What Nobody Tells You About Living in ANCIENT GREECE | Boring History

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What is goody my snoozing? 
Little sleep club. 

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I'm glad you're here. 
The rain is sliding steadily 

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through the dark soft enough to 
hush, even the loudest thoughts.

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Tonight we're easing into what 
nobody tells you about living in

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ancient Greece. 
The everyday reality is behind 

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the statues and stories. 
The parts that don't make it 

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into neat summaries. 
So, if this calm slightly, 

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boring reflection helps you 
unwind? 

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Feel free to follow. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

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you're listening from and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now let your head settle into 
the pillow. 

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Lengthen, your breath, and turn 
on that fan for some steady 

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white noise. 
So you think you'd like to live 

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in ancient Greece? 
You've seen the white marble 

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columns the gleaming statues, 
the philosophers strolling 

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through sunlit Gardens with 
their robes flowing behind them.

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Like they've got no where to be 
and all the time in the world. 

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It looks peaceful. 
It looks civilized, it looks 

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like the kind of place where 
you'd spend your afternoon 

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sipping wine discussing the 
meaning of life gazing out at a 

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turquoise sea. 
And honestly some of that is 

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true but the rest of it, the 
parts they leave out of the 

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textbooks in the museum exhibits
would catch you completely off 

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guard. 
Because daily life, in ancient 

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Greece was messy, strange, 
occasionally. 

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Brilliant. 
And full of details. 

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That would make your modern 
brain. 

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Do a slow. 
Confused, blink. 

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Tonight we're going to walk 
through what it actually felt 

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like to live there. 
Not the version with the epic 

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battles and the marble jawed 
Heroes, the real version, the 

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one with the questionable 
hygiene the noisy, neighbors the

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bread. 
That could crack a tooth and the

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genuine everyday weirdness of 
being a regular person in one of

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the most celebrated 
civilizations in human history. 

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Settle in get comfortable. 
This is going to be a long slow 

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wander through the streets homes
and habits of a world that 

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shaped almost everything, you 
know, even though you'd barely 

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recognize it. 
If you saw it up close Lets 

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start with the morning because 
that's where everything begins 

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and in ancient Greece the 
morning began early, really 

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early. 
There were no alarm clocks, 

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obviously, but there was a 
rooster somewhere in your 

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neighborhood and that rooster 
had absolutely no respect for 

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your sleep schedule. 
The moment the sky started 

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shifting from black to that thin
pale gray Before Dawn. 

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The rooster would lose its mind 
and so would every other rooster

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within earshot they'd set each 
other off like a chain of small 

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feathered emergencies, you'd 
wake up on something that by 

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modern standards barely 
qualifies as a bed. 

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If you were reasonably 
comfortable, not wealthy, just 

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getting by, you'd have a wooden 
frame with a lattice of rope or 

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leather straps across it. 
And on top of that, A stuffed 

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mattress. 
Stuffed with what you asked wool

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if you were lucky, tried, grass 
or leaves. 

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If you were not the pillow 
situation was similar. 

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It was a cloth sack filled with 
whatever soft material was 

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available. 
And by Soft, we're using that 

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word generously Your bedroom, if
you could call it, that was 

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small and dark. 
Greek houses were designed 

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around the idea of large Airy 
bedrooms with good lighting. 

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They were designed around a 
central Courtyard and everything

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else sort of clustered around 
it. 

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Like baby ducks following their 
mother, The rooms along the 

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edges were often windowless, or 
had only tiny openings near the 

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sealing, privacy was a luxury 
and most family. 

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Slept in close quarters, you'd 
hear your family members 

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breathing turning over and 
occasionally mumbling in their 

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sleep. 
And that was just the background

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noise of your life. 
First thing you do after 

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dragging yourself, upright was 
wash your face. 

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Water came from a basin filled 
the night before and it was 

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cold. 
There was no Plumbing in the way

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you'd understand it. 
Wealthy homes might have a 

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simple water channel that fed 
from a nearby spring or Aqueduct

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but most people relied on public
fountains. 

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So your morning wash was brisk. 
Functional Not the kind of 

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thing. 
You'd linger over getting water.

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In fact, was one of those chores
that structured, the entire 

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Rhythm of the household. 
Someone had to go to the public 

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Fountain every day. 
Sometimes more than once 

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carrying large clay vessels 
called hydria, I that were heavy

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even when empty and 
significantly heavier. 

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When full this task, usually 
fell to the women and enslaved 

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members of the household and it 
was physically demanding work. 

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The Fountains were all, so 
social hubs places where people 

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gathered Exchange News and kept 
an eye on one another's 

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business. 
So fetching water was never just

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fetching water. 
It was also catching up on 

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everything that had happened 
since yesterday. 

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Now breakfast. 
This is where ancient Greece 

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starts to diverge, sharply from 
what you're used to. 

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Breakfast, wasn't really a meal.
It was more of an afterthought. 

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You'd have a piece of bread and 
we need to talk about that bread

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because it was nothing like the 
soft pillowy loaves, you know. 

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Greek bread was dense. 
Heavy often made from barley 

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rather than wheat because wheat 
was more expensive. 

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Barley bread had the texture of 
something that had already given

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up on being food. 
It was coarse flat and about as 

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exciting as chewing a sandal. 
But it kept you going and that 

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was the point. 
He might dip that bread and some

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wine. 
Not the kind of wine, you're 

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imagining nobody was pouring a 
nice Merlot at sunrise, this was

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a rough. 
Young wine. 

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Often diluted heavily with 
water. 

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Drinking and diluted wine was 
considered barbaric, which is 

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one of those fascinating. 
Little cultural details that 

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tells you a lot about how the 
Greek saw themselves. 

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They believed that mixing wine 
with water was what? 

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Separated civilized people from 
everyone else? 

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So you'd have your bread, your 
watered-down wine, maybe a few 

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olives or a handful of figs and 
that was breakfast. 

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The whole Affair took about five
minutes, the Greeks didn't 

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believe in lingering over the 
morning meal, there was too much

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to do Speaking of things to do, 
let's talk about what your 

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actual day look like. 
And this depended enormously on,

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who you were because ancient 
Greece, for all its talk, about 

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democracy and philosophy, and 
the pursuit of the good life was

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not what you'd call an equal 
opportunity Society. 

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If you were a free male Citizen 
and that's a very specific 

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category, your day had a certain
shape to it, you might head to 

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the Agora which was the central 
Marketplace and public gathering

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space, think of it as the Town 
Square. 

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The shopping mall, the court 
house and the coffee shop. 

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All rolled into one Dusty noisy,
open airspace. 

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The Agora was where business 
happens, where gossip traveled, 

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where deals were struck and 
where you could bump into a 

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philosopher who would corner you
with a question about whether 

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Justice is real or just a word 
people use when they want 

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something. 
The Agora smelled like 100 

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things at once. 
Fresh fish, from the mornings 

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catch laid out on stone, slabs 
with flies already circling 

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leather, from the Tanner stall, 
which had a sharp chemical bite 

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to it. 
Garlic and onions from the 

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vegetable sellers, olive oil 
always olive oil because olive 

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oil was to ancient Greece, what 
electricity is to the modern 

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world, it was everywhere in 
everything and life. 

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Without it was nearly 
Unthinkable, you cooked with it,

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cleaned with it, rubbed on your 
skin. 

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Used it in your lamps, offered 
it to the gods and traded it for

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just about anything you needed. 
If ancient Greece had a smell, 

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it would be olive oil, wood 
smoke. 

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And the faintly sour Tang of 
bodies that hadn't seen a proper

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bath in a while you do your 
shopping, catch up with people, 

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you knew and hear the latest 
news which travelled slowly and 

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got more distorted with every 
retelling. 

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Like a game of telephone played 
across an entire city. someone 

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might mention that a fleet of 
ships, had been spotted near the

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coast and by the time that 
information reached the other 

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side of the Agora, the fleetedge
They repeated things anyway 

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because that's what people do. 
If you had a trade Potter, 

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blacksmith cobbler Merchant, 
you'd spend your working hours 

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at it Greek, Craftsman was 
skilled, and many of them took 

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genuine pride in their work. a 
good Potter might spend years 

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mastering the techniques needed 
to produce the elegant thin 

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walled vessels that we now see 
behind glass and museums What 

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you don't see behind that glass 
is The Potter's Workshop, a 

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cramped Hot Space near the kill.
Clay dust coating every surface.

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The Potter's hands cracked and 
stained from years of contact 

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with wet Earth and Fire. 
Beautiful things came from 

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unglamorous places. 
Other trades were equally 

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demanding. 
The blacksmith worked near an 

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open Forge shaping bronze and 
iron in heat that made the 

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surrounding air Shimmer, Tanner 
soaked animal hides in Vats of 

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urine and plant-derived 
chemicals a process that 

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smelled. 
Exactly. 

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As bad as your imagining and 
possibly worse, their workshops 

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were typically located on the 
outskirts of the city downwind 

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from everything else because 
nobody wanted to live next to a 

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Tannery Weavers mostly women 
working at home. 

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Spent hours at upright, looms 
producing the cloth that dressed

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the entire household. 
Single garment represented days 

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of Labor from spinning, the raw,
wool, or flats into thread to 

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the final weaving. 
When you put on a heightened, 

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you were wearing someone's 
patient repetitive physically 

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tiring work. 
Now, here's where we need to 

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address something that a lot of 
people gloss over. if you were a

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woman in a ancient Greece, 
particularly in Athens, which 

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was supposedly the Cradle of 
democracy, Your daily life was 

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dramatically different and not 
in ways that would make you feel

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good about it. 
Then and women at least those 

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from respectable families were 
expected to stay home. 

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Not in the Casual comfortable 
way that implies a choice. 

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In the structured and forced way
that meant your world was 

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largely bounded by the walls of 
your house. 

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You manage the household which 
was a significant job, 

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overseeing food, preparation, 
textile production, the care of 

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children and the management of 
any enslaved. 

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Workers the household owned. 
You were in Practical terms. 

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The engine that kept the 
domestic World running. 

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But your contributions were 
largely invisible to the public 

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World outside. 
You rarely went to the Agora 

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yourself shopping for food was 
usually done by enslaved, 

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members of the household or buy 
yours. 

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And If he did leave the house it
was typically for religious 

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festivals or to visit other 
women and even then you were 

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expected to be accompanied. 
The idea of a respectable 

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Athenian woman walking alone 
through the city streets with 

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eyebrows and set tongues 
wagging. 

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Marriage was arranged usually by
the girls' father, and typically

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happened when she was around 14 
or 15. 

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A husband was often 
significantly older. 

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A man in his thirties, was a 
common match for a teenage 

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bride. 
The marriage was in legal terms,

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a transaction between the 
bride's father and the groom. 

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The bride's consent while 
perhaps desired was not 

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required. 
She brought a dowry with her 

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which remained technically her 
property, but was managed by her

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husband. 
If the marriage dissolved, the 

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Dowry went back to her family. 
Childbirth was one of the most 

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dangerous events in a woman's 
life. 

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Without modern medicine 
complications, that are now 

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routine. 
Emergencies were often fatal. 

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Women gave birth at home 
attended by midwives and female 

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relatives with limited recourse.
If something went wrong, infant 

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mortality was high and the grief
of losing a child was a 

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familiar. 
Recurring presence in many 

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women's lives. 
The emotional weight of this, 

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the constant awareness that 
pregnancy could take your life 

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or your baby's is something that
rarely makes it into the 

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Glamorous version of Greek 
history. 

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But it was as much a part of 
daily reality as the sunshine 

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and the olive Grove's. 
This wasn't Universal across all

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of Greece, though. 
In Sparta things were remarkably

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different. 
Spartan women had more freedom, 

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more physical training and more 
public presence than their 

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Athenian counterparts. 
They exercised Outdoors owned 

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property and were generally 
expected to be strong outspoken 

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and capable of managing Estates 
while the men were away, which 

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given Sparta's military 
Obsession was most of the time. 

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00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:09,100
Spartan women could inherit land
and by some estimates, they 

232
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:12,000
eventually controlled a 
significant portion of Sparta's.

233
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,100
Well, the contrast between 
Athens and Sparta on. 

234
00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:17,800
This point is one of those 
reminders that ancient Greece 

235
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:20,200
wasn't a single monolithic 
culture. 

236
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,900
It was a patchwork of 
city-states each with its own 

237
00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:26,900
Customs laws and ideas about how
life should be lived. 

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00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:30,900
Let's talk about the house 
itself because the Greek home 

239
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,100
was a fascinating strange little
world. 

240
00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:36,600
If you were somewhere in the 
middle class and using that term

241
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,800
loosely, because the economic 
structures were quite different 

242
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,500
from what we'd recognize your 
house was built from mud brick 

243
00:13:43,500 --> 00:13:48,000
and Timba with a tile or 
thatched roof. from the outside,

244
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,800
it wasn't much to look at, Greek
homes, didn't advertise their 

245
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:55,100
Interiors. 
The exterior walls were plain. 

246
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:59,500
Often windlass at street level 
and the front door opened into a

247
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:01,600
narrow hallway that led to the 
courtyard. 

248
00:14:02,500 --> 00:14:04,600
The courtyard was the heart of 
the home. 

249
00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:09,100
Open to the sky, it let in light
and air and it served as the 

250
00:14:09,108 --> 00:14:12,200
main Gathering space, you might 
have a small altar there for 

251
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:16,000
household religious observances.
The Greeks were remarkably 

252
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,700
devout in their domestic lives, 
making regular offerings to 

253
00:14:19,700 --> 00:14:23,800
household gods and spirits. 
A little splash of wine poured 

254
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:26,900
on the altar. 
A pinch of incense, a murdered 

255
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:30,100
prayer. 
These were not Grand ceremonial 

256
00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:32,800
occasions. 
They were woven into the fabric 

257
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,900
of daily routine as habitual and
unremarkable as brushing your 

258
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:40,100
teeth is to you. 
Floors were usually packed 

259
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:41,300
Earth. 
Though. 

260
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:44,700
Wealthier homes might have stone
or even simple mosaic's. 

261
00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:47,600
Furniture was minimal by your 
standards. 

262
00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,600
A few wooden, chairs or stools, 
a table storage chests. 

263
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:55,400
And the beds, we've already 
discussed, there were no closets

264
00:14:55,400 --> 00:15:00,100
your clothes and you didn't own 
many, were kept in chess or hung

265
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,500
on pegs The kitchen. 
If you could call it, that was 

266
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:06,500
often just a corner of the 
courtyard with a portable clay, 

267
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:09,700
Brazier for cooking chimneys 
didn't exist in most homes. 

268
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,800
So smoke just drifted up and out
through the open courtyard, or 

269
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:17,500
Seeped through gaps in the roof.
On still days, the interior 

270
00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:19,400
could get hazy in your eyes 
would sting. 

271
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,400
One thing that might surprise 
you is how dark the interior 

272
00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,200
rooms were. 
Without glass windows. 

273
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:30,200
They used wooden shutters or oil
cloth coverings at best the 

274
00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:31,800
rooms off, the courtyard were 
dim. 

275
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,400
Even during the day at night, 
the only light came from oil 

276
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:39,300
lamps which was small ceramic 
dishes with a wick floating in 

277
00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,300
all of oil. 
They gave off a soft warm glow 

278
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:45,400
but not much of it. 
Corners of rooms stayed in 

279
00:15:45,408 --> 00:15:47,900
Shadow. 
Reading by Lamplight was 

280
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,700
possible, but not comfortable, 
and it's worth noting that most 

281
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:55,300
people didn't read anyway. 
Literacy wasn't as wide spread 

282
00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:58,400
as we sometimes imagine the 
working class, Greek, might 

283
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,200
recognize some letters and 
manage basic inscriptions. 

284
00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:05,200
Sitting down with the scroll of 
homo was a pleasure reserved for

285
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,900
the educated few. 
The bathroom situation deserves 

286
00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:11,300
its own moment. 
You should probably brace 

287
00:16:11,300 --> 00:16:13,900
yourself. 
Indoor plumbing in any 

288
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:16,200
meaningful sense didn't exist 
for ordinary people. 

289
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,500
If your home had a latrine, it 
was usually a simple pit in a 

290
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:23,100
corner of the property. 
Sometimes screened by a low 

291
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:27,300
wall. there was no flushing 
mechanism waste was dealt with 

292
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:32,400
manually, often carried out and 
dumped public latrines existed 

293
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:36,500
in some cities and were communal
Affairs, longstone benches with 

294
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:40,900
holes, cut into them lined up 
side by side with no partitions.

295
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:44,400
You'd sit there doing your 
business right next to your 

296
00:16:44,408 --> 00:16:47,000
neighbor who might be doing the 
same while carrying on a 

297
00:16:47,008 --> 00:16:50,800
perfectly casual conversation 
about the olive Harvest privacy 

298
00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:54,700
as a concept attached to bodily 
functions, simply wasn't part of

299
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:57,900
the cultural vocabulary. 
And speaking of high jeans, more

300
00:16:57,900 --> 00:17:01,600
broadly bathing was valued. 
But the infrastructure for it 

301
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:03,400
was limited for most of Greek 
history. 

302
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,900
Public bathhouses became more 
common over time. 

303
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,400
But for much of the Classical 
period, a bath meant heating 

304
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,500
water over a fire and pouring it
into a tub or simply washing at 

305
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:16,700
a basement. 
The wealthy might have a 

306
00:17:16,708 --> 00:17:19,700
dedicated bathing room. 
Everyone else made do. 

307
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:22,599
Soap, as you know, it didn't 
exist. 

308
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:26,599
The Greeks clean themselves with
olive oil and the strigol. 

309
00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:29,800
That curved scraping tool will 
talk about more later. 

310
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:33,100
Which was effective but not 
exactly luxurious. 

311
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,300
The result was that people 
smelled like people. 

312
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:40,000
And the ambient scent of any 
crowded space was earthier and 

313
00:17:40,008 --> 00:17:43,000
more human than anything. 
You'd encounter in a modern city

314
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,200
unless you wandered into a 
packed subway car in August, 

315
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:49,900
Now, let's step outside your 
home and into the streets 

316
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:53,100
because the Greek city was its 
own sensory experience. 

317
00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:56,300
The streets were narrow and 
unpaved in most neighborhoods 

318
00:17:56,300 --> 00:18:00,700
after a rain, they turned to mud
in the dry months, they were 

319
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:04,900
Dusty and baked hard by the Sun.
There were no streetlights, no 

320
00:18:04,900 --> 00:18:09,100
sidewalks and no traffic laws, 
donkeys, carts. 

321
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:12,500
Pedestrians and the occasional 
herd of goats all shared the 

322
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:16,100
same cramped lanes and the 
negotiation of, right of way was

323
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:18,500
an informal sometimes loud 
affair. 

324
00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:20,600
The smell of the streets is 
something. 

325
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:24,500
The history books tend to skip 
over animal dung was everywhere.

326
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,500
Household waste. 
Sometimes ended up in the street

327
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:30,100
too. 
Despite regulations that try to 

328
00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:34,900
prevent it tanneries, die works 
and fish, curing operations 

329
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:37,500
added their own pungent 
contributions to the air. 

330
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,400
On a hot afternoon walking 
through certain neighborhoods, 

331
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,200
required a strong stomach and a 
short memory. 

332
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:47,900
But the streets were also alive 
in a way that's hard to capture 

333
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:50,400
in writing, people called out to
each other. 

334
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,200
From doorways vendors shouted 
about their Wares children. 

335
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:57,500
Darted between legs playing 
games with stones or Hoops. 

336
00:18:57,500 --> 00:19:01,100
Music, drifted from somewhere a 
liar, being plucked. 

337
00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:04,600
Someone practicing a melody. 
Dogs. 

338
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,900
There were always dogs. 
Trotted along, looking 

339
00:19:07,900 --> 00:19:09,900
opportunistic and slightly under
fed. 

340
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:14,000
The Greek city was loud chaotic 
and deeply human. 

341
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,000
If you needed to get somewhere 
in a hurry, you walked. 

342
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,100
There was no public 
transportation wealthy. 

343
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:23,500
People might ride a horse or use
a donkey, but most movement was 

344
00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:26,900
on foot and the distance is 
within a Greek city were 

345
00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:31,200
manageable. 
Athens at its peak was a city of

346
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:37,000
perhaps 200-5000 people. 
Large by ancient standards but 

347
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,000
compact Buy hours. 
He could walk from one into the 

348
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,500
other in under an hour and most 
people's daily lives played out 

349
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:47,700
within a much smaller radius. 
The city also had its quieter 

350
00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:51,800
Corners Guardians and sacred 
Grove's, provided patches of 

351
00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:53,400
green, within the urban 
landscape. 

352
00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:57,100
The area around a temple might 
be planted with trees and 

353
00:19:57,100 --> 00:20:01,400
maintained as a kind of Park. 
The academy where Plato taught 

354
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:05,100
was set in a Grove of Olive and 
plane trees outside the city 

355
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:08,000
walls. 
A shady Pleasant spot where the 

356
00:20:08,008 --> 00:20:12,000
conversation could unfold at its
own pace away from the noise of 

357
00:20:12,008 --> 00:20:15,200
the Agora. 
There was something about the 

358
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:19,500
combination of shade moving air 
in the center of warm Earth that

359
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:22,400
seemed to loosen people's 
tongues and sharpen their minds 

360
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:26,300
or at least the Greeks thought. 
So, let's Circle back to food 

361
00:20:26,300 --> 00:20:29,300
because meals are one of those 
things where you really feel the

362
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:33,500
distance between then and now 
the Greek diet was simple and by

363
00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:35,700
simple. 
I mean that most people ate the 

364
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:39,000
same handful of things day after
day with relatively little 

365
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,000
variation. 
Bread was the foundation. 

366
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,200
Barley bread for ordinary folks.
Wheat bread, for those who could

367
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,800
afford it on top of that, you'd 
have what the Greeks called. 

368
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:52,500
Upson the stuff. 
You ate with your bread. 

369
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:57,000
This was usually something like 
cheese, olives, onions, garlic, 

370
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:01,700
or beans, if you live near the 
coast, you might get fish, which

371
00:21:01,700 --> 00:21:05,300
was a treat. 
Meat was rare in the daily diet,

372
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:09,300
it was expensive and most of 
them meet that Ordinary People 

373
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,600
ate came from religious. 
Sacrifices animals were killed, 

374
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:16,700
at temples, the choice parts 
were offered to the gods burned 

375
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:18,900
on the altar with the smoke 
rising up to heaven. 

376
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:21,700
And the rest was distributed to 
the community. 

377
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,800
So eating meat was often, a 
communal semi-religious 

378
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,900
experience rather than a Tuesday
night dinner. 

379
00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:35,600
Lentil soup was a staple thick 
hearty flavored with herbs and 

380
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:37,800
olive oil. 
It was the kind of food that 

381
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,300
stuck to your ribs and didn't 
ask much of your wallet. 

382
00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:44,700
The Greeks ate a lot of figs. 
Both fresh and dried. 

383
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:49,400
Grapes obviously, apples, pears.
And pomegranates when they were 

384
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,400
in season. 
Honey was the primary sweetener 

385
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:55,800
sugar wouldn't arrive in the 
Mediterranean for centuries and 

386
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:58,700
the Greeks used in everything 
from cakes to Medicine. 

387
00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:02,500
He was important too, 
particularly goat and sheep 

388
00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:06,400
cheese, which was sharper and 
Tangier than the mild cows milk 

389
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,100
cheeses. 
Most people eat today cheese 

390
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:12,800
could be stored transported and 
eaten without much preparation. 

391
00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:17,900
Making it an ideal food for 
travelers soldiers and anyone 

392
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:22,000
who didn't have time to cook. 
Chunk of cheese, A Fistful of 

393
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:23,700
olives, and a piece of barley 
bread. 

394
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:26,300
That was a meal. 
You could eat with one hand 

395
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:30,200
while walking to the next town. 
One thing that might strike you 

396
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:32,100
about the Greek diet is what was
missing? 

397
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:35,400
No tomatoes. 
Those came from the Americas 

398
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,300
thousands of years later. 
No potatoes. 

399
00:22:38,300 --> 00:22:42,200
No corn, no Peppers. 
No citrus fruits, which wouldn't

400
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,100
become common in the 
Mediterranean until the Arab 

401
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,300
expansion centuries after the 
Classical, period? 

402
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:50,800
No rice. 
No pasta in its modern form. 

403
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:56,500
No chocolate, no coffee, no tea.
The flavor palette was narrower 

404
00:22:56,500 --> 00:23:00,200
than what you're used to built 
from olive oil vinegar, honey, 

405
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:03,900
garlic herbs, like oregano and 
Thyme. 

406
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:07,100
And a fermented fish sauce 
called Garros. 

407
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:10,200
That was pungent, salty and 
apparently addictive. 

408
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:15,000
Once your taste think of it as 
the Greek equivalent of catch-up

409
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:19,400
it showed up on everything and 
people had strong opinions about

410
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:24,700
which version was best. 
Diner was the main meal eaten in

411
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:26,600
the evening after the day's work
was done. 

412
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:31,000
For men, this could mean a 
symposium a drinking party that 

413
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:35,000
was part social Gathering part 
intellectual salon and part 

414
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:39,400
excuse to get thoroughly drunk. 
The Symposium had rules and 

415
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:43,000
rituals guests reclined on 
couches arranged around the 

416
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,600
room. 
Food was served on small tables 

417
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:49,300
and wine was mixed in a large 
communal Bowl called a crater. 

418
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:52,700
The Symposium Ark. 
Essentially a Master of 

419
00:23:52,708 --> 00:23:56,700
Ceremonies decided the ratio of 
water to wine and set the pace 

420
00:23:56,700 --> 00:23:59,200
of drinking. 
The conversation could range 

421
00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,800
from philosophy to poetry to 
gossip to absolutely nothing of 

422
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,700
substance. 
Depending on how far into the 

423
00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:09,400
evening things had gotten. 
Women with a few notable 

424
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,100
exceptions. 
Were not part of the Symposium, 

425
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:14,700
their dinner was eaten, 
separately in the domestic 

426
00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:17,900
quarters. 
This separation of social space 

427
00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:20,700
was one of the defining features
of Greek household life. 

428
00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:24,700
And it shaped the way men and 
women experience the world and 

429
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:30,100
fundamentally different ways. 
Now religion, this is an area 

430
00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:32,800
where Modern assumptions can 
really Lead You astray. 

431
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,200
The Greeks didn't experience, 
religion the way most people do 

432
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:38,800
today. 
There was no holy book, no 

433
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:42,300
Central Church know, weekly 
service where everyone gathered 

434
00:24:42,300 --> 00:24:44,200
to hear a sermon about proper 
behavior. 

435
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:48,900
Greek religion was woven into 
every corner of daily life in 

436
00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,100
ways that were both more casual 
and more pervasive than what 

437
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:55,200
you're probably used to. 
The gods were everywhere. 

438
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,400
Not metaphorically. 
The Greeks. 

439
00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:00,700
Genuinely believed that Divine 
beings inhabited the landscape. 

440
00:25:00,700 --> 00:25:05,300
Every Spring had its nymph. 
Every Grove might shelter a god,

441
00:25:06,300 --> 00:25:10,000
The sea belonged to Poseidon the
sky to Zeus and the underworld 

442
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:13,300
to Hades. 
When you poured a little wine on

443
00:25:13,300 --> 00:25:16,800
the ground before, drinking you 
are offering a libation to the 

444
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,600
Gods. 
When you sneezed and someone 

445
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,600
said the equivalent of bless 
you, there was a real sense that

446
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:25,200
something spiritual had 
happened. 

447
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,900
When a thunderstorm rolled in 
that wasn't just, whether that 

448
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:34,200
was Zeus, making a point temples
were the most visible expression

449
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,100
of religious life and they were 
genuinely impressive. 

450
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,500
But here's something that 
surprises, a lot of people, you 

451
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:45,100
didn't go inside the temple to 
worship the temple was the gods 

452
00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:48,500
house, literally. 
Statue of the deity lived in 

453
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:51,000
side and ordinary people 
generally stayed outside. 

454
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,200
Sacrifices and prayers happened 
at altars in front of the temple

455
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,800
in the open air. 
The temple interior was off 

456
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:02,200
limits to most people, most of 
the time, tended, by priests and

457
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:04,800
priestesses who managed the 
God's Property and Affairs. 

458
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:09,000
And those statues the ones we 
picture as elegant White marble,

459
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:13,600
we're actually painted brightly 
painted the austere pale 

460
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:16,500
sculptures we see in museums 
have simply lost their color 

461
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:19,300
over the centuries in their 
original state. 

462
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:23,700
They were Vivid sometimes almost
garish with painted eyes. 

463
00:26:23,700 --> 00:26:27,700
Reddened lips, guilted, 
accessories, and colored 

464
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:31,100
garments. 
Walking into a greek temple, 

465
00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:33,700
wouldn't have felt like walking 
into a minimalist Art Gallery. 

466
00:26:33,700 --> 00:26:36,400
It would have felt more like 
stepping into a space. 

467
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,600
That was deliberately 
overwhelming designed to make 

468
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:42,900
you feel the presence of 
something far larger and more 

469
00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:46,400
powerful than yourself. 
And the gods themselves. 

470
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:51,000
This is important. 
We're not moral exemplars. 

471
00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:54,500
They didn't represent goodness 
or virtue in any straightforward

472
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:57,600
sense. 
They were powerful capricious 

473
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:02,400
jealous lustful Petty and 
occasionally generous, they 

474
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:06,000
played favorites, they held 
grudges, they fell in love with 

475
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:10,400
Mortals and then abandoned them.
The relationship between humans 

476
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:12,300
and gods. 
In Greek, religion was less 

477
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:15,900
about faith and obedience and 
more about negotiation and 

478
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:19,100
appeasement. 
You may sacrifice and offering 

479
00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,300
because you wanted the gods to 
look kindly on you or at least 

480
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:25,500
to leave you alone. 
It was in its own way of a very 

481
00:27:25,508 --> 00:27:29,300
practical arrangement. 
Superstition ran deep and it 

482
00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:32,700
went far beyond the official 
Olympic Gods, people will 

483
00:27:32,700 --> 00:27:35,300
amulets, and charms to ward off 
the evil eye. 

484
00:27:35,300 --> 00:27:38,400
They consulted oracles. 
Before making him important 

485
00:27:38,408 --> 00:27:42,500
decisions, they paid attention 
to Omens the flight of birds, 

486
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:46,000
the behavior of animals and 
unusual weather patterns, and 

487
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:48,400
interpreted them as messages 
from the divine. 

488
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:52,500
Before Journey, you might 
sacrifice a small animal and 

489
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:54,300
examine. 
Its entrails for signs of 

490
00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:58,400
favorable or unfavorable 
outcomes, this wasn't considered

491
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,500
strange or backward. 
It was just how you gathered 

492
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:04,300
information about the future. 
The way you might check a 

493
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:06,000
weather forecast before a road 
trip. 

494
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:10,700
Festivals were the high points 
of the religious calendar and 

495
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:13,500
they were all the closest thing 
the Greeks had to holidays. 

496
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:18,400
Every city had its own cycle of 
festivals, Athens alone had over

497
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:21,500
120 days of religious observance
each year. 

498
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:26,100
These ranged from solemn 
procession to boisterous, wine 

499
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:28,800
soaked celebrations that went on
for days. 

500
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:34,200
The dire needs here, honoring 
the god, Dionysus included 

501
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,400
theatrical performance. 
Is, which is how Greek drama was

502
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,000
born. 
Not as entertainment for its own

503
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,700
sake, but as a form of worship, 
when you went to see a play by 

504
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:46,900
Sophocles, or euripides, you 
won't just going to the theater,

505
00:28:46,900 --> 00:28:49,600
you were participating in a 
religious Act. 

506
00:28:50,500 --> 00:28:54,000
The two things were inseparable 
and that blend of the Sacred. 

507
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,700
And the artistic was one of the 
most distinctive qualities of 

508
00:28:56,708 --> 00:29:00,300
Greek culture. 
The Panama, the Great Festival 

509
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,500
of Athens, honoring the goddess 
Athena was a specialty Grand 

510
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:06,400
affair. 
Held every four years in its 

511
00:29:06,408 --> 00:29:08,900
most elaborate form. 
It featured athletic 

512
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:12,900
competitions, musical, contests 
and a magnificent procession 

513
00:29:12,900 --> 00:29:15,000
that wound through the city and 
up to the Acropolis. 

514
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,800
Citizens foreign residents and 
even freed enslaved, people all 

515
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:24,300
participated. 
Animals were sacrificed on a 

516
00:29:24,308 --> 00:29:28,300
massive scale and the meat was 
distributed to the entire city. 

517
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:32,300
It was in the truest sense, a 
community of event. 

518
00:29:32,300 --> 00:29:35,800
One of the rare occasions when 
the divisions of class and 

519
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:40,300
Status were, if not erased at 
least temporarily softened by 

520
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:42,300
the shared experience of 
Celebration. 

521
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,700
Let's talk about something that 
made the ancient Greek world go 

522
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,400
round in ways that are deeply 
uncomfortable to think about 

523
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:53,500
slavery. 
It's impossible to paint an 

524
00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:56,700
honest, picture of daily life in
Greece without confronting this,

525
00:29:56,700 --> 00:30:01,600
and it needs to be said plainly.
The Greek economy, the Greek 

526
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:05,100
household in Greek society, as a
whole depended on the labor of 

527
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:09,400
enslaved, people estimates vary,
but in Athens during its golden 

528
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,200
age somewhere between a quarter 
and a third of the population 

529
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,300
may have been enslaved. 
They worked in homes and 

530
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:20,800
workshops in Minds on farms and 
in public services. 

531
00:30:21,700 --> 00:30:24,900
Some were prisoners captured 
through conflict, others were 

532
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:28,600
born into enslavement, some were
purchased from traders who Moved

533
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:30,800
human beings around the 
Mediterranean the way other 

534
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:32,800
Merchants moved Pottery or 
grain. 

535
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:37,500
The conditions of enslavement 
varied enormously the household 

536
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:40,300
worker in a wealthier, Therian 
home might live in reasonable 

537
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,500
physical Comfort, while a 
laborer in the Silver Mines at 

538
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:46,200
Lori and worked in brutal. 
Life shortening conditions 

539
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,800
Underground. 
Some enslaved people in Athens 

540
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:53,000
were given a degree of autonomy.
They might run a shop or 

541
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:54,900
workshop on their Master's 
behalf. 

542
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:59,200
Keeper portion of their earnings
and eventually purchased their 

543
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:02,500
freedom. 
Others had no such opportunity. 

544
00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:07,000
What makes this particularly 
difficult to reconcile, is that 

545
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:12,700
the same society, that produced 
democracy, philosophy and some 

546
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:15,900
of the most enduring ideas about
human, freedom and dignity. 

547
00:31:15,900 --> 00:31:20,000
All so ran on the labor of 
people who were denied, all of 

548
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,200
those things. 
The philosophers knew about this

549
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:27,300
tension Aristotle, famously 
tried to justify slavery by 

550
00:31:27,300 --> 00:31:30,700
arguing, that some people were 
naturally suited to it and 

551
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:33,200
argument that tells you more 
about the limits of even 

552
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:35,700
Brilliant Minds than it does 
about the nature of human 

553
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:39,600
beings. 
Others to their credit question.

554
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,500
The practice, the questioning 
didn't lead to abolition the 

555
00:31:43,500 --> 00:31:46,400
institution, persisted 
throughout the entire span of 

556
00:31:46,408 --> 00:31:49,800
Greek civilization. 
It's worth sitting with that 

557
00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:54,100
discomfort because it tells you 
something true about how complex

558
00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:56,800
and contradictory human 
societies can be. 

559
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,000
The Greeks gave the world 
extraordinary gift of thought 

560
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,600
and art and governance. 
They also kept human beings in 

561
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:08,100
Chains. 
Both things are true and neither

562
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:11,800
one cancels out the other. 
Now let's shift to something 

563
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,200
lighter. 
Let's talk about how people 

564
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:17,700
spend their leisure time because
the Greeks absolutely valued 

565
00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:19,900
leisure. 
In fact, the Greek word for 

566
00:32:19,900 --> 00:32:23,400
leisure scholar is where we get 
the English words school. 

567
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,500
Which tells you something about 
how the Greeks understood the 

568
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:29,900
purpose of free time? 
It wasn't about relaxation in 

569
00:32:29,900 --> 00:32:32,400
the way, you might think of it. 
It was about using your 

570
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:35,400
unoccupied hours for activities 
that developed the mind and 

571
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,600
body. 
Leisure was supposed to make you

572
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,800
a better person. 
Physical exercise was a central 

573
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:44,600
part of Greek life. 
Specially for men, the gymnasium

574
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:48,800
Jim NOS, meaning naked because 
that's exactly how they exercise

575
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:53,500
was a public institution found 
in every city of any size. 

576
00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:58,000
Men and boys went there to run 
wrestle throw the discus and 

577
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,100
Javelin and practice various 
other athletic activities. 

578
00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:04,900
They did all of this without 
clothing, which was simply the 

579
00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:07,000
norm and carried. 
None of the awkwardness, it 

580
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:10,400
would in a modern gym. 
They oiled their bodies before. 

581
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:14,600
Exercise and scrape the oil 
sweat and dirt off afterward. 

582
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:17,700
Using a curved metal tool called
astral. 

583
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:21,400
The scraping is interestingly, 
were sometimes collected and 

584
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,900
sold as a folk remedy for 
various ailments. 

585
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,200
Whether it actually cured 
anything, is another question 

586
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:30,900
entirely, but people bought it 
which tells you something about 

587
00:33:30,900 --> 00:33:34,400
the state of ancient medicine. 
The gymnasium was also a place 

588
00:33:34,408 --> 00:33:37,900
for intellectual activity. 
Philosophers often held their 

589
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:42,100
discussions in or near gymnasia 
Plato's Academy and Aristotle's 

590
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:46,300
lycium were both associated with
gymnasia. so the space where you

591
00:33:46,300 --> 00:33:49,400
went to get sweaty and wrestle, 
someone to the ground was also 

592
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:51,700
the space where someone might 
ask you, whether the soul is 

593
00:33:51,700 --> 00:33:55,600
immortal, The Greeks didn't draw
a sharp line between physical 

594
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,600
and mental cultivation. 
For a modern cultures, sometimes

595
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,600
does A well-rounded person was 
expected to train both. 

596
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:07,100
The great athletic festivals, 
the Olympics, the pythian games,

597
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,800
the neon games and the Esme in 
games were highlights of the 

598
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:13,699
Greek calendar. 
The Olympic's held every four 

599
00:34:13,699 --> 00:34:15,900
years at Olympia Drew 
competitors. 

600
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:18,199
And Spectators from a cross, the
Greek world. 

601
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:23,600
During the games, a sacred truce
was declared and participating 

602
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,900
city-states were expected to 
cease any ongoing conflicts. 

603
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:31,000
Athletes competed for honor and 
Glory, not cash prizes. 

604
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:35,400
The reward was an olive wreath 
and the knowledge that your name

605
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:39,500
would be remembered. 
And it was remembered, Victors 

606
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:44,199
became celebrities celebrated in
poetry and song, Sometimes 

607
00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:46,800
granted free meals for Life by 
their home cities. 

608
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:51,199
Athletic glory in ancient Greece
was not just Personal 

609
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:54,500
Achievement, it was civic, pride
made flesh. 

610
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:59,000
Ford games were popular too. 
The Greeks played various games 

611
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,000
with dice counters and Boards 
though. 

612
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,500
The exact rules of, most of 
these games have been lost. 

613
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,500
They also played a game that 
involved flicking wine drinks at

614
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:11,300
Target. 
A symposium party game called 

615
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:15,500
Kota boss, the combined drinking
with competitive aim, it was 

616
00:35:15,508 --> 00:35:19,500
messy loud, and apparently 
endlessly, entertaining after 

617
00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:23,300
several cups of mixed wine. 
The stains on the walls and 

618
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:26,100
Furniture afterwards were 
considered an acceptable cost. 

619
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,300
Music, was deeply embedded in 
Greek life. 

620
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:34,000
The liar and the Outlaws a 
double reeded pipe that produced

621
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:38,200
a rich sometimes haunting sound.
With the most common 

622
00:35:38,200 --> 00:35:41,400
instruments. 
Music accompanied religious 

623
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:45,900
ceremonies drinking parties, 
athletic events and theatrical 

624
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:49,300
performances. 
Children learned music as part 

625
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:52,800
of their education and the 
ability to sing or play was 

626
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:56,100
considered an essential social 
skill, not specialized Talent. 

627
00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:59,600
Imagine a world where being 
unable to carry a tune was 

628
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:02,600
roughly as embarrassing as being
unable to read an email list 

629
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,700
today and you'll get the idea 
Education. 

630
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:07,900
Since we've touched on it 
deserves a closer look. 

631
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,100
If you are a boy from a family 
with even modest resources, 

632
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:14,000
you'd begin some form of 
schooling around age 7. 

633
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,900
You'd learn Reading Writing 
arithmetic music and physical, 

634
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,600
training, your teacher, the 
grammar test as for reading and 

635
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,300
writing was usually not well 
paid or highly respected. 

636
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,200
Teaching was not a prestigious 
profession. 

637
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:31,300
It was in fact, sometimes viewed
as the kind of job you ended up 

638
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:33,600
in when you couldn't do anything
more impressive. 

639
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,800
Writing meant learning to form 
letters on wax tablets using a 

640
00:36:37,808 --> 00:36:40,900
pointed stylus. 
You'd scratch your letters and 

641
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:44,100
to the soft wax surface. 
And when the tablet was full, 

642
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:48,100
you'd smooth the wax flat and 
start over, it was the ancient 

643
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,500
equivalent of an erasable 
whiteboard and it worked well 

644
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:54,000
enough. 
For more permanent writing, 

645
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:58,100
you'd use income Papyrus, but 
Papyrus was expensive and not 

646
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:02,300
wasted on a child's homework. 
Mathematics education covered 

647
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:04,300
basic arithmetic and some 
geometry. 

648
00:37:04,300 --> 00:37:08,400
The Greeks had a complex 
relationship with mathematics on

649
00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:10,700
one hand. 
They revered it as a path to 

650
00:37:10,700 --> 00:37:12,900
understanding the fundamental 
structure of reality. 

651
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:17,700
Plato reportedly had a sign over
the door of his Academy Reading.

652
00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:21,400
Something to the effect of let 
no one ignorant of geometry, 

653
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:24,200
enter. 
On the other hand practical 

654
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,400
mathematics accounting 
measurement, the kind of math 

655
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:32,300
used in Daily commerce was 
considered beneath the Dignity 

656
00:37:32,300 --> 00:37:36,300
of a true intellectual. 
The Greeks, love the beauty of 

657
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:40,500
abstract, mathematical proof. 
But always interested in using 

658
00:37:40,500 --> 00:37:42,200
math to build things or count 
money. 

659
00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:45,900
That distinction between the 
theoretical and the Practical 

660
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:49,900
ran through, a lot of Greek 
thought and it explained why a 

661
00:37:49,900 --> 00:37:52,500
civilization that could produce 
brilliant geometers. 

662
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:56,300
Also struggled with basic 
engineering problems that the 

663
00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:59,300
more practically minded Romans 
would later solve without 

664
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:03,400
breaking a sweat. 
Girls in most Greek cities 

665
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:07,100
received little or no formal 
education outside the home. 

666
00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:10,800
They learned domestic skills 
from their mothers, weaving 

667
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:12,400
cooking and household 
management. 

668
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,000
And any literacy they acquired 
was usually informal. 

669
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,300
Sparta once again was the 
exception where girls received 

670
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:23,800
physical training alongside 
boys, though, the specifics of 

671
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:25,800
their intellectual education are
less clear. 

672
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:28,900
Higher education for those who 
pursued. 

673
00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:32,800
It was a matter of attaching 
yourself to a philosopher or a 

674
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:35,800
school of rhetoric. 
If you wanted to learn to argue 

675
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:40,000
persuasively, an essential skill
in Democratic Athens, where 

676
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,600
citizens, had to speak for 
themselves in court, and in the 

677
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:47,400
assembly, you'd study with a 
rhetorician. if you wanted to 

678
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:51,300
explore deeper questions about 
the nature of reality knowledge,

679
00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:55,500
and the good life, You might 
seek out a philosopher, these 

680
00:38:55,500 --> 00:38:58,300
were formal institutions with 
admissions officers and 

681
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:01,400
graduation ceremonies. 
They were more like a princess 

682
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:05,700
ship on personal relationships 
between teacher and student and 

683
00:39:05,700 --> 00:39:08,600
the quality of what you got 
depended entirely on who you 

684
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:12,000
studied with. 
Medson in ancient Greece, was a 

685
00:39:12,008 --> 00:39:17,500
peculiar mix of genuine insight 
and spectacular wrongness. on 

686
00:39:17,508 --> 00:39:20,900
one hand, the Greeks produced 
Hippocrates, who is justly 

687
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:24,400
credentialed with helping to 
move medical thinking away from 

688
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:27,300
purely Supernatural, 
explanations toward observation 

689
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:31,700
base practice, Democratic 
tradition emphasized, careful 

690
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:35,900
examination of the patient 
detailed record-keeping and a 

691
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:39,200
recognition that diseases had 
natural causes rather than being

692
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:43,500
punishments from Angry gods. 
On the other hand, the dominant 

693
00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:47,300
medical theory for centuries was
the idea of the four humors, 

694
00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:53,200
blood phlegm yellow, bile and 
black bile Health depended on 

695
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,700
keeping these four substances in
balance and illness was the 

696
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:59,800
result of an imbalance. 
The treatments that flowed from 

697
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:02,700
this Theory. 
Included bleeding, purging 

698
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:07,500
special diets and various Herbal
Remedies some of which were 

699
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:11,000
helpful and many of which were 
not If you went to a Greek 

700
00:40:11,008 --> 00:40:13,900
doctor with a headache, you 
might receive sensible advice 

701
00:40:13,900 --> 00:40:16,900
about, rest and diet. 
Well, you might be told that 

702
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:20,400
your black biles was dominant 
and that The Cure involved 

703
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,000
drinking a mixture that would 
make the headache seem like a 

704
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,000
minor inconvenience compared to 
what happened in next. 

705
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:30,800
Surgery existed, but was 
limited, Greek surgeons. 

706
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,400
Could set broken bones drain 
abscesses and perform basic 

707
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:37,000
wound care. 
The understood the importance of

708
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:39,200
cleanliness to some degree, 
though. 

709
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:42,000
The German theory of disease was
Millennia in the future. 

710
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:47,100
Anesthesia was a cup of strong 
wine and a leather strap to bite

711
00:40:47,100 --> 00:40:49,300
on. 
Pain management was to put it 

712
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:54,300
gently, underdeveloped Dentistry
was rudimentary toothaches. 

713
00:40:54,300 --> 00:40:58,300
Were treated with herbal, pastes
an extraction was a last resort 

714
00:40:58,300 --> 00:41:02,300
performed with iron forceps, the
Greek diet, which was relatively

715
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:05,700
low in refined sugar. 
Meant that tooth decay was less 

716
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,600
common than it would become in 
later centuries, but it still 

717
00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:11,000
happened. 
And when it did the options were

718
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:13,700
limited. 
Mental health was understood in 

719
00:41:13,700 --> 00:41:16,000
terms of the same humeral 
framework. 

720
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,400
Depression was a tributed to an 
excess of black bile. 

721
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,700
The word Melancholy literally 
comes from the Greek words for 

722
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:25,700
black bile. 
Treatment might include changes 

723
00:41:25,700 --> 00:41:29,700
in diet, exercise music therapy,
which was actually quite a 

724
00:41:29,700 --> 00:41:34,400
sophisticated idea or travel. 
The Greeks recognized that 

725
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,000
environment and lifestyle 
affected mental well-being, 

726
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:41,200
which was genuine Insight. 
Even if their explanations for, 

727
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:44,200
why were built on a foundation, 
that wouldn't survive? 

728
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:47,200
Modern scrutiny. 
There was also a tradition of 

729
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,700
healing temples. 
Most notably those dedicated to 

730
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:52,600
ask leap years. 
God of Medicine. 

731
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:57,000
People who are ill would travel 
to the sanctuaries and undergo a

732
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:00,000
ritual called incubation. 
Sleeping overnight in the 

733
00:42:00,008 --> 00:42:01,500
temple. 
In the hope that the God would 

734
00:42:01,500 --> 00:42:03,600
visit them in a dream and reveal
a cure. 

735
00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:08,000
Whether the cures worked is 
debatable but the placebo effect

736
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:12,900
is powerful and the combination 
of rest, clean air, a change of 

737
00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:15,100
scenery. 
And the genuine belief that 

738
00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:17,800
Divine help was at hand, 
probably did more good than some

739
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:19,900
of the medications being 
prescribed elsewhere. 

740
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:24,100
Sometimes the best medicine is 
simply being in a place that 

741
00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:29,100
makes you feel like things might
get better. let's talk about 

742
00:42:29,100 --> 00:42:31,900
something, the Greeks excelled 
at in ways that still 

743
00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:34,800
reverberate today, The life of 
the Mind. 

744
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,700
Because whatever else you can 
say about ancient Greece and you

745
00:42:38,708 --> 00:42:41,000
can say, plenty both good and 
bad. 

746
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:45,400
The intellectual culture was 
extraordinary Athens in 

747
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:47,800
particular during the 5th and 
4th centuries. 

748
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:51,700
Before the Common Era produced a
concentration of brilliant 

749
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,800
thinkers, that is almost 
impossible to explain. 

750
00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,900
Soccer teams who never wrote a 
word but change philosophy 

751
00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:02,300
forever through the simple 
Relentless Act of asking 

752
00:43:02,300 --> 00:43:05,200
questions. 
Plato, his student wrote 

753
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,700
dialogues, that are still read 
and argued about today. 

754
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:10,800
Aristotle. 
Plato student who turned his 

755
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:15,000
attention to everything. 
Biology logic, ethics politics, 

756
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:18,900
physics and poetry, and produced
a body of work. 

757
00:43:18,900 --> 00:43:23,500
So vast and so influential that 
it dominated Western thought for

758
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:27,100
nearly 2000 years. 
But for philosophy, wasn't just 

759
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:30,600
an activity for professionals. 
It was part of the cultural are 

760
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:34,500
ordinary Athenians were exposed 
to philosophical ideas through 

761
00:43:34,500 --> 00:43:37,600
the theater, through public 
speeches and through 

762
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:42,500
conversations in the Agora, The 
big question's, what is Justice,

763
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,200
what is the good life, what do 
we owe each other? 

764
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:49,200
How should a city be governed 
weren't confined to the lecture 

765
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,400
hall? 
There were topic of public 

766
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:54,400
debate. 
Discussed by citizens who had a 

767
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:57,300
direct stake in the answers 
because they were the ones 

768
00:43:57,300 --> 00:44:01,800
making the decision. 
The Indian democracy for all its

769
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:06,000
limitations, gave ordinary men 
and only men, and only citizens,

770
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:10,100
which was a small fraction of 
the total population of a reason

771
00:44:10,100 --> 00:44:12,900
to think carefully about 
political and ethical questions.

772
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:17,400
Because those questions had 
immediate practical consequences

773
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:21,300
The theater was another arena 
for intellectual and emotional, 

774
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:25,100
exploration Greek, tragedies 
tackled, the biggest themes 

775
00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:30,100
imaginable. 
Fate Duty love suffering, the 

776
00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:33,400
relationship between humans and 
gods and they did. 

777
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:37,500
So with a power and complexity 
that still resonates When you 

778
00:44:37,500 --> 00:44:41,100
watched a tragedy by aeschylus 
or Sophocles, you weren't just 

779
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,200
being entertained. 
You were being asked to sit with

780
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,000
difficult unresolvable questions
about what it means to be human 

781
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,800
and you were doing this 
alongside thousands of your 

782
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:53,900
fellow citizens. 
All of you experiencing the same

783
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:58,800
emotions together in the same 
space under the same Open Sky. 

784
00:44:59,800 --> 00:45:04,200
Comedy meanwhile was the release
valve Ariston is write plays 

785
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:08,600
that were rude, political absurd
and absolutely hilarious. 

786
00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:13,200
Nothing and nobody was off 
limits politicians philosophers 

787
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:17,800
Gods, the audience themselves. 
If tragedy asked you to feel 

788
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:21,700
deeply comedy, asked you to 
laugh at everything including 

789
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,900
yourself. 
Combination of the two, the 

790
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:26,900
serious, and the ridiculous, the
profound. 

791
00:45:26,900 --> 00:45:29,600
And the profane was 
quintessentially, Greek. 

792
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,600
Let's slow down for a moment and
think about what it felt like to

793
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:36,300
experience the natural world as 
an ancient Greek. 

794
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:39,900
Because this is one of those 
areas where the gap between 

795
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,900
then, and now is both enormous 
and quietly beautiful. 

796
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:46,500
You lived in a world without 
artificial light pollution. 

797
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:50,400
When the sun went down and the 
oil lamps were extinguished, the

798
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:55,000
darkness was complete. 
And in that Darkness the sky put

799
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:58,100
on a show that almost no living 
person in the developed world 

800
00:45:58,100 --> 00:46:03,200
has ever truly seen. the Milky 
Way, wasn't a faint smudge, you 

801
00:46:03,208 --> 00:46:06,800
could barely make out from a 
dark campsite It was a River of 

802
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,300
Light pouring across the sky, so
bright and dents that it looked 

803
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:13,300
almost solid. 
The Greeks called it galaxies, 

804
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:17,300
the Milky Circle. 
And from that word, we get 

805
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:19,700
gallaxy. 
Every night. 

806
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:22,700
If the sky was clear, you could 
look up and see thousands of 

807
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:26,100
stars with your naked eye, each 
one, sharp and distinct. 

808
00:46:27,100 --> 00:46:30,100
The constellation so vivid that 
it was, no wonder people saw 

809
00:46:30,100 --> 00:46:31,600
figures and stories written in 
them. 

810
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:36,800
The Greeks mapped those Stars, 
they named the constellation's, 

811
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:40,400
they tracked, the movements of 
the planets which they called 

812
00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:43,100
wandering stars, because they 
moved against the fixed 

813
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:47,100
background of the night sky, in 
ways that seem purposeful and 

814
00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:50,500
mysterious. 
They built sophisticated models 

815
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:54,000
of celestial motion, some of 
which were remarkably accurate. 

816
00:46:54,700 --> 00:46:58,100
Aristarchus of Samos even 
proposed that the Earth orbited,

817
00:46:58,100 --> 00:47:01,300
the sun nearly 2000 years before
Copernicus. 

818
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,300
He was largely ignored because 
the idea seemed counterintuitive

819
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:08,400
and the available evidence 
wasn't strong enough to overcome

820
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:10,900
common sense. 
That the fact that someone 

821
00:47:10,900 --> 00:47:13,500
arrived at that, conclusion 
through observation and 

822
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:16,100
reasoning alone is quietly 
astonishing. 

823
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:20,700
The seasons mattered in a way 
that's hard to appreciate if you

824
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:24,700
live in a climate control world.
Some are in Greece, was hot, 

825
00:47:24,700 --> 00:47:29,700
genuinely aggressively hot and 
the pace of Life, adjusted 

826
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:33,100
accordingly. 
People Rose early rested during 

827
00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:35,400
the hottest part of the 
afternoon and did this 

828
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:37,400
socializing in the cooler 
evening hours. 

829
00:47:38,500 --> 00:47:43,100
Winter brought cold rain shorter
days and the occasional Frost. 

830
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:46,100
Particularly in the Northern and
mountainous. 

831
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:50,400
Region's agricultural calendar, 
dictated the rhythm of the Year 

832
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:54,000
plowing an auto sowing in late 
fall. 

833
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:57,600
The anxious weight through 
winter, and the Harvest, in late

834
00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:01,900
spring and summer. 
A good harvest meant comfort and

835
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:05,900
security, a bad one, meant 
hunger and worry. 

836
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:10,200
The margin between plenty and 
scarcity, was thinner than most 

837
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:11,700
modern people can easily 
imagine. 

838
00:48:12,500 --> 00:48:15,400
The relationship with the sea 
was another defining feature of 

839
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,100
Greek life. 
Greece is a country of 

840
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:23,000
coastlines islands and harbors. 
The sea was a highway, a food 

841
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:27,800
source, a boundary and a source 
of constant, low-level anxiety. 

842
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:30,800
Sailing in the ancient world was
dangerous. 

843
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:35,600
Ships were small. 
Navigational was imprecise and 

844
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:39,200
storms could appear with little 
warning, every family with ties 

845
00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:41,200
to the Sea. 
Knew someone who hadn't come 

846
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:45,200
home, Sea gave generously and 
took without warning, and the 

847
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:49,300
Greeks respected at cordingly. 
Beside and wasn't just a 

848
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:52,200
character in a myth. 
He was the force that decided 

849
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:55,100
whether your husband, your 
father, or your son, made it 

850
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:58,900
back alive. 
The landscape itself, Rocky 

851
00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:03,500
mountainous dotted with olive, 
Groves and Vineyards, cut 

852
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:07,100
through with narrow. 
Valleys shaped everything about 

853
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:10,700
Greek civilization. 
The mountains made Overland 

854
00:49:10,700 --> 00:49:14,000
travel difficult which is why 
the city-states developed as 

855
00:49:14,008 --> 00:49:17,100
independent entities, rather 
than united into a single 

856
00:49:17,108 --> 00:49:20,600
nation. 
Each Valley each coastal, plain 

857
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:25,400
each island became its own small
world, with its own government, 

858
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:29,600
its own customs, and its own 
fear sense of identity. 

859
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:47,400
When an Athenian Metacritic, 
doesn't mean what you think it 

860
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:49,800
means. 
Greek clothing was on the 

861
00:49:49,808 --> 00:49:53,900
surface uncomplicated. 
The basic garment was the Titan,

862
00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:58,400
a rectangular piece of cloth, 
usually linen or wool draped 

863
00:49:58,400 --> 00:50:01,100
around the body and fastened at 
the shoulders with pins or 

864
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:03,800
brooches. 
Over this, you might wear a 

865
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:07,100
hermitian, a larger piece of 
cloth that served as an outer 

866
00:50:07,100 --> 00:50:08,400
wrap. 
Something like a cloak. 

867
00:50:08,400 --> 00:50:12,200
That was essentially it, no 
buttons, no, zippers know, 

868
00:50:12,200 --> 00:50:16,000
tailored seams just fabric 
folded and pinned. 

869
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:20,100
But within this Simplicity, 
there was enormous variation. 

870
00:50:20,900 --> 00:50:23,000
Quality of the cloth matted 
immensely. 

871
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:29,000
Finally in soft and light died 
in Rich, colors, saffron, 

872
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:33,200
yellow, deep Crimson, Tyrion 
purple announced wealth and 

873
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:35,800
status as clearly as any modern 
design label. 

874
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:40,500
Ordinary people wore undyed or 
simply died cloth in muted tones

875
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:43,700
the way you drape, your high 
mation communicated, something 

876
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:45,300
about your character and social 
position. 

877
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:49,000
A carefully arranged drapes, 
suggested refinement. 

878
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:53,300
Carelessly thrown High Mason 
suggested, either poverty or 

879
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:54,900
deliberate. 
Indifference to social 

880
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:58,300
convention, which in certain 
philosophical circles, was 

881
00:50:58,300 --> 00:51:02,400
actually a point of pride. 
Shoes were leather sandals for 

882
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:04,500
outdoor wear. 
And many people went Barefoot 

883
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:07,800
indoors. 
Socrates famously went Barefoot 

884
00:51:07,800 --> 00:51:11,200
everywhere in all weather, which
is contemporaries found 

885
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:14,000
eccentric. 
But also somewhat admirable in 

886
00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:16,800
the way that people sometimes 
admire discomforts, they 

887
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:21,700
themselves would never volunteer
for Laundry was a genuine labor 

888
00:51:21,700 --> 00:51:26,200
clothing was washed by hand, 
Often by trampling it in water. 

889
00:51:26,200 --> 00:51:28,900
Mixed with a cleaning agent that
cleaning. 

890
00:51:28,900 --> 00:51:32,500
Agent was sometimes lie, 
sometimes a type of clay called 

891
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:36,700
Fuller's earth. 
And sometimes and this is one of

892
00:51:36,708 --> 00:51:40,700
those details that makes you 
paused during which was an 

893
00:51:40,700 --> 00:51:43,900
effective source of ammonia. 
Urine was collected for this 

894
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:47,400
purpose, and if you think that 
sounds unpleasant you'd be 

895
00:51:47,408 --> 00:51:50,400
right, but it worked and 
practicality. 

896
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:53,200
As always been more persuasive 
than squeamishness. 

897
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:57,900
Jewelry was worn by both men and
women though, women were more of

898
00:51:57,900 --> 00:51:59,300
it. 
Rings. 

899
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,100
Bracelets. 
Earrings necklaces and brooches 

900
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:05,200
were made from gold. 
Silver bronze. 

901
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:09,000
And semi-precious stones. 
Greek goldsmiths, were 

902
00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:13,500
remarkably skilled producing 
delicate, filigree work, tiny 

903
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:17,100
animal figurines and intricate 
patterns that still look 

904
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:19,100
impressive. 
Under a magnifying glass today. 

905
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:22,900
Jewelry served as personal 
adornment. 

906
00:52:23,600 --> 00:52:27,200
As a marker of status and as 
portable wealth. 

907
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:31,200
In a world without banks wearing
your savings had a practical 

908
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:34,800
logic to it. 
Let's ease into the evening now,

909
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:37,800
because the way a Greek day 
wound down, had its own 

910
00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:41,800
particular rhythm. 
As the sun dropped toward the 

911
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:46,400
Horizon, the pace of the city, 
began to slow shots closed the 

912
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:49,900
Agora emptied. 
The heat of the afternoon and 

913
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:51,900
Greek Summers could be brutally 
hot. 

914
00:52:51,900 --> 00:52:55,000
The kind of heat that pressed 
down on you like a wool blanket 

915
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:59,700
began to loosen its grip. 
This was the time for the main 

916
00:52:59,700 --> 00:53:03,300
meal of the day. 
In a modest household, dinner 

917
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:05,600
might be that lentil soup. 
We mentioned or bread with 

918
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:09,300
cheese and Olive heating around 
a low table in the courtyard as 

919
00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:11,700
the sky turned from gold to Deep
Blue. 

920
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:17,000
The family ate together, though 
the social dynamics of who sat, 

921
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,900
where and who was served first 
reflected, the hierarchies that 

922
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:25,200
structured Greek domestic life. 
If you are a man of some means 

923
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:28,800
and social standing, the evening
might bring an invitation to a 

924
00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:31,400
symposium. 
You'd head to the hosts home, 

925
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:34,500
where the andron, the men's 
dining room, typically the most 

926
00:53:34,500 --> 00:53:38,000
decorated room in the house 
would be prepared with couches, 

927
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:40,100
low tables and garlands of 
flowers. 

928
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:42,500
You'd remove your sandals. 
At the door. 

929
00:53:42,500 --> 00:53:45,000
Wash your hands and recline on a
couch. 

930
00:53:45,000 --> 00:53:49,000
Leaning on your left elbow. 
The first part of the evening 

931
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:52,900
was devoted to food, not a 
lavish, Feast, usually, but 

932
00:53:52,900 --> 00:53:54,500
something more than the daily 
fare. 

933
00:53:55,500 --> 00:54:00,000
Fish perhaps or roasted meat 
accompanied by Bread vegetables 

934
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:04,000
and sauces. 
Then the tables were cleared and

935
00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:07,900
the drinking began. 
The crater was filled the 

936
00:54:07,900 --> 00:54:12,400
Symposium set the water to wine 
ratio and the evening unfolded 

937
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:16,400
at its own pace. 
There might be entertainment a 

938
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:20,400
musician, a poet, reciting 
versus a guest who had a good 

939
00:54:20,408 --> 00:54:23,100
story to tell. 
There might be intellectual 

940
00:54:23,100 --> 00:54:25,500
discussion. 
The kind that started with an 

941
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:28,000
interesting question and ended 
up somewhere. 

942
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:31,800
Nobody expected. 
There might also be competitive 

943
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:35,500
drinking, increasingly loud, 
singing and the sort of 

944
00:54:35,508 --> 00:54:38,900
behaviour that in the clear, 
light of mourning you'd prefer 

945
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:43,300
not to remember in detail. 
The Symposium was in its best 

946
00:54:43,300 --> 00:54:47,000
form, one of the great social 
institutions of the ancient 

947
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:51,400
world, a space, where ideas 
circulated freely, where 

948
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:54,700
friendships were formed and 
tested and where the Greek love 

949
00:54:54,700 --> 00:54:57,700
of conversation and argument 
found its fullest expression. 

950
00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:01,400
In its less elevated form. 
It was a bunch of men getting 

951
00:55:01,400 --> 00:55:04,700
drunk and making a mess. 
Both versions happened 

952
00:55:04,700 --> 00:55:07,000
regularly, sometimes in the same
evening. 

953
00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:10,600
Now, let's think about what it 
was like to grow old in ancient 

954
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:14,000
Greece because aging like, so 
many aspects of Greek. 

955
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:17,700
Life was a complicated 
experience shape by factors that

956
00:55:17,700 --> 00:55:21,100
were partly Universal and partly
specific to the culture. 

957
00:55:22,100 --> 00:55:25,900
Life expectancy was shorter than
what we were used to though. 

958
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:29,700
The numbers can be misleading. 
The average life expectancy was 

959
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:33,900
somewhere around 35 to 40 years 
but that figure is heavily 

960
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:38,100
skewed by infant and child 
mortality. if you survived 

961
00:55:38,100 --> 00:55:42,200
childhood and that was a 
significant, if You had a 

962
00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:45,900
reasonable chance of living into
your 60s or even 70s. 

963
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:51,000
The Greeks recognized old age as
a distinct phase of life and had

964
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:54,800
mixed feelings about it. 
On one hand, age brought 

965
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:59,400
experience, wisdom and a certain
Authority within the family and 

966
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,700
Community Elders were respected 
their opinions carried weight. 

967
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:07,200
On the other hand, the Greeks 
were keenly aware of the 

968
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:10,300
physical toll of aging and they 
didn't romanticize it. 

969
00:56:10,300 --> 00:56:14,800
Greek poetry is full of laments 
about the loss of Youth Beauty 

970
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:18,300
and strength. 
The culture placed enormous 

971
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:23,200
value on the physical body, on 
Beauty on athletic prowess on 

972
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:27,000
the Vitality of Youth and 
watching those things fade was 

973
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:31,000
experienced as a genuine loss, 
not just a minor inconvenience. 

974
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:34,900
Growing old in a culture that 
worshiped Youth and Beauty 

975
00:56:34,900 --> 00:56:38,900
required a certain kind of 
resilience a willingness to find

976
00:56:38,900 --> 00:56:41,900
meaning and purpose and 
qualities, that didn't depend on

977
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:45,200
strong legs, and smooth. 
Skin family was the primary 

978
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:46,600
safety. 
Net for the elderly. 

979
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:50,100
There were no pensions, no, 
retirement homes, and no, social

980
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:53,300
security system. 
If you could no longer work, you

981
00:56:53,300 --> 00:56:56,500
depended on your children, 
particularly your son's to 

982
00:56:56,500 --> 00:56:59,400
support you. 
This was both a social 

983
00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:03,100
expectation and in Athens at 
least a legal obligation. 

984
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:08,300
Children were required by law to
care for their aging parents in 

985
00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:10,700
return. 
Parents had the satisfaction of 

986
00:57:10,700 --> 00:57:14,100
knowing that the family they 
built and maintained would carry

987
00:57:14,100 --> 00:57:17,200
them through their final years. 
Death. 

988
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:21,700
When it came, was met with 
elaborate ritual. the body was 

989
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:25,000
washed and dressed usually by 
the women of the household and 

990
00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:28,300
laid out on a beer for a period 
of mourning called the processes

991
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:31,200
friends and family came to pay 
their respects. 

992
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:35,400
And there was wailing and 
lamentation public expressions 

993
00:57:35,400 --> 00:57:37,700
of grief that were both genuine 
and formalized. 

994
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:43,700
The funeral procession or ec4a, 
carried the body to the burial 

995
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:47,200
site before Dawn. 
Burial and cremation were both 

996
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:50,400
practiced depending on the 
period and the region. 

997
00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:55,100
Grave Goods, Pottery jewelry, 
and personal items were placed 

998
00:57:55,100 --> 00:57:57,900
with the deceased intended to 
accompany them into the 

999
00:57:57,908 --> 00:58:02,800
Afterlife, the Greek afterlife. 
It should be said, was not an, 

1000
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:07,100
especially cheerful Prospect. 
The underworld ruled by Hades 

1001
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:11,600
was imagined as a dim shadowy 
place where the dead existed as 

1002
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:14,100
pale reflections of their former
selves. 

1003
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:18,800
The Great Hero Achilles. 
And from the underworld in 

1004
00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:22,600
Homer's Odyssey, reportedly said
he'd rather be a living laborer 

1005
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:25,200
than the king of all the dead. 
It wasn't punishment. 

1006
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:28,200
Exactly the Greeks Reserve true 
punishment for exceptional 

1007
00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:30,800
wrongdoers but it wasn't 
Paradise either. 

1008
00:58:30,800 --> 00:58:35,000
It was just a diminished version
of existence going on. 

1009
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:39,100
And on in the half-light, The 
Greeks face death, not with the 

1010
00:58:39,108 --> 00:58:42,500
promise of Eternal reward but 
with the understanding that life

1011
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:46,500
for all its difficulties was the
main event and everything after 

1012
00:58:46,500 --> 00:58:49,800
was an afterthought. 
For we begin to wind down. 

1013
00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:53,700
There's one more thing worth 
talking about and that's the 

1014
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:57,400
Greek relationship with the 
concept of Zinnia hospitality. 

1015
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:00,300
Because this was more than just 
good manners. 

1016
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:04,300
It was a sacred obligation in 
force by Zeus himself in his 

1017
00:59:04,300 --> 00:59:06,500
role as the protector of guests 
and travelers. 

1018
00:59:07,500 --> 00:59:12,600
If a stranger showed up at your 
door, Dusty tired hungry, you 

1019
00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:16,100
were expected to welcome. 
The main feed them, give them a 

1020
00:59:16,100 --> 00:59:20,200
place to wash and rest and only 
then once they were comfortable,

1021
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:24,500
asked, who they were and where 
they were going Asking two soon 

1022
00:59:24,500 --> 00:59:27,500
was rude. 
Turning someone away was worse 

1023
00:59:27,500 --> 00:59:29,700
than rude. 
It was an offense Against The 

1024
00:59:29,700 --> 00:59:32,600
Gods. 
The logic behind this was partly

1025
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,400
practical in a world without 
hotels or reliable. 

1026
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:39,500
Ins Travelers depended on the 
hospitality of strangers and 

1027
00:59:39,500 --> 00:59:43,100
partly moral the Greeks believed
that how you treated the 

1028
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:45,000
powerless said something 
fundamental about your 

1029
00:59:45,000 --> 00:59:47,100
character. 
In return. 

1030
00:59:47,100 --> 00:59:50,300
Guests are expected to behave 
with gratitude and restraint, 

1031
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:52,200
don't overstay. 
Your welcome. 

1032
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:55,300
Don't make a mess. 
Don't try to seduce your host 

1033
00:59:55,300 --> 00:59:58,300
spouse. 
These expectations were codified

1034
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:02,400
not in law, but in Custer and 
vice them, could bring serious 

1035
01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:06,300
social consequences and 
supposedly divine retribution. 

1036
01:00:07,100 --> 01:00:10,600
The whole system only worked 
because both parties held up 

1037
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:13,900
their end of the arrangement. 
And for the most part they did, 

1038
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:18,200
Zinnia was one of the invisible 
threads that held Greek society 

1039
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:21,100
together. 
Shared understanding that human 

1040
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:23,200
beings. 
Each other something simply by 

1041
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:27,000
virtue of Being Human. 
It's a lovely idea and it worked

1042
01:00:27,000 --> 01:00:30,000
about as well as any system 
based on trust and Goodwill ever

1043
01:00:30,000 --> 01:00:33,800
does. 
Which is to say imperfectly, but

1044
01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:35,400
better than having nothing at 
all. 

1045
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:41,400
Let's take a final, walk through
the city as the night deepens, 

1046
01:00:41,400 --> 01:00:44,300
the streets are quiet now or 
nearly. 

1047
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:48,000
So most of the oil lamps have 
been extinguished and the city 

1048
01:00:48,008 --> 01:00:51,500
is settled into darkness. 
A dog barks somewhere. 

1049
01:00:51,500 --> 01:00:54,400
Probably at nothing. 
The sound of the sea. 

1050
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,100
If you're near the coast 
provides, a low steady pulse 

1051
01:00:57,100 --> 01:01:01,000
beneath everything else up above
the stars are doing their 

1052
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:05,300
ancient unhurried thing. 
The same constellations that you

1053
01:01:05,300 --> 01:01:09,200
can see from your bedroom window
or could if the streetlights 

1054
01:01:09,200 --> 01:01:13,600
were in the way, a hanging there
in the Greek Sky, impossibly 

1055
01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:17,000
bright Orion is striding across 
the heavens. 

1056
01:01:18,100 --> 01:01:21,000
A player's, a clustered together
like a handful of scattered 

1057
01:01:21,000 --> 01:01:23,800
seeds. 
The Greeks looked at the same 

1058
01:01:23,800 --> 01:01:26,900
stars and saw Hunters Bears, 
Heroes and gods. 

1059
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:30,600
They told stories about them 
that have survived nearly 3,000 

1060
01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:34,100
years, which is a kind of 
immortality that even Achilles 

1061
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:38,800
might have been In the house, 
the family settling in for the 

1062
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:42,400
night, the children of have been
put to bed their small bodies 

1063
01:01:42,400 --> 01:01:46,900
curled on the simple mattresses.
Fire in the courtyard has burned

1064
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:50,800
down to Embers giving off a 
faint warmth and a soft reddish 

1065
01:01:50,800 --> 01:01:52,900
glow. 
Someone has placed a blanket 

1066
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:56,000
over the Old Clay Brazier to 
bank the coals for morning. 

1067
01:01:56,800 --> 01:02:00,700
The house smells like wood smoke
olive oil and the faintly sweet 

1068
01:02:00,700 --> 01:02:04,600
scent of dried figs stored in a 
basket near the kitchen. 

1069
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:09,100
You lie down on your bed. 
The Rope frame bed with the wool

1070
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:12,300
stuffed mattress and pull a 
Woolen blanket over yourself. 

1071
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:16,200
It's not the most comfortable 
Arrangement you can imagine but 

1072
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:19,200
it's warm enough and after a 
long day of work and 

1073
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:23,700
conversation and walking through
the dusty streets, your body is 

1074
01:02:23,700 --> 01:02:26,800
ready for rest. 
The wool is slightly scratchy 

1075
01:02:26,800 --> 01:02:31,200
against your skin but in a 
familiar way the kind of minor 

1076
01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:33,500
discomfort. 
You stopped noticing years ago, 

1077
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:36,900
the way you stop hearing the 
ticking of a clock that's been 

1078
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:39,200
on your wall. 
Long enough, the house creaks 

1079
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:42,400
wants the wood Contracting as 
the night air cools and then 

1080
01:02:42,400 --> 01:02:45,400
it's quiet. 
Tomorrow will look a lot like 

1081
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:48,400
today. 
The rooster will cro the bread 

1082
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:51,400
will be dense. 
The Agora will hum with Commerce

1083
01:02:51,400 --> 01:02:53,800
and gossip. 
The philosophers will ask their 

1084
01:02:53,800 --> 01:02:56,800
unanswerable questions. 
The gods will watch from their 

1085
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,700
high places in scrutable and 
unpredictable as ever. 

1086
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:04,200
See will Sparkle in the Morning,
Light, beautiful, and dangerous 

1087
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:08,000
in equal measure and you'll get 
up and do it all over again 

1088
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:12,600
because that's what life is. 
Not the grand, dramatic version 

1089
01:03:12,600 --> 01:03:15,300
that gets carved into marble and
preserved for posterity. 

1090
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:20,100
But the small daily version 
that's made up of meals and 

1091
01:03:20,100 --> 01:03:25,400
conversations and tired feet and
familiar faces the version that 

1092
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:29,100
nobody writes epic poems about, 
but that matters more than 

1093
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:32,000
anything else because it's the 
version that's actually real. 

1094
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:36,300
The Greeks understood this even 
if they didn't always say it out

1095
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:39,000
loud. 
For all their love of Heroes and

1096
01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:42,700
gods and Grand Ambitions. 
They all know that the good life

1097
01:03:43,500 --> 01:03:47,200
Truly good life was built from 
ordinary materials. 

1098
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:52,500
A well-tended household, a 
conversation with a friend, a 

1099
01:03:52,500 --> 01:03:55,100
cup of wine. 
At the end of a long day, the 

1100
01:03:55,100 --> 01:03:57,600
sound of your children sleeping 
in the Next Room. 

1101
01:03:57,600 --> 01:04:01,300
The smell of bread baking in the
early morning, even if that 

1102
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:03,900
bread was going to be dense, 
enough to use as a doorstop. 

1103
01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:07,000
These are not the things that 
make it into the history books, 

1104
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:09,900
but they are the things that 
made ancient Greece. 

1105
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:14,300
A real place inhabited by real 
people who worry about the same 

1106
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:17,600
things you worry about. 
Whether the Harvest would be 

1107
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:21,600
good, whether their children 
would be all right, whether they

1108
01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:23,700
were living the way they were 
supposed to be living. 

1109
01:04:24,500 --> 01:04:28,900
And on that, quiet note with the
Stars turning slowly overhead 

1110
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:32,400
and the Mediterranean Breeze 
moving through the courtyard. 

1111
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:37,700
The ancient Greek day comes to 
its end The oil lamp flickers 

1112
01:04:37,700 --> 01:04:42,300
once twice and then goes dark. 
You close your eyes. 

1113
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:47,000
The world is old and strange, 
and full of things, you'll never

1114
01:04:47,008 --> 01:04:51,100
fully understand. 
But for now, in this small house

1115
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:56,900
in this small City, In this 
brief window of time between one

1116
01:04:56,900 --> 01:05:00,400
mystery and the next. 
Everything is exactly as it 

1117
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:03,300
should be. 
Sleep well and there you have 

1118
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:05,700
it. 
Day in the life of someone who 

1119
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:08,900
actually lived in ancient 
Greece, not the polished museum 

1120
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:12,800
display version but the real one
with all its dust and oil and 

1121
01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:17,000
noise and beauty. 
A world that was alien in so 

1122
01:05:17,000 --> 01:05:20,000
many ways. 
And yet in the ways that matter,

1123
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:23,700
most not so different from your 
own, the bread was terrible. 

1124
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:27,300
The beds were hard. 
The street smelled like exactly 

1125
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:30,000
what you'd expect streets 
without a sanitation department 

1126
01:05:30,000 --> 01:05:32,800
to smell like, but the sky was 
magnificent. 

1127
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,700
A conversation will worth 
having, and the olive oil was 

1128
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:39,500
exceptional. 
The Greeks built something 

1129
01:05:39,500 --> 01:05:42,200
remarkable. 
Not just the temples and 

1130
01:05:42,200 --> 01:05:46,100
theatres and the philosophical 
traditions, but a way of being 

1131
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:49,300
in the world took the raw 
material of human experience and

1132
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:54,200
tried with genuine effort and 
imperfect results to make 

1133
01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:57,900
something meaningful out of it. 
They didn't always succeed. 

1134
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:01,600
They were wrong about a lot of 
things and some of the things 

1135
01:06:01,600 --> 01:06:04,500
they were wrong about caused 
real harm to real people, but 

1136
01:06:04,500 --> 01:06:08,000
they tried, they asked the big 
questions they looked up at the 

1137
01:06:08,008 --> 01:06:12,200
stars and wondered and thousands
of years later under the same 

1138
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:14,300
Stars. 
You're still wondering too, 

1139
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:17,700
which is when you think about 
it, one of the nicest things 

1140
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:20,400
anyone has ever inherited. 
Good night. 

1141
01:06:27,500 --> 01:06:31,700
In the year, 742 CE a prosperous
city, state of Corazon, 

1142
01:06:31,700 --> 01:06:35,400
glittered under the Noonday Sun,
the Nexus for Caravan routes, 

1143
01:06:35,400 --> 01:06:38,900
feeding, distant Empires chorus,
and thrived on the exchange of 

1144
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:43,000
saffron, silk star, charts and 
rumors whispered behind curtain.

1145
01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:47,300
Delco's At its centered Grand 
Marketplace, whose vaulted roof 

1146
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:49,200
trapped the daily bustle in a 
ceaseless. 

1147
01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:58,200
Echo Traders from the entire 
Fate and Beyond mingled amongst 

1148
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:02,700
all stacked high with lapis, 
lazuli, dried fruit, and perfume

1149
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:06,500
Sandalwood somehow did it as a 
Marvel of Cosmopolitan life 

1150
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:09,700
where fortunes might pivot in a 
single conversational. 

1151
01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:14,900
Among the people navigating, the
throng was career bint yazed a 

1152
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:17,800
traveling scholar, whose lineage
traced back to the once renowned

1153
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:21,200
zoroastrian Priests of Persia. 
Her face portrayed 

1154
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:23,400
concentration. 
As she studied hieroglyphic 

1155
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:27,400
notations in a weathered scroll 
Unmarried and unconcerned with 

1156
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:30,400
the expectations placed upon a 
woman of her station, she had 

1157
01:07:30,400 --> 01:07:33,300
roamed from one end of the Silk 
Road to the other piecing. 

1158
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:35,700
Together knowledge that seldom 
found its way into the official 

1159
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:39,500
annals the swirl of corazon's 
Commerce did not distract her, 

1160
01:07:39,500 --> 01:07:42,000
she focused on a lead, 
suggesting that rare 

1161
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:44,400
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 
private collection near the 

1162
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:48,600
city's Eastern quarter. this 
rumor if proven, true could 

1163
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:51,200
illuminate corners of History, 
barely glimpsed by modern 

1164
01:07:51,200 --> 01:07:55,100
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 
into elaborate of narrow Lanes. 

1165
01:07:55,100 --> 01:07:59,100
Behind the four main Bazaar 
Guided by coded map etched into 

1166
01:07:59,100 --> 01:08:01,500
her memory. 
Eager boy, is offered to carry 

1167
01:08:01,500 --> 01:08:04,800
her Satchel's for a coin and 
watchful guards in brass trimmed

1168
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:08,600
uniforms each passerby. 
She brushed off all offers of 

1169
01:08:08,600 --> 01:08:12,100
help too many Watchers too many 
years at last. 

1170
01:08:12,100 --> 01:08:14,800
She arrived at a courtyard 
hidden by the Plain wooden door.

1171
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:18,200
Its walls were plastered in 
cream white, while Vines, 

1172
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:20,899
spiraled up lattices under hazy 
afternoon sky. 

1173
01:08:21,899 --> 01:08:25,000
Within that secluded Enclave 
student elderly bibliophile 

1174
01:08:25,000 --> 01:08:28,300
named kazem, Al talabi his 
hands, trembling under the 

1175
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:31,899
burden of a Slender volume Bound
in jade green leather, their 

1176
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:34,800
meeting was brief career. 
Offered him carefully wrapped 

1177
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:38,500
objects fragments of ancient 
mathematics, tablets and covered

1178
01:08:38,500 --> 01:08:42,700
near salmon and in exchange 
relinquished, the Jade bound 

1179
01:08:42,700 --> 01:08:45,899
text. you warned her that 
certain circles would stop at 

1180
01:08:45,899 --> 01:08:48,500
nothing to keep these Pages 
hidden for they revealed 

1181
01:08:48,500 --> 01:08:51,600
knowledge rumored to disrupt any
Empire reliant on controlling 

1182
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:55,500
scholarship She nodded Gravely, 
a custom to the Shadows that 

1183
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:58,899
dogged rare manuscripts. 
Across the years, she had 

1184
01:08:58,899 --> 01:09:02,500
learned that truth took many 
forms each requiring, a subtle 

1185
01:09:02,500 --> 01:09:05,000
approach to keep it from 
Vanishing under official 

1186
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:08,399
censure. 
Emerging once again, into the 

1187
01:09:08,399 --> 01:09:10,500
main Bazaar. 
Career carefully, hid, the new 

1188
01:09:10,500 --> 01:09:12,200
acquisition beneath her 
traveling cloak. 

1189
01:09:12,899 --> 01:09:16,200
She knew better than to linger 
Horizons seeming, tolerance of 

1190
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:19,100
foreign ideas, could transform 
abruptly of power shifted. 

1191
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:22,899
Memory of burned Scrolls and 
harass scribes in other 

1192
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:26,200
dominions haunted her, fueling 
her determination to preserve 

1193
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:29,500
the text at any cost. 
She arranged with a local 

1194
01:09:29,500 --> 01:09:33,600
Caravan heading, Eastwood its 
leader a woman named assume who 

1195
01:09:33,600 --> 01:09:36,300
had a reputation for out, 
maneuvering desert Bandits. 

1196
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:40,200
Without Illusions carrier 
recognize that partnering with 

1197
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:44,100
such a skilled Merchants would 
cost her yet safety for the Jade

1198
01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:48,399
bound book was Paramount. before
the Caravan departed, Korea, 

1199
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,600
paid her respects at a small 
Shrine dedicated to wise men of 

1200
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:55,000
antiquity A single Candle, 
flickered by the altar, 

1201
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:58,000
Illuminating offerings left. 
By Travelers praying for Clear, 

1202
01:09:58,000 --> 01:10:01,500
roads, and fair weather. 
She exhaled a silent oath that 

1203
01:10:01,508 --> 01:10:04,000
she would not let ignorance 
Devour the precious knowledge in

1204
01:10:04,000 --> 01:10:06,800
her care. 
Beyond the city's Gates, lay an 

1205
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:09,400
expanse of desert and studied 
with dunes and hammered by 

1206
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:12,100
Fierce winds. 
But her route LED even father 

1207
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:14,400
along Mountain, Trails rumored 
to house. 

1208
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:17,400
Hidden monasteries and ephemeral
Oasis towns. 

1209
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:20,800
The Unstoppable pulse of 
curiosity, drove her to press 

1210
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:24,100
forward, regardless of perils 
that might look in the next Bend

1211
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:27,800
of the road. 
Dawn arrived, painting the sky 

1212
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:31,300
with ocher and salmon. 
Hughes carrier joined us soon. 

1213
01:10:31,300 --> 01:10:34,100
And the other Travelers at the 
designated meeting point where 

1214
01:10:34,100 --> 01:10:36,600
camel's braids and Donkey 
drivers prepared. 

1215
01:10:36,600 --> 01:10:40,100
Loads of Bali and dried fruit. 
The Caravan Synergy was 

1216
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:44,000
immediately evident each person 
had a distinct tasks ensure 

1217
01:10:44,000 --> 01:10:45,600
that. 
By the time, the sun fully 

1218
01:10:45,600 --> 01:10:47,800
breached the Horizon, they were 
on the move. 

1219
01:10:48,500 --> 01:10:51,600
Career walked near us soon, who 
shared glimpses of the terrain 

1220
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:55,000
ahead and introduced carrier to 
the Caravans unspoken rules 

1221
01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:58,800
trust the signals ration, water 
meticulously, and never 

1222
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:00,900
questioned. 
The necessity of midnight halts.

1223
01:11:01,900 --> 01:11:04,700
In these borderless regions, 
vigilance was currency. 

1224
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:08,600
With the sun mounting, the 
Caravan snaked through a parched

1225
01:11:08,600 --> 01:11:11,600
plane dotted by Twiztid. 
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 

1226
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:14,200
Broken only by the soft 
shuffling of hooves and the 

1227
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:15,900
gentle clink of metal 
fastenings. 

1228
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:20,000
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 
Codex, inside her bag, she had 

1229
01:11:20,000 --> 01:11:23,500
only glimpsed a few pages thus 
far intricate diagrams of 

1230
01:11:23,500 --> 01:11:26,300
planetary movement. 
Cryptic references to ancient 

1231
01:11:26,300 --> 01:11:29,800
empire that proceeded the 
Aquaman's and footnotes scrolled

1232
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:32,300
in an unfamiliar script. 
Accurate. 

1233
01:11:32,300 --> 01:11:35,100
These writings expanded, the 
known timeline of advanced 

1234
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:38,700
astronomy by centuries. 
She resolved to study every 

1235
01:11:38,700 --> 01:11:40,800
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. 

1236
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,000
Of soon, signaled, a holt near a
cluster of sunken Boulders 

1237
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:47,900
granting the group respite from 
the crushing midday Heat. 

1238
01:11:48,700 --> 01:11:52,100
While some dosed in makeshift 
shade career took cautious sips 

1239
01:11:52,100 --> 01:11:55,200
from her water skin feeling the 
dryness cling to her throat, 

1240
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:58,600
arrest restlessness stirred 
within her equal parts, 

1241
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:02,800
excitement and anxiety. 
She replied Chasm, Al talibi 

1242
01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:06,200
warning. powerful figures had an
interest in ensuring no 

1243
01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:09,900
undeciphered the text for them 
knowledge was a finite resource 

1244
01:12:09,900 --> 01:12:14,500
Best Kept under strict watch As 
a swirl of wind kicked sand 

1245
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:16,200
across her path, carrier 
gripped. 

1246
01:12:16,200 --> 01:12:19,700
Her Satchel silently vowing. 
She would not be silenced by 

1247
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:21,700
Twilight. 
The Caravan approached, a modest

1248
01:12:21,700 --> 01:12:25,200
Oasis lined with date palms that
cast Long Shadows across 

1249
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,200
Stillwater. 
Soon, guided her camels into a 

1250
01:12:28,200 --> 01:12:30,600
semi-circle forming. 
A protective barrier against 

1251
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:33,300
stray Wanderers. 
Several Travelers set about 

1252
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:35,600
erecting. 
Tents While others gathered wood

1253
01:12:35,600 --> 01:12:38,100
for small fires, that would ward
off the chill of desert night. 

1254
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:42,100
Career found herself drawn to 
the Waters Edge, were subdued 

1255
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:45,700
conversation, Rose Among weary 
Merchants some speculated about 

1256
01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:48,600
the political tensions, brewing 
in distant courts others 

1257
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:50,300
lamented the rising cost of 
salt. 

1258
01:12:51,100 --> 01:12:53,800
Has Darkness settled. 
The Oasis took on another 

1259
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:55,800
worldly. 
Hush a crescent moon. 

1260
01:12:55,800 --> 01:12:59,200
Glimmered overhead, Illuminating
faint, outlines of crumbling 

1261
01:12:59,200 --> 01:13:02,200
Stone pillars suggesting an 
abandoned settlement from a 

1262
01:13:02,200 --> 01:13:05,700
forgotten era. 
Under that quiet volt of stars. 

1263
01:13:05,700 --> 01:13:09,300
Korea couldn't resist scaning a 
few more pages of the Jade bound

1264
01:13:09,300 --> 01:13:12,300
manuscript. 
It's text merged in empirical 

1265
01:13:12,300 --> 01:13:15,200
observations with philosophical 
notes, referencing the grand 

1266
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,100
Wheel of Time. 
She recognized a bleak 

1267
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:21,000
references to astronomical 
systems older than the widely 

1268
01:13:21,000 --> 01:13:24,400
recognized ptolemaic model. 
If deciphered fully such 

1269
01:13:24,400 --> 01:13:27,200
knowledge, might challenge many 
assumptions cherished by a 

1270
01:13:27,200 --> 01:13:30,000
steamed academies. 
Meanwhile, as soon stepped away 

1271
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:33,000
from the main group beckon and 
Korea to join her near a 

1272
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:33,700
withered. 
Acacia. 

1273
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:37,100
You Stand Out, Among our 
company, the merchant remarked, 

1274
01:13:37,100 --> 01:13:40,500
in a measured tone your eyes, 
never rest and you guard that 

1275
01:13:40,500 --> 01:13:43,800
bag as if it carries, the soul 
of a king Carrier. 

1276
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:47,100
Wary of revealing too much 
offered that she was merely a 

1277
01:13:47,100 --> 01:13:48,800
scholar and trusted with a rare 
item. 

1278
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:51,400
Have soon. 
Nodded but warned Korea that 

1279
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:53,800
roving spies seeking Advantage 
for rival. 

1280
01:13:53,800 --> 01:13:58,300
Factions often infiltrated 
Caravans she suggested Korea 

1281
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:01,600
remain Vigilant, especially 
given the extraordinary bustling

1282
01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:06,400
Corazon where rumor travels like
wildfire unable to sleep career.

1283
01:14:06,400 --> 01:14:07,800
Lingard by The Embers of the 
fire. 

1284
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:09,300
After most Travelers are dosed 
off. 

1285
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:12,300
She studied the swirling 
patterns of the night sky, 

1286
01:14:12,300 --> 01:14:15,000
mindful of the coated star 
charts in the manuscript. 

1287
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:18,900
Passing Caravan sometimes 
recounted Legends of a hidden 

1288
01:14:18,900 --> 01:14:21,300
library. 
In the mountain city of varish, 

1289
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:24,300
where lines of knowledge 
stretched back to centuries 

1290
01:14:24,300 --> 01:14:27,400
unknown. 
Carrier wondered if that Library

1291
01:14:27,400 --> 01:14:30,900
could fill the gaps in her text.
she believed the Jade bound 

1292
01:14:30,900 --> 01:14:33,300
manuscript might be only a 
fragment of a larger puzzle, 

1293
01:14:34,100 --> 01:14:37,700
It's scattered across the Silk 
Road shifting tapestry, morning 

1294
01:14:37,700 --> 01:14:41,400
unveiled, a horizon brushed with
Amber and the Caravan proceeded 

1295
01:14:41,400 --> 01:14:44,000
along a rocky escarpment, 
overlooking a vast, June 

1296
01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:47,600
Fielding, slopes of sand. 
Rippled beneath the wind like 

1297
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:51,400
the surface of a living sea. 
At midday, they paused for Water

1298
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,300
rationed by a soon with practice
efficiency. 

1299
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:58,300
Carrier noticed that one of the 
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 

1300
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:02,500
man named Malik carried a small 
chest meticulously locked, he 

1301
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:04,500
traveled with. 
Perpetual worry etched into his 

1302
01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:07,200
features eyes. 
Darting whenever talked turned 

1303
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:10,400
to rumors of desert, Raiders 
secret seemed to coil around 

1304
01:15:10,400 --> 01:15:12,400
each member of the assemblage as
though. 

1305
01:15:12,400 --> 01:15:14,300
No one ventured. 
These roads without hidden 

1306
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:18,700
motives Late in the afternoon, 
the Caravan encountered, a party

1307
01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:19,600
of Horsemen. 
Flying. 

1308
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:22,200
The banner of a minor warlord 
rumored to be in League with the

1309
01:15:22,200 --> 01:15:24,500
Region's. 
Most feared Bandit, Clan's 

1310
01:15:24,500 --> 01:15:27,700
tension, crackled through the 
group as soon halted, the 

1311
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:29,600
Caravan waiting for the Riders 
to approach. 

1312
01:15:30,400 --> 01:15:33,200
After a terse greeting, the 
horsemen rode on apparently 

1313
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:36,300
uninterested in Conflict. 
But the encounter rattled 

1314
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,900
everyone Career noticed as soon 
as posture remained rigid with 

1315
01:15:39,900 --> 01:15:42,300
caution long. 
After the Riders vanished, in a 

1316
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:45,100
plume of dust, the merchant 
murmured about changing their 

1317
01:15:45,100 --> 01:15:47,200
root seeking narrower Trails 
less. 

1318
01:15:47,200 --> 01:15:50,200
Patrolled by predatory 
Chieftains that evening brought 

1319
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:52,500
them to a narrow Gorge its 
walls. 

1320
01:15:52,500 --> 01:15:54,300
Towering on either side in 
Jagged ridges. 

1321
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:57,600
As soon insisted they make camp 
in a sheltered Alcove half 

1322
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:01,100
hidden behind whether boulders. 
By the flicker of firelight 

1323
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:03,000
career. 
Finally delved into the central 

1324
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:07,000
chapter of the manuscript? 
Strange, symbols Park, Kunia 

1325
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:10,900
form, part and known script 
decorated the margins each sign 

1326
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:14,000
a company by cryptic commentary.
The text recounted a 

1327
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:16,700
civilization that maped 
constellation in ways, 

1328
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:18,800
contrasting, with every known 
chart. 

1329
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:22,800
Diagrammatic lines, implied in 
advanced geometry, far 

1330
01:16:22,800 --> 01:16:25,100
exceeding, the standard 
calculation of her time. 

1331
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:29,600
Just as Korea's pulse quick and 
at the Revelation a cry, rang 

1332
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:32,800
out near the edge of camp. 
She rushed toward the commotion.

1333
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:36,800
Heart pounding. 
Malik stood, trembling by his 

1334
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:41,800
small chest which now lay open 
is contents missing Anguish 

1335
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:44,400
colored his voice as he pleaded 
for help insisting. 

1336
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:47,400
That something vital had been 
stolen, crucial letter from the 

1337
01:16:47,408 --> 01:16:51,500
governor of Basra hidden within 
that chest up soon assembled. 

1338
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:55,100
The Caravan members demanding an
explanation, tempers flared 

1339
01:16:55,100 --> 01:16:58,500
suspicion circled and whispered 
accusations rippled through the 

1340
01:16:58,500 --> 01:17:01,300
script. 
Searching for Footprints beneath

1341
01:17:01,300 --> 01:17:04,300
Lantern light. 
They discovered evidence of at 

1342
01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:06,700
least two Intruders who had come
and gone Without a Trace. 

1343
01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:10,200
No sign indicated who among 
them, might be an accomplice 

1344
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:14,400
theft underscored a soon's 
earlier warning in these 

1345
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,700
transitory worlds, Secrets, 
attract cunning opportunists 

1346
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:20,400
Korea gripped. 
Her manuscript more tightly 

1347
01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:23,800
wishing to vanish inside the 
Labyrinth of lines and symbols 

1348
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:26,700
that promised an era unbounded 
by Petty intrigued. 

1349
01:17:27,300 --> 01:17:29,400
Yet, she remained anchored in 
the caravan's. 

1350
01:17:29,400 --> 01:17:32,100
Tents reality. 
The road ahead felt increasingly

1351
01:17:32,100 --> 01:17:35,200
perilous and the cost of 
preserving knowledge seemed set 

1352
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:38,700
to rise the following Sunrise 
found the Caravan subdued. 

1353
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:42,300
Each member wary of neighbors. 
Who might conceal hidden agendas

1354
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:46,200
Of soon, led them out of the 
gorge of brisk Pace aiming to 

1355
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:47,600
put distance between their 
group. 

1356
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:51,100
And whoever had orchestrated, 
the nighttime theft, a pale wind

1357
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:54,500
carried, the Center, flint and 
dust stinging eyes, and chopping

1358
01:17:54,500 --> 01:17:56,300
lips. 
Their route. 

1359
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:59,400
Descended along a dry River bed 
flanked, by stunted Tamarisk, 

1360
01:17:59,400 --> 01:18:03,900
shrubs offering scant protection
from the intensifying son Korea,

1361
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:07,300
trudged installs in silence 
mindful that trust could be a 

1362
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:11,000
luxury as midday Drew near they 
spotted, the remnants of a 

1363
01:18:11,000 --> 01:18:13,100
caravan serai built against the 
side of a bluff. 

1364
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:16,800
It's once sturdy walls, had 
caved in and battered, archways 

1365
01:18:16,800 --> 01:18:19,100
led into Courtyards strewn with 
Fallen Timber. 

1366
01:18:19,900 --> 01:18:22,600
Soon, signaled, a cautious 
approach and certain where The 

1367
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:24,800
Travelers are outlaws. 
Might be occupying, the ruins 

1368
01:18:24,800 --> 01:18:28,500
the group explored in pairs 
stepping over cracked tiles, 

1369
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:30,200
littered with the Scorpion 
husks. 

1370
01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:33,700
Know living presence emerged 
though, evidence of a hasty 

1371
01:18:33,700 --> 01:18:37,800
departure scattered. 
Cole's torn blankets, suggested 

1372
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:39,600
someone had sheltered their not 
long before. 

1373
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,500
Since water was available from a
half collapse system have soon, 

1374
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,700
decided they would rest on what 
remained of the Caravan sarai's 

1375
01:18:46,700 --> 01:18:49,600
roof. 
Malik hovered by his broken 

1376
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:52,700
chest sifting through remnants 
of cloth as those searching for 

1377
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,500
any clue. 
Career drifted away from the 

1378
01:18:55,500 --> 01:18:58,400
group drawn to an overgrown 
Courtyard where a dried 

1379
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:02,000
Fountain, stood Vine's draped, 
its cracked base and trailing 

1380
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:04,200
over carved motifs of 
intertwined serpents. 

1381
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:08,700
Time and neglected worn away the
finer details, yet a mysterious 

1382
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:11,200
energy. 
Lingard as though the place once

1383
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:15,900
echoed with conversing about 
Cosmic truths, Beyond mortal 

1384
01:19:15,900 --> 01:19:19,600
comprehension, She pulled out, 
the Jade bound book to 

1385
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:22,600
scrutinize, a passage, 
describing the Four Points 

1386
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:24,400
beyond the boundary of Earthly 
measure. 

1387
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:29,200
The text postulated that certain
alignment patterns stars in 

1388
01:19:29,200 --> 01:19:31,800
specific, conjunctions allowed 
glimpses into knowledge. 

1389
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:36,000
Unattainable through ordinary 
means this notion was not 

1390
01:19:36,000 --> 01:19:39,200
entirely foreign given that many
mystical traditions in Persia 

1391
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:42,600
and India spoke of cosmic Gates.
Still the clarity of these 

1392
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:46,100
instructions startled. 
Her the manuscript seemed less a

1393
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:48,100
mere curiosity and more 
carefully. 

1394
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:50,800
Constructed key. 
She wondered if others who saw 

1395
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:52,400
it might comprehend it 
significant. 

1396
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:56,400
Meanwhile after soon prepared 
spiced lentils and shared them 

1397
01:19:56,400 --> 01:19:58,000
among the group. 
Her gestures. 

1398
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:01,100
Calm, yet determined, to 
maintain Unity tension. 

1399
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:03,700
Still hovered. 
Like a low cloud with suspicions

1400
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:05,800
that the thieves might be part 
of a larger plot. 

1401
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:09,200
Over a sparse meal career 
gleaned fragments of each 

1402
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:12,400
Travelers story. 
A textile Merchant returning 

1403
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:15,400
from Cairo. 
A widow heading to Samarkand to 

1404
01:20:15,400 --> 01:20:17,400
meet his estranged, son and 
amateur. 

1405
01:20:17,400 --> 01:20:19,700
Scribe, hoping to gain 
employment in the library of 

1406
01:20:19,700 --> 01:20:23,300
nishapur, nearby layer. 
She sensed each person guarded 

1407
01:20:23,300 --> 01:20:28,600
Secrets born of loss and 
ambition or desperation As dusk 

1408
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:31,600
fell Moonlight filtered through 
the Caravan sarai's gaps 

1409
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:34,400
accentuating outlines of 
shattered pillars. 

1410
01:20:35,300 --> 01:20:39,500
The group huddled around, small 
fires soft conversation revolved

1411
01:20:39,500 --> 01:20:41,000
around the abrupt shift in 
weather. 

1412
01:20:41,000 --> 01:20:44,700
The possibility of encountering,
warlord, patrols and whether 

1413
01:20:44,700 --> 01:20:46,900
rumors of a plague in the 
western provinces were 

1414
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:49,800
exaggerated, though. 
The chatter seemed ordinary 

1415
01:20:49,800 --> 01:20:53,000
career felt a current of urgency
running beneath it. 

1416
01:20:53,700 --> 01:20:55,700
Everyone. 
Understood the precariousness of

1417
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:57,900
traveling, these roots at any 
moment. 

1418
01:20:57,900 --> 01:21:00,700
Violence storms, or human 
treachery could obliterate, the 

1419
01:21:00,700 --> 01:21:03,300
careful calculations of even the
most disciplined Merchant. 

1420
01:21:04,200 --> 01:21:06,800
Wrestlers, career ventured into 
the courtyard. 

1421
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:09,900
Once more, she ran her 
fingertips over the carved and 

1422
01:21:09,900 --> 01:21:12,800
using that knowledge itself. 
Often took the shape of 

1423
01:21:12,808 --> 01:21:15,700
something fierce and winding 
capable of Enlightenment but 

1424
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:18,200
also have destruction, depending
on who wielded it. 

1425
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:22,100
Before she could lose herself in
speculation, a subtle Motion in 

1426
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:25,900
the archway, Drew her attention.
She turned to see Malik shadowed

1427
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:28,600
in Moonlight. 
His face still wore traces of 

1428
01:21:28,600 --> 01:21:32,200
Anguish he approached and in 
hushed tones apologized. 

1429
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:34,400
If his Panic had disrupted, the 
Caravan stability. 

1430
01:21:34,400 --> 01:21:36,700
Then he posed a startling 
question. 

1431
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:39,800
Is your book, truly worth 
risking your life. 

1432
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:43,900
Korea hesitated. 
Contemplating her answer. 

1433
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:47,700
She confessed that its Pages 
might Safeguard insights from an

1434
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:50,200
older civilization knowledge 
that could enrich the world. 

1435
01:21:50,200 --> 01:21:53,300
If studied openly, yet she 
recognized the hazards. 

1436
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:57,000
No single text was worth a life 
unless it also contained. 

1437
01:21:57,000 --> 01:21:58,700
The means to prevent greater 
harm. 

1438
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:02,400
Malik nodded revealing that his 
loss letter held the potential 

1439
01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:04,100
to end a trade blockade 
strangling. 

1440
01:22:04,100 --> 01:22:06,700
His hometown. 
Without it, he feared entire 

1441
01:22:06,700 --> 01:22:09,800
families would starve. 
They shared a poignant silence. 

1442
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:13,100
Realizing each Bora heavy burden
for reasons that extended Beyond

1443
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:16,300
self-interest. 
Their exchange was interrupted 

1444
01:22:16,300 --> 01:22:18,300
by a faint. 
Shout from afsoon, who was 

1445
01:22:18,300 --> 01:22:21,400
patrolling the perimeter. 
A silhouette darted across the 

1446
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,400
ruins then vanished behind a 
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 

1447
01:22:25,400 --> 01:22:28,500
and Malik hurried back to the 
main Courtyard, only to find the

1448
01:22:28,500 --> 01:22:29,900
rest of the Travelers on their 
feet. 

1449
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:35,200
The intrusion lasted me a second
but it confirmed the presence of

1450
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:38,100
what was trailing them. 
The memory of the stolen letter,

1451
01:22:38,100 --> 01:22:42,100
flared, in every mind Gathering 
her sexual closed, carry a 

1452
01:22:42,100 --> 01:22:45,000
recognized that Pursuit was 
inevitable, She could only hope 

1453
01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:46,700
that what she carried would 
Outlast. 

1454
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:49,900
The desert shifting alliances 
and the Relentless greed of 

1455
01:22:49,900 --> 01:22:53,300
unknown adversaries early the 
next day after soon, insisted 

1456
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:56,500
they abandoned the ruin. 
Before Sunrise lanterns swinging

1457
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:59,600
from camel Saddles, cast 
flickering halos in the pre-dawn

1458
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:03,500
Gloom Career walked at the 
Caravans rear scanning, The 

1459
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:07,000
Horizon for Silhouettes, she 
felt more exposed than ever 

1460
01:23:07,000 --> 01:23:10,400
especially with the manuscript 
drawing unseen eyes. 

1461
01:23:11,300 --> 01:23:14,700
A swirl of wind, rustled the 
sparse vegetation carrying the 

1462
01:23:14,708 --> 01:23:16,600
forlorn Hall of a distant 
jackal. 

1463
01:23:17,300 --> 01:23:20,200
Although no further Intruder 
appeared, the Caravans 

1464
01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:23,800
Collective nerves remained Raw. 
Their root now wound through a 

1465
01:23:23,800 --> 01:23:27,700
series of Rocky Badlands. 
Eroded Hills tinted red and 

1466
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:31,200
ochre rows around them in Jagged
formations reminiscent of a 

1467
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:34,400
broken Amphitheater. 
At times, the path was scarcely 

1468
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:37,000
wide enough for two camels to 
pass dust coated. 

1469
01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:39,900
Every surface clinging to close 
and creeping into water skins, 

1470
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:42,400
The Travelers advanced in single
file. 

1471
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,400
Each footstep measured Malik, no
longer shy. 

1472
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:49,100
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 
an unspoken Alliance based on 

1473
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:50,900
empathy rather than shared 
purpose. 

1474
01:23:51,900 --> 01:23:54,600
By noon, they reached an 
outcropping that afforded a 

1475
01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:56,500
sweeping view of the surrounding
valleys. 

1476
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:00,600
Of soon pointed to a distant. 
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 

1477
01:24:00,600 --> 01:24:03,000
figures small as insects against
the harsh light. 

1478
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:07,100
Better to let them move on with 
their parts and to murdered 

1479
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:09,500
concerned they might be Bandits 
or rival. 

1480
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:12,200
Merchants. 
She had planned a side route 

1481
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:14,700
that skirted known Bandit 
strongholds though. 

1482
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,700
It meant trudging through more 
challenging terrain, no one 

1483
01:24:17,708 --> 01:24:22,500
objected safety trumped speed in
these uncertain Wilds as the day

1484
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,700
wore on the punishing Sun 
pressed down some Travelers 

1485
01:24:25,700 --> 01:24:29,000
began to show signs of heat 
exhaustion as soon a lot of 

1486
01:24:29,000 --> 01:24:31,100
extra water. 
Rations mindful that supplies 

1487
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:33,500
were finite careers. 
Thought swirled with 

1488
01:24:33,500 --> 01:24:37,000
calculations how many days until
they reached an established town

1489
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:40,500
with the manuscripts possible 
Revelations be worth the perils.

1490
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:43,600
She reminded herself that 
knowledge had never come cheap. 

1491
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:46,700
Officially not the kind that 
might undermine established 

1492
01:24:46,700 --> 01:24:48,600
systems of power. 
Still. 

1493
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:51,200
She felt an undercurrent of 
apprehension. 

1494
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,800
Unseen forces seemed determined 
to intercept their path. 

1495
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:58,900
Twilight offered a brief 
respite, they pitched camp at a 

1496
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:00,400
plateau peppered with hearty 
desert. 

1497
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:04,200
Shrubs wind woe through the 
Stony Hollows producing a low 

1498
01:25:04,200 --> 01:25:07,900
moan that set everyone on edge. 
This time of soon posted watches

1499
01:25:07,900 --> 01:25:11,000
in rotating pairs Korea 
volunteered for the midnight 

1500
01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:15,000
shift, hoping to glean some 
Solitude for reading When her 

1501
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:17,600
turn arrived, she positioned 
herself near a small fire 

1502
01:25:17,600 --> 01:25:21,500
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 
while carefully turning pages of

1503
01:25:21,500 --> 01:25:24,900
the Jade bound codecs. 
A diagram carefully, Inked 

1504
01:25:24,900 --> 01:25:27,200
depicted. 
A swirling Cosmos dotted with 

1505
01:25:27,200 --> 01:25:31,300
unfamiliar constellation's, the 
accompanying text mentioned, a 

1506
01:25:31,300 --> 01:25:33,800
geometry, bridging mind. 
And universe though, the 

1507
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:36,100
specifics remained cloaked in 
our cake jargon. 

1508
01:25:36,100 --> 01:25:39,000
She sensed movement at the edge 
of the firelight and grip. 

1509
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:42,100
The book protectively but it was
only an elderly Trader from 

1510
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:45,900
their group, awakened, by 
coughing he approached nodding 

1511
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:48,500
politely I see that you carry 
more than curiosity. 

1512
01:25:48,500 --> 01:25:51,000
He said, glancing at the 
manuscript glowing Pages. 

1513
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:54,000
He spoke of his younger days 
when he traveled to a 

1514
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,300
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to
house writings older than any 

1515
01:25:57,300 --> 01:25:59,200
Empire. 
The priests there. 

1516
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:02,600
He claimed hinted that scattered
relics across the Silk Road. 

1517
01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:06,400
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.
He stopped short of elaborating,

1518
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:10,600
perhaps wary of scaring her with
him, probable myths, reluctant, 

1519
01:26:10,600 --> 01:26:12,500
resurrect memory is best left 
buried. 

1520
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:15,700
Carrier nodded intrigued yet 
cautious. 

1521
01:26:15,700 --> 01:26:19,100
She had heard, variations of the
mountain, top Library tail in 

1522
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:21,900
her Journeys. 
One version placed it into Tibet

1523
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:25,100
and other in the highlands of 
Persia and yet another in the 

1524
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:28,200
Himalayas near the Indus 
regardless of location. 

1525
01:26:28,200 --> 01:26:31,200
The consistent theme was that a 
hidden repository of ancient 

1526
01:26:31,200 --> 01:26:33,600
texts might hold radical 
knowledge of mathematics 

1527
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:37,300
medicine and astronomy. 
Could her manuscript be part of 

1528
01:26:37,308 --> 01:26:40,400
that Lost Legacy? 
she recalled hearing rumors, 

1529
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:42,500
that certain references, 
connected the library's 

1530
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:46,000
existence, to the taboo notion 
of cyclical time, where 

1531
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:49,500
civilizations Rose and fell, 
repeatedly, each leaving fainted

1532
01:26:49,500 --> 01:26:53,000
Echoes for the next The elderly 
trade, a coughed again and 

1533
01:26:53,000 --> 01:26:56,500
excused himself to rest. 
Alone, career gazed at the 

1534
01:26:56,500 --> 01:26:59,300
Codex. 
Swirl of questions filling her 

1535
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:02,400
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

1536
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:04,400
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

1537
01:27:04,400 --> 01:27:06,900
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

1538
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:10,200
A scout on the perimeter shouted
news of footsteps on the far 

1539
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:12,500
side of the plateau, everyone 
scrambled for weapons. 

1540
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:15,900
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders fled 

1541
01:27:15,900 --> 01:27:19,200
banishing, a swiftly as they 
derived leaving only Footprints 

1542
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:21,900
of soon suspected. 
They were testing the Caravans 

1543
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:24,900
defenses. 
Tension sawed though, no 

1544
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:27,600
battles. 
The message was clear someone to

1545
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:31,500
track them with precision. 
As the group attempted to settle

1546
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:34,900
back into assembled of rest, 
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 

1547
01:27:35,800 --> 01:27:37,900
She wondered if the vanished 
Intruders belong to a 

1548
01:27:37,900 --> 01:27:41,200
clandestine order or was simply 
Bandits with an acronym for 

1549
01:27:41,200 --> 01:27:43,800
intimidation. 
Either way, the manuscripts 

1550
01:27:43,800 --> 01:27:47,600
significant seemed Amplified. 
In that uneasy Darkness, she 

1551
01:27:47,600 --> 01:27:50,800
cradled her pressure's book, 
Feeling the weight of unspoken 

1552
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:53,000
centuries pressed between its 
covers. 

1553
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:57,100
The next day would bring new 
confrontations, but for now she 

1554
01:27:57,100 --> 01:27:59,200
could only watch the flickering,
Embers and awake. 

1555
01:27:59,200 --> 01:28:02,700
The uncertain Dawn, Dawn arrived
with a little Clarity that 

1556
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:06,100
rendered every stone ashram and 
weary expression in sharp Focus 

1557
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:09,900
soon, wasted, no time. 
Ordering a quick departure, the 

1558
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:12,900
Caravan assembled on a sky, 
streaked with lavender and Rose,

1559
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:16,000
a fleeting Beauty overshadowed 
by a need for vigilance. 

1560
01:28:16,900 --> 01:28:21,000
Camels loaded, watch rotations 
decided they moved out following

1561
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:23,400
a narrow winding track that 
descended toward lower 

1562
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:26,700
elevations, the arrow there. 
Tasted metallic as if charged 

1563
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:30,200
with pent-up tension, By 
mid-morning the landscape began,

1564
01:28:30,200 --> 01:28:33,800
transitioning to Hill Country, 
small streams fed by recent 

1565
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:36,800
rains, cut through the tip, 
terrain offering a chance to 

1566
01:28:36,800 --> 01:28:39,900
refill water skins. 
The Travelers approached a 

1567
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:43,000
shallow Creek where reads 
Russell in the wind carrier 

1568
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:44,700
noticed footprints in the Soggy 
Earth. 

1569
01:28:45,300 --> 01:28:48,100
A separate group had passed here
recently heading in the same 

1570
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:52,100
direction. 
Soon scalded muttering about the

1571
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:54,700
possibility of thin miles. 
They might be trailing those who

1572
01:28:54,700 --> 01:28:58,100
had invaded, their camps concern
rippled through the Caravan. 

1573
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:01,900
Eager to stay ahead have soon 
pushed the group onward at a 

1574
01:29:01,900 --> 01:29:06,300
grueling Pace, Korea's carved as
the trails exact between Rocky, 

1575
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:08,000
slopes and patches of thorny 
vegetation. 

1576
01:29:09,100 --> 01:29:11,800
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified town on occasionally

1577
01:29:11,800 --> 01:29:13,900
emerged. 
Only to disappear behind Ridge 

1578
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:16,400
lines. 
She guessed it to be garish. 

1579
01:29:16,400 --> 01:29:18,800
A midsize Trading, Post rumored 
to host. 

1580
01:29:18,808 --> 01:29:22,100
Pilgrims from the Indus region. 
If they could reach Gary by 

1581
01:29:22,100 --> 01:29:25,000
Nightfall, The Caravan would 
have a solid perimeter of all to

1582
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:26,400
Shield them at least 
temporarily. 

1583
01:29:27,300 --> 01:29:29,200
Eventually they spotted Wolves 
of Pale. 

1584
01:29:29,200 --> 01:29:32,000
Stone. 
Crowned by watchtowers, have 

1585
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:34,700
soon signaled for calm, 
reminding everyone that unknown,

1586
01:29:34,700 --> 01:29:37,100
dangers could look within a 
walled town as readily as 

1587
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:40,900
outside approaching the gates, 
they encountered a row of guards

1588
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:44,300
wearing mismatched armor, After 
examining as soon as travel 

1589
01:29:44,300 --> 01:29:47,300
permits the guards allowed the 
entry in exchange for a modest 

1590
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:49,800
toll. 
Inside the streets, were cramped

1591
01:29:49,800 --> 01:29:52,100
with stalls. 
Selling earthenware died, cloth,

1592
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:55,400
and hammered bronze jewelry. 
The Aromas of grilled meat and 

1593
01:29:55,400 --> 01:29:58,300
fresh bread teased weary 
Travelers, but an undercurrent 

1594
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:00,700
of weariness ran through the 
crowd of soon. 

1595
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:04,100
Found a secure compound where 
the Caravan could rest Stone 

1596
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:05,900
walls in closed. 
A courtyard that provided 

1597
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:08,400
storage for the camels and a 
small stable for donkeys. 

1598
01:30:09,300 --> 01:30:12,300
Carrier anxious to glean any 
insight into who might be 

1599
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:15,600
pursuing them ventured into the 
towns winding Lane's. 

1600
01:30:16,400 --> 01:30:19,200
She discovered a Public Square, 
where men played strategy games 

1601
01:30:19,200 --> 01:30:22,200
on carved. 
Wooden boards, nearby, a cluster

1602
01:30:22,200 --> 01:30:26,000
of pilgrims chanted vs in a 
language unfamiliar to her amid.

1603
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:29,900
These scenes rumors. 
Floated a band of masked Riders 

1604
01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:33,200
had passed through a day. 
Early asking about a certain 

1605
01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:36,700
traveling scholar. 
The mentioned, chilled her, she 

1606
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:39,700
hurried back to the compound 
only to find Malik pacing by the

1607
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:43,500
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 
Pouch, he had overheard similar 

1608
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:46,900
chatter strangers, seeking news 
of a woman carrying, forbidden, 

1609
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:50,000
documents career realized the 
net was tightening. 

1610
01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:53,600
They still had a window to slip 
away, but not much of one she 

1611
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:56,300
conferred with a soon. 
Who suggested leaving crash 

1612
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:59,700
under cover of Darkness, 
continuing East along, seldom 

1613
01:30:59,700 --> 01:31:03,300
used back roads, although it 
entailed more risk weighting 

1614
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:05,000
might let their pursuers 
converge. 

1615
01:31:06,300 --> 01:31:10,400
After Sunset, the Caravan packed
up stealthily torches were kept 

1616
01:31:10,400 --> 01:31:14,800
minimal camel silent with calm, 
handling a hush enveloped them 

1617
01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:18,100
as they slip through garages, 
secondary gate, bribing a night 

1618
01:31:18,108 --> 01:31:21,500
Watchman, who scarcely? 
Looked at their faces outside 

1619
01:31:21,500 --> 01:31:25,400
the walls, Moonlight on the 
grassland, Carrier clutched. 

1620
01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:28,000
The manuscript absorbing the 
night's chill. 

1621
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:30,900
She couldn't escape the 
conviction that her Mission and 

1622
01:31:30,900 --> 01:31:34,400
become a race one in which the 
cost of failure was a reputable 

1623
01:31:34,400 --> 01:31:38,000
loss, not just for her but for 
an entire lineage of knowledge 

1624
01:31:38,000 --> 01:31:41,300
that might vanish again. 
Guided by a soon's, careful 

1625
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:43,000
planning. 
They pressed into a region of 

1626
01:31:43,000 --> 01:31:45,500
Rolling Hills shaped by 
centuries of flood and drought. 

1627
01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:49,200
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 
trees broke the monotony, 

1628
01:31:49,200 --> 01:31:51,100
crickets chirped in the 
darkness. 

1629
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:53,300
The group maintained strict 
silence. 

1630
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:55,900
Halting often to listen for 
sounds of pursuit. 

1631
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:58,400
Each time the night Breeze. 
Whispered through the brush 

1632
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:01,200
carrier braced for a distant, 
hoofbeat or a flash of 

1633
01:32:01,208 --> 01:32:04,900
Torchlight yet hours, passed 
with no sign of the ambush. 

1634
01:32:05,600 --> 01:32:08,800
As the moon descended, they 
reached a shallow Ravine dotted 

1635
01:32:08,800 --> 01:32:12,500
with smooth, ancient Boulders 
have soon called for a halt to 

1636
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:14,700
rest. 
The animals carrier Found A Flat

1637
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:17,300
Rock and sank onto it physically
spent. 

1638
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:20,700
But mentally alert. 
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes

1639
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:23,400
reflected, the same exhaustion 
mixed with defiance. 

1640
01:32:24,400 --> 01:32:27,200
The sky above them, showed the 
faint glow of approaching Dawn 

1641
01:32:27,200 --> 01:32:30,800
tomorrow or perhaps the next 
day, they would come up on the 

1642
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:33,900
mountain route leading to varash
the rumored city of hidden 

1643
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:36,700
monasteries. 
If the Caravan made it that far 

1644
01:32:36,700 --> 01:32:39,200
the Jade manuscript. 
Might, finally find a place 

1645
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:42,000
where its Arcane Revelation 
could be decided without fear. 

1646
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:46,600
But that hope remained fragile 
like a candle flame in a Gusty 

1647
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:49,400
corridor. 
The first of mourning lit, the 

1648
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:52,300
Ravine revealing Dusty grass and
scrub that offered little 

1649
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:54,200
camouflage. 
We are really. 

1650
01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:57,700
The Caravan assembled and 
continued mindful that speed was

1651
01:32:57,700 --> 01:33:00,700
their best to fence. 
Over the next hours, they 

1652
01:33:00,700 --> 01:33:03,700
traversed, rolling slopes that 
ascended, gradually into Stony 

1653
01:33:03,700 --> 01:33:06,500
Highlands. 
The trail grew hazardous lined 

1654
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:10,100
with the loose gravel and sharp 
descents, several times a 

1655
01:33:10,100 --> 01:33:11,600
misstep. 
Nearly sent a donkey tumbling 

1656
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:14,300
into a Gorge the group's morale 
though. 

1657
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:17,000
Frayed held steady under aphs 
firm Direction. 

1658
01:33:17,900 --> 01:33:21,100
Korean noticed the are thinning 
as they climbed accompanied by a

1659
01:33:21,108 --> 01:33:25,300
crisp coolness that sharpened 
her senses tiny Alpine flowers, 

1660
01:33:25,300 --> 01:33:28,300
clung to crevices. 
Their vivid petals are welcome 

1661
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:32,100
contrast to weeks of unrelenting
dust From avantage point, 

1662
01:33:32,100 --> 01:33:34,700
overlooking a sprawling Valley, 
she glimpsed distant Peaks 

1663
01:33:34,700 --> 01:33:38,700
wrapped in mysterious Haze 
locals called these the Thousand

1664
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:42,200
Year, mountains rumored to 
shelter, monastic Retreats older

1665
01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:45,300
than recorded dynasties. the 
prospect of reaching them, 

1666
01:33:45,300 --> 01:33:48,600
bolstered her spirit, even as 
her body, complained of fatigue,

1667
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:52,900
Near midday, the Caravan stopped
by a regular trickling through a

1668
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:56,200
rocky defile. 
While watering the animals have 

1669
01:33:56,200 --> 01:34:00,000
soon and Korea consulted, a hand
sketched, map that indicated two

1670
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:03,400
more days beyond the far ridges.
The path ahead would be even 

1671
01:34:03,400 --> 01:34:07,000
more treacherous cutting across 
unpredictable passes, sometimes 

1672
01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:10,200
blocked by landslides. 
Korea felt her heartbeat. 

1673
01:34:10,200 --> 01:34:13,500
Quicken recalling. 
Rumors that entire Caravans had 

1674
01:34:13,500 --> 01:34:16,000
been buried by Southern Rock 
Falls in these mountains, yet 

1675
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:19,100
the urgency to evade pursuers 
overshadowed every other fear. 

1676
01:34:19,900 --> 01:34:23,300
They pressed on the root turning
into a steep climb dotted with 

1677
01:34:23,308 --> 01:34:27,200
ancient stone markers. 
At each Switchback, carrier saw 

1678
01:34:27,200 --> 01:34:30,700
inscriptions worn by centuries 
of whether She paused to trace 

1679
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:34,500
her fingers over a faint symbol 
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 

1680
01:34:34,508 --> 01:34:38,100
The intersecting circles, 
something about it resonated 

1681
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:40,300
with the diagrams in her Jade 
bound codex. 

1682
01:34:41,000 --> 01:34:42,800
She made a mental note to 
compare them later. 

1683
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:45,800
Suspecting these markers might 
be vestiges of the same 

1684
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:48,700
civilization described in the 
manuscripts cryptic pages. 

1685
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:52,600
Whenever she glimpsed fresh and 
scriptions her curiosity, 

1686
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,400
ignited a new late in the 
afternoon. 

1687
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:59,000
The skies darkened ominously, 
Thunder rumbled among the Peaks 

1688
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:02,900
and a biting wind heralded and 
approaching storm soon urged. 

1689
01:35:02,900 --> 01:35:06,400
Everyone to hurry, they located 
a natural overhang near a rocky 

1690
01:35:06,400 --> 01:35:08,400
ledge. 
Providing partial Shelter From 

1691
01:35:08,400 --> 01:35:11,400
the elements. 
Reign Unleashed its Fury soon. 

1692
01:35:11,400 --> 01:35:15,300
After they took cover slamming 
the landscape In Waves lightning

1693
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:18,200
toward the sky, Illuminating 
ragged silhouettes of mountains,

1694
01:35:18,200 --> 01:35:20,700
the downpour threatened to wash 
away the path. 

1695
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,500
Huddled together. 
The Travelers watched regulates 

1696
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:26,300
form across the rocky ground, 
carrying Pebbles, and debris. 

1697
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:29,900
Downhill, the storm raged for 
hours, pinning them under the 

1698
01:35:29,908 --> 01:35:33,800
overhang career used the 
enforced pause to wrap the 

1699
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:36,800
Codex, Sheltering it beneath the
canvas, she examined the 

1700
01:35:36,800 --> 01:35:38,400
section. 
She had not yet deciphered 

1701
01:35:38,400 --> 01:35:42,300
focusing on references to a 
temple of Horizon's the text 

1702
01:35:42,300 --> 01:35:45,100
included, mathematical 
guidelines for charting star 

1703
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:46,800
positions from an elevated 
Vantage. 

1704
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:50,100
With each flash of lightning, 
she glimpsed the manuscript 

1705
01:35:50,100 --> 01:35:52,800
swirling lines and felt A 
peculiar kinship, with those 

1706
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:54,800
unknown Scholars from centuries 
past. 

1707
01:35:55,400 --> 01:35:57,500
They had once braved the 
Wilderness of ideas. 

1708
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:01,900
Now in a literal wilderness. 
She carried their legacy. 

1709
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:06,000
Eventually the worst of the 
storm passed leaving dripping 

1710
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:07,700
rocks in a deep chill in its 
wake. 

1711
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:10,600
The group decided to remain 
under the overhang for the 

1712
01:36:10,608 --> 01:36:12,800
night. 
Wary of slick, trails and 

1713
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:16,000
potential landslides. 
By flickering lamp light. 

1714
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:20,300
A soon distributed dried figs 
and salted lamb conversation, 

1715
01:36:20,300 --> 01:36:22,900
drifted from the challenges of 
the climb to more philosophical 

1716
01:36:22,900 --> 01:36:25,900
musings, the futility of borders
in the land shape. 

1717
01:36:25,908 --> 01:36:29,400
By Millennia, the intangible 
line between faith and science. 

1718
01:36:30,500 --> 01:36:33,400
Malik spoke quite quietly of his
father, who had died under a 

1719
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:36,100
tyrants regime while trying to 
protect valuable manuscripts. 

1720
01:36:37,200 --> 01:36:39,900
Listening to him Korea. 
Sensed that each traveler had 

1721
01:36:39,900 --> 01:36:43,200
been guided here by a longing 
for redemption or renewal. 

1722
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:47,900
Sometime after midnight career, 
woke to the faint crackle of 

1723
01:36:47,908 --> 01:36:50,200
footsteps. 
She inched toward the edge of 

1724
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:54,000
their makeshift shelter, heart, 
pounding two figures hunched, 

1725
01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:55,600
low hovered near the pack 
animals. 

1726
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:58,800
She recognized them a strangers,
not members of the Caravan, 

1727
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:02,800
Before she could raise an alarm 
as soon, emerged from the 

1728
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:07,200
darkness, like a phantom sword 
drawn, a tough standoff, ensued 

1729
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:10,100
broken, by frantic Whispers, The
Intruders fled. 

1730
01:37:10,100 --> 01:37:12,800
Once they saw, they were 
outnumbered the Caravans 

1731
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:15,300
Travelers. 
Now fully awakened spent the 

1732
01:37:15,300 --> 01:37:18,700
rest of the night in guarded 
watch, cold and uneasy with 

1733
01:37:18,700 --> 01:37:20,200
Dawn. 
They surveyed the sodden 

1734
01:37:20,200 --> 01:37:22,600
landscape. 
Landslides had ripped through 

1735
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:25,500
parts of the trail, but it 
appeared possible with caution. 

1736
01:37:26,300 --> 01:37:29,100
Though, The Intruders had not 
returned the sense of pursuit 

1737
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:33,100
remained acute carrier conferred
with a soon, both concluding 

1738
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,100
that time was running short. 
If for ash was Within Reach, 

1739
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:39,300
they needed to seize the chance 
before more enemies closed in. 

1740
01:37:40,100 --> 01:37:41,900
Hoisting packs onto weary 
camel's. 

1741
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:45,300
The group set forth again. 
The distant Peaks beckoned like 

1742
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,300
a little Witnesses and career. 
Whispered, a ferment hope that 

1743
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:51,500
the cities rumored monasteries 
could offer refuge and perhaps 

1744
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:53,900
reveal how to unlock the 
manuscripts deeper secrets. 

1745
01:37:54,700 --> 01:37:58,800
The final stretch to various 
proved grueling narrow trails to

1746
01:37:58,800 --> 01:38:00,900
mountain ridges. 
Overlooking Miss shrouded 

1747
01:38:00,900 --> 01:38:05,700
abysses, each step required 
vigilant's At times, they paused

1748
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:09,100
to listen for rock falls in the 
distance markers of an unstable 

1749
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,400
Terrain. 
The Agri thinner and breath came

1750
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:15,000
in short gasps yet Beyond every 
precarious. 

1751
01:38:15,000 --> 01:38:19,600
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 

1752
01:38:19,600 --> 01:38:23,600
valleys studied with wildflowers
the occasional Stone ruined 

1753
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:25,600
perched on a Ledge like an 
ancient Sentinel. 

1754
01:38:26,100 --> 01:38:29,200
The extremes of this landscape, 
both awed and unsettled The 

1755
01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:31,900
Travelers. 
By late after noon, the slopes 

1756
01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:35,400
relaxed into a wide Plateau 
rising from the plateaus Edge, 

1757
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:38,900
stood, varash in closed by a 
high stone Rampart. 

1758
01:38:39,700 --> 01:38:42,000
At first glance, the city 
appeared carved from the 

1759
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:44,500
mountain itself. 
Its walls blending with the 

1760
01:38:44,508 --> 01:38:47,800
surrounding Cliffs missed 
swirled around parapets, 

1761
01:38:47,800 --> 01:38:52,300
creating a dreamlike vision. 
According to Legend for ash was 

1762
01:38:52,300 --> 01:38:55,800
older than any recorded Dynasty 
built upon a site revered for 

1763
01:38:55,800 --> 01:38:59,700
its Celestial alignments. 
A hush fell over the Caravan as 

1764
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:02,700
they approached, the massive 
gate inside the city's. 

1765
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:06,800
Winding streets ascended, in 
tears houses with slate roofs 

1766
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,000
leaned against sturdy. 
Ramparts while Cobblestone Lanes

1767
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:14,500
converged on a Central Square, 
Steam Rose from communal, baths 

1768
01:39:14,500 --> 01:39:18,100
that taped into natural, Hot 
Springs monks in dark, robes 

1769
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:21,200
shuffled along the corridors 
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 

1770
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:24,600
their arms. 
Carriers census, ignited, at the

1771
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:26,100
first glimpse of this 
environment. 

1772
01:39:26,100 --> 01:39:29,300
She could feel an undercurrent 
of scholarship humming through 

1773
01:39:29,308 --> 01:39:30,800
the city, like a Subterranean 
River. 

1774
01:39:31,600 --> 01:39:34,500
Potent, contrast to the chaotic 
markets of Corazon. 

1775
01:39:35,600 --> 01:39:37,600
Afsoon. 
Guided the Caravan to a spacious

1776
01:39:37,600 --> 01:39:40,300
Courtyard in used by trade 
emissaries soon. 

1777
01:39:40,300 --> 01:39:43,000
After settling career, excused 
herself invented into the 

1778
01:39:43,000 --> 01:39:46,300
cities, upper levels, following 
directions gleaned from a scribe

1779
01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:49,100
at the Inn, she was searching 
for a specific Monastery. 

1780
01:39:49,100 --> 01:39:51,700
Library rumored to house ancient
manuscripts. 

1781
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:55,100
Paralleling her Jade bound text 
crossing a series of stone 

1782
01:39:55,100 --> 01:39:56,700
bridges. 
That arched over narrow. 

1783
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:59,200
Gulches she noticed the 
architecture, displayed 

1784
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:03,000
recurring motifs, spiral 
carving, geometric borders, 

1785
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:06,700
reminiscent of the codexes, 
marginal designs at last. 

1786
01:40:06,700 --> 01:40:10,300
She arrived at a massive carved 
door flanked by statues of robed

1787
01:40:10,300 --> 01:40:12,900
figures. 
A discrete sine identified it as

1788
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:16,200
the library of high windows. 
Inside, the atmosphere was 

1789
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:19,800
reverential Golden Light, 
filtered through stained glass, 

1790
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:22,900
windows, Illuminating shelves, 
stacked from floor to ceiling 

1791
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:28,000
with Scrolls Cody's and tablets 
monks novices and a few Learners

1792
01:40:28,000 --> 01:40:30,400
travelers from distant lands. 
Moved quite quietly between 

1793
01:40:30,400 --> 01:40:34,500
reading alcoves Carrier 
approached a Tall Bearded monk 

1794
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:36,400
who introduced himself as 
brother Callan. 

1795
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:39,200
You've measured politeness. 
He asked her purpose. 

1796
01:40:39,900 --> 01:40:43,100
Carrier revealed her codex 
explaining in hushed tones that 

1797
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:45,800
she believed it referenced an 
advanced astronomy predating 

1798
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:49,700
recognized schools of thought. 
Intrigued brother Kaelyn, led 

1799
01:40:49,700 --> 01:40:52,900
her to a private study of 
chamber, lit by oil lamps there.

1800
01:40:52,900 --> 01:40:55,400
He produced a set of 
meticulously preserved star 

1801
01:40:55,400 --> 01:40:59,000
charts and scribed on leather. 
To careers, amazement certain 

1802
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:02,200
passages, aligned closely with 
the diagrams in her manuscript 

1803
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:05,900
upon closer inspection, they 
found near identical glyphs 

1804
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:08,200
representing cardinal points 
Beyond normal mapping. 

1805
01:41:09,200 --> 01:41:11,500
For other calendars eyes. 
Glimmered with excitement. 

1806
01:41:12,400 --> 01:41:15,600
These references appear in only 
are oldest records believed to 

1807
01:41:15,600 --> 01:41:18,400
have been copied from text 
salvaged Millennia ago. 

1808
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:23,500
As the evening deepened, a piece
together, parallel lines of text

1809
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:27,200
cross-referencing them with 
Junie, allergies straw altars, 

1810
01:41:27,200 --> 01:41:30,800
and cryptic commentaries. 
The Synergy suggested that the 

1811
01:41:30,800 --> 01:41:33,300
Jade bound book might indeed be 
part of a nearly lost 

1812
01:41:33,300 --> 01:41:37,500
traditional, however, a vital 
section, remained missing, It 

1813
01:41:37,500 --> 01:41:39,900
was rumored that a sister 
manuscript in a monastery, 

1814
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:43,100
father East High in a remote 
range where few ventured 

1815
01:41:43,100 --> 01:41:46,300
carriers Hearts sank. 
Knowing the road ahead, might 

1816
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:50,200
hold even greater dangers yet. 
She also felt invigorated, the 

1817
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,800
puzzle had grown more intricate 
weaving, her fate with ancient 

1818
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:55,700
legacies that demanded 
guardianship. 

1819
01:41:56,600 --> 01:41:59,300
Upon returning to the end. 
She found a soon and Malik in 

1820
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:01,300
heated discussion with the rest 
of the Caravan. 

1821
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:04,300
News had arrived. 
That unidentified Riders were 

1822
01:42:04,300 --> 01:42:07,900
poking, around various Gates 
questioning Travelers about a 

1823
01:42:07,900 --> 01:42:09,600
woman scholar and her prized 
artifact. 

1824
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:12,100
There are rival. 
Here was no secret. 

1825
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:16,400
For the moment, the city's laws,
prevented open aggression, but 

1826
01:42:16,400 --> 01:42:18,600
no one believed that protection 
would last indefinitely. 

1827
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:21,700
Assume proposed. 
They break the Caravan into 

1828
01:42:21,700 --> 01:42:25,500
smaller groups for anonymity, 
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,

1829
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:28,900
recognizing that her success. 
Might Ripple far beyond personal

1830
01:42:28,900 --> 01:42:33,200
gain Under the ins Landing, glow
career shared what she and 

1831
01:42:33,200 --> 01:42:36,100
brother Kalan had uncovered. 
The group listened in solemn. 

1832
01:42:36,100 --> 01:42:38,900
Silence, understanding the 
gravity of her discovery. 

1833
01:42:39,700 --> 01:42:42,100
Perhaps it offered a new 
perspective on the cosmos, 

1834
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:45,000
perhaps it threatened structures
built on carefully, managed 

1835
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:49,500
knowledge. either way, their 
pursuers would not relent, Still

1836
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:51,100
Korea felt A Renewed 
determination. 

1837
01:42:51,100 --> 01:42:54,500
The tapestry of centuries had 
woven her path in to this 

1838
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:57,200
moment. 
With the city of various as an 

1839
01:42:57,200 --> 01:42:59,800
unlikely Refuge. 
She now held a clearer vision of

1840
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:03,500
the manuscripts purpose. 
Dawn would bring decisions where

1841
01:43:03,500 --> 01:43:07,200
the to remain to search for the 
sister text, or to Brave unknown

1842
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:09,300
dangers. 
In that flickering moment of 

1843
01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:12,300
possibility, each traveler 
realized they had become part of

1844
01:43:12,308 --> 01:43:15,800
a tale larger than themselves. 
A saga carried Along by 

1845
01:43:15,800 --> 01:43:19,600
caravan's forged in Hidden, 
libraries and destined to Echo 

1846
01:43:19,600 --> 01:43:22,200
across the shifting dunes and 
precarious peaks of time. 

1847
01:43:29,000 --> 01:43:32,000
The first thing you notice about
waking up in Old, Kyoto is the 

1848
01:43:32,000 --> 01:43:35,100
quality of light. 
You're lying on to Tammy, mats 

1849
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:37,800
in a room where the morning sun 
filters through Shoji screens. 

1850
01:43:38,500 --> 01:43:41,300
Those ingenious paper windows, 
that transform harsh daylight 

1851
01:43:41,300 --> 01:43:45,300
into something, soft and golden 
like honey being poured through 

1852
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:48,200
cheesecloth. 
The light doesn't burst into 

1853
01:43:48,200 --> 01:43:52,700
your room demanding attention. 
Instead it seeps in gradually 

1854
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:54,900
encouraging, you to wake up 
slowly. 

1855
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:58,600
And naturally the way humans did
for thousands of years before 

1856
01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:01,100
alarm clocks came along to jolt 
as into Consciousness. 

1857
01:44:01,100 --> 01:44:04,600
Your bed isn't really a bed at 
all, but a collection of thick 

1858
01:44:04,600 --> 01:44:07,800
cotton mattresses called futon 
that you spread out each night 

1859
01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:11,000
and fold away each morning. 
It surprisingly comfortable. 

1860
01:44:11,000 --> 01:44:14,100
Once you get used to it though, 
you might find yourself missing 

1861
01:44:14,100 --> 01:44:15,800
your box springs for the first 
few nights. 

1862
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,400
The Japanese have this wonderful
philosophy that you're living. 

1863
01:44:19,408 --> 01:44:22,500
Space should be flexible 
transforming from bedroom to 

1864
01:44:22,500 --> 01:44:24,900
sitting room to dining room as 
needed throughout the day. 

1865
01:44:24,900 --> 01:44:28,700
It's like living in a very Zen 
Swiss army knife where every 

1866
01:44:28,700 --> 01:44:31,500
surface serves multiple purposes
and nothing is wasted. 

1867
01:44:31,500 --> 01:44:33,800
The tatami mats beneath your 
futon. 

1868
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:37,500
Feel cool and slightly springy 
under your feet woven from Rush.

1869
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:39,800
Grass, that still carries the 
faintest center of the 

1870
01:44:39,800 --> 01:44:43,600
countryside where it grew These 
mats are works of art in their 

1871
01:44:43,608 --> 01:44:46,400
own right. 
Each one precisely measured and 

1872
01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:49,100
fitted to create perfect 
geometric patterns on the floor.

1873
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:54,200
There are also natural air 
purifiers absorbing humidity in 

1874
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:57,200
summer and releasing it in 
winter, helping to regulate the 

1875
01:44:57,200 --> 01:45:00,400
temperature and air quality in 
your room without any mechanical

1876
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:02,900
systems at all. 
As you fold your bedding and 

1877
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,900
store it in the built-in closets
and other Marvel of efficient 

1878
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:08,700
design, you can hear your 
neighbors beginning their day. 

1879
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:12,100
The sound of wooden shutters 
sliding open Echoes down the 

1880
01:45:12,100 --> 01:45:15,500
street like a gentle percussion 
section warming up followed by 

1881
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:18,100
the soft splash of water. 
As people wash, their faces, in 

1882
01:45:18,100 --> 01:45:21,100
wooden basins, there's no 
turning on a faucet here. 

1883
01:45:21,100 --> 01:45:24,400
Water has to be drawn from 
Wells, or carried, from nearby 

1884
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,700
streams in wooden buckets that 
have been worn Smooth by 

1885
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:30,200
countless hands. 
Over the years, the morning air 

1886
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:32,800
carries the center of charcoal 
fires, being letting clay 

1887
01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:34,200
braziers throughout the 
neighborhood. 

1888
01:45:34,200 --> 01:45:37,600
You'll need to like your own 
soon because there's no Central 

1889
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:41,300
Heating in Old Kyoto, just small
Hibachi heaters that provide 

1890
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,100
concentrated warmth exactly 
where you need it. 

1891
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,700
In Winter people become 
connoisseurs of charcoal, 

1892
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:51,000
learning to distinguish between 
different types and how to 

1893
01:45:51,000 --> 01:45:53,500
arrange them for maximum heat 
with minimum smoke. 

1894
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:56,700
It's cozy in the way that 
camping can be cozy. 

1895
01:45:56,700 --> 01:45:58,500
Except this is your everyday 
life. 

1896
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:01,300
And you've gotten quite good at 
the delicate art of fire 

1897
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:04,500
management, the ritual of 
lighting, your Hibachi becomes a

1898
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:07,800
meditation in itself. 
First, you arrange, the charcoal

1899
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:10,700
pieces, like a small 
architectural project creating 

1900
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:12,900
channels for airflow and heat 
distribution. 

1901
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:16,800
Then comes the careful 
application of flame watching as

1902
01:46:16,800 --> 01:46:19,600
the charcoal catches and begins 
to Glow with that distinctive, 

1903
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:22,100
red, orange color. 
That means warmth and comfort. 

1904
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:26,500
The whole process requires 
patience and attention qualities

1905
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:29,300
that Modern Life doesn't often 
demand, but which were essential

1906
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:32,200
skills in Old Kyoto. 
Your clothing for the day is 

1907
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:35,000
laid out in neat, piles layers 
upon layers. 

1908
01:46:35,000 --> 01:46:37,600
That would make an onion jealous
in Old. 

1909
01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:39,700
Kyoto. 
Fashion was all about, layering 

1910
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:43,500
partly for warmth and partly to 
show off your taste and wealth 

1911
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:45,600
through. 
The subtle interplay of colors, 

1912
01:46:45,600 --> 01:46:47,300
peaking out at the sleeves and 
hem. 

1913
01:46:47,300 --> 01:46:50,700
If you're a woman, you might 
wear up to 12 layers of silk 

1914
01:46:50,700 --> 01:46:53,000
robes. 
Each one carefully, chosen to 

1915
01:46:53,008 --> 01:46:56,100
complement the others in 
combinations that have poetic 

1916
01:46:56,100 --> 01:47:00,000
names like evening, cherry 
blossoms, Autumn mountain, or 

1917
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:02,600
first snow on Pine the art of 
layering. 

1918
01:47:02,600 --> 01:47:04,400
These robes is incredibly 
sophisticated. 

1919
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:07,700
Requiring, not just an 
understanding of color theory 

1920
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:10,800
but also knowledge of seasonal, 
appropriateness and social 

1921
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:13,100
context. 
He wouldn't wear spring 

1922
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:16,200
combinations in Autumn any more 
than you'd wear summer colors in

1923
01:47:16,200 --> 01:47:19,700
Winter and the way the layers 
are arranged which colors show 

1924
01:47:19,700 --> 01:47:22,700
at the wrists, how much of each 
layer is visible at the Hem, 

1925
01:47:22,700 --> 01:47:26,400
communicates subtle messages 
about your education, your 

1926
01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:29,100
family background, and your 
understanding of aesthetic 

1927
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:31,900
principles that were as complex 
as any modern dress code. 

1928
01:47:31,900 --> 01:47:35,500
If you're a man, your outfit is 
somewhat simpler but no less 

1929
01:47:35,500 --> 01:47:38,300
thoughtful. 
You'll wear a suit a simple 

1930
01:47:38,308 --> 01:47:39,700
robe. 
That's the ancestor of the 

1931
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:43,500
modern kimono under a hakama 
wide leg trousers that look, 

1932
01:47:43,500 --> 01:47:46,900
remarkably like a very 
sophisticated skirt unpacks, a 

1933
01:47:46,900 --> 01:47:50,500
hairy jacket over the top The 
whole ensemble is held together 

1934
01:47:50,500 --> 01:47:53,600
with various chords and sashes 
and getting dressed feels a bit 

1935
01:47:53,608 --> 01:47:57,200
like wrapping yourself in a very
elegant origami project that 

1936
01:47:57,200 --> 01:47:59,500
somehow manages to be both 
formal and comfortable at the 

1937
01:47:59,508 --> 01:48:01,800
same time. 
But here's the thing about all 

1938
01:48:01,800 --> 01:48:05,700
these layers, they're not just 
for show or Traditions sake old.

1939
01:48:05,700 --> 01:48:09,000
Kyoto can be brutally cold in 
winter with temperatures that 

1940
01:48:09,000 --> 01:48:12,500
drop below freezing and 
sweltering, humid in summer when

1941
01:48:12,500 --> 01:48:15,100
the heat seems to press down on 
the city like a wet blanket. 

1942
01:48:16,500 --> 01:48:18,900
These loose layered, garments 
are actually brilliant to 

1943
01:48:18,900 --> 01:48:21,300
helping you regulate your body 
temperature throughout the day, 

1944
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:25,700
you can add or remove layers as 
needed open or closed, various 

1945
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:29,300
gaps to let air flow through and
the natural fibers breathe in 

1946
01:48:29,300 --> 01:48:30,800
away. 
That makes even the summer heat 

1947
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:33,900
bearable. 
Well, mostly bearable, the 

1948
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:37,000
Fabrics themselves are marvels 
of traditional technology. 

1949
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:40,200
The silk is so fine. 
It feels like liquid between 

1950
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:43,400
your fingers, died with colors. 
That seem to glow from within 

1951
01:48:44,500 --> 01:48:48,000
The cotton is woven so tightly, 
it's almost windproof yet. 

1952
01:48:48,000 --> 01:48:49,900
It still allows moisture to pass
through. 

1953
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:53,500
And the hemp used for every day.
Clothing is surprisingly soft 

1954
01:48:53,500 --> 01:48:56,800
and durable getting better with 
each washing until it develops a

1955
01:48:56,800 --> 01:48:59,100
texture that's almost sensual 
against your skin. 

1956
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:03,200
Once your dressed it's time for 
breakfast which an old Kyoto was

1957
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:05,200
a much simpler Affair than you 
might expect. 

1958
01:49:05,200 --> 01:49:08,300
But no less. 
Satisfying Rice, of course, 

1959
01:49:08,300 --> 01:49:12,100
forms, the foundation of every 
meal, but not the fluffy white 

1960
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:14,200
rice. 
You might be thinking of, this 

1961
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,400
is a hearty slightly sticky 
variety that fills you up and 

1962
01:49:17,400 --> 01:49:19,600
gives you energy for the 
physical demands of the day 

1963
01:49:19,600 --> 01:49:22,000
ahead. 
The rice is cooked in wooden 

1964
01:49:22,000 --> 01:49:25,500
Steamers, over charcoal fires 
and the process fills your house

1965
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,500
with a warm nutty Aroma that is 
better than any breakfast 

1966
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:29,900
advertisement. 
You've ever smelled. 

1967
01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:33,100
Alongside the rice, you might 
have some pickled vegetables 

1968
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:37,100
cucumbers or radishes that have 
been sitting in Sultan rice bran

1969
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:40,300
for days or even weeks until 
they've developed that perfect. 

1970
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:43,900
Sour crunch that wakes up your 
taste buds better than any cup 

1971
01:49:43,900 --> 01:49:46,200
of coffee. 
These pickles aren't just 

1972
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:48,200
condiments. 
They're essential sources of 

1973
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,500
probiotics and vitamins. 
This during the winter months. 

1974
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:54,700
When fresh vegetables are 
scarce, each family has their 

1975
01:49:54,700 --> 01:49:58,200
own pickle recipes passed down 
through generations and guarded 

1976
01:49:58,200 --> 01:49:59,800
as carefully as any trade 
secret. 

1977
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:03,100
There might be some miso soup 
made from fermented soybean 

1978
01:50:03,100 --> 01:50:04,600
paste. 
That tastes nothing like what 

1979
01:50:04,600 --> 01:50:07,000
you'd expect from its rather 
unpromising description. 

1980
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:11,400
It's deeply Savory and warming 
with bits of seaweed or tofu 

1981
01:50:11,400 --> 01:50:13,900
floating in the broth like tiny 
islands of flavor. 

1982
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:17,700
The Miso itself is aged in 
wooden barrels for months or 

1983
01:50:17,700 --> 01:50:21,100
even years, developing complex 
flavors that range from sweet 

1984
01:50:21,100 --> 01:50:23,500
and Mild to Rich and almost 
cheese. 

1985
01:50:23,500 --> 01:50:26,800
Like a good miso soup is like a 
warm hug in a bowl. 

1986
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:28,700
Providing, both comfort and 
nourishment. 

1987
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:31,500
As you prepare for the day 
ahead, and if you're lucky, 

1988
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:33,200
there might be some grilled 
fish. 

1989
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:36,700
Probably caught from Lake biwa 
about an hour's walk to the east

1990
01:50:36,700 --> 01:50:39,300
or from the rivers that wine 
through the surrounding 

1991
01:50:39,300 --> 01:50:42,100
mountains. 
Fish is grilled over charcoal 

1992
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:45,400
until the skin is crispy and the
Flash flakes apart with your 

1993
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:48,000
chopsticks. 
Releasing delicate flavors that 

1994
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:50,300
speak of clean water and careful
preparation. 

1995
01:50:50,300 --> 01:50:53,300
The interesting thing about 
meals in Old Kyoto is that 

1996
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:55,900
they're eating on the floor 
around a low table called a 

1997
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:58,200
szabadi with everyone using 
Chopsticks. 

1998
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:00,900
That feel surprisingly natural 
in your hands after a few days 

1999
01:51:00,900 --> 01:51:04,200
of practice, There's something 
meditative about eating this 

2000
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:06,100
way. 
Something that makes you slow 

2001
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:08,800
down and actually taste your 
food instead of mindlessly 

2002
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:11,600
consuming it while distracted by
other activities. 

2003
01:51:12,900 --> 01:51:15,400
The low table creates an 
intimate atmosphere where 

2004
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:18,200
conversations flow naturally and
everyone feels equally included 

2005
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:20,900
in the meal. 
The Chopsticks themselves are 

2006
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:24,600
works of art carved from bamboo 
or fine, would perfectly 

2007
01:51:24,600 --> 01:51:27,600
balanced in your hand and 
surprisingly versatile. 

2008
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:30,800
Once you learn how to use them 
properly, they can pick up a 

2009
01:51:30,808 --> 01:51:34,300
single grain of rice or grasp. 
A slippery piece of fish with 

2010
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:37,600
equal ease and using them 
becomes almost automatic after a

2011
01:51:37,600 --> 01:51:40,800
while like any world design tool
that eventually feels like an 

2012
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:43,800
extension of your own body. 
After breakfast, you step 

2013
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:47,300
outside into the Maze of Kyoto 
streets, and this is where the 

2014
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:50,800
real Adventure begins. 
The city is laid out in a grid 

2015
01:51:50,800 --> 01:51:54,700
pattern borrowed from the 
Chinese capital of changa, but 

2016
01:51:54,700 --> 01:51:57,500
unlike modern cities with their 
wide boulevards and traffic 

2017
01:51:57,500 --> 01:51:59,900
lights, these streets are narrow
and intimate. 

2018
01:51:59,900 --> 01:52:03,400
The main thoroughfares are wide 
enough for Oxnard carts and the 

2019
01:52:03,408 --> 01:52:06,500
occasional procession of nobles.
But many of the residential 

2020
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:09,000
streets are barely wide enough 
for two people to pass 

2021
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:11,500
comfortably. 
Creating a sense of coziness 

2022
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:13,700
that both welcoming and slightly
mysterious. 

2023
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:17,200
The house is line up along these
streets like books on a shelf, 

2024
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:20,700
each one sharing walls with its 
neighbors but maintaining its 

2025
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:24,100
own distinct character through 
subtle differences in roofline, 

2026
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:27,700
entrance design or the 
arrangement of small Guardians. 

2027
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:32,400
Privacy isn't achieved through 
distance as it might be in more 

2028
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:35,000
spread out places. 
But through clever architecture 

2029
01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:38,600
and an intricate social code 
that allows people to live cheek

2030
01:52:38,600 --> 01:52:41,000
by jowl without driving each 
other crazy. 

2031
01:52:41,000 --> 01:52:44,300
You'll notice that most houses 
present a fairly modest face to 

2032
01:52:44,308 --> 01:52:47,800
the street, wooden facades with 
small windows and simple 

2033
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,800
doorways that give little hint 
of what lies within this isn't 

2034
01:52:51,800 --> 01:52:54,400
because the residents are 
unfriendly, but because in 

2035
01:52:54,400 --> 01:52:58,500
Japanese Aesthetics, true beauty
is often hidden revealed only to

2036
01:52:58,500 --> 01:53:01,600
those who are invited in. 
Its like the city is full of 

2037
01:53:01,600 --> 01:53:04,000
people who understand the 
difference between being 

2038
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:08,400
mysterious and being standoffish
between privacy and secrecy the 

2039
01:53:08,400 --> 01:53:11,100
wooden walls of these house is 
of whether to a soft gray. 

2040
01:53:11,100 --> 01:53:14,200
That seemed to Glow in certain 
light and the natural aging 

2041
01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:17,300
process has given them a patina 
that, no amount of artificial 

2042
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:21,000
treatment could replicate. 
The wood itself comes from 

2043
01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:23,000
ancient forests. 
In the surrounding mountains, 

2044
01:53:23,000 --> 01:53:26,300
Cedar Cyprus and pine That Grew 
slowly in the mountain are 

2045
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:29,600
developing the tight grain and 
natural oils that make them 

2046
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:33,100
resistant to weather an insects.
The sounds of the city begin to 

2047
01:53:33,100 --> 01:53:36,400
build as the day, progresses, 
creating a symphony that's 

2048
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:39,000
completely different from any 
Modern urban environment. 

2049
01:53:39,800 --> 01:53:41,300
You'll hear the rhythmic 
thought. 

2050
01:53:41,300 --> 01:53:44,800
Thought of someone splitting 
bamboo for baskets or screens, 

2051
01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:47,900
the scrape of wooden sandals on 
Stone paths. 

2052
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:51,600
One Smooth by centuries of foot 
traffic and the melodic calls of

2053
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:54,400
merchants advertising their 
Wares, as they make their rounds

2054
01:53:54,400 --> 01:53:57,100
through the neighborhoods. 
Fresh fish from Lake biwa, 

2055
01:53:57,100 --> 01:54:00,500
called one Merchant, his voice, 
rising and falling in a musical 

2056
01:54:00,500 --> 01:54:03,700
pattern that carries clearly 
through the morning are tofu, 

2057
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:07,300
still warm from the Press calls.
Another pushing a wooden cart 

2058
01:54:07,300 --> 01:54:10,000
loaded with blocks of fresh 
soybean, curd wrapped in clean, 

2059
01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:12,600
white cloth. 
These Merchants don't have 

2060
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:16,300
storefronts as you might expect.
Instead, they carry their goods 

2061
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:19,300
through the streets on their 
backs or in cars bringing them 

2062
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:22,000
the market directly to people's 
doorsteps in a system, that's 

2063
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:25,000
both efficient and personal. 
The merchant calls are almost 

2064
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:27,700
like folk songs. 
Each one with its own Rhythm and

2065
01:54:27,700 --> 01:54:30,600
Melody that identifies not just 
what's being sold, but who 

2066
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:33,200
selling it. 
Regular customers, learn to 

2067
01:54:33,200 --> 01:54:35,900
recognize their favorite vendors
by sound alone. 

2068
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,000
The way you might recognize a 
friend's laugh in a crowded 

2069
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:41,600
room. 
There's something wonderfully 

2070
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:43,400
personal about this mobile 
marketplace. 

2071
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:47,100
Where Commerce is conducted 
face-to-face and reputation 

2072
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:50,500
matters more than advertising, 
some Merchants specialize in 

2073
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:54,100
just one or two items becoming 
true experts in their narrow 

2074
01:54:54,100 --> 01:54:57,700
Fields, the vegetable seller 
knows which I can radishes are 

2075
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:00,300
best for pickling and which are 
better for grating fresh over 

2076
01:55:00,300 --> 01:55:02,700
rice. 
The fish Merchant can tell you 

2077
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:05,500
not just where each fish was 
caught, but what the weather was

2078
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:08,200
like that day and how it might 
affect the flavor. 

2079
01:55:09,000 --> 01:55:11,400
This kind of specialized 
knowledge creates relationships 

2080
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:14,800
between buyers and sellers that 
go far beyond simple 

2081
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:17,200
transactions. 
As you make your way through the

2082
01:55:17,200 --> 01:55:19,500
streets, you might decide to 
visit one of Kyoto's, many 

2083
01:55:19,500 --> 01:55:22,900
temples or shrines. 
This isn't necessarily because 

2084
01:55:22,900 --> 01:55:24,400
you're feeling particularly 
religious. 

2085
01:55:24,400 --> 01:55:27,900
But because these sacred spaces 
servers community, centers 

2086
01:55:27,900 --> 01:55:31,500
meeting places and peaceful 
Retreats from the bustle of 

2087
01:55:31,500 --> 01:55:34,900
daily life, The temples are 
scattered throughout the city 

2088
01:55:34,900 --> 01:55:38,600
like jewels on velvet. 
Each one occupying a small Oasis

2089
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:42,100
of carefully, tended Gardens and
ancient trees that provide cool 

2090
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:45,400
shade in summer and shelter from
wind, in Winter, approaching a 

2091
01:55:45,408 --> 01:55:47,100
temple. 
You'll notice how the very Act 

2092
01:55:47,100 --> 01:55:50,500
of entering requires you to slow
down and become more mindful of 

2093
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:53,500
your surroundings. 
There's often a stone path that 

2094
01:55:53,500 --> 01:55:56,600
wine slightly forcing you to 
meander, rather than Rush, 

2095
01:55:56,600 --> 01:56:00,000
straight to your destination, 
the path might lead you past a 

2096
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:02,600
small waterfall or a Grove of 
bamboo, creating a sense of 

2097
01:56:02,600 --> 01:56:05,800
Journey and Discovery even in 
the heart of the city you'll 

2098
01:56:05,800 --> 01:56:08,400
pass under a Torii gate or 
through a temple entrance, that 

2099
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,300
frames your view of what lies 
ahead like a living painting. 

2100
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:14,600
The architecture designed to 
create specific visual 

2101
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:16,500
experiences As you move through 
the space. 

2102
01:56:17,600 --> 01:56:20,400
The transition from the bustling
Street to the quiet Temple. 

2103
01:56:20,400 --> 01:56:24,600
Grounds happens, gradually like 
sinking slowly into a warm bath,

2104
01:56:24,600 --> 01:56:27,600
allowing your mind to adjust to 
the different pace and 

2105
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:30,600
atmosphere of the Sacred Space. 
The temple buildings themselves 

2106
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:33,500
are marvels of wooden 
architecture held together 

2107
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:36,800
without a single nail through an
intricate system of interlocking

2108
01:56:36,800 --> 01:56:39,600
joints that allows the 
structures to flex during 

2109
01:56:39,600 --> 01:56:41,500
earthquakes rather than breaking
apart. 

2110
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:45,300
This building technique 
developed over centuries of 

2111
01:56:45,308 --> 01:56:48,500
trial and error in a seismically
active region, creates 

2112
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:50,400
structures that can last for 
hundreds of years. 

2113
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:53,500
While remaining beautiful and 
functional, the wood has whether

2114
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:56,900
to a soft gray, that's to Glow 
in certain lights, and the 

2115
01:56:56,900 --> 01:56:59,800
curved roof lines, create 
graceful silhouette against the 

2116
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:03,200
sky, the change dramatically, 
depending on the time of day in 

2117
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:05,800
season. 
Everything is designed to work 

2118
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:09,400
with nature rather than against 
it from the way rainwater is 

2119
01:57:09,400 --> 01:57:11,800
channeled through decorative 
chains, and stead of being 

2120
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:15,200
hidden in gutters, to the way 
building a position to catch 

2121
01:57:15,200 --> 01:57:18,800
cooling breezes in summer and 
shelter from cold winds in 

2122
01:57:18,808 --> 01:57:20,800
Winter. 
The roofs themselves are 

2123
01:57:20,800 --> 01:57:23,600
architectural, poetry covered 
with Clay tiles. 

2124
01:57:23,600 --> 01:57:27,100
That were fired in kills, heated
with Pinewood giving them subtle

2125
01:57:27,100 --> 01:57:29,800
color, variations that create 
beautiful patterns when seen 

2126
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:33,500
from above The tiles are 
arranged in overlapping rows 

2127
01:57:33,500 --> 01:57:36,100
that shed rain efficiently, 
while creating interesting plays

2128
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:38,700
of light and Shadow that change 
throughout the day. 

2129
01:57:39,500 --> 01:57:42,900
In winter when snow accumulates 
on these roofs, they look like 

2130
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,800
something from a fairy tale with
white caps that emphasize every 

2131
01:57:46,800 --> 01:57:49,400
curve and angle inside the 
temple grounds. 

2132
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:52,400
You might encounter monks going 
about their daily routines, with

2133
01:57:52,400 --> 01:57:56,000
a particular kind of purposeful 
calm as if they have all the 

2134
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:58,300
time in the world and yet never 
waste a moment. 

2135
01:57:59,200 --> 01:58:02,200
Their robes Russell softly as 
they walk and their wooden 

2136
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:04,100
sandals. 
Make gentle, clicking sounds on 

2137
01:58:04,100 --> 01:58:06,300
the stone paths. 
That seemed to Echo in harmony 

2138
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:08,400
with the natural sounds of the 
garden. 

2139
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:12,000
The trickle of water over 
Stone's The Whisper Of Wind 

2140
01:58:12,000 --> 01:58:14,900
Through leaves. 
The distant chime of temple 

2141
01:58:14,900 --> 01:58:17,000
bells. 
Some monks might be tending 

2142
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:20,000
Gardens with the kind of focused
attention that makes even 

2143
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:21,700
weeding seem like a form of 
meditation. 

2144
01:58:21,700 --> 01:58:26,300
Others might be copying sutras 
with brushes Inc, their 

2145
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,000
movements flowing and rhythmic, 
as they create characters that 

2146
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:31,100
are both spiritual practice and 
visual art. 

2147
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:34,200
And still, others might be 
sitting in meditation with a 

2148
01:58:34,200 --> 01:58:36,500
Stillness. 
That makes them seem like part 

2149
01:58:36,500 --> 01:58:40,100
of the temple architecture 
itself as permanent and peaceful

2150
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:42,100
as the wooden pillars and stone 
lanterns. 

2151
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:44,300
Around the garden Within These 
Temple. 

2152
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,300
Complexes are works of art in 
their own, right, but they're 

2153
01:58:47,300 --> 01:58:49,400
not the kind of art, you hang on
a wall and forget about. 

2154
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:52,900
These are living compositions 
that change with the seasons 

2155
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:55,500
with the weather, even with the 
time of day. 

2156
01:58:56,100 --> 01:58:58,300
A garden. 
Might feature a perfectly placed

2157
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,500
stone, that catches the Morning 
Light in Winter and provides a 

2158
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:03,400
shady resting spot for a bird in
summer. 

2159
01:59:04,000 --> 01:59:07,200
Or a Grove of bamboo positioned.
So that the sound of Wind 

2160
01:59:07,200 --> 01:59:10,900
Through the leaves musks, the 
noise from the street creating a

2161
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:12,700
pocket of Tranquility in the 
Heart of the City. 

2162
01:59:12,700 --> 01:59:16,000
These Gardens follow principles 
that seem almost magical in 

2163
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:17,300
their Simplicity and 
Effectiveness. 

2164
01:59:17,300 --> 01:59:22,300
Empty spaces are as important as
filled ones creating areas for 

2165
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:26,200
the eye and mine to rest. 
Asymmetrical Arrangements, feel 

2166
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:29,100
more natural and interesting 
than perfectly balanced designs,

2167
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:31,800
and everything is scaled to 
human proportions. 

2168
01:59:31,800 --> 01:59:35,100
So that even the smallest Garden
feels spacious and complete, 

2169
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:37,500
rather than cramped or 
incomplete. 

2170
01:59:37,500 --> 01:59:40,100
You might spend some time 
sitting on a wooden bench or 

2171
01:59:40,100 --> 01:59:42,200
stone seating. 
These Garden Gardens watching 

2172
01:59:42,200 --> 01:59:45,300
koi fish lazy, their way around 
a pond or following the path of 

2173
01:59:45,300 --> 01:59:47,300
a single leaf as it falls from a
maple tree. 

2174
01:59:48,600 --> 01:59:51,800
Time moves differently in these 
spaces expanding and 

2175
01:59:51,800 --> 01:59:53,200
Contracting. 
In ways that seem to have 

2176
01:59:53,200 --> 01:59:54,800
nothing to do with clocks or 
schedules. 

2177
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:59,700
Minutes can feel like ours but 
somehow you never feel bored or 

2178
01:59:59,700 --> 02:00:02,400
Restless. 
It's as if the garden teaches 

2179
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:05,800
you how to simply be present. 
Something that's increasingly 

2180
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:08,900
difficult in our modern world of
constant notifications and 

2181
02:00:08,900 --> 02:00:11,300
endless. 
To-do lists, the water features 

2182
02:00:11,300 --> 02:00:14,500
in these Gardens are 
particularly mesmerizing a small

2183
02:00:14,500 --> 02:00:17,600
stream might wind through the 
space sometimes disappearing. 

2184
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:20,300
Underground only to emerge again
in a different location. 

2185
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:23,500
Creating the illusion of a much 
larger water system than 

2186
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:26,100
actually exists. 
The sound of water. 

2187
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:28,500
Moving over carefully, placed 
Stones creates a natural 

2188
02:00:28,500 --> 02:00:32,100
soundtrack that musks Urban 
noise, while providing the kind 

2189
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:35,800
of white noise that helps the 
Mind, relax and focus when you 

2190
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:39,000
eventually leave the temple and 
returned to the streets, the 

2191
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:40,700
contrast helps you notice 
details. 

2192
02:00:40,700 --> 02:00:44,300
You might have missed before The
waist sunlight filters through 

2193
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:48,100
the wooden slats of a shop front
creating patterns, that shift 

2194
02:00:48,100 --> 02:00:51,800
and dance as the day progresses.
The careful arrangement of 

2195
02:00:51,800 --> 02:00:55,400
stones around a tree planted, in
the street, each one place not 

2196
02:00:55,400 --> 02:00:58,800
just to protect the roots but to
create a small moment of Beauty.

2197
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:02,600
For anyone who happens to notice
the shop fronts themselves are 

2198
02:01:02,600 --> 02:01:06,400
studies in understated Elegance.
Instead of bright signs and 

2199
02:01:06,400 --> 02:01:09,900
flashy displays most shops are 
identified by simple. 

2200
02:01:09,900 --> 02:01:13,400
Wooden signs with elegant 
calligraphy or buy the goods, 

2201
02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:14,800
displayed in their front 
windows. 

2202
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:19,200
Sake Brewery might be marked by 
a ball of Cedar branches hanging

2203
02:01:19,200 --> 02:01:21,800
from the eaves. 
While a textile shop might 

2204
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,300
display bolts of silk, in subtle
gradations of color, that catch 

2205
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:27,600
the Light, like captured 
rainbows by now. 

2206
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:31,100
It's probably time to think 
about lunch and this is where 

2207
02:01:31,100 --> 02:01:33,300
you'll discover one of the great
pleasures of life. 

2208
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:37,400
In Old Kyoto, the neighborhood 
sober shop, These small 

2209
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:39,000
restaurants are tucked into 
buildings. 

2210
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:41,800
That might want to have been 
someone's home with low ceilings

2211
02:01:41,800 --> 02:01:45,300
blackened by Decades of cooking,
smoked wooden, floors worn, 

2212
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:48,300
Smooth by countless feet. 
And the kind of atmosphere that 

2213
02:01:48,300 --> 02:01:50,200
makes you want to settle in and 
stay a while. 

2214
02:01:50,208 --> 02:01:52,500
The sober noodles are made fresh
daily. 

2215
02:01:52,500 --> 02:01:55,300
By the shop owner, who starts 
work before, Dawn to have 

2216
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:58,800
everything, ready for the lunch 
rush, The process begins with 

2217
02:01:58,800 --> 02:02:00,900
grinding buckwheat flour in a 
Stone Mill. 

2218
02:02:00,900 --> 02:02:03,900
Creating a course meal, that is 
then mixed with just enough 

2219
02:02:03,900 --> 02:02:07,200
water to hold together. 
The dough is rolled out thin and

2220
02:02:07,200 --> 02:02:09,900
cut by hand with a knife that 
has been sharpened to raise a 

2221
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:13,300
Precision, creating noodles that
have the perfect thickness and 

2222
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:15,900
texture to hold onto the broth 
without the coming mushy. 

2223
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:19,000
The prophet self is a 
masterpiece of subtlety made 

2224
02:02:19,000 --> 02:02:20,900
from kombucha. 
Seaweed that has been dried 

2225
02:02:20,900 --> 02:02:23,600
until it's almost black and 
Bonito flakes that have been 

2226
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:25,500
shaved. 
So thin they look like wood 

2227
02:02:25,500 --> 02:02:27,800
shavings from a master 
Carpenters plane. 

2228
02:02:28,700 --> 02:02:31,400
When hot water hits these 
flakes, they dance and curl in 

2229
02:02:31,400 --> 02:02:34,200
the pot like tiny sea creatures 
before settling into the depth 

2230
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,000
to release their Smoky Oceanic 
flavor. 

2231
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:40,100
The art is in knowing exactly 
how long to steep these 

2232
02:02:40,100 --> 02:02:45,000
ingredients, too little and the 
broth lacks depth too much and 

2233
02:02:45,000 --> 02:02:47,600
it becomes bitter. 
The shop might also serve 

2234
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:51,000
tempura made from vegetables or 
prawns that are dipped in the 

2235
02:02:51,008 --> 02:02:54,600
lightest possible batter and 
fried in oil, that's been heated

2236
02:02:54,600 --> 02:02:56,100
to exactly the right 
temperature. 

2237
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:01,200
The result is crispy and light 
almost ethereal with the natural

2238
02:03:01,200 --> 02:03:04,300
flavors of the ingredients, 
enhanced rather than masked by 

2239
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:07,500
the cooking process. 
The oil used for frying is often

2240
02:03:07,500 --> 02:03:09,900
sesame oil which adds its own 
subtle. 

2241
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:11,900
Nutty flavor to the finished 
dish. 

2242
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:15,500
You sit at a low table, probably
sharing the space with a few 

2243
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:18,300
other customers, maybe a 
merchant taking a break from his

2244
02:03:18,300 --> 02:03:20,700
rounds. 
His wooden cart parked outside 

2245
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:23,400
loaded with bolts of fabric or a
Craftsman. 

2246
02:03:23,400 --> 02:03:25,300
Grabbing a quick meal between 
projects. 

2247
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:28,600
His hands still bearing traces 
of the materials he works with. 

2248
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:32,600
The conversations are quiet and 
comfortable the kind, you might 

2249
02:03:32,608 --> 02:03:35,200
overhear in any Neighborhood 
Restaurant anywhere in the world

2250
02:03:35,200 --> 02:03:38,400
full of local gossip. 
Gentle complaints about the 

2251
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:40,700
weather and discussions of 
family news. 

2252
02:03:40,700 --> 02:03:43,400
The sober arrives in a simple 
ceramic Bowl. 

2253
02:03:43,400 --> 02:03:46,200
Handmade by a local Potter, 
whose family has been making 

2254
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:50,000
dishes for Generations. 
The noodles and nestled in clear

2255
02:03:50,000 --> 02:03:53,200
fragrant broth with, perhaps a 
few slices of green onion. 

2256
02:03:53,200 --> 02:03:57,000
Floating on top, like tiny lily,
pads, or a piece of camo, Boko 

2257
02:03:57,000 --> 02:04:00,300
processed fish cake, cut into 
decorative, shapes that add both

2258
02:04:00,300 --> 02:04:02,100
flavor and visual interest to 
the dish. 

2259
02:04:02,100 --> 02:04:04,900
You lift the noodles with 
chopsticks and slurp them 

2260
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:08,500
enthusiastically, and yes, 
slurping is not just acceptable 

2261
02:04:08,500 --> 02:04:11,100
here. 
It's encouraged and practically 

2262
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:14,100
required. 
The sound helps cool the noodles

2263
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:17,200
as they enter your mouth and 
actually enhances the flavor by 

2264
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:18,800
drawing air across your taste 
buds. 

2265
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:20,900
As you eat. 
It's like having a built-in 

2266
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:22,800
cooling system and flavor 
amplifier. 

2267
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:24,900
All in one. 
And once you get over any 

2268
02:04:24,900 --> 02:04:27,900
initial self-consciousness, it 
becomes a natural part of 

2269
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:30,500
enjoying the meal. 
The broth that remains after you

2270
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:32,900
finish, the noodle is often 
mixed with the hot water that 

2271
02:04:32,900 --> 02:04:36,200
was used to cook. 
The sober called sabiu, creating

2272
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:39,000
a lighter more delicate suit 
that helps you digest the meal 

2273
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:41,700
and provides additional 
nutrients from the buckwheat. 

2274
02:04:42,500 --> 02:04:44,800
It's the kind of practical 
wisdom that makes perfect sense.

2275
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:48,200
Once you understand it turning, 
what might seem like waste into 

2276
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:50,400
an additional course? 
That's both healthy and 

2277
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:53,200
satisfying after lunch. 
You might take a stroll through 

2278
02:04:53,200 --> 02:04:56,400
one of Kyoto's markets and this 
is where you really begin to 

2279
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:58,500
understand how different 
commerce was in Old Japan. 

2280
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:01,500
These aren't the sprawling 
supermarkets. 

2281
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:04,800
You might be used to with their 
fluorescent lights and endless 

2282
02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:07,200
aisles of packaged Goods 
instead. 

2283
02:05:07,200 --> 02:05:10,100
They're intimate collections of 
small, stalls and shops. 

2284
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:13,400
Each one specializing in just a 
few items but doing them 

2285
02:05:13,400 --> 02:05:16,200
exceptionally. 
Well, the fishmonger knows every

2286
02:05:16,200 --> 02:05:19,200
fish in his display case, like, 
old friends able to tell you, 

2287
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:22,300
not only where each one was 
caught and when, but how best to

2288
02:05:22,300 --> 02:05:23,800
prepare it for your family's 
dinner? 

2289
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:27,100
He might recommend grilling the 
small River Fish Hole over 

2290
02:05:27,108 --> 02:05:29,900
charcoal or suggest that the 
largest sea bass would be 

2291
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:32,800
perfect for making a clear soup 
with just a few drops of soy 

2292
02:05:32,800 --> 02:05:36,100
sauce and some fresh herbs. 
The vegetable seller can tell 

2293
02:05:36,100 --> 02:05:38,800
you, which I can radishes are 
best for pickling and which are 

2294
02:05:38,800 --> 02:05:40,600
better for grating fresh over 
rice. 

2295
02:05:41,500 --> 02:05:44,700
Simmons are sweet enough to eat 
out of hand and which need to be

2296
02:05:44,700 --> 02:05:46,800
dried first to concentrate their
flavors. 

2297
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:50,300
Her knowledge comes from years, 
of handling these products, but 

2298
02:05:50,300 --> 02:05:53,000
also from close relationships 
with the farmers who grow them 

2299
02:05:53,000 --> 02:05:55,500
often in small plots, just 
outside the city. 

2300
02:05:55,500 --> 02:05:58,900
The market is a feast for all 
your senses but in a gentle way 

2301
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:01,600
that doesn't overwhelm. 
The colors are incredible. 

2302
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:04,400
Deep Purple eggplants that 
seemed to glow from within 

2303
02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:06,700
bright. 
Orange Persimmons hanging like 

2304
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:09,100
lanterns from wooden stands and 
greens. 

2305
02:06:09,100 --> 02:06:12,000
In more shades than knew existed
from the pale silver. 

2306
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:15,200
Green of young bamboo shoots to 
the deep forest green of mature 

2307
02:06:15,200 --> 02:06:17,100
vegetables that have absorbed 
some sunshine. 

2308
02:06:17,100 --> 02:06:20,700
The Sounds blend together into a
gentle Symphony of Commerce 

2309
02:06:20,700 --> 02:06:23,300
vendors. 
Calling their Wares in musical 

2310
02:06:23,300 --> 02:06:25,800
voices. 
Customers asking questions about

2311
02:06:25,800 --> 02:06:27,900
preparation methods or seasonal 
availability. 

2312
02:06:27,900 --> 02:06:31,900
Wooden crates, being moved and 
stacked with Halo thugs that 

2313
02:06:31,900 --> 02:06:35,400
Echo off the covered walkways. 
And Underneath It All, the 

2314
02:06:35,400 --> 02:06:39,100
constant soft shuffling of feet 
in wooden sandals or cloth soled

2315
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:42,500
shoes, creating a rhythm that 
seems to match the heartbeat of 

2316
02:06:42,500 --> 02:06:45,000
the city itself. 
The smells are something else 

2317
02:06:45,000 --> 02:06:47,700
entirely a complex layering of 
Aromas. 

2318
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:49,800
That would be impossible to 
replicate artificially. 

2319
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:53,300
Fresh fish mingles with 
fermented soybeans. 

2320
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,700
Flowering herbs blend with wood 
smoke from cooking fires. 

2321
02:06:56,700 --> 02:07:00,200
And Underneath It, All is the 
Clean Center of well, swept 

2322
02:07:00,200 --> 02:07:03,600
wooden floors and bamboo baskets
that have been scrubbed until 

2323
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:06,100
they're almost white. 
You might stop to watch a 

2324
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:08,700
Craftsman at work perhaps 
someone making traditional 

2325
02:07:08,700 --> 02:07:12,100
brushes finding together, animal
hairs, with silk thread in 

2326
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:14,600
combinations that have been 
perfected over centuries of 

2327
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:17,900
experimentation. 
His hands move with the kind of 

2328
02:07:17,900 --> 02:07:20,700
automatic Precision that only 
comes from years of repetition, 

2329
02:07:20,700 --> 02:07:24,500
but his I stay focused and alert
checking each brush for balance 

2330
02:07:24,500 --> 02:07:27,400
and spring. 
There's something deeply 

2331
02:07:27,400 --> 02:07:29,900
satisfying about watching 
someone who has mastered their 

2332
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:32,200
craft. 
You can create something, both 

2333
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:34,900
beautiful and functional with 
nothing but simple, tools and 

2334
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:38,200
practice skill or you might 
encounter a Potter working at a 

2335
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:40,400
wheel. 
His hands covered in clay as he 

2336
02:07:40,408 --> 02:07:42,400
shapes a bowl or vase with 
movements. 

2337
02:07:42,400 --> 02:07:46,700
That seem almost like dancing. 
Clay responds to his touch 

2338
02:07:46,700 --> 02:07:49,200
growing taller or wide as he 
guided. 

2339
02:07:49,200 --> 02:07:52,200
And you can see how the final 
former merges not from a 

2340
02:07:52,200 --> 02:07:54,900
predetermined plan, but from a 
conversation between the 

2341
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:59,500
Craftsmen and his material, Each
PC creates his unique bearing, 

2342
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:02,400
the subtle marks of his hands 
and the particular qualities of 

2343
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:04,500
the clay. 
He's working with the textile 

2344
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:07,800
workers are equally fascinating 
to watch whether this spinning 

2345
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:11,500
thread on wooden Wheels, weaving
fabric on looms, that click and 

2346
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:15,600
clattering rhythmic patterns or 
dying cloth in Vats of indigo 

2347
02:08:15,600 --> 02:08:19,300
that turn the water almost black
The colors they achieve are 

2348
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:22,400
subtle and complex created using
natural materials, like plants 

2349
02:08:22,400 --> 02:08:26,100
minerals, and even insects, and 
the results have a depth and 

2350
02:08:26,100 --> 02:08:29,400
richness, that synthetic dies, 
can't match as the afternoon 

2351
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:31,200
wears on the light begins to 
change. 

2352
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:34,400
Taking on that golden quality 
that photographers love and 

2353
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:36,000
Painters. 
Try their whole lives to capture

2354
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:40,400
this is when Kyoto reveals some 
of its most magical moments as 

2355
02:08:40,400 --> 02:08:43,500
the low angled Sun transforms, 
ordinary scenes into something 

2356
02:08:43,500 --> 02:08:45,500
that looks like a wood block 
print come to life. 

2357
02:08:46,500 --> 02:08:49,900
Shadows grow longer and more 
dramatic turning narrow alleys 

2358
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:52,900
into mysterious corridors and 
making even the simplest 

2359
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:56,100
buildings look like subjects for
poetry, the paper Windows of 

2360
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:59,600
houses begin to glow from within
as people like their oil lamps 

2361
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:02,700
and candles creating warm, 
rectangles of light, that seemed

2362
02:09:02,700 --> 02:09:06,700
to float in the Gathering dusk. 
These windows don't provide the 

2363
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:10,300
harsh illumination of electric 
lights, but rather a soft honey 

2364
02:09:10,300 --> 02:09:13,100
colored glow that makes every 
building look welcoming and 

2365
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:15,200
mysterious at the same time, 
this is all. 

2366
02:09:15,200 --> 02:09:17,900
So when many of the Cities 
Craftsmen and artists and emerge

2367
02:09:17,900 --> 02:09:20,900
from their workshops, either 
heading home for the day or 

2368
02:09:20,900 --> 02:09:23,000
making deliveries of finished 
goods to their customers. 

2369
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:26,600
You might encounter a Potter 
carrying a wooden box of freshly

2370
02:09:26,600 --> 02:09:30,200
fired, Tebow's, each one wrapped
in silk and nestled in rice. 

2371
02:09:30,200 --> 02:09:32,600
Husks from protection. 
Four. 

2372
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:34,200
Textile, worker heading home 
with arms. 

2373
02:09:34,200 --> 02:09:36,900
Full of silk that catches the 
afternoon light, like, captured 

2374
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:40,000
rainbows the Fabrics. 
So fine, it seems to float 

2375
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:43,100
rather than hang from her arms. 
These aren't people producing 

2376
02:09:43,100 --> 02:09:47,000
goods for some distant Market or
Anonymous consumers, they're 

2377
02:09:47,000 --> 02:09:48,800
creating things that will be 
used by their neighbors. 

2378
02:09:48,800 --> 02:09:52,100
Their friends people. 
They see every day at the market

2379
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,100
or the temple or in the narrow 
streets of their neighborhood. 

2380
02:09:55,100 --> 02:09:58,600
There's something profoundly 
satisfying about living in a 

2381
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:01,600
place where so many of the 
things you use daily are made by

2382
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:04,300
people, you know, or at least 
people, you could know if you 

2383
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:07,300
wanted to your rice, bowls were 
shaped by someone who lives 

2384
02:10:07,300 --> 02:10:10,300
three streets over a Potter. 
Whose family has been working 

2385
02:10:10,300 --> 02:10:14,200
with clay for six Generations. 
Your wooden sandals were carved 

2386
02:10:14,200 --> 02:10:16,900
by a Craftsman who buys his 
vegetables from the same. 

2387
02:10:16,900 --> 02:10:19,300
Vendor you do and who knows your
preferences? 

2388
02:10:19,300 --> 02:10:22,500
Well enough to adjust the fit 
with without being asked The 

2389
02:10:22,500 --> 02:10:25,300
Silka be that holds your robes 
in place was woven by a woman 

2390
02:10:25,308 --> 02:10:29,300
who sits in the sun outside her 
shop in the afternoons, working 

2391
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:31,400
on Peace's that will take months
to complete. 

2392
02:10:31,400 --> 02:10:34,800
There's all some deeply 
reassuring about the continuity 

2393
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:37,900
of these Traditions, the way 
Knowledge and Skills are passed 

2394
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:41,500
down from parent to child, from 
Master, to Apprentice in an 

2395
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:43,800
unbroken chain that stretches 
back centuries. 

2396
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:47,600
The wooden comb, you use each 
morning was carved using the 

2397
02:10:47,600 --> 02:10:50,000
same techniques that were 
perfected, hundreds of years 

2398
02:10:50,000 --> 02:10:52,200
ago. 
I Craftsman whose names are 

2399
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:55,300
forgotten but whose Innovations 
live on in every tool that's 

2400
02:10:55,300 --> 02:10:57,900
made today as evening 
approaches, you begin to think 

2401
02:10:57,900 --> 02:11:01,300
about dinner, which an old Kyoto
is often a more elaborate Affair

2402
02:11:01,300 --> 02:11:04,800
than breakfast or lunch. 
This is when families gather to 

2403
02:11:04,800 --> 02:11:08,400
share the dais news and enjoy 
more complex dishes that require

2404
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:11,500
longer preparation and more 
careful attention to detail. 

2405
02:11:12,300 --> 02:11:15,300
The rice is still the foundation
of the meal, but now it might be

2406
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:17,100
accompanied by simmered 
vegetables. 

2407
02:11:17,100 --> 02:11:20,500
In delicate, broths, grilled 
fish seasoned with just enough 

2408
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:23,200
salt to enhance their natural 
flavors delicate. 

2409
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:26,500
Egg custards that are more like 
Savory puddings and an array of 

2410
02:11:26,508 --> 02:11:29,500
small dishes that turn the meal 
into a kind of edible landscape.

2411
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:33,200
The preparation of dinner is 
often a community activity with 

2412
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:35,100
family members working together 
in the kitchen. 

2413
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:38,500
Each taking responsibility for 
different dishes, according to 

2414
02:11:38,500 --> 02:11:41,800
their skills and preferences. 
There's something meditative 

2415
02:11:41,800 --> 02:11:45,100
about the rhythmic, chopping of 
vegetables, the gentle bubbling 

2416
02:11:45,100 --> 02:11:48,400
of simmering broths and the 
careful arrangement of food in 

2417
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:51,100
serving dishes that are chosen 
as much for their beauty as 

2418
02:11:51,100 --> 02:11:53,800
their functionality. 
No one is rushing to get dinner 

2419
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:57,500
on the table by a certain time. 
Instead the meal develops 

2420
02:11:57,500 --> 02:12:00,700
organically with dishes 
appearing when they're ready and

2421
02:12:00,700 --> 02:12:02,800
people Gathering as they finish 
their days work. 

2422
02:12:03,600 --> 02:12:06,200
Children might help by washing 
vegetables or setting out the 

2423
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:09,400
dishes, learning The rhythms of 
meal preparation, that they'll 

2424
02:12:09,400 --> 02:12:11,200
carry with them into their own 
adult lives. 

2425
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,600
The kitchen itself is a model of
efficiency with everything 

2426
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:16,900
designed to make the most of 
limited space and simple 

2427
02:12:16,900 --> 02:12:20,300
equipment. 
So, kept razor sharp and are 

2428
02:12:20,300 --> 02:12:22,300
treated with the respect due to 
Precision Tools. 

2429
02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:26,200
Cutting boards are made from 
single pieces of wood and a 

2430
02:12:26,200 --> 02:12:28,300
scrubbed clean after each use 
pots. 

2431
02:12:28,300 --> 02:12:32,000
And pans are made from clay or 
iron materials that heat evenly 

2432
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:35,200
and retain warmth long after 
their removal from the fire. 

2433
02:12:35,200 --> 02:12:38,600
The clay pots used for cooking 
rice are particularly ingenious.

2434
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:42,400
They create steam pressure that 
cooks the grains perfectly while

2435
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,500
the clay itself adds subtle 
mineral flavors that enhance the

2436
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:49,100
taste of the Finnish dish. 
These pots often develop a 

2437
02:12:49,100 --> 02:12:52,500
patina over years of use, that 
makes them more effective and 

2438
02:12:52,500 --> 02:12:54,900
gives each family's rice. 
A slightly different character. 

2439
02:12:54,900 --> 02:12:58,100
When you finally sit down to eat
the low table is covered with 

2440
02:12:58,100 --> 02:13:00,700
small dishes. 
Each one containing just a few 

2441
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:04,100
bites of different foods There 
might be tiny hole, fish, 

2442
02:13:04,100 --> 02:13:07,400
grilled until their skin is 
crispy and their fresh sweet and

2443
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:10,400
Flaky. 
Vegetables, simmered in Dashi 

2444
02:13:10,400 --> 02:13:12,800
until they're tender but still 
retain their shape and bright 

2445
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:16,200
color pickles that provide sharp
acidic notes to balance the 

2446
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,700
gentler flavors of the other 
dishes and always somewhere on 

2447
02:13:19,700 --> 02:13:22,800
the table, a small dish of 
grated Daikon radish mixed with 

2448
02:13:22,800 --> 02:13:25,900
a DOT of fiery Wasabi that will 
clear your sinuses and wake up 

2449
02:13:25,900 --> 02:13:29,300
every taste bud in your mouth. 
The meal proceeds slowly with 

2450
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:31,800
conversation flowing between 
bites and pauses for 

2451
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:35,400
appreciation of particularly, 
well, prepared dishes people 

2452
02:13:35,400 --> 02:13:38,400
take turns serving each other 
and there's a complex etiquette 

2453
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:41,300
around who pours whose T and 
where to offer the choices 

2454
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:44,800
morsels to others at the table? 
It's not stuffy etiquette though

2455
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,200
is the kind of gracious behavior
that makes everyone feel cared 

2456
02:13:48,200 --> 02:13:51,000
for and included. 
The social lubrication, that 

2457
02:13:51,000 --> 02:13:54,800
allows groups of people to share
food harmoniously, Tia served 

2458
02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:57,400
throughout the meal, not the 
strong black tea, you might be 

2459
02:13:57,400 --> 02:14:00,800
expecting, but delicate green 
tea that cleanses the palate and

2460
02:14:00,800 --> 02:14:04,300
AIDS digestion. 
The Tea Ceremony while not 

2461
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:07,400
always formal follows certain 
principles of mindfulness and 

2462
02:14:07,400 --> 02:14:10,600
respect that turn even casual 
tea, drinking into a meditative 

2463
02:14:10,600 --> 02:14:13,200
practice. 
The teapot is warmed before. 

2464
02:14:13,200 --> 02:14:16,000
The leaves are added. 
The water is heated to exactly 

2465
02:14:16,000 --> 02:14:18,400
the right temperature for the 
type of T being served. 

2466
02:14:18,400 --> 02:14:22,000
And the first pour is discarded 
to awaken the leaves before the 

2467
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:25,200
actual tea is prepared. 
After dinner, as the last like, 

2468
02:14:25,200 --> 02:14:27,900
Fades from the sky. 
The city begins to transform 

2469
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:30,800
once again. 
Paper lanterns are lit and hung 

2470
02:14:30,800 --> 02:14:34,000
outside shops and houses 
creating pools of warm light 

2471
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:37,100
along the dark streets. 
The lanterns don't provide much 

2472
02:14:37,100 --> 02:14:38,700
illumination by modern 
standards. 

2473
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:41,800
You certainly couldn't read by 
their light, but they're not 

2474
02:14:41,800 --> 02:14:44,200
really meant to. 
They're more like beacons, 

2475
02:14:44,200 --> 02:14:46,500
marking human presence and 
activity. 

2476
02:14:46,500 --> 02:14:49,600
In the darkness, creating a 
sense of community and safety 

2477
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:52,400
without banishing. 
The night entirely the lanterns 

2478
02:14:52,400 --> 02:14:55,000
themselves. 
A works of art made from bamboo 

2479
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:58,200
frames covered with handmade 
paper that's often decorated, 

2480
02:14:58,200 --> 02:15:00,000
with painted designs or 
calligraphy. 

2481
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:03,800
The light from the candles or 
oil lamps inside creates 

2482
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:07,100
beautiful patterns on the paper.
And the gentle flicker of the 

2483
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:09,400
Flames, makes the whole 
neighborhood seem alive and 

2484
02:15:09,400 --> 02:15:12,400
breathing in the darkness. 
This is when you might take an 

2485
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,000
evening stroll, something thats 
both practical and pleasant in 

2486
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:18,300
Old Kyoto, the narrow streets 
that seemed intimate during the 

2487
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:21,400
day become mysterious and almost
magical in the lantern light. 

2488
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:25,700
Shadows deeper and shift as you 
walk past them, you can hear the

2489
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:28,600
sounds of family life filtering 
out through the paper Windows, 

2490
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:31,900
the clink of dishes, being 
washed children of voices, 

2491
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,400
raised in play or protests and 
the soft murmur of adult 

2492
02:15:35,400 --> 02:15:38,000
conversation punctuated by 
occasional laughed. 

2493
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:40,700
After the night air carries 
different sense than the day, 

2494
02:15:40,700 --> 02:15:45,200
the lingering Aromas of dinner 
preparation Clean smell of 

2495
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:48,600
water, being used for washing, 
and the faint incense smoke that

2496
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:51,500
drifts from household shrines, 
where families make their 

2497
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,800
evening offerings. 
There's also the earthy smell of

2498
02:15:54,808 --> 02:15:58,800
the city settling down for the 
night, a mixture of wood Stone 

2499
02:15:58,800 --> 02:16:02,500
and the indefinable center of 
human habitation that somehow 

2500
02:16:02,500 --> 02:16:05,500
comforting rather than 
unpleasant, you might pass a 

2501
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:07,800
Teahouse where the sound of a 
Sheamus and drifts out into the 

2502
02:16:07,808 --> 02:16:09,900
night. 
It's three strings, creating 

2503
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:12,300
Melodies that seemed to capture 
something essential about 

2504
02:16:12,300 --> 02:16:16,400
Japanese Aesthetics. 
Spare elegant and somehow both 

2505
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:18,500
Melancholy and hopeful at the 
same time. 

2506
02:16:18,500 --> 02:16:20,700
The music doesn't dominate the 
night. 

2507
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:23,600
Sounds but weaves through them. 
Adding another layer to the 

2508
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:26,300
evening's gentle Symphony of 
human activity and natural 

2509
02:16:26,300 --> 02:16:28,700
sounds. 
The shaman music is often 

2510
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:32,400
accompanied by singing voices 
that rise and fall in patterns 

2511
02:16:32,400 --> 02:16:36,400
that mirror the inflections of 
spoken Japanese creating a form 

2512
02:16:36,400 --> 02:16:38,600
of musical storytelling. 
That doesn't require 

2513
02:16:38,600 --> 02:16:41,200
understanding the words to 
appreciate the emotions being 

2514
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:45,299
conveyed, The song's might tell 
of separated lovers changing 

2515
02:16:45,299 --> 02:16:48,000
seasons or The Simple Pleasures 
of daily life. 

2516
02:16:48,000 --> 02:16:51,100
The themes that a universal, 
even when the musical Traditions

2517
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:54,500
that carry them, a specifically 
Japanese were you might 

2518
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,299
encounter a group of people 
returning from a festival at one

2519
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,100
of the local shrines still 
dressed in their Festival 

2520
02:17:00,100 --> 02:17:04,100
clothes and carrying small 
souvenirs or treats Perhaps 

2521
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:07,799
paper fans decorated with the 
shrines emblem or small Clay 

2522
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:10,200
figurines that are supposed to 
bring good luck in the coming 

2523
02:17:10,208 --> 02:17:12,400
year. 
Their voices carry the 

2524
02:17:12,400 --> 02:17:15,600
particular happiness that comes 
from shared celebration and they

2525
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:18,200
move through the streets with 
the loose, relaxed. 

2526
02:17:18,200 --> 02:17:21,000
Gait of people who have spent 
the day among friends and 

2527
02:17:21,000 --> 02:17:24,799
neighbors Festival days in Old 
Kyoto, a community events that 

2528
02:17:24,799 --> 02:17:27,700
break the normal rhythms of 
daily life bringing people 

2529
02:17:27,700 --> 02:17:30,100
together for shared rituals, 
that connect them to their 

2530
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:33,200
history, their neighbors, and 
the changing seasons. 

2531
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:36,500
Even if you don't participate 
directly in the religious 

2532
02:17:36,500 --> 02:17:39,900
aspects of these festivals, they
provide a sense of belonging to 

2533
02:17:39,900 --> 02:17:41,900
something larger than your 
individual life. 

2534
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:44,799
A reminder that your part of a 
community that has been 

2535
02:17:44,799 --> 02:17:47,100
celebrating. 
The same of events for hundreds 

2536
02:17:47,100 --> 02:17:49,299
of years. 
The festival foods are special 

2537
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:51,400
too. 
Treats that are only made on 

2538
02:17:51,400 --> 02:17:54,799
certain occasions using recipes 
that require skills and 

2539
02:17:54,799 --> 02:17:56,799
ingredients that aren't part of 
everyday cooking. 

2540
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:01,600
There might be Mochi rice cakes 
pounded by hand in wooden 

2541
02:18:01,600 --> 02:18:04,400
mortars, their texture. 
Completely different from 

2542
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:07,799
anything made by machine. 
Well, special sweets made from 

2543
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:10,400
Beans and sugar molded into 
shapes. 

2544
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:13,400
That represent, seasonal themes,
like cherry blossoms and spring 

2545
02:18:13,400 --> 02:18:16,200
or maple leaves in Autumn. 
As you make your way home 

2546
02:18:16,200 --> 02:18:19,299
through the quiet streets. 
You begin to notice how 

2547
02:18:19,299 --> 02:18:21,900
different night feels in a place
without electric lights. 

2548
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:25,200
The darkness is deeper and more 
complete than anything you 

2549
02:18:25,200 --> 02:18:28,100
experience in the modern world. 
But it's not frightening or 

2550
02:18:28,100 --> 02:18:30,600
uncomfortable. 
Instead, it feels natural and 

2551
02:18:30,600 --> 02:18:34,100
restful like, a soft blanket 
settling over the city after a 

2552
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:36,900
day of activity and 
productivity, the Stars when 

2553
02:18:36,900 --> 02:18:40,400
they're visible between the roof
lines seem brighter and closer 

2554
02:18:40,400 --> 02:18:43,500
than they do in our modern world
of light pollution, you can 

2555
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:45,900
actually see the Milky Way 
stretching a cross, the sky, 

2556
02:18:45,900 --> 02:18:49,799
like a river of light and the 
moon, when it's visible provides

2557
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:53,000
enough light to navigate by 
casting everything in silver and

2558
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:55,700
black, that makes even familiar 
streets, seem mysterious and 

2559
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:58,799
beautiful back in your house. 
You like a small oil lamp, that 

2560
02:18:58,799 --> 02:19:01,500
provides just enough light to 
see by without destroying the 

2561
02:19:01,500 --> 02:19:05,400
peaceful atmosphere of evening. 
Flame flickers slightly and 

2562
02:19:05,400 --> 02:19:07,700
whatever Breeze managers to 
find, its way through the 

2563
02:19:07,700 --> 02:19:11,000
building's, gaps and Joints 
creating dancing Shadows, on the

2564
02:19:11,000 --> 02:19:13,799
wooden walls that seemed almost 
alive in their constant motion. 

2565
02:19:15,000 --> 02:19:18,100
The lamp itself is a simple clay
vessel filled with vegetable oil

2566
02:19:18,100 --> 02:19:21,900
and fitted with a cotton wick. 
But in its Simplicity lies a 

2567
02:19:21,900 --> 02:19:24,900
kind of perfection. 
It does exactly what it needs to

2568
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:26,500
do without waste or 
complication. 

2569
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:29,500
You begin the process of 
preparing for Sleep, which 

2570
02:19:29,500 --> 02:19:32,200
involves spreading out your food
on again and arranging your 

2571
02:19:32,208 --> 02:19:35,500
clothes for the next day. 
But this isn't the rushed 

2572
02:19:35,500 --> 02:19:39,100
routine of modern bedtime where 
you're already thinking about 

2573
02:19:39,100 --> 02:19:41,799
tomorrow's obligations, while 
going through the motions of 

2574
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:44,799
getting ready for bed. 
Instead, it's a deliberate 

2575
02:19:44,799 --> 02:19:48,100
winding down a conscious 
transition from the active 

2576
02:19:48,100 --> 02:19:51,300
energy of day, to the 
restorative, quiet of night, the

2577
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:54,000
ritual of laying out, your futon
becomes a meditation in itself. 

2578
02:19:54,000 --> 02:19:57,600
You smooth the tatami mats, 
checking for any irregularities.

2579
02:19:57,600 --> 02:20:01,000
That might make sleeping 
uncomfortable during the cotton 

2580
02:20:01,000 --> 02:20:03,800
mattresses and exactly the right
configuration for your body and 

2581
02:20:03,800 --> 02:20:07,500
the season more layers in Winter
for warmth fewer in summer for 

2582
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:09,800
cooling. 
You position your wooden pillow 

2583
02:20:09,800 --> 02:20:12,400
filled with buckwheat hulls. 
That can formed the shape of 

2584
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,100
your head while providing Firm 
support for your neck. 

2585
02:20:15,100 --> 02:20:18,300
Your clothes for tomorrow are 
folded and arranged according to

2586
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:20,000
a system that makes perfect 
sense. 

2587
02:20:20,000 --> 02:20:23,000
Once you understand it, the 
innermost layers go on the 

2588
02:20:23,008 --> 02:20:26,600
bottom, the outer layers on top 
so you can dress efficiently in 

2589
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:28,600
the morning without having to 
sort through everything. 

2590
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:32,300
The colors are chose not just 
for their aesthetic appeal, but 

2591
02:20:32,300 --> 02:20:35,300
for their appropriate to the 
season, the weather, you expect,

2592
02:20:35,300 --> 02:20:36,800
and the activities you have 
planned. 

2593
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:40,400
But before you settle in for the
night, you might spend a few 

2594
02:20:40,400 --> 02:20:42,000
minutes sitting quietly in your 
room. 

2595
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:45,100
Perhaps looking out through your
paper windows, at the gentle 

2596
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:48,200
glow of your neighbor's lamps, 
creating warm rectangles of 

2597
02:20:48,200 --> 02:20:51,100
light in the Darkness. 
There's something profoundly 

2598
02:20:51,100 --> 02:20:54,800
peaceful about this time of day 
and old Kyoto, when the busyness

2599
02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:57,900
of daily life gives way to 
quieter rhythms and the mind 

2600
02:20:57,900 --> 02:21:01,300
naturally begins to slow down 
and reflect on the day's 

2601
02:21:01,300 --> 02:21:04,400
experience is you can hear the 
settling sounds of wooden houses

2602
02:21:04,400 --> 02:21:08,300
cooling after the day's warmth. 
Creeks and size that speak of 

2603
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,400
natural materials responding to 
changes in temperature and 

2604
02:21:11,400 --> 02:21:14,000
humidity. 
There's the distance splash of 

2605
02:21:14,000 --> 02:21:15,900
someone washing dishes in a 
wooden basin. 

2606
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:19,500
The sound carrying clearly 
through the still night air and 

2607
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:22,400
occasionally, the soft Russell 
of fabric, as people move about 

2608
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:25,800
their evening routines, 
preparing for sleep in dozens of

2609
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:27,300
households throughout your 
neighborhood. 

2610
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:30,500
This is when you really begin to
understand what life was like in

2611
02:21:30,508 --> 02:21:34,100
Old Kyoto, not just the external
details of clothing and food and

2612
02:21:34,100 --> 02:21:37,400
architecture, but the internal 
Rhythm that governed people's 

2613
02:21:37,400 --> 02:21:41,200
days and gave structure to their
lives without electric light's 

2614
02:21:41,200 --> 02:21:43,500
extending the day. 
After artificially people's 

2615
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:45,200
activities had natural 
boundaries. 

2616
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:49,000
That Modern Life has largely 
erased Work began with sunrise 

2617
02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:52,300
and wound down with sunset, 
energy levels, followed these 

2618
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:55,300
natural cycles, rising and 
falling with the light in ways 

2619
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:58,000
that probably made people feel 
more connected to the natural 

2620
02:21:58,000 --> 02:22:01,400
world and more attuned to their 
own biological rhythms. 

2621
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:04,400
The absence of artificial 
lighting also meant that sleep 

2622
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:07,100
came more naturally and was 
probably deeper and more 

2623
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:09,400
restorative than what many 
people experience today. 

2624
02:22:10,700 --> 02:22:13,300
Without the stimulation of 
bright lights and electronic 

2625
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:16,700
screens, the body's production 
of melatonin followed its 

2626
02:22:16,700 --> 02:22:19,900
natural patterns preparing the 
mind and body for rest as 

2627
02:22:19,900 --> 02:22:23,200
Darkness fell without television
or radio or Internet. 

2628
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:26,300
Entertainment was more 
participatory and social than 

2629
02:22:26,300 --> 02:22:29,400
the passive consumption that 
characterizes much of modern 

2630
02:22:29,400 --> 02:22:33,600
Leisure Time, people told 
stories, played games made music

2631
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,300
and talk to each other. 
In ways that required active 

2632
02:22:36,300 --> 02:22:40,000
engagement and creativity, 
children learn traditional songs

2633
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:43,300
and stories from their parents 
and grandparents creating links 

2634
02:22:43,300 --> 02:22:46,300
between Generations, that helped
preserve cultural knowledge and 

2635
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:48,500
values. 
The game's people played were 

2636
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:52,000
often simple but surprisingly 
sophisticated, requiring skill 

2637
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:54,900
strategy, and social awareness. 
Go. 

2638
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:58,000
The ancient board game that 
still popular, today was a 

2639
02:22:58,008 --> 02:23:00,800
favorite among adults. 
It's complex strategies, 

2640
02:23:00,800 --> 02:23:02,800
providing hours of mental 
challenge. 

2641
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:06,500
Children played with tops 
stilts, and various ball games 

2642
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:09,200
that developed coordination and 
social skills while providing 

2643
02:23:09,200 --> 02:23:12,500
physical exercise and fun. 
Music was an integral part of 

2644
02:23:12,508 --> 02:23:15,100
daily life. 
Not something that happened only

2645
02:23:15,100 --> 02:23:16,800
at special events or in 
dedicated. 

2646
02:23:16,800 --> 02:23:20,000
Venues people sang. 
While they worked played 

2647
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:23,000
instruments in their homes and 
gathered informally to share 

2648
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:27,200
songs and stories, the shamisen 
Koto and various flutes and 

2649
02:23:27,208 --> 02:23:30,200
drums were common household 
instruments and learning to play

2650
02:23:30,200 --> 02:23:33,000
them was considered an important
part of a well-rounded Education

2651
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:36,300
Without Autumn Beals or other 
mechanized Transportation. 

2652
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:40,000
The physical scale of life was 
more human and intimate than 

2653
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:43,900
what we experience today. 
People walked everywhere, which 

2654
02:23:43,900 --> 02:23:45,200
meant they knew their 
neighborhoods. 

2655
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:48,900
Intimately every shot every 
house, every tree along their 

2656
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:52,000
regular routes, they ran into 
the same people regularly 

2657
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,300
creating a web of casual 
relationships and daily 

2658
02:23:55,300 --> 02:23:57,400
interactions. 
That gave texture and meaning to

2659
02:23:57,400 --> 02:24:00,300
ordinary activities. 
This walking bass lifestyle, 

2660
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:02,600
also meant that people were 
generally better physical 

2661
02:24:02,600 --> 02:24:04,400
condition than many modern 
urbanites. 

2662
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:08,800
Daily activities like fetching 
water chopping wood and walking 

2663
02:24:08,800 --> 02:24:12,200
to markets provided natural 
exercise that kept bodies strong

2664
02:24:12,200 --> 02:24:14,800
and healthy. 
The physical demands of daily 

2665
02:24:14,800 --> 02:24:17,600
life, were integrated into 
normal routines rather than 

2666
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:19,600
requiring separate time and 
facilities. 

2667
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:22,000
For exercise. 
The pace of information and 

2668
02:24:22,000 --> 02:24:24,700
communication was also 
fundamentally different from our

2669
02:24:24,700 --> 02:24:28,900
modern experience, News traveled
slowly allowing time for 

2670
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:31,600
reflection and consideration 
before forming opinions or 

2671
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:34,500
making decisions. 
Rumors and gossips spread 

2672
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:36,800
through personal networks rather
than mass media. 

2673
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:40,200
Which meant that information 
often came with context and 

2674
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:42,300
interpretation from people, you 
knew. 

2675
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:45,600
And trusted this slower pace of 
information flow had both 

2676
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:49,100
advantages and disadvantages. 
People were less likely to be 

2677
02:24:49,100 --> 02:24:52,500
overwhelmed by distant crises. 
They could do nothing about but 

2678
02:24:52,508 --> 02:24:55,100
they were also less aware of 
events and opportunities beyond 

2679
02:24:55,100 --> 02:24:58,700
their immediate community. 
The trade-off was between depth 

2680
02:24:58,700 --> 02:25:01,500
and breadth. 
Between knowing your local World

2681
02:25:01,500 --> 02:25:04,500
intimately, and being connected 
to, a Global Network of 

2682
02:25:04,500 --> 02:25:07,600
information and relationships. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

2683
02:25:07,600 --> 02:25:10,200
without the constant pressure, 
to optimize and improve and 

2684
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,800
Achieve that characterizes much 
of Modern Life people could find

2685
02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:17,800
satisfaction and dignity and 
simple competence and consistent

2686
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:19,300
contribution to their 
communities. 

2687
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:22,600
The sober maker, who could 
produce consistently? 

2688
02:25:22,600 --> 02:25:24,900
Excellent noodles, the 
carpenter? 

2689
02:25:24,900 --> 02:25:26,400
Who could join wood without 
nails? 

2690
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:29,900
The Gardener who could coax 
Beauty from a tiny plot of land.

2691
02:25:29,900 --> 02:25:33,600
These people had a kind of 
purpose and fulfillment that 

2692
02:25:33,600 --> 02:25:36,200
came from mastering their chosen
crafts and serving their 

2693
02:25:36,200 --> 02:25:38,900
neighbors. 
Daily needs the social structure

2694
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:41,600
of old Kyoto while not without 
its problems and limitations 

2695
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:44,900
provided a kind of security and 
belonging that many. 

2696
02:25:44,900 --> 02:25:48,400
Modern people struggle to find 
everyone had a place in the 

2697
02:25:48,400 --> 02:25:51,200
community higher Archie. 
Everyone had roles and 

2698
02:25:51,200 --> 02:25:54,000
responsibilities that were 
recognized and valued and 

2699
02:25:54,000 --> 02:25:56,500
everyone was connected to 
networks of mutual obligation 

2700
02:25:56,500 --> 02:25:59,100
and support that helped them 
through difficult times. 

2701
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:02,700
As you finally settle into your 
futon for the night, pulling the

2702
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:05,600
cotton covers up to your chin. 
You might reflect on how 

2703
02:26:05,600 --> 02:26:07,800
different this life feels from 
our modern existence. 

2704
02:26:07,800 --> 02:26:12,000
It's slower certainly and in 
many ways, more physically 

2705
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:16,000
demanding and less convenient. 
But it's also more connected to 

2706
02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:19,500
neighbors to Seasons to the 
simple rhythms of sleeping and 

2707
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:22,900
waking working and resting 
eating and sharing food with 

2708
02:26:22,900 --> 02:26:25,200
others. 
The bedding itself tells a story

2709
02:26:25,200 --> 02:26:28,300
about this different way of 
life, the cotton has been grown,

2710
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:32,000
processed and woven by hand, 
probably by people who lived 

2711
02:26:32,000 --> 02:26:35,500
within a day's walk of where 
your sleeping The dyes used to 

2712
02:26:35,508 --> 02:26:38,200
color the fabric came from 
plants that grew in local 

2713
02:26:38,200 --> 02:26:41,500
Gardens or were gathered from 
Wild places in the surrounding 

2714
02:26:41,500 --> 02:26:44,300
mountains. 
Even the threads used to sew the

2715
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:46,300
bedding. 
Together were spun from fibers 

2716
02:26:46,300 --> 02:26:49,600
that were produced locally using
traditional methods that had 

2717
02:26:49,600 --> 02:26:53,000
been refined over centuries. 
Your wooden pillow, while it 

2718
02:26:53,000 --> 02:26:55,700
might seem uncomfortable to 
someone used to Modern foam and 

2719
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:58,900
springs is actually perfectly 
designed for the climate and 

2720
02:26:58,900 --> 02:27:03,100
sleeping style of old Japan. 
The buckwheat hulls inside 

2721
02:27:03,100 --> 02:27:06,500
provide Firm support that keeps 
your neck aligned while allowing

2722
02:27:06,500 --> 02:27:09,500
air to circulate preventing the 
build-up of heat and moisture 

2723
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:11,600
that could make sleep 
uncomfortable in the humid 

2724
02:27:11,600 --> 02:27:14,200
Summers. 
The hulls also conform to the 

2725
02:27:14,200 --> 02:27:17,100
shape of your head and neck, 
creating a custom fit, that's 

2726
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:19,100
more supportive than it 
initially appears. 

2727
02:27:19,100 --> 02:27:22,400
The sounds of the night in Old 
Kyoto are gentle and reassuring.

2728
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:25,700
Creating a soundscape that 
promotes rather than disturbs 

2729
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:27,500
sleep. 
No traffic noise. 

2730
02:27:27,500 --> 02:27:29,200
No. 
Air conditioners humming. 

2731
02:27:29,200 --> 02:27:31,000
No. 
Electronic buzzing in the 

2732
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:33,600
background. 
Just the soft sounds of a 

2733
02:27:33,600 --> 02:27:36,600
community settling in for the 
night, the rustle of bed 

2734
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:39,400
clothes, The Creeks of wooden 
floors and occasionally. 

2735
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:42,800
The distant sound of someone's 
wooden sandals on Stone as they 

2736
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:46,000
make their way home from some 
later and you might hear a 

2737
02:27:46,000 --> 02:27:48,300
temple Bell in the distance, 
marking one of the traditional 

2738
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:51,600
divisions of the night with his 
bronze rolling across the city's

2739
02:27:51,600 --> 02:27:54,300
tiled, roofs before, settling 
into silence. 

2740
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:58,400
These bells serve not just as 
timepieces but as reminders of 

2741
02:27:58,400 --> 02:28:01,600
the spiritual dimension of daily
life, marking the passage of 

2742
02:28:01,608 --> 02:28:04,200
hours with sounds that have been
heard in this place for 

2743
02:28:04,200 --> 02:28:06,100
centuries. 
Or you might hear the call of a 

2744
02:28:06,108 --> 02:28:10,500
night, birds, an owl hunting in 
one of the temple, Groves or a 

2745
02:28:10,500 --> 02:28:12,800
Nighthawk diving through the air
of the rooftops. 

2746
02:28:13,600 --> 02:28:16,600
These sounds connect you to the 
natural world that still exists 

2747
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:20,300
within and around the city. 
Reminding you that human 

2748
02:28:20,300 --> 02:28:23,900
habitation is just one part of a
larger ecological community. 

2749
02:28:23,900 --> 02:28:28,400
That includes plants and animals
streams and mountains changing 

2750
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,800
weather and cycling Seasons. 
The air in your room is fresh 

2751
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:34,600
and clean flowing freely through
the gaps in the wooden 

2752
02:28:34,600 --> 02:28:37,200
construction that Modern 
Builders would consider flaws 

2753
02:28:37,200 --> 02:28:40,300
but which actually help regulate
temperature and humidity 

2754
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:43,200
naturally. 
In summer, these gaps, allow 

2755
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:46,400
cooling breezes to flow through 
the house while in Winter. 

2756
02:28:46,400 --> 02:28:49,200
They prevent the build-up of 
stale humid, air, that could 

2757
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:52,300
lead to mold or other problems. 
Your cotton futon is 

2758
02:28:52,300 --> 02:28:54,700
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you get used to it, molding

2759
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:57,300
to your body in a way that feels
supportive without being too 

2760
02:28:57,300 --> 02:28:59,700
soft. 
The titanium mats beneath 

2761
02:28:59,700 --> 02:29:02,500
provide just the right amount of
cushioning and their faint 

2762
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:05,000
grassy. 
Scent is oddly soothing like 

2763
02:29:05,000 --> 02:29:07,300
sleeping in a meadow. 
That's been perfectly prepared 

2764
02:29:07,300 --> 02:29:10,800
for human comfort. 
The natural materials, breathe 

2765
02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:13,200
and adjust your body 
temperature, keeping you 

2766
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:15,500
comfortable throughout the night
without the need for mechanical 

2767
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:18,100
climate control. 
As you drift towards sleep. 

2768
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:20,000
Your mind, might Wander Over the
days. 

2769
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:23,500
Small pleasures and encounters. 
Each one taking on a particular 

2770
02:29:23,500 --> 02:29:27,100
Sweetness in the peaceful 
darkness of your room, Perfect 

2771
02:29:27,100 --> 02:29:30,200
temperature of your morning. 
Tea served in a ceramic cup. 

2772
02:29:30,200 --> 02:29:33,100
That was warm to the touch and 
perfectly shaped for your hands.

2773
02:29:33,800 --> 02:29:37,000
The way sunlight fell across a 
temple Garden, creating patterns

2774
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,100
of light and Shadow, that seemed
to shift and dance with the 

2775
02:29:40,100 --> 02:29:42,900
passing Cloud. 
The smile of the tofu seller. 

2776
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:45,700
When you complimented his 
product, a moment of human 

2777
02:29:45,700 --> 02:29:49,000
connection that brighten both 
your days and created the kind 

2778
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:52,100
of small social bond, that makes
communities feel friendly, and 

2779
02:29:52,100 --> 02:29:55,400
welcome. 
The satisfaction of a simple but

2780
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:58,500
perfectly prepared meal shared 
with others, where every 

2781
02:29:58,500 --> 02:30:01,700
ingredient was fresh and 
carefully chosen every dish was 

2782
02:30:01,700 --> 02:30:04,200
prepared with attention to both 
flavor and appearance. 

2783
02:30:04,200 --> 02:30:07,100
These aren't the dramatic highs 
and lows of modern 

2784
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:10,300
entertainment, the artificial 
excitement of movies and 

2785
02:30:10,300 --> 02:30:13,900
television and video games 
instead, they have a different 

2786
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:17,400
kind of richness the Deep 
satisfaction that comes from a 

2787
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:19,800
life. 
Lived at a human Pace in harmony

2788
02:30:19,800 --> 02:30:22,600
with natural rhythms and in 
connection with the community of

2789
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:26,100
people who know and care about 
each other, in Old Kyoto, you 

2790
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:28,900
were never Anonymous. 
Never just another face in the 

2791
02:30:28,900 --> 02:30:30,900
crowd or another customer in a 
long line. 

2792
02:30:30,900 --> 02:30:33,800
You were someone's neighbor, 
someone's customer. 

2793
02:30:33,800 --> 02:30:37,800
Someone's fellowship at the 
local Shrine, your daily choice 

2794
02:30:37,800 --> 02:30:41,700
is what to buy, how to dress, 
how to treat others mattered? 

2795
02:30:41,700 --> 02:30:44,400
Not just to you, but to the web 
of relationships that made up 

2796
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:47,900
your community, it was a kind of
accountability that Modern Life 

2797
02:30:47,900 --> 02:30:51,100
has largely lost, but also a 
kind of support and meaning that

2798
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:54,400
many of us are still searching 
for The Craftsman who made your 

2799
02:30:54,400 --> 02:30:57,200
household goods new, their work 
would be used by real people. 

2800
02:30:57,200 --> 02:31:01,700
Not sold to Anonymous consumers 
in distant markets. the farmers 

2801
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:04,200
who grew your food, lived close 
enough that you might know their

2802
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:08,800
names, their families, their 
challenges and successes, The 

2803
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:10,600
merchants who brought goods to 
your neighborhood, had 

2804
02:31:10,600 --> 02:31:13,700
reputations to maintain and 
relationships to preserve, which

2805
02:31:13,700 --> 02:31:16,100
meant that quality and honesty 
were essential to their 

2806
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:19,000
long-term success. 
This interconnectedness, created

2807
02:31:19,000 --> 02:31:22,300
a kind of economic system that 
was both more personal and more 

2808
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:24,000
sustainable than what we know 
today. 

2809
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:27,900
Goods were built to last because
the people who made them had to 

2810
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:31,300
stand behind their quality, 
waste was minimized because 

2811
02:31:31,300 --> 02:31:33,800
resources were precious and had 
to be used efficiently. 

2812
02:31:34,700 --> 02:31:37,300
And economic relationships were 
embedded in Social 

2813
02:31:37,300 --> 02:31:40,500
relationships, which meant that 
commerce was conducted with 

2814
02:31:40,500 --> 02:31:44,200
attention to fairness and 
Community welfare, not just 

2815
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:46,800
individual profit. 
The last thing you might notice 

2816
02:31:46,800 --> 02:31:49,200
before sleep takes, you 
completely as how quiet your 

2817
02:31:49,200 --> 02:31:52,400
mind has become in this peaceful
environment, Without the 

2818
02:31:52,400 --> 02:31:55,300
constant input of news and 
entertainment and advertising, 

2819
02:31:55,300 --> 02:31:59,000
without the pressure of endless 
choices and opportunities, your 

2820
02:31:59,000 --> 02:32:01,900
thoughts have space to settle 
and clarify like sediment 

2821
02:32:01,900 --> 02:32:04,600
settling to the bottom of the 
Still Pond problems. 

2822
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:07,700
That seemed over in our modern 
context of information overload 

2823
02:32:07,700 --> 02:32:11,800
and constant stimulation become 
manageable when viewed from the 

2824
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:15,900
perspective of a life, lived one
day at a time, one task at a 

2825
02:32:15,900 --> 02:32:20,200
time, one season at a time. 
The human mind, it turns out is 

2826
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:23,000
much better at dealing with 
immediate concrete challenges 

2827
02:32:23,000 --> 02:32:26,900
than with abstract worries about
distant possibilities or complex

2828
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:29,500
Global issues that are Beyond 
individual control. 

2829
02:32:29,500 --> 02:32:33,200
And so you fall asleep in Old 
Kyoto, surrounded by The Gentle 

2830
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,300
sounds of a community at rest. 
Breathing are centered with 

2831
02:32:36,300 --> 02:32:39,300
wood, smoke and Temple. 
Incense, your body relaxed on 

2832
02:32:39,300 --> 02:32:41,400
simple bedding. 
That has served countless 

2833
02:32:41,400 --> 02:32:45,300
Generations before you The 
darkness is complete and restful

2834
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:48,900
broken, only by the occasional 
flicker of a neighbor's lamp or 

2835
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:52,300
the distant, glow of a temple 
Lantern marking a Sacred Space. 

2836
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:55,300
In the sleeping city tomorrow 
will bring its own rhythms and 

2837
02:32:55,300 --> 02:32:58,300
Pleasures the morning Tea 
Ceremony that starts each day 

2838
02:32:58,300 --> 02:33:01,800
with mindfulness and gratitude. 
A friendly Merchants making 

2839
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:03,900
their rounds through 
neighborhoods where everyone 

2840
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:04,800
knows. 
Everyone else. 

2841
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:08,400
The beautiful temples with their
peaceful Guardians providing 

2842
02:33:08,400 --> 02:33:12,200
Refuge from the world's demands,
the satisfying work that 

2843
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:15,400
connects you directly to your 
community's needs and the shared

2844
02:33:15,400 --> 02:33:19,600
meals that turn eating from Mere
consumption into social ritual 

2845
02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:22,900
and cultural expression. 
It will bring the evening walk 

2846
02:33:22,900 --> 02:33:26,200
home through Lantern lit streets
where every house glows with 

2847
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:30,600
warm light and human activity. 
But the sounds of family life 

2848
02:33:30,600 --> 02:33:34,300
created gentle Symphony of 
community, where the darkness is

2849
02:33:34,300 --> 02:33:36,500
welcoming rather than 
threatening because it's 

2850
02:33:36,500 --> 02:33:39,600
populated with neighbors and 
Friends rather than strangers 

2851
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:41,800
and threats. 
It's a life that might seem 

2852
02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:45,200
simple by our standards, limited
by lack of technology and modern

2853
02:33:45,200 --> 02:33:48,500
conveniences, constrained by 
social expectations and 

2854
02:33:48,500 --> 02:33:51,800
traditional roles. 
But in that Simplicity lies a 

2855
02:33:51,800 --> 02:33:55,000
richness that our complicated 
modern world sometimes struggles

2856
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:58,100
to provide The richness of 
knowing your place in a 

2857
02:33:58,108 --> 02:34:03,000
community of mastering skills 
that serve real human needs of 

2858
02:34:03,000 --> 02:34:06,800
living in harmony with natural 
cycles and finding joy and 

2859
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:10,300
meaning in the small daily 
encounters that make up a truly 

2860
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:13,400
human existence. 
And perhaps, as you settle into 

2861
02:34:13,400 --> 02:34:16,700
sleep, in this imagined past, 
you carry some of that wisdom 

2862
02:34:16,700 --> 02:34:19,300
with you back to whatever time 
and place you call home. 

2863
02:34:19,300 --> 02:34:22,900
The understanding that happiness
often comes not from having more

2864
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:26,300
choices or more stimulation, but
from paying closer attention to 

2865
02:34:26,300 --> 02:34:29,600
the choices you have from 
finding Beauty and simple things

2866
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:32,700
and from creating meaningful 
connections with the people and 

2867
02:34:32,700 --> 02:34:34,300
places that surround you every 
day. 

2868
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:42,400
Close your eyes for a moment. 
And Imagine This. 

2869
02:34:43,300 --> 02:34:46,700
You're living 5,000 years ago 
and the Sun is setting. 

2870
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:50,800
But this isn't the sunset, you 
know, where you simply flip a 

2871
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:53,000
light switch and continue your 
evening as though, nothing 

2872
02:34:53,000 --> 02:34:55,900
happened. 
This Sunset is changing 

2873
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:58,400
everything. 
The world around. 

2874
02:34:58,400 --> 02:35:01,800
You is transforming from a place
of activity and relative, safety

2875
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:06,500
into something else. 
Entirely A realm of Shadows, 

2876
02:35:06,500 --> 02:35:11,000
unknown sounds and Mysteries 
that your rationale modern mind 

2877
02:35:11,000 --> 02:35:15,000
can barely comprehend for 
ancient people's night wasn't 

2878
02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:18,400
just the absence of day. 
It was a completely separate 

2879
02:35:18,400 --> 02:35:21,600
dimension of existence as 
different from daytime. 

2880
02:35:21,600 --> 02:35:25,700
As water is from are When 
darkness fell, you weren't just 

2881
02:35:25,700 --> 02:35:28,200
losing light. 
You were entering sacred 

2882
02:35:28,200 --> 02:35:30,900
territory where the rules of 
ordinary life. 

2883
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:34,400
No longer fully applied, the 
ancient Egyptians believed that 

2884
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:38,000
each Sunset marked the beginning
of Roz, perilous Journey Through

2885
02:35:38,000 --> 02:35:41,300
the underworld. 
Your evening wasn't just about 

2886
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:44,700
getting sleepy and tucking in. 
It was about witnessing, a 

2887
02:35:44,700 --> 02:35:49,100
cosmic drama, where the sun, god
battled chaos itself to ensure 

2888
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:52,300
morning would come again. 
Imagine trying to fall asleep 

2889
02:35:52,300 --> 02:35:55,300
while genuinely worried that 
Sunrise wasn't guaranteed. 

2890
02:35:55,300 --> 02:36:00,000
That night might actually win 
this time in ancient Greece 

2891
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,600
night was personified as Nicks. 
The goddess. 

2892
02:36:03,600 --> 02:36:06,900
So powerful that even Zeus, King
of the gods were said to avoid 

2893
02:36:06,900 --> 02:36:10,400
angering her Knight wasn't 
something you controlled with 

2894
02:36:10,408 --> 02:36:13,800
lamps and electronics. 
It was a force that controlled 

2895
02:36:13,800 --> 02:36:16,900
you and you needed to approach 
it with the kind of respect. 

2896
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:18,400
You might reserve for a 
powerful. 

2897
02:36:18,400 --> 02:36:21,900
But unpredictable neighbor, this
relationship with Darkness 

2898
02:36:21,900 --> 02:36:24,700
shaped everything about how 
ancient people prepared for 

2899
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:27,100
sleep. 
You didn't just brush your teeth

2900
02:36:27,100 --> 02:36:30,400
and set an alarm. 
You performed rituals said 

2901
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:34,100
prayers a range, protective 
symbols, and essentially 

2902
02:36:34,100 --> 02:36:35,900
prepared for a journey into the 
unknown. 

2903
02:36:36,800 --> 02:36:39,900
Because that's what sleep was a 
journey, where your conscious 

2904
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:43,300
self departed and something else
to go over the Romans had a 

2905
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:46,100
saying. 
In not to conceal him, which 

2906
02:36:46,100 --> 02:36:49,700
means the night brings Council. 
They believed that Darkness had 

2907
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:52,600
its own wisdom. 
That problems unsolvable in 

2908
02:36:52,600 --> 02:36:55,600
daylight could find Solutions in
the mysterious hours after 

2909
02:36:55,600 --> 02:36:58,700
sunset. 
Your evening was not wasted time

2910
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:02,000
before the real day began. 
It was a valuable period when 

2911
02:37:02,000 --> 02:37:04,800
different kinds of thinking 
became possible, ancient 

2912
02:37:04,800 --> 02:37:07,400
people's understood something. 
We've largely forgotten in our 

2913
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:11,200
artificially lit world, Darkness
does something to human 

2914
02:37:11,200 --> 02:37:14,400
consciousness. 
Without electric lights, your 

2915
02:37:14,400 --> 02:37:17,300
eyes would begin producing 
melatonin much earlier in the 

2916
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:20,600
evening triggered by the gradual
dimming of natural light. 

2917
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:24,100
Your body would start it. 
Shut down sequence, naturally, 

2918
02:37:24,100 --> 02:37:26,900
Guided by the same rhythms that 
had governed. 

2919
02:37:26,900 --> 02:37:30,700
Human biology for hundreds of 
thousands of years, picture 

2920
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:34,300
yourself in a Bronze Age Village
as Twilight deepens, the 

2921
02:37:34,300 --> 02:37:37,100
temperature drops. 
Noticeably, you can feel it on 

2922
02:37:37,100 --> 02:37:40,000
your skin, like a gentle, exhale
from the Earth itself. 

2923
02:37:41,000 --> 02:37:45,200
Bird shift from daytime songs to
nighttime calls their evening 

2924
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:48,900
chorus marking the transition. 
Cooking fires around the 

2925
02:37:48,900 --> 02:37:50,900
settlement glow. 
Brighter as the ambient light, 

2926
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:54,400
Fades, creating islands of 
warmth and safety in the 

2927
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:57,000
Gathering Darkness. 
Sound changed, too. 

2928
02:37:57,900 --> 02:38:00,900
Daytime noise is people working 
animals, moving children 

2929
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:04,400
playing, gradually give way to a
different acoustic landscape. 

2930
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:08,500
Knight in sex, begin, their 
rhythmic chirping, creating a 

2931
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,200
natural white noise. 
That's both comforting and 

2932
02:38:11,200 --> 02:38:15,300
slightly, eerie. 
Somewhere in the distance, a dog

2933
02:38:15,308 --> 02:38:18,800
barks, the sound carrying father
in the cooler. 

2934
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:23,100
Air your sense of smell become 
more acute in the darkness. 

2935
02:38:23,100 --> 02:38:27,300
You notice the smoke from the 
fires more intensely mixed with 

2936
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:29,800
the scent of whatever was cooked
for the evening meal. 

2937
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:33,200
There's the earthy smell of the 
ground cooling. 

2938
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:35,400
Releasing the days absorbed 
Heat. 

2939
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:39,300
If you're near water, you might 
detect the mineral Center of 

2940
02:38:39,308 --> 02:38:43,700
moisture rising as Dew, begins 
to form ancient peoples created,

2941
02:38:43,700 --> 02:38:47,600
elaborate threshold rituals to 
Mark the transition from day to 

2942
02:38:47,600 --> 02:38:50,600
night. 
In many cultures you would never

2943
02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:53,300
go to sleep without some form of
protection ritual. 

2944
02:38:54,100 --> 02:38:55,900
This wasn't Superstition in the 
way. 

2945
02:38:55,900 --> 02:39:00,600
We might dismiss it today. 
It was practical psychology, a 

2946
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:03,100
way of creating mental Security 
in a world that offered very 

2947
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:06,800
little physical security. 
Once Darkness fell a Babylonian 

2948
02:39:06,800 --> 02:39:09,800
family might recite prayers to 
their household Gods before 

2949
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:13,800
sleeping touching small Clay 
figurines that represented 

2950
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:17,200
Divine protection. 
Ancient Celtic household would 

2951
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:20,500
Bank, their fire carefully 
believing that keeping a small 

2952
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,200
flame alive through the night 
would ensure the family's 

2953
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:26,200
continuity and protect against 
malevolent Spirits. 

2954
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:29,500
In ancient China, the evening 
routine involves specific 

2955
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:33,400
attention to the Direction's 
your sleeping position mattered,

2956
02:39:33,400 --> 02:39:35,800
because different orientations 
aligned you with different 

2957
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:39,400
Cosmic forces, Sleeping with 
your head pointing North was 

2958
02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:42,400
generally avoided because that 
was the direction of associated 

2959
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:45,000
with death. 
The dead were laid out that way 

2960
02:39:45,000 --> 02:39:47,600
and you didn't want to 
accidentally signal to the 

2961
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:49,400
universe that you were ready to 
join them. 

2962
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:53,200
Permanently, the sacredness of 
night, also meant that certain 

2963
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:55,100
activities were big enough to 
dark. 

2964
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:58,900
Many ancient cultures believed 
that cutting your nails at 

2965
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:01,300
night. 
Would bring bad luck, that 

2966
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:05,400
sweeping after Sunset would 
sweep away your Prosperity or 

2967
02:40:05,400 --> 02:40:07,700
that looking into mirrors. 
And darkness, might reveal 

2968
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:09,300
things. 
You weren't meant to see. 

2969
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:13,700
These weren't random 
superstitions, they were ways of

2970
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:16,600
acknowledging that nighttime 
operated under different rules. 

2971
02:40:16,600 --> 02:40:19,900
For ancient peoples. 
The act of lying down to sleep 

2972
02:40:19,900 --> 02:40:23,600
was spiritually significant. 
You were voluntarily making 

2973
02:40:23,600 --> 02:40:27,800
yourself vulnerable surrendering
Consciousness and trusting that 

2974
02:40:27,800 --> 02:40:29,000
you'd wake up again in the 
morning. 

2975
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:33,100
In a world without modern 
security without emergency 

2976
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:36,000
services without the extensive. 
Safety nets. 

2977
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:39,700
We take for granted, this was a 
genuine Act of Faith. 

2978
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:43,200
The darkness itself was 
populated with entities, that 

2979
02:40:43,200 --> 02:40:46,400
modern people no longer 
acknowledge depending on your 

2980
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:50,600
culture, the night might contain
helpful Spirits, harmful demons,

2981
02:40:50,600 --> 02:40:55,400
the wandering, Souls of the dead
or Divine Messengers, Your 

2982
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:57,800
bedtime rituals were just about 
relaxation. 

2983
02:40:57,800 --> 02:41:01,600
They were about negotiating safe
Passage through a landscape. 

2984
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:04,500
That was simultaneously, 
physical and Supernatural 

2985
02:41:04,500 --> 02:41:07,300
ancient people. 
Also understood that night was 

2986
02:41:07,300 --> 02:41:11,100
when he healing happened. 
When the body repairs itself and

2987
02:41:11,100 --> 02:41:14,200
when dreams brought messages 
from gods or the Deep 

2988
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:17,300
unconscious, Sleep wasn't empty 
time. 

2989
02:41:17,300 --> 02:41:20,300
It was when important work 
occurred work. 

2990
02:41:20,300 --> 02:41:22,600
That couldn't happen during the 
busy daylight hours. 

2991
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:25,700
When your conscious mind was in 
control, here's something that 

2992
02:41:25,700 --> 02:41:28,500
might blow your mind as you lie,
there in your comfortable bed, 

2993
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:32,400
planning to sleep straight, 
through until morning, Your 

2994
02:41:32,400 --> 02:41:33,600
ancestors didn't sleep. 
That way. 

2995
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:37,400
For most of human history, 
sleeping through the night in 

2996
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:40,600
one continuous stretch would 
have seemed as weird as eating 

2997
02:41:40,600 --> 02:41:43,000
one meal a day or speaking in 
rhyme all the time. 

2998
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:47,800
Welcome to the world of by 
Basics sleep or as historians 

2999
02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:50,300
call it, firstly and second 
sleep. 

3000
02:41:51,300 --> 02:41:54,900
This pattern was so Universal 
across pre-industrial societies 

3001
02:41:54,900 --> 02:41:57,100
that. 
It's almost certainly how humans

3002
02:41:57,100 --> 02:42:01,100
naturally slept for thousands of
years before electric lighting 

3003
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:03,700
fundamentally rewired, our 
relationship with Darkness. 

3004
02:42:03,700 --> 02:42:07,600
Imagine your typical winter 
night in medieval Europe though.

3005
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:11,800
Similar patterns existed in 
ancient Rome, medieval China and

3006
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:14,700
virtually everywhere humans 
lived before industrialization. 

3007
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:20,500
Around 8 or 9 in the evening 
when darkness had fully settled 

3008
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:22,300
and there was really nothing 
productive. 

3009
02:42:22,300 --> 02:42:25,500
You could do by the dim light of
candles or oil lamps, you'd go 

3010
02:42:25,500 --> 02:42:28,300
to bed. 
But you wouldn't call it going 

3011
02:42:28,300 --> 02:42:31,400
to bed for the night. 
You'll be starting your first 

3012
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:33,800
sleep. 
You'd sleep deeply for about 

3013
02:42:33,800 --> 02:42:37,200
four hours, which would take you
to around midnight or one in the

3014
02:42:37,200 --> 02:42:40,600
morning, then something natural 
and expected would happen. 

3015
02:42:40,600 --> 02:42:44,100
You'd wake up. 
But here's the crucial part. 

3016
02:42:44,100 --> 02:42:48,200
This wasn't insomnia, this 
wasn't a sleep disorder. 

3017
02:42:48,200 --> 02:42:50,400
This wasn't you doing something 
wrong. 

3018
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:55,100
This was normal and anticipated.
And even valued the hours 

3019
02:42:55,100 --> 02:42:56,800
between first, sleep, and second
sleep. 

3020
02:42:56,800 --> 02:43:00,300
Usually, lasting one to two 
hours were considered special. 

3021
02:43:01,300 --> 02:43:04,700
These midnight hours had a 
particular quality liminal 

3022
02:43:04,700 --> 02:43:07,500
feeling that made them different
from any other time of day. 

3023
02:43:08,500 --> 02:43:13,100
The world was at its quietest 
its darkest, its most intimate. 

3024
02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:17,100
Ancient people's used this time 
in ways that might surprise you.

3025
02:43:17,100 --> 02:43:21,000
Some people would like quietly 
in bed thinking and reflecting 

3026
02:43:22,100 --> 02:43:25,100
historical records suggest. 
This was considered an excellent

3027
02:43:25,100 --> 02:43:28,400
time for contemplation. 
For processing, the days of 

3028
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:30,500
events and for working through 
problems. 

3029
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:34,600
Your mind was wrested from the 
first sleep but hadn't yet been 

3030
02:43:34,600 --> 02:43:37,400
pulled into the busyness of 
daytime consciousness. 

3031
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:42,200
Medieval prayer books, actually 
specified prayers meant to be 

3032
02:43:42,200 --> 02:43:44,600
said during these wakeful 
midnight hours. 

3033
02:43:44,600 --> 02:43:47,100
Others would engage in quiet 
activities. 

3034
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:49,800
You might tend the fire check on
children. 

3035
02:43:49,800 --> 02:43:53,500
Have a small snack or visit the 
privy Some people would use this

3036
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:57,400
time for intimate relations with
their Partners medical texts, 

3037
02:43:57,400 --> 02:43:59,900
from the medieval period 
suggests, this timing was 

3038
02:43:59,900 --> 02:44:03,500
considered particularly good for
conception as the body was 

3039
02:44:03,500 --> 02:44:05,700
rested. 
But, not yet depleted by a full 

3040
02:44:05,708 --> 02:44:08,600
night's sleep in communities. 
Where people lived in close 

3041
02:44:08,600 --> 02:44:11,600
quarters, that was most 
communities throughout history. 

3042
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:15,500
These midnight hours might 
involve quiet conversations 

3043
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:19,200
Historical documents, mentioned 
people, visiting neighbors, 

3044
02:44:19,200 --> 02:44:22,400
during these wakeful hours, 
knowing that others would also 

3045
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:24,000
be awake between their two 
sleeps. 

3046
02:44:25,100 --> 02:44:28,100
It was like a secret society of 
night wakeful people. 

3047
02:44:28,100 --> 02:44:32,600
All observing a rhythm that felt
as natural as breathing, the 

3048
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:35,200
ancient Romans had a term 
conquer beer. 

3049
02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:38,200
Not day, which referred to the 
time when people go to bed 

3050
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:42,300
acknowledging, that this was an 
extended process rather than a 

3051
02:44:42,300 --> 02:44:45,300
single moment. 
Their sleeping arrangements and 

3052
02:44:45,300 --> 02:44:48,600
social patterns suggest they too
experienced. 

3053
02:44:48,600 --> 02:44:52,500
This divided sleep, though. 
They left fewer specific records

3054
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:54,300
about it than medieval 
Europeans. 

3055
02:44:54,300 --> 02:44:56,800
Did what's fascinating? 
Is that when you look at 

3056
02:44:56,808 --> 02:44:59,800
description of sleep from 
ancient to Medieval sources, 

3057
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:02,900
they almost always talk about 
sleeps, plural. 

3058
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:07,200
After the first sleep appears in
everything from Homer to 

3059
02:45:07,208 --> 02:45:10,800
Medieval court documents. 
It wasn't a figure of speech. 

3060
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:14,300
It was simply describing how 
sleep actually worked. 

3061
02:45:14,300 --> 02:45:17,900
This pattern makes biological 
sense when you understand human 

3062
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:22,000
sleep, architecture in darkness 
without artificial. 

3063
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:25,700
Light suppressing, melatonin 
production your body, produces 

3064
02:45:25,700 --> 02:45:29,600
this sleep hormone in two waves.
The first wave creates 

3065
02:45:29,600 --> 02:45:33,100
sleepiness in the early evening.
Then there's a natural dip in 

3066
02:45:33,100 --> 02:45:36,000
the middle of the night. 
This is when ancient people's 

3067
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:40,100
would wake between sleeps The 
second wave of melatonin would 

3068
02:45:40,100 --> 02:45:43,200
then carry you through your 
second sleep until natural 

3069
02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:46,200
morning lights suppress. 
Melatonin production and you'd 

3070
02:45:46,200 --> 02:45:50,000
wake for the day the end of bi 
phasic sleep, coincided with the

3071
02:45:50,000 --> 02:45:52,900
introduction of Street lighting 
and later domestic electric 

3072
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:55,600
lighting. 
When you could extend the useful

3073
02:45:55,600 --> 02:45:58,800
day Beyond Sunset, when you 
could read and work and 

3074
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:02,100
socialize long after dark. 
The first sleep, gradually 

3075
02:46:02,100 --> 02:46:05,700
shifted later and later 
eventually it merged with the 

3076
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:08,000
second sleep in to one 
continuous block. 

3077
02:46:08,900 --> 02:46:12,100
Within just a few Generations 
humans, forgot that we'd ever 

3078
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:15,800
slept any other way, but your 
body hasn't entirely forgotten. 

3079
02:46:16,700 --> 02:46:18,900
Ever wake up at 2 or 3 in the 
morning and lie. 

3080
02:46:18,900 --> 02:46:22,500
There, feeling alert, not really
tired, just awake. 

3081
02:46:23,400 --> 02:46:26,200
You might be experiencing the 
echo of this ancient pattern, 

3082
02:46:26,200 --> 02:46:30,000
your biology expecting you to be
up for a while before returning 

3083
02:46:30,000 --> 02:46:32,900
to Second sleep. 
Instead of treating this as 

3084
02:46:32,900 --> 02:46:36,200
insomnia and getting frustrated,
ancient peoples would have 

3085
02:46:36,200 --> 02:46:39,600
simply accepted it. 
Perhaps even welcomed it as 

3086
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:41,700
quiet time for Thought or 
intimacy. 

3087
02:46:41,700 --> 02:46:45,100
The quality of sleep in this 
pattern was quite good. 

3088
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:48,500
When researchers have studied 
people sleeping without 

3089
02:46:48,500 --> 02:46:52,900
artificial lighting, their 
natural rhythms to emerge, they 

3090
02:46:52,900 --> 02:46:56,900
often spontaneously developed by
phasic sleep and Report feeling 

3091
02:46:56,900 --> 02:47:01,000
more rested, less groggy and 
more mentally clear than they do

3092
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:04,200
with continuous sleep. 
Ancient people also noticed 

3093
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:06,300
something interesting about 
dreams in this pattern. 

3094
02:47:07,200 --> 02:47:10,300
The dreams during first sleep, 
often felt different from those 

3095
02:47:10,300 --> 02:47:13,700
during Second sleep. 
First sleep dreams might be more

3096
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:16,900
about processing the days of 
events and working through 

3097
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:21,800
immediate concerns. second sleep
dreams coming after the wakeful 

3098
02:47:21,800 --> 02:47:26,100
interlude, often, felt more 
Vivid, Symbolic and more like 

3099
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:29,900
the kinds of dreams that carried
meaning, or messages in some 

3100
02:47:29,900 --> 02:47:33,400
cultures, the time between 
sleeps, was specifically devoted

3101
02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:36,600
to dream interpretation. 
You might wake from firstly, 

3102
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:40,600
reflect on, whatever you 
dreamed, that discuss it quietly

3103
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,500
with your partner and then 
return to Second sleep with the 

3104
02:47:43,500 --> 02:47:45,100
dreams, meaning as the last 
thing. 

3105
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:48,300
In your conscious mind before 
slipping back under the 

3106
02:47:48,300 --> 02:47:50,000
Practical aspects of by basic 
sleep. 

3107
02:47:50,000 --> 02:47:54,300
Also suited pre-industrial life.
Fires needed tending through the

3108
02:47:54,300 --> 02:47:56,800
night. 
They were your heat Source your 

3109
02:47:56,800 --> 02:48:00,200
protection against predators and
your breakfast cooking method. 

3110
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:02,900
Waking naturally. 
In the middle of the night 

3111
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:05,700
meant, someone could add fuel to
the fire without disrupting the 

3112
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:09,000
group sleep with deliberate 
watches or shifts security. 

3113
02:48:09,000 --> 02:48:13,100
Concerns also made the wakeful 
period useful in a world without

3114
02:48:13,100 --> 02:48:16,600
alarm systems, or police forces.
Having a period, when most of 

3115
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:19,400
adults, naturally woke up meant 
better protection for sleeping 

3116
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:22,600
communities. 
It's hard to sneak up on a 

3117
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:24,400
village when half the population
is lying. 

3118
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:27,100
Quietly, awaken the dark 
listening to the night, sound 

3119
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:31,600
picture this You've spent your 
entire day Outdoors, because 

3120
02:48:31,600 --> 02:48:33,800
that's where everything happens.
Work? 

3121
02:48:33,800 --> 02:48:37,900
Cooking socializing. 
His evening approaches when it's

3122
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:40,700
time to sleep. 
Would you really want to confine

3123
02:48:40,700 --> 02:48:43,200
yourself to a dark? 
Stuffy interior. 

3124
02:48:43,900 --> 02:48:46,200
For many ancient people. 
The answer was a resounding. 

3125
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:50,600
No, they slept outside under the
sky, in ways that might make 

3126
02:48:50,600 --> 02:48:53,700
your modern camping trip. 
Look overly complicated in 

3127
02:48:53,700 --> 02:48:56,600
ancient Mesopotamia during the 
brutal summer heat. 

3128
02:48:56,600 --> 02:49:00,500
When temperatures could easily 
exceed 110 degrees Fahrenheit 

3129
02:49:01,600 --> 02:49:04,300
Wealthy City dwellers would 
carry their beds up to their 

3130
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:08,200
flat roof tops as evening fell. 
This wasn't roughing it. 

3131
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:12,100
This was practical climate 
control combined, with Cosmic 

3132
02:49:12,100 --> 02:49:15,300
entertainment. 
You'd lie there on your Reed mat

3133
02:49:15,300 --> 02:49:19,400
or wooden bed frame looking up 
at stars so bright and numerous 

3134
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:22,400
they seemed close enough to 
touch while the days heat 

3135
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:25,800
gradually radiated from the 
roof, top beneath you and 

3136
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:28,600
whatever Breeze existed could 
reach your cooling skin. 

3137
02:49:28,600 --> 02:49:31,800
The roof, top bedroom was a 
feature of Urban Design across 

3138
02:49:31,800 --> 02:49:35,300
the ancient near East. houses 
were specifically built with 

3139
02:49:35,300 --> 02:49:39,300
flat roof strong enough to 
support sleeping families, These

3140
02:49:39,300 --> 02:49:41,800
were to emergencies measures for
unusually hot nights. 

3141
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:45,500
They were primary sleeping 
locations for months at a time. 

3142
02:49:45,508 --> 02:49:48,000
You'd carry up your bedding at 
Sunset. 

3143
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,600
Sleep through the relatively 
cool and night hours, and bring 

3144
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:54,400
everything back down at dawn. 
Before the sun turned your Roof 

3145
02:49:54,400 --> 02:49:58,000
Inn to a skillet, ancient 
Egyptians took outdoor sleeping,

3146
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:00,700
even further. 
The wealthy might have sleeping 

3147
02:50:00,700 --> 02:50:04,100
porches or Pavilions designed to
catch the evening Breeze from 

3148
02:50:04,100 --> 02:50:06,100
the Nile. 
These structures were 

3149
02:50:06,100 --> 02:50:08,800
essentially architectural 
solutions to the climate. 

3150
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:12,600
With open sides, allowing air 
circulation while protecting 

3151
02:50:12,600 --> 02:50:15,800
sleepers from the more intense 
Sun during daytime hours when 

3152
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:19,200
someone might want to nap, but 
even ordinary Egyptians often 

3153
02:50:19,200 --> 02:50:22,700
slept Outdoors during warmer 
months, your typical farmer or 

3154
02:50:22,700 --> 02:50:25,600
laborer might simply spread a 
mat on the ground outside their 

3155
02:50:25,600 --> 02:50:28,400
small home. 
Using the house itself as a 

3156
02:50:28,400 --> 02:50:31,200
Windbreak, if needed. 
The Earth beneath you would 

3157
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:34,500
still be warm from the day son. 
Creating a natural heated pad 

3158
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:38,900
while the Open Sky allowed body 
heat to dissipate the sensory 

3159
02:50:38,900 --> 02:50:42,300
experience of sleeping outdoors 
in ancient times was entirely 

3160
02:50:42,300 --> 02:50:45,900
different from Modern camping. 
There was no distant hum of 

3161
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:50,000
Highways, no airplane, contrails
overhead and no light, pollution

3162
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:53,800
washing out the Stars. 
The darkness was profound, 

3163
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:58,100
textured and Alive. 
Your ears would attune to night.

3164
02:50:58,100 --> 02:51:01,800
Sounds wind moving through crops
or Palms. 

3165
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:06,200
The distant calls of night, 
birds or jackals and the clothes

3166
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:08,300
rustling of small nocturnal 
creatures. 

3167
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:11,300
Going about their business, 
ancient peoples developed 

3168
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:14,100
sophisticated knowledge of how 
to sleep safely Outdoors 

3169
02:51:14,100 --> 02:51:18,600
location mattered, and 
enormously you'd avoid low spots

3170
02:51:18,600 --> 02:51:21,100
where cold air settled and 
mourning due would be heavy. 

3171
02:51:21,100 --> 02:51:23,500
Yes. 
You would position yourself to 

3172
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:27,100
catch any Breeze but also avoid 
being too exposed to wind that 

3173
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,600
might kill you before Dawn. 
You'd sleep on slightly elevated

3174
02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:32,400
ground. 
Where water wouldn't pool? 

3175
02:51:32,400 --> 02:51:36,700
If unexpected rain came in 
ancient Greece and Rome summer, 

3176
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:39,500
sleeping Arrangements, often 
involve the Garden or Courtyard.

3177
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:43,100
Wealthy Romans would have slave 
set up couches in their 

3178
02:51:43,100 --> 02:51:46,700
peristyle Gardens. 
Those lovely, colonnaded spaces 

3179
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:50,300
that were half indoors and half 
Outdoors You'd fall asleep to 

3180
02:51:50,300 --> 02:51:53,300
the sound of a fountain 
surrounded by night, blooming 

3181
02:51:53,300 --> 02:51:56,100
flowers, and herbs who sent 
became more intense in the 

3182
02:51:56,100 --> 02:51:57,700
cooler. 
Evening are the Greek 

3183
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:00,400
philosopher. 
Diogenes famously slept in a 

3184
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:03,600
large ceramic jar in the 
marketplace of Athens taking the

3185
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:07,000
outdoor sleeping concept to an 
extreme that probably seemed 

3186
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:11,200
eccentric even there. 
But his choice reflected a wide 

3187
02:52:11,200 --> 02:52:14,300
understanding that sleeping 
Outdoors wasn't a hardship. 

3188
02:52:14,300 --> 02:52:17,700
It was often more comfortable 
than being inside ancient 

3189
02:52:17,700 --> 02:52:21,300
Chinese culture developed the 
concept of sleeping porches and 

3190
02:52:21,300 --> 02:52:24,500
Pavilions and Gardens 
particularly for some of months.

3191
02:52:25,200 --> 02:52:28,200
These structures were carefully 
positioned to maximize evening 

3192
02:52:28,200 --> 02:52:31,800
breezes and Morning Light while 
providing some protection from 

3193
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:34,800
Southern rain. 
The philosophy behind them 

3194
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:38,200
wasn't just practical, it 
included ideas about connecting 

3195
02:52:38,200 --> 02:52:41,300
with natural energy, flows, 
during sleeps, vulnerable hours 

3196
02:52:41,300 --> 02:52:44,900
in Ancient India, sleeping 
Outdoors under mosquito Nets, 

3197
02:52:44,900 --> 02:52:48,500
was common practice. 
These nets were marvels of 

3198
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,700
practical engineering, light 
enough to allow air circulation,

3199
02:52:51,700 --> 02:52:55,900
fine, enough to keep out insects
and often beautiful enough to 

3200
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:59,200
serve as decorative elements. 
During the day, you'd sleep 

3201
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:03,400
under a canopy of cotton or silk
The fabric moving gently with 

3202
02:53:03,400 --> 02:53:06,400
any Breeze. 
Creating a private cocoon under 

3203
02:53:06,400 --> 02:53:09,100
the Open Sky. 
The Aboriginal people of 

3204
02:53:09,100 --> 02:53:12,100
Australia, have perhaps the most
sophisticated outdoor sleeping 

3205
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:15,800
practices, refined over 10s of 
thousands of years. 

3206
02:53:16,900 --> 02:53:19,500
He understood how to read the 
land for the best sleeping 

3207
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:23,100
spots, how to position 
themselves relative to Fires for

3208
02:53:23,100 --> 02:53:27,100
warmth without smoking her 
relation, how to use windbreaks,

3209
02:53:27,100 --> 02:53:30,500
affectively and how to stay 
comfortable in climate Ranger 

3210
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:34,000
from tropical to Desert 
Australian Aboriginal sleeping 

3211
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:35,900
positions. 
Even had a temperature unit 

3212
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:39,500
named after them. 
The Three Dog Night on cold 

3213
02:53:39,500 --> 02:53:42,600
nights, you'd sleep with dogs 
dingoes in their case for 

3214
02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:45,800
warmth. 
A one dog night was chilly, but 

3215
02:53:45,800 --> 02:53:48,300
manageable. 
Three Dog Night meant. 

3216
02:53:48,300 --> 02:53:51,900
It was seriously cold, requiring
three, dogs, to maintain a 

3217
02:53:51,900 --> 02:53:52,900
comfortable sleeping 
temperature. 

3218
02:53:52,900 --> 02:53:55,600
These weren't pets in the modern
sense. 

3219
02:53:55,600 --> 02:53:58,900
They were living breathing 
sleeping bags for nomadic 

3220
02:53:58,900 --> 02:54:02,300
peoples, across the ancient 
world sleeping under the stars 

3221
02:54:02,300 --> 02:54:06,200
wasn't a choice but a way of 
life Better in tribes in the 

3222
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:09,400
Arabian, Desert perfected, the 
art of sleeping outdoors in 

3223
02:54:09,400 --> 02:54:11,500
extremely challenging 
conditions. 

3224
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:14,900
They understood how to find 
ground that would radiate, 

3225
02:54:14,900 --> 02:54:16,600
warmth through the cold desert 
night. 

3226
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:21,300
How to position camps with flash
floods in Wade's and how to 

3227
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:23,800
create a fishing shelter from 
the intense son. 

3228
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:27,300
While maintaining ventilation, 
the Bedouin knew that sleeping 

3229
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,800
directly on Sand was usually 
uncomfortable, it provided no 

3230
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:36,500
insulation and lost heat rapidly
after sunset. instead, they'd 

3231
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:40,400
use multiple layers of woven 
goat hair blankets, creating a 

3232
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:45,600
system that insulated From Below
while providing warmth of The 

3233
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:47,900
goat hair naturally repelled, 
some moisture, and provided 

3234
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:49,900
better. 
Insulation than plant fiber 

3235
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:53,300
textiles ancient peoples, 
sleeping Outdoors developed 

3236
02:54:53,300 --> 02:54:56,200
intimate, knowledge of the night
sky, that served, both practical

3237
02:54:56,200 --> 02:55:00,100
and spiritual purposes, you'd 
Mark Time by constellations 

3238
02:55:00,100 --> 02:55:03,700
positions predict, whether by 
the appearance of the sky, and 

3239
02:55:03,700 --> 02:55:06,800
the behavior of animals and 
navigate by stars were 

3240
02:55:06,800 --> 02:55:11,000
necessary, the sky wasn't just 
scenery, it was your clock 

3241
02:55:11,000 --> 02:55:15,400
calendar and weather forecast 
combined, seasonal changes 

3242
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:16,900
determined sleeping 
Arrangements. 

3243
02:55:16,900 --> 02:55:20,900
In most ancient cultures, summer
months, sleeping Outdoors or in 

3244
02:55:20,900 --> 02:55:24,200
the most ventilated spaces. 
Possible, winter meant 

3245
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:27,100
retreating to whatever interior 
space is existed. 

3246
02:55:27,100 --> 02:55:30,700
Often shared with animals whose 
body heat contributed to 

3247
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:33,300
warming. 
Small dwellings But even in 

3248
02:55:33,300 --> 02:55:36,400
Winter, many ancient people's 
preferred sleeping near open, 

3249
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:40,500
doorways or Windows. 
When weather permitted valuing 

3250
02:55:40,500 --> 02:55:44,300
fresh air over sealed warmth, 
the spiritual dimension of 

3251
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:46,000
sleeping. 
Under the Open Sky was 

3252
02:55:46,000 --> 02:55:49,600
significant for many cultures. 
Some believe that sleeping 

3253
02:55:49,600 --> 02:55:52,400
Outdoors made you more 
accessible to Divine messages 

3254
02:55:52,400 --> 02:55:55,700
and dreams. 
An obstructed connection between

3255
02:55:55,700 --> 02:55:59,000
your sleeping mind and the 
cosmos allowed for clearer 

3256
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:01,100
communication with whatever gods
or Spirits. 

3257
02:56:01,100 --> 02:56:04,600
You recognized Native American 
tribes across North America, 

3258
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:07,500
often preferred sleeping under 
the stars, even when other 

3259
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:10,900
options existed. 
The practice wasn't just about 

3260
02:56:10,900 --> 02:56:14,300
Comfort, it reflected a 
philosophical position about 

3261
02:56:14,300 --> 02:56:16,300
Humanities place in the natural 
world. 

3262
02:56:17,200 --> 02:56:20,400
Being enclosed in solid 
structures for sleeping seemed 

3263
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,900
almost insulting to the Earth. 
Sky, a rejection of the world 

3264
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:26,800
that provided everything you 
needed. 

3265
02:56:26,800 --> 02:56:30,700
Get ready for this one privacy 
while sleeping is a modern 

3266
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:33,700
luxury that your ancestors would
have found bizarre and possibly 

3267
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:36,400
even disturbing. 
For most of human history, 

3268
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:38,200
sleeping alone wasn't just 
unusual. 

3269
02:56:38,200 --> 02:56:42,000
It was actually considered 
unhealthy potentially dangerous,

3270
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:46,400
and maybe even a sign of social 
failure, picture, a typical 

3271
02:56:46,400 --> 02:56:49,600
medieval English household 
though, similar Arrangements, 

3272
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:54,000
existed in ancient, Rome tanged 
in Asti China and in indigenous,

3273
02:56:54,000 --> 02:56:58,200
cultures worldwide. 
The entire family, parents 

3274
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:02,800
children, possibly grandparents 
maybe apprentices or servants 

3275
02:57:02,800 --> 02:57:06,600
would sleep in the same room. 
Not because they had no other 

3276
02:57:06,600 --> 02:57:09,600
choice but because sleeping 
together was the expected. 

3277
02:57:09,600 --> 02:57:14,200
Normal healthy way to do it. 
This communal sleeping wasn't 

3278
02:57:14,200 --> 02:57:17,200
just about body heat 
conservation there in draft. 

3279
02:57:17,200 --> 02:57:19,600
The ancient buildings. 
That was certainly a practical 

3280
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:23,100
benefit. 
It was about security, social 

3281
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:26,500
bonding, and a fundamental 
understanding of human nature 

3282
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:30,300
that we've largely abandoned in 
modern Western culture in 

3283
02:57:30,300 --> 02:57:32,900
ancient Japan. 
The concept of separate bedrooms

3284
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:35,800
didn't really exist in most 
households until remarkably 

3285
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:39,800
recently, Families would spread 
futons across their main living 

3286
02:57:39,800 --> 02:57:42,900
space, each evening and sleep 
together in the same room. 

3287
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,300
The act of laying out sleeping 
mats and tucking them away in 

3288
02:57:46,300 --> 02:57:49,300
the morning, was part of the 
daily Rhythm, a ritual that 

3289
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:52,100
marked the transition between 
waking and sleeping life. 

3290
02:57:52,100 --> 02:57:55,400
Ancient, Romans, sleeping 
Arrangements varied by class. 

3291
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:59,700
But shared this communal aspect.
A wealthy Roman household might 

3292
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:01,000
have sleeping. 
Cubicles. 

3293
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:05,800
Cubicle off the atrium but these
small rooms often contained 

3294
02:58:05,800 --> 02:58:08,800
multiple beds. 
Parents and young children would

3295
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:12,000
share space while older children
and household, servants, might 

3296
02:58:12,000 --> 02:58:13,500
sleep in other group 
derangements? 

3297
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:17,900
Sleeping alone was so unusual 
that when it happened writers 

3298
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:21,500
mentioned its specifically as 
noteworthy, the ancient Greeks 

3299
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:24,800
had a similar approach. 
Their homes were designed around

3300
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:28,000
a central Courtyard with 
sleeping rooms, radiating off 

3301
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:30,600
it. 
But privacy, as we understand it

3302
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:34,700
individual rooms for individual 
sleepers wasn't the goal. 

3303
02:58:36,000 --> 02:58:39,200
The word alone in ancient Greek,
could carry connotations of 

3304
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:42,700
Exile or punishment. 
Why would anyone voluntarily 

3305
02:58:42,700 --> 02:58:45,400
endure that condition for the 
vulnerable hours of sleep? 

3306
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:48,200
In medieval Europe? 
The Great Hall of castles and 

3307
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:51,300
manor houses often served as the
communal bedroom for most of the

3308
02:58:51,300 --> 02:58:53,900
household. 
The Lord and Lady might have a 

3309
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:56,200
slightly more private space 
though. 

3310
02:58:56,200 --> 02:58:58,600
Private still often meant 
sharing with children and 

3311
02:58:58,600 --> 02:59:02,100
trusted servants but everyone 
else would bed down in the main 

3312
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:04,700
hall. 
You'd fall asleep to the sounds 

3313
02:59:04,700 --> 02:59:08,200
of other people, breathing 
shifting, occasionally snoring, 

3314
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,900
maybe talking in their sleep. 
This Arrangement had practical 

3315
02:59:11,900 --> 02:59:15,700
Security benefits, In a world 
before alarm systems, and police

3316
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:17,900
forces. 
Having many people sleeping in 

3317
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:20,400
the same space meant better 
protection against Intruders. 

3318
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:24,200
If someone unusual entered 
during the night, multiple 

3319
02:59:24,200 --> 02:59:26,100
people would likely wake and 
raise the alarm. 

3320
02:59:26,100 --> 02:59:29,700
But the communal sleeping went 
deeper than mere practicality. 

3321
02:59:29,700 --> 02:59:33,500
Ancient people's understood. 
Something about human psychology

3322
02:59:33,500 --> 02:59:37,700
that were only now rediscovering
through research humans, 

3323
02:59:37,700 --> 02:59:40,700
regulate their nervous systems 
through proximity to other 

3324
02:59:40,700 --> 02:59:45,000
humans Sleeping near people, you
trust actually helps you achieve

3325
02:59:45,000 --> 02:59:48,000
deeper more restful sleep 
because your subconscious 

3326
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:51,400
doesn't need to maintain. 
High alert levels, babies and 

3327
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:52,800
young. 
Children slept with their 

3328
02:59:52,800 --> 02:59:55,700
parents, as a matter, of course,
and virtually all ancient 

3329
02:59:55,700 --> 02:59:58,600
cultures. 
The modern Western practice of 

3330
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:00,200
putting infants in separate 
rooms. 

3331
03:00:00,200 --> 03:00:03,300
Would have struck ancient 
peoples as negligent. 

3332
03:00:04,000 --> 03:00:08,300
Potentially cruel and dangerous.
How could you protect your child

3333
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,100
respond to their needs? 
Or ensure? 

3334
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:13,200
They survive the night. 
If they were in another room, 

3335
03:00:13,200 --> 03:00:17,000
ancient practice of communal 
sleeping included, elaborate 

3336
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:19,300
social rules about positioning 
and hierarchy. 

3337
03:00:20,000 --> 03:00:23,200
In a Roman household where you 
slept relative to others, 

3338
03:00:23,200 --> 03:00:27,200
reflected your status. 
In a Japanese household, the 

3339
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:30,000
specific location of each 
person's food on followed 

3340
03:00:30,000 --> 03:00:34,100
careful, protocols. 
These were arbitrary rules, they

3341
03:00:34,100 --> 03:00:36,600
were ways of maintaining social 
harmony even during the 

3342
03:00:36,600 --> 03:00:39,700
vulnerable hours of sleep. 
Medieval ins took communal 

3343
03:00:39,700 --> 03:00:42,200
sleeping to levels that would 
horrify modern Travelers. 

3344
03:00:43,000 --> 03:00:44,900
You didn't rent a room. 
You rented. 

3345
03:00:44,900 --> 03:00:48,100
A space in a bed and that bed 
would likely contain several 

3346
03:00:48,100 --> 03:00:50,300
other Travelers. 
Complete strangers. 

3347
03:00:50,300 --> 03:00:51,600
Who had also paid for their 
spot. 

3348
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:55,500
The large beds at Inns were not 
romantic. 

3349
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:59,600
They were in a patient use of 
space allowing in Keepers to 

3350
03:00:59,600 --> 03:01:01,800
accommodate many Travelers in 
limited rooms. 

3351
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:05,600
He shared in beds, have their 
own etiquette, you'd sleep in 

3352
03:01:05,600 --> 03:01:07,700
your day clothes though. 
Perhaps, remove moving out of 

3353
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:09,700
layers. 
You'd position yourself, 

3354
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:12,600
carefully to minimize. 
Disturbing your bed Partners, 

3355
03:01:12,600 --> 03:01:15,200
you'd accept that someone else's
cold feet. 

3356
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:18,000
Might touch your leg during the 
night and that was just part of 

3357
03:01:18,000 --> 03:01:20,800
traveling. 
Complaints about sharing beds 

3358
03:01:20,800 --> 03:01:23,000
with strangers, don't appear in 
historical records. 

3359
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:26,600
It was simply how ins worked 
ancient people. 

3360
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:29,800
Also understood that sleeping 
near others provided warmth in 

3361
03:01:29,800 --> 03:01:32,800
ways that made survival possible
in cold climates without Modern 

3362
03:01:32,800 --> 03:01:37,500
Heating. in Norse long houses, 
the entire extended family Clan 

3363
03:01:37,500 --> 03:01:41,000
might sleep in one, large, 
communal, space with the warmth 

3364
03:01:41,000 --> 03:01:44,400
from many bodies and the central
fire making the structure 

3365
03:01:44,400 --> 03:01:47,800
habitable through brutal 
Winters, the social bonding that

3366
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:51,100
occurred through communal 
sleeping with significant You 

3367
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:54,700
developed deep familiarity with 
your household's rhythms, who 

3368
03:01:54,700 --> 03:01:59,200
snored Who Rose for the privy 
multiple times, who talked in 

3369
03:01:59,200 --> 03:02:02,000
their sleep and whose babies 
woke for feeding. 

3370
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,200
This intimate knowledge of each 
other's patterns created, social

3371
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:08,800
cohesion. 
That's hard to replicate when 

3372
03:02:08,800 --> 03:02:13,300
everyone sleeps in isolation. 
In ancient China, the Khan a 

3373
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:16,700
heated platform bed large enough
for entire families, served as 

3374
03:02:16,708 --> 03:02:20,500
the center of household life 
during winter months, the family

3375
03:02:20,500 --> 03:02:23,700
would sleep together on this 
warm surface and during waking 

3376
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:26,900
hours, it might serve as a 
workspace or dining surface. 

3377
03:02:27,900 --> 03:02:30,400
The king wasn't just Furniture, 
it was the heart of the 

3378
03:02:30,400 --> 03:02:33,600
household and sleeping on it 
together, reinforced family 

3379
03:02:33,600 --> 03:02:37,500
bonds, monastic communities took
communal sleeping to an 

3380
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:40,900
Institutional level medieval 
monks would sleep in dormitories

3381
03:02:40,900 --> 03:02:45,000
rows of simple beds or sleeping 
Platforms in one large room. 

3382
03:02:46,000 --> 03:02:48,100
This Arrangement served 
religious purposes. 

3383
03:02:48,100 --> 03:02:52,600
It promoted, humility 
discouraged, private Vice and 

3384
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:55,600
created an atmosphere of 
communal spiritual discipline. 

3385
03:02:56,800 --> 03:03:00,100
But it also reflected the same 
deep human preference for 

3386
03:03:00,100 --> 03:03:03,200
sleeping in groups that existed 
in secular life. 

3387
03:03:03,200 --> 03:03:07,100
You might have a glass of water 
on your nightstand, maybe your 

3388
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:11,400
phone charging, perhaps a book. 
Now, imagine if your bedside was

3389
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:17,200
crowded with amulets, talismans 
herbs, magical symbols, and very

3390
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:21,000
objects designed to protect you 
from the very specific dangers, 

3391
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:24,700
that looked in the dark, welcome
to bedtime rituals of ancient 

3392
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:28,200
cultures where going to sleep 
was as much, spiritual 

3393
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:32,100
preparation, as physical 
settling ancient Egyptians took 

3394
03:03:32,100 --> 03:03:33,700
night time protection, 
seriously. 

3395
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:37,700
A typical household might have 
small figurines of protective 

3396
03:03:37,700 --> 03:03:39,900
deities, positioned around 
sleeping areas. 

3397
03:03:41,100 --> 03:03:44,300
Best a dwarf. 
God with a lion's mane and 

3398
03:03:44,300 --> 03:03:47,900
rather comical appearance was 
particularly popular for bedroom

3399
03:03:47,900 --> 03:03:50,800
protection. 
He looked Fierce enough to scare

3400
03:03:50,800 --> 03:03:53,500
off, harmful spirits, but 
friendly enough that you 

3401
03:03:53,508 --> 03:03:56,200
wouldn't mind having a watch 
over you all night, these 

3402
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:58,300
protective Figures were mere 
decoration. 

3403
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:02,100
Families would address them 
directly during evening rituals,

3404
03:04:02,100 --> 03:04:05,700
essentially asking for security 
through the vulnerable night 

3405
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:08,000
hours. 
You might touch the amulet, 

3406
03:04:08,000 --> 03:04:11,400
while reciting a brief prayer or
formula creating a small 

3407
03:04:11,400 --> 03:04:14,500
ceremony that marked the 
transition from waking concern 

3408
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:17,400
to sleeping. 
Trust the ancient Romans had 

3409
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:21,000
their lairs household protective
spirits that watched over the 

3410
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:24,300
family's well-being. 
Before sleep, you might leave a 

3411
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:28,300
small offering at the lararium, 
the household Shrine, perhaps a 

3412
03:04:28,300 --> 03:04:31,000
bit of food, or a pinch of 
incense, this wasn't 

3413
03:04:31,000 --> 03:04:33,800
Superstition. 
It was relationship maintenance 

3414
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:36,700
with the supernatural forces 
that shared your home. 

3415
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:40,100
Many ancient cultures, believed 
that specific plants had 

3416
03:04:40,100 --> 03:04:44,400
nighttime protective properties.
Medieval Europeans might stuff, 

3417
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:48,100
pillows, or mattresses with 
herbs like mugwort believed to 

3418
03:04:48,100 --> 03:04:51,700
prevent nightmares. 
And promote prophetic dreams The

3419
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:53,700
strong slightly. 
Bitter scent with would be the 

3420
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:55,500
last thing he smelled before 
sleep. 

3421
03:04:55,500 --> 03:04:58,700
And possibly, the first thing 
you noticed, if you woke during 

3422
03:04:58,700 --> 03:05:02,700
the night, lavender chamomile, 
and Vervain found their way into

3423
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:05,700
sleeping space, as a cross, 
ancient Mediterranean cultures. 

3424
03:05:06,500 --> 03:05:09,700
These work just Pleasant scents.
They were considered spiritually

3425
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:13,000
significant. 
Lavender was associated with 

3426
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:17,200
Purity and protection. chamomile
was connected to solar deities 

3427
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:21,800
and thus provided a link to 
light even during Darkness, The 

3428
03:05:21,800 --> 03:05:24,100
vein was believed to prevent 
evil spirits, from approaching 

3429
03:05:24,100 --> 03:05:27,700
sleepers, ancient Chinese 
sleeping rituals involved. 

3430
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:29,900
Careful attention to placement 
and direction. 

3431
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:33,100
You might hang specific 
talismans on the wall. 

3432
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:36,500
Facing your bed, images of 
protective deities. 

3433
03:05:36,500 --> 03:05:41,000
Coins arranged in auspicious 
patterns or written charms with 

3434
03:05:41,000 --> 03:05:44,300
prayers or formulas designed to 
ward off nightmare bringing 

3435
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:48,500
spirits The bedroom became a 
carefully, curated space where 

3436
03:05:48,500 --> 03:05:50,500
every object had a protective 
purpose. 

3437
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:53,600
The placement of mirrors was 
particularly important in many 

3438
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:56,900
cultures, ancient peoples, 
generally avoided having 

3439
03:05:56,900 --> 03:05:59,700
mirrors, and sleeping areas. 
Or if mirrors were present 

3440
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:02,800
they'd be covered at night. 
The reasoning. 

3441
03:06:02,800 --> 03:06:06,900
Varied, some believed mirrors, 
could trap Souls others thought 

3442
03:06:06,900 --> 03:06:09,800
they provided portway for 
spirits to enter the physical 

3443
03:06:09,800 --> 03:06:13,200
world and still others worried 
that catching your reflection 

3444
03:06:13,200 --> 03:06:16,600
while in the vulnerable state 
between sleeping and waking 

3445
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:19,200
could bring bad luck in Ancient 
India. 

3446
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:23,000
The practice of placing sacred 
items near sleeping space as 

3447
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:26,900
highly developed. you might have
a small oil lamp burning through

3448
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:30,800
the night, not just for light, 
but as a symbolic presence of 

3449
03:06:30,808 --> 03:06:35,200
divine awareness, The flickering
flame represented the Eternal 

3450
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:39,200
unchanging reality beyond the 
illusions of both waking and 

3451
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:42,700
sleeping Consciousness. 
Many ancient cultures prescribed

3452
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:46,200
specific prayers or recitations 
to be performed while lying down

3453
03:06:46,208 --> 03:06:48,800
to sleep. 
These weren't quick mumbles, 

3454
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:51,200
they were substantial verbal 
formulas. 

3455
03:06:51,200 --> 03:06:55,200
That served multiple purposes. 
They calmed the Mind marked, the

3456
03:06:55,208 --> 03:06:58,600
transition to sleep, invoke to 
protect protection, and 

3457
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:01,500
sometimes asked for specific 
kinds of dreams or messages 

3458
03:07:01,500 --> 03:07:04,400
during the night. 
Ancient Mesopotamians, used 

3459
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:08,300
clay, tablets inscribed with 
protective spells, positioned 

3460
03:07:08,300 --> 03:07:11,000
around sleeping areas to create 
a perimeter of safety. 

3461
03:07:12,500 --> 03:07:15,700
These tablets contained, 
elaborate formulas, addressing 

3462
03:07:15,700 --> 03:07:20,900
various nighttime dangers, demon
of disease, spirits of chaos, 

3463
03:07:20,900 --> 03:07:24,400
and the ghosts of those who died
untimely deaths and might be 

3464
03:07:24,400 --> 03:07:28,800
angry about it. 
Reading these tablets today, you

3465
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:32,100
realize how many specific 
threats ancient people's worried

3466
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:33,800
about during sleeps 
vulnerability. 

3467
03:07:33,800 --> 03:07:37,400
The concept of The Nightmare has
much older Roots than you might 

3468
03:07:37,408 --> 03:07:40,000
imagine. 
And the word itself reflects 

3469
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:44,000
ancient belief systems. 
The mayor part comes from a 

3470
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:47,000
proto-germanic word, for a 
spirit that sits on sleeper's 

3471
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,400
chests, causing bad dreams, and 
breathing difficulties. 

3472
03:07:51,100 --> 03:07:54,600
Various cultures had their own 
versions, the incubus, in 

3473
03:07:54,600 --> 03:07:59,400
medieval European tradition, the
lidec in Hungarian folklore and 

3474
03:07:59,400 --> 03:08:03,100
the shaytan Leila in Arabic 
tradition protection against 

3475
03:08:03,100 --> 03:08:04,600
these nightmare Spirits 
involved. 

3476
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:06,900
Physical talismans warned during
sleep. 

3477
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:10,500
Ancient peoples, might wear 
amulets, strong on chords around

3478
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:13,200
their necks. 
Special rings that featured 

3479
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:17,300
protective symbols or small bags
of herbs and Stones tucked under

3480
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,600
pillows or mattresses. 
These were not just comforting 

3481
03:08:20,600 --> 03:08:23,800
superstitions, they were 
Technologies of Consciousness 

3482
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:27,500
tools, that helped the sleeping 
mind feel secure enough to 

3483
03:08:27,500 --> 03:08:31,200
release in to deep rest. 
A practice of placing iron near 

3484
03:08:31,200 --> 03:08:33,100
the bed. 
Was common across, many ancient 

3485
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:35,900
cultures from Celtic Britain to 
ancient China. 

3486
03:08:36,800 --> 03:08:40,900
Iron was believed to repel or 
confused malevolent spirits. you

3487
03:08:40,900 --> 03:08:45,700
might find an iron Horsemen 
entrance iron, Nails driven into

3488
03:08:45,700 --> 03:08:48,900
the bed frame or small iron 
objects positioned at the 

3489
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:53,000
corners of sleeping space is The
metal itself was considered 

3490
03:08:53,000 --> 03:08:57,300
magically potent, its strength 
and durability translating into 

3491
03:08:57,300 --> 03:09:00,000
spiritual protective power 
ancient people. 

3492
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:03,800
Also use sound for nighttime 
protection Bells were 

3493
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:05,400
particularly popular, they're 
Clear. 

3494
03:09:05,400 --> 03:09:09,300
Tone was believed to disperse. 
Harmful entities, you might have

3495
03:09:09,300 --> 03:09:12,000
small bells sewn into the 
hangings around your bed 

3496
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:14,700
positioned. 
So that any movement of the 

3497
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:19,000
fabric would create gentle 
chiming The sound wouldn't 

3498
03:09:19,000 --> 03:09:22,300
necessarily wake you but it 
would create an acoustic 

3499
03:09:22,300 --> 03:09:25,100
environment believed to be 
inhospitable to nightmare 

3500
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:27,400
Spirits. 
Salt appeared frequently in 

3501
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:31,600
ancient sleeping, rituals a line
of salt Across the Threshold of 

3502
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:35,000
the sleeping Room. 
Salt scattered in the corners or

3503
03:09:35,000 --> 03:09:36,600
small bags of salt under the 
pillow. 

3504
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:40,100
All these practices existed 
across diverse cultures. 

3505
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:43,200
Salt. 
Preservative properties, made it

3506
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:45,800
symbolically powerful against 
Decay and Corruption. 

3507
03:09:45,800 --> 03:09:49,600
And this power extended to 
spiritual protection during 

3508
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:52,100
sleeps. 
Vulnerability dreams, themselves

3509
03:09:52,100 --> 03:09:54,200
were so important to ancient 
cultures. 

3510
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:58,600
That inducing specific kinds of 
dreams became a major focus of 

3511
03:09:58,600 --> 03:10:02,700
bed time, rituals If you wanted 
prophetic dreams, you might 

3512
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:05,700
sleep with a piece of paper 
under your pillow on which you'd

3513
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:09,500
written a question for the Gods.
In ancient Greece, sick people 

3514
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:12,300
would sleep in temples, 
dedicated to a sleepus. 

3515
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:16,100
The god of healing hoping to 
receive cure instructions in 

3516
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:20,100
their dreams, the practice of 
incubation, deliberately 

3517
03:10:20,100 --> 03:10:23,800
sleeping, and sacred spaces to 
receive Divine dreams was 

3518
03:10:23,800 --> 03:10:25,700
formalized, in many ancient 
cultures. 

3519
03:10:25,700 --> 03:10:30,600
You'd undergo purification 
rituals make offerings, recite 

3520
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,700
specific prayers and then sleep 
in the temple precincts. 

3521
03:10:34,700 --> 03:10:37,700
The expectation, was that the 
deity associated with that 

3522
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:41,500
space, would visit your dreams 
with messages healing or 

3523
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:44,100
guidance? 
Imagine walking into a furniture

3524
03:10:44,100 --> 03:10:47,000
store where the bed options 
include a pile of leather straps

3525
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:50,500
stretched across a wooden frame.
A woven Reed Matt, that gets 

3526
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:53,700
rolled up each morning. 
A sand-filled pit line with 

3527
03:10:53,700 --> 03:10:58,000
animal hides or aized platform. 
Designed primarily to keep your 

3528
03:10:58,000 --> 03:10:59,800
way from flawed dwelling 
scorpions. 

3529
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:04,500
Welcome to ancient bedroom 
furniture where Comfort was 

3530
03:11:04,500 --> 03:11:07,400
defined very differently than it
is in your mattress store. 

3531
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:10,400
Catalog, the ancient Egyptians 
actually had Fairly 

3532
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:14,000
sophisticated beds, at least by 
pre-modern standards. 

3533
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:18,000
If you are wealthy, you might 
own a wooden bed frame elevated 

3534
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:20,300
on legs carved to look like 
animal paws. 

3535
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:25,000
Usually lion or bold feet 
because nothing says restful 

3536
03:11:25,000 --> 03:11:27,700
sleep. 
Like thinking about powerful 

3537
03:11:27,700 --> 03:11:30,400
animals. 
These frames held a sleeping 

3538
03:11:30,400 --> 03:11:34,200
surface made of woven rope or 
leather straps creating a 

3539
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:37,500
slightly yielding platform that 
distributed weight reasonably 

3540
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:40,300
well but here's the part that 
might make you squirm. 

3541
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:44,600
The Egyptian beds Had A peculiar
feature called a headrest, which

3542
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:46,300
was nothing like your plump 
pillow. 

3543
03:11:46,300 --> 03:11:51,200
Instead, it was a curved piece 
of wood stone or ceramic 

3544
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:53,900
positioned to support your neck 
while your head hung off the 

3545
03:11:53,908 --> 03:11:57,000
bed's Edge. 
Your skull would be suspended in

3546
03:11:57,000 --> 03:11:58,500
air. 
While your neck rested. 

3547
03:11:58,500 --> 03:12:02,500
On this hard curved surface, 
Egyptians apparently found this 

3548
03:12:02,500 --> 03:12:04,700
comfortable. 
Or at least preferable to 

3549
03:12:04,700 --> 03:12:07,500
Alternatives. 
These headrests served multiple 

3550
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:10,600
purposes Beyond next. 
Support the elevated. 

3551
03:12:10,600 --> 03:12:13,500
Your head away from crawling. 
Insects that might Traverse the 

3552
03:12:13,500 --> 03:12:15,000
sleeping surface during the 
night. 

3553
03:12:15,800 --> 03:12:18,500
They kept your elaborate 
hairstyles from getting crushed.

3554
03:12:18,500 --> 03:12:20,600
Hair maintenance was serious 
business. 

3555
03:12:20,600 --> 03:12:24,000
In ancient Egypt, and they were 
believed to have protective 

3556
03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:26,800
properties. 
Some were decorated with images 

3557
03:12:26,800 --> 03:12:30,000
of gods or protective symbols 
positioned, right? 

3558
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:33,200
At the vulnerable passage 
between the scar and body the 

3559
03:12:33,200 --> 03:12:36,400
ancient Romans elevated bed 
designed to an art form, at 

3560
03:12:36,400 --> 03:12:40,000
least for the wealthy The 
well-off Roman might sleep on a 

3561
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:43,800
lectus essentially, a couch that
served double duty for reclining

3562
03:12:43,800 --> 03:12:45,400
during meals, and sleeping at 
night. 

3563
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:50,000
These featured wooden frames 
often beautifully decorated with

3564
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:54,000
inlays and carvings with the 
sleeping surface created by a 

3565
03:12:54,000 --> 03:12:57,100
lattice of rope or leather 
straps topped with cushions 

3566
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:02,700
stuffed with wool straw or if 
you were truly down feathers, 

3567
03:13:02,700 --> 03:13:06,800
but most Romans, like, most 
ancient people's slept on much 

3568
03:13:06,800 --> 03:13:10,100
simpler surfaces. 
Straw filled mattress on the 

3569
03:13:10,108 --> 03:13:12,700
floor. 
A simple wooden platform or even

3570
03:13:12,700 --> 03:13:14,800
just blanket. 
Spread directly on the ground. 

3571
03:13:14,800 --> 03:13:17,900
Were far more common than 
elaborate bed frames. 

3572
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:22,700
Straw had the advantage of being
cheap and readily renewable and 

3573
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:25,100
providing some insulation from 
cold floors. 

3574
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:30,200
Its disadvantages included, 
attracting various insects and 

3575
03:13:30,200 --> 03:13:32,900
needing frequent replacement 
when it became compressed. 

3576
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:37,700
And frankly unpleasant, ancient 
Greek beds, were similar to 

3577
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:42,000
Roman ones featuring the same 
basic design of wooden frames 

3578
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:45,600
with ropes, sleeping surfaces. 
But the Greeks added an 

3579
03:13:45,600 --> 03:13:49,900
interesting innovation. 
Klein, a type of couch bed that 

3580
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:53,600
featured raised edges on three 
sides, creating a semien 

3581
03:13:53,600 --> 03:13:57,800
clothes, sleeping space. 
These raised edges weren't just 

3582
03:13:57,800 --> 03:14:00,200
decorative. 
They helped to keep bedding and 

3583
03:14:00,208 --> 03:14:02,200
sleepers from Rolling off during
the night. 

3584
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:06,700
Functioned as backrests during 
waking hours and created a 

3585
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:10,500
psychological sense of protected
space in ancient China. 

3586
03:14:10,500 --> 03:14:13,500
The Kang that heated platform 
bed mentioned earlier 

3587
03:14:13,500 --> 03:14:17,400
represented sophisticated 
engineering, applied to sleeping

3588
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:20,700
comfort. 
The Kang was essentially a brick

3589
03:14:20,700 --> 03:14:23,900
or clay platform built over a 
system of flus that carried warm

3590
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:26,200
smoke from the kitchen or 
heating fire. 

3591
03:14:27,100 --> 03:14:30,700
The surface would be warm 
sometimes almost hot providing 

3592
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:34,000
radiant heat from Below. 
Families would cover this 

3593
03:14:34,000 --> 03:14:38,300
platform with mats and cushions 
creating a sleeping surface that

3594
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:42,400
remained comfortably warm. 
Even during bitter Winters, the 

3595
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:45,300
thermal mass of the kingdom, it 
would stay warm for hours after 

3596
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:48,500
the fire went out, providing 
consistent warmth through the 

3597
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:51,000
night. 
But inso meant you needed to be 

3598
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:54,800
careful about the temperature. 
Two hot, you'd be uncomfortable 

3599
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:57,800
too cool and you'd lose the main
benefit. 

3600
03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:02,700
Managing a Kang was something of
an art form, requiring attention

3601
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:06,000
to fire temperature, flue draft 
and seasonal adjustments. 

3602
03:15:06,000 --> 03:15:09,600
Japanese sleeping surfaces were 
elegant in their simplicity. 

3603
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:14,000
The futon wasn't the thick 
folded mattress that Western has

3604
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:17,300
associated with that word. 
Traditional futons were 

3605
03:15:17,300 --> 03:15:20,900
relatively thin cotton batting 
mattresses, laid directly onto 

3606
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:23,900
Tammy. 
Mats, those woven Rush grass 

3607
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:25,400
floor. 
Coverings that have slight 

3608
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,900
cushioning and natural humidity 
regulating properties. 

3609
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:32,800
You'd sleep on a surface, that 
was barely, an inch or too thick

3610
03:15:32,800 --> 03:15:34,900
yet. 
Millions of people found this 

3611
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:38,200
comfortable for centuries. 
The practice of laying out and 

3612
03:15:38,200 --> 03:15:40,400
putting away. 
Futons daily had practical 

3613
03:15:40,400 --> 03:15:44,100
benefits beyond space saving. 
It meant your bedding aired out 

3614
03:15:44,108 --> 03:15:47,500
regularly, preventing the 
moisture accumulation that could

3615
03:15:47,500 --> 03:15:49,800
lead to mildew in Japan's, 
humid, climate. 

3616
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:53,900
It meant examining your sleeping
surface regularly for any issues

3617
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,400
and it meant that sleeping was 
not something that happened in a

3618
03:15:57,400 --> 03:15:59,800
separate. 
Dedicated room, it was an 

3619
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:02,500
activity that temporarily 
transformed your living space 

3620
03:16:02,500 --> 03:16:06,200
Viking sleeping Arrangements, 
combined practicality with 

3621
03:16:06,200 --> 03:16:09,700
communal living. 
In Norse long houses, platforms 

3622
03:16:09,700 --> 03:16:13,200
long, the walls served as 
multipurpose surfaces seating 

3623
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:15,400
during the day and sleeping 
spots at night. 

3624
03:16:16,200 --> 03:16:19,200
These platforms were typically 
covered with Furs and woven 

3625
03:16:19,200 --> 03:16:22,400
blankets. 
You'd borrow into layers of wool

3626
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:25,800
and animal hide creating an 
insulated cocoon against the 

3627
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:28,800
cold while the central fire 
burned through the night. 

3628
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:32,400
The quality of your sleeping 
Furs reflected your status in 

3629
03:16:32,400 --> 03:16:35,600
Viking Society. 
A wealthy Chieftain might have 

3630
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:39,600
bare Furs or luxurious seal 
skins while ordinary Farmers. 

3631
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:43,400
May do with sheepskin or cowhide
but everyone understood the 

3632
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:46,800
principle layers of material 
that trapped air provided 

3633
03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:50,100
insulation and animals with 
their natural oils. 

3634
03:16:50,100 --> 03:16:53,500
Repelled some moisture while 
retaining warmth Hammocks 

3635
03:16:53,500 --> 03:16:56,800
developed by indigenous peoples 
in Central and South America 

3636
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:00,600
represent, perhaps the most 
Innovative sleeping surface in 

3637
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:04,000
the ancient world. 
Woven from plant fibers or 

3638
03:17:04,000 --> 03:17:06,800
cotton hammocks can form to your
body shape. 

3639
03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:11,200
Distributed weight evenly, catch
you off the ground away from 

3640
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:15,000
snakes and insects and allowed 
air circulation that made them 

3641
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:17,600
comfortable even in hot humid 
climates. 

3642
03:17:17,600 --> 03:17:20,100
The hammock wasn't just a 
portable bed. 

3643
03:17:20,100 --> 03:17:23,500
It was a sophisticated 
understanding of ergonomics and 

3644
03:17:23,500 --> 03:17:26,800
climate adaptation. 
When European explorers 

3645
03:17:26,800 --> 03:17:30,000
encountered hammocks, they were 
impressed enough to adopt them 

3646
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:33,300
for use on ships where they 
proved ideal for cramped 

3647
03:17:33,300 --> 03:17:37,200
quarters, and moving vessels, 
the gentle swaying motion, that 

3648
03:17:37,200 --> 03:17:39,300
might seem disorienting to 
Modern hammock. 

3649
03:17:39,300 --> 03:17:42,400
Novices was apparently something
ancient peoples adapted to 

3650
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:47,400
easily ancient Mesopotamian beds
based on archaeological evidence

3651
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:51,400
and artistic depictions often 
featured very high frames that 

3652
03:17:51,400 --> 03:17:53,800
required steps or stools to 
climb into. 

3653
03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:58,600
This wasn't just status display,
it was practical, elevation of 

3654
03:17:58,600 --> 03:18:03,200
floor level drafts insects and 
the dust that settle during the 

3655
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:05,800
night. 
You decently be sleeping on a 

3656
03:18:05,808 --> 03:18:07,800
platform, several feet off the 
ground. 

3657
03:18:07,800 --> 03:18:11,700
With the cycle benefit of being 
literally above whatever called 

3658
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:15,200
across floors in the darkness, 
the mattresses, and bedding used

3659
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:17,800
on these elevated frames varied 
by wealth. 

3660
03:18:17,800 --> 03:18:23,500
But followed similar principles 
layers of textiles wool, linen 

3661
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:27,100
or cotton, depending on what was
locally available would be 

3662
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:31,000
stacked to create cushioning. 
These layers could be adjusted 

3663
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:33,300
seasonally more layers for 
winter. 

3664
03:18:33,300 --> 03:18:37,200
Warmth fewer for summer Comfort.
Ancient Indian beds. 

3665
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:40,200
Mentioned in texts like the 
Kamasutra could be quite 

3666
03:18:40,200 --> 03:18:43,400
elaborate affairs. 
A proper bed, might have a 

3667
03:18:43,400 --> 03:18:47,100
wooden frame with Ivory inlays 
posts, supporting a canopy to 

3668
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:50,300
keep insects away, and 
mattresses stuffed with various 

3669
03:18:50,300 --> 03:18:53,900
materials, depending on the 
season, cotton for summer wool 

3670
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:56,100
for winter. 
The canopy wasn't just 

3671
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:59,700
practical, it created an 
intimate space within the larger

3672
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:01,800
room. 
A private realm where the 

3673
03:19:01,800 --> 03:19:05,500
outside world was temporarily 
suspended in ancient Persia the 

3674
03:19:05,500 --> 03:19:08,600
concept of sleeping in Comfort 
reached remarkable Heights among

3675
03:19:08,600 --> 03:19:11,100
the wealthy. 
Beds might feature silk, 

3676
03:19:11,100 --> 03:19:14,200
cushions, fine, linen sheets, 
and elaborate hangings. 

3677
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:18,500
But even ordinary Persians. 
Understood the basics sleeping 

3678
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:21,500
surfaces should be slightly 
yielding should provide 

3679
03:19:21,500 --> 03:19:24,700
insulation from ground, cold, 
and should be high enough to 

3680
03:19:24,700 --> 03:19:27,500
discourage, casual insect 
traffic bedding. 

3681
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:30,000
Materials across ancient 
cultures, reflected 

3682
03:19:30,000 --> 03:19:32,800
sophisticated, understanding of 
textile properties. 

3683
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:37,500
Linen was prized in hot climates
for its coolness and moisture 

3684
03:19:37,500 --> 03:19:40,500
wicking abilities. 
Wool was valued in colder 

3685
03:19:40,500 --> 03:19:42,600
regions for its insulating 
properties. 

3686
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:46,800
Even, when damp Silk wear of 
available was treasured for its 

3687
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:50,600
smooth texture and temperature 
regulating qualities, ancient 

3688
03:19:50,600 --> 03:19:53,800
practice of stuffing mattresses 
and cushions with various plant 

3689
03:19:53,800 --> 03:19:57,200
materials, demonstrates 
remarkable, knowledge of Natural

3690
03:19:57,200 --> 03:20:00,100
Resources. 
Beyond obvious choices like 

3691
03:20:00,100 --> 03:20:04,600
straw and wool, ancient peoples,
use materials, like dried grass 

3692
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:09,600
Moss leaves, and even seaweed 
Each material had specific 

3693
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:14,400
properties, some lasted longer, 
some smelled better, some were 

3694
03:20:14,400 --> 03:20:18,400
softer, and some repelled in sex
more, effectively flax, the 

3695
03:20:18,400 --> 03:20:21,700
plant used to make linen. 
Also produce seeds that could be

3696
03:20:21,700 --> 03:20:25,500
used as mattress stuffing. 
Flax seeds in a cloth, Sac 

3697
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:29,000
created a rustling shifting 
surface that can form to body 

3698
03:20:29,000 --> 03:20:31,700
shape. 
Some ancient peoples believed 

3699
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:33,800
sleeping on flaxseed promoted. 
Good health. 

3700
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:37,100
Though, whether this had any 
bassist beyond the placebo 

3701
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:41,100
effect is unclear ancient people
also understood the importance 

3702
03:20:41,100 --> 03:20:44,400
of bed and cleanliness, though, 
their standards and methods 

3703
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:47,400
differed from ours. 
Bedding would be aired regularly

3704
03:20:47,400 --> 03:20:51,200
in sunlight which naturally 
killed some bacteria and 

3705
03:20:51,200 --> 03:20:54,400
parasites. 
Textile covering would be washed

3706
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:57,200
when possible though. 
Laundering large items. 

3707
03:20:57,200 --> 03:21:00,200
Like mattress covers was labor, 
intensive, and couldn't be done 

3708
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:04,000
frequently, the presence of bed 
bugs, flees and other parasites 

3709
03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:05,900
was largely accepted as 
inevitable. 

3710
03:21:06,700 --> 03:21:09,800
Ancient people's developed 
various strategies to minimize 

3711
03:21:09,800 --> 03:21:12,800
these pests. 
Certain herbs scattered in 

3712
03:21:12,808 --> 03:21:15,100
Bedding. 
Supposedly repelled, insects 

3713
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:18,700
regular replacement of organic 
stuffing, materials and 

3714
03:21:18,700 --> 03:21:21,600
occasionally more drastic 
measures like burning and 

3715
03:21:21,600 --> 03:21:25,200
replacing infested materials 
entirely bed frames themselves. 

3716
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:28,600
Often Incorporated design 
features meant to deter pests. 

3717
03:21:29,400 --> 03:21:32,400
Smooth surfaces gave insects 
fewer places to hide. 

3718
03:21:33,100 --> 03:21:36,300
Some ancient peoples would place
the legs of beds in small dishes

3719
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:40,100
of water or oil creating moats 
that crawling insects couldn't 

3720
03:21:40,100 --> 03:21:43,000
cross. 
Others used materials or 

3721
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:46,600
finishes that insects supposedly
dislike though, the 

3722
03:21:46,600 --> 03:21:50,400
effectiveness of these methods 
was probably limited the concept

3723
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:52,200
of separate beds for married 
couples. 

3724
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:56,000
Now, common In some cultures 
would have seemed strange to 

3725
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:59,200
most ancient people's married 
couples slept together. 

3726
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:02,800
As a matter, of course, often 
embeds barely large enough for 

3727
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,600
two. 
This wasnt just about intimacy. 

3728
03:22:05,600 --> 03:22:08,800
It was about the fundamental 
understanding that sleeping 

3729
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:11,500
together was normal that sharing
warmth. 

3730
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:14,000
And space was how humans 
naturally rested. 

3731
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:16,600
Imagine a world without alarm 
clocks. 

3732
03:22:16,600 --> 03:22:18,800
Not just turning off your 
phone's alarm. 

3733
03:22:18,800 --> 03:22:22,500
Imagine a world where the very 
concept of an artificial wake up

3734
03:22:22,500 --> 03:22:26,700
signal doesn't exist. 
Your internal clock synchronized

3735
03:22:26,700 --> 03:22:28,900
with natural light cycles would 
be your alarm. 

3736
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:34,500
The sun rising Birds, beginning 
their morning chorus, the 

3737
03:22:34,500 --> 03:22:37,200
temperature shift as Darkness 
gave way today. 

3738
03:22:38,300 --> 03:22:41,800
These would be your wake-up call
and they'd be far more gradual 

3739
03:22:41,800 --> 03:22:44,200
and gentle than the jarring. 
Electronic beep. 

3740
03:22:44,200 --> 03:22:47,500
You probably experienced this 
morning ancient people's woke 

3741
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:50,500
with the dawn not because they 
were particularly virtuous or 

3742
03:22:50,500 --> 03:22:54,100
ambitious but because that's 
when melatonin production shut 

3743
03:22:54,100 --> 03:22:57,800
off in response to increasing 
light and their bodies naturally

3744
03:22:57,800 --> 03:23:02,800
transitioned from sleep to 
wakefulness, Without our 

3745
03:23:02,800 --> 03:23:04,600
artificial lighting to extend 
the evening. 

3746
03:23:04,600 --> 03:23:06,700
They go to sleep, much earlier 
than you do. 

3747
03:23:06,700 --> 03:23:10,800
So waking at dawn meant getting 
adequate sleep, not shortening 

3748
03:23:10,800 --> 03:23:13,200
it. 
The process of waking was itself

3749
03:23:13,200 --> 03:23:16,300
quite different instead of an 
Abrupt transition from 

3750
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:20,200
unconsciousness to alarm, 
induced Panic, ancient peoples 

3751
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,000
would experience a gradual 
emergence in to consciousness. 

3752
03:23:24,100 --> 03:23:26,300
Pre-dawn light would start 
registering through closed 

3753
03:23:26,300 --> 03:23:29,100
eyelids. 
The temperature would shift as 

3754
03:23:29,100 --> 03:23:31,400
the sun's first Rays, began 
warming, the air. 

3755
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:35,000
The sound environment would 
change as daytime animals and 

3756
03:23:35,000 --> 03:23:38,200
insects became active. 
This gradual Awakening meant 

3757
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:41,400
that people often drifted in now
to Consciousness for a period 

3758
03:23:41,408 --> 03:23:45,300
before fully waking. you might 
become semi-aware of your 

3759
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:49,800
surroundings shift position, 
perhaps register the presence of

3760
03:23:49,800 --> 03:23:53,600
other people, stirring nearby, 
Then drift back into light 

3761
03:23:53,600 --> 03:23:56,100
sleep, before finally opening 
your eyes to the day. 

3762
03:23:56,100 --> 03:23:59,900
Ancient Romans had a specific 
term for the pre-dawn hours 

3763
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:05,100
Deluxe meaning when Dave begins 
to light up, this wasn't clock 

3764
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:08,000
time. 
It was experiential time the 

3765
03:24:08,000 --> 03:24:11,600
period when darkness hadn't 
fully lifted, but enough light 

3766
03:24:11,600 --> 03:24:13,700
existed to begin daily 
activities. 

3767
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:18,200
For early Rises and most Romans 
were early risers by modern 

3768
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:21,300
standards. 
This was when the day actually 

3769
03:24:21,300 --> 03:24:24,200
started the morning. 
Rituals that followed waking 

3770
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:27,200
were as elaborate as the evening
once though with different 

3771
03:24:27,200 --> 03:24:30,300
purposes. 
Where evening rituals focused on

3772
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:34,000
protection and preparation for 
vulnerability morning, rituals 

3773
03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:37,700
emphasized, purification 
gratitude and preparation for 

3774
03:24:37,700 --> 03:24:40,500
the days activities. 
Ancient Egyptians would 

3775
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:44,100
immediately wash upon waking 
using water from clay vessels 

3776
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,300
kept in their homes. 
This wasn't just hygiene. 

3777
03:24:47,300 --> 03:24:51,500
It was spiritual cleansing, 
washing away the night and any 

3778
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:55,900
harmful influences and counted 
during sleeps Journey. the water

3779
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,100
for morning washing might have 
been scented with oils or herbs 

3780
03:24:59,100 --> 03:25:02,700
turning a practical activity 
into a sensory ritual that 

3781
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:06,500
marked the transition to waking 
consciousness morning prayers, 

3782
03:25:06,500 --> 03:25:09,600
or acknowledgments to household 
Gods came next in many cultures 

3783
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:13,500
Having been protected through 
the night, you'd Express 

3784
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:17,300
gratitude and perhaps request 
guidance or Good Fortune for the

3785
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:20,500
day ahead. 
These weren't lengthy ceremonies

3786
03:25:20,500 --> 03:25:24,300
just brief recognitions that 
you'd survived another night and

3787
03:25:24,300 --> 03:25:27,600
were beginning another day. 
The ancient practice of dream 

3788
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:30,100
interpretation often occur 
during these early morning 

3789
03:25:30,100 --> 03:25:35,400
hours, If you had a particularly
Vivid or disturbing dream, you 

3790
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:37,700
might discuss it with family 
members while the dream was 

3791
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:40,400
still fresh. 
Some cultures kept dream 

3792
03:25:40,400 --> 03:25:43,200
journals or consulted dream, 
interpreters, who maintained 

3793
03:25:43,200 --> 03:25:45,300
elaborate systems for 
understanding dream? 

3794
03:25:45,300 --> 03:25:48,500
Symbolism ancient Chinese 
culture, developed sophisticated

3795
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:52,700
dream interpretation systems, 
the different types of Dreams 

3796
03:25:52,700 --> 03:25:54,300
believed to carry different 
meanings. 

3797
03:25:55,200 --> 03:25:57,900
A dream during first sleep, 
might be treated differently 

3798
03:25:57,900 --> 03:25:59,400
than a dream during Second 
sleep. 

3799
03:26:00,200 --> 03:26:02,700
Dreams that occurred just before
waking were considered 

3800
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:05,300
particularly significant as 
though. 

3801
03:26:05,300 --> 03:26:08,000
The message is being conveyed 
needed to be immediately 

3802
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:10,600
available to waking 
consciousness breakfast. 

3803
03:26:10,600 --> 03:26:12,600
As we know it a substantial 
meal. 

3804
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:15,100
Eaten shortly after waking 
didn't exist. 

3805
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:18,600
In many ancient cultures. 
Romans, generally skipped, 

3806
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:21,500
morning, food, or had only a 
small bite of bread. 

3807
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:24,600
The main meal came in the 
afternoon. 

3808
03:26:25,600 --> 03:26:28,600
This pattern makes sense, when 
you consider the ancient peoples

3809
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:31,100
might have had a light snack 
During the wakeful period 

3810
03:26:31,100 --> 03:26:34,600
between first and second sleep. 
Meaning, they weren't waking 

3811
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:37,200
from as long, a fast as modern 
breakfast suggests. 

3812
03:26:37,700 --> 03:26:40,300
However, morning drinks were 
important to cross many 

3813
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:44,000
cultures, ancient peoples, were 
drink water, sometimes flavored 

3814
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:47,900
with herbs or diluted wine. 
These morning beverages served 

3815
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:51,300
practical purposes rehydration 
after the night. 

3816
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:55,600
But also ritual purposes, a 
first taste that marked the 

3817
03:26:55,600 --> 03:26:57,900
transition from sleeping to 
waking State. 

3818
03:26:57,900 --> 03:27:01,500
The social aspects of morning in
communal, living situations 

3819
03:27:01,500 --> 03:27:04,500
meant that waking up involved 
immediately re-engaging with 

3820
03:27:04,500 --> 03:27:07,300
your household. 
There was no private morning 

3821
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:11,100
routine in a separate bedroom. 
No time to gradually caffeinate 

3822
03:27:11,100 --> 03:27:15,600
in isolation, you'd wake to find
others already stirring and 

3823
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:17,700
you'd all navigate the 
transition from sleep to 

3824
03:27:17,700 --> 03:27:20,400
wakefulness. 
As a group, children waking in 

3825
03:27:20,400 --> 03:27:23,000
ancient households would be 
integrated into the morning 

3826
03:27:23,000 --> 03:27:26,100
routine immediately. 
There was no concept of letting 

3827
03:27:26,100 --> 03:27:29,100
children sleep in or shielding 
them from the early morning 

3828
03:27:29,100 --> 03:27:31,900
activities. 
From Young ages children 

3829
03:27:31,900 --> 03:27:35,700
participated in morning, chores 
and rituals learning The rhythms

3830
03:27:35,700 --> 03:27:38,000
of daily life through immersion 
ancient. 

3831
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:41,700
People also had to deal with the
Practical consequences of sleep.

3832
03:27:42,500 --> 03:27:44,600
Bedding needed to be aired or 
put away. 

3833
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:48,900
Sleeping spaces needed to be 
converted to daytime, use and 

3834
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:51,000
night soil needed to be disposed
of. 

3835
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:53,700
These morning, chores weren't 
optional. 

3836
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:56,100
Extras. 
They were essential parts of 

3837
03:27:56,100 --> 03:27:58,400
daily life. 
That everyone participated in 

3838
03:27:58,400 --> 03:28:01,900
the Morning, Light itself had 
significance Beyond mere 

3839
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:05,600
visibility Ancient cultures, 
generally believed that Morning,

3840
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:07,300
Light carried, special 
properties. 

3841
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:11,800
That the first of sun held power
that dissipated as the day 

3842
03:28:11,800 --> 03:28:15,800
progressed, some people made a 
point of exposing themselves to 

3843
03:28:15,800 --> 03:28:19,900
early morning, sunlight standing
in doorways, or Windows to let 

3844
03:28:19,900 --> 03:28:21,400
the door like fall on their 
skin. 

3845
03:28:21,400 --> 03:28:25,600
This practice had biological 
validity that ancient people's 

3846
03:28:25,600 --> 03:28:28,800
couldn't have understood in 
modern terms, Morning light 

3847
03:28:28,800 --> 03:28:30,700
exposure helped reset your 
circadian. 

3848
03:28:30,700 --> 03:28:34,600
Rhythm suppresses lingering 
melatonin and triggers. 

3849
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:36,800
Quarters old production. 
That helps you feel alert. 

3850
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:40,300
Ancient people's new empirically
that greeting. 

3851
03:28:40,300 --> 03:28:43,700
The Dawn made, you feel better 
even if they attributed this to 

3852
03:28:43,700 --> 03:28:47,300
spiritual rather than 
biochemical mechanisms seasonal.

3853
03:28:47,300 --> 03:28:50,800
Variations in Sunrise, meant 
that morning occurred, quite 

3854
03:28:50,800 --> 03:28:52,400
different clock times throughout
the year. 

3855
03:28:53,300 --> 03:28:56,300
Ancient people's adjusted, their
schedules naturally with these 

3856
03:28:56,300 --> 03:28:59,400
changes. 
Some might mean waking very 

3857
03:28:59,400 --> 03:29:02,700
early by modern standards. 
Winter, might mean sleeping. 

3858
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,600
Later, this flexible 
relationship with time governed 

3859
03:29:06,600 --> 03:29:09,500
by natural light rather than 
arbitrary clock conventions. 

3860
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:13,100
Kept ancient people's more 
synchronized with natural 

3861
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:15,400
rhythms. 
The Morning Sounds of ancient 

3862
03:29:15,400 --> 03:29:18,100
communities would have been 
remarkably different from Modern

3863
03:29:18,100 --> 03:29:21,400
morning commutes instead of 
traffic and alarm clocks. 

3864
03:29:21,400 --> 03:29:24,700
You'd hear roosters crowing 
animals, being let out of 

3865
03:29:24,700 --> 03:29:28,400
nighttime enclosures, the first 
sounds of cooking fires, being 

3866
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:32,500
kindled, water, being drawn from
Wells, and people, greeting 

3867
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:36,300
neighbors, as they emerged in to
the new day morning was when 

3868
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:37,900
dreams would fade from memory 
in. 

3869
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:41,400
Most people though, particularly
vivid dreams might linger 

3870
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:45,000
Ancient people who wanted to 
remember their dreams would 

3871
03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:48,300
speak them aloud immediately 
upon waking telling them to 

3872
03:29:48,300 --> 03:29:50,300
Companions or repeating them to 
themselves. 

3873
03:29:51,600 --> 03:29:54,300
This practice of dream telling 
helped preserve the dream 

3874
03:29:54,300 --> 03:29:56,600
content, and also serve social 
functions. 

3875
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,500
As dream sharing was often a way
of maintaining intimate bonds, 

3876
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:04,500
the physical sensation of waking
in ancient sleeping Arrangements

3877
03:30:04,500 --> 03:30:08,600
on surfaces harder than modern 
mattresses in rooms without 

3878
03:30:08,600 --> 03:30:12,000
climate control, possibly with 
morning dew, on your face, if 

3879
03:30:12,008 --> 03:30:15,100
you slept Outdoors. 
Would have been quite different 

3880
03:30:15,100 --> 03:30:18,200
from Modern waking. 
Your body would be stiff from 

3881
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:20,800
the night's rest needing 
movement and stretching to 

3882
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:24,000
limber up this morning. 
Stiffness would motivate people 

3883
03:30:24,000 --> 03:30:27,100
to begin physical activity 
fairly quickly after waking 

3884
03:30:27,100 --> 03:30:31,400
which probably contributed to 
overall Fitness levels ancient 

3885
03:30:31,400 --> 03:30:34,800
people's understood that how you
began the day, influenced, 

3886
03:30:34,800 --> 03:30:38,600
everything that followed Morning
wasn't just a time to 

3887
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:42,100
mechanically prepare for work. 
It was when you set your mental 

3888
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:44,400
and spiritual orientation for 
the hours ahead. 

3889
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:49,300
The rituals prayers, greetings 
and small ceremonies that marked

3890
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:53,000
the transition from sleep to 
wakefulness were investments in 

3891
03:30:53,000 --> 03:30:56,500
having a good day, creating 
positive momentum, that would 

3892
03:30:56,500 --> 03:30:59,100
carry through until evening when
the cycle began. 

3893
03:30:59,100 --> 03:31:02,300
Again, as you lie there to night
in your controlled environment 

3894
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:05,500
with your white noise machine 
and your sleep tracking app. 

3895
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:10,500
Consider this Ancient people's 
understood something about sleep

3896
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:14,500
that are modern obsession with 
optimization sometimes misses. 

3897
03:31:15,300 --> 03:31:17,800
They need that sleep. 
Wasn't something to be conquered

3898
03:31:17,800 --> 03:31:21,000
controlled or perfected. 
It was something to be 

3899
03:31:21,000 --> 03:31:22,900
surrendered to a natural 
process. 

3900
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:25,300
That worked best when you 
stopped trying to manage it. 

3901
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:28,600
The ancient relationship with 
sleep was fundamentally 

3902
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:31,900
different from ours. 
Sleep wasn't a problem to solve 

3903
03:31:31,900 --> 03:31:34,800
or a resource to optimize. 
It was simply part of the 

3904
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:39,000
natural cycle of life, as 
inevitable and necessary as 

3905
03:31:39,000 --> 03:31:41,900
breathing, You didn't worry 
about whether you were getting 

3906
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:44,500
the right? 
Kind of sleep or achieving 

3907
03:31:44,500 --> 03:31:48,900
optimal REM percentages. 
You slept when darkness fell 

3908
03:31:48,900 --> 03:31:53,300
woke, when light returned and 
trusted that your body knew what

3909
03:31:53,300 --> 03:31:57,300
it needed, this trust in natural
processes extended to dealing 

3910
03:31:57,300 --> 03:32:00,200
with sleep difficulties. 
If you couldn't sleep, you 

3911
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:04,300
didn't Panic about it, you'd 
like quietly thinking that doing

3912
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,600
the contemplative work that the 
period between first and second 

3913
03:32:07,600 --> 03:32:11,300
sleep was meant for the 
understanding was that your body

3914
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:14,700
would have eventually sleep when
it truly needed to And forcing 

3915
03:32:14,700 --> 03:32:17,100
it was counterproductive ancient
people. 

3916
03:32:17,100 --> 03:32:20,100
Also recognized that sleep needs
vary by season. 

3917
03:32:21,000 --> 03:32:24,600
Winter sleep was longer and 
deeper matching the extended 

3918
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:27,300
Darkness. 
Summer, sleep was lighter and 

3919
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:29,800
shorter aligning with brief 
nights. 

3920
03:32:30,500 --> 03:32:33,500
This seasonal variation in sleep
patterns is something modern 

3921
03:32:33,500 --> 03:32:36,500
society. 
Largely ignores expecting 

3922
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:40,800
consistently duration year round
despite living at latitudes 

3923
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:44,900
where daling varies dramatically
The quality of Darkness also 

3924
03:32:44,900 --> 03:32:47,500
affected ancient sleep in ways 
we rarely experience. 

3925
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:51,900
True Darkness, the kind that 
exists miles from any artificial

3926
03:32:51,900 --> 03:32:55,600
light source, produces a depth 
of visual Blackness that most 

3927
03:32:55,600 --> 03:33:00,600
modern people never encounter. 
In this profound Darkness, your 

3928
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:04,500
eyes would fully adapt your 
pupils dilating to their 

3929
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:08,600
maximum, and you'd perceive 
subtle variations in darkness, 

3930
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:12,100
that would be invisible in light
polluted modern environments. 

3931
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:15,000
This quality of Darkness did 
something to human 

3932
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:18,300
consciousness. 
Without any light stimuli your 

3933
03:33:18,300 --> 03:33:20,200
brain would fully commit and 
nighttime. 

3934
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:23,500
Neurochemistry. 
Melatonin production would be 

3935
03:33:23,500 --> 03:33:27,200
robust and sustained. 
The transition between waking 

3936
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:30,200
and sleeping, Consciousness 
would be smoother, less jarring.

3937
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:33,900
Sleep itself would be deeper in 
his deep phases and more 

3938
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:37,300
complete in its Cycles. 
Ancient people's experience. 

3939
03:33:37,300 --> 03:33:41,600
Whether during sleep in ways, 
modern people don't rain on a 

3940
03:33:41,608 --> 03:33:44,800
thatched roof, wind moving 
through the sleeping space 

3941
03:33:44,800 --> 03:33:48,700
temperature drops during the 
night, all these would register 

3942
03:33:48,700 --> 03:33:52,500
and sleeping Consciousness. 
Creating a continuous thread of 

3943
03:33:52,508 --> 03:33:55,500
awareness, connecting sleeper to
environment. 

3944
03:33:57,000 --> 03:33:59,600
You will never completely 
isolated from the natural world 

3945
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:02,200
even during sleeps deepest 
phases. 

3946
03:34:02,200 --> 03:34:05,700
This ongoing connection to the 
environment meant that ancient 

3947
03:34:05,700 --> 03:34:09,000
peoples, developed sophisticated
unconscious awareness of 

3948
03:34:09,000 --> 03:34:12,800
nighttime conditions. 
You'd wake, if wind shifted to a

3949
03:34:12,800 --> 03:34:15,100
direction that might bring rain 
into your sleeping space. 

3950
03:34:15,100 --> 03:34:18,100
You'd Stir of the temperature 
dropped enough to require 

3951
03:34:18,100 --> 03:34:22,000
pulling up additional covering 
You'd register unusual sounds 

3952
03:34:22,000 --> 03:34:24,100
that might signal danger without
fully waking. 

3953
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:27,800
This vigilance was the price of 
sleeping in less protected 

3954
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:31,900
environments, but it also kept 
you integrated with Naturals. 

3955
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:35,600
The social dimension of sleep 
also created different patterns 

3956
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:38,300
of consciousness. 
Sleeping near other people. 

3957
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:41,300
Met your sleeping mind was 
tracking their presence their 

3958
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:43,100
breathing rhythms and their 
movements. 

3959
03:34:44,000 --> 03:34:47,700
This wasn't exactly awareness. 
You weren't conscious of it? 

3960
03:34:48,800 --> 03:34:51,900
Created a baseline of social 
connection that continued 

3961
03:34:51,900 --> 03:34:55,700
through sleep. 
Humans are social animals and 

3962
03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:59,200
having that social presence 
during vulnerability may have 

3963
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:01,300
been deeply comforting at levels
below. 

3964
03:35:01,300 --> 03:35:05,400
Conscious recognition ancient 
people's had elaborate folklore 

3965
03:35:05,400 --> 03:35:09,600
about sleep and its liminal 
States. the hypnagogic period 

3966
03:35:09,600 --> 03:35:13,300
that transitional State between 
waking and sleeping was 

3967
03:35:13,300 --> 03:35:17,100
recognized as a special, kind of
Consciousness where Visions 

3968
03:35:17,100 --> 03:35:20,900
might appear where the boundary 
between inner and outer worlds 

3969
03:35:20,900 --> 03:35:24,500
became porous Some cultures 
deliberately cultivated this 

3970
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:27,500
state for divination or creative
inspiration. 

3971
03:35:27,500 --> 03:35:29,900
Similarly, the hypnopompic. 
Period. 

3972
03:35:29,900 --> 03:35:33,100
The transition from sleep to 
waking was considered 

3973
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:38,300
significant Messages received in
the state Visions seen or 

3974
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:41,200
thoughts, arising might be 
treated as particularly 

3975
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,800
important representing the last 
communications from the 

3976
03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:46,200
dreaming. 
Mind before waking 

3977
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:50,400
consciousness, reasserted 
control sleep paralysis, that 

3978
03:35:50,400 --> 03:35:53,900
unsettling experience where you 
wake up, but can't move was 

3979
03:35:53,900 --> 03:35:56,600
universally recognized and 
explained through various 

3980
03:35:56,600 --> 03:36:00,500
cultural Frameworks. where the 
scene is visits from Spirits 

3981
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:05,800
attacks by demons or natural 
physiological events, Ancient 

3982
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:08,600
people had ways of understanding
and coping with these 

3983
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:11,800
experiences. 
The cultural explanations might 

3984
03:36:11,800 --> 03:36:15,300
seem superstitious to Modern 
minds but they served important 

3985
03:36:15,300 --> 03:36:18,600
psychological functions. 
Giving people Frameworks for 

3986
03:36:18,600 --> 03:36:21,900
processing frightening 
experience's ancient 

3987
03:36:21,900 --> 03:36:25,100
understanding of sleep. 
Also, included recognition that 

3988
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:27,600
some people naturally needed 
more sleep than others. 

3989
03:36:27,600 --> 03:36:32,300
The Sleep patterns varied across
life stages that temporary sleep

3990
03:36:32,300 --> 03:36:35,500
disruption as usually resolve 
themselves without intervention.

3991
03:36:36,500 --> 03:36:39,000
This wisdom. 
That sleep is inherently 

3992
03:36:39,000 --> 03:36:42,300
variable and self-regulating is 
something modern. 

3993
03:36:42,300 --> 03:36:46,200
Sleep science is essentially 
rediscovered ancient people also

3994
03:36:46,200 --> 03:36:49,400
recognize the connection between
physical activity and Sleep 

3995
03:36:49,400 --> 03:36:52,500
Quality. 
Their daily lives involved far 

3996
03:36:52,500 --> 03:36:55,300
more physical labor than most 
modern occupations require. 

3997
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:58,100
This natural exhaustion 
produced, good. 

3998
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:01,200
Sleep is a simple consequence of
bodies needing recovery. 

3999
03:37:02,200 --> 03:37:04,700
The modern epidemic of sleep 
problems correlates with 

4000
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:08,500
sedentary lifestyles in ways 
that ancient people's never 

4001
03:37:08,500 --> 03:37:12,000
experience because their lives 
demanded physical engagement. 

4002
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:16,100
The absence of caffeine in most 
ancient cultures tea and coffee 

4003
03:37:16,100 --> 03:37:19,900
came later, meant that people's 
natural sleep wake rhythms 

4004
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:23,900
weren't disrupted by stimulants.
You'd feel sleepy when your body

4005
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:27,000
said it was time to sleep 
without artificial alertness 

4006
03:37:27,000 --> 03:37:29,400
from afternoon, coffee 
interfering with natural 

4007
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:32,500
drowsiness. 
Your circadian rhythm would 

4008
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:36,100
operate cleanly undisturbed by 
chemical interventions. 

4009
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:39,600
Ancient people also benefited 
from the absence of blue light 

4010
03:37:39,600 --> 03:37:41,400
exposure in the hours before 
sleep. 

4011
03:37:42,200 --> 03:37:46,100
Every light source, they used 
fires oil, lamps candles 

4012
03:37:46,100 --> 03:37:49,400
emitted. 
Warm reddish light, that didn't 

4013
03:37:49,400 --> 03:37:52,900
suppress melatonin production 
the way modern screens do. 

4014
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:56,400
The evening hours would see the 
natural ramping up of sleep, 

4015
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,400
hormones uninterrupted by the 
biological alarm signals that 

4016
03:38:00,400 --> 03:38:03,500
blue light, sends to the brain, 
as you prepare to sleep tonight.

4017
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:05,700
Surrounded by modern 
conveniences, that would have 

4018
03:38:05,700 --> 03:38:07,600
seen miraculous to ancient 
peoples. 

4019
03:38:07,600 --> 03:38:11,100
You might wonder which approach 
to sleep is actually better. 

4020
03:38:12,500 --> 03:38:14,000
The honest answer is 
complicated. 

4021
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:17,400
Modern Life has brought enormous
benefits. 

4022
03:38:18,100 --> 03:38:21,400
Climate control protection from 
predators and disease, vectors 

4023
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:25,400
comfortable mattresses and the 
ability to sleep securely even 

4024
03:38:25,400 --> 03:38:29,600
when living alone These aren't 
trivial advantages, but ancient 

4025
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:31,300
sleep patterns, also offered 
benefits. 

4026
03:38:31,300 --> 03:38:36,000
We've lost the synchronization 
with natural light cycles, the 

4027
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:38,100
social bonding of communal 
sleeping. 

4028
03:38:38,100 --> 03:38:42,400
The biphasic sleep pattern, that
included in contemplation time 

4029
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:44,600
the integration with seasonal 
rhythms. 

4030
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:48,200
All these represented, a kind of
wisdom, we've traded away from 

4031
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:51,500
Modern Sleek Arrangements. 
The real lesson isn't that 

4032
03:38:51,500 --> 03:38:54,100
ancient sleep was better or 
worse than modern sleep? 

4033
03:38:54,100 --> 03:38:57,000
But that sleep is deeply 
influenced by culture 

4034
03:38:57,000 --> 03:39:02,100
environment and expectations. 
Ancient people's didn't have 

4035
03:39:02,100 --> 03:39:05,000
worse sleep because their 
mattresses were lumpy and their 

4036
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:08,400
rooms were cold. 
They had different sleep adapted

4037
03:39:08,400 --> 03:39:11,200
to different circumstances and 
serving different needs. 

4038
03:39:11,200 --> 03:39:14,200
Your ancestors would find your 
sleeping arrangements as 

4039
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:18,300
strangers as you find theirs. 
A rumored to yourself a 

4040
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:20,100
mattress. 
So soft it might swallow you 

4041
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:24,200
Complete darkness achieved 
through room darkening shades. 

4042
03:39:25,000 --> 03:39:26,700
Temperature control to the 
degree. 

4043
03:39:27,600 --> 03:39:29,600
To them. 
This would seem like sleeping in

4044
03:39:29,600 --> 03:39:33,200
an isolation chamber, cut off 
from Human connection natural 

4045
03:39:33,200 --> 03:39:36,100
rhythms and the protective 
presence of family and 

4046
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:39,100
household, but they probably 
also appreciate aspects of 

4047
03:39:39,108 --> 03:39:42,300
modern sleep, not having to 
worry about Predators or 

4048
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:45,600
Intruders, would be a relief. 
Sleeping on a surface that 

4049
03:39:45,600 --> 03:39:47,400
doesn't hurt your back. 
Would be welcome. 

4050
03:39:47,400 --> 03:39:50,800
Having sufficient blankets to 
stay warm all night would be 

4051
03:39:50,800 --> 03:39:54,100
luxurious. 
Being able to sleep past Dawn, 

4052
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,800
if you want to would seem like 
incredible Freedom, as you drift

4053
03:39:57,800 --> 03:40:01,300
off to night your participating 
in one of Humanity's, most 

4054
03:40:01,300 --> 03:40:05,500
ancient activities, one that is 
connected every generation of 

4055
03:40:05,500 --> 03:40:09,000
humans who have ever lived your 
surrendering to the same 

4056
03:40:09,000 --> 03:40:11,500
vulnerability that your 
ancestors, surrendered to 

4057
03:40:11,500 --> 03:40:15,100
trusting that Consciousness will
return in the morning. 

4058
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:18,600
Just as it has for countless 
Millennia, the rituals you 

4059
03:40:18,600 --> 03:40:21,100
perform before sleep. 
Checking. 

4060
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:24,300
Lots setting, alarms arranging 
pillows. 

4061
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:27,300
Echo. 
The protective rituals, ancient 

4062
03:40:27,300 --> 03:40:31,300
people's performed even if the 
specific threats Your Guardian 

4063
03:40:31,300 --> 03:40:35,000
against of change, The desire 
for security during 

4064
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:38,200
vulnerability is universal, 
whether you're addressing it 

4065
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:41,500
with talismans and prayers or 
deadbolts and alarm systems. 

4066
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:45,100
And as you sleep, your brain 
will do, essentially what your 

4067
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:48,500
ancestors brains did cycle 
through sleep stages. 

4068
03:40:48,500 --> 03:40:53,800
Consolidate memories process, 
emotions clean metabolic waste 

4069
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:57,000
from neural tissue and prepare 
for tomorrow's waking hours. 

4070
03:40:58,000 --> 03:41:02,100
The fundamental neurobiology of 
sleep hasn't changed, even if 

4071
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:05,100
nearly everything else, about 
how we sleep as transformed. 

4072
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:09,400
So sleep well tonight knowing 
your participating in ancient 

4073
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:13,200
human tradition Whether your 
sleeping alone or with a partner

4074
03:41:13,200 --> 03:41:17,800
in a soft bed or a firm one, 
waking to an alarm or to Natural

4075
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:20,300
Light. 
Your joining, billions of humans

4076
03:41:20,300 --> 03:41:23,600
across thousands of years who 
have closed their eyes each 

4077
03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:27,000
night and trusted that morning 
would come and it always has 

4078
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:36,900
Friends were going back more 
than 400 years to meet a young 

4079
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:39,600
girl who would have a profound 
impact on American history. 

4080
03:41:39,600 --> 03:41:43,400
The interesting part of our 
story is that almost everything 

4081
03:41:43,400 --> 03:41:46,600
you believe, you know about her 
is likely incorrect. 

4082
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:49,400
Of course, you've heard of 
Pocahontas. 

4083
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:54,700
Everybody has however, her name 
wasn't really that hammer Newt 

4084
03:41:54,700 --> 03:41:56,800
which translates to little 
Mischief in her. 

4085
03:41:56,808 --> 03:42:00,600
Native power Town language was 
her true name and believe me 

4086
03:42:00,600 --> 03:42:02,800
when I say that she immediately 
lived up to that moniker. 

4087
03:42:02,800 --> 03:42:06,400
She was born in. 
What is now Virginia in 1596? 

4088
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:10,500
Her father was Chief wounds and 
akal but everyone called him 

4089
03:42:10,500 --> 03:42:13,700
Chief power tan because to be 
honest his real name was too 

4090
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:17,000
long even for his own people. 
Now picture yourself as the 

4091
03:42:17,000 --> 03:42:20,500
daughter of a chief in a world 
where your father ruled over, 30

4092
03:42:20,500 --> 03:42:24,900
tribes and about 15,000 people. 
It's like being the child of the

4093
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:29,100
president, the governor and the 
mayor combined Hammer new, 

4094
03:42:29,108 --> 03:42:31,400
however, was no ordinary spoiled
princess. 

4095
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:32,900
Who sat around munching on 
grapes. 

4096
03:42:32,900 --> 03:42:36,100
Oh, no, she was actually getting
her hands dirty out there. 

4097
03:42:36,100 --> 03:42:39,400
The Tidy Suburban communities, 
you may imagine when you think 

4098
03:42:39,400 --> 03:42:42,900
of home when nothing, like the 
poet and world through forests, 

4099
03:42:42,900 --> 03:42:45,200
so dense that sunlight hardly 
reach the ground. 

4100
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:48,000
These vast Villages were 
connected by World traveled 

4101
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:50,600
paths. 
Imagine a forest where you would

4102
03:42:50,600 --> 03:42:53,600
get lost, trying to find your 
car keys, but these people knew 

4103
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:56,300
every tree stream and hiding 
places as well as you do the 

4104
03:42:56,300 --> 03:43:00,100
rooms in your home, Amanita to 
this world like a sponge. 

4105
03:43:00,100 --> 03:43:03,000
She already showed signs of 
being what we might politely 

4106
03:43:03,000 --> 03:43:06,400
call spirited the type of child 
who would sneak out of the 

4107
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:09,400
Longhouse to go exploring when 
she was supposed to be helping 

4108
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,200
with dinner preparations or 
climb the tallest tree, just to 

4109
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:13,900
see what was on the other side 
of the Hill. 

4110
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:17,200
While the kids her age were 
learning to weave baskets and 10

4111
03:43:17,200 --> 03:43:20,500
crops you would find the way of 
life of her father's people to 

4112
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:22,700
be both remarkably alien and 
oddly familiar. 

4113
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:28,000
They had politics a lot of them.
How to Confederacy resembled a 

4114
03:43:28,000 --> 03:43:29,500
sophisticated neighborhood 
association. 

4115
03:43:29,500 --> 03:43:32,800
But in stead of fighting over 
lawn care, they were settling 

4116
03:43:32,800 --> 03:43:35,300
territorial disputes and 
negotiating trade agreements. 

4117
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:38,400
Chief her heart and was 
effectively in charge of a small

4118
03:43:38,400 --> 03:43:40,600
country. 
Complete with all the hassles 

4119
03:43:40,600 --> 03:43:42,400
that came with juggling, 
conflicting, interests, 

4120
03:43:42,400 --> 03:43:45,300
personalities, and the 
occasional neighboring tribe, 

4121
03:43:45,300 --> 03:43:48,000
that felt they could just walk 
in and take over little. 

4122
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:49,600
Amen. 
Ute was in the midst of all of 

4123
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:51,300
this. 
Keeping a close eye on 

4124
03:43:51,300 --> 03:43:54,000
everything and not missing 
anything before she could 

4125
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:58,200
pronounce the word correctly, 
she was studying statecraft. you

4126
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:00,800
know, how some children, even 
when adults, believe they are 

4127
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:04,200
being subtle, have an amazing 
ability to pick up on every new 

4128
03:44:04,200 --> 03:44:07,700
Nuance of adult conversations, 
How many it was doing just that 

4129
03:44:07,700 --> 03:44:11,200
she was also learning to read 
the political Winds of a whole 

4130
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:14,200
Confederation of tribes being 
the daughter of the chief meant 

4131
03:44:14,200 --> 03:44:16,300
that everyone expected you to do
great things. 

4132
03:44:16,300 --> 03:44:19,100
But no one knew exactly what 
those great things should 

4133
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:21,700
entail. 
Boys had clear careers. 

4134
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:25,200
They would either be Hunters 
Warriors or if they were 

4135
03:44:25,200 --> 03:44:29,100
fortunate and intelligent 
political leaders But girls were

4136
03:44:29,100 --> 03:44:32,100
making their own rules, 
especially girls, like ammonoid,

4137
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:35,900
who had a special combination of
intelligence curiosity and a 

4138
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:37,600
total disregard for staying out 
of trouble. 

4139
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:41,000
How many was known for her 
ability to charm her way out of 

4140
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:44,000
nearly any predicament by the 
time she was 10 or 11 years old.

4141
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:48,000
Imagine the type of child, who 
when caught exploring the 

4142
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:50,700
basement during lunch could 
persuade the principal of the 

4143
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:54,400
school that she was in fact, 
conducting educational research.

4144
03:44:55,300 --> 03:44:57,800
That was a Manute. 
But she was interacting with 

4145
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:00,800
tribal Elders who had been 
around long enough to recognize 

4146
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:02,800
most ploys rather than a 
principal. 

4147
03:45:02,800 --> 03:45:06,600
What set her apart though was 
more than just her charm or 

4148
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:09,000
intelligent. 
She was initally able to see 

4149
03:45:09,000 --> 03:45:12,900
connections, that others fail to
notice aminu could see complex 

4150
03:45:12,900 --> 03:45:15,900
situations and find Solutions 
and no one else had considered 

4151
03:45:15,900 --> 03:45:19,000
much like a person who can 
quickly identify, where the odd 

4152
03:45:19,000 --> 03:45:20,600
shaped piece goes in, a jigsaw 
puzzle. 

4153
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:23,900
Nobody could have predicted how 
crucial this specific set of 

4154
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:27,200
skills would become You know how
it feels to be going about your 

4155
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:29,700
day as usual. 
Perhaps reading a book or doing 

4156
03:45:29,700 --> 03:45:32,800
some yard work when something 
totally out of the blue occurs 

4157
03:45:32,800 --> 03:45:35,700
and Alters everything. 
Perhaps you run into someone, 

4158
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:39,000
you haven't seen in 20 years or 
the phone rings with news, that 

4159
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:42,700
could change your life that 
time, however, came for ammonium

4160
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:46,800
and her people in the spring of 
1607 and it showed up as three 

4161
03:45:46,800 --> 03:45:49,400
ships that appeared on the 
horizon, like something from a 

4162
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:52,200
fever dream. 
Imagine waking up one morning at

4163
03:45:52,200 --> 03:45:54,800
the age of 11 to find that 
aliens have landed in your 

4164
03:45:54,800 --> 03:45:59,900
backyard. not the spooky aliens 
from movies, but the ungainly of

4165
03:45:59,900 --> 03:46:03,900
the Lost most likely harmless 
kind, That's about what 

4166
03:46:03,900 --> 03:46:06,200
happened. 
When 1004 English colonists 

4167
03:46:06,200 --> 03:46:09,100
arrived on the shores of the 
Chesapeake Bay surveyed? 

4168
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,500
The mosquito infested swampland 
and concluded that the area 

4169
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:14,300
would be ideal for establishing 
a settlement. 

4170
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,200
The power turn people like had a
few other names for their new 

4171
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:20,000
home. 
Most of which would not be 

4172
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:23,000
suitable for bedtime reading, 
but the English name did James 

4173
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:27,900
town after King James, the first
Because let's face it, would you

4174
03:46:27,908 --> 03:46:32,000
really pick a swampy island with
dirty water hostile mosquitoes 

4175
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:34,900
and soil that appeared to have 
lost all life as a place to 

4176
03:46:34,908 --> 03:46:38,800
establish a new town. 
However there they were pale 

4177
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:42,600
strangely dressed strangers, 
unpacking their things as if 

4178
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:44,200
they had recently moved into the
area. 

4179
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:48,200
Chief Powhatan was no idiot. 
Now, having been in charge of 

4180
03:46:48,208 --> 03:46:51,400
his Confederacy for decades, he 
had witnessed his fair share of 

4181
03:46:51,400 --> 03:46:55,100
strange situations 
unanticipated, guests, an 

4182
03:46:55,100 --> 03:46:57,200
individuals who were obviously 
inexperienced. 

4183
03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:00,600
His attitude toward the English 
was similar to that of a patient

4184
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:03,700
neighbor observing someone 
attempt to put together Ikea 

4185
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:06,200
furniture without first reading 
the instructions. 

4186
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:10,200
Curious a little amused, but 
also wondering when they would 

4187
03:47:10,200 --> 03:47:14,200
eventually ask for assistance. 
Am a newt who's 11 years old and

4188
03:47:14,200 --> 03:47:16,700
inherently interested in 
anything novel and possibly 

4189
03:47:16,700 --> 03:47:20,000
thrilling found these odd 
newcomers to be fascinating. 

4190
03:47:20,000 --> 03:47:23,200
They were more layers of clothes
than seemed to practically 

4191
03:47:23,200 --> 03:47:26,200
necessary for the Virginia 
weather had in colors. 

4192
03:47:26,200 --> 03:47:29,300
She had never seen and had pale 
skin that burned in the Sun. 

4193
03:47:30,100 --> 03:47:32,700
She loved puzzles, and they were
like walking puzzles. 

4194
03:47:32,700 --> 03:47:35,700
However, what was most 
fascinating about these? 

4195
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:38,700
English colonists was not how 
they looked, but rather, how 

4196
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:43,400
utterly unprepared they were for
well, everything These were 

4197
03:47:43,400 --> 03:47:45,800
individuals who somehow 
persuaded themselves that they 

4198
03:47:45,800 --> 03:47:48,400
could arrive in a foreign 
country and start discovering 

4199
03:47:48,400 --> 03:47:50,700
gold strewn about like spare 
change. 

4200
03:47:50,700 --> 03:47:53,900
It seems that no one had 
considered bringing anyone who 

4201
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:57,700
truly knew how to grow food or 
construct houses that wooden 

4202
03:47:57,700 --> 03:48:01,000
collapse in the first strong 
wind wind despite the fact that 

4203
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:03,300
they had packed a ton of 
expensive clothing and weapons. 

4204
03:48:04,300 --> 03:48:07,000
It was similar to watching your 
city cousins, attempt camping, 

4205
03:48:07,000 --> 03:48:10,100
but instead of spending a 
weekend in the woods, they were 

4206
03:48:10,100 --> 03:48:12,500
planning to stay forever and 
they had forgotten how to 

4207
03:48:12,500 --> 03:48:15,500
survive, rather than where the 
can opener was one. 

4208
03:48:15,500 --> 03:48:18,400
Of the colonists leaders was a 
man by the name of John Smith. 

4209
03:48:19,100 --> 03:48:21,000
Historians. 
Take some of Smith's stories 

4210
03:48:21,000 --> 03:48:23,700
with a grain of salt, the size 
of a dinner roll because Smith 

4211
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:27,100
was the type of person who would
later write extremely detailed 

4212
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:30,000
accounts of his adventures. 
If you've ever known someone who

4213
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:32,600
tells really great stories that 
get a little better every time 

4214
03:48:32,600 --> 03:48:34,400
they tell them, you'll 
understand why? 

4215
03:48:35,200 --> 03:48:38,100
Smith's later writing that he 
met amoot when he was taken 

4216
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,000
prisoner on one of his 
exploration trips back in 

4217
03:48:41,000 --> 03:48:44,900
England, he told a very dramatic
story of how young Pocahontas. 

4218
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:48,400
He used her nickname through 
herself across his body to save 

4219
03:48:48,400 --> 03:48:50,500
his life just as he was about to
be executed. 

4220
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:54,700
Although it is a romantic story 
that has served as the basis for

4221
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:58,200
a numerable novels and films. 
The real world was likely far 

4222
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:02,000
more ordinary and fascinating, 
most likely Smith interpreted 

4223
03:49:02,000 --> 03:49:04,800
presence during a formal 
ceremony which could have been 

4224
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:08,000
an adoption ritual. 
Imagine assuming the bride and 

4225
03:49:08,000 --> 03:49:10,500
groomer in trouble because 
everyone appears so serious 

4226
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:13,000
during a wedding ceremony from a
different culture without 

4227
03:49:13,000 --> 03:49:15,900
knowing what's happening. 
That was most likely Smith 

4228
03:49:15,900 --> 03:49:19,000
standing there feeling as though
he was going to die while being 

4229
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:23,000
accepted into the community. 
How many most likely found the 

4230
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:26,300
entire scene to be both amusing 
and fascinating at the same 

4231
03:49:26,300 --> 03:49:28,800
time? 
This adult man was obviously 

4232
03:49:28,800 --> 03:49:31,800
afraid of a ceremony That was 
supposed to be helpful to him 

4233
03:49:31,800 --> 03:49:35,000
and he was totally unaware of 
the significance of everything 

4234
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:38,000
that was going on around him. 
She was already learning that 

4235
03:49:38,000 --> 03:49:42,000
the ability to translate not 
just words, but entire world 

4236
03:49:42,000 --> 03:49:45,900
views is sometimes the most 
crucial competency when 

4237
03:49:45,900 --> 03:49:48,400
interacting with people from 
diverse cultural backgrounds. 

4238
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:52,000
And the most significant event 
in her early life was going to 

4239
03:49:52,000 --> 03:49:55,000
be that ability that innate 
talent for recognizing 

4240
03:49:55,000 --> 03:49:57,900
connections and creating Bridges
between other worlds. 

4241
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:01,300
You may be wondering how an 11 
year old girl became one of the 

4242
03:50:01,300 --> 03:50:04,700
most significant diplomats in 
history as you settle into your 

4243
03:50:04,700 --> 03:50:06,400
cozy, spot for tonight's 
chapter. 

4244
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:10,300
So grab that hot beverages and 
prepare yourself for a tale of a

4245
03:50:10,300 --> 03:50:13,000
person who learned to speak two 
languages that were not simply 

4246
03:50:13,000 --> 03:50:15,900
powered and English but rather 
than the languages of two 

4247
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:19,300
completely different worldviews,
anyone who has ever been the 

4248
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:21,900
only person in a room who can 
understand both sides of an 

4249
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:25,500
argument will recognize Avenue 
situation after her initial 

4250
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:28,700
meeting with John Smith, You 
know how it feels when your 

4251
03:50:28,700 --> 03:50:31,600
friend is upset with your other 
friend and you hear both of 

4252
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,700
their points of view, only to 
discover that their anger is 

4253
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:39,500
about entirely different things.
That was our newts life except 

4254
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:43,100
that two civilizations survival 
was at stake, rather than a 

4255
03:50:43,100 --> 03:50:45,500
friend's drama. 
If they weren't so, desperate, 

4256
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:47,800
the English colonists struggles 
would almost be humorous. 

4257
03:50:47,800 --> 03:50:51,500
Imagine attempting to cultivate 
a garden without ever seeing a 

4258
03:50:51,500 --> 03:50:54,300
seed Sprout or building a house 
without ever holding a hammer. 

4259
03:50:55,000 --> 03:50:57,500
Like people who arrive at a 
beach expecting to find a 

4260
03:50:57,500 --> 03:50:59,600
shopping mall. 
These individuals had traveled 

4261
03:50:59,600 --> 03:51:02,700
to Virginia, expecting to find 
cities teeming with gold. 

4262
03:51:02,700 --> 03:51:06,000
They were put in the awkward 
situation of needing assistance 

4263
03:51:06,000 --> 03:51:07,700
from the very people. 
They had thought would be 

4264
03:51:07,708 --> 03:51:10,800
impressed by this Superior 
European ways when reality set 

4265
03:51:10,800 --> 03:51:14,400
in Ammonite started going to 
James Town on a regular basis 

4266
03:51:14,400 --> 03:51:16,800
and her presence, there was like
having a professional 

4267
03:51:16,800 --> 03:51:18,800
interpreter at a multi-lingual 
meeting. 

4268
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:22,100
She did a lot of literal 
translation that she also 

4269
03:51:22,100 --> 03:51:25,100
translated expectations 
traditions and entire ways of 

4270
03:51:25,100 --> 03:51:27,200
thinking. 
She could explain that the 

4271
03:51:27,200 --> 03:51:30,200
English probably didn't mean to 
come across as rude or menacing 

4272
03:51:30,200 --> 03:51:32,500
to her people. 
She could explain the rationale 

4273
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:35,300
behind her people's actions to 
the English when they did 

4274
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:37,900
something that scared or 
perplexed them, she was 

4275
03:51:37,908 --> 03:51:40,300
developing into what we might 
refer to as a cultural 

4276
03:51:40,300 --> 03:51:43,200
interpreter, but she was doing 
it naturally much. 

4277
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:45,400
Like some people are born 
musicians or athletes. 

4278
03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:49,000
She understood the reasons 
behind each side's reactions and

4279
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:52,200
more crucially how to facilitate
Mutual understanding. 

4280
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:55,800
This work wasn't simple. 
Consider yourself. 

4281
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:58,800
Constantly caught between two, 
groups of people who both 

4282
03:51:58,800 --> 03:52:01,100
believe they are. 
Correct about everything and who

4283
03:52:01,100 --> 03:52:04,100
continue to turn to you for 
solutions to issues that seem to

4284
03:52:04,100 --> 03:52:05,600
be growing more complex by the 
day. 

4285
03:52:05,600 --> 03:52:09,200
Because they continue to try to 
grow crops that weren't suitable

4286
03:52:09,200 --> 03:52:12,100
for Virginia soil, and because 
they had brought along more 

4287
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:14,600
gentleman than Farmers, the 
English were always running out 

4288
03:52:14,600 --> 03:52:17,300
of food. 
The Powhatan people were growing

4289
03:52:17,300 --> 03:52:20,000
more and more irritated with 
their neighbors, who seem to 

4290
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:23,000
believe that borrowing, food and
supplies without asking was 

4291
03:52:23,000 --> 03:52:26,000
okay. 
However, many possessed a 

4292
03:52:26,000 --> 03:52:28,800
quality that most diplomats 
learn over the course of years. 

4293
03:52:28,800 --> 03:52:33,200
She truly liked people even when
they were acting absurdly. 

4294
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:36,600
She admired, the English 
colonists unyielding resolve, 

4295
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:39,400
even when it took them in 
completely different directions 

4296
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:42,200
and found their errors, more 
humorous than dangerous. 

4297
03:52:43,000 --> 03:52:45,500
However, she could also 
understand why her people were 

4298
03:52:45,500 --> 03:52:48,100
annoyed by these old neighbors, 
who didn't seem to understand 

4299
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:51,700
common sense, or basic courtesy 
She took a refreshingly 

4300
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:55,300
realistic approach to diplomacy,
she would bring food to James 

4301
03:52:55,300 --> 03:52:58,100
Town when people were hungry 
were set up on a fish official 

4302
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:00,400
meetings, where both parties 
could actually speak to one 

4303
03:53:00,400 --> 03:53:03,700
another rather than assuming 
things in place of formal, 

4304
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:05,600
negotiation and drawn-out 
speeches. 

4305
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:09,100
She was skilled at finding 
common ground in unexpected 

4306
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:11,800
places and using humor to defuse
tension. 

4307
03:53:12,600 --> 03:53:15,000
She observed, for example, that 
both the Powhatan and the 

4308
03:53:15,008 --> 03:53:18,200
English enjoyed storytelling 
games, and showcasing their 

4309
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:21,600
abilities, she would therefore 
plan storytelling sessions, or 

4310
03:53:21,600 --> 03:53:24,400
contests in place of official, 
diplomatic Gathering so that 

4311
03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:26,700
people could get to know one 
another as Unique Individuals 

4312
03:53:26,700 --> 03:53:29,800
rather than, as representatives 
of intimidating, foreign 

4313
03:53:29,800 --> 03:53:32,600
cultures, once you've witnessed 
someone laughed at a funny joke,

4314
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:34,900
or face the same common issues 
you do, it's difficult to 

4315
03:53:34,900 --> 03:53:37,100
remain. 
Afraid of them Pocahontas. 

4316
03:53:37,100 --> 03:53:40,100
Which translates to play for one
in Perth and was the name. 

4317
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:43,100
The English adopted for her, it 
was a loveing moniker that 

4318
03:53:43,100 --> 03:53:45,700
reflected both her gift for 
finding novel solutions to 

4319
03:53:45,700 --> 03:53:49,400
issues and her ability to inject
humor into serious situations. 

4320
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:53,000
How many could find ways to 
remind people that they had more

4321
03:53:53,000 --> 03:53:56,600
in common than they realized 
much like a person who can make 

4322
03:53:56,600 --> 03:53:59,400
a group of quarreling relatives 
laugh together by telling the 

4323
03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:02,000
perfect story. 
At the right time, she was vital

4324
03:54:02,000 --> 03:54:04,800
to both communities Survival by 
the time she was 13. 

4325
03:54:05,600 --> 03:54:08,100
The power tan people needed her 
to help them deal with these 

4326
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:10,300
unfamiliar. 
But seemingly permanent new 

4327
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:13,000
neighbors and the English needed
her to help them understand how 

4328
03:54:13,000 --> 03:54:15,700
to live in Virginia. 
Imagine what it would be like to

4329
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:19,200
spend your adolescents literally
Torn Between Two Worlds each 

4330
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:23,200
with its own set of rules, 
expectations and ideals for you 

4331
03:54:23,200 --> 03:54:25,700
as you become more comfortable 
in your evening attire. 

4332
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:28,500
Growing up for aminu meant 
negotiating. 

4333
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:31,000
The more complicated 
relationship between her people 

4334
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:34,100
and the English colonists in 
addition to the typical 

4335
03:54:34,100 --> 03:54:38,400
difficulties of puberty. 
The situation at Jamestown had 

4336
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:41,200
changed from being awkwardly. 
Funny to actually dangerous by 

4337
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:46,200
1609 when she was around 13. 
The colonists had to endure, 

4338
03:54:46,200 --> 03:54:48,900
what they dubbed. 
The starving time a severe 

4339
03:54:48,900 --> 03:54:51,400
winter in which they had to eat 
tree bark, and shoe leather in 

4340
03:54:51,400 --> 03:54:54,100
order to survive. 
It was similar to witnessing 

4341
03:54:54,100 --> 03:54:56,800
your neighbors, go through the 
most Dreadful camping, trip, 

4342
03:54:56,800 --> 03:55:00,100
imaginable, only in stead of 
being able to Simply leave when 

4343
03:55:00,100 --> 03:55:03,100
things became too tough. 
A minute was in the unique 

4344
03:55:03,100 --> 03:55:06,100
position of being a teenager and
a prominent figure in two 

4345
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:09,900
distinct societies. 
Imagine being in high school and

4346
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:12,600
being asked for your opinion on 
important political issues by 

4347
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:14,300
adults from two different 
communities. 

4348
03:55:15,300 --> 03:55:18,200
Most adults would be overwhelmed
by this kind of responsibility, 

4349
03:55:18,200 --> 03:55:21,800
but she managed it with a sense 
of humor and wisdom that seemed 

4350
03:55:21,800 --> 03:55:24,900
well beyond her Year's. 
Her father's relationship with 

4351
03:55:24,900 --> 03:55:28,400
the English had grown more 
tense, Chief Powhatan, faced a 

4352
03:55:28,400 --> 03:55:30,300
problem, that would be difficult
for any leader to handle. 

4353
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:33,800
How do you deal with neighbors? 
Who consistently take more than 

4354
03:55:33,800 --> 03:55:36,000
they give? 
You don't seem to understand the

4355
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:39,300
fundamentals of reciprocity, and
who keep making promises. 

4356
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,800
They can't or won't keep. 
It was similar to having house 

4357
03:55:42,800 --> 03:55:45,600
guests who had stayed for years 
and had no intention of going 

4358
03:55:45,600 --> 03:55:48,300
though, not in the way, the 
Disney films would have, you 

4359
03:55:48,300 --> 03:55:50,900
believe something happened 
during this trying time? 

4360
03:55:50,900 --> 03:55:54,200
That would forever alter 
ammonites life She was taken 

4361
03:55:54,200 --> 03:55:59,400
prisoner by English colonists in
1613 when she was around 17 with

4362
03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:01,900
the intention of using her as a 
bargaining chip with her father.

4363
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:06,300
although the term captured 
conjures up images for dramatic 

4364
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:09,800
chase scene, the truth was 
likely more akin to being duped 

4365
03:56:09,800 --> 03:56:12,900
by people she trusted A betrayal
that must have been like 

4366
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:15,900
learning that friends, you'd 
supported during adversity, had 

4367
03:56:15,900 --> 03:56:18,000
been plotting to take advantage 
of you all along. 

4368
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:20,900
She was brought by the English, 
to a community known as 

4369
03:56:20,900 --> 03:56:25,000
henricas, where they intended to
detain her until Chief Powhatan,

4370
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:28,600
accepted their demands. 
Didn't spend her time in 

4371
03:56:28,600 --> 03:56:31,800
captivity planning, retaliation,
or longing, for her Freedom. 

4372
03:56:31,800 --> 03:56:34,200
Which is where the story takes 
an interesting turn. 

4373
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:38,600
Rather, she began constructing 
Bridges as she had always done. 

4374
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:42,200
Alexander Whitaker an English 
Minister she met at. 

4375
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:45,400
Henricus was tasked with 
converting her to Christianity. 

4376
03:56:46,500 --> 03:56:50,000
In reality, it was more akin to 
a lengthy philosophical debate 

4377
03:56:50,000 --> 03:56:52,700
between two. 
Highly intelligent individuals 

4378
03:56:52,700 --> 03:56:54,800
with diametrically opposed World
Views. 

4379
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:58,200
Whitaker was confronted by a 
young woman who questioned 

4380
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:02,200
preconceptions asked insightful 
questions and approached 

4381
03:57:02,200 --> 03:57:04,700
Christianity. 
With the same curiosity, she had

4382
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:06,200
always shown in learning about 
other cultures. 

4383
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:10,600
At this point, Our Story begins 
to resemble a romantic comedy. 

4384
03:57:10,600 --> 03:57:14,100
Albeit one with far greater 
stakes and a lot more cultural 

4385
03:57:14,100 --> 03:57:16,800
Nuance. 
She also met a tobacco farmer 

4386
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:20,900
named John Rolfe was a widower a
businessman and a man who 

4387
03:57:20,900 --> 03:57:23,700
devoted most of his time to 
contemplating tobacco plants. 

4388
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:26,700
He was not the handsome hero of 
movie fantasies. 

4389
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:30,800
In addition, he had a sincere 
desire to comprehend ammonite as

4390
03:57:30,800 --> 03:57:33,500
a human being rather than just, 
as a political figure or symbol,

4391
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:36,900
their bond grew gradually much 
like a friendship that 

4392
03:57:36,900 --> 03:57:40,200
progressively transforms into 
something, more roles, was one 

4393
03:57:40,200 --> 03:57:43,100
of the few English colonists who
treated Amusement, as an equal, 

4394
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:47,200
rather than an exotic curiosity 
who genuinely listened, when she

4395
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:49,800
spoke and who inquired about her
culture with without passing 

4396
03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:52,700
judgment. 
Finding someone who was prepared

4397
03:57:52,700 --> 03:57:56,100
to meet her halfway must have 
been, like, finding a cozy chair

4398
03:57:56,100 --> 03:57:59,500
after years of standing as the 
link between two worlds. 

4399
03:57:59,500 --> 03:58:02,800
However, the romance was more 
than a straightforward tale of 

4400
03:58:02,800 --> 03:58:06,100
love, how many was faced with a 
decision that would shape the 

4401
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:08,800
rest of her life. 
She could attempt to return to 

4402
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:11,300
her father's World. 
Given the growing hostility 

4403
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:13,100
between the Powhatan and the 
English. 

4404
03:58:13,100 --> 03:58:16,200
Well, she could dedicate herself
to creating something new. 

4405
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:18,900
That incorporated, the best 
aspects of Both Worlds. 

4406
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:22,600
She'd learned to appreciate She 
made her choice in 1614. 

4407
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:27,000
She became a Christian changed 
her name to Rebecca and wed, 

4408
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:30,500
John Rolfe in the first known 
interracial Union in American 

4409
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:33,200
history. 
Politically speaking, the 

4410
03:58:33,200 --> 03:58:36,100
marriage established, a formal 
alliance between the English and

4411
03:58:36,100 --> 03:58:39,200
the power town, which resulted 
in years of Peace in the area. 

4412
03:58:39,200 --> 03:58:43,000
More than that, though, it was a
decision that reflected who she 

4413
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:45,900
had grown into someone who 
thought that Intercultural 

4414
03:58:45,900 --> 03:58:48,900
understanding was not only 
feasible, but also necessary. 

4415
03:58:50,000 --> 03:58:52,900
Imagine an 18 year old woman who
just made one of the most 

4416
03:58:52,900 --> 03:58:56,200
important choices in early 
American history as you delve 

4417
03:58:56,200 --> 03:59:00,300
deeper into this evening story. 
Although the term American 

4418
03:59:00,300 --> 03:59:04,700
wouldn't be coined for another. 
150 years was essentially 

4419
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:07,600
creating a new way of being 
American when she changed her 

4420
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:12,200
name to Rebecca Rolfe in 1614. 
A union with John Rolfe, brought

4421
03:59:12,200 --> 03:59:15,100
about what historians refer to 
as the piece of Pocahontas. 

4422
03:59:16,000 --> 03:59:19,100
A period of time during which 
the power time Confederacy, and 

4423
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:21,900
the English colonists were able 
to live side by side without 

4424
03:59:21,900 --> 03:59:25,100
Perpetual hostilities, the 
stakes were the survival of 

4425
03:59:25,100 --> 03:59:28,100
entire communities, so it was 
similar to finally, bringing 

4426
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,100
Rivals together on property 
lines and noise levels. 

4427
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:34,100
Both sides were able to 
concentrate on building, rather 

4428
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:36,500
than defending for the first 
time since the arrival of the 

4429
03:59:36,508 --> 03:59:39,100
English. 
Rebecca threw herself into this 

4430
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:41,900
new life with the same Vigor. 
She had always used to tackle 

4431
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:44,800
challenging issues. 
It was probably like learning to

4432
03:59:44,800 --> 03:59:47,900
play a completely different 
sport with completely different 

4433
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:50,200
rules when she learned how to 
manage her household in the 

4434
03:59:50,200 --> 03:59:52,800
English way. 
She was now running a colonial 

4435
03:59:52,800 --> 03:59:55,500
Farmhouse and place of the 
communal long House's where she 

4436
03:59:55,500 --> 03:59:58,000
had been raised. 
She was dealing with the very 

4437
03:59:58,000 --> 04:00:01,200
English idea, of a nuclear 
family rather than shared 

4438
04:00:01,200 --> 04:00:04,000
responsibilities dispersed 
throughout an extended family 

4439
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:06,700
Network. 
She contributed to the creation 

4440
04:00:06,700 --> 04:00:09,300
of something. 
Completely new though, rather 

4441
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:11,500
than merely a simulating into 
English culture. 

4442
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:15,800
Powhatan and English Traditions 
merged in her home in ways. 

4443
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:20,000
That benefited everyone. 
She raised her son, Thomas born 

4444
04:00:20,000 --> 04:00:22,800
in 1615 to be at home in both 
worlds. 

4445
04:00:22,800 --> 04:00:26,300
Served corn alongside English 
bred and used in indigenous 

4446
04:00:26,300 --> 04:00:29,200
plants for medicine while also 
learning European cures. 

4447
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:32,600
Being one of the first 
individuals to be born into a 

4448
04:00:32,600 --> 04:00:36,100
truly bicultural, family, Thomas
Roth, exemplifies something 

4449
04:00:36,100 --> 04:00:37,800
extraordinary in American 
history. 

4450
04:00:38,900 --> 04:00:41,600
He would grow up understanding 
that having multiple identities 

4451
04:00:41,600 --> 04:00:44,500
was a strength to be celebrated 
rather than a problem to be 

4452
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:46,400
solved. 
He came to view. 

4453
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:50,000
Cultural differences as chances 
for growth, rather than causes 

4454
04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:52,600
for contention. 
As a result of Rebecca's 

4455
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:55,400
influence. 
In the meantime, John Rolfe, 

4456
04:00:55,400 --> 04:00:57,600
tobacco experiments were 
yielding impressive results. 

4457
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:01,700
By 1617 tobacco was starting to 
become the colonies. 

4458
04:01:01,700 --> 04:01:04,800
First significant source of 
income, he had been working to 

4459
04:01:04,800 --> 04:01:06,900
create tobacco strains. 
That would thrive in Virginia 

4460
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,500
soil and satisfy European 
pallets. 

4461
04:01:10,500 --> 04:01:13,500
The establishment of long-term 
economic ties between her people

4462
04:01:13,500 --> 04:01:16,700
in the English may have seen 
like a side note to Rebecca's 

4463
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:19,200
story but it was actually 
essential to everything. 

4464
04:01:19,200 --> 04:01:21,500
She had been striving for 
Rebecca. 

4465
04:01:21,500 --> 04:01:24,600
Saw what many others did not 
mutual benefit not just 

4466
04:01:24,600 --> 04:01:27,800
tolerance is typically necessary
for enduring peace between 

4467
04:01:27,800 --> 04:01:30,600
communities. 
The tobacco industry. 

4468
04:01:30,600 --> 04:01:34,100
Produced Financial incentives 
for collaboration providing both

4469
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:36,600
parties with realistic 
justifications to uphold 

4470
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:38,200
mutually beneficial 
Partnerships. 

4471
04:01:39,000 --> 04:01:42,100
It was similar to discovering a 
profitable business venture that

4472
04:01:42,100 --> 04:01:45,300
simultaneously resolved a 
political issue in colonial 

4473
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:48,500
circles Rebecca had gained some 
notoriety by 1616. 

4474
04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:52,100
Both sides of the Atlantic were 
captivated by tales of the 

4475
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:56,300
Indian, princess who despite 
their exaggerated nature had 

4476
04:01:56,300 --> 04:01:58,600
saved John Smith. 
And subsequently wet, an 

4477
04:01:58,600 --> 04:02:00,700
Englishman. 
She was viewed by the Virginia 

4478
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:04,100
Company which was constantly 
searching for methods to draw in

4479
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:07,800
more colonists and investors as 
the ideal spokesperson for the 

4480
04:02:07,800 --> 04:02:10,500
success of their colonial 
Endeavor in part as 

4481
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:13,100
distinguished visitors. 
And in part as tangible evidence

4482
04:02:13,100 --> 04:02:15,100
that the colonial experiment was
successful. 

4483
04:02:15,100 --> 04:02:18,300
They invited Rebecca, and John 
to come to England. 

4484
04:02:19,400 --> 04:02:22,600
Rebecca saw this invitation as 
an amazing opportunity to visit 

4485
04:02:22,600 --> 04:02:24,900
the country of the people. 
She'd been working with for 

4486
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:28,000
almost 10 years and perhaps to 
speak directly to English 

4487
04:02:28,000 --> 04:02:31,500
authorities about treating. 
Her father's people fairly She 

4488
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:34,700
had no idea what the trip to 
England would be like one of the

4489
04:02:34,700 --> 04:02:36,800
biggest cities in the world in 
1616. 

4490
04:02:36,800 --> 04:02:41,000
London was a place of both 
extreme wealth and debilitating,

4491
04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:43,900
poverty, Grand architecture and 
foul. 

4492
04:02:43,900 --> 04:02:47,200
Odors sophisticated culture and 
cruel entertainment. 

4493
04:02:48,000 --> 04:02:50,800
Walking through London must have
felt like visiting an alien 

4494
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:53,400
planet to someone who had grown 
up in Virginia's forests. 

4495
04:02:54,200 --> 04:02:57,100
However, Rebecca adjusted to 
London Society with the same 

4496
04:02:57,100 --> 04:03:00,100
Poise that she had displayed in 
each of her previous difficult 

4497
04:03:00,100 --> 04:03:03,200
circumstances. 
She attended Court events met 

4498
04:03:03,200 --> 04:03:06,400
with Nobles and Enchanted 
everyone with her intelligence 

4499
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:10,400
dignity and innate ability to 
negotiate. she became the first 

4500
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:13,300
Native American to be welcomed 
as a guest of honor by English 

4501
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:16,400
royalty, when she was introduced
to King James, the first in 

4502
04:03:16,400 --> 04:03:19,800
Queen Anne, More significantly. 
She made use of her time in 

4503
04:03:19,808 --> 04:03:21,500
England, to tell her people's 
story. 

4504
04:03:21,500 --> 04:03:24,800
Not the idealized one that 
English audiences desire to 

4505
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:27,200
hear. 
But the truth about a civilized 

4506
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:30,500
society, deserving of dignity 
and Justice, she discussed the 

4507
04:03:30,500 --> 04:03:33,800
agricultural Innovations, the 
intricate political structure of

4508
04:03:33,800 --> 04:03:37,100
the Powhatan Confederacy, and 
their aspiration for peaceful, 

4509
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:39,000
coexistence, with their English 
Neighbors. 

4510
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:42,700
The establishment of true 
understanding between people's 

4511
04:03:42,700 --> 04:03:45,600
who had initially viewed. 
One another as incomprehensibly 

4512
04:03:45,600 --> 04:03:49,500
foreign was in a sense, the 
result of everything Rebecca had

4513
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:51,600
been striving for since she was 
11 years old. 

4514
04:03:52,400 --> 04:03:54,600
She had turned into a living 
example of how such 

4515
04:03:54,600 --> 04:03:57,500
comprehension was not only 
feasible, but also had the 

4516
04:03:57,500 --> 04:04:00,300
potential to serve as the 
Cornerstone of enduring Harmony 

4517
04:04:00,300 --> 04:04:04,200
and shared prosperity. 
Pour yourself another cup of tea

4518
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:06,500
and settle in for what may be 
the most moving part of 

4519
04:04:06,508 --> 04:04:09,600
Rebecca's story as we draw to a 
close, our evening journey 

4520
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:12,800
together. 
Because sometimes rather than on

4521
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:15,400
either side, those who dedicate 
their lives to constructing 

4522
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:18,700
Bridges Between Worlds, find 
that they are most at home in 

4523
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:22,100
the crossing itself. 
Anyone who's ever felt torn 

4524
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:24,900
between two different versions 
of themselves will recognize 

4525
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:28,300
Rebecca's time in London as both
triumphant and difficult. 

4526
04:04:29,100 --> 04:04:31,600
She was hailed as evidence of 
the success of English 

4527
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:35,800
colonialism, hailed as an exotic
princess and admired as a 

4528
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:39,100
Christian convert. 
However, she was also exhausted 

4529
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:42,200
homesick and becoming more. 
Conscious of how little the 

4530
04:04:42,200 --> 04:04:45,000
England she was seeing resembled
the impoverished town. 

4531
04:04:45,000 --> 04:04:48,600
She had left behind in Virginia.
During her months in London, she

4532
04:04:48,600 --> 04:04:52,600
ran into John Smith once more. 
Same John Smith who had made her

4533
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:54,500
famous with his dramatic rescue 
story. 

4534
04:04:55,600 --> 04:04:58,900
Their encounter was like awkward
as reunions with old friends can

4535
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:00,200
be. 
When both of you have undergone 

4536
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,800
difficult to explain changes 
Smith was now earning a living 

4537
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:07,000
as a writer and professional 
Explorer, sharing his tales of 

4538
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:10,500
the new world. 
As a mother wife and unofficial 

4539
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:13,300
Ambassador Rebecca had to 
negotiate the complicated 

4540
04:05:13,300 --> 04:05:16,600
politics of two continents. 
The thing that most impressed 

4541
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:19,600
about Smith was how his account 
of their early interactions had 

4542
04:05:19,600 --> 04:05:23,100
developed over time in 
histories, the ceremony she 

4543
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:25,900
recalled had evolved into a 
last-minute escape from certain 

4544
04:05:25,900 --> 04:05:29,000
death, probably a formal 
adoption ritual that he had 

4545
04:05:29,000 --> 04:05:31,900
missing interpreted hearing 
someone characterize your 

4546
04:05:31,900 --> 04:05:34,400
childhood neighborhood as a 
perilous Wilderness. 

4547
04:05:34,400 --> 04:05:37,400
When you remember it as just 
home was like that. 

4548
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:41,600
However, Rebecca refrained from 
publicly correcting his stories.

4549
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:44,500
She had discovered that. 
Sometimes the understanding that

4550
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:48,400
develops from shared narratives,
even if they are flawed is more 

4551
04:05:48,400 --> 04:05:52,000
significant than the truth. 
Despite their embellishment, 

4552
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:55,300
Smith's stories had influenced 
English audiences to feel pity 

4553
04:05:55,300 --> 04:05:57,800
for her people. 
Perhaps the larger truth that 

4554
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:00,300
these stories conveyed was more 
significant than the literal 

4555
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:02,700
truth. 
If dramatic Tales of romance and

4556
04:06:02,700 --> 04:06:05,600
rescue helped English, people 
see that Native Americans were 

4557
04:06:05,600 --> 04:06:08,500
deserving of respect. 
In addition to being a well, 

4558
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:11,800
known visitor, Rebecca actively 
supported her people during her 

4559
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:14,800
stay in England. 
She consistently argued that the

4560
04:06:14,800 --> 04:06:18,300
Powhatan Confederacy should be 
regarded as a valid political 

4561
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:21,900
entity, deserving of respect and
Equitable treatment when she met

4562
04:06:21,900 --> 04:06:25,000
with representatives of the 
Virginia Company, religiously 

4563
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:29,000
leaders, and political figures. 
She was effectively acting as an

4564
04:06:29,008 --> 04:06:32,100
unofficial Ambassador attempting
to influence English. 

4565
04:06:32,100 --> 04:06:35,800
Colonial policy from within by 
utilizing her special position. 

4566
04:06:37,300 --> 04:06:40,000
But the physical strain of 
London life was wearing thin. 

4567
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:42,500
For lungs used to Virginia 
forests. 

4568
04:06:42,500 --> 04:06:45,800
The cities are heavy with smoke 
from innumerable. 

4569
04:06:45,800 --> 04:06:50,000
Coal fires was harsh. 
For someone accustomed to a more

4570
04:06:50,008 --> 04:06:53,600
active outdoor Lifestyle. 
The rich foods formal attire, 

4571
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:56,000
and ongoing social obligations, 
were draining. 

4572
04:06:56,700 --> 04:07:00,700
The psychological toll of always
being on, always standing in for

4573
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:03,800
something greater than herself, 
always conscious that her 

4574
04:07:03,800 --> 04:07:05,500
actions would be taken as proof 
of her. 

4575
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:08,100
Entire people was the most 
difficult of all. 

4576
04:07:09,000 --> 04:07:12,300
Rebecca John and infant Thomas. 
Got ready to leave for Virginia 

4577
04:07:12,300 --> 04:07:16,500
at the beginning of 1617. 
She couldn't wait to return 

4578
04:07:16,500 --> 04:07:19,300
home, see her family and get 
back to work. 

4579
04:07:19,300 --> 04:07:22,300
Fostering useful collaboration 
between the power and an English

4580
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:26,300
community's Rebecca became 
Gravely ill with what was likely

4581
04:07:26,300 --> 04:07:29,700
other tuberculosis on Newman. 
Which were common diseases that 

4582
04:07:29,700 --> 04:07:31,400
killed people in the 17th 
century. 

4583
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:34,100
London just after the ship had 
left, the Thames River. 

4584
04:07:34,900 --> 04:07:38,400
At around age. 20, she passed 
away in Gravesend England in 

4585
04:07:38,400 --> 04:07:42,600
march 1617. 
According to John Rolfe, she 

4586
04:07:42,600 --> 04:07:45,200
expressed her faith, and hope 
that her work would continue in 

4587
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:48,200
her, final remarks. 
Although, the precise location 

4588
04:07:48,200 --> 04:07:49,900
of her grave has been lost to 
time. 

4589
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:54,100
It was instant George's Church 
in Gravesend although Rebecca's 

4590
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:57,100
remarkable life came to an end 
with her passing her influence, 

4591
04:07:57,100 --> 04:08:00,600
persisted She'd contributed to 
the peace between the PowerHouse

4592
04:08:00,600 --> 04:08:03,800
and English, which persisted for
a number of additional years, 

4593
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:06,000
allowing both groups to build 
stronger bonds. 

4594
04:08:06,900 --> 04:08:10,100
The son Thomas became a 
prosperous planter who remained 

4595
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:13,100
connected to his Powhatan and 
English Roots, eventually, 

4596
04:08:13,100 --> 04:08:15,700
visiting his mother's family in 
Virginia as an adult. 

4597
04:08:16,600 --> 04:08:19,900
Most significantly Rebecca had 
shown that people from vastly 

4598
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:23,200
different cultures could not 
only understand one another but 

4599
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:25,300
also developed completely new 
Lifestyles. 

4600
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,300
That respected the best aspects 
of both Traditions. 

4601
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:30,900
Something that many people in 
her ear are believed was 

4602
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:33,400
impossible. 
She had demonstrated that being 

4603
04:08:33,400 --> 04:08:36,500
Torn Between Two Worlds, could 
mean belonging everywhere rather

4604
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:39,500
than nowhere. 
As our time with Rebecca draws 

4605
04:08:39,500 --> 04:08:43,000
to a close, remember this, you 
just spent time with someone who

4606
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:46,700
more than 400 years ago. 
Figured out how to do something.

4607
04:08:46,700 --> 04:08:49,800
We're still learning how to 
create true understanding 

4608
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,100
between people who are very 
different perspectives on the 

4609
04:08:52,100 --> 04:08:55,100
world. 
Rebecca's death in England was 

4610
04:08:55,100 --> 04:08:57,700
not the end of her story. 
It was only the beginning in 

4611
04:08:57,700 --> 04:09:01,400
many respects, Thomas Roth, her 
son, became the embodiment of 

4612
04:09:01,400 --> 04:09:04,500
all she had Strife for he was 
equally comfortable in power. 

4613
04:09:04,500 --> 04:09:07,700
Turn Council meetings. 
In English drawing rooms equally

4614
04:09:07,700 --> 04:09:10,800
proficient, in both indigenous 
ecological knowledge and 

4615
04:09:10,800 --> 04:09:14,500
European agricultural methods. 
He took his mother's genetic 

4616
04:09:14,500 --> 04:09:17,700
Heritage and her talent for 
seeing connections, where others

4617
04:09:17,700 --> 04:09:20,500
saw only difference is with him 
when he eventually visited 

4618
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:23,600
Virginia, as an adult to meet 
his grandfather, Chief and his 

4619
04:09:23,600 --> 04:09:26,300
people. 
Rebecca's lineage persisted in 

4620
04:09:26,308 --> 04:09:29,600
Virginia, through Thomas and His
descendants eventually extending

4621
04:09:29,600 --> 04:09:31,400
throughout the American South 
and Beyond. 

4622
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:34,200
She's one of the most common 
ancestors of old. 

4623
04:09:34,200 --> 04:09:37,800
Virginia families with thousands
of Americans today tracing their

4624
04:09:37,800 --> 04:09:39,800
lineage back to Rebecca and John
Rolfe. 

4625
04:09:40,400 --> 04:09:43,500
More than genetic inheritance. 
However, these descendants 

4626
04:09:43,500 --> 04:09:45,300
continued. 
Her method of negotiating. 

4627
04:09:45,300 --> 04:09:46,800
Difficult cultural 
circumstances. 

4628
04:09:46,800 --> 04:09:50,400
The capacity to stay loyal to 
oneself while remaining 

4629
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:54,400
receptive to new information. 
Rebecca may not have realized it

4630
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:57,100
but her life story. 
Also evolved Beyond historical 

4631
04:09:57,100 --> 04:09:59,400
fact to become a fundamental 
American Myth. 

4632
04:10:00,300 --> 04:10:03,300
Despite the fact that the 
reality was far more complicated

4633
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:06,800
and the conclusion far more 
tragic than the myth implied, 

4634
04:10:06,800 --> 04:10:09,900
the story of Pocahontas. 
Saving John Smith came to 

4635
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:12,300
represent the potential for 
collaboration between Native 

4636
04:10:12,300 --> 04:10:16,400
Americans and European settlers.
Every American generation has 

4637
04:10:16,400 --> 04:10:20,000
retold and reimagined her story,
which is fascinating because it 

4638
04:10:20,000 --> 04:10:23,000
frequently reveals more about 
the storytellers than it does 

4639
04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:26,100
about Rebecca. 
She's occasionally portrayed as 

4640
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:28,200
The Honorable Savage who are 
stewed barbarism for 

4641
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:31,700
civilization. 
She is the unfortunate victim of

4642
04:10:31,700 --> 04:10:36,100
colonialism at times at times. 
She's the courageous heroine who

4643
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:38,400
used love and compassion to 
unite Two Worlds. 

4644
04:10:39,100 --> 04:10:41,300
Although there are truthful 
aspects in each of these 

4645
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:44,700
versions, none fully conveys. 
The complexity of her true self 

4646
04:10:44,700 --> 04:10:48,000
because she was more human. 
The real Rebecca was more 

4647
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:50,900
fascinating than any of these 
mythological representations. 

4648
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:54,000
She was a person who found 
herself in an unprecedented 

4649
04:10:54,000 --> 04:10:57,900
circumstance and responded with 
intelligence flexibility and 

4650
04:10:57,900 --> 04:10:59,800
extraordinary emotional 
maturity. 

4651
04:11:00,600 --> 04:11:02,900
She was neither a symbol nor a 
stereotype. 

4652
04:11:02,900 --> 04:11:06,500
She made errors had to make 
difficult decisions, and 

4653
04:11:06,500 --> 04:11:09,200
occasionally had to put workable
Solutions ahead of Ideal 

4654
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:11,100
results. 
To put it another way. 

4655
04:11:11,100 --> 04:11:13,800
She was just the kind of person 
that we need more of in every 

4656
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:17,000
age, her method of diplomacy, 
which is founded on 

4657
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:20,200
interpersonal, connections, 
realistic problems, solving and 

4658
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:23,800
sincere interest in the opinions
of others provides lessons that 

4659
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:27,408
are still applicable to today. 
Rebecca's example serves as a 

4660
04:11:27,416 --> 04:11:30,900
reminder that in a society where
people frequently appear more 

4661
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:33,900
concerned with winning arguments
than with understanding one 

4662
04:11:33,900 --> 04:11:37,200
another listening to others with
genuine interest and respect is 

4663
04:11:37,200 --> 04:11:39,500
frequently the most effective 
way to influence them. 

4664
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:42,700
She also Illustrated something 
that is worth reiterating in the

4665
04:11:42,708 --> 04:11:45,200
present. 
That learning from others, does 

4666
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:49,100
not necessitate sacrificing. 
Your own values nor does 

4667
04:11:49,100 --> 04:11:52,300
preserve in your own cultural 
identity require rejecting 

4668
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:55,700
everything about other cultures.
Rebecca converted to 

4669
04:11:55,700 --> 04:11:58,500
Christianity while maintaining 
her pal hata and identity. 

4670
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:02,500
She was able to navigate English
society while maintaining her 

4671
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:05,800
understanding of her father's, 
political concerns, She 

4672
04:12:05,800 --> 04:12:09,000
instilled in her son, a sense of
pride in his entire Heritage, 

4673
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,400
not just the aspects that were 
deemed acceptable by Society. 

4674
04:12:13,300 --> 04:12:16,700
Most significantly, Rebecca 
demonstrated to us that serving 

4675
04:12:16,700 --> 04:12:20,300
as a bridge between other worlds
is not only feasible, but also 

4676
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:22,800
necessary. 
There are people who fulfill 

4677
04:12:22,800 --> 04:12:25,100
this role in every community and
time period. 

4678
04:12:25,100 --> 04:12:27,500
Assisting various groups in 
understanding one. 

4679
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:30,800
Another by translating, not just
words, but in entire world 

4680
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:34,000
views, Though they rarely 
receive the credit, they Merit 

4681
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:36,700
these Bridge Builders enable 
civilization. 

4682
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:40,000
Think about this as you get 
ready for bed tonight. 

4683
04:12:40,800 --> 04:12:43,800
Although Rebecca's life was 
short, just 21 years. 

4684
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:47,100
She was able to stop Wars. 
Bring about enduring peace, 

4685
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:50,100
Forge, new kinds of 
collaboration and show that 

4686
04:12:50,100 --> 04:12:51,800
individuals from very different 
backgrounds. 

4687
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,600
Could not only live together but
also produce something 

4688
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:57,000
beautiful. 
She demonstrated that one 

4689
04:12:57,000 --> 04:12:59,500
individual could alter history 
if they worked with tolerance 

4690
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:02,300
humor and sincere concern. 
For other people. 

4691
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:05,700
Remember, Rebecca, the next time
you're in a situation where 

4692
04:13:05,700 --> 04:13:08,800
people seem to be talking over 
one another, and various groups 

4693
04:13:08,800 --> 04:13:11,800
are assuming things rather than 
asking questions, or when 

4694
04:13:11,800 --> 04:13:14,000
conflict seems unavoidable, 
because no one is paying 

4695
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:17,300
attention, remember that 
understanding can develop even 

4696
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,900
in the most unlikely situations 
that bridge building is feasible

4697
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:24,200
and that sometimes the most 
significant thing you can do, is

4698
04:13:24,200 --> 04:13:27,500
just assist people in seeing one
another, as fellow human beings,

4699
04:13:27,500 --> 04:13:31,500
rather than a symbols of 
terrifying, alien ideas, I hope 

4700
04:13:31,508 --> 04:13:33,500
you have a little more of. 
Rebecca's ability to see 

4701
04:13:33,500 --> 04:13:35,800
connections where others only 
see different races when you 

4702
04:13:35,808 --> 04:13:38,200
wake up tomorrow? 
Sweet dreams. 

4703
04:13:44,200 --> 04:13:48,500
Pick to yourself walking through
London, in the year. 1843 the 

4704
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:52,400
city sprawls before you like a 
living breathing manuscript 

4705
04:13:52,400 --> 04:13:57,000
pages of brick and mortar 
chapters, Written In Smoke, and 

4706
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:00,600
Gaslight. 
This isn't the sterile museum 

4707
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:03,300
piece, London. 
You might imagine from costume, 

4708
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:06,300
dramas. 
This is a city that smells of 

4709
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,700
coal fires and roasting 
chestnuts of damp wool and 

4710
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:13,700
Printers Inc of Horsemen, Neuer 
mixed with the yeasty warmth 

4711
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:17,400
drifting from bakeries at dawn. 
Your following in the footsteps 

4712
04:14:17,400 --> 04:14:21,200
of Charles Dickens though he's 
just 31 years old and not yet 

4713
04:14:21,200 --> 04:14:24,600
the literary giant, his name 
will become He lives at number 

4714
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:28,000
one Devonshire, Terrace a 
handsome, townhouse near Regents

4715
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:31,700
Park and His Mornings begin with
a ritual as precise as 

4716
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:35,900
Clockwork. 
The household stirs at 7. and 

4717
04:14:35,900 --> 04:14:39,900
here the servants below stairs, 
the clatter of pots, the whoosh 

4718
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:44,400
of bellows, bringing the kitchen
fire to life, Mrs. Dickens 

4719
04:14:44,400 --> 04:14:48,500
Catherine round with their 5th. 
Child managers the domestic 

4720
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:51,300
Symphony while Charles performs 
his own morning ceremony 

4721
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:55,800
upstairs, he stands before his 
shaving mirror Studying his face

4722
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:58,000
with the attention Hill later. 
Give to his character's. 

4723
04:14:58,700 --> 04:15:02,400
Sharp eyes, thick Orban hair, 
swept back from his forehead. 

4724
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:05,500
A small beard. 
He keeps meticulously trimmed. 

4725
04:15:06,200 --> 04:15:09,100
even in these private moments, 
there's something theatrical 

4726
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,200
about him as if he's always 
slightly aware of an audience, 

4727
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:17,700
even when the audience is just 
himself, He adjusts his collar. 

4728
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:20,700
Smoothes. 
His waistcoat checks that his 

4729
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:25,600
watch chain hangs. 
Just so, Appearance matters to a

4730
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:29,500
man, who once knew real poverty,
who remembers what it felt like 

4731
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:33,100
to be looked through rather than
at, by half past eight years at 

4732
04:15:33,100 --> 04:15:36,000
his desk. 
This isn't some cramped Garrett,

4733
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:39,800
those days are behind him. 
Now his study overlooks, the 

4734
04:15:39,800 --> 04:15:42,800
garden and The Morning, Light 
filters through windows, that 

4735
04:15:42,800 --> 04:15:46,600
his modest success has allowed 
him to keep clean and curtained 

4736
04:15:46,600 --> 04:15:51,000
in deep green velvet. the desk 
itself, tells the story of a 

4737
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:55,100
working writer, not romantic, 
not particularly tidy, but 

4738
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:59,200
functional stacks of paper 
quills in their stand. 

4739
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:03,800
A blue ceramic pot holding Inc 
mixed to his own specifications.

4740
04:16:03,800 --> 04:16:08,200
Not too thick, not too runny. 
The tools of someone who make 

4741
04:16:08,200 --> 04:16:11,500
their living by the word hand, 
what a living He makes with 

4742
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:14,300
those words. 
You watch as his hand moves 

4743
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:17,400
across the page, filling it with
the tight, slanted script, that 

4744
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:19,100
is Publishers of learned to 
decipher. 

4745
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:24,300
He writes the way other men, 
breathe necessarily constantly 

4746
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:27,000
with a rhythm that says natural 
as his heartbeat. 

4747
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:31,600
This morning, he's working on 
Martin chuzzlewit, his current 

4748
04:16:31,600 --> 04:16:35,700
serial novel, it's not going as 
well as he'd hoped the sales 

4749
04:16:35,700 --> 04:16:38,100
figures trouble him. 
Keep him awake at night when he 

4750
04:16:38,100 --> 04:16:40,500
should be sleeping but that's a 
worry for later. 

4751
04:16:40,500 --> 04:16:43,800
Right now in this morning our 
there's just the scratch of the 

4752
04:16:43,808 --> 04:16:49,300
quill and the slow accumulation 
of sentences He writes for three

4753
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:52,900
hours without stopping his 
concentration so complete that 

4754
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:55,600
he doesn't hear the door, open 
when Catherine brings him tea. 

4755
04:16:56,400 --> 04:16:58,700
She's learned to set the cup 
down silently and leave. 

4756
04:16:58,700 --> 04:17:00,900
He'll drink it, cold in another 
hour. 

4757
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:03,500
Barely noticing at noon, he 
stops. 

4758
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:06,800
This isn't negotiable. 
He's learned that his brain 

4759
04:17:06,800 --> 04:17:09,300
needs. 
This break that forcing more 

4760
04:17:09,300 --> 04:17:11,900
hours at the desk produces 
diminishing returns. 

4761
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:16,700
He stands stretches feels his 
spine, cracking three places. 

4762
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:20,500
Then comes the part of his day 
that people who know him find 

4763
04:17:20,500 --> 04:17:24,800
most characteristic, his Walk 
London belongs to walkers in 

4764
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:28,400
these years before Automobiles. 
And Dickens walks more than most

4765
04:17:29,300 --> 04:17:32,300
Not gentle strolls. 
He attacks the pavement, like a 

4766
04:17:32,308 --> 04:17:36,200
man possessed covering 10 or 15 
or even 20 miles in an 

4767
04:17:36,200 --> 04:17:38,500
afternoon. 
You follow him out the door 

4768
04:17:38,500 --> 04:17:41,000
watching as he sets his face 
toward the city center. 

4769
04:17:42,100 --> 04:17:45,200
Is walking stick clicking 
against the cobblestones in a 

4770
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:49,000
steady driving Rhythm the 
streets, Teem with life. 

4771
04:17:49,700 --> 04:17:53,300
Crossing sweepers Dart between 
carriages clearing paths through

4772
04:17:53,308 --> 04:17:55,700
the horse muck for ladies in 
their long skirts. 

4773
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:58,200
Pie sellers call out their 
Wares. 

4774
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:00,300
Hot. 
Eels, kidney pudding. 

4775
04:18:00,300 --> 04:18:03,300
Penny buns. 
A man with a trained monkey 

4776
04:18:03,300 --> 04:18:06,700
performs on a corner, the 
creature wearing, a tiny red 

4777
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:09,300
jacket and a look of profound 
resignation. 

4778
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:14,900
Dickens, a little remembers it 
all stores it away for future 

4779
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:17,300
use. 
That's what these walks are 

4780
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:21,800
really about research 
observation, the Gathering of 

4781
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:24,000
human details. 
That will later Bloom into 

4782
04:18:24,000 --> 04:18:27,000
characters on his Pages. 
You passed through neighborhoods

4783
04:18:27,000 --> 04:18:30,500
that shift like the weather. 
here in Maryland, the houses are

4784
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:34,600
respectable servants well fed 
But what South toward the river 

4785
04:18:34,600 --> 04:18:37,100
and the air grows heavier 
thicker. 

4786
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:40,300
Tinged, with the smell of the 
Thames at low tide. 

4787
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:43,900
Smell like bad eggs, mixed with 
worse secrets. 

4788
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:48,600
The houses lean inward, their 
upper stories, almost touching 

4789
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:53,700
across narrow Lanes. laundry, 
hangs from every window never 

4790
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:57,800
quite getting dry in the damp 
London are Children play in 

4791
04:18:57,800 --> 04:19:01,400
gutters their games involving 
sticks and stones and impressive

4792
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:04,500
amounts of imagination. 
Dickens knows these streets. 

4793
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:07,900
He knew them as a boy when his 
father's debts. 

4794
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:10,900
Landed, the family in the 
Marshal, see debtors prison and 

4795
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:13,600
young Charles found himself 
working in a blacking Factory 

4796
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,400
pasting labels on pots of boot 
polish. 

4797
04:19:16,400 --> 04:19:19,000
For six shillings a week, he was
12 years old. 

4798
04:19:20,100 --> 04:19:22,200
The memory still carries the 
weight of Shame. 

4799
04:19:22,200 --> 04:19:26,400
Even two decades later. 
He's never told Catherine about 

4800
04:19:26,400 --> 04:19:28,800
it. 
Never told anyone except his 

4801
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:32,300
closest friend, Some wounds 
don't heal just because you've 

4802
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:35,500
climbed out of the circumstances
that caused them but he's 

4803
04:19:35,500 --> 04:19:36,700
climbed far. 
Hasn't he? 

4804
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:41,700
From that, blacking Factory to 
this published author celebrity 

4805
04:19:41,700 --> 04:19:45,400
invited to dinner parties where 
duchesses laugh at his jokes. 

4806
04:19:46,400 --> 04:19:49,500
He's invented a new way of 
publishing novels releasing them

4807
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:52,300
in monthly installments, that 
keep readers desperate for the 

4808
04:19:52,300 --> 04:19:54,600
next chapter. 
The entire country. 

4809
04:19:54,600 --> 04:19:58,500
Waits to see what happens to 
Little Nail weeps when she dies,

4810
04:19:58,500 --> 04:20:01,300
right, similar letters begging 
him to bring her back. 

4811
04:20:02,100 --> 04:20:03,800
Can't. 
Of course, the dead. 

4812
04:20:03,808 --> 04:20:07,800
Stay dead, even in fiction. 
Especially in fiction where 

4813
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:11,400
death means something. 
Is afternoon, walk takes him 

4814
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:15,000
past the British museum through 
Bloomsbury down into Holborn. 

4815
04:20:15,000 --> 04:20:19,500
He notices everything the way 
that woman Shields her face when

4816
04:20:19,500 --> 04:20:23,100
her husband raises his voice, 
The careful Dignity of the 

4817
04:20:23,100 --> 04:20:26,800
street sweeper who tips his hat 
to pass his by as if cleaning 

4818
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:30,800
streets, were a professional 
worthy of respect, which Dickens

4819
04:20:30,800 --> 04:20:34,800
thinks it is. 
The exhausted slump of the shop 

4820
04:20:34,800 --> 04:20:37,300
girls shoulders, at the end of 
her 12-hour day. 

4821
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,800
The particular quality of light 
filtering through smoke stained 

4822
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:45,000
windows in the public house 
where men nursed their pints and

4823
04:20:45,000 --> 04:20:47,600
their grievances. 
Sometimes he stops at his 

4824
04:20:47,608 --> 04:20:49,600
Publishers offices on white rice
Street. 

4825
04:20:50,400 --> 04:20:54,000
The building smells of paper and
possibility wetting and binding 

4826
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:58,800
glue his Publishers Chapman and 
Hall greet him with the careful 

4827
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:01,800
and enthusiasm of men who know 
their fortunes are tied to his 

4828
04:21:01,800 --> 04:21:06,400
pain, they discussed sales 
figures, publication schedule's 

4829
04:21:06,400 --> 04:21:11,700
advances against Future Works. 
Business talk necessary but not 

4830
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:15,500
particularly enjoyable. 
What he really wants to know is 

4831
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:19,200
whether people are responding to
his work, the way he hopes, not 

4832
04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:23,600
just buying it, but feeling it 
being changed by it, because 

4833
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:26,300
that's what he wants, more than 
the money, or the fame, or the 

4834
04:21:26,308 --> 04:21:29,900
invitations to Country Estates. 
He wants his words to mean 

4835
04:21:29,900 --> 04:21:33,500
something to make the 
comfortable uncomfortable and to

4836
04:21:33,500 --> 04:21:35,400
give the uncomfortable some 
measure of Hope. 

4837
04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:38,500
You wants to expose the 
Machinery that grinds up the 

4838
04:21:38,500 --> 04:21:42,000
poor and spits them out. 
He wants people to see what he 

4839
04:21:42,000 --> 04:21:46,200
sees on these walls, the 
humanity in every face, the 

4840
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,000
stories behind every shabby coat
and Warren boot. 

4841
04:21:49,000 --> 04:21:52,500
By the time he returned home in 
later afternoon, he's covered 12

4842
04:21:52,500 --> 04:21:55,700
miles and filled his mind with 
enough observations to populate 

4843
04:21:55,700 --> 04:21:59,400
three novels. 
His boots are dusty, his coat 

4844
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:03,300
needs brushing, but his eyes of 
bright with that peculiar 

4845
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,000
energy, that comes from moving 
through the world with all your 

4846
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:09,200
senses engaged. 
The Servants of learned to have 

4847
04:22:09,208 --> 04:22:12,600
his dinner ready by six. 
He keeps to a schedule, the way 

4848
04:22:12,608 --> 04:22:16,500
ship to Compass bearing. 
Dinner is a substantial Affair, 

4849
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:20,400
roast beef or mutton potatoes, 
vegetables, boiled until they 

4850
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:24,400
surrender a pudding to finish. 
The victorians believed in 

4851
04:22:24,400 --> 04:22:27,800
feeding themselves, properly and
Dickens eats with the same 

4852
04:22:27,800 --> 04:22:29,800
intensity, he brings to 
everything else. 

4853
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:33,700
Catherine sits across from him 
managing the children who are 

4854
04:22:33,708 --> 04:22:35,200
old enough to join them at 
table. 

4855
04:22:35,900 --> 04:22:38,800
Young Charles they call him 
Charlie his six. 

4856
04:22:38,800 --> 04:22:43,200
Now, old enough to be developing
his own personality, Mary 

4857
04:22:43,200 --> 04:22:48,200
nicknamed me is five, little 
Katie is for baby. 

4858
04:22:48,200 --> 04:22:52,500
Walter is barely too and 
Catherine's pregnant again, her 

4859
04:22:52,500 --> 04:22:54,200
face. 
Showing the strain of bearing 

4860
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,100
children almost yearly since 
their marriage seven years ago, 

4861
04:22:57,100 --> 04:23:00,800
Dickens loved his children in 
the abstract but fatherhood sits

4862
04:23:00,800 --> 04:23:04,000
uneasily on him. 
He's better imagining Children 

4863
04:23:04,000 --> 04:23:07,600
of the living with them dated 
day the noise the mess, the 

4864
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:12,000
constant needs these interrupts 
his concentration, pull him away

4865
04:23:12,000 --> 04:23:13,800
from the work that matters most 
to him. 

4866
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:19,400
He's kind to them generous even 
But there's a distance there as 

4867
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,100
if he saving his deepest 
emotions for the characters he 

4868
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:25,300
creates rather than the 
children, he's helped bring into

4869
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:28,600
the world after dinner. 
He might read in his study or 

4870
04:23:28,600 --> 04:23:30,100
you might venture out again for 
the theater. 

4871
04:23:31,200 --> 04:23:35,200
London's theatrical scene, 
pulses with energy and Dickens, 

4872
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:38,400
love it. 
All the melodramas, the fastest,

4873
04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:41,500
the Shakespeare Productions were
actors, declined to the cheap 

4874
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:45,900
seats with magnificent bombast. 
He seriously considered becoming

4875
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:49,200
an actor himself, even 
auditioned once at covenant 

4876
04:23:49,200 --> 04:23:51,200
Garden, before his writing 
career took off. 

4877
04:23:52,300 --> 04:23:54,400
Sometimes you wonder if he made 
the right choice. 

4878
04:23:55,200 --> 04:23:57,300
Or if perhaps he found a way to 
do both. 

4879
04:23:58,200 --> 04:24:01,500
Writing as a kind of 
performance, his characters 

4880
04:24:01,500 --> 04:24:04,800
playing their roles on the stage
of the page on these winter 

4881
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:07,500
evenings. 
In 1843, he often ends his day 

4882
04:24:07,500 --> 04:24:11,800
in his study, not writing, but 
thinking, the fire burns low in 

4883
04:24:11,800 --> 04:24:15,300
the great, the house settles 
around him with the small creeks

4884
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:20,000
and size of a building at rest, 
Outside London continues its 

4885
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:24,600
Eternal business, the clip-clop 
of late carriages, the distant 

4886
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:27,700
call of the watch the bark of a 
dog somewhere in the darkness. 

4887
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:33,000
He's thinking about Christmas 
Christmas in. 1843 is not yet 

4888
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:35,900
what it will become. 
That's the thing to understand 

4889
04:24:35,900 --> 04:24:39,500
as you sit with Dickens in his 
study watching the fire paint 

4890
04:24:39,500 --> 04:24:42,700
Shadows on the walls, the 
holiday exists. 

4891
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:45,900
Certainly Christians have been 
celebrating Christ's birth for 

4892
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:49,400
centuries, but it's not the 
massive cultural Juggernaut, it 

4893
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,600
will transform into there are no
Christmas cards yet. 

4894
04:24:52,600 --> 04:24:55,200
Those won't be invented for 
another decade. 

4895
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:59,400
No, Christmas trees in most 
English homes that German 

4896
04:24:59,400 --> 04:25:02,300
tradition is only just being 
introduced by Queen Victoria's 

4897
04:25:02,300 --> 04:25:06,100
husband, Prince, Albert, No 
expectation of elaborate gift. 

4898
04:25:06,100 --> 04:25:10,500
Giving no, office parties. 
No department store, Santa's no 

4899
04:25:10,500 --> 04:25:14,900
Salvation Army kettles. 
No white Christmas playing in 

4900
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:17,700
every shop. 
What Christmas Means in, 1843, 

4901
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:21,500
depends largely on who you are. 
If you're wealthy, it might mean

4902
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:23,700
a feast, some Evergreen 
decorations. 

4903
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:28,000
Perhaps a ball or party if 
you're poor and most people are 

4904
04:25:28,000 --> 04:25:29,600
poor. 
It might mean nothing more than 

4905
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:32,300
a rare day off work. 
A slightly larger meal. 

4906
04:25:32,300 --> 04:25:34,600
If you can afford it church if 
you're so inclined. 

4907
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:39,200
It's not a national Obsession. 
It's just another day, all be at

4908
04:25:39,208 --> 04:25:42,100
one, with some religious 
significant, but Dickens has 

4909
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:45,800
always loved Christmas. 
You can see it in his face when 

4910
04:25:45,800 --> 04:25:49,400
he talks about it, the way is 
eyes, softened, and his voice 

4911
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:51,600
takes on a warmth. 
It doesn't have when discussing 

4912
04:25:51,600 --> 04:25:55,100
business or literature. 
For him, Christmas connects to 

4913
04:25:55,108 --> 04:25:58,100
something deeper than 
traditional religion though. 

4914
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:01,800
Those elements are present too. 
It connects to an idea of what 

4915
04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:03,400
human beings could be to each 
other. 

4916
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:08,500
If they tried generous, kind 
willing to see past the barriers

4917
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:10,700
that usually keep people 
separate here. 

4918
04:26:10,700 --> 04:26:14,600
Remembers Christmases from his 
childhood before the disaster of

4919
04:26:14,600 --> 04:26:18,000
his father's debts. 
The house decorated with Holly 

4920
04:26:18,000 --> 04:26:22,400
and Ivy the smell of roasting 
Goose, his mother's face flushed

4921
04:26:22,400 --> 04:26:25,900
and happy as she brought the 
pudding to the table blue flames

4922
04:26:25,900 --> 04:26:28,600
dancing on its surface from the 
Brandy poured over it. 

4923
04:26:29,400 --> 04:26:34,500
A sense of warmth and plenty of 
being safe and loved and part of

4924
04:26:34,500 --> 04:26:38,100
something good. 
Those memories gleam, like gold 

4925
04:26:38,100 --> 04:26:40,700
sovereigns in his mind. 
Precious. 

4926
04:26:41,500 --> 04:26:45,400
Painful because he knows how 
fragile that happiness, was how 

4927
04:26:45,400 --> 04:26:48,300
quickly it could all vanish. 
And then the years in the 

4928
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:51,300
blacking Factory, when Christmas
meant, nothing excepted day. 

4929
04:26:51,300 --> 04:26:54,600
When the warehouse was closed 
and he had no way to go, no one 

4930
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:58,600
to be with standing outside 
bakerys watching families, 

4931
04:26:58,600 --> 04:27:02,300
through Windows, feeling the 
cold seep through his thin 

4932
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:04,700
jacket. 
The memory has a different 

4933
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:08,200
quality, not gold, but led heavy
and dark. 

4934
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:12,200
Now, in his success, he tries to
recreate those good Christmases 

4935
04:27:12,200 --> 04:27:15,200
for his own family. 
He's almost theatrical about it.

4936
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:17,500
Directing the holiday like a 
play. 

4937
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:22,900
The decorations must be just so,
the goose must be perfectly 

4938
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:26,300
roasted Children must have 
presents though. 

4939
04:27:26,300 --> 04:27:29,500
Nothing too, extravagant He 
doesn't want them to become 

4940
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:32,600
spoiled to lose sight of how 
fortunate they are. 

4941
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:37,500
There must be games and laughter
and that peculiar glow that 

4942
04:27:37,500 --> 04:27:41,400
comes when people decide just 
for a day to put aside, their 

4943
04:27:41,400 --> 04:27:43,900
usual concerns and simply enjoy 
each other's company. 

4944
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:47,900
But something is bothering him. 
This December, you watch him 

4945
04:27:47,900 --> 04:27:50,800
Paces study? 
Not yet able to articulate 

4946
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:53,800
what's gnawing at him but 
feeling it nonetheless. 

4947
04:27:54,600 --> 04:27:57,300
Like a splinter working its way 
deeper. 

4948
04:27:58,800 --> 04:28:02,800
The sales figures for Martin 
chuzzlewit continue to 

4949
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,300
disappoint. 
His Publishers are getting 

4950
04:28:05,308 --> 04:28:08,700
nervous. 
Hinting these oversaturated, the

4951
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:12,100
market with his work. 
And Beyond his personal worries.

4952
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:14,500
There's the larger issue of 
England itself. 

4953
04:28:14,500 --> 04:28:18,100
The country he loves and 
criticizes in almost equal 

4954
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:20,400
measure. 
The poverty, keeps him awake, 

4955
04:28:20,400 --> 04:28:22,800
not his own. 
He's comfortable. 

4956
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:25,400
Now, secure in a way, he never 
was as a child. 

4957
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:29,900
But the poverty of others, the 
vast sea of suffering that 

4958
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:32,200
surrounds his small island of 
success. 

4959
04:28:33,100 --> 04:28:36,500
On his walks, he sees children, 
who remind him of his youngest 

4960
04:28:36,500 --> 04:28:40,500
self thin hungry, wearing 
clothes that often no protection

4961
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:43,700
against the cold. 
He sees families huddled in 

4962
04:28:43,700 --> 04:28:48,000
doorways, men desperate for 
work, women aged before their 

4963
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:50,800
time by bearing too many 
children and burying half of 

4964
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:53,200
them. 
And the thing that enrages him 

4965
04:28:53,200 --> 04:28:56,000
most is the attitude of those 
who have plenty toward those who

4966
04:28:56,000 --> 04:28:59,700
have nothing. 
The Casual cruelty, the 

4967
04:28:59,700 --> 04:29:02,500
assumption, that poverty is a 
moral failing rather than an 

4968
04:29:02,500 --> 04:29:05,500
economic condition. 
The workhouse is, those Grim 

4969
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:08,200
institutions where the poorer 
housed and fed. 

4970
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:12,700
Barely in exchange for hard 
labor and complete loss of 

4971
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:15,500
dignity. 
The philosophy that says if 

4972
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:19,200
you're poor it's because you're 
lazy or stupid or morally 

4973
04:29:19,200 --> 04:29:22,800
deficient and the proper 
response is punishment rather 

4974
04:29:22,800 --> 04:29:25,300
than help. 
He's been reading the reports 

4975
04:29:25,300 --> 04:29:28,700
from Parliament to about child, 
labor, children, young and his 

4976
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:33,200
own working, 69 days in coal 
mines, and textile mills in 

4977
04:29:33,200 --> 04:29:36,500
factories where the Machinery 
doesn't stop and the overseers. 

4978
04:29:36,500 --> 04:29:39,400
Don't care if a tired, child 
loses a finger or hand. 

4979
04:29:39,400 --> 04:29:42,700
It's legal. 
It's how the system works. 

4980
04:29:42,700 --> 04:29:45,800
And most of the comfortable, 
well-fed, members of the middle 

4981
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:47,800
and upper classes. 
Don't think about it at all. 

4982
04:29:47,808 --> 04:29:51,500
Or if they do, they shrug and 
say that's just how things are 

4983
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:54,300
Christmas throws, all of this 
into sharp relief. 

4984
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:59,000
The contrast between plenty and 
want between the warm houses of 

4985
04:29:59,000 --> 04:30:01,600
the rich and the cold streets 
where the poor Hudl. 

4986
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:04,900
Between the philosophy of 
Goodwill and the reality of 

4987
04:30:04,900 --> 04:30:06,900
indifference. 
Dickens. 

4988
04:30:06,900 --> 04:30:10,600
Feels this contrast physically 
like a weight in his chest. 

4989
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,000
And he begins to think that 
perhaps he could write something

4990
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,000
about it. 
Not a pamphlet or an essay. 

4991
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:19,600
Those don't reach people the way
stories do. 

4992
04:30:20,500 --> 04:30:25,000
Story, A Christmas Story. 
The idea begins to take shape in

4993
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:28,300
October, walking the streets 
after another frustrating 

4994
04:30:28,300 --> 04:30:32,300
morning with Martin chuzzlewit. 
What if he could write something

4995
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:35,700
that would make people feel the 
importance of Christmas, the 

4996
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:37,000
important of caring for each 
other. 

4997
04:30:37,900 --> 04:30:41,500
Not a sermon people hate 
sermons, tune them out 

4998
04:30:41,508 --> 04:30:45,600
immediately, but a ghost story 
which people love combined with 

4999
04:30:45,600 --> 04:30:49,500
a moral lesson. 
Which they need a man who 

5000
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:53,400
doesn't celebrate Christmas who 
actively hate it and something 

5001
04:30:53,400 --> 04:30:58,500
happens to change his mind. 
Ghosts, yes, ghosts are perfect 

5002
04:30:58,508 --> 04:31:02,000
for Christmas and not just any 
ghosts, but ghosts that show 

5003
04:31:02,000 --> 04:31:07,100
past present and future. 
The full scope of a life, the 

5004
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:11,800
consequences of choices made and
not made the story starts to 

5005
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:14,800
write itself in his head. 
The way the way, the best ideas 

5006
04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:20,100
always do, You can see The 
Miser, he'll call him Scrooge, a

5007
04:31:20,100 --> 04:31:21,800
name, that sounds like a curse 
or a cough. 

5008
04:31:22,500 --> 04:31:25,900
He can see the dead partner 
returning to warn him chains, 

5009
04:31:25,900 --> 04:31:29,500
wound around him forged from the
sins of greed and indifference. 

5010
04:31:30,200 --> 04:31:33,300
He can see the ghosts. 
Cheerful Christmas Past 

5011
04:31:33,300 --> 04:31:36,400
generous, Christmas present 
terrible Christmas, Yet to Come.

5012
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:40,700
And he can see Scrooge, 
transformed learning the lesson 

5013
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:43,900
that Dickens himself believes 
with every fiber of his being. 

5014
04:31:44,600 --> 04:31:46,300
That we are all responsible for 
each other. 

5015
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:50,700
That no man is an island that 
what we do or fail to do ripples

5016
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:53,700
outward in ways. 
We can't always predict by 

5017
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:56,000
mid-october, the story is 
demanding to be written. 

5018
04:31:56,900 --> 04:31:58,900
He can't just set aside Martin 
chuzzlewit. 

5019
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:03,700
He has contractual obligations 
deadlines to meet They'll have 

5020
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:06,300
to write the Christmas story. 
Alongside his regular work, 

5021
04:32:06,300 --> 04:32:10,100
stealing hours, where he can 
find them, will be exhausting, 

5022
04:32:10,100 --> 04:32:13,100
it will probably be worth it. 
You're sitting and Dick and 

5023
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,900
study again, but the season is 
turned its late, October. 

5024
04:32:16,900 --> 04:32:20,300
Now their November and the 
quality of light has changed 

5025
04:32:20,300 --> 04:32:25,600
from Autumn gold to Wintergreen.
The fire burns higher in the 

5026
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:28,800
great because the chill has 
settled into the London Stones. 

5027
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:31,900
The kind of cold that gets into 
your bones and stays there. 

5028
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:35,500
Dickens sits at his desk, but 
something is different. 

5029
04:32:36,400 --> 04:32:39,000
He's not writing Martin 
chuzzlewit this morning. 

5030
04:32:39,000 --> 04:32:43,008
He's writing something else. 
A Christmas Carol pours out of 

5031
04:32:43,016 --> 04:32:46,700
him, like, water from a broken. 
Damn, he's always been a fast 

5032
04:32:46,700 --> 04:32:48,600
writer. 
He has to be with deadlines 

5033
04:32:48,600 --> 04:32:51,000
constantly looming, but this is 
different. 

5034
04:32:51,000 --> 04:32:54,600
This is possessed. 
He writes for hours without 

5035
04:32:54,600 --> 04:32:58,300
stopping his hand, cramping 
barely noticing when Catherine 

5036
04:32:58,300 --> 04:33:00,800
brings tea or when the servants 
come to tend the fire. 

5037
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:04,599
The characters are alive in his 
mind more real than the 

5038
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:08,599
furniture around him, he can 
hear screw his voice, cracked 

5039
04:33:08,599 --> 04:33:11,200
and cold. 
You can see Bob Cratchit 

5040
04:33:11,200 --> 04:33:14,000
shivering at his desk, trying to
warm his hands at the single 

5041
04:33:14,000 --> 04:33:18,000
coal provided for the day. 
He can feel Tiny Tim's hand in 

5042
04:33:18,000 --> 04:33:21,099
his palm the child's grip weaker
than it should be. 

5043
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:25,700
The story takes place. 
Is he didn't expect He knew the 

5044
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:29,700
basic structure Miser visits by 
ghosts Miser reforms. 

5045
04:33:30,400 --> 04:33:33,300
But the details surprise him as 
he writes them, the Ghost of 

5046
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:36,700
Christmas. 
Past taking screwed, back to his

5047
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:38,700
lonely. 
Childhood to the school where 

5048
04:33:38,700 --> 04:33:42,599
everyone else had gone home for 
Christmas and young Ebenezer sat

5049
04:33:42,599 --> 04:33:46,400
alone with his books. 
Dickens knows that loneliness. 

5050
04:33:47,300 --> 04:33:50,700
He feels it in his own chest as 
he writes remembering. 

5051
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:54,300
And then the vision of the 
Cratchit, family orbit rich in 

5052
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:59,200
what matters, their tiny house, 
their meager Goose, their Fierce

5053
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:01,200
love for each other and 
especially for Tiny. 

5054
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:05,000
Tim with his crutch and his 
Brave cheerful Spirit, Dickens 

5055
04:34:05,000 --> 04:34:09,500
weeps, as he writes about Tiny, 
Tim actually weeps tears, 

5056
04:34:09,500 --> 04:34:12,900
falling onto the page smudging, 
the ink, he doesn't care. 

5057
04:34:12,900 --> 04:34:16,800
He knows what he's doing 
manipulating the reader's 

5058
04:34:16,800 --> 04:34:19,700
emotions pulling heartstrings 
with all the skill of a master 

5059
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:22,800
puppeteer. 
But it's not cynical. 

5060
04:34:23,500 --> 04:34:26,800
He means every word. 
He believes that if he can make 

5061
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:29,900
people cry for Tiny, Tim make 
them care about this. 

5062
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:33,300
Fictional child, maybe they'll 
start caring about real 

5063
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:36,300
children, too. 
The ones mining coal and 

5064
04:34:36,300 --> 04:34:38,599
sweeping chimneys and dying and 
work houses. 

5065
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,599
The Ghost of Christmas present 
shows Scrooge. 

5066
04:34:41,599 --> 04:34:45,700
The world as it is not just the 
cratchits, but people everywhere

5067
04:34:45,700 --> 04:34:50,000
celebrating as best, they can 
finding Joy despite poverty 

5068
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:54,800
despite hardship. 
And then from beneath the ghosts

5069
04:34:54,800 --> 04:34:58,599
rhobh come the two children, 
ignorant and want. 

5070
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:02,200
These are the most powerful 
images in the story. 

5071
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:06,099
Dickens thinks as he writes them
wretched desperate children who 

5072
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:09,300
represent all the neglected and 
abused children of England. 

5073
04:35:10,099 --> 04:35:12,400
The ghost warns Scrooge to 
beware them. 

5074
04:35:13,200 --> 04:35:17,099
Actually ignorance. 
Dickens underlines that word. 

5075
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:22,000
Three times in his manuscript. 
He knows what he's saying that 

5076
04:35:22,000 --> 04:35:25,599
ignorance is the root of 
suffering that education is the 

5077
04:35:25,599 --> 04:35:29,900
cure that a society that 
neglects its children is a 

5078
04:35:29,900 --> 04:35:32,000
society. 
That's committing slow suicide, 

5079
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:35,900
the Ghost of Christmas. 
Yet to Come might be the most 

5080
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:40,500
effective of all. 
Silent terrifying pointing 

5081
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:44,099
toward a future where Scrooge 
dies alone and unmoored his 

5082
04:35:44,099 --> 04:35:47,200
possession. 
Scavenged his passing celebrated

5083
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:49,300
by debtors who are relieved to 
be free of him. 

5084
04:35:50,200 --> 04:35:54,599
And worse far, worse. 
The future where Tiny, Tim has 

5085
04:35:54,599 --> 04:35:57,900
died where the Cratchit family 
struggles on with a hole in 

5086
04:35:57,900 --> 04:36:00,200
their hearts that will never 
quite heal. 

5087
04:36:01,500 --> 04:36:03,500
Dickens make this future feel 
inevitable. 

5088
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:07,099
Make the reader understand that 
this is what will happen if 

5089
04:36:07,099 --> 04:36:10,900
nothing changes. 
The weight of consequence, a 

5090
04:36:10,900 --> 04:36:13,400
price of indifference, and then 
the transformation. 

5091
04:36:14,599 --> 04:36:17,400
Screwed waking on Christmas 
morning frantically, checking 

5092
04:36:17,400 --> 04:36:21,599
that he hasn't missed it that 
there's still time to change the

5093
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:23,700
joy. 
He feels are getting a second 

5094
04:36:23,700 --> 04:36:27,300
chance you almost manic energy 
with which he sets about making 

5095
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:30,599
amends. 
Sending the prize turkey to the 

5096
04:36:30,599 --> 04:36:34,599
cratchits, not just a turkey, 
but the biggest turkey in the 

5097
04:36:34,599 --> 04:36:39,000
shop. raising Bob's salary, 
becoming a second, father to 

5098
04:36:39,000 --> 04:36:43,300
Tiny Tim becoming as the 
narrator says, as good, a friend

5099
04:36:43,300 --> 04:36:47,599
as good, a master and as good, a
man, as the good old city new, 

5100
04:36:47,599 --> 04:36:50,700
Dickens writes, the ending with 
the same tears, he cried over 

5101
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:54,000
Tiny Tim's, potential death, But
these are different tiers. 

5102
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:57,400
These are the tears you cry. 
When something in you on 

5103
04:36:57,400 --> 04:36:59,700
clenches. 
When you realize that Redemption

5104
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:02,500
is possible that people can 
change that. 

5105
04:37:02,500 --> 04:37:04,900
It's never too late to become 
who you should have been all 

5106
04:37:04,900 --> 04:37:07,000
along. 
It's a fairy tale ending. 

5107
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:11,000
Sure, life isn't really like 
this people don't usually change

5108
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:14,900
overnight, don't suddenly become
generous and kind because ghosts

5109
04:37:14,900 --> 04:37:18,000
show them frightening Visions, 
but if it could be like this, 

5110
04:37:18,000 --> 04:37:21,500
that's the point. 
It could be if people chose it, 

5111
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:23,900
he finishes the story in six 
weeks. 

5112
04:37:24,900 --> 04:37:27,599
Six weeks of writing through 
exhaustion, through headaches, 

5113
04:37:27,599 --> 04:37:30,400
through nights, when he can't 
sleep because the characters 

5114
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:33,400
won't leave him alone. 
Catherine worries about him. 

5115
04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:36,300
Can see him growing thinner more
intense. 

5116
04:37:36,300 --> 04:37:38,900
Burning himself up like a candle
flame. 

5117
04:37:39,800 --> 04:37:43,400
But she knows better than to try
to stop him when Charles is in 

5118
04:37:43,400 --> 04:37:46,300
the grip of a story. 
Like this, there's no reasoning 

5119
04:37:46,300 --> 04:37:50,000
with him know pulling him back. 
All she can do is make sure he 

5120
04:37:50,000 --> 04:37:53,599
eats make sure the house stays 
quiet during his writing hours 

5121
04:37:53,599 --> 04:37:57,300
and wait for it to be over when 
he writes the final line. 

5122
04:37:58,099 --> 04:38:01,400
God blesses, everyone. 
He leans back in his chair and 

5123
04:38:01,400 --> 04:38:06,800
feels completely emptied out. 
The story is done it exists now,

5124
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:11,000
independent of him, ready to go 
out into the world and do 

5125
04:38:11,000 --> 04:38:13,400
whatever it will do. 
He's proud of it. 

5126
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:16,000
Proud of him. 
He's been of anything, he's 

5127
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:17,900
written. 
He knows, it's good. 

5128
04:38:17,900 --> 04:38:22,400
He knows it matters, but there's
a problem, his Publishers, 

5129
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:25,300
Chapman and Hall a nervous about
costs. 

5130
04:38:25,300 --> 04:38:28,700
They want to produce the book 
cheaply, charge a high price 

5131
04:38:28,700 --> 04:38:32,400
maximize profits. 
But Dickens want something else 

5132
04:38:32,400 --> 04:38:34,599
entirely. 
He wants the book to be 

5133
04:38:34,608 --> 04:38:38,800
beautiful. 
Gilt edged Pages, hand-colored 

5134
04:38:38,800 --> 04:38:41,800
illustrations, a deep red cloth 
cover. 

5135
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:46,900
He wants it to look like a gift.
To feel special in the reader's 

5136
04:38:46,900 --> 04:38:49,200
hands and he wants it to be 
affordable. 

5137
04:38:49,200 --> 04:38:53,099
Only five Shillings, so that 
ordinary people can buy it. 

5138
04:38:53,900 --> 04:38:57,200
Not just the rich who don't need
its message, but the middle 

5139
04:38:57,200 --> 04:39:00,000
class the shopkeepers and clerks
and Tradesmen, who might 

5140
04:39:00,000 --> 04:39:03,700
actually take its lesson to 
Heart Chapman and Hall protest. 

5141
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:07,800
At five Shillings with these 
production costs, there will 

5142
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:11,500
barely be any profit. 
Dickens doesn't care, he's so 

5143
04:39:11,500 --> 04:39:15,300
determined that he agrees to pay
the publishing cost, himself to 

5144
04:39:15,300 --> 04:39:18,700
take all the Financial Risk he 
believes in the story. 

5145
04:39:18,700 --> 04:39:22,099
Believes it will sell believes, 
it will make a difference. 

5146
04:39:22,099 --> 04:39:26,700
The book is published on, 
December, 19th. 1833. 5 days 

5147
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:28,599
before Christmas, perfect 
timing. 

5148
04:39:28,599 --> 04:39:31,300
The first edition of A 
Christmas, Carol sells out 

5149
04:39:31,300 --> 04:39:37,300
immediately, not in weeks or 
days in hours. 6,000 copies gone

5150
04:39:37,300 --> 04:39:41,100
before the ink is barely dry. 
The Publishers rushed to print 

5151
04:39:41,100 --> 04:39:43,800
more. 
The reviews come in, almost 

5152
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:47,100
universally positive. 
People aren't just reading it, 

5153
04:39:47,100 --> 04:39:50,400
they're talking about it, 
recommending it to friends, 

5154
04:39:50,400 --> 04:39:53,100
buying multiple copies to give 
us gifts. 

5155
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:57,200
Dickens, here's the story 
second-hand at first, then 

5156
04:39:57,200 --> 04:39:59,300
directly as letters. 
Begin to pour in. 

5157
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:02,900
A factory owner who reads the 
book and gives his work as 

5158
04:40:02,900 --> 04:40:04,600
Christmas day off for the first 
time. 

5159
04:40:05,700 --> 04:40:09,300
A woman who sends a donation to 
a children's charity and 

5160
04:40:09,300 --> 04:40:11,700
credits. 
The story for inspiring her. 

5161
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:15,800
A man who reconciles with his 
estranged brother, after years 

5162
04:40:15,800 --> 04:40:20,200
of stubborn silence saying that,
if Scrooge can change, may be 

5163
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:23,800
anyone can the book crosses? 
The Atlantic and Americans 

5164
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:27,500
embrace it, with the same 
enthusiasm, theater, stage 

5165
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:31,300
unauthorized adaptations, 
Dickens loses his money on this.

5166
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:35,200
Ironically, since he doesn't 
control American copyright, but 

5167
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:39,000
the story takes route, begins to
change. 

5168
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:40,900
How people think about Christmas
itself. 

5169
04:40:40,900 --> 04:40:46,100
You watch Dickens on Christmas 
morning. 1843 in his own home 

5170
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:49,500
with his own family. 
The house is decorated as he 

5171
04:40:49,500 --> 04:40:54,100
directed Holly and Ivy wound 
around the banister's, a fire 

5172
04:40:54,100 --> 04:40:58,200
roaring and every half. 
Smell of roasting Goose, filling

5173
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:01,100
the rooms. 
The children are wild with 

5174
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,900
excitement tearing into their 
presence with the absolute 

5175
04:41:04,900 --> 04:41:07,300
Focus. 
That only children can manage. 

5176
04:41:08,500 --> 04:41:12,200
Catherine is flushed and happy. 
For once, not worried about 

5177
04:41:12,200 --> 04:41:14,900
household management or the 
baby, she's carrying, or her 

5178
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:17,800
husband's moods. 
The servants have been given the

5179
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:21,500
day off to spend with their own 
families, and unusual luxury and

5180
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:23,900
a time when domestic service 
means being available 

5181
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:27,500
essentially Around the Clock, 
Dickens watches it all with an 

5182
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:28,900
expression, you can't quite 
read. 

5183
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:32,900
Pride certainly. 
Pride that he's managed to 

5184
04:41:32,900 --> 04:41:35,600
create this to give his family. 
The kind of Christmas. 

5185
04:41:35,600 --> 04:41:37,500
He dreamed about as a lonely 
child. 

5186
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:42,700
But something else to kind of 
wistfulness may be, or a sense 

5187
04:41:42,700 --> 04:41:45,600
of distance. 
He's here, but not entirely 

5188
04:41:45,600 --> 04:41:48,600
here, part of his mind. 
Still walking the streets of 

5189
04:41:48,608 --> 04:41:50,500
London. 
Still thinking about the 

5190
04:41:50,500 --> 04:41:53,400
children, who won't have 
Christmas dinners still carrying

5191
04:41:53,400 --> 04:41:56,900
the weight of everything he seen
and fell and tried to capture in

5192
04:41:56,900 --> 04:41:59,500
his little book. 
Someone asked him to read from A

5193
04:41:59,500 --> 04:42:02,800
Christmas Carol and he agrees 
immediately, this is what he 

5194
04:42:02,800 --> 04:42:06,100
loves. 
Performing his own work, hearing

5195
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:09,600
how the words sound allowed 
watching people's faces as they 

5196
04:42:09,600 --> 04:42:13,200
react to the story. 
He reached the scene where the 

5197
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:16,500
Ghost of Christmas present shows
screws the Cratchit family 

5198
04:42:16,500 --> 04:42:21,000
dinner and he noticed his own 
children, growing quiet, really 

5199
04:42:21,000 --> 04:42:24,300
listening. 
He reads, Tiny Tim's, famous 

5200
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:28,900
line, God blesses, everyone and 
his voice cracks slightly, the 

5201
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:32,500
emotion still fresh even though 
he's the one who wrote it later 

5202
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,600
after the dinner and the games 
and the general chaos of a 

5203
04:42:35,600 --> 04:42:37,200
Victorian Christmas of wound 
down. 

5204
04:42:37,200 --> 04:42:39,900
He takes a walk Just a short 
one. 

5205
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:42,900
This time around the 
neighborhood, not his usual 

5206
04:42:42,900 --> 04:42:45,900
Marathon through the city, the 
streets are quiet. 

5207
04:42:45,900 --> 04:42:48,300
Most families inside their 
homes. 

5208
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:52,500
Smoke rises from every chimney. 
Here and there you can see 

5209
04:42:52,500 --> 04:42:55,400
through Windows into lit rooms 
Glimpse. 

5210
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:58,000
The shadows of people 
celebrating or sleeping or 

5211
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:01,200
simply sitting by fires. 
He thinks about what he's 

5212
04:43:01,200 --> 04:43:04,600
accomplished, not just with this
book but with all his books, 

5213
04:43:04,600 --> 04:43:08,300
he's wealthy. 
Now secure able to provide for 

5214
04:43:08,300 --> 04:43:12,000
his family and weighs his own 
father never could He's famous 

5215
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:15,900
recognized on the street, 
invited to every dinner party 

5216
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:19,800
and social event in London. 
He's done what he set out to do.

5217
04:43:19,800 --> 04:43:24,000
Made a name for himself, prove 
that a boy from a working class 

5218
04:43:24,000 --> 04:43:27,600
family could rise through talent
and determination and sheer 

5219
04:43:27,600 --> 04:43:30,000
force of will. 
But is it enough? 

5220
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:33,700
The question nags at him like a 
Sawtooth, he can't stop probing 

5221
04:43:33,700 --> 04:43:35,800
with his tongue. 
Christmas. 

5222
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,500
Carol is selling wonderfully but
it's not making him much money 

5223
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:43,300
because of the production costs.
He insisted on and the pirated 

5224
04:43:43,300 --> 04:43:46,400
American Editions. 
His Publishers are still worried

5225
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:49,700
about Martin chuzzlewit. 
Still hinting that maybe he 

5226
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:52,600
needs to slow down give the 
market time to breathe. 

5227
04:43:54,100 --> 04:43:57,200
And underneath all the Practical
concerns is a deeper question. 

5228
04:43:58,000 --> 04:44:00,500
Is his writing actually changing
anything? 

5229
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:04,200
Are people reading his books and
then going out and being better.

5230
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:08,000
Or are they just entertained for
a few hours before returning to 

5231
04:44:08,000 --> 04:44:10,900
their regular lives? 
Their regular indifferences. 

5232
04:44:10,900 --> 04:44:15,400
He doesn't know. 
Can't know the effects of art 

5233
04:44:15,400 --> 04:44:18,400
are measurable like the effects 
of building a bridge or passing 

5234
04:44:18,400 --> 04:44:20,600
a law. 
All he can do is write the 

5235
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:24,300
truest things, he knows how to 
write and hope that somewhere. 

5236
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:29,200
Somehow they make a difference, 
the cold drives him back inside,

5237
04:44:29,200 --> 04:44:31,600
where the house is warm, and his
children are asleep and 

5238
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:33,600
Catherine is dozing in a chair 
by the fire. 

5239
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:38,300
Stand in the doorway from a 
moment looking at her feeling, a

5240
04:44:38,300 --> 04:44:40,900
complicated mixture of 
affection, and frustration, and 

5241
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:43,600
guilt. 
He's not an easy man to be 

5242
04:44:43,608 --> 04:44:48,200
married to he knows this his 
moods swing wildly his need for 

5243
04:44:48,200 --> 04:44:51,900
Solitude conflicts with the 
demands of family life, and he 

5244
04:44:51,908 --> 04:44:54,700
expects from her a level of 
perfection, he can't manage 

5245
04:44:54,700 --> 04:44:58,600
himself, but she stays, and she 
tries, and she is giving him 

5246
04:44:58,608 --> 04:45:00,600
these children and this home in 
this life. 

5247
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:04,600
That counts for something that 
counts for a lot. 

5248
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:08,700
He goes to his study, not to 
write but just to sit in the 

5249
04:45:08,708 --> 04:45:11,400
darkness for a while watching 
The Embers fade in the Great 

5250
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:15,300
Tomorrow, he'll return to Martin
chuzzlewit return. 

5251
04:45:15,300 --> 04:45:18,400
To the regular work of being 
Charles, Dickens novelist and 

5252
04:45:18,400 --> 04:45:21,000
public figure. 
But tonight on this Christmas 

5253
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,800
night he allows himself to 
simply be tired and satisfied 

5254
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:27,300
and uncertain and hopeful all at
once. 

5255
04:45:27,300 --> 04:45:30,800
It's been quite a year, A 
Christmas Carol becomes a 

5256
04:45:30,800 --> 04:45:34,200
tradition, not just the book 
itself, but public reading of 

5257
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:36,800
it. 
Dickens discovers that he loves 

5258
04:45:36,800 --> 04:45:40,600
performing his work more than 
almost anything else more even 

5259
04:45:40,600 --> 04:45:44,200
than writing it. 
Starting in the 1850s, he begins

5260
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:47,400
giving public readings of the 
Carol and other works and people

5261
04:45:47,400 --> 04:45:50,700
flocked to hear him. 
These aren't simple book 

5262
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:53,200
readings. 
Their performance is theatrical 

5263
04:45:53,200 --> 04:45:56,700
events, were Dickens voices. 
Every character where he makes 

5264
04:45:56,708 --> 04:46:00,000
people laugh and cry and gas 
within the span of an hour. 

5265
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:03,400
You watch him, prepare for these
readings with the dedication of 

5266
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:05,200
an actor preparing for opening 
night. 

5267
04:46:06,000 --> 04:46:10,100
He memorizes, the text marks his
copy with notes about timing and

5268
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:13,700
emphasis practices and front of 
mirrors to get the facial 

5269
04:46:13,700 --> 04:46:17,000
expressions, right? 
When he reads Scrooge, his voice

5270
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:21,000
becomes harsh and pinched. 
When he reads Tiny, Tim it 

5271
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:24,100
becomes high and sweet. 
When he reads the Ghost of 

5272
04:46:24,100 --> 04:46:27,700
Christmas present, it booms with
jolly Authority. 

5273
04:46:27,700 --> 04:46:31,800
The readings are exhausting. 
He put everything into them, 

5274
04:46:31,800 --> 04:46:36,200
holds nothing back, leaves the 
stage, drenched and sweat, and 

5275
04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:39,700
shaking with fatigue. 
His doctor's warned him that 

5276
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:42,700
he's damaging his health that 
the stress is too much for his 

5277
04:46:42,708 --> 04:46:45,100
heart and his nerves. 
He ignores them. 

5278
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:48,400
The readings, give him something
that righting alone does not 

5279
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:50,500
immediate connection with his 
audience. 

5280
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:52,700
Proof that his words are 
landing. 

5281
04:46:52,700 --> 04:46:55,100
That people are feeling what he 
wants them to feel. 

5282
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:59,400
And Christmas itself is changing
partly because of him. 

5283
04:47:00,800 --> 04:47:03,300
The elements that will become 
standard part of the holiday, 

5284
04:47:03,300 --> 04:47:07,400
the emphasis on family, 
gatherings the expectation of 

5285
04:47:07,408 --> 04:47:10,600
gift-giving, the idea that 
Christmas should be a time of 

5286
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:14,900
generosity and Goodwill toward 
all these are all Amplified by A

5287
04:47:14,900 --> 04:47:18,000
Christmas Carol. 
It's not that Dickens invented 

5288
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:21,600
Christmas hits that he gave 
people a story that showed them 

5289
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:24,700
what Christmas could mean what 
it could be in the best version 

5290
04:47:24,700 --> 04:47:27,900
of itself. 
Other changes happen to changes 

5291
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:30,400
in health, Victorian society 
thinks about poverty and 

5292
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:35,100
responsibility A Christmas Carol
isn't solely responsible for 

5293
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:37,400
these shifts. 
There are reformers and 

5294
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:40,500
activists working on these 
issues, parliamentary 

5295
04:47:40,500 --> 04:47:44,200
commissions, investigating 
working conditions, journalists 

5296
04:47:44,200 --> 04:47:48,000
exposing scandals. 
But the story contributes to a 

5297
04:47:48,000 --> 04:47:50,900
changing atmosphere. 
Helps make it less socially 

5298
04:47:50,900 --> 04:47:54,400
acceptable to Simply ignore the 
suffering of the poor or to 

5299
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:56,200
blame them for their own 
circumstances. 

5300
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:59,000
Dickens continues to write about
these themes. 

5301
04:47:59,000 --> 04:48:02,500
In other works, Bleak House, 
exposes the cruelties of the 

5302
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:06,700
legal system Hard Times, 
critiques industrial capitalism,

5303
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:10,100
and the philosophy that sees 
human beings as nothing more 

5304
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:14,100
than units of production. 
Little Dorrit returns to the 

5305
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:17,500
debtors prison of his childhood 
showing how poverty traps 

5306
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:20,500
Generations in cycles of Shame 
and Desperation. 

5307
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:26,000
He's found his subject, his 
life's work using fiction to 

5308
04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:30,900
expose in Justice and to argue 
through story for a more Humane 

5309
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:33,600
World. 
His personal life becomes more 

5310
04:48:33,600 --> 04:48:37,300
complicated as the years pass. 
His marriage to Catherine 

5311
04:48:37,300 --> 04:48:41,400
deteriorate, the affection 
curdling into mutual resentment.

5312
04:48:42,400 --> 04:48:45,600
He falls in love with the young 
actress named Ellen Turner and 

5313
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:49,300
begins an affair that he tries 
desperately to keep secret from 

5314
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,700
the public. 
He separates from Catherine in 

5315
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:55,900
1858. 
A shocking scandal in Victorian 

5316
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:59,000
England and spends the rest of 
his life juggling. 

5317
04:48:59,000 --> 04:49:03,000
His Public Image as a champion 
of Home and hearth with the 

5318
04:49:03,000 --> 04:49:06,500
private reality of his broken 
marriage and hidden 

5319
04:49:06,500 --> 04:49:09,300
relationship. 
The contradictions don't escape 

5320
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:11,400
him. 
He is aware of the irony. 

5321
04:49:12,100 --> 04:49:15,400
Charles, Dickens who wrote. 
So movingly about family and 

5322
04:49:15,400 --> 04:49:18,600
loyalty and moral 
responsibility, who created 

5323
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:22,200
Scrooge's transformation, as a 
model for how people should live

5324
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:26,400
unable to maintain his own 
family, unable to be faithful to

5325
04:49:26,400 --> 04:49:29,000
his own wife. 
That he is also human. 

5326
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:32,900
And humans are complicated 
capable of writing, beautiful 

5327
04:49:32,900 --> 04:49:34,900
truths and living messy 
realities. 

5328
04:49:35,600 --> 04:49:37,100
The work doesn't become less 
true. 

5329
04:49:37,100 --> 04:49:40,500
Just because the writer is 
flawed Christmas remains special

5330
04:49:40,500 --> 04:49:43,600
to him throughout these years 
even as Other Things Fall Apart.

5331
04:49:44,700 --> 04:49:48,400
Every December, he performs 
reading of the Carroll returns 

5332
04:49:48,400 --> 04:49:50,400
to the story. 
He wrote in such a burst of 

5333
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:55,000
inspiration back in 1843. 
And every time he reads it he 

5334
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:57,500
feels some of what he felt 
writing it. 

5335
04:49:58,500 --> 04:50:01,700
The hope that people can change 
the belief that generosity 

5336
04:50:01,700 --> 04:50:04,000
matters, the conviction that we 
are. 

5337
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:08,600
As he wrote our brothers Keepers
bound together in ways we ignore

5338
04:50:08,600 --> 04:50:13,200
at our Peril the readings take 
their toll by the late 1860s. 

5339
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:16,900
His health is clearly failing 
the exhaustion that he used to 

5340
04:50:16,900 --> 04:50:19,500
shake off after a night's sleep 
now lingers for days. 

5341
04:50:20,300 --> 04:50:23,900
His pulses irregular, his left 
arm and hand go numb. 

5342
04:50:23,900 --> 04:50:27,600
Sometimes a warning sign that is
doctors recognized, but that he 

5343
04:50:27,600 --> 04:50:32,200
refuses to heed He continues 
performing, continues pushing 

5344
04:50:32,200 --> 04:50:35,500
himself continues, giving 
everything he has to the 

5345
04:50:35,500 --> 04:50:39,200
audience's who come to hear him?
His last public reading of A 

5346
04:50:39,200 --> 04:50:43,700
Christmas, Carol takes place in 
March 1870, His 58 years old, 

5347
04:50:43,700 --> 04:50:47,500
but looks older. 
His face lined with fatigue, his

5348
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:49,200
movement slower than they used 
to be. 

5349
04:50:50,200 --> 04:50:53,800
He performed the Carol one final
time and people in the audience 

5350
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:55,100
later. 
Remember that there was 

5351
04:50:55,100 --> 04:50:59,200
something Elijah about it some 
quality of farewell and how he 

5352
04:50:59,200 --> 04:51:01,500
spoke. 
The familiar words, three months

5353
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:05,000
later, he died. 
Stroke. 

5354
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:11,100
Sudden and massive on June 9th, 
1870. 

5355
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:15,300
He's at his home, working on a 
novel that will never be 

5356
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:18,000
finished. 
One moment he's alive. 

5357
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:21,800
The next he's not. 
Just like that. 

5358
04:51:21,800 --> 04:51:27,200
Charles, Dickens is gone, but 
the story, The Carol doesn't die

5359
04:51:27,200 --> 04:51:29,500
with him. 
That's the thing about stories 

5360
04:51:29,500 --> 04:51:33,000
that strike true. 
They outlive their creators take

5361
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:35,400
on lives of their own evolving 
ways. 

5362
04:51:35,400 --> 04:51:39,000
The writer never imagined, 
you're sitting by a fire again 

5363
04:51:39,000 --> 04:51:43,500
but this time it's not in 
dickens's study in the 1840s it 

5364
04:51:43,500 --> 04:51:48,900
could be any fire anytime from 
his death to now the Carol has 

5365
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:51,300
become woven into the fabric of 
Christmas itself. 

5366
04:51:51,300 --> 04:51:55,300
So completely that people often 
don't realize their celebrating 

5367
04:51:55,300 --> 04:51:57,200
a holiday that Dickens helped 
reshape. 

5368
04:51:58,000 --> 04:51:59,700
Every office party with its 
secret. 

5369
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:03,700
Santa every charity, bell 
ringer, every family watching, 

5370
04:52:03,700 --> 04:52:05,900
one of the countless adaptations
of the story. 

5371
04:52:06,700 --> 04:52:09,700
These are all in some sense. 
Echoes of what Dickens wrote in 

5372
04:52:09,700 --> 04:52:13,000
those six. 
Fevered weeks in 1843 The story 

5373
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:15,500
has been adapted more than any 
of his other works. 

5374
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:19,500
There are film version and Stage
versions and radio version and 

5375
04:52:19,500 --> 04:52:22,800
animated version. 
There are adaptations that 

5376
04:52:22,800 --> 04:52:26,600
Faithfully follow the original 
and adaptations that wildly 

5377
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:29,000
reimagine it. 
Scrooge is a woman. 

5378
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:32,600
Scrooge in space. 
Scrooge is a muppet. 

5379
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:35,100
Screws as everything you can 
imagine. 

5380
04:52:36,200 --> 04:52:40,000
Basic structure is so strong 
that it can support almost 

5381
04:52:40,000 --> 04:52:45,300
infinite variation. 
Miser ghosts transformation 

5382
04:52:45,300 --> 04:52:49,100
Redemption, the pattern repeats 
because it works. 

5383
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:53,100
Because people need to believe 
that changes possible that it's 

5384
04:52:53,100 --> 04:52:56,400
never too late to become better 
than you've been and Beyond the 

5385
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,000
formal adaptations. 
There's the broader influence 

5386
04:52:59,000 --> 04:53:03,000
the way, the story shaped how we
think about Christmas and about 

5387
04:53:03,000 --> 04:53:06,200
our obligations to each other. 
When someone calls another 

5388
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,200
person a screwed, everyone knows
what that means. 

5389
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:13,800
Someone stingy cold hearted 
disconnected from the Christmas 

5390
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:16,500
spirit. 
When companies give Christmas 

5391
04:53:16,500 --> 04:53:20,200
bonuses or time off, when people
make special efforts to be 

5392
04:53:20,200 --> 04:53:24,000
generous in December, some small
part of that, impulse comes from

5393
04:53:24,000 --> 04:53:26,800
the cultural shift that 
dickens's story helped create 

5394
04:53:27,900 --> 04:53:31,900
Specific social problems, he was
writing about of change vaulted,

5395
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:36,100
sometimes improved, Victorian 
England's work houses are gone. 

5396
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:40,600
Child labor while still a global
problem is illegal in most 

5397
04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:44,100
developed countries. the 
particular forms of Cruelty that

5398
04:53:44,100 --> 04:53:47,200
Dickens documented in his work 
have been replaced by different 

5399
04:53:47,200 --> 04:53:52,100
forms different cruelties, but 
fundamental Dynamic remains. 

5400
04:53:52,100 --> 04:53:56,100
Some people have too much While 
others have too little and those

5401
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:59,700
with plenty can choose either to
notice and care or to ignore and

5402
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:03,400
justify Dickens believe that 
stories could make people care. 

5403
04:54:04,400 --> 04:54:06,200
That if you showed them 
suffering in the form of 

5404
04:54:06,200 --> 04:54:10,100
characters, they came to love 
Little Nail or Tiny Tim or all 

5405
04:54:10,100 --> 04:54:12,200
of a Twist. 
They might start caring about 

5406
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:15,700
real suffering, too. 
It's impossible to measure 

5407
04:54:15,700 --> 04:54:19,300
whether he was right, whether A 
Christmas Carol actually made 

5408
04:54:19,300 --> 04:54:21,600
the world better in any 
quantifiable way. 

5409
04:54:22,800 --> 04:54:26,400
But it's not impossible to feel 
that something changed that the 

5410
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,700
story added something to human. 
Consciousness gave us a 

5411
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:33,000
vocabulary and a set of images 
for talking about generosity and

5412
04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:35,800
transformation. 
Think about what, Dickens gave 

5413
04:54:35,800 --> 04:54:39,100
us the idea that the past shapes
was, but doesn't have to 

5414
04:54:39,100 --> 04:54:43,000
imprison us. 
Present moment with all its Joys

5415
04:54:43,000 --> 04:54:45,000
and Sorrows deserves our full 
attention. 

5416
04:54:46,100 --> 04:54:50,800
Future is not fixed our choices.
Matter change things. 

5417
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:54,700
Ripple outward in ways. 
We can't fully predict and above

5418
04:54:54,700 --> 04:54:57,200
all the recognition that we are 
connected that. 

5419
04:54:57,200 --> 04:55:01,500
What happens to Tiny Tim or Bob 
Cratchit or the nameless poor 

5420
04:55:01,500 --> 04:55:05,100
huddled in doorways is our 
business, his everyone's 

5421
04:55:05,100 --> 04:55:08,000
business because we're all part 
of the same Human family. 

5422
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:10,400
It's easy to be cynical about 
this message. 

5423
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:13,100
Dismiss it as sentiment or 
fantasy. 

5424
04:55:14,200 --> 04:55:15,900
The world doesn't really work 
this way. 

5425
04:55:15,900 --> 04:55:18,600
Cynics say people don't change 
overnight. 

5426
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:23,100
Individual generosity doesn't 
solve structural problems, one 

5427
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,500
story, no matter how popular 
can't fix centuries of 

5428
04:55:26,508 --> 04:55:30,600
inequality and Injustice. 
All of this is true and yet 

5429
04:55:30,600 --> 04:55:35,200
people keep reading the story. 
Keep being moved by it. 

5430
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:38,600
Keep wanting to believe that 
Scrooge is transformation is 

5431
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:42,000
possible that the worst among us
might somehow discover their 

5432
04:55:42,000 --> 04:55:46,500
capacity for goodness. 
Maybe that's not naive, maybe 

5433
04:55:46,500 --> 04:55:49,500
that's just human. 
The need to believe in 

5434
04:55:49,500 --> 04:55:52,900
redemption in. 
Second Chance is in the 

5435
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:55,800
possibility that tomorrow could 
be better than today if we 

5436
04:55:55,800 --> 04:55:59,500
choose to make it. 
So the fire burns low outside. 

5437
04:55:59,500 --> 04:56:02,900
Snow might be falling or rain or
Nothing at All. 

5438
04:56:03,800 --> 04:56:06,900
It's late, December that strange
time between Christmas and New 

5439
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:09,000
Year's and the year feels 
suspended. 

5440
04:56:09,000 --> 04:56:13,200
Neither fully current nor quite 
finished You think about Dickens

5441
04:56:13,200 --> 04:56:16,900
in his study writing frantically
to meet his self-imposed 

5442
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:21,000
deadline convinced that this 
story matters that he has 

5443
04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:25,100
something urgent to say. 
You think about him performing 

5444
04:56:25,100 --> 04:56:29,200
it for audiences watching, their
faces needing to see that. 

5445
04:56:29,200 --> 04:56:33,000
His words had power that they 
weren't just entertainment, but 

5446
04:56:33,000 --> 04:56:36,100
something more he was flawed as 
all people. 

5447
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:38,400
Are he hurt people? 
He should have protected. 

5448
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:42,100
He failed to live up to his own 
ideals in ways that would have 

5449
04:56:42,100 --> 04:56:44,000
disappointed the readers who 
loved his books. 

5450
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:48,100
But he also worked harder than 
almost anyone used his gifts 

5451
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:51,500
fully tried, to make his writing
mean, something Beyond mere 

5452
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:55,800
profit or fame that has to count
for something that has to matter

5453
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:59,000
A Christmas, Carol endures, 
because it speaks to something 

5454
04:56:59,000 --> 04:57:03,200
fundamental, the desire to be 
better than we are to overcome, 

5455
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:06,800
the smallness and selfishness 
that comes so naturally, to us 

5456
04:57:06,800 --> 04:57:10,300
to connect with other people in 
ways that transcend the barriers

5457
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:12,700
of class and Circumstance and 
time. 

5458
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:18,500
Scrooge is all of us at our 
worst isolated frightened using 

5459
04:57:18,500 --> 04:57:22,700
cruelty as armor against a world
that hurt us and screwed. 

5460
04:57:22,700 --> 04:57:27,600
Redeemed is all of us at our 
potential, best generous joyful,

5461
04:57:27,600 --> 04:57:30,600
Fully Alive to the world and our
place in it. 

5462
04:57:30,600 --> 04:57:34,500
Dickens gave us this story. 
This possibility, this annual 

5463
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:38,300
reminder that we can choose 
differently Not just at 

5464
04:57:38,300 --> 04:57:40,600
Christmas though. 
Christmas is when we're most 

5465
04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:45,000
receptive to the message but 
every day Every moment contains 

5466
04:57:45,000 --> 04:57:47,900
the same choice that Scrooge 
faces when he wakes on Christmas

5467
04:57:47,900 --> 04:57:52,300
morning to close ourselves off, 
or to open ourselves up to hoard

5468
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:55,900
what we have or to share it to 
see other people as threats or 

5469
04:57:55,900 --> 04:57:58,200
as fellow Travelers on a 
difficult Journey. 

5470
04:57:58,200 --> 04:58:02,800
The fire is nearly out. 
Now the room grows darker colder

5471
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:06,800
That there's always tomorrow, 
always another chance to build a

5472
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:08,800
fire back up to create warmth 
and Light. 

5473
04:58:10,000 --> 04:58:13,300
That was dickens's message. 
His gift, his legacy. 

5474
04:58:14,300 --> 04:58:18,200
It wasn't a perfect message. 
He wasn't a perfect man and the 

5475
04:58:18,208 --> 04:58:20,300
world wasn't an isn't a perfect 
place. 

5476
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:25,000
But it was true enough and 
hopeful enough and human enough 

5477
04:58:25,000 --> 04:58:28,200
to last outside, somewhere in 
the vast Darkness. 

5478
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:30,100
Someone is reading A Christmas 
Carol. 

5479
04:58:30,100 --> 04:58:32,500
For the first time, someone else
is watching. 

5480
04:58:32,500 --> 04:58:36,200
One of the film adaptations with
their family, a tradition passed

5481
04:58:36,200 --> 04:58:39,700
down through generations, 
Someone is thinking about making

5482
04:58:39,700 --> 04:58:43,300
a donation to charity or 
reaching out to an estranged 

5483
04:58:43,300 --> 04:58:46,400
relative will simply trying to 
be kinder tomorrow than they 

5484
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:50,100
were today. 
All of these ripples flowing 

5485
04:58:50,100 --> 04:58:52,600
outward from that six-week burst
of inspiration. 

5486
04:58:52,600 --> 04:58:57,100
In, 1843 Charles Dickens has 
been dead for over a century and

5487
04:58:57,100 --> 04:58:59,600
a half. 
But on cold winter nights in 

5488
04:58:59,600 --> 04:59:01,300
millions of homes around the 
world. 

5489
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:06,200
His story lives on And every 
time someone chooses generosity 

5490
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:10,900
over greed connection over 
isolation, hope over cynicism, 

5491
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:15,500
some small part of that choice 
belongs to him to the writer who

5492
04:59:15,500 --> 04:59:19,000
believed that stories mattered 
that words could change hearts. 

5493
04:59:19,000 --> 04:59:22,100
That even the coldest winter 
could be warmed by the right 

5494
04:59:22,100 --> 04:59:26,000
tail told at the right time, God
bless us, everyone including 

5495
04:59:26,000 --> 04:59:29,000
Charles, Dickens who blessed us 
with this story, this gift this 

5496
04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:32,900
annual reminder of what we could
be, if we tried rest. 

5497
04:59:32,900 --> 04:59:36,400
Now in the knowledge that your 
words found their Mark that they

5498
04:59:36,400 --> 04:59:41,300
mattered that they endure Fire 
has gone out in your study, but 

5499
04:59:41,300 --> 04:59:44,100
the light you lit still Burns 
and countless Hearts. 

5500
04:59:44,100 --> 04:59:48,200
That's Legacy enough for any 
writer, that's immortality. 

5501
04:59:48,200 --> 04:59:51,500
He only kind that truly exists 
sleep. 

5502
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:53,500
Well, my friends and enjoy the 
next story. 

5503
05:00:02,300 --> 05:00:05,700
Imagine standing in a medieval 
village at Twilight when the sun

5504
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:08,800
has just dipped below the 
Horizon and the world exists in 

5505
05:00:08,808 --> 05:00:12,500
that peculiar in between light, 
where shapes become uncertain, 

5506
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:15,000
the forge fire glows. 
Orange in the blacksmith. 

5507
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:19,100
Shop smoke rises from thatched 
roofs and somewhere a dog barks 

5508
05:00:19,100 --> 05:00:20,100
at something. 
You cannot see. 

5509
05:00:20,100 --> 05:00:24,500
This is the world where the idea
of witches took root not as a 

5510
05:00:24,500 --> 05:00:27,900
sudden invention, but as a slow,
accumulation of older, beliefs 

5511
05:00:27,900 --> 05:00:31,500
mixing with newer, fears like 
sediments settling at the bottom

5512
05:00:31,500 --> 05:00:34,100
of a river over. 
Centuries long before anyone 

5513
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:36,500
spoke of witches in the way we 
understand them. 

5514
05:00:36,500 --> 05:00:39,400
Now, people believed in Magic as
naturally as they believed in, 

5515
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:43,000
whether if you lived in Ancient 
Rome or Greece, you might visit 

5516
05:00:43,000 --> 05:00:46,000
a local wise woman for a love 
charm or pay someone to curse 

5517
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,600
your business. 
Rival magic was simply another 

5518
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:52,300
tool morally, neutral available 
to anyone willing to learn the 

5519
05:00:52,300 --> 05:00:54,900
formulas, and make the proper 
offerings to the right gods. 

5520
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:59,700
But these were small Magic's 
personal and local, the witch 

5521
05:00:59,700 --> 05:01:02,200
hunts that would eventually 
sweep across Europe in leap. 

5522
05:01:02,200 --> 05:01:03,800
The Atlantic to America 
required. 

5523
05:01:03,800 --> 05:01:07,200
Something more a complete 
reorganization of how people 

5524
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:11,200
understood evil itself. 
Christianity, brought with it a 

5525
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:14,800
new cosmology, a universe 
divided between absolute good. 

5526
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,600
And absolute evil with very 
little room for the comfortable 

5527
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:20,800
gray areas, where ancient magic 
had lived, the old gods and 

5528
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:24,000
Spirits, who had been neutral or
even helpful became in 

5529
05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:26,300
Christian. 
Theology, demons pretending to 

5530
05:01:26,300 --> 05:01:29,200
be something else. 
That helpful household Spirit 

5531
05:01:29,200 --> 05:01:31,900
your grandmother left bread for 
now. 

5532
05:01:31,900 --> 05:01:34,300
It was a Devil in Disguise 
trying to steal your soul. 

5533
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:38,000
This transformation happened 
slowly over centuries among 

5534
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:40,800
working by candlelight in a 
sixth Century scriptorium had 

5535
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:43,200
different concerns than a 
village priest in the 12th 

5536
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:46,400
century who in turn understood 
the world differently than the 

5537
05:01:46,408 --> 05:01:50,200
inquisitors of the 15th century.
Each generation added layers to 

5538
05:01:50,200 --> 05:01:53,500
the concept like a pearl forming
around a grain of sand. 

5539
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:58,000
By the medieval period educated 
theologians had begun 

5540
05:01:58,000 --> 05:01:59,800
constructing. 
Elaborate theories about how 

5541
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:02,900
demons operated in the world. 
They wrote thick books, 

5542
05:02:02,900 --> 05:02:05,500
debating, whether demons could 
physically transport people 

5543
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:08,900
through the air, whether they 
could take physical form and 

5544
05:02:08,900 --> 05:02:11,200
where the contracts with the 
devil needed to be written in 

5545
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:14,600
blood or if a verbal agreement 
suffice, these debates were 

5546
05:02:14,600 --> 05:02:17,300
conducted with the same 
seriousness that modern lawyers 

5547
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:19,800
bring to contract law. 
Because to these thinkers, 

5548
05:02:19,800 --> 05:02:22,700
demonic interaction was 
absolutely real. 

5549
05:02:23,800 --> 05:02:26,700
But here's something interesting
for most of the Middle Ages 

5550
05:02:26,700 --> 05:02:30,500
while Scholars were writing. 
These elaborate theories actual 

5551
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:32,700
accusations of Witchcraft were 
relatively rare. 

5552
05:02:32,700 --> 05:02:35,900
The church was actually more 
likely to prosecute people for 

5553
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:38,300
claiming that witches existed 
and could harm others. 

5554
05:02:38,300 --> 05:02:41,800
The official position recorded 
in a document called the Canon 

5555
05:02:41,800 --> 05:02:44,800
episcopi was that belief in 
which is flying through the 

5556
05:02:44,800 --> 05:02:46,700
night sky was foolish 
Superstition. 

5557
05:02:46,700 --> 05:02:49,500
If you claimed your neighbor 
could transform into an animal 

5558
05:02:49,500 --> 05:02:52,500
and curse your cow, you might be
the one in trouble for believing

5559
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:55,800
such nonsense. 
This creates a curious Paradox, 

5560
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:58,700
the intellectual framework for 
which hunting was being 

5561
05:02:58,700 --> 05:03:00,200
constructed. 
While the authorities 

5562
05:03:00,200 --> 05:03:03,500
simultaneously denied that such 
things were possible, it's like 

5563
05:03:03,500 --> 05:03:06,200
building a detailed blueprint 
from a machine while insisting, 

5564
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:07,800
the machine could never actually
work. 

5565
05:03:09,600 --> 05:03:11,900
The Village experience was 
different from the scholarly. 

5566
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:15,000
One in small communities, where 
everyone knew, everyone else is 

5567
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:18,200
business, where your survival 
might depend on your neighbor's,

5568
05:03:18,200 --> 05:03:21,300
helping with the Harvest or 
lending you seed grain during a 

5569
05:03:21,300 --> 05:03:23,500
bad year. 
It was always a need to explain 

5570
05:03:23,500 --> 05:03:26,300
Misfortune. 
Why did your child die when your

5571
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:28,700
neighbor's thrived? 
Why did your crops fail while 

5572
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:31,300
hers flourished? 
Why did you feel a sudden pain 

5573
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:34,000
in your leg after arguing with 
that old woman at the well? 

5574
05:03:34,000 --> 05:03:36,800
Every Community had people on 
its margins. 

5575
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:39,700
The elderly Widow with no 
family, the strange hermit 

5576
05:03:39,700 --> 05:03:42,300
living at the forest edge. 
The woman whose medicinal 

5577
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:45,600
knowledge seemed a little too 
effective and the Midwife Who 

5578
05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:47,200
Knew Too Much about birth and 
death. 

5579
05:03:47,200 --> 05:03:50,400
These people were useful, you 
needed healers after all. 

5580
05:03:50,400 --> 05:03:52,800
And someone had to help birth 
babies and prepare the dead. 

5581
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:55,700
But usefulness and suspicion 
have always been uneasy 

5582
05:03:55,700 --> 05:03:58,400
neighbor's the word. 
Widget itself comes from the old

5583
05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:01,800
English Wix, which simply meant 
someone who practiced magic or 

5584
05:04:01,800 --> 05:04:04,100
divination. 
But language is a living thing. 

5585
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:07,600
And as centuries, passed the 
word accumulated darker meaning 

5586
05:04:07,600 --> 05:04:10,500
Gathering fear the way wool 
gathers burrs. 

5587
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:14,800
In many villages, there were 
what we might call cunning folk 

5588
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:19,100
people usually women but 
sometimes men who knew Herbal 

5589
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:21,200
Remedies could help you find 
lost objects. 

5590
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:24,800
Like, tell your fortune or 
provided charms to protect your 

5591
05:04:24,800 --> 05:04:27,200
livestock. 
They operated in a strange 

5592
05:04:27,200 --> 05:04:31,900
social space valued, but feared 
necessary but suspicious, you 

5593
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:34,500
might visit one when your child 
has a fever, but you wouldn't 

5594
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:36,800
necessarily want to sit next to 
them in church. 

5595
05:04:37,700 --> 05:04:40,400
These cunning folk had 
accumulated practical knowledge 

5596
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:43,800
passed down through generations.
They knew which plants used 

5597
05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:47,600
pain, which herbs brought down 
fever, which fungi were poison, 

5598
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:51,400
and which were medicine in a 
world without Doctors Without 

5599
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:54,100
pharmacies without any formal 
Medical Care. 

5600
05:04:54,100 --> 05:04:57,200
This knowledge was essential, 
but knowledge, that seems 

5601
05:04:57,200 --> 05:04:58,500
magical when you don't 
understand. 

5602
05:04:58,500 --> 05:05:00,900
It, can easily become 
frightening when circumstances 

5603
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:04,400
turn dark. 
The Medieval World was also one 

5604
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:07,800
of intimate familiarity with 
death and suffering childhood 

5605
05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:09,700
diseases that we now, prevent 
with simple. 

5606
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:13,400
Vaccines killed, regularly 
infections from minor injuries, 

5607
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:16,800
could prove fatal childbirth was
dangerous for both mother and 

5608
05:05:16,800 --> 05:05:21,600
baby crops failed livestock died
and because the actual causes of

5609
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:24,000
these tragedies were invisible 
bacteria. 

5610
05:05:24,000 --> 05:05:28,000
Viruses genetic conditions in 
environmental factors people 

5611
05:05:28,000 --> 05:05:30,600
needed explanation that made 
sense within their worldview. 

5612
05:05:30,600 --> 05:05:34,800
If your neighbor insulted you on
Tuesday in your best cow died on

5613
05:05:34,808 --> 05:05:36,600
Wednesday, the connection seemed
obvious. 

5614
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:40,200
Not because you were stupid or 
superstitious, but because you 

5615
05:05:40,200 --> 05:05:42,700
lived in a world where caused an
effect weren't clearly 

5616
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,600
understood where coincidence and
correlation were 

5617
05:05:45,600 --> 05:05:47,900
indistinguishable and where 
everyone around. 

5618
05:05:47,900 --> 05:05:51,300
You believe that malevolent will
could produce tangible harm. 

5619
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:54,500
Picture in the 14th and 15th 
centuries. 

5620
05:05:54,500 --> 05:05:57,400
And you're looking at a world 
being fundamentally remade by 

5621
05:05:57,408 --> 05:06:01,000
forces, that seemed to the 
people living through them, like

5622
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:06,100
the end times themselves. 
A black death arrived in 1347 

5623
05:06:06,100 --> 05:06:08,600
and killed somewhere between a 
third and half of Europe's 

5624
05:06:08,600 --> 05:06:10,400
entire population over the next 
few years. 

5625
05:06:10,400 --> 05:06:13,800
Imagine watching half the people
in your town die in a matter of 

5626
05:06:13,808 --> 05:06:15,900
months. 
Their bodies covered in Black 

5627
05:06:15,900 --> 05:06:19,100
swellings coughing, blood 
Delirious with fever. 

5628
05:06:19,100 --> 05:06:23,000
Imagine the smell of mass 
Graves, the silence where 

5629
05:06:23,000 --> 05:06:25,800
children children's voices, used
to be and the empty houses with 

5630
05:06:25,800 --> 05:06:28,300
doors standing open because no 
one was left to close them. 

5631
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:31,600
Survivors emerged into a 
transformed World. 

5632
05:06:31,600 --> 05:06:36,200
Labor was suddenly scarce and 
valuable the old social order, 

5633
05:06:36,200 --> 05:06:39,400
where peasants knew their place 
and nobleman new theirs began to

5634
05:06:39,400 --> 05:06:43,500
crack Church, which had promised
protection and salvation had 

5635
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:47,600
proved unable to stop the dying.
Everyone wanted explanations and

5636
05:06:47,600 --> 05:06:50,400
disease caused by bacteria. 
Spread by fleas on rats. 

5637
05:06:50,400 --> 05:06:53,800
Wasn't available as an answer. 
Into this traumatized. 

5638
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:58,300
Destabilized world came arising 
anxiety about heresy and 

5639
05:06:58,300 --> 05:07:01,000
spiritual corruption. 
The church was fighting battles.

5640
05:07:01,000 --> 05:07:04,500
On multiple fronts against 
Muslim expansion, in the East 

5641
05:07:04,500 --> 05:07:07,700
against internal reform 
movements that questioned papal 

5642
05:07:07,700 --> 05:07:10,200
Authority, and against the 
lingering presence of 

5643
05:07:10,200 --> 05:07:13,000
non-Christian traditions. 
In rural areas that had been 

5644
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:16,500
nominally, converted centuries 
earlier, but still practiced old

5645
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:18,400
rituals, under a thin veneer of 
Christianity. 

5646
05:07:18,400 --> 05:07:22,400
The Spanish Reconquista had 
created anxiety about religious 

5647
05:07:22,400 --> 05:07:25,800
and cultural Purity, the cathars
had been brutally suppressed, 

5648
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:29,800
the Walden's were being hunted, 
Jewish communities facing 

5649
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:32,900
persecution Europe. 
Was becoming obsessed with 

5650
05:07:32,900 --> 05:07:36,100
finding and eliminating 
religious contamination like 

5651
05:07:36,100 --> 05:07:39,000
someone with severe anxiety 
constantly checking for dirt. 

5652
05:07:39,000 --> 05:07:40,500
That might not actually be 
there. 

5653
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:44,400
The printing press arrived in 
the mid-15th century and 

5654
05:07:44,400 --> 05:07:47,200
suddenly ideas could spread 
faster than ever before. 

5655
05:07:47,200 --> 05:07:50,900
This wasn't just good news. 
It also meant that fears 

5656
05:07:50,900 --> 05:07:54,900
accusations and theories about 
evil could circulate and 

5657
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:57,100
reinforce themselves across vast
distances. 

5658
05:07:57,100 --> 05:08:01,600
A wild accusation in one region 
can be printed distributed and 

5659
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:04,600
Inspire similar accusations, 
hundreds of miles away. 

5660
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:10,700
In 1484 Pope Innocent, 8 issued 
a papal, bull acknowledging, the

5661
05:08:10,708 --> 05:08:13,900
existence of, which is an 
authorizing inquisitors to 

5662
05:08:13,900 --> 05:08:16,900
prosecute them. 
This was a significant shift 

5663
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:20,100
from early church positions. 
The official stance had moved 

5664
05:08:20,100 --> 05:08:23,600
from believing in witches is 
superstitious nonsense to which 

5665
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:27,800
is a real and must be destroyed.
Two Dominican inquisitors, 

5666
05:08:27,800 --> 05:08:29,900
Heinrich Kramer and Jacob 
sprenger. 

5667
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:34,700
Took this authorization and ran 
with it in 1487, they published 

5668
05:08:34,700 --> 05:08:38,600
the malleus maleficarum, the ham
of witches, which would become 

5669
05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:41,100
the most influential guide to 
which hunting Everton. 

5670
05:08:41,100 --> 05:08:43,500
It was essentially an 
instruction manual for 

5671
05:08:43,500 --> 05:08:46,800
identifying integrating and 
Prosecuting witches complete 

5672
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:49,800
with theological justification 
and practical advice. 

5673
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:52,500
The malleus is a deeply strange 
document. 

5674
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:56,000
If you read it today it contains
elaborate arguments about why 

5675
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:58,800
women are more susceptible to 
demonic corruption and Men. 

5676
05:08:59,500 --> 05:09:02,400
Spoiler, the authors believed 
women were intellectually and 

5677
05:09:02,400 --> 05:09:05,300
morally weaker it describes in 
detail, how to conduct 

5678
05:09:05,300 --> 05:09:08,200
integration and torture. 
Session's it explains. 

5679
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,600
What questions to ask, how to 
interpret answers and why 

5680
05:09:11,600 --> 05:09:14,200
denials of guilt should be 
treated as confirmations of 

5681
05:09:14,200 --> 05:09:16,900
guilt. 
One particularly dark innovation

5682
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:20,300
in the malleus was its approach 
to evidence traditional legal 

5683
05:09:20,300 --> 05:09:23,700
systems required Clear Proof of 
harm but which Hunters argued 

5684
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,400
that witchcraft was a secret 
crime that left, no visible 

5685
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:29,100
evidence. 
Therefore rumor reputation and 

5686
05:09:29,100 --> 05:09:32,600
spectral evidence claims that 
the accused person's spirit or 

5687
05:09:32,600 --> 05:09:35,500
demon had appeared to the 
accuser could be acceptable in 

5688
05:09:35,500 --> 05:09:38,500
court, this essentially meant 
that accusations themselves, 

5689
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:42,800
became evidence creating a 
system where defending yourself 

5690
05:09:42,800 --> 05:09:46,200
was nearly impossible. 
The book was reprinted dozens of

5691
05:09:46,200 --> 05:09:49,100
times and became standard 
reading for judges and 

5692
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:52,400
inquisitors across Europe. 
It's Darkly ironic that one of 

5693
05:09:52,400 --> 05:09:55,200
the first best sellers created 
by printing press technology. 

5694
05:09:55,200 --> 05:09:58,900
Was an instruction manual for 
persecution, but we should be 

5695
05:09:58,900 --> 05:10:01,800
careful not to imagine this as 
solely a top-down Phenomenon 

5696
05:10:01,800 --> 05:10:05,300
with authorities forcing, which 
trials on reluctant 

5697
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:08,100
population's. 
The reality was more complex and

5698
05:10:08,100 --> 05:10:11,600
more disturbing communities. 
Often initiated accusations 

5699
05:10:11,600 --> 05:10:14,800
themselves, bringing suspects to
authorities and demanding 

5700
05:10:14,800 --> 05:10:17,600
action, The witch hunts worked 
because they tapped into 

5701
05:10:17,600 --> 05:10:20,700
existing tensions fears and 
conflicts within communities. 

5702
05:10:20,700 --> 05:10:25,200
Economic anxiety, played a role 
as medieval economies began 

5703
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:26,900
transforming into early 
capitalism. 

5704
05:10:26,900 --> 05:10:29,800
Traditional social safety nets 
were fraying. 

5705
05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:32,800
The woman begging at your door 
whom you turned away because you

5706
05:10:32,800 --> 05:10:35,500
had little yourself. 
Might later be accused of 

5707
05:10:35,500 --> 05:10:38,800
cursing, you out of Revenge 
guilt, fear and 

5708
05:10:38,800 --> 05:10:42,100
self-justification could blend 
into accusations that protected 

5709
05:10:42,100 --> 05:10:44,200
you from having to examine your 
own moral choices. 

5710
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:48,100
Religious anxiety, also 
intensified during the 

5711
05:10:48,100 --> 05:10:51,000
Reformation as Christianity 
fractured into competing 

5712
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:54,000
versions of Truth, everyone 
became more concerned about 

5713
05:10:54,000 --> 05:10:57,500
spiritual contamination. 
Catholics accused Protestants of

5714
05:10:57,500 --> 05:11:00,700
being in League with the devil, 
Protestants return, the favor 

5715
05:11:00,700 --> 05:11:03,600
communities, that have lived 
with religious ambiguity, for 

5716
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:07,400
centuries, suddenly demanded 
Clarity and Purity and anyone 

5717
05:11:07,400 --> 05:11:09,600
who didn't fit the approved 
model became suspect. 

5718
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:14,000
The little Ice Age, appeared of 
cooling temperatures that began 

5719
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:18,400
in the 14th century and lasted 
into the 19th, contributed to 

5720
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:21,800
agricultural failures famines 
and social stress when your 

5721
05:11:21,800 --> 05:11:25,600
crops fail to year, after year, 
when summer never quite arrived.

5722
05:11:25,600 --> 05:11:28,800
And when winter seemed endless, 
it was easy to believe that 

5723
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:30,300
someone had cursed, the weather 
itself. 

5724
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:34,800
Climate change is always created
skate goats The earliest 

5725
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:38,100
organized Witch, Trials began in
the Alps, in the Border regions 

5726
05:11:38,100 --> 05:11:41,600
between Switzerland, France and 
Italy in the early 15th century.

5727
05:11:41,600 --> 05:11:45,000
These mountainous areas where 
small communities lived in 

5728
05:11:45,000 --> 05:11:48,000
relative isolation became 
Laboratories for developing 

5729
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:50,500
witch-hunting practices that 
would later spread across 

5730
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:53,600
Europe. 
The trials in valet Switzerland 

5731
05:11:53,600 --> 05:11:57,800
in the 1420s and 1430 
established patterns that would 

5732
05:11:57,800 --> 05:12:00,400
be repeated. 
For centuries accusations, 

5733
05:12:00,400 --> 05:12:03,200
typically started with someone 
explaining their Misfortune 

5734
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:07,700
illness death or crop failure by
pointing to a recent interaction

5735
05:12:07,700 --> 05:12:10,900
with the suspect neighbor under 
interrogation, which often 

5736
05:12:10,900 --> 05:12:13,200
included torture. 
The accused might confess to 

5737
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:16,300
meeting with the devil, flying 
through the night, sky to secret

5738
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:19,300
Gatherings or causing harm 
through Supernatural means. 

5739
05:12:19,300 --> 05:12:22,200
Here's where these early trials 
developed something. 

5740
05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:26,500
Particularly Insidious, once you
confess to being a witch, you 

5741
05:12:26,500 --> 05:12:28,600
are expected to name. 
Other witches who had attended 

5742
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:31,900
the secret meeting. 
This created a Cascade effect 

5743
05:12:31,900 --> 05:12:34,800
where one accusation could blow 
into dozens. 

5744
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:37,700
Torture made people say, 
whatever they thought, might 

5745
05:12:37,700 --> 05:12:41,400
stop the pain, including 
implicating friends, neighbors 

5746
05:12:41,400 --> 05:12:44,300
and family members. 
It was a system that fed on 

5747
05:12:44,300 --> 05:12:47,800
itself growing larger with each 
new name, extracted from a 

5748
05:12:47,800 --> 05:12:50,900
person in agony the accused in 
these early trials were 

5749
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:55,000
predominantly Older women, often
widows, usually poor, but not 

5750
05:12:55,000 --> 05:12:58,400
always sometimes the accusations
Reach, people, with property, 

5751
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:00,800
with status. 
And with connections, this 

5752
05:13:00,800 --> 05:13:04,800
created a strange dynamic. 
Which hunting could destabilize 

5753
05:13:04,800 --> 05:13:07,900
social hierarchies allowing the 
powerless to strike at the 

5754
05:13:07,908 --> 05:13:11,300
powerful through accusation. 
But it also reinforced existing 

5755
05:13:11,300 --> 05:13:14,700
power structures by primarily 
targeting the most vulnerable 

5756
05:13:15,700 --> 05:13:19,600
Imagine being a woman in your 
60s widowed, living alone in a 

5757
05:13:19,608 --> 05:13:22,900
small cottage at the edge of a 
village you've survived plague 

5758
05:13:22,900 --> 05:13:26,100
famine and the deaths of most 
people, you loved, you know, 

5759
05:13:26,100 --> 05:13:28,900
herbs and healing. 
Because you've had to when you 

5760
05:13:28,908 --> 05:13:31,600
walk through the village, 
younger people, sometimes, cross

5761
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:34,600
themselves children dare each 
other to knock on your door. 

5762
05:13:35,500 --> 05:13:38,600
One day, a neighbor's child 
Falls ill, the neighbor 

5763
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:40,000
remembers that you mustard 
something. 

5764
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:43,000
When she refused to sell you 
eggs last week, she tells her 

5765
05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:45,200
husband. 
He tells the village Elder. 

5766
05:13:45,200 --> 05:13:47,400
Someone mentioned that another 
child died. 

5767
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:49,900
Three years ago, after your 
Shadow supposedly fell across 

5768
05:13:49,908 --> 05:13:51,300
their doorway. 
Others? 

5769
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:54,600
Remember, unexplained accidents,
mysterious illnesses, and 

5770
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:57,700
strange sounds in the night. 
Before you quite understand 

5771
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,600
what's happening, you're being 
dragged before a magistrate 

5772
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:03,800
people, you've known your entire
life testifier against you. 

5773
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:06,800
Their faces a mixture of fear 
and what looks almost like 

5774
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:10,100
relief. 
There are of you, yes, perhaps 

5775
05:14:10,100 --> 05:14:13,600
all of their own doubts, their 
own uncharitable thoughts, and 

5776
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:17,000
their own failures to embody 
Christian love, projecting evil 

5777
05:14:17,000 --> 05:14:19,700
on to you makes their own 
compromises more bearable. 

5778
05:14:20,500 --> 05:14:24,000
The interrogation begins gently?
You are simple questions. 

5779
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:27,800
Do you attend church regularly? 
Do you know the Lord's Prayer? 

5780
05:14:27,800 --> 05:14:30,000
Have you ever been angry with 
your neighbors? 

5781
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:32,000
Have you ever wished harm on 
anyone? 

5782
05:14:32,000 --> 05:14:34,100
These seem like reasonable 
questions. 

5783
05:14:34,100 --> 05:14:36,500
Until you realize that everyone 
has been angry. 

5784
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:40,600
Everyone has wished harm and 
admitting these Universal human 

5785
05:14:40,600 --> 05:14:42,600
feelings becomes evidence of 
demonic. 

5786
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,700
Inclination. 
You try to defend yourself, but 

5787
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:48,300
you're very defensiveness is 
taken as proof of guilt. 

5788
05:14:49,200 --> 05:14:51,900
Wouldn't an innocent person, 
accept God's judgment without 

5789
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:54,600
protest. 
If you continue to protest, your

5790
05:14:54,600 --> 05:14:58,700
innocence torture might be 
applied, not out of Cruelty, the

5791
05:14:58,700 --> 05:15:00,500
authorities would insist, but 
out of necessity. 

5792
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:03,800
Your body is already corrupted 
by the devil they believe. 

5793
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:07,400
So pain applied to it is 
medicinal designed to force out 

5794
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:08,800
the truth that the devil has hit
him. 

5795
05:15:08,808 --> 05:15:13,000
The logic is circular and 
Perfect Resistance, proves guilt

5796
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:16,300
confession proves guilt and 
there's no path that leads to 

5797
05:15:16,300 --> 05:15:18,000
innocent once the process 
begins. 

5798
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:25,200
In Trier Germany between 1581 
and 1593 which trials resulted 

5799
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:28,600
in the execution of around 3608 
people. 

5800
05:15:28,600 --> 05:15:31,400
The prince Archbishop who 
authorized these trials was 

5801
05:15:31,400 --> 05:15:34,000
himself later, accused of being 
too lenient on witches. 

5802
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:37,100
This is the Alison Wonderland 
logic of which hunting 

5803
05:15:37,100 --> 05:15:41,200
moderation, becomes suspicious 
Mercy, becomes evidence of 

5804
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:43,700
conspiracy. 
And the only way to prove your 

5805
05:15:43,700 --> 05:15:47,500
not sympathetic to, which is to 
find and burn more of them. 

5806
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:52,600
In Bamberg Germany between 
discus 1626. 

5807
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:55,800
And 1631, perhaps 600 people 
were executed as witches. 

5808
05:15:55,800 --> 05:15:58,600
The witch-hunting became so 
extensive, that special 

5809
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:00,700
buildings, were constructed to 
handle the volume of 

5810
05:16:00,700 --> 05:16:05,200
interrogations and executions 
the drudens, which house he in 

5811
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:07,700
Bamberg was essentially a 
torture Factory processing 

5812
05:16:07,700 --> 05:16:11,100
accusations with bureaucratic 
efficiency, but not everywhere 

5813
05:16:11,100 --> 05:16:14,400
succumbed to this panic. 
Some regions remained relatively

5814
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:18,300
Untouched by which trials some 
magistrate simply refused to 

5815
05:16:18,300 --> 05:16:20,500
prosecute some communities 
resisted. 

5816
05:16:20,500 --> 05:16:22,700
The pressure to identify which 
is among their neighbors. 

5817
05:16:22,700 --> 05:16:26,700
This variability is important to
remember which hunting wasn't 

5818
05:16:26,700 --> 05:16:29,400
inevitable feature of the 
period, but a specific 

5819
05:16:29,408 --> 05:16:31,900
phenomenon that required 
particular conditions to 

5820
05:16:31,900 --> 05:16:35,700
flourish Where, which hunting 
took hold it often followed 

5821
05:16:35,700 --> 05:16:38,400
patterns of social stress, a bad
Harvest. 

5822
05:16:38,400 --> 05:16:42,000
An outbreak of disease, a 
military threat, economic 

5823
05:16:42,000 --> 05:16:45,500
disruption, these created 
anxiety that sought out, let in 

5824
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:48,400
accusation communities. 
That maintained stronger social 

5825
05:16:48,400 --> 05:16:51,900
bonds, better conflict 
resolution mechanisms or more 

5826
05:16:51,900 --> 05:16:54,400
skeptical, authorities, often 
avoided, the worst excesses. 

5827
05:16:55,600 --> 05:16:58,700
The executioners themselves 
varied in some regions, 

5828
05:16:58,700 --> 05:17:01,300
convicted, witches were 
strangled before being burned, 

5829
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:04,000
which was considered merciful in
others. 

5830
05:17:04,000 --> 05:17:07,400
They were burned alive, some 
were hanged, some were drowned. 

5831
05:17:08,200 --> 05:17:10,900
The methods reflected local 
custom and the severity of the 

5832
05:17:10,900 --> 05:17:13,600
supposed crime. 
Those who confessed and repented

5833
05:17:13,600 --> 05:17:16,400
might receive quicker deaths. 
Those who maintained their 

5834
05:17:16,400 --> 05:17:18,500
innocence. 
To the end were often subjected 

5835
05:17:18,500 --> 05:17:22,400
to the harshest punishments. 
About reading trial. 

5836
05:17:22,400 --> 05:17:25,900
Records is how ordinary 
everything seems the Scribe 

5837
05:17:25,900 --> 05:17:28,600
carefully records, the date, the
accused name and the charges 

5838
05:17:28,600 --> 05:17:31,200
Witnesses testify and 
matter-of-fact tones about 

5839
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:34,600
supernatural events. 
Yes, the accused appeared in my 

5840
05:17:34,608 --> 05:17:37,300
bedroom as a spirit. 
Yes I saw her flying. 

5841
05:17:37,300 --> 05:17:40,300
Yes she calls my cows milk to 
dry up. 

5842
05:17:40,300 --> 05:17:43,400
The supernatural was treated as 
simply another category of 

5843
05:17:43,400 --> 05:17:46,200
evidence like eyewitness 
testimony in a theft case. 

5844
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:49,700
You might think that the 
Renaissance with its Revival of 

5845
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:53,500
classical learning, its emphasis
on humanism and its scientific 

5846
05:17:53,500 --> 05:17:57,600
curiosity would have ended which
hunting instead the 16th and 

5847
05:17:57,600 --> 05:18:01,300
17th century saw which trials 
intensify and spread the same 

5848
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:03,800
intellectual ferment that 
produced great art and early 

5849
05:18:03,800 --> 05:18:06,200
science. 
All so produced increasingly 

5850
05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:08,300
elaborate theories about demonic
intervention. 

5851
05:18:09,400 --> 05:18:12,400
This period saw some of the most
educated Minds in Europe, 

5852
05:18:12,400 --> 05:18:15,800
writing extensively about 
witchcraft, King James of 

5853
05:18:15,800 --> 05:18:20,400
Scotland later, James, the third
of England wrote demonology, a 

5854
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,200
philosophical, exploration of 
Witchcraft that treated demonic 

5855
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:26,400
intervention, as a subject, 
worthy of Royal scholarly 

5856
05:18:26,400 --> 05:18:29,300
attention, Jean bordeau. 
One of France's great, legal 

5857
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:32,300
theorists and political 
philosophers wrote de la demo. 

5858
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:35,800
Naman de Sochi arguing that 
witchcraft prosecutions should 

5859
05:18:35,800 --> 05:18:38,600
be more severe. 
And that judicial Mercy toward 

5860
05:18:38,600 --> 05:18:41,200
accused witches was itself a 
form of heresy. 

5861
05:18:42,800 --> 05:18:45,200
These were not ignorant, 
peasants spreading Superstition.

5862
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:47,900
These were the intellectual 
Elite of their age. 

5863
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:51,200
Applying the full force of their
learning to the question of how 

5864
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:54,200
demons operated in the world. 
It's a reminder that 

5865
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:57,100
intelligence and education, 
don't automatically protect 

5866
05:18:57,100 --> 05:19:00,200
against systematic, errors in 
thinking especially when those 

5867
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,100
arrows are embedded in your 
cultures fundamental assumptions

5868
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:06,500
about reality. 
The Renaissance also saw the 

5869
05:19:06,508 --> 05:19:10,300
witch hunts, spread Northwood 
into Scandinavia and Eastwood 

5870
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,600
into Poland and Russia each 
region adapted which hunting to 

5871
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:17,800
its own cultural context and 
Scandinavia accusations often 

5872
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:19,600
involved. 
Harmful magic against ships and 

5873
05:19:19,600 --> 05:19:21,800
sailors. 
Unsurprising in seafaring 

5874
05:19:21,800 --> 05:19:24,500
cultures were storms at Sea. 
Could mean, death and financial 

5875
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:27,700
ruin in Eastern Europe, believe 
in vampires and werewolves, 

5876
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:31,300
sometimes, merge with witchcraft
accusations creating local 

5877
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:34,100
variations on the theme of 
malevolent Supernatural power. 

5878
05:19:35,400 --> 05:19:37,800
England developed its own 
distinctive approach to which 

5879
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:41,100
hunting English Lord, didn't 
allow torture, except in cases 

5880
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:43,800
of treason, which meant the 
confessions had to be obtained 

5881
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:45,600
through. 
Other means, lengthy 

5882
05:19:45,600 --> 05:19:49,400
interrogations, sleep, 
deprivation isolation, and 

5883
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:52,600
psychological pressure. 
The accusations in England, also

5884
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:57,300
tended to focus more on malafaia
actual harmful magic rather than

5885
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:00,100
the elaborate sabbaths and Demon
worship that dominated 

5886
05:20:00,100 --> 05:20:04,200
Continental trials. 
The most famous English witch 

5887
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:07,000
hunter was Matthew Hopkins, who 
operated during the English 

5888
05:20:07,000 --> 05:20:10,600
Civil War in the 1640s, he 
called himself, the witchfinder 

5889
05:20:10,600 --> 05:20:12,900
general though. 
No one had actually appointed 

5890
05:20:12,900 --> 05:20:15,800
him to any such position and 
traveled through East Anglia 

5891
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:17,900
finding, which is with 
disturbing efficiency. 

5892
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:22,500
His methods were technically 
legal no torture officially but 

5893
05:20:22,500 --> 05:20:24,300
involved tactics like forced 
walking. 

5894
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:27,500
Keeping suspects, awaken moving 
for days until they became 

5895
05:20:27,500 --> 05:20:31,000
delirious pricking searching for
spots on the body that didn't 

5896
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:34,100
believe or feel pain. 
Supposedly marks made by the 

5897
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:37,600
devil and the swimming test by 
binding suspects and throwing 

5898
05:20:37,600 --> 05:20:40,500
them in water to see if they 
floated, which would prove guilt

5899
05:20:40,500 --> 05:20:44,100
or sank which would prove 
innocence but might also result 

5900
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:48,800
in drowning Hopkins operated for
only about two years but in that

5901
05:20:48,800 --> 05:20:51,600
time was responsible for perhaps
300 executions. 

5902
05:20:51,600 --> 05:20:54,600
What's particularly notable 
about his career is how it 

5903
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:57,400
illustrates the entrepreneurial 
aspect of which hunting. 

5904
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:01,800
Hopkins charged fees to towns 
for his Services, creating a 

5905
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:03,500
financial incentive to find 
witches. 

5906
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:07,800
This economic dimension of which
hunting is often overlooked Fear

5907
05:21:07,800 --> 05:21:09,900
was genuine, but it also became 
a business. 

5908
05:21:10,900 --> 05:21:13,800
Meanwhile in Scotland, which 
trials took on particular 

5909
05:21:13,800 --> 05:21:17,300
intensity Scottish law allowed 
torture and Scottish 

5910
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:20,500
presbyterianism emphasis on 
routing out sin created an 

5911
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:25,600
environment where which hunting 
flourished between 1563 and 1736

5912
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:30,800
somewhere between 200500 and 
4,000 people were executed as 

5913
05:21:30,800 --> 05:21:34,200
witches, and Scotland, and 
extraordinarily High number for 

5914
05:21:34,200 --> 05:21:38,100
a relatively small population. 
The North Berwick Witch Trials 

5915
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:43,300
of 15991 involving accusations 
that are cover of, which is a 

5916
05:21:43,300 --> 05:21:46,800
tried to Murder, King James to 6
by raising storms at sea show. 

5917
05:21:46,800 --> 05:21:49,800
How Witch Trials could become 
entangled with politics, the 

5918
05:21:49,800 --> 05:21:52,500
accused included, both peasants 
and members of the nobility. 

5919
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,700
Confessions extracted under 
torture described, elaborate 

5920
05:21:56,700 --> 05:21:59,700
rituals and plots that 
conveniently implicated the 

5921
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:02,600
king's political enemies. 
Whether the king genuinely 

5922
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:05,500
believed in the Supernatural 
threat or cynically used which 

5923
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:07,300
accusations to eliminate 
opposition. 

5924
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:11,400
The result was the same 
execution that reinforced royal 

5925
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:15,500
power while purging potential 
threats. but amid all this 

5926
05:22:15,508 --> 05:22:19,500
persecution skeptical voices 
were emerging Reginald, Scots, 

5927
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:22,200
the discovery of Witchcraft 
published in 1584, 

5928
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:25,600
Systematically argued against 
the reality of Witchcraft. 

5929
05:22:25,600 --> 05:22:29,100
Suggesting that supposed witches
were either victims of delusion,

5930
05:22:29,100 --> 05:22:32,000
mental illness or malicious 
accusation. 

5931
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:35,000
King James was so offended by, 
Scott's book, that he ordered 

5932
05:22:35,000 --> 05:22:38,300
copies burned. 
But the books survived, and its 

5933
05:22:38,300 --> 05:22:40,400
arguments would eventually 
contribute to the decline of 

5934
05:22:40,408 --> 05:22:44,500
which hunting In the Holy Roman 
Empire, where the 30 Years War 

5935
05:22:44,500 --> 05:22:48,900
1618 to 1648 was tearing the 
region apart along religious 

5936
05:22:48,900 --> 05:22:52,800
lines, which hunting reached 
some of its most extreme 

5937
05:22:52,800 --> 05:22:56,700
manifestations invert. 
Prince Bishop Philip, Adolf on 

5938
05:22:56,700 --> 05:22:59,900
Aaron Berg presided over trials.
The executed around 900 people 

5939
05:22:59,900 --> 05:23:04,800
between 1626 and 1631. 
The victims included children, 

5940
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:08,800
as young as seven members of the
nobility and eventually people. 

5941
05:23:08,800 --> 05:23:12,000
So clearly Innocent by any 
rational standard that the 

5942
05:23:12,000 --> 05:23:14,800
trials absurdity became 
undeniable even to 

5943
05:23:14,800 --> 05:23:18,700
contemporaries. 
The verts trials, included the 

5944
05:23:18,708 --> 05:23:22,500
creation of detailed records, 
including a chilling document 

5945
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:25,400
listing, children, aged 4 to 14,
who are accused of having 

5946
05:23:25,400 --> 05:23:28,400
intercourse with demons, reading
such records centuries. 

5947
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:30,200
Later produces a kind of 
vertigo. 

5948
05:23:30,200 --> 05:23:33,600
These were real children, whose 
names were carefully, recorded, 

5949
05:23:33,600 --> 05:23:36,600
who were tortured and killed by 
accusations that could not 

5950
05:23:36,600 --> 05:23:40,100
possibly have been true. 
What makes the Renaissance which

5951
05:23:40,100 --> 05:23:43,400
hunts particularly tragic is 
that they occurred during a 

5952
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:46,500
period of genuine. 
Intellectual advancement the 

5953
05:23:46,500 --> 05:23:49,200
same Century that saw the 
publication of the malleus 

5954
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:51,900
maleficarum. 
Also saw Columbus reaching the 

5955
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:55,500
Americas, the same period that 
saw thousands burned as witches.

5956
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:59,100
Also saw the development of 
movable type printing advances 

5957
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:02,900
in medicine and the beginning of
modern, astronomy Humanity's 

5958
05:24:02,900 --> 05:24:06,200
capacity for both Brilliance. 
And barbarity has never been 

5959
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:08,200
more evident than in these 
contradictions. 

5960
05:24:09,100 --> 05:24:11,900
Now we cross the Atlantic to a 
small coastal settlement in 

5961
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:17,100
Massachusetts where in 692 some 
of the most famous witch trials 

5962
05:24:17,100 --> 05:24:20,400
in history would unfold in a 
community that had fled Europe 

5963
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:23,900
partly to escape religious 
persecution, only to recreate it

5964
05:24:23,900 --> 05:24:28,400
in new and devastating forms. 
Salem Village in the late. 17th 

5965
05:24:28,400 --> 05:24:31,500
century was not a happy place. 
It was a frontier community 

5966
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,600
living in the shadow of ongoing 
conflicts with Native Americans.

5967
05:24:34,600 --> 05:24:38,400
King, William's War had brought 
violence close to home with 

5968
05:24:38,400 --> 05:24:41,500
raids and captivity narratives, 
creating constant anxiety. 

5969
05:24:41,500 --> 05:24:44,500
The Village was also 
experiencing internal tensions 

5970
05:24:44,500 --> 05:24:48,500
disputes over land arguments 
about the local Minister salary 

5971
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:51,700
fashionable conflicts between 
farming families and Merchant 

5972
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:54,700
families and a general sense 
that the younger generation was 

5973
05:24:54,700 --> 05:24:57,400
abandoning the purity of their 
parents faith. 

5974
05:24:58,500 --> 05:25:01,500
Into this tense environment. 
Came a peculiar episode in the 

5975
05:25:01,500 --> 05:25:05,800
household of Reverend Samuel 
Parris in January, 1692 his 9 

5976
05:25:05,800 --> 05:25:08,200
year old daughter. 
Betty and 11 year old niece. 

5977
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:12,300
Abigail began having strange, 
fits screaming throwing objects,

5978
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:16,800
contorting their bodies and 
speaking nonsense a local doctor

5979
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:19,000
unable to find physical causes 
suggested. 

5980
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:22,000
They might be Bewitched an 
explanation that made sense 

5981
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:25,300
within the worldview of Puritan 
Massachusetts, where Satan was 

5982
05:25:25,300 --> 05:25:27,200
seen as constantly working to 
corrupt. 

5983
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:30,500
God's chosen people, the girls 
when pressed to name their 

5984
05:25:30,500 --> 05:25:34,800
tormentors eventually accused 
three women Tituba and enslaved.

5985
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:38,400
Woman in the Parris household, 
Sarah Goode, a homeless beggar, 

5986
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:41,900
and Sarah Osborne, and elderly 
woman, who rarely attended 

5987
05:25:41,900 --> 05:25:44,200
church. 
These first three accused fit, 

5988
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:47,400
the traditional profile of 
suspected witches, marginal, 

5989
05:25:47,400 --> 05:25:50,900
vulnerable and easy to believe 
of, What happened? 

5990
05:25:50,900 --> 05:25:53,700
Next transformed, a local 
episode in to a colony wide 

5991
05:25:53,700 --> 05:25:56,300
crisis under interrogation 
teacher. 

5992
05:25:56,300 --> 05:25:59,300
Perhaps, hoping to avoid the 
worst punishment, perhaps 

5993
05:25:59,300 --> 05:26:02,100
pressured, by her and slavery. 
Perhaps caught up in the 

5994
05:26:02,100 --> 05:26:05,800
theological expectations of her 
interrogators confessed, not 

5995
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:08,200
just to practice practicing 
witchcraft, but to participating

5996
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,000
in a conspiracy of witches 
operating throughout 

5997
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:14,500
Massachusetts, she described 
meeting with the devil signing a

5998
05:26:14,508 --> 05:26:16,800
book and the involvement of 
other women. 

5999
05:26:16,800 --> 05:26:18,400
She couldn't quite name or 
describe. 

6000
05:26:19,300 --> 05:26:22,600
This confession instead of 
ending the episode expanded. 

6001
05:26:22,600 --> 05:26:26,000
It if Tituba was telling the 
truth then which craft was a 

6002
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:29,400
real and immediate threat, if 
there was conspiracy, then more 

6003
05:26:29,400 --> 05:26:33,900
witches must be identified. 
The girls continue having fits 

6004
05:26:33,900 --> 05:26:37,500
and began making additional 
accusations other young women 

6005
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:40,200
and girls in the community began
having similar symptoms. 

6006
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:44,400
It was like a stone thrown into 
Stillwater, creating ripples 

6007
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:47,200
that spread outward until they 
reached Far Beyond Salem 

6008
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:50,900
Village. 
As accusations multiplied, the 

6009
05:26:50,900 --> 05:26:54,400
profile of the accused changed. 
The first victims had been 

6010
05:26:54,408 --> 05:26:57,400
marginal figures, but soon 
accusations were reaching 

6011
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:00,700
respectable church members, 
property, owners, and even a 

6012
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:03,800
form of Minister. 
Rebecca nurse a 71 year old 

6013
05:27:03,800 --> 05:27:07,200
woman known for Piatti was 
accused and eventually hanged 

6014
05:27:07,200 --> 05:27:11,200
despite strong community support
and an initial jury quittell. 

6015
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,900
That was overturned when the 
girls had fresh fits in the 

6016
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:18,700
courtroom. 
The Salem trials proceeded in a 

6017
05:27:18,700 --> 05:27:20,900
legal environment that would 
seem surreal by modern 

6018
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:23,600
standards. 
Spectral evidence testimony, 

6019
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,500
that the accused Specter or 
spirited appeared to the witness

6020
05:27:26,500 --> 05:27:30,400
was accepted as valid this 
created an impossible situation.

6021
05:27:30,400 --> 05:27:34,000
How do you defend yourself 
against claims that your spirit 

6022
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:36,400
was doing things? 
You weren't aware of the legal 

6023
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:38,300
system. 
Essentially prosecuted people 

6024
05:27:38,300 --> 05:27:41,900
for their presumed Supernatural 
actions rather than anything we 

6025
05:27:41,900 --> 05:27:45,500
had actually done. 
Giles Corey an 80 year old 

6026
05:27:45,508 --> 05:27:48,200
farmer who refused to enter a 
plea to the charges against him 

6027
05:27:48,200 --> 05:27:52,400
was subjected to pressing heavy 
Stones placed on his chest until

6028
05:27:52,400 --> 05:27:54,000
he either agreed to plead or 
died. 

6029
05:27:54,000 --> 05:27:57,000
According to Legend his only 
words during two days of this, 

6030
05:27:57,000 --> 05:28:01,300
torture were more weight. 
He died without pleading, which 

6031
05:28:01,300 --> 05:28:03,900
under English law meant his 
property couldn't be confiscated

6032
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:06,000
and would pass to his heirs, his
death. 

6033
05:28:06,000 --> 05:28:09,500
Meant to compel testimony 
instead became a silent protest 

6034
05:28:09,500 --> 05:28:13,800
against the proceedings. 
By the summer of 1692 Salem's, 

6035
05:28:13,800 --> 05:28:17,000
jails were overflowing with 
accused witches women, who were 

6036
05:28:17,000 --> 05:28:20,200
pregnant were spared execution, 
until after giving birth 

6037
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:23,700
creating the Grimm spectacle of 
women giving birth in Chains, 

6038
05:28:23,700 --> 05:28:25,800
knowing they would be hanged 
once recovered. 

6039
05:28:26,700 --> 05:28:29,800
Children, as young as four were 
accused and imprisoned one of 

6040
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:31,700
the accused Sarah good was 
hanged. 

6041
05:28:31,700 --> 05:28:34,100
While her infant daughter born 
in prison died. 

6042
05:28:34,100 --> 05:28:37,800
Shortly after Sarah goodes. 
Final words from The Gallows, 

6043
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:41,600
addressed to the minister urging
her to confess were reported as 

6044
05:28:41,600 --> 05:28:44,800
you're a liar. 
I am no more a witch than you 

6045
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:46,900
are a wizard. 
And if you take away my life, 

6046
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:48,900
God will give you blood to 
drink. 

6047
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:53,700
By September, however, the 
accusation had reached so far up

6048
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:57,300
the social hierarchy that they 
were becoming untenable when the

6049
05:28:57,300 --> 05:28:59,200
girls accused, the wife of 
Governor phips. 

6050
05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:02,200
When respected ministers began 
questioning the proceedings. 

6051
05:29:02,200 --> 05:29:05,900
And when juries started refusing
to convict despite spectral 

6052
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:09,100
evidence Machinery of 
prosecution, began to slow. 

6053
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:13,500
The crucial shift came and 
prominent ministers led by 

6054
05:29:13,500 --> 05:29:16,600
increased mother argued that 
spectral evidence shouldn't be 

6055
05:29:16,600 --> 05:29:19,600
allowed in court. 
His statement, it were better. 

6056
05:29:19,600 --> 05:29:22,500
That ten suspected witches 
should escape the one innocent 

6057
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:24,900
person should be condemned 
represented. 

6058
05:29:24,900 --> 05:29:28,000
A dramatic reversal of the logic
that had driven the trials 

6059
05:29:28,000 --> 05:29:32,400
without spectral evidence. 
Most cases collapsed by October 

6060
05:29:32,400 --> 05:29:36,100
1692 Governor fit dissolved, the
special court that had been 

6061
05:29:36,108 --> 05:29:39,400
handling, witchcraft cases 
Remaining prisoners were 

6062
05:29:39,400 --> 05:29:43,200
gradually released many after 
posting Bond of those who had 

6063
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:46,800
been executed. 19 hanged, one 
pressed to death, none would 

6064
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:50,100
receive official pardons for 
centuries, the community having 

6065
05:29:50,100 --> 05:29:53,400
looked into an abyss own, making
collectively decided to stop 

6066
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:56,200
looking and move on. 
What's particularly haunting 

6067
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:59,600
about Salem is how quickly the 
episode ended once authorities, 

6068
05:29:59,600 --> 05:30:03,000
decided, it should end the same 
community that had been gripped,

6069
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:05,500
by which hunting fever, and 
summer was releasing prisoners 

6070
05:30:05,500 --> 05:30:09,000
by fall this rapid reversal 
suggests that the trials have 

6071
05:30:09,000 --> 05:30:11,500
never been inevitable, the 
different choices by 

6072
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:13,900
authorities. 
Could have prevented most or all

6073
05:30:13,900 --> 05:30:16,700
of the deaths, the 20th, who 
died did. 

6074
05:30:16,700 --> 05:30:19,500
So not because witchcraft belief
made their deaths unavoidable. 

6075
05:30:20,200 --> 05:30:23,900
But because specific individuals
in positions of authority made 

6076
05:30:23,900 --> 05:30:27,000
specific decisions to allow the 
prosecution to proceed. 

6077
05:30:28,000 --> 05:30:31,300
The aftermath saw a slow 
incomplete process of 

6078
05:30:31,300 --> 05:30:33,400
acknowledgment. 
Some of the accusers later 

6079
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:36,800
apologized and Putnam. 
One of the main accusers 

6080
05:30:36,800 --> 05:30:39,200
eventually made a public apology
in church. 

6081
05:30:39,200 --> 05:30:43,100
Blaming Satan for diluting. 
Her Samuel Sewell, one of the 

6082
05:30:43,100 --> 05:30:46,400
judges publicly confessed error 
but these apologies couldn't 

6083
05:30:46,400 --> 05:30:49,500
restore the dead or heal. 
The communities wounds Salim 

6084
05:30:49,500 --> 05:30:52,100
spent Generations, living with 
the knowledge of what it had 

6085
05:30:52,100 --> 05:30:54,400
done. 
By the early 18th century, which

6086
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:56,900
trials were becoming 
increasingly rare across Europe 

6087
05:30:56,900 --> 05:30:59,900
and the colonies, this declined 
wasn't the result of a single 

6088
05:30:59,900 --> 05:31:01,600
cause. 
But rather a convergence of 

6089
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:05,800
factors, intellectual shifts, 
legal, reforms, religious 

6090
05:31:05,800 --> 05:31:08,800
changes, and perhaps simply 
exhaustion with Decades of 

6091
05:31:08,800 --> 05:31:11,800
persecution. 
The Scientific Revolution was 

6092
05:31:11,800 --> 05:31:15,100
transforming how educated 
Europeans understood causation. 

6093
05:31:15,100 --> 05:31:18,900
When you can see microorganisms 
through a microscope when you 

6094
05:31:18,900 --> 05:31:21,700
understand that diseases caused 
by infection rather than 

6095
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:25,100
malevolent will and when you can
predict planetary motion through

6096
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:28,800
mathematics, the supernatural 
explanation for Misfortune 

6097
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:32,500
becomes less necessary. 
Not everyone accepted these new 

6098
05:31:32,500 --> 05:31:35,500
ideas immediately but they were 
available as alternative 

6099
05:31:35,500 --> 05:31:37,000
Frameworks for understanding the
world. 

6100
05:31:37,900 --> 05:31:40,200
The enlightenment brought 
increased skepticism toward 

6101
05:31:40,200 --> 05:31:42,600
traditional authorities and 
Supernatural claims 

6102
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:44,500
philosophers, like Voltaire 
openly. 

6103
05:31:44,500 --> 05:31:47,500
Mocked Witch Trials. 
As superstitious barbarism, this

6104
05:31:47,500 --> 05:31:50,700
mockery created social pressure 
on authorities, who continue to 

6105
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:53,700
Prosecuting witches. 
They risk being seen as backward

6106
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:56,300
and credulous by the 
intellectual Fashions of their 

6107
05:31:56,300 --> 05:32:00,600
time, Legal reforms also played 
a role new evidentiary 

6108
05:32:00,600 --> 05:32:03,600
standards, made it harder to 
obtain convictions, based solely

6109
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:06,800
on confessional reputation. 
The use of torture in judicial 

6110
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:09,900
proceedings, gradually declined 
across Europe, partly from 

6111
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:13,400
humanitarian concerns but also 
from growing recognition that 

6112
05:32:13,400 --> 05:32:16,500
torture produced unreliable 
evidence when authorities 

6113
05:32:16,500 --> 05:32:19,900
couldn't extract confessionals 
through pain which prosecution's

6114
05:32:19,900 --> 05:32:23,600
became much harder to pursue, 
religious changes mattered too 

6115
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:26,400
as Protestant and Catholic 
churches settled in to 

6116
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:28,800
coexistence after the 
devastating religious wars of 

6117
05:32:28,808 --> 05:32:32,700
the 16th and 17th centuries, the
intense focus on spiritual 

6118
05:32:32,700 --> 05:32:35,300
Purity that had fuel which 
hunting began to ease 

6119
05:32:35,300 --> 05:32:37,400
communities. 
That had spent Generations 

6120
05:32:37,400 --> 05:32:41,100
fighting over correct Doctrine 
or exhausted by conflict and 

6121
05:32:41,100 --> 05:32:44,500
more interested in stability 
then in rooting out hidden evil.

6122
05:32:45,600 --> 05:32:48,800
Economic Development, created 
new social structures, that 

6123
05:32:48,800 --> 05:32:51,900
reduce the importance of 
tight-knit Village communities 

6124
05:32:51,900 --> 05:32:55,000
where which accusations had 
flourished as people moved to 

6125
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,900
cities as markets expanded and 
as individuals became less 

6126
05:32:58,900 --> 05:33:01,200
dependent on immediate neighbors
for survival. 

6127
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:05,000
The social conditions that had 
made which accusations useful 

6128
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:08,700
for managing interpersonal, 
conflict began to dissolve The 

6129
05:33:08,700 --> 05:33:12,400
last execution for which craft 
in England occurred in 1684, 

6130
05:33:12,400 --> 05:33:17,000
Scotland's last execution was in
1727 in France. 

6131
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:21,300
The last execution was in 1745 
the Holy Roman Empire ended 

6132
05:33:21,300 --> 05:33:24,000
witch trials in 1775 these 
dates. 

6133
05:33:24,000 --> 05:33:27,700
Mark not sudden Transformations,
but gradual recognition that 

6134
05:33:27,700 --> 05:33:30,700
which prosecution's no longer 
made sense within changing legal

6135
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:33,100
intellectual and social 
Frameworks. 

6136
05:33:34,200 --> 05:33:38,700
Poland's last witch, trial 
occurred in 1793 notably late 

6137
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:42,000
compared to Western Europe. 
This timing reminds us that 

6138
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:45,200
change happened, unevenly across
the continent, reflecting 

6139
05:33:45,200 --> 05:33:48,300
different social, and political 
conditions remote, or 

6140
05:33:48,300 --> 05:33:51,000
conservative regions maintained 
beliefs that Urban centers had 

6141
05:33:51,000 --> 05:33:54,500
abandoned, but the legal end of 
which trials didn't mean the end

6142
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:57,400
of which craft believe folk 
beliefs about magical harm, 

6143
05:33:57,400 --> 05:33:59,600
protective charms, and 
Supernatural. 

6144
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:01,500
Causation, persisted in rural 
areas. 

6145
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:04,300
Well, into the 20th century 
people stopped bringing 

6146
05:34:04,300 --> 05:34:07,000
witchcraft accusations to 
courts, but they didn't 

6147
05:34:07,000 --> 05:34:09,500
necessarily stop believing that 
some neighbors had Dangerous 

6148
05:34:09,500 --> 05:34:11,700
Powers. 
The change was partly about 

6149
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:14,600
belief, but more about what kind
of claims the legal system was 

6150
05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:19,100
willing to take seriously. 
In some communities informal, 

6151
05:34:19,100 --> 05:34:22,100
persecution continued. 
Even after formal trials, ended,

6152
05:34:22,100 --> 05:34:25,400
someone suspected of Witchcraft 
might face social ostracism 

6153
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:28,300
property damage or violence 
without any legal proceedings. 

6154
05:34:28,300 --> 05:34:31,500
These extra legal actions were 
harder to track than official 

6155
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:33,900
trials. 
But they represent continuity 

6156
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:36,400
and belief even as legal 
structures changed. 

6157
05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:40,800
The Witchcraft Act of 1735 in 
Great, Britain marked a 

6158
05:34:40,800 --> 05:34:42,700
significant shift in official 
attitudes. 

6159
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:45,900
This law repealed previous 
witchcraft statutes not because 

6160
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:47,600
it accepted that witchcraft was 
real. 

6161
05:34:47,600 --> 05:34:50,500
But because it made pretending 
to practice witchcraft or 

6162
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:52,400
accusing others of it into a 
crime. 

6163
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:56,400
The law essentially said, 
witchcraft doesn't exist and 

6164
05:34:56,400 --> 05:34:59,000
claiming it does is either fraud
or slander. 

6165
05:34:59,000 --> 05:35:02,100
This represented a complete 
reversal of earlier legal 

6166
05:35:02,100 --> 05:35:05,200
Frameworks that had treated 
which craft as a real crime, 

6167
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:09,000
requiring prosecution. 
Yet even as educated opinion 

6168
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:12,800
turned against which trials folk
practices related to protection 

6169
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,000
from which craft persisted 
people continue to use 

6170
05:35:16,000 --> 05:35:19,000
horseshoes, overdoors to bury 
objects and thresholds. 

6171
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:22,400
And to employ counter magic 
against the suspected harm, the 

6172
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:24,900
formal legal operators of which 
hunting disappeared. 

6173
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:28,300
But the underlying anxiety of 
about malevolent magic took 

6174
05:35:28,300 --> 05:35:31,100
longer to fade. 
What finally killed which 

6175
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:34,600
hunting wasn't necessarily that 
people stopped believing in 

6176
05:35:34,600 --> 05:35:37,700
Magic but that they stopped 
believing the legal system 

6177
05:35:37,700 --> 05:35:40,300
should be involved in. 
Policing it private beliefs 

6178
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:42,900
about supernatural harm, 
assisted even as public 

6179
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:46,200
institutions, refused to 
prosecute based on those beliefs

6180
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:49,400
this separation between personal
belief and official action 

6181
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:53,300
represents a significant 
evolution in how modern society 

6182
05:35:53,300 --> 05:35:57,700
is handle religious and 
Supernatural claims, the memory 

6183
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:00,100
of the witch hunts, did 
important cultural work in the 

6184
05:36:00,108 --> 05:36:03,000
centuries that followed for 
Enlightenment thinkers which 

6185
05:36:03,000 --> 05:36:06,600
trials became an example of what
happens when Superstition and 

6186
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:10,100
religious enthusiasm override 
reason for later generations, 

6187
05:36:10,100 --> 05:36:13,900
which hunt served as a warning 
about mob psychology about the 

6188
05:36:13,900 --> 05:36:17,800
dangers of accusations that are 
impossible to disprove and about

6189
05:36:17,800 --> 05:36:21,600
how Fear Can Transform neighbors
into executioners As you pull 

6190
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:26,100
your blanket Tighter and perhaps
refill your tea, consider that 

6191
05:36:26,100 --> 05:36:29,600
the witch trials distant, as 
they seem have left marks on our

6192
05:36:29,600 --> 05:36:32,700
world, that remain visible. 
If you know where to look, the 

6193
05:36:32,700 --> 05:36:35,200
English language preserves 
traces of this history and 

6194
05:36:35,200 --> 05:36:36,800
phrases. 
We use without thinking about 

6195
05:36:36,800 --> 05:36:40,700
their origin's which hunt has 
become a standard metaphor for 

6196
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:44,100
baseless persecution. 
Used by everyone from corporate 

6197
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:47,400
Executives, defending against 
accusation to politicians. 

6198
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:50,200
Claiming unfair treatment, the 
phrase captures something 

6199
05:36:50,200 --> 05:36:53,700
essential about the dynamic 
accusations that build on 

6200
05:36:53,700 --> 05:36:56,500
themselves were defending 
yourself, only makes you look 

6201
05:36:56,500 --> 05:36:59,700
more guilty and where the 
process itself comes punishment.

6202
05:37:00,900 --> 05:37:04,600
Modern legal protections against
certain types of prosecution 

6203
05:37:04,600 --> 05:37:07,900
developed partly in reaction, to
the witch trials, the principle 

6204
05:37:07,900 --> 05:37:09,700
that accusation alone isn't 
evidence. 

6205
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:12,900
The right to confront your 
accusers, the requirement for 

6206
05:37:12,900 --> 05:37:15,600
physical proof of crime, and 
protections against 

6207
05:37:15,608 --> 05:37:18,400
self-incrimination. 
These evolved partly from 

6208
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:22,000
recognition of how easily, which
trial Dynamics could produce 

6209
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,800
unjust convictions when we say 
innocent until proven guilty 

6210
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:29,200
were embracing a standard that 
which trial spectacularly 

6211
05:37:29,200 --> 05:37:32,300
violated. 
The trials, also left their mark

6212
05:37:32,300 --> 05:37:34,100
on how we think about women's 
social power. 

6213
05:37:34,100 --> 05:37:37,400
The overwhelming majority of 
accused witches were women and 

6214
05:37:37,400 --> 05:37:39,900
the accusations often centered 
on behaviors that challenge 

6215
05:37:39,900 --> 05:37:43,900
patriarchal Norms, female 
Independence, female knowledge, 

6216
05:37:43,900 --> 05:37:46,700
female sexuality and female 
anger. 

6217
05:37:46,700 --> 05:37:50,000
The Witch Trials were among 
other things, a mechanism for 

6218
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:53,400
policing, gender boundaries for 
punishing women who didn't fit 

6219
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:56,500
prescribed roles. 
This gendered aspect of which 

6220
05:37:56,500 --> 05:37:59,100
hunting has made the witch a 
powerful symbol in modern 

6221
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:01,700
feminist. 
Thought the witch reimagined? 

6222
05:38:01,700 --> 05:38:04,800
Not as an evil figure, but as a 
woman who refused to conform and

6223
05:38:04,800 --> 05:38:07,400
who possess knowledge and power 
that threatened established 

6224
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:10,700
structures, has become an icon 
of resistance Halloween 

6225
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:13,700
decorations, featuring witches 
on broomsticks, carry Echoes of 

6226
05:38:13,700 --> 05:38:16,700
centuries of persecution 
transformed in to something 

6227
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:20,100
playful, but retaining a shadow 
of their darker Origins. 

6228
05:38:21,100 --> 05:38:24,700
In Salem the trials, have become
Central to the town's identity, 

6229
05:38:24,700 --> 05:38:28,600
and ways, both thoughtful and 
Commercial museums, and Memorial

6230
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:30,000
sites. 
Preserve the history while 

6231
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:33,700
tourism capitalizes on it, 
walking through Modern Salem, 

6232
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:36,800
you pass, witchcraft shops, 
selling crystals and Tarot cards

6233
05:38:36,800 --> 05:38:39,700
next to historical, markers 
explaining that actual 

6234
05:38:39,700 --> 05:38:42,700
witchcraft. 
Never occurred the town wrestles

6235
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,300
with how to honor victims while 
acknowledging, that its most 

6236
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:48,700
famous historical episode was on
delusion and Injustice. 

6237
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:53,900
Arthur Miller's 1953 play The 
Crucible used Salem as an 

6238
05:38:53,908 --> 05:38:56,300
allegory for McCarthy and 
anti-communist investigations 

6239
05:38:56,300 --> 05:38:59,800
demonstrating how which trial 
Dynamics could recur in modern 

6240
05:38:59,800 --> 05:39:02,800
contexts Miller recognized that 
the essential pattern 

6241
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:05,100
accusations that are hard to 
disprove. 

6242
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:08,600
Social pressure to name, 
accomplices, and personal, and 

6243
05:39:08,600 --> 05:39:12,800
political motivations disguise 
as ideological Purity, wasn't 

6244
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:16,200
limited to the 17th century. 
The play ensured that Salem 

6245
05:39:16,200 --> 05:39:18,500
would remain in cultural memory,
not just as a historical 

6246
05:39:18,500 --> 05:39:23,000
curiosity, but as a cautionary 
Tale Modern accusations of 

6247
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:26,300
Witchcraft, still occur in some 
parts of the world, particularly

6248
05:39:26,300 --> 05:39:29,700
in regions, where traditional 
beliefs remain strong and legal 

6249
05:39:29,700 --> 05:39:32,600
systems are weak, in some 
African and Asian communities, 

6250
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:36,300
which craft accusations can lead
to violence, Exile or death. 

6251
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:39,900
These contemporary witch hunts. 
Follow patterns eerily similar 

6252
05:39:39,900 --> 05:39:43,600
to European and American 
historical trials, accusations 

6253
05:39:43,600 --> 05:39:47,000
against vulnerable individuals, 
confessions extracted through 

6254
05:39:47,000 --> 05:39:49,300
pressure or violence and 
community. 

6255
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:53,200
Scapegoating of marginal people 
international human rights 

6256
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:55,300
organizations. 
Now track and work to prevent 

6257
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:58,600
which accusations in these 
regions, recognizing that the 

6258
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:00,500
Dynamics that produce the 
European witch. 

6259
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:03,200
Hunts have not disappeared. 
They've just moved to different 

6260
05:40:03,200 --> 05:40:06,100
cultural. 
Contexts the underlying human 

6261
05:40:06,100 --> 05:40:08,100
tendencies that made witch 
hunting possible. 

6262
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:11,600
The need to explain Misfortune 
the usefulness of scapegoats. 

6263
05:40:11,600 --> 05:40:15,500
The power of accusations that 
are difficult to disprove remain

6264
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:17,600
present in human communities 
everywhere. 

6265
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:21,700
So I provided Frameworks for 
understanding what happened? 

6266
05:40:21,900 --> 05:40:25,300
During historical Witch Trials, 
massive stereo conversion 

6267
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:29,200
disorder confirmation bias. 
The psychology of torture and 

6268
05:40:29,208 --> 05:40:33,300
confession and group dynamics, 
and small communities, these 

6269
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:36,600
Concepts help explain, how 
intelligent decent people could 

6270
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:39,900
participate in or support, which
prosecution's understanding 

6271
05:40:39,900 --> 05:40:42,700
these mechanisms doesn't make 
the history less troubling, but 

6272
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:45,000
it does make it more 
comprehensible as something that

6273
05:40:45,000 --> 05:40:48,100
emerge from ordinary human 
psychology, under particular, 

6274
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:52,300
social conditions. 
The Witch Trials, also, offer 

6275
05:40:52,300 --> 05:40:55,500
insights into how societies 
handled invisible threats. 

6276
05:40:55,500 --> 05:40:59,400
Whether the threat is witchcraft
communism, terrorism or viral 

6277
05:40:59,400 --> 05:41:02,900
contagion communities face 
similar challenges how to 

6278
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:06,000
respond to genuine danger 
without succumbing to panic how 

6279
05:41:06,000 --> 05:41:09,300
to protect the vulnerable while 
maintaining security and how to 

6280
05:41:09,300 --> 05:41:12,500
distinguish between reasonable 
precaution and destructive. 

6281
05:41:12,500 --> 05:41:15,800
Paranoia, The Witch Trials 
represent an extreme case of 

6282
05:41:15,800 --> 05:41:17,800
getting this balanced 
catastrophically wrong. 

6283
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:21,600
Descendants of accused witches 
of work to clear their ancestors

6284
05:41:21,600 --> 05:41:25,200
names, often facing bureaucratic
obstacles, centuries after the 

6285
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:29,100
original accusation in 2001, 
Massachusetts formerly, 

6286
05:41:29,100 --> 05:41:32,900
exonerated five, women executed 
during the Salem trials, who had

6287
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:37,000
never received official pardons 
in 2022, the last of the 

6288
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:40,900
sailing, which is received 
exoneration 330 years after her 

6289
05:41:40,900 --> 05:41:43,700
execution, these late 
acknowledgments, can't undo 

6290
05:41:43,700 --> 05:41:46,900
historical harm, but they 
represent official recognition 

6291
05:41:46,900 --> 05:41:50,200
that Injustice occurred. 
The wiccan religious movement, 

6292
05:41:50,200 --> 05:41:52,500
which emerged in the mid-20th 
century. 

6293
05:41:52,500 --> 05:41:57,000
Reclaimed the word witch, as a 
positive identity, creating a 

6294
05:41:57,000 --> 05:41:59,300
contemporary witchcraft 
practice, that has nothing to do

6295
05:41:59,300 --> 05:42:03,200
with demonic packs or malevolent
magic modern wiccans, practice. 

6296
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:05,800
What they described. 
As nature-based spirituality 

6297
05:42:05,800 --> 05:42:09,700
often emphasizing healing 
Harmony and connection to 

6298
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:12,500
seasonal Cycles. 
Whether there's any historical 

6299
05:42:12,500 --> 05:42:15,500
connection between contemporary 
wicker and the practices of 

6300
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,600
people accused during which 
trials is debatable, but the 

6301
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:21,100
Reclamation of the term 
represents a fascinating 

6302
05:42:21,100 --> 05:42:24,600
cultural transformation. 
Academia continues studying, 

6303
05:42:24,600 --> 05:42:28,500
which trials from multiple 
angles, social history examining

6304
05:42:28,500 --> 05:42:31,700
Community, Dynamics gender. 
Studies analyzing the 

6305
05:42:31,700 --> 05:42:34,800
persecution of women, legal 
history, tracking changes in 

6306
05:42:34,800 --> 05:42:38,200
evidentiary standards religious 
history, exploring theological 

6307
05:42:38,200 --> 05:42:41,800
developments and medical history
investigating possible 

6308
05:42:41,800 --> 05:42:44,600
explanation for symptoms 
attributed to bewitchment. 

6309
05:42:44,600 --> 05:42:47,700
Each discipline finds different 
aspects of the witch trials, 

6310
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:50,900
relevant to its concern. 
Suggesting that these events 

6311
05:42:50,900 --> 05:42:54,100
touched on fundamental aspects 
of Human Social organization. 

6312
05:42:54,800 --> 05:42:58,000
The total number of people 
executed during the European and

6313
05:42:58,000 --> 05:43:01,100
American Witch Trials is 
difficult to determine precisely

6314
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:05,300
estimates range from 40,000 to 
100,000 over roughly three 

6315
05:43:05,300 --> 05:43:09,300
Centuries with paps and other 
100,000 to 200,000 formerly 

6316
05:43:09,300 --> 05:43:12,800
accused but not executed. 
These numbers are horrifying but

6317
05:43:12,800 --> 05:43:16,000
also important to keep in 
perspective, Which hunting was 

6318
05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:19,000
terrible but it wasn't the 
largest source of mortality in 

6319
05:43:19,000 --> 05:43:24,000
this period wore disease famine 
and ordinary crime killed far 

6320
05:43:24,000 --> 05:43:26,000
more people. 
The Witch Trials matter. 

6321
05:43:26,000 --> 05:43:29,000
Not because of their scale 
relative to other tragedies but 

6322
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:31,700
because of what they reveal 
about, how communities can turn 

6323
05:43:31,708 --> 05:43:35,000
on their own members. 
Regional variations in which 

6324
05:43:35,000 --> 05:43:37,700
hunting intensity remain 
puzzling to historians. 

6325
05:43:37,700 --> 05:43:40,700
Why did some areas execute 
thousands while neighboring 

6326
05:43:40,700 --> 05:43:44,500
regions executed almost none? 
Why did witch-hunting Peak at 

6327
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:45,700
different times in different 
places. 

6328
05:43:45,700 --> 05:43:49,600
These questions don't have 
simple answers, local political 

6329
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:53,300
situations, religious tensions, 
economic stress, individual 

6330
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:56,300
authorities, attitudes, and the 
presence or absence of skeptical

6331
05:43:56,300 --> 05:43:58,900
voices. 
All these factors interacted in 

6332
05:43:58,908 --> 05:44:01,400
complex ways that produce 
dramatically different outcomes 

6333
05:44:01,400 --> 05:44:05,500
in seemingly similar 
communities, The Witch Trials, 

6334
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:07,900
also demonstrate how quickly 
social norms can shift 

6335
05:44:07,900 --> 05:44:11,000
communities, that executed, 
which is one year sometimes. 

6336
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:13,600
Reversed course, the next 
releasing prisoners and 

6337
05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:16,800
questioning what they had done. 
This rapid change suggests that 

6338
05:44:16,800 --> 05:44:19,900
which hunting wasn't inevitable 
expression of period, belief 

6339
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:22,500
systems. 
But rather a particular Dynamic 

6340
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:25,300
that required specific 
conditions to sustain itself. 

6341
05:44:25,300 --> 05:44:29,100
When those conditions change 
when authorities, withdrew 

6342
05:44:29,100 --> 05:44:32,500
support, when skeptical voices 
gained him influence, when 

6343
05:44:32,500 --> 05:44:35,600
communities exhausted 
themselves, the prosecution 

6344
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:39,800
could end quickly. 
Outside your window, the night 

6345
05:44:39,800 --> 05:44:43,400
continues, its ancient routine, 
indifferent to human fears and 

6346
05:44:43,400 --> 05:44:45,800
accusations. 
The darkness that once held 

6347
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:48,500
demons and witches now holds 
only the ordinary mysteries of 

6348
05:44:48,508 --> 05:44:52,300
sleeping cities and distant 
Stars, The history of witches 

6349
05:44:52,300 --> 05:44:56,200
is, ultimately a history of how 
people understand evil and 

6350
05:44:56,200 --> 05:44:59,100
suffering when bad things, 
happened and bad things happen. 

6351
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:01,900
Constantly in the pre-modern 
world, people needed 

6352
05:45:01,900 --> 05:45:04,700
explanations. 
The witch provided an answer 

6353
05:45:04,700 --> 05:45:06,900
that was simultaneously, 
comforting and terrifying 

6354
05:45:06,900 --> 05:45:11,600
suffering had a cause that cause
was identifiable and eliminating

6355
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:15,500
the cause could restore safety. 
But this explanation required 

6356
05:45:15,500 --> 05:45:18,400
believing that some of your 
neighbor's were secretly working

6357
05:45:18,400 --> 05:45:21,000
to harm you that Ordinary People
could make packs with 

6358
05:45:21,000 --> 05:45:24,200
Supernatural evil and that the 
appearance of normalcy could 

6359
05:45:24,200 --> 05:45:26,800
hide malevolent intent. 
Once you accepted these 

6360
05:45:26,800 --> 05:45:29,600
premises, the logic of which 
hunting followed almost 

6361
05:45:29,600 --> 05:45:33,700
inevitably if witches exist and 
can harm you failing to identify

6362
05:45:33,700 --> 05:45:37,000
and eliminate them becomes its 
own form of guilt what we've 

6363
05:45:37,000 --> 05:45:40,100
lost in losing belief in 
witches, as real Supernatural. 

6364
05:45:40,100 --> 05:45:43,500
Threats is perhaps a certain 
sense that the universe is 

6365
05:45:43,500 --> 05:45:47,400
morally ordered in simple ways, 
that bad things happen, because 

6366
05:45:47,400 --> 05:45:50,600
bad people calls them and that 
eliminating bad people can 

6367
05:45:50,600 --> 05:45:53,500
eliminate bad outcomes. 
What we've gained is the more 

6368
05:45:53,500 --> 05:45:55,800
difficult, but more accurate 
understanding that suffering 

6369
05:45:55,800 --> 05:45:59,500
often has no villain. 
Random chance and impersonal 

6370
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:02,300
forces shape, Our Lives as much 
as human agency. 

6371
05:46:02,300 --> 05:46:05,400
And that sometimes there's no 
one to blame when tragedy 

6372
05:46:05,400 --> 05:46:08,900
strikes. 
The people who participated in 

6373
05:46:08,900 --> 05:46:12,900
Witch Trials, accusers, 
Witnesses judges executioners 

6374
05:46:12,900 --> 05:46:15,800
were not for the most part, 
cruel or unusual. 

6375
05:46:15,800 --> 05:46:18,700
They were Ordinary People 
operating within belief systems 

6376
05:46:18,700 --> 05:46:21,700
that made sense in their 
cultural context, responding to 

6377
05:46:21,700 --> 05:46:24,800
genuine fears with methods that 
their society endorsed. 

6378
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:29,100
This is both comforting and 
disturbing comforting because it

6379
05:46:29,108 --> 05:46:31,600
means witch-hunting wasn't the 
result of individual evil. 

6380
05:46:31,600 --> 05:46:34,800
But of systemic failures of 
reasoning and institutional 

6381
05:46:34,800 --> 05:46:37,900
checks disturbing because it 
suggests that Ordinary People 

6382
05:46:37,900 --> 05:46:40,600
People Like Us can participate 
in terrible things. 

6383
05:46:40,600 --> 05:46:44,500
When the right conditions, align
Modern individuals reading about

6384
05:46:44,500 --> 05:46:47,100
which trials often wonder would 
have gone along. 

6385
05:46:47,100 --> 05:46:50,100
Would I have accused my 
neighbor's testified against 

6386
05:46:50,100 --> 05:46:52,600
them or stood in the crowd 
watching execution? 

6387
05:46:52,600 --> 05:46:56,200
The uncomfortable truth is that 
most of us probably would have 

6388
05:46:56,200 --> 05:46:59,700
not because we're bad people, 
but because social pressure 

6389
05:46:59,700 --> 05:47:02,500
cultural assumptions and the 
architecture of our beliefs 

6390
05:47:02,500 --> 05:47:05,000
shape behavior in ways that are 
very difficult to resist 

6391
05:47:05,000 --> 05:47:07,800
individually. 
The heroes of witch trial, 

6392
05:47:07,800 --> 05:47:10,900
history are often those who said
no, when everyone around them 

6393
05:47:10,900 --> 05:47:14,100
was saying, yes, the judges who 
refused to convict despite 

6394
05:47:14,100 --> 05:47:17,400
Community pressure. 
The neighbors who testified in 

6395
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:20,100
favor of accused witches despite
the risk to their own 

6396
05:47:20,100 --> 05:47:23,100
reputations. 
The ministers, questioned 

6397
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:26,000
whether spectral evidence should
be trusted these individuals 

6398
05:47:26,000 --> 05:47:29,600
demonstrated that resistance was
possible that going along wasn't

6399
05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:33,100
inevitable and the individual 
Choice retained meaning even 

6400
05:47:33,100 --> 05:47:37,000
within oppressive systems. 
That celebrating these resistors

6401
05:47:37,000 --> 05:47:40,300
shouldn't let the rest of us off
the hook too easily, for every 

6402
05:47:40,300 --> 05:47:43,900
person who resisted hundreds 
participated or stood silently 

6403
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:47,400
by the witch trials happened. 
Not because a few evil people 

6404
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:50,200
forced them on reluctant 
communities, but because 

6405
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:53,400
communities largely supported 
them, saw them as necessary. 

6406
05:47:53,400 --> 05:47:56,700
And participated willingly, any 
honest Reckoning with this 

6407
05:47:56,700 --> 05:47:59,500
history requires acknowledging. 
That most people, most of the 

6408
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:02,900
time go along with what their 
society tells them is right and 

6409
05:48:02,900 --> 05:48:06,500
necessary. 
The lesson isn't that we should 

6410
05:48:06,500 --> 05:48:10,300
feel guilty for what our 
ancestors did Collective guilt 

6411
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:11,900
across centuries. 
Make no sense. 

6412
05:48:11,900 --> 05:48:15,800
The lesson is that we should 
examine our own certainties our 

6413
05:48:15,800 --> 05:48:19,300
own communities skateboards, and
our own participation in systems

6414
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:21,000
that might look unjust to Future
Generations. 

6415
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:24,000
What beliefs do we hold? 
Now that will seem as obviously 

6416
05:48:24,000 --> 05:48:26,700
wrong in 300 years as which 
hunting seems to us. 

6417
05:48:27,500 --> 05:48:30,500
The Witch Trials teach us to be 
suspicious of accusations that 

6418
05:48:30,500 --> 05:48:34,200
are impossible to disprove of 
evidence that consists mainly of

6419
05:48:34,200 --> 05:48:38,800
reputation and rumor of legal 
systems that treat confession as

6420
05:48:38,800 --> 05:48:42,400
the only path to Mercy and of 
communities that need enemies to

6421
05:48:42,400 --> 05:48:45,600
maintain cohesion. 
They teach us that fear is a 

6422
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:49,000
terrible foundation for justice,
that Panic makes people capable 

6423
05:48:49,000 --> 05:48:50,500
of Cruelty, they'd normally 
reject. 

6424
05:48:50,500 --> 05:48:53,700
And that the difference between 
civilization and barbarism is 

6425
05:48:53,700 --> 05:48:55,000
thinner than we'd like to 
believe. 

6426
05:48:55,000 --> 05:48:58,600
They also teach us something 
about the endurance of human 

6427
05:48:58,600 --> 05:49:00,900
communities. 
Despite terrible, mistakes 

6428
05:49:00,900 --> 05:49:05,100
Salem, didn't disappear, after 
1692 vogtsburg recovered from 

6429
05:49:05,100 --> 05:49:08,200
its trials, communities. 
That burned witches went on to 

6430
05:49:08,200 --> 05:49:10,800
become peaceful towns where 
people lived ordinary lives. 

6431
05:49:10,800 --> 05:49:14,500
Raised children, tended Gardens 
and mostly forgot what their 

6432
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:17,300
ancestors had done. 
Humans are remarkably good at 

6433
05:49:17,300 --> 05:49:20,700
moving on at forgetting at 
rebuilding normal life, after 

6434
05:49:20,700 --> 05:49:24,000
extraordinary cruelty. 
Whether this resilience is 

6435
05:49:24,000 --> 05:49:27,100
admirable or troubling, depends 
on your perspective, it's 

6436
05:49:27,100 --> 05:49:29,600
admirable that communities can 
recover from Collective Madness.

6437
05:49:29,600 --> 05:49:32,700
It's troubling that they can do 
well enough, that the lessons 

6438
05:49:32,700 --> 05:49:36,200
might not be learned. the future
Generations might be susceptible

6439
05:49:36,200 --> 05:49:40,400
to similar Dynamics, because the
memory has faded the physical 

6440
05:49:40,400 --> 05:49:43,900
traces of which trials are 
mostly gone, a few memorial 

6441
05:49:43,900 --> 05:49:48,200
stones, some preserve documents 
and historical markers in places

6442
05:49:48,200 --> 05:49:50,900
where execution occurred The 
dead left. 

6443
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:52,900
No. 
Graves to visit their body's 

6444
05:49:52,900 --> 05:49:54,800
having been burned or buried 
without ceremony. 

6445
05:49:54,800 --> 05:49:58,100
In many cases, the absence of 
physical memorials makes the 

6446
05:49:58,100 --> 05:50:01,400
history feel more distant easier
to dismiss as something that 

6447
05:50:01,400 --> 05:50:03,000
happened long ago and couldn't 
happen. 

6448
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:06,600
Now, But the absence of 
memorials also means we carry 

6449
05:50:06,600 --> 05:50:10,000
this history internally. 
As a story, we tell about human 

6450
05:50:10,000 --> 05:50:13,100
nature and social dynamics 
rather than as a specific place.

6451
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:16,000
We can visit and leave behind 
the witch trials exist. 

6452
05:50:16,000 --> 05:50:19,900
Now, primarily as a cautionary 
tale as a metaphor as a warning 

6453
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:23,700
and perhaps that's the form in 
which their most useful, as you 

6454
05:50:23,700 --> 05:50:26,700
prepare for Sleep, consider that
the same darkness that once held

6455
05:50:26,700 --> 05:50:30,000
such Terror for our ancestors. 
Now, holds a kind of Peace. 

6456
05:50:30,000 --> 05:50:33,400
The night is no longer populated
with demons and malevolent 

6457
05:50:33,400 --> 05:50:35,600
Spirits. 
The shadows, in the corner of 

6458
05:50:35,608 --> 05:50:37,900
your room are just Shadows. 
The creaking of the house is 

6459
05:50:37,900 --> 05:50:40,400
just would settling. 
And the neighbor who seems 

6460
05:50:40,400 --> 05:50:42,600
strange is just someone with 
different habits and 

6461
05:50:42,600 --> 05:50:45,500
preferences. 
This demystification of the 

6462
05:50:45,500 --> 05:50:49,400
night, this Taming of Darkness, 
through understanding represents

6463
05:50:49,400 --> 05:50:52,800
one of modernity's, genuine 
gifts, we've lost the enchanted 

6464
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:56,300
Universe where magic was real 
and Spirits walked Among Us. 

6465
05:50:57,000 --> 05:50:59,600
But we've gained a world where 
random Misfortune doesn't 

6466
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:02,400
require malevolent explanation 
where your neighbor's 

6467
05:51:02,400 --> 05:51:06,000
ex-centricity doesn't, make them
dangerous and where different 

6468
05:51:06,000 --> 05:51:09,300
doesn't equal threat. 
The last person executed, for 

6469
05:51:09,300 --> 05:51:12,700
witchcraft died, centuries ago, 
the last official witch trial 

6470
05:51:12,700 --> 05:51:16,300
ended long before anyone now 
living was born, the Machinery 

6471
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:20,300
of persecution that operated for
so long has been dismantled its 

6472
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:23,200
methods discredited and its 
assumptions rejected. 

6473
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:25,400
This is progress worth 
acknowledging. 

6474
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:29,100
Even as we remain alert to how 
similar Dynamics, might manifest

6475
05:51:29,100 --> 05:51:32,600
in different forms. 
Tonight, as you drift towards 

6476
05:51:32,600 --> 05:51:35,600
sleep, you can do so without 
fear that someone might accuse 

6477
05:51:35,600 --> 05:51:39,200
you of impossible crimes that 
your midnight dreams might be 

6478
05:51:39,200 --> 05:51:42,500
used as evidence against you, or
that your spirit might be 

6479
05:51:42,500 --> 05:51:44,800
claimed to have left your 
sleeping body, to harm your 

6480
05:51:44,800 --> 05:51:47,600
neighbor's these fears. 
Which once seemed perfectly 

6481
05:51:47,600 --> 05:51:50,900
reasonable to millions of people
have been consigned to history, 

6482
05:51:50,900 --> 05:51:55,000
but history is never as distant 
as we imagine the human tendency

6483
05:51:55,000 --> 05:51:58,400
that produced Witch Trials, the 
need to explain suffering the 

6484
05:51:58,400 --> 05:52:01,700
comfort of identifying enemies. 
The power of accusations, the 

6485
05:52:01,700 --> 05:52:05,900
danger of certainty remain with 
us, the forms change, but the 

6486
05:52:05,900 --> 05:52:09,100
patterns persist appearing in 
different contexts with 

6487
05:52:09,100 --> 05:52:12,000
different vocabularies, but 
recognizable structures. 

6488
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:15,700
The Witch Trials, remind us that
Civilization is an achievement. 

6489
05:52:15,700 --> 05:52:20,000
Requiring constant maintenance 
that Justice is fragile and that

6490
05:52:20,000 --> 05:52:23,400
Mercy must be chosen again. 
And again, they remind us to be 

6491
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:26,300
skeptical of our own certain 
Hunters compassionate toward 

6492
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:30,100
those accused careful about how 
we explain this fortune and 

6493
05:52:30,100 --> 05:52:33,900
humble. how much we truly know, 
they also remind us that 

6494
05:52:33,900 --> 05:52:38,400
individuals matter, the choices 
matter and that resistance is 

6495
05:52:38,400 --> 05:52:41,000
possible even when it's 
difficult, the people who spoke 

6496
05:52:41,000 --> 05:52:44,300
up for accused witches, who 
question the proceedings who 

6497
05:52:44,300 --> 05:52:47,200
refused to participate in 
persecution despite pressure 

6498
05:52:47,900 --> 05:52:50,700
these individuals demonstrated 
that we're not helpless before 

6499
05:52:50,700 --> 05:52:54,500
social forces that moral courage
remains meaningful, even when 

6500
05:52:54,500 --> 05:52:57,700
it's uncommon, As your eyes grow
heavy in the room, around you, 

6501
05:52:57,700 --> 05:53:00,100
softens into the gentle blur of 
approaching sleep. 

6502
05:53:00,100 --> 05:53:03,100
You might spare a thought for 
all those accused of impossible,

6503
05:53:03,100 --> 05:53:06,100
things for communities torn, 
apart by fear. 

6504
05:53:06,100 --> 05:53:09,800
And for the slow, uneven 
progress toward more just and 

6505
05:53:09,800 --> 05:53:12,300
rational ways of handling 
Misfortune and differents. 

6506
05:53:13,100 --> 05:53:16,300
The story of witches from belief
through persecution to the 

6507
05:53:16,300 --> 05:53:19,200
fading of the trials is 
ultimately a story, about 

6508
05:53:19,200 --> 05:53:22,600
learning Humanity, learned 
slowly, and at terrible cost 

6509
05:53:22,600 --> 05:53:25,000
that Supernatural explanations 
from Misfortune were 

6510
05:53:25,000 --> 05:53:27,500
unnecessary. 
The accusations required 

6511
05:53:27,500 --> 05:53:29,500
evidence. 
That difference, didn't equal 

6512
05:53:29,500 --> 05:53:32,000
danger, and that Mercy was 
stronger than fear. 

6513
05:53:33,100 --> 05:53:36,100
These lessons weren't loaned 
perfectly or completely. 

6514
05:53:36,100 --> 05:53:40,100
They won't learned everywhere. 
Simultaneously, they had to be 

6515
05:53:40,108 --> 05:53:42,500
learned again and again, 
sometimes forgotten and 

6516
05:53:42,500 --> 05:53:46,700
relearned, but they were learned
And the world became in this 

6517
05:53:46,700 --> 05:53:49,400
respect, at least a gentler 
Place sleep. 

6518
05:53:49,400 --> 05:53:53,600
Now in your safe comfortable, 
bed in your room, that holds no 

6519
05:53:53,600 --> 05:53:56,800
demons in your community. 
That doesn't burn, witches 

6520
05:53:56,800 --> 05:54:00,800
sleep. knowing that the darkness
outside your window is just the 

6521
05:54:00,800 --> 05:54:04,200
absence of light that your 
strange dreams are just your 

6522
05:54:04,200 --> 05:54:07,900
brain processing information and
that your difficult neighbor is 

6523
05:54:07,900 --> 05:54:12,700
just a person with different 
views and habits The Witch 

6524
05:54:12,700 --> 05:54:17,200
Trials are over their lessons 
remain and that combination the 

6525
05:54:17,200 --> 05:54:20,000
end of one horror the 
preservation of its lessons 

6526
05:54:20,000 --> 05:54:22,300
represents. 
One of history is quiet 

6527
05:54:22,300 --> 05:54:24,500
victories. 
The kind that doesn't announce 

6528
05:54:24,500 --> 05:54:27,700
itself with trumpets and 
celebrations but simply makes 

6529
05:54:27,700 --> 05:54:30,100
ordinary life possible for 
Ordinary People. 

6530
05:54:30,100 --> 05:54:33,600
Tomorrow, you'll wake to a world
where witches exist, only in 

6531
05:54:33,600 --> 05:54:37,100
Halloween decorations and 
fantasy novels where history has

6532
05:54:37,100 --> 05:54:40,600
become story and where the fears
that once seemed so reasonable 

6533
05:54:40,600 --> 05:54:44,400
now, seem incomprehensible and 
that change from reasonable fear

6534
05:54:44,400 --> 05:54:48,300
to incomprehensible Superstition
represents, not just the passage

6535
05:54:48,300 --> 05:54:52,400
of time but the slow uneven 
precious growth of human 

6536
05:54:52,400 --> 05:54:54,500
understanding. 
Rest. 

6537
05:54:54,500 --> 05:54:57,300
Well, knowing that this 
particular Darkness has been 

6538
05:54:57,300 --> 05:55:01,100
illuminated that this particular
fear has been named and 

6539
05:55:01,100 --> 05:55:03,400
understood, and that this 
particular mistake is now 

6540
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:06,800
preserved as a cautionary tale. 
Rather than repeated as a tragic

6541
05:55:06,800 --> 05:55:10,800
practice the night holds only 
night, the darkness holds only 

6542
05:55:10,800 --> 05:55:14,200
darkness and that in its own 
quiet way is something close to 

6543
05:55:14,208 --> 05:55:17,100
Grace sleep. 
Well, the witch trials are 

6544
05:55:17,100 --> 05:55:18,500
history and morning, always 
comes.