908
05:07:17,100 --> 05:07:20,100
He overshadowed the typical 
memory of Warlords by becoming a

5909
05:07:20,108 --> 05:07:22,100
cherished Legend in multiple 
cultures. 

5910
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:27,600
The cyclical references to Cyrus
over Millennia by Greeks, Romans

5911
05:07:27,600 --> 05:07:31,500
Iranians, and modern Statesmen. 
A firm that the imprint he left 

5912
05:07:31,508 --> 05:07:33,700
on governance and tolerance was 
never fully erased. 

5913
05:07:33,700 --> 05:07:37,200
Overshadowing the typical 
ephemeral Conquest that vanished

5914
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:41,300
into dust reflecting on Cyrus 
the Great's Journey A picture 

5915
05:07:41,300 --> 05:07:44,100
emerges of a ruler who both 
embodies the archetype of 

5916
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:46,500
ancient conqueror and subverts 
it. 

5917
05:07:46,508 --> 05:07:51,100
His life, Bridging, the mid 6th 
Century, BCE shaped an enduring 

5918
05:07:51,100 --> 05:07:53,100
Empire. 
That overshadowed a femoral 

5919
05:07:53,100 --> 05:07:56,200
local kingdoms. 
He fused compassionately with 

5920
05:07:56,200 --> 05:08:00,100
power forging, a blueprint of 
ruled that soared Beyond typical

5921
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:03,900
tyranny, used violence to 
conquer and woven multi-ethnic 

5922
05:08:03,900 --> 05:08:07,100
fabric under the accumulated. 
Banner in the swirl of 

5923
05:08:07,100 --> 05:08:09,900
centuries, intangible threads of
his approach. 

5924
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:13,900
Satrapies cultural respect an 
integrated Administration, 

5925
05:08:13,900 --> 05:08:16,400
surface repeatedly in later 
States. 

5926
05:08:16,400 --> 05:08:20,400
Governments take, for instance, 
the phenomenon of repatriating 

5927
05:08:20,400 --> 05:08:24,200
exiled people's Hebrew text 
describing Cyrus's, decree for 

5928
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:26,800
the Jude and to rebuild their 
Temple highlighter, radical 

5929
05:08:26,800 --> 05:08:31,000
departure from Norms Empires 
often, Exile population, to 

5930
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:34,900
quell repair in Cyrus reverse 
that policy overshadowing 

5931
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:37,900
earlier cruelty with the stance 
that returning exiled groups, 

5932
05:08:37,900 --> 05:08:40,800
might yield gratitude this 
perspect. 

5933
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:43,400
To resonates in modern dialogues
about religious freedom. 

5934
05:08:43,400 --> 05:08:47,200
Indeed, some interpret, the 
cylinders references to various 

5935
05:08:47,200 --> 05:08:49,900
shrines as an early Charter of 
Rights though. 

5936
05:08:49,900 --> 05:08:52,400
Historians caution about 
overstating it as a universal 

5937
05:08:52,400 --> 05:08:54,800
human rights document. 
The overshadowing principle 

5938
05:08:54,800 --> 05:08:58,400
remains for the 6th Century BCE.
It was remarkably 

5939
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:01,600
forward-thinking. 
Consider all the architecture of

5940
05:09:01,600 --> 05:09:06,000
Pasadena Cyrus's Capital known 
for its symmetrical Gardens and 

5941
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:10,300
a design mixing median elamite 
and local Persian Styles. 

5942
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:13,500
It overshadowed simplistic 
Fortress cities of older times 

5943
05:09:13,500 --> 05:09:17,200
Greek visitors centuries later 
found it distinctively Airy and 

5944
05:09:17,208 --> 05:09:21,000
open as if the City layout 
reflected Cyrus's, inclusive 

5945
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,600
policies, the tomb there. 
So unpretentious yet, dignified,

5946
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:29,200
Speaks volumes about how he 
conceptualized rulership not as 

5947
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:31,700
an aloof god king. 
But As a caretaker, bridging 

5948
05:09:31,700 --> 05:09:35,700
labs While subsequent palaces 
like persepolis overshadowed 

5949
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:40,000
Pasadena's, scale the latter's 
multi-ethnic decorative elements

5950
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:42,700
reveal a microcosm of the entire
synergy. 

5951
05:09:43,700 --> 05:09:46,400
Final puzzle is whether we can 
glean Cyrus's personal 

5952
05:09:46,400 --> 05:09:48,400
temperament behind the animals 
and legends. 

5953
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:51,600
Greek sources paint him. 
As kindly though, they were 

5954
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:53,900
motivated to highlight the good 
Oriental King. 

5955
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:57,700
The Babylonian Chronicle calls 
him, the chosen of Marduk 

5956
05:09:57,700 --> 05:10:00,200
overshadowing older conquerors, 
who defiled? 

5957
05:10:00,200 --> 05:10:04,400
The city Persian lore emphasizes
his cunning rise from near-death

5958
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:08,400
infancy different perspectives, 
idealize him likely. 

5959
05:10:08,400 --> 05:10:12,700
The real Cyrus was at times 
ruthless at times merciful and 

5960
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:16,300
always pragmatic the overrode 
petty, local Customs. 

5961
05:10:16,300 --> 05:10:19,200
When they hindered stable rule, 
that mostly let communities 

5962
05:10:19,200 --> 05:10:22,200
maintain their identity. 
He believed that an Empire 

5963
05:10:22,200 --> 05:10:25,800
spanning from Lydia to Gandara 
needed cohesive laws, that 

5964
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:29,200
flexible local governance. 
That strategic approach, 

5965
05:10:29,200 --> 05:10:32,600
overshadowed, simpler, warlord, 
tyranny and subsequent, Iranian 

5966
05:10:32,600 --> 05:10:35,600
National Consciousness. 
He emerges as the father of the 

5967
05:10:35,600 --> 05:10:38,900
country, overshadowing the 
ephemeral Wars that battered the

5968
05:10:38,908 --> 05:10:41,300
region. 
The cyclical implication of his 

5969
05:10:41,300 --> 05:10:44,900
name in times of Crisis or 
reform underscores How Deeply he

5970
05:10:44,900 --> 05:10:47,600
impacted the Iranians of his 
historical continuity. 

5971
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:51,100
Even diaspora community's 
scattered by centuries of 

5972
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:53,800
migration, might refer to him as
an emblem of tolerant. 

5973
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:56,600
Monarchy rare in an age, 
typically remembered for 

5974
05:10:56,600 --> 05:11:00,500
despots, meanwhile, as the West 
rediscovered Antiquity outside 

5975
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:03,800
the region, Cyrus a Clips. 
Many lesser known figures 

5976
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:06,300
emerging In classical 
references. 

5977
05:11:06,300 --> 05:11:09,100
As a conqueror who may detained 
his moral integrity. 

5978
05:11:10,100 --> 05:11:12,400
From a modern Viewpoint, we 
might weigh whether his 

5979
05:11:12,400 --> 05:11:15,700
expansions cause moral, 
dissonance can one hail a 

5980
05:11:15,700 --> 05:11:18,500
conqueror's great, who still 
inflicted Bloodshed on resistors

5981
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:22,300
the question spiraled, the 
ancient world's Norms where 

5982
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:25,900
might typically equaled, right? 
The Hallmark of Cyrus was a 

5983
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:29,000
partial departure from that Norm
applying might, but overlaying 

5984
05:11:29,000 --> 05:11:32,500
it with a veneer of diplomacy 
and local respect that bridging 

5985
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,900
stance, singled him out among 
his peers unlike the more brutal

5986
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:39,400
expansions of the Assyrians or 
the narrower religious Zeal of 

5987
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:42,700
some later rulers. 
Perhaps the abiding lesson is 

5988
05:11:42,700 --> 05:11:45,400
that leadership emerges from 
forging alliances across 

5989
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:47,600
boundaries respecting 
differences. 

5990
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:48,900
While forging. 
Common Kors. 

5991
05:11:48,900 --> 05:11:52,700
Cyrus is Kia achievements, 
unifying diverse populations, 

5992
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:56,200
fostering trade routes and 
standardizing administration 

5993
05:11:56,200 --> 05:12:00,300
didn't revolve solely Around 
Battlefield triumphs they also 

5994
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:04,200
hinged on compromise negotiation
and an awareness that towering 

5995
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:06,800
fractious divisions was 
essential to build an Empire 

5996
05:12:06,800 --> 05:12:08,900
that endured Beyond his life 
time. 

5997
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:13,200
Indeed, though he died in a 
frontier, Skirmish the Empire, 

5998
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:16,500
scaffolding carried on for 
centuries, the ephemeral nature 

5999
05:12:16,500 --> 05:12:20,900
of any single rulers lifespan 
and so as we close the pages of 

6000
05:12:20,900 --> 05:12:24,200
Cyrus the Great and clean an 
image of a man who both 

6001
05:12:24,200 --> 05:12:27,900
harnessed power and recognized 
that an Empire's heartbeat lay 

6002
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:31,900
in a bridging cultural mosaic. 
He overcame the swirl of petty 

6003
05:12:31,900 --> 05:12:34,800
Wars and our cake. 
Tyrannies setting an example of 

6004
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:38,300
pragmatic tolerance. 
In the tapestry of world 

6005
05:12:38,300 --> 05:12:42,300
conquerors some Savage, some 
cunning he stands out for 

6006
05:12:42,300 --> 05:12:44,600
weaving, the threads of 
compassion into Conquest. 

6007
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:47,300
Showcasing a purely brutal 
approach. 

6008
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:51,200
The centuries that followed from
Alexander's or to Modern 

6009
05:12:51,208 --> 05:12:55,400
retellings, a firm that his 
Memory Remains luminous an 

6010
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:58,200
archetype of how Unstoppable 
ambition can be tempered by a 

6011
05:12:58,200 --> 05:12:59,400
genuine concern for the 
government. 

6012
05:12:59,400 --> 05:13:03,200
Forging an Empire that 
obliterated old patterns and set

6013
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:09,200
new standards for rulership, 
Tonight we explore the life of 

6014
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:11,900
contribution of Rosalind 
Franklin, the brilliant 

6015
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:14,200
scientist, whose pioneering work
in x-ray. 

6016
05:13:14,200 --> 05:13:17,500
Crystallography was instrumental
in the discovery of the DNA 

6017
05:13:17,500 --> 05:13:21,500
double helix The dedication to 
science and her role in one of 

6018
05:13:21,500 --> 05:13:23,400
the most significant 
breakthroughs of the 20th 

6019
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:26,700
century continue to inspire 
generations of researchers 

6020
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:29,700
today. 
So, before you relax, as always,

6021
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:33,800
take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel if 

6022
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:37,000
our content helps, you, also let
us know where you're watching 

6023
05:13:37,000 --> 05:13:40,000
from and what time is for you. 
We're always open to requests 

6024
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:42,800
for stories, boring and 
interesting you guys ever have 

6025
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:46,600
any in mind, let us know. 
Now, get rid of those bright 

6026
05:13:46,600 --> 05:13:49,600
lights, turn on your fan if you 
have one and let's begin. 

6027
05:13:52,500 --> 05:13:55,300
Rosslyn Franklin's name often 
appears as a footnote in the 

6028
05:13:55,308 --> 05:13:58,800
story of DNA overshadowed by the
fame of James, Watson and 

6029
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:02,900
Francis, Crick yet, her life was
neither trivial nor easily 

6030
05:14:02,900 --> 05:14:07,200
summarized Born in London in 
1920 to a prominent Jewish 

6031
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:10,200
Family. 
She grew up when few encouraged 

6032
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:11,800
women to pursue rigorous 
science. 

6033
05:14:11,800 --> 05:14:15,800
Even as a child, she displayed a
fierce hunger for knowledge to 

6034
05:14:15,800 --> 05:14:19,200
fight social norms. 
The father Ellis Franklin, 

6035
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:22,400
supported her education yet 
worried about her Independence 

6036
05:14:22,400 --> 05:14:24,700
Street at Saint, Paul's girls 
school. 

6037
05:14:24,700 --> 05:14:28,900
She excelled in math, chemistry 
and languages while her peers 

6038
05:14:28,900 --> 05:14:32,100
aimed at more conventional 
Futures a scholarship to newnham

6039
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:35,300
college Cambridge. 
Put her among mentors, who value

6040
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:37,300
her promise. 
But questioned women's roles in 

6041
05:14:37,300 --> 05:14:41,600
Labs undeterred, she pulled 
energy into research proving her

6042
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:45,100
place through diligent work, 
When World War 2 broke out, 

6043
05:14:45,108 --> 05:14:48,800
Britain needed scientists, she 
joined the British coal, 

6044
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:52,600
utilization research Association
studying carbons microstructures

6045
05:14:52,600 --> 05:14:56,400
there, she discovered a passion 
for methodical experimentation. 

6046
05:14:56,400 --> 05:15:00,400
She also encountered x-ray, 
crystallography, a technique 

6047
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:02,700
aligning perfectly with her 
meticulous nature. 

6048
05:15:02,700 --> 05:15:06,500
After the war a fellowship in 
Paris brought her to Jacques. 

6049
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:09,100
Mary's lab where she refined her
skill in x-ray. 

6050
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:12,500
Diffraction her high standards 
in exacting methods, yielded 

6051
05:15:12,500 --> 05:15:16,100
notable papers on carbon 
structure establishing her as a 

6052
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:20,000
rising star in Crystal ography. 
By the early 1950s King's 

6053
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:24,200
College, London, offered her a 
position to study DNA, Morris 

6054
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:27,700
Wilkins, and his team believed 
x-ray diffraction could unlock 

6055
05:15:27,700 --> 05:15:31,200
the molecules secrets. 
Franklin arrived armed with 

6056
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:34,000
expertise determined to 
implement new, protocols and 

6057
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:37,400
improve equipment. 
Lab tension, surface quickly, 

6058
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:41,600
Wilkins had expected a 
collaborator, frankly insisted 

6059
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:44,100
on autonomy, some colleagues 
admired. 

6060
05:15:44,100 --> 05:15:46,200
Her Precision, While others, 
founded difficult. 

6061
05:15:47,200 --> 05:15:50,000
Still she pressed on convinced 
that careful data could cut 

6062
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:53,600
through any confusion working 
with her student Raymond 

6063
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:55,800
Gosling. 
She captured a series of images,

6064
05:15:55,800 --> 05:16:00,200
most famous labeled photo 51, 
revealing a striking helical 

6065
05:16:00,200 --> 05:16:03,800
pattern, She wanted more 
evidence before announcing a 

6066
05:16:03,800 --> 05:16:05,400
conclusion. 
Preferring thoroughness over 

6067
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:09,400
speculation yet behind the 
scenes, her data slipped into 

6068
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:13,200
other hands, unbeknownst to her 
a colleague, showed Watson, and 

6069
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:16,800
Crick her, diffraction results 
already pursuing a helical model

6070
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:21,400
a seized, her findings, as key. 
Confirmation Franklin, for the 

6071
05:16:21,400 --> 05:16:25,300
moment was focused on perfecting
her analysis unaware. 

6072
05:16:25,300 --> 05:16:28,000
That her painstaking work was 
fueling a major Discovery 

6073
05:16:28,000 --> 05:16:31,000
elsewhere. 
Even, so the tension at Kings 

6074
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:35,400
grew franklyn's direct Style 
clashed with wilkins's reserved 

6075
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:37,600
manner. 
She believed in complete 

6076
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:40,700
control, over her research 
methods irritating, those 

6077
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:43,300
accustomed to a more 
hierarchical lab, but she 

6078
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:45,700
remains dead. 
Fast, just in humidity levels, 

6079
05:16:45,700 --> 05:16:48,600
and rechecking angles, to 
sharpen her images, each 

6080
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:51,000
Improvement hinted, she was on 
the brink of a Monumental 

6081
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:54,200
revelation. 
That Revelation however would 

6082
05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:58,400
not bear her name alone. 
While franklyn refined her data 

6083
05:16:58,400 --> 05:17:02,100
Watson, and Crick raced forward 
preparing to unveil their model 

6084
05:17:02,100 --> 05:17:04,700
of D. 
She had no inkling of the behind

6085
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:08,700
the scenes, drama. 
In the darkroom a camera 

6086
05:17:08,700 --> 05:17:11,100
captured Crystal patterns that 
were change biology. 

6087
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:15,300
She trusted her data to speak 
for itself unaware that the 

6088
05:17:15,300 --> 05:17:18,400
world soon would hail Watson and
Crick as The Architects of DNA's

6089
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:22,000
double helix That this stage 
Franklin's story was poised 

6090
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:23,700
between breakthrough and 
overshadowing. 

6091
05:17:23,700 --> 05:17:27,300
A rigorous approach had 
delivered vital Clues to Life's 

6092
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:30,700
molecular code, yet, social 
dynamics and academic politics, 

6093
05:17:30,700 --> 05:17:32,200
threatened to robber of due 
credit. 

6094
05:17:33,100 --> 05:17:36,200
In the realm of science data 
does not always guarantee 

6095
05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:37,900
recognition for the one who 
gathers it. 

6096
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:42,300
Roslyn Franklin had produced a 
Priceless glimpse into DNA's 

6097
05:17:42,300 --> 05:17:45,400
form, setting, the stage for 
history to unfold in ways. 

6098
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:48,800
She could not have predicted. 
She was born into a family of 

6099
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:51,900
philanthropic tradition with her
Uncle serving as the first 

6100
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:56,100
Jewish mayor of London. 
From a young age, she was taught

6101
05:17:56,100 --> 05:17:58,100
the importance of service in 
intellectual rigor. 

6102
05:17:58,100 --> 05:18:01,900
A combination that would shape 
her character In her teenage 

6103
05:18:01,900 --> 05:18:05,200
years, she gained a reputation 
for Sharp wit and an unwavering 

6104
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:08,600
focus on academic goals. 
These traits did not always 

6105
05:18:08,600 --> 05:18:11,300
endear her to appears who 
expected, more demure Behavior. 

6106
05:18:11,300 --> 05:18:15,300
But she was undeterred, she had 
glimpsed a future in which women

6107
05:18:15,300 --> 05:18:18,800
could stand at the frontier of 
Discovery and she was determined

6108
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:22,500
to claim it in her journals. 
She expressed a love for puzzles

6109
05:18:22,500 --> 05:18:24,300
and a fascination with 
structure. 

6110
05:18:25,100 --> 05:18:29,000
Whether examining minerals or 
deciphering, abstract problems. 

6111
05:18:29,000 --> 05:18:33,400
She found solace in unraveling 
complexities This mindset 

6112
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:35,700
translated seamlessly into her 
later work. 

6113
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:38,900
Where Precision became both her 
shield and her Compass. 

6114
05:18:38,900 --> 05:18:43,000
It also fueled her tenacity 
driving her to pursue every 

6115
05:18:43,000 --> 05:18:44,900
question till she reached, its 
hidden core. 

6116
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:48,100
Rosalind Franklin's arrival at 
King's College. 

6117
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:51,500
London came with grand hopes 
that the labs culture soon, 

6118
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:55,700
tested her resolve she joined 
Morris Wilkins, who believed 

6119
05:18:55,700 --> 05:18:59,500
they would share, DNA research 
duties, Franklyn's forthright 

6120
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:01,600
style. 
However, clashed with Wilkins 

6121
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:05,300
quieter approach worse, the 
leadership chain for the DNA 

6122
05:19:05,300 --> 05:19:09,000
project remained vague fostering
confusion about who was truly in

6123
05:19:09,008 --> 05:19:13,900
charge despite these challenges 
Franklin pressed on exploring 

6124
05:19:13,900 --> 05:19:15,800
her DNA. 
Fibers changed under varying 

6125
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:18,600
humidity. 
She distinguished between A and 

6126
05:19:18,600 --> 05:19:21,900
B forms of the molecule and her 
for Studio x-ray. 

6127
05:19:21,900 --> 05:19:24,500
Diffraction work, produced the 
famed photo 51. 

6128
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:28,700
Which showed an unmistakable 
helical pattern, Franklyn 

6129
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:30,500
acknowledge the significance of 
the image. 

6130
05:19:30,500 --> 05:19:33,200
Yet she refrained from making 
hastir assumptions. 

6131
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:37,100
She spent hours perfecting 
exposures checking angles and 

6132
05:19:37,100 --> 05:19:40,400
analyzing the precise details 
etched onto photographic plates 

6133
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:43,700
Meanwhile, across town at the 
Cavendish laboratory. 

6134
05:19:43,700 --> 05:19:47,300
In Cambridge, James, Watson, and
Francis, Crick took a 

6135
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:49,800
contrasting approach model 
Builders at heart. 

6136
05:19:49,800 --> 05:19:53,400
They chased the DNA structure by
trial and error fueled by 

6137
05:19:53,400 --> 05:19:57,100
Snippets of data gleaned from 
various sources, when Wilkins 

6138
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,500
revealed photo 51 to Watson, 
unbeknownst to Franklin. 

6139
05:20:00,500 --> 05:20:03,100
The evidence dovetailed 
perfectly with their double 

6140
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:08,100
helix hunch, by early 1953 
Watson and Crick completed. 

6141
05:20:08,100 --> 05:20:09,900
A model that would make 
scientific history. 

6142
05:20:09,900 --> 05:20:13,600
Their publication in nature was 
concise yet transformative, 

6143
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,800
announcing a double helical 
structure that explained? 

6144
05:20:16,800 --> 05:20:20,500
DNA's replication mechanism 
Wilkins and franklyn each 

6145
05:20:20,500 --> 05:20:24,600
contributed papers but the 
spotlight fell Square on Watson 

6146
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:27,900
and Crick Frank, Franklin's 
images and calculations though 

6147
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:30,800
pivotal were presented as 
secondary confirmation as rather

6148
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:34,400
than driving forces. 
She felt the sting of exclusion 

6149
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:38,000
yet pressed on finalizing, her 
analysis of the molecules 

6150
05:20:38,000 --> 05:20:41,100
geometry, this period, at King's
grew more strained. 

6151
05:20:41,800 --> 05:20:43,600
Franklyn's Report with Wilkins 
had called. 

6152
05:20:43,600 --> 05:20:46,700
She seemed unwilling to 
compromise on rigorous standards

6153
05:20:46,700 --> 05:20:48,500
and he resented her 
independence. 

6154
05:20:49,300 --> 05:20:53,200
The department itself provided 
limited support content to bask 

6155
05:20:53,200 --> 05:20:55,200
in the suddenly the DNA 
breakthrough. 

6156
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,900
Frankly, meanwhile was left to 
Grapple with how her painstaking

6157
05:20:58,900 --> 05:21:01,100
data had been used without her 
direct consent. 

6158
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:03,900
Recognizing that her future lay 
elsewhere. 

6159
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:07,300
She began seeking a new post 
where she could direct her 

6160
05:21:07,300 --> 05:21:10,600
research on her terms 
opportunity arose at birkbeck 

6161
05:21:10,600 --> 05:21:13,700
College headed by Crystal John 
Desmond, Bernal. 

6162
05:21:14,400 --> 05:21:17,000
Though, the facilities there 
were humbler, the atmosphere 

6163
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:20,900
promised greater autonomy. 
Franklin decided to leave kings 

6164
05:21:20,900 --> 05:21:24,300
taking with her a wealth of 
expertise and the resolve to 

6165
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:26,100
avoid another scientific Turf 
War. 

6166
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,300
He briefly concluded her work by
publishing her final 

6167
05:21:29,300 --> 05:21:32,000
observations on the structural 
nuances of DNA. 

6168
05:21:32,000 --> 05:21:36,100
While Watson Crick and Wilkins 
based in growing accolades 

6169
05:21:36,100 --> 05:21:39,600
franklyn exited quietly 
determined to reorient her 

6170
05:21:39,600 --> 05:21:41,800
career. 
She did not hold holy abandon 

6171
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:44,500
DNA, friends and colleagues 
occasionally asked for her 

6172
05:21:44,500 --> 05:21:46,300
insights and she answered 
candidly. 

6173
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,300
She had no desire to entangle 
herself further and debate about

6174
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:51,800
authorship or recognition. 
The overshadowing. 

6175
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:55,700
She experienced became a 
cautionary Tale in science data 

6176
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:58,500
is currently and the one who 
controls its dissemination 

6177
05:21:58,500 --> 05:22:01,800
Wheels significant power, 
Franklyn preferred to move 

6178
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:03,800
forward rather than dwell on 
what might have been done 

6179
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:07,100
differently in her last month's 
at King's she remained cordial, 

6180
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:11,400
but distant focusing on 
practical tasks, a colleague's 

6181
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:13,100
recognized her departure as a 
loss. 

6182
05:22:13,100 --> 05:22:16,000
A technique of being Central to 
illuminating DNA. 

6183
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:19,700
Still few openly, acknowledge 
the imbalance that had allowed 

6184
05:22:19,700 --> 05:22:21,800
others to LEAP ahead with her 
findings. 

6185
05:22:22,500 --> 05:22:25,300
Privately Franklin Harbor 
disappointment at the missed 

6186
05:22:25,300 --> 05:22:27,400
chance for genuine collaboration
yet. 

6187
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:29,300
She rarely indulged in public 
complaints. 

6188
05:22:29,300 --> 05:22:32,500
Believing the Project's success 
should outweigh personal 

6189
05:22:32,500 --> 05:22:36,600
grievances, she fully engaged in
planning her new life at bookbag

6190
05:22:36,600 --> 05:22:40,200
by the mid 1953. 
She aimed to Pivot to viruses, 

6191
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,300
which he saw as a logical 
extension of molecular biology. 

6192
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:48,000
If DNA held the code viruses, 
manipulated it for replication. 

6193
05:22:48,000 --> 05:22:51,400
It was a fresh Frontier. 
Three of the swirl around the 

6194
05:22:51,400 --> 05:22:54,500
double helix, some wondered if 
she might regret turning away 

6195
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:57,700
from the molecule that had just 
turned Global Fame, but 

6196
05:22:57,700 --> 05:23:01,200
franklyn's mind was already set.
She craved an environment where 

6197
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:03,900
precision and exploration 
mattered more than departmental 

6198
05:23:03,900 --> 05:23:07,300
politics or star power. 
In this decision, Rosalind 

6199
05:23:07,300 --> 05:23:10,300
Franklin, demonstrated a fierce 
Independence that would define 

6200
05:23:10,300 --> 05:23:13,300
her future endeavors. 
The DNA story continued to 

6201
05:23:13,308 --> 05:23:17,200
unfold with Watson Crick, and 
Wilkins moving into the 

6202
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:20,600
scientific Limelight. 
Franklyn, meanwhile, headed for 

6203
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:23,600
new Challengers confident, that 
her diligence and clear sighted 

6204
05:23:23,600 --> 05:23:26,700
approach would a game yield 
groundbreaking discoveries, the 

6205
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,200
transition set the stage for the
next chapter of her life. 

6206
05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:33,300
chapter in which viruses, not 
DNA, would become her primary 

6207
05:23:33,300 --> 05:23:37,100
focus, Rosalind Franklin's moved
to birkbeck college. 

6208
05:23:37,100 --> 05:23:41,200
In 1953, allowed her to escape 
the tensions around DNA and 

6209
05:23:41,200 --> 05:23:43,300
Forge a fresh path in virus 
research. 

6210
05:23:44,100 --> 05:23:47,300
Under John Desmond, Bernal. 
She found greater Independence 

6211
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,700
for her meticulous approach 
while viruses lacked the 

6212
05:23:50,700 --> 05:23:54,500
immediate of DNA Franklin 
considered them equally vital. 

6213
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:59,100
If DNA was life's blueprint, 
viruses were Intruders capable 

6214
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:02,100
of hijacking, that plan a chosen
subject. 

6215
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:06,500
The tobacco mosaic virus TMV 
presented unique challenges, 

6216
05:24:07,600 --> 05:24:10,700
Franklyn painstakingly prepared 
samples to ensure, uniformity 

6217
05:24:10,700 --> 05:24:15,200
using x-ray, diffraction to 
decode TMZ rod-like structure. 

6218
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:19,100
Teamed up with Aaron others. 
Methodically interpreting 

6219
05:24:19,100 --> 05:24:23,800
diffraction patterns even as a 
smaller lab that became a Haven 

6220
05:24:23,800 --> 05:24:26,600
where frankly could shake 
projects by her exacting 

6221
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:28,800
standards. 
She still carried scars from 

6222
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:31,300
King's College. 
Someone wondered why she had 

6223
05:24:31,300 --> 05:24:34,600
shifted from DNA to viruses but 
Franklin pressed forward. 

6224
05:24:35,400 --> 05:24:37,100
Drawing parallels to her earlier
work. 

6225
05:24:37,100 --> 05:24:41,300
She gets insisted on data driven
analysis, never rushing to 

6226
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:44,900
publish before confirming every 
detail, her lap environment 

6227
05:24:44,900 --> 05:24:48,600
combined, intensity with a 
collaborative Spirit, offering 

6228
05:24:48,600 --> 05:24:51,600
trainees and unparalleled 
education, and crystallographic 

6229
05:24:51,600 --> 05:24:54,900
rigor. 
Between 1954 and 1955, 

6230
05:24:54,900 --> 05:24:58,900
Franklin's group made steady 
gains, they confirmed TMZ 

6231
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:01,600
protein subunits arranged in 
repeating units around the 

6232
05:25:01,600 --> 05:25:04,800
viral. 
RNA these findings owe less 

6233
05:25:04,800 --> 05:25:07,800
glamorous than the double helix 
garnered respect among 

6234
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:12,100
structural biologists unfazed by
the overshadowing DNA narrative,

6235
05:25:12,100 --> 05:25:15,500
Franklin kept expanding her 
scope, she ventured into 

6236
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:18,600
spherical viruses. 
Hypothesizing that structural 

6237
05:25:18,600 --> 05:25:22,500
symmetry might unify diverse 
pathogens her reputation grew 

6238
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:26,300
and she presented at conferences
describing how the same methods 

6239
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,500
that had illuminated DNA. 
Could unpack viral, design 

6240
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:33,900
publicly, Watson and Crick 
dominated headlines that within 

6241
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:37,500
crystals franklyn was 
acknowledged as a leading 

6242
05:25:37,500 --> 05:25:39,900
figure. 
She rarely spoke of the DNA 

6243
05:25:39,900 --> 05:25:42,800
controversy, though, colleague 
sensed unresolved feelings. 

6244
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:47,900
Instead she concentrated on 
perfecting viral data, The 

6245
05:25:47,900 --> 05:25:51,300
leaving scientific progress 
mattered more than personal 

6246
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:55,700
credit. 
Outside, the lab, franklyn led a

6247
05:25:55,700 --> 05:25:58,100
quiet life. 
She enjoyed travel and found 

6248
05:25:58,100 --> 05:26:00,900
respite in the outdoors. 
But her main passion remained, 

6249
05:26:00,900 --> 05:26:04,300
the quest of visualize 
biological structures, funding 

6250
05:26:04,300 --> 05:26:06,800
was tight and she often Lobby 
for Grants to buy better 

6251
05:26:06,800 --> 05:26:09,000
equipment. 
Each new insight. 

6252
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,100
Strengthened her conviction that
viruses small yet. 

6253
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:14,900
Formidable merited. 
The same painstaking. 

6254
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:19,600
Scrutiny as dim By 1956, her 
work, expanded further, 

6255
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:23,300
collaborators, like Aaron klug 
Advanced, diffraction analysis. 

6256
05:26:23,300 --> 05:26:27,000
Revealing intricate protein 
shells in case of viral RNA, 

6257
05:26:27,000 --> 05:26:29,800
Franklin believed. 
These advances might guide 

6258
05:26:29,800 --> 05:26:31,900
future strategies against viral 
diseases. 

6259
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:34,400
The thoroughness she had applied
to DNA. 

6260
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:38,000
Now, propelled virology forward 
and accomplishment overshadowed 

6261
05:26:38,000 --> 05:26:41,200
by the double helixes Spotlight,
but crucial to understanding 

6262
05:26:41,200 --> 05:26:44,800
viral replication. 
Yet signs of illness emerged. 

6263
05:26:44,800 --> 05:26:48,700
She dismissed bouts of pain as 
stress and willing to slow down,

6264
05:26:49,700 --> 05:26:52,500
unbeknownst to her. 
She faced a serious condition 

6265
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:56,500
that would soon escalate for the
moment research, remained her 

6266
05:26:56,500 --> 05:27:00,200
anchor, and she pressed on 
analyzing each image that 

6267
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:02,100
emerged from her diffraction 
operators. 

6268
05:27:02,100 --> 05:27:05,400
Her dedication ignited 
excitement at birkbeck 

6269
05:27:05,400 --> 05:27:08,300
motivating. 
Youngest to follow in her 

6270
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:12,300
footsteps though. 
Watson Crick, and Wilkins gained

6271
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:15,900
prizes and public adoration for 
DNA Franklin never openly 

6272
05:27:15,900 --> 05:27:19,200
displayed Envy friends noted she
remained Curtis about the double

6273
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:22,400
helix. 
Maintaining the starter not 

6274
05:27:22,400 --> 05:27:25,600
politics fueled, real progress 
in her lab. 

6275
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:28,400
She was known for forging new 
ground in virus structure. 

6276
05:27:28,400 --> 05:27:31,200
Determined that careful work? 
Would eventually earn its 

6277
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,600
acknowledgment. 
Commit these virus studies. 

6278
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:36,700
Franklin's, commitment, to 
Excellence. 

6279
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:39,800
Never wavered. 
She had departed Kings to find a

6280
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:42,900
more supportive environment and 
at birkbeck, she discovered 

6281
05:27:42,900 --> 05:27:46,300
purpose in unraveling new 
puzzles, the Breakthrough. 

6282
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:49,400
She spearheaded may not have led
to Global headlines that they 

6283
05:27:49,400 --> 05:27:52,400
contributed significantly to the
emerging field of molecular 

6284
05:27:52,400 --> 05:27:55,200
virology. 
All the while her health 

6285
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:57,300
concerns simmered beneath the 
surface. 

6286
05:27:57,300 --> 05:28:00,800
She continued to travel in 
lecture sharing insights and 

6287
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:03,900
forging collaborations 
researchers worldwide adapted 

6288
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:07,200
her techniques marveling at how 
the same x-ray approach used on 

6289
05:28:07,200 --> 05:28:09,300
DNA. 
Could dissect viral architecture

6290
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,400
each success. 
Confirmed her choice to abandon 

6291
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:15,300
the fame of DNA and explore a 
less explored path. 

6292
05:28:16,500 --> 05:28:19,300
Roswell in Franklin's years at 
birkbeck stands as a testament 

6293
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:21,100
to her resilience and 
intellectual Drive. 

6294
05:28:22,000 --> 05:28:25,100
Where others saw missed Fame. 
She saw a chance to deepen 

6295
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:26,800
knowledge. 
On a frontier with vast 

6296
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:28,500
implications for medicine and 
agriculture. 

6297
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:33,300
This period defined her as more 
than the woman behind photo 51. 

6298
05:28:34,500 --> 05:28:38,300
She became a Leading Light in 
virus, crystallography advancing

6299
05:28:38,300 --> 05:28:40,500
an entire field through tireless
devotion. 

6300
05:28:41,800 --> 05:28:45,400
By late 1956, Rosalind Franklin 
could no longer dismiss her 

6301
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:49,300
discomfort as mere fatigue, 
severe abdominal pain center to 

6302
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:53,000
a specialist where she received 
a stark diagnosis of varying 

6303
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:56,200
cancer. 
News of the disease, hit hard. 

6304
05:28:57,000 --> 05:29:01,300
She was only in her mid-30s with
a thriving, Lab at birkbeck, and

6305
05:29:01,300 --> 05:29:04,300
an unrelenting drive to uncover 
the secrets of viruses. 

6306
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:09,200
She tackled the situation with 
the same unfolding determination

6307
05:29:09,200 --> 05:29:11,400
that characterized her 
scientific Pursuits. 

6308
05:29:12,000 --> 05:29:15,200
Franklin, underwent surgery 
followed by radiation treatments

6309
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:17,500
that left her exhausted 
remarkably. 

6310
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:20,800
She insisted on working whenever
she felt even a little strength.

6311
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:24,400
Her laboratory colleagues 
witnessed a woman who despite 

6312
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:28,000
obvious pain, maintained precise
standards and pressed forward 

6313
05:29:28,000 --> 05:29:31,300
with x-ray, diffraction 
experiments some urged her to 

6314
05:29:31,300 --> 05:29:34,600
rest, but she believed that 
meaningful research could serve 

6315
05:29:34,600 --> 05:29:37,800
as a form of hope, both for 
herself and for the broader 

6316
05:29:37,800 --> 05:29:41,500
scientific Quest. 
Meanwhile a research group 

6317
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:44,200
continued, its progress on 
Tobacco mosaic virus. 

6318
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:48,800
Aaron klug and John Finch helped
manage day-to-day tasks but 

6319
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:50,800
Franklin remained the 
intellectual force behind the 

6320
05:29:50,808 --> 05:29:54,700
projects analyzing data from her
hospital bed, when necessary, 

6321
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:58,800
she had always been meticulous 
but now her instructions became 

6322
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:02,100
even more methodical. 
As if every experiment needed to

6323
05:30:02,100 --> 05:30:04,400
be double checked due to the 
uncertainty of time. 

6324
05:30:04,400 --> 05:30:08,200
Medical Treatments showed 
initial Promise franklyn's 

6325
05:30:08,200 --> 05:30:10,900
Health, rebounded enough for her
to attend conferences, and 

6326
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:14,400
deliver lectures with renewed 
Vigor in early 1957. 

6327
05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:17,200
She traveled to the United 
States to discuss her virus 

6328
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:20,600
findings. 
There Marvel at her Clarity of 

6329
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:23,200
thought, and appreciated her, 
willingness to share data and 

6330
05:30:23,200 --> 05:30:25,600
techniques. 
She returned to London with 

6331
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:28,300
fresh ideas for comparing the 
structures of different plant 

6332
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:31,600
viruses can convince that a 
unifying principle might exist 

6333
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:35,400
across various shapes and sizes.
A perseverance garnered 

6334
05:30:35,400 --> 05:30:37,600
admiration from both peers and 
subordinates. 

6335
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:41,100
Many had witnessed how 
overshadowed she'd been in the 

6336
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:44,300
DNA story yet. 
Here she was forging new 

6337
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:47,500
breakthroughs under the most 
challenging circumstances in 

6338
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:50,800
private Frankling confessed 
occasional frustration about 

6339
05:30:50,800 --> 05:30:54,800
this slow recognition for her 
virus work but she rarely let 

6340
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:57,800
bitterness in to daily lab 
interactions instead. 

6341
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:01,200
She stroked to uplift, younger 
researchers, reminding them that

6342
05:31:01,200 --> 05:31:04,000
quality data was the Bedrock of 
scientific progress. 

6343
05:31:04,000 --> 05:31:07,300
That year she initiated a 
project examining. 

6344
05:31:07,300 --> 05:31:10,600
The polio virus structure though
it would be demanding. 

6345
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:14,400
Polio remained, a global Health 
concern and Franklin hoped that 

6346
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:17,300
precise diffraction studies 
might reveal new angles for 

6347
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:20,100
vaccine development. 
The collaborated with 

6348
05:31:20,100 --> 05:31:23,400
researchers at other 
institutions coordinating sample

6349
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:25,000
exchanges, and cross checking 
results. 

6350
05:31:25,900 --> 05:31:29,000
The effort required significant 
energy but Franklin refused to 

6351
05:31:29,000 --> 05:31:33,700
lower her standards by mid 1957.
However, the health took another

6352
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,700
downturn hospital visits became 
more frequent and her doctors 

6353
05:31:37,700 --> 05:31:40,000
suggested further treatments 
this time. 

6354
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:44,000
The prognosis was darker She 
confided in a few close friends 

6355
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:47,300
at meeting she feared, she might
not complete her most ambitious 

6356
05:31:47,300 --> 05:31:49,800
projects. 
Still, she held on to the lab as

6357
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:52,800
her anchor juggling medical 
appointments with diffraction 

6358
05:31:52,800 --> 05:31:54,900
session's that extended late 
Into the Night. 

6359
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:59,200
In August a sudden Improvement 
sparked renewed optimism. 

6360
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,400
She joked with colleagues about 
planning a celebratory trip. 

6361
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:05,800
Once she fully recovered letters
to friends abroad show her 

6362
05:32:05,800 --> 05:32:08,800
balancing gratitude for extended
life, with a scientists and 

6363
05:32:08,808 --> 05:32:10,400
inherent curiosity about her 
illness. 

6364
05:32:11,300 --> 05:32:13,400
Compared Cancer's Invasion to a 
virus. 

6365
05:32:13,400 --> 05:32:16,900
Infiltrating herself. 
Determined to observe and fight 

6366
05:32:16,900 --> 05:32:20,200
it with all the tools available.
Yet the disease progressed 

6367
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:24,600
relentlessly by Fall pain, 
flared, again, and even routine 

6368
05:32:24,600 --> 05:32:27,600
tasks became difficult 
Franklin's unwavering 

6369
05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:29,800
determination. 
Masked, its severity to most 

6370
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:34,100
Outsiders She drafted research 
notes from her bed, outlining 

6371
05:32:34,100 --> 05:32:37,300
next steps for her team. 
In an act of foresight, she 

6372
05:32:37,300 --> 05:32:40,300
delegated leadership roles 
ensuring that ongoing 

6373
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,800
experiments would falter if she 
had to step away those around 

6374
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:46,900
her admired, this quiet 
resilience, despite her personal

6375
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:50,200
struggles, frankly never 
overlooked the wide impact of 

6376
05:32:50,200 --> 05:32:54,000
her research She viewed viruses 
as intricate pieces of nature 

6377
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:57,700
with each Discovery serving as a
crucial tool for comprehending 

6378
05:32:57,700 --> 05:32:59,600
disease, and safeguarding human 
lives. 

6379
05:32:59,600 --> 05:33:03,400
Observers found her courage 
extraordinary though. 

6380
05:33:03,400 --> 05:33:06,100
She rarely frame to herself as 
heroic in her view. 

6381
05:33:06,100 --> 05:33:08,500
She was simply continuing what 
she had always done. 

6382
05:33:08,500 --> 05:33:12,400
Methodically Gathering data 
refining conclusions and 

6383
05:33:12,400 --> 05:33:14,600
believing in the power of 
science to uplift Humanity. 

6384
05:33:14,600 --> 05:33:19,900
As 1957 came to an end, Rosalind
Franklin, found herself at a 

6385
05:33:19,900 --> 05:33:22,500
pivotal point. 
The lab is brimming with 

6386
05:33:22,500 --> 05:33:26,100
fascinating research on viruses 
that may help unravel biological

6387
05:33:26,100 --> 05:33:28,900
Mysteries. 
She had a disease that no amount

6388
05:33:28,900 --> 05:33:34,000
of scientific rigor could cure. 
Early 1958 brought New Waves of 

6389
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:36,800
uncertainty as Rosalind 
Franklin's Health deteriorated. 

6390
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:41,500
Yet, within the birkbeck lab 
momentum, persisted, she had 

6391
05:33:41,500 --> 05:33:44,500
established a system of shared 
responsibilities ensuring that 

6392
05:33:44,508 --> 05:33:47,200
vital experiments continued, 
even if she needed 

6393
05:33:47,200 --> 05:33:50,500
hospitalization. 
Aaron others stepped up 

6394
05:33:50,500 --> 05:33:54,600
organizing data from the tobacco
mosaic virus, and now the polio 

6395
05:33:54,600 --> 05:33:58,100
virus studies Franklin had 
launched despite her weakened 

6396
05:33:58,100 --> 05:34:01,000
State, she remained, mentally 
sharp offering guidance from her

6397
05:34:01,000 --> 05:34:04,300
bedside and carefully. 
Written directives Franklin's 

6398
05:34:04,300 --> 05:34:07,000
presence was palpable during her
occasional visits to the lab 

6399
05:34:07,000 --> 05:34:09,500
sporting, a lab coat, over her 
frail frame. 

6400
05:34:09,500 --> 05:34:13,200
She would scrutinize the latest 
diffraction photographs pointing

6401
05:34:13,200 --> 05:34:15,600
out slightly and symmetry or 
angle. 

6402
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:18,600
Colleagues found at both 
inspiring and heartbreaking. 

6403
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:22,600
Here was a world-class mind 
refusing to yield even as her 

6404
05:34:22,600 --> 05:34:27,500
body to She updated notebooks 
with unwavering clarity, as 

6405
05:34:27,500 --> 05:34:30,000
though the act of writing 
itself, could keep her Tethered 

6406
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:33,300
to the work she loved. 
The medical team, advised rest, 

6407
05:34:33,300 --> 05:34:36,600
but frankly impressed on citing,
not miss stubbornness, but an 

6408
05:34:36,600 --> 05:34:40,600
ethical Drive in her view. 
Scientific progress was a 

6409
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,200
collective Venture. 
If her findings could improve 

6410
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,500
the understanding of viruses, 
she owed it to the broader 

6411
05:34:46,500 --> 05:34:50,100
Community to see them through 
when friends, gently questioned,

6412
05:34:50,100 --> 05:34:53,500
whether it was wise to push so 
hard, she confessed that 

6413
05:34:53,500 --> 05:34:56,400
focusing on data helped Stave 
off despair. 

6414
05:34:56,400 --> 05:35:00,000
The lab was her Sanctuary. 
A place where logic and 

6415
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:03,600
Discovery overshadowed 
personally anxieties one 

6416
05:35:03,600 --> 05:35:07,900
highlight came in February. 1958
the journal accepted her team's 

6417
05:35:07,900 --> 05:35:11,700
detail paper on tm's. 
Structural transitions lording 

6418
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:15,800
Franklins, rigorous methodology.
She allowed herself a quiet 

6419
05:35:15,800 --> 05:35:19,200
moment of satisfaction knowing, 
such recognition was hard one. 

6420
05:35:20,200 --> 05:35:22,700
A few days later she penned 
letters to collaborators 

6421
05:35:22,700 --> 05:35:25,200
proposing further investigation 
into spherical. 

6422
05:35:25,200 --> 05:35:28,200
Virus shells, though. 
Physically diminished her 

6423
05:35:28,200 --> 05:35:31,800
intellectual curiosity. 
No bounds Outside the lab 

6424
05:35:31,800 --> 05:35:35,100
Franklins closed Circle began 
preparing for the possibility of

6425
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:38,900
bad news. 
A father Ellis the passed away 

6426
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:42,200
years earlier but extended 
family members rallied around 

6427
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:46,200
her, she maintained stoicism 
rarely discussing prognosis. 

6428
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:50,100
Instead, she inquired about 
others well-being asked about 

6429
05:35:50,100 --> 05:35:53,500
the latest scientific Gothic, a 
meticulously play on the next 

6430
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:56,900
steps for her virus research. 
In quite a moments. 

6431
05:35:56,900 --> 05:35:59,100
She reflected on how a woman 
once. 

6432
05:35:59,100 --> 05:36:02,000
Overshadowed in the DNA, Saga 
had found renewed purpose. 

6433
05:36:02,900 --> 05:36:06,400
She never openly declared regret
though, some friends, perceived,

6434
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:08,800
a lingering sadness that she 
might not see the end of certain

6435
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:11,500
viral. 
Inquiries rumors circulated 

6436
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:14,700
about potential nominations for 
significant Awards, though. 

6437
05:36:14,700 --> 05:36:17,800
Watson Crick, and Wilkins had 
gained Global Fame. 

6438
05:36:17,800 --> 05:36:20,700
A few scientific bodies 
recognized Franklin's 

6439
05:36:20,700 --> 05:36:24,100
independent contributions. 
Nothing concrete materialized. 

6440
05:36:24,100 --> 05:36:27,300
However And she expressed little
interest in accolades. 

6441
05:36:27,300 --> 05:36:30,200
She believed real achievement in
the data itself. 

6442
05:36:30,200 --> 05:36:34,000
The patterns, the angles, the 
consistent results, that built a

6443
05:36:34,008 --> 05:36:38,200
foundation for future work. 
As spring approached a symptoms 

6444
05:36:38,200 --> 05:36:41,400
worsened. 
Sharp pains returned and another

6445
05:36:41,400 --> 05:36:45,200
surgery was scheduled this time 
medical intervention offered 

6446
05:36:45,200 --> 05:36:48,600
diminishing returns franklyn 
face the prospect that her life 

6447
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:51,500
might be cut short yet. 
She approached this possibility 

6448
05:36:51,500 --> 05:36:54,200
with the same methodical calm. 
She brought to her experiments. 

6449
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:58,100
She revised her will setting 
aside funds for scientific calls

6450
05:36:58,100 --> 05:37:01,100
and ensuring that certain 
personal items went to Cherished

6451
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:03,800
friends. 
She also took steps to safeguard

6452
05:37:03,800 --> 05:37:07,000
her research. 
Instructing and others on how to

6453
05:37:07,000 --> 05:37:11,000
best archived her notebooks and 
X-ray films on excellent days. 

6454
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:13,600
She still made brief appearances
at birkbeck. 

6455
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:17,500
One morning in April, she 
examined new images of the polio

6456
05:37:17,500 --> 05:37:21,100
virus noting symmetrical 
patterns that hinted at a 

6457
05:37:21,100 --> 05:37:24,900
uniform protein Arrangement the 
conversation that followed held 

6458
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:27,700
held in hushed tones behind a 
cluttered desk grimed with 

6459
05:37:27,708 --> 05:37:30,200
excitement. 
She encouraged her colleagues to

6460
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:33,100
pursue further refining of these
samples convinced. 

6461
05:37:33,100 --> 05:37:37,600
The results might be pivotal Yet
by mid-april her hospital stays 

6462
05:37:37,600 --> 05:37:40,800
grew longer. 
In a final letter to a mentor in

6463
05:37:40,808 --> 05:37:43,500
Paris Franklin described a sense
of urgency. 

6464
05:37:43,500 --> 05:37:47,500
She felt every hour counted she 
signed off with a mixture of 

6465
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:51,200
humor and resolve quipping that 
illness might slow her body but 

6466
05:37:51,200 --> 05:37:54,000
never her mind. 
The note ended abruptly 

6467
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:56,700
suggesting that even writing had
become a laborious. 

6468
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:00,600
Still the spirit that had guided
her from Saint, Paul's girls 

6469
05:38:00,600 --> 05:38:03,400
school through King's College 
and Burke remained intact. 

6470
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:07,300
She had consistently emphasized 
the importance of data over 

6471
05:38:07,300 --> 05:38:10,700
speculation. 
Now as life's uncertainty is 

6472
05:38:10,708 --> 05:38:13,300
narrowed. 
She held to that principle more 

6473
05:38:13,300 --> 05:38:17,300
fiercely than ever, every 
experiment completed, every 

6474
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:21,000
photograph taken was a small 
triumphs over the frailties of 

6475
05:38:21,008 --> 05:38:24,800
The Human Condition. 
In that sense, she transformed 

6476
05:38:24,800 --> 05:38:27,300
her final months into a 
testament to Scientific 

6477
05:38:27,300 --> 05:38:31,900
dedication, a brief but shining 
era when personal advert 

6478
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:34,400
personal adversity bowed before 
the truth. 

6479
05:38:35,300 --> 05:38:37,300
Roslyn. 
Franklin passed away on April 

6480
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:42,900
16th, 1958 at the age of 37. 
The immediate shock rippled 

6481
05:38:42,900 --> 05:38:44,600
through her colleagues, at 
birkbeck and Beyond. 

6482
05:38:44,600 --> 05:38:47,600
Many had witnessed her stubborn 
fight against illness. 

6483
05:38:47,600 --> 05:38:51,100
The news of her death, still 
felt sudden as though a 

6484
05:38:51,100 --> 05:38:53,000
brilliant light had been snuffed
out too soon. 

6485
05:38:53,900 --> 05:38:55,900
She had left behind half 
finished projects on the 

6486
05:38:55,900 --> 05:38:59,200
structure of viruses along with 
meticulously kept notebooks. 

6487
05:38:59,200 --> 05:39:02,800
That offered clues for future 
breakthroughs tributes poured in

6488
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:04,300
from across the scientific 
community. 

6489
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:08,400
John Desmond Bernal, lauded her 
unwavering Devotion to exacting 

6490
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:12,300
research, Aaron klug who had 
worked closely with her publicly

6491
05:39:12,300 --> 05:39:15,600
credited Franklin's methods for 
pushing their studies of TMV and

6492
05:39:15,600 --> 05:39:19,100
polio virus forward. 
Even Morris Wilkins whose 

6493
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:22,100
relationship with Franklin had 
been tense, expressed regret 

6494
05:39:22,100 --> 05:39:26,500
that they never truly reconciled
in hushed conversations some 

6495
05:39:26,500 --> 05:39:28,300
recalled. 
How her DNA data had been 

6496
05:39:28,308 --> 05:39:32,000
pivotal to Watson and crick's 
success lamenting that she never

6497
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:34,500
saw the global accolades. 
That might have been hers under 

6498
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:38,100
Fair, a circumstances outside 
these professional circles. 

6499
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:41,200
However, the name Rosalind 
Franklin, barely registered 

6500
05:39:41,200 --> 05:39:43,800
Watson and crick's double helix 
model. 

6501
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:45,600
Had claimed the Public's 
imagination. 

6502
05:39:45,600 --> 05:39:50,000
Casting other contributors and 
peripheral roles newspapers 

6503
05:39:50,000 --> 05:39:52,100
printed shorter, obituaries 
focusing. 

6504
05:39:52,100 --> 05:39:56,000
Mainly on DNA Pioneer dies, 
young offered, scant detail 

6505
05:39:56,000 --> 05:39:58,600
about her virus research in one 
sense. 

6506
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:02,300
Franklins passing mirrored her 
life, vital work overshadowed by

6507
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:05,600
allowed a narrative yet for 
those who understood At her 

6508
05:40:05,600 --> 05:40:09,400
impact, the morning came with 
resolve, Aaron klug LED efforts 

6509
05:40:09,400 --> 05:40:12,400
to preserve her virus samples. 
And continue her research lines,

6510
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:15,700
you believe that Franklin's 
Legacy deserved more than a 

6511
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:19,300
fleeting eulogy Scholars at 
birkbeck and elsewhere vowed to 

6512
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:21,800
finish the task. 
She had begun analyzing the 

6513
05:40:21,800 --> 05:40:24,800
protein shells of various 
viruses and refining the 

6514
05:40:24,800 --> 05:40:28,600
diffraction method she'd 
pioneered in their hands, her 

6515
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:31,200
notebooks became living 
documents, guiding new 

6516
05:40:31,200 --> 05:40:35,200
experiments and interpretations.
Meanwhile, Watson Crick, and 

6517
05:40:35,200 --> 05:40:38,100
Wilkins navigated a complex. 
Emotional space. 

6518
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:42,200
The broader public saw them as 
the DNA triumvirate privately 

6519
05:40:42,200 --> 05:40:44,700
they acknowledged that 
Franklin's data had accelerated,

6520
05:40:44,700 --> 05:40:48,900
their discoveries Wilkins in 
particular, hinted, in letters 

6521
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:52,400
that he wished Circumstances had
played out differently yet. 

6522
05:40:52,400 --> 05:40:54,900
The train of recognition had 
long since left the station. 

6523
05:40:54,900 --> 05:40:59,100
The Nobel Prize in physiology or
medicine loomed on the horizon, 

6524
05:40:59,100 --> 05:41:03,200
franklyn no longer alive was 
ineligible under the rules of 

6525
05:41:03,200 --> 05:41:06,000
the Nobel committee leaving Many
to debate. 

6526
05:41:06,000 --> 05:41:08,800
Whether her name would have 
appeared on that honor had she 

6527
05:41:08,800 --> 05:41:12,300
survived Franklins work on 
viruses, started to yield 

6528
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:14,600
results in the distinct area of 
science. 

6529
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:18,600
The structural insights gleaned 
from her approach informed, the 

6530
05:41:18,600 --> 05:41:22,000
eventual creation of vaccines 
and treatments, subsequent 

6531
05:41:22,000 --> 05:41:25,000
generations of researchers, 
delving into polio and other 

6532
05:41:25,000 --> 05:41:28,600
viral, pathogens cited, her 
pioneering methods over time, 

6533
05:41:28,600 --> 05:41:31,600
references to Franklin's 
approach or Franklin's Precision

6534
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:36,200
surface in published papers in 
these specialized circles, her 

6535
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:39,300
influence quietly grew yet in 
the popular imagination. 

6536
05:41:39,300 --> 05:41:43,200
Her role in DNA remained a 
buried footnote, the double 

6537
05:41:43,200 --> 05:41:46,400
helix story retold him 
Magazine's and television 

6538
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:48,600
specials. 
Typically highlighted the Eureka

6539
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:51,200
moments of Watson. 
And Crick rarely, did they 

6540
05:41:51,200 --> 05:41:54,000
emphasize the behind the scenes 
images or the quiet researcher? 

6541
05:41:54,000 --> 05:41:56,200
Who died young? 
To have friends. 

6542
05:41:56,200 --> 05:41:58,600
The Lost was both painful and 
unsurprising. 

6543
05:41:58,600 --> 05:42:01,500
They recognized the history. 
Often favors the Bold 

6544
05:42:01,500 --> 05:42:04,600
personalities who announced 
breakthroughs not the meticulous

6545
05:42:04,600 --> 05:42:07,100
Minds. 
Working in the shadows still, 

6546
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:09,700
there were flickers of 
recognition, a handful of 

6547
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:12,400
Articles and scientific 
periodicals praised her for 

6548
05:42:12,408 --> 05:42:16,200
bridging chemistry in biology. 
Female scientists in particular,

6549
05:42:16,200 --> 05:42:20,400
found in frankly, in a model of 
perseverance, she had after all 

6550
05:42:20,400 --> 05:42:24,900
navigated a male-dominated field
with unflinching dedication, her

6551
05:42:24,900 --> 05:42:27,800
story suggested that Brilliance 
alone does not guarantee a 

6552
05:42:27,800 --> 05:42:30,400
claim. 
Specially when personal politics

6553
05:42:30,400 --> 05:42:33,500
and timing intervene in the 
months following her funeral 

6554
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:36,600
Bernal and clue compiled her 
unpublished data. 

6555
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:39,300
Releasing some of it and 
collaborative papers. 

6556
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:43,300
These Publications helped, 
virology Advanced gradually even

6557
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:46,300
though they didn't make the 
front page, Franklyn's name 

6558
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:48,300
appeared on the author lists a 
silent. 

6559
05:42:48,300 --> 05:42:51,000
Reminder that her drive and 
insight continued to shape new 

6560
05:42:51,000 --> 05:42:55,400
discoveries even Beyond her 
death. thus, Rosalind 

6561
05:42:55,400 --> 05:42:58,100
Franklin's, physical presence, 
vanished in the final tally of 

6562
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:03,100
1958, but her methods and 
findings endured Scientists who 

6563
05:43:03,100 --> 05:43:05,900
encountered her meticulous? 
Records spoke of feeling her 

6564
05:43:05,900 --> 05:43:09,000
presence. 
Eat measured angle each note on 

6565
05:43:09,008 --> 05:43:11,900
humidity. 
Each reference to precise 

6566
05:43:11,900 --> 05:43:16,600
conditions in that Precision 
layering signature a blueprint 

6567
05:43:16,600 --> 05:43:19,000
for doing science with 
exactitude and Grace. 

6568
05:43:19,900 --> 05:43:23,200
The World At Large might have 
moved on but in small labs, 

6569
05:43:23,200 --> 05:43:26,200
scattered across the globe 
Franklins in Florence quite 

6570
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:27,900
quietly. 
Persisted seeding the 

6571
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:34,300
breakthroughs Tomorrow. 
In the decades, after Rosalind 

6572
05:43:34,300 --> 05:43:38,200
Franklin's death, the legacy of 
old and slow transformative 

6573
05:43:38,200 --> 05:43:41,600
ways. 
During the 1960s and 1970s 

6574
05:43:41,600 --> 05:43:45,800
Watson, Crick, and Wilkins 
became household names. 

6575
05:43:46,600 --> 05:43:49,600
Culminating in their shared 
Nobel Prize in 1962. 

6576
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:53,300
Franklin admitted from that on 
air by both death and 

6577
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:56,500
Circumstance remained largely in
the shadows of popular history. 

6578
05:43:57,500 --> 05:44:01,300
Yet among certain scientists, 
her reputation for precision and

6579
05:44:01,300 --> 05:44:05,000
perseverance, quietly, grew a 
birkbeck college, younger 

6580
05:44:05,000 --> 05:44:06,800
researchers carried on the virus
studies. 

6581
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:10,200
She had pioneered Aaron's 
eventual Nobel Prize in 

6582
05:44:10,200 --> 05:44:13,400
chemistry, recognized his work 
on protein nucleic acid 

6583
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:16,200
complexes Pursuit. 
Deeply rooted in Franklin's 

6584
05:44:16,200 --> 05:44:20,000
methodology in interviews. 
He pointedly credited her 

6585
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:22,000
meticulous techniques for 
guiding his path. 

6586
05:44:22,700 --> 05:44:25,800
References to Frank's x-ray, 
approach began appearing in 

6587
05:44:25,800 --> 05:44:28,500
virology circles and 
acknowledgment, that her role. 

6588
05:44:28,500 --> 05:44:33,000
Extended Beyond DNA, still 
mainstream awareness, lagged, 

6589
05:44:33,000 --> 05:44:36,500
school textbook, celebrated the 
double helix as Watson and 

6590
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:39,900
crick's Triumph. only a handful 
of paragraphs if any 

6591
05:44:39,900 --> 05:44:44,100
acknowledged Franklin's photo 51
or the King's College drama, 

6592
05:44:45,000 --> 05:44:48,500
Shifting social climate, however
sparked renewed interest in 

6593
05:44:48,500 --> 05:44:51,900
lesson, known, female 
scientists, feminist, Scholars, 

6594
05:44:51,900 --> 05:44:55,500
and historians began probing 
archival materials determined to

6595
05:44:55,500 --> 05:44:57,400
uncover. 
The stories of women whose 

6596
05:44:57,400 --> 05:45:02,000
contributions have been equipped
By the 1980s, a wave of 

6597
05:45:02,000 --> 05:45:05,000
re-examinations cast a spotlight
on Rosalind Franklin, 

6598
05:45:05,000 --> 05:45:08,900
journalists and academics, 
scrutinized correspondence, lab 

6599
05:45:08,900 --> 05:45:11,800
notes, and Memoirs. 
From her colleagues, they are 

6600
05:45:11,800 --> 05:45:13,500
Earth. 
The reality that Franklin had 

6601
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:16,900
not just assisted but Been 
instrumental in unraveling to 

6602
05:45:16,900 --> 05:45:19,400
Nae structure. 
The evidence showed that her 

6603
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:22,600
data shared without her full 
approval and crystallized, 

6604
05:45:22,600 --> 05:45:26,100
Watson and crick's thinking 
Popular media picked up on the 

6605
05:45:26,100 --> 05:45:29,300
country of a sea framing 
Franklin as the wronged heroine 

6606
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:32,300
of the DNA Saga. 
While this characterization, 

6607
05:45:32,300 --> 05:45:35,300
sometimes veered into 
caricature, it revived her name 

6608
05:45:35,300 --> 05:45:39,600
simultaneously interest in her 
virus research, flourished among

6609
05:45:39,600 --> 05:45:43,000
Specialists, a new generation of
molecular, biologists, 

6610
05:45:43,000 --> 05:45:47,200
rediscovered, her birkbeck work.
Amazed at how she tackled the 

6611
05:45:47,200 --> 05:45:50,300
complexities of viruses. 
With the same tenacity, she 

6612
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:53,200
brought to dinner a series of 
papers analyzing her notebooks 

6613
05:45:53,200 --> 05:45:55,100
revealed that her approaches to 
sample. 

6614
05:45:55,100 --> 05:45:58,200
Preparation, and diffraction 
analysis were decades ahead of 

6615
05:45:58,208 --> 05:46:01,600
their time Farmers suitable, 
researchers aiming to combat 

6616
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:03,300
viral outbreaks, through 
inspiration. 

6617
05:46:03,300 --> 05:46:06,700
From her methods, demonstrating 
that her impact reached far 

6618
05:46:06,700 --> 05:46:11,000
beyond a single molecule. 
By the 1990s, Rosalind Franklin 

6619
05:46:11,000 --> 05:46:14,500
became a simple for women in 
stem University is established 

6620
05:46:14,500 --> 05:46:17,600
fellowships and awards bearing. 
Her name each designed to 

6621
05:46:17,600 --> 05:46:19,400
support. 
Female researchers in fields 

6622
05:46:19,400 --> 05:46:22,600
like chemistry Crystal and 
molecular biology. 

6623
05:46:23,400 --> 05:46:26,500
Statues and plaques appeared at 
King's College London and in her

6624
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:28,900
hometown celebrating her 
achievements. 

6625
05:46:29,800 --> 05:46:31,900
Though, many tributes still 
focused on DNA. 

6626
05:46:31,900 --> 05:46:33,900
The deeper picture of her 
broader. 

6627
05:46:33,900 --> 05:46:37,300
Scientific passion began to take
shape documentaries and books, 

6628
05:46:37,300 --> 05:46:40,400
offered more nuanced, portraits 
a brilliant scientist who 

6629
05:46:40,400 --> 05:46:42,300
navigated the Prejudice of her 
time. 

6630
05:46:42,300 --> 05:46:45,100
Worked herself to exhaustion and
died young. 

6631
05:46:45,100 --> 05:46:48,600
Leaving a treasure Trove of 
insights debates about ethics 

6632
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:52,400
and credit allocation continued 
with some championing Watson and

6633
05:46:52,400 --> 05:46:54,600
crick's accomplishments. 
While also acknowledging the 

6634
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:57,500
Injustice done to franklyn the 
complexities of her 

6635
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:01,500
relationships at King's a shift,
a book back, and her brave fight

6636
05:47:01,500 --> 05:47:03,900
against cancer, found their way 
into mainstream awareness 

6637
05:47:03,900 --> 05:47:08,000
painting, a portrait of a woman 
whose intellect defied the era's

6638
05:47:08,000 --> 05:47:11,600
constraints today. 
Rosalind Franklins stands as a 

6639
05:47:11,600 --> 05:47:15,500
beacon of unyielding dedication.
Her story resonates with those 

6640
05:47:15,500 --> 05:47:18,900
who value Precision, resilience 
and collaborative respect 

6641
05:47:19,800 --> 05:47:23,500
Museums showcase her notebooks 
featuring the small details that

6642
05:47:23,500 --> 05:47:26,900
once seemed inconsequential 
meticulously labeled film 

6643
05:47:26,900 --> 05:47:31,100
plates, humidity, logs and 
carefully drawn diagrams each 

6644
05:47:31,100 --> 05:47:32,900
artifact. 
Testifies to her belief that 

6645
05:47:32,900 --> 05:47:36,900
every scrap of data mattered in 
academic, circle's Franklin's 

6646
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:38,400
name. 
Now holds genuine weight. 

6647
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:41,900
She is cited not as a footnote. 
But as a Pioneer who Bridge 

6648
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:46,500
chemistry and biology Advanced 
Crystal and helped birth modern 

6649
05:47:46,500 --> 05:47:49,900
virology research. 
Initiatives encourage young 

6650
05:47:49,900 --> 05:47:55,000
scientists, especially women. 
To follow her example, embodying

6651
05:47:55,000 --> 05:47:59,100
curiosity discipline, and the 
courage to question norms. 

6652
05:47:59,800 --> 05:48:02,900
The Ark of Rosalind Franklin's 
reputation thus reveals a 

6653
05:48:02,900 --> 05:48:06,000
broader truth recognition in 
science, can be capricious 

6654
05:48:06,000 --> 05:48:10,300
delayed or uneven what was once 
overshadowed can through 

6655
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:13,400
persistent, re-examination rise 
to its rightful place, 

6656
05:48:13,400 --> 05:48:16,700
franklyn's data, lit the path. 
For one of the greatest 

6657
05:48:16,700 --> 05:48:20,800
discoveries in biology and her 
virus research, paved the way 

6658
05:48:20,800 --> 05:48:23,800
for critical future 
breakthroughs Generations. 

6659
05:48:23,800 --> 05:48:27,600
After her passing the full story
of her contributions as come 

6660
05:48:27,600 --> 05:48:31,000
into clearer Focus. 
Enthuse her voice, once muffled 

6661
05:48:31,000 --> 05:48:36,600
now Echoes across labs and 
electricals worldwide. and just 

6662
05:48:36,600 --> 05:48:39,700
like that, we've reached the end
of our main story tonight, about

6663
05:48:39,700 --> 05:48:43,600
someone who was truly brilliant 
with science, Hopefully, you've 

6664
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:47,600
already drifted to sleep by now 
but if not, I know my insomniacs

6665
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:50,400
when I see them. 
We got your back with stories of

6666
05:48:50,400 --> 05:48:53,000
different types and case this 
wasn't something interesting to 

6667
05:48:53,000 --> 05:48:55,500
you. 
I hope you have a fantastic day 

6668
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:59,200
and get the best rest that you 
deserve. sleep peacefully, my 

6669
05:48:59,200 --> 05:49:01,000
friends and as always good 
night,