The Forgotten Origins of Makeup We Still Use Today | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey, friends. 
Tonight, we're embarking on a 

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journey that spans thousands of 
years and touches every culture 

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on Earth. 
It's the story of Humanity's 

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relationship with beauty color 
and transformation. 

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A tale that begins in 
prehistoric caves and winds its 

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way to your bathroom mirror. 
This is the ancient history of 

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makeup and cosmetics told his 
gently as a lullaby, but with 

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enough fascinating details to 
keep your mind pleasantly 

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engaged as you drift towards 
sleep. 

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So, as we ease in take a moment 
to like the video, and let me 

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know where you're tuning in 
from, and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, let's open our first 

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chapter now. 
You are now seeing the birth of 

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an industry that now makes 
hundreds of billions of dollars 

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every year as you picture, these
old scenes, but more than that, 

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you're seeing a behavior that is
uniquely human and goes beyond 

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culture, geography and time. 
The desire to change how we look

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to show who we are through color
and pattern. 

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And to take part in the ancient 
ritual of enhancement, these 

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urges connect you directly to 
the cave dwellers, who mixed Oka

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by firelight, when you next open
a lipstick or eyeshadow palette.

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You're doing something that 
people have been doing since the

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beginning of time. 
The tools are better, the colors

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are more varied, and the 
techniques are more advanced, 

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but the basic Drive is still the
same. 

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Your changing yourself for a 
short time just like people have

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done since we first looked at 
our reflection in Stillwater and

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thought about how we might look 
different. 

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As you get more comfortable in 
your blanket, let your mind 

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drift down the Nile River to 
ancient Egypt where the art of 

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Cosmetics reached Heights. 
That would not be reached for 

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thousands of years. 
Imagine yourself walking through

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the busy streets of Thieves on a
warming in 1350 BCE. 

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When the famous boy, King 
Tutankhamun was in charge. 

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The sun is already Rising 
towards its harsh noon position 

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but the city is still busy. 
The first thing you notice about

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the Egyptians you meet is their 
eyes. 

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Everyone from men to women to 
children, to Nobles to servants,

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whereas dramatic eye makeup that
makes their eyes look bigger, 

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more intense, Norma 
Supernatural, in some way, the 

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effect is amazing as if you're 
in a room. 

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Full of people who have borrowed
the eyes of gods, this wasn't an

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accident. 
The Egyptians thought that the 

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eyes were not only the windows 
to the soul battleships. 

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Also to the Divine world, the 
intricate eye makeup, had 

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practical spiritual and 
aesthetic uses that were so 

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closely linked that an ancient 
Egyptian would have thought it 

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was strange to try to separate 
them. 

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Cole was the most famous part of
Egyptian eye makeup. 

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It was a dark substance that was
put around the eyes in dramatic 

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lines that went beyond the 
natural shape of the eyes. 

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Cole was wasn't just one thing. 
It was made from a mix of 

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things. 
Each with its own uses and 

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properties. 
Galena lead sulfide mineral that

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made a deep shiny. 
Black was the most common, 

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Egyptians ground, this mineral 
into a fine powder and then 

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mixed it with animal fat, 
vegetable oil, or even honey, to

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make a smooth Pace. 
Making coal was almost like a 

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religious ceremony. 
Families would have special 

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grinding palettes that were 
often made of slate and shaped 

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like fish birds or other 
important symbols. 

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People took good care of the 
grinding, stones and passed them

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down through the years. 
Like valuable heirlooms. 

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The sound of stone scraping 
against Stone to make coal would

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have been as common in Egyptian 
homes as the sound of coffee 

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brewing is in hours, but 
Egyptians didn't only use black.

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They made a whole range of eye 
makeup colors each with its own 

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meaning and way of getting 
ready. 

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Malachite, the green copper 
carbonate mineral was grounded 

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into a fine powder to make 
bright green eyeshadow. 

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Green wasn't just pretty. 
It was a symbol of rebirth and 

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fertility which made it very 
popular with women who wanted to

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have children or who were 
grieving the death of a loved 

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one. 
Putting on Egyptian, eye makeup 

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was an art that needed skill, 
patients and steady hands. 

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Most wealthy families, had, 
special, makeup applicators made

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of wood Ivory or metal. 
These tools were often 

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beautifully carved and decorated
making putting on makeup every 

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day, feel like a special event. 
The richest Egyptians might have

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their own makeup artists, who 
were skilled servants. 

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Who could make the complicated 
designs that showed someone was 

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from the upper class? 
Imagine a rich Egyptian woman 

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starting her daily makeup 
routine. 

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She sits on a low stool in front
of a polished metal mirror 

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around. 
Her are a lot of cosmetic 

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containers made of alabaster 
would Impressions metals. 

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Her makeup artist starts by 
washing her face with a mixture 

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of animal fats and nature on a 
naturally occurring salt. 

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That acted as soap, the cleaning
process is gentle but thorough 

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getting the skin ready for the 
day's makeup. 

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The eye makeup is the most 
complicated and important part. 

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So it goes first. 
The artist uses a thin read or 

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bronze applicator to draw 
precise lines of coal around the

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woman's eyes. 
The lines, go past the outer 

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Corners to make an arm and 
shape. 

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That makes her features look 
even more beautiful. 

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If the lines aren't perfectly 
straight, it will be clear right

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away. 
That the work is bad. 

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Next, the eye shadow the artist 
carefully puts green malachite 

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powder on the woman's eyelids, 
with the different applicator 

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blending its smoothly from the 
Lash line to the brow bone. 

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The green color catches the 
light. 

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When she blinks giving her eyes,
a soft glow. 

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That makes them look like 
they're on fire, but Egyptian 

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makeup was not just for the 
eyes, both men and women. 

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Use a lot of other beauty 
products that anyone who is into

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Beauty today would know about. 
They put red ocher and fought 

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together to make Rouge which 
they put on their lips and 

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cheeks. 
They used henna to color their 

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hair nails, and sometimes even 
their palms and feet. 

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Patterns, they made show their 
social status and personal taste

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people all over the ancient 
world knew about Egyptian 

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perfumes. 
They made complicated sentence 

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by soaking, flowers, herbs, and 
spices, and oils, and fats. 

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Some of the most valuable 
ingredients were Rose, Jasmine, 

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frankincense and myrrh. 
People who are rich would put 

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these expensive oils on their 
bodies every day and the smells 

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would stay with them. 
Like invisible auras of luxury. 

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The boxes that Egyptian 
Cosmetics came in were often 

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works of art on their own. 
Richard Egyptians kept their 

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makeup in fancy boxes and jars 
made of valuable materials and 

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decorated with religious 
symbols. 

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These containers were just 
useful, there were also a sign 

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of the owners wealth and taste. 
Some cosmetic containers that 

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were found in tombs are so 
beautiful that they are now on 

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display in museums as examples 
of ancient craftsmanship. 

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Egyptian Cosmetics, have a lot 
of religious meaning different 

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gods and goddesses were linked 
to certain colors and patterns, 

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the green eyeshadow was a 
tribute to hathor, the goddess 

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of beauty and love people 
thought that black coal could 

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protect them from the evil eye 
and call on Raw the sun god. 

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Putting on makeup was even seen 
as a way to worship the gods 

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every day by making oneself. 
Beautiful. 

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Modern science has shown that 
Egyptian Cosmetics also had 

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useful effects. 
Coal contains lead, which is 

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poisonous in large amounts but 
actually killed bacteria and 

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stopped infections the oils and 
fats and cosmetics protected 

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skin from the harsh sun and wind
in the desert. 

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Many of the ingredients had 
antimicrobial properties. 

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That helps keep both the 
cosmetics and the skin of the 

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people who use them safe back. 
Then it was amazing. 

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How Beauty became available to 
everyone in ancient Egypt. 

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Rich people could buy more 
expensive makeup and higher 

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professionals to put it on but 
even servants and workers wore 

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basic. 
Eye makeup people didn't think 

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of this as vanity, they thought 
it was necessary for health 

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spiritual protection and being 
accepted by others. 

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Some of them make up techniques 
used in ancient Egypt weren't 

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found again until modern times. 
They knew how to make makeup. 

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That wouldn't wash off pigments,
that would last a long time and 

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even early versions of what we 
might call foundation and 

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concealer. 
Their knowledge of color, theory

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preservation and application 
techniques. 

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Formed the basis for cosmetic 
practices that are still used 

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today. 
As you think about these old 

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beauty, rituals you're seeing a 
civilization that knew a lot 

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about how looks and identity are
connected. 

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Makeup was more than just 
decoration for Egyptians. 

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It was a way to change their 
appearance, protect themselves 

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and show their devotional all at
once. 

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We can see the beginning of 
Cosmetics as both art and 

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business in their painted eyes 
and colored lips. 

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These products set standards for
beauty that would last for 

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thousands of years as you travel
through the ancient world. 

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Let your mind take you from the 
Nile River to the sun, drenched 

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Hills of Greece around 450 BC E 
when Athens was at its best. 

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The Aegean sees, salty Breeze, 
and Olive blossoms, make the air

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smell good. 
In this land, that gave us 

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democracy and philosophy. 
You'll find a very different 

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idea of beauty. 
One that values. 

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Natural Perfection, over 
dramatic change on a nice 

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morning. 
If you walk through the Agora of

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Athens, you'll notice something 
about the people around. 

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You, that stands out the Greeks.
Look almost plain next to the 

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Egyptians, who painted their 
bodies in very dramatic ways. 

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But if you look closer, you'll 
see that this simple look hides.

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A complex and carefully crafted 
Style still affect standards of 

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beauty today. 
The Greek ideas of beauty were 

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very philosophical. 
They believed in the idea of 

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chaos, which meant both physical
Beauty and moral goodness, A 

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person had to find a balance 
between their looks and their, 

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in a goodness to be truly 
beautiful. 

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This meant that Cosmetics were 
just about looking good. 

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They were all so about becoming 
good making the outside. 

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Look, perfect to show how 
valuable you are on the inside 

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the Greeks like what they called
marble skin. 

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Pale smooth and perfect like the
stone there, sculptors used to 

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make their works of art. 
It took a lot of work and some 

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not so good methods to get this.
Look, Rich Greek women would use

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mixtures of white LED and chalk 
on their skin to make it 

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lighter. 
They knew that having pale skin 

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meant you could relax and not 
have to work since the sun's 

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Rays dark and the skin of work 
as and slaves, but making marble

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skin was more complicated than 
just putting on white makeup. 

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Greek women had long complicated
Beauty, routines that started 

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long before they touched their 
faces. 

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They would bathe in milk, honey,
and olive oil, which were all 

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good for the skin and made it 
look slightly glowing. 

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The milks natural acids, gently 
exfoliated the skin, the honey, 

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moisturized it and killed 
bacteria and the olive oil 

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formed a protective barrier that
made the skin, feel soft and 

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smooth. 
Imagine a rich Athenian woman 

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named Aphasia. 
Starting her beauty routine in 

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the morning. 
She Begins by taking a bath, 

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that smells like rose petals and
centered oils. 

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Her slaves, of set. 
The water to the right 

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temperature and added herbs, the
known to make skin softener. 

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She takes her time soaking 
letting the oils soaking her 

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skin. 
While the warm water opened her 

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paws. 
After her bath, a spacer goes to

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her. 
Private room to get her makeup. 

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Greek, makeup tools was simple, 
but elegant, they included 

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bronze mirrors. 
That were polished to a 

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mirror-like shine. 
Small spoons for measuring 

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powder and fine brushes, made 
from animal hair. 

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The Cosmetics were kept in. 
Beautiful pottery jars that were

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often painted with seals from 
mythology or Every Day Life. 

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The base of Greek makeup was 
literally Foundation. 

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It was a white base made from 
lead Carpenter gave the skin the

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pale look they wanted. 
Space. 

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Slave uses a damp cloth to 
carefully. 

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Apply this to the skin until it 
looks smooth and Porcelain like 

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it takes skill to do this, 
right? 

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If you use too much makeup, it 
looks obvious and fake. 

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And if you use too little, it 
doesn't work. 

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Greek women didn't just want 
pale skin. 

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They wanted their skin to look 
healthy and glowing under the 

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white base. 
They did this by putting a light

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00:11:24,500 --> 00:11:27,300
red color on their cheeks with 
red okra or crushed mulberries. 

230
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:30,200
The goal wasn't the bright 
color, that would become popular

231
00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:33,500
later instead, it was a soft 
flush that made people look 

232
00:11:33,500 --> 00:11:36,600
healthy and full of life. 
The eyes were given careful but 

233
00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:39,800
not too much attention. 
Greek women learned how to use 

234
00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:42,500
coal from their Egyptian 
neighbors but they did it in a 

235
00:11:42,508 --> 00:11:45,800
much more subtle way. 
Greek, I make up didn't use the 

236
00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:50,000
dramatic extensions that were 
popular in Egypt instead it 

237
00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:53,300
followed the natural shape of 
the eyes darkening, the lashes 

238
00:11:53,300 --> 00:11:55,200
and defining the eyes without 
making the face. 

239
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:58,000
Look too busy. 
They might put a little color on

240
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:00,400
the eyelids. 
Usually a soft gray or brown, 

241
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:03,900
but the goal is always to make 
them look better, not different.

242
00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:06,200
Greek makeup was very 
interesting. 

243
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:10,000
They liked what they called. 
Wine dark lips, which was 

244
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,700
inspired by a famous phrase, 
from Homer about the sea. 

245
00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:17,600
This dark purple, red color came
from mixing red, ocher crushed 

246
00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:21,100
berries and sometimes even 
grounded insects that made red 

247
00:12:21,100 --> 00:12:23,400
dye. 
The application was very 

248
00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,200
careful. 
Greek women used small brushes 

249
00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:29,500
to paint their lips into perfect
shapes usually smaller than 

250
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:31,600
their natural lip line to get 
the look. 

251
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:35,300
They wanted of delicate refined 
features but there was a strange

252
00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:37,900
contradiction. 
In Greek Beauty culture, women 

253
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:39,800
were supposed to look naturally 
beautiful. 

254
00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:42,900
But getting this natural look, 
took a lot of work with fake 

255
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:46,900
makeup, the pale skin that made 
them look, naturally refined was

256
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:50,100
actually from toxic lead makeup,
the rosie glow. 

257
00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:52,800
That showed good health was 
painted on the lips, were 

258
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,900
carefully shaped with brushes 
and pigments to make them look, 

259
00:12:55,900 --> 00:12:58,600
perfect. 
Interestingly, Greek men were 

260
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:00,900
not completely free from using 
Cosmetics. 

261
00:13:00,900 --> 00:13:04,300
Athletes would oil their bodies 
before a competition for both 

262
00:13:04,300 --> 00:13:08,000
practical and aesthetic. 
Reasons some men use Cosmetics 

263
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,100
that weren't too obvious to 
cover up, scars or blemishes. 

264
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:13,600
It was thought that any man who 
moved in high-class, Social 

265
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:16,800
Circles needed to wear perfume. 
There were big changes in the 

266
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:19,500
way people use Cosmetics when 
they move from Greece to Rome, 

267
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:21,800
as you keep going on your mental
Journey. 

268
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:25,900
Picture yourself in Rome around 
the year. 50 CE, when Emperor 

269
00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:29,400
Claudius was in charge people 
from all over the Empire, come 

270
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:33,000
to the city to do business 
Egyptian, Merchants sell exotic 

271
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,500
pigments Germanic slaves with 
pale skin, that Roman women. 

272
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:39,900
Like from Spanish Traders, sell 
precious metals for cosmetic 

273
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:41,400
containers. 
In a lot of ways. 

274
00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:45,200
Roman Beauty culture was Greek 
Beauty culture on steroids, the 

275
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,200
Greeks like things to be subtle 
and not too much while the 

276
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:50,500
Romans like things to be over 
the top and dramatic. 

277
00:13:51,300 --> 00:13:54,400
The Greeks wanted to look 
naturally perfect, but the 

278
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,800
Romans openly prayed fake 
improvements. 

279
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:00,200
The Romans were very open about 
how fake their Cosmetics were 

280
00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:02,300
and they weren't afraid to try 
new things. 

281
00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:05,900
Roman women took the Greek love 
of pale skin to the next level 

282
00:14:05,900 --> 00:14:08,100
to get skin. 
That was almost see through. 

283
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:11,600
They used even more dangerous 
mixtures with white LED Mercury 

284
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:13,900
and arsenic. 
The health effects were 

285
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:17,400
terrible, many wealthy Roman 
women suffered from what we now 

286
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:20,200
know, as heavy metal poisoning 
which caused hair loss. 

287
00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:22,800
Skin damage in neurological 
problems. 

288
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:26,500
Style was so strong that they 
kept using these harmful 

289
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:28,400
products. 
Even though they knew they were 

290
00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,400
bad for their health, the Roman 
version was very different from 

291
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:33,800
the Greek version, which was 
much more subtle. 

292
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:37,100
Roman women didn't just put 
bright red on their cheeks. 

293
00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:39,500
They sometimes put it all over 
their faces. 

294
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:42,700
They made bright red pigments, 
that caught the light and let 

295
00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:44,900
people know they were there from
a cross, the room by using 

296
00:14:44,900 --> 00:14:48,800
Cinnabar Mercury sulfide. 
The goal wasn't to look healthy.

297
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:53,900
It was to look rich powerful and
stylish the Romans also had very

298
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:56,600
dramatic eye makeup. 
They used coal even more than 

299
00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,900
the Egyptians did, which made 
their eyes look dark and Smoky 

300
00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:02,400
as if they were smoldering with 
intensity. 

301
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:06,900
Roman women also started using 
colored eye shadows in colors 

302
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:08,700
that would have shocked their 
Greek predecessors. 

303
00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:11,900
They used bright Blues made from
ground, lapis. 

304
00:15:11,900 --> 00:15:16,100
Lazuli Vivid greens made from 
malachite, even Gold Leaf for 

305
00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:19,100
special occasions. 
The color of Roman lips was just

306
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:21,600
as bright. 
They like to Bright Reds, made 

307
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,500
from crushed insects red Oaker 
and Cinnabar some Roman women. 

308
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:28,700
Even used a red dye made from 
certain kind of seaweed that 

309
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:31,400
made a color that looked almost 
fluorescent and glowed in the 

310
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:34,400
light of a lamp. 
The application was very precise

311
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,700
and dramatic. 
The lips were painted in to 

312
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:38,500
exaggerated shapes that made 
them look. 

313
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:41,800
Fake Roman perfume's became 
famous all over the ancient 

314
00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:44,100
world. 
If he brought in strange things 

315
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:48,300
from all over their empire, like
frankincense from Arabia spices,

316
00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:52,600
from India, and flowers from 
Egypt, Roman perfumers came up 

317
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:56,000
with complicated ways to make 
sense that made perfumes with 

318
00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,400
many layers of scent that 
changed over the course of the 

319
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,300
day. 
Rich Romans might change their 

320
00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:04,200
perfume several times a day 
using different sense for 

321
00:16:04,208 --> 00:16:06,400
different activities and social 
situations. 

322
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:09,800
The tools and containers that 
Romans used for Cosmetics became

323
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:11,200
more and more fancy and 
expensive. 

324
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:15,400
Rich, Roman women had makeup 
collections that included dozens

325
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:18,900
of specialized tools made of 
precious metals and decorated 

326
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,000
with jewels, their makeup boxes 
were often works of art with 

327
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,800
detailed carvings inlaid gems 
and mechanical parts. 

328
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,500
That would have impressed 
Engineers today on a Treasures, 

329
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:31,600
were Roman beauty salons were 
skilled slaves, worked to put on

330
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:33,800
makeup. 
These experts came up with 

331
00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,200
methods, that wouldn't be used 
again for hundreds of years. 

332
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,600
They have to make Cosmetics that
wouldn't smudge in the heat. 

333
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:43,100
How to mix colors for different 
skin tones, and how to use 

334
00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:46,100
makeup to make different facial 
features, look different as you 

335
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:48,000
picked these. 
Roman Beauty rituals you're 

336
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,100
seeing the beginning of 
Cosmetics, as a way to show off 

337
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,200
your wealth for Romans wearing a
lot of makeup. 

338
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,300
Wasn't just about looking good. 
It was a about showing off their

339
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:58,300
wealth status and 
sophistication. 

340
00:16:58,300 --> 00:17:01,500
You looked more successful, the 
more fake and expensive. 

341
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:05,099
You looked this way of thinking 
about makeup as a status symbol 

342
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:07,000
would change. 
The way people think about 

343
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,500
beauty for hundreds of years as 
you relax and learn about the 

344
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,200
history of beauty. 
Let Your mind travel along the 

345
00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:16,700
Silk Road, the famous network of
trade routes, that connected, 

346
00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:20,500
the East and the West picture 
yourself as a merchant friend in

347
00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:25,000
the Tang Dynasty, around 700 CE,
as you make your way to the 

348
00:17:25,008 --> 00:17:27,500
beautiful city of chang'an, 
which is now Shihan. 

349
00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:30,200
You've been traveling through 
deserts, and mountains, for 

350
00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,200
months. 
The first thing that stands out 

351
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,400
about Chinese Beauty culture, is
how refined and subtle, it is 

352
00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:39,900
the Romans liked bold drama and 
the Egyptians like spiritual 

353
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:42,200
symbols. 
Chinese on the other hand 

354
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,200
developed an aesthetic 
philosophy, based on Harmony 

355
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,600
balance and making natural 
beauty even more beautiful. 

356
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:51,700
Their ideas about makeup were 
heavily influenced by 

357
00:17:51,700 --> 00:17:55,600
traditional Chinese medicine 
philosophy and the idea of key 

358
00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:58,600
which is the life force that 
flows through all things. 

359
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:02,300
Imagine yourself in the morning 
fog of a tanged in isti Palace 

360
00:18:02,300 --> 00:18:05,400
Garden where the ladies of the 
Court are starting to get ready 

361
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:09,200
for their beauty, the ritual 
begins Before Dawn, not with 

362
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:11,700
putting on makeup, but with 
paying close attention to 

363
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:15,800
health, and in a balanced, 
According to Chinese cosmetic 

364
00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,400
philosophy. 
True beauty Came From Within 

365
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:22,700
healthy, organs, balanced energy
and spiritual Harmony naturally 

366
00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:25,900
made people look beautiful on 
the outside and cosmetics, could

367
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:29,300
only make that beauty better. 
The Chinese were great chemists 

368
00:18:29,300 --> 00:18:31,800
who came up with cosmetic 
ingredients and methods that 

369
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:35,500
were hundreds of years ahead of 
those used in the West, They 

370
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:37,800
learned how to make pigments 
that lasts a long time from 

371
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:41,100
minerals came up with ways to 
keep Cosmetics, fresh for 

372
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:44,200
months, and figured out how 
nutrition affects skin Health in

373
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:46,200
ways, that wouldn't be 
scientifically proven until 

374
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:49,300
modern times. 
Then a type of Chinese face 

375
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:51,500
powder was made from rice flour,
ground pearls. 

376
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:54,700
And sometimes LED carbonate 
depending on the time and social

377
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:57,500
class. 
The rice flour, gave the skin, a

378
00:18:57,500 --> 00:19:00,100
soft cover while letting it 
breathe and the ground pearls 

379
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:02,300
added a subtle shine. 
That made the skin look like 

380
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:05,600
porcelain people thought that 
putting on Fenn was an art that 

381
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,000
took years of practice to get 
good at the court. 

382
00:19:08,008 --> 00:19:10,600
Lady puts on her makeup every 
day with the same care as a 

383
00:19:10,608 --> 00:19:14,300
master, calligrapher, She starts
by washing her face with rice 

384
00:19:14,300 --> 00:19:17,700
water, which is a method that 
modern Beauty fans have recently

385
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:19,900
rediscovered for its anti-aging 
effects. 

386
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,700
The rice water cleanses the skin
and gently exfoliates and 

387
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:28,200
moisturizes it next to the base.
She uses a silk cloth that has 

388
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,500
been dampened with rosewater to 
apply the rice powder foundation

389
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:35,200
in thin even layers. 
She builds up coverage slowly 

390
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:37,000
until her skin is a smooth as a 
pearl. 

391
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:40,400
It takes time and careful 
attention to detail to do the 

392
00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:42,600
process. 
The goal isn't to hide her 

393
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:45,900
natural beauty, is to make it 
perfect so that the Arkham come 

394
00:19:45,900 --> 00:19:48,700
to life on it. 
Chinese eyebrow fashion was very

395
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:51,300
Advanced. 
Eyebrow shapes changed a lot 

396
00:19:51,308 --> 00:19:54,600
over the years, they went from 
thin crescents to bold, straight

397
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:58,400
lines to delicate curves that 
followed complicated geometric 

398
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,100
rules. 
Women would completely pluck 

399
00:20:01,100 --> 00:20:04,100
their natural eyebrows and then 
use special brushes and pigments

400
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,200
made from charcoal plant dies or
even crushed. 

401
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:08,700
Butterfly wings to draw them 
back. 

402
00:20:08,708 --> 00:20:12,000
On the red lips were probably 
the most famous part of Chinese 

403
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,400
makeup, but putting them on was 
much more complicated than just 

404
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,700
painting them red. 
Chinese women used a method 

405
00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:22,400
called Diane Chun, which meant 
putting red pigment only in the 

406
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:25,300
middle of their lips and leaving
the edges, their natural color. 

407
00:20:26,100 --> 00:20:29,300
This made a small bow shaped 
mouth that was thought to be the

408
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:33,700
most feminine and elegant people
use safflower petals Cinnabar or

409
00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:36,400
a red paste made from crushed 
rose petals and honey to color 

410
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:39,200
their lips. 
But the most sought after lip 

411
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:41,200
color came from a very clever 
Source. 

412
00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:44,600
Women would press special paper 
that had been treated with red 

413
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:46,800
pigment to gets their lips to 
transfer the color. 

414
00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:51,500
This early type of lipstick 
paper was easy to carry lasted a

415
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:53,400
long time made the color just 
right. 

416
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,600
They also came up with nail art 
techniques that wouldn't be seen

417
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,300
in Western culture 100s of 
years. 

418
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:02,500
They made complicated designs on
their nails, with henna ground, 

419
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:06,700
flowers, and mineral pigments. 
Colors and patterns show things 

420
00:21:06,700 --> 00:21:10,300
like social status, marital 
status and even political 

421
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:13,600
beliefs, the length, and 
decoration of fingernails turned

422
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,500
into a complicated visual 
language that people who knew 

423
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:19,000
how to read it. 
Could understand in Chinese 

424
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:22,100
culture, perfume served more 
purposes than just smelling good

425
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:25,500
people thought that different 
scents could heal change their 

426
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:27,400
mood and even bring them good 
luck. 

427
00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:31,400
Chinese perfumers made sense 
from incense that were worn in 

428
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,300
special pendants or sachets and 
of being put directly on the 

429
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:36,900
skin. 
These portable perfumes, let the

430
00:21:36,900 --> 00:21:39,600
wearer a change their Century 
during the day by what they were

431
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,300
doing and who they were with, as
you can continue your mental 

432
00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:45,700
Journey East, you find yourself 
in Japan, during the hair and 

433
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:51,800
period, 794 to 1185 CE, where 
you see one of the most unique 

434
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:53,600
and complex Beauty cultures in 
history. 

435
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:58,200
During this time, Japanese Court
life came up with aesthetic 

436
00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,800
practices that were so intricate
and advanced that they changed 

437
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:05,700
Japanese beauty standards. 
For more than 1,000 years, the 

438
00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:08,100
makeup of Hayden Japan was known
for its sharp. 

439
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:10,900
Dramatic contrasts and precise 
geometric patterns. 

440
00:22:10,900 --> 00:22:14,700
The most noticeable thing was 
the pure white face powder made 

441
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:17,100
from rice flour. 
Which made the skin look. 

442
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:19,900
Almost like a mask and made the 
makeup look even more fake. 

443
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:21,900
This wasn't meant to look 
natural. 

444
00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:24,700
It was meant to look 
otherworldly turning. 

445
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:27,000
The person wearing it into 
something that looked like a 

446
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:29,300
work of art, imagine a Haiyan 
Court. 

447
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:31,800
Lady getting ready for a night 
at Imperial Palace. 

448
00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:34,600
She starts putting on her makeup
in the middle of the afternoon 

449
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,600
and she needs help from skilled 
servants who have been trained 

450
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:39,500
for years in the exact methods 
needed. 

451
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,300
The first step is to put on 
oshiroi which is the white face 

452
00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:46,400
powder that will be the base for
everything else to make a smooth

453
00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:49,900
paste, mix the white powder with
water and then use special 

454
00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:51,700
brushes to apply it in thin 
layers. 

455
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,500
The coverage has to be 
completely even go beyond the 

456
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:59,700
natural hairline to make a 
smooth white oval that hides the

457
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:03,100
natural shape of the face. 
The effect is striking and a 

458
00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:06,600
little strange, the woman's face
becomes a blank canvas for art. 

459
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:10,200
Next are the eyebrows in the 
hand style. 

460
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,600
They were completely removed and
redrawn as small overall shapes 

461
00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:16,800
high on the forehead. 
People used charcoal or ink to 

462
00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:20,600
paint these fake eyebrows called
hiki, Mario in places that had 

463
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,200
nothing to do with where I was 
naturally grow these painted 

464
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,000
eyebrows had to be placed and 
shaped. 

465
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:29,100
According to strict fashion 
rules that changed slightly over

466
00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:31,500
time by today's standards, the 
eyes themselves. 

467
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:35,100
Don't get much attention. 
He on women, didn't use Dramatic

468
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:36,900
Makeup to draw attention to 
their eyes. 

469
00:23:36,900 --> 00:23:40,600
Instead they often painted Thin 
Red Lines along the inner 

470
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:43,900
corners of their eyes to make a 
subtle but noticeable accent. 

471
00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:47,100
The goal was to make a soft 
slightly sad face. 

472
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:49,300
That was thought to be the most 
beautiful thing about women. 

473
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:52,700
But the most unique thing about 
hey and makeup was or haguro, 

474
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,200
which is the practice of 
blackening. 

475
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:57,600
The teeth they did this by 
mixing iron filings and vinegar 

476
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,900
which made the teeth, a deep 
black color far from being 

477
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,100
considered unattractive, black 
and teeth were a mark of beauty 

478
00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:08,400
maturity and high social status.
Black and teeth were a sign of 

479
00:24:08,408 --> 00:24:12,100
refined, femininity, and only 
married, women and courtesies of

480
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,000
a certain age would do it. 
The lips in high end makeup with

481
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,900
painted with red pigment made 
from safflower Petals in the 

482
00:24:17,908 --> 00:24:20,900
shape of a small bow. 
These weren't painted over the 

483
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,500
natural lip line instead. 
White powder was put on the 

484
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:27,000
Natural Soul, but Soul lips, but
soul. 

485
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,900
But in a small red shape, was 
painted in the middle of the 

486
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:32,300
mouth. 
The end result was a tiny 

487
00:24:32,300 --> 00:24:34,400
perfect. 
Red accent that looked more like

488
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,600
a flower petal than a mouth. 
During this time Japanese 

489
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:41,300
incense culture was very 
advanced Court ladies would use 

490
00:24:41,300 --> 00:24:44,100
special boxes to burn different 
types of incidents to make their

491
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:45,000
clothes. 
Smell good. 

492
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:49,200
The sense would stay on silk. 
Robes for days, different 

493
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:51,600
combinations, of incense were 
linked to different seasons 

494
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:55,700
feelings and even themes in 
literature, a woman sent became 

495
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:58,000
a part of who she was and how 
she expressed herself 

496
00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:00,500
artistically. 
The tools that Japanese women 

497
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:03,200
used to do their makeup or works
of art in their own right. 

498
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:07,200
The best animal hairs were used 
to make brushes and the handles 

499
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,900
were made of bamboo and had 
beautiful designs on them. 

500
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,900
He made mirrors out of polished 
bronze and the backs of many of 

501
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:15,600
them had beautiful arts and on 
them. 

502
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:18,900
The containers for Cosmetics 
were made from expensive, 

503
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,000
materials, and were meant to be 
as pretty as the Cosmetics 

504
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,200
inside. 
When you move South to India, 

505
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:27,900
become a cross, another unique 
cosmetic traditional soul, but 

506
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:31,300
had combined lips. 
Spiritual meaning with beautiful

507
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:34,600
looks Indian, beauty practices 
have been around for more than 

508
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:38,200
5,000 years and are closely 
linked to ayurvedic, medicine, 

509
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:42,500
religion and social Customs. 
Indian cosmetics, were known for

510
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:44,300
their bright colors and natural 
ingredients. 

511
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:46,200
That could be used for more than
one thing. 

512
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:50,200
Turmeric, for instance, was used
as a golden face powder, that 

513
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:53,100
made the skin look beautiful and
had antiseptic and 

514
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:56,600
anti-inflammatory properties. 
Sandalwood paste made a cool 

515
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,600
fragrant bass for makeup and the
skin safe from the harsh. 

516
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:03,100
Indian son Cole was the most 
famous part of Indian maker but 

517
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:05,300
in Indian coal was different 
from Egyptian gold. 

518
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:11,300
Could become the combinatorial 
combines kajal utor Summa also 

519
00:26:11,300 --> 00:26:14,400
known as Indian coal. 
Was made from soot from lamps 

520
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:18,000
ghee, clarified butter, and a 
mix of medicinal herbs. 

521
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:20,200
Families. 
Often made the dish at home 

522
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,800
using recipes that had been 
passed down through the years. 

523
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,400
Interestingly Greek men were not
completely free from using 

524
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,200
Cosmetics. 
Athletes would oil their bodies 

525
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,800
before a competition for both 
practical and aesthetic. 

526
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,200
Reasons some men use Cosmetics 
that weren't too obvious to 

527
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:37,800
cover up. 
Scars or blemishes henna was a 

528
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:39,300
big part of Indian beauty 
culture. 

529
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:42,400
It was used to make beautiful 
designs on hands and feet for 

530
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,600
special occasions. 
Putting on henna was a social 

531
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:47,600
event where women got together 
to help each other. 

532
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:51,000
Make intricate designs while 
telling stories and getting to 

533
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:54,300
know each other, better henna 
art was a great way to celebrate

534
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:57,400
certain events and Times of year
because it only lasts for a 

535
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,000
short time. 
Beatle leaves, made Indian lip 

536
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:01,900
color by making a natural red 
stain. 

537
00:27:01,900 --> 00:27:04,500
When chewed this practice had 
many benefits. 

538
00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:08,600
It freshened breath helped with 
digestion and made lips the 

539
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:11,600
right shade of red. 
The colors brightness showed how

540
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:14,800
recently the battle had been 
chewed making a natural timeline

541
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:16,400
of beauty that changed 
throughout the day. 

542
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,000
As you think about these 
different Asian, beauty 

543
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,400
Traditions, you're seeing 
cultures that understood 

544
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:24,300
something deep about how inner 
and outer beauty are connected 

545
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,800
as well as how personal 
expression and cultural identity

546
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:30,200
are connected. 
Each tradition came up with 

547
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:33,200
Advanced methods and ideas about
beauty that affected, not only 

548
00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:37,100
looks, but good, but looks but 
also, Health, spirituality and 

549
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:39,800
social relationships, these old 
Asian beauty. 

550
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,800
Rituals were the start of modern
Beauty Traditions, that still 

551
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:45,200
shape the way people around the 
world use cosmetics. 

552
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:47,800
Their focus on natural 
ingredients. 

553
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:51,600
Exact application methods and 
the connection between Beauty 

554
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:55,000
health and spirituality gives us
Timeless advice. 

555
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,600
That is still useful today. 
As you get more comfortable, 

556
00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:00,600
under your blanket, think about 
interesting social divisions 

557
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:02,800
that have always been a part of 
the world of beauty and 

558
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:06,500
cosmetics, makeup has been both 
a bridge and a wall between 

559
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:08,000
social classes throughout 
history. 

560
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:11,200
It has made invisible lines, 
that separate the rich from the 

561
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,700
poor, the noble from the common 
and the sophisticated, from the 

562
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,800
simple, imagine being an 
observer who can magically move 

563
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:21,000
between social classes and see 
how the same basic human desire 

564
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:24,300
for beauty shows itself in very 
different ways, depending on 

565
00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:28,400
where you are in the social 
hierarchy This story about two 

566
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:32,300
worlds, one of luxury, and one 
of everyday needs tells us as 

567
00:28:32,300 --> 00:28:34,900
much about people and how 
Society works, as it does about 

568
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:37,400
Cosmetics. 
Imagine what a normal morning 

569
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,200
was like, in Florence in the 
15th century, when the 

570
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:43,600
Renaissance was at its height, 
the daughter of a wealthy 

571
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:46,600
Merchant family starts, her long
Beauty routine, in a beautiful 

572
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:49,100
Palazzo that looks out over the 
Arno River. 

573
00:28:49,100 --> 00:28:53,300
Her room is full of strange and 
beautiful things like mirrors. 

574
00:28:53,300 --> 00:28:56,800
Framed in silver cosmetic 
containers made from carved 

575
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,600
Ivory and pigments that come 
from all over the world. 

576
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,400
She starts her morning routine 
Before Dawn not because she has 

577
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:06,500
to get up early for work. 
But because it takes hours of 

578
00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:08,100
careful planning to look 
perfect. 

579
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:12,500
She begins with a bath in water 
that smells like roses and is 

580
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:14,800
heated to the perfect 
temperature by servants, who 

581
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:17,000
have been awake since midnight, 
getting ready for this moment. 

582
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:22,200
The bath itself is a luxury, a 
big wooden tub line with linen 

583
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:24,600
and placed so that the morning 
light comes through the silk 

584
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,800
curtains after she bathed she 
starts the long process of 

585
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,600
getting her trendy pale skin, 
the white makeup. 

586
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:34,400
She uses has serious in it which
is a lead based cosmetic that 

587
00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:36,400
costs more than most families 
making a month. 

588
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:39,900
You need skill and expensive 
tools to do the application. 

589
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:44,400
These tools include brushes made
from rare animal hairs mixing 

590
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:47,300
palettes made from precious 
materials and a lot of other 

591
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:50,500
specialized tools that cost a 
lot of money to buy a modern 

592
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:52,700
Beauty lover, would have been 
Amazed by the number of 

593
00:29:52,700 --> 00:29:55,100
Cosmetics. 
She had, she has a lot of 

594
00:29:55,108 --> 00:29:57,900
different pigments, and each one
is kept in its own special 

595
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:00,300
container. 
She got them through trade 

596
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:02,000
networks, that go all over the 
world. 

597
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,700
Her makeup collection is like a 
museum of the world's wealth 

598
00:30:05,700 --> 00:30:08,000
with Ultra Marine Blue from 
Afghanistan. 

599
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:11,400
Cinnabar, red from Spain, and 
gold leaf from Africa. 

600
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,600
But the most expensive part of 
her beauty routine isn't the 

601
00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:18,300
makeup, Time. 
It takes, she can spend three 

602
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:20,500
hours every morning getting 
ready because she doesn't have 

603
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:22,500
to work. 
Take care of kids cook or clean 

604
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:25,100
the house. 
Her beauty routine is a luxury 

605
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:28,400
that shows off her social status
just as well as any title or 

606
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:30,000
crown. 
Now let's look at a different 

607
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:33,300
neighborhood in the same city 
where the wife of a wall worker,

608
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:36,300
starts her own morning routine. 
She gets up before the sun 

609
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:38,700
rises. 
Not to look good but to stay 

610
00:30:38,700 --> 00:30:42,300
alive, she has to feed the kids 
finish her work and take care of

611
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:44,700
the house with the resources 
that have to last a long time. 

612
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:48,100
If you can call it a beauty 
routine, it happens in the 

613
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:50,000
minutes between more important 
things. 

614
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,900
She might cold water on her face
from a shared well run her 

615
00:30:53,900 --> 00:30:55,700
fingers through her hair to make
it look nice. 

616
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:59,000
And maybe put on some homemade 
Rouge made from crushed berries 

617
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,200
or red clay that she found near 
the city walls. 

618
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,500
There is a big difference 
between the Cosmetic materials 

619
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,900
Merchants daughters uses lead 
powder from another country. 

620
00:31:07,900 --> 00:31:12,000
While the workers wife might use
chalk dust or flour mixed with 

621
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,000
animal fat to make a face look 
whiter. 

622
00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:17,500
The rich woman puts valuable 
Cinnabar on her lips. 

623
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:21,100
While the working woman uses the
juice from red berries, all the 

624
00:31:21,108 --> 00:31:24,200
color that comes from biting her
lips over and over again. 

625
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:26,300
This is where the story gets 
interesting. 

626
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:30,000
Both women are doing the same 
basic thing that all people do. 

627
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:33,800
Both the using the resources, 
they have to look better show, 

628
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,800
who they are and fit in with the
beauty standards of their 

629
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:39,300
community. 
The difference is not in the 

630
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:42,800
desire itself but in the ways to
make it happen, the Cosmetics 

631
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:45,600
that working women use may not 
be as fancy but they are often 

632
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,500
more useful and sometimes 
healthier than the more 

633
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:51,500
expensive ones, the berry based,
blush won't hurt her skin like 

634
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:55,300
Cosmetics, that contain lead her
face powder made of flour and 

635
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:58,700
fat is less refined, but it lets
us skin breathe. 

636
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:02,700
A simple preparations are made 
fresh and used right away, so 

637
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:05,500
they don't have the problems 
that expensive Cosmetics do when

638
00:32:05,500 --> 00:32:09,000
they are stored for a long time,
the social dynamics of cosmetic 

639
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:10,800
use of created. 
Some really interesting 

640
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,900
contradictions over the years in
many cultures, only rich people 

641
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:17,200
were allowed to wear the most 
dramatic and fake makeup. 

642
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:21,100
Working people were expected to 
look more natural. 

643
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:24,800
Getting that natural look often 
took just as much skill and work

644
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,600
as making fake Beauty look good.
Think about ancient Rome where a

645
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:31,000
Senators wife might spend the 
whole morning putting on layers 

646
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,400
of white LED makeup red, 
Cinnabar Rouge and fancy paints.

647
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,700
at the same time, she would 
criticize working women for 

648
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,500
using simple Rouge or darkening 
their lashes with soot People 

649
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,400
thought that the wealthy woman's
fake look was elegant and proper

650
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:46,700
but looks but then a lower class
woman. 

651
00:32:46,700 --> 00:32:48,100
Tried to make herself look 
better. 

652
00:32:48,100 --> 00:32:51,800
It was often seen as vain or 
pretentious this double standard

653
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:54,900
existed in part because makeup 
was away for people to show off 

654
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,000
their social status. 
Expensive, makeup, and 

655
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,500
complicated application methods,
showed that the person wearing 

656
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:05,100
it, had the money to buy luxury 
items and the time to use them, 

657
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:08,400
write a woman who showed up at 
dawn with perfectly applied, 

658
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:10,900
makeup was saying that she had 
servants to wake her up. 

659
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:14,200
Get her makeup ready and help 
her with the complicated process

660
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:17,500
of putting it on Beauty Tools. 
Also showed how wealthy someone 

661
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:20,000
was rich. 
Women had mirrors made of 

662
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,500
polished, silver or bronze, that
were often decorated with 

663
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:25,500
detailed Engravings and put in 
expensive frames. 

664
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:28,600
They made their makeup brushes 
out of animal hairs from far 

665
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:30,200
away, places and gave them 
handles. 

666
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:34,600
Made of ivory, gold or rare 
Woods, their makeup containers 

667
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:36,100
were works of art in their own 
right. 

668
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:39,800
Meant to show off their wealth 
and taste women who worked used 

669
00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:42,700
much simpler tools, their 
mirrors could be pieces of 

670
00:33:42,708 --> 00:33:45,300
polished metal or even a bowl of
Clearwater. 

671
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:47,900
They often made their brushes 
out of things. 

672
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:52,300
They had on hand like frayed 
Twigs scraps of cloth, or even 

673
00:33:52,308 --> 00:33:55,100
their own fingers. 
They make up containers were 

674
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:57,800
useful because they could hold 
both makeup and Food or other 

675
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:00,600
things when they were needed 
archaeological evidence. 

676
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:02,400
Indicates that. 
Not withstanding. 

677
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:05,400
These material disparities 
working women frequently, 

678
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:08,400
exhibited greater innovation in 
their cosmetic technique's 

679
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:10,199
compared to their affluent 
counterparts. 

680
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,300
Because they had to they had to 
try out different materials 

681
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:17,300
which led to discoveries about 
natural Cosmetics, that rich 

682
00:34:17,300 --> 00:34:19,100
people who could afford 
expensive. 

683
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:23,000
Imported ingredients, might 
never have made in medieval 

684
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:24,900
Europe. 
The Cosmetic divide became even 

685
00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:27,900
bigger when religious leaders 
linked makeup to moral decay. 

686
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:31,699
The church taught that God made 
people perfectly and trying to 

687
00:34:31,699 --> 00:34:33,800
make God's creation. 
Better could be a sin. 

688
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,500
This religious view, made things
complicated for society because 

689
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:40,800
rich women kept using fancy 
makeup in private while 

690
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,800
pretending in public that their 
beauty was completely natural. 

691
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,100
This religious restriction had 
an interesting effect on how 

692
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:50,500
Cosmetics were made women 
learned how to make makeup that 

693
00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:52,500
look natural, but made them look
much better. 

694
00:34:52,500 --> 00:34:55,000
They learned how to subtly 
lighten. 

695
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:59,400
Their skin make their lips look 
naturally, red and dark in their

696
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:00,300
Lashes. 
In ways. 

697
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:03,300
That looked like natural gifts 
rather than fake improvements. 

698
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,300
The growth of trade guilds in 
medieval cities, gave working 

699
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:09,000
class women more chances to get 
involved in the world of 

700
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,600
cosmetics. 
As part of their professional 

701
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:15,600
training, women who worked, as 
perfumers, pointment makers or 

702
00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:18,300
cosmetic preparers could get 
better ingredients and learn 

703
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:21,500
more advanced methods. 
These women often acted as links

704
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:24,900
between high-end and low-end, 
Beauty practices by finding ways

705
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,500
to use expensive methods with 
cheap materials, Royal courts 

706
00:35:28,500 --> 00:35:31,200
have always been places where 
new Cosmetics were tested out. 

707
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,400
With unlimited resources, and a 
lot of competition, people were 

708
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:38,800
always trying new things Court 
ladies would compete to look the

709
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,900
best and most fashionable, which
caused makeup techniques and 

710
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:43,400
beauty standards to change 
quickly. 

711
00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:47,400
The beauty routines that started
in Royal courts would eventually

712
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:50,900
spread throughout Society, but 
they would often be simpler and 

713
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:53,500
more useful. 
The French Quarter Versa during 

714
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,700
the reign of Louis, the 14th is 
a great example of how Elite 

715
00:35:56,700 --> 00:35:58,800
cosmetic culture. 
Could get very complicated. 

716
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:03,100
Court ladies would spend hours 
each day putting on layers of 

717
00:36:03,100 --> 00:36:06,400
white paint Rouge and fancy 
decorations. 

718
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:10,100
For example, they would cut 
small patches from silk or 

719
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:12,900
velvet and put them on their 
faces and patterns that showed 

720
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:16,200
how they felt what political 
party they belonged to, or 

721
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:19,300
whether they were available for 
romance, these caught Fashions 

722
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:22,700
were so fancy and costly. 
But they kept anyone who wasn't 

723
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:24,100
very rich from fully 
participating. 

724
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:28,200
One pot of the best white face 
paint could cost as much as a 

725
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:31,900
servants yearly pay. 
Because it took so long to do 

726
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:33,800
it, right. 
Only women with a lot of 

727
00:36:33,808 --> 00:36:35,300
servants, could get the full 
effect. 

728
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,200
But even the Servants of 
Versailles made their own beauty

729
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,700
products, making simpler version
of the latest fashions using 

730
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:44,200
things they could afford or get 
through their job. 

731
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,100
KitchenAid used lard and flour 
to make their faces look like 

732
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,700
the white paint used by the rich
laundresses made, colorful 

733
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:54,100
makeup out of the leftover, dyes
from washing clothes 

734
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,600
seamstresses made their own 
Beauty patches out of scraps of 

735
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:00,700
fabric during times of social 
unrest the difference between 

736
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:03,600
high-end and everyday Cosmetics 
became even more clear. 

737
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:07,700
For instance during the French 
Revolution, the elaborate makeup

738
00:37:07,700 --> 00:37:09,500
styles that were popular with 
the upper class. 

739
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:12,500
Became not only unfashionable 
but all so dangerous. 

740
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:16,000
Women who went out in public 
with the white face paint and 

741
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,200
Rouge of the old regime could 
have been seen as enemies of the

742
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:21,800
Revolution. 
This made Beauty practices more 

743
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:24,700
democratic because former 
Aristocrats had to learn how to 

744
00:37:24,700 --> 00:37:29,400
make simple natural looking 
makeup at the same time, working

745
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:31,000
women had more freedom to try 
out. 

746
00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:33,900
Makeup technique that were only 
available to the upper classes. 

747
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:37,500
The revolution literally changed
the way French women looked 

748
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:40,900
setting new standards that value
natural beauty, and simplicity 

749
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:44,200
the Imperial Court in ancient. 
China came up with very 

750
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,500
complicated Beauty practices 
that took years of training to 

751
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,700
learn how to do, right? 
Court ladies would try to make 

752
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:53,900
their skin look, perfect, their 
eyebrows look, perfect. 

753
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:55,900
And their lips. 
Look, beautiful. 

754
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:59,700
The Imperial Palace came up with
these methods, which were kept 

755
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:02,700
secret by Palace servants for 
generations and never shared 

756
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:06,100
with anyone outside the palace. 
But Chinese Beauty culture also 

757
00:38:06,100 --> 00:38:08,800
had a long history of everyday 
Beauty practices that were open 

758
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:12,200
to everyone women in the village
came up with their own ways to 

759
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:16,200
use local materials, like, rice 
water for cleaning flower petals

760
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:18,900
for color and different plant 
extracts for skin care. 

761
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:22,500
These folk practices were often 
more useful and sometimes worked

762
00:38:22,500 --> 00:38:24,300
better than the fancy ones used 
in court. 

763
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,600
It wasn't just about money that 
Elite in every day Cosmetics 

764
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:29,800
were different. 
It was also about risk. 

765
00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:33,200
Wealthy, women could try 
dangerous, things, like Mercury 

766
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:36,200
LED and arsenic because they 
could get medical help when 

767
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:39,300
these things made them sick. 
Working women, who couldn't 

768
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:42,400
afford such Medical Care. 
Had to find safer ways to use 

769
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:45,500
Cosmetics that use natural 
ingredients and had fewer 

770
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:48,600
harmful side effects. 
This safety Gap had long-term 

771
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:50,500
effects on the development of 
Cosmetics. 

772
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:52,900
Working women who couldn't 
afford dangerous. 

773
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:55,700
Alternatives were the first to 
find an improved, many of the 

774
00:38:55,700 --> 00:38:58,000
best and safest cosmetic 
ingredients. 

775
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,500
The useful new ideas eventually 
changed the way rich. 

776
00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:04,600
Women use Cosmetics as they 
began to see the benefits of 

777
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:06,900
safer more, natural ways to look
good. 

778
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,300
The tools and methods used to 
put on makeup will showed social

779
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,800
divisions in interesting ways, 
rich women could buy special 

780
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:15,800
tools for every part of putting 
on makeup. 

781
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,100
For example, they had different 
brushes for different types of 

782
00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:22,000
paint precise tools for making 
perfect shapes. 

783
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:24,900
And complicated storage systems 
for keeping their makeup 

784
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:27,300
collections. 
In order, women who worked came 

785
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:29,700
up with tools and methods, that 
worked best for many different 

786
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:32,200
tasks. 
You could use one brush to put 

787
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:35,500
on both lip color and blush, you
could use a small mirror for 

788
00:39:35,500 --> 00:39:39,300
both personal grooming and work.
It requires a lot of detail like

789
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:42,800
needlework These useful new 
tools were often better than 

790
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,100
more specialized Elite tools. 
So people from all walks of life

791
00:39:46,100 --> 00:39:48,300
started using them. 
As you think about these 

792
00:39:48,300 --> 00:39:51,000
historical differences between 
Elite and every day Beauty 

793
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:53,900
practices, you see more than 
just different seasons and how 

794
00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,100
people use Cosmetics. 
You see how human creativity 

795
00:39:57,100 --> 00:40:01,500
adapts to new situations, how 
necessity leads to new ideas and

796
00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:04,800
how the basic desire for beauty 
crosses, social boundaries, even

797
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:06,500
when the ways to get, it are 
very different. 

798
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:09,000
As you can continue your 
peaceful journey through the 

799
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,000
night. 
Let your mind wander to one of 

800
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,100
the most interesting parts of 
cosmetic history. 

801
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,600
Secret meanings. 
Spiritual significance and 

802
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:20,400
Hidden messages that make up as 
carried throughout human 

803
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,700
history. 
Cosmetics have been more than 

804
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:24,900
just decoration. 
They have been a complex 

805
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:27,600
language that could say anything
from religious Devotion, to 

806
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:30,800
political allegiance from being 
married to being protected by 

807
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,100
Magic, picture yourself, as a 
skilled Anthropologist, who can 

808
00:40:34,100 --> 00:40:37,200
read these pictures as you walk 
through a busy Market in ancient

809
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:43,000
Babylon around 600 BCE Is 
around, you tell stories that go

810
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:46,500
far beyond just making you look 
better, people who know what 

811
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:48,600
they're looking at, can read the
meaning of each painted. 

812
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:51,600
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 
applied lip color, like, pages 

813
00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:54,900
from an illuminated manuscript. 
The woman with the blue green 

814
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,000
eyeshadow isn't just following 
fashion. 

815
00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:00,800
She showing her love for Ishtar 
the goddess of love and 

816
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:04,500
fertility. 
Exact shade of blue which is 

817
00:41:04,500 --> 00:41:07,600
made by mixing ground, lapis, 
lazuli with the right amount of 

818
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:10,700
malachite shows. 
Not only her religion, but also,

819
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:12,300
her hope for successful 
pregnancy. 

820
00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:16,400
The way she applied the color, 
like, wings that go a little 

821
00:41:16,408 --> 00:41:19,600
past the outer corners of her 
eyes shows that she recently 

822
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:21,400
made a big offering at is 
Temple. 

823
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,900
The old man has Coleman dies and
a well-groomed beard that has 

824
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:27,500
been died with henna these 
advertising, his job, as a 

825
00:41:27,508 --> 00:41:29,600
scribe, and his status as a 
learned, man. 

826
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:33,300
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

827
00:41:33,300 --> 00:41:36,600
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

828
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:39,500
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

829
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,500
texts, rather than business 
letters, as shown by the reddish

830
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:45,300
tint in his beard, which he got 
by carefully. 

831
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:47,600
Applying henna mixed with 
certain scented oils. 

832
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:50,500
Even the kids in the market, 
have messages about beauty. 

833
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:53,800
The little girl with red Oaker 
spots on her cheeks isn't 

834
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:57,300
wearing makeup to look pretty 
those spots show that she comes 

835
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,500
from a family of metalworkers, 
which is a hereditary profession

836
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:02,500
shown by the specific facial 
marking. 

837
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:05,900
His mother put a line of coal 
around his eyes to protect him 

838
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:08,600
from the evil eye. 
As part of her daily prayers for

839
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,000
his safety. 
This complicated system of 

840
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,200
cosmetic communication was used 
by almost all ancient cultures, 

841
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:17,700
but the meaning of the Cosmetics
were very different from one 

842
00:42:17,700 --> 00:42:21,700
culture to another The one thing
that stayed the same was that 

843
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:24,900
people could use their faces as 
a canvas to share complicated 

844
00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:28,100
information about who they are 
what they believe their status 

845
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:31,000
and their planes. 
In ancient Egypt Cosmetics. 

846
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:33,600
Have a lot to do with religious 
ideas, about the afterlife, from

847
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:36,800
the Journey of the soul, the 
unique eye makeup that both men 

848
00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:38,500
and women wore wasn't just for 
looks. 

849
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:43,000
It was also a way to protect 
their spirits The black coal 

850
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,400
stood for the rich soil of the 
Nile Delta which stood for new 

851
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,300
life and rebirth. 
The green eyeshadow made from 

852
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,600
malachite linked, the person who
wore it to the god, Horus, and 

853
00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:56,100
the promise of being reborn, 
imagine an Egyptian Priestess 

854
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:58,200
getting ready for a religious 
ceremony at the Temple of 

855
00:42:58,208 --> 00:43:01,200
hathor. 
Her makeup routine is as planned

856
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,200
out as the ritual itself. 
She starts by putting down a 

857
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:06,100
base of white chalk mixed with 
nature. 

858
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:09,800
This makes a clean canvas that 
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 

859
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:13,200
she then carefully Paints the 
religious symbols that represent

860
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,500
her role such as golden 
highlights. 

861
00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:19,300
That stand for the sun, god raw 
blue accents that can connect to

862
00:43:19,300 --> 00:43:23,600
the night sky, on the goddess, 
nut and red elements that stand 

863
00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:25,000
for life, force and divine 
power. 

864
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:28,800
Every stroke of the brush has 
meaning she draws her eye makeup

865
00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:31,800
in Wing, like shape is like the 
protective wings of the Goddess 

866
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:34,700
Isis. 
The exact geometric shapes she 

867
00:43:34,700 --> 00:43:37,700
makes on her forehead and 
cheeks, not just for decoration.

868
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:40,800
They are sacred symbols, that 
show her rank in the temple 

869
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:44,300
hierarchy, and her specific 
ritual duties, the perfume, she 

870
00:43:44,300 --> 00:43:47,800
wears are just as important, the
frankincense oil, she puts on 

871
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,800
her wrists connects her to 
Divine communication because 

872
00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:52,800
it's smoked carries prayers to 
the gods. 

873
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:56,000
The merch, she puts on her 
throat is a sign of protection 

874
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,600
against evil and the 
preservation of Holy Spirit. 

875
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:01,900
The Jasmine oil. 
She uses in her hair stands for 

876
00:44:01,908 --> 00:44:05,300
feminine divine power, and the 
drawing in of good spiritual 

877
00:44:05,300 --> 00:44:09,200
forces in Ancient India, the 
language of Cosmetics was just 

878
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:13,100
as complicated and important. 
The tilaka which are colored 

879
00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:16,200
marks on the forehead were a 
complex way to identify someone.

880
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:20,200
Knowledgeable person could tell 
their religious sect, where they

881
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,000
came from, their social caste, 
and even their current spiritual

882
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:25,100
State. 
Picture meeting a merchant from 

883
00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:28,200
Southern India in a market in 
the north, the red and white 

884
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,900
vertical lines on his forehead 
show that he is a follower of 

885
00:44:30,908 --> 00:44:34,500
Vishnu and the specific pattern 
shows that he is from a certain 

886
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:39,100
area and is a merchant Small dot
of Sandalwood paste on. 

887
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:41,300
His forehead means that he is 
going through a period of 

888
00:44:41,308 --> 00:44:44,200
ritual, purification. 
Probably to get ready for an 

889
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:46,100
important business deal or 
religious Festival. 

890
00:44:46,100 --> 00:44:49,000
The women in his family would 
send even more complicated 

891
00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:52,800
Beauty messages when a married 
woman puts red sindoor powder in

892
00:44:52,808 --> 00:44:55,100
her hair. 
It tells everyone she meets that

893
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:58,500
she is married Color and width 
of the application may also 

894
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:00,700
show. 
If she is newly married has kids

895
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:04,200
or is pregnant. 
Henna on her hands could tell 

896
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:07,300
the story of her wedding, her 
family, history, and her hopes 

897
00:45:07,300 --> 00:45:09,700
for the future. 
In ancient China, the use of 

898
00:45:09,708 --> 00:45:12,900
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 
Taoist philosophy and the idea 

899
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:14,700
of balance between a posing 
forces. 

900
00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:19,100
Pale white face powder, stood 
for Yin, which is the feminine 

901
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:21,400
accepting and peaceful 
principal. 

902
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,600
The red lip and cheek color 
stood for Yang, which is the 

903
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:26,900
masculine active and dynamic 
principle. 

904
00:45:26,900 --> 00:45:29,100
People thought that achieving 
perfect. 

905
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:32,400
Cosmetic balance meant bringing 
these forces into harmony, which

906
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:35,100
would improve, not only Beauty, 
but also spiritual and physical 

907
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:37,000
health. 
Some of them make up used in 

908
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:39,400
Chinese courts. 
During the Tang Dynasty was 

909
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:42,400
meant to make political 
statements, the way someone 

910
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:44,900
paints their eyebrows could 
show, which court factions, they

911
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:48,700
are loyal to the placement and 
color of decorative elements on 

912
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:51,900
the face May indicate support 
for particular policies or 

913
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:55,300
political ideologies. 
The choice of perfume could even

914
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:58,200
be political since different 
sense, were linked to different 

915
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:01,000
parts of the Empire and their 
cultural values European 

916
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:03,900
medieval Cosmetics, have their 
own complicated symbolic. 

917
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:07,000
Meaning that these were often 
hidden by religious rules about 

918
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:10,700
how to use the church told women
not to wear makeup because it 

919
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:12,600
was vain. 
They came up with subtle 

920
00:46:12,600 --> 00:46:15,000
cosmetic codes that let him 
share important information 

921
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:18,600
while still looking like, they 
were naturally, beautiful a pale

922
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:21,700
complexion, which could be 
achieved by using white powders 

923
00:46:21,700 --> 00:46:24,700
carefully, and staying out of 
the sun showed that someone was 

924
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:26,700
of noble birth and had a lot of 
free time. 

925
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,500
Slightly Rosy Cheeks, which 
could be made by pinching or 

926
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:33,300
lightly applying Rouge. 
Made people look young and 

927
00:46:33,300 --> 00:46:36,000
healthy people who are rich 
could afford to eat well and 

928
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,500
keep their teeth clean. 
Which showed good nutritional 

929
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,700
and careful hygiene. 
But medieval Cosmetics also sent

930
00:46:41,700 --> 00:46:45,200
more specific messages. 
Some perfumes could mean that a 

931
00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:48,100
person is ready to get married 
or is already in a relationship.

932
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,200
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

933
00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:54,900
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

934
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:57,900
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

935
00:46:57,900 --> 00:47:01,100
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

936
00:47:01,100 --> 00:47:03,900
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture, 

937
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:06,900
created complex systems of 
visual communication during the 

938
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:10,200
Renaissance meaning of Cosmetics
became more complex. 

939
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:14,200
Famous white LED makeup that 
rich women wore didn't just show

940
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:16,800
that they were fashionable. 
It also showed that they could 

941
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:20,400
afford expensive and dangerous 
Cosmetics that they had the time

942
00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:23,700
to spend hours putting it on and
that they were willing to put 

943
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:27,100
their health at risk for beauty,
the use of beauty patches which 

944
00:47:27,100 --> 00:47:29,500
are small piece of silk or 
velvet put on the face. 

945
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:32,500
Turned into a complicated way to
talk to each other. 

946
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:36,000
Patch on the cheek, could mean 
that the person is political 

947
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:38,700
while a patch on the corner of 
the mouth, could mean that the 

948
00:47:38,700 --> 00:47:41,800
person is flirting the patch on 
the forehead might mean that 

949
00:47:41,800 --> 00:47:44,900
someone is smart or has learned 
something while a patch near. 

950
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,600
The I might mean that something 
is mysterious or interesting 

951
00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:49,500
Beauty patches in different 
colors. 

952
00:47:49,500 --> 00:47:53,100
Have different meanings black. 
Patches were common and not very

953
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:57,700
strong but colored patches could
send a clear message red patches

954
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:01,200
could mean anger or passion blue
could mean sadness or deep 

955
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:05,200
feelings and white could mean 
Innocents or Mourning the Sensei

956
00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:06,900
used. 
During this time also had deep 

957
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:10,000
symbolic meanings, different 
smells were linked to different,

958
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:12,800
good qualities, feelings, and 
social messages. 

959
00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:16,500
A woman might wear floral sense 
to show that she is, feminine 

960
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:20,100
and gentle spicy sense to show 
that she is passionate and 

961
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:23,600
sophisticated or herbal scent to
show that she knows how to heal.

962
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:27,000
And do household chores, in many
African cultures using 

963
00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:30,600
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 
and social, meaning that linked 

964
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:34,000
people to their ancestors, their
community, and the world around 

965
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,400
them. 
Certain patterns of face 

966
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:38,000
painting. 
Could show what Clan someone 

967
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:41,900
belongs to how old they are, 
whether they are married and 

968
00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:44,000
what their spiritual role is in 
the community. 

969
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,000
Putting on traditional African 
makeup was often a group 

970
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:50,000
activity that brought people 
closer together and passed down 

971
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:53,100
cultural knowledge. 
Older women would teach younger 

972
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:56,100
women, not only how to apply 
makeup but also what different 

973
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,400
colors and patterns meant, they 
were stories songs and 

974
00:48:59,400 --> 00:49:02,100
traditional wisdom, that linked 
Beauty practices to bigger, 

975
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:04,300
cultural values and beliefs in 
this education. 

976
00:49:04,300 --> 00:49:07,400
Different colors of pigments, 
had different spiritual meanings

977
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:11,300
white clay could stand for 
spirits of ancestors and linked 

978
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:14,000
to the Divine red. 
Oaker might stand for Life, 

979
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:16,100
Force fertility, and a link to 
the Earth. 

980
00:49:16,900 --> 00:49:19,800
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

981
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:22,700
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

982
00:49:22,700 --> 00:49:25,300
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

983
00:49:25,300 --> 00:49:28,500
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the,

984
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:31,800
where a was what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

985
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:35,000
the community. 
A young woman's coming of age. 

986
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:37,700
Ceremony might include putting 
on certain patterns that showed 

987
00:49:37,700 --> 00:49:40,800
she was no longer a child. 
A new mother on the other hand 

988
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:43,008
might wear different patterns to
show that she will make up 

989
00:49:43,016 --> 00:49:45,300
Buddhist. 
Now a mother in ancient Persia 

990
00:49:45,300 --> 00:49:47,200
Cosmetics. 
Were closely linked to 

991
00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:50,400
zoroastrian religious beliefs 
about the fight between light 

992
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,600
and dark in the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

993
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,500
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

994
00:49:56,500 --> 00:50:00,400
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

995
00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:02,800
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

996
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:04,200
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

997
00:50:04,208 --> 00:50:07,400
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in this

998
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:09,000
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

999
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,100
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

1000
00:50:12,108 --> 00:50:14,700
religious ceremonies and how 
committed they are to 

1001
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:18,100
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

1002
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:19,900
perfumes. 
They used could bring in good 

1003
00:50:19,900 --> 00:50:22,200
spiritual forces and keep out 
bad ones. 

1004
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:25,000
People were told to use 
different scents for different 

1005
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:28,100
spiritual purposes, like 
meditation and prayer 

1006
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:31,600
protection, while traveling, and
bringing love and harmony into 

1007
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:34,000
relationships. 
As you think about these deep 

1008
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,800
traditions of cosmetic symbolism
and meaning you See how amazing 

1009
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:41,000
it is that people can turn the 
simple act of putting color on 

1010
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:45,800
their face into a complex way to
communicate identify themselves 

1011
00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:50,100
and express their spirituality. 
These old traditions show us 

1012
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:52,900
that makeup is always been about
more than just how you look. 

1013
00:50:52,900 --> 00:50:56,300
It's also been a way to be a 
part of the most important parts

1014
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:59,700
of human culture and Community. 
As you relax, more deeply into 

1015
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:02,700
your comfortable position. 
Let your mind, gently explore, 

1016
00:51:02,700 --> 00:51:06,000
how these old beauty practices, 
still affect and shape are 

1017
00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:10,800
modern world in ways that are 
both obvious and surprising make

1018
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:12,600
up. 
Story doesn't end with the fall 

1019
00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:15,500
of Empires or the rise of new 
ones instead. 

1020
00:51:15,500 --> 00:51:18,700
It flows like an underground 
river, sometimes visible and 

1021
00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:22,100
sometimes hidden, but always 
there bringing the knowledge and

1022
00:51:22,100 --> 00:51:24,800
new ideas of our ancestors in to
our lives today. 

1023
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:27,200
Think about your own morning 
routine for a moment. 

1024
00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:30,400
When you wash your face with a 
gentle cleanser, you'll take 

1025
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:34,000
part in a ritual that goes back 
to ancient Egyptian priests who 

1026
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,900
used nature on and oils to clean
themselves before, going to see 

1027
00:51:37,100 --> 00:51:39,500
Their gods. 
When you put on Foundation to 

1028
00:51:39,500 --> 00:51:42,100
make your skin tone, even, 
you're following a method that 

1029
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:45,600
Chinese Court ladies used to get
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing

1030
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:48,800
rice powder with precious oils. 
When you look in the mirror, 

1031
00:51:48,800 --> 00:51:51,500
while putting on makeup, you are
doing something that people have

1032
00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:52,800
been doing for hundreds of 
years. 

1033
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:55,800
Even though your mirror is made 
of silver glass. 

1034
00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:59,100
Instead of polished bronze or 
obsidian, your makeup comes from

1035
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:02,300
Labs instead of being ground by 
hand from minerals and plants. 

1036
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:04,700
The basic experience is still 
the same. 

1037
00:52:04,700 --> 00:52:08,000
You're changing who you are and 
getting ready to face the world.

1038
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,200
You're taking part in the 
ancient dance between identity 

1039
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:13,600
and appearance. 
Even though modern cosmetic 

1040
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:16,900
science is very Advanced, it 
keeps finding the wisdom that 

1041
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:20,600
was already there in ancient 
Beauty practices people first 

1042
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:23,500
noticed that retinoids could 
help with aging and oils from 

1043
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:27,600
fish liver but were high in 
vitamin A Egyptian, women use, 

1044
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:29,900
sour milk and fruit acids to 
smooth their skin. 

1045
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:33,000
So they knew that Alpha hydroxy 
acids could do the same. 

1046
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:36,800
Ancient cultures used honey and 
plant new villages to keep their

1047
00:52:36,800 --> 00:52:39,900
skin soft and supple which is 
similar to how highly ironic 

1048
00:52:39,900 --> 00:52:42,300
acid Works. 
Think about how the colors 

1049
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:45,000
people like in the past, still 
affect the style of makeup 

1050
00:52:45,000 --> 00:52:47,500
today. 
The red lips that were popular 

1051
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,200
in ancient Roman. 
China were still a classic look 

1052
00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:52,000
that never really goes out of 
style. 

1053
00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:56,200
The dramatic eye makeup that 
ancient Egyptians invented comes

1054
00:52:56,200 --> 00:53:00,000
back into style all the time 
from the mod, looks of the 1960s

1055
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:02,700
to the Bold graphic. 
Styles of modern makeup artists,

1056
00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:06,000
the idea that makeup can change.
A person's appearance has been 

1057
00:53:06,008 --> 00:53:08,700
around for a long time and is 
still driving new cosmetic 

1058
00:53:08,700 --> 00:53:11,600
products today. 
Like shamans in the past used 

1059
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:14,700
face paint to talk to spirits 
makeup artist today. 

1060
00:53:14,700 --> 00:53:17,000
Help people explore different 
parts of who they are. 

1061
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,300
The traditions of face painting,
that started as religious. 

1062
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:23,800
Rituals have had an impact on 
everything from Halloween makeup

1063
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:26,400
to special effects in movies and
TV shows. 

1064
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,700
Ancient color symbolism is still
present in small ways. 

1065
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:33,200
In modern culture, red has been 
linked to power and passion 

1066
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:37,400
since prehistoric times when it 
was used in Oka paintings, this 

1067
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:40,800
still affect how we see red 
lipstick and clothing the link 

1068
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:43,500
between white and Purity, which 
was developed by ancient 

1069
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:46,900
cultures from Egypt, to China is
still important in bridal, 

1070
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:50,300
makeup and formal Aesthetics the
social dynamics of ancient 

1071
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,000
cosmetic culture of very similar
to those of modern Beauty 

1072
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:56,500
practices, The difference 
between high-end and every day 

1073
00:53:56,500 --> 00:54:00,100
Cosmetics, that existed in 
ancient civilization is the same

1074
00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:02,700
as the difference between 
high-end and Drugstore Beauty 

1075
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:05,800
Brands today. 
Same psychological drives that 

1076
00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:07,800
made ancient Court. 
Ladies compete with each other 

1077
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:11,100
by wearing, elaborate makeup 
still drive, modern Beauty 

1078
00:54:11,100 --> 00:54:14,000
influencers and their fans, 
modern cosmetic. 

1079
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:16,700
Scientists to figure out how to 
use old makeup techniques that 

1080
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:20,300
took hundreds of years to 
develop and perfect using modern

1081
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:22,200
chemistry and Manufacturing 
methods. 

1082
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:24,900
We are recreating the 
long-lasting formulas that 

1083
00:54:24,900 --> 00:54:28,800
ancient cultures came up with 
through trial and error water 

1084
00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:31,600
resistant eye makeup which was 
first used by ancient cultures 

1085
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:34,900
for both practical. 
And spiritual reasons is now a 

1086
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:38,000
common part of modern Cosmetics.
The idea that Cosmetics were 

1087
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:40,700
medicine in ancient times. 
Still affects how beauty 

1088
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:44,100
products are made today. 
Practice of using makeup to 

1089
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:47,600
protect and heal skin, which 
goes back to ancient, Egypt and 

1090
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:51,400
traditional Asia is what drives 
modern Research into Cosmos 

1091
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:54,500
suitables which are products 
that mix cosmetics and medicine.

1092
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:57,000
This old wisdom is still true 
today. 

1093
00:54:57,000 --> 00:55:00,900
Sunscreen and Foundation 
anti-aging ingredients, and 

1094
00:55:00,900 --> 00:55:04,600
concealer, and lip products that
he'll many modern sustainable 

1095
00:55:04,600 --> 00:55:08,400
Beauty movements look to the 
Past for ideas bringing back old

1096
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:11,400
and gradients and methods that 
were lost when Cosmetics became 

1097
00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:15,100
industrialized, Brands that 
focus on natural ingredients 

1098
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:18,800
traditional methods of making 
things and having as little of 

1099
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:21,700
an impact on the environment as 
possible, are basically going 

1100
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:24,700
back to the ideas that guided 
the development of Cosmetics, 

1101
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:27,700
for thousands of years before 
the modern chemical industry, 

1102
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:30,700
the ritualistic elements of 
ancient makeup applications, 

1103
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:33,100
still have psychological 
benefits that modern users 

1104
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:36,300
instinctively grasp. 
The meditative quality of 

1105
00:55:36,308 --> 00:55:39,300
carefully, putting on makeup, 
the feeling of changing and 

1106
00:55:39,300 --> 00:55:41,700
getting ready and the connection
to cultural. 

1107
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:44,200
Traditions are all still 
important parts of the Cosmetic 

1108
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,100
experience today. 
Just like, they were ancient 

1109
00:55:47,100 --> 00:55:50,100
practitioners old packaging and 
tools for applying makeup. 

1110
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:53,300
Still have an effect on how 
cosmetic are made today, the 

1111
00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:55,800
beautiful containers that 
ancient cultures made to hold 

1112
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:59,400
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 
modern packaging, that focuses 

1113
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,900
on luxury and craftsmanship. 
Brushes sponges and precise 

1114
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:06,000
applicators are still used in 
the same way. 

1115
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:07,500
They were thousands of years 
ago. 

1116
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,300
This shows that some new ideas 
are so good that they lost 

1117
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:13,700
through time. 
The age-old practice of passing 

1118
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:16,100
down cosmetic recipes from one 
generation to. 

1119
00:56:16,100 --> 00:56:17,800
The next is still going strong 
today. 

1120
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:21,600
Even though people today don't 
grind their own pigments or mix 

1121
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:24,000
their own formulas. 
They still share Beauty 

1122
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:27,100
knowledge, through social media,
beauty communities, and family 

1123
00:56:27,100 --> 00:56:29,600
traditions. 
This is how knowledge is always 

1124
00:56:29,600 --> 00:56:32,000
been passed out. 
There are strong Echoes of 

1125
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:35,500
ancient perfume, traditions in 
modern times, modern perfume 

1126
00:56:35,500 --> 00:56:38,200
makers are still influenced by 
the layering techniques that 

1127
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:41,800
ancient Persian and Arab 
perfumers came up with Using 

1128
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:44,600
incense and aromatherapy to 
improve mood, and spiritual 

1129
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:47,000
practice as a direct link to 
ancient Customs. 

1130
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:50,900
Even modern perfume ads often 
use old ideas about how smell 

1131
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:53,600
affects feelings memories and 
identity. 

1132
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:56,600
The gender fluid approach to 
Cosmetics, that was common in 

1133
00:56:56,600 --> 00:56:58,700
many ancient cultures is making 
a comeback. 

1134
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:02,000
In modern Beauty culture. 
The old idea that make up could 

1135
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:05,000
make anyone look better, no 
matter what gender they were 

1136
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:08,400
fits with modern movements 
toward beauty standards that 

1137
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:11,400
include everyone and non-binary 
ways to express yourself with 

1138
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,000
Cosmetics. 
The use of makeup for ceremonies

1139
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:16,500
and special events has not 
changed much since ancient 

1140
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:19,100
times. 
Many of the makeup traditions 

1141
00:57:19,100 --> 00:57:21,200
for wedding's. 
Come from old beauty, practices 

1142
00:57:21,200 --> 00:57:24,800
for brides, make up for theater.
And performance is still very 

1143
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:27,400
much like the face painting that
was done in ancient rituals, 

1144
00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:30,700
even the makeup, we wear every 
day for special occasions. 

1145
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:34,100
Follows patterns, set by ancient
cultures for marking important 

1146
00:57:34,100 --> 00:57:37,500
events and changes using makeup 
to show social and professional 

1147
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:40,300
roles as an old practice that 
has changed, but is still used 

1148
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:42,900
today. 
Professional makeup standards in

1149
00:57:42,900 --> 00:57:45,300
many fields from business to 
entertainment. 

1150
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:48,400
Carry on the old practice of 
using looks to show competence 

1151
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:50,500
and status. 
Power. 

1152
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:52,900
Look into today's business, 
world comes directly from the 

1153
00:57:52,900 --> 00:57:56,100
old practice of using makeup to 
show that you are in charge. 

1154
00:57:56,100 --> 00:57:59,700
Incapable beauty standards from 
the past still affect modern 

1155
00:57:59,700 --> 00:58:03,300
makeup goals, but in different 
ways, The desire for Perfect 

1156
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:06,500
Skin that people have had for a 
long time, is what drives the 

1157
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:08,800
development of modern 
foundations and concealers. 

1158
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:12,700
The ancient focus on a bright 
healthy, looking skin tone 

1159
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:15,700
inspires, today's highlighter 
and skincare makeup hybrid 

1160
00:58:15,700 --> 00:58:18,400
products, Ancient ways of making
lips. 

1161
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:21,300
Look better, have an effect on 
everything from lip Plumping, 

1162
00:58:21,300 --> 00:58:23,800
places, Plumping products to 
cosmetic surgery. 

1163
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:27,000
People still think of makeup as 
a way to express their culture, 

1164
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:29,300
just like they did in ancient 
times. 

1165
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:33,400
Traditional cosmetic practices 
from different cultures, still 

1166
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:36,800
work well, with modern ones, 
making beautiful landscapes that

1167
00:58:36,800 --> 00:58:40,300
honor both the past and the 
future header art traditional 

1168
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:43,400
face, painting and cultural 
ceremonial makeup still 

1169
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:46,200
important and have an impact on 
mainstream Beauty Trendz. 

1170
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:48,800
Old ways of thinking about 
beauty that were based on 

1171
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:51,300
seasons and Cycles. 
Still have an effect on how 

1172
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:54,700
people use Cosmetics today, the 
old custom of changing your 

1173
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:57,900
makeup and Skin Care routines. 
Based on the seasons, the moon 

1174
00:58:57,900 --> 00:59:01,000
and different stages of life is 
similar to Modern trends that 

1175
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,700
emphasized more natural and 
responsive Beauty practices, 

1176
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:07,700
seasonal color palette which are
often based on Old ideas about 

1177
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:11,100
how light and the environment 
affect how people look still 

1178
00:59:11,100 --> 00:59:13,600
very important in modern makeup 
marking and choice. 

1179
00:59:13,600 --> 00:59:16,400
The old idea that beauty is 
something that people do 

1180
00:59:16,400 --> 00:59:20,300
together is still around today, 
Beauty parties friends, putting 

1181
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:23,400
on makeup together and groups 
getting ready for special events

1182
00:59:23,400 --> 00:59:26,700
are all ways that the social 
side of beauty culture, the 

1183
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:30,200
state alive for thousands of 
years Beauty communities on 

1184
00:59:30,300 --> 00:59:32,900
Social media, take this old 
practice into the digital world,

1185
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:36,600
making new versions of the old 
ways of sharing knowledge, and 

1186
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:39,200
helping each other that were 
common in ancient Beauty culture

1187
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:42,100
as you fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

1188
00:59:42,100 --> 00:59:43,600
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

1189
00:59:43,600 --> 00:59:45,500
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

1190
00:59:45,500 --> 00:59:48,700
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

1191
00:59:48,700 --> 00:59:52,400
something that connects you to 
Cave painters, Egyptian priests 

1192
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:56,700
Chinese Court, ladies, Roman 
matrons and many more who knew 

1193
00:59:56,700 --> 01:00:00,000
that the face is the first 
canvas for art identity and 

1194
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:02,200
change. 
Even though your makeup may be 

1195
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:05,200
made in modern Factory in stead 
of being ground by hand from 

1196
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:08,900
sacred minerals, the impulses 
still the same to show the 

1197
01:00:08,900 --> 01:00:12,000
world, your best self to take 
part in your cultures, Beauty 

1198
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:14,400
traditions. 
And to enjoy the little daily 

1199
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,500
magic of transformation that 
make up brings in this way. 

1200
01:00:17,500 --> 01:00:20,600
You take part in one of the 
oldest and most enduring art 

1201
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:23,800
forms every morning. 
You become part of a story that 

1202
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,000
started in caves long before. 
People lived in them and will go

1203
01:00:27,008 --> 01:00:29,900
on as long as people care about 
beauty identity. 

1204
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:32,800
And the never-ending interesting
link between who we are. 

1205
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:35,000
And how we choose to look to 
Plumping up the world. 

1206
01:00:35,000 --> 01:00:38,300
The ancient history of Cosmetics
isn't really history at all, 

1207
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:42,400
it's the present lived out every
day in millions of mirrors 

1208
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:44,800
around the world as Timeless and
real. 

1209
01:00:44,800 --> 01:00:47,800
As the human face itself, while 
you relax even more in the 

1210
01:00:47,808 --> 01:00:51,100
evening, let your mind drift to 
the workshops and Labs where 

1211
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:53,200
ancient cosmetic makers worked 
their magic. 

1212
01:00:53,200 --> 01:00:56,800
These long-forgotten Alchemists.
Worked hundreds of years before 

1213
01:00:56,800 --> 01:00:59,700
modern chemistry. 
They came up with formulation 

1214
01:00:59,700 --> 01:01:02,700
methods that are so Advanced 
that modern cosmetic scientists 

1215
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:05,100
are still trying to figure out 
how they got such amazing 

1216
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:07,600
results. 
Imagine yourself in the workshop

1217
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:11,200
of a cosmetic maker from ancient
Egypt maybe in the busy City of 

1218
01:01:11,200 --> 01:01:15,000
Memphis around 1200 BC. 
E the room smells like 

1219
01:01:15,008 --> 01:01:18,300
frankincense and the earthy 
smell of minerals being ground. 

1220
01:01:19,100 --> 01:01:20,700
Clay pots. 
Sit on wooden shells. 

1221
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:24,200
Each one holding carefully chose
an ingredients that took months 

1222
01:01:24,200 --> 01:01:27,900
or even years to prepare the 
master cosmetic maker starts her

1223
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:30,600
Day Before Dawn. 
Not because she is in a hurry 

1224
01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:33,900
but because the cool morning is 
best for some of the preparation

1225
01:01:33,900 --> 01:01:37,200
as before the desert heat 
affects the delicate chemical 

1226
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:40,200
processes. 
She's in charge of She treats 

1227
01:01:40,200 --> 01:01:43,100
her work with the respect of a 
priest and the accuracy of a 

1228
01:01:43,100 --> 01:01:45,300
mathematician. 
She knows that the difference 

1229
01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:48,200
between a cosmetic that makes 
you look better and one that 

1230
01:01:48,200 --> 01:01:50,200
hurts. 
Your skin can be as small as a 

1231
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:52,500
grain of sand. 
What should she makes cold? 

1232
01:01:52,500 --> 01:01:54,800
Using a method that has been 
passed down through her family 

1233
01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:58,700
for Generations? 
We starts with Galena, a lead 

1234
01:01:58,700 --> 01:02:01,700
sulfide mineral that gives coal 
its unique deep black color. 

1235
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:04,800
Which she doesn't just grind 
them mineral and mix it with oil

1236
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:07,200
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

1237
01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:09,800
process that scientists today. 
Are just starting to figure out 

1238
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:12,600
first. 
She heats the Galena in a 

1239
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:15,300
special furnace and she knows 
how to control the temperature 

1240
01:02:15,300 --> 01:02:17,200
with a level of knowledge about 
Metallurgy. 

1241
01:02:17,200 --> 01:02:19,300
That wouldn't be out of place in
a modern lab. 

1242
01:02:20,100 --> 01:02:22,800
The heat changes, the minerals 
crystal structure, which makes 

1243
01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:25,200
it safer to use around the eyes 
and improves its color. 

1244
01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:28,200
She adds small amounts of other 
minerals, while heating the 

1245
01:02:28,200 --> 01:02:30,600
metal. 
Like, Chavan to many here and a 

1246
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:33,400
trace of silver. 
There, this makes an alloy that 

1247
01:02:33,400 --> 01:02:35,000
is stronger than the sum of its 
parts. 

1248
01:02:35,000 --> 01:02:38,400
After that the grinding process 
takes hours of careful work. 

1249
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:41,600
She makes a powder from the 
treated mineral, that is so 

1250
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:43,400
fine. 
It feels like Silk between her 

1251
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:45,700
fingers by using a palette made 
of carefully. 

1252
01:02:45,700 --> 01:02:50,300
Chosen Stone the consistency, 
has to be just right if it's too

1253
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:52,900
coarse, the coal will scratch 
the delicate skin around the 

1254
01:02:52,908 --> 01:02:55,900
eyes and if it's too fine it 
won't stay on or cover. 

1255
01:02:55,900 --> 01:02:59,000
Well, the mixing of the final 
formula is where science and art

1256
01:02:59,000 --> 01:03:02,100
really come together. 
She mixes the powdered mineral 

1257
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:04,900
with a carefully balanced. 
Blend of animal fats, plant 

1258
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:09,400
oils, and fragrant resins. 
To help the pigment stick to the

1259
01:03:09,400 --> 01:03:12,400
skin and make it easier to apply
the oils. 

1260
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:15,700
Keep the mixture from drying out
too quickly and the resins act, 

1261
01:03:15,700 --> 01:03:17,700
as natural preservatives and add
a light scent. 

1262
01:03:17,700 --> 01:03:21,000
But the right amounts of very 
important and they change with 

1263
01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:24,700
the season, the use and even the
moon phase, some of versions 

1264
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:28,000
have more oils to keep the cold 
from drying out in the Heat and 

1265
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:30,200
winter version. 
Have more facts to protect it 

1266
01:03:30,200 --> 01:03:33,700
from cold winds coal made for 
everyday use is different from 

1267
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:36,100
coal made for religious 
ceremonies or special events. 

1268
01:03:36,100 --> 01:03:39,300
The ancient Egyptians knew 
something that modern cosmetic 

1269
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:42,300
science has rediscovered. 
How ingredients are put together

1270
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:44,700
is often more important than the
ingredients themselves. 

1271
01:03:45,800 --> 01:03:48,600
They came up with ways to make 
stable, emulsions control 

1272
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:51,100
particle size, and get 
consistent color. 

1273
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:53,700
That are just as good as what 
modern manufacturing methods can

1274
01:03:53,700 --> 01:03:55,600
do. 
They know a lot more than just 

1275
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:58,600
coal Egyptian. 
Makeup artists made lip colors 

1276
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:01,000
that brought out the natural 
tones of different skin types 

1277
01:04:01,000 --> 01:04:03,700
and stead of hiding them as well
as I Shadows. 

1278
01:04:03,700 --> 01:04:06,400
That wouldn't smudge even when 
you sweat, and Rouge that stayed

1279
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:08,000
bright for hours in the desert 
heat. 

1280
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:11,100
They were able to get these 
results without using any of 

1281
01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:14,500
today's preservatives 
stabilizers or color faster, 

1282
01:04:14,500 --> 01:04:18,400
color faster Technologies. 
Ancient Chinese Cosmetics were 

1283
01:04:18,400 --> 01:04:21,600
just as advanced but they were 
based on different ideas from 

1284
01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:24,300
traditional Chinese medicine and
towers for philosophy. 

1285
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,000
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 
of their work as a way to heal 

1286
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:31,300
people, they made products that 
not only made people look 

1287
01:04:31,300 --> 01:04:33,400
better, but also made them 
healthier and happier. 

1288
01:04:33,400 --> 01:04:36,900
Think about going to a Chinese 
cosmetic Workshop in the Tang 

1289
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:42,000
Dynasty around 750 CE. 
The master Craftsmen starts his 

1290
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:44,700
work by meditating and doing 
purification rituals. 

1291
01:04:44,700 --> 01:04:48,000
He knows that how he feels will 
affect the quality of what he 

1292
01:04:48,000 --> 01:04:50,200
makes. 
He thinks that Cosmetics made 

1293
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:53,100
with good intentions and Care 
will pass those qualities onto 

1294
01:04:53,100 --> 01:04:56,200
the people who use them. 
Modern cosmetic scientists are 

1295
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:58,500
still trying to figure out how 
to make Chinese face powder. 

1296
01:04:58,500 --> 01:05:02,100
The Craftsman starts with rice 
that has been carefully, chosen 

1297
01:05:02,100 --> 01:05:05,300
for its type how it grows. 
And when it is harvested, 

1298
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:08,200
Different kinds of rice. 
Make powders with different 

1299
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:10,300
qualities. 
Some give better coverage, 

1300
01:05:10,300 --> 01:05:13,200
others make the Surface smoother
and still others. 

1301
01:05:13,200 --> 01:05:14,800
Give the most natural looking 
Finish. 

1302
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:18,300
First, the rice is washed in 
spring water that Temple Priests

1303
01:05:18,300 --> 01:05:21,200
of blessed. 
Then it is dried in a certain 

1304
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:23,700
way that keeps the humidity in 
temperatures, just, right. 

1305
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:27,000
Stone Mills that have been used 
for Generations are used to 

1306
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:29,800
grind the grains. 
Their surfaces are smooth from 

1307
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:32,300
all the batches of power and a 
flavored with the oils and 

1308
01:05:32,300 --> 01:05:35,800
Essences of past preparations. 
But the real sophistication is 

1309
01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:38,600
in the additives that change 
plain rice flour into makeup 

1310
01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:41,200
powder. 
Craftsman carefully adds the 

1311
01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:44,300
right amount of ground pearls, 
which give the powder the shine 

1312
01:05:44,300 --> 01:05:47,700
that made Chinese complexion 
powder famous all over Asia. 

1313
01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:50,600
To make the pearls into the 
finest powder possible, they 

1314
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:52,900
must be prepared. 
Using secret methods that keep 

1315
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:54,500
their light reflecting 
properties. 

1316
01:05:54,500 --> 01:05:57,700
Other ingredients are powdered 
Jade, which is thought to have 

1317
01:05:57,708 --> 01:06:00,700
healing properties ground 
seashells which are thought to 

1318
01:06:00,700 --> 01:06:04,300
have minerals in them and small 
amounts of precious metals which

1319
01:06:04,300 --> 01:06:07,900
give the color a subtle effect. 
Tradition is made using 

1320
01:06:07,900 --> 01:06:10,400
complicated formulas, that take 
into account, how the 

1321
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:14,000
ingredients will work together. 
The user's desired skin, tone, 

1322
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:17,900
even astrological factors that 
determine the best time to mix 

1323
01:06:17,900 --> 01:06:20,300
Cosmetics. 
Ancient Indian cosmetic 

1324
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:23,800
preparation combined, ayurvedic 
medicine with Advanced chemistry

1325
01:06:23,800 --> 01:06:27,100
to make products that were good 
for both health and beauty. 

1326
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:30,700
Indian cosmetic companies were 
some of the first to realize 

1327
01:06:30,700 --> 01:06:32,900
that healthy skin is the key to 
true beauty. 

1328
01:06:32,900 --> 01:06:36,000
They made products that improved
the look of the skin while. 

1329
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:39,200
Also treating underlying skin 
problems modern eye doctors 

1330
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:40,800
agree. 
That the methods used to make 

1331
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:43,900
kajal unique Indian eye makeup 
were very Advanced for their 

1332
01:06:43,900 --> 01:06:46,600
time. 
Indian cosmetic companies knew 

1333
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:49,500
that things used around the 
eyes, had to be both pretty and 

1334
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:52,000
good for your health. 
They had to be able to make your

1335
01:06:52,000 --> 01:06:55,200
eyes healthy and stead of just 
looking good to make kajal the 

1336
01:06:55,200 --> 01:06:58,200
old-fashioned way you first have
to choose the right oils and 

1337
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:01,000
Wicks very carefully. 
People choose castor, oil 

1338
01:07:01,000 --> 01:07:04,200
sesame, oil and ghee. 
Not only because they burn well 

1339
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:06,300
before well, but also because 
they are good for you. 

1340
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:09,400
The Wix are made from cotton, 
that was grown without chemical 

1341
01:07:09,400 --> 01:07:12,700
fertilizers and processed in a 
way that keeps the fibers 

1342
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:15,600
natural properties. 
The burning happens in special 

1343
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:18,500
lamps that control the 
temperature and heavy and heavy 

1344
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,000
and airflow to make the cleaner 
soot possible. 

1345
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:23,900
The Craftsman watches over the 
Flames all night. 

1346
01:07:23,900 --> 01:07:27,600
Making sure the Wicks are in the
right place and that the soot is

1347
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,700
of good quality. 
Different stages of the burning 

1348
01:07:30,700 --> 01:07:33,500
process makes with different 
properties early. 

1349
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:36,500
So is finer and better for 
everyday use while later. 

1350
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:39,700
So has more dramatic color and 
last longer at the same time, 

1351
01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:43,000
she would criticize working 
women for using simple Rouge or 

1352
01:07:43,000 --> 01:07:46,200
darkening their lashes with soot
cosmetic makers in ancient 

1353
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:50,100
Persia made complex, perfumes. 
That stayed stable for years and

1354
01:07:50,100 --> 01:07:52,600
could be layered to make new 
more complex sentence. 

1355
01:07:52,600 --> 01:07:55,700
They're knowledge of how to 
extract preserve and mix 

1356
01:07:55,700 --> 01:07:59,100
essential oils had an impact on 
perfume, making all over the 

1357
01:07:59,100 --> 01:08:02,200
Islamic world and it eventually 
made its way to Europe through 

1358
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:04,800
trade. 
And Conquest, the persons made 

1359
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:08,600
perfume by finding a balance 
between bitter lighting, heavy 

1360
01:08:08,600 --> 01:08:12,400
and warming and Cooling. 
Perfume was thought that a 

1361
01:08:12,400 --> 01:08:14,100
fragrance that was perfectly 
balanced. 

1362
01:08:14,100 --> 01:08:18,000
Could change the way as mood 
health and spiritual state. 

1363
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:20,600
So making perfume was a form of 
therapeutic. 

1364
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:23,899
Art ancient Roman Cosmetics were
made on a scale, that wouldn't 

1365
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:27,200
be seen again until the modern 
era, Roman workshops make 

1366
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:29,100
Cosmetics for use all over the 
empire. 

1367
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:32,600
They came up with standard 
recipes in ways of making them 

1368
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:34,899
that made sure the quality was 
the same no matter where you 

1369
01:08:34,908 --> 01:08:38,399
were Roman cosmetic makers, were
some of the first to realize how

1370
01:08:38,399 --> 01:08:41,500
important it was to check the 
quality of their products and 

1371
01:08:41,500 --> 01:08:43,300
make sure that each batch was 
the same. 

1372
01:08:44,500 --> 01:08:47,000
It came up with ways to test 
that Rouge would keep its color 

1373
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:50,600
that face powder would cover 
evenly and that perfumes would 

1374
01:08:50,600 --> 01:08:52,600
smell the same. 
No matter where they were made 

1375
01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:56,200
whether in Rome or far off 
provinces, the Romans had a very

1376
01:08:56,200 --> 01:08:58,300
Advanced way of keeping 
Cosmetics fresh. 

1377
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:02,200
They knew that Cosmetics had to 
stay stable during long sea 

1378
01:09:02,200 --> 01:09:05,200
trips to far away markets, even 
when the temperature and 

1379
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:08,000
humidity, Chained, and the 
physical stresses of travel 

1380
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:11,700
occurred. 
Travel occurred occurred a 

1381
01:09:11,700 --> 01:09:14,100
learned how to use natural 
anti-microbial, and airtight 

1382
01:09:14,100 --> 01:09:17,000
packaging to keep their products
fresh for months, or even years.

1383
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,500
As you picked these old cosmetic
workshops, you can see the 

1384
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,000
beginning of an industry that 
combined Arts science and 

1385
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:26,300
business and ways that are still
used by modern cosmetic 

1386
01:09:26,300 --> 01:09:29,000
companies. 
These ancient formulators set 

1387
01:09:29,000 --> 01:09:32,500
the stage for figuring out how 
in greed's work together, how to

1388
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:35,600
get the same results every time 
and how to make products that 

1389
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:38,100
make people look better while 
also keeping them safe and 

1390
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,600
healthy their methods, which 
have been improved over 100 of 

1391
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:44,600
years of trial and error and 
passed down through generation 

1392
01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:47,500
of skilled Craftsmen. 
Our Treasure Trove of 

1393
01:09:47,508 --> 01:09:50,800
information that modern cosmetic
science is still discovering and

1394
01:09:50,800 --> 01:09:54,400
rediscovering. 
In a lot of cases, these old 

1395
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:56,800
formulators got results. 
That modern companies have a 

1396
01:09:56,808 --> 01:09:59,600
hard time getting with modern 
technology and synthetic 

1397
01:09:59,600 --> 01:10:02,000
ingredients. 
Their makeup containers were 

1398
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:04,400
useful because they could hold 
both makeup and food or other 

1399
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:07,300
things when they weren't needed.
Imagine yourself in the private 

1400
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:10,700
rooms of a rich Roman woman 
named Libya, Where the first 

1401
01:10:10,700 --> 01:10:14,500
light of dawn comes through silk
curtains, as her personal 

1402
01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:17,100
slaves, get ready for the days 
transformation ritual. 

1403
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:20,100
The room is already buzzing with
quiet activity. 

1404
01:10:20,100 --> 01:10:22,300
This isn't just putting on 
makeup. 

1405
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:25,400
It's a carefully planned 
ceremony that will take several 

1406
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:26,900
hours and involve a lot of 
people. 

1407
01:10:26,900 --> 01:10:30,500
Each of whom is an expert in a 
different part of the process of

1408
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:33,800
making someone look better. 
Sophia a Greek woman who has 

1409
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:37,300
chosen for her artistic skills 
is Olivia's main Cosmetics. 

1410
01:10:37,300 --> 01:10:40,800
Slave She starts by looking at 
her mistress's skin in the 

1411
01:10:40,800 --> 01:10:43,700
Morning Light people. 
In ancient Rome knew that make 

1412
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:46,700
up had to be put on in a way 
that worked with each person's 

1413
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:49,800
unique features, skin tone, and 
the needs of the day. 

1414
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:54,600
The fire runs her experience 
fingers, gently over Olivia's 

1415
01:10:54,600 --> 01:10:58,300
face, looking for changes in the
texture of her skin new 

1416
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:01,400
blemishes that need to be 
covered or areas that need extra

1417
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:04,100
care. 
The first step in The radius to 

1418
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:06,300
wash. 
But not with a quick splash of 

1419
01:11:06,308 --> 01:11:09,700
water like people do. 
Now a warm mixture of milk, 

1420
01:11:09,700 --> 01:11:12,200
honey. 
And ground almonds is used to 

1421
01:11:12,200 --> 01:11:15,900
gently clean, Livia's face. 
The milk has mild acids that get

1422
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:18,700
rid of dead skin cells. 
The honey is a natural 

1423
01:11:18,708 --> 01:11:22,100
antiseptic and moisturizer and 
the almonds gently rub the skin 

1424
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:25,200
to make it smoother. 
So, fair uses her hands to apply

1425
01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:28,100
this mixture in circles, which 
she has learned how to do 

1426
01:11:28,100 --> 01:11:31,000
perfectly over the years. 
The massage part of the 

1427
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:33,700
cleansing is almost as important
as the cleansing itself. 

1428
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:37,800
The gentle pressure gets blood 
flowing to the skin, giving it a

1429
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:40,800
Natural Glow, that will be the 
base for the days makeup after 

1430
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:43,500
cleaning, it's time to put on 
the base and this is where 

1431
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:45,900
ancient Roman techniques show 
how advanced they were. 

1432
01:11:47,000 --> 01:11:49,300
The white-led mixture that will 
give Olivia a trendy. 

1433
01:11:49,300 --> 01:11:52,200
Pale complexion isn't just 
painted on her skin. 

1434
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:56,400
Its built up in thin almost 
clear layers, that give her skin

1435
01:11:56,400 --> 01:11:58,900
depth and shine while still 
looking natural. 

1436
01:11:58,900 --> 01:12:02,100
Sapphire starts with the 
lightest possible application 

1437
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:06,000
using a wet sea sponge to apply 
the mixture in soft overlapping 

1438
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:08,300
Strokes. 
She starts in the middle of the 

1439
01:12:08,300 --> 01:12:11,700
face and works her way out. 
Making sure to blend each part 

1440
01:12:11,700 --> 01:12:15,000
before moving on to the next. 
The process needs perfect 

1441
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:17,400
timing. 
Each layer needs to set for a 

1442
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:18,800
little while before the next one
goes on. 

1443
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:21,000
But not so long that it becomes 
hard to blend. 

1444
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:23,000
It takes a lot of skill to do 
this. 

1445
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:27,400
So fire has to decide how opaque
each layer is how the mixture 

1446
01:12:27,400 --> 01:12:30,500
will look on Livia's skin tone 
and how the final result will 

1447
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:32,000
look in different types of 
light. 

1448
01:12:32,000 --> 01:12:34,600
During the day. 
If you put on too much makeup it

1449
01:12:34,600 --> 01:12:35,900
will look like a mask and not 
real. 

1450
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:39,000
If you don't use enough it won't
look like the porcelain that 

1451
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:42,600
Roman fashion calls for well the
base is being built and other 

1452
01:12:42,600 --> 01:12:45,200
slave gets the Rouge ready to 
put color back into Libya's 

1453
01:12:45,200 --> 01:12:48,800
cheeks which have become pale. 
It's not as easy as just opening

1454
01:12:48,800 --> 01:12:51,500
a container. 
And putting on color, the Rouge 

1455
01:12:51,500 --> 01:12:54,500
needs to be mixed fresh every 
day to get the best color and 

1456
01:12:54,500 --> 01:12:58,100
consistently. 
Slave users oils and waxes to 

1457
01:12:58,100 --> 01:12:59,800
grind, Cinnabar on a small 
palette. 

1458
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:03,100
Adding tiny amounts of other 
colors to make the exact color 

1459
01:13:03,100 --> 01:13:05,100
that Livia skin needs for the 
day's activities. 

1460
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:08,000
Putting on Rouge requires a 
different set of skills. 

1461
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:12,100
Sophia uses a brush made a fine 
animal hair to apply the color 

1462
01:13:12,100 --> 01:13:15,500
in exact patterns that make 
Olivia's natural bone structure.

1463
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:19,300
Look better ancient Roman makeup
artists knew how to use color 

1464
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:22,400
and shading to make it look like
you had higher cheekbones more 

1465
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:25,100
refined nose and a more perfect 
over face shape. 

1466
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:28,500
These are technique that modern 
make up artist would recognize 

1467
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:30,900
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

1468
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:34,100
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like to dramatic eye

1469
01:13:34,100 --> 01:13:36,700
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

1470
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,000
careful application. 
Sapphire starts by darkening. 

1471
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:43,700
Livia's lashes, with a mix of 
oils and soot using a small 

1472
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:47,300
brush to cover each Lash. the 
method is similar to how people 

1473
01:13:47,300 --> 01:13:50,700
put on mascara today, but it 
takes a lot more skill because 

1474
01:13:50,800 --> 01:13:53,400
The product doesn't have the 
synthetic polymers, that make 

1475
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:55,900
modern mascara easier to put on 
next. 

1476
01:13:55,900 --> 01:13:58,800
The eyeshadow is put on in 
layers to give it depth and 

1477
01:13:58,800 --> 01:14:01,600
dimension. 
So Fierce Sophia Sophia uses 

1478
01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:03,700
different colors on different 
parts of the eyelid. 

1479
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:07,300
For example, she uses a lighter 
shade near the inner corner, to 

1480
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:10,400
make the eyes look bigger and 
brighter, a medium shade across 

1481
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:13,500
the main lid area and a darker 
shade in the crease to make the 

1482
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:16,600
eyes look deeper set. 
The last step in putting on eye 

1483
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:18,400
makeup is to put coal around the
eye itself. 

1484
01:14:18,400 --> 01:14:22,000
You need the steadiest hand and 
the most accurate technique for 

1485
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,600
this because any mistakes will 
be obvious right away and hard 

1486
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,800
to fix. 
Sophia uses a thin bronze Rod to

1487
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:33,000
apply the coal in smooth. 
Even lines, that follow the 

1488
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:36,500
natural shape of Libya's eyes 
and go a little past the outer 

1489
01:14:36,500 --> 01:14:39,300
Corners to make the dramatic 
look that Roman fashion, like 

1490
01:14:39,300 --> 01:14:42,800
Livia stays almost still the 
whole time, which is something 

1491
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:46,500
that rich Roman women learned as
kids people thought that being 

1492
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:49,500
able to sit still for hours 
while makeup was put on was a 

1493
01:14:49,500 --> 01:14:51,500
sign of refinement and 
self-control. 

1494
01:14:52,300 --> 01:14:55,800
But this isn't just free time. 
Livia uses these hours to think,

1495
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:59,400
plan her day and sometimes even 
dictate letters describes while 

1496
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:01,500
she changes. 
The last part of putting on 

1497
01:15:01,508 --> 01:15:04,500
makeup is painting the lips with
a red pigment made from crushed 

1498
01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:08,100
insects and plant dies. 
The fear uses a small brush to 

1499
01:15:08,100 --> 01:15:09,700
make the perfect shape for her 
lips. 

1500
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:13,400
She often paints outside or 
inside the natural lip line to 

1501
01:15:13,400 --> 01:15:15,900
get the proportions that Roman 
beauty standards call for. 

1502
01:15:15,900 --> 01:15:18,700
But the ritual doesn't end when 
the makeup is done. 

1503
01:15:19,700 --> 01:15:22,300
People put the finishing touches
on Libya's hair with scented 

1504
01:15:22,300 --> 01:15:23,700
oils while they painted her 
face. 

1505
01:15:24,600 --> 01:15:27,000
She has carefully arranged her 
clothes to go with her finished.

1506
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:30,000
Look, she even picked out her 
jewelry to go with the colors 

1507
01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:32,900
and style of her makeup. 
Now, imagine yourself in ancient

1508
01:15:32,900 --> 01:15:36,000
Japan where the ritual for 
putting on makeup is even more 

1509
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:40,400
complicated and full of meaning.
The four midnight and until dawn

1510
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:43,900
Court, ladys private quarters 
are transformed in one of 

1511
01:15:43,900 --> 01:15:45,800
history's. 
Most elaborate Beauty, rituals 

1512
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:49,100
the Japanese way of putting on 
makeup was based on the idea of 

1513
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,000
layers, not just layers of 
makeup but also layers of 

1514
01:15:52,000 --> 01:15:54,200
meaning symbolism and artistic 
expression. 

1515
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:57,400
Each part of the look was 
carefully chosen to go with the 

1516
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:01,600
clothes accessories, perfume, 
and even the weather, and season

1517
01:16:01,600 --> 01:16:04,700
of the day, the attendance of 
the Court lady start the process

1518
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:07,700
by cleaning and conditioning her
skin with a series of treatments

1519
01:16:07,700 --> 01:16:09,600
that takes several hours to 
finish. 

1520
01:16:10,500 --> 01:16:13,500
They gently scrub her skin with 
rice bran mixed with different 

1521
01:16:13,500 --> 01:16:16,200
flour Waters. 
And then they put chameleon oil 

1522
01:16:16,200 --> 01:16:18,200
on her skin to keep it moist and
safe. 

1523
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:21,300
It takes years of practice to 
master the art of putting on the

1524
01:16:21,308 --> 01:16:24,300
white face powder. 
That is a big part of hay and 

1525
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:26,300
makeup. 
You should be able to see no 

1526
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:28,600
brush marks or uneven areas when
you apply the powder. 

1527
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:31,300
The coverage must be full and 
opaque. 

1528
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:34,000
Changing the woman's natural 
color into a surface. 

1529
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:36,900
That looks like porcelain and 
serves as a canvas for the 

1530
01:16:36,900 --> 01:16:39,600
artistic elements that will 
follow to paint the fake 

1531
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:41,800
eyebrows which are small ovals 
on the forehead. 

1532
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:45,300
You need the skill of a master. 
Calligrapher, the paint must be 

1533
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:47,700
applied with smooth confidence 
Strokes that show. 

1534
01:16:47,700 --> 01:16:50,000
No hesitation or correction 
each. 

1535
01:16:50,000 --> 01:16:52,800
Eyebrow must be the same size 
shape and position. 

1536
01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:55,800
The tiny red lips painted in the
middle of the mouth. 

1537
01:16:55,800 --> 01:16:59,200
The most unique part of hay, and
maker, and maybe the hardest to 

1538
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:01,500
do. 
The shape must be perfectly 

1539
01:17:01,500 --> 01:17:04,500
symmetrical and fit perfectly in
the middle of the mouth. 

1540
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:08,300
The color has to be even and 
bright and it has to be made 

1541
01:17:08,300 --> 01:17:10,800
with precious red pigments that 
are mixed fresh reach. 

1542
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:14,100
Use applying makeup in ancient 
Chinese courts was just as 

1543
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:17,700
complicated but it was based on 
Confucian ideas of Harmony and 

1544
01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:20,500
balance. 
The process started with 

1545
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:23,500
meditation and purification 
rituals that got both the person

1546
01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:25,800
applying. 
And the person receiving ready 

1547
01:17:25,800 --> 01:17:27,400
for the change. 
That was about to happen. 

1548
01:17:27,400 --> 01:17:30,700
Chinese makeup application 
focused on enhancing natural 

1549
01:17:30,700 --> 01:17:34,000
beauty rather than changing it. 
The goal was to make the look 

1550
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:37,500
seem almost natural but it 
actually took hours of skilled 

1551
01:17:37,500 --> 01:17:41,100
work to get there. 
This Paradox, making something 

1552
01:17:41,100 --> 01:17:43,608
look natural with. 
Artificial means took a lot of 

1553
01:17:43,616 --> 01:17:45,900
skill and knowledge of how 
different colors and techniques 

1554
01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:48,300
would work. 
With each person's features in 

1555
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:50,100
Ancient. 
India putting on makeup was 

1556
01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:52,800
often a group activity that made
people feel close to each other 

1557
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:56,300
and made things look better. 
Women would get together to help

1558
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:58,700
each other get ready for 
festivals weddings and other 

1559
01:17:58,700 --> 01:18:01,600
special events. 
They would share tips stories 

1560
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,000
and knowledge while making 
elaborate henna and makeup 

1561
01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:06,300
designs. 
When people use traditional 

1562
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:09,100
Indian makeup, they put it on 
their whole body, not just their

1563
01:18:09,100 --> 01:18:12,000
face. 
Henna designs on hands and feet 

1564
01:18:12,000 --> 01:18:14,600
could take a long time to finish
and needed. 

1565
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:18,000
The Steady Hand of a skilled 
artist, the complicated 

1566
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:20,600
geometric and floral patterns 
weren't just for show. 

1567
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:24,900
They told stories about the 
person's family hopes an 

1568
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:28,100
important events in their life 
aroma therapy was offered a part

1569
01:18:28,100 --> 01:18:29,500
of ancient Middle Eastern 
makeup. 

1570
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:33,200
Rituals for example, certain 
perfumes, and incense as were 

1571
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:36,300
burned while putting on makeup 
to improve mood and create the 

1572
01:18:36,300 --> 01:18:39,600
desired mental state. 
He thought that the smells could

1573
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,000
change not only how the person 
looked but also their 

1574
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:44,900
personality and Aura as you 
picture these complicated 

1575
01:18:44,900 --> 01:18:45,900
application. 
Rituals. 

1576
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:48,900
You see that, people know that 
real beauty is more than just 

1577
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:51,900
putting color on the face. 
These old ways of doing things 

1578
01:18:51,900 --> 01:18:55,200
knew that the process of change 
was just as important as the end

1579
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:58,400
result. 
Time spent getting ready, the 

1580
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:01,400
skill of the artists who worked 
on it and the purpose behind the

1581
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:03,200
change. 
All played a role in the final 

1582
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:05,400
effect. 
These rituals made places for 

1583
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:09,300
meditation socializing art and 
personal growth that are 

1584
01:19:09,300 --> 01:19:12,200
fast-paced modern world often, 
misses when it comes to Beauty, 

1585
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:16,200
These old ways of doing things 
remind us that beauty isn't just

1586
01:19:16,200 --> 01:19:19,100
about how we look. 
It's all about taking the time 

1587
01:19:19,100 --> 01:19:22,100
to honor ourselves and our place
in the larger human Community 

1588
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:24,100
picture. 
One last seen before you go to 

1589
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:27,000
sleep, you're looking into a 
mirror that can show you, not 

1590
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:30,300
only your own reflection but 
also the voice of everyone who 

1591
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:32,500
is ever looked into a mirror to 
get ready for the day. 

1592
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:35,400
You can see the cave painter, 
looking at their okra painted 

1593
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:37,900
cheeks and of steel water on 
that silver surface. 

1594
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:41,300
You can see the Egyptian 
Priestess looking at her cold 

1595
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:45,000
line eyes in shiny bronze. 
The Chinese Court lady is 

1596
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:48,600
perfecting her porcelain skin. 
The Roman matron is fixing a 

1597
01:19:48,600 --> 01:19:51,700
Rouge and the Indian bride is 
admiring, her henna decorated 

1598
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:53,800
hands. 
All of these people who lived 

1599
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:57,100
thousands of years apart and in 
very different places, share the

1600
01:19:57,100 --> 01:20:01,300
same basic human desire to show 
the world their best self to 

1601
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:04,600
take part in their culture's 
idea of beauty and to enjoy the 

1602
01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:08,300
small daily Miracle of change 
that make up brings your own 

1603
01:20:08,300 --> 01:20:10,000
reflection. 
Is part of this never-ending 

1604
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:12,900
parade, which connects you to 
everyone who has ever mixed 

1605
01:20:12,900 --> 01:20:16,600
pigment with oil ground minerals
into powder or carefully applied

1606
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:18,700
color to make their natural 
features look better. 

1607
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:23,300
You carry on their wisdom, their
new ideas and their belief that 

1608
01:20:23,300 --> 01:20:26,000
beauty is one of the most 
lasting and important ways that 

1609
01:20:26,000 --> 01:20:29,200
people Express themselves. 
Modern eyeliner is made from 

1610
01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:32,200
ancient Egyptian coal that you 
can still find in your bathroom 

1611
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:34,900
cabinet. 
Roman Rouge is still used in 

1612
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:37,600
modern blush. 
Modern Foundation is based on 

1613
01:20:37,600 --> 01:20:40,900
Chinese face power. 
Today's temporary tattoo art is 

1614
01:20:40,900 --> 01:20:44,000
based on Indian henna. 
The tools and ingredients may be

1615
01:20:44,000 --> 01:20:46,000
different but the basic Art 
stays the same. 

1616
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:48,500
When you look in the mirror 
tomorrow morning and start your 

1617
01:20:48,500 --> 01:20:51,700
own Beauty routine, you'll be 
taking part in one of the oldest

1618
01:20:51,700 --> 01:20:54,800
traditions in human history. 
You will be adding your own 

1619
01:20:54,800 --> 01:20:58,600
chapter to a story that began in
caves long ago and will go on as

1620
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:01,800
long as people care about beauty
identity and the Magical change 

1621
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:04,400
that happens. 
When color meets skin, your part

1622
01:21:04,400 --> 01:21:06,800
of this old beautiful 
Neverending Story. 

1623
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:09,700
So sleep. 
Well, Think about Egyptian 

1624
01:21:09,700 --> 01:21:14,200
palettes and Chinese brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

1625
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:17,100
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

1626
01:21:17,100 --> 01:21:20,200
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light and pigment.

1627
01:21:20,200 --> 01:21:23,900
The history of makeup goes back 
thousands of years and every 

1628
01:21:23,900 --> 01:21:26,700
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look, you 

1629
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:30,100
are continuing that history. 
You are the newest artist in the

1630
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:31,800
longest running art form in 
history. 

1631
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:34,800
Tomorrow, you'll paint your 
Masterpiece again. 

1632
01:21:34,800 --> 01:21:36,900
Have a good night's sleep. 
Lovely dreamer. 

1633
01:21:36,900 --> 01:21:40,400
May your rest be as peaceful as 
the satisfaction of ancient 

1634
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:43,900
cosmetic makers who are after 
hours of careful work. 

1635
01:21:43,900 --> 01:21:46,900
Finally set down their brushes 
and admired their finished work 

1636
01:21:46,900 --> 01:21:50,300
in the soft glow of oil lamps 
and candles knowing they had 

1637
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:52,600
helped someone become the best 
version of themselves. 

1638
01:21:52,600 --> 01:21:55,500
As you think about these 
historical differences between 

1639
01:21:55,500 --> 01:21:58,700
Elite and everyday Beauty 
practices you see more than just

1640
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:00,900
different in how people use 
Cosmetics. 

1641
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:05,000
You see how human creativity 
adapts to new situations on 

1642
01:22:05,000 --> 01:22:09,100
necessity leads to new ideas and
how the basic desire for Crosses

1643
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:12,100
social boundaries even when the 
ways to get, it are very 

1644
01:22:12,100 --> 01:22:13,800
different. 
As you can continue your 

1645
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:15,100
peaceful journey through the 
night. 

1646
01:22:15,100 --> 01:22:18,600
Let your mind wander to one of 
the most interesting parts of 

1647
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:22,400
cosmetic history. 
The secret meanings, spiritual 

1648
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:25,700
significance and hidden messages
that make up as carried 

1649
01:22:25,700 --> 01:22:28,400
throughout human history. 
Cosmetics have been more than 

1650
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,500
just decoration, they have been 
a complex language that could 

1651
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:34,200
say anything from religious 
Devotion, to political 

1652
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:37,200
allegiance from being married to
being protected by Magic, 

1653
01:22:37,200 --> 01:22:40,300
picture yourself, as a skilled 
Anthropologist, who can read 

1654
01:22:40,300 --> 01:22:42,700
these pictures as you walk 
through a busy Market in ancient

1655
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:47,000
Babylon around 600 BC e. 
The faces around. 

1656
01:22:47,008 --> 01:22:49,700
You tell stories that go far 
beyond just making you look 

1657
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:52,700
better, people who know what 
they're looking at, can read the

1658
01:22:52,700 --> 01:22:55,400
meaning of each painted. 
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 

1659
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:58,300
applied lip color, like, pages 
from an illuminated manuscript. 

1660
01:22:58,300 --> 01:23:01,600
The woman with the blue green 
eyeshadow isn't just following 

1661
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:03,800
fashion. 
She's showing her love for 

1662
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:06,000
Ishtar the goddess of love and 
fertility. 

1663
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:09,600
The exact shade of blue, which 
is made by mixing ground, lapis,

1664
01:23:09,600 --> 01:23:12,200
lazuli with the right amount of 
malachite shows. 

1665
01:23:12,200 --> 01:23:15,000
Not only her religion, but also,
her hope for a successful 

1666
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:17,300
pregnancy. 
The way she applied the color, 

1667
01:23:17,300 --> 01:23:20,100
like wings that go a little past
the outer corners of her eyes 

1668
01:23:20,100 --> 01:23:23,400
shows that she recently made a 
big offering at is Temple. 

1669
01:23:23,400 --> 01:23:27,200
The old man has Cole rimmed eyes
and a well-groomed beard that 

1670
01:23:27,200 --> 01:23:30,000
has been died with henna. 
He is advertising, his job, as a

1671
01:23:30,008 --> 01:23:32,200
scribe, and his status as a 
learning man. 

1672
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,600
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

1673
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:38,900
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

1674
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:41,600
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

1675
01:23:41,600 --> 01:23:44,700
texts rather than business 
letters as shown by the reddish 

1676
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:47,200
tint in his beard, She got by 
carefully. 

1677
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:49,400
Applying henna mixed with 
certain scented oils. 

1678
01:23:49,400 --> 01:23:53,300
Even the kids in the market, 
have messages about beauty, the 

1679
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:55,900
little girl with red Oaker spots
on her cheeks isn't wearing 

1680
01:23:55,900 --> 01:23:59,500
makeup to look pretty those 
spots show that she comes from a

1681
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:02,700
family of metal workers, which 
is a hereditary profession shown

1682
01:24:02,700 --> 01:24:05,800
by this specific. 
Facial marking his mother, put a

1683
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:08,600
line of coal around his eyes to 
protect him from the evil eye. 

1684
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:10,400
As part of her daily prayers for
his safety. 

1685
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:13,900
This complicated system of 
cosmetic communication was used 

1686
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:17,000
by almost all ancient cultures, 
but the meanings of the 

1687
01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:19,500
Cosmetics were very different 
from one culture to another. 

1688
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:22,600
The one thing that stayed the 
same was that people could use 

1689
01:24:22,600 --> 01:24:26,300
their faces as a canvas to share
complicated information about 

1690
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:30,400
who they are what they believe 
their status and their planes. 

1691
01:24:30,400 --> 01:24:34,000
In ancient Egypt Cosmetics, had 
a lot to do with religious ideas

1692
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:37,100
about the afterlife, and the 
journey of the soul, the unique 

1693
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:40,000
eye makeup that both men and 
women wore wasn't just for 

1694
01:24:40,000 --> 01:24:43,600
looks, it was also a way to 
protect their Spirits, the black

1695
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:47,200
holes, stood for the rich soil 
of the Nile Delta Which stood 

1696
01:24:47,200 --> 01:24:50,800
for new life and rebirth. 
The green eyeshadow made from 

1697
01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:52,908
malachite links. 
The person who wore it to the 

1698
01:24:52,916 --> 01:24:55,800
god, Horus, and the promise of 
being reborn. 

1699
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:58,900
Imagine an Egyptian Priestess 
getting ready for a religious 

1700
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:00,400
ceremony at the Temple of 
hathor. 

1701
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:03,800
Her makeup routine is as planned
out as the ritual itself. 

1702
01:25:04,800 --> 01:25:07,400
He starts by putting down a base
of white chalk mixed with 

1703
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:09,700
nature. 
This makes a clean canvas that 

1704
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:12,900
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 
she then carefully Paints the 

1705
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:16,100
religious symbols that represent
her role such as golden 

1706
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:17,500
highlights. 
That stand for the Sun. 

1707
01:25:17,500 --> 01:25:21,000
God Ra loo accents that 
connector to the night sky and 

1708
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:24,500
the goddess nut and red elements
that stand for life, force and 

1709
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,300
divine power. 
Every stroke of the brush has 

1710
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:31,000
meaning the way she draws her 
eye makeup in wing-like shape as

1711
01:25:31,000 --> 01:25:34,100
like, the protective wings of 
the Goddess Isis, the exact 

1712
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:36,900
geometric shape she makes on her
forehead and cheeks, and not 

1713
01:25:36,900 --> 01:25:40,200
just for decoration, they are 
sacred symbols, that show her 

1714
01:25:40,200 --> 01:25:43,800
rank in the temple, higher key, 
and her specific ritual duties. 

1715
01:25:44,700 --> 01:25:46,600
Perfume. 
She wears are just as important,

1716
01:25:46,600 --> 01:25:49,900
the frankincense oil, she puts 
on her wrist, connects her to 

1717
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:52,900
Divine communication because 
it's smoked carries prayers to 

1718
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:55,400
the Gods. 
The mersey puts on her. 

1719
01:25:55,400 --> 01:25:58,200
Throat is a sign of protection 
against evil and the 

1720
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:02,000
preservation of holy speech. 
The Jasmine oil, she uses in her

1721
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:03,800
hair stands for feminine divine 
power. 

1722
01:26:03,800 --> 01:26:07,700
And the drawing in of good 
spiritual forces in Ancient 

1723
01:26:07,700 --> 01:26:11,200
India, the language of Cosmetics
was just as complicated and 

1724
01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:14,700
important, the tilaka, which are
colored marks on the forehead 

1725
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:17,100
were a complex way to identify 
someone. 

1726
01:26:17,100 --> 01:26:20,300
The knowledgeable person could 
tell their religious sect, where

1727
01:26:20,300 --> 01:26:23,600
they came from, their social 
caste, and even their current 

1728
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:26,100
spiritual State. 
Picture meeting a merchant from 

1729
01:26:26,100 --> 01:26:27,800
Southern India in a market in 
the North. 

1730
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:31,100
The red and white vertical lines
on his forehead show that he is 

1731
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:34,600
a follower of Vishnu and the 
specific pattern shows that he 

1732
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:36,900
is from a certain area and is a 
merchant. 

1733
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:39,300
The small dot of Sandalwood 
paste on. 

1734
01:26:39,300 --> 01:26:42,100
His forehead means that he is 
going through a period of 

1735
01:26:42,108 --> 01:26:45,200
ritual, purification. 
Probably to get ready for an 

1736
01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:47,200
important business deal or 
religious Festival. 

1737
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:50,200
The women in his family would 
send even more complicated 

1738
01:26:50,200 --> 01:26:54,300
Beauty messages when a married 
woman puts Red Door in her hair,

1739
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:58,000
it tells everyone she meets that
she is married the color and 

1740
01:26:58,000 --> 01:26:59,700
width of the application may 
also show. 

1741
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:02,500
If she is newly married has kids
or is pregnant. 

1742
01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:06,300
The Henner on her hands could 
tell the story of her wedding, 

1743
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:09,000
her family, history, and her 
hopes for the future. 

1744
01:27:09,000 --> 01:27:12,600
In ancient China, the use of 
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 

1745
01:27:12,600 --> 01:27:15,800
Taoist philosophy and the idea 
of balance between opposing 

1746
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:18,300
forces. 
The pale white face powder, 

1747
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,800
stood for Yin which is the 
feminine accepting and peaceful 

1748
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:25,400
principal, the red lip and cheek
color stood for Yang, which is 

1749
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:27,800
the masculine active and dynamic
principle. 

1750
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:29,800
People thought that achieving 
perfect. 

1751
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:33,300
Cosmetic balance meant bringing 
these forces into harmony, which

1752
01:27:33,300 --> 01:27:36,400
would improve, not only Beauty, 
but also spiritual and physical 

1753
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:38,200
health. 
Some of the makeup used in 

1754
01:27:38,208 --> 01:27:40,300
Chinese courts. 
During the tanged in Asti was 

1755
01:27:40,308 --> 01:27:43,200
meant to make political 
statements The way someone 

1756
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:46,000
paints their eyebrows could 
show, which court factions, they

1757
01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:49,100
are loyal to the placement and 
color of decorative elements on 

1758
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,100
the face, May indicate support 
for particular policies or 

1759
01:27:52,100 --> 01:27:54,600
political ideologies. 
The choice of perfume. 

1760
01:27:54,600 --> 01:27:57,300
Could even be political since 
different sense, were linked to 

1761
01:27:57,300 --> 01:27:59,700
different parts of the Empire 
and their cultural values 

1762
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:02,700
European medieval Cosmetics, 
have their own complicated 

1763
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:05,400
symbolic meanings. 
But these were often hidden by 

1764
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:08,700
religious rules about how to use
them when the church told women 

1765
01:28:08,700 --> 01:28:10,600
not to wear makeup because it 
was vain. 

1766
01:28:10,600 --> 01:28:13,400
They came up with subtle 
cosmetic codes that let them 

1767
01:28:13,400 --> 01:28:16,300
share important information 
while still looking like they 

1768
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:19,500
were naturally, beautiful a pale
complexion, which could be 

1769
01:28:19,500 --> 01:28:22,400
achieved by using white powders 
carefully, and staying out of 

1770
01:28:22,400 --> 01:28:26,100
the sun showed that someone was 
of noble birth and had a lot of 

1771
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:29,600
free time, slightly Rosy Cheeks,
which could be made by pinching 

1772
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:32,400
or lightly applying Rouge. 
Made people look, young and 

1773
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:35,100
healthy. 
Who are rich could afford to eat

1774
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:38,500
well and keep their teeth clean 
which showed good nutrition, and

1775
01:28:38,500 --> 01:28:40,800
careful. 
Hygiene, but medieval Cosmetics 

1776
01:28:40,800 --> 01:28:42,300
also sent more specific 
messages. 

1777
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:45,800
Some perfumes could mean that a 
person is ready to get married 

1778
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:47,000
or was already in a 
relationship. 

1779
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:50,600
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

1780
01:28:50,600 --> 01:28:53,600
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

1781
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:56,400
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

1782
01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:59,400
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

1783
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:03,000
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture created

1784
01:29:03,000 --> 01:29:05,300
complex systems of visual 
communication during the 

1785
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:07,800
Renaissance. 
The meaning of Cosmetics became 

1786
01:29:07,800 --> 01:29:10,700
more complex, the famous white, 
LED makeup that rich. 

1787
01:29:10,700 --> 01:29:12,900
Women wore didn't just show that
they were fashionable. 

1788
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:16,200
It also showed that they could 
afford expensive and dangerous 

1789
01:29:16,200 --> 01:29:19,700
Cosmetics that they had the time
to spend hours putting it on 

1790
01:29:19,700 --> 01:29:23,800
that they willing to put their 
health at risk for beauty, the 

1791
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:27,000
use of beauty patches which are 
small piece of silk or velvet 

1792
01:29:27,000 --> 01:29:30,700
put on the face, turned into a 
complicated way to talk to each 

1793
01:29:30,700 --> 01:29:33,300
other a patch on the cheek. 
Could mean that the person is 

1794
01:29:33,300 --> 01:29:36,200
political Well, a patch on the 
corner of the mouth could mean 

1795
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,400
that the person is flirting a 
patch on the forehead might mean

1796
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:42,600
that someone is smart or has 
learned something while a patch 

1797
01:29:42,600 --> 01:29:44,700
near the I might mean that 
something is mysterious or 

1798
01:29:44,700 --> 01:29:47,300
interesting. 
Beauty, patches in different 

1799
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:49,400
colors, had different meanings 
black. 

1800
01:29:49,400 --> 01:29:52,900
Patches were common and not very
strong but colored patches could

1801
01:29:52,900 --> 01:29:57,500
send a clear message red patches
could mean anger or passion blue

1802
01:29:57,500 --> 01:30:00,400
could mean sadness or deep 
feelings and white could mean 

1803
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:03,100
innocent or Mourning the Sensei 
used. 

1804
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:06,400
During this time also had deep 
symbolic meanings, different 

1805
01:30:06,400 --> 01:30:09,200
smells were linked to different,
good qualities, feeling and 

1806
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:12,300
social messages. 
A woman might wear floral scents

1807
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:16,000
to show that she is feminine and
gentle spicy sense to show that 

1808
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:19,300
she's passionate and 
sophisticated or herbal sense to

1809
01:30:19,300 --> 01:30:22,600
show that she knows how to heal 
and do household chores, in many

1810
01:30:22,600 --> 01:30:25,900
African cultures using 
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 

1811
01:30:25,900 --> 01:30:29,400
and social, meaning that linked 
people to their ancestors, their

1812
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:32,600
community, and the world around 
them certain patterns of face 

1813
01:30:32,600 --> 01:30:34,400
painting. 
Could show what plans someone 

1814
01:30:34,400 --> 01:30:38,600
belongs to how old they are 
married and what their spiritual

1815
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:41,700
role is in the community. 
Putting on traditional African 

1816
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:44,000
makeup was often a group 
activity that brought people 

1817
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:47,500
closer together and passed down 
cult. full knowledge older women

1818
01:30:47,508 --> 01:30:50,300
would teach younger women, not 
only how to apply makeup, but 

1819
01:30:50,300 --> 01:30:53,100
also what different colors and 
patterns meant, there were 

1820
01:30:53,100 --> 01:30:56,400
stories songs and traditional 
wisdom, that link Beauty 

1821
01:30:56,400 --> 01:30:59,100
practices to bigger cultural 
values and beliefs in this 

1822
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:02,400
education, Different colors of 
pigments, had different 

1823
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:05,600
spiritual meanings, like clay 
could stand for spirits of 

1824
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:08,400
ancestors and a link to the 
Divine red. 

1825
01:31:08,400 --> 01:31:11,600
Oaker might stand for Life, 
Force fertility, and a link to 

1826
01:31:11,600 --> 01:31:14,000
the Earth. 
Black charcoal could stand for 

1827
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:16,800
mystery power and protection 
from bad things. 

1828
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:20,100
The geometric patterns made with
these pigments weren't just 

1829
01:31:20,108 --> 01:31:23,200
random designs. 
They were meaningful symbols 

1830
01:31:23,200 --> 01:31:26,200
that told stories about who the 
wearer was, what they had been 

1831
01:31:26,200 --> 01:31:29,500
through and where they fit into 
the community, the young woman's

1832
01:31:29,500 --> 01:31:32,000
coming of age, ceremony might 
include putting on certain 

1833
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:33,900
patterns that showed she was no 
longer a child. 

1834
01:31:33,900 --> 01:31:36,500
A new mother. 
On the other hand might wear 

1835
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:38,900
different patterns to show that 
she make up participial. 

1836
01:31:38,900 --> 01:31:41,600
Now a mother in ancient Persia 
Cosmetics. 

1837
01:31:41,600 --> 01:31:44,200
Were closely linked to 
zoroastrian religious beliefs, 

1838
01:31:44,200 --> 01:31:45,900
about the fight between light 
and dark. 

1839
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:48,300
In the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

1840
01:31:48,300 --> 01:31:50,700
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

1841
01:31:50,700 --> 01:31:54,600
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

1842
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:57,000
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

1843
01:31:57,000 --> 01:31:58,400
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

1844
01:31:58,408 --> 01:32:01,500
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in the 

1845
01:32:01,500 --> 01:32:04,200
site makeup could show how 
spiritually, Advanced the person

1846
01:32:04,200 --> 01:32:07,600
is what role they play in a 
religious ceremony is and how 

1847
01:32:07,600 --> 01:32:10,600
committed they are to 
zoroastrian principles people in

1848
01:32:10,600 --> 01:32:12,500
personal culture thought that 
the perfumes. 

1849
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:15,100
They used could bring in good 
spiritual forces and keep out 

1850
01:32:15,100 --> 01:32:17,100
bad ones. 
People were told to use 

1851
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:19,800
different sense for different 
spiritual purposes, like 

1852
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:23,000
meditation and prayer 
protection, while traveling, and

1853
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:25,100
bringing love and harmony into 
relationships. 

1854
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:28,700
As you think about these deep 
traditions of cosmetic symbolism

1855
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:32,100
and meaning, you can see how 
amazing it is that people can 

1856
01:32:32,100 --> 01:32:35,400
turn the simple act of putting 
color on their face into a 

1857
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:39,800
complex way to communicate 
identify themselves and express 

1858
01:32:39,800 --> 01:32:43,000
their spirituality. 
These old traditions show us 

1859
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:45,800
that make up has always been 
about more than just how you 

1860
01:32:45,800 --> 01:32:47,900
look. 
It's also been a way to be a 

1861
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:50,900
part of the most important parts
of human culture and Community. 

1862
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:53,700
As you relax, more deeply into 
your comfortable position. 

1863
01:32:53,700 --> 01:32:57,500
Let your mind, gently explore, 
how these old beauty practices, 

1864
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:00,700
still affect and shape our 
modern world in ways that are 

1865
01:33:00,708 --> 01:33:04,400
both obvious and surprising 
makeup story doesn't end with 

1866
01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:08,300
the fall of Empires or the rise 
of new ones instead, it flows 

1867
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:11,600
like an underground river. 
Sometimes visible, and sometimes

1868
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:15,700
hidden But always there bringing
the knowledge and new ideas of 

1869
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:17,600
our ancestors into our lives 
today. 

1870
01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:21,200
Think about your own morning 
routine, for a moment. 

1871
01:33:21,208 --> 01:33:24,600
When you wash your face with a 
gentle cleanser, you're taking 

1872
01:33:24,608 --> 01:33:28,100
part in a ritual that goes back 
to ancient Egyptian priests, we 

1873
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:31,000
use nature and oils to clean 
themselves before, going to see 

1874
01:33:31,000 --> 01:33:33,200
their gods. 
When you put on Foundation to 

1875
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:35,900
make your skin tone, even, 
you're following a method that 

1876
01:33:35,900 --> 01:33:39,700
Chinese Court ladies used to get
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing

1877
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:43,100
rice powder with precious oils. 
When you look in the mirror 

1878
01:33:43,100 --> 01:33:45,500
while putting on makeup, you're 
doing something that people have

1879
01:33:45,500 --> 01:33:46,800
been doing for hundreds of 
years. 

1880
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:50,000
Even though your mirror is made 
of silver glass and said of 

1881
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:53,300
polished, bronze or obsidian. 
And your makeup comes from labs 

1882
01:33:53,300 --> 01:33:56,000
and stead of being ground by 
hand from minerals and plants. 

1883
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:58,300
The basic experience is still 
the same. 

1884
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,500
You are changing who you are and
getting ready to face the world.

1885
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:05,000
You're taking part in the 
ancient dance between identity 

1886
01:34:05,000 --> 01:34:07,500
and appearance. 
Even though modern cosmetic 

1887
01:34:07,500 --> 01:34:10,500
science is very Advanced, it 
keeps finding the wisdom that 

1888
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:14,000
was already there in ancient 
Beauty practices People first 

1889
01:34:14,000 --> 01:34:17,000
noticed that retinoids could 
help with aging in oils from 

1890
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:19,700
fish liver that were high in 
vitamin A Egyptian. 

1891
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:22,500
Women use sour milk and fruits 
to smooth their skin. 

1892
01:34:22,500 --> 01:34:26,500
So they knew the alpha hydroxy 
acids could do the same ancient 

1893
01:34:26,500 --> 01:34:29,800
cultures used honey and plant 
useless to keep their skin soft 

1894
01:34:29,800 --> 01:34:33,200
and supple which is similar to 
how high or ironic acid Works. 

1895
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:36,600
Think about how the colors 
people like in the past, still 

1896
01:34:36,600 --> 01:34:39,300
affect the styles of makeup 
today, the red lips that were 

1897
01:34:39,300 --> 01:34:41,600
popular in ancient Rome. 
And China are still a classic 

1898
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:44,800
look that never really goes out 
of style, the dramatic eye 

1899
01:34:44,800 --> 01:34:47,600
makeup that ancient Egyptians 
invented comes back into style 

1900
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:51,100
all the time from the model, 
looks of the 1960s to the Bold 

1901
01:34:51,100 --> 01:34:54,600
graphic styles of modern makeup 
artists, the idea that make up 

1902
01:34:54,608 --> 01:34:56,500
can change. 
A person's appearance, has been 

1903
01:34:56,508 --> 01:34:59,700
around for a long time and is 
still driving new cosmetic 

1904
01:34:59,700 --> 01:35:03,300
products today, like shamans in 
the past used face paint to talk

1905
01:35:03,308 --> 01:35:05,400
to spirits make up artists 
today. 

1906
01:35:05,400 --> 01:35:07,600
Help people explore different 
parts of who they are. 

1907
01:35:07,600 --> 01:35:10,800
The traditions of face painting,
that started as religious. 

1908
01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:14,000
Rituals have had an impact on 
everything from Halloween makeup

1909
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:16,200
to special effects in movies and
TV shows. 

1910
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,700
Ancient color symbolism is still
present in small ways. 

1911
01:35:19,700 --> 01:35:22,900
In modern culture, red has been 
linked to power and passion 

1912
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:25,900
since prehistoric times when it 
was used in Oka. 

1913
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:29,000
Painting's, this still affect 
how we see red lipstick and 

1914
01:35:29,000 --> 01:35:32,500
clothing the link between white 
and Purity, which was developed 

1915
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:36,500
by ancient cultures from China 
is still important in bridal, 

1916
01:35:36,500 --> 01:35:40,100
makeup and formal Aesthetics the
social dynamics of ancient 

1917
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:41,700
cosmetic culture are very 
similar to. 

1918
01:35:41,700 --> 01:35:44,400
Those of modern Beauty 
practices, the difference 

1919
01:35:44,400 --> 01:35:46,400
between high-end and everyday 
Cosmetics. 

1920
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:49,100
That existed in ancient 
civilizations, is the same as 

1921
01:35:49,100 --> 01:35:51,700
the difference between high-end 
and Drugstore Beauty Brands 

1922
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:54,100
today. 
The same psychological drives 

1923
01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:56,100
that made ancient Court. 
Ladies compete with each other 

1924
01:35:56,100 --> 01:35:59,300
by wearing, elaborate makeup 
still drive, modern Beauty 

1925
01:35:59,300 --> 01:36:02,100
influencers and their fans, 
modern cosmetic. 

1926
01:36:02,100 --> 01:36:04,900
Scientists to figure out how to 
use old makeup techniques that 

1927
01:36:04,900 --> 01:36:08,100
took hundreds of years to 
develop and perfect using modern

1928
01:36:08,100 --> 01:36:09,800
chemistry and Manufacturing 
methods. 

1929
01:36:09,800 --> 01:36:12,700
We are recreating the 
long-lasting formulas that 

1930
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:16,000
ancient cultures came up with 
through trial and error water 

1931
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:19,000
resistant eye makeup, which was 
first used by ancient cultures 

1932
01:36:19,000 --> 01:36:22,100
for both practical. 
And spiritual reasons is now a 

1933
01:36:22,100 --> 01:36:25,300
common part of modern Cosmetics.
The idea that Cosmetics were 

1934
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:28,100
medicine in ancient times. 
Still affect our beauty products

1935
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:31,400
are made today, the practice of 
using makeup to protect and heal

1936
01:36:31,400 --> 01:36:34,000
skin, which goes back to ancient
Egypt and traditional. 

1937
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:37,800
Asia is what drives modern 
Research into Cosmos cuticles, 

1938
01:36:37,800 --> 01:36:40,700
which are products that mix 
cosmetics and medicine. 

1939
01:36:40,700 --> 01:36:43,900
This old wisdom is still true 
today, sunscreen and Foundation 

1940
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:47,300
anti-aging ingredients, and 
concealer, and lip products that

1941
01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:50,500
heal, many modern sustainable 
Beauty movements look to the 

1942
01:36:50,508 --> 01:36:54,100
Past for ideas, bringing back 
old ingredients and methods that

1943
01:36:54,100 --> 01:36:58,000
were lost when Cosmetics became 
industrialized brands that focus

1944
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:01,000
on natural ingredients, 
traditional methods of making 

1945
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:04,000
things and having as little of 
an impact on the environment as 

1946
01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:07,600
possible, a basically going back
to the ideas that guided the 

1947
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:10,700
development of Cosmetics, for 
thousands of years, before the 

1948
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:14,000
modern chemical industry, the 
ritualistic elements of ancient 

1949
01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:16,000
makeup applications. 
Still have psychological 

1950
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:18,500
benefits that modern users 
instinctively grass. 

1951
01:37:18,500 --> 01:37:22,000
The meditative quality of 
carefully, putting on makeup the

1952
01:37:22,000 --> 01:37:25,000
feeling of changing and getting 
ready and the connection to 

1953
01:37:25,000 --> 01:37:26,700
cultural. 
Traditions are all still 

1954
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:29,100
important parts of the Cosmetic 
experience today. 

1955
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:33,100
Just like they were for ancient 
practitioners old packaging, and

1956
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,400
tools for applying Still have an
effect on how Cosmetics are made

1957
01:37:36,408 --> 01:37:40,100
today, the beautiful containers 
that ancient cultures made to 

1958
01:37:40,108 --> 01:37:44,000
hold valuable Cosmetics, Inspire
modern packaging, that focuses 

1959
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:47,700
on luxury and craftsmanship. 
Brushes sponges and precise 

1960
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:49,500
applicators are still used in 
the same way. 

1961
01:37:49,500 --> 01:37:53,000
They were thousands of years ago
this shows that some new ideas 

1962
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:54,900
are so good that they lost 
through time. 

1963
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:58,500
The age-old practice of passing 
down cosmetic recipes from one 

1964
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:00,700
generation to. 
The next is still going strong 

1965
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:02,700
today. 
Even though people today don't 

1966
01:38:02,700 --> 01:38:05,000
grind their own pigments or mix 
their own formulas. 

1967
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:08,200
They still share Beauty 
knowledge, through social media,

1968
01:38:08,200 --> 01:38:12,700
beauty community and family 
traditions, This is how 

1969
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:14,500
knowledge has always been passed
down. 

1970
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:17,900
There are strong Echoes of 
ancient perfume, traditions, in 

1971
01:38:17,900 --> 01:38:21,200
modern times, modern perfume 
makers are still influenced by 

1972
01:38:21,200 --> 01:38:24,400
the layering techniques that 
ancient Persian and Arab 

1973
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:27,500
perfumers came up with using 
incense and aromatherapy to 

1974
01:38:27,500 --> 01:38:30,200
improve mood, and spiritual 
practice as a direct link to 

1975
01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:33,700
ancient Customs. 
Even modern perfume ads often 

1976
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:37,600
use old ideas about how smell 
affect feelings, memories and 

1977
01:38:37,600 --> 01:38:40,000
identity. 
The gender fluid approach to 

1978
01:38:40,008 --> 01:38:43,200
Cosmetics, that was common in 
many ancient cultures is making 

1979
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:44,900
a comeback. 
In modern Beauty culture. 

1980
01:38:44,900 --> 01:38:48,500
The old idea that make up could 
make anyone look better, no 

1981
01:38:48,500 --> 01:38:51,200
matter what gender they were 
fits with modern movements 

1982
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:54,100
toward beauty standards that 
include everyone and non-binary 

1983
01:38:54,100 --> 01:38:56,300
ways to express yourself with 
Cosmetics. 

1984
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:59,000
The use of make-up for 
ceremonies and special events 

1985
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:01,300
has not changed much since 
ancient times. 

1986
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:04,400
Many of the makeup traditions 
for wedding's come from old 

1987
01:39:04,400 --> 01:39:07,400
beauty practices for bride's 
makeup for theater and 

1988
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:10,100
performance is still very much 
like the face painting that was 

1989
01:39:10,100 --> 01:39:13,000
done in ancient rituals. 
Even The makeup we wear every 

1990
01:39:13,000 --> 01:39:15,800
day for special occasions. 
Follows patterns, set by ancient

1991
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:19,800
cultures for marking important 
events and changes using makeup 

1992
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:22,500
to show social and professional 
roles as an old practice that 

1993
01:39:22,500 --> 01:39:24,100
has changed. 
But is still used today, 

1994
01:39:24,100 --> 01:39:27,700
professional makeup standards in
many fields from business to 

1995
01:39:27,700 --> 01:39:30,000
entertainment. 
Carry on the old practice of 

1996
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:33,600
using, looks to show competence 
and Status the power look in 

1997
01:39:33,600 --> 01:39:36,100
today's business, world comes 
directly from the old practice 

1998
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:39,300
of using makeup to show that you
are in charge and capable. 

1999
01:39:40,700 --> 01:39:43,600
Beauty standards from the past 
still affect modern makeup 

2000
01:39:43,600 --> 01:39:46,000
goals. 
But in different ways, the 

2001
01:39:46,000 --> 01:39:48,500
desire for Perfect Skin that 
people have had for a long time 

2002
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:51,200
is what drives the development 
of modern foundations and 

2003
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:53,800
concealers. 
The ancient focus on a bright 

2004
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:56,400
healthy, looking skin tone 
inspires, today's highlighter 

2005
01:39:56,400 --> 01:40:00,500
and skincare makeup hybrid 
products, ancient ways of making

2006
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:03,700
lips look better, have an effect
on everything from lip Plumping.

2007
01:40:03,700 --> 01:40:07,000
Isis, Plumping, products to 
cosmetic surgery. 

2008
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:10,600
People still think of makeup as 
a way to express their culture, 

2009
01:40:10,600 --> 01:40:13,700
just like they did. 
In ancient times traditional 

2010
01:40:13,700 --> 01:40:16,400
cosmetic practices from 
different cultures, still work 

2011
01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:19,900
well with modern ones, making 
beautiful landscapes that honor 

2012
01:40:19,900 --> 01:40:23,000
both the past and the future 
henna art, traditional face, 

2013
01:40:23,000 --> 01:40:24,400
painting and cultural 
ceremonial. 

2014
01:40:24,400 --> 01:40:27,500
Makeup are still important and 
have an impact on mainstream 

2015
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:29,800
Beauty Trendz. 
Old ways of thinking about 

2016
01:40:29,800 --> 01:40:32,000
beauty that were based on 
seasons and Cycles. 

2017
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:35,400
Still have an effect on how 
people use Cosmetics today, the 

2018
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:38,100
old custom of changing your 
makeup and skincare routine is 

2019
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:41,200
based on the seasons, the moon, 
and different stages of life. 

2020
01:40:41,900 --> 01:40:44,600
Similar to Modern trends that 
emphasized more natural and 

2021
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:47,800
responsive Beauty practices, 
seasonal, color palettes which 

2022
01:40:47,800 --> 01:40:50,100
are often based on Old ideas 
about how lighten the 

2023
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:53,200
environment affect, how people 
look are still very important in

2024
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:54,800
modern, makeup marketing and 
choice. 

2025
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:57,400
The old idea that beauty is 
something that people do 

2026
01:40:57,400 --> 01:41:01,100
together is still around today, 
Beauty parties friends, putting 

2027
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:04,400
on makeup together and groups. 
Getting ready for special events

2028
01:41:04,400 --> 01:41:07,600
are always that the social side 
of beauty culture, stayed alive 

2029
01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:11,000
for thousands of years, Beauty 
communities on social media. 

2030
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:14,500
Take this old practice into the 
digital world, making new 

2031
01:41:14,500 --> 01:41:17,200
versions of the old ways of 
sharing knowledge, and helping 

2032
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:20,300
each other that were common in 
ancient Beauty culture as you 

2033
01:41:20,300 --> 01:41:22,000
fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

2034
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:23,500
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

2035
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:25,300
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

2036
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:28,100
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

2037
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:30,100
something that connects you to 
Cave painters. 

2038
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:34,900
Egyptian priests Chinese Court. 
Ladies Roman Matrix and many 

2039
01:41:34,900 --> 01:41:39,200
more who the face is the first 
canvas for art identity and 

2040
01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:41,700
change even though your makeup 
may be made in. 

2041
01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:44,600
Modern factories instead of 
being ground by hand from sacred

2042
01:41:44,600 --> 01:41:47,900
minerals, the impulses still the
same to show the world. 

2043
01:41:47,900 --> 01:41:51,400
Your best self to take part in 
your culture's beauty traditions

2044
01:41:51,400 --> 01:41:54,800
and to enjoy the little daily 
magic of transformation that 

2045
01:41:54,800 --> 01:41:57,900
make up brings in this way. 
You take part in one of the 

2046
01:41:57,900 --> 01:42:00,400
oldest and most enduring art 
forms every morning. 

2047
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:03,800
You become part of a story that 
started in caves long before. 

2048
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:06,600
People lived in them and will go
on as long as people care about 

2049
01:42:06,600 --> 01:42:09,500
beauty identity. 
And the never-ending interesting

2050
01:42:09,500 --> 01:42:12,700
link between who we are? 
And how we choose to look to 

2051
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:16,400
Plumping at the world. 
The ancient history of Cosmetics

2052
01:42:16,400 --> 01:42:20,300
isn't really history at all, 
it's the present lived out every

2053
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:23,700
day in millions of mirrors 
around the world as Timeless and

2054
01:42:23,700 --> 01:42:26,100
real. 
As the human face itself, while 

2055
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:29,200
you relax even more in the 
evening, let your mind drift to 

2056
01:42:29,200 --> 01:42:32,200
the workshops and Labs where 
ancient cosmetic makers work 

2057
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:35,200
their magic. 
These long forgotten Alchemists 

2058
01:42:35,200 --> 01:42:37,600
worked hundreds of years before 
Modern Chemistry. 

2059
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:40,800
They came up with formulation 
methods that are so Advanced 

2060
01:42:40,800 --> 01:42:43,400
that modern cosmetic scientists 
are still trying to figure out 

2061
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:45,200
how they got such amazing 
results. 

2062
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:48,600
Imagine yourself in the workshop
of a cosmetic maker from ancient

2063
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:54,200
Egypt, maybe in the busy City of
Memphis around 1200 BCE The room

2064
01:42:54,200 --> 01:42:57,200
smells like frankincense and the
earthy smell of minerals being 

2065
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,700
ground clay pots. 
Sit on wooden shelves, each one 

2066
01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:02,900
holding carefully. 
Chosen ingredients that took 

2067
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,800
months or even years to prepare 
the master cosmetic maker starts

2068
01:43:06,800 --> 01:43:09,500
her Day Before Dawn, not because
she's in a hurry. 

2069
01:43:09,500 --> 01:43:12,000
But because the cool morning air
is best for some of the 

2070
01:43:12,000 --> 01:43:14,800
preparations before, the desert 
heat affects the delicate 

2071
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:17,400
chemical processes. 
She's in charge of she treats 

2072
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:20,300
her work with the respect of a 
priest and the accuracy of a 

2073
01:43:20,300 --> 01:43:22,600
mathematician. 
She knows that the difference 

2074
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:25,500
between a cosmetic that makes 
you look better and one that 

2075
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:28,200
hurts your skin and can be a 
small as a grain of sand 

2076
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:30,500
watches. 
She makes cold using a method 

2077
01:43:30,500 --> 01:43:32,300
that has been passed down 
through her family for 

2078
01:43:32,300 --> 01:43:36,000
Generations. 
She starts with Galena, a lead 

2079
01:43:36,008 --> 01:43:40,400
sulfide mineral that gives cold 
its unique deep black color, but

2080
01:43:40,400 --> 01:43:42,700
she doesn't just grind the 
mineral and mix it with oil 

2081
01:43:42,700 --> 01:43:45,300
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

2082
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:48,000
process that scientists today. 
Are just started to figure out, 

2083
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:52,400
first sheets The Galena in a 
special furnace and she knows 

2084
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:54,700
how to control the temperature 
with A level of knowledge about 

2085
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:56,900
Metallurgy that wouldn't be out 
of place in a modern lab. 

2086
01:43:56,900 --> 01:44:00,400
The heat changes, the minerals 
crystal structure, which makes 

2087
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,000
it safer to use around the eyes 
and improves its color. 

2088
01:44:03,008 --> 01:44:06,200
She adds small amounts of other 
minerals while heating the 

2089
01:44:06,200 --> 01:44:09,200
metal, like, a pinch of antimony
here and a trace of silver. 

2090
01:44:09,200 --> 01:44:12,300
There, this makes an alloy that 
is stronger than the sum of its 

2091
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:14,800
parts. 
After that the grinding process 

2092
01:44:14,800 --> 01:44:18,100
takes hours of careful work. 
She makes a powder from the 

2093
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:20,900
treated mineral that so fine, it
feels like Silk between her 

2094
01:44:20,900 --> 01:44:23,200
fingers by using a palette made 
of carefully. 

2095
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:27,600
Chosen Stone the consistency, 
has to be just right if it's too

2096
01:44:27,600 --> 01:44:30,400
coarse, the coal will scratch 
the delicate skin around the 

2097
01:44:30,408 --> 01:44:33,300
eyes and if it's too fine it 
won't stay on or cover. 

2098
01:44:33,300 --> 01:44:37,500
Well, The mixing of the final 
formula is where science and art

2099
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:40,200
really come together. 
She mixes the powdered mineral 

2100
01:44:40,200 --> 01:44:43,500
with a carefully balanced of 
animal fats, plant oils and 

2101
01:44:43,500 --> 01:44:47,000
fragrant resins the fats help 
the pigments stick to the skin 

2102
01:44:47,000 --> 01:44:49,600
and make it easier to apply the 
oils. 

2103
01:44:49,600 --> 01:44:52,800
Keep the mixture from drying out
too quickly and the resins act 

2104
01:44:52,800 --> 01:44:55,100
as natural preservatives and add
a light scent. 

2105
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,300
But the ride amounts of very 
important and they change with 

2106
01:44:58,300 --> 01:45:01,800
the season, the use and even the
moon phase, some of versions 

2107
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:05,100
have more oils to keep the coal 
from drying out in the Heat and 

2108
01:45:05,100 --> 01:45:08,300
winter version have more fats to
protect it from cold winds. 

2109
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:12,100
Coal made for everyday, use is 
different from cold made for 

2110
01:45:12,100 --> 01:45:13,700
religious ceremonies or special 
events. 

2111
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:16,900
The ancient Egyptians knew 
something that modern cosmetic 

2112
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:20,100
science has rediscovered. 
How ingredients are put together

2113
01:45:20,100 --> 01:45:22,500
is often more important than the
ingredients themselves. 

2114
01:45:22,500 --> 01:45:26,100
They came up with ways to make 
stable, emulsions control 

2115
01:45:26,100 --> 01:45:28,000
particle size and get consistent
color. 

2116
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:31,100
That are just as good as what 
modern manufacturing methods can

2117
01:45:31,100 --> 01:45:33,200
do. 
They knew a lot more than just 

2118
01:45:33,200 --> 01:45:36,100
coal Egyptian. 
Makeup artists made lip colors 

2119
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:38,600
that brought out the natural 
tones of different skin types 

2120
01:45:38,600 --> 01:45:41,300
and of hiding them as well as 
eye shadows. 

2121
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,200
That wouldn't smudge even when 
you sweat and Rouge that stayed 

2122
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:46,600
bright for hours. 
In the desert heat, they were 

2123
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:49,000
able to get these results 
without using any of today's 

2124
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:52,100
preservatives stabilizers or 
color faster color. 

2125
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:55,700
Festac Technologies. 
Ancient Chinese Cosmetics were 

2126
01:45:55,700 --> 01:45:58,700
just as advanced but they were 
based on different ideas from 

2127
01:45:58,700 --> 01:46:01,900
traditional Chinese medicine and
Taoist philosophy. 

2128
01:46:03,100 --> 01:46:06,000
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 
of their work as a way to heal 

2129
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:08,200
people. 
They made products that not only

2130
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:11,300
made people look better, but 
also made them healthier and 

2131
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:14,000
happier. 
Think about going to a Chinese 

2132
01:46:14,000 --> 01:46:18,300
cosmetic Workshop in the Tang 
Dynasty around 750 CE. 

2133
01:46:18,300 --> 01:46:21,600
The master Craftsman starts his 
work by meditating and doing 

2134
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:25,100
purification rituals. 
He knows that how he feels will 

2135
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:26,500
affect the quality of what he 
makes. 

2136
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:30,000
He thinks that Cosmetics made 
with good intentions and Care 

2137
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:32,400
will pass those qualities onto 
the people who use them. 

2138
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:35,800
Modern cosmetic scientists are 
still trying to figure out how 

2139
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:39,200
to make Chinese face powder. 
The Craftsman starts with rice 

2140
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:42,400
that has been carefully, chosen 
for its type how it grows. 

2141
01:46:42,400 --> 01:46:45,600
And when it's harvested 
different, kinds of rice, make 

2142
01:46:45,600 --> 01:46:47,100
powders with different 
qualities. 

2143
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:50,200
Some give better coverage, 
others make the Surface smooth 

2144
01:46:50,200 --> 01:46:52,800
smoother and still others. 
Give the most natural looking 

2145
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,900
finish. 
First, the rice is washed and 

2146
01:46:55,900 --> 01:46:58,000
spring water that Temple priests
have blessed. 

2147
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:01,600
Then it is dried in a certain 
way that keeps the humidity and 

2148
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:04,900
temperature, just right. 
Stone Mills that have been used 

2149
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:07,000
for Generations, are used to 
grind the grains. 

2150
01:47:07,000 --> 01:47:10,400
Their surfaces are smooth from 
all the batches of powder and a 

2151
01:47:10,400 --> 01:47:13,000
flavored with the oils and 
Essences of past preparations. 

2152
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:16,400
But the real sophistication is 
in the additives that change 

2153
01:47:16,400 --> 01:47:18,200
plain rice flour into makeup 
powder. 

2154
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:21,500
The Craftsman carefully adds the
right amount of ground pearls 

2155
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:24,700
which give the powder, the shine
that made Chinese complexion 

2156
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:28,300
powder famous all over Asia, to 
make the pearls, and to the 

2157
01:47:28,308 --> 01:47:30,700
finest powder possible, they 
must be prepared. 

2158
01:47:30,700 --> 01:47:33,200
Using secret methods that keep 
their light reflecting 

2159
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:35,500
properties. 
Other ingredients are powdered 

2160
01:47:35,500 --> 01:47:38,200
Jade, which is thought to have 
healing properties ground 

2161
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:41,300
seashells which are thought to 
have minerals in them and small 

2162
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:44,600
amounts of precious metals which
give the color a subtle effect. 

2163
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,100
Each addition is made using 
complicated formulas, that take 

2164
01:47:48,100 --> 01:47:50,200
into account, how the 
ingredients will work together, 

2165
01:47:50,200 --> 01:47:54,200
the users desired skin tone and 
even astrological factors that 

2166
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:56,200
determine the best time to mix 
Cosmetics. 

2167
01:47:56,200 --> 01:47:59,600
Ancient Indian cosmetic 
preparation combined, ayurvedic 

2168
01:47:59,600 --> 01:48:02,300
medicine with Advanced chemistry
to make products that were good 

2169
01:48:02,300 --> 01:48:05,400
for both health and beauty. 
Indian cosmetic companies were 

2170
01:48:05,400 --> 01:48:08,100
some of the first to realize 
that healthy skin is the key to 

2171
01:48:08,100 --> 01:48:10,700
true beauty. 
They made products that improve 

2172
01:48:10,700 --> 01:48:13,300
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

2173
01:48:13,300 --> 01:48:15,600
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

2174
01:48:15,600 --> 01:48:18,800
That the methods used to make 
kajal unique Indian eye makeup 

2175
01:48:18,800 --> 01:48:20,600
were very Advanced for their 
time. 

2176
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:23,900
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

2177
01:48:23,900 --> 01:48:26,500
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

2178
01:48:26,500 --> 01:48:29,500
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthier instead of just 

2179
01:48:29,500 --> 01:48:32,200
looking good. 
To make kajal the old-fashioned 

2180
01:48:32,200 --> 01:48:35,000
way you first, have to choose 
the right oils and Wix very 

2181
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:37,800
carefully. 
People choose castor oil sesame,

2182
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:40,100
oil and ghee. 
Not only because they burn well,

2183
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:41,900
but a flow. 
Well, but also because they are 

2184
01:48:41,900 --> 01:48:44,200
good for you. 
The Wicks are made from cotton 

2185
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:47,400
that was grown without chemical 
fertilizers and processed in a 

2186
01:48:47,408 --> 01:48:49,500
way that keeps the fibers 
natural properties. 

2187
01:48:49,500 --> 01:48:52,500
The burning happens in special 
lamps that control the 

2188
01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:55,500
temperature and heavy and heavy 
and air flow to make the 

2189
01:48:55,500 --> 01:48:58,400
cleanest suit possible. 
The Craftsman watches over the 

2190
01:48:58,400 --> 01:49:01,500
Flames all night, making sure 
the Wix are in the right place 

2191
01:49:01,500 --> 01:49:05,800
at the suitors of good quality. 
If from stages of the burning 

2192
01:49:05,800 --> 01:49:07,800
process makes suit with 
different properties. 

2193
01:49:07,800 --> 01:49:10,100
Early. 
Suitors finer and better for 

2194
01:49:10,100 --> 01:49:13,400
everyday use while later such as
more dramatic color and last 

2195
01:49:13,400 --> 01:49:17,300
longer So, is put on clean 
plates, and then, ground up with

2196
01:49:17,300 --> 01:49:20,500
other medicinal, ingredients. 
Almonds, have oils that are good

2197
01:49:20,508 --> 01:49:23,900
for the sensitive skin around 
the eyes, rose petals smell good

2198
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:26,800
and have a mild astringent 
effect, different herbs, have 

2199
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:29,000
antimicrobial and 
anti-inflammatory properties 

2200
01:49:29,000 --> 01:49:30,300
that help. 
Keep your eyes from getting 

2201
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,400
infections and irritated 
cosmetic makers in ancient 

2202
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:37,100
Persia made complex, perfumes. 
That stayed stable for years and

2203
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:39,700
could be layered to make new 
more complex sense. 

2204
01:49:39,700 --> 01:49:42,800
Their knowledge of how to 
extract preserve and mix 

2205
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:46,300
essential oils had an impact on 
perfume, making all over the 

2206
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:49,500
Islamic world and it eventually 
made its way to Europe through 

2207
01:49:49,500 --> 01:49:52,500
trade and Conquest. 
The Persians made perfume by 

2208
01:49:52,500 --> 01:49:55,600
finding a balance between sweet 
and bitter, light, and heavy, 

2209
01:49:55,600 --> 01:49:58,500
and warming, and cooling. 
Persian perfumes. 

2210
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:00,600
Thought that a fragrance that 
was perfectly balanced. 

2211
01:50:00,600 --> 01:50:04,000
Could change the way, where his 
mood health and spiritual state.

2212
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:06,600
So making perfume was a form of 
therapeutic. 

2213
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,100
Art ancient Roman Cosmetics were
made on a scale, that wouldn't 

2214
01:50:10,100 --> 01:50:13,800
be seen again until the modern 
era, Roman workshops made 

2215
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:15,700
Cosmetics for All over the 
Empire. 

2216
01:50:15,700 --> 01:50:18,800
They came up with standard 
recipes and ways of making them 

2217
01:50:18,800 --> 01:50:20,400
that made. 
Sure the quality was the same, 

2218
01:50:20,400 --> 01:50:23,500
no matter where you were Roman 
cosmetic makers, were some of 

2219
01:50:23,508 --> 01:50:25,800
the first to realize how 
important it was to check the 

2220
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:28,900
quality of their products and 
make sure that each batch was 

2221
01:50:28,900 --> 01:50:31,200
the same. 
They came up with ways to test 

2222
01:50:31,200 --> 01:50:34,200
that Rouge would keep its color 
that face powder would cover 

2223
01:50:34,200 --> 01:50:36,700
evenly and that perfumes would 
smell the same. 

2224
01:50:36,700 --> 01:50:40,000
No matter where they were made 
whether in Rome or far off 

2225
01:50:40,000 --> 01:50:42,900
provinces, the Romans had a very
Advanced way of keeping 

2226
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:46,400
Cosmetics, fresh, they knew that
Cosmetics had to stay stable 

2227
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:49,600
during long sea trips to far 
away markets, even when the 

2228
01:50:49,600 --> 01:50:52,200
temperature and humidity 
changed, and the physical 

2229
01:50:52,200 --> 01:50:55,900
stresses of travel occurred. 
Travel occurred occurred. 

2230
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:59,200
They learned how to use natural 
antimicrobials and airtight 

2231
01:50:59,200 --> 01:51:02,100
packaging to keep their products
fresh for months, or even years.

2232
01:51:02,100 --> 01:51:05,400
As you picture these old 
cosmetic workshops, you can see 

2233
01:51:05,400 --> 01:51:09,000
the beginning of an industry 
that combined art science and 

2234
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:12,400
business in ways that are still 
used by modern cosmetic 

2235
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:15,300
companies. 
These ancient formulators The 

2236
01:51:15,300 --> 01:51:18,000
stage for figuring out how 
ingredients work together, how 

2237
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:19,500
to get the same results every 
time. 

2238
01:51:19,500 --> 01:51:22,600
And how to make products that 
make people look better while 

2239
01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:26,000
also keeping them safe and 
healthy their methods, which 

2240
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:28,500
have been improved over, 
hundreds of years of trial and 

2241
01:51:28,500 --> 01:51:30,700
error and passed down through 
generations of skilled 

2242
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:32,900
Craftsmen. 
Are a treasure Trove of 

2243
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:36,400
information that modern cosmetic
science is still discovering and

2244
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:39,600
rediscovering in a lot of cases.
These old formulators got 

2245
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:41,200
results. 
That modern companies have a 

2246
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:43,700
hard time getting with modern 
technology and synthetic 

2247
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:46,900
ingredients, as you drift deeper
into the peaceful Embrace of the

2248
01:51:46,900 --> 01:51:48,900
evening. 
Let your mind take you to the 

2249
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:52,500
most personal parts of ancient 
Beauty culture, the daily 

2250
01:51:52,500 --> 01:51:55,500
routine of putting on makeup 
that made ordinary people look 

2251
01:51:55,500 --> 01:51:58,600
like their ideal sells. 
These were rushed routines that 

2252
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:00,300
had to fit into busy modern 
lives. 

2253
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:03,200
They were sacred ceremonies. 
That honored, the link between 

2254
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:05,000
inner beauty and outer 
expression. 

2255
01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:08,300
Imagine yourself in the private 
rooms of a rich Roman woman 

2256
01:52:08,300 --> 01:52:12,000
named Olivia, the first light of
dawn comes through silker 

2257
01:52:12,000 --> 01:52:14,400
curtains. 
As her personal slaves, get 

2258
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,100
ready for the days. 
Transformational the room is 

2259
01:52:17,100 --> 01:52:18,900
already buzzing with quiet 
activity. 

2260
01:52:18,900 --> 01:52:21,000
This isn't just putting on 
makeup. 

2261
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:24,100
It's a carefully planned 
ceremony that will take several 

2262
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:27,100
hours and involve a lot of 
people, each of whom is an 

2263
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:29,800
expert in a different part of 
the process of making someone 

2264
01:52:29,800 --> 01:52:32,600
look better. 
So fire, The Greek woman who was

2265
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:36,000
chosen for her artistic, skills 
is Livia's main cosmetic slave, 

2266
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:38,900
she starts by looking at her 
mistress's skin in the Morning 

2267
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:41,400
Light people. 
In ancient Rome knew that make 

2268
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:44,400
up had to be put on in a way 
that worked with each person's 

2269
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:48,800
unique features, skin tone and 
the needs of the day so fire 

2270
01:52:48,800 --> 01:52:51,300
runs her experience. 
Fingers gently over lithia's 

2271
01:52:51,300 --> 01:52:55,000
face looking for changes in the 
texture of her skin new 

2272
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:57,700
blemishes that need to be 
covered or areas that need extra

2273
01:52:57,700 --> 01:52:59,800
care. 
The first step in getting ready 

2274
01:52:59,800 --> 01:53:03,300
is to wash but not with a quick 
splash of water like people do. 

2275
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:06,000
Now a warm mixture of milk, 
honey. 

2276
01:53:06,000 --> 01:53:09,400
And ground almonds is used to 
gently clean, Livia's face. 

2277
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:12,500
The milk has mild acids that get
rid of dead skin cells. 

2278
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:16,200
The honey is a natural 
antiseptic and moisturizer and 

2279
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:18,400
the almonds gently rub the skin 
to make it smoother. 

2280
01:53:18,400 --> 01:53:22,500
So, Faye uses her hands to apply
this mixture in circle's, which 

2281
01:53:22,500 --> 01:53:24,500
she has learned how to do 
perfectly over the years. 

2282
01:53:24,500 --> 01:53:27,800
The massage part of the 
cleansing is almost as important

2283
01:53:27,800 --> 01:53:31,100
as the cleansing itself. 
The gentle pressure gets blood 

2284
01:53:31,100 --> 01:53:34,400
flowing to the Skin giving it a 
Natural Glow, that will be the 

2285
01:53:34,400 --> 01:53:37,300
base for the day's makeup. 
Cleaning. 

2286
01:53:37,300 --> 01:53:40,700
It's time to put on the base and
this is where ancient Roman 

2287
01:53:40,700 --> 01:53:43,800
techniques show how advanced 
they were the white-led mixture 

2288
01:53:43,800 --> 01:53:46,500
that will give Lithia a trendy. 
Pale complexion isn't just 

2289
01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:49,800
painted on her skin. 
It's built up in thin, almost 

2290
01:53:49,800 --> 01:53:52,800
clear layers, that give her skin
depth and shine while still 

2291
01:53:52,800 --> 01:53:55,100
looking natural. 
So, Faye starts with the 

2292
01:53:55,100 --> 01:53:58,500
lightest possible application, 
using a wet sea sponge to apply 

2293
01:53:58,500 --> 01:54:01,100
the mixture in soft overlapping 
Strokes. 

2294
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:04,500
You starts in the middle of the 
face and works her way out, 

2295
01:54:04,500 --> 01:54:08,100
making sure to blend each part 
before moving onto the next. 

2296
01:54:08,100 --> 01:54:10,300
The process needs perfect 
timing. 

2297
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,400
Each layer needs to set for a 
little while before the next one

2298
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:15,700
goes on. 
Not so long that it becomes hard

2299
01:54:15,700 --> 01:54:18,000
to blend. 
It takes a lot of skill to do 

2300
01:54:18,000 --> 01:54:20,700
this. 
So fair has to decide how opaque

2301
01:54:20,700 --> 01:54:23,600
each layer is how the mixture 
will look on Olivia's skin tone 

2302
01:54:23,600 --> 01:54:26,500
and how the final result will 
look in different types of light

2303
01:54:26,500 --> 01:54:29,000
during the day. 
If you put on too much makeup, 

2304
01:54:29,000 --> 01:54:31,100
it will look like a mask and not
real. 

2305
01:54:31,100 --> 01:54:33,900
If you don't use enough, it 
won't look like the porcelain 

2306
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:37,100
that Roman fashion calls for 
While the base is being built 

2307
01:54:37,100 --> 01:54:40,500
another slave, gets the Rouge, 
ready to put color back into 

2308
01:54:40,500 --> 01:54:42,500
Olivia's cheeks which have 
become pale. 

2309
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:45,100
It's not as easy as just opening
a container. 

2310
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:48,400
And putting on color, the Rouge 
needs to be mixed fresh every 

2311
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:52,400
day to get the best color and 
consistency, the slave uses oils

2312
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:54,700
and waxes to grinds in a bar on 
a small palette. 

2313
01:54:54,700 --> 01:54:57,600
Adding tiny amounts of other 
colors to make the exact color 

2314
01:54:57,600 --> 01:54:59,600
that Livia skin needs for the 
day's activities. 

2315
01:55:00,700 --> 01:55:03,200
Putting on Rouge requires a 
different set of skills. 

2316
01:55:03,200 --> 01:55:06,900
Sophia uses a brush made a fine 
animal hair to apply the color 

2317
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:10,300
in exact patterns that make 
Libya's natural bone structure. 

2318
01:55:10,300 --> 01:55:13,900
Look better ancient Roman makeup
artist new how to use color and 

2319
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:16,400
shading to make it look like you
had higher cheekbones. 

2320
01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:20,200
The more refined nose and a more
perfect oval face shape. 

2321
01:55:20,200 --> 01:55:23,500
These are techniques that modern
makeup artists would recognize 

2322
01:55:23,500 --> 01:55:25,800
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

2323
01:55:25,800 --> 01:55:29,200
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like dramatic eye 

2324
01:55:29,200 --> 01:55:31,600
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

2325
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:34,600
careful application. 
Sapphire starts by darkening 

2326
01:55:34,600 --> 01:55:38,000
Libya's lashes with a mix of 
oils and soot using a small 

2327
01:55:38,000 --> 01:55:41,000
brush to cover each lash. 
The method is similar to how 

2328
01:55:41,000 --> 01:55:44,000
people put on mascara today. 
But it takes a lot more skill 

2329
01:55:44,000 --> 01:55:47,100
because the product doesn't have
the synthetic polymers that make

2330
01:55:47,100 --> 01:55:49,600
modern mascara easier to put on 
next. 

2331
01:55:49,600 --> 01:55:52,600
The eye shadows put on in layers
to give it depth and dimension. 

2332
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:55,800
A fierce Sophia Sophia uses 
different colors on different 

2333
01:55:55,800 --> 01:55:58,900
parts of the eyelid. 
For example, she uses a lighter 

2334
01:55:58,900 --> 01:56:00,900
shade near the inner corner, to 
make the eyes look bigger and 

2335
01:56:00,900 --> 01:56:04,700
brighter, a medium shade across 
the main lid area and a darker 

2336
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:07,000
shade in the crease to make the 
eyes look deeper set. 

2337
01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:10,300
The last step in putting on eye 
makeup is to put coal around the

2338
01:56:10,300 --> 01:56:13,000
eye itself. 
You need the steadiest hand and 

2339
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:15,900
the most accurate technique for 
this because any mistakes will 

2340
01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:17,800
be obvious right away and hard 
to fix. 

2341
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:21,800
So feiya uses a thin bronze Rod 
to apply the coal in smooth. 

2342
01:56:21,800 --> 01:56:25,000
Even lines that follow the 
natural shape of Libya's eyes 

2343
01:56:25,000 --> 01:56:28,000
and go a little past the outer 
Corners to make the dramatic 

2344
01:56:28,000 --> 01:56:30,300
look that Roman fashion likes 
Livia. 

2345
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:32,900
Stays almost still the whole 
time which is something that 

2346
01:56:32,900 --> 01:56:36,500
rich Roman learned as kids. 
Who thought that being able to 

2347
01:56:36,500 --> 01:56:39,500
sit still for hours while makeup
was put on was a sign of 

2348
01:56:39,508 --> 01:56:42,800
refinement and self-control, but
this isn't just free time. 

2349
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:47,400
Livia uses these hours to think 
plan her day and sometimes even 

2350
01:56:47,400 --> 01:56:49,700
dictate letters to scribes while
she changes. 

2351
01:56:49,700 --> 01:56:52,700
The last part of putting on 
makeup, is painting the lips 

2352
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:55,600
with a red pigment made from 
crushed in Sex and plant dies. 

2353
01:56:55,600 --> 01:56:59,300
So fear uses a small brush to 
make the perfect shape for her 

2354
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:01,400
lips. 
She often paints outside or 

2355
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:04,100
inside the natural lip line to 
get the proportions that Roman 

2356
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:07,600
beauty standards call for The 
ritual doesn't end when the 

2357
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:10,100
makeup is done. 
People put the finishing touches

2358
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:11,800
on Livia's hair with scented 
oils. 

2359
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:14,800
While they painted her face, she
is carefully arranged her 

2360
01:57:14,800 --> 01:57:17,900
clothes to go with her finished.
Look, she even picks out her 

2361
01:57:17,900 --> 01:57:20,000
jewelry to go with the colors 
and style of her makeup. 

2362
01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:23,200
Now, imagine yourself in ancient
Japan where the ritual for 

2363
01:57:23,200 --> 01:57:26,300
putting on makeup is even more 
complicated and full of meaning 

2364
01:57:26,300 --> 01:57:29,300
before midnight. 
And until dawn, a hand caught 

2365
01:57:29,300 --> 01:57:32,000
ladies private quarters are 
transformed in one of history's.

2366
01:57:32,000 --> 01:57:35,500
Most elaborate Beauty, rituals 
the Japanese way of putting on 

2367
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:38,700
makeup was based on the idea of 
layers, not just layers of 

2368
01:57:38,700 --> 01:57:42,100
makeup, but also layers of 
meaning symbolism an artistic 

2369
01:57:42,100 --> 01:57:44,200
expression. 
Each part of the look was 

2370
01:57:44,200 --> 01:57:47,200
carefully chosen to go with the 
clothes accessories, perfume, 

2371
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:50,400
and even the weather and season 
of the day, the attendance of 

2372
01:57:50,400 --> 01:57:53,500
the Court lady start the process
by cleaning and conditioning her

2373
01:57:53,500 --> 01:57:56,200
skin with a series of treatments
that takes several hours to 

2374
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:58,600
finish. 
They gently scrub her skin with 

2375
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:01,700
rice, bran mixed with different 
flower Waters and then they put 

2376
01:58:01,700 --> 01:58:04,400
camellia oil on her skin to keep
it moist and safe. 

2377
01:58:04,400 --> 01:58:07,700
It takes years of practice to 
master the art of putting on the

2378
01:58:07,700 --> 01:58:10,500
Whiteface powder. 
That is a big part of hay and 

2379
01:58:10,500 --> 01:58:12,600
makeup. 
You should be able to see no 

2380
01:58:12,600 --> 01:58:16,000
brush marks or uneven areas. 
When you apply the powder, the 

2381
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:19,300
coverage must be full of opaque 
changing the woman's natural 

2382
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:22,100
color into a surface. 
That looks like porcelain and 

2383
01:58:22,100 --> 01:58:24,700
serves as a canvas for the 
artistic elements that will 

2384
01:58:24,700 --> 01:58:27,600
follow to paint the fake 
eyebrows which are small 

2385
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:30,300
overalls on the forehead. 
You need the skill of a master 

2386
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:32,900
calligrapher. 
The paint must be applied with 

2387
01:58:32,900 --> 01:58:34,800
smooth confidence Strokes that 
show. 

2388
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:36,900
No hesitation or correction 
each. 

2389
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,300
Eyebrow must be the same size 
shape and position. 

2390
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:43,000
The tiny red lips painted in the
middle of the mouth are the most

2391
01:58:43,008 --> 01:58:46,000
unique part of hay, and makeup, 
and maybe the hardest to do. 

2392
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:49,900
The shape must be perfectly 
symmetrical and fit perfectly in

2393
01:58:49,900 --> 01:58:52,900
the middle of the mouth. 
Color has to be even and bright,

2394
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:55,800
and it has to be made with 
precious red pigments that are 

2395
01:58:55,808 --> 01:58:58,500
mixed fresh for each use, 
applying makeup in. 

2396
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:02,100
Ancient Chinese courts was just 
as complicated, but it was based

2397
01:59:02,100 --> 01:59:04,200
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 
and balance. 

2398
01:59:04,200 --> 01:59:07,300
The process started with 
meditation and purification 

2399
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:10,400
rituals that got both the person
applying and the personal 

2400
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:12,600
receiving ready for the change. 
That was about to happen. 

2401
01:59:12,600 --> 01:59:16,000
Chinese makeup application 
focused on enhancing natural 

2402
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:19,500
beauty rather than changing it. 
The goal was to make the look 

2403
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:22,800
seem almost natural but it 
actually took hours of skilled 

2404
01:59:22,800 --> 01:59:25,600
work to get there. 
This Paradox, making something 

2405
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:28,900
look natural with artificial 
means took a lot of skill and 

2406
01:59:28,900 --> 01:59:31,100
knowledge of how different 
colors and techniques would 

2407
01:59:31,100 --> 01:59:33,100
work. 
With each person's features in 

2408
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:35,000
Ancient. 
India putting on makeup was 

2409
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:37,800
often a group activity that made
people feel closer to each other

2410
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:41,200
and made things look better. 
Women would get together to help

2411
01:59:41,200 --> 01:59:43,600
each other get ready for 
festivals wedding, and other 

2412
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,500
special events. 
They would share, tips, stories 

2413
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:48,700
and knowledge while making 
elaborate header and makeup 

2414
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:51,400
designs. 
When people use traditional 

2415
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:54,400
Indian makeup, they put it on 
their whole body, not just their

2416
01:59:54,400 --> 01:59:57,700
face, henna designs on hands and
feet could take a long time to 

2417
01:59:57,700 --> 02:00:00,200
finish and needed. 
The Steady Hand of a skilled 

2418
02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:03,300
artist, the complicated 
geometric and floral patterns 

2419
02:00:03,300 --> 02:00:06,000
weren't just for show. 
They told stories about the 

2420
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:09,800
person's family hopes and 
important events in their life, 

2421
02:00:10,600 --> 02:00:14,000
Aromatherapy was often a part of
ancient Middle Eastern makeup. 

2422
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:17,300
Rituals, for example, certain 
perfumes and incenses were 

2423
02:00:17,300 --> 02:00:20,500
burned while putting on makeup 
to improve mood and create the 

2424
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:23,700
desired mental state. 
People thought that the smells 

2425
02:00:23,700 --> 02:00:26,900
could change not only how the 
person looked but also their 

2426
02:00:26,900 --> 02:00:29,900
personality and Aura as you 
picture these complicated 

2427
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:32,400
application, rituals. 
You see that, people know that 

2428
02:00:32,400 --> 02:00:34,900
real beauty is more than just 
put in color on the face. 

2429
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:38,700
His old ways of doing things 
knew that the process of change 

2430
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:42,000
was just as important as the end
result, the time spent getting 

2431
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:45,500
ready, the skill of the artists 
who worked on it and the purpose

2432
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:48,000
behind the change or played a 
role in the final effect. 

2433
02:00:48,000 --> 02:00:51,900
These rituals made places for 
meditation socializing art and 

2434
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:54,900
personal growth that are 
fast-paced modern world often. 

2435
02:00:54,900 --> 02:00:57,900
Misses when it comes to Beauty 
these old ways of doing things. 

2436
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:00,200
Remind us that beauty isn't just
about how we look. 

2437
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:03,600
It's also about taking the time 
to honor ourselves and our place

2438
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:06,800
in the larger Humanity Picture 
one. 

2439
02:01:06,800 --> 02:01:09,800
Last seen, before you go to 
sleep, you're looking into a 

2440
02:01:09,800 --> 02:01:11,900
mirror that can show you. 
Not only your own reflection, 

2441
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:15,700
but also the voices of everyone 
who has ever looked into a 

2442
02:01:15,700 --> 02:01:18,400
mirror to get ready for the day.
You can see the cave painter, 

2443
02:01:18,400 --> 02:01:21,000
looking at their occur painted 
cheeks, in a pool of Still Water

2444
02:01:21,000 --> 02:01:23,800
on that silver surface. 
You can see the Egyptian 

2445
02:01:23,800 --> 02:01:27,000
Priestess looking at her coal 
lined eyes and shiny bronze. 

2446
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:30,100
The Chinese Court lady is, 
perfecting her porcelain skin. 

2447
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:33,300
The Roman matron is fixing her 
Rouge in the Indian. 

2448
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:35,800
Bride is admiring her henna 
decorated hands. 

2449
02:01:35,800 --> 02:01:38,900
All of these people who lived 
thousands of years apart and in 

2450
02:01:38,908 --> 02:01:43,200
very different places, share the
same basic human desire to show 

2451
02:01:43,200 --> 02:01:46,600
the world their best self to 
take part in their cultures idea

2452
02:01:46,600 --> 02:01:50,800
of beauty and to enjoy the small
daily Miracle of change that 

2453
02:01:50,800 --> 02:01:52,900
make up bring your own 
reflection. 

2454
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:55,800
Is part of this never-ending 
parade, which connects you to 

2455
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:59,200
everyone who has ever mixed 
pigment with oil ground minerals

2456
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:02,400
into power or carefully applied 
color to make their natural 

2457
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:05,300
features look better. 
We carry on their wisdom, their 

2458
02:02:05,300 --> 02:02:07,600
new ideas. 
And their belief that beauty is 

2459
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:09,900
one of the most lasting, an 
important ways that people 

2460
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:12,700
Express themselves. 
Modern, Islander is made from 

2461
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:15,500
ancient Egyptian cold that you 
can still find in your bathroom 

2462
02:02:15,500 --> 02:02:18,300
cabinet. 
Roman Rouge is still used in 

2463
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:21,200
modern blush. 
Modern Foundation is based on 

2464
02:02:21,208 --> 02:02:24,600
Chinese face powder. 
Today's temporary tattoo art is 

2465
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:27,000
based on Indian. 
Henna the tools and ingredients 

2466
02:02:27,000 --> 02:02:30,000
may be different but the basic 
Art stays the same. 

2467
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:33,100
When you look in the mirror 
tomorrow morning and start your 

2468
02:02:33,100 --> 02:02:36,200
own Beauty routine, you'll be 
taking part in one of the oldest

2469
02:02:36,200 --> 02:02:39,100
traditions in human history. 
You will be adding your own 

2470
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:42,800
chapter to a story that began in
caves long ago and will go on as

2471
02:02:42,800 --> 02:02:47,000
long as people care about beauty
identity, and the Magical change

2472
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:48,700
that happens when color meets 
skin. 

2473
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:52,100
You are part of this old 
beautiful never-ending story, so

2474
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:54,400
sleep. 
Well, think about Egyptian 

2475
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:58,700
palette and China's brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

2476
02:02:58,700 --> 02:03:01,400
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

2477
02:03:01,400 --> 02:03:04,400
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light and pigment.

2478
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:07,900
The history of makeup goes back 
thousands of years and every 

2479
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:10,900
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look you 

2480
02:03:10,900 --> 02:03:14,300
are continuing that history. 
You're the newest artist in the 

2481
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:15,800
longest running art form in 
history. 

2482
02:03:15,800 --> 02:03:18,400
Tomorrow, you'll paint your 
Masterpiece again. 

2483
02:03:18,400 --> 02:03:22,300
Have a good night's sleep. 
Lovely, dreamer May arrest be as

2484
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,300
peaceful as the satisfaction of 
ancient cosmetic makers. 

2485
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:29,500
Who after hours of careful work 
finally set down their brushes 

2486
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:33,100
and admire their Back in the 
soft glow of oil lamps and 

2487
02:03:33,100 --> 02:03:36,800
candles, knowing they had helped
someone become the best version 

2488
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:46,000
of themselves. picture yourself 
settling into the evening, 

2489
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:51,700
warmth of your shelter, 30,000 
years ago, Fire crackled softly 

2490
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:55,800
beside you, casting dancing 
Shadows, on stone walls, that 

2491
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:58,300
have become more familiar than 
any home you've ever known. 

2492
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:02,200
outside the wind carries a 
different song than it did in 

2493
02:04:02,200 --> 02:04:06,300
your grandfather's time sharper 
colder with an edge that speaks 

2494
02:04:06,300 --> 02:04:10,200
of changes, your people are 
still learning to understand You

2495
02:04:10,200 --> 02:04:12,200
won't born when the world began 
its slow? 

2496
02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:15,800
Slide toward endless winter. 
Your grandmother used to tell 

2497
02:04:15,800 --> 02:04:19,500
stories of forest that stretched
Beyond the Horizon of berries. 

2498
02:04:19,500 --> 02:04:23,700
So abundantly stain your fingers
purple for days and of rivers 

2499
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:25,800
that never wore their Crystal 
arm of ice. 

2500
02:04:25,800 --> 02:04:30,200
Those Tails felt like dreams 
warm and impossible told around 

2501
02:04:30,200 --> 02:04:34,200
fires that seem smaller each 
passing seas and The change 

2502
02:04:34,200 --> 02:04:36,000
didn't announce itself with 
fanfare. 

2503
02:04:36,800 --> 02:04:39,500
Nature rarely does. 
Instead it whispered its 

2504
02:04:39,500 --> 02:04:43,000
intentional through subtle signs
that took generations to decode,

2505
02:04:44,000 --> 02:04:45,500
Winter stretched a little 
longer. 

2506
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:48,100
To bring arrived with hesitant 
steps. 

2507
02:04:49,000 --> 02:04:52,100
A great herds began their 
migrations earlier than later. 

2508
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:55,700
A Long paths that made no sense 
to Hunters who had followed the 

2509
02:04:55,700 --> 02:04:59,100
same routes for countless 
Seasons, your people adapted the

2510
02:04:59,100 --> 02:05:03,200
way humans always have not with 
grand gestures but with 1,000 

2511
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:05,200
small adjustments, that felt 
natural at the time. 

2512
02:05:06,300 --> 02:05:09,100
When the familiar berry bushes, 
fail to thrive you learned which

2513
02:05:09,100 --> 02:05:10,800
bark could be tuned for 
sustenance. 

2514
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:13,400
When the Streams began freezing 
solid. 

2515
02:05:13,400 --> 02:05:17,200
You discovered that certain 
Stones when heated by the fire, 

2516
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:20,500
could be wrapped in high and 
tucked against your body to ward

2517
02:05:20,500 --> 02:05:23,000
off the bone deep cold that 
crept in during the longest 

2518
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:25,600
nights. 
Mammoths, those walking 

2519
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:28,900
mountains of fur and wisdom 
became your unwitting teachers. 

2520
02:05:28,900 --> 02:05:32,900
He watched them strip bark from 
trees with their enormous Trunks

2521
02:05:32,900 --> 02:05:35,900
and learned which varieties held
the most nutritional. 

2522
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:39,400
You observed, how they used 
their tusks to dig through snow,

2523
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:42,400
to reach the Hardy grasses, 
beneath, and copied their 

2524
02:05:42,400 --> 02:05:46,700
technique with your tools, crude
but effective, but perhaps, the 

2525
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:49,000
most important lesson came from 
watching how they moved 

2526
02:05:49,000 --> 02:05:51,800
together. 
Never alone always in their 

2527
02:05:51,800 --> 02:05:55,500
family groups, sharing warmth, 
sharing knowledge, and sharing 

2528
02:05:55,500 --> 02:05:59,200
the burden of survival. 
Your people had always been so 

2529
02:05:59,200 --> 02:06:01,800
social creatures, but the 
growing cold taught you that 

2530
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:03,300
cooperation wasn't just 
Pleasant. 

2531
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:07,600
It was essential caves, you 
called home, grew more crowded, 

2532
02:06:07,600 --> 02:06:11,300
but also more warm Bodies 
pressed together meant sharing 

2533
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:16,600
heat stories and Hope. 
The elders, once content to sit 

2534
02:06:16,600 --> 02:06:19,800
apart in quiet, contemplation 
became the keepers of crucial 

2535
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:22,000
knowledge. 
They remembered which plants 

2536
02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:25,700
could be dried and stored which 
animal behaviors predicted harsh

2537
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:28,800
weather and which techniques 
worked best for preserving meat?

2538
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:32,400
When hunting was beneficial, you
learned to read the sky with new

2539
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:35,800
eyes cloud, formations that, 
once simply promised rain. 

2540
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:39,600
Now held messages about the 
severity of coming storms, The 

2541
02:06:39,600 --> 02:06:42,300
way snowfall thickened wet or 
fine. 

2542
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:45,000
And stinging told you whether to
venture out for supplies or 

2543
02:06:45,000 --> 02:06:48,300
hunker down for days, even the 
behavior of small creatures 

2544
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:50,100
became a language, you needed to
understand. 

2545
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:54,100
When the hardy ground squirrels 
disappeared deeper into their 

2546
02:06:54,100 --> 02:06:58,600
Burrows Union to do the same. 
The fire never went out that 

2547
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:01,200
became your tribes. 
Most sacred rule more important 

2548
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:05,100
than any ceremony or tradition. 
Someone always watch the Flames.

2549
02:07:05,100 --> 02:07:08,800
Fed them carefully hoarded Fuel 
and protected them from wind and

2550
02:07:08,800 --> 02:07:11,900
rain and the thousand things 
that could steal away your life 

2551
02:07:11,900 --> 02:07:15,500
line to warmth and Light. 
FireKeepers developed an almost 

2552
02:07:15,500 --> 02:07:19,600
mystical understanding of wood 
and Tinder knowing instinctively

2553
02:07:19,600 --> 02:07:22,900
which materials would burn 
longest, which would provide the

2554
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:26,300
most heat and which could be 
coaxed into flame even when damp

2555
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:29,600
As you lay here listening to the
Eternal conversation between 

2556
02:07:29,600 --> 02:07:31,900
flame and fuel. 
You can almost sense the 

2557
02:07:31,908 --> 02:07:35,500
generations of your ancestors 
who sat in similar spots, watch 

2558
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:38,600
similar fires and made daily 
decisions that determined. 

2559
02:07:38,600 --> 02:07:41,400
Whether they would see another 
sunrise or succumb to the cold, 

2560
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:45,400
Their wisdom flows through you, 
like warmth from The Hearth and 

2561
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:47,600
inheritance more pressure than 
any material. 

2562
02:07:47,600 --> 02:07:50,600
Treasure morning, arrives with 
the particular silence. 

2563
02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:54,800
That only deep snow can create 
you wake to a world muffled and 

2564
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:58,000
transformed were familiar, 
landmarks hide beneath white 

2565
02:07:58,000 --> 02:08:01,900
blankets and every step out side
requires, careful consideration,

2566
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:06,700
This is your daily puzzle. 
Now, reading the landscape that 

2567
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:09,700
changes overnight learning to 
see opportunity where others 

2568
02:08:09,700 --> 02:08:12,400
might see. 
Only obstacle your feet have 

2569
02:08:12,400 --> 02:08:15,500
grown wise over the years 
knowing without looking where 

2570
02:08:15,500 --> 02:08:17,300
the hidden rocks creates solid 
footing. 

2571
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:20,200
And where the snow might give 
away to reveal a twisted ankle 

2572
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:22,700
or worse. 
You've learned to trust the 

2573
02:08:22,700 --> 02:08:26,300
subtle messages, your body sends
the way you're breathing changes

2574
02:08:26,300 --> 02:08:29,400
in different kinds of cold. 
How your skin tingles, when the 

2575
02:08:29,408 --> 02:08:32,700
air holds the promise of more 
snow than the particular ache in

2576
02:08:32,700 --> 02:08:33,900
your joints? 
That means the weather will 

2577
02:08:33,900 --> 02:08:37,700
shift before nightfall. 
The hunting has changed becoming

2578
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:39,500
more of a chess game than a 
chase. 

2579
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:42,600
The large prey animals have 
developed their own Survival 

2580
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:45,300
strategies, clustering, and 
sheltered valleys. 

2581
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:48,800
Growing thicker coats and 
becoming more wary and difficult

2582
02:08:48,800 --> 02:08:51,400
to approach. 
But you've noticed something 

2583
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:53,700
interesting. 
There are also becoming more 

2584
02:08:53,700 --> 02:08:57,500
predictable in some ways 
desperation creates patterns and

2585
02:08:57,500 --> 02:09:00,400
Trends create opportunities for 
those patient enough to observe 

2586
02:09:00,400 --> 02:09:03,700
and learn You found that 
tracking in snow presents, both 

2587
02:09:03,700 --> 02:09:06,700
advantages and challenges 
compared to the mud during 

2588
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:09,800
warmer Seasons. 
The prince tell clearer stories.

2589
02:09:09,800 --> 02:09:13,000
How long ago the creature 
passed, whether it was healthy 

2590
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:15,800
or struggling and whether it was
a loan or part of a group, 

2591
02:09:15,800 --> 02:09:21,000
however, snow also deceived 
shifting and drifting can seeing

2592
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:24,400
tracks or generating false ones 
as wind patterns, manipulate the

2593
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:27,700
accumulated power. 
The smaller prey has become your

2594
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:30,900
specialty. 
Rabbits Ptarmigan near 

2595
02:09:30,900 --> 02:09:34,400
occasional beaver when you can 
find Open Water, a creatures 

2596
02:09:34,400 --> 02:09:37,300
that might have gone unnoticed 
in times of Plenty but now 

2597
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:41,100
represent the difference between
a successful day and Empty 

2598
02:09:41,100 --> 02:09:42,900
belly. 
You've learned to think like 

2599
02:09:42,900 --> 02:09:47,000
them to understand how they move
through their Frozen world where

2600
02:09:47,000 --> 02:09:49,900
they shelter and what drives 
them from safety into the open 

2601
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:51,200
where patient Hunters. 
Wait. 

2602
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:54,600
Ice fishing has become an art 
form in your tribe. 

2603
02:09:55,200 --> 02:09:58,500
The elders, teach youngsters to 
read the ice like a book where 

2604
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:01,300
it's thick enough to support a 
person's weight, where the fish 

2605
02:10:01,308 --> 02:10:04,300
Gather in the deeper Pockets 
that don't freeze solid and how 

2606
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:07,100
to cut holes without creating 
dangerous weaknesses in the 

2607
02:10:07,100 --> 02:10:10,000
surface. 
There's a meditative quality to 

2608
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:13,300
sitting beside these holes, 
wrapped and Furs waiting for the

2609
02:10:13,300 --> 02:10:14,700
subtle tug. 
That means dinner. 

2610
02:10:15,700 --> 02:10:18,100
But perhaps the most crucial 
skill you've developed as the 

2611
02:10:18,100 --> 02:10:20,900
ability to recognize what you 
call gift days. 

2612
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:23,100
Those unexpected breaks in the 
weather. 

2613
02:10:23,100 --> 02:10:26,300
When the sun shines with almost 
forgotten warmth when the wind 

2614
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,800
dies down to a whisper when the 
world briefly remembers what 

2615
02:10:29,800 --> 02:10:33,300
kindness feels like these days 
are precious beyond measure 

2616
02:10:33,300 --> 02:10:35,900
opportunities to venture. 
Father from shelter. 

2617
02:10:35,900 --> 02:10:39,700
Check trap Line's and gather. 
The last stubborn berries that 

2618
02:10:39,700 --> 02:10:43,200
somehow survived the latest 
freeze on gift days. 

2619
02:10:43,200 --> 02:10:46,300
You can almost pretend that this
endless winter might be 

2620
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:48,700
temporary that Somewhere Beyond 
the Horizon. 

2621
02:10:48,700 --> 02:10:52,400
The world still holds green 
places where life continues in 

2622
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:55,300
the old ways. 
But you've grown too wise to let

2623
02:10:55,300 --> 02:10:57,700
such thoughts. 
Linger, long hope is useful. 

2624
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:00,700
But only when balanced with 
realistic preparation for what 

2625
02:11:00,700 --> 02:11:04,000
tomorrow might bring the night 
sky is become your calendar and 

2626
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:08,000
compass with so many landmarks 
buried under snow navigation. 

2627
02:11:08,000 --> 02:11:10,900
Relies more heavily on the stars
that shine with crystalline 

2628
02:11:10,900 --> 02:11:13,600
clarity through the cold thin 
air. 

2629
02:11:14,700 --> 02:11:17,500
You've learned constellations 
your grandmother never needed to

2630
02:11:17,500 --> 02:11:21,300
know and seasonal patterns that 
help track the slow passage of 

2631
02:11:21,308 --> 02:11:23,600
time. 
When each day Blends into the 

2632
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:28,100
next, in an endless cycle of 
survival tasks, your hands have 

2633
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:30,500
become tools. 
A specialized as any carved. 

2634
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:33,600
Implement your fingers can 
detect the difference between 

2635
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:37,000
snow that will compact into 
building material and snow that 

2636
02:11:37,000 --> 02:11:38,400
will only frustrate 
construction. 

2637
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:41,100
Efforts your palms. 
Can Engage The Heat radiating 

2638
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:44,500
from Stones around the fire 
knowing precisely when they're 

2639
02:11:44,500 --> 02:11:47,400
ready to be wrapped and used for
warming beds or drying damp 

2640
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:49,700
clothing. 
The rhythm of your days has 

2641
02:11:49,700 --> 02:11:52,400
settled into patterns that would
seem monotonous to someone from 

2642
02:11:52,400 --> 02:11:54,700
easier times. 
But you've learned to find 

2643
02:11:54,700 --> 02:11:56,900
subtle variations that keep life
exciting. 

2644
02:11:56,900 --> 02:12:00,400
The way morning, light hits the 
ice formation's outside your 

2645
02:12:00,400 --> 02:12:04,100
shelter changes daily, creating 
a natural artwork that costs 

2646
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:08,300
nothing to enjoy. 
The Sounds your fellow tribe 

2647
02:12:08,300 --> 02:12:10,800
members make as they go about 
their tasks become a familiar 

2648
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:14,700
Symphony, that speaks of safety 
and Community, even your dreams 

2649
02:12:14,700 --> 02:12:17,800
have adapted to this Frozen 
World filled with images of 

2650
02:12:17,800 --> 02:12:20,600
warmth and abundance that feel 
less like memories and more like

2651
02:12:20,600 --> 02:12:23,700
promises visions of a future. 
When the ice Retreats and the 

2652
02:12:23,708 --> 02:12:26,800
world remembers how to be green.
Again, you've become a master of

2653
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:30,000
the almost good enough, the 
nearly perfect solution and the 

2654
02:12:30,000 --> 02:12:33,400
creative workaround, that turns 
potential disaster into minor 

2655
02:12:33,400 --> 02:12:37,200
inconvenience every morning. 
Just like every other presents, 

2656
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,400
a small crisis that requires 
resolution using whatever 

2657
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:43,200
materials are readily available 
within your shelter's reach. 

2658
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:46,600
Today's challenge The Binding on
your best winter. 

2659
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:49,500
Boot has finally give up worn 
through by. 

2660
02:12:49,500 --> 02:12:52,500
Countless miles of walking on 
surfaces that would have 

2661
02:12:52,500 --> 02:12:56,100
destroyed Footwear in days 
rather than Seasons back when 

2662
02:12:56,100 --> 02:12:57,900
replacement materials were 
easily found. 

2663
02:12:59,400 --> 02:13:01,700
But replacement isn't really the
right word anymore. 

2664
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:05,400
Nothing gets replaced, 
everything gets prepared 

2665
02:13:05,400 --> 02:13:09,100
repurposed and reimagined into 
something that serves the same 

2666
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:11,300
function more or less for a 
little while longer. 

2667
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:15,100
You evaluate your options with 
the expertise of someone who has

2668
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,200
tackled similar issues. 
Numerous times, the leather 

2669
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:21,300
strips you've been saving might 
work but there are earmarked for

2670
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:24,500
a repair to the shelter's door 
covering the more urgent with 

2671
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:27,600
each windstorm. 
Sing you from last week's. 

2672
02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:31,200
Successful Hunt is already 
spoken for promise to reinforce 

2673
02:13:31,200 --> 02:13:34,000
the handles on tools that can't 
afford to fail at crucial 

2674
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:36,800
moments. 
Then you remember the inner bark

2675
02:13:36,800 --> 02:13:39,900
technique, one of the elders, 
demonstrated last Autumn back 

2676
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:43,100
when such knowledge felt like 
intriguing trivia rather than 

2677
02:13:43,100 --> 02:13:47,700
essential survival skills. 
Certain trees even in their 

2678
02:13:47,700 --> 02:13:51,700
winter dormancy hold flexible 
fibers just beneath their outer 

2679
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:54,200
bark. 
Finding the right tree means a 

2680
02:13:54,200 --> 02:13:57,400
cold walk through snow, that 
comes up to your thighs, but the

2681
02:13:57,408 --> 02:14:00,100
alternative is spending the rest
of winter within adequate 

2682
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:02,500
Footwear, which isn't really an 
alternative at all. 

2683
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:05,600
The Expedition becomes an 
opportunity to check the Trap 

2684
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:07,600
lines. 
You set three days ago, the 

2685
02:14:07,600 --> 02:14:09,900
hopeful exercise that pays off 
more often than you might 

2686
02:14:09,908 --> 02:14:12,600
expect. 
Small creatures continue to move

2687
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:15,700
through their Frozen World, 
following needs and instincts 

2688
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:18,200
that make them predictable to 
anyone who has learned to think 

2689
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:22,400
like prey rather than Predator. 
You find evidence of activity 

2690
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:26,100
tracks that speak of desperate 
hunger, overcoming natural 

2691
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:28,300
caution. 
The kind of desperation that 

2692
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:32,000
drives animals into situations, 
they would normally avoid This 

2693
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:35,000
knowledge feels like holding a 
secret understanding. 

2694
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:38,000
Something about how survival 
changes behavior in ways that 

2695
02:14:38,000 --> 02:14:41,400
can be anticipated and used the 
bark harvesting requires, 

2696
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:43,900
patience and technique that 
would have baffled your youngest

2697
02:14:43,900 --> 02:14:46,200
self. 
If you are overly aggressive 

2698
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:49,300
damaging the tree Beyond its 
capacity to recover when the 

2699
02:14:49,300 --> 02:14:52,900
warmer weather returns. 
If you are overly cautious, you 

2700
02:14:52,900 --> 02:14:55,600
may not obtain sufficient 
material to justify the effort. 

2701
02:14:56,400 --> 02:14:59,500
The balance point exists in that
narrow space between waist and 

2702
02:14:59,500 --> 02:15:02,700
want the place where most of 
your decisions live these days 

2703
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:05,700
back at the shelter, the work of
preparation begins. 

2704
02:15:05,700 --> 02:15:09,500
We must process soften and 
braid, the bark to make it 

2705
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:12,200
sturdy enough to withstand 
another season of rigorous. 

2706
02:15:12,200 --> 02:15:15,200
Use your hands, know this work. 
Intimately now. 

2707
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:17,700
Fingers. 
Moving with practice efficiency 

2708
02:15:17,700 --> 02:15:20,600
while your mind, wanders to 
other problems that need solving

2709
02:15:20,600 --> 02:15:24,000
the food stores, require 
constant attention and creative 

2710
02:15:24,000 --> 02:15:26,400
management. 
What seemed like adequate 

2711
02:15:26,400 --> 02:15:28,200
supplies when the snow began to 
fall. 

2712
02:15:28,200 --> 02:15:31,000
Now need to be stretched further
than the original plan. 

2713
02:15:31,000 --> 02:15:33,900
You've learned to make soup from
ingredients, that would have 

2714
02:15:33,908 --> 02:15:37,700
been discarded in easier times 
bones boiled until they release 

2715
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:40,400
every possible. 
Nutrient vegetation that 

2716
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:44,100
provides bulk if not flavor and 
combinations that work better 

2717
02:15:44,100 --> 02:15:47,600
than their individual components
suggests, they should perhaps 

2718
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:49,800
the, most important thing. 
You've learned is how to turn 

2719
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:54,000
scarcity into a kind of game. 
Discovering Innovative methods 

2720
02:15:54,000 --> 02:15:56,900
to utilize well known materials 
turns into a challenge in task 

2721
02:15:56,900 --> 02:15:58,500
that is rewarding in its own 
right? 

2722
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:02,600
Create and comfort from unlikely
sources develops into a skill 

2723
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:04,700
set. 
That makes you valuable to your 

2724
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:07,800
community in ways that go beyond
simple survival. 

2725
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:13,800
Fire becomes your Workshop. 
A place where damaged items get 

2726
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:17,800
evaluated for repair potential 
where materials get sorted and 

2727
02:16:17,800 --> 02:16:21,300
assess for future projects and 
where the days small victories 

2728
02:16:21,300 --> 02:16:24,200
get shared with others who 
understand the satisfaction of 

2729
02:16:24,208 --> 02:16:26,000
making something work when it 
really shouldn't. 

2730
02:16:26,900 --> 02:16:29,700
Your fellow tribe members have 
developed their own Specialties 

2731
02:16:29,700 --> 02:16:33,400
born from necessity one member 
of your tribe discovered how to 

2732
02:16:33,407 --> 02:16:35,600
make glue from Fishbones and 
tree sap. 

2733
02:16:35,600 --> 02:16:38,900
One individual has mastered the 
art of weaving grass and to 

2734
02:16:38,900 --> 02:16:41,799
waterproof containers, 
Individual who learned to 

2735
02:16:41,799 --> 02:16:44,100
predict weather changes by 
watching, how the smoke from 

2736
02:16:44,100 --> 02:16:46,500
your fire behaves in different 
atmosphere at conditions. 

2737
02:16:46,500 --> 02:16:49,600
These skills, create a web of 
interdependence that makes 

2738
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:53,100
everyone more secure. 
When your boot repair technique 

2739
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:55,400
works perfectly others, learn 
from watching. 

2740
02:16:57,000 --> 02:16:59,200
When someone else solves a 
problem, you've been struggling 

2741
02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:02,600
with the knowledge becomes 
shared property, part of the 

2742
02:17:02,600 --> 02:17:04,500
collective wisdom that keeps the
group alive. 

2743
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:07,299
The satisfaction that comes from
successful. 

2744
02:17:07,299 --> 02:17:10,799
Improvisation feels different 
from any pleasure you experience

2745
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:15,200
in easier times. 
Deeper more fundamental tied to 

2746
02:17:15,208 --> 02:17:17,200
the basic animal pleasure of 
continued. 

2747
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:20,799
Existence each small solution, 
builds confidence for facing the

2748
02:17:20,799 --> 02:17:23,799
next challenge, creating a 
foundation of competence that 

2749
02:17:23,808 --> 02:17:25,900
makes even serious problems feel
manageable. 

2750
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:30,500
Tonight, as you test your repair
Boot and find it, solid flexible

2751
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:33,400
and ready for whatever 
tomorrow's Journey demands, you 

2752
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:36,200
realize that this forced 
creativity has changed you in 

2753
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:38,299
ways that go beyond simple, 
skill, acquisition. 

2754
02:17:38,299 --> 02:17:41,799
You see possibilities where 
others might see only problems 

2755
02:17:41,799 --> 02:17:43,700
and opportunities. 
Where others notice only 

2756
02:17:43,700 --> 02:17:45,900
obstacles. 
The morning you wake to find the

2757
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:47,500
valley empty of the great 
Caribou. 

2758
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:49,500
Herd hits, like a physical blow 
to your stomach. 

2759
02:17:51,000 --> 02:17:53,900
Exceeds their migration through 
your territory had been as 

2760
02:17:53,900 --> 02:17:58,400
reliable as Sunrise, providing 
meat, high, bone, and antler, 

2761
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:01,900
essentially everything, your 
people needed to survive another

2762
02:18:01,900 --> 02:18:05,100
harsh winter cycle. 
But nature, as you've learned 

2763
02:18:05,100 --> 02:18:08,200
repeatedly, makes no promises 
about consistency. 

2764
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:12,500
Standing at the edge of what had
been their feeding ground, you 

2765
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:15,200
read the story written in 
Disturbed snow and Scattered 

2766
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:17,299
droppings. 
They were here three days ago, 

2767
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:22,200
maybe four then something 
weather pattern Predator 

2768
02:18:22,200 --> 02:18:25,700
pressure or simply some Instinct
bred into them over thousands of

2769
02:18:25,708 --> 02:18:28,299
years. 
Convinced them to alter a route 

2770
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:30,400
that had seemed permanent as the
mountains themselves. 

2771
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:35,200
Your tracking party out looking 
for clues about which direction 

2772
02:18:35,200 --> 02:18:38,100
they chose, but the recent 
snowfall has obscured. 

2773
02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:42,200
Most signs, what remains tells a
story of sudden decision rapid 

2774
02:18:42,200 --> 02:18:44,799
movement animals. 
Following leaders who seem to 

2775
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:47,799
know something about coming 
conditions that human observers 

2776
02:18:47,799 --> 02:18:51,900
missed entirely The implications
settle over your group like, 

2777
02:18:51,900 --> 02:18:56,000
cold fog, winter, still has 
months to run and the sword 

2778
02:18:56,000 --> 02:18:58,900
supplies that seemed adequate 
when supplemented by predictable

2779
02:18:58,900 --> 02:19:01,700
hunting now look disturbingly 
insufficient. 

2780
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:06,000
This is the kind of Crisis that 
separates surviving tribes from 

2781
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:08,799
those that become cautionary. 
Tales told around other people's

2782
02:19:08,799 --> 02:19:12,600
fires, but Panic serves no 
purpose and your people have 

2783
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:16,200
faced resource crisis before. 
The discussion that evening 

2784
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:18,900
around the fire focuses on 
practical Alternatives, 

2785
02:19:18,900 --> 02:19:21,600
immediate adjustments. 
That can be implemented while 

2786
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:25,200
longer term Solutions develop. 
Rationing becomes more strict, 

2787
02:19:25,200 --> 02:19:27,200
but not desperately. 
So not yet. 

2788
02:19:28,000 --> 02:19:30,600
Hunting parties will range 
further follow different 

2789
02:19:30,600 --> 02:19:32,400
patterns Target. 
Prey. 

2790
02:19:32,400 --> 02:19:34,500
That requires different 
techniques but might be more 

2791
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:37,000
reliable. 
You remember stories from your 

2792
02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:40,700
grandfather about the winter. 
When the salmon to run, forcing 

2793
02:19:40,700 --> 02:19:43,100
his people to develop phishing 
techniques for species. 

2794
02:19:43,100 --> 02:19:46,299
They had previously ignored the 
winter, when a rock slide 

2795
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:49,600
blocked, access to their primary
Gathering Grounds leading to the

2796
02:19:49,600 --> 02:19:53,000
discovery of new food sources in
previously unexplored territory.

2797
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:57,500
Crisis in these stories, often 
became the mother of innovation.

2798
02:19:58,400 --> 02:20:01,200
The small game hunting 
intensifies becomes more 

2799
02:20:01,200 --> 02:20:04,800
systematic and scientific every 
member of The Hunting Party 

2800
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:08,000
developed expertise, and reading
the subtle signs that indicate 

2801
02:20:08,000 --> 02:20:11,100
where rabbit shelter during 
storms, how Ptarmigan move 

2802
02:20:11,100 --> 02:20:14,100
between feeding and roosting 
areas which valleys provide 

2803
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:15,700
protection for the Hardy 
creatures that. 

2804
02:20:15,700 --> 02:20:19,000
Don't migrate away from 
Winter's, worst conditions, your

2805
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:21,100
trap lines, multiply and become 
more sophisticated. 

2806
02:20:21,100 --> 02:20:25,300
What started as simple snares of
evolved into complex systems 

2807
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:27,500
that funnel prey toward capture 
points? 

2808
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:30,900
The trigger automatically, when 
animals passed through, that 

2809
02:20:30,900 --> 02:20:33,600
remain effective, even when snow
conditions change dramatically, 

2810
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:37,600
The engineering challenges 
become puzzles worth solving for

2811
02:20:37,600 --> 02:20:40,500
their own sake. 
Mental exercises that keep mind 

2812
02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:43,900
sharp during The Long Dark 
months, ice, fishing transforms 

2813
02:20:43,900 --> 02:20:46,900
from an occasional supplement to
a primary protein source. 

2814
02:20:47,700 --> 02:20:50,500
The techniques that seemed 
exotic when fish were merely a 

2815
02:20:50,500 --> 02:20:51,900
pleasant addition to Abundant 
meet. 

2816
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:56,100
Now become essential survival 
skills, every adult, learns to 

2817
02:20:56,100 --> 02:20:59,200
read ice conditions, to find the
spots where fish Gathering 

2818
02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:02,400
winter and to construct and 
maintain the tools necessary for

2819
02:21:02,400 --> 02:21:05,300
consistent success. 
Perhaps, the most important 

2820
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:08,900
change is psychological. 
The loss of the expected heard 

2821
02:21:08,900 --> 02:21:11,600
forces, everyone to stop 
thinking, like people who live 

2822
02:21:11,600 --> 02:21:14,500
in a world of reliable abundance
and start thinking, like 

2823
02:21:14,500 --> 02:21:16,700
inhabitants of a place, where 
resources are always 

2824
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:20,300
questionable, where backup 
planes need, backup, planes, and

2825
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:22,700
where flexibility matters more 
than efficiently. 

2826
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:26,200
The children adapt fastest as 
children always do. 

2827
02:21:27,100 --> 02:21:30,600
The new hunting technique into 
games compete to see who can 

2828
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:33,700
spot the most promising trap 
locations, and treat the 

2829
02:21:33,700 --> 02:21:36,600
challenge of finding food in an 
apparently empty, landscape as 

2830
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:38,300
an adventure rather than a 
crisis. 

2831
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:42,500
Their enthusiasm becomes 
infectious reminding, the adults

2832
02:21:42,500 --> 02:21:46,200
that Innovation can be fun. 
Even when motivated by necessity

2833
02:21:46,200 --> 02:21:50,100
new alliances form, with 
neighboring groups information 

2834
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:53,100
about game movements becomes 
currency traded for access to 

2835
02:21:53,100 --> 02:21:55,800
different hunting territories 
knowledge, about food 

2836
02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:59,200
preservation techniques and 
stories about how other tribes 

2837
02:21:59,200 --> 02:22:02,800
have handled similar challenges 
isolation which might have 

2838
02:22:02,800 --> 02:22:04,500
seemed like safety and easier 
times. 

2839
02:22:04,500 --> 02:22:07,900
Now feels like dangerous 
vulnerability. the season 

2840
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:10,500
progresses with a rhythm 
different from previous Winters,

2841
02:22:10,500 --> 02:22:15,200
less predictable, but somehow 
more intriguing Each successful 

2842
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:17,700
hunt feels like a small victory 
worth celebrating. 

2843
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:21,200
Each new technique that proves 
effective becomes a gift of 

2844
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:24,600
future Generations. 
Each day that ends with adequate

2845
02:22:24,600 --> 02:22:28,200
food and fuel for warmth feels 
like evidence that adaptation 

2846
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:30,400
works when approached with 
patience and creativity. 

2847
02:22:31,300 --> 02:22:34,300
You begin to understand that the
hurt absent while initially 

2848
02:22:34,300 --> 02:22:37,200
terrified might ultimately make 
your people stronger. 

2849
02:22:38,100 --> 02:22:41,000
Dependence on any single 
resource creates vulnerability 

2850
02:22:41,000 --> 02:22:44,500
diversification, creates 
resilience the skills. 

2851
02:22:44,500 --> 02:22:47,100
You're developing out of 
desperate necessity, might serve

2852
02:22:47,100 --> 02:22:52,600
you well even when if easier 
times return the long nights 

2853
02:22:52,600 --> 02:22:55,500
provide time for planning for 
sharing knowledge, and for 

2854
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,200
developing the mental and social
strategies that complement the 

2855
02:22:58,200 --> 02:23:01,700
Practical techniques of 
survival, Stories become more 

2856
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:04,200
than entertainment. 
They become repositories of 

2857
02:23:04,200 --> 02:23:07,400
wisdom, ways of passing along, 
successful, approaches to 

2858
02:23:07,400 --> 02:23:10,300
problems that every generation 
faces in different forms. 

2859
02:23:10,300 --> 02:23:14,100
By midwinter the crisis has 
transformed into a different 

2860
02:23:14,100 --> 02:23:18,400
kind of normal challenging, but 
manageable, requiring constant 

2861
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:20,400
attention. 
But no longer generating the 

2862
02:23:20,400 --> 02:23:23,400
fear, that accompany those first
empty Mornings in the abandoned 

2863
02:23:23,400 --> 02:23:26,400
Valley February arrives, wearing
its traditional mask of 

2864
02:23:26,408 --> 02:23:29,200
deception days that hint at 
Springs approach. 

2865
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:33,300
While Knights that remind you 
winter still has teeth your 

2866
02:23:33,300 --> 02:23:36,300
people call this, the hunger 
moon when stored supplies, run 

2867
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:39,400
lowest, and hunting become his, 
most difficult, when the gap 

2868
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:42,300
between what you have and what 
you need grows, wide enough to 

2869
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:45,300
keep everyone awake, listening 
to their stomachs argue with 

2870
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:47,500
their resolve. 
The morning, ritual of 

2871
02:23:47,508 --> 02:23:50,100
inventory, has become a 
meditation on scarce City. 

2872
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:53,600
You count dried strips of meat 
that have grown steadily smaller

2873
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:57,000
and tougher examined preserved. 
Buries that looked abundant in 

2874
02:23:57,000 --> 02:24:00,000
the Autumn. 
But now some pitifully few and 

2875
02:24:00,000 --> 02:24:02,800
assess the remaining cash of 
nuts and seeds, that represent 

2876
02:24:02,800 --> 02:24:06,600
your backup player mathematics 
has never felt so personal or so

2877
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:09,800
urgent. 
Hunger, you've discovered is not

2878
02:24:09,800 --> 02:24:12,900
the simple thing. 
You once thought it was, there's

2879
02:24:12,900 --> 02:24:16,100
the immediate hunger that 
follows a misdeal, sharp, and 

2880
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:19,300
demanding attention. 
There's the deeper hunger that 

2881
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:22,700
comes from weeks of reduced 
portions and knowing companion, 

2882
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:25,600
that colors every decision and 
makes concentration difficult. 

2883
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:28,600
And then there's what you've 
come to think of as smart 

2884
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:30,900
hunger. 
The alert awareness that comes 

2885
02:24:30,900 --> 02:24:33,700
when your body begins operating 
with the heightened efficiency 

2886
02:24:33,700 --> 02:24:35,300
of an organism, fighting for 
survival. 

2887
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:39,400
Smart hunger, sharpens your 
senses in unexpected, ways 

2888
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:43,000
sounds become clearer smells 
more distinct and visual 

2889
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:44,400
details. 
That would normally Escape 

2890
02:24:44,400 --> 02:24:46,800
notice suddenly seemed important
and worth remembering. 

2891
02:24:47,700 --> 02:24:50,900
Your body learns to extract 
maximum value from every 

2892
02:24:50,900 --> 02:24:54,400
calorie, allowing it to function
effectively on less fuel than 

2893
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:57,200
you would have thought possible.
It's uncomfortable, but it's 

2894
02:24:57,200 --> 02:25:01,000
also oddly educational. 
The Hunting Party success rates 

2895
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:04,400
have improved dramatically over 
the past month, but not in ways 

2896
02:25:04,400 --> 02:25:05,400
that would have been 
predictable. 

2897
02:25:05,400 --> 02:25:09,800
Earlier, the large game remains 
scarce and unpredictable, but 

2898
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:12,400
your understanding of small prey
has evolved to an almost 

2899
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:15,500
Supernatural level. 
You can predict with remarkable 

2900
02:25:15,500 --> 02:25:18,600
accuracy, where rabbits will be 
moving at different times of 

2901
02:25:18,600 --> 02:25:22,200
day, which areas will hold Targa
after different weather patterns

2902
02:25:22,200 --> 02:25:25,000
and how ice conditions affect 
fishing success. 

2903
02:25:25,000 --> 02:25:27,800
Your trapline have become works 
of art. 

2904
02:25:28,800 --> 02:25:32,200
Systems that seem to catch 
animals almost by Magic but 

2905
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,400
actually work through careful 
observation of animal behavior 

2906
02:25:35,400 --> 02:25:37,500
patterns. 
You've learned to think like 

2907
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:41,500
prey to understand how hunger 
affects decision-making in 

2908
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:44,700
creatures, who survival, depends
on avoiding exactly the kind of 

2909
02:25:44,700 --> 02:25:46,900
traps. 
You're setting the psychological

2910
02:25:46,900 --> 02:25:49,400
aspects of hunger management 
becomes as important as the 

2911
02:25:49,400 --> 02:25:53,700
physical ones, mood regulation 
energy, conservation, and 

2912
02:25:53,700 --> 02:25:56,500
maintaining hope when 
circumstances suggest a spare, 

2913
02:25:56,500 --> 02:25:59,700
these skills develop alongside 
the Practical techniques of 

2914
02:25:59,700 --> 02:26:02,700
finding food. 
The evening Gatherings around 

2915
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:05,800
the fire serve purposes that go 
beyond sharing warmth and light 

2916
02:26:05,800 --> 02:26:09,000
they become group therapy 
sessions where people share 

2917
02:26:09,000 --> 02:26:12,100
strategies for coping with 
discomfort and techniques for 

2918
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:14,400
maintaining mental Clarity. 
When the body's running on 

2919
02:26:14,400 --> 02:26:18,500
reserves food, preparation has 
evolved into high art Every 

2920
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:22,800
scrap gets used every possible. 
Nutrient, extracted, every meal 

2921
02:26:22,800 --> 02:26:25,800
plan to provide maximum 
satisfaction from minimum 

2922
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:28,300
ingredients. 
Soups that would have seemed 

2923
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:30,300
thin and inadequate in times of 
Plenty. 

2924
02:26:30,300 --> 02:26:33,900
Now, tastes rich and nourishing 
combinations of ingredients that

2925
02:26:33,900 --> 02:26:36,000
would never have been tried. 
When better options were 

2926
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:39,400
available, turn out to create 
surprisingly, satisfying meals. 

2927
02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:42,900
The children handle the 
situation with remarkable Grace,

2928
02:26:42,900 --> 02:26:45,900
perhaps, because they lack adult
memories of easier times for 

2929
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:48,200
comparison. 
They approach each meal as 

2930
02:26:48,200 --> 02:26:51,200
adequate rather than 
insufficient except smaller 

2931
02:26:51,200 --> 02:26:55,300
portions as normal, rather than 
hardship, find entertainment in 

2932
02:26:55,300 --> 02:26:58,500
the creative food combinations. 
That necessity produces their 

2933
02:26:58,500 --> 02:27:01,300
resilience becomes a source of 
strength for adults who struggle

2934
02:27:01,300 --> 02:27:05,000
more with the cycle of aspects 
of scarcity, But perhaps, the 

2935
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:07,900
most remarkable change is how 
the community is drawn closer 

2936
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:10,800
together. 
Shared hardship creates bonds, 

2937
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:13,900
that comfortable times. 
Never forward. people who might 

2938
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:17,400
have had minor conflicts in 
these circumstances now Focus 

2939
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:21,500
entirely on Mutual support 
individual competitiveness gives

2940
02:27:21,500 --> 02:27:24,900
way to group cooperation, since 
everyone understands that the 

2941
02:27:24,900 --> 02:27:28,200
survival of each depends on the 
survival of all Information. 

2942
02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:31,800
Sharing becomes more complete 
and systematic successful 

2943
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:34,400
hunting techniques, get 
demonstrated, and practiced, 

2944
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:37,900
until everyone mastered as the 
Food preservation methods get 

2945
02:27:37,900 --> 02:27:40,900
refined through group 
experimentation even small 

2946
02:27:40,900 --> 02:27:43,200
discoveries. 
The new plant that can be eaten 

2947
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:45,100
safely. 
A different way to prepare 

2948
02:27:45,100 --> 02:27:48,100
familiar ingredients, get 
communicated quickly throughout 

2949
02:27:48,100 --> 02:27:50,800
the group. 
The daily routine has adapted to

2950
02:27:50,800 --> 02:27:53,600
conserve energy while 
maintaining necessary activities

2951
02:27:53,600 --> 02:27:56,700
movement becomes more economical
with fewer. 

2952
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,900
Unnecessary trips outside the 
shelter, more careful, planning 

2953
02:27:59,900 --> 02:28:02,900
of essential tasks. 
Rest periods are scheduled to 

2954
02:28:02,900 --> 02:28:06,200
maximize recovery work periods. 
Organized to use available 

2955
02:28:06,200 --> 02:28:07,300
energy. 
Most efficiently. 

2956
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:10,300
Sleep patterns change in 
interesting ways. 

2957
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:13,400
The long nights that once seemed
oppressive now feel like 

2958
02:28:13,400 --> 02:28:16,600
opportunities for deep rest, 
that helps the body manage 

2959
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:20,000
stress and conserve resources, 
dreams become more Vivid, 

2960
02:28:20,000 --> 02:28:23,600
perhaps, because the sleeping 
mind has fewer distractions from

2961
02:28:23,600 --> 02:28:27,200
hunger and discomfort some 
people report dreams that seem 

2962
02:28:27,200 --> 02:28:30,000
to provide useful information 
about finding food or solving 

2963
02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:33,400
practical problems. 
As the month progresses, you 

2964
02:28:33,400 --> 02:28:36,400
begin to understand that this 
experience is teaching lessons 

2965
02:28:36,400 --> 02:28:39,300
that go beyond simple. 
Survival techniques, your 

2966
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:42,300
learning about your own capacity
to adapt about the difference 

2967
02:28:42,300 --> 02:28:45,600
between wants and needs about 
how Community bonds strengthened

2968
02:28:45,600 --> 02:28:48,500
under pressure. 
The hunger moon is revealing 

2969
02:28:48,500 --> 02:28:51,400
strengths, you didn't know you 
possessed and showing you that 

2970
02:28:51,400 --> 02:28:54,400
humans can function effectively 
under conditions that once would

2971
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:56,000
have seemed impossible to 
endure. 

2972
02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:00,000
The anticipation of spring takes
on meanings that City dwellers 

2973
02:29:00,000 --> 02:29:03,300
could never understand. 
Becomes a hoped so fundamental, 

2974
02:29:03,300 --> 02:29:06,100
it feels like prayer. 
The first sign comes not through

2975
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:08,600
sight or sound but through 
something deeper. 

2976
02:29:09,400 --> 02:29:12,200
A subtle shift in the quality of
light, that your winter train 

2977
02:29:12,200 --> 02:29:15,700
sensors detect before your 
conscious mind processes, what 

2978
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:19,800
has changed the snow, still 
Falls, the wind still carries 

2979
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:22,600
its bitter Edge but something in
the are Whispers of 

2980
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:26,200
transformation beginning in 
ways, to small to see that too 

2981
02:29:26,200 --> 02:29:29,300
important to ignore. 
You notice it first in the 

2982
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:32,700
behavior of the small creatures 
who survival depends on reading 

2983
02:29:32,700 --> 02:29:36,800
environmental cues with absolute
accuracy, the arctic foxes 

2984
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:39,400
seamless desperate in their 
hunting, moving with a 

2985
02:29:39,400 --> 02:29:41,900
confidence, that suggests they 
sent abundance coming. 

2986
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:46,900
The Ravens, those black winged 
profits of change Gather in 

2987
02:29:46,900 --> 02:29:49,500
larger groups and call to each 
other in patterns that sound 

2988
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,900
almost celebratory. 
The ice on the streams, begin 

2989
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:56,800
singing different songs where it
wants groaned with the solid 

2990
02:29:56,800 --> 02:30:00,300
weight of deep freeze. 
It now produces subtle sounds 

2991
02:30:00,300 --> 02:30:03,800
tiny cracks and shifts that 
speak of expansion and 

2992
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:06,400
contraction of a frozen World 
beginning. 

2993
02:30:06,400 --> 02:30:09,700
To remember flexibility, these 
sounds become your morning, 

2994
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:12,900
weather report more reliable 
than visual observation for 

2995
02:30:12,900 --> 02:30:16,300
predicting, what the day will 
bring, but changing the natural 

2996
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:19,600
world never arrives as suddenly 
as human impatience would prefer

2997
02:30:20,400 --> 02:30:24,300
Spring is not an event but a 
process, a gradual negotiation 

2998
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:27,100
between Winter's Retreat and 
warmth returned. 

2999
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:31,500
Some days, bring false promises 
temperatures that rise enough to

3000
02:30:31,508 --> 02:30:34,300
create hope, followed by storms 
that remind you. 

3001
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:38,900
Why patients matters more than 
optimism The hunting changes. 

3002
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:42,700
Again, requiring new strategies 
for prey animals, whose Behavior

3003
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:45,300
shifts with the subtle 
environmental cues their far 

3004
02:30:45,300 --> 02:30:47,300
better at reading than any human
Observer. 

3005
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:51,700
Migration patterns begin to 
reverse slowly and tentatively 

3006
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:54,400
as creatures. 
Start their gradual movement 

3007
02:30:54,400 --> 02:30:57,900
toward a cemetery that have been
empty and Frozen for months. 

3008
02:30:57,900 --> 02:31:00,400
Your body begins responding to 
changes. 

3009
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:04,500
You can't quite identify energy 
levels fluctuate in new ways 

3010
02:31:04,500 --> 02:31:08,500
sleep, patterns, shift and 
appetite changes from the Grim 

3011
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:11,300
determination of deep winter to 
something that occasionally 

3012
02:31:11,300 --> 02:31:13,100
resembles, actual pleasure in 
food. 

3013
02:31:14,100 --> 02:31:16,700
It's as if some ancient 
biological clock is beginning to

3014
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:19,600
reset itself. 
Preparing for conditions that 

3015
02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:21,500
aren't here yet but a definitely
coming. 

3016
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:24,900
Social dynamics of your group 
start evolving as well. 

3017
02:31:24,900 --> 02:31:28,600
The intense cooperation Force by
Christ's gives way to more 

3018
02:31:28,600 --> 02:31:32,100
relaxed and tractions though the
bonds forged during the hardest 

3019
02:31:32,100 --> 02:31:34,900
months remain strong. 
People begin talking about 

3020
02:31:34,900 --> 02:31:37,400
projects, they want to tackle 
when movement becomes easier 

3021
02:31:37,400 --> 02:31:39,200
plans. 
They want to implement, when 

3022
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:42,200
resources, become more abundant 
and changes, they want to make 

3023
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:44,100
to improve next, Winter's 
preparations. 

3024
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:48,000
But perhaps the most significant
change is psychological. 

3025
02:31:48,900 --> 02:31:51,700
The bone deep weariness that 
settled over everyone during the

3026
02:31:51,700 --> 02:31:54,700
darkest months. 
Begins lifting replaced by 

3027
02:31:54,700 --> 02:31:56,800
something that feels almost like
anticipation. 

3028
02:31:56,800 --> 02:32:00,700
This is not a celebration as it 
would be premature and 

3029
02:32:00,700 --> 02:32:02,800
potentially dangerous. 
But rather cautious Readiness, 

3030
02:32:02,800 --> 02:32:05,700
for better times ahead, the 
daily routines that kept 

3031
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:07,300
everyone sane during Winter's 
worst. 

3032
02:32:07,308 --> 02:32:11,500
Now feel slightly less essential
the rigid schedule of tasks the 

3033
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:14,800
careful rationing of resources 
and the conservative approach to

3034
02:32:14,808 --> 02:32:17,200
energy expenditure these 
survival. 

3035
02:32:17,200 --> 02:32:20,400
Strategies remain important that
they no longer feel like the 

3036
02:32:20,400 --> 02:32:22,300
only thing standing between life
and death. 

3037
02:32:23,100 --> 02:32:25,700
Snow conditions become 
unreliable in ways that are both

3038
02:32:25,708 --> 02:32:29,200
frustrating and encouraging. 
Temperature, fluctuations, 

3039
02:32:29,200 --> 02:32:34,300
create layers of ice slush and 
power making navigation on 

3040
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:36,400
surfaces that were reliable for 
travel yesterday. 

3041
02:32:37,400 --> 02:32:39,900
But these same changes create 
new opportunities for hunting 

3042
02:32:39,900 --> 02:32:42,300
and gathering in areas that were
previously and accessible. 

3043
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:46,500
The fires Behavior changes too, 
responding to atmospheric 

3044
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:48,700
conditions that shift more 
rapidly than they did. 

3045
02:32:48,700 --> 02:32:51,900
During winter stable. 
Deep freeze smoked patterns. 

3046
02:32:51,900 --> 02:32:55,100
Become harder to predict drafts 
create new challenges for 

3047
02:32:55,100 --> 02:32:58,000
maintaining consistent heat, but
the amount of fuel needed to 

3048
02:32:58,000 --> 02:33:00,300
keep warm begins to decrease in 
and small but noticeable 

3049
02:33:00,300 --> 02:33:04,600
increments Equipment maintenance
takes on new importance as gear 

3050
02:33:04,600 --> 02:33:07,500
that survived winter steady 
conditions faces, the stress of 

3051
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:10,400
temperature changes, moisture 
fluctuations and increased 

3052
02:33:10,400 --> 02:33:14,000
activity levels tools that work 
perfectly and consistent cold 

3053
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:16,700
now, require adjustment for 
conditions that change hourly. 

3054
02:33:17,600 --> 02:33:20,200
To different kind of challenge 
less desperate than winter 

3055
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:22,800
survival, but requiring 
different skills and attention. 

3056
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:25,500
The night. 
Sky tells new stories is cloud 

3057
02:33:25,500 --> 02:33:29,000
patterns become more variable 
star visibility changes with 

3058
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:31,400
atmospheric conditions and the 
Aurora. 

3059
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:34,800
Display shift in intensity and 
frequency navigation. 

3060
02:33:34,800 --> 02:33:37,100
Becomes more complex but also 
more interesting. 

3061
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:40,100
Requiring adaptation of 
techniques that worked well 

3062
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:43,400
during Winter's predictable 
conditions, food Gathering 

3063
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:46,900
opportunities, begin appearing 
in unexpected places and times 

3064
02:33:46,900 --> 02:33:50,600
ice, fishing remains productive,
but requires new techniques as 

3065
02:33:50,600 --> 02:33:52,400
ice conditions become less 
reliable. 

3066
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:56,100
Small game Behavior changes as 
animals, prepare for their own 

3067
02:33:56,100 --> 02:33:59,500
spring, transitions creating 
different, hunting opportunities

3068
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:03,100
that require modified approaches
your people begin to discussing 

3069
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:07,000
some of preparations topics that
would have seemed impossibly 

3070
02:34:07,000 --> 02:34:10,500
optimistic just weeks ago, 
conversation's turned toward 

3071
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:13,500
tool repairs that can wait for 
better weather shelter 

3072
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:16,600
improvements that will require 
materials not yet available and 

3073
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,600
strategic planning for taking 
advantage of the abundance that 

3074
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:21,300
seasonal change promises to 
bring. 

3075
02:34:22,600 --> 02:34:25,700
The community's mood lifts 
perceptibly, though, everyone 

3076
02:34:25,700 --> 02:34:28,500
remains to experience to let 
Hope override caution. 

3077
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:31,500
We won't forget the lessons 
learned during the most 

3078
02:34:31,500 --> 02:34:34,400
challenging months, but they no 
longer feel like the only 

3079
02:34:34,400 --> 02:34:37,200
valuable knowledge. 
Spring brings its own challenges

3080
02:34:37,200 --> 02:34:40,600
and opportunities, requiring 
different wisdom and strategies 

3081
02:34:40,600 --> 02:34:43,200
for success. 
As you sit by tonight's fire 

3082
02:34:43,200 --> 02:34:46,000
watching Flames danced with the 
effortless confidence, of a 

3083
02:34:46,008 --> 02:34:49,100
blaze that no longer requires 
constant feeding and anxious 

3084
02:34:49,100 --> 02:34:51,300
tending. 
You realize that something 

3085
02:34:51,300 --> 02:34:54,300
fundamental has shifted in your 
understanding of what it means 

3086
02:34:54,300 --> 02:34:57,800
to be human in a world that 
makes no promises about Comfort 

3087
02:34:57,800 --> 02:35:00,800
or ease. 
The winter that seemed like it 

3088
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:03,800
would never end has indeed ended
though, not with the dramatic 

3089
02:35:03,800 --> 02:35:06,800
flourish. 
You might have expected spring 

3090
02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:09,800
arrived through 1000. 
Small negotiations between ice 

3091
02:35:09,800 --> 02:35:13,700
and warmth between scarcity and 
abundance and between the 

3092
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:17,000
survival strategies that kept 
you alive, and the adaptation 

3093
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:20,100
strategies that will carry you 
forward, you survived. 

3094
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:23,800
But more than that, you learned 
to thrive in conditions that 

3095
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:25,700
once would have seen impossible 
to endure. 

3096
02:35:26,800 --> 02:35:30,000
Your hands have become library 
of practical knowledge knowing 

3097
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:33,100
without conscious thought. 
How to assess ice thickness? 

3098
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:36,300
How to determine which would 
will burn longest in different 

3099
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:39,600
weather conditions and how to 
read animal tracks in various 

3100
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:42,800
types of snow and soil. 
Your eyes have learned to see 

3101
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:46,000
opportunities, where others 
might notice only obstacles to 

3102
02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:48,600
spot the subtle signs that 
indicate where food can be 

3103
02:35:48,608 --> 02:35:52,200
found, where shelter can be 
improved and where danger might 

3104
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:54,800
be developing. 
But perhaps the most important 

3105
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:57,400
changes in how you think about 
security itself. 

3106
02:35:58,500 --> 02:36:02,300
The old assumptions about what 
constitutes safety, abundant 

3107
02:36:02,300 --> 02:36:06,000
stored, resources, predictable, 
seasonal patterns, reliable 

3108
02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:08,100
sources of everything, 
necessary, for comfortable, 

3109
02:36:08,100 --> 02:36:11,600
survival have been replaced, by 
something more flexible, and 

3110
02:36:11,600 --> 02:36:15,000
ultimately more reliable 
confidence, in your ability to 

3111
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:18,400
adapt to whatever conditions 
actually exists rather than 

3112
02:36:18,400 --> 02:36:20,100
whatever conditions you might 
prefer. 

3113
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:24,300
The community that emerges from 
this extended trial, feels 

3114
02:36:24,300 --> 02:36:26,000
different from the group that 
entered it. 

3115
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:29,900
Bonds forged by shared hardship.
Create a social Foundation 

3116
02:36:29,900 --> 02:36:32,600
stronger than convenience or 
traditional alone could provide 

3117
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:35,700
Everyone has seen everyone else 
function Under Pressure 

3118
02:36:35,700 --> 02:36:39,500
contribute, solutions to Shared 
problems, and maintain hope and 

3119
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:41,400
humour. 
When circumstances suggested 

3120
02:36:41,400 --> 02:36:44,400
despair, these are people. 
You know, you can depend on 

3121
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:48,000
because you've already depended 
on the successfully Skills 

3122
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:50,800
developed out of desperate 
necessity, have become sources 

3123
02:36:50,800 --> 02:36:54,200
of Pride and pleasure, that 
extend far beyond their survival

3124
02:36:54,200 --> 02:36:56,908
value. 
Trial and error led to the 

3125
02:36:56,916 --> 02:37:00,500
evolution of trap designs, which
now stand as both artistic 

3126
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:02,500
achievements and functional 
tools. 

3127
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:06,100
The food preparation techniques,
born from scarcity. 

3128
02:37:06,100 --> 02:37:09,400
Have created cuisine that 
satisfies in ways that go beyond

3129
02:37:09,400 --> 02:37:13,200
simple nutrition, the resource 
management strategies developed 

3130
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:16,000
for survival have applications, 
that will improve life. 

3131
02:37:16,000 --> 02:37:19,500
Even when abundance returns. 
Your relationship with the 

3132
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:22,400
natural world has deepened in 
ways that might seem paradoxical

3133
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:25,600
to outside observers the 
environment that once seemed 

3134
02:37:25,600 --> 02:37:28,500
hostile and threatening. 
Now feels like a complex 

3135
02:37:28,500 --> 02:37:32,200
partner, in an ongoing 
negotiation You understand, its 

3136
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,300
moods and patterns more 
intimately and can read its 

3137
02:37:35,300 --> 02:37:38,800
signals more accurately. 
You also respect its power and 

3138
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:40,500
unpredictability more 
completely. 

3139
02:37:42,200 --> 02:37:45,600
That nature has become friendly.
Is that you've learned to be a 

3140
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:48,200
more worthy participant in its 
ongoing processes. 

3141
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:51,500
Your mind is already shaping the
stories that will unfold during 

3142
02:37:51,500 --> 02:37:54,100
this era. 
These are not Tales of heroic 

3143
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:57,700
Conquest over Natural Forces, 
but rather Tales of successful 

3144
02:37:57,700 --> 02:38:01,100
adaptation creative 
problem-solving and Community. 

3145
02:38:01,100 --> 02:38:04,800
Resilience, these stories will 
serve future Generations, not as

3146
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:07,100
entertainment. 
But as practical wisdom, 

3147
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,000
templates for handling 
challenges that will inevitably 

3148
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:14,200
arise in different forms. 
Sleep comes easier now not, 

3149
02:38:14,200 --> 02:38:17,300
because conditions have become 
completely comfortable, but 

3150
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:20,100
because you've learned to find 
rest even when Circumstances 

3151
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:24,400
aren't ideal your dreams. 
Have also transformed now, 

3152
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:28,500
brimming with imaginative vision
of unexplored possibilities and 

3153
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:31,000
stead of fearful scenarios of 
things going wrong. 

3154
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:34,600
The future feels like something.
You can engage with actively 

3155
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:36,700
rather than something that 
simply happened to you. 

3156
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:40,500
The morning rituals that once 
focused primarily on assessment 

3157
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:42,300
of resources and planning for 
survival. 

3158
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:45,800
Now, include time for 
appreciation of Duty, a pleasure

3159
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:49,000
in simple accomplishments and 
for anticipation of projects 

3160
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:53,200
that serve purposes Beyond near 
necessity. life has regained 

3161
02:38:53,200 --> 02:38:56,800
some of its richness even while 
remaining grounded in realistic 

3162
02:38:56,800 --> 02:38:59,800
awareness of what the world 
actually offers rather than what

3163
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:03,900
it might ideally provide As the 
fire settles into the steady 

3164
02:39:03,900 --> 02:39:05,800
burn that will carry warmth 
through the night. 

3165
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:09,000
You understand that this 
experience is prepared you for 

3166
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:12,000
whatever comes next in ways that
go far beyond the specific 

3167
02:39:12,000 --> 02:39:15,300
skills of Ice Age survival. 
You've learned to pay attention 

3168
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:18,700
to subtle changes to respond 
creatively to unexpected 

3169
02:39:18,700 --> 02:39:21,800
challenges and to find 
satisfaction in making the best 

3170
02:39:21,800 --> 02:39:25,200
of whatever circumstances. 
Actually exist tomorrow will 

3171
02:39:25,200 --> 02:39:28,300
bring its own puzzles and 
opportunities small crises and 

3172
02:39:28,300 --> 02:39:31,800
unexpected gifts. 
But tonight surrounded by the 

3173
02:39:31,800 --> 02:39:34,400
quiet, breathing of your 
sleeping Community warmed by 

3174
02:39:34,408 --> 02:39:37,400
fire and Furs and the Deep 
satisfaction of another day 

3175
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:41,200
successfully navigated you rest 
in the knowledge that humans are

3176
02:39:41,200 --> 02:39:43,500
a remarkably capable creatures 
when they need to be. 

3177
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:47,300
And that you are in all the ways
that matter remarkably and 

3178
02:39:47,300 --> 02:39:50,700
wonderfully human. 
Outside the world continues, its

3179
02:39:50,700 --> 02:39:55,000
ancient conversation between 
Challenge and adaptation between

3180
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:58,300
the difficulties that test 
survival in the creativity that 

3181
02:39:58,300 --> 02:40:01,700
makes survival worth wild. 
You've learned to speak this 

3182
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:04,700
language fluently and that 
knowledge will serve you well in

3183
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:15,100
whatever Seasons lie ahead. 
Picture this. 

3184
02:40:15,900 --> 02:40:17,800
You're settling in with your 
evening tea. 

3185
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,800
Maybe wondering what life was 
really like for women in one of 

3186
02:40:20,808 --> 02:40:25,100
history's, most mysterious 
Empires Well, grab that blanket 

3187
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:29,100
a little tighter because the 
truth about ottoman women is far

3188
02:40:29,100 --> 02:40:32,900
more fascinating than any 
Hollywood movie ever suggested. 

3189
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:35,400
Let's start by throwing out 
everything. 

3190
02:40:35,400 --> 02:40:37,100
You think, you know, about 
harems? 

3191
02:40:37,100 --> 02:40:39,300
Could you imagine those 
gorgeous? 

3192
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:42,500
Perfume Chambers filled with 
languishing Beauties. 

3193
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:44,900
This is Pure Fantasy. 
My friend. 

3194
02:40:44,900 --> 02:40:48,100
The reality was more like a 
cross between a boarding school,

3195
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:52,100
a finishing Academy. 
And if we're being honest, very 

3196
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:55,100
exclusive sorority house with 
serious political clout. 

3197
02:40:55,900 --> 02:40:58,700
You see the ottoman Imperial 
hair and wasn't just where the 

3198
02:40:58,700 --> 02:41:01,500
salt and kept his wives. 
It was the nerve center of 

3199
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:04,500
female power in an Empire that 
stretched from Hungary to Yemen.

3200
02:41:05,300 --> 02:41:08,000
Think of it as the Ultimate 
Women's networking event that 

3201
02:41:08,000 --> 02:41:10,900
lasted for centuries. 
The women there were just 

3202
02:41:10,900 --> 02:41:13,400
sitting around eating Turkish, 
delighting themselves. 

3203
02:41:13,400 --> 02:41:17,000
They were running businesses, 
influencing politics and quite 

3204
02:41:17,000 --> 02:41:20,400
literally shaping the future of 
three continents, take her home 

3205
02:41:20,400 --> 02:41:23,700
for instance, you might know her
as rock Salon if you've watched 

3206
02:41:23,700 --> 02:41:27,200
any Turkish dramas lately. 
This Ukrainian woman didn't just

3207
02:41:27,200 --> 02:41:28,800
catch the eye of Suleiman the 
Magnificent. 

3208
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:32,300
She completely revolutionized, 
how Imperial marriages worked. 

3209
02:41:33,000 --> 02:41:36,700
Before her, Sultans didn't marry
their concubines after her. 

3210
02:41:36,700 --> 02:41:39,600
Well, let's just say she rewrote
the rules while having 

3211
02:41:39,600 --> 02:41:42,000
breakfast. 
And here's what really tickles 

3212
02:41:42,000 --> 02:41:45,100
me about ottoman, women's 
history, while European ladies 

3213
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:48,100
were still asking permission to 
read books, ottoman women were 

3214
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:50,900
founding libraries commissioning
mosques and running 

3215
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,600
International Trade Networks. 
Vileda. 

3216
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:56,600
Sultan the mother of the 
reigning, Sultan wielded more 

3217
02:41:56,600 --> 02:41:58,800
real political power than most 
Kings in Europe. 

3218
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,200
She controlled her own Court by 
budget and intelligence Network 

3219
02:42:02,200 --> 02:42:05,400
surpassing the capabilities of 
any modern diplomat. 

3220
02:42:06,400 --> 02:42:08,900
The morning routine in the Harem
would put your yoga class to 

3221
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:11,600
shame these. 
Women started their days and 

3222
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:13,800
communal baths that were 
architectural Marvels. 

3223
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:17,400
Imagine soaking in warm marble 
pools, while discussing the 

3224
02:42:17,400 --> 02:42:20,500
latest political developments 
and planning, which Public Works

3225
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,500
projects to fund next The Hammam
wasn't just about getting clean.

3226
02:42:24,500 --> 02:42:28,200
It was where deals were made 
alliances formed and the 

3227
02:42:28,200 --> 02:42:31,300
Empire's future quietly decided 
over rows centered Steam. 

3228
02:42:32,200 --> 02:42:34,600
And speaking of morning 
routines, let's talk about 

3229
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:36,800
coffee. 
Yes, coffee. 

3230
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:40,200
Ottoman women were among the 
first to embrace this 

3231
02:42:40,200 --> 02:42:42,600
revolutionary. 
Beverage turning coffee houses, 

3232
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,200
in to informal centers, of 
female Social Power. 

3233
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:48,900
While the member of conquering 
territories, the women were 

3234
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:51,800
conquering hearts and Minds over
perfectly brewed, Turkish 

3235
02:42:51,800 --> 02:42:54,100
coffee. 
They even developed elaborate 

3236
02:42:54,100 --> 02:42:56,600
coffee, fortune telling 
Traditions that still exists 

3237
02:42:56,600 --> 02:42:59,300
today. 
Because apparently reading the 

3238
02:42:59,300 --> 02:43:02,400
future and coffee grounds as 
both practical and entertaining.

3239
02:43:03,400 --> 02:43:04,900
Clothing. 
These women wore would make 

3240
02:43:04,908 --> 02:43:08,400
modern fashion designers. 
Wheat With Envy, forget those 

3241
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:10,700
flimsy hair and pants from 
costume shops. 

3242
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,700
Real ottoman women dressed in 
layers of silk, and velvet that 

3243
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:18,800
cost more than small kingdoms. 
Their caftans were walking art, 

3244
02:43:18,800 --> 02:43:22,000
galleries, embroidered with 
Golden Threads that told stories

3245
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:25,000
of Their Own. 
Singles sleeve might feature, 

3246
02:43:25,000 --> 02:43:28,300
motifs representing their 
Hometown, their achievements, 

3247
02:43:28,300 --> 02:43:32,000
and their hopes for the future. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

3248
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:35,600
thing about these women was 
their education, while European 

3249
02:43:35,600 --> 02:43:37,200
women were considered 
well-educated. 

3250
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,300
If they could embroidered a 
nicely ottoman, women were 

3251
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:45,000
studying mathematics, astronomy 
literature and theology They 

3252
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:47,700
wrote poetry that influenced 
entire literary movements 

3253
02:43:47,700 --> 02:43:51,400
composed music that echoed 
through Palace halls and engaged

3254
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:53,900
in philosophical debate, that 
would challenge any modern 

3255
02:43:53,900 --> 02:43:56,600
academic. 
The evening entertainment in the

3256
02:43:56,600 --> 02:43:58,200
Harem wasn't what you'd expect 
either. 

3257
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:01,500
Instead of belly dancing, which 
by the way, wasn't even 

3258
02:44:01,500 --> 02:44:04,600
particularly ottoman, these 
women organized sophisticated 

3259
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:07,400
salons, where they discussed, 
everything from architecture to 

3260
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,400
military strategy, they were 
patrons of the Arts, who 

3261
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:13,000
discovered and supported some of
the Empire's greatest talents. 

3262
02:44:13,000 --> 02:44:17,000
So, as you drift off tonight, 
remember this, the next time, 

3263
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:19,400
someone mentions ottoman women. 
You'll know. 

3264
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:21,900
They weren't just beautiful 
ornaments in a Sultan's 

3265
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:24,100
collection. 
They were the backbone of an 

3266
02:44:24,100 --> 02:44:26,600
Empire. 
The power behind the throne and 

3267
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:29,200
quite possibly having more fun 
than anyone gives them credit. 

3268
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:32,300
For now that you're comfortable,
let's slip into the silk 

3269
02:44:32,300 --> 02:44:34,900
slippers of the most powerful 
woman in the Ottoman Empire. 

3270
02:44:34,900 --> 02:44:39,400
The validity salted Imagine 
waking up each morning knowing 

3271
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:42,000
that your decisions could 
literally reshape the map of the

3272
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:44,400
world before lunch. 
There's no pressure, right? 

3273
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:49,500
The Valle de Sultan's day 
started Before Sunrise, not due 

3274
02:44:49,500 --> 02:44:51,900
to her preference for early 
mornings, but due to the 

3275
02:44:51,900 --> 02:44:55,800
unpredictable nature of running 
a transcontinental Empire, the 

3276
02:44:55,800 --> 02:44:59,800
morning briefing would make any 
modern CEOs head spin reports 

3277
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:02,900
from provincial governments 
update on Military campaigns 

3278
02:45:02,900 --> 02:45:06,800
intelligence from the Venetian 
Ambassador and oh yes making 

3279
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:09,900
sure her son The Salted, 
remember to eat something 

3280
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:13,600
besides dates and honey for 
breakfast, these women were just

3281
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:16,900
figured heads with fancy titles.
They controlled enormous, 

3282
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:20,600
budgets manage, vast, real 
estate portfolios, and maintain 

3283
02:45:20,600 --> 02:45:23,500
diplomatic correspondence with 
Queen's and empresses across 

3284
02:45:23,500 --> 02:45:26,600
Europe. 
Sophia Sultan mother of mehmed 

3285
02:45:26,600 --> 02:45:29,900
III once casually decided to 
fund the construction of a 

3286
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:31,600
massive mosque complex in 
Istanbul. 

3287
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:34,900
In response to the treasurer's 
concerns about the cost. 

3288
02:45:34,900 --> 02:45:40,100
She said, well, Build It Anyway.
The Empire can afford it and if 

3289
02:45:40,100 --> 02:45:42,900
it can't, we'll just conquer 
somewhere wealthy. 

3290
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:47,000
Talk about confidence in your 
family business, the 

3291
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:50,100
bureaucracy, these women had to 
navigate on a daily basis would 

3292
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:53,900
cause modern politicians, 
immense anxiety, every morning 

3293
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:56,600
brought a parade of officials 
each with their agenda, their 

3294
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:59,900
problems and their own, very 
creative interpretations of the 

3295
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:04,600
truth. the valide sultan had to 
be part Diplomat, part detective

3296
02:46:04,600 --> 02:46:08,600
and part mother hen off before 
her morning, coffee had a chance

3297
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:12,400
to cool down Interestingly, 
these women established their 

3298
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:14,300
own informal. 
Communication, networks 

3299
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:18,100
surpassing the capabilities of 
any modern social media platform

3300
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:21,400
through a system of loyal 
servants, strategic marriages 

3301
02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:24,400
and carefully placed allies. 
A valid Sultan could have 

3302
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:26,800
information from the father's 
corners of the Empire on her 

3303
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:29,600
desk fast at an official 
government reports. 

3304
02:46:30,400 --> 02:46:32,900
They practically invented 
crowdsourcing except instead of 

3305
02:46:32,908 --> 02:46:36,000
entertaining cat videos, they 
were sharing intelligence about 

3306
02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:37,500
trade routes and Military 
movements. 

3307
02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:40,200
The midday meal in the valley to
Sultan's. 

3308
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:41,400
Quarters. 
Wasn't just lunch. 

3309
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:46,100
It was a diplomatic Summit to 
social Gathering picture this 

3310
02:46:46,800 --> 02:46:49,300
You're trying to enjoy your 
stuffed grape leaves while 

3311
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:52,300
simultaneously mediating, a 
dispute between two provincial 

3312
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:55,200
Governors, planning your 
daughter's wedding to strengthen

3313
02:46:55,200 --> 02:46:58,800
an alliance with Crimea nobility
and deciding whether to support 

3314
02:46:58,800 --> 02:47:00,900
your son's latest military 
Adventure. 

3315
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:05,100
It was just another Tuesday in 
the life of the most powerful 

3316
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:08,700
woman in the Empire. 
The real magic unfolded during 

3317
02:47:08,700 --> 02:47:12,700
afternoon audiences petitioners 
would line up Merchant seeking 

3318
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:15,600
trade, privileges Scholars, 
requesting patronage, and 

3319
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:18,400
mothers asking for their sons 
released from military service. 

3320
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,300
The valley, their Sultan had to 
be Solomon and Mother Teresa 

3321
02:47:22,300 --> 02:47:25,600
rolled into one dispensing. 
Justice, and mercy in equal 

3322
02:47:25,600 --> 02:47:27,800
measure. 
And she had to do it all while 

3323
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:30,900
wearing about 15 pounds of 
ceremonial robes and headdress 

3324
02:47:30,900 --> 02:47:33,800
that required its own 
architectural Sports system. 

3325
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:37,500
The paperwork alone would 
terrify, modern administrator. 

3326
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:40,900
Every decision had to be 
documented every favor, 

3327
02:47:40,900 --> 02:47:44,400
carefully recorded and every 
Alliance meticulously tracked. 

3328
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,800
These women were managing 
complex political relationships 

3329
02:47:47,800 --> 02:47:49,400
across dozens of cultures and 
languages. 

3330
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:52,800
All while maintaining the 
delicate balance between Islamic

3331
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:56,200
law and Imperial traditional and
practical necessity. 

3332
02:47:57,300 --> 02:48:00,300
But perhaps the most exhausting 
part of a valid Sultan's, day 

3333
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:01,900
was managing the family 
Dynamics. 

3334
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:05,200
Imagine trying to keep peace 
between multiple daughters and 

3335
02:48:05,200 --> 02:48:08,700
law, each think their son should
be the next Sultan while also 

3336
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:11,700
making sure your own son doesn't
make any catastrophically bad 

3337
02:48:11,700 --> 02:48:14,100
decisions. 
It was like, running family 

3338
02:48:14,100 --> 02:48:16,600
therapy sessions for people who 
had armies at their disposal. 

3339
02:48:17,400 --> 02:48:19,200
The evening hours, brought a 
different kind of work, 

3340
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:22,300
meticulous cultivation of 
culture and learning that 

3341
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:25,200
elevated, the ottoman Court to a
position of European Envy. 

3342
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:29,200
These women were patreons of 
poets, Architects, musicians, 

3343
02:48:29,200 --> 02:48:31,900
and Scholars. 
They commissioned breathtaking. 

3344
02:48:31,900 --> 02:48:34,900
Works of art funded. 
Scientific Expeditions that 

3345
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:38,000
enriched human knowledge and 
supported literary salons that 

3346
02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:40,000
produced some of the world's 
greatest poetry. 

3347
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:44,900
Through it all, they maintained 
their Grace, their dignity and 

3348
02:48:44,900 --> 02:48:47,600
their sentence of humor. 
Managing an Empire. 

3349
02:48:47,600 --> 02:48:51,000
Spanning three continents 
requires one to either embrace 

3350
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:54,400
the absurdity of the situation 
or succumb to complete Insanity.

3351
02:48:54,400 --> 02:48:58,500
Thanks for the majority of the 
opted for laughter which likely 

3352
02:48:58,500 --> 02:49:00,400
explains why their legacy 
endures today. 

3353
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:04,300
Despite the collapse of many 
other, powerful dynasties, pull 

3354
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:07,100
that blanket up a little higher 
because we're about to dive into

3355
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:09,100
the most misunderstood aspect of
Ottoman. 

3356
02:49:09,100 --> 02:49:14,800
Women's lives, love and married.
Trust me, it's nothing like what

3357
02:49:14,800 --> 02:49:17,800
you've seen in those dramatic 
television series where everyone

3358
02:49:17,800 --> 02:49:20,400
seems to spend their entire day 
gazing, longingly through 

3359
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:23,700
lattice windows. 
Firstly, let's tackle the most 

3360
02:49:23,700 --> 02:49:27,900
significant issue the Sultan in 
the harem Ottoman. 

3361
02:49:27,900 --> 02:49:30,300
Marriage politics was so 
complex, they'd make modern 

3362
02:49:30,300 --> 02:49:33,300
dating apps look simple. 
These were not merely romantic 

3363
02:49:33,300 --> 02:49:35,100
Arrangements. 
They were International 

3364
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:37,000
treaties. 
A company by a wedding cake. 

3365
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:40,500
Entire regions are weighted the 
marriage of an ottoman princess 

3366
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,300
is the alliance had the 
potential to shift the balance 

3367
02:49:43,300 --> 02:49:45,600
of power from the Adriatic to 
the Black Sea. 

3368
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:48,900
Take princess Miramar daughter 
of sleiman the Magnificent. 

3369
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:55,000
Prince married to grand. 
Vizier was not merely a romantic

3370
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:58,300
Union despite their Mutual 
fondness but a strategic 

3371
02:49:58,300 --> 02:50:02,300
maneuver that solidified power 
and showed loyalty and extended 

3372
02:50:02,300 --> 02:50:04,700
her influence beyond the 
traditional realm of a wife. 

3373
02:50:06,100 --> 02:50:08,400
She basically became the 
Empire's unofficial foreign 

3374
02:50:08,400 --> 02:50:12,000
minister except with better 
jewelry and significantly more 

3375
02:50:12,000 --> 02:50:15,100
dramatic family dinners. 
But here's what's truly 

3376
02:50:15,100 --> 02:50:18,700
fascinating, ottoman, women had 
far more say in their marriages 

3377
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:19,900
than their European 
counterparts. 

3378
02:50:21,200 --> 02:50:24,200
While English and French lady is
being traded like poker chips, 

3379
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:28,500
ottoman, women specially those 
of higher rank could negotiate, 

3380
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:31,500
their marriage contracts, 
specify their rights and even 

3381
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:35,300
include divorce courts, closest,
before prenuptial agreements, 

3382
02:50:35,300 --> 02:50:38,400
gain popularity, ottoman. 
Women were crafting prenuptial 

3383
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:40,500
agreements that would leave 
modern lawyers, envious. 

3384
02:50:41,400 --> 02:50:44,300
The whole concubine system. 
While obviously problematic by. 

3385
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:47,300
Today's standards was actually 
more nuanced than most people 

3386
02:50:47,300 --> 02:50:50,100
realize. 
Many of these women wielded 

3387
02:50:50,100 --> 02:50:54,400
enormous influence accumulated, 
vast personal wealth and 

3388
02:50:54,400 --> 02:50:56,900
maintained their households 
after their formal relationships

3389
02:50:56,900 --> 02:50:59,000
ended. 
Some became powerful 

3390
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:01,400
businesswoman. 
Others devoted themselves to 

3391
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:05,000
charitable works and quite a few
became the power behind various 

3392
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:07,800
political movements. 
Rather than being passive 

3393
02:51:07,800 --> 02:51:09,800
victims. 
These women actively 

3394
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:13,200
participated in the process 
often outperforming their male 

3395
02:51:13,200 --> 02:51:15,800
counterparts. 
The marriage ceremony is in the 

3396
02:51:15,800 --> 02:51:18,300
ottoman, Court passed the 
Grandeur of modern Royal 

3397
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:20,600
wedding's. 
Were talking weeklong 

3398
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:24,000
celebrations, that involved the 
entire city, with processions, 

3399
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:26,500
fireworks, and enough food to 
feed a small army. 

3400
02:51:27,400 --> 02:51:29,600
The bride's true. 
So alone could fund a military 

3401
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:32,100
campaign. 
Featuring textiles from across 

3402
02:51:32,100 --> 02:51:34,300
the Empire. 
Jewelry that required its 

3403
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:38,000
security detail and household 
items crafted by the finest 

3404
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:41,600
artists in the known world. 
But the real drama happened 

3405
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:44,100
after the wedding, and these 
women had to navigate the 

3406
02:51:44,100 --> 02:51:46,400
intricate social hierarchies of 
their new homes. 

3407
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:49,700
A lot of men bride wasn't just 
marrying a man. 

3408
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:52,900
She was entering a complex web 
of relationships with other 

3409
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:57,100
wives, conquering children and 
extended family members. 

3410
02:51:58,300 --> 02:52:00,800
Excess necessitated The 
Diplomatic abilities of an 

3411
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:04,800
ambassador, the forbearance of a
saint and the Strategic Acumen 

3412
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:07,800
of a chess, Grandmaster, the 
love letters that survived from 

3413
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:10,100
this period, are absolutely 
delicious. 

3414
02:52:11,100 --> 02:52:15,300
These women wrote with passion 
wit and sometimes a delightfully

3415
02:52:15,300 --> 02:52:18,500
cutting sense of humor. 
One princess wrote to her 

3416
02:52:18,500 --> 02:52:21,700
husband, during a military 
campaign, the roses in our 

3417
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:25,200
garden of blooming beautifully. 
Much like my affection for you 

3418
02:52:25,200 --> 02:52:26,900
though. 
The roses require less 

3419
02:52:26,900 --> 02:52:29,200
maintenance and complain, far 
less about the weather. 

3420
02:52:30,200 --> 02:52:32,900
Apparently, even Royal romance 
came with a side of gentle 

3421
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:36,100
teasing. 
Divorce while not common was 

3422
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:38,300
possible and sometimes 
surprisingly amicable. 

3423
02:52:39,100 --> 02:52:40,400
Ottoman. 
Women could retain their 

3424
02:52:40,400 --> 02:52:43,300
property their titles and often 
their influence. 

3425
02:52:43,300 --> 02:52:46,800
Some divorced Imperial wives 
went on to become major patron 

3426
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:50,600
of the Arts, funding mosques 
schools and charitable 

3427
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:53,200
foundations. 
They basically invented the 

3428
02:52:53,200 --> 02:52:55,700
concept of independent wealth 
and social influence after 

3429
02:52:55,700 --> 02:52:58,900
marriage, which wasn't exactly 
trending in 16th century, 

3430
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:00,800
Europe. 
The children from these 

3431
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:03,700
marriages often became Bridges 
between different cultures, and 

3432
02:53:03,700 --> 02:53:06,800
traditions. 
Ottoman princesses, who married 

3433
02:53:06,800 --> 02:53:09,600
into noble families? 
Across the Empire didn't just 

3434
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:13,400
bring political alliances. 
They brought languages, Custer's

3435
02:53:13,400 --> 02:53:17,200
artistic traditions, and Cullen.
Represents that enrich the 

3436
02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:19,300
already diverse, ottoman, 
cultural landscape. 

3437
02:53:19,300 --> 02:53:22,000
They were walking cultural 
exchange programs. 

3438
02:53:22,000 --> 02:53:24,600
Minus the awkward Icebreaker 
activities. 

3439
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:27,100
And let's not forget the 
grandmothers. 

3440
02:53:27,800 --> 02:53:30,500
The former wives and mothers who
had successfully navigated 

3441
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:34,100
Decades of Imperial politics. 
These women became the 

3442
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:37,900
unofficial advisors the keepers 
of institutional memory and the 

3443
02:53:37,900 --> 02:53:41,900
ones who could gently or not. 
So gently remind everyone how 

3444
02:53:41,900 --> 02:53:44,700
things were supposed to work. 
They were living libraries of 

3445
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:48,600
political wisdom relationship 
advice and probably some truly 

3446
02:53:48,600 --> 02:53:53,100
spectacular gossip. 
So tonight, as you're drifting 

3447
02:53:53,100 --> 02:53:56,400
off to sleep, remember that 
ottoman love stories weren't 

3448
02:53:56,400 --> 02:53:58,700
just about passion and romance 
though. 

3449
02:53:58,700 --> 02:54:00,200
There was certainly plenty of 
both. 

3450
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:03,400
They were about women, who knew 
that, love and politics could 

3451
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:07,200
co-exist that the heart and mind
could work together, and that 

3452
02:54:07,200 --> 02:54:09,300
writing your own rules about 
relationships, could be 

3453
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:10,900
revolutionary. 
That's one. 

3454
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:13,400
Wander away from the palace now 
and into the bustling heart of 

3455
02:54:13,400 --> 02:54:16,700
Ottoman Commerce, a women were 
quietly, revolutionizing 

3456
02:54:16,700 --> 02:54:19,200
business practices while 
everyone else was arguing about 

3457
02:54:19,200 --> 02:54:22,300
trade routes Grab your imaginary
Market Basket? 

3458
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:24,200
Because we were about to 
discover that ottoman. 

3459
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:27,100
Women basically invented on 
entrepreneurship centuries 

3460
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:28,800
before anyone thought to call it
that. 

3461
02:54:29,700 --> 02:54:31,900
The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul 
wasn't just a shopping 

3462
02:54:31,900 --> 02:54:34,100
destination. 
It was the New York Stock 

3463
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:36,200
Exchange, Silicon Valley and 
Wall Street. 

3464
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:40,800
All rolled into one magnificent,
aromatic Maze, and surprise. 

3465
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:42,500
Women weren't just shopping 
there. 

3466
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:44,900
They were running the show from 
behind the scenes. 

3467
02:54:44,900 --> 02:54:47,900
Pulling strings like Master 
puppeteers, who happened to have

3468
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:50,900
excellent taste and textiles 
meet the two car. 

3469
02:54:50,900 --> 02:54:53,600
Hanim the merchant women, who 
operated trading networks, that 

3470
02:54:53,600 --> 02:54:57,100
spanned from Cairo to Crimea. 
These weren't small-time 

3471
02:54:57,100 --> 02:55:00,400
shopkeepers selling trinkets to 
tourists were talking about 

3472
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:03,900
women who financed entire 
Caravans maintained warehouse's 

3473
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:07,500
multiple continents and could 
crash local economies simply by 

3474
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:09,500
deciding not to buy silk That 
season. 

3475
02:55:10,400 --> 02:55:11,800
They were the original 
PowerShot. 

3476
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:15,700
They were shopping wholesale and
their purchasing decisions 

3477
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:18,900
affected in international trade.
The textile business was 

3478
02:55:18,900 --> 02:55:22,200
particularly dominated by women 
which makes perfect sense. 

3479
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:25,600
When you think about it, who 
better to judge the quality of 

3480
02:55:25,600 --> 02:55:29,300
silk and someone who has been 
wearing it since childhood These

3481
02:55:29,300 --> 02:55:32,400
women developed quality control 
standards that European guilds 

3482
02:55:32,400 --> 02:55:34,800
could not match. 
They could determine the origin 

3483
02:55:34,800 --> 02:55:38,600
of a piece of fabric by touch 
alone, spot in theory dies from 

3484
02:55:38,600 --> 02:55:41,800
across a crowded bizarre and 
negotiate prices that would make

3485
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:45,200
modern corporate lawyers proud 
But here's where it gets 

3486
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:47,500
intriguing. 
Many of these business, women 

3487
02:55:47,500 --> 02:55:50,800
were also major creditors. 
They loaned money to everyone 

3488
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:53,500
from Village Merchants to 
provincial Governors and their 

3489
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:56,900
record, keeping systems were so 
sophisticated that European 

3490
02:55:56,900 --> 02:55:59,600
banking houses, eventually 
adopted similar practices. 

3491
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:03,300
They basically invented 
Commercial Banking, except with 

3492
02:56:03,300 --> 02:56:05,900
better customer service and 
considerably more Style. 

3493
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:09,500
The spice trade was another 
female dominated Arena, which 

3494
02:56:09,500 --> 02:56:13,000
honestly makes perfect sense. 
These women were knowledgeable 

3495
02:56:13,000 --> 02:56:16,300
about the freshness of cardamom 
pods, the value of saffron. 

3496
02:56:16,300 --> 02:56:19,700
And the Art of blending spices 
to elevate, ordinary meals into 

3497
02:56:19,700 --> 02:56:23,200
culinary masterpieces, they 
created preservation techniques 

3498
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,700
shipping methods and quality 
grading systems that remain in 

3499
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:29,900
use today. 
An ottoman spice Merchants could

3500
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:32,300
track her products from a 
village in India to a kitchen, 

3501
02:56:32,300 --> 02:56:35,400
in Prague surpassing the 
capabilities of modern Supply 

3502
02:56:35,400 --> 02:56:39,200
Chain management. the jewelry 
business was practically a 

3503
02:56:39,200 --> 02:56:42,500
female Monopoly and for good 
reason, Ottoman. 

3504
02:56:42,500 --> 02:56:45,400
Women understood gems, not just 
as decorative objects, but as 

3505
02:56:45,400 --> 02:56:48,900
portable wealth, investment 
vehicles and insurance policies 

3506
02:56:48,900 --> 02:56:50,700
all rolled in to one sparkly 
package. 

3507
02:56:51,600 --> 02:56:54,100
They could appraise a ruby 
faster than modern demolishes 

3508
02:56:54,100 --> 02:56:57,500
create demand for specific 
Stones through strategic wearing

3509
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:00,600
at social events and time their 
sales to Market fluctuations 

3510
02:57:00,600 --> 02:57:04,300
with an accuracy that would 
impress any modern day trader. 

3511
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:07,700
Truly remarkable is how these 
women balance their business 

3512
02:57:07,700 --> 02:57:09,800
Empires with their family 
responsibilities. 

3513
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:13,500
Imagine managing import export 
operations across three 

3514
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:16,400
continents, ensuring your 
daughter's wedding is adorned, 

3515
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:19,600
with the finest Linens, your 
son's education incorporates, 

3516
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:23,000
the latest mathematical Concepts
and your household functions 

3517
02:57:23,000 --> 02:57:25,600
smoothly enough to host 
diplomatic dinners on short 

3518
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:28,000
notice. 
These women were the original 

3519
02:57:28,000 --> 02:57:30,900
multitaskers juggling 
responsibilities that would 

3520
02:57:30,900 --> 02:57:32,900
overwhelm most modern 
Executives. 

3521
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:36,200
These business women's 
networking capabilities surpass.

3522
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:39,400
Those of modern professional 
organizations, they maintained 

3523
02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:41,900
correspondence with female 
Merchants from Morocco to 

3524
02:57:41,900 --> 02:57:45,200
Malaysia sharing Market 
intelligence warning. 

3525
02:57:45,200 --> 02:57:48,100
Each other about dishonest 
dealers and coordinating prices 

3526
02:57:48,100 --> 02:57:51,900
to maintain profitable margins. 
They had created an informal 

3527
02:57:51,900 --> 02:57:53,900
International Chamber of 
Commerce centuries. 

3528
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:56,600
Before anyone thought to 
formalize such organization's, 

3529
02:57:56,600 --> 02:58:00,600
many of these women also became 
incredible philanthropists using

3530
02:58:00,600 --> 02:58:03,900
their wealth to fund Public 
Works projects that benefited 

3531
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:06,800
entire communities. 
They built fountains that 

3532
02:58:06,800 --> 02:58:08,500
provided free water to 
Travelers. 

3533
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:11,400
Established Caravan serai that 
offered safe lodging for 

3534
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:14,300
merchants and funded schools 
that educated children, 

3535
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:16,200
regardless of their family's 
ability to pay. 

3536
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:19,600
They understood that successful 
business, required Healthy 

3537
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:22,400
Communities, a concept that 
modern Corporate social 

3538
02:58:22,400 --> 02:58:24,500
responsibility. 
Programs are just beginning to 

3539
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:27,200
ReDiscover. 
The ottoman system of private 

3540
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:29,800
property rights for women was 
revolutionary for its time, 

3541
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:33,400
women could own businesses, 
outright inherit commercial 

3542
02:58:33,400 --> 02:58:36,400
properties, and pass their 
Enterprises to their daughters 

3543
02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:41,100
without male interference. 
This created dynasties of female

3544
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,200
entrepreneurs that spanned 
generations with business 

3545
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:47,000
knowledge and Trade Secrets 
passed down through maternal 

3546
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:50,800
lines like family recipes and 
perhaps, most importantly, these

3547
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:53,300
women proved that Commerce and 
culture weren't separate 

3548
02:58:53,300 --> 02:58:55,800
spheres. 
They were patrons of the Arts 

3549
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:58,000
who commissioned beautiful 
objects that were all, so 

3550
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:01,000
functional trade goods. 
They understood that beauty and 

3551
02:59:01,008 --> 02:59:04,700
practicality could co-exist the 
successful business could 

3552
02:59:04,700 --> 02:59:07,700
support cultural advancement and
that profit and principal 

3553
02:59:07,700 --> 02:59:11,000
weren't mutually exclusive. 
So as you're settling in for the

3554
02:59:11,008 --> 02:59:13,400
night, take a moment to 
appreciate these forgotten, 

3555
02:59:13,400 --> 02:59:16,400
pioneers of international 
Commerce, They were building 

3556
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:19,700
Global businesses while wearing 
fabulous clothes, maintaining 

3557
02:59:19,700 --> 02:59:21,600
loving families, and 
contributing to their 

3558
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:24,600
communities, all without a 
single PowerPoint presentation 

3559
02:59:24,600 --> 02:59:28,000
or quarterly earnings call. 
Now That's What I Call work. 

3560
02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:31,100
Life balance, let's dim the 
light to little and settle into 

3561
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:34,600
the literary salons and artistic
workshops where ottoman women 

3562
02:59:34,600 --> 02:59:36,300
were quietly. 
Creating some of the most 

3563
02:59:36,300 --> 02:59:40,400
beautiful and influential Works 
in Islamic civilization, pour 

3564
02:59:40,400 --> 02:59:43,100
yourself another cup of tea 
because we're about to meet some

3565
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:46,000
women who wielded brushes and 
Penns like other people wielded 

3566
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:48,800
swords. 
Imagine walking into a room 

3567
02:59:48,800 --> 02:59:53,000
where poetry flows like wine 
where mathematical equations are

3568
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:56,100
discussed with the same passion 
as love sonnets and where the 

3569
02:59:56,100 --> 02:59:59,100
latest architectural plans are 
debated alongside philosophical 

3570
02:59:59,100 --> 03:00:01,700
treatises? 
This wasn't some fantasy 

3571
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:04,800
literary Society. 
This was just Tuesday evening in

3572
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:07,800
the household of any educated. 
Ottoman woman worth her 

3573
03:00:07,800 --> 03:00:11,200
embroidered silk take Mary 
Hatton, a 15th century poet, who

3574
03:00:11,200 --> 03:00:14,400
wrote verses, so beautiful that 
they're still quoted in Turkish 

3575
03:00:14,400 --> 03:00:17,800
literature classes today. 
However, it's important to note 

3576
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:20,100
that she wasn't limited to 
writing about flowers and 

3577
03:00:20,100 --> 03:00:22,300
unrequited love. 
Unlike a European 

3578
03:00:22,300 --> 03:00:25,600
contemporaries. 
She wrote sharp witty, social 

3579
03:00:25,600 --> 03:00:28,900
commentary that could slice 
through pretension like a whale 

3580
03:00:28,900 --> 03:00:32,800
shark and cimeter. 
Poetry was so influential that 

3581
03:00:32,800 --> 03:00:35,500
it shaped literary movements 
across the ottoman territories 

3582
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:38,700
and her love poems, were so 
steamy they probably made the 

3583
03:00:38,700 --> 03:00:41,500
sense as blush. 
But poetry was just the 

3584
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:44,200
beginning. 
Ottoman women were accomplished 

3585
03:00:44,200 --> 03:00:47,100
calligraphers at a time. 
When beautiful handwriting was 

3586
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:49,100
considered. 
One of the highest art forms. 

3587
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:53,100
They didn't just copy texts. 
Transform them into visual 

3588
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:55,900
masterpieces where the words 
themselves became decorative 

3589
03:00:55,900 --> 03:00:58,300
elements. 
A single page of their work 

3590
03:00:58,300 --> 03:01:00,800
could take months to complete 
with each letter. 

3591
03:01:00,800 --> 03:01:03,800
Carefully crafted to create 
patterns that were both readable

3592
03:01:03,800 --> 03:01:07,500
and breathtakingly beautiful. 
The manuscripts, these women 

3593
03:01:07,500 --> 03:01:09,300
illuminated weren't just lovely 
books. 

3594
03:01:09,300 --> 03:01:11,900
They were the Medieval 
equivalent of multimedia 

3595
03:01:11,900 --> 03:01:15,300
presentations. 
They combined text illustration,

3596
03:01:15,300 --> 03:01:18,400
decorative elements, and 
sometimes even mathematical, 

3597
03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:20,500
diagrams into cohesive works of 
art. 

3598
03:01:21,400 --> 03:01:24,100
These women were essentially 
graphic designers working with 

3599
03:01:24,100 --> 03:01:28,300
gold leaf and crushed gemstones 
instead of Photoshop and their 

3600
03:01:28,300 --> 03:01:29,800
Creations have survived 
centuries. 

3601
03:01:29,800 --> 03:01:33,400
While most digital art from 20 
years ago, is already obsolete. 

3602
03:01:33,400 --> 03:01:37,300
Music was another realm where 
ottoman women excelled though 

3603
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:39,800
they face the Intriguing 
challenge of performing in a 

3604
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:42,500
culture that valued privacy. 
So what did they do? 

3605
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:45,800
They created intimate musical 
Traditions that flourished in 

3606
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:48,800
private spaces? 
A composed pieces, specifically 

3607
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:52,300
for small, Gatherings developed,
new instrumental techniques 

3608
03:01:52,300 --> 03:01:55,500
suited to domestic settings and 
passed down, musical knowledge 

3609
03:01:55,500 --> 03:01:58,500
through female only networks 
that preserve traditions for 

3610
03:01:58,500 --> 03:02:01,600
centuries. 
The mathematical achievements of

3611
03:02:01,608 --> 03:02:04,600
Otto and women are particularly 
impressive, mainly because 

3612
03:02:04,600 --> 03:02:06,900
nobody expected them to be 
interested in numbers. 

3613
03:02:06,900 --> 03:02:10,000
These women, studied astronomy, 
not just for intellectual 

3614
03:02:10,000 --> 03:02:12,400
curiosity. 
But, because understanding 

3615
03:02:12,400 --> 03:02:16,100
Celestial movements was crucial 
for everything from agricultural

3616
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:19,500
planing to navigation. 
Some became skilled enough to 

3617
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:21,800
calculate prayer times for their
entire regions. 

3618
03:02:21,800 --> 03:02:25,400
Create accurate calendars, and 
even predict eclipses with 

3619
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:29,000
remarkable Precision, despite 
the apparent male, dominance in 

3620
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:31,800
the field of architecture, 
ottoman, women were responsible 

3621
03:02:31,800 --> 03:02:34,400
for commissioning and designing 
buildings that continue to 

3622
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:36,900
astonish today. 
They didn't just hire 

3623
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:39,000
Architects, and say, make it 
pretty. 

3624
03:02:39,000 --> 03:02:43,500
They were intimately involved in
every detail from Mathematical 

3625
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:46,900
proportions that created perfect
Acoustics to the decorative 

3626
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:49,200
programs that told complex 
symbolic stories. 

3627
03:02:50,100 --> 03:02:53,200
The Miramar, Sultan mosque in 
Istanbul, for example, was 

3628
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:55,900
designed to align with the Sun. 
So that on the anniversary of 

3629
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:59,000
the Sultan's birth date, like 
with illuminate, the interior in

3630
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:02,100
a specific pattern, that's not 
just architecture. 

3631
03:03:02,100 --> 03:03:05,300
That's poetry written in stone 
and sunlight. 

3632
03:03:06,200 --> 03:03:09,300
The textile Arts reached levels 
of sophistication under ottoman 

3633
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:11,200
women. 
That modern factories still 

3634
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:14,200
struggled to match, they 
developed weaving techniques 

3635
03:03:14,200 --> 03:03:16,900
that created fabric. 
So fine, they seemed to float. 

3636
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:19,500
Dying methods. 
That produced colors of 

3637
03:03:19,500 --> 03:03:22,900
impossible, vibrancy an 
embroidery patterns so complex, 

3638
03:03:22,900 --> 03:03:25,700
they required mathematical 
understanding to execute 

3639
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:29,000
properly. 
He single ottoman caught kaftan.

3640
03:03:29,000 --> 03:03:32,400
Might contain more artistic and 
Technical Innovation than most 

3641
03:03:32,400 --> 03:03:36,700
Contemporary Arts to nation's. 
Perhaps most remarkably, these 

3642
03:03:36,700 --> 03:03:39,200
women understood that art and 
learning weren't separate from 

3643
03:03:39,200 --> 03:03:41,500
daily life. 
They were integral to it. 

3644
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:45,300
Taught their children to 
appreciate Beauty alongside 

3645
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:48,600
practical skills. 
Integrated artistic elements 

3646
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:51,700
into everyday objects and 
created environments where 

3647
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:54,500
creativity. 
And intellectual curiosity were 

3648
03:03:54,500 --> 03:03:57,500
simply part of the family 
culture, the libraries, these 

3649
03:03:57,500 --> 03:03:59,700
women established weren't just 
collections of books. 

3650
03:03:59,700 --> 03:04:02,400
They were community centers 
where knowledge was shared 

3651
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:05,700
across social boundaries. 
They funded copying projects 

3652
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:09,300
that preserved, ancient texts 
sponsored translations that made

3653
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:12,500
foreign knowledge accessible and
maintained correspondence with 

3654
03:04:12,500 --> 03:04:16,200
Scholars across the known world.
They were essentially running 

3655
03:04:16,200 --> 03:04:19,700
early version of research 
University's except with better 

3656
03:04:19,700 --> 03:04:21,800
food and more comfortable 
seating. 

3657
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:25,200
Many of these women also became 
accomplished Physicians, 

3658
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:28,500
combining traditional knowledge 
with new medical discoveries. 

3659
03:04:28,500 --> 03:04:32,000
They maintain detailed records 
of their treatments developed 

3660
03:04:32,000 --> 03:04:35,000
new remedies and trained other 
women in Medical Arts. 

3661
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:38,600
Some specialized in women's 
health, others and Pediatrics. 

3662
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:41,300
And a few became renowned for 
their surgical skills. 

3663
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:44,900
They understood that healing was
both an art and science, 

3664
03:04:44,900 --> 03:04:48,600
requiring not just technical 
knowledge, but also intuitive 

3665
03:04:48,600 --> 03:04:52,400
understanding of human nature. 
Strikes me most about these 

3666
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:55,000
ottoman, women artists and 
Scholars is their confidence. 

3667
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:58,400
They didn't apologize for their 
intelligence or hide their 

3668
03:04:58,400 --> 03:05:01,600
accomplishments. 
They signed their Works engaged 

3669
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:04,600
in public debates and claimed 
their place in intellectual 

3670
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:07,600
Traditions with the kind of bold
assurance that modern women are 

3671
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:11,000
still fighting to achieve. 
So tonight, as you're drifting 

3672
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:14,100
towards sleep, remember these 
women who understood the beauty 

3673
03:05:14,108 --> 03:05:18,000
and knowledge were not luxuries,
but Necessities that creativity 

3674
03:05:18,000 --> 03:05:19,600
and intellect could flourish 
together. 

3675
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:22,900
And that the most lasting 
revolution's are often fought 

3676
03:05:22,900 --> 03:05:26,700
with brushes pens and the 
radical Act of refusing to be 

3677
03:05:26,700 --> 03:05:30,100
anything less than brilliant. 
Now, recline comfortably as we 

3678
03:05:30,100 --> 03:05:33,000
delve into the ways, ottoman 
women transform their religious 

3679
03:05:33,000 --> 03:05:37,500
devotion into a potent Force for
social transformation, fostering

3680
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,800
communities, and providing 
support to the vulnerable with a

3681
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:43,200
refinement that would impress 
any contemporary non-profit 

3682
03:05:43,200 --> 03:05:45,900
organization? 
These women understood that 

3683
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:48,800
faith without action was like 
tea without warmth. 

3684
03:05:49,400 --> 03:05:52,600
Technically still tea but 
missing the whole point. 

3685
03:05:53,800 --> 03:05:57,200
The concept of charitable giving
in Islamic tradition, provided 

3686
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:00,300
ottoman, women, with a unique 
opportunity to exercise public 

3687
03:06:00,300 --> 03:06:03,200
influence while maintaining 
their religious and social 

3688
03:06:03,200 --> 03:06:06,200
standing, they took this 
opportunity and ran with it. 

3689
03:06:06,200 --> 03:06:09,400
Like marathon runners who 
happened to be carrying purses 

3690
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:12,400
full of gold coins. 
The scale of their charitable 

3691
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:14,700
Works was staggering. 
We're talking about social 

3692
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:17,500
programs that supported entire 
communities for Generations. 

3693
03:06:17,500 --> 03:06:22,300
Consider goulash Sultan who in 
the early 18th century 

3694
03:06:22,300 --> 03:06:23,900
established. 
One of the most comprehensive 

3695
03:06:23,900 --> 03:06:28,400
charitable foundations. 
In ottoman history, Hercules, a 

3696
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:31,900
charitable complex included. 
A mosque, a school, a hospital, 

3697
03:06:31,900 --> 03:06:35,800
a caravan Sarah for travelers 
kitchens for the poor and 

3698
03:06:35,800 --> 03:06:39,000
workshops for artists. 
It was basically a One-Stop 

3699
03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:42,000
Social Services Center that 
provided everything from 

3700
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:45,600
emergency medical care to job. 
Training all funded and managed 

3701
03:06:45,600 --> 03:06:48,000
by one. 
Remarkably organized woman who 

3702
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:49,600
apparently never met a social 
problem. 

3703
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:52,200
She could not solve with careful
planning in generous funding, 

3704
03:06:53,100 --> 03:06:55,900
The hospital system, these women
developed was revolutionary for 

3705
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:59,300
its time, these women were not 
merely constructing a place for 

3706
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:01,100
the sick to lie down and hope 
for Recovery. 

3707
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:04,800
Instead, they were establishing 
medical institutions equipped 

3708
03:07:04,800 --> 03:07:08,400
with specialized departments 
skilled staff and Cutting Edge 

3709
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:11,100
treatment methods. 
Some of these hospitals had 

3710
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:12,600
separate wings for different. 
Ailments. 

3711
03:07:12,600 --> 03:07:16,700
Libraries from medical research 
and even music therapy programs.

3712
03:07:16,700 --> 03:07:19,200
Because these women understood 
that healing involved more than 

3713
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:22,300
just physical treatment. 
Here's what's really impressive,

3714
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:26,100
the financial management systems
they created to sustain these 

3715
03:07:26,100 --> 03:07:28,900
charitable works. 
These weren't just one time 

3716
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:31,500
donations. 
They were endowments designed to

3717
03:07:31,500 --> 03:07:35,200
generate income in perpetuity 
these women were essentially 

3718
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:38,000
creating sustainable funding 
models for social programs, 

3719
03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:41,100
complete with diverse fight 
investment portfolios, 

3720
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:44,300
Professional Management 
structures and accountability. 

3721
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,200
Measures that ensure their 
charitable intentions will be 

3722
03:07:47,208 --> 03:07:50,200
carried out long after they were
gone, the educational 

3723
03:07:50,200 --> 03:07:52,100
institutions. 
They founded were particularly 

3724
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:54,800
groundbreaking while Europe was 
still debating. 

3725
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:57,500
Whether women should learn to 
read ottoman, women were 

3726
03:07:57,500 --> 03:08:00,500
establishing schools that taught
everything from basic literacy, 

3727
03:08:00,500 --> 03:08:04,200
to advanced mathematics, offered
to students regardless of their 

3728
03:08:04,200 --> 03:08:07,400
ability to pay. 
They understood that educational

3729
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:09,000
was the most effective form of 
Charity. 

3730
03:08:09,000 --> 03:08:11,900
Because it gave people tools to 
improve their circumstances 

3731
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:14,000
rather than just temporary 
relief. 

3732
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:16,500
Many of these charitable 
foundations. 

3733
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:23,300
Specific provided dowries for 
orphaned girls, job, training 

3734
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:26,900
for widows child care for 
working mothers, and safe, 

3735
03:08:26,900 --> 03:08:30,000
shelter for women, fleeing 
difficult situations, they 

3736
03:08:30,000 --> 03:08:32,300
created support networks. 
That function like early 

3737
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:35,700
versions of social safety nets, 
Accept these were funded by 

3738
03:08:35,700 --> 03:08:38,500
voluntary contributions and 
managed by people who actually 

3739
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:40,200
understood the needs of their 
communities. 

3740
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:43,700
The soup kitchens called 
Emirates that these women 

3741
03:08:43,700 --> 03:08:46,600
established weren't just places 
where hungry people could get a 

3742
03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:48,900
meal. 
They were community centers that

3743
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:52,200
served hot food to anyone who 
showed up regardless of their 

3744
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:56,700
religion, ethnicity or social 
status, some served thousands of

3745
03:08:56,700 --> 03:09:00,200
meals daily with menus that 
varied according to season and 

3746
03:09:00,200 --> 03:09:03,900
availability these women 
understood that dignity was, as 

3747
03:09:03,900 --> 03:09:07,000
important as nutrition. 
So they created spaces that 

3748
03:09:07,000 --> 03:09:09,300
treated every visitor with 
respect and care. 

3749
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:13,300
The Public Works projects funded
by ottoman, women's charitable 

3750
03:09:13,300 --> 03:09:15,500
foundations transformed entire 
cities. 

3751
03:09:15,500 --> 03:09:18,400
They built fountains that 
provided clean water to 

3752
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:21,900
neighborhoods, bridges, that 
connected communities roads, 

3753
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:25,100
that facilitated trade and 
public baths that promoted 

3754
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:28,000
health and hygiene. 
They understood that individual 

3755
03:09:28,000 --> 03:09:31,000
charity was important. 
But Stomach improvements could 

3756
03:09:31,000 --> 03:09:32,600
benefit everyone for 
Generations. 

3757
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,700
What's particularly remarkable 
is how these women balance their

3758
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,900
charitable works with their 
family responsibilities and 

3759
03:09:39,900 --> 03:09:42,700
social obligations. 
They weren't choosing between 

3760
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:44,800
personal happiness and public 
service. 

3761
03:09:44,800 --> 03:09:48,400
They were integrating both into 
lives that were remarkably full 

3762
03:09:48,400 --> 03:09:50,900
and purposeful. 
They manage charitable 

3763
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:52,600
foundations. 
While raising children 

3764
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:56,200
maintained social relationships,
while overseeing construction 

3765
03:09:56,200 --> 03:09:59,300
projects and fulfilled religious
obligations while 

3766
03:09:59,300 --> 03:10:01,700
revolutionizing community 
supports systems. 

3767
03:10:02,600 --> 03:10:05,200
The pilgrimage facilities, these
women established deserve 

3768
03:10:05,200 --> 03:10:08,200
special mention. 
They built Caravan, Surrey along

3769
03:10:08,208 --> 03:10:11,400
pilgrimage routes that provided 
free lodging meals and medical 

3770
03:10:11,400 --> 03:10:13,400
care to Travelers making the 
Hajj to Mecca. 

3771
03:10:14,200 --> 03:10:17,100
These weren't just hostels. 
They were full-service Travel 

3772
03:10:17,100 --> 03:10:20,100
Centers with Veterinary, Care 
for Animals, security, for 

3773
03:10:20,100 --> 03:10:23,300
valuable goods and guides 
familiar with local conditions, 

3774
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:26,000
they understood that 
facilitating religious 

3775
03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:28,200
obligations was itself, a form 
of worship. 

3776
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:31,600
Many of these women will became 
renowned for their personal 

3777
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:35,000
accessibility to people in. 
Need they maintained regular 

3778
03:10:35,000 --> 03:10:38,400
audiences where anyone could 
petition for help advice or 

3779
03:10:38,400 --> 03:10:41,500
intervention. 
They listen to family, dispute 

3780
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:45,100
mediated business, conflicts and
provided Counsel on everything 

3781
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:47,500
from marriage problems to Career
decisions. 

3782
03:10:48,300 --> 03:10:51,000
They were essentially serving as
informal social workers 

3783
03:10:51,000 --> 03:10:54,900
therapists and career counselors
for their entire communities. 

3784
03:10:56,400 --> 03:10:58,200
The Interfaith cooperation 
fostered. 

3785
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:01,000
By these charitable Works was 
remarkable for any era. 

3786
03:11:01,800 --> 03:11:03,600
Ottoman. 
Women's Foundation served people

3787
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:07,000
of all religious, backgrounds, 
employed staff from diverse 

3788
03:11:07,000 --> 03:11:10,200
communities and created spaces. 
Where different traditionals 

3789
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:14,000
could co-exist peaceful, they 
understood that effective, 

3790
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:17,200
charity required setting aside 
theological differences, in 

3791
03:11:17,200 --> 03:11:21,700
favor of shared Humanity Perhaps
most importantly, these women 

3792
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:24,700
created models of leadership 
that emphasize service rather 

3793
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:28,800
than power collaboration, rather
than competition and long-term 

3794
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:31,800
Community benefit rather than 
short-term personal gain. 

3795
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:35,400
They proved that religious 
devotional, social action could 

3796
03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:37,500
work together to create positive
change. 

3797
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:40,200
That wealth came with 
responsibilities, as well as 

3798
03:11:40,200 --> 03:11:42,200
Privileges. 
And that the most lasting 

3799
03:11:42,200 --> 03:11:45,200
monuments are often the ones 
that improve daily life for 

3800
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:47,600
ordinary people. 
So as you're preparing for sleep

3801
03:11:47,600 --> 03:11:51,200
tonight, take comfort in knowing
that centuries ago, women were 

3802
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:54,300
working tirelessly to create 
communities where everyone had 

3803
03:11:54,300 --> 03:11:57,800
access to food. 
Shelter, education, and Medical 

3804
03:11:57,800 --> 03:11:59,900
Care. 
They understood that Faith 

3805
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:03,600
required action, that privileged
demanded service and that the 

3806
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:06,100
best way to honor Divine 
blessings was to share them 

3807
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:08,800
generously with others as we 
reach the end of our journey 

3808
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:10,700
through the remarkable world of 
Ottoman. 

3809
03:12:10,700 --> 03:12:14,100
Let's pull back the curtains on 
history is Grand estate stage 

3810
03:12:14,100 --> 03:12:17,100
and see how these extraordinary 
women influence. 

3811
03:12:17,100 --> 03:12:19,500
Not just their own time but ours
as well. 

3812
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:24,100
Paul yourself one last cup of 
that evening tea because their 

3813
03:12:24,100 --> 03:12:26,900
legacy is far more present in 
our modern world than you might 

3814
03:12:26,900 --> 03:12:30,000
imagine. 
The Diplomatic networks, these 

3815
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:32,900
women created didn't disappear 
when the Ottoman Empire ended, 

3816
03:12:32,900 --> 03:12:36,500
they evolved in to the informal 
cultural exchanges that still 

3817
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:39,000
connect Community is across 
former ottoman territories 

3818
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:41,400
today. 
When you taste authentic, 

3819
03:12:41,400 --> 03:12:45,400
Turkish coffee in a Bosnian 
Cafe, admire geometric patterns 

3820
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,700
in Moroccan tile work or hear 
certain melodic structures and 

3821
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:51,600
Greek folk music your 
experiencing the lasting 

3822
03:12:51,600 --> 03:12:54,200
influence of women, who 
understood that culture travels 

3823
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:57,100
along relationship networks more
effectively than through. 

3824
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:00,500
Any official channels. 
The business practices pioneered

3825
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,200
by ottoman Merchants. 
Women became foundational 

3826
03:13:03,200 --> 03:13:04,800
elements of international 
Commerce. 

3827
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:08,800
Their understanding of quality 
control customer service and 

3828
03:13:08,800 --> 03:13:12,600
Market diversification influence
trading practices across the 

3829
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:16,100
Mediterranean and Beyond Some of
the commercial families, they 

3830
03:13:16,100 --> 03:13:19,400
established continued operating 
for centuries adapting to 

3831
03:13:19,400 --> 03:13:22,700
changing political circumstances
while maintaining the core 

3832
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:26,100
principles of ethical, dealing 
and Community investment that, 

3833
03:13:26,100 --> 03:13:29,700
these women had established 
modern feminism was more to 

3834
03:13:29,700 --> 03:13:32,500
these ottoman women than most 
people realize, though, the 

3835
03:13:32,508 --> 03:13:34,100
connections aren't always 
obvious. 

3836
03:13:35,000 --> 03:13:37,400
There are assumption that women 
could own property management 

3837
03:13:37,400 --> 03:13:40,200
businesses in Florence politics 
and contribute to intellectual 

3838
03:13:40,200 --> 03:13:43,500
life, created precedence that 
later reformers could point to 

3839
03:13:43,500 --> 03:13:44,900
when our viewing for women's 
rights. 

3840
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:48,600
They proved that female 
intelligence and capability, 

3841
03:13:48,600 --> 03:13:52,200
were Radical new Concepts, they 
were historical realities that 

3842
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:55,500
had been temporarily forgotten 
rather than recently discovered.

3843
03:13:56,700 --> 03:14:00,000
The educational institutions, 
they founded evolved into some 

3844
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:02,900
of the most prestigious schools 
and universities in the modern 

3845
03:14:02,900 --> 03:14:05,300
Middle East and Balkans the 
libraries. 

3846
03:14:05,300 --> 03:14:08,200
They established safeguarded 
manuscripts and knowledge that 

3847
03:14:08,200 --> 03:14:11,600
the political upheavals of the 
19th and 20th, centuries might 

3848
03:14:11,600 --> 03:14:14,600
have otherwise erased Their 
understanding that education 

3849
03:14:14,600 --> 03:14:18,300
should be accessible regardless 
of family background influenced 

3850
03:14:18,300 --> 03:14:20,300
later educational reforms across
the region. 

3851
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:24,700
Perhaps, most importantly, these
women demonstrated that power 

3852
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:28,200
could be exercised with grace. 
That wealth could be managed 

3853
03:14:28,200 --> 03:14:31,000
with generosity and that 
influence could be used for 

3854
03:14:31,000 --> 03:14:33,400
Community benefit rather than 
personal Grand eyes. 

3855
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:37,400
And In an era, when political 
leadership, often seems divorced

3856
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:40,500
from moral consideration, there 
are example of combining 

3857
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:42,000
Authority with the 
responsibility. 

3858
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:45,200
Feels remarkably relevant, the 
architectural, Legacy is 

3859
03:14:45,200 --> 03:14:48,800
impossible to ignore building's,
commissioned by ottoman, still 

3860
03:14:48,800 --> 03:14:52,900
dominate skylines from Istanbul 
to Damascus, elegant dome's, and

3861
03:14:52,900 --> 03:14:55,700
graceful, minarets, serving as 
daily reminders, that beauty and

3862
03:14:55,700 --> 03:15:00,200
function can co-exist perfectly.
Modern Architects, still study 

3863
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:02,200
their use of light space and 
proportion. 

3864
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:05,500
Finding inspiration in design 
principles developed by women, 

3865
03:15:05,500 --> 03:15:08,400
who understood that buildings. 
Should nurture the human Spirit 

3866
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:10,000
as well as serve practical 
needs. 

3867
03:15:10,900 --> 03:15:13,600
A charitable foundations, they 
established created models that 

3868
03:15:13,600 --> 03:15:16,800
influenced later development of 
Social Services throughout the 

3869
03:15:16,800 --> 03:15:19,600
former ottoman territories. 
Their understanding that 

3870
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,600
effective charity, required 
sustainable funding professional

3871
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,800
management and Community, input 
helped shape modern approaches 

3872
03:15:25,800 --> 03:15:29,100
to nonprofit organizations. 
Some of their original 

3873
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:30,800
foundations are still operating 
today. 

3874
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:34,300
Nearly half a millennium after 
their establishment, The 

3875
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:36,200
Testament to the foresight of 
their Founders. 

3876
03:15:36,200 --> 03:15:40,300
What most profoundly impresses 
me about these women is their 

3877
03:15:40,300 --> 03:15:42,800
ability to be both contemporary 
and Innovative. 

3878
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:46,000
They worked within the 
constraints and opportunities of

3879
03:15:46,000 --> 03:15:49,000
their historical moment, while 
consistently pushing boundaries 

3880
03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:52,400
and expanding possibilities. 
They understood that change. 

3881
03:15:52,400 --> 03:15:55,300
Often happens, gradually through
the accumulation of small 

3882
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:58,300
Innovations and incremental 
expansions of what, considered 

3883
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:01,400
normal or acceptable, their 
approach, to problem, solving 

3884
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:04,700
remains remarkably relevant, 
They combined practical 

3885
03:16:04,700 --> 03:16:07,400
intelligence with creative 
thinking used available 

3886
03:16:07,400 --> 03:16:10,800
resources officially while 
maintaining high standards, an 

3887
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:12,200
understood that lasting 
Solutions. 

3888
03:16:12,200 --> 03:16:15,200
Usually required building 
consensus rather than imposing 

3889
03:16:15,200 --> 03:16:18,100
change through Force. 
They were natural systems 

3890
03:16:18,100 --> 03:16:20,400
thinkers, who could see 
connections and long-term 

3891
03:16:20,400 --> 03:16:23,800
consequences that others missed.
The cultural synthesis. 

3892
03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:26,500
They fostered blending 
influences from across the 

3893
03:16:26,508 --> 03:16:28,400
Empire while maintaining 
distinctive. 

3894
03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:31,700
Local characteristics, offers 
lessons for our increasingly 

3895
03:16:31,700 --> 03:16:33,700
connected, but culturally 
anxious World. 

3896
03:16:33,700 --> 03:16:36,800
They proved that diversity, 
could be a source of strength 

3897
03:16:36,800 --> 03:16:39,000
rather than division that 
different Traditions. 

3898
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:41,300
Could enrich each other without 
losing their essential 

3899
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:44,500
characteristics and that 
Cosmopolitan sophistication 

3900
03:16:44,500 --> 03:16:46,600
could co-exist with deep local 
roots. 

3901
03:16:47,700 --> 03:16:51,000
Most encouragingly these women 
remind us that individual action

3902
03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:53,300
can have far-reaching historical
consequences. 

3903
03:16:54,400 --> 03:16:57,100
They didn't wait for permission 
to build hospitals, establish 

3904
03:16:57,100 --> 03:17:01,600
schools or create businesses. 
They identified needs developed 

3905
03:17:01,600 --> 03:17:04,900
Solutions and implemented 
changes using whatever resources

3906
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:06,200
and Authority. 
They could access. 

3907
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,300
They understood that history is 
made by people who decide to act

3908
03:17:10,300 --> 03:17:13,800
rather than wait for ideal 
circumstances their lives. 

3909
03:17:13,800 --> 03:17:16,100
Also demonstrate that 
fulfillment comes from using 

3910
03:17:16,100 --> 03:17:17,400
whatever talents and 
opportunities. 

3911
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:20,700
You have to contribute something
meaningful to the world around 

3912
03:17:20,700 --> 03:17:22,800
you. 
Whether they were writing, 

3913
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:26,300
poetry managing, trade networks 
designing buildings or caring 

3914
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:28,300
for the sick. 
They approach their work with 

3915
03:17:28,308 --> 03:17:32,200
dedication intelligence and a 
deep sense of purpose that made 

3916
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:34,500
their activities feel 
significant rather than merely 

3917
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:36,600
busy. 
So, as you're drifting off to 

3918
03:17:36,600 --> 03:17:39,800
sleep tonight, carry with you, 
the knowledge that centuries 

3919
03:17:39,800 --> 03:17:43,300
ago, women were living fully 
realized lives, building 

3920
03:17:43,300 --> 03:17:47,600
businesses, creating art shaping
politics and caring for their 

3921
03:17:47,600 --> 03:17:50,300
communities with a confidence 
and competence that still 

3922
03:17:50,300 --> 03:17:53,500
inspires they face different 
challenges than we do. 

3923
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:57,100
But their fundamental approach 
to life, combining ambition, 

3924
03:17:57,100 --> 03:18:00,400
with compassion intelligence, 
with wisdom and personal 

3925
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:04,000
fulfillment with social 
contribution remains as relevant

3926
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:06,800
today. 
As it was 500 years ago, their 

3927
03:18:06,800 --> 03:18:11,000
legacy Whispers that you too can
live boldly think creatively and

3928
03:18:11,000 --> 03:18:14,400
leave the world a little better 
than you found it. and really, 

3929
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:18,500
What better thought, could there
be to carry into your dreams and

3930
03:18:18,500 --> 03:18:21,800
that Timeless reminder, that 
extraordinary lives of ordinary 

3931
03:18:21,800 --> 03:18:24,800
days. 
Lived with purpose Grace, just 

3932
03:18:24,800 --> 03:18:27,500
enough for DACA to believe that 
changes always possible. 

3933
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:39,600
Picture this, you're about to 
witness one of history's most 

3934
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:42,900
famous days except nobody that 
morning you at was going to be 

3935
03:18:42,908 --> 03:18:47,700
famous. 
July. 4th 1776 started like most

3936
03:18:47,700 --> 03:18:52,300
summer days in Philadelphia 
sticky humid and full of men in 

3937
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:53,500
wigs, complaining about the 
weather. 

3938
03:18:54,500 --> 03:18:56,900
The kind of morning where your 
shirt sticks to your back before

3939
03:18:56,900 --> 03:18:59,700
you've even had your coffee. 
Though back then it was more 

3940
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:01,800
like lukewarm tea and stale 
bread. 

3941
03:19:02,500 --> 03:19:04,900
You'd find yourself walking 
through a city, that smell like 

3942
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:08,100
horses chamber pots, and the 
occasional whiff of something 

3943
03:19:08,100 --> 03:19:10,800
that might charitably be called 
Colonial cooking. 

3944
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:15,300
Philadelphia in 1776 wasn't 
exactly the City of Brotherly 

3945
03:19:15,300 --> 03:19:18,500
Love, we know today, it was more
like the City of Brotherly 

3946
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:21,100
pleased, don't dump your garbage
in the street in front of my 

3947
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:23,500
house. 
But inside the Pennsylvania 

3948
03:19:23,500 --> 03:19:27,300
state house, something 
extraordinary was brewing and it

3949
03:19:27,308 --> 03:19:31,500
wasn't just the tension 56 men 
from 13 colonies had been 

3950
03:19:31,508 --> 03:19:34,400
gathering for weeks arguing 
about something that would have 

3951
03:19:34,408 --> 03:19:36,900
gotten them hanged just for 
thinking about it a few years 

3952
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,100
earlier. 
They wanted to tell the most 

3953
03:19:39,108 --> 03:19:42,100
powerful Empire in the world to 
take a long walk off a short 

3954
03:19:42,100 --> 03:19:44,600
pier. 
Now, you might imagine this 

3955
03:19:44,600 --> 03:19:47,600
momentous day began with 
dramatic speeches and stirring 

3956
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:50,400
music, but the reality was much 
more mundane. 

3957
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:54,100
Most of the delegates, probably 
woke up with the 18th century 

3958
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:57,300
equivalent of a hangover, not 
from alcohol necessarily, but 

3959
03:19:57,300 --> 03:20:00,900
from weeks of heated, debate, 
poor sleep on lumpy mattresses 

3960
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:03,600
and the constant worry that they
were either about to make 

3961
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:05,500
history or become history 
themselves. 

3962
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:09,500
The morning started with the 
usual, Colonial breakfast maybe 

3963
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:13,500
some cornmeal mush if you were 
lucky, The delegates shuffled 

3964
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:15,800
into the state house. 
Like any group of middle-aged 

3965
03:20:15,800 --> 03:20:17,900
men heading to a particularly 
important meeting. 

3966
03:20:18,900 --> 03:20:21,700
Except this meeting was about 
treason, which does tend to 

3967
03:20:21,700 --> 03:20:25,000
focus the Mind wonderfully. 
You'd notice that nobody was 

3968
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:28,300
wearing red, white, and blue, 
yet that would come later 

3969
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:32,300
instead. 
You'd see a lot of brown beige 

3970
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:35,500
and that peculiar shade of green
that seemed to be popular, with 

3971
03:20:35,500 --> 03:20:38,000
men, who spent their time 
writing strongly worded, letters

3972
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:40,500
to Kings. 
These were not the marble 

3973
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:44,000
statues, we often see in museums
these were real individuals 

3974
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:47,900
grappling with real issues such 
as John Adams, who was already 

3975
03:20:47,900 --> 03:20:50,900
establishing a reputation for 
his lack of diplomatic skills. 

3976
03:20:52,100 --> 03:20:55,200
The funny thing about July 4th 
is that it almost wasn't July 

3977
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:58,100
4th at all. 
The Continental Congress had 

3978
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,500
actually voted for Independence 
on July 2nd, and John Adams was 

3979
03:21:01,500 --> 03:21:03,100
convinced that this would be the
day. 

3980
03:21:03,100 --> 03:21:04,600
American would celebrate 
forever. 

3981
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:08,000
He was so confident to about 
this that he wrote to his wife. 

3982
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:11,800
Abigail predicting that July 2nd
would be celebrated with Pomp 

3983
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:16,000
and parade with shows Games, 
sports guns, Bells, bonfires and

3984
03:21:16,008 --> 03:21:20,300
illuminations Poor John Adams he
was off by exactly two days, 

3985
03:21:20,300 --> 03:21:22,600
which in the grand scheme of 
history is pretty good. 

3986
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,700
But in the world of national 
holidays, it's like showing up 

3987
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:27,300
to your birthday party on the 
wrong day. 

3988
03:21:27,300 --> 03:21:30,600
The weather that morning was 
typical for Philadelphia in 

3989
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:35,000
early July hot Mucky and the 
kind of humid that makes you 

3990
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:38,100
wonder why anyone thought it was
a good idea to build a city in a

3991
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:40,400
swamp? 
Even before the day officially 

3992
03:21:40,400 --> 03:21:43,600
began the delegates were already
perspiring through their wool 

3993
03:21:43,600 --> 03:21:45,400
coats. 
You can almost picture them 

3994
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:49,100
Fanning themselves with whatever
papers they had handy, probably 

3995
03:21:49,100 --> 03:21:51,400
including some early drafts of 
what would become the 

3996
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:54,600
Declaration of Independence as 
the morning progressed. 

3997
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:57,200
You'd sense the weight of what 
was about to happen. 

3998
03:21:57,200 --> 03:22:00,900
These men weren't just having a 
heated town hall meeting there. 

3999
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:03,600
Were about to sign what amounted
to their death warrants if 

4000
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:06,100
things went badly. 
King George. 

4001
03:22:06,100 --> 03:22:08,300
The third not known for his 
sense of humor. 

4002
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:11,200
About rebellious colonists, 
imposed the death penalty for 

4003
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:13,800
treason. 
Nobody had remembered to bring 

4004
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:16,300
the fireworks. 
Setting the stage for a day that

4005
03:22:16,300 --> 03:22:18,700
would echo through centuries by 
mid-morning. 

4006
03:22:18,700 --> 03:22:21,500
You'd find yourself in the midst
of what might be history is most

4007
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,900
consequential editing, session. 
Imagine trying to word Smith 

4008
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:27,500
your way out of being subjects 
of the British Empire. 

4009
03:22:28,500 --> 03:22:30,800
It's like writing the world's 
most important resignation 

4010
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:36,100
letter except your boss has 
Canada's the Declaration of 

4011
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:38,800
Independence, you know, today 
wasn't just magically, perfect 

4012
03:22:38,800 --> 03:22:42,400
on July 4th, it had been through
more of Visions than a college. 

4013
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:45,300
Students term paper. 
Talked Jefferson, the primary 

4014
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:48,100
author was getting increasingly,
frustrated with all the changes 

4015
03:22:48,100 --> 03:22:50,100
you would observe him sitting 
there. 

4016
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:53,600
Like he tapping his fingers on 
the table as his meticulously 

4017
03:22:53,600 --> 03:22:57,500
crafted phrases were chopped up 
rearranged and sometimes 

4018
03:22:57,500 --> 03:23:01,600
completely discarded. 
Jefferson had originally written

4019
03:23:01,600 --> 03:23:05,600
about 1,800 words, but by the 
time everyone got done with 

4020
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:09,500
their edits suggestions and 
helpful rewrites, it was down to

4021
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:14,100
about 1,300 words. 
That's roughly a 30% cut, which 

4022
03:23:14,100 --> 03:23:16,900
would make any writer wince. 
It's like cooking, a perfect 

4023
03:23:16,900 --> 03:23:18,400
souffle. 
Only to have everyone. 

4024
03:23:18,400 --> 03:23:21,100
In the kitchen suggest 
improvements until you're left 

4025
03:23:21,108 --> 03:23:24,500
with scrambled eggs. 
One of the biggest arguments 

4026
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:27,500
that morning was about slavery. 
Jefferson had included. 

4027
03:23:27,500 --> 03:23:30,200
A passage condemning King. 
George, the third for the slave 

4028
03:23:30,200 --> 03:23:34,100
trade calling it piratical 
Warfare and cruel war against 

4029
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:36,400
human nature. 
It was a bold statement. 

4030
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:39,500
The specially coming from a man 
who owned slaves himself. 

4031
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:43,200
However, the delegates from 
South Carolina and Georgia 

4032
03:23:43,200 --> 03:23:45,900
protested. 
So loudly, that their complaints

4033
03:23:45,900 --> 03:23:48,400
could likely be heard from a 
distance of three blocks. 

4034
03:23:49,300 --> 03:23:51,700
They were about to sign anything
that might interfere with their 

4035
03:23:51,700 --> 03:23:54,700
economic interests, even if it 
meant keeping a glaring 

4036
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:57,000
contradiction in their 
Declaration of Human Rights. 

4037
03:23:58,100 --> 03:24:00,500
Everyone was aware of the irony 
here. 

4038
03:24:00,500 --> 03:24:03,500
They were declaring. 
That all men are created equal 

4039
03:24:03,500 --> 03:24:07,400
while simultaneously refusing to
address the fact that about 20% 

4040
03:24:07,400 --> 03:24:09,300
of the colonial population was 
enslaved. 

4041
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:12,700
It's like to clearing your house
a democracy while keeping some 

4042
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:14,200
family members locked in the 
basement. 

4043
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:18,600
Despite the Stark cognitive 
dissonance, they chose to defer 

4044
03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:20,700
solving this particular issue to
Future Generations. 

4045
03:24:20,700 --> 03:24:24,000
You'd notice that the delegates 
were getting Twitchy as the 

4046
03:24:24,008 --> 03:24:27,100
morning wore on every time. 
Someone walked past the Windows 

4047
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:30,500
head to return. 
Were those British soldiers was 

4048
03:24:30,500 --> 03:24:32,100
that the sound of ships in the 
harbor. 

4049
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:35,700
The paranoia was understandable.
They were literally in the 

4050
03:24:35,708 --> 03:24:38,700
middle of committing trees and 
the penalty for failure was 

4051
03:24:38,708 --> 03:24:41,400
considerably worse than a 
negative performance review. 

4052
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:44,000
John Hancock. 
The president of the Continental

4053
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:48,400
Congress attempted to maintain, 
everyone's Focus, but the task 

4054
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:52,000
proved to be a challenging one. 
The situation resembled a herd 

4055
03:24:52,000 --> 03:24:55,400
of cats wearing wigs, lawyers 
and landowners dressed in wigs, 

4056
03:24:55,400 --> 03:24:58,100
held strong views on the use of 
commas and semicolons. 

4057
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:02,000
You'd watch grown men argue for 
20 minutes about whether to use 

4058
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:04,300
unalienable or unalienable 
rights. 

4059
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:07,300
Apparently unaware, that they 
were making the same point. 

4060
03:25:07,300 --> 03:25:10,800
Either way, the heat was 
becoming unbearable Philadelphia

4061
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:14,100
in July is, nobody's idea of 
pleasant and the Statehouse 

4062
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:15,600
didn't exactly have air 
conditioning. 

4063
03:25:15,600 --> 03:25:19,100
The windows were open but that 
just meant more flies in the 

4064
03:25:19,108 --> 03:25:21,800
occasional horse-drawn cart 
clattering bite interrupt 

4065
03:25:21,800 --> 03:25:25,200
important discussions about 
natural rights and the pursuit 

4066
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:28,200
of happiness. 
Benjamin Franklin, the oldest 

4067
03:25:28,200 --> 03:25:32,500
delegate at 70 was probably the 
only one enjoying himself his 

4068
03:25:32,500 --> 03:25:35,700
ability to find humor in even 
the most serious situations made

4069
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:38,300
watching a group of younger men 
argue about punctuation. 

4070
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:42,400
While committing trees and 
delightful experience, you'd see

4071
03:25:42,408 --> 03:25:44,500
him, occasionally, make a dry 
comment that would either 

4072
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:47,100
diffuse tension or accidentally 
worse than it. 

4073
03:25:47,100 --> 03:25:51,100
Depending on how stressed 
everyone was feeling. the 

4074
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,300
morning was rapidly passing and 
they had yet to finalize the 

4075
03:25:54,300 --> 03:25:58,000
document some delegates wondered
if they'd ever finish or if 

4076
03:25:58,000 --> 03:26:00,400
they'd still be arguing over 
comers when the British army 

4077
03:26:00,400 --> 03:26:04,300
came to arrest them, Pressure 
was mounting and not just from 

4078
03:26:04,300 --> 03:26:06,300
the weather. 
They didn't know they were 

4079
03:26:06,300 --> 03:26:08,200
making something that would 
outlive them in their 

4080
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:10,200
descendants. 
They were just trying to get 

4081
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:13,200
through the day without getting 
hanged as the afternoon heat 

4082
03:26:13,200 --> 03:26:16,200
settled over Philadelphia like a
wool blanket soaked in soup, 

4083
03:26:16,200 --> 03:26:20,700
you'd find yourself, witnessing 
something remarkable 56 men, 

4084
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,800
trying to work up, the courage 
to sign, what was essentially a 

4085
03:26:23,800 --> 03:26:27,100
fancy suicide note. 
The Declaration was finally 

4086
03:26:27,100 --> 03:26:28,700
ready. 
But now came the hard part 

4087
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:33,200
actually, committing to it. 
The scene inside the state house

4088
03:26:33,200 --> 03:26:35,900
was becoming increasingly 
surreal with each passing hour. 

4089
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:39,100
These weren't action heroes or 
mythical figures. 

4090
03:26:39,100 --> 03:26:41,900
They were mostly middle-aged 
businessmen lawyers and 

4091
03:26:41,900 --> 03:26:44,900
landowners who were sweating 
through their Formal Wear while 

4092
03:26:44,900 --> 03:26:48,000
contemplating treason. 
You'd see them fidgeting, with 

4093
03:26:48,000 --> 03:26:50,000
their quill pens, adjusting 
their wigs. 

4094
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:52,600
And probably wondering if it was
too late to climb, they were 

4095
03:26:52,608 --> 03:26:54,300
just visiting Philadelphia for 
the cheese. 

4096
03:26:54,300 --> 03:26:58,300
Steaks Despite his attempts to 
project confidence, John 

4097
03:26:58,300 --> 03:27:01,600
Hancock's nervousness was 
evident when the time came to 

4098
03:27:01,600 --> 03:27:04,100
sign. 
He famously wrote his name large

4099
03:27:04,100 --> 03:27:06,900
enough that King George can read
it without his spectacles. 

4100
03:27:06,900 --> 03:27:10,600
It was a wonderful line, but 
you'd notice his hand was 

4101
03:27:10,600 --> 03:27:12,800
probably shaking, just a little 
bit as he wrote it. 

4102
03:27:13,900 --> 03:27:16,800
Making jokes about the king 
while committing trees and is 

4103
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:19,700
the 18th century equivalent of 
whistling past the graveyard. 

4104
03:27:21,100 --> 03:27:23,800
Afternoon brought a parade of 
delegates to the signing table. 

4105
03:27:23,800 --> 03:27:27,100
Each one probably having a small
internal crisis as they 

4106
03:27:27,100 --> 03:27:30,900
approached, you'd watched them 
take the quilt pause for just a 

4107
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:34,200
moment too long and sign their 
names with varying degrees of 

4108
03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:38,400
flourish Some signed boldly, 
others, barely managed to 

4109
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:40,200
scribble. 
A few looked like they were 

4110
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,300
signing their death warrants 
which let's be honest, they 

4111
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:46,600
probably were Charles Carroll of
Maryland was particularly 

4112
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:49,600
nervous because he was the only 
Catholic signer and Catholics 

4113
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:52,500
weren't exactly popular in 1776 
America. 

4114
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:55,300
When someone pointed out that 
there were other Charles 

4115
03:27:55,300 --> 03:27:58,500
Carroll's in Maryland, he went 
back and added of Carrollton to 

4116
03:27:58,508 --> 03:28:01,000
his signature. 
It's like, adding your middle 

4117
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:04,400
name to make sure you get credit
for your treason or blame 

4118
03:28:04,400 --> 03:28:08,000
depending on how things went. 
The humidity was making 

4119
03:28:08,000 --> 03:28:10,600
everyone. 
Cranky wigs, were wilting 

4120
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:13,500
clothes were sticking and the 
smell of 56 stressed. 

4121
03:28:13,500 --> 03:28:15,300
Men in Wool coats was becoming 
noticeable. 

4122
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,500
You'd see them Fanning 
themselves with whatever papers 

4123
03:28:18,500 --> 03:28:20,800
they could find probably 
including some copies of the 

4124
03:28:20,800 --> 03:28:23,700
Declaration itself. 
The irony of using your 

4125
03:28:23,700 --> 03:28:26,700
revolutionary document, as a 
personal cooling device wasn't 

4126
03:28:26,700 --> 03:28:29,300
lost on. 
Anyone Benjamin Franklin was 

4127
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:32,600
still managing to find humor in 
the situation when someone 

4128
03:28:32,600 --> 03:28:34,300
mentioned that they must hang 
together. 

4129
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:39,100
Franklyn reportedly, quit most 
assuredly or we shall all hang 

4130
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:42,700
separately. 
It was funny but also true which

4131
03:28:42,700 --> 03:28:44,800
is the worst kind of humor. 
When you're trying to stay 

4132
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:46,600
optimistic about not getting 
executed. 

4133
03:28:46,600 --> 03:28:50,700
Some delegates were experiencing
lingering doubts, you'd notice 

4134
03:28:50,700 --> 03:28:53,500
hushed, conversations, and 
Corners delegates, stepping 

4135
03:28:53,500 --> 03:28:56,400
outside for fresh air and the 
occasional nervous laugh. 

4136
03:28:56,400 --> 03:28:58,900
That was a little too loud. 
The weight of what they were 

4137
03:28:58,900 --> 03:29:01,300
doing was sinking in. 
They weren't just making a 

4138
03:29:01,300 --> 03:29:03,900
political statement. 
They were essentially declaring 

4139
03:29:03,900 --> 03:29:05,800
war on the most powerful 
military in the world. 

4140
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:09,200
The afternoon stretched on and 
you'd realize that this 

4141
03:29:09,200 --> 03:29:11,500
momentous day was actually 
pretty tedious. 

4142
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:15,000
History rarely happens in neat. 
Dramatic packages. 

4143
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:19,000
In Stead it's usually a bunch of
people in uncomfortable clothes 

4144
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:22,700
making difficult decisions in 
bad weather while worrying about

4145
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:24,200
whether they're making a 
terrible mistake. 

4146
03:29:25,300 --> 03:29:28,200
What made it even more Awkward 
was that they couldn't really 

4147
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:30,700
celebrate yet? 
Signing. 

4148
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:33,500
The Declaration was one thing 
but actually winning 

4149
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:36,100
Independence was going to 
require a war that many of them.

4150
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:39,100
Weren't sure they could win. 
It's like throwing a going away 

4151
03:29:39,100 --> 03:29:41,500
party when you're not sure. 
You're actually going anywhere. 

4152
03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:45,900
As the afternoon wore on, you'd 
sent the growing realization 

4153
03:29:45,900 --> 03:29:48,800
that there was no turning back 
now, they'd crossed their 

4154
03:29:48,800 --> 03:29:52,800
Rubicon burn their Bridges and 
any other metaphor were 

4155
03:29:52,800 --> 03:29:54,200
committed. 
Now, whether we like it or not, 

4156
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:57,600
they had made their decision and
were fully committed to the 

4157
03:29:57,600 --> 03:30:01,000
journey as evening settled over 
Philadelphia, like a slightly 

4158
03:30:01,000 --> 03:30:02,900
cooler, but still uncomfortable 
blanket. 

4159
03:30:02,900 --> 03:30:07,700
You'd find yourself watching 56 
men, trying to figure out what 

4160
03:30:07,700 --> 03:30:10,500
to do next. 
I just signed the Declaration of

4161
03:30:10,500 --> 03:30:13,900
Independence but there was no 
manual for what to do. 

4162
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:16,400
After, you've committed treason 
a practical guide. 

4163
03:30:17,300 --> 03:30:19,400
The immediate question was 
surprisingly practical. 

4164
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:21,700
How do you tell people what 
you've just done? 

4165
03:30:22,600 --> 03:30:27,500
This was 1776, not 2024. 
There was no Twitter, No CNN. 

4166
03:30:27,500 --> 03:30:31,000
And no way to instantly 
Broadcast News, they'd have to 

4167
03:30:31,008 --> 03:30:33,600
rely on Riders on Horseback 
which was like trying to go 

4168
03:30:33,600 --> 03:30:37,700
viral using carrier pigeons. 
The news would spread roughly 

4169
03:30:37,700 --> 03:30:41,200
the speed of a horse with 
Excellence, stamina weather 

4170
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:44,200
permitting. 
You'd notice the delegates were 

4171
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:46,700
experiencing what we might Now. 
Call buyers remorse. 

4172
03:30:47,500 --> 03:30:49,900
Except instead of regretting a 
purchase, they were 

4173
03:30:49,908 --> 03:30:52,800
second-guessing whether they 
just doomed themselves to a, 

4174
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:56,100
particularly unpleasant death. 
John Adams was pacing around, 

4175
03:30:56,100 --> 03:31:00,000
probably wondering if he should 
have stuck to being a lawyer, at

4176
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,000
least when you lose a court 
case, the worst that happens is 

4177
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,200
your client gets upset. 
Not hanged. 

4178
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:09,400
Evening brought a strange mix of
relief from Terror. 

4179
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:12,700
They felt a sense of relief as 
they had successfully conveyed 

4180
03:31:12,700 --> 03:31:15,500
their opinions about King 
George, the third's taxes, and T

4181
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:17,800
policies. 
They felt Terror because they 

4182
03:31:17,800 --> 03:31:20,400
had just informed the king of 
England about their opinions on 

4183
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,700
his taxes and T policies, 
knowing he commanded the world's

4184
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:27,400
most powerful navy. 
Benjamin Franklin was still the 

4185
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:31,200
calmest person in the room, 
probably because at 70 he'd 

4186
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:34,300
already lived longer than most 
people could expect to in 1776. 

4187
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,000
He was treating the whole thing 
like an intriguing experiment 

4188
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:41,800
which it was except experiments.
Usually don't end with the 

4189
03:31:41,808 --> 03:31:44,800
participants getting executed. 
If the results aren't favorable.

4190
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,400
The Practical concerns were 
starting to hit home, how do you

4191
03:31:48,408 --> 03:31:51,500
fight a war against the British 
Empire when your army consists 

4192
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:53,200
mostly of farmers with hunting 
rifles? 

4193
03:31:53,200 --> 03:31:56,900
What strategies can be employed 
to find out to Revolution in the

4194
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,400
absence of a treasury. what 
steps do you take to establish a

4195
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:02,200
government after having 
dismissed, the only form of 

4196
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:05,200
governance you have ever 
experienced These were 

4197
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:07,900
theoretical questions anymore. 
They were Monday morning 

4198
03:32:07,900 --> 03:32:11,200
problems that needed solving 
you'd see small groups of 

4199
03:32:11,200 --> 03:32:14,000
delegates clustering together. 
Probably trying to figure out 

4200
03:32:14,000 --> 03:32:16,600
their next steps. 
Some were discussing military 

4201
03:32:16,600 --> 03:32:20,100
strategy, others were worried 
about their families and a few 

4202
03:32:20,108 --> 03:32:22,500
were probably wondering if it 
was too late to claim, they were

4203
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:25,600
just visiting Philadelphia and 
had accidentally signed the 

4204
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:28,700
wrong document. 
The food situation was becoming 

4205
03:32:28,700 --> 03:32:31,700
another issue. 
Philadelphia in July was hot 

4206
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:34,100
humid and not exactly known for 
its fine. 

4207
03:32:34,100 --> 03:32:36,800
Dining the delegates were 
probably eating whatever they 

4208
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:39,800
could find bread cheese. 
May be some questionable meat 

4209
03:32:39,800 --> 03:32:43,400
that had been sitting out too 
long in the heat revolutionary. 

4210
03:32:43,400 --> 03:32:45,000
Cuisine wasn't exactly a 
priority. 

4211
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:47,900
When you were trying to 
overthrow a government, as 

4212
03:32:47,900 --> 03:32:51,400
Darkness fell, you'd notice that
the celebratory mood was mixed 

4213
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,300
with genuine anxiety. 
They've done something 

4214
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:59,400
unprecedented created a new 
nation with words on paper, but 

4215
03:32:59,400 --> 03:33:02,300
words on paper, don't stop 
cannons and the British had 

4216
03:33:02,300 --> 03:33:04,600
plenty. 
The gap between declaring 

4217
03:33:04,600 --> 03:33:07,300
independence and actually 
achieving it was looking rather 

4218
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:10,800
large and intimidating. 
Some delegates were already 

4219
03:33:10,800 --> 03:33:13,500
thinking about how to explain 
the circumstance to their wives,

4220
03:33:13,500 --> 03:33:16,600
honey, I'm home. 
And by the way I've just 

4221
03:33:16,608 --> 03:33:19,700
committed treason isn't exactly 
the kind of conversation. 

4222
03:33:19,700 --> 03:33:22,900
You plan for the domestic 
implications of Revolution were 

4223
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:24,800
probably just starting to sink 
in. 

4224
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:28,800
The evening was also bringing 
practical concerns about 

4225
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:31,500
security, should they post 
guards? 

4226
03:33:31,500 --> 03:33:33,600
Were their British spies and 
Philadelphia. 

4227
03:33:34,800 --> 03:33:36,500
When did King George learn about
this? 

4228
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:41,000
And when did he take action? 
Conway was probably Justified 

4229
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:43,100
but it wasn't making anyone more
comfortable. 

4230
03:33:43,100 --> 03:33:48,400
You'd realize that July 4th 1776
was ending not with fireworks 

4231
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:52,000
and celebration but with a group
of exhausted, very worried men 

4232
03:33:52,000 --> 03:33:54,500
trying to figure out how to 
survive, what they just started.

4233
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:58,900
They'd lit fuse but nobody was 
quite sure how long it was or 

4234
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:01,200
what exactly would explode when 
it reached the end. 

4235
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:04,900
Now, as Philadelphia passes in 
to the night, you might find 

4236
03:34:04,900 --> 03:34:07,100
yourself in the midst of what 
could be considered his 

4237
03:34:07,100 --> 03:34:10,500
history's, most consequential 
case of insomnia similar to your

4238
03:34:10,500 --> 03:34:13,700
situation. 
The delegates weren't exactly 

4239
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:15,900
sleeping peacefully after 
signing, what amounted to their 

4240
03:34:15,908 --> 03:34:18,300
death warrants. 
You'd imagine them tossing and 

4241
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:21,300
turning on their lumpy Colonial 
mattresses wondering if they 

4242
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:23,400
just made the biggest mistake of
their lives. 

4243
03:34:24,100 --> 03:34:26,600
The taverns of Philadelphia were
buzzing with nervous, energy, 

4244
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:29,700
you'd see clusters of delegates 
nursing ails and trying to 

4245
03:34:29,700 --> 03:34:32,900
convince each other and 
themselves that they done the 

4246
03:34:32,900 --> 03:34:35,800
right thing. 
The conversations probably went 

4247
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:38,200
something like we showed them, 
didn't we? 

4248
03:34:39,100 --> 03:34:42,100
This was likely followed by long
pauses and nervous sips of 

4249
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:45,300
whatever Colonial beer passed 
for alcohol in 1776. 

4250
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:49,800
John Adams was probably lying 
awake, mentally composing, 

4251
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:53,600
letters to his wife, Abigail 
trying to explain, how he'd gone

4252
03:34:53,600 --> 03:34:57,100
from being a respected lawyer to
a wanted traitor in the span of 

4253
03:34:57,108 --> 03:35:00,300
a single day. 
The letter writing was good 

4254
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,900
practice because if things went 
badly, his final correspondence,

4255
03:35:03,900 --> 03:35:05,600
might be coming from a prison 
cell. 

4256
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:08,800
You'd notice that the reality of
what they've done, was slowly 

4257
03:35:08,800 --> 03:35:13,300
sinking in later declared war on
the most powerful Empire in the 

4258
03:35:13,300 --> 03:35:15,300
world. 
And their army, consisted of 

4259
03:35:15,300 --> 03:35:18,000
whoever, George Washington could
round up and convinced to fight.

4260
03:35:18,900 --> 03:35:21,100
Like challenging, the high 
school football team to a game 

4261
03:35:21,108 --> 03:35:23,600
when your team consists of the 
chess club and a few 

4262
03:35:23,608 --> 03:35:26,100
enthusiastic but uncoordinated 
volunteers. 

4263
03:35:26,900 --> 03:35:29,400
The night brought practical 
issues, they probably hadn't 

4264
03:35:29,400 --> 03:35:32,200
thought of in the afternoon. 
How do you run a country when 

4265
03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:35,200
you've never ran one before? 
How do you collect taxes when 

4266
03:35:35,200 --> 03:35:36,500
you've just rebelled against 
them? 

4267
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:39,700
How do you create a military 
when most of your experience 

4268
03:35:39,700 --> 03:35:42,400
with Warfare comes from fighting
Native Americans and the 

4269
03:35:42,400 --> 03:35:46,000
occasional border dispute? 
Benjamin Franklin was probably 

4270
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:49,400
the only one getting any sleep 
but even he was likely wondering

4271
03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:52,300
if his diplomatic skills would 
be enough to convince France to 

4272
03:35:52,300 --> 03:35:55,300
help them fight the British. 
Please help us fight your 

4273
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:59,400
traditional enemy even though we
have no money, no real army and 

4274
03:35:59,400 --> 03:36:01,200
no guarantee we won't lose 
spectacularly. 

4275
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:05,900
The weather was not helping 
anyone's mood Philadelphia in 

4276
03:36:05,900 --> 03:36:08,900
July is humid enough to make you
question your life choices even 

4277
03:36:08,900 --> 03:36:11,600
under normal circumstances. 
And these were normal 

4278
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:15,200
circumstances you'd picture the 
delegates lying in their beds 

4279
03:36:15,200 --> 03:36:18,600
sweating through their 
nightshirts listening to every 

4280
03:36:18,600 --> 03:36:21,700
sound outside and wondering if 
it might be British soldiers 

4281
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:24,300
coming to arrest them. 
Some of the delegates were 

4282
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:27,100
likely experiencing what we 
would now refer to as a panic 

4283
03:36:27,100 --> 03:36:29,700
attack. 
Thomas, Jefferson the primary 

4284
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:32,800
author of the Declaration was 
likely, second guessing, every 

4285
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:35,600
word, he'd written. 
Did he make the case strongly 

4286
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:37,400
enough? 
Did he make it too strong? 

4287
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:39,900
Should he have included more 
about taxation? 

4288
03:36:39,900 --> 03:36:42,500
Should he have included less 
about natural rights? 

4289
03:36:42,500 --> 03:36:46,200
The perfectionist within him was
likely experiencing a great deal

4290
03:36:46,200 --> 03:36:48,900
of regret. 
The night also brought the 

4291
03:36:48,900 --> 03:36:51,800
sobering realization that they 
just made themselves. 

4292
03:36:51,800 --> 03:36:55,400
The Most Wanted men in America 
King George, the third wasn't 

4293
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:57,100
going to respond to their 
declaration. 

4294
03:36:57,100 --> 03:37:00,400
With a polite note saying, we 
understand your concerns and 

4295
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:02,900
will take them under advisement 
King George. 

4296
03:37:02,900 --> 03:37:06,500
The third was prepared to 
respond with ships soldiers and 

4297
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:08,900
a strong desire to set an 
example for Colonial 

4298
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:12,300
troublemakers, you'd sense that 
the delegates were starting to 

4299
03:37:12,300 --> 03:37:14,600
understand the difference 
between theory and practice 

4300
03:37:14,600 --> 03:37:17,700
sitting around discussing 
natural rights and the social 

4301
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:19,700
contract in abstract, terms is 
one thing. 

4302
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:23,500
It's another thing entirely to 
stake your life, your fortune 

4303
03:37:23,500 --> 03:37:25,600
and your sacred Honor on those 
principles. 

4304
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:29,000
When sacred Honor doesn't stop 
bullets. 

4305
03:37:30,300 --> 03:37:32,500
The night was also bringing 
questions about leadership. 

4306
03:37:33,500 --> 03:37:36,400
Despite their recent Declaration
of Independence, they lacked a 

4307
03:37:36,400 --> 03:37:39,800
president, a cabinet and a 
well-defined chain of command. 

4308
03:37:40,700 --> 03:37:42,000
George Washington was off 
somewhere. 

4309
03:37:42,000 --> 03:37:45,600
Trying to build an army, but 
armies need to supply food and 

4310
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:47,900
ammunition. 
None of, which were in abundant 

4311
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:51,100
Supply. 
As the night wore on, you'd 

4312
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:54,000
realize that July 4th 1776 was 
ending. 

4313
03:37:54,000 --> 03:37:57,800
Not with Triumph. 
But with uncertainly they had 

4314
03:37:57,800 --> 03:38:00,200
embarked on a journey that could
lead to either Freedom or The 

4315
03:38:00,208 --> 03:38:03,200
Gallows and nobody was entirely 
sure which way it would go. 

4316
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:06,700
Dawn, broke over Philadelphia on
July 5th like a hangover. 

4317
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:10,800
After a particularly unwise 
night of decision-making, you'd 

4318
03:38:10,800 --> 03:38:12,200
find yourself witnessing the 
morning. 

4319
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:14,800
After one of History's. 
Biggest what have we done 

4320
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:18,200
moments? 
The delegates were waking up to 

4321
03:38:18,200 --> 03:38:21,100
the reality that they just 
committed treason and coffee 

4322
03:38:21,100 --> 03:38:22,700
wasn't going to make this 
problem go away. 

4323
03:38:23,700 --> 03:38:26,300
The first priority was to print 
and distribute copies of the 

4324
03:38:26,300 --> 03:38:29,200
Declaration. 
This event was before King 

4325
03:38:29,200 --> 03:38:31,700
coves, so they had to rely on 
John Dunlop. 

4326
03:38:31,700 --> 03:38:34,300
A local printer, who probably 
had no idea. 

4327
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:36,100
He was about to become a 
footnote in history. 

4328
03:38:36,100 --> 03:38:40,300
You'd watch him setting tight by
hand letter by letter, creating 

4329
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:42,500
what would become known as the 
Dunlap broadsides. 

4330
03:38:42,500 --> 03:38:45,700
The first printed copies of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

4331
03:38:46,600 --> 03:38:49,800
The printing process was 
painstakingly slow each letter 

4332
03:38:49,800 --> 03:38:52,300
required individual placement 
and errors. 

4333
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,700
Necessitated a fresh start. 
Like trying to send a tweet, 

4334
03:38:55,700 --> 03:38:59,300
accept each character takes five
minutes to type and if you make 

4335
03:38:59,300 --> 03:39:03,200
a typo, you have to start the 
entire message over done. 

4336
03:39:03,200 --> 03:39:05,700
That was probably wondering why 
these particular customers seem 

4337
03:39:05,700 --> 03:39:07,400
so anxious about their printing 
job. 

4338
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:10,100
Meanwhile, the delegates were 
dealing with the Practical 

4339
03:39:10,100 --> 03:39:13,300
implications of their decision. 
How do you communicate to your 

4340
03:39:13,300 --> 03:39:15,800
business partners that you've 
initiated a conflict with your 

4341
03:39:15,800 --> 03:39:19,000
largest trading, partner? 
How do you inform your creditors

4342
03:39:19,000 --> 03:39:21,900
that the current they anticipate
receiving payment in may not 

4343
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:25,500
endure for much longer? 
The economic ramifications of 

4344
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:27,100
the Revolution Will begin to 
surface. 

4345
03:39:27,100 --> 03:39:30,400
You'd notice that the mood in 
Philadelphia was shifting from 

4346
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:32,600
revolutionary further to 
practical anxiety. 

4347
03:39:33,900 --> 03:39:36,400
The townspeople were beginning 
to hear rumors about what had 

4348
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:38,800
happened in the state house and 
reactions were mixed. 

4349
03:39:39,600 --> 03:39:41,400
Some were excited about 
independence. 

4350
03:39:41,400 --> 03:39:45,400
Others were scared of war and 
many were confused about how it 

4351
03:39:45,400 --> 03:39:48,300
would affect their lives. 
The news was spreading slowly 

4352
03:39:48,300 --> 03:39:52,500
through the city by word of 
mouth and the occasional printed

4353
03:39:52,500 --> 03:39:55,400
broadside. 
You'd see small groups of people

4354
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:57,700
gathering on street corners. 
Discussing what? 

4355
03:39:57,700 --> 03:40:00,000
They'd heard and trying to 
figure out what it all meant. 

4356
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:03,800
The reactions range from 
enthusiastic support to complete

4357
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:06,400
Panic with most people falling 
somewhere in between. 

4358
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:10,000
The delegates were also starting
to worry about their families. 

4359
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:13,200
Having your name on a document, 
declaring independence from 

4360
03:40:13,200 --> 03:40:16,900
Britain was fine in theory, but 
in practice, it made you a 

4361
03:40:16,900 --> 03:40:19,200
Target. 
British loyalists were going to 

4362
03:40:19,200 --> 03:40:21,500
be pleased about this of 
colonial. 

4363
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:23,900
Justice wasn't exactly known for
its gentle. 

4364
03:40:23,900 --> 03:40:25,500
Treatment of political 
dissidents. 

4365
03:40:25,500 --> 03:40:28,400
Benjamin Franklin was likely the
busiest person. 

4366
03:40:28,400 --> 03:40:31,400
In Philadelphia that morning 
attempting to determine the best

4367
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:33,500
way to inform potential allies 
in Europe. 

4368
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:36,400
The American's were going to 
need friends and they were going

4369
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:39,600
to need them fast. 
Diplomatic challenges were 

4370
03:40:39,600 --> 03:40:41,800
enormous. 
How do you convince other 

4371
03:40:41,800 --> 03:40:43,400
countries, to support a 
revolution? 

4372
03:40:43,400 --> 03:40:47,500
That might fail spectacularly. 
You'd realize that July 5th was 

4373
03:40:47,500 --> 03:40:50,700
when the real work began, 
declaring independence was the 

4374
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:53,900
easy part compared to actually 
achieving it, they needed to 

4375
03:40:53,900 --> 03:40:57,400
build an army established, a 
government, create a treasury 

4376
03:40:57,400 --> 03:41:01,200
and somehow managed to fight 
off, the British Empire all 

4377
03:41:01,200 --> 03:41:02,900
while making it up as they went 
along. 

4378
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:06,200
The morning, brought the first 
practical test of their new 

4379
03:41:06,200 --> 03:41:08,700
Independence. 
How do you govern a country? 

4380
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:10,300
That doesn't officially exist, 
yet. 

4381
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:13,100
They were in the awkward 
position of having declared 

4382
03:41:13,100 --> 03:41:16,100
themselves free from British 
rule without having established,

4383
03:41:16,100 --> 03:41:19,200
what would replace it? 
Like quitting your job before 

4384
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,300
you found a new one, except the 
stakes were considerably higher.

4385
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:26,200
The weather was still hot and 
humid, which wasn't helping 

4386
03:41:26,200 --> 03:41:29,100
anyone's mood. 
You'd see the delegates sweating

4387
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:32,800
through their Formal Wear trying
to look dignified while dealing 

4388
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:36,000
with the growing realization 
that they just take on the most 

4389
03:41:36,000 --> 03:41:38,500
powerful Empire in the world 
with little more than good 

4390
03:41:38,500 --> 03:41:40,500
intentions and a strongly worded
letter. 

4391
03:41:41,500 --> 03:41:43,700
The American Revolution began on
July 5th. 

4392
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:47,600
When the next steps were decided
not when the Declaration was 

4393
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:49,400
signed. 
As you look back on that 

4394
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:53,300
sweltering July day in 1776. 
You'd realize that what happened

4395
03:41:53,300 --> 03:41:55,600
in Philadelphia wasn't just The 
Birth of a Nation. 

4396
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:59,500
It was the moment when a group 
of flawed frightened and very 

4397
03:41:59,500 --> 03:42:02,700
human people, decided to bet 
everything on an idea. 

4398
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:06,600
The concept of self-governance, 
the consent of the governed as 

4399
03:42:06,600 --> 03:42:09,600
the source of government power 
and the necessity of risking all

4400
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:12,500
for a better future all 
resonated with this idea. 

4401
03:42:13,600 --> 03:42:18,100
The funny thing about July 4th 
1776 is that nobody? 

4402
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:20,600
That day knew they were 
creating, what would become the 

4403
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:22,000
most powerful nation in the 
world? 

4404
03:42:22,900 --> 03:42:25,400
It would just trying to survive 
the next few months without 

4405
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:28,300
getting hanged. 
The Declaration of Independence 

4406
03:42:28,300 --> 03:42:30,700
wasn't written by demigods or 
marble statues. 

4407
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:34,300
It was written by middle-aged 
men in wigs who were sweating 

4408
03:42:34,300 --> 03:42:37,200
through their wool coats and 
arguing about Commerce. 

4409
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:40,500
What makes their story? 
So remarkable isn't that? 

4410
03:42:40,500 --> 03:42:44,200
They were perfect. 
They worked they compromised on 

4411
03:42:44,200 --> 03:42:46,700
slavery. 
They argued about everything and

4412
03:42:46,700 --> 03:42:50,000
they were terrified of failing. 
What makes them remarkable is 

4413
03:42:50,000 --> 03:42:53,200
that they did it anyway. 
Despite the lack of certain tea,

4414
03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:55,800
they bravely took a risk that 
transformed the world. 

4415
03:42:56,800 --> 03:43:00,900
The real magic of July 4th, 1776
wasn't in the document itself. 

4416
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:05,800
It was in the decision to take 
that leap. 56 men decided that 

4417
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:08,500
the risk of failure was worth 
the chance of creating something

4418
03:43:08,500 --> 03:43:12,500
unprecedented. 
They staked their lives fortunes

4419
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:15,900
and sacred Honor on the belief 
that individuals could surpass 

4420
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:19,400
Kings and subjects, you'd 
understand that the America they

4421
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:22,600
created wasn't the America. 
We know today, they couldn't 

4422
03:43:22,600 --> 03:43:25,400
have imagined a country that 
would span from coast to coast 

4423
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:28,600
land on the moon, or become a 
Haven for immigrants. 

4424
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:31,400
They were just trying to create 
a place where people could live 

4425
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:33,900
free from tyranny and make their
own choices. 

4426
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:37,600
The irony lies in the fact that 
the founding fathers would 

4427
03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:40,600
likely be astonished by the 
results of their bold decision. 

4428
03:43:41,500 --> 03:43:43,300
They were dealing with 13 
colonies. 

4429
03:43:43,300 --> 03:43:46,300
Hugging, the Eastern Seaboard. 
Not a continental superpower. 

4430
03:43:46,300 --> 03:43:50,600
They were about convincing 
people to join their cause not 

4431
03:43:50,600 --> 03:43:53,400
about being a global leader. 
They were just trying to make it

4432
03:43:53,400 --> 03:43:56,700
through the next day. 
But that's what makes July 4th. 

4433
03:43:56,700 --> 03:44:03,000
1776, so inspiring It reminds us
that big changes often start 

4434
03:44:03,000 --> 03:44:05,500
with small groups of people who 
decided to take a risk. 

4435
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:09,300
The Declaration of Independence 
was not the result of a perfect 

4436
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:11,800
plan. 
It was the result of imperfect 

4437
03:44:11,800 --> 03:44:15,400
people who decided to try 
something better as you drift 

4438
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:17,200
off to sleep. 
Thinking about that long ago. 

4439
03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:22,000
Summer day, you'd realize that 
the real lesson of July 4th 1776

4440
03:44:22,000 --> 03:44:24,700
isn't about the greatness of the
founding fathers. 

4441
03:44:24,700 --> 03:44:28,200
It's about the power of ordinary
people to do extraordinary 

4442
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:30,900
things when they decide to take 
a leap of faith. 

4443
03:44:31,800 --> 03:44:34,800
They gave us not just a country,
but an example of what's 

4444
03:44:34,800 --> 03:44:37,100
possible. 
When people decide to risk 

4445
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:41,000
everything for something better.
The men who signed the 

4446
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:43,300
Declaration of Independence 
weren't Heroes, when they woke 

4447
03:44:43,300 --> 03:44:46,300
up that morning, they became 
Heroes by the time, they went to

4448
03:44:46,300 --> 03:44:49,700
sleep that night and that's a 
reminder that heroism isn't 

4449
03:44:49,700 --> 03:44:52,500
about being perfect or Fearless.
It's about doing the right 

4450
03:44:52,500 --> 03:44:55,100
thing. 
Even when you're scared, unsure 

4451
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:58,300
and the consequences of failure 
are too terrible to contemplate 

4452
03:44:58,300 --> 03:45:02,400
good night. 
Remember every Great Leap, 

4453
03:45:02,400 --> 03:45:04,800
Forward began with someone 
willing to take the first step 

4454
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:07,000
even when they couldn't see 
where it would lead. 

4455
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:11,300
This is akin to the sweaty 
nervous men in Philadelphia who 

4456
03:45:11,300 --> 03:45:14,500
transformed the world with just 
words on paper and The Bravery 

4457
03:45:14,500 --> 03:45:24,800
to sign their names. 
Picture. 

4458
03:45:24,800 --> 03:45:28,700
This, you're sitting in your 
favorite armchair maybe with a 

4459
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:30,500
couple of tea getting cold on 
the side table. 

4460
03:45:30,500 --> 03:45:33,300
And someone asked you to name 
the richest person who ever 

4461
03:45:33,300 --> 03:45:37,800
lived You might consider bass or
musk particularly on a positive 

4462
03:45:37,800 --> 03:45:39,700
day. 
When Tesla stopped isn't 

4463
03:45:39,700 --> 03:45:42,900
experiencing significant 
fluctuations but you'd be wrong.

4464
03:45:42,900 --> 03:45:46,500
The richest human being in 
recorded history was a man, most

4465
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:49,500
people have never heard of and 
here's the kicker he 

4466
03:45:49,500 --> 03:45:51,800
disappeared. 
So completely that for centuries

4467
03:45:51,800 --> 03:45:55,400
individuals wandered, if he'd 
ever existed at all, his name 

4468
03:45:55,400 --> 03:45:58,400
was Mansa Musa and calling him 
wealthy as like calling the 

4469
03:45:58,400 --> 03:46:01,700
ocean down. 
This guy had so much gold that 

4470
03:46:01,700 --> 03:46:06,300
when he went on vacation while 
pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 he 

4471
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:08,500
accidentally crashed the 
Egyptian economy for a decade. 

4472
03:46:08,500 --> 03:46:10,800
This was not an intentional 
action. 

4473
03:46:10,800 --> 03:46:14,200
He was just being generous 
tossing around gold, like, you 

4474
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,100
might toss breadcrumbs to ducks 
at the park. 

4475
03:46:17,100 --> 03:46:19,600
The only difference was that his
bread crumbs were actual gold 

4476
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:21,500
bars, and the Ducks were entire 
cities. 

4477
03:46:22,600 --> 03:46:25,600
But here's where our story gets 
intriguing and that deliciously 

4478
03:46:25,600 --> 03:46:28,300
mysterious way that makes you 
want to pull the blankets up a 

4479
03:46:28,300 --> 03:46:31,300
little higher. 
Mansa Musa ruled the Mali Empire

4480
03:46:31,300 --> 03:46:35,300
in West Africa exerting control 
over an abundance of gold mines.

4481
03:46:36,300 --> 03:46:39,500
Mansa, musa's Empire spanned an 
area larger than Western Europe,

4482
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:43,500
requiring, every gold dust that 
emerged from those mines to 

4483
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:47,300
submit to him first, Imagine 
having a monopoly on the thing. 

4484
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:50,400
Everyone wanted most in the 
medieval world, it's like owning

4485
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:53,100
all the coffee shops and Wi-Fi 
passwords simultaneously. 

4486
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:56,000
The thing about new set that 
made him different from your 

4487
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:58,700
average, billionaire wasn't just
the mind boggling wealth. 

4488
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:02,100
That was what he did with it. 
While other rulers hoarded their

4489
03:47:02,100 --> 03:47:05,700
riches like Dragon sleeping on 
Treasure piles, Musa built 

4490
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:10,500
University's libraries and Moss.
He turned Timbuktu in to the 

4491
03:47:10,500 --> 03:47:13,400
intellectual Hub of the world, a
place, where Scholars from 

4492
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:15,700
across Africa, Europe. 
And the Middle East, came to 

4493
03:47:15,700 --> 03:47:19,200
study and debate, picture, 
Oxford or Harvard, but with 

4494
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:21,100
better weather and more gold 
leaf on everything. 

4495
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:24,200
Now you might be wondering why 
you've never heard of this guy 

4496
03:47:24,200 --> 03:47:26,200
in school. 
Well, that's partly because 

4497
03:47:26,200 --> 03:47:28,500
Medieval Europe was still 
figuring out that the World 

4498
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:31,700
extended beyond their backyards 
and partly because what happened

4499
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:34,300
next was so strange that 
chroniclers didn't quite know 

4500
03:47:34,300 --> 03:47:38,600
how to write it down. 
See Mansa Musa didn't just fade 

4501
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:40,100
away like most historical 
figures. 

4502
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:43,200
He didn't die in battle or 
succumbed to somebody evil 

4503
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:45,500
plague. 
He didn't even retire to a 

4504
03:47:45,500 --> 03:47:47,800
luxurious Palace somewhere to 
count his gold coins. 

4505
03:47:47,800 --> 03:47:53,000
He vanished completely seemed as
though, the Earth had opened up 

4506
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:57,900
in golfing him, his family, his 
court and nearly half of his 

4507
03:47:57,900 --> 03:48:02,500
Empire's gold reserves, One day,
he was there running the most 

4508
03:48:02,508 --> 03:48:05,000
prosperous kingdom in the world 
and the next day. 

4509
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:09,700
Nothing not a trace. 
There was not even a whisper 

4510
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:12,800
there was not even a strongly 
worded letter of resignation. 

4511
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:16,000
The last reliable sighting of 
Mansa. 

4512
03:48:16,000 --> 03:48:19,900
Musa was in 1337 when he was 
supposedly preparing for another

4513
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:23,600
grand Expedition, some claim 
that Manson was planning to sail

4514
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:27,200
across the Atlantic, the move 
that occurred more than 150 

4515
03:48:27,200 --> 03:48:29,700
years before Columbus lost his 
way in search of India. 

4516
03:48:30,500 --> 03:48:32,700
Others claiming he was 
organizing a massive trade 

4517
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:36,300
mission to China. few whispered 
that he discovered something in 

4518
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,600
the deepest minds of his Empire,
something that made even his 

4519
03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:43,800
legendary wealth seem 
insignificant, but then silence,

4520
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:47,800
The silence was so profound that
it prompted you to double, check

4521
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:51,100
the functionality of your phone.
His advisors claimed, he'd gone 

4522
03:48:51,108 --> 03:48:54,400
into seclusion for religious 
contemplation, his enemies 

4523
03:48:54,400 --> 03:48:56,500
assumed he died and were 
preparing their armies 

4524
03:48:56,500 --> 03:48:58,900
accordingly. 
His people waited for 

4525
03:48:58,900 --> 03:49:02,600
announcements that never came it
was as if the richest man in 

4526
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,800
history, had simply decided that
being unimaginably who was 

4527
03:49:05,800 --> 03:49:08,400
overrated and had gone off to 
try something else entirely. 

4528
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:12,200
What makes this disappearance 
even more puzzling. 

4529
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:14,600
Is that Musa wasn't just any 
ruler. 

4530
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:18,700
He was obsessively organized. 
This was a man who planted his 

4531
03:49:18,700 --> 03:49:21,800
famous pilgrimage down to the 
last camel load of Provisions. 

4532
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:25,800
He didn't do anything on a whim 
yet somehow managed to vanish 

4533
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:29,100
without leaving behind a single 
clue about where he'd gone or 

4534
03:49:29,100 --> 03:49:32,000
why, you know, that feeling when
you're looking for your keys and

4535
03:49:32,000 --> 03:49:35,200
you checked everywhere twice. 
But they've somehow vanished 

4536
03:49:35,200 --> 03:49:37,600
into their mysterious Dimension 
where lost socks. 

4537
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:41,300
Go to Party. 
Well, imagine that feeling, but 

4538
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:45,100
in stead of keys, it's the 
world's richest man in his head 

4539
03:49:45,100 --> 03:49:47,200
of your house. 
It's an Empire, the size of 

4540
03:49:47,208 --> 03:49:50,800
Western Europe that's precisely 
what happened to the Mali Empire

4541
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:53,900
in 1337. 
The Mali Empire wasn't just 

4542
03:49:53,900 --> 03:49:56,000
wealthy. 
It was stupid wealthy. 

4543
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:58,700
The kind of wealthy that makes 
lottery winners look like their 

4544
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:02,600
counting pocket chain. 
The Empire sat on top of the 

4545
03:50:02,600 --> 03:50:05,800
largest gold deposits in the 
known world and Mansa Musa, 

4546
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:09,400
controlled every ounce of it. 
But gold wasn't even his own 

4547
03:50:09,400 --> 03:50:11,700
trick. 
He also controlled the salt 

4548
03:50:11,700 --> 03:50:15,400
mines and if you think salt is 
an exciting you've never lived 

4549
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:16,900
in a world without 
Refrigeration. 

4550
03:50:16,900 --> 03:50:20,800
Salt was literally worth its 
weight in gold, which was 

4551
03:50:20,800 --> 03:50:23,200
convenient. 
Since Musa had plenty of both 

4552
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:25,600
picture. 
The empire was a massive spider 

4553
03:50:25,600 --> 03:50:29,800
web with Musa at the center and 
every strand representing a 

4554
03:50:29,800 --> 03:50:32,800
trade route. 
Caravans loaded with gold salt 

4555
03:50:32,800 --> 03:50:36,500
Ivory and slaves, moved along 
these routes like blood through 

4556
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:39,800
arteries. 
The Empire's capital cities near

4557
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:44,400
me Timbuktu and Jenny were 
Medieval Las Vegas but instead 

4558
03:50:44,400 --> 03:50:47,300
of losing money everyone was 
making it hand over fist. 

4559
03:50:47,300 --> 03:50:51,000
Merchants from as far away as 
Venice and Cairo would make the 

4560
03:50:51,000 --> 03:50:53,600
dangerous journey across the 
Sahara just to get a piece of 

4561
03:50:53,600 --> 03:50:56,500
the action. 
But here's where things get as 

4562
03:50:56,500 --> 03:51:00,300
twisty as a pretzel factory, the
Mali Empire Had A peculiar 

4563
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:03,200
system of succession, it would 
make even the most complicated 

4564
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:04,900
family reunion look 
straightforward. 

4565
03:51:04,900 --> 03:51:08,000
The crown didn't automatically 
pass from father to son. 

4566
03:51:08,000 --> 03:51:12,100
Instead, it went to the previous
rulers brother then to his son, 

4567
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:16,000
then to the next brother and so 
on, like a royal game of musical

4568
03:51:16,000 --> 03:51:17,700
chairs that could last for 
Generations. 

4569
03:51:17,700 --> 03:51:21,200
This system had worked 
beautifully for centuries, 

4570
03:51:21,200 --> 03:51:24,500
mainly because there was so much
wealth to go around that. 

4571
03:51:24,500 --> 03:51:27,600
Even the distant cousins lived 
better than most European Kings 

4572
03:51:27,600 --> 03:51:31,400
when Mansa Musa disappeared. 
This orderly system suddenly 

4573
03:51:31,400 --> 03:51:33,200
looked like a house of cards in 
a windstorm. 

4574
03:51:33,200 --> 03:51:37,400
Nobody knew if he was dead alive
or just taking a really long 

4575
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:41,000
bathroom break. 
His designated Heir, a nephew 

4576
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:44,300
named again, stepped up to fill 
the void but ruling an Empire 

4577
03:51:44,300 --> 03:51:46,000
isn't like how to sing for a 
friend. 

4578
03:51:46,000 --> 03:51:48,800
You can't just water the plants 
and collect the mail. 

4579
03:51:49,800 --> 03:51:52,100
Magazine found himself trying to
hold together a massive 

4580
03:51:52,100 --> 03:51:55,100
political and economic machine 
without the instruction manual. 

4581
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:58,300
The first sign that something 
was seriously wrong came from 

4582
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:02,100
the gold, mine's the miners who 
would work for Generations under

4583
03:52:02,100 --> 03:52:05,000
the watchful eye of Moose's 
appointed Governors suddenly 

4584
03:52:05,000 --> 03:52:08,700
found themselves with no clear 
chain of command, some mines, 

4585
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:11,500
shut down entirely when local 
Chiefs couldn't agree on who had

4586
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:12,800
the authority to keep them 
running. 

4587
03:52:13,500 --> 03:52:16,100
Others kept operating, but with 
no one to report to about 

4588
03:52:16,100 --> 03:52:19,600
production levels or security, 
it was like having an ATM that 

4589
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:21,700
kept spitting out money, but 
with no Bank behind it. 

4590
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:25,900
Fusion spread like spilled 
coffee on a white tablecloth 

4591
03:52:25,900 --> 03:52:29,300
trade routes that had operated 
smoothly for decades, suddenly 

4592
03:52:29,300 --> 03:52:33,300
became hazardous, as local 
rulers sensing opportunity, 

4593
03:52:33,300 --> 03:52:36,600
started demanding their own 
tribute from passing Caravans 

4594
03:52:37,500 --> 03:52:40,600
Some Caravans simply stopped 
coming which was catastrophic 

4595
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:43,600
for cities, that depended on 
trade like fish depend on water.

4596
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:47,000
Timbuktu, which had been the 
intellectual capital of the 

4597
03:52:47,000 --> 03:52:50,200
world, found its University's 
struggling to pay Scholars as 

4598
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:53,400
funding dried up. 
What made the situation even 

4599
03:52:53,400 --> 03:52:57,300
more bizarre was the complete 
absence of any explanation in 

4600
03:52:57,300 --> 03:53:00,300
medieval times when a ruler 
died, there were ceremonies and 

4601
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:03,300
announcements and usually quite 
a bit of dramatic whaling. 

4602
03:53:04,000 --> 03:53:07,100
When they went missing search 
parties, were organized rewards 

4603
03:53:07,100 --> 03:53:08,700
were offered and generally 
speaking. 

4604
03:53:08,700 --> 03:53:11,900
Someone made a fuss. 
But in Musso's case, there was 

4605
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:15,000
nothing, no official statement, 
No search efforts. 

4606
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:17,200
No leaked gossip from Palace 
servers. 

4607
03:53:17,200 --> 03:53:21,200
It was as if the entire Imperial
Court had collectively decided 

4608
03:53:21,200 --> 03:53:24,600
to pretend nothing had happened.
The neighboring kingdoms, 

4609
03:53:24,600 --> 03:53:27,600
meanwhile were watching this 
unfold like spectators at tennis

4610
03:53:27,600 --> 03:53:30,000
match. 
The kingdom of Songhai to the 

4611
03:53:30,000 --> 03:53:33,200
East and the Moroccan Sultans to
the North had spent decades 

4612
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:35,900
being politely envious of 
Marley's wealth, while 

4613
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:38,100
maintaining careful diplomatic 
relations. 

4614
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:40,800
Now they found themselves 
wondering if they should send 

4615
03:53:40,800 --> 03:53:43,800
condolence gifts, 
congratulations cards or 

4616
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,400
Invasion armies. 
The uncertainty was driving 

4617
03:53:47,400 --> 03:53:48,700
everyone. 
A little crazy. 

4618
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:52,300
Some historians believe that 
Muses disappearance was actually

4619
03:53:52,300 --> 03:53:55,300
part of an elaborate plan 
possibly connected to 

4620
03:53:55,300 --> 03:53:57,400
information. 
He'd received about Portuguese 

4621
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:00,600
explorers who were beginning to 
probe the West African Coast, 

4622
03:54:00,600 --> 03:54:03,600
others suggest that he 
discovered something in his 

4623
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:06,700
Empire's archives or mines that 
required immediate and secret 

4624
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:09,800
action. 
A few romantic Souls, like to 

4625
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:12,600
imagine that he'd simply grown 
tired of being the richest man 

4626
03:54:12,600 --> 03:54:15,900
alive, and had decided to try 
being anonymous for a while. 

4627
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:18,700
Let's take a step back and talk 
about the last time. 

4628
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,600
Anyone was absolutely, 
positively sure, they were 

4629
03:54:21,600 --> 03:54:24,500
handsome was and boy. 
Did they know where he was? 

4630
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:28,400
It was 1324 and Musa had 
decided. 

4631
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:31,000
It was time to fulfill his 
religious duty of making the 

4632
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:33,900
Hajj to Mecca. 
Now, when most people go on 

4633
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:37,300
pilgrimage, they packed light. 
Maybe bring a few snacks for the

4634
03:54:37,300 --> 03:54:41,700
road and try not to spend too 
much money. muser approached his

4635
03:54:41,700 --> 03:54:44,000
pilgrimage the way some people 
approach, Black Friday shopping,

4636
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:47,600
With overwhelming force and a 
complete disregard for Economic 

4637
03:54:47,600 --> 03:54:50,900
Consequences. 
Imagine a caravan so vast that 

4638
03:54:50,900 --> 03:54:52,600
it resembled a bustling small 
City. 

4639
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:56,500
We were referring to a caravan 
of 60,000 individuals. 

4640
03:54:56,500 --> 03:55:01,900
Comprising soldiers servants, 
Merchants Scholars, and likely a

4641
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:04,400
few individuals who merely wish 
to observe the excitement. 

4642
03:55:05,700 --> 03:55:08,800
The most significant aspect is 
that Musa brought 80 camels. 

4643
03:55:08,800 --> 03:55:11,400
Each of which carried 300 pounds
of gold. 

4644
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:15,600
This mounts to approximately 
24,000 pounds of gold which most

4645
03:55:15,600 --> 03:55:18,100
accurately carried across the 
desert to as if it were a 

4646
03:55:18,100 --> 03:55:20,800
routine tasks. 
To put the situation in 

4647
03:55:20,800 --> 03:55:23,900
perspective, that's more gold 
than most countries had in their

4648
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:27,800
entire National treasuries. 
Caravan moved across North 

4649
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:31,600
Africa like a slow motion parade
of a bundts every city they 

4650
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,500
passed through became 
temporarily the richest place on

4651
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:36,600
earth. 
Mostly didn't just travel. 

4652
03:55:36,600 --> 03:55:40,400
He celebrated He threw parties 
that would make modern 

4653
03:55:40,400 --> 03:55:42,400
billionaires. 
Birthday bashes look like modest

4654
03:55:42,400 --> 03:55:45,200
potluck dinners. 
The employed local musicians 

4655
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:49,500
occupied entire Market places 
and lavishly distributed gold as

4656
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:53,000
if it were a fashion statement, 
but the real fireworks happened 

4657
03:55:53,000 --> 03:55:56,700
in Cairo. city was already one 
of the great trading hubs of the

4658
03:55:56,700 --> 03:56:00,100
Medieval World, a place where 
Merchants from Europe Asia and 

4659
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:04,000
Africa came to make deals and 
exchanged Not Just Goods but 

4660
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:08,300
gossip When Musa rolled into 
town, with his golden Caravan, 

4661
03:56:08,300 --> 03:56:11,300
it was like a celebrity walking 
into a Small Town Diner. 

4662
03:56:11,900 --> 03:56:15,700
Every conversation stopped. 
Every I turned every hand 

4663
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:19,600
extended in greeting. 
Musa stayed in Cairo for three 

4664
03:56:19,600 --> 03:56:21,400
months. 
And during that time, he 

4665
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:24,400
single-handedly redefined the 
concept of generous spending. 

4666
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:28,100
He bought everything that caught
his eye tipped servant's with 

4667
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:31,500
chunks of gold, and made 
donations to local mosques that 

4668
03:56:31,500 --> 03:56:35,300
left the religious leaders. 
Speechless one Chronicle wrote 

4669
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:38,600
that Musa gave away so much gold
that it's valued didn't recover 

4670
03:56:38,600 --> 03:56:43,300
for 10 years, 10 years. 
This behavior is not generosity.

4671
03:56:43,300 --> 03:56:48,400
It resembles economic Warfare to
his kindness, the Egyptian 

4672
03:56:48,400 --> 03:56:51,100
merchants and government 
officials found themselves in a 

4673
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:52,500
complex and challenging 
situation. 

4674
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:55,900
On one hand, they were making 
more money than they'd ever 

4675
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:56,500
dreamed. 
Of. 

4676
03:56:56,500 --> 03:56:59,900
On the other hand, they were 
watching their entire monetary 

4677
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:02,500
system. 
Collapse in real time, when gold

4678
03:57:02,500 --> 03:57:05,600
becomes as common as sound 
suddenly your life-saving, don't

4679
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:09,200
seem quite as substantial. 
Some clever merchants started, 

4680
03:57:09,200 --> 03:57:11,900
trading their gold for silver 
and other Goods, essentially 

4681
03:57:11,900 --> 03:57:14,600
playing the medieval equivalent 
of currency speculation. 

4682
03:57:14,600 --> 03:57:18,700
However, this is where the story
becomes particularly intriguing 

4683
03:57:18,700 --> 03:57:21,600
as it prompts one to consider. 
Whether medieval people were 

4684
03:57:21,600 --> 03:57:23,900
inherently, more skilled at 
drama than we are today. 

4685
03:57:23,900 --> 03:57:27,200
Musa's display of wealth wasn't 
just about showing off. 

4686
03:57:27,200 --> 03:57:31,300
It was a carefully. 
Calculated diplomatic move, he 

4687
03:57:31,300 --> 03:57:33,800
was announcing to the world that
Molly wasn't just some distant 

4688
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:35,100
Kingdom. 
That happened to have gold 

4689
03:57:35,100 --> 03:57:37,600
mines. 
It was a major power that could 

4690
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:41,300
afford to destabilize entire 
economies casually just by being

4691
03:57:41,300 --> 03:57:44,000
generous. 
The news of Moose's pilgrimage 

4692
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,600
swiftly disseminated throughout 
the Medieval World, akin to a 

4693
03:57:47,600 --> 03:57:51,000
lively conversation at a family 
gathering European map makers 

4694
03:57:51,000 --> 03:57:54,900
who had previously labeled most 
of Africa as here be dragons or 

4695
03:57:54,900 --> 03:57:57,300
just left it blank. 
Suddenly started drawing 

4696
03:57:57,300 --> 03:58:00,300
detailed pictures of a king 
holding a massive gold nugget 

4697
03:58:01,500 --> 03:58:05,600
The famous Catalan atlas of 1375
shows, Music City on his throne,

4698
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:09,300
crown on his head, gold Orban, 
his hand with the captioned, 

4699
03:58:09,300 --> 03:58:11,100
describing him as the richest 
king in the world. 

4700
03:58:12,300 --> 03:58:15,200
But perhaps the most telling 
detail about Moose's pilgrimage 

4701
03:58:15,200 --> 03:58:16,500
was what happened on the way 
back. 

4702
03:58:17,300 --> 03:58:20,200
By the time he reached Cairo 
again, the gold market still 

4703
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:21,900
hadn't recovered from his 
previous visit. 

4704
03:58:22,700 --> 03:58:26,100
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.
The man who had crashed the gold

4705
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:27,900
market. 
Now found himself in the unusual

4706
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:29,200
position of having to borrow 
money. 

4707
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:33,300
Yes, the richest man in the 
world took out a loan, he 

4708
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:35,800
needed, Egyptian gold to fund 
the remainder of his journey 

4709
03:58:35,800 --> 03:58:37,600
home. 
Promising to pay it back with 

4710
03:58:37,600 --> 03:58:39,700
interest once he reached his own
gold mines. 

4711
03:58:41,000 --> 03:58:44,300
This little detail tells us 
something important about musa's

4712
03:58:44,300 --> 03:58:48,500
character, he wasn't just 
wealthy, he was practical, he 

4713
03:58:48,500 --> 03:58:52,100
understood that wealth was a 
tool, not a trophy, he was 

4714
03:58:52,100 --> 03:58:54,400
willing to go into debt, 
temporarily to maintain his 

4715
03:58:54,400 --> 03:58:57,300
Expeditions momentum. 
Confident that he could easily 

4716
03:58:57,300 --> 03:58:59,400
repay the loan once he returned 
to his Empire. 

4717
03:59:01,100 --> 03:59:03,500
It's the kind of financial 
flexibility that comes from 

4718
03:59:03,500 --> 03:59:05,200
owning most of the world's gold 
Supply. 

4719
03:59:05,200 --> 03:59:08,400
The pilgrimage also revealed 
something else about Musa. 

4720
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:11,800
He was genuinely curious about 
the world Beyond his Empire. 

4721
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,500
He spent time in cairo's 
library's met with Scholars, and

4722
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:17,600
religious leaders, and generally
acted. 

4723
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:20,300
Like a man who understood that 
knowledge was as valuable as 

4724
03:59:20,300 --> 03:59:23,300
gold. 
Some historians believe that it 

4725
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:25,900
was during this pilgrimage that.
He first heard rumors about 

4726
03:59:25,908 --> 03:59:28,400
lands Across the Western Ocean 
rumors. 

4727
03:59:28,400 --> 03:59:31,000
That would later play a crucial 
role in his mysterious 

4728
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:33,300
disappearance. 
You know, how some people have a

4729
03:59:33,300 --> 03:59:35,800
lucky penny or maybe a special 
coffee mug that just makes their

4730
03:59:35,800 --> 03:59:38,500
day better. 
Well, Mansa Musa had entire 

4731
03:59:38,500 --> 03:59:41,200
mountains. 
That did that for him accepted 

4732
03:59:41,200 --> 03:59:44,200
of luck or caffeine, they 
provided literally, tons of 

4733
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:47,100
gold. 
The Bamba can Bureau goldfields 

4734
03:59:47,100 --> 03:59:49,400
weren't just minds. 
They were the economic 

4735
03:59:49,400 --> 03:59:52,700
foundation of the Medieval World
and Musa controlled them like a 

4736
03:59:52,700 --> 03:59:55,000
medieval oil, shake with a 
really shiny product. 

4737
03:59:56,300 --> 03:59:58,700
The nature of gold mining in, 
medieval Africa, differed. 

4738
03:59:58,700 --> 04:00:01,700
Significantly from the typical 
guy with a pickaxe and a dream 

4739
04:00:01,708 --> 04:00:04,500
operation. 
These was sophisticated and 

4740
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:07,000
Enterprises that had been 
running for Centuries with 

4741
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:10,200
techniques passed down through 
generations like family recipes.

4742
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:14,300
The miners used a combination of
surface panning and deep shaft 

4743
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:16,100
mining. 
That would have impressed Roman 

4744
04:00:16,100 --> 04:00:18,900
Engineers. 
They diverted Rivers built a 

4745
04:00:18,900 --> 04:00:22,000
labret water systems and created
mining communities that were 

4746
04:00:22,000 --> 04:00:25,600
basically underground cities but
here's where it gets intriguing 

4747
04:00:25,600 --> 04:00:27,600
in that makes you want to dig 
deeper sort of way. 

4748
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:32,200
The exact locations of these 
mines were States secrets of the

4749
04:00:32,200 --> 04:00:35,200
highest order. 
Musa didn't just control the 

4750
04:00:35,200 --> 04:00:38,100
gold, he controlled the 
knowledge of where it came from 

4751
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:40,208
foreign. 
Merchants, could buy all the 

4752
04:00:40,216 --> 04:00:43,600
gold they wanted in the markets 
of Timbuktu or Jenny but they 

4753
04:00:43,600 --> 04:00:45,500
were never allowed near the 
actual mines. 

4754
04:00:46,300 --> 04:00:49,400
It was like having the world's 
most exclusive Club except 

4755
04:00:49,400 --> 04:00:52,700
instead of a Velvet Rope, there 
were armed guards and a policy 

4756
04:00:52,700 --> 04:00:54,900
of permanent membership denial 
for Outsiders. 

4757
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:58,000
The secrecy wasn't just about 
protecting the gold. 

4758
04:00:58,000 --> 04:01:00,800
It was about protecting the 
entire economic system. 

4759
04:01:01,700 --> 04:01:04,600
If word got out about the exact 
location and scale of the minds,

4760
04:01:04,600 --> 04:01:07,800
every ambitious King from 
Morocco, to Egypt would have 

4761
04:01:07,800 --> 04:01:09,100
started planning Invasion 
routes. 

4762
04:01:09,800 --> 04:01:13,100
So, Musa, created layers of 
security that would make modern 

4763
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:17,000
intelligence agencies jealous. 
The goal was mined in one 

4764
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:20,300
location, processed in another 
and transported through a 

4765
04:01:20,300 --> 04:01:21,900
network of routes that changed 
regularly. 

4766
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:25,900
The miners themselves were Bound
by Oaths, that were more serious

4767
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:28,100
than modern non-disclosure 
agreements. 

4768
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:32,200
Not just employees, they were 
part of a secret society that 

4769
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:34,600
understood their work was the 
foundation of an entire 

4770
04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:37,400
civilization. 
Many of them live their entire 

4771
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:40,300
lives within the mining. 
Community's rarely venturing 

4772
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:42,700
into the outside world. 
They developed their own 

4773
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:45,400
Customs, their dialects and 
their ways of talking about 

4774
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:47,900
their work that outside is 
couldn't understand. 

4775
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:52,800
What made the situation even 
more remarkable was the scale of

4776
04:01:52,808 --> 04:01:55,800
production conservative 
estimates suggest that during 

4777
04:01:55,800 --> 04:01:58,900
musa's Reign the Mali Empire 
produced more gold than the rest

4778
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:01,700
of the world combined. 
We're talking about thousands of

4779
04:02:01,700 --> 04:02:05,000
pounds of gold per year flowing 
out of the earth like water from

4780
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:08,100
a spring. 
This wasn't just mining, it was 

4781
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:11,700
geological Magic on an 
industrial scale but gold wasn't

4782
04:02:11,700 --> 04:02:13,800
the only secret hiding in mali's
Minds. 

4783
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:17,700
Same geological formations that 
produced gold. 

4784
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:22,400
All contained other valuable 
minerals, silver copper and most

4785
04:02:22,400 --> 04:02:26,900
importantly salt. 
The salt mines of Taja were 

4786
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:30,000
almost as valuable as the gold 
mine's and they were even more 

4787
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,300
carefully guarded. 
In a world without Refrigeration

4788
04:02:33,300 --> 04:02:37,400
salt was a crucial commodity 
managing its Supply was akin to 

4789
04:02:37,408 --> 04:02:40,800
managing the entire food chain. 
The relationship between moose 

4790
04:02:40,800 --> 04:02:43,900
and his mind as was complex, 
almost like a married between 

4791
04:02:43,900 --> 04:02:46,000
practical and necessity and 
mutual respect. 

4792
04:02:47,000 --> 04:02:50,000
He provided protection 
infrastructure and fair 

4793
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:53,400
compensation while they provided
the foundation of his Empire's 

4794
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:56,500
wealth. 
It was not exactly feudalism or 

4795
04:02:56,500 --> 04:02:59,300
was it modern capitalism? 
It was something uniquely 

4796
04:02:59,300 --> 04:03:03,200
African A system that balanced 
individual skill with Collective

4797
04:03:03,200 --> 04:03:05,900
responsibility. 
Some historians believe that 

4798
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:08,500
Muses disappearance was directly
connected to something 

4799
04:03:08,500 --> 04:03:12,200
discovered in the mines, maybe 
it was a new deposit, so vast 

4800
04:03:12,200 --> 04:03:15,200
that it required complete 
secrecy to exploit safely. 

4801
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:19,600
Maybe it was the discovery of 
other materials precious stones 

4802
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:22,700
rare metals or even written 
records from previous 

4803
04:03:22,700 --> 04:03:25,700
civilizations. 
The mines had been worked for 

4804
04:03:25,700 --> 04:03:29,600
centuries Before musa's Time in 
its entirely possible that they 

4805
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:32,300
contained archaeological. 
Treasures, along with geological

4806
04:03:32,300 --> 04:03:34,800
ones. 
There's also the Intriguing 

4807
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:36,200
possibility that Musa 
discovered. 

4808
04:03:36,200 --> 04:03:39,900
The mines were running out, 
medieval mining techniques while

4809
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:43,000
sophisticated were limited by 
the technology of the time. 

4810
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:46,500
If geological surveys had 
suggested that the gold deposits

4811
04:03:46,500 --> 04:03:49,200
were finite. 
Musa might have realized that 

4812
04:03:49,200 --> 04:03:52,200
his Empires Foundation was less 
permanent than everyone assumed 

4813
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:55,900
that kind of information would 
have required immediate and 

4814
04:03:55,900 --> 04:04:00,100
secret action to protect mali's 
future The transportation of 

4815
04:04:00,100 --> 04:04:02,600
gold from the mines. 
To the markets was itself, a 

4816
04:04:02,600 --> 04:04:06,000
masterpiece of logistics. 
Caravan's moved in carefully, 

4817
04:04:06,000 --> 04:04:08,400
planned sequences with decoy 
route. 

4818
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:10,600
False destinations and security 
measures. 

4819
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:13,300
That would have impressed, 
modern armored car companies. 

4820
04:04:13,300 --> 04:04:17,800
The gold was to divide a among 
multiple caravan's and 

4821
04:04:17,800 --> 04:04:20,600
transported along routes that 
changed with the seasons and the

4822
04:04:20,600 --> 04:04:24,300
political climate But perhaps 
the most important secret about 

4823
04:04:24,300 --> 04:04:26,700
the mines was something that 
Musa took with him when he 

4824
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:29,900
vanished the knowledge of how to
find new deposits. 

4825
04:04:30,700 --> 04:04:33,200
Medieval African Prospectors had
techniques for reading the 

4826
04:04:33,200 --> 04:04:36,600
landscape, understanding 
geological formations and 

4827
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:39,300
predicting, where gold might be 
found that were far more 

4828
04:04:39,308 --> 04:04:43,400
advanced than anything Europeans
possessed when Musa disappeared.

4829
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:46,600
He took not just his knowledge, 
but the entire institutional 

4830
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:48,800
memory of the Empire's 
geological expertise. 

4831
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:52,300
Here's where our story takes a 
term that strange them anything 

4832
04:04:52,300 --> 04:04:56,000
Hollywood could dream up. 
Sitting in his Palace in the 

4833
04:04:56,000 --> 04:04:58,900
Army surrounded by more gold 
than most people can imagine 

4834
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:01,300
Mansa. 
Musa became obsessed with 

4835
04:05:01,300 --> 04:05:04,100
something that should have been 
completely irrelevant to the 

4836
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:07,700
world's richest man. 
The Western Ocean, not the 

4837
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:09,800
Mediterranean which was 
basically medieval 

4838
04:05:09,800 --> 04:05:13,100
civilization's highway but the 
Atlantic which most people 

4839
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:15,800
considered the edge of the world
where dragons lived in ships 

4840
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:19,600
went to die. 
Now, you might be thinking, why 

4841
04:05:19,600 --> 04:05:22,200
would someone who can control 
half of Africa's wealth care 

4842
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:25,700
about a bunch of water? 
Well, it turns out that Musa 

4843
04:05:25,700 --> 04:05:29,200
wasn't just wealthy. 
He was curious and in medieval 

4844
04:05:29,200 --> 04:05:32,500
times curiosity about the 
unknown was often the first step

4845
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:34,500
toward doing something 
completely insane. 

4846
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:38,400
According to several Arab 
historians Musa had become 

4847
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:41,600
convinced that there were Lands 
Beyond the Western Ocean lands, 

4848
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:44,100
that might contain riches, that 
would make even his legendary 

4849
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:47,700
wealth seem modest. 
The Story Goes that mooses 

4850
04:05:47,700 --> 04:05:50,300
predecessor. 
A ruler named abubakari. 

4851
04:05:50,300 --> 04:05:53,400
The second had become so 
obsessed with exploring the 

4852
04:05:53,400 --> 04:05:56,600
Atlantic that he'd abdicated, 
his throne to lead, a naval 

4853
04:05:56,600 --> 04:06:00,000
Expedition himself. 
Indeed the medieval African king

4854
04:06:00,000 --> 04:06:02,400
relinquished, his crown to 
embark on a voyage into the 

4855
04:06:02,408 --> 04:06:07,300
unknown. abubakari had assembled
a fleet of 2000 ships, loaded 

4856
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:11,900
them with supplies and sailed 
West in 1311, only one ship 

4857
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:14,600
returned and its Captain 
reported that the others had 

4858
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:17,900
been swallowed by the ocean. 
Most reasonable people would 

4859
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:20,600
have taken the incident as a 
sign that maybe the Atlantic 

4860
04:06:20,600 --> 04:06:22,900
wasn't worth the trouble, but 
Musa wasn't. 

4861
04:06:22,900 --> 04:06:25,600
Most people. 
Musa was a man who saw a 

4862
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:27,500
business opportunity and a 
collapsed gold market. 

4863
04:06:27,500 --> 04:06:32,000
The Disappearance of abubakari 
Fleet didn't discourage him, it 

4864
04:06:32,000 --> 04:06:34,700
challenged him. 
He began planning an expedition 

4865
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:37,100
that would make his predecessors
as attempt to look like a 

4866
04:06:37,100 --> 04:06:39,900
pleasure Cruise. 
Multiple sources provide 

4867
04:06:39,900 --> 04:06:43,500
evidence of musa's Ambitions in 
the Atlantic revealing a man who

4868
04:06:43,500 --> 04:06:45,600
was Thinking Beyond the 
conventional boundaries of his 

4869
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:47,800
time? 
He commissioned the construction

4870
04:06:47,800 --> 04:06:50,400
of ships that were larger and 
more advanced than anything 

4871
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:53,900
Africa had ever seen. 
These were not merely trading 

4872
04:06:53,900 --> 04:06:58,100
vessels, but exploration vessels
built to transport months worth 

4873
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,400
of supplies and outfitted, with 
navigational equipment, that 

4874
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:03,900
would have been fitting for 
European ship, a century later, 

4875
04:07:03,900 --> 04:07:07,300
but here's where it gets even 
more interesting in that makes 

4876
04:07:07,300 --> 04:07:09,400
you want to check your history 
books, sort of way. 

4877
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:12,200
Historians. 
Hold the belief. 

4878
04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:14,200
That musa's ships successfully 
traversed. 

4879
04:07:14,200 --> 04:07:17,200
The Atlantic long before 
Columbus lost his way in search 

4880
04:07:17,208 --> 04:07:19,900
of India. 
There are tantalizing hints 

4881
04:07:19,900 --> 04:07:22,300
linguistic. 
Similarities between West 

4882
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:24,900
African languages and certain 
Native American dialects 

4883
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:27,400
archaeological evidence of 
African presence of 

4884
04:07:27,408 --> 04:07:31,000
pre-columbian America. 
And most intriguingly references

4885
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:34,000
in Mayan and Aztec text to 
dark-skinned visitors from 

4886
04:07:34,000 --> 04:07:37,500
across the Eastern Sea. 
The preparation for musa's 

4887
04:07:37,500 --> 04:07:40,700
Atlantic expedition, was 
typically thorough Musa, didn't 

4888
04:07:40,700 --> 04:07:43,100
simply assemble a fleet of boats
and rely on luck. 

4889
04:07:43,100 --> 04:07:46,700
He spent years studying, ocean 
currents, wind patterns, and 

4890
04:07:46,700 --> 04:07:50,300
navigation, techniques. 
He consulted Arab Sailors who 

4891
04:07:50,300 --> 04:07:53,100
had experience with 
long-distance Ocean Travel and 

4892
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,400
he even brought in experts from 
as far away as China and India. 

4893
04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:00,100
His voyage was going to be a 
scientific Expedition. 

4894
04:08:00,100 --> 04:08:02,800
Not a medieval equivalent of a 
road trip. 

4895
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:06,300
The ships themselves were 
marvels of medieval engineering.

4896
04:08:07,100 --> 04:08:10,200
Based on description from Arab, 
chroniclers, they were massive 

4897
04:08:10,200 --> 04:08:13,200
vessels. 
Some over 200 ft long with 

4898
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:17,000
multiple decks sophisticated 
steering systems and storage 

4899
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:21,000
capacity for months of supplies.
They were built using techniques

4900
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:24,000
that combined traditional 
African shipbuilding within 

4901
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:26,800
innovation's borrowed from Arab 
and possibly even Chinese 

4902
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:30,800
Maritime technology. 
Perhaps the most telling detail 

4903
04:08:30,800 --> 04:08:32,700
about mooses. 
Atlantic preparations. 

4904
04:08:32,700 --> 04:08:34,300
Was the secrecy surrounding 
them. 

4905
04:08:35,100 --> 04:08:37,300
Musa kept the Atlantic 
Expedition quiet. 

4906
04:08:37,300 --> 04:08:40,500
Unlike his famous pilgrimage 
that aimed to impress the world 

4907
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:41,600
with mali's. 
Wealth. 

4908
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:45,400
Ships were built in remote 
locations, supplies were 

4909
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:48,500
gathered, discreetly and crew 
members were sworn to secrecy. 

4910
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:51,700
This Mission wasn't about 
showing off. 

4911
04:08:52,400 --> 04:08:54,600
This was about achieving 
something that would change the 

4912
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:57,200
world. 
Many historians can clue that, 

4913
04:08:57,200 --> 04:09:01,200
Musa didn't vanish at all. 
He sailed especially given the 

4914
04:09:01,200 --> 04:09:04,200
timing of his disappearance just
as these preparations were 

4915
04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:07,800
reaching completion. 
The theory goes that Musa, 

4916
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:11,000
perhaps inspired by his 
predecessors failure and armed 

4917
04:09:11,000 --> 04:09:13,600
with better ships. 
And more knowledge decided to 

4918
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:17,100
lead the Expedition himself. 
It would explain why he 

4919
04:09:17,100 --> 04:09:20,700
disappeared so completely why 
there were no remains or obvious

4920
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:23,300
successors and why the 
preparations for the Atlantic 

4921
04:09:23,300 --> 04:09:24,400
Voyage stopped? 
So abruptly. 

4922
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:29,800
If Musa did sale West it races 
fascinating questions about what

4923
04:09:29,800 --> 04:09:33,000
he might have found. 
The Atlantic currents that flow 

4924
04:09:33,000 --> 04:09:35,500
from West Africa toward the 
Americas, would have carried his

4925
04:09:35,500 --> 04:09:38,800
ships directly to the Caribbean 
or the coast of South America. 

4926
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:43,700
Given the sophistication of his 
preparation and the resources at

4927
04:09:43,700 --> 04:09:46,200
his disposal. 
It's entirely possible that he 

4928
04:09:46,200 --> 04:09:49,400
not only survived the journey, 
but also established contact 

4929
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:51,300
with Native American 
civilizations. 

4930
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:55,700
The idea of Mansa Musa, the 
richest man in medieval history 

4931
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:58,900
in countering the Inca or Maya 
Empires decades. 

4932
04:09:58,900 --> 04:10:01,900
Before European contact, is the 
kind of historical. 

4933
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:04,700
What if that makes you wonder 
how different the world might 

4934
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:07,600
have been? 
the meeting of two incredibly 

4935
04:10:07,600 --> 04:10:10,800
wealthy and sophisticated 
civilizations occurred, not 

4936
04:10:10,800 --> 04:10:14,600
through Conquest but through 
exploration and trade It's a 

4937
04:10:14,608 --> 04:10:17,300
tantalizing possibility that 
history has largely forgotten. 

4938
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:20,300
You know that Eerie feeling you 
get when you're in a house in 

4939
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:23,100
the air conditioning suddenly 
shuts off and you realize there 

4940
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,000
was this constant background hum
that you'd completely gotten 

4941
04:10:26,000 --> 04:10:29,700
used to. that's exactly what 
happened to the Medieval World 

4942
04:10:29,700 --> 04:10:33,200
after Mansa Musa, vanished, 
constant, Buzz of news trade 

4943
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:36,100
updates and diplomatic messages 
from the Mali Empire just 

4944
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:39,500
stopped. 
And the silence was deafening. 

4945
04:10:40,400 --> 04:10:41,900
The immediate aftermath of 
Moose's. 

4946
04:10:41,900 --> 04:10:45,600
Disappearance was like watching 
Dominos fall in slow motion, his

4947
04:10:45,600 --> 04:10:48,700
nephew Meghan left in charge, 
tried to maintain the illusion 

4948
04:10:48,700 --> 04:10:51,500
that everything was normal Royal
proclamations. 

4949
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:54,700
Continue to be issued trade, 
agreements were honored in the 

4950
04:10:54,708 --> 04:10:58,300
Machinery of government running.
But anyone paying attention 

4951
04:10:58,300 --> 04:11:01,700
could see that something 
fundamental a changed, it was 

4952
04:11:01,708 --> 04:11:04,100
like watching an orchestra 
continue playing after the 

4953
04:11:04,108 --> 04:11:07,600
conductor had left the stage. 
the first people to notice were 

4954
04:11:07,600 --> 04:11:10,900
the merchants, His Merchants 
akin to International 

4955
04:11:10,900 --> 04:11:14,500
businessmen from the Medieval 
Era possessed a keen awareness 

4956
04:11:14,500 --> 04:11:18,200
of political instability. 
Caravan routes which have been 

4957
04:11:18,208 --> 04:11:22,400
stable for decades suddenly lost
their reliability traders who 

4958
04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:24,100
had made Regular trips to 
mali's. 

4959
04:11:24,100 --> 04:11:28,100
Markets started reporting delays
confusion and a general sense 

4960
04:11:28,100 --> 04:11:30,700
that nobody was quite sure who 
was in charge of what. 

4961
04:11:31,400 --> 04:11:33,500
It was like trying to do 
business with a company where 

4962
04:11:33,500 --> 04:11:36,300
all the phones kept going to 
voicemail within a year. 

4963
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,400
Rumors began to circulate trade 
as whispered. 

4964
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:41,800
In the Cairo markets, that 
jealous relatives had 

4965
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:45,500
assassinated mooseer Sailors in 
the ports of Morocco, asserted 

4966
04:11:45,500 --> 04:11:47,300
that Christian Crusaders had 
captured him. 

4967
04:11:48,200 --> 04:11:51,200
European courts, many of which 
had never heard of Marley until 

4968
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:53,700
musa's famous pilgrimage, 
suddenly found themselves, 

4969
04:11:53,700 --> 04:11:57,500
fascinated by reports of 
succession crises and civil wars

4970
04:11:57,500 --> 04:12:01,000
in the mysterious Golden Empire.
Perhaps the most intriguing 

4971
04:12:01,000 --> 04:12:04,500
theories Came From Within Mali 
itself Palace servants. 

4972
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:08,000
Spoke in hush tones About musa's
final days claiming he'd been 

4973
04:12:08,008 --> 04:12:11,400
spending long hours in the Royal
Library studying ancient texts 

4974
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,100
and Consulting Scholars about 
subjects that nobody else 

4975
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:17,000
understood. 
Some said, he'd become obsessed 

4976
04:12:17,000 --> 04:12:18,500
with prophecies about the end of
the world. 

4977
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:22,100
Others claimed, he discovered 
something in the deepest Minds 

4978
04:12:22,100 --> 04:12:25,500
that had convinced him to 
abandon his throne The Atlantic 

4979
04:12:25,500 --> 04:12:29,000
Expedition Theory, gained 
traction, slowly, mainly because

4980
04:12:29,000 --> 04:12:32,600
it sounded so completely insane 
that it took a while for people 

4981
04:12:32,600 --> 04:12:37,100
to consider it seriously. 
But as the months passed and no 

4982
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:40,200
trace of Musa appeared anywhere 
in Africa or the Middle East, 

4983
04:12:40,200 --> 04:12:43,500
the idea that he'd sailed into 
the Western Ocean started to 

4984
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:46,900
seem less crazy and more like 
the kind of thing that someone 

4985
04:12:46,900 --> 04:12:50,200
with unlimited resources in a 
serious case of Wanderlust might

4986
04:12:50,200 --> 04:12:53,100
actually do. 
What made the Atlantic Theory, 

4987
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:56,300
particularly compelling was the 
discovery of musa's personal 

4988
04:12:56,300 --> 04:12:58,700
effects? 
It's more accurate to say that 

4989
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:02,600
there was no discovery made. 
When medieval rulers died, they 

4990
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:06,400
left behind distinctive, 
personal items, crowns SEPTA's, 

4991
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:09,200
religious artifacts and personal
jewelry. 

4992
04:13:10,100 --> 04:13:13,100
These items were usually 
displayed buried with the ruler 

4993
04:13:13,100 --> 04:13:17,300
or passed down to successes, but
none of musa's personal effects 

4994
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,900
were ever found. 
Crown, his famous, golden star, 

4995
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:24,400
and his personal copies of the 
Quran all gone. 

4996
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:27,900
It was, as if he'd packed for a 
very long trip, the economic 

4997
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:30,400
impact of Moose's. 
Disappearance rippled outward 

4998
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:32,700
like waves from a stone dropped 
in Stillwater. 

4999
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:36,300
The gold market which had been 
stable for decades under his 

5000
04:13:36,300 --> 04:13:40,800
careful management began to 
fluctuate, wildly some mines, 

5001
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:43,200
shut down entirely. 
When local managers couldn't get

5002
04:13:43,200 --> 04:13:44,800
clear direction from the central
government. 

5003
04:13:44,800 --> 04:13:48,900
Others kept operating, but with 
reduced security, leading to the

5004
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:51,400
first recorded, gold thefts in 
mali's history. 

5005
04:13:52,700 --> 04:13:55,600
Meanwhile, neighboring kingdoms 
watched these developments with 

5006
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:59,100
the mixture of concern and 
opportunity that medieval rulers

5007
04:13:59,100 --> 04:14:02,200
were famous for. 
The Moroccan Sultans who had 

5008
04:14:02,200 --> 04:14:04,700
spent years being politely 
envious of mali's. 

5009
04:14:04,700 --> 04:14:08,300
Wealth began making subtle 
diplomatic overtures to Marley's

5010
04:14:08,300 --> 04:14:12,000
border provinces, the kingdom of
Songhai, which had been mali's. 

5011
04:14:12,000 --> 04:14:15,400
Respectful Eastern, neighbor 
started expanding its influence 

5012
04:14:15,400 --> 04:14:17,800
into territories that had 
previously been under malice 

5013
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:21,300
control. 
It's the most poignant aspect of

5014
04:14:21,300 --> 04:14:24,100
musa's disappearance was its 
effect on the people of Mali 

5015
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:27,200
itself. 
At stake wasn't just the loss of

5016
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:29,500
a ruler. 
It was the loss of a symbol. 

5017
04:14:30,300 --> 04:14:34,000
Musa had represented, not just 
wealth and power, but the idea 

5018
04:14:34,000 --> 04:14:36,800
that African civilizations could
compete with anyone in the 

5019
04:14:36,808 --> 04:14:40,300
world, his pilgrimage had firmly
established Marley on the 

5020
04:14:40,308 --> 04:14:42,800
medieval map, both literally and
figuratively. 

5021
04:14:44,300 --> 04:14:46,200
Appearance left a psychological 
void. 

5022
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:48,000
That was a significant as the 
political one. 

5023
04:14:48,900 --> 04:14:51,900
The scholars of Timbuktu who had
enjoyed generous, Royal 

5024
04:14:51,900 --> 04:14:54,500
patronage under musa's rule, 
found themselves in a 

5025
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:57,900
particularly difficult position,
the libraries and universities 

5026
04:14:57,900 --> 04:15:00,200
that had made the city, the 
intellectual center of the 

5027
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:03,200
Medieval World, suddenly faced 
funding cuts and uncertain. 

5028
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:06,400
Futures some Scholars. 
Packed up their books and headed

5029
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:09,800
for Cairo or Baghdad where 
patronage was more reliable. 

5030
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:13,400
Others stayed hoping that Musa 
would return or that his 

5031
04:15:13,400 --> 04:15:16,800
successes would continue his 
educational Investments as 

5032
04:15:16,800 --> 04:15:19,300
months turned into years, the 
theories about musa's 

5033
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:21,700
disappearance became more 
elaborate and frankly more 

5034
04:15:21,700 --> 04:15:23,900
entertaining. 
Some claimed he'd been 

5035
04:15:23,908 --> 04:15:26,000
transformed into a spirit and 
was wandering. 

5036
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:29,500
The desert protecting Travelers 
and Merchants others. 

5037
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:31,400
Insisted. 
He discovered a secret Valley 

5038
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:34,900
where gold grew on trees and was
living there in Paradise. 

5039
04:15:35,900 --> 04:15:39,200
Few romantic Souls, maintain the
deed fallen in love with a 

5040
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:41,900
mysterious princess from a 
distant land and had a band and 

5041
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,900
his throne for love. 
Perhaps the most persistent 

5042
04:15:44,900 --> 04:15:48,100
theory was all the most 
practical both medieval and 

5043
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:50,100
modern historians. 
Hold the belief that Musa 

5044
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:52,900
meticulously planned, and 
carried out his disappearance as

5045
04:15:52,900 --> 04:15:56,100
political strategy. 
The idea is that he'd identified

5046
04:15:56,100 --> 04:15:59,900
threats to his Empire, perhaps 
Portuguese, exploration of the 

5047
04:15:59,908 --> 04:16:03,200
African Coast or internal 
political challenges and had 

5048
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:05,600
decided that the best way to 
protect Molly, was to make 

5049
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:09,300
himself unavailable for capture 
or assassination while secretly 

5050
04:16:09,300 --> 04:16:11,400
managing the Empire's transition
to new leadership. 

5051
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:14,300
You may be wondering what 
happened to the gold, the 

5052
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:17,100
theories, and how this relates 
to your life in the 21st 

5053
04:16:17,100 --> 04:16:20,300
century. 
Well, pour yourself another cup 

5054
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:23,600
of tea because the ending of 
this story is both more and less

5055
04:16:23,600 --> 04:16:27,400
satisfying than you might expect
in that wonderful human way that

5056
04:16:27,400 --> 04:16:30,200
real history defies, our need 
for neat conclusions. 

5057
04:16:30,200 --> 04:16:33,600
The truth is nobody knows what 
happened to Mansa Musa. 

5058
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:37,900
Despite centuries of 
Investigation speculation and 

5059
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:40,900
the occasional treasure hunter 
with more enthusiasm than sense,

5060
04:16:40,900 --> 04:16:43,800
his fate remains one of 
history's most compelling 

5061
04:16:43,800 --> 04:16:46,800
Mysteries. 
No convenient diary detailing. 

5062
04:16:46,800 --> 04:16:50,500
His plan was left behind no 
loyal servant pended detail 

5063
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:54,000
Memoir and no archaeological. 
Discovery has yielded definitive

5064
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:56,400
answers. 
He simply vanished was 

5065
04:16:56,400 --> 04:16:58,500
completely as if he'd never 
existed at all. 

5066
04:17:00,100 --> 04:17:01,700
But here's the thing about 
Mysteries. 

5067
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:04,900
Sometimes the not knowing is 
more important than the knowing.

5068
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:08,600
Musa's disappearance created a 
legend that has lost a longer 

5069
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:11,900
than most medieval kingdoms 
which had clear and documented. 

5070
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:15,200
Endings while other rulers are 
remembered for their deaths, 

5071
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:18,400
their defeats or their boring, 
administrative achievements 

5072
04:17:18,400 --> 04:17:21,100
Musso has remembered for his 
ultimate mystery. 

5073
04:17:21,100 --> 04:17:27,000
He became in effect Immortal 
through absence, the Mali Empire

5074
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:28,900
itself. 
Limped along for another Century

5075
04:17:28,900 --> 04:17:31,800
or so after Muses disappearance.
But it was never the same 

5076
04:17:31,800 --> 04:17:34,300
observing. 
The Mali Empire after the 

5077
04:17:34,300 --> 04:17:37,300
departure of its lead singer is 
akin to witnessing a band 

5078
04:17:37,300 --> 04:17:40,300
attempt to carry on despite the 
absence of the unique element 

5079
04:17:40,300 --> 04:17:44,000
that contributed to its magic. 
The gold mine's continued to 

5080
04:17:44,008 --> 04:17:46,300
produce wealth. 
The trade routes remained 

5081
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:49,000
profitable and the city's 
maintained their importance. 

5082
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,200
If the Empire gradually 
fragmented into smaller kingdoms

5083
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,500
that were easier to manage, but 
less impressive to contemplate. 

5084
04:17:55,500 --> 04:17:59,700
What's fascinating is how most a
story was forgotten and then 

5085
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:04,100
rediscovered the centuries after
mali's declined European 

5086
04:18:04,100 --> 04:18:07,100
historians dismissed stories 
about the golden African king as

5087
04:18:07,100 --> 04:18:10,300
myths, presumably because they 
couldn't imagine that medieval 

5088
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:13,300
Africa, had produced someone 
wealthy than any European ruler 

5089
04:18:14,100 --> 04:18:16,400
It wasn't until the 20th 
century, that serious, 

5090
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:20,400
historical research, confirmed 
that yes, there really had been 

5091
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:23,700
a man who controlled most of the
world's gold Supply and who had 

5092
04:18:23,700 --> 04:18:26,400
casually crashed the Egyptian 
economy just by being generous. 

5093
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:30,400
Today Mansa, Musa is finally 
getting his due recognition. 

5094
04:18:30,400 --> 04:18:33,700
He regularly appears on lists of
the wealthiest people in 

5095
04:18:33,708 --> 04:18:36,600
history, adjusted for inflation,
and purchasing power. 

5096
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:40,700
Modern estimates, put his wealth
at somewhere between 400 billion

5097
04:18:40,700 --> 04:18:45,000
dollars and 600 billion dollars.
In today's money, making him 

5098
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:47,900
roughly four times wealthier 
than the current richest person 

5099
04:18:47,900 --> 04:18:50,700
alive. 
This is impressive, considering 

5100
04:18:50,700 --> 04:18:54,300
he has been deceased for seventh
centuries but musa's real Legacy

5101
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:57,300
isn't just about money. 
It's about imagination. 

5102
04:18:58,100 --> 04:19:00,900
He embodies the Innovative 
mindset of the Medieval World 

5103
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:04,600
advocating for the use of wealth
and power for exploration 

5104
04:19:04,600 --> 04:19:07,700
education. 
And genuine curiosity about the 

5105
04:19:07,700 --> 04:19:10,400
world. 
His pilgrimage was not solely 

5106
04:19:10,400 --> 04:19:14,200
motivated by religious duty, but
also by the desire to map his 

5107
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:17,300
kingdom and established 
diplomatic relations with the 

5108
04:19:17,300 --> 04:19:21,300
global Community his possible. 
Atlantic Expedition, wasn't just

5109
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:23,600
about Conquest, it was about to 
Discovery. 

5110
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,500
In our modern world, where we're
constantly told that the Age of 

5111
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:30,100
Exploration is over and that 
everything has been discovered. 

5112
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:33,800
Musa's story serves as a 
reminder that human curiosity 

5113
04:19:33,800 --> 04:19:35,900
and ambition can take us to 
places. 

5114
04:19:35,900 --> 04:19:39,700
We never imagined, he looked at 
notion that everyone else, 

5115
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:41,800
considered impossible and saw an
opportunity. 

5116
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:44,700
He looked at wealth that 
everyone else would have hoarded

5117
04:19:44,700 --> 04:19:48,600
and saw a tool for building 
something greater The mystery of

5118
04:19:48,608 --> 04:19:51,900
his disappearance also speaks to
something deeply human about our

5119
04:19:51,900 --> 04:19:53,900
relationship with success and 
achievement. 

5120
04:19:54,900 --> 04:19:58,300
Here was a man who had 
everything, literally everything

5121
04:19:58,300 --> 04:20:00,600
and he chose to walk away from 
it. 

5122
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:04,200
Whether he sailed in to the 
Atlantic retreated to a secret 

5123
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,400
location or simply decided that 
being the richest man in the 

5124
04:20:07,400 --> 04:20:11,500
world was overrated, he made a 
choice that prioritize mystery 

5125
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:16,200
over, certainly an adventure 
over security, maybe that's why 

5126
04:20:16,200 --> 04:20:19,400
musa's story resonates. 
So strongly today, in a world 

5127
04:20:19,400 --> 04:20:22,200
where we're constantly tracking 
monitoring and documenting 

5128
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:23,900
everything. 
There's something appealing 

5129
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:25,700
about someone who managed to 
disappear. 

5130
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:29,900
So completely he reminds us that
even in our hyper-connected age,

5131
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:33,400
there are still Mysteries 
unknowns and places where the 

5132
04:20:33,400 --> 04:20:36,100
human Spirit can go that 
surveillance cameras and GPS 

5133
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:38,900
tracking can't. 
So the next time you're feeling 

5134
04:20:38,908 --> 04:20:42,300
overwhelmed by the demands of 
Modern Life remember Mansa Musa.

5135
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:44,700
Remember that? 
The richest man in history, 

5136
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:48,800
chose mystery over certainty 
Adventure over security and the 

5137
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:52,100
unknown over the comfortable. 
He reminds us that sometimes the

5138
04:20:52,100 --> 04:20:54,900
most important Journeys are the 
ones that take us beyond the 

5139
04:20:54,908 --> 04:20:58,500
map, beyond the known, beyond 
the places where we think we're 

5140
04:20:58,500 --> 04:21:00,800
supposed to be. 
And if you ever find yourself, 

5141
04:21:00,800 --> 04:21:02,600
wondering, what happened to all 
that gold? 

5142
04:21:02,600 --> 04:21:05,400
Well, maybe it's still out there
somewhere. 

5143
04:21:05,400 --> 04:21:08,300
Waiting for someone curious 
enough to go looking for it. 

5144
04:21:09,100 --> 04:21:12,000
After all the world is still 
full of mysteries and some of 

5145
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:14,100
the best stories are the ones 
that never really end. 

5146
04:21:15,000 --> 04:21:17,900
Remember sometimes the most 
valuable Treasures are the ones 

5147
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:20,700
that remain hidden waiting for 
the right person to discover 

5148
04:21:20,700 --> 04:21:24,900
them just like Manson himself, 
some things are worth more when 

5149
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:27,100
they remain wonderfully 
mysteriously unknown. 

5150
04:21:35,800 --> 04:21:38,400
Zeus did not become the rule of 
Olympus by chance. 

5151
04:21:39,300 --> 04:21:41,200
His story began in the womb of 
Rio. 

5152
04:21:42,000 --> 04:21:44,900
Titanus straining under the 
brutal reign of her consort 

5153
04:21:44,900 --> 04:21:49,200
Cronos driven by a grim prophecy
that one of his offspring would 

5154
04:21:49,208 --> 04:21:52,200
throw him Cronus swallowed each 
child at Birth. 

5155
04:21:53,400 --> 04:21:57,500
Demeter Hira Hades and Poseidon 
fell victim to his paranoid. 

5156
04:21:57,500 --> 04:22:00,800
Appetite. 
His cunning seemed absolute his.

5157
04:22:00,800 --> 04:22:05,400
Hold on the cosmos unshakable 
yet Rhea mourning the loss of 

5158
04:22:05,400 --> 04:22:08,500
her children. 
Devised, a hidden plan to save 

5159
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:12,900
her newborn She gave birth to 
Zeus on the Isle of Crete far 

5160
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:16,500
from kronos's suspicious gaze in
a desperate ruse. 

5161
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:19,500
She wrapped a stone in, 
swaddling cloth, and offered it 

5162
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:23,600
to Kronos who devoured it with 
out question, thus Zeus spent 

5163
04:22:23,600 --> 04:22:27,500
his infancy in a secret cave. 
On Crete, nurtured by nymphs 

5164
04:22:27,500 --> 04:22:30,800
guarded by Warriors, who clashed
their Spears to muffle his 

5165
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:33,400
cries. 
This upbringing was less about 

5166
04:22:33,400 --> 04:22:37,900
comfort and more about survival.
Boiler and watchfulness forging 

5167
04:22:37,900 --> 04:22:39,600
a sharp mine that weighed every 
possibility. 

5168
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:44,200
Unlike many later, Tales no, 
glimmering cradle, or immediate 

5169
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:47,800
worship, surrounded him, his 
environment was damp Stone and 

5170
04:22:47,800 --> 04:22:50,700
echoing Darkness. 
He heard the nymphs whispered, 

5171
04:22:50,700 --> 04:22:54,400
fears of Cronus, discovering 
them, fueling a quiet resolve in

5172
04:22:54,400 --> 04:22:59,100
the boy, each day he fed on the 
Milk of the goat and Althea, an 

5173
04:22:59,100 --> 04:23:02,400
extraordinary creature fated for
the stars and gained a robust 

5174
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:06,200
Constitution, that belied his 
infant form. as he grew into, 

5175
04:23:06,208 --> 04:23:10,600
adolescence Ria revealed his 
true lineage, Zeus discovered 

5176
04:23:10,600 --> 04:23:14,000
the horrifying truth. 
Five siblings, languished within

5177
04:23:14,000 --> 04:23:17,600
kronos's belly each a captive 
soul in the Gloom. 

5178
04:23:18,300 --> 04:23:20,000
It was then that he vowed to 
free them. 

5179
04:23:20,000 --> 04:23:24,100
A vow that shaped his destiny. 
Under the Council of the earth 

5180
04:23:24,100 --> 04:23:27,000
herself. 
Gaia Zeus secured an emetic 

5181
04:23:27,000 --> 04:23:30,600
potion to force, Kronos to 
discourage the swallowed Gods 

5182
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:33,400
but accomplishing that required 
cunning steps. 

5183
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:37,500
He first infiltrated kronos's 
domain in Disguise playing the 

5184
04:23:37,500 --> 04:23:41,500
role of a new cup Bearer? 
Kronos, ironically found 

5185
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:44,400
Amusement in this young figure 
who served him nectar and 

5186
04:23:44,400 --> 04:23:46,300
listened to his boasts of 
invincibility. 

5187
04:23:46,300 --> 04:23:50,100
During a feast, Zeus slip, the 
potion in his cup. 

5188
04:23:50,100 --> 04:23:53,900
The effect was violent and 
immediate in a torrent of 

5189
04:23:53,900 --> 04:23:56,800
convulsions Cronus. 
Retched out the 5 in prison 

5190
04:23:56,800 --> 04:24:00,400
sibling's, fully grown and 
burning with resentment, they 

5191
04:24:00,400 --> 04:24:03,400
emerged into the light. 
That moment sparked the 

5192
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:06,500
beginning of the titanomachy, 
the epical war between the 

5193
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:09,800
Titans and the newly freed 
Olympians a Cronus. 

5194
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:13,000
His side to the Elder Titans 
ancient and formidable 

5195
04:24:13,000 --> 04:24:16,300
controling Primal forces that 
predated mortal memory. 

5196
04:24:17,300 --> 04:24:20,300
Zeus, rallied, his siblings 
Poseidon and Hades among them 

5197
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:24,000
along with allies such as the 
Cyclops and the Hecker tan 

5198
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:27,900
chairs, These monstrous beings 
once locked in Tartarus by 

5199
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:31,700
kronos's, cruelty joined, the 
rebellion and gratitude for 

5200
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:35,000
their release for years. 
The cosmos rattled with 

5201
04:24:35,000 --> 04:24:38,800
thunderclaps and quaking Earth. 
Sees raged under Poseidon's 

5202
04:24:38,800 --> 04:24:41,100
Fury. 
And the underworld itself 

5203
04:24:41,100 --> 04:24:44,700
trembled, whenever Hades 
Unleashed his Gloom upon Enemy 

5204
04:24:44,700 --> 04:24:47,700
Lines. 
Zeus forging lightning bolts, 

5205
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:51,700
gifted by the cyclopes hurled 
searing Arts that blinded and 

5206
04:24:51,700 --> 04:24:55,400
scorched, Titan armies. 
The war war on each mild 

5207
04:24:55,400 --> 04:24:58,600
refusing to yield Legend. 
Say, that mountains were 

5208
04:24:58,600 --> 04:24:59,900
sundered. 
Rivers. 

5209
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:02,700
Reversed course and the sky, 
wept flame. 

5210
04:25:02,700 --> 04:25:07,200
Kronos LED Titan legion's with 
unwavering rage but cracks 

5211
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:10,700
formed in the Titan ranks. 
Some disliked chronosis, brutal 

5212
04:25:10,700 --> 04:25:14,700
rule, or resented their father 
or Aussie's old curses in a 

5213
04:25:14,708 --> 04:25:16,800
final cataclysmic, 
confrontation. 

5214
04:25:16,800 --> 04:25:20,600
The Olympians cornered Cronus 
and his staunchest supporters 

5215
04:25:20,600 --> 04:25:24,400
with a Thunderbolts, final 
strike, Kronos collapsed 

5216
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:29,600
dethroned by his son, Zeus 
battered and bloodied recognized

5217
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:33,200
that simply winning the war 
solved little, unless he 

5218
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:36,600
established a new cosmic order. 
He hurled the defeated Titans 

5219
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:39,800
into Tartarus debts, appointing,
the heck and chairs. 

5220
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:42,400
Internal Wardens. 
Victorious. 

5221
04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:45,700
Zeus and his siblings ascended 
to Mount, Olympus staking claim 

5222
04:25:45,700 --> 04:25:49,300
to governance of the world yet 
even amid Applause from gods and

5223
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:52,400
lesser divinities. 
Zeus sensed complexities looming

5224
04:25:52,400 --> 04:25:55,400
freed from Titan. 
Oppression the cosmos demanded 

5225
04:25:55,400 --> 04:25:59,300
guidance, The Mortals fragile as
they were looked for stability. 

5226
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:02,400
The gods themselves. 
Harvard aspirations for power? 

5227
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:05,200
No, single lightning bolt could 
ensure Harmony. 

5228
04:26:06,100 --> 04:26:08,700
In this nascent age, the newly 
minted King of the Gods 

5229
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:11,400
recognized that to preserve what
the team had won. 

5230
04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:15,000
He must balance generosity with 
the Steely grass of authority. 

5231
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:18,300
Thus began the era in which is 
Zeus reigned from Olympus. 

5232
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:22,300
Forging the pantheons laws, the 
allocated domains to each 

5233
04:26:22,300 --> 04:26:26,300
sibling Poseidon for Seas, Hades
for the underworld and hero for 

5234
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:29,500
marriage and childbirth. 
The cosmos found structure in 

5235
04:26:29,500 --> 04:26:33,400
these new boundaries, even sow 
the seeds of conflict with other

5236
04:26:33,400 --> 04:26:36,200
forces Giants, monstrous 
creatures. 

5237
04:26:36,200 --> 04:26:39,700
And the Ambitions of lesser gods
were so Zeus. 

5238
04:26:39,700 --> 04:26:43,200
The crowned, by Thunder knew 
that an eternal vigilance was 

5239
04:26:43,200 --> 04:26:47,100
the price of cosmic piece. 
The boy wants raised in a hidden

5240
04:26:47,100 --> 04:26:49,300
cave. 
Now stood at the Pinnacle gazing

5241
04:26:49,300 --> 04:26:53,800
down from Cloud to Peaks, a king
determined to shape the fate of 

5242
04:26:53,800 --> 04:26:58,500
gods and Mortals alike. 
After toppling Kronos Zeus 

5243
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:00,900
faced, the challenge of 
consolidating, his authority 

5244
04:27:00,900 --> 04:27:04,000
among Gods who still carried 
vestiges of Titan, born chaos. 

5245
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:06,600
Though he had proven his might 
on the battlefield. 

5246
04:27:06,600 --> 04:27:09,000
The daily governance of a 
cosmos. 

5247
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:12,500
Demanded more than raw power. 
He established a council on 

5248
04:27:12,508 --> 04:27:16,100
Mount Olympus seating, his 
siblings children, and chosen 

5249
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:18,000
allies around a grand marble 
table. 

5250
04:27:18,000 --> 04:27:22,200
Each voice carried weight, but 
Zeus's, final word guided 

5251
04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:25,000
decisions. 
This sense of a Divine Senate 

5252
04:27:25,000 --> 04:27:27,600
introduced a measure of 
collaboration, unseen in the old

5253
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,900
Titan regime. 
Where Cronus had ruled by fear 

5254
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:34,600
Zeus Champion debate and 
occasionally yielded to majority

5255
04:27:34,600 --> 04:27:37,900
sentiment though, only if it 
didn't undermine his vision of 

5256
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:40,100
order. 
One, early test came. 

5257
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:44,300
When the Giants monstrous 
children of Gaia Rose to avenge.

5258
04:27:44,300 --> 04:27:48,100
The Titans convinced, the 
Olympians had gone too far in 

5259
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:51,100
sealing kronos's. 
Brewed within Tartarus Gaia 

5260
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:52,700
incited, these Giants to 
assault. 

5261
04:27:52,700 --> 04:27:56,200
Olympus the Giants, boasted 
colossal strength and cunning 

5262
04:27:56,200 --> 04:27:58,500
leaving only a mortal could kill
them. 

5263
04:27:58,500 --> 04:28:02,100
Alarmed, Zeus recognized. 
He needed mortal Aid. 

5264
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:05,800
He enlisted Heracles a heroic 
demigod forging. 

5265
04:28:05,800 --> 04:28:09,700
A crucial alliance between human
endeavor and godly might in a 

5266
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:12,900
ferocious battle remembered as 
the gigantomachy Thunderbolts 

5267
04:28:12,900 --> 04:28:16,300
clashed with monstrous clubs and
Hercules arrows found their 

5268
04:28:16,300 --> 04:28:20,400
marks together, gods and heroes,
repel the Giants reaffirming 

5269
04:28:20,400 --> 04:28:23,600
Olympus is ascendancy. 
The moral lesson, resounded 

5270
04:28:23,600 --> 04:28:27,800
Zeus's rule Thrive not merely 
from isolation, but from forging

5271
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:30,200
ties across mortal and Immortal 
lines yet. 

5272
04:28:30,200 --> 04:28:33,800
There was no glorious Unity. 
Hera Zeus's, sister wife 

5273
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:38,100
realized her consort's roving, I
threatened stability, indeed, 

5274
04:28:38,100 --> 04:28:41,000
Zeus, Mortal and divinely 
liaison so jealousy. 

5275
04:28:41,000 --> 04:28:45,000
Across the pantheon, where the 
disguised as a swan or showering

5276
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:46,700
gold to woo. 
Mortal Queens. 

5277
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:50,600
He fathered children of 
extraordinary might Apollo 

5278
04:28:50,600 --> 04:28:54,300
Artemis. 
Hermes, Dionysus, Perseus and 

5279
04:28:54,300 --> 04:28:56,700
more. 
Each child's birth complicated 

5280
04:28:56,700 --> 04:29:01,300
family politics here as wrath 
fueled by heartbreak erupted in 

5281
04:29:01,308 --> 04:29:05,600
cunning retribution punishing 
the mothers or offspring though 

5282
04:29:05,600 --> 04:29:07,000
rarely able to harm Zeus 
directly. 

5283
04:29:07,000 --> 04:29:11,800
Her storms of anger, introduced 
Strife among Gods leading to 

5284
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:14,400
cunning ploys in Alliance is in 
the shadows of Olympus. 

5285
04:29:14,400 --> 04:29:18,000
However, even while they 
quarreled Zeus and hero 

5286
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:20,400
recognized they formed the 
Bedrock of the pantheon 

5287
04:29:20,400 --> 04:29:23,400
stability. 
Forging, an uneasy equilibrium 

5288
04:29:23,400 --> 04:29:27,100
that shapes centuries of myth. 
And underexplored dimension of 

5289
04:29:27,108 --> 04:29:29,900
Zeus's rule lies in his 
transformation, from a 

5290
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:33,400
rebellious son, to a paternal 
figure Vigilant of cosmic laws. 

5291
04:29:33,400 --> 04:29:37,400
He introduced the concept of 
Xenia sacred Hospitality 

5292
04:29:37,400 --> 04:29:40,000
enforcing it. 
Through strict punishments for 

5293
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:43,500
those who violated guests 
writes, the emphasis on moral 

5294
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:46,900
codes extended to Mortals 
weaving, a sense that the Divine

5295
04:29:46,900 --> 04:29:51,100
realm supervised human ethics, 
Tales of Zeus's disguises 

5296
04:29:51,100 --> 04:29:54,100
typically underscore how he 
tested Mortals generosity or 

5297
04:29:54,100 --> 04:29:56,600
honesty. 
Those who welcomed strangers, 

5298
04:29:56,600 --> 04:29:59,500
received blessings, those who 
scorned or harm Travelers, 

5299
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:03,300
risked incurring his lightning. 
Over time, these moral fables, 

5300
04:30:03,300 --> 04:30:06,400
spread across city-states, 
prompting worshipers to build 

5301
04:30:06,400 --> 04:30:10,200
temples and shrines dedicated to
Zeus, not just for his Thunder. 

5302
04:30:10,200 --> 04:30:13,300
But for his role, as guardian of
justice and oath, keeping 

5303
04:30:14,300 --> 04:30:18,000
Olympus itself, grew more 
structured, he attended the 

5304
04:30:18,000 --> 04:30:21,200
communal half. 
Forging, a sense of family among

5305
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:24,900
GAO Gods, Bridging the Gap 
between Divine blessings and 

5306
04:30:24,900 --> 04:30:29,400
Mortal survival to meet a kept 
watch over harvests the younger 

5307
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:30,800
Gods. 
Displayed diverse Powers 

5308
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:35,700
Apollo's, oracles artemis's, 
wild hunts and Athena's wisdom 

5309
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:39,900
forging cities while each day to
Cherished autonomy, the final 

5310
04:30:39,900 --> 04:30:44,200
Arbiter of corals remains Zeus. 
Single harsh, glance from the 

5311
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:47,800
cloud gatherer, could quell 
dissent, this did not mean a 

5312
04:30:47,800 --> 04:30:49,500
pressure. 
It was more like a father, 

5313
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:52,800
controlling fractious children. 
He settled disputes between 

5314
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:58,200
Poseidon and Athena resolved 
matters of mortal part 1 and 

5315
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:00,800
occasionally, granted 
immortality to Heroes. 

5316
04:31:01,500 --> 04:31:04,600
The pantheons fluid into play 
reveals how effectively Zeus 

5317
04:31:04,600 --> 04:31:06,300
balanced freedoms with 
constraints. 

5318
04:31:07,300 --> 04:31:10,900
During these stable centuries. 
Mortals experienced an era of 

5319
04:31:10,900 --> 04:31:13,500
relative calm while plagues or 
local Wars. 

5320
04:31:13,500 --> 04:31:17,100
Still erupted Cosmic scale 
cataclysms were rarer. 

5321
04:31:17,100 --> 04:31:20,200
Mortals, praise Zeus. 
And festivals offering 

5322
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:24,400
sacrifices of bulls or Rams. 
Priests interpreted Omens from 

5323
04:31:24,400 --> 04:31:26,200
flights of Eagles or cracks of 
thunder. 

5324
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:30,100
The oracles especially at DeDona
delivered. 

5325
04:31:30,100 --> 04:31:32,800
Cryptic pronouncements said to 
come from the father of gods 

5326
04:31:32,800 --> 04:31:35,600
himself. 
Kings or city councils might 

5327
04:31:35,600 --> 04:31:38,500
consult these oracles before. 
Crucial battles or founding new 

5328
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:41,000
colonies. 
Trusting that the Invisible Hand

5329
04:31:41,000 --> 04:31:45,600
of Zeus guided the larger fate. 
This Synergy between Mortal 

5330
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:50,300
devotion and divine oversight, 
reinforced Zeus's station, faith

5331
04:31:50,300 --> 04:31:52,700
in his paternal guardianship 
reigned across the Greek world. 

5332
04:31:53,600 --> 04:31:57,200
From the ionian Seas to the 
mountains of thessaly yet. 

5333
04:31:57,200 --> 04:32:01,700
Calm, never lasts. 
Forever among the gods smaller. 

5334
04:32:01,700 --> 04:32:06,000
Feuds brood Aries lusted for 
conflict, teasing, the 

5335
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:09,600
boundaries of the peace. 
Olympus claimed, after a deity's

5336
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:13,000
manipulation of Desire, cause 
Scandal among gods and Mortals 

5337
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:17,200
alike, Even the wise Athena 
often found herself at odds with

5338
04:32:17,200 --> 04:32:18,600
her father's impulsive 
judgments. 

5339
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:22,700
In a realm of Immortals boredom,
sometimes drove them to meddle 

5340
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:26,600
in Mortal Affairs, forging 
ephemeral alliances or starting 

5341
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:30,200
Petty vendettas, although each 
incident seemed trivial compared

5342
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:32,700
to the Titan Wars. 
They risked eroding Trust. 

5343
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:36,900
Zeus recognized that to sustain 
Cosmic equilibrium, he must 

5344
04:32:36,900 --> 04:32:40,200
remain vigilant. 
So while Banquets on a Olympus 

5345
04:32:40,200 --> 04:32:43,000
roared with laughter, the king's
me eyes always. 

5346
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:46,200
Scan the Horizon prepared. 
To quell any spark that might 

5347
04:32:46,208 --> 04:32:49,200
ignite fresh. 
Chaos Zeus's relationships with 

5348
04:32:49,200 --> 04:32:51,700
Mortals. 
While often described as casual 

5349
04:32:51,700 --> 04:32:54,900
or lustful carried deeper 
political significance within 

5350
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:57,600
the Greek Cosmos. 
Ancient city-state. 

5351
04:32:57,600 --> 04:33:00,400
Boasted genealogies tracing 
their Founders back to a union 

5352
04:33:00,408 --> 04:33:03,900
with Zeus solidifying, local 
claims of divine favor. 

5353
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:08,700
In Arcadia, the Mythic King on 
tested Zeus's Authority by 

5354
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:11,000
offering him a Grizzly Feast of 
human flesh. 

5355
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:13,900
Hoping to prove the gods 
ignorance or gullibility 

5356
04:33:13,900 --> 04:33:18,700
outrageous that drowned much of 
the land. 

5357
04:33:19,400 --> 04:33:24,700
An echo of older flood myths. 
Like on himself was transformed 

5358
04:33:24,700 --> 04:33:27,400
into a wolf. 
This unsettling incident 

5359
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:31,400
demonstrated the boundaries one 
can amuse the father of gods but

5360
04:33:31,400 --> 04:33:34,900
straying into sacrilege invites 
retributive storms and floods 

5361
04:33:34,900 --> 04:33:38,500
one frequently, overlooked tale.
Recounts uses fleeting 

5362
04:33:38,500 --> 04:33:42,099
connection with the immortal, 
Alchemy mother to Heracles. 

5363
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:44,900
Most people are familiar with 
the general details. 

5364
04:33:44,900 --> 04:33:49,300
Zeus assumed the identity of elk
means husband father the future 

5365
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:52,599
hero and so on. 
But lesser known is how 

5366
04:33:52,599 --> 04:33:54,800
meticulously he orchestrated 
that Union? 

5367
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:57,599
Employing, Illusions and a night
stretched. 

5368
04:33:57,599 --> 04:34:01,599
Unnaturally long. 
The reason intended Heracles to 

5369
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:04,500
be the Champions, who would 
eventually protect Gods and Men 

5370
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:07,200
from re-emerging Titan, or giant
threats. 

5371
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:11,200
The goal wasn't near lust, there
was a pragmatic investment in a 

5372
04:34:11,200 --> 04:34:14,099
demigod. 
Bridging mortality and divine 

5373
04:34:14,099 --> 04:34:16,800
lineage. 
Hercules subsequent Feats 

5374
04:34:16,800 --> 04:34:20,200
validated, the cosmic insurance 
plan that Hercules eventually 

5375
04:34:20,200 --> 04:34:22,599
joined Olympus. 
As an immortal was proof. 

5376
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:25,700
That Zeus's paternal ties could 
transcend typical mortal 

5377
04:34:25,700 --> 04:34:29,500
boundaries Zeus's interactions 
with powerful female figures 

5378
04:34:29,500 --> 04:34:33,200
formed another dimension of his 
story at existence, making the 

5379
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:37,200
tightness of clever Council was 
at 1 point is confident, but a 

5380
04:34:37,200 --> 04:34:41,099
prophecy said her child would 
surpass its father fearing a 

5381
04:34:41,099 --> 04:34:43,800
recurrence of kronos's, 
predicament, Zeus consumed 

5382
04:34:43,800 --> 04:34:46,599
meters. 
In his entirety yet from within 

5383
04:34:46,599 --> 04:34:50,800
him a council remained. 
Culminating in Athena's birth 

5384
04:34:50,800 --> 04:34:53,900
from his head, some interpret, 
the event has an allegory. 

5385
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:57,400
Wisdom must dwell within 
leadership Inseparable but not 

5386
04:34:57,400 --> 04:34:59,200
overshadowing, the paternal seat
of power. 

5387
04:34:59,200 --> 04:35:03,000
Meanwhile, with famous the 
embodiment of Divine Law. 

5388
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:06,500
He further the hurray, and the 
moirai, Guardians of cosmic 

5389
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:09,800
order, and fate such couplings 
underscored that the paternal 

5390
04:35:09,800 --> 04:35:14,000
authority of Zeus and compassed.
Fundamental principles, wisdom, 

5391
04:35:14,000 --> 04:35:18,300
Justice and Order. 
Enabling a balanced realm, where

5392
04:35:18,300 --> 04:35:20,800
not even Gods might easily 
decide Destiny. 

5393
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:25,300
The revered as the supreme. 
God Zeus was not immune to drama

5394
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:28,599
among lesser and Mortals. 
For instance, the cunning fire, 

5395
04:35:28,599 --> 04:35:32,000
bring a Prometheus defied him by
gifting Humanity with knowledge 

5396
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:36,800
incense by mortality Mass 
Powerman Zeus bound Prometheus 

5397
04:35:36,800 --> 04:35:39,300
to a Crag. 
Subjecting him to Perpetual 

5398
04:35:39,300 --> 04:35:42,900
torment by an eagle devouring. 
His regenerating liver While 

5399
04:35:42,900 --> 04:35:46,700
severe this punishment revealed 
Zeus's stance on Disobedience, 

5400
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:50,400
the father of gods championed 
progress under Divine sanction 

5401
04:35:50,400 --> 04:35:54,500
but unapproved leaps and Mortal 
capacity threatened to up end 

5402
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:58,099
the cosmic hierarchy. 
Over ipops empathy for 

5403
04:35:58,099 --> 04:36:01,099
Prometheus grew prompting, some 
deities to question. 

5404
04:36:01,099 --> 04:36:04,700
If the punishment overshadowed, 
the offense yet, Zeus remained 

5405
04:36:04,700 --> 04:36:08,000
Resolute, seeing it as a 
cautionary, tale, The Olympian 

5406
04:36:08,000 --> 04:36:10,700
order could not endure. 
If rebellious acts by demigods 

5407
04:36:10,700 --> 04:36:13,099
or lesser Gods chipped away at 
the established order. 

5408
04:36:14,000 --> 04:36:15,700
In Daily worship across the 
Greek. 

5409
04:36:15,700 --> 04:36:20,000
World temples to Zeus sword from
hilltops olympius Temple for 

5410
04:36:20,000 --> 04:36:22,700
instance, hosted the fame statue
by phidias. 

5411
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:26,099
Pilgrims Journey to the 
sanctuary's bearing sacrifices. 

5412
04:36:26,099 --> 04:36:29,400
Hoping for Reigns to bless 
harvests or for oracles to 

5413
04:36:29,400 --> 04:36:33,400
confirm success in Commerce or 
Warfare, The intangible link 

5414
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:37,200
between worshiper and deity 
manifested and fleeting signs. 

5415
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:41,300
A Thunderclap at dawn, an eagle 
overhead branch of oak leaves 

5416
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:45,000
stirring with no wind 
Interpreted as endorsement or 

5417
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:48,099
warning such Omens, guided Civic
decisions. 

5418
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:51,900
This interplay reinforced, the 
sense that Zeus's watchful eye 

5419
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:55,900
over shadowed every domain of 
Greek life from wedding vows to 

5420
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:59,300
boundary treaties, even 
criminals in vote him in Oaths 

5421
04:36:59,300 --> 04:37:02,300
to prove innocence ironically 
tempting a thunderbolt. 

5422
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:05,599
If they dared lie, God sometimes
attempted minor. 

5423
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:09,599
Insurrections during internal 
disputes, one Legend claims per 

5424
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:12,500
side and Hera and Athena 
conspired to bind. 

5425
04:37:12,500 --> 04:37:15,599
Zeus in Chains to curb his 
tyranny, the hundred-handed 

5426
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:19,200
Brea's rescued him at the last 
moment, freeing the enraged 

5427
04:37:19,200 --> 04:37:22,500
father, who then swiftly put the
conspirators in their place 

5428
04:37:22,500 --> 04:37:26,099
without to throwing them. 
It underscored an enduring 

5429
04:37:26,099 --> 04:37:31,500
theme, Olympus might chafe under
Zeus's Authority but no viable 

5430
04:37:31,500 --> 04:37:35,000
alternative emerged. 
The intangible fear of Unleashed

5431
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:38,099
chaos should Zeus fall. 
Overshadowed, any 

5432
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:41,900
dissatisfaction the pantheon 
learned to cope with or exploit,

5433
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:45,700
the status quo, weaving small 
arrivals around the solid core 

5434
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:49,800
of Zeus's monarchy, By fostering
alliances with Mortal Heroes. 

5435
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:53,800
Forging, beneficial unions with 
other deities and demonstrating 

5436
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:57,500
unwavering might when tested 
Zeus's, dominions seemed 

5437
04:37:57,500 --> 04:38:00,599
unassailable on the surface. 
He was The Smiling. 

5438
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:05,000
Father of the Heaven's bestowing
blessings beneath. 

5439
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:07,700
He was a Vigilant. 
Sentinel ready to subdue any 

5440
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:09,700
threat with the storms 
unrelenting power. 

5441
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:13,900
This blend of paternal care and 
War, retribution shaped in 

5442
04:38:13,900 --> 04:38:15,400
abiding, equilibrium in the 
cosmos. 

5443
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:20,000
Yet a centuries termed, new 
philosophies like the rise of 

5444
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:22,599
rational inquiry. 
And Athens would question the 

5445
04:38:22,599 --> 04:38:26,700
literal portrayal of Gods. 
Still as long as Thunder rumbled

5446
04:38:26,700 --> 04:38:30,300
Over Greek mountains Hearts were
called the might of Zeus, the 

5447
04:38:30,300 --> 04:38:32,900
Regal orchestrator of Storms and
destinies. 

5448
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:37,400
The school Greek civilization 
expanded local variations of 

5449
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:40,300
Zeus worship. 
Evolved each adding Nuance to 

5450
04:38:40,300 --> 04:38:43,599
his nature in dodonna. 
The older Oracle in Greece. 

5451
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:47,400
Priests interpreted Zeus's will 
through the rustling of Oakleys.

5452
04:38:47,400 --> 04:38:50,599
A mysterious whisper that 
Believers swore held truth. 

5453
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:54,400
Here, the deity appeared as a 
somber figure of wisdom and 

5454
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:57,500
prophecy, bridging Primal Earth 
energies. 

5455
04:38:57,500 --> 04:39:02,400
Meanwhile, in Olympia sight of 
the panhellenic games, Zeus 

5456
04:39:02,400 --> 04:39:05,000
reigned as the Pinnacle of 
athletic virtue and unity among 

5457
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:07,400
warring city-states. 
Athletes. 

5458
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:11,300
Dedicated their triumphs to him 
seeking Divine favor for pure 

5459
04:39:11,300 --> 04:39:14,400
competition. 
The famous statue of Zeus at 

5460
04:39:14,400 --> 04:39:18,200
Olympia towering in Ivory and 
gold Drew Pilgrims from distant 

5461
04:39:18,200 --> 04:39:19,700
lands. 
Embodying. 

5462
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:23,900
The gods benevolent Majesty even
as these diverse Cults thrived, 

5463
04:39:23,900 --> 04:39:27,800
pockets of intellectual 
challenge emerged philosophers 

5464
04:39:27,800 --> 04:39:31,200
like Jennifer's or the latest 
stoics, questioned, the morality

5465
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:36,000
of a God who in myths engaged in
trickery, or seduction did the 

5466
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:40,000
cosmic ruler truly lower himself
to these mortal vices or with 

5467
04:39:40,000 --> 04:39:43,400
such stories symbolic The more 
rationalist city state became 

5468
04:39:43,400 --> 04:39:45,700
the more old myths met with 
allegorical? 

5469
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:49,800
Reinterpretations, some insisted
that Zeus was but a 

5470
04:39:49,800 --> 04:39:52,900
personification of natural law 
or the cosmic mind, and the 

5471
04:39:52,900 --> 04:39:56,600
scandalous episodes were 
poetical flairs, others clung to

5472
04:39:56,608 --> 04:39:59,900
literal Faith offering an 
unwavering vowel for Thunderbolt

5473
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:02,900
could render giant ashtray. 
No, more Mortal intellect. 

5474
04:40:02,900 --> 04:40:06,900
Should downplay the father of 
Gods When Alexander the Great's 

5475
04:40:06,900 --> 04:40:10,700
Conquest, spread Greek culture 
across Egypt Persia and parts of

5476
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:15,100
India new fusions arose 
Egyptians equated Zeus with 

5477
04:40:15,100 --> 04:40:17,900
Ammon forging. 
The syncretic deities, use 

5478
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:21,800
Ammon, even Alexander visited 
the Oracle of sea in the Libyan 

5479
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,300
Desert seeking confirmation of 
his semi-divine paternity. 

5480
04:40:26,000 --> 04:40:28,500
Legends flourished that the 
Oracle addressed him as son of 

5481
04:40:28,508 --> 04:40:31,100
Zeus Ammon. 
Fueling his claim to Destiny. 

5482
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:35,200
This cross-pollination indicated
that Zeus's Persona could adapt 

5483
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,400
Beyond The Aegean. 
Integrating foreign traits to 

5484
04:40:38,400 --> 04:40:42,600
sustain Cosmic Supremacy people 
in far-flung Hellenistic Realms 

5485
04:40:42,600 --> 04:40:46,600
recognized his lightning symbol 
Linking it to local storm Gods, 

5486
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:50,200
forging a mosaic of worship that
stretched from the Nile to the 

5487
04:40:50,208 --> 04:40:52,600
Indus. 
Within Greek heartlands 

5488
04:40:52,600 --> 04:40:55,600
political upheavals or 
city-states overshadowed by 

5489
04:40:55,600 --> 04:41:00,000
Macedonian and later Roman 
Dominion under Roman rule Zeus 

5490
04:41:00,000 --> 04:41:04,000
found an equivalent in Jupiter 
Mythic Cycle's into mingled with

5491
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:06,100
Roman temples. 
Adopting Greek iconography. 

5492
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:10,400
Even as the old city state 
system faded the name of Zeus 

5493
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:14,700
injured philosophers in the 
Roman era like the stoic advance

5494
04:41:14,700 --> 04:41:18,000
to Universal interpretation of 
the God as the Supreme Cosmic 

5495
04:41:18,000 --> 04:41:20,500
reason. 
They taught that the Zeus, 

5496
04:41:20,500 --> 04:41:23,900
principal guided all nature, 
from the swirl of galaxies, to 

5497
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:27,100
the growth of vines. 
This intellectually charged 

5498
04:41:27,100 --> 04:41:30,400
view, smoothed contradictions in
older myths, positing that 

5499
04:41:30,400 --> 04:41:33,600
comedic or tragic stories about 
Zeus's escapades, were mere 

5500
04:41:33,608 --> 04:41:36,200
allegories for Universal truths 
yet. 

5501
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:39,900
Not all worshipers cared for 
philosophical nuances festivals 

5502
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:42,900
continued with communal, 
sacrifices and vibrant 

5503
04:41:42,900 --> 04:41:47,700
processions, dramas performed in
amphitheaters retold, epic sagas

5504
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:51,700
of Titan Wars or comedic spoons,
immediate spoofs of Zeus's 

5505
04:41:51,700 --> 04:41:54,800
Transformations. 
Even Romans traveling to Greek, 

5506
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:58,200
sanctuaries could sense the 
abiding Aura of an ancient 

5507
04:41:58,200 --> 04:42:01,000
presence. 
Pilgrims bearing offering to the

5508
04:42:01,008 --> 04:42:03,800
shrines still believed 
wholeheartedly that a bolt from 

5509
04:42:03,808 --> 04:42:07,300
the sky signaled Zeus's, 
judgment peasants at Harvest 

5510
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:10,400
Time, prayed for gentle rains, 
rather than hail trusting. 

5511
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:14,200
The sky father's Goodwill. 
Indeed, the link between daily 

5512
04:42:14,200 --> 04:42:16,700
life. 
Rainfall storms, the fertility 

5513
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:20,300
of fields and the overarching 
force of Zeus underpinned, 

5514
04:42:20,300 --> 04:42:24,800
stable, devotion, However, a 
centuries progressed the 

5515
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:26,400
Unstoppable wave of 
Christianity. 

5516
04:42:26,400 --> 04:42:30,100
Swept across the Mediterranean 
The early, Christian apologist, 

5517
04:42:30,100 --> 04:42:34,500
targeted, Pagan pantheons citing
moral Tales of Zeus's adulteries

5518
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:38,000
or wrath as evidence of 
polytheism corruption in an 

5519
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:41,600
evolving Empire that embraced 
monotheism Olympian shrines, 

5520
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:45,200
lost official, support their 
clergy overshadowed by Bishops 

5521
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:49,900
by the fourth Century CE 
Emperor, theodosius edicts, 

5522
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:52,600
effectively banned, public Pagan
rites once. 

5523
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:57,100
Dedicated to Zeus temples fell 
sent repurposed to storms or 

5524
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:01,100
churches or left in ruin. 
The cultural tapestry that wants

5525
04:43:01,100 --> 04:43:05,700
places to Apex unraveled 
replaced by a new theological 

5526
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:08,400
framework. 
Despite this institutional 

5527
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:11,600
decline, the memory of Zeus 
never fully vanished. 

5528
04:43:12,300 --> 04:43:14,700
Philosophical manuscripts, 
survived in monastic. 

5529
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:17,900
Library's Rural. 
King in remote, Highlands still 

5530
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:20,600
whispered of Thunder as the old 
father's voice. 

5531
04:43:21,600 --> 04:43:24,300
Renaissance Scholars. 
Rediscovered classical texts 

5532
04:43:24,300 --> 04:43:28,200
resurrecting the image of Zeus 
in art and literature painters 

5533
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,100
like, Raphael or later. 
Neoclassical artists depicted 

5534
04:43:31,100 --> 04:43:34,900
him enthroned with an eagle by 
his side celebrating the Mythic 

5535
04:43:34,900 --> 04:43:38,300
grand jury of antiquity. 
Enlightenment thinkers, who 

5536
04:43:38,300 --> 04:43:41,300
pioneered modern science, 
referenced lightning rods that 

5537
04:43:41,300 --> 04:43:45,400
subdudes uses thunder by 
paradoxical redefining his realm

5538
04:43:45,400 --> 04:43:47,800
through rational explanations 
today. 

5539
04:43:47,800 --> 04:43:51,600
The Narrative of Zeus stands as 
a symbolic Testament to how 

5540
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:53,700
Society is conceived ultimate 
Authority. 

5541
04:43:54,400 --> 04:43:57,700
He encapsulates, the interplay 
of power and Justice, paternal 

5542
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:00,300
care, and Fierce, and 
Punishment, spiritual 

5543
04:44:00,300 --> 04:44:03,900
significance, and political 
utility Tales of him. 

5544
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:07,400
Remain vital in popular culture 
from Modern retelling of Greek 

5545
04:44:07,400 --> 04:44:10,400
myths and novels films and 
games, to The Echoes of Thunder 

5546
04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:13,700
associated with unstoppable. 
Cosmic Force. 

5547
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:17,700
Scholarly, inquiries reveal a 
figure who morphed from a local 

5548
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:20,900
father of the sky to a global 
emblem of Mythology. 

5549
04:44:20,900 --> 04:44:24,900
Bridging Greek Hellenistic, 
Roman and even later cultural 

5550
04:44:24,900 --> 04:44:27,200
spheres. 
Observing how a figure. 

5551
04:44:27,208 --> 04:44:30,900
So Primal adapted to evolving 
civilization's underscores, the 

5552
04:44:30,908 --> 04:44:34,300
elasticity of myth. 
If one listens carefully during 

5553
04:44:34,300 --> 04:44:37,800
a thunderstorm, one might recall
that ancient war for the sky. 

5554
04:44:37,808 --> 04:44:41,900
Father flickering in the 
electric arcs overhead Zeus's 

5555
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:44,400
role as a father figure in 
Greek, myth extends Beyond 

5556
04:44:44,400 --> 04:44:47,700
genealogical ties, the ancient 
Greeks often portrayed him 

5557
04:44:47,700 --> 04:44:50,900
intervening in moral dilemmas 
defending the social order and 

5558
04:44:50,900 --> 04:44:53,300
meeting out Justice to Mortals 
and gods alike. 

5559
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,200
One lesson known tale 
underscores, his capacity for 

5560
04:44:57,200 --> 04:45:00,300
empathy. 
When Salman pneus a mortal King 

5561
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:04,100
boasted he could equal Zeus by 
mimicking thunder with bronze 

5562
04:45:04,100 --> 04:45:06,900
chariots. 
Zeus first, let him indulge the 

5563
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:09,400
fast before unleashing a 
thunderbolt to expose his 

5564
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:12,700
arrogance. 
Yet once the city's people 

5565
04:45:12,700 --> 04:45:17,600
cowered in fear records, hint 
that Zeus sent favorable Reigns 

5566
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:21,600
The Following Season as if to 
ensure that misguided worshipers

5567
04:45:21,600 --> 04:45:26,000
didn't starve from their King's 
hubris, this story overshadowed 

5568
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:30,900
by more famous myths, reveals a 
paternal Dimension punishing 

5569
04:45:30,900 --> 04:45:34,700
blasphemy, but sparing the 
innocent from famine likewise, 

5570
04:45:34,700 --> 04:45:38,800
the story of King leagues, who 
spurned Dionysus and scorned, 

5571
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:41,100
the new wine rights ended with 
Zeus. 

5572
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,500
Confining liquor to a cave in a 
laborer in thin punishment. 

5573
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:48,700
Many retail, only the 
punishments horror a nearly lost

5574
04:45:48,700 --> 04:45:50,300
variants suggest that 
afterwards. 

5575
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:53,300
Zeus made the Farmland around 
that Kingdom flourish 

5576
04:45:53,300 --> 04:45:57,300
unexpectedly implying that the 
paternal God, softened the blow 

5577
04:45:57,300 --> 04:45:59,800
for ordinary people who were not
involved in their rulers 

5578
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:02,100
arrogance. 
Such glimpses though, 

5579
04:46:02,100 --> 04:46:05,000
overshadowed highlight the 
tension between wrath and 

5580
04:46:05,008 --> 04:46:08,700
compassion in Zeus's, Cosmic 
guardianship another dimension 

5581
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:12,100
of Zeus's paternal Persona is 
His willingness to Champion 

5582
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:14,800
Synergy among various Gods 
indeed. 

5583
04:46:14,800 --> 04:46:18,200
After the titanomachy, the 
pantheon was Rife with 

5584
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:21,900
strong-willed deities. 
Such as Poseidon Artemis and 

5585
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:26,400
Aphrodite each with distinct 
Realms and temperaments, It was 

5586
04:46:26,408 --> 04:46:29,200
under Zeus's oversight that the 
collectively shaped mortal 

5587
04:46:29,200 --> 04:46:33,500
existence Reigns from Zeus sees 
from Poseidon hunts from 

5588
04:46:33,500 --> 04:46:35,800
Artemis. 
Love from Aphrodite harvests 

5589
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:39,100
from Demeter. 
And so on the father's role 

5590
04:46:39,100 --> 04:46:41,800
wasn't micromanagement but 
balancing these Powers. 

5591
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:43,600
So none overshadowed the 
broader. 

5592
04:46:43,600 --> 04:46:47,700
Cosmic order that said, friction
remained inevitable witness, 

5593
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:51,400
Poseidon's quarrels with Athena 
over patronage of Athens or 

5594
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:54,300
Aphrodite's, Mischief stirring 
conflicts among Mortals. 

5595
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:59,400
Each time Zeus either calmly 
arbitrated or thundered a final 

5596
04:46:59,408 --> 04:47:02,700
verdict. 
If reason fail, Zeus's paternal 

5597
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:07,700
role extended to dispensing 
Fates while the moirai. fate had

5598
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:11,100
the ultimate sale on Mortal 
lifespan's Zeus sometimes 

5599
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:15,800
intervened for beloved Heroes, 
like sarpedon in the Trojan War,

5600
04:47:15,800 --> 04:47:19,600
he felt fatherly sorrow yet 
recognized that interfering with

5601
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:24,200
fate upset, the moral and Cosmic
fabric The Iliad captures a 

5602
04:47:24,200 --> 04:47:26,900
poignant moment where Zeus 
contemplates saving soffit on, 

5603
04:47:26,908 --> 04:47:30,900
but relents reflecting an 
internal conflict paternal. 

5604
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:34,500
Love clashing with the demands 
of cosmic law, this acceptance 

5605
04:47:34,500 --> 04:47:37,100
of the greater tapestry, 
underlines how Zeus didn't 

5606
04:47:37,100 --> 04:47:40,000
interpret absolute rule as 
licensed to break fundamental 

5607
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:44,800
rules, contrarily lesser Gods at
times Twisted, mortal Destinies 

5608
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:48,300
for personal vendettas. 
But for the father of gods, the 

5609
04:47:48,300 --> 04:47:50,500
big picture, overshadowed 
personal yearnings. 

5610
04:47:50,500 --> 04:47:54,900
Meanwhile mortal worship, 
evolved with the Polaris, 

5611
04:47:54,900 --> 04:47:57,200
weaving unique, local epithets 
for Zeus. 

5612
04:47:57,200 --> 04:48:01,800
In Athens, you became Zoo soos 
champion of Freedom after 

5613
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:05,600
battles with tyranny. 
In Argos, they held him a Zeus 

5614
04:48:05,600 --> 04:48:10,000
Lara syoss a protector of 
Farmland, Shepard communities in

5615
04:48:10,000 --> 04:48:13,700
Arcadian, Highlands, revered him
as Zeus laios associated with 

5616
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:17,200
ancient wolf fish rights. 
Thus Universal. 

5617
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:21,500
Father splintered into Myriad, 
local faces, each reflecting a 

5618
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:25,100
slice of daily existence grain 
Harvest communal festivals 

5619
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:28,100
protective watch over Frontiers 
over centuries. 

5620
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:31,900
These local Cults into linked 
preserving an overarching. 

5621
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:33,500
Unity within the Greek world 
view. 

5622
04:48:33,500 --> 04:48:37,300
One God, many facets. 
Bridging city state diversity 

5623
04:48:37,300 --> 04:48:39,500
with a sense of shared Hellenic 
identity. 

5624
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:43,700
Though, paternal benevolence 
forms a large part of his Mythic

5625
04:48:43,700 --> 04:48:46,000
identity. 
The Greek tradition, never let 

5626
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:48,900
that overshadow, his capacity 
for cunning even after 

5627
04:48:48,900 --> 04:48:52,900
enthronement Zeus used guile, if
it served Cosmic stability, one,

5628
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:55,700
anecdote recalls, how tricked 
the giant Typhon by feigning 

5629
04:48:55,700 --> 04:48:58,700
defeat. 
Luring, the Monstrous foe into a

5630
04:48:58,700 --> 04:49:01,200
complacent moment before 
unleashing, a surprise 

5631
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:04,500
Thunderbolt that pinned Typhon 
beneath Mount Etna. 

5632
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:08,700
This slide approach reaffirmed 
that while direct brute force 

5633
04:49:08,700 --> 04:49:11,300
was not option. 
Cunning often staved off 

5634
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:14,800
prolonged conflict. 
In a cyclical Cosmos prone to 

5635
04:49:14,800 --> 04:49:18,200
Rebellion the father needed more
than just a Thunderbolts blast. 

5636
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:21,300
Cunning insured. 
Foes fell swiftly before they 

5637
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:24,800
multiplied. 
Among the pantheon Hermes, 

5638
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:28,100
admired such cunning. 
It said, Hermes often joked that

5639
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:30,200
he inherited his trickery from 
the father of gods. 

5640
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:34,500
Indeed, Hermes is early as 
Feats, stealing Apollo's cattle,

5641
04:49:34,500 --> 04:49:38,700
parallel Zeus's, own youthful, 
escapades, to throwing Cronus. 

5642
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:41,600
The father recognized her 
reflection of his own early 

5643
04:49:41,600 --> 04:49:44,400
rebellious, spirit in Hermes 
forging on bond. 

5644
04:49:45,200 --> 04:49:48,700
His father child Dynamic added 
comedic undertones to Olympus 

5645
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:51,700
his Gatherings with Hermes, 
pulling pranks and Zeus looking 

5646
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:54,400
on half amused half Stern 
mindful. 

5647
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:58,100
That chaos had boundaries even 
in the comedic realm paternal 

5648
04:49:58,100 --> 04:50:00,700
guidance shaped the lines God's 
dead not cross. 

5649
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:04,500
Thus the father of God stands as
a figure who never let go of 

5650
04:50:04,508 --> 04:50:08,600
cunning preserving Cosmic order 
through Thunder but also 

5651
04:50:08,600 --> 04:50:11,900
harnessing paternal wisdom to 
rectify potential storms before 

5652
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:15,100
they escalated. 
This paternal Persona was not 

5653
04:50:15,100 --> 04:50:18,800
static, it adapted across 
centuries, and local Customs 

5654
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:22,400
from Punisher of hubris. 
To sponsor of Civic festivals 

5655
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:24,800
from cunning conspirator to 
moral anchor. 

5656
04:50:24,800 --> 04:50:28,000
If the Greek cosmos had a 
pillar, it was Zeus. 

5657
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:33,000
Father Judge and caretaker 
weaving an evolving catch work 

5658
04:50:33,000 --> 04:50:36,200
of myths, that recognize the 
complexity of divine Authority, 

5659
04:50:36,200 --> 04:50:40,400
while the classical Greek World 
revered, Zeus the Hellenistic 

5660
04:50:40,400 --> 04:50:43,100
and Roman eras reframed, his 
legacy for broader Imperial, 

5661
04:50:43,100 --> 04:50:45,800
audience's under the Hellenistic
kingdoms. 

5662
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,700
After Alexander's conquests Zeus
frequently merged with local 

5663
04:50:49,700 --> 04:50:53,200
Gods. 
Zeus Ammon in Egypt, thousand in

5664
04:50:53,200 --> 04:50:56,600
the Levant, allowing different 
cultures to claim an aspect of 

5665
04:50:56,600 --> 04:50:59,900
the mighty father. 
This Fusion introduced exotic 

5666
04:50:59,900 --> 04:51:03,900
iconography Temple reliefs 
showing Zeus with ram horns or 

5667
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:07,400
Greek inscriptions praising. 
A composite deity, bridging 

5668
04:51:07,400 --> 04:51:10,500
Greek and Native Traditions. 
It was a practical strategy. 

5669
04:51:10,500 --> 04:51:14,600
Smoothing the governance of 
diverse Realms by anchoring them

5670
04:51:14,600 --> 04:51:19,500
under a universal Cosmic father.
In Rome as mentioned Zeus was 

5671
04:51:19,508 --> 04:51:22,700
equated to Jupiter. 
The Roman appropriation was not 

5672
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,900
a mere rename. 
It recontextualized him within a

5673
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:31,900
martial legalistic culture. 
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter

5674
04:51:31,900 --> 04:51:34,900
the best and greatest presided 
over the capitals Temple 

5675
04:51:34,900 --> 04:51:40,300
overshadowing Roman Civic life, 
Roman generals before campaigns 

5676
04:51:40,300 --> 04:51:44,100
sacrificed to Jupiter for 
victory, mirroring the old Greek

5677
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:48,500
pattern but with more structured
State rituals, Roman Aristocrats

5678
04:51:48,500 --> 04:51:52,000
told stories of Jupiter's 
paternal oversight mixing it 

5679
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:54,800
with Roman virtues of Gravitas 
and pieters. 

5680
04:51:54,800 --> 04:51:58,700
The Synergy was so tight that by
the time the Empire span from 

5681
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:02,500
Britain to Mesopotamia, the 
name, Jupiter replaced Zeus in 

5682
04:52:02,500 --> 04:52:04,500
official contexts a Greek 
Enclave. 

5683
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:06,700
Still whispered, the original 
name and devotionals. 

5684
04:52:08,100 --> 04:52:10,800
Billy Aura. 
Persisted Bridging an Empire of 

5685
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:15,100
colossal, cultural variety. 
However, in the centuries after 

5686
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:19,300
Christ's birth was Christianity,
spread worship of the old 

5687
04:52:19,300 --> 04:52:22,900
Pantheon eroded. 
The Christian critique of pagan 

5688
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:26,600
gods, labeling them either 
fantasies or demonic Illusions 

5689
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:29,900
gained official favor. 
Once Emperors, like Constantine,

5690
04:52:29,900 --> 04:52:33,600
pivoted to the new Faith by 
theodosius is reign in the late.

5691
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:39,000
4th Century CE Evert worship of 
Zeus or Jupiter was banned in 

5692
04:52:39,008 --> 04:52:42,000
the Roman Realm. 
Temples were repurposed or 

5693
04:52:42,000 --> 04:52:44,900
abandoned and oracles were 
speaking to Johnstown. 

5694
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:49,700
Only in rural Pockets where 
peasants clung to old ways did 

5695
04:52:49,700 --> 04:52:52,400
faint, Echoes of thunderbase 
superstition, linger. 

5696
04:52:52,400 --> 04:52:56,300
And as Christian theology 
matured and paternal figure of 

5697
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,700
the Christian God overshadowed 
old father, Zeus in the public 

5698
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:03,300
sphere. 
Ancient myths, slid into Legend.

5699
04:53:04,300 --> 04:53:07,500
Staining itself primarily in 
Poetic retelling or among 

5700
04:53:07,500 --> 04:53:09,400
Scholars, preserving classical 
texts. 

5701
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:13,200
Remarkably the medieval Islamic 
World, help preserve Greek 

5702
04:53:13,200 --> 04:53:15,500
knowledge. 
Arabic translation of 

5703
04:53:15,500 --> 04:53:17,300
philosophers who reference Zeus 
allowed. 

5704
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:21,000
Some trace of the old theology 
to survive academically, albeit 

5705
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:23,500
overshadowed by monotheistic 
Frameworks. 

5706
04:53:24,400 --> 04:53:27,000
The European Renaissance 
resurrected, classical Greek, 

5707
04:53:27,000 --> 04:53:30,400
and Roman sources. 
Artists like Michelangelo or 

5708
04:53:30,400 --> 04:53:35,900
Titian depicted Zeus or Jupiter 
with powerful imagery lightning 

5709
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:40,000
in her and her hand Regal 
posture applied more, as an 

5710
04:53:40,000 --> 04:53:41,800
artistic Motif than a subject of
worship. 

5711
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:45,600
The father of gods became an 
emblem of classical Antiquities 

5712
04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:47,900
grandeur. 
Fueling the imagination of 

5713
04:53:47,908 --> 04:53:52,200
sculptors poets and dramatists 
tapestries displayed, the 

5714
04:53:52,200 --> 04:53:54,300
titanomachy as an allegory for 
good governance. 

5715
04:53:54,300 --> 04:53:57,500
Triumphing over tyranny or 
Reason best in chaos. 

5716
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:01,400
He Enlightenment intellectuals 
grappling with rationalist 

5717
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:04,800
skepticism in Zeus and 
anthropomorphic concept. 

5718
04:54:04,800 --> 04:54:08,600
One the early cultures used to 
explain natural phenomena like 

5719
04:54:08,600 --> 04:54:11,700
lightning and storms 
philosophers, like Voltaire, or 

5720
04:54:11,700 --> 04:54:14,400
Dido occasionally cited him in 
satirical Jabs. 

5721
04:54:14,400 --> 04:54:17,600
Highlighting the contradictions 
and Pagan religion. 

5722
04:54:17,600 --> 04:54:21,700
Yet ironically the notion of a 
father God, punishing hubris or 

5723
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:24,800
awarding virtue found echoes in 
an Enlightenment moral thought. 

5724
04:54:24,800 --> 04:54:28,600
Only now couched in secular 
concepts of Justice or universal

5725
04:54:28,600 --> 04:54:32,200
law. 
Hidden among esoteric circles 

5726
04:54:32,200 --> 04:54:35,400
mystical fascination with 
ancient Pantheon's persisted 

5727
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:38,000
forging. 
Secret societies that revered 

5728
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:40,400
old deities as archetypes of 
cosmic forces. 

5729
04:54:41,400 --> 04:54:44,600
In that environment, Zeus was 
studied less for worship and 

5730
04:54:44,600 --> 04:54:47,200
more as a symbolic template for 
leadership or paternal 

5731
04:54:47,200 --> 04:54:50,500
Authority. 
By the 19th and 20th, centuries,

5732
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:54,100
archaeologists rediscovered. 
The physical traces of Zeus's, 

5733
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:57,300
worship, the scattered Columns 
of the Temple of Zeus at 

5734
04:54:57,300 --> 04:55:00,200
Olympia. 
The Doric remains at nimir and 

5735
04:55:00,200 --> 04:55:03,100
the ravaged altars on Crete. 
Where legend said he was born. 

5736
04:55:03,900 --> 04:55:07,500
Scholarly Works meticulously 
catalogued myths, comparing them

5737
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:09,700
with parallels, from other 
window, European Traditions, 

5738
04:55:09,700 --> 04:55:13,400
they found that far, the ski 
motifs recurred across cultures 

5739
04:55:13,400 --> 04:55:16,800
suggesting a proto-indo-european
root of Skyfall fathers. 

5740
04:55:17,500 --> 04:55:20,700
Zeus thus became a testament to 
How Deeply Humanity has craved. 

5741
04:55:20,708 --> 04:55:24,100
A paternal Guardian to quell 
Nature's Fury and social 

5742
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:26,600
Discord. 
Modern pop culture frame. 

5743
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:29,700
Zeus in Myriad ways. 
Hollywood depicts him as a 

5744
04:55:29,700 --> 04:55:31,800
bearded. 
Giant hurling Thunder wrestling 

5745
04:55:31,800 --> 04:55:35,600
with moral ambiguities or 
comedic hijinks video games 

5746
04:55:35,600 --> 04:55:38,200
harnesses iconography for 
immersive mythical worlds, 

5747
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:40,000
letting players channel 
lightning. 

5748
04:55:40,000 --> 04:55:43,700
As they battle monstrous, foes 
children's books, distill him to

5749
04:55:43,700 --> 04:55:46,900
a wise or sometimes comedic. 
Father, Figure ignoring the 

5750
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:50,000
complexities of old Greek. 
Traditional even New Age, 

5751
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:53,000
spiritual movements interpret 
him as an archetype of masculine

5752
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:56,900
power balancing energies of 
creation and destruction, this 

5753
04:55:56,900 --> 04:56:00,700
cultural elasticity underscores 
that while formal worship ended 

5754
04:56:00,700 --> 04:56:05,100
centuries ago, the archetype of 
Zeus remains culturally potent 

5755
04:56:05,100 --> 04:56:08,300
at its core. 
The father of God stands as 

5756
04:56:08,300 --> 04:56:13,200
reflection of Primal forces, 
thunder sky paternal law and the

5757
04:56:13,208 --> 04:56:15,600
evolution of societies 
relationship to Authority 

5758
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:20,700
tradition and Cosmic Wonder from
Titan battles to philosophical 

5759
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,300
La, Greece from Roman Imperial 
rights to 21st century 

5760
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:27,100
entertainment. 
Zeus's Saga endures. 

5761
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:29,700
As one of the grand narrative, 
Bridging the archaic to the 

5762
04:56:29,700 --> 04:56:32,200
modern. 
Once a living deity in the eyes 

5763
04:56:32,200 --> 04:56:35,000
of countless worshipers, the man
with the Thunderbolt. 

5764
04:56:35,000 --> 04:56:38,300
Now stands at the intersection 
of myth history and cultural 

5765
04:56:38,300 --> 04:56:41,200
memory embodying. 
The Timeless dialogue between 

5766
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:44,500
divine power, and human 
aspiration in reflecting on 

5767
04:56:44,500 --> 04:56:47,800
Zeus's story spanning from 
Secret infancy on creep to the 

5768
04:56:47,808 --> 04:56:50,700
apex of the Olympian Pantheon 
and eventually morphing through.

5769
04:56:50,700 --> 04:56:54,700
Centuries of reinterpretation, 
we confront the essence of myth 

5770
04:56:54,700 --> 04:56:58,200
making Of God's mirror human 
longings and anxieties. 

5771
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:01,100
Zeus exemplifies this principle,
supremely. 

5772
04:57:01,100 --> 04:57:05,000
He is the father who both 
punishes and protects the 

5773
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:07,200
Conqueror. 
Who Fosters cunning alliance's 

5774
04:57:07,200 --> 04:57:08,700
rather than mere brute 
subjugation. 

5775
04:57:08,700 --> 04:57:12,000
And the divine presence, 
bridging Primal storms with 

5776
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:15,700
moral codes, like exploring the 
lesson known threads, like how 

5777
04:57:15,700 --> 04:57:19,000
cunning sometimes out, Sean 
lightning blasts, how politics 

5778
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:22,500
shaped mortal alliances and how 
paternal warmth sometimes 

5779
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:25,500
tempered Cosmic judgments. 
We see a figure woven from 

5780
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:30,100
complexities far beyond cliche. 
Part of Zeus's perennial grip on

5781
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:32,600
the human imagination. 
Arises from his contradictory 

5782
04:57:32,600 --> 04:57:34,300
facets. 
He is simultaneously. 

5783
04:57:34,300 --> 04:57:38,300
A figure of absolute might 
granting thunder in rebellious 

5784
04:57:38,300 --> 04:57:41,600
battles and a moral guide, 
championing Hospitality or 

5785
04:57:41,600 --> 04:57:44,800
punishing oath Breakers. 
In a sense, he is the sky, 

5786
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:48,900
incarnate luminous, and generous
and calm weather, ferocious and 

5787
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:52,300
destructive, and storms. 
The Greeks harness that duality 

5788
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:55,500
of their everyday worship, Never
Letting themselves wholly, 

5789
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:57,200
trust, or doubt his paternal 
watch. 

5790
04:57:57,900 --> 04:57:59,700
Devotees. 
Recognize that under certain 

5791
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:02,800
circumstances, the kindly father
might unleash Havoc. 

5792
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:06,800
If Cosmic order was threatened 
nor is used static, the earliest

5793
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:09,200
archaic poems? 
Like he's idiots, theogony 

5794
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:12,800
stressed, his monstrous battles 
with the Titans crowning him as 

5795
04:58:12,800 --> 04:58:17,100
champion of cosmic stability 
over time dramatists wove 

5796
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:20,900
comedic or tragic angles. 
Aristophanes might Lampoon the 

5797
04:58:20,900 --> 04:58:24,400
father of gods and comedic riffs
while Sophocles or a Scholars 

5798
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:25,800
probe. 
The tension between Divine 

5799
04:58:25,800 --> 04:58:28,900
edicts and Mortal Free Will 
expansion of Greek culture. 

5800
04:58:28,900 --> 04:58:32,100
Under Alexander the Great, 
reposition, Zeus as a universal 

5801
04:58:32,100 --> 04:58:35,600
father bridging cultural. 
Divides the Roman era conflated 

5802
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:39,300
him with Jupiter adding layers 
of bureaucratic or legal, Nuance

5803
04:58:39,300 --> 04:58:42,900
then Christianity, relegated him
to the realm of pagan memory. 

5804
04:58:42,900 --> 04:58:47,300
Each chapter, redefined him yet.
The core remains farther 

5805
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:51,600
Thunder, Cosmic law, Such 
transformation, testifies to the

5806
04:58:51,600 --> 04:58:54,400
power of myth to adapt with 
civilization's. 

5807
04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:57,900
The Greek pantheon, no longer 
draws The Devout worship of old,

5808
04:58:57,900 --> 04:59:00,700
but it's now Naruto's remain 
potent Frameworks for helping 

5809
04:59:00,700 --> 04:59:04,700
people see leadership, Rebellion
loyalty or the interplay between

5810
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:08,400
fate and free choice. 
Times of moral crisis. 

5811
04:59:08,400 --> 04:59:12,000
A references to uses unyielding 
stance on oath-breaking, or 

5812
04:59:12,000 --> 04:59:15,400
Hospitality might surface an 
academic or literary discourse. 

5813
04:59:16,300 --> 04:59:19,300
In times of scientific Marvel. 
The lightning once considered 

5814
04:59:19,300 --> 04:59:22,900
his direct manifestation becomes
a symbol of electricity's 

5815
04:59:22,900 --> 04:59:26,800
harnessing highlighting how even
rational Society can't fully 

5816
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:30,700
discard the poetic Resonance of 
Thunder as the voice of a mighty

5817
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:33,500
are presence. 
Modern authors, particularly 

5818
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:38,200
fantasy novelists resurrect Zeus
in new guyses, they blend Greek 

5819
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:40,300
tradition with modern moral 
query. 

5820
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:43,900
Sometimes recurs to him as a 
flawed Father Figure grappling 

5821
04:59:43,900 --> 04:59:46,700
with immortalities. 
Wait, others draw attention to 

5822
04:59:46,700 --> 04:59:50,000
lessen owned details such as the
placement of the mother goat and

5823
04:59:50,000 --> 04:59:53,100
Malia Among the Stars which 
sheds light on obscure 

5824
04:59:53,100 --> 04:59:56,200
constellation myth. 
The line between reverends and 

5825
04:59:56,200 --> 04:59:59,200
critique becomes blurred. 
In those retellings, we see a 

5826
04:59:59,208 --> 05:00:01,900
father who might care deeply, 
but his trapped by Cosmic 

5827
05:00:01,900 --> 05:00:05,900
demands Force to impose harsh 
sentences on rebellious deities,

5828
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:10,600
This Fosters empathy for a deity
who ironically once seen the 

5829
05:00:10,600 --> 05:00:15,200
Apex of Unstoppable power. 
In today's world that complexity

5830
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:18,900
resonates life's experiences 
career arcs. 

5831
05:00:18,900 --> 05:00:23,800
Family responsibilities, moral 
Tangles Mira aspects of Zeus's 

5832
05:00:23,800 --> 05:00:27,600
paternal guardianship We 
appreciate the Nuance that 

5833
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:30,200
leadership and paternal roles 
aren't about infallibility. 

5834
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:32,700
There are about balancing 
multiple tensions with 

5835
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:36,500
unwavering determination. 
The hidden corners of Zeus's 

5836
05:00:36,500 --> 05:00:38,300
myths. 
Remind us that even the 

5837
05:00:38,300 --> 05:00:41,200
mightiest faced personal 
heartbreak like losing children,

5838
05:00:41,200 --> 05:00:44,800
or confronting sibling betrayal,
and that progress often arises 

5839
05:00:44,800 --> 05:00:47,000
from forging alliances or 
employing cunning. 

5840
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:51,900
Not raw, might alone. 
Zeus's domain extends Beyond his

5841
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:55,500
immediate Mythic narrative. 
He influences art from classical

5842
05:00:55,500 --> 05:00:58,300
sculptures that once towered in 
Temple, precincts to Modern 

5843
05:00:58,300 --> 05:01:00,200
digital Renditions in gaming 
worlds. 

5844
05:01:00,200 --> 05:01:04,000
He influences language with 
phrases like under the Aegis 

5845
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:07,200
referencing his protective 
shield or Olympia. 

5846
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:12,200
Connoting Majestic Supremacy 
even in outer space, star names 

5847
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:16,700
and Cosmic structures of Oak. 
The Greek pantheon subtle nod 

5848
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:19,600
that the father of gods and 
jurors in astronomers catalogs. 

5849
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:22,900
This intangible presence under 
schools that while formal 

5850
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:26,500
worship ceased cultural, memory 
found new avenues to keep his 

5851
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:30,300
Thunder echoing across time. 
Thus the final reflection on 

5852
05:01:30,300 --> 05:01:33,800
Zeus is one of metamorphosis 
born in secrecy to overthrow 

5853
05:01:33,800 --> 05:01:36,400
tyranny. 
Orchestrated, a new Pantheon 

5854
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:40,000
that shape, Greek religion for 
centuries over thousands of 

5855
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:42,400
years. 
He adapted to shifting societal 

5856
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:45,800
Morris from a local goat, 
nurtured child to a universal, 

5857
05:01:45,800 --> 05:01:48,900
father spanning Empires where 
the philosophical 

5858
05:01:48,900 --> 05:01:51,500
reinterpretations Roman 
assimilation, Christian 

5859
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:54,600
condemnation and modern Revival 
in culture in a continua. 

5860
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:58,300
In the swirl of these 
Transformations, one thread 

5861
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:01,100
remains consistent. 
The fundamental idea that the 

5862
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,100
cosmos demands of paternal 
figure to unify the swirl of 

5863
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:06,800
chaotic forces, binding them 
into something. 

5864
05:02:06,800 --> 05:02:10,800
At least partially benevolent at
times frightening and always 

5865
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,900
vital to existence. 
That is the continuing Legacy of

5866
05:02:14,900 --> 05:02:20,000
Zeus, King of the Gods, weaving 
Thunder, fatherhood cunning and 

5867
05:02:20,000 --> 05:02:22,600
Cosmic order into an everlasting
tapestry of myth. 

5868
05:02:28,800 --> 05:02:31,100
Have you ever been looking 
through old photo albums and 

5869
05:02:31,100 --> 05:02:33,200
come across a picture that makes
you stop and think? 

5870
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:36,400
There are hints of stories. 
You have never heard but somehow

5871
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:38,800
recognized in the face, is the 
clothing. 

5872
05:02:38,800 --> 05:02:42,400
And the way the light falls when
you venture into the realm of 

5873
05:02:42,400 --> 05:02:44,800
ancient myths, that is precisely
what occurs. 

5874
05:02:44,800 --> 05:02:48,200
These are not merely Dusty 
stories from long gone Society. 

5875
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:52,700
Rather they are family portraits
of the human Spirit glimpses of 

5876
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:55,400
the things we have. 
Always feared hoped for and 

5877
05:02:55,400 --> 05:02:59,200
wondered about well before they 
were textbooks documentaries, 

5878
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:02,100
all that one friend who always 
has the Wikipedia page open. 

5879
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:06,000
There were storytellers. 
Imagine this, you're sitting 

5880
05:03:06,000 --> 05:03:08,400
around the first campfire in 
history, when someone asked the 

5881
05:03:08,408 --> 05:03:12,500
question that started it all. 
So, how exactly did we get here?

5882
05:03:12,500 --> 05:03:14,600
They had a lot of imagination, 
too. 

5883
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:18,000
The enuma Elish is a wonderfully
chaotic creation story. 

5884
05:03:18,000 --> 05:03:19,800
That was told by the ancient 
Babylonians. 

5885
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:23,600
Imagine the universe beginning 
with a family dispute that went 

5886
05:03:23,608 --> 05:03:26,000
totally wrong rather than with a
big bang. 

5887
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:29,400
Consider Tiamat a primordial 
water goddess. 

5888
05:03:29,400 --> 05:03:32,500
To be the epitome of the 
helicopter parent who genuinely,

5889
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:34,700
detest her children growing up 
and moving out. 

5890
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:38,100
The younger Gods. 
Her children are acting like 

5891
05:03:38,100 --> 05:03:42,000
teenagers with the ability to 
create universes making too much

5892
05:03:42,008 --> 05:03:44,200
noise and hosting Cosmic 
parties. 

5893
05:03:44,200 --> 05:03:47,700
Tiamat literally becomes a 
nuclear parent after deciding 

5894
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:51,600
that enough is enough. 
She makes monsters not just any 

5895
05:03:51,600 --> 05:03:54,700
monsters but the kind that would
make a direct of a horror film 

5896
05:03:54,700 --> 05:03:57,700
cry with jealousy. 
They have serpent heads, 

5897
05:03:57,700 --> 05:04:01,500
scorpion tails, and dispositions
that were drive a honey badger 

5898
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:04,600
to retreat. 
First Keen, get rid of the young

5899
05:04:04,600 --> 05:04:07,900
gods and bring some Tranquility 
back to the universe as is 

5900
05:04:07,900 --> 05:04:10,800
always the case with family 
drama, this is where things 

5901
05:04:10,800 --> 05:04:13,200
start to get interesting and a 
little ridiculous. 

5902
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:17,000
Marduk her great. 
Great grandson takes over young 

5903
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:19,100
and ambitious and equipped with 
Divine weapons. 

5904
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:21,000
That would make any superhero 
envious. 

5905
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:23,400
He is essentially the family's 
Golden Child. 

5906
05:04:23,400 --> 05:04:26,600
He has a net that can catch 
anything and wines, that can 

5907
05:04:26,600 --> 05:04:29,100
topple mountains. 
If Nature, Documentaries 

5908
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:32,900
featured, magic, weapons and 
family therapy, the conflict 

5909
05:04:32,900 --> 05:04:35,500
between tmat and Maddox would be
like, watching a documentary 

5910
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:39,800
about Cosmic forces. 
Marduk defeats Tiamat, not only 

5911
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:42,900
by using physical Force. 
But also, by outwitting his 

5912
05:04:42,908 --> 05:04:46,600
elderly grandmother He turns her
body into the Earth and the 

5913
05:04:46,600 --> 05:04:49,000
heavens by using her own chaotic
Waters against her. 

5914
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:53,800
Divine real estate development. 
Nothing is wasted its recycling 

5915
05:04:53,800 --> 05:04:56,600
on a global scale. 
The conflict between traditional

5916
05:04:56,600 --> 05:04:59,900
and novel Concepts between the 
familiar chaos and the 

5917
05:04:59,900 --> 05:05:03,100
unpredictability of the order we
could establish is what makes 

5918
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:07,500
this story so Charming. 
Every family has a tmat someone 

5919
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:10,400
who recalls a time when 
everything was easier, even if 

5920
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,600
that meant total chaos, the 
beginning of the north people 

5921
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:16,600
are delightfully strange in that
specific Scandinavian way. 

5922
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:20,100
Gin and Gaga which sounds like a
dental procedure, but is 

5923
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:23,400
actually a cosmic void existed 
before anything else. 

5924
05:05:23,400 --> 05:05:26,800
Imagine it as the universe's, 
awkward adolescents. 

5925
05:05:26,800 --> 05:05:29,600
When it was unsure of its own 
identity muscles. 

5926
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:32,800
Haim a world of fire that would 
make a July Arizona day. 

5927
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:36,300
Seemed like a Pleasant Fall day 
on one side of the emptiness. 

5928
05:05:36,300 --> 05:05:40,000
Nilheim, a world of ice and 
missed, that would make a 

5929
05:05:40,000 --> 05:05:42,800
Canadian winter appear Tropical 
Lei on the opposite side. 

5930
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:46,200
You get what you would expect 
when Fire and Ice Collide in the

5931
05:05:46,200 --> 05:05:49,800
middle of these two extremes, 
there was a lot of steam in a 

5932
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:51,400
mere. 
The first giant came out of this

5933
05:05:51,400 --> 05:05:54,200
Cosmic sauna. 
Now, Emma wasn't exactly a model

5934
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:56,400
citizen. 
He was more akin to that 

5935
05:05:56,400 --> 05:05:59,300
neighbor who lets his yard on a 
mark and somehow manages to turn

5936
05:05:59,300 --> 05:06:02,500
it into an ecosystem. 
He sweated a lot while he slept 

5937
05:06:02,500 --> 05:06:05,000
and more Giants emerged from his
perspiration. 

5938
05:06:05,000 --> 05:06:08,000
It's disgusting. 
Strangely effective 

5939
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:11,900
old-fashioned sweating suffices 
in the primordial World. 

5940
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:15,900
Dating apps are not necessary. 
Since Emir was taking up too 

5941
05:06:15,900 --> 05:06:18,700
much room and let's face it. 
The hygiene situation was 

5942
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:22,300
getting out of control the gods.
Finally decided he had to leave 

5943
05:06:22,300 --> 05:06:26,500
his flesh became the Earth, his 
blood, the Seas his bones, the 

5944
05:06:26,500 --> 05:06:29,600
mountains and his skull, the 
sky, and they killed him and 

5945
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:31,000
used his body to create the 
world. 

5946
05:06:31,000 --> 05:06:34,600
It's the quintessential 
do-it-yourself project and 

5947
05:06:34,600 --> 05:06:37,700
explains why the north was so 
Adept at maximizing scarce 

5948
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:40,800
resources. 
The Dreamtime a concept that is 

5949
05:06:40,800 --> 05:06:43,400
a combination of geography 
history and an endless family 

5950
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:47,100
reunion is perhaps the most 
endearingly realistic creation 

5951
05:06:47,100 --> 05:06:49,100
story told by Aboriginal 
Australians. 

5952
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:53,100
Dreamtime is about the moment, 
the world was created but it's 

5953
05:06:53,100 --> 05:06:55,300
also about the moment, it's 
constantly being created. 

5954
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:59,000
Imagine the landscape is a 
living library with each Hill. 

5955
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:02,200
Rock and water feature. 
Representing a chapter in a 

5956
05:07:02,200 --> 05:07:05,000
continuous narrative. 
One of the most significant. 

5957
05:07:05,000 --> 05:07:07,900
Dreamtime creatures, the rainbow
serpent. 

5958
05:07:07,900 --> 05:07:11,900
Not only made valleys and rivers
but she also Drew up the rules 

5959
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:13,900
for coexisting peacefully with 
the land. 

5960
05:07:13,900 --> 05:07:17,500
Like a cosmic interior 
decorator, she traversed, the 

5961
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:21,800
continent locating water sources
establishing, holy locations, 

5962
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:24,800
and laying out guidelines for 
how people should interact with 

5963
05:07:24,800 --> 05:07:27,500
their surroundings. 
This Viewpoint is lovely because

5964
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:30,000
it allows you to actively 
participate in the creative 

5965
05:07:30,000 --> 05:07:32,600
process. 
Every time you step out side, 

5966
05:07:32,600 --> 05:07:35,900
your walking through the story 
itself, not just witnessing the 

5967
05:07:35,900 --> 05:07:38,500
outcomes of some Cosmic event 
that happened ages ago. 

5968
05:07:38,500 --> 05:07:42,600
Every Sunrise is the first 
Sunrise of the day as well as 

5969
05:07:42,600 --> 05:07:45,900
the Sunrise of today. 
Each tree has a connection to 

5970
05:07:45,900 --> 05:07:48,900
both the original tree and all 
subsequent trees that will 

5971
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,200
Sprout from its sea. 
There is a profound commonality 

5972
05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:55,000
among these creation stories. 
They acknowledge that 

5973
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:59,000
beginning's are messy, complex, 
and frequently involve far more 

5974
05:07:59,000 --> 05:08:02,300
chaos than we would like Big 
acknowledge that making anything

5975
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:06,300
valuable be at a universe or a 
good lasagna involves getting 

5976
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:09,700
your hands dirty making mistakes
and occasionally beginning from 

5977
05:08:09,700 --> 05:08:11,800
scratch. 
Let's talk about heroes. 

5978
05:08:11,800 --> 05:08:14,600
Now that we figured out how it 
all began and what a 

5979
05:08:14,600 --> 05:08:17,700
delightfully messy Affair that 
was, but not the kind that you 

5980
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:20,600
see in superhero movies, where 
everything is expertly, 

5981
05:08:20,600 --> 05:08:22,500
sculpted. 
And they have the amazing 

5982
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:25,900
ability to save the world 
without breaking a nail, ancient

5983
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:28,000
Heroes were more. 
Akin to that well-meaning 

5984
05:08:28,000 --> 05:08:31,100
friend, who constantly breaks 
things and puts people in 

5985
05:08:31,100 --> 05:08:34,900
awkward situations that somehow 
by a combination of good. 

5986
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:38,600
Fortune, obstinacy and 
occasional genius, manages to 

5987
05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:41,600
save the day. 
Consider the Gilgamesh, if you 

5988
05:08:41,600 --> 05:08:44,500
have not heard of him, consider 
him the first Action Hero in 

5989
05:08:44,500 --> 05:08:47,400
history, complete with the 
emotional baggage and bad 

5990
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:49,300
judgment. 
That would define the genre. 

5991
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:52,700
For centuries to come, he ruled 
over a rook, which was 

5992
05:08:52,700 --> 05:08:55,300
essentially the ancient world's 
equivalent of a large city. 

5993
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:59,400
In passive, but not without its 
share of urban issues, Gilgamesh

5994
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:02,500
possessed all the qualities of 
King could desire, wealth, 

5995
05:09:02,500 --> 05:09:06,700
power, magnificent architectural
Feats and the assurance that 

5996
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:10,800
comes from being 2/3, divine. 
However, he also possessed the 

5997
05:09:10,800 --> 05:09:13,300
social skills of a teenager who 
drinks a lot of coffee. 

5998
05:09:13,300 --> 05:09:15,900
He was that boss. 
Who shows up at parties with 

5999
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:18,100
their invitation micro-manages 
everything. 

6000
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:21,700
In general adds unnecessary 
complexity to everyone's lives 

6001
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:23,800
after growing tired of his 
Antics. 

6002
05:09:23,800 --> 05:09:27,100
The people of Uruk complaint, to
the gods as anyone would in 

6003
05:09:27,100 --> 05:09:30,600
their circumstances. 
The gods, displaying the sort of

6004
05:09:30,608 --> 05:09:33,000
divine wisdom, that leaves. 
You wondering how they were able

6005
05:09:33,000 --> 05:09:36,000
to get their positions in the 
first place decided that 

6006
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,900
speaking with Gilgamesh about 
his actions and perhaps offering

6007
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:41,900
some Management training was not
the answer instead. 

6008
05:09:41,900 --> 05:09:44,700
They made someone who was a 
strong and unyielding as 

6009
05:09:44,700 --> 05:09:47,400
Gilgamesh in the hopes that they
would battle each other and 

6010
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:50,000
leave everyone else. 
Alone enkidu came into the 

6011
05:09:50,000 --> 05:09:53,000
picture in this way. 
Enkidu was the antithesis of 

6012
05:09:53,000 --> 05:09:57,300
Gilgamesh whereas Gilgamesh was 
refined but Annoying enkidu was 

6013
05:09:57,300 --> 05:10:00,700
wild but sincere. 
He knew the language of nature 

6014
05:10:00,700 --> 05:10:04,200
lived among animals and had 
never known the unique stress 

6015
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:06,200
that comes with handling 
building permits, or a city 

6016
05:10:06,208 --> 05:10:10,000
budget when these two eventually
crossed paths they engaged in an

6017
05:10:10,000 --> 05:10:12,900
epic wrestling match that likely
damaged property across multiple

6018
05:10:12,900 --> 05:10:15,400
city blocks. 
As you might expect from two 

6019
05:10:15,400 --> 05:10:19,000
alpha personalities, then 
however, an intriguing event 

6020
05:10:19,000 --> 05:10:22,200
occurred, they became best 
friends rather than destroying 

6021
05:10:22,200 --> 05:10:25,400
one of another seeing two 
hurricanes Collide and somehow 

6022
05:10:25,400 --> 05:10:26,800
created. 
A nice breeze was like that. 

6023
05:10:26,800 --> 05:10:29,300
Both of them were changed by 
their friendship. 

6024
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:32,300
Gilgamesh gained empathy and 
realized that. 

6025
05:10:33,300 --> 05:10:36,200
That just possibly being the 
strongest person in the room 

6026
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:39,000
does not necessarily make you 
the best candidate for every 

6027
05:10:39,000 --> 05:10:42,000
position. 
Pinky do gained knowledge of 

6028
05:10:42,000 --> 05:10:44,900
civilization but he remained 
skeptical of some of its more 

6029
05:10:44,900 --> 05:10:48,000
absurd features such as the 
requirement to dress formally 

6030
05:10:48,000 --> 05:10:51,200
for formal meetings or the 
social pressure to act as those 

6031
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:53,900
small talk matters. 
They embarked on adventures 

6032
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:57,600
together that were equal parts. 
Ridiculous and heroic indeed, 

6033
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:01,000
they battled monsters but they 
also face the issues that arise 

6034
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:04,100
in any friendship between two 
individuals who are accustomed 

6035
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:05,300
to being the center of 
attention. 

6036
05:11:05,300 --> 05:11:09,300
They argued over priorities 
strategy and most likely more 

6037
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:12,600
than a few times whether they 
would be better off returning to

6038
05:11:12,600 --> 05:11:16,100
their simpler earlier lives. 
When they encountered Humber Bay

6039
05:11:16,100 --> 05:11:20,000
a protector of the cedar Forest,
a friendship was truly put to 

6040
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:24,100
the test, the ancient equivalent
of a security system, created by

6041
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:25,600
someone with severe trust 
issues. 

6042
05:11:25,600 --> 05:11:30,900
Humbaba wasn't just any monster.
He had many faces Aurora, that 

6043
05:11:30,908 --> 05:11:32,800
could be heard from miles and 
breathe. 

6044
05:11:32,800 --> 05:11:35,900
That could kill a great 
distances in addition to being 

6045
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:38,900
risky, fighting him was the kind
of foolishness that leaves. 

6046
05:11:38,900 --> 05:11:42,000
You wondering what they were 
thinking the problem with heroes

6047
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:44,600
in ancient Tales. 
However, is that they don't act 

6048
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:47,700
in ways that are simple or 
logical, they perform them 

6049
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:49,400
because no one else is willing 
to do so. 

6050
05:11:49,400 --> 05:11:54,100
And someone has to Instead of 
using Superior Weaponry or 

6051
05:11:54,100 --> 05:11:57,700
cunning tactics Gilgamesh and 
keedo, defeated hamburger by 

6052
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:00,200
working together and displaying 
the kind of resolve that comes 

6053
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:02,500
from having a loved one lookout 
for you though. 

6054
05:12:02,500 --> 05:12:04,800
Life has a way of defying 
narrative conventions. 

6055
05:12:04,800 --> 05:12:07,400
The victory should have been the
stories conclusion. 

6056
05:12:08,700 --> 05:12:11,300
The two friends were becoming 
too strong and self-assured. 

6057
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:14,400
According to the gods who 
apparently had not learned from 

6058
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:18,500
their earlier interventions. 
In the most unjust and unheroic 

6059
05:12:18,500 --> 05:12:21,800
manner imaginable. 
They killed enkidu not in 

6060
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:25,500
combat, not valiantly. 
But through illness one of the 

6061
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:28,000
most relatable scenes in all of 
ancient literature as 

6062
05:12:28,008 --> 05:12:30,200
gilgamesh's response to his 
friends passing. 

6063
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:34,200
He didn't take it with stoic 
nobility or used his sorrow to 

6064
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:36,600
act morally. 
He completely collapsed. 

6065
05:12:36,600 --> 05:12:40,700
He was unable to eat sleep or 
comprehend how someone so 

6066
05:12:40,700 --> 05:12:44,400
vibrant could just vanish. 
He developed an obsession with 

6067
05:12:44,400 --> 05:12:47,500
figuring out how to bring in 
kedu back or at the very least 

6068
05:12:47,500 --> 05:12:51,700
why death had to be involved. 
His quest to locate a Peachtree 

6069
05:12:51,700 --> 05:12:54,700
in The Keeper of the secret of 
immortality in a survivor of the

6070
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,300
great flood was motivated by 
this obsession. 

6071
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:02,000
The trip was lengthy risky and 
full of the kinds of challenges 

6072
05:13:02,000 --> 05:13:04,800
that make you wonder if the 
final destination is worth the 

6073
05:13:04,800 --> 05:13:08,200
journey. 
Driven by the simple desperate, 

6074
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:11,900
hope that perhaps just possibly,
there was a way to undo the 

6075
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:14,500
unfixable. 
He traversed, underworlds 

6076
05:13:14,500 --> 05:13:18,200
climbed mountains and crossed 
deserts the eventually located 

6077
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:20,900
within a piston. 
You listen to his story before 

6078
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:23,400
telling him something that was 
precisely what he needed to 

6079
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:25,400
know, but wasn't what he wanted 
to hear. 

6080
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:30,300
According to a pitched him, 
death is what gives life purpose

6081
05:13:30,300 --> 05:13:32,500
and is neither a punishment, nor
an error. 

6082
05:13:33,100 --> 05:13:35,600
There wouldn't be any pressure 
to love create, or make the most

6083
05:13:35,608 --> 05:13:37,300
of our time if there were no 
endings. 

6084
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:41,000
However, would not be steamed. 
Also told Gilgamesh about a 

6085
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:42,800
plant that could bring back 
youth because ancient Tales 

6086
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:47,200
recognized that was without 
hope, is simply depression, not 

6087
05:13:47,200 --> 05:13:51,200
exactly a mortality but the 
opportunity to begin a new to 

6088
05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:53,200
apply the lessons. 
He had learned to a new phase of

6089
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:55,300
his life. 
The plant was discovered by 

6090
05:13:55,300 --> 05:13:59,500
Gilgamesh, he had the ability to
turn back time, regain, his 

6091
05:13:59,500 --> 05:14:01,700
Youth, and have another chance 
at everything. 

6092
05:14:01,700 --> 05:14:06,400
Then, in a moment of utterly 
human negligence, he put it down

6093
05:14:06,400 --> 05:14:09,000
during a bath and a serpent. 
Took it from him. 

6094
05:14:09,000 --> 05:14:11,900
You might anticipate that this 
will be the last crushing glow, 

6095
05:14:11,900 --> 05:14:15,700
the point at, which are hero 
surrenders Gilgamesh, however, 

6096
05:14:15,700 --> 05:14:18,700
laughed and stead, the roof of 
chuckle of someone who has 

6097
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:21,100
finally figured out the 
punchline to a cosmic joke, 

6098
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:24,900
rather than the bitter laugh of 
defeat, He came to the 

6099
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:27,000
realization that he had. 
Been searching in the wrong 

6100
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:30,800
places for immortality, he was 
Immortal because of his tale. 

6101
05:14:30,800 --> 05:14:34,300
His friendship with enkidu and 
his quest, comprehend life, and 

6102
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:35,700
death. 
Long. 

6103
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:38,100
After his physical body was 
gone, they would be remembered 

6104
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:41,100
and cherished told and retold. 
You should see what our 

6105
05:14:41,100 --> 05:14:43,600
ancestors had to deal with if 
you think dating is difficult 

6106
05:14:43,600 --> 05:14:47,100
now with its apps and algorithms
and the never-ending debate over

6107
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:50,200
who should pay for coffee 
classic love Tales, make the 

6108
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:51,900
drama of contemporary 
relationships. 

6109
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:54,500
Seem like a friendly argument 
about who gets to do the dishes 

6110
05:14:54,500 --> 05:14:58,100
first, These were not merely 
stories about a boy meeting a 

6111
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:00,100
girl falling in love and leading
a happy life. 

6112
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:04,500
These were epic Tales of passion
that had the power to literally 

6113
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:08,600
alter the terrain jealousy. 
That could spot conflicts and 

6114
05:15:08,600 --> 05:15:12,000
romantic actions that needed 
either divine intervention or 

6115
05:15:12,000 --> 05:15:14,900
extremely high. 
Insurer's the world's first 

6116
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:17,200
tragic. 
Love song Orpheus and eurydice 

6117
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:21,000
was brought to us by the Greeks.
Orpheus was no ordinary 

6118
05:15:21,000 --> 05:15:23,300
musician. 
He was the type of artist who 

6119
05:15:23,300 --> 05:15:26,400
could persuade rivers to alter 
their course, calls trees to 

6120
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:29,700
uproot themselves in order to 
follow his music and most likely

6121
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:32,100
persuade animals to harmonize 
with his Melodies. 

6122
05:15:32,100 --> 05:15:35,500
He was essentially the result of
combining all of the greatest 

6123
05:15:35,500 --> 05:15:38,800
musicians in history and 
endowing them with superhuman 

6124
05:15:38,800 --> 05:15:41,100
Powers. 
Because she understood the music

6125
05:15:41,100 --> 05:15:44,500
Behind the Music, the silence 
between the notes that gave his 

6126
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:48,400
art, meaning your ID was his 
ideal match, not because she was

6127
05:15:48,400 --> 05:15:50,100
a passive recipient of his 
talent. 

6128
05:15:51,600 --> 05:15:54,200
They seem to communicate in 
their own private language of 

6129
05:15:54,200 --> 05:15:56,000
glances and half-formed 
sentences. 

6130
05:15:56,000 --> 05:15:59,100
The kind of love that makes 
other people feel both jealous 

6131
05:15:59,100 --> 05:16:01,600
and a little queasy they're 
happily ever after. 

6132
05:16:01,600 --> 05:16:03,300
Should have started on their 
wedding day. 

6133
05:16:04,200 --> 05:16:06,900
Rather it served as the Prelude 
to the sort of tragedy that 

6134
05:16:06,900 --> 05:16:10,200
makes you want to shout at the 
characters to just stay home and

6135
05:16:10,200 --> 05:16:13,600
get takeout. 
Eurydice stepped on a snake 

6136
05:16:13,600 --> 05:16:15,700
while strolling across a meadow 
doing. 

6137
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:18,700
Just the kind of naive romantic 
thing that ancient story 

6138
05:16:18,700 --> 05:16:20,500
heroines ought to know better by
now. 

6139
05:16:21,300 --> 05:16:24,900
Not just any snake, but the kind
that only shows up in stories to

6140
05:16:24,900 --> 05:16:28,600
sabotage a delicate moments. 
She was instantly killed by the 

6141
05:16:28,600 --> 05:16:31,700
bite and all his realized that 
all of his musical ability was 

6142
05:16:31,700 --> 05:16:33,500
useless. 
If he couldn't use it to save 

6143
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:37,200
the one person who met the most 
to him, his grief wasn't the 

6144
05:16:37,200 --> 05:16:41,000
kind of subdued quiet sadness. 
You see in films, it was the 

6145
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:43,700
unadulterated desperate. 
Kind that pushes you to do 

6146
05:16:43,700 --> 05:16:45,100
things. 
You never would have imagined 

6147
05:16:45,100 --> 05:16:48,600
you could He made the decision 
to go to the underworld in order

6148
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:52,400
to retrieve her something that 
no living person had ever tried.

6149
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:55,500
According to Greek, mythology, 
the underworld was more than 

6150
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:58,900
just a place of punishment. 
It was the cosmic counterpart of

6151
05:16:58,900 --> 05:17:00,700
the most exclusive Club on 
Earth. 

6152
05:17:01,400 --> 05:17:04,900
With a strict admissions policy 
that required death before, one 

6153
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:07,700
could enter. 
With only his liar and the 

6154
05:17:07,700 --> 05:17:10,400
resolve that comes from having 
nothing left to lose, Orpheus 

6155
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,300
appeared at the entrance. 
Either the most romantic gesture

6156
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:15,600
in history or the most 
spectacular example of failing 

6157
05:17:15,600 --> 05:17:19,400
to know when to give up occurred
next. the entire underworld wept

6158
05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:22,800
when Orpheus performed for Hades
and Persephone The king and 

6159
05:17:22,800 --> 05:17:26,900
queen of the Dead. 
His music was so Exquisite, so 

6160
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:30,500
full of real love and loss. 
Eternal punishments. 

6161
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:34,700
Paused the rivers of the Dead 
ceased to flow and death itself.

6162
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:36,400
Appeared to listen for a brief 
moment. 

6163
05:17:36,400 --> 05:17:40,300
Hades, who was presumably 
unmoved by anything in his life?

6164
05:17:40,300 --> 05:17:42,800
Struck a bargain. 
There was a requirement that 

6165
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:45,800
Orpheus lead you to see out 
without turning around before. 

6166
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:47,400
She could return to the world of
the living. 

6167
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:51,800
He was unable to look over a 
shoulder for confirmation to see

6168
05:17:51,800 --> 05:17:54,300
if she was following or even to 
catch a glimpse of her 

6169
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:57,400
reflection. 
When someone you love is guiding

6170
05:17:57,400 --> 05:18:00,200
you, while you're walking in the
dark, you have to have complete 

6171
05:18:00,200 --> 05:18:02,400
faith in them. 
Orpheus made it through the 

6172
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:05,400
majority of the journey. 
He listened for the sound of her

6173
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:08,700
footsteps behind him as he 
walked steadily upward, while 

6174
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:12,400
guiding her with his liar. gout 
however, began to creep in as 

6175
05:18:12,400 --> 05:18:16,500
they got closer to the entrance 
to the world of What if all of 

6176
05:18:16,508 --> 05:18:19,300
this was a cruel ruse? 
What if she wasn't actually 

6177
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:21,600
present? 
What if the gods hadn't been 

6178
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:24,800
moved by his love after all 
Orpheus turned around at the 

6179
05:18:24,808 --> 05:18:28,100
last second when Freedom 
appeared Within Reach and 

6180
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:32,200
sunlight was visible ahead. 
He saw eurydice real and 

6181
05:18:32,200 --> 05:18:36,000
beautiful reaching for him and 
then he saw her go away forever.

6182
05:18:37,300 --> 05:18:38,700
There would be no Second 
Chances. 

6183
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:42,100
No, please for divine pity and 
no cunning deals. 

6184
05:18:42,100 --> 05:18:45,200
This time, they had lost 
everything because of his lack 

6185
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:47,800
of faith at the last. 
Crucial Moment, The Narrative 

6186
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:50,700
might conclude there with 
Orpheus receiving a severe 

6187
05:18:50,700 --> 05:18:53,100
lesson in trust and living out 
the remainder of his days 

6188
05:18:53,100 --> 05:18:55,700
writing. 
Gloomy ballads, simple morals. 

6189
05:18:55,700 --> 05:18:58,700
However are insufficient to 
satisfy the love stories of the 

6190
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:02,300
ancient world. 
Broken by his mistake and loss, 

6191
05:19:02,300 --> 05:19:05,500
Orpheus traveled the world 
performing Melancholy music that

6192
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:07,700
moved people to tears for no 
apparent reason. 

6193
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:12,400
The main ads Dionysus followers,
eventually killed him because 

6194
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:15,100
they were offended by his 
loyalty to his deceased wife and

6195
05:19:15,100 --> 05:19:18,300
his unwillingness to move on. 
But the Love Story went on even 

6196
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,700
after death. 
Still singing, orpheus's head 

6197
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:24,300
drifted across the sea, and Down
the River to the Island of 

6198
05:19:24,300 --> 05:19:28,800
Lesbos, where it turned into an 
oracle even when death trials. 

6199
05:19:28,800 --> 05:19:32,400
Some bonds are stronger than 
death as demonstrated by the 

6200
05:19:32,400 --> 05:19:35,500
fact that his love for eurydice.
Literally outlasted his physical

6201
05:19:35,500 --> 05:19:37,700
life. 
Norse love stories were similar 

6202
05:19:37,700 --> 05:19:40,500
to relationship counseling 
conducted by people who use acts

6203
05:19:40,500 --> 05:19:43,200
as to solve problems. 
If Greek love stories were 

6204
05:19:43,200 --> 05:19:47,600
complex Consider the tale of 
sigurd and brynhill, which 

6205
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:50,800
somehow incorporates 
misidentification memory loss, 

6206
05:19:50,800 --> 05:19:54,100
family conflicts. 
And the sort of magical meddling

6207
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:56,300
that leaves, you wondering why 
the gods didn't have more 

6208
05:19:56,300 --> 05:20:00,000
enjoyable, pastimes. 
As a typical Norse hero sigurd 

6209
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:03,200
was strong courageous skilled 
with a sword and exuded the 

6210
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:06,000
confidence that comes from 
having Divine ancestry and great

6211
05:20:06,008 --> 05:20:08,800
publicity. 
He killed the dragon fafnir 

6212
05:20:08,800 --> 05:20:12,200
claimed a treasure that was 
cursed in its own way and 

6213
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:14,900
essentially made himself into 
the type of man that mothers 

6214
05:20:14,900 --> 05:20:17,900
warned their daughter's about 
the secretly hope will last them

6215
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,300
to dance. 
One of Odin's, choosers of the 

6216
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:25,000
slain Grinnell was a valkyrie, a
sort of warrior Pomp, and career

6217
05:20:25,000 --> 05:20:26,400
advisor. 
For fallen heroes. 

6218
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:30,500
Odin had cursor to sleep until a
hero courageous enough to Brave 

6219
05:20:30,500 --> 05:20:34,500
her up because she had heard by 
assisting the wrong person in a 

6220
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:36,300
battle. 
It was similar to Sleeping 

6221
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:39,600
Beauty, but it placed less focus
on homemart's and more on 

6222
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,700
fighting skills. 
It was love at first sight or at

6223
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:47,000
least, at first Awakening, when 
sigurd discovered her in circled

6224
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,400
by flames and looking strikingly
beautiful in her Enchanted, 

6225
05:20:50,400 --> 05:20:52,700
sleep. 
With all the further and 

6226
05:20:52,700 --> 05:20:55,200
conviction of those who have 
never had to deal with the 

6227
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,400
difficulties of truly 
cohabitating on a daily basis. 

6228
05:20:58,400 --> 05:21:02,200
They committed themselves to one
another however, complications 

6229
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:05,300
arose because this is a Norse 
tale and the gods get anxious, 

6230
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:08,500
when people are happy, the 
potion that completely erased 

6231
05:21:08,500 --> 05:21:12,000
brynhill was administered to see
good, who married King Yuki's 

6232
05:21:12,000 --> 05:21:14,100
daughter goudron while under its
influence. 

6233
05:21:14,100 --> 05:21:18,200
Try explaining magical memory 
loss to someone whose heart you 

6234
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,000
just broke even though it wasn't
exactly his fault. 

6235
05:21:21,000 --> 05:21:24,300
In the meantime, Brunel who 
still thought so good loved her 

6236
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:27,400
was duped into marrying 
goodrum's brother gooder by 

6237
05:21:27,400 --> 05:21:30,400
means of a complex ruse in which
sigurd pretended to be someone 

6238
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:32,600
else and obtained. 
Her hand in marriage, on 

6239
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:35,500
goodness behalf. 
It's the sort of plot that makes

6240
05:21:35,500 --> 05:21:38,000
you appreciate the relative 
Simplicity of contemporary 

6241
05:21:38,000 --> 05:21:40,400
dating apps. 
And assessments of flowchart. 

6242
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:43,700
The situation went from 
complicated to disastrous when 

6243
05:21:43,700 --> 05:21:46,800
the magic wore off and everyone 
realized what to truly happened.

6244
05:21:46,800 --> 05:21:50,200
Good run that her husband's 
heart belong to someone else 

6245
05:21:50,200 --> 05:21:52,100
sea. 
Good, recalled, his true love, 

6246
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,500
Greenhill realized, she'd been 
duped and Gunna found himself 

6247
05:21:55,500 --> 05:21:57,400
married to a woman who was 
planning to murder. 

6248
05:21:57,400 --> 05:21:59,600
His brother in law, everyone 
died. 

6249
05:21:59,600 --> 05:22:03,600
But they did it with dignity and
style which is a quintessential 

6250
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:07,400
Norse resolution in order for 
them to die together, Bryn, 

6251
05:22:07,400 --> 05:22:10,300
hilled sigurd murder and then 
took her own life. 

6252
05:22:11,000 --> 05:22:12,600
Gonna lost both his brother in 
law. 

6253
05:22:12,600 --> 05:22:16,900
And his wife goodrun was left a 
widow and the entire tragic mess

6254
05:22:16,900 --> 05:22:20,500
became the focus of Epic poems 
that are still told today, let's

6255
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:23,100
face it. 
The majority of these old love 

6256
05:22:23,100 --> 05:22:25,600
stories, don't have Happy 
Endings, which isn't what makes 

6257
05:22:25,600 --> 05:22:28,600
them so captivating. 
It's their understanding that 

6258
05:22:28,600 --> 05:22:31,800
love is both the most potent and
the most perilous force in Human

6259
05:22:31,800 --> 05:22:34,600
Experience. 
Love has the power to motivate 

6260
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:37,400
people to do, Unthinkable, 
bravery and devotional Deeds, 

6261
05:22:37,400 --> 05:22:41,200
but it can also lead them to 
make incredibly bad choices that

6262
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:42,800
have an impact on entire 
Kingdoms. 

6263
05:22:42,800 --> 05:22:45,800
In addition to themselves, 
ancient storytellers, recognize 

6264
05:22:45,800 --> 05:22:48,600
something that contemporary 
romance, occasionally overlooks,

6265
05:22:49,300 --> 05:22:51,800
The intensity of Love is 
directly correlated with its 

6266
05:22:51,800 --> 05:22:54,000
capacity for both creation and 
destruction. 

6267
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:58,200
These were all fairy tales about
meeting your true love and 

6268
05:22:58,200 --> 05:23:01,600
leading a conflict free life. 
They were candid admission. 

6269
05:23:01,600 --> 05:23:04,600
That love is a complex messy, 
often a logical and 

6270
05:23:04,600 --> 05:23:08,000
fundamentally Human Experience. 
Every family has that one 

6271
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:12,100
relative who unexpectedly attend
events makes a fence of Joe's 

6272
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:15,100
break something. 
Priceless somehow adds interest 

6273
05:23:15,100 --> 05:23:17,700
to the event and leaves, you 
wondering if you should give 

6274
05:23:17,700 --> 05:23:20,400
them a hug or keep the nice 
China for yourself the next 

6275
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:22,600
time. 
These characters are known as 

6276
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:25,400
tricksters in mythology. 
There are also more than just 

6277
05:23:25,400 --> 05:23:28,600
stories about bad behavior or 
comedic relief the other 

6278
05:23:28,608 --> 05:23:31,900
changemakers and Cosmic 
comedians who serve as a 

6279
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:34,400
reminder that sometimes the most
surprising answers lead to the 

6280
05:23:34,400 --> 05:23:36,800
best answers. 
Thanks to recent Motion 

6281
05:23:36,800 --> 05:23:38,800
Pictures. 
Loki is arguably the most 

6282
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:41,300
well-known trickster of all 
time, but the Hollywood 

6283
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:45,200
adaptation hardly captures his 
complexity, a villain with good 

6284
05:23:45,200 --> 05:23:47,200
cheekbones and daddy issues 
wasn't all that. 

6285
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:51,100
The Norse Loki was he was the 
god of necessary complications 

6286
05:23:51,100 --> 05:23:54,200
the Divine representation of the
idea that sometimes things must 

6287
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,900
be broken in order to be 
properly fixed, Loki's 

6288
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:00,400
relationship with the other gods
was similar to that of a friend 

6289
05:24:00,400 --> 05:24:03,400
who always comes up with the 
most absurd solution to any 

6290
05:24:03,400 --> 05:24:06,600
issue and somehow succeed. 
So frequently that people 

6291
05:24:06,600 --> 05:24:11,500
continue to listen to him, he 
wasn't inherently bad, rather he

6292
05:24:11,500 --> 05:24:14,200
was the type of person who 
brings up Orchard topic during 

6293
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:16,400
family, gatherings and calls out
hypocrisy. 

6294
05:24:16,400 --> 05:24:19,500
When the gods decided that 
Asgard needed more security, 

6295
05:24:19,500 --> 05:24:21,900
they hired a builder who said 
they could, Create an 

6296
05:24:21,900 --> 05:24:23,500
impregnable wall in a single 
season. 

6297
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:27,600
Kosst. 
The goddess freyja the Moon and 

6298
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:30,200
the Sun. 
The gods agreed because they 

6299
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:32,300
were certain the Builder 
couldn't possibly meet the 

6300
05:24:32,300 --> 05:24:34,600
deadline even though it was 
clearly a bad deal. 

6301
05:24:34,600 --> 05:24:37,400
The kind of contract that makes 
you wonder if anyone actually 

6302
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:40,700
reads the fine print naturally. 
The Builder had a secret weapon.

6303
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:44,800
Svadilfari a magnificent 
stallion capable of moving 

6304
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:46,700
stones. 
That should have taken an entire

6305
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:49,200
crew of workers. 
The gods realized they were 

6306
05:24:49,208 --> 05:24:51,800
going to lose some of their most
precious possessions to what was

6307
05:24:51,800 --> 05:24:55,300
effectively an extremely costly 
construction project as the 

6308
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:57,300
deadline Drew closer and the 
wall. 

6309
05:24:57,300 --> 05:25:00,200
Got closer to completion. 
Loki's unique approach to 

6310
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:02,100
problem-solving was helpful in 
the situation. 

6311
05:25:03,200 --> 05:25:06,600
In a typically unorthodox move, 
he changed into a mayor and 

6312
05:25:06,600 --> 05:25:10,000
enticed saddle Faria away just 
in time, to prevent the Builder 

6313
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:13,700
from completing the wall. 
The plan was successful but it 

6314
05:25:13,700 --> 05:25:17,400
had an unintended consequence. 
Loki gave birth to slight near 

6315
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:21,200
an eight-legged horse that 
became Odin's Mount impossibly 

6316
05:25:21,200 --> 05:25:24,000
the most peculiar addition to 
any family tree in mythological 

6317
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:26,100
history. 
Tricksters are willing to pay 

6318
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:29,000
personal cost to solve problems.
That everyone else is too proud 

6319
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:32,900
to dignified or two traditional 
to handle as the story 

6320
05:25:32,900 --> 05:25:36,100
demonstrates. 
Not only did Loki save the gods 

6321
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:39,100
from a bad deal but he also 
effectively and strangely 

6322
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:41,000
embodied. 
The solution tricksters, 

6323
05:25:41,000 --> 05:25:44,500
however, are not exclusively 
Norse of all the chaos agents 

6324
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:47,700
and Nancy the spider. 
The West African custom is 

6325
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:51,500
arguably the most endearing. 
Anansi was more of a Purpose 

6326
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:53,200
Driven. 
Strategic Troublemaker than 

6327
05:25:53,208 --> 05:25:55,200
Loki. 
Whose tricks frequently had 

6328
05:25:55,200 --> 05:25:58,300
unexpected repercussions that 
descended into Cosmic drama. 

6329
05:25:59,000 --> 05:26:02,500
He redistributed resources power
and knowledge from those who 

6330
05:26:02,500 --> 05:26:05,600
hoarded them to those who needed
them rather than causing chaos 

6331
05:26:05,600 --> 05:26:08,900
for its own sake. 
Not merely a family tragedy the 

6332
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:12,100
story of Osiris's death and 
Resurrection became a model for 

6333
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:15,500
comprehending, how life can 
emerge from Death, how chaos can

6334
05:26:15,500 --> 05:26:18,900
be brought back to order and how
love can overcome destruction 

6335
05:26:18,900 --> 05:26:22,200
with perseverance wisdom, and 
truly amazing. 

6336
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:25,400
Magical abilities. 
In addition to Reviving, her 

6337
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:28,500
husband, Isis changed the 
Egyptians perception of death 

6338
05:26:28,500 --> 05:26:32,000
and what possibilities Beyond it
compared to the gods of the 

6339
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:34,900
Greeks and Egyptians the gods of
the Hindu tradition were both 

6340
05:26:34,900 --> 05:26:38,300
more Cosmic and more intimate. 
These were not merely strong 

6341
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:40,300
creatures with human-like 
personalities. 

6342
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:44,200
They were facets of a Divine 
reality so vast and intricate 

6343
05:26:44,200 --> 05:26:47,300
that it needed to take on 
several forms in order for human

6344
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:50,100
Minds to understand it. 
The thing on which story you 

6345
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:52,800
were hearing and what lesson 
needed to be taught Christiana. 

6346
05:26:52,800 --> 05:26:55,800
One of the most adored, Hindu 
gods, was able to be a cosmic 

6347
05:26:55,800 --> 05:27:00,000
principle, a mysterious child, a
romantic hero, a wise teacher, 

6348
05:27:00,000 --> 05:27:02,100
and a Divine Warrior all at 
once. 

6349
05:27:03,100 --> 05:27:06,100
During his childhood he gained 
notoriety for stealing butter, 

6350
05:27:06,100 --> 05:27:09,600
concealing clothing, from women 
who are bathing and generally 

6351
05:27:09,600 --> 05:27:12,200
acting like the most endearing 
young criminal in the world. 

6352
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:14,900
As an adult. 
He served as the warrior 

6353
05:27:14,900 --> 05:27:18,200
arjuna's charioteer, and 
spiritual Mentor in the Bhagavad

6354
05:27:18,200 --> 05:27:20,800
Gita imparting. 
Some of the most profound 

6355
05:27:20,800 --> 05:27:24,700
philosophical lessons in human. 
History has arrows flew past 

6356
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:27,300
them on a battlefield. 
Krishna stories are lovely 

6357
05:27:27,300 --> 05:27:30,000
because they cover the whole 
range of Human Experience. 

6358
05:27:30,000 --> 05:27:33,300
He is more than just a distant 
Divine being giving advice from 

6359
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:36,000
above. 
As a grown teacher, he's aware 

6360
05:27:36,000 --> 05:27:37,800
of the weight of Duty and moral 
responsibility. 

6361
05:27:37,800 --> 05:27:42,000
A complexity of love and 
relationships as young man and 

6362
05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:43,800
the joy of stealing candy as a 
child. 

6363
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:48,200
He literally possesses 
multitude, and his tales servers

6364
05:27:48,200 --> 05:27:51,700
are reminded that if we know how
to seek it out, Divinity is 

6365
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:54,900
woven throughout every moment of
life and is not distinct from 

6366
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:58,300
the everyday Human Experience. 
The Killing Bridget however, is 

6367
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:00,900
arguably the most intriguing to 
from any tradition. 

6368
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:04,600
She was able to be both a pagan 
goddess and a Christian Saint 

6369
05:28:04,600 --> 05:28:05,900
Saint. 
Without anyone seemed to find 

6370
05:28:05,900 --> 05:28:09,300
this particularly odd, she was 
the goddess of healing Smith, 

6371
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,500
craft, and poetry three 
disciplines that may not seem 

6372
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,200
connected. 
Consider that they are all about

6373
05:28:15,200 --> 05:28:18,000
transforming raw materials into 
something more complete 

6374
05:28:18,000 --> 05:28:20,900
beautiful or useful than they 
were before. 

6375
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:24,100
Bridges Forge was more than just
a place to shape metal. 

6376
05:28:24,100 --> 05:28:28,100
It was a place to pound words 
out of inspiration to strengthen

6377
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:31,500
broken objects and to turn the 
commonplace materials of life 

6378
05:28:31,500 --> 05:28:34,600
into something that could be 
used for both utilitarian and 

6379
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:37,600
religious purposes. 
She realized that when spiritual

6380
05:28:37,600 --> 05:28:40,400
work and daily work are done 
with love skill and attention. 

6381
05:28:40,400 --> 05:28:42,700
There is no real difference 
between the two. 

6382
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:46,300
The stories of Bridget did not 
vanish when Christianity arrived

6383
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,000
in Ireland. 
Rather they changed some what? 

6384
05:28:49,700 --> 05:28:53,400
The goddess was transformed into
Saint Brigid and for centuries. 

6385
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:56,100
Nuns cared for her. 
Sacred fires in convents, 

6386
05:28:56,100 --> 05:28:59,100
though, they were no longer 
regarded as the abilities of an 

6387
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:01,800
ancient Celtic deity. 
The talent. 

6388
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,700
She bestowed, poetry 
craftsmanship and healing were 

6389
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:09,300
now recognized as gifts from the
Christian God It was the 

6390
05:29:09,300 --> 05:29:12,800
Pinnacle of cultural adaptation 
respecting, both traditional 

6391
05:29:12,800 --> 05:29:15,900
knowledge and contemporary 
insights without asking anyone 

6392
05:29:15,900 --> 05:29:17,700
to give up what had always 
worked for them. 

6393
05:29:17,700 --> 05:29:21,600
Let's now discuss monsters which
are essential to any good story 

6394
05:29:21,600 --> 05:29:24,000
and were present in. 
Some genuinely amazing ancient 

6395
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:26,800
mythologies. 
However, these weren't merely 

6396
05:29:26,800 --> 05:29:29,300
arbitrary frightening objects 
meant to give people nightmares.

6397
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:33,800
They were fears given shape and 
anxieties disguised to scales 

6398
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:38,100
clause and multiple heads and 
issues that needed Heroes magic.

6399
05:29:38,100 --> 05:29:41,400
Or at the very least excellent 
running shoes because they 

6400
05:29:41,400 --> 05:29:43,000
couldn't be resolved with common
sense. 

6401
05:29:43,000 --> 05:29:47,200
This thinks a riddle with wings 
and a very short fuse was a gift

6402
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:50,200
from the Greeks. and imagine 
what would happen if someone 

6403
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:53,000
asked to commit of nightmare 
designers to create the most 

6404
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:56,700
challenging client Imagine a 
creature that has the head of a 

6405
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,900
woman, the wings of an eagle in 
the body of a lion. 

6406
05:30:01,400 --> 05:30:04,100
In addition to eating people, 
the Sphinx, required them to 

6407
05:30:04,108 --> 05:30:06,900
pass a test and failing it that 
they would perish. 

6408
05:30:06,900 --> 05:30:09,000
Not only was her. 
Well, known riddle. 

6409
05:30:09,000 --> 05:30:11,200
What walks on? 
Four legs in the morning? 

6410
05:30:11,200 --> 05:30:13,600
Two legs at noon and three legs 
in the evening. 

6411
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:18,000
Clever wordplay exercise. 
It was a question about the 

6412
05:30:18,000 --> 05:30:21,400
state of humanity. 
How we evolved over time in the 

6413
05:30:21,400 --> 05:30:24,500
phases of life that everyone 
must experience if they're 

6414
05:30:24,500 --> 05:30:27,500
fortunate enough to live that 
long, the monster was defending 

6415
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:31,800
a basic reality about life, not 
just a city, this Sphinx became 

6416
05:30:31,800 --> 05:30:34,100
so irrated. 
Having her riddle solved that 

6417
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:36,500
she threw herself off a cliff 
when he needed gave the right 

6418
05:30:36,500 --> 05:30:39,200
response. 
That humans crawlers, infants, 

6419
05:30:39,200 --> 05:30:42,700
walk up writers adults and use 
canes in old age. 

6420
05:30:43,900 --> 05:30:45,300
All though, it's a dramatic 
response. 

6421
05:30:45,300 --> 05:30:48,000
You have to respect her 
dedication to her work. 

6422
05:30:48,800 --> 05:30:50,900
She was more than a Monster who 
enjoyed riddles. 

6423
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:54,400
She was the embodiment of the 
question's that haunt people at 

6424
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:57,100
night and her mission was 
accomplished once those 

6425
05:30:57,100 --> 05:31:00,400
questions were resolved, but 
Medusa, whose tale has been 

6426
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,500
repeated and reinterpreted so 
many times that it's easy to 

6427
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:05,800
forget. 
The original tragedy was perhaps

6428
05:31:05,800 --> 05:31:08,800
the most psychologically complex
monster in Greek mythology. 

6429
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:13,200
She was not born a monster 
rather she was made in to one as

6430
05:31:13,200 --> 05:31:15,700
retribution for being attacked 
in the temple of Athena. 

6431
05:31:16,400 --> 05:31:19,400
Rather than punishing her 
assailant Athena punished, the 

6432
05:31:19,400 --> 05:31:23,100
victim by transforming her, 
lovely hair into snakes and 

6433
05:31:23,100 --> 05:31:25,500
cursing her with a look, that 
would make anyone who saw her 

6434
05:31:25,500 --> 05:31:27,800
Turn to Stone. 
Take a moment to consider the 

6435
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,600
horror of Medusa's existence. 
She was isolated in a way that 

6436
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:35,200
most people can't comprehend 
rendered literally Untouchable. 

6437
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:37,200
And unable to look at another 
person. 

6438
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,700
Without killing them, she became
the embodiment of both female 

6439
05:31:40,700 --> 05:31:44,600
anger and female helplessness. 
She was dangerous to everyone 

6440
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:47,500
who came into contact with her, 
but she was unable to turn that 

6441
05:31:47,500 --> 05:31:51,000
danger into anything, positive, 
it took cunning and divine help 

6442
05:31:51,000 --> 05:31:53,800
for Perseus to kill her in the 
end, not bravery or strength. 

6443
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:56,900
He effectively turned her own 
power against her, by using a 

6444
05:31:56,900 --> 05:31:59,300
mirror Shield to get close to 
her without looking into her 

6445
05:31:59,300 --> 05:32:02,400
eyes. 
However, Medusa was not 

6446
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:05,000
helpless. 
Even in death, her blood turned 

6447
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:08,500
into a poison that killed and a 
medicine that he healed and Her 

6448
05:32:08,500 --> 05:32:11,700
Image became a symbol of 
protection reminding, evil that 

6449
05:32:11,700 --> 05:32:14,100
some types of suffering. 
Given one strength, that is 

6450
05:32:14,100 --> 05:32:16,800
unbeatable like everything else 
in North mythology. 

6451
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:20,100
The Norse had their own unique 
perspective on monsters and it 

6452
05:32:20,100 --> 05:32:22,700
was more nuanced and ethically 
dubious than you might think. 

6453
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:27,500
One of Loki's children was the 
world's serpent German Gander. 

6454
05:32:28,300 --> 05:32:30,900
Which was so big that it 
encircled the entire world and 

6455
05:32:30,900 --> 05:32:33,900
held onto its own tail. 
It wasn't intentionally 

6456
05:32:33,900 --> 05:32:36,800
malevolent, it was simply so 
massive that it's very 

6457
05:32:36,800 --> 05:32:39,700
existence, posed an inherent 
threat to the stability of the 

6458
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:42,300
universe. 
The God of Thunder Thor was 

6459
05:32:42,300 --> 05:32:44,000
destined to battle Yeoman 
Gander. 

6460
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:47,100
At the end of the world 
Ragnarok, both would perish in 

6461
05:32:47,100 --> 05:32:49,500
the conflict. 
The serpent from Thor's, hammer 

6462
05:32:49,500 --> 05:32:52,900
and Thor, from the Serpent's 
poison It was a perfect 

6463
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:55,500
illustration of the Norse 
understanding that sometimes 

6464
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:58,300
there are no winners in 
conflicts and that the best 

6465
05:32:58,300 --> 05:33:01,000
course of action is to make sure
that destruction serves a 

6466
05:33:01,000 --> 05:33:04,300
greater good. 
However, fenrir the walls and 

6467
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:07,600
one of Loki's Offspring was 
arguably the most fascinating 

6468
05:33:07,600 --> 05:33:10,500
North monster. 
Knowing from prophecy that 

6469
05:33:10,500 --> 05:33:14,300
fenrir would ultimately killed 
in the gods chose to bind the 

6470
05:33:14,300 --> 05:33:17,800
wolf with an unbreakable chain 
rather than attempting to stop 

6471
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:19,500
this fate with wisdom or 
kindness. 

6472
05:33:20,500 --> 05:33:23,600
It took cunning to bind him, 
they persuaded fenrir that it 

6473
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,600
was a test of his strength and 
then wouldn't let him go when he

6474
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:28,100
demonstrated that he couldn't 
escape. 

6475
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:32,100
Tale of fenrir is the ideal 
example of how attempting to 

6476
05:33:32,108 --> 05:33:34,400
avert a future. 
This is feared can actually 

6477
05:33:34,400 --> 05:33:38,300
bring it about, even though the 
wolf had done nothing wrong, the

6478
05:33:38,300 --> 05:33:42,300
gods treatment of him, chaining 
him was precisely the kind of 

6479
05:33:42,308 --> 05:33:45,100
Injustice, that would incite the
Roth required to carry out the 

6480
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:47,500
prophecy because they were 
afraid of him. 

6481
05:33:47,500 --> 05:33:50,100
They made their own enemy 
demonstrating. 

6482
05:33:50,100 --> 05:33:53,100
That sometimes the most 
dangerous monsters are the ones 

6483
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:55,400
we create for ourselves the 
Banshee. 

6484
05:33:55,400 --> 05:33:57,800
Arguably the most 
psychologically complex monster 

6485
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:01,900
of all has Celtic Roots. 
She was grief personified, the 

6486
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:04,600
embodiment of lost that some 
families experience over many 

6487
05:34:04,600 --> 05:34:08,000
generations, but she wasn't 
evenly in the traditional sense.

6488
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:11,300
Death was announced by her way 
but she did not cause it. 

6489
05:34:11,300 --> 05:34:13,900
She only recognized it gave it a
voice. 

6490
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:17,500
Made it impossible to downplay 
or ignore the Banshee. 

6491
05:34:17,500 --> 05:34:19,600
Recognized a crucial aspect of 
human nature. 

6492
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:23,800
We require our sorrows losses 
and pain to be seen as genuine 

6493
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:26,900
and noteworthy. 
She was Dreadful not because she

6494
05:34:26,900 --> 05:34:29,800
brought death but rather because
she made people face their 

6495
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:33,100
mortality and the knowledge that
everyone they cared about would 

6496
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:36,700
eventually. 
However, she was also consoling 

6497
05:34:36,700 --> 05:34:39,900
in her own way, her presence 
demonstrated that death had 

6498
05:34:39,900 --> 05:34:42,700
purpose. 
The universe did not disregard 

6499
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:45,800
loss and that there was someone 
whose responsibility was to 

6500
05:34:45,800 --> 05:34:47,900
grieve for the deceased in a 
dignified manner. 

6501
05:34:48,900 --> 05:34:50,900
She was the cosmic counterpart 
of the friend. 

6502
05:34:50,900 --> 05:34:53,900
Who attends funerals brings 
casseroles to bereaved families 

6503
05:34:53,900 --> 05:34:56,600
and ensures that no one must go 
through life's darkest times 

6504
05:34:56,600 --> 05:35:00,100
alone as our journey through the
world of ancient stories draws 

6505
05:35:00,100 --> 05:35:02,800
to a close. 
It is worthwhile to pause and 

6506
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:05,700
reflect on the kind of magic 
that didn't require heroic 

6507
05:35:05,700 --> 05:35:09,600
quests or divine intervention. 
Commonplace enchantments that 

6508
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:12,100
made everyday life, a little 
more bearable, a little more 

6509
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:14,600
meaningful and a little more 
connected to the greater 

6510
05:35:14,600 --> 05:35:17,600
mysteries of existence and most 
significant magic occurs. 

6511
05:35:17,600 --> 05:35:20,300
In the pauses between the 
dramatic moments and the 

6512
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,600
everyday rituals that bind us to
one another and to the cycles of

6513
05:35:23,600 --> 05:35:26,200
nature. 
This is something that ancient 

6514
05:35:26,200 --> 05:35:29,000
people's understood but we 
occasionally forget, in our 

6515
05:35:29,008 --> 05:35:31,400
haste, to separate the logical 
from the miraculous. 

6516
05:35:31,400 --> 05:35:35,400
This is beautifully illustrated 
by the Japanese concept of Kami 

6517
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:39,700
often translated as gods or 
Spirits coming are actually more

6518
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:43,000
like the Divine Essence, that 
permeates everything, including 

6519
05:35:43,000 --> 05:35:47,400
every tree Rock. 
River, Mountain well-made tool 

6520
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:51,700
act of kindness, and instance of
flawless, attention to a 

6521
05:35:51,700 --> 05:35:54,400
straightforward task. 
The word itself, implies 

6522
05:35:54,400 --> 05:35:58,600
something above or superior, but
not in the sense of being far 

6523
05:35:58,600 --> 05:36:02,700
away or unreachable. 
Instead, it's the characteristic

6524
05:36:02,700 --> 05:36:05,700
that when experience with the 
appropriate level of awareness, 

6525
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:09,900
elevates ordinary things to 
extraordinary a master Potter 

6526
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:13,000
does more than simply mold. 
Clay, they work with the fire 

6527
05:36:13,000 --> 05:36:15,700
the calming of the Earth in 
their own hands to create 

6528
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:19,500
something useful and beautiful. 
By learning to work with whether

6529
05:36:19,500 --> 05:36:23,200
soil and seasons in ways that 
respect both ecological balance 

6530
05:36:23,200 --> 05:36:25,400
and human needs. 
A gardener engages. 

6531
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:28,300
In the continuous dialogue 
between human intention and 

6532
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:31,600
natural processes. 
This Insight transforms every 

6533
05:36:31,600 --> 05:36:34,800
activity into a possible 
spiritual practice every 

6534
05:36:34,800 --> 05:36:38,100
beautifully, crafted item into a
form of prayer and every 

6535
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:40,900
encounter with nature into a 
chance to connect with something

6536
05:36:40,900 --> 05:36:44,700
greater than personal worries, 
Its transformation. 

6537
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:49,100
Without the drama magic without 
the fireworks and Transcendence.

6538
05:36:49,100 --> 05:36:51,800
Found in giving, whatever task 
at hand, your whole attention 

6539
05:36:51,800 --> 05:36:56,200
through its understanding of 
thin places where the lines 

6540
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:58,800
separating the everyday World 
from the other world becomes 

6541
05:36:58,800 --> 05:37:01,300
permeable. 
Where magic is not only possible

6542
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:04,400
but nearly inevitable, the 
Celtic tradition provides a 

6543
05:37:04,400 --> 05:37:07,500
similar viewpoint. 
These could be ancient Groves or

6544
05:37:07,500 --> 05:37:11,100
stone circles, but they could 
also be Well's Crossroads or 

6545
05:37:11,100 --> 05:37:13,900
even specific times of day, when
the light falls in a particular 

6546
05:37:13,900 --> 05:37:16,400
way and everything seems more 
significant alive. 

6547
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:19,900
And interconnected the 
realization that thin places 

6548
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:22,800
aren't merely specific places. 
But rather, States Of 

6549
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:26,500
Consciousness that can be 
developed anywhere, however was 

6550
05:37:26,500 --> 05:37:29,100
the most significant realization
in Celtic spirituality. 

6551
05:37:30,500 --> 05:37:32,900
When you learn to approach 
everyday situations with the 

6552
05:37:32,908 --> 05:37:34,900
same level of reverence and 
attention. 

6553
05:37:34,900 --> 05:37:39,000
Typically, reserved for formal 
religious practices, the real 

6554
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:42,600
magic happens, taking care of a 
fire becomes, a means of taking 

6555
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:46,100
part in the cosmic dance between
order and entropy cooking 

6556
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,100
becomes an offering to the 
spirits of the home and washing 

6557
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,000
dishes, becomes a meditation on 
the element of water, the 

6558
05:37:52,000 --> 05:37:55,200
knowledge that everything 
location and creature has a 

6559
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:59,100
spirit and a story of its own. 
And Wisdom arises from learning 

6560
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:01,500
to listen to these stories with 
humility and respect. 

6561
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:06,100
His derived from native American
traditions, a rock is more than 

6562
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:09,500
just a mineral formation. 
It is an elder who is seen in 

6563
05:38:09,500 --> 05:38:12,800
numerable seasons and has its 
own wisdom about patience and 

6564
05:38:12,800 --> 05:38:14,800
endurance. 
And the gradual change of 

6565
05:38:14,808 --> 05:38:18,400
Landscapes over time this 
Viewpoint completely changes how

6566
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:21,800
people interact with nature. 
You start to see yourself as a 

6567
05:38:21,800 --> 05:38:24,700
part of a continuous dialogue 
that has been going on for 

6568
05:38:24,700 --> 05:38:28,300
thousands of years before you 
arrived and will continue long 

6569
05:38:28,300 --> 05:38:31,000
after you leave. 
Rather than as a collection of 

6570
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:34,600
resources to be used or 
challenges to overcome finding 

6571
05:38:34,600 --> 05:38:37,200
your place in this conversation 
and adding your voice. 

6572
05:38:37,200 --> 05:38:39,900
While paying attention to 
everyone else's is more 

6573
05:38:39,900 --> 05:38:43,000
important than trying to control
or dominate it something 

6574
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:44,600
similar. 
But even more thorough is 

6575
05:38:44,600 --> 05:38:47,400
encapsulated in the Aboriginal 
Australian concept of country. 

6576
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:50,700
The living system of 
relationships between land 

6577
05:38:50,700 --> 05:38:52,900
water, plants animals, 
ancestors. 

6578
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:56,100
And descendants defines your 
identity and responsibilities. 

6579
05:38:56,100 --> 05:38:59,700
It is not just the place. 
You happen to live in the sense 

6580
05:38:59,700 --> 05:39:02,000
that your identity is 
inextricably linked to the 

6581
05:39:02,000 --> 05:39:04,900
network of relationships that 
supports all life, you are 

6582
05:39:04,908 --> 05:39:08,500
country not just from it because
everything you do has an impact 

6583
05:39:08,508 --> 05:39:11,700
on the overall systems Balance 
and Health, this knowledge makes

6584
05:39:11,700 --> 05:39:15,500
every action meaningful. 
Taking water from a spring is 

6585
05:39:15,500 --> 05:39:17,100
more than just a practical 
issue. 

6586
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,300
It's a way to communicate with 
the water spirits and calls for 

6587
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:22,900
appreciation, that 
acknowledgment and close 

6588
05:39:22,900 --> 05:39:26,700
attention to reciprocity. 
Foraging is only one aspect of 

6589
05:39:26,700 --> 05:39:30,100
gathering food plants and other 
is engaging in a relationship 

6590
05:39:30,100 --> 05:39:32,300
that necessitates understanding 
the seasons. 

6591
05:39:32,300 --> 05:39:36,600
Migration patterns, soil 
conditions and the requirements 

6592
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:40,000
of all other organisms that 
share resources, developing the 

6593
05:39:40,000 --> 05:39:43,100
sensitivity of wisdom to live in
harmony with all the forces, 

6594
05:39:43,100 --> 05:39:47,200
both of visible and invisible 
human, and more than human that 

6595
05:39:47,200 --> 05:39:50,600
enable life is what all these 
Traditions have in common rather

6596
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:52,200
than gaining control over the 
world. 

6597
05:39:53,000 --> 05:39:55,900
Acknowledge that rather than 
existing independently of 

6598
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:58,100
nature. 
Humans are merely one species 

6599
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:00,800
within a complex, web of 
interdependence that 

6600
05:40:00,800 --> 05:40:04,800
necessitates ongoing care 
support and Care supernatural, 

6601
05:40:04,800 --> 05:40:07,600
abilities, or drastic changes 
are not promised by this type of

6602
05:40:07,608 --> 05:40:11,600
commonplace magic, rather. 
It provides something perhaps 

6603
05:40:11,600 --> 05:40:15,500
more valuable a way of life that
acknowledges the sacred aspect 

6604
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:18,500
of everyday life that finds 
connection and meaning in the 

6605
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:21,700
most basic activities. 
And that turns every day, life 

6606
05:40:21,700 --> 05:40:24,700
into a continuous spiritual 
practice without, requiring 

6607
05:40:24,700 --> 05:40:27,200
anyone to give up their 
obligations or withdraw from 

6608
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:30,400
society, you may be wondering 
what exactly we're supposed to 

6609
05:40:30,408 --> 05:40:33,500
do with all these stories of 
gods and heroes monsters. 

6610
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:37,800
And tricksters tragic, love 
stories and creation myths. 

6611
05:40:37,800 --> 05:40:41,200
That start with chaos, as our 
journey through these old Tales,

6612
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,000
come to an end. 
These aren't merely amusing 

6613
05:40:44,000 --> 05:40:45,800
artifacts from the early days of
humanity. 

6614
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:50,400
They are inheritance records 
cycle, maps, and guides to 

6615
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:53,100
navigate in the intricacies of 
life that haven't evolved as 

6616
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:56,500
much as we may believe ancient 
storytellers recognized 

6617
05:40:56,500 --> 05:40:57,800
something that are modern 
culture. 

6618
05:40:57,800 --> 05:40:59,600
Occasionally finds difficult to 
grasp. 

6619
05:41:00,600 --> 05:41:03,500
Wisdom isn't just about learning
new things or using cunn to 

6620
05:41:03,508 --> 05:41:05,900
solve problems. 
It involves cultivating. 

6621
05:41:05,900 --> 05:41:09,400
The ability to live with 
uncertainty to find purpose and 

6622
05:41:09,400 --> 05:41:13,300
flaws to hold on to hope. 
When losses unavoidable and to 

6623
05:41:13,300 --> 05:41:16,000
acknowledge the sacred aspect of
Every Day, Life. 

6624
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:20,100
About the beginnings described 
in the creation stories, they 

6625
05:41:20,100 --> 05:41:23,000
make no guarantees about the 
neatness orderliness or 

6626
05:41:23,000 --> 05:41:26,400
predictability of beginning. 
Anything worthwhile, he had a 

6627
05:41:26,400 --> 05:41:30,300
new way of life, a relationship,
a universe or a creative 

6628
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:33,300
endeavor. 
Rather they recognize that all 

6629
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:36,000
significant Creations. 
Come from some kind of chaos, 

6630
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:40,400
necessitate, the dismantling of 
earlier plans, and entails some 

6631
05:41:40,400 --> 05:41:43,200
trial and error that cannot be 
prevented by better planning 

6632
05:41:43,200 --> 05:41:45,900
according to the Babylonian tale
of Marda. 

6633
05:41:45,900 --> 05:41:49,200
Matt, sometimes progress 
necessitates a direct 

6634
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:52,400
confrontation, with the past, 
not to destroy it, out of 

6635
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,800
resentment or impatience. 
But to respect what it is given 

6636
05:41:55,800 --> 05:41:59,000
us while making room for New 
Opportunities, we are reminded 

6637
05:41:59,000 --> 05:42:01,600
that every beginning, entails 
letting go of something else 

6638
05:42:01,600 --> 05:42:04,700
that this letting go is a 
necessary part of the process 

6639
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:07,500
rather than a result of poor 
planning by the north 

6640
05:42:07,500 --> 05:42:11,000
understanding that creation 
necessitates, sacrifice that 

6641
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:13,000
emir's death was required for 
the world's birth. 

6642
05:42:13,000 --> 05:42:15,700
Perhaps the most advanced 
interpretation of all is 

6643
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:19,100
provided by the Aboriginal 
concept of the dream time which 

6644
05:42:19,100 --> 05:42:22,500
holds the creation is ongoing 
present and occurring in every 

6645
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:25,600
moment of focus and intention, 
rather than a curing. 

6646
05:42:25,600 --> 05:42:29,400
Once in the distant, past your 
decisions, focus and 

6647
05:42:29,400 --> 05:42:31,200
relationships are all a part of 
the cosmic. 

6648
05:42:31,700 --> 05:42:34,600
Process and you're not merely 
living in a creative world, 

6649
05:42:34,600 --> 05:42:37,700
you're actively contributing to 
its continuous creation. 

6650
05:42:37,700 --> 05:42:40,800
The hero Tales offer equally 
useful advice for dealing with 

6651
05:42:40,808 --> 05:42:43,800
the difficulties of adulthood. 
They are not guides to 

6652
05:42:43,808 --> 05:42:45,500
immortality or enduring 
happiness. 

6653
05:42:45,500 --> 05:42:49,800
Quite the contrary in fact they 
are sincere admissions that in 

6654
05:42:49,800 --> 05:42:52,800
order to grow you must confront 
things you would rather avoid. 

6655
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:56,500
That courage is the choice to 
act in spite of fear rather than

6656
05:42:56,500 --> 05:42:59,800
the lack of fear and That the 
most significant successes are 

6657
05:42:59,800 --> 05:43:02,500
frequently hidden from everyone,
but the person who achieves 

6658
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:05,700
them, we learn from gilgamesh's 
Journey that while the desire to

6659
05:43:05,708 --> 05:43:08,500
resist change and loss is normal
and understandable. 

6660
05:43:08,500 --> 05:43:12,500
It is ultimately pointless. 
His desire for immortality isn't

6661
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:14,800
realized in the way he 
envisioned Visions but his 

6662
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:18,800
Readiness to love profoundly 
grieve openly and live on. 

6663
05:43:18,800 --> 05:43:21,200
In spite of deaths. 
Inevitable conclusion, produces 

6664
05:43:21,200 --> 05:43:25,700
a different kind of immortality.
The kind that endures entails in

6665
05:43:25,700 --> 05:43:29,100
our impact in the transformation
we bring about in other people's

6666
05:43:29,100 --> 05:43:31,000
lives. 
The love stories provide 

6667
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:34,100
guidance, that is both 
Transcendent and useful, they 

6668
05:43:34,100 --> 05:43:37,000
recognize that love is the most 
potent and perilous force and 

6669
05:43:37,000 --> 05:43:39,700
human history. 
Able to inspire both the most 

6670
05:43:39,700 --> 05:43:43,300
amazing creations and the most 
spectacular catastrophes. 

6671
05:43:44,800 --> 05:43:47,000
They contend that cultivating, 
the wisdom to love. 

6672
05:43:47,000 --> 05:43:50,100
Well in spite of difficulties, 
is more important than finding a

6673
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:52,600
love without problems. 
We learn from Orpheus and 

6674
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:54,300
eurydice the value of faith in 
things. 

6675
05:43:54,300 --> 05:43:57,400
We cannot see or control 
necessity of trust in 

6676
05:43:57,400 --> 05:44:00,900
relationships and how doubt can 
sabotage even the strongest 

6677
05:44:00,900 --> 05:44:03,600
bonds? 
They also teach us how love 

6678
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:06,900
transcends physical proximity 
and how caring for someone 

6679
05:44:06,900 --> 05:44:09,900
profoundly Alters you in ways 
that lasts long after they are 

6680
05:44:09,908 --> 05:44:12,500
gone, perhaps the most useful 
advice for surviving in. 

6681
05:44:12,500 --> 05:44:14,900
The modern world can be found in
the tricks to stories. 

6682
05:44:14,900 --> 05:44:17,700
They remind us that the best 
solution sometimes. 

6683
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:20,300
Come from those who aren't 
invested in keeping the status 

6684
05:44:20,300 --> 05:44:24,600
quo that change typically comes 
from unexpected directions and 

6685
05:44:24,600 --> 05:44:26,800
that those in charge, don't 
always know what they're doing. 

6686
05:44:26,800 --> 05:44:31,000
Coyote Loki, and announcing will
show how important it is to 

6687
05:44:31,000 --> 05:44:33,900
challenge authority, to be 
prepared to break rules that 

6688
05:44:33,900 --> 05:44:36,800
don't really benefit anyone. 
And to acknowledge that every 

6689
05:44:36,800 --> 05:44:40,200
solution leads to new issues, 
they acknowledge that changes 

6690
05:44:40,200 --> 05:44:43,000
messy and unpredictable. 
But they also highlight how 

6691
05:44:43,000 --> 05:44:45,800
resilient creative and humorous 
people can be in the face of 

6692
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:49,200
adverse City Power 
responsibility and the human 

6693
05:44:49,200 --> 05:44:51,900
propensity to establish 
authorities and then break them 

6694
05:44:51,900 --> 05:44:54,900
for their floors are all 
explored in the tales of gods 

6695
05:44:54,900 --> 05:44:58,600
living among humans with all of 
their trivial jealousies and bad

6696
05:44:58,600 --> 05:45:00,800
judgment. 
The Greek gods, serve as a 

6697
05:45:00,808 --> 05:45:04,200
reminder that those in charge of
Forget matters are frequently 

6698
05:45:04,200 --> 05:45:08,000
just as perplexed and conflicted
as the general populace and that

6699
05:45:08,000 --> 05:45:10,400
power does not always translate 
into wisdom. 

6700
05:45:10,400 --> 05:45:13,400
However, the story is also 
implied that the Divine is not 

6701
05:45:13,408 --> 05:45:16,500
something distant and 
unfathomable, but rather is 

6702
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:19,700
interwoven with everyday life in
ways that become apparent when 

6703
05:45:19,700 --> 05:45:23,100
we look closely. 
The Hindu conception of Krishna 

6704
05:45:23,100 --> 05:45:26,800
as both a button stealing child 
and a cosmic principle suggests,

6705
05:45:26,800 --> 05:45:30,100
a spirituality, that accepts the
whole range of Human Experience 

6706
05:45:30,100 --> 05:45:32,400
rather than attempting to 
transcend it. 

6707
05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:35,400
Perhaps the most advanced 
psychological advice of all is 

6708
05:45:35,400 --> 05:45:38,200
found in the monster stories. 
All the admit. 

6709
05:45:38,200 --> 05:45:40,500
That fear is a natural part of 
The Human Experience. 

6710
05:45:40,500 --> 05:45:43,700
They also contend that our 
monsters frequently reveal 

6711
05:45:43,700 --> 05:45:46,800
crucial details about the things
we need to confront. 

6712
05:45:46,800 --> 05:45:50,000
The things were avoiding and the
things we have not yet figured 

6713
05:45:50,000 --> 05:45:52,800
out how to integrate. 
Even when that power seems more 

6714
05:45:52,800 --> 05:45:55,800
like, a curse than a gift 
reduces serves as a reminder, 

6715
05:45:55,800 --> 05:45:59,600
that some types of suffering can
give rise to power. the Sphinx 

6716
05:45:59,600 --> 05:46:02,100
implies that rather than being 
adversaries that must be 

6717
05:46:02,108 --> 05:46:05,400
vanquished the monster as we 
Face a frequently questioned to 

6718
05:46:05,400 --> 05:46:10,100
puzzles that must be sold Fenrir
shows us how fear can produce 

6719
05:46:10,100 --> 05:46:12,800
the very Futures. 
We're trying to avoid and how 

6720
05:46:12,800 --> 05:46:15,700
treating someone as dangerous 
can actually make them 

6721
05:46:15,700 --> 05:46:17,900
dangerous. 
Most significantly these old 

6722
05:46:17,900 --> 05:46:20,500
Tales have a deeper 
understanding of time than our 

6723
05:46:20,500 --> 05:46:22,900
culture does. 
They don't have an obsession 

6724
05:46:22,900 --> 05:46:25,900
with linear progress, which is 
the belief that things are 

6725
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:30,000
always improving that issues can
be resolved once and for all or 

6726
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:32,500
that better methods or 
Technologies can radically alter

6727
05:46:32,500 --> 05:46:35,500
human nature, rather, they 
acknowledge that human existence

6728
05:46:35,500 --> 05:46:39,300
is cyclical that the same basic 
problems arise in every 

6729
05:46:39,300 --> 05:46:41,600
generation. 
And that wisdom is not in 

6730
05:46:41,600 --> 05:46:43,700
finding a permanent solution to 
these problems. 

6731
05:46:43,700 --> 05:46:47,700
But rather in creating the 
abilities of viewpoints and 

6732
05:46:47,700 --> 05:46:50,700
behaviors that enable, each 
generation to face them with 

6733
05:46:50,700 --> 05:46:53,400
dignity Ingenuity and support 
from one another. 

6734
05:46:53,400 --> 05:46:56,600
We are reminded that destruction
and creation are Partners in an 

6735
05:46:56,600 --> 05:46:59,900
eternal dance that loss and 
renewal are part of the same 

6736
05:46:59,900 --> 05:47:03,300
process and that every ending 
contains the seeds of New 

6737
05:47:03,300 --> 05:47:06,500
Beginnings by the seasonal 
cycles that occur in so many 

6738
05:47:06,508 --> 05:47:10,700
mythologies from Japanese yearly
Journey Between Worlds to the 

6739
05:47:10,700 --> 05:47:13,300
Norse, understanding of 
Ragnarok, as both ending and 

6740
05:47:13,300 --> 05:47:16,400
beginning compared to our 
achievement oriented culture. 

6741
05:47:16,400 --> 05:47:19,400
This cyclical view of time 
offers a different relationship 

6742
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:23,400
to both success and failure. 
It Applies that difficulties 

6743
05:47:23,400 --> 05:47:27,000
frequently proceed periods of 
growth, that setbacks are not a 

6744
05:47:27,000 --> 05:47:30,100
reversible defeats, but rather 
organic components of larger 

6745
05:47:30,100 --> 05:47:32,500
patterns. 
And that the objective is not to

6746
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:35,900
reach a perfect state but rather
to acquire the fortitude and 

6747
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:38,400
insight necessary to face, 
whatever lies ahead. 

6748
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:41,400
When you close this collection 
of stories and go back to your 

6749
05:47:41,400 --> 05:47:45,300
own life, with its unique, blend
of routine tasks, and sacred 

6750
05:47:45,300 --> 05:47:47,600
moments, ordinary 
responsibilities and 

6751
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:51,200
extraordinary possibilities. 
You take with you the wisdom of 

6752
05:47:51,208 --> 05:47:54,400
thousands of generations who 
have grappled with the same 

6753
05:47:54,400 --> 05:47:58,300
basic questions you do. 
How do you find meaning in an 

6754
05:47:58,300 --> 05:48:02,000
uncertain world? 
How can you accept loss and 

6755
05:48:02,000 --> 05:48:04,800
still love deeply? 
How do you remain hopeful when 

6756
05:48:04,800 --> 05:48:08,600
you recognize the challenges in 
the vast network of 

6757
05:48:08,600 --> 05:48:10,500
relationships that binds all 
life together? 

6758
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:13,400
How do you find your place? 
The solutions. 

6759
05:48:13,400 --> 05:48:16,300
These Tales provide are neither 
straightforward nor definitive 

6760
05:48:16,300 --> 05:48:18,900
rather. 
They are molded by the wisdom of

6761
05:48:18,900 --> 05:48:21,800
innumerable individuals who have
persevered in facing the 

6762
05:48:21,808 --> 05:48:24,800
unavoidable difficulties of 
human life and have been tested 

6763
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:27,200
by time. 
They serve as a reminder. 

6764
05:48:27,200 --> 05:48:30,400
That we are not alone in our 
difficulties that the same 

6765
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:33,500
questions that keep us up at 
night are the same ones that 

6766
05:48:33,500 --> 05:48:36,900
have always kept people up and 
that participating in such an 

6767
05:48:36,900 --> 05:48:40,500
age-old discussion can be both 
humbling and consoling. 

6768
05:48:40,500 --> 05:48:44,400
The knowledge that the journey 
itself is significant that the 

6769
05:48:44,400 --> 05:48:47,400
questions are just as 
significant as the answers and 

6770
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:50,200
that each generation has the 
chance to contribute its own 

6771
05:48:50,200 --> 05:48:54,000
voice, to the Grand ongoing 
Narrative of what it means to be

6772
05:48:54,000 --> 05:48:56,500
human in a mysterious and great 
universe. 

6773
05:48:57,700 --> 05:49:00,100
UPS, the things that the myths 
often more than simple answers 

6774
05:49:00,100 --> 05:49:03,100
or Happy Endings, you can 
therefore rest in the knowledge 

6775
05:49:03,100 --> 05:49:05,800
that you're surrounded by 
stories as well as blankets as 

6776
05:49:05,800 --> 05:49:07,400
you turn off the light and go to
sleep. 

6777
05:49:08,100 --> 05:49:10,700
These stories are held in place,
not only by your immediate 

6778
05:49:10,700 --> 05:49:14,100
surroundings but also by the 
collective wisdom of all those 

6779
05:49:14,100 --> 05:49:17,000
who have ever gazed at the same 
Stars, pondered the same 

6780
05:49:17,008 --> 05:49:20,400
Mysteries and managed to turn 
their confusion and longing into

6781
05:49:20,400 --> 05:49:22,700
stories that continue to comfort
and guide. 

6782
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:25,500
Those who follow them. 
Your life with all its everyday 

6783
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,200
magic and everyday. 
Heroism is one of the newest 

6784
05:49:28,200 --> 05:49:31,700
chapters in this Timeless book. 
The ancient stories are still 

6785
05:49:31,700 --> 05:49:34,800
being written, rest, easy. 
Knowing that you are a part of 

6786
05:49:34,800 --> 05:49:38,108
something far more expansive and
Exquisite than you could have 

6787
05:49:38,116 --> 05:49:40,400
ever dreamed. 
When you first open these Pages,

6788
05:49:40,400 --> 05:49:43,500
sweet dreams, fellow human being
on the Eternal Journey. 

6789
05:49:43,500 --> 05:49:49,300
Word count about 7,000 words and
Nancy strategy of steaming fire 

6790
05:49:49,300 --> 05:49:51,500
from the sky. 
God is a prime illustration of 

6791
05:49:51,500 --> 05:49:55,100
it. 
Nyame, the sky God owned fire 

6792
05:49:55,100 --> 05:49:56,400
and kept. 
It locked away from his 

6793
05:49:56,400 --> 05:49:59,500
exclusive use. 
Humans had to Fumble around in 

6794
05:49:59,500 --> 05:50:02,500
the dark. 
After the sunset were cold, more

6795
05:50:02,500 --> 05:50:03,900
unable to properly. 
Prepare their food. 

6796
05:50:04,900 --> 05:50:07,900
Nyam simply didn't understand 
why anyone else needed access to

6797
05:50:07,900 --> 05:50:10,300
something so potent and 
potentially hazardous. 

6798
05:50:10,300 --> 05:50:13,000
It wasn't that he was 
intentionally cruel. 

6799
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:16,100
The obvious solution to this 
problem, in announces opinion 

6800
05:50:16,100 --> 05:50:18,300
was to steal the fire and give 
it to humanity. 

6801
05:50:18,300 --> 05:50:21,800
He thought hoarding useful items
was essentially foolish. 

6802
05:50:21,800 --> 05:50:24,600
Not because he harbored any 
particular animosity toward 

6803
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:28,200
Miami instead of being left. 
Unused in some Cosmic storage 

6804
05:50:28,200 --> 05:50:31,400
unit fire was intended to be 
shared and improve everyone's 

6805
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:34,200
quality of life. 
The actual theft was a 

6806
05:50:34,200 --> 05:50:36,000
Masterwork of preparation and 
creativity. 

6807
05:50:36,800 --> 05:50:39,400
Among other things. 
Nancy was one of the greatest 

6808
05:50:39,400 --> 05:50:43,000
storytellers in history. 
Persuaded nyami to allow him to 

6809
05:50:43,000 --> 05:50:45,900
visit by promising, to share 
some of his well-known Tales. 

6810
05:50:46,900 --> 05:50:49,900
And Nancy was able to smuggle 
some fire into a tiny potted 

6811
05:50:49,900 --> 05:50:53,300
concealed in his web while 
niamey was preoccupied with an 

6812
05:50:53,300 --> 05:50:56,600
especially captivating story 
about why mosquitoes buzz in 

6813
05:50:56,600 --> 05:51:00,500
people's ears for a spider. 
Even a magical, one crossing the

6814
05:51:00,500 --> 05:51:04,400
sky to get the fire to Earth was
no easy task, and Nancy had to 

6815
05:51:04,408 --> 05:51:08,500
use Ingenuity for navigation 
transportation and maintaining 

6816
05:51:08,500 --> 05:51:12,200
the fire throughout the trip. 
Additionally, he had to stay out

6817
05:51:12,200 --> 05:51:15,100
of Miami's site when the sky God
of eventually found out about 

6818
05:51:15,100 --> 05:51:16,900
the theft and came to look for 
his belongings. 

6819
05:51:16,900 --> 05:51:22,400
However Nancy was successful and
fired like well fire among 

6820
05:51:22,400 --> 05:51:25,300
people. 
Cooking, staying warm working 

6821
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:27,900
after dark and generally 
improving one's quality of life 

6822
05:51:27,900 --> 05:51:31,700
will all made possible. 
Initially incensed nyami was 

6823
05:51:31,700 --> 05:51:34,400
forced to acknowledge that fire 
was far more beneficial when it 

6824
05:51:34,400 --> 05:51:36,200
was being used as opposed to 
being stored. 

6825
05:51:36,200 --> 05:51:40,200
In fact, the theft increased 
rather than decreased the value 

6826
05:51:40,200 --> 05:51:44,000
of the gift, the way that Anansi
Stories reinterpret stealing and

6827
05:51:44,000 --> 05:51:48,100
breaking the law as acts of 
social, justice is fantastic and

6828
05:51:48,100 --> 05:51:51,100
Nancy redistributes resources 
because he sees a world where 

6829
05:51:51,100 --> 05:51:53,100
good things are kept from those 
who need them. 

6830
05:51:53,100 --> 05:51:55,700
Not because he has avaricious or
malevolent. 

6831
05:51:55,700 --> 05:51:59,500
He resembles a cosmic Robinhood,
but he has better jokes and more

6832
05:51:59,500 --> 05:52:01,800
legs. 
Another example of the art of 

6833
05:52:01,800 --> 05:52:04,200
necessary. 
Mischief is coyote the trickster

6834
05:52:04,200 --> 05:52:06,100
of many Native American 
traditions. 

6835
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:09,200
Whereas announcement was 
endearing and determined and 

6836
05:52:09,200 --> 05:52:11,500
Loki was complex on occasionally
destructive. 

6837
05:52:11,500 --> 05:52:16,200
Coyote was coyote, however, was 
like that friend, who has good 

6838
05:52:16,200 --> 05:52:19,400
intentional, but no such a 
proportion, he would flood of 

6839
05:52:19,400 --> 05:52:21,600
Valley. 
While Watering your garden then 

6840
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:23,400
moved mountains to help you find
a misplaced. 

6841
05:52:24,200 --> 05:52:26,400
There's a common pattern to 
Coyote stories. 

6842
05:52:26,400 --> 05:52:30,400
Coyote sees a problem devises, 
what appears to be a clever 

6843
05:52:30,400 --> 05:52:32,700
solution. 
Enthusiastically puts the 

6844
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:36,300
solution into practice and then 
faces consequences that are 

6845
05:52:36,300 --> 05:52:39,600
typically far more significant 
and bizarre than anyone could 

6846
05:52:39,600 --> 05:52:42,400
have predicted. 
He is the Divine representation 

6847
05:52:42,400 --> 05:52:44,500
of both the necessity of trying 
new things. 

6848
05:52:44,500 --> 05:52:48,100
Even when you are unsure of how 
they will turn out and the law 

6849
05:52:48,100 --> 05:52:51,700
of unintended consequences, his 
attempt to introduce salmon, to 

6850
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:54,400
the Columbia Rivers inhabitants 
is among the most Charming of 

6851
05:52:54,400 --> 05:52:57,900
coyotes Tales. 
According to this version, a 

6852
05:52:57,900 --> 05:53:00,100
family of creatures had 
constructed a dam across the 

6853
05:53:00,100 --> 05:53:03,200
river and was hoarding. 
All the salmon refusing to share

6854
05:53:03,200 --> 05:53:06,300
them with anybody else. 
Coyote determined that people's 

6855
05:53:06,300 --> 05:53:08,800
hunger was intolerable, as 
usual, he offered a 

6856
05:53:08,808 --> 05:53:11,700
straightforward solution. 
He would break the dam and 

6857
05:53:11,700 --> 05:53:15,600
release the salmon, easy 
efficient and sure to lead to 

6858
05:53:15,608 --> 05:53:19,500
complications he hadn't yet. 
Considered coyote was skilled at

6859
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:21,400
the destructive aspect of 
problem solving. 

6860
05:53:21,400 --> 05:53:23,900
So the damn breaking itself went
without a hitch. 

6861
05:53:24,700 --> 05:53:26,500
The salmon. 
However, had to be equitably 

6862
05:53:26,500 --> 05:53:28,800
shared with all the various 
communities along the river. 

6863
05:53:28,800 --> 05:53:32,100
Once they were free, this was 
the point of which kyotes lack 

6864
05:53:32,100 --> 05:53:34,900
of administrative abilities 
clashed with his good intention.

6865
05:53:35,900 --> 05:53:38,000
Immediately overwhelmed by the 
logistics. 

6866
05:53:38,000 --> 05:53:40,900
He appointed himself coordinator
of salmon distribution. 

6867
05:53:40,900 --> 05:53:43,500
They couldn't agree on seasonal 
schedules. 

6868
05:53:43,500 --> 05:53:46,600
Had different fishing traditions
and wanted different numbers of 

6869
05:53:46,600 --> 05:53:49,600
fish. 
The world's first fisheries 

6870
05:53:49,600 --> 05:53:52,400
management crisis resulted from 
what should have been a 

6871
05:53:52,400 --> 05:53:55,400
straightforward resource sharing
issue, Kyoto, ultimately 

6872
05:53:55,400 --> 05:53:57,800
resolved, the issue by 
essentially stating that salmon 

6873
05:53:57,800 --> 05:54:01,200
would migrate and Cycles 
arriving in large quantities. 

6874
05:54:01,200 --> 05:54:03,500
For a portion of the year before
departing to spawn. 

6875
05:54:04,800 --> 05:54:07,700
Though it wasn't the 
sophisticated long-term fixed. 

6876
05:54:07,700 --> 05:54:08,900
He had hoped for it, did the 
trick. 

6877
05:54:09,700 --> 05:54:13,100
Everyone received salmon, the 
salmon was able to procreate and

6878
05:54:13,100 --> 05:54:16,100
carry on the cycle and coyote 
gained insight into the 

6879
05:54:16,100 --> 05:54:18,400
distinction between destroying 
and repairing things. 

6880
05:54:18,400 --> 05:54:22,700
The understanding that changes 
messy progress frequently comes 

6881
05:54:22,700 --> 05:54:26,000
from unexpected directions. 
And sometimes the best Solutions

6882
05:54:26,000 --> 05:54:28,300
come from people who aren't 
invested in maintaining the 

6883
05:54:28,300 --> 05:54:30,700
status quo is what makes tricks 
to story. 

6884
05:54:30,700 --> 05:54:33,800
So Timeless. 
Tricksters don't use meticulous 

6885
05:54:33,800 --> 05:54:36,700
planning and risk assessment to 
solve problems the way experts 

6886
05:54:36,700 --> 05:54:39,100
and authorities. 
Do when their tired of the 

6887
05:54:39,100 --> 05:54:41,400
status quo, and open to trying 
something new. 

6888
05:54:41,400 --> 05:54:43,100
They sold problems. 
The same way. 

6889
05:54:43,100 --> 05:54:46,400
Regular people do they also 
acknowledge that good intentions

6890
05:54:46,400 --> 05:54:49,900
do not always translate into 
successful outcomes that every 

6891
05:54:49,900 --> 05:54:53,100
solution leads to new issues and
that sometimes it is more 

6892
05:54:53,100 --> 05:54:55,400
important to Simply start the 
process of change. 

6893
05:54:55,400 --> 05:55:00,300
Even if you have no control over
its direction, Trickster energy,

6894
05:55:00,300 --> 05:55:03,300
the willingness to ask 
questions, try new things and 

6895
05:55:03,300 --> 05:55:04,900
break rules that need to be 
broken. 

6896
05:55:04,900 --> 05:55:08,400
Feels more relevant than ever in
a world that frequently feels 

6897
05:55:08,400 --> 05:55:10,600
trapped in patterns that don't 
benefit anyone. 

6898
05:55:10,600 --> 05:55:13,900
Ancient people's conceptions of 
their gods, have a wonderful 

6899
05:55:13,900 --> 05:55:16,600
human quality. 
These were not the far-off 

6900
05:55:16,600 --> 05:55:20,400
unfathomable beings of later 
theology emanating. 

6901
05:55:20,400 --> 05:55:23,500
Perfection from some 
inaccessible Celestial throne 

6902
05:55:24,300 --> 05:55:27,300
with the ability to transform 
their negative emotions into 

6903
05:55:27,300 --> 05:55:30,600
natural calamities. 
These Divine being shared all of

6904
05:55:30,600 --> 05:55:32,800
our problems. 
Small Grievances and dubious 

6905
05:55:32,800 --> 05:55:36,200
decision, making abilities. 
Specifically, the Greek gods 

6906
05:55:36,200 --> 05:55:38,700
were like a dysfunctional 
family, that just so happened to

6907
05:55:38,700 --> 05:55:42,600
govern the Natural Forces. 
Mount Olympus was not so much, a

6908
05:55:42,600 --> 05:55:45,900
place of God as it was the most 
exclusive gated community in the

6909
05:55:45,908 --> 05:55:49,000
world inhabited by being with 
Limitless power, and the 

6910
05:55:49,000 --> 05:55:51,300
emotional maturity of reality TV
contestants. 

6911
05:55:51,300 --> 05:55:54,900
They had sibling rivalries, that
could literally change the 

6912
05:55:54,900 --> 05:55:59,100
landscape, harbored resentments 
for centuries and fell in love, 

6913
05:55:59,100 --> 05:56:02,300
in inappropriate ways as the 
alleged ruler of the Gods and 

6914
05:56:02,300 --> 05:56:03,900
universe. 
Zeus devoted. 

6915
05:56:03,900 --> 05:56:07,200
Most of his time to resolving 
issues that he had caused his 

6916
05:56:07,200 --> 05:56:09,000
solution to his attraction to 
Mortal. 

6917
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:11,500
Women was to change into 
different animals and entice 

6918
05:56:11,500 --> 05:56:14,600
them which resulted in a 
constant flow of demigod 

6919
05:56:14,600 --> 05:56:16,500
Offspring with complex parental 
problems. 

6920
05:56:16,500 --> 05:56:19,800
When the king of the Gods chose 
to court, the women in the form 

6921
05:56:19,800 --> 05:56:23,300
of a bull or a swan, his wife 
Hera spent just as much time. 

6922
05:56:23,300 --> 05:56:26,400
Being in raged about these 
Affairs and exacting revenge on 

6923
05:56:26,408 --> 05:56:28,500
the women as if they had any 
sale in the matter. 

6924
05:56:28,500 --> 05:56:31,300
It was like watching a soap 
opera with characters who could 

6925
05:56:31,300 --> 05:56:34,600
throw lightning bolts when they 
were angry when the next Crisis 

6926
05:56:34,600 --> 05:56:37,300
arose from precisely the same 
pattern of behavior. 

6927
05:56:37,300 --> 05:56:41,500
Everyone would act shocked Zeus 
would have an affair Here would 

6928
05:56:41,500 --> 05:56:43,600
discover it. 
And innocent people would be 

6929
05:56:43,600 --> 05:56:47,100
cursed with terrible Fates or 
turned into trees of all the 

6930
05:56:47,100 --> 05:56:49,400
Greek gods. 
Hades was arguably the most 

6931
05:56:49,400 --> 05:56:52,100
relatable, since he was forced 
to hold the position that no one

6932
05:56:52,100 --> 05:56:54,800
wanted. 
That of ruler of the underworld,

6933
05:56:54,800 --> 05:56:58,800
Hades received, the basement 
Office of the cosmos, while his 

6934
05:56:58,800 --> 05:57:01,800
brothers Zeus and Poseidon 
within the exciting Realms of 

6935
05:57:01,808 --> 05:57:05,100
the sky and the Sea complete 
with dramatic weather patterns 

6936
05:57:05,100 --> 05:57:09,100
and amazing power displays. 
Although his work managing the 

6937
05:57:09,108 --> 05:57:12,500
dead was significant, it wasn't 
exactly the kind of thing that 

6938
05:57:12,500 --> 05:57:14,300
attracted a lot of favorable 
press. 

6939
05:57:14,300 --> 05:57:17,000
It's possible that Hades 
received the least glamorous 

6940
05:57:17,000 --> 05:57:19,500
assignment because he was the 
most responsible of the Three 

6941
05:57:19,500 --> 05:57:21,900
Brothers. 
He managed, his realm 

6942
05:57:21,900 --> 05:57:25,800
effectively kept himself most of
the time and showed up for work 

6943
05:57:25,800 --> 05:57:28,500
every day. 
Even that story becomes more 

6944
05:57:28,500 --> 05:57:30,500
likeable when you consider that 
he was likely. 

6945
05:57:30,500 --> 05:57:33,400
Just lonely and didn't know how 
to ask someone out when your job

6946
05:57:33,408 --> 05:57:35,800
required you to spend all of 
your time with dead people. 

6947
05:57:36,800 --> 05:57:39,700
His biggest PR disaster was 
kidnapping, Persephone to be his

6948
05:57:39,700 --> 05:57:42,400
wife, give him that. 
It was negotiated by those who 

6949
05:57:42,400 --> 05:57:44,900
had the authority to wipe out 
all life on Earth if they didn't

6950
05:57:44,900 --> 05:57:47,900
get their way the solution to 
Persephone's predicament. 

6951
05:57:49,000 --> 05:57:51,400
She was part of the Year 
underground with Hades and part 

6952
05:57:51,400 --> 05:57:53,700
of the Year above ground. 
With her mother Demeter was 

6953
05:57:53,700 --> 05:57:56,800
actually a fairly reasonable 
compromise Hades received 

6954
05:57:56,800 --> 05:57:59,200
company. 
During the dark months Humanity,

6955
05:57:59,200 --> 05:58:02,500
received an explanation for the 
seasonal changes and a meter 

6956
05:58:02,508 --> 05:58:04,500
received her daughter back for 
the spring and summer. 

6957
05:58:04,500 --> 05:58:07,400
If you don't consider the 
kidnapping aspect too much, 

6958
05:58:07,400 --> 05:58:10,500
everyone kind of won the gods of
Egypt, approached, Divine 

6959
05:58:10,500 --> 05:58:13,300
Behavior differently. 
The Egyptian gods were more like

6960
05:58:13,300 --> 05:58:15,900
Cosmic principles with 
personalities, from the Greek 

6961
05:58:15,900 --> 05:58:18,600
gods who were basically Immortal
humans with superpowers. 

6962
05:58:20,000 --> 05:58:21,500
They were more than just strong 
creatures. 

6963
05:58:21,500 --> 05:58:25,100
They represented the basic 
elements of life such as death, 

6964
05:58:25,100 --> 05:58:29,500
rebirth order chaos. 
The flooding of the Nile and the

6965
05:58:29,508 --> 05:58:32,800
sun's journey across the sky. 
Making sure the sun rose. 

6966
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:35,500
Each day was perhaps the most 
significant Duty performed by 

6967
05:58:35,508 --> 05:58:37,800
the Sun. 
God Ra in the Egyptian Pantheon 

6968
05:58:37,800 --> 05:58:41,900
to do this, he had to travel 
across the sky every day in a 

6969
05:58:41,900 --> 05:58:44,800
solar barque and then go through
the underworld every night to 

6970
05:58:44,800 --> 05:58:48,000
defeat the serpent apep who 
stood for chaos and truly didn't

6971
05:58:48,000 --> 05:58:51,300
want the sun to rise again. 
It wasn't as simple as flipping 

6972
05:58:51,300 --> 05:58:54,100
a cosmic switch. 
Take a moment to consider the 

6973
05:58:54,100 --> 05:58:57,700
weight of that responsibility. 
Raw was required to successfully

6974
05:58:57,700 --> 05:59:01,900
navigate Celestial Waters. 
Lead a crew of divine beings and

6975
05:59:01,900 --> 05:59:04,900
then engage in a cosmic battle 
against the forces of entropy on

6976
05:59:04,908 --> 05:59:08,700
a daily basis, The sun wouldn't 
rise in Civilization, would come

6977
05:59:08,700 --> 05:59:12,500
to an end if he had a bad day 
became ill or distracted, or 

6978
05:59:12,500 --> 05:59:15,000
simply didn't feel like putting 
up with Apex nonsense. 

6979
05:59:15,000 --> 05:59:18,000
What's amazing. 
Is that rather was able to stick

6980
05:59:18,000 --> 05:59:21,200
to this routine for thousands of
years without ever taking a day 

6981
05:59:21,200 --> 05:59:23,300
off. 
He either needs to learn about 

6982
05:59:23,300 --> 05:59:26,308
work-life balance, or is the 
most Dependable employee in the 

6983
05:59:26,316 --> 05:59:28,900
universe because of his 
commitment to routine. 

6984
05:59:28,900 --> 05:59:32,000
However, the interconnectedness 
of existence was also something 

6985
05:59:32,000 --> 05:59:35,000
that the Egyptian gods 
understood, every element of 

6986
05:59:35,000 --> 05:59:36,700
Egyptian, cosmology was 
affected. 

6987
05:59:36,700 --> 05:59:40,600
When set killed, his brother 
Osiris out of jealousy, a family

6988
05:59:40,600 --> 05:59:42,800
drama, that makes Greek Divine 
dysfunctions. 

6989
05:59:42,800 --> 05:59:45,800
Mild set ruled over Chaos on the
desert. 

6990
05:59:45,800 --> 05:59:49,300
A Cyrus became the god of the 
dead and the afterlife, and 

6991
05:59:49,300 --> 05:59:51,600
their sister wife. 
Isis became the goddess of 

6992
05:59:51,600 --> 05:59:55,100
healing and Magic as she sought 
to protect their son Horus and 

6993
05:59:55,100 --> 05:59:56,600
bring her husband back to life.