The Secret Ways Ancients Navigated Without Maps | History For Sleep

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Tonight, my sleepy friends. 
You don't need to know where 

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this story is going. 
It's enough to move slowly one 

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step at a time. 
Before Maps, Travelers, relied 

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on memory, landmarks and 
repetition navigating the world 

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through familiar paths shared 
knowledge and quiet adjustments 

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made along the way. 
If you enjoy these slow Journeys

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Through The Human Experience you
can like the video subscribe and

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let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is. 
Now, dim the lights, let a fan 

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or soft background noise 
takeover and lets begin. 

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Before the first lines were 
drawn to show distance or 

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Direction people move through 
the world Guided by what they 

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could see. 
Remember and ask Your entering a

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time when Journeys depend, not 
on certainly. 

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But on observation patients and 
shared? 

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You wake up early before the sun
as fully cleared the horizon. 

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The air is cool and still around
you. 

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The landscape begins to show 
itself in stages as the lights 

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spreads First, the nearest trees
take shape then the slope of the

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land Beyond. 
Then the line, where Earth meets

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Sky, you do not consult 
anything. 

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You simply look and the 
direction you need becomes 

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clear. 
The sun rises in the east. 

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This is not written anywhere. 
It is observed. 

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Every morning of your life, you 
have watched it climb from the 

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same general direction. 
By midday, it will be high and 

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Southwood if you live in the 
northern half of the world. 

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By evening, it will sink 
Westward. 

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This rhythm is so constant that 
you do not, think about it as 

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navigation. 
It is. 

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Simply how the day unfolds, you 
begin walking. 

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The ground beneath your feet is 
uneven, but familiar and 

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character. 
You have walked on earth like 

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this before, small stones, press
Through The Souls of your 

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Footwear grass bends under your 
weight. the terrain Rises gently

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and you just your pace with 
without deciding to Your body 

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responds to the slope. 
You breathe a little deeper. 

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You'll step shortened slightly. 
Ahead a river curves through the

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valley. 
You've never been to this exact 

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spot, but Rivers behave. 
In predictable ways, they flow 

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downhill, they lead somewhere If
you follow this one, it will 

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eventually meet another body of 
water or pass by a settlement or

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lead you to a crossing point. 
Others of used, you do not need 

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a map to understand that water 
connects places you pause at the

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riverbank the current moves 
steadily from your left to your 

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right. 
This tells you which way is 

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Downstream you crouch and touch 
the water. 

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It is cold and clear. 
You drink from your hands, then 

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stand and continue along the 
bank. 

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The path is not marked but the 
ground Near The Water is easier 

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to walk on others. 
Have passed this way. 

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You can see where the grass has 
been flattened and we're stones 

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have been shifted aside by 
mid-morning. 

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The sun is higher. 
You glance at it then at the 

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Shadows, it casts. 
The Shadows point in the 

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opposite direction of the Sun. 
This gives you another 

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reference. 
If you're moving toward a 

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destination you know lies 
Westwood you keep the morning 

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sun behind you. 
If you need to go north you keep

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it to your right. 
The adjustments are small and 

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constant, you're always 
reorienting. 

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Always checking the river bends,
you follow the bend, the 

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landscape opens into a wide a 
plane, you can see farther. 

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Now in the distance, a Hill, 
Rise is with a distinctive flat 

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top You've heard others mention 
this hill, it marks the boundary

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between two regions. 
Seeing it tells you that you are

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closer than you were yesterday. 
The hill does not move. 

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It will be there tomorrow in the
day after landmarks like this 

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anchor, your sense of place. 
You walk for hours, the sun 

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climbs then begins its slow 
descent. 

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You do not count the hours. 
You notice the light, changing 

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the Shadows, grow longer, the 
air, cool slightly, Your body 

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tells you that the day is aging.
You start thinking about where 

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you will stop for the night. 
Ahead a Grove of trees. 

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Clusters near a bend in the 
river. 

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Trees near water, often mean 
shelter and firewood. 

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You alter your paths slightly to
approach them. 

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As you get closer, you see the 
remains of old fires, others 

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have camped here. 
The ground is flat and places 

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where people have slept. 
This is not a formal campsite, 

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there are no signs, no markers 
but it is known you set down 

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your path. 
And rest, the sun is still of 

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the Horizon but you're not in a 
hurry. 

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Traveling, without Maps means 
you do not expect to arrive at 

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an exact time. 
You move, until it makes sense 

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to stop. 
You stop until it makes sense to

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move again. 
The Stars will come out later, 

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you know, their patterns as well
as you know, the sun's path. 

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In the northern sky, certain 
Stars, stay fixed While others 

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wheel slowly around them. 
Sailors, use these stars to find

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their way across Open Water. 
Herders use them to guide their 

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flocks home across dark planes. 
You do not need to be on a ship 

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or tending animals, to recognize
them. 

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They are part of the world, you 
live in. 

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You gather small sticks for a 
fire. 

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The work is unhurried. 
Your would care for you. 

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Then strike a spark. 
Fire catches smoke, Rises 

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straight up in the still evening
air you sit beside it and eat 

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something simple from your pack.
Bread dried fruit and a piece of

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hard cheese. 
The food does not need 

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preparation. 
You choose slowly and watch the 

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light fade. 
Night, Comes gradually. 

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The river continues, its soft 
murmur. 

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The fire crackles, you lie down 
on your side, your pack Beneath 

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Your Head, the ground is firm, 
but not uncomfortable. 

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You have slept on ground like 
this, many times above you. 

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The stars appear one by one, you
recognize the patterns. 

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They are exactly where they 
should be. 

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You close your eyes tomorrow, 
you will walk again. 

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The sun will rise, the river 
will still be there. 

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Hill in the distance will guide 
you. 

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None of this requires a map. 
It's simply requires presence. 

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Before you leave on any Journey,
you sit down and examine your 

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Footwear. 
Shoes boots. 

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Sandals, or simple wrappings, 
whatever you wear on your feet, 

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will carry you across every step
of the road ahead. 

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If they fail, your journey 
becomes much harder. 

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So you check them carefully, you
turn one shoe over in your 

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hands? 
Soul is made of thick leather 

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stitched and layered for 
durability. 

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You press your thumb against it 
feeling for thin spots. 

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Near the heel. 
The leather has worn down 

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slightly, not enough to need 
replacement yet, but enough to 

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watch you make a mental note. 
If you are travelling for many 

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days, this will worse and you 
may need to add another layer 

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before you go too far. 
Sticking along the side is still

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tight. 
You tug gently at the seam to 

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test it. 
The thread holds This stitching 

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was done with sinew or heavy 
cord something strong enough to 

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endure wet and dry cold and 
Heat. 

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If it begins to loose and you 
will need to restrict it before 

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the gap widens. 
Small table becomes a large one 

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quickly when you're walking. 
You set the shoes aside and pick

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up your pack. 
It is made of canvas or woven 

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fabric sturdy but not heavy. 
The straps are the most 

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important part you check where 
they attach to the body of the 

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pack. 
The fabric is reinforced here 

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with extra layers, but even 
reinforced Fabric and Frey, you 

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run your fingers along the seams
feeling for rough edges or loose

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threads, everything seems sound.
Inside the pack, your 

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belongings, with care heavier 
items, go at the bottom, close 

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to your back. 
This keeps the weight balance. 

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Lighter things, go on top. 
You do not overfill it a pack, 

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these two full becomes awkward 
and pulls you backwards. 

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That is too loose shifts. 
And sways, as you walk, you have

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learned the right amount through
experience, you're walking staff

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leaned against the wall, you 
pick it up and roll it between 

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your palms. 
Checking the wood for cracks, 

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Staff is more than a tool for 
balance. 

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It helps you test the ground 
ahead probes softer Earth and 

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measure the depth of water. 
It takes weight off your knees 

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on steep, slopes it is you on 
uneven ground. 

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This one is made of hardwood 
smooth from years of handling. 

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Top is Warren, where your hands 
grips? 

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It near the base. 
A small split has appeared in 

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the grain. 
You touch it with your 

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fingertip. 
It is shallow not deep enough to

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weaken the staff but it will 
grow if left untended. 

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You fetch a strip of leather and
wrap it tightly around the split

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by binding it closed. 
The leather will dry and tighten

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further holding the wood 
together. 

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This repair will last for many 
miles, you check your water 

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container is made of stitched 
hide or tightly woven fibers 

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sealed with pitch. 
You fill it and let it sit 

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watching for leaks. 
Water seeps slowly through one 

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scene, not much just a thin damp
line. 

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The empty the container and let 
it dry then apply more pitched 

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to the seam. 
Pressing it in with your 

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fingers. 
When it hardens the leak will 

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stop. 
If you're traveling by boat, the

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work is similar. 
But larger, you walk the length 

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of the hull, examining the 
joints where planks meet You 

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press your hand against the 
wood. 

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Feeling for movement. 
A loose plank means water will 

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enter. 
We check the caulking between 

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the boards the tar and fiber 
that keeps the gaps sealed where

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it is dried and cracked you. 
Scrape it out and replace it. 

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The AWS need attention to you, 
lift one and cite down its 

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length. 
A straight or is easier to pull 

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through water a warped one 
fights, you with every stroke. 

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This one is mostly straight but 
the blade has a rough Edge where

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it struck a rock. 
You take a stone and smooth, the

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splinters away. 
Then rub the wood with a bit of 

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fat to protect it from wrote. 
Sleds require their own care. 

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The runners must be smooth. 
You turn the sled over and run 

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your hand along the bottom. 
Any roughness will slow you down

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or catch on obstacles. 
You scrape away birds with a 

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blade, then polish, the surface 
in cold climates, you might coat

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the runners with ice by wetting 
them and letting them freeze. 

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Ice slide more easily than would
you do this work in the evening 

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or in the early morning before 
you set out? 

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It is not rushed each task is 
small but together, they ensure 

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that your tools will not fail 
you when you need the most A 

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torn strap a cracked star or a 
leaking water container. 

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Any of these can turn a 
manageable journey into a 

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difficulty. 
You also carry materials for 

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repairs extra cord, a bit of 
leather, a small knife, and 

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needle and thread. 
These take up little space, but 

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allow you to fix problems as 
they arise. 

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You do not wait for something to
break, completely You Mend it, 

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when you notice the first signs 
of wear other Travelers do the 

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same. 
When you meet someone on the 

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road, you might pause and share 
techniques. 

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One person shows you how they 
reinforce a pack strap. 

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00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:50,400
Another demonstrates, a knot 
that holds better under strain. 

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00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:52,800
These exchanges are brief and 
practical. 

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No one needs to explain why this
knowledge matters. 

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Everyone who travels understands
at night after you've stopped 

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and made Camp, you check your 
tools again, even a single day 

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of walking can reveal new, are 
you examine your Footwear, your 

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pack, and your staff you make 
small adjustments? 

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00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:15,200
You prepare for the next day? 
This routine is part of the 

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rhythm of travel movement and 
maintenance go together. 

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One does not happen without the 
other You're about to travel to 

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a place. 
You have never been. 

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Before you leave, you sit with 
someone who has made this 

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journey before they do not draw 
you a map. 

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They tell you what to look for. 
They describe a river crossing. 

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Two days. 
Walking from here they say you 

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will reach a wide river. 
The current is strong in Spring,

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but by summaries slows, there is
a place where the water is 

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shallower. 
You will know it because a large

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flat stone sits in the middle of
the river. 

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The stone is white with dark 
streets. 

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People of piles, smaller stones 
on top of it, over the years 

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cross there, they tell you about
a ridge. 

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After you cross the river they 
say follow the valley. 

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Northward the valley will narrow
when it Narrows look for a 

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ridge. 
On your left, the ridge has 

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00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:11,500
notch in it like a broken tooth 
pass through the notch on the 

231
00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,000
other side. 
The land opens again, they 

232
00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,000
mention a tree near the place 
where you will stop for the 

233
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,600
second night. 
There is an old tree with a 

234
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,800
split trunk. 
The split happened long ago and 

235
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,300
both halves still grow. 
People often Camp beneath it 

236
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:28,700
because the canopy is wide and 
gives good shelter. 

237
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:31,600
If you reach the tree you are on
the right path. 

238
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,000
You listen carefully, you do not
write anything down. 

239
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,100
Righting is rare. 
And even if you could write 

240
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:41,600
caring written directions would 
not help you recognize the stone

241
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,800
the ridge or the tree. 
When you see them, you must 

242
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:47,400
remember. 
So you picture each Landmark, as

243
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:51,400
it is described, you imagine the
white stone in the river, the 

244
00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:55,600
notch in the Ridge and the tree 
with two trunks, you fix these 

245
00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:59,700
images in your mind. 
The person continues they tell 

246
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:01,600
you about a settlement. 
You will pass. 

247
00:14:01,600 --> 00:14:05,800
It is small just a few families.
They live near a spring. 

248
00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:09,400
The spring comes out of the 
Hillside and forms a clear pool.

249
00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:13,100
If your thirsty, you can drink 
there, the people are used to 

250
00:14:13,100 --> 00:14:16,100
Travelers, they may offer you 
food or a place to rest. 

251
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:19,400
You do not need to ask. 
They will gesture or bring 

252
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,500
something out to you. 
You can offer something in 

253
00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:24,800
return if you have it. 
They warn you about a section of

254
00:14:24,808 --> 00:14:26,900
the path that becomes muddy 
after rain. 

255
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:31,400
It is not dangerous, just slow. 
If the ground is wet go around 

256
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:34,700
to the higher ground on the 
right, The Detour is longer, but

257
00:14:34,700 --> 00:14:37,400
easier, you will still reach the
same place. 

258
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,700
All of this knowledge has been 
shared in the same way. 

259
00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:44,700
The person telling you learned 
it from someone else, who 

260
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,900
learned it, from someone before 
them, no one invented these 

261
00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:51,400
Directions, They accumulated 
over time as people walk the 

262
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,800
same route and notice the same 
features, the white stone did 

263
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:58,900
not become a landmark because 
someone decided it should it 

264
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:01,800
became a landmark because it was
obvious and useful. 

265
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:07,800
You also learn by watching. 
If you travel with others, You 

266
00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:10,300
observe how they move through 
unfamiliar territory. 

267
00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:13,400
They pause. 
And look around before choosing 

268
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:16,000
a Direction. 
They test the ground with a 

269
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,400
staff before. 
Stepping on certain surfaces, 

270
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:22,600
they sniff the air to detect 
water or smoke from a Distant 

271
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,200
Fire. 
You do not ask them to explain 

272
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:28,000
these actions. 
You simply notice and begin to 

273
00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:30,900
do the same. 
Children learn to travel this 

274
00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:33,000
way. 
They walk behind their parents 

275
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:36,600
or other adults watching where 
to play placed noticing. 

276
00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:40,400
When the group stops to 
reorient, By the time, they are 

277
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:42,900
old enough to travel alone. 
They have already absorbed. 

278
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,200
Countless small lessons. 
They know to look for game 

279
00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:49,900
Trails when the human path is 
unclear because animals often 

280
00:15:49,900 --> 00:15:53,200
find the easiest route. 
They know to follow Ridge lines 

281
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,500
when the valleys are thick with 
brush. they know that smoke 

282
00:15:56,500 --> 00:15:59,700
rising in the distance means 
people, and people mean 

283
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:03,300
information, Sometimes the 
guidance is Less Direct. 

284
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,700
You might ask someone Which Way 
leads to a particular place. 

285
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:11,000
They point. 
You asked how far they shrug or 

286
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:15,100
they say something like three 
days maybe four The vagueness is

287
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:19,400
not carelessness distance, 
depends on whether on how fast 

288
00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:22,700
you walk and on whether you stop
to rest or push through. 

289
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:26,300
Exact measurements would be 
false precision. 

290
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,500
You might ask if the root is 
difficult, they tilt their raid,

291
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:33,000
considering some parts are 
steep. 

292
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,900
They say there is a marsh that 
can be slow to cross, but people

293
00:16:36,900 --> 00:16:39,100
go this way. 
All the time, you will manage 

294
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:43,500
this reassurance is not empty. 
If the root were truly 

295
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,800
dangerous, they would say. 
So if they tell you it is 

296
00:16:46,808 --> 00:16:49,600
possible. 
It is trade routes are known 

297
00:16:49,608 --> 00:16:52,000
this way. 
Merchants and herders travel the

298
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,700
same paths year, after year 
learning the locations of water 

299
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:58,200
sources, safe Crossing and 
places to camp. 

300
00:16:59,100 --> 00:17:01,300
Please share this knowledge with
others in their trade. 

301
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:03,800
A merchant traveling to a 
distant Market. 

302
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:06,700
Might tell another Merchant, 
which Villages along the way are

303
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:09,900
welcoming, which ones are 
indifferent and where to expect 

304
00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:13,800
tolls or gifts. 
Nomadic groups carry knowledge 

305
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,099
of vast territories in their 
Collective memory. they know 

306
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:20,599
where to find grazing land in 
each season, which water sources

307
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:24,700
are reliable, and which areas 
flood during the rains, This 

308
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:26,599
knowledge is essential to 
survival. 

309
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:30,700
So it is taught carefully and 
remembered precisely a young 

310
00:17:30,708 --> 00:17:32,600
herder. 
Learns the migration routes by 

311
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:37,200
traveling them year after year 
until the pattern is as familiar

312
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:40,800
as the layout of their own camp.
even in places where you might 

313
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:45,500
expect, isolation knowledge, 
circulates Farmer who rarely 

314
00:17:45,500 --> 00:17:48,500
leaves their fields, still knows
the path to the nearest Village 

315
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:50,500
because they walk it several 
times a year. 

316
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,600
The Villager knows the path to 
the regional center because they

317
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:56,500
go there for festivals or to 
trade. 

318
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:00,300
Person at the regional center 
knows the route that lead 

319
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,700
farther out. 
Information flows from person to

320
00:18:03,708 --> 00:18:06,300
person. 
Connecting distant places 

321
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:08,300
through overlapping Circles of 
knowledge. 

322
00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:12,100
You do not need to know every 
part of a long journey yourself.

323
00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:16,300
You only need to know the next 
section. when you reach the end 

324
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:20,200
of that section, you ask, again,
people point to describe and 

325
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:24,500
reassure you can continue This 
method works because human 

326
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:28,300
presence is widespread wherever 
you go, you will eventually 

327
00:18:28,300 --> 00:18:31,200
encounter someone and that 
someone will know the area 

328
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:33,400
around them. 
Sometimes you meet another 

329
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:36,300
traveler on the road. 
You stop an exchange news. 

330
00:18:36,300 --> 00:18:39,200
Where are you coming from? 
Where are you headed? 

331
00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:41,500
They tell you about conditions 
ahead. 

332
00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:45,700
The river is low right now, the 
past is clear, there is a 

333
00:18:45,708 --> 00:18:47,800
festival in a village two days 
East. 

334
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:51,500
If you want to join you share 
what you know about the road 

335
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:55,900
behind you, this exchange costs 
nothing and benefits both of 

336
00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:59,000
you. 
Guidance is not always verbal 

337
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:04,300
Cairns Mark trails in Rocky, 
areas small stacks of stones. 

338
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,600
Each one place to deliberately 
by someone who passed before. 

339
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:10,400
You add a stone to the care as 
you pass. 

340
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:12,800
Maintaining the marker for those
who come after. 

341
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:17,500
In forests people blazed trees 
by cutting a mark in to the 

342
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:21,100
bark. 
The Mark is subtle just a notch 

343
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:24,300
or scrape, but if you're looking
for it you will see it. 

344
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:27,900
These markers are made by 
Travelers for travelers. 

345
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,900
No Authority places them, they 
appear, because they are useful.

346
00:19:31,900 --> 00:19:34,800
If a can Falls, someone rebuilds
it. 

347
00:19:34,808 --> 00:19:38,700
If a blaze, Fades someone 
refreshes, it the system. 

348
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:42,800
Sustains itself through use. 
You do not travel alone in 

349
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,100
knowledge, even when you travel 
alone in body. 

350
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:50,300
Every step you take follow steps
taken before every direction you

351
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:53,000
choose is informed, by 
information passed to you by 

352
00:19:53,008 --> 00:19:55,400
others. 
The web of shared knowledge 

353
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:59,200
stretches across the land 
invisible, but strong guiding 

354
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:01,400
you forward. 
You have been walking since 

355
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:03,800
early morning, the sun is now 
High. 

356
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,900
The air has warmed. 
Your legs are steady, but 

357
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:10,000
beginning to feel the 
accumulation of ours, you reach 

358
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:13,400
a place where the path widens 
and a large tree offers shade. 

359
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:17,000
You stop. 
You stop in his not a failure. 

360
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:21,400
It is part of the process. 
You set down your path and sit 

361
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:23,300
on the ground with your back 
against the tree. 

362
00:20:24,100 --> 00:20:28,000
The relief is immediate your 
shoulders, relax your feet 

363
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,800
flatter against the Earth. 
You Close Your Eyes for a moment

364
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:35,700
and simply rest. 
Shade is cooler than the open 

365
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:38,700
path. 
A breeze moves through the 

366
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,500
branches of you. 
You listen to the leaves 

367
00:20:41,500 --> 00:20:44,400
rustling somewhere. 
Nearby water trickles over 

368
00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:46,700
Stones. 
You do not need to see it to 

369
00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:49,800
know, it is. 
There the sound is enough, you 

370
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:54,200
may walk over to drink later, 
but for now, you sit, You have 

371
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:56,000
not traveled a specific 
distance. 

372
00:20:56,000 --> 00:21:00,100
You do not know exactly how far 
you've come or how far remains 

373
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:02,900
you stopped because your body 
suggested it. 

374
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:06,500
This is how you measure 
progress, not in miles but in 

375
00:21:06,500 --> 00:21:11,200
the rhythm of effort and rest. 
Other Travelers pass by some not

376
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:13,500
to you. 
Some stop and sit nearby. 

377
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:17,200
You do not need to speak. 
The tree is large enough to 

378
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,700
shave several people. 
Everyone understands that rest 

379
00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:23,600
is shared when it is available. 
You might exchange. 

380
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,500
A few words. 
The weather is miles apart. 

381
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:31,100
The head is clear. 
Then silence returns, everyone 

382
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:35,500
rests in their own way. 
After a while you stand, your 

383
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:38,700
legs feel lighter. 
You pick up your pack, adjust 

384
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:43,700
the straps and continue. 
The break was not long perhaps 

385
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:46,400
the time it takes for the sun to
move a hands with the cross. 

386
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:49,200
The sky. 
But it was enough by 

387
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,700
mid-afternoon you stop again. 
This time there is no tree, Just

388
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:57,400
A Flat Rock beside the path. 
You sit on the Rock and eat a 

389
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:00,100
piece of bread. 
You choose slowly looking out 

390
00:22:00,100 --> 00:22:04,100
over the landscape. the view is 
wide here, you can see the 

391
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:08,400
valley stretching away the hills
Beyond The bread is plain but 

392
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,600
satisfying, you drink from your 
water container. 

393
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,400
The water is warm, but clean, 
you do not hurry. 

394
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,900
Hurry, where's your out? 
You have learned that steady 

395
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,900
movement, broken, by regular 
pause is carries you father than

396
00:22:22,900 --> 00:22:26,900
pushing through without rest. 
You finish the bread and sit a 

397
00:22:26,900 --> 00:22:29,000
little longer. 
Your breathing is calm. 

398
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:32,000
Your heart rate is slow. 
You're ready to continue. 

399
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,200
The rhythm of rest varies, 
depending on the terrain, on 

400
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:39,500
flat ground. 
You might walk for hours before 

401
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:42,600
stopping on steep. 
Slopes you rest more often 

402
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:46,700
climbing takes more effort. 
Your breath comes faster. 

403
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:50,400
Your muscles work harder. 
You pause to let your body 

404
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,800
recover then climb again. 
Descending. 

405
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,200
Also requires rest though for 
different reasons, going 

406
00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:00,100
downhill is easier on your 
lungs, but hard on your knees 

407
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:03,800
and ankles the constant braking 
and balancing tires, your legs 

408
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:07,000
in a different way. 
Stopped to shake out the tension

409
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,700
to let your joints settle. 
If you're traveling with a group

410
00:23:10,700 --> 00:23:14,300
rest happens, collectively, 
someone suggests to stop and the

411
00:23:14,308 --> 00:23:17,800
group agrees, you sit together, 
sharing food or water 

412
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:21,700
conversation is light people. 
Comment on the weather, the 

413
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:23,600
landscape and small 
observations. 

414
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,800
No one is in a rush to move on 
the group sets its own pace 

415
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:31,600
sometimes. 
Rest is extended you reach a 

416
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:34,100
place. 
That is particularly Pleasant a 

417
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:37,900
meadow with soft grass, the 
stream with clear water, a Grove

418
00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:41,500
of trees. 
The group decides to stay for a 

419
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:43,600
while. 
You might stop for an hour or 

420
00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:47,300
for the rest of the afternoon. 
There is no schedule to keep the

421
00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:50,900
journey will take as long as it 
takes in hot weather, you rest 

422
00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:53,600
during the hottest. 
Part of the day, walking in 

423
00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:56,400
midday heaters exhausting and 
unnecessary. 

424
00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:59,400
You find shade and wait for the 
temperature to drop. 

425
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:04,200
You might dose, or simply sit 
quietly When the sun lowers and 

426
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,300
the air cools you resume. 
Walking, in cold weather. 

427
00:24:07,300 --> 00:24:10,800
Rest means staying warm. 
You do not sit directly on 

428
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,200
Frozen Ground. 
He find a sheltered spot out of 

429
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:16,900
the wind. 
You might like a small fire or 

430
00:24:16,900 --> 00:24:20,900
wrap yourself in an extra layer,
rest in the cold is briefer, 

431
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:24,000
Your body cools quickly when you
stop moving. 

432
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,100
So you balance the need for 
Recovery with the need to keep 

433
00:24:27,100 --> 00:24:30,800
generating Heat. 
Range changes the Rhythm, too. 

434
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:33,400
If the rain is light, you keep 
walking. 

435
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,900
If it becomes heavy you stop and
wait it out. 

436
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:40,900
You find cover under a rock 
overhang or beneath dense trees.

437
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:44,200
You sit and watch the rain. 
It will pass. 

438
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:47,600
There is no point in struggling 
through it if you do not have to

439
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:53,300
Waiting is a kind of rest. 
You wait for rain to ease, you 

440
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:56,700
wait for fog to lift you. 
Wait for a river to drop off. 

441
00:24:56,700 --> 00:24:59,700
After a storm, waiting is not 
wasted time. 

442
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:04,200
It is part of traveling wisely. 
You accept the conditions, you 

443
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,500
cannot change and adjust your 
movement accordingly. 

444
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:09,500
At the end of the day, rest 
becomes sleep. 

445
00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:12,900
But before sleep, there is the 
work of making Camp. 

446
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:16,900
You gather, firewood prepare 
food and a range of bedding. 

447
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:21,300
These tasks are restful in their
own way, their different from 

448
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,700
walking, they use your body 
differently. 

449
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:26,900
The change itself is a kind of 
rest. 

450
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:29,400
You do not feel guilty about 
resting. 

451
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:34,000
No one judges you for stopping 
everyone who travels knows that 

452
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,900
rests sustains movement, you 
rest so that you can continue, 

453
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:40,600
you can continue so that you can
rest again. 

454
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,600
The rhythm is natural built into
the structure of the journey. 

455
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,600
You carry food that does not 
spoil quickly. 

456
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:54,800
Dried meat hard, bread cheese, 
nuts and dried fruit These 

457
00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:58,700
things last for days without 
Refrigeration their Compact and 

458
00:25:58,700 --> 00:26:01,700
lightweight, they provide energy
without requiring much 

459
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:04,300
preparation. 
You reach into your pack and 

460
00:26:04,308 --> 00:26:07,600
pull out what you need. 
You sit on the ground and unwrap

461
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,900
a piece of dried meat. 
The texture is tough and chewy. 

462
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,200
You tear off a bite and work its
slowly between your teeth. 

463
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:19,100
It takes time to soften the 
flavor is concentrated, salty 

464
00:26:19,100 --> 00:26:21,700
and Rich. 
You do not need much. 

465
00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:25,400
A few bites of filling you break
off a piece of bread. 

466
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,700
Across his hard, the inside 
dense, you dip it in water to 

467
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:32,000
soften it, then eat it piece by 
piece. 

468
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:36,600
The bread is plain made from 
ground grain and water and bake 

469
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:39,200
baked until firm it was made 
days ago. 

470
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:43,600
Maybe longer it has not gone 
stale bread like this is meant 

471
00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:46,900
to last. 
You had a bit of cheese, the 

472
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:50,900
cheese is so hard aged until it 
is firm enough to travel without

473
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:55,100
falling apart, he cut a thin 
slice with your knife it with 

474
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:57,900
the bread. 
The combination is satisfying. 

475
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:02,300
Simple but enough if you are 
near Water you might cook 

476
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,600
something you gather a few 
sticks and make a small fire. 

477
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:08,900
You fill a clay pot or metal 
container with water from the 

478
00:27:08,908 --> 00:27:12,900
stream and set it over the fire.
While the water heats, you add, 

479
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:17,400
grain barley wheat, oats, 
whatever your carrying. 

480
00:27:18,300 --> 00:27:22,800
The grain softens as it Cooks, 
absorbing the water. you stir, 

481
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,600
occasionally with a stick, the 
mixture thickens into a porridge

482
00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:30,300
You might add a pinch of salt if
you have it or a handful of 

483
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:34,500
dried berries, when it is done, 
you remove the pot from the fire

484
00:27:34,500 --> 00:27:38,100
and let it cool slightly. 
You eat directly from the pots 

485
00:27:38,100 --> 00:27:40,900
scooping the porridge with a 
piece of flatbread or a carved 

486
00:27:40,900 --> 00:27:44,300
wooden spoon. 
The meal is warm and filling it.

487
00:27:44,300 --> 00:27:47,800
Settles in your stomach and 
steady you you eat slowly 

488
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:51,000
without urgency. 
Fire crackles. 

489
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:55,200
The sky above is wide and clear,
you're in no rush. 

490
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,700
If you're traveling with others,
you share the work. 

491
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:04,100
One person gathers firewood 
another fetches water, someone 

492
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:07,700
else prepares the food, the 
tasks are divided naturally 

493
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:11,100
without formal assignment. 
Everyone contributes what they 

494
00:28:11,100 --> 00:28:13,300
can. 
You might pull resources? 

495
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:17,200
One person has dried fish. 
Another has vegetables. 

496
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:20,100
Someone else's oil or fat for 
cooking. 

497
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:22,900
You combine these ingredients 
into a stew. 

498
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,400
The pot simmers over the fire. 
The smell is simple, but good. 

499
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:30,100
When it is ready, you serve it 
into bowls or onto flatbread 

500
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:33,800
everyone eats together. 
Sharing food is common among 

501
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,400
Travelers. 
If you have extra, you offer it,

502
00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:40,500
If someone else has extra they 
offer it to you know one counts 

503
00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:44,100
no one measures the assumption 
is that generosity will balance 

504
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:46,700
out over time. 
Today you share your bread 

505
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:48,900
tomorrow. 
Someone shares their dried fruit

506
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:51,300
with you. 
There are foods that require no 

507
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:54,200
cooking at all. 
You crack open nuts with a stone

508
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,200
and eat the kernels you peel 
fruit if you find it along the 

509
00:28:57,208 --> 00:29:02,000
way apples berries and wild 
plums you eat, what is in 

510
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:03,300
season? 
What is available? 

511
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:07,600
You do not plan meals around 
specific ingredients, you adapt 

512
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:11,300
to what you have in some places.
You encounter others who offer 

513
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,600
food you pass through a village 
and someone brings out a bowl of

514
00:29:14,608 --> 00:29:18,000
soup or a basket of bread. 
You accept it with gratitude, 

515
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,600
you might give something in 
return, a small token or a bit 

516
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:25,300
of your own supplies. 
The exchanges informal, no one 

517
00:29:25,300 --> 00:29:29,200
calculates value precisely. 
Sometimes, you hunt or forage. 

518
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:32,300
You set a simple snare and check
it in the morning. 

519
00:29:32,300 --> 00:29:36,200
If you catch something, you 
prepare it, if not, you move on 

520
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,800
you, gather. 
Readable plants if you recognize

521
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:43,200
them greens, Roots, mushrooms, 
you know which ones are safe 

522
00:29:43,208 --> 00:29:46,500
because you have been taught. 
You do not experiment with 

523
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:50,400
unknown plants cooking. 
On the move is minimalistic. 

524
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:55,400
You do not have many tools, a 
pot, a knife, perhaps a flat 

525
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:57,400
stone for grinding, or a bowl 
for mixing. 

526
00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:00,900
You work with what you can 
carry, the methods are 

527
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:05,100
straightforward boiling roasting
over coals drying in the Sun. 

528
00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:09,300
You preserve food as you travel.
If you catch more fish than you 

529
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,800
can eat, you split them open and
lay them in the sun to dry. 

530
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:16,800
If you come across fruit, you 
might dry some of it to carry 

531
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,200
with you. 
Preservation extends your 

532
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:23,300
supplies and reduces waste. 
You will manage water carefully 

533
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:25,500
you drink. 
When you pass a clean Source, 

534
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:29,300
you fill your container whenever
you can water is heavier than 

535
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:30,900
food. 
So you do not carry more than 

536
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:35,000
you need, but you make sure you 
always have some thirst is 

537
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:37,700
harder to ignore than hunger in 
cold weather. 

538
00:30:37,700 --> 00:30:41,700
You melt snow for water, you 
scoop clean snow in to your pot 

539
00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,200
and hold it over the fire, the 
snow melts slowly. 

540
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,500
You wait patiently when it 
becomes water. 

541
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:50,600
You drink it or use it for 
cooking. 

542
00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:54,500
You do not eat snow, directly it
cools your body too much. 

543
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:57,300
In hot weather. 
You rationale water. 

544
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:01,000
You take small sips throughout 
the day rather than drinking 

545
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,700
large amounts at once. 
You rest in the shade, to reduce

546
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:08,200
sweating you travel in the early
morning or late afternoon, when 

547
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,000
the temperature is lower. 
Meals On The Move are not 

548
00:31:11,008 --> 00:31:12,600
elaborate but they are 
nourishing. 

549
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:15,500
Fuel your body for the work of 
walking. 

550
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:18,300
They provide moments of rest and
satisfaction. 

551
00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:23,700
You do not expect variety or 
complexity, you expect enough 

552
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:27,000
and you receive it. 
The light is beginning to fade. 

553
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:31,500
The sun sits low on the horizon.
Casting Long Shadows across the 

554
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:34,000
land. 
You have been walking most of 

555
00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,700
the day now, your thoughts turn 
towards stopping. 

556
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:39,100
You look for a place to spend 
the night. 

557
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:44,000
Not just any spot, but one that 
offers a few basic things. 

558
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:50,500
Shelter from wind proximity to 
water level ground, a source of 

559
00:31:50,508 --> 00:31:53,200
firewood. 
You do not need all of these, 

560
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,500
but having most of them make the
evening more comfortable, you 

561
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:58,700
see a cluster of trees near a 
small stream? 

562
00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:03,100
The trees not dense but they 
break the wind, the ground 

563
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:06,200
beneath them is relatively flat 
covered in a layer of dry 

564
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:08,800
leaves. 
The stream is close enough that 

565
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:10,400
you can hear it. 
This will. 

566
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:13,500
Do you set down your path and 
begin to settle in? 

567
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:16,900
The first task is to clear a 
spot for sleeping. 

568
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:21,500
You push aside any large stones 
or sticks, you smooth the ground

569
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:24,200
with your foot. 
You spread out a piece of cloth 

570
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:27,600
or hide to lie on the 
preparation is simple. 

571
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:32,000
It does not take long next. 
You gather wood for a fire, you 

572
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:34,900
walk slowly around the area. 
Picking up Fallen branches. 

573
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:39,500
You choose pieces that are dry 
not green or damp dry wood, 

574
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:41,900
burns, more easily and produces.
Less smoke. 

575
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:45,100
You break the larger branches 
into shorter lengths, by 

576
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:47,900
snapping them, over your knee or
against a rock. 

577
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:50,500
Your range, the word in a small 
pile. 

578
00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:53,800
Near sleeping spot, you build 
the fire carefully. 

579
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:58,200
Small twigs and dry leaves at 
the center larger sticks 

580
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:01,600
arranged around them. 
You strike a spark with flint 

581
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:05,200
and steel or use a fire drill if
that is what you can carry, 

582
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,900
Spark catches you blow gently to
encourage the flame. 

583
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:13,600
The fire grows. 
The fire is not large. 

584
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:18,100
You do not need a bonfire. 
Small steady fire provides 

585
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:20,400
warmth and light without wasting
wood. 

586
00:33:21,100 --> 00:33:23,400
You feed it. 
Occasionally adding a stick. 

587
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:25,100
When the Flames Begin to die 
down. 

588
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:30,800
Fire becomes a companion, it 
crackles, softly, the light 

589
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,600
flickers across the trees, you 
sit beside the fire and prepare 

590
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:37,900
a simple meal. 
Perhaps you boil water and add 

591
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:40,800
grain or warmer piece of 
flatbread near the flames. 

592
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:43,800
You eat slowly savoring the 
warmth of the food. 

593
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:48,700
The days walking is behind you. 
The evening is calm, has the sky

594
00:33:48,700 --> 00:33:51,300
darkens. 
The temperature drops you add 

595
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:53,800
another layer of clothing or 
wrap yourself in a blanket. 

596
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,000
Fire keeps the immediate area, 
warm, but the are Beyond its 

597
00:33:58,000 --> 00:33:58,800
reaches. 
Cool. 

598
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,900
You do not mind. 
The contrast is Pleasant. you 

599
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,900
might spend this time on small 
tasks, checking your belongings.

600
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:09,900
Mending it here in your pack, 
sharpening your life. 

601
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:14,400
These activities are quiet and 
unhurried they give your hand 

602
00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:17,199
something to do. 
While your mind rests or you 

603
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:19,100
might simply sit and watch the 
fire. 

604
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:21,300
There is no pressure to be 
productive. 

605
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:24,600
If you're traveling with others,
the evening is a time for 

606
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,900
conversation. 
Not intense to discussion but 

607
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:31,400
gentle talk. someone mentioned 
something they saw during the 

608
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:35,800
day and other person, responds 
the conversation me Anders 

609
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:40,199
touching on this and that no one
dominates know everyone speaks 

610
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:42,800
when they feel inclined and full
silent when they do not 

611
00:34:43,699 --> 00:34:46,300
Children. 
If there are any settled down 

612
00:34:46,308 --> 00:34:49,400
near the fire, they are tired 
from the day's walking. 

613
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:52,699
They curl up close to the adults
wrapped in blankets. 

614
00:34:52,699 --> 00:34:57,100
They may ask a question or two 
but mostly they are content to 

615
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:00,200
listen to the adults. 
Talk sleep finds them quickly. 

616
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:04,400
You check the fire one more 
time, making sure it is 

617
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:08,200
contained and will not spread. 
You place a few larger logs on 

618
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:10,900
it so that it will burn slowly 
through the night. 

619
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,700
The warmth will last for hours, 
fading gradually. 

620
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,100
As the wood turns to coals, you 
arrange your bedding more 

621
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:20,500
carefully. 
Now, you fold your pack in to a 

622
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:24,000
pillow, you lie down on your 
side, pulling the blanket up 

623
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,000
around your shoulders, the 
ground is firm, but not 

624
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,800
uncomfortable. 
You've slept on ground like this

625
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:32,700
many times, your body knows how 
to settle. 

626
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:36,800
Fire casts, a soft glow, Beyond 
it. 

627
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:40,600
The darkness is complete. 
You can hear the stream, the 

628
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,400
occasional rustle of leaves and 
the distant call of a night 

629
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:47,500
bird, these sounds are familiar.
They do not allow you. 

630
00:35:47,500 --> 00:35:50,600
They are simply the sounds of 
the world continuing around. 

631
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,700
You you close your eyes, your 
body is tired in a good way. 

632
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:59,200
The tiredness that comes from 
movement and fresh air Your 

633
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,500
muscles, relax, your breathing 
slows. 

634
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:05,400
The Day's Journey is finished. 
Tomorrow will bring more walking

635
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:09,700
for tomorrow is not here yet. 
For now, there is only this 

636
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:16,200
moment rest warmth the quiet 
security of having stopped you 

637
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:18,300
lie on your side wrapped in a 
wool blanket. 

638
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:23,400
Fire has burned down to coals 
glowing faintly in the Darkness.

639
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,100
The air is cool against your 
face but beneath the blanket, 

640
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:31,500
you a warm, your body sinks into
the ground, finding comfort in 

641
00:36:31,508 --> 00:36:33,500
the Stillness. 
After a long day of movement, 

642
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:38,000
sleep comes easily most nights. 
Your body's ready for it. 

643
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:42,100
You have walked for hours. 
You've eaten work of the day is 

644
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:44,000
done. 
There is nothing more to 

645
00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:47,300
accomplish until morning. 
You let your thoughts drift 

646
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:50,700
without holding, on to the 
images from the day passed 

647
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:54,100
through your mind, the river, 
you crossed the hill in the 

648
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,800
distance. 
The shape of clouds, they fade 

649
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:02,300
asleep, deepens, sometimes you 
wake during the night, this is 

650
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:06,200
normal. 
The fires dimmed further or the 

651
00:37:06,208 --> 00:37:09,500
cold as crept in or you need to 
adjust your position. 

652
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:12,700
You open your eyes and lie 
still, for a moment. 

653
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:16,900
Orienting yourself. 
The stars are visible overhead, 

654
00:37:16,900 --> 00:37:20,200
the moon. 
If it is Out, cast a pale light 

655
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,300
across the landscape, You 
recognize where you are. 

656
00:37:23,300 --> 00:37:27,400
There is no confusion. 
You might add wood to the fire. 

657
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,700
You reach out from under the 
blanket and place a stick on the

658
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:33,700
coals. 
The stick catches after a moment

659
00:37:33,708 --> 00:37:37,700
and a small flame Rises, you 
watch it for a few seconds. 

660
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:39,800
Then pull your arm back into the
warmth. 

661
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:44,200
Fire will burn a little longer 
now or you might simply shift 

662
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,400
your position. 
Lying on one side for hours, can

663
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,500
make your shoulder or hip ache, 
you roll onto your other side. 

664
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:54,600
You pull the blanket, tighter 
you settle again, sleep returns 

665
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:57,000
quickly. 
If you need to relieve yourself,

666
00:37:57,000 --> 00:37:59,900
you get up and walk a short 
distance from your sleeping spot

667
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,100
The night is dark, but your eyes
are adjusted. 

668
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:06,500
You can see enough to move 
safely, you do what you need to 

669
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:10,500
do and return to your blanket. 
The brief exposure to the cold, 

670
00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:13,200
makes the warmth of the blanket 
even more welcome. 

671
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:16,500
When you lie back down, You're 
Not Afraid of the Dark. 

672
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:19,300
The night is simply another part
of the day. 

673
00:38:19,300 --> 00:38:23,200
It is quieter cooler and darker 
but not threatening. 

674
00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:27,400
You have slept Outdoors, many 
times, you know that the night 

675
00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:29,000
will pass and mourning will 
come. 

676
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,000
If you are traveling with 
others, you are aware of them 

677
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,600
nearby. 
You can hear their breathing and

678
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:37,400
the occasional rustle as someone
shifts in their sleep. 

679
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:41,900
This presence is reassuring. 
You're not alone. 

680
00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:45,100
If something were wronged, 
someone would notice, but 

681
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:48,000
nothing is wrong. 
Everyone sleeps peacefully. 

682
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,700
Animals may move through the 
area during the night. 

683
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:54,600
You might hear footsteps snap of
a twig or a distant call. 

684
00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:58,400
These sounds do not alarm. 
You animals are part of the 

685
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:02,000
landscape, they're going about 
their own business, just as you 

686
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:06,000
are going about yours, they are 
not interested in you and you're

687
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:10,300
not interested in their The 
Sounds Fade Into the background.

688
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:13,700
Rain sometimes begins during the
night. 

689
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:18,200
You wake to the soft pattern of 
drops on leaves on the ground 

690
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:21,900
around you. 
If the rain is light, you stay. 

691
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:25,400
Where you are, you pull the 
blanket over your head and Let 

692
00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:30,000
the Rain Fall, your blanket is 
made of wool or oil hide 

693
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:33,000
materials that repel water to 
some degree. 

694
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:36,000
You will get damp but not 
soaked. 

695
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:40,300
If the rain is heavy you might 
need to move you gather your 

696
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:42,900
belongings quickly and shift to 
a spot with better cover. 

697
00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:47,300
Perhaps beneath a rocky overhang
or under a denser of trees? 

698
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:50,400
You resettle and wait for the 
rain to ease. 

699
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:54,100
It is an inconvenience. 
But not a crisis. 

700
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:59,100
Reign is part of traveling. 
You adapt in very cold weather, 

701
00:39:59,100 --> 00:40:02,300
you sleep close to the fire. 
You might even tend it through 

702
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:05,100
the night, waking periodically 
to add wood. 

703
00:40:06,100 --> 00:40:09,700
Fire keeps you warm enough to 
rest without freezing, you do 

704
00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:12,500
not expect to sleep deeply on 
the coldest nights. 

705
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,600
You dosed likely maintaining the
fire, keeping yourself safe. 

706
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:19,000
In warm weather, sleep is 
easier. 

707
00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:22,900
You do not need a large fire, 
just enough to provide light and

708
00:40:22,900 --> 00:40:25,800
keep insects away. 
You lie on top of your blanket 

709
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:28,900
rather than under it the night 
air is comfortable. 

710
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:33,400
You sleep soundly waking only 
once or twice Dreams Come and 

711
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,200
Go. 
Sometimes you dream of the road 

712
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:39,500
ahead of places. 
You have been or places you are 

713
00:40:39,500 --> 00:40:42,100
going. 
Sometimes the dreams are 

714
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:46,600
unrelated fragments of memory or
imagination, you do not dwell on

715
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:49,200
them when you wait they fade 
quickly. 

716
00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:53,000
As the night progresses, the 
darkness begins to lift. 

717
00:40:53,900 --> 00:40:57,700
The sky at the Horizon turns 
from black to deep blue, the 

718
00:40:57,700 --> 00:41:01,400
Stars fade, the world takes 
shape again, slowly. 

719
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,300
Revealing itself, you do not 
wake suddenly. 

720
00:41:04,300 --> 00:41:07,600
You drift up from sleep. 
Gradually becoming aware of the 

721
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:11,000
light, the sounds of early 
morning, and the coolness of the

722
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:14,300
air. 
You open your eyes, the fire is 

723
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:17,200
out. 
Just a pile of Grey Ash now you 

724
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:21,100
sit up and stretch your body is 
stiff from lying still but the 

725
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:24,800
stiffness Fades As you move. 
You stand and fold your blanket.

726
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:27,800
You gather your belongings and 
prepare to continue. 

727
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:29,900
The night has passed without 
incident. 

728
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:32,600
You are rested. 
You are ready. 

729
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:35,800
The roadways and you return to 
it. 

730
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:38,000
You have been traveling for 
days. 

731
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:41,300
Now, maybe longer the landscape 
has changed. 

732
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:46,400
Gradually Hills of giving way. 
To Plains forests of thin into 

733
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:51,200
open, grassland Rivers have 
narrowed or wide and But the act

734
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:55,900
of traveling Remains the Same. 
You wait you walk you rest and 

735
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,400
you sleep. 
The pattern repeats, this is how

736
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:02,900
Journeys have always been made 
long before Maps were drawn. 

737
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:07,100
Before roads were paved, before 
distances were measured in miles

738
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:10,400
or kilometers people. 
Moved across the land this way. 

739
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:14,500
They followed the sun and the 
Stars He learned from those who 

740
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:17,400
had gone before. 
Carried what they needed and 

741
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:21,500
adapted to what they found. 
You're part of a continuity that

742
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:25,200
stretches back through. 
Countless Generations, the route

743
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:26,900
you are walking has been walked 
by others. 

744
00:42:26,900 --> 00:42:30,400
The river you crossed was 
crossed by Travelers before you 

745
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:34,600
Tree rested under her shaded 
many people over many years. 

746
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,700
You're one among many moving 
through the world. 

747
00:42:37,700 --> 00:42:41,200
As humans have always moved. 
Trade happens because of 

748
00:42:41,208 --> 00:42:42,400
Journeys. 
Like yours. 

749
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:45,000
Goods are carried from one place
to another. 

750
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:50,500
Salt from the coast grain from 
the plane's metal from the 

751
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,900
mountains cloth from the Looms 
of distant Villages. 

752
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:57,800
Each item travels in the hands 
or on the back of someone 

753
00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:02,600
walking riding or rowing The 
objects moves slowly, but they 

754
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:06,100
move steadily over time, they 
cover great distances 

755
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:09,900
information. 
Travels the same way a story 

756
00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:11,800
told in one Village is carried 
to another. 

757
00:43:12,700 --> 00:43:15,300
A technique for weaving or 
forging is shared along the 

758
00:43:15,308 --> 00:43:19,100
road. 
News of births deaths, marriages

759
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:22,600
and harvests all of this moves 
from place to place through 

760
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:25,400
Travelers who stopped to talk 
and share what they know. 

761
00:43:26,300 --> 00:43:30,000
People migrated across vast 
distances over Generations. 

762
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:34,600
Family might leave one region 
and settle in another many days 

763
00:43:34,600 --> 00:43:38,000
of walking away, their children,
grow up in the new place. 

764
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:41,400
But remember the old, they might
travel back to visit or they 

765
00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:44,400
might never return. 
But the knowledge of both places

766
00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:48,400
remains in the family, linking 
distant areas through memory and

767
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:51,600
relationship. 
Seasonal movements follow the 

768
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:56,400
same Pathways year after year. 
Heard as Drive their flocks to 

769
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,900
high passengers in summer and 
back to the lowlands in winter. 

770
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:04,700
As Move Along, coastlines, 
following the migration of fish.

771
00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:08,900
Hunters track game across 
familiar territories, these 

772
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:12,800
movements are not random. 
They are purposeful and informed

773
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:16,500
by generations of observation. 
Pilgrimages bring people to 

774
00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:20,400
Sacred sites, they walk for 
weeks or months to reach a 

775
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:24,700
mountain, a spring, or a temple.
The journey itself is Meaningful

776
00:44:24,700 --> 00:44:29,100
the slow accumulation of steps. 
The Passage through different 

777
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:31,900
lands and the encounters with 
other travelers. 

778
00:44:31,900 --> 00:44:34,600
All of this is part of the 
pilgrimage. 

779
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:38,400
The destination is important, so
is the path. 

780
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:41,900
You meet people along the way 
who are making similar Journeys.

781
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:46,600
A merchant heading to a market, 
a family traveling to visit 

782
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:51,900
relatives, a messenger carrying 
news, A Healer seeking herbs, 

783
00:44:51,900 --> 00:44:55,800
each person has their own 
purpose, but the methods of the 

784
00:44:55,800 --> 00:45:01,200
same everyone walks, everyone 
rests everyone navigates by 

785
00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:05,800
landmarks and shared knowledge. 
The skills you use are passed 

786
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:07,900
down. 
You learn to read the sky from 

787
00:45:07,900 --> 00:45:10,500
your parents or from other 
adults in your community. 

788
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:14,900
You learn to choose a campsite 
to Tender fire and to repair 

789
00:45:14,900 --> 00:45:17,900
your tools, these skills are not
written in books. 

790
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:20,300
They are demonstrated and 
practiced. 

791
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,900
They are ordinary knowledge 
available to anyone who travels 

792
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:28,800
the landscape itself is a kind 
of map, it holds information for

793
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:32,200
those who know how to read it. 
The shape of the hills tells 

794
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,900
you, where water will collect. 
The type of vegetation indicates

795
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:39,900
the quality of the soil. 
The flight of birds suggest the 

796
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:41,700
direction of the nearest water 
source. 

797
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:45,600
You do not need a drawn map, 
when the land itself provides 

798
00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:48,200
guidance. 
Time is measured differently. 

799
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:51,600
When you travel without Maps, 
you do not count hours or 

800
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:54,600
calculator. 
Rival times you measure progress

801
00:45:54,600 --> 00:45:56,600
in. 
Landmarks I reach the white 

802
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:58,900
stone today. 
Tomorrow, I will pass through 

803
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,300
the notch in the ridge. 
The day after that, the tree 

804
00:46:02,300 --> 00:46:06,200
with the split trunk, each 
Landmark is a small achievement,

805
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:10,000
a confirmation that you're on 
the right path, the journey 

806
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:13,200
changes, you subtly, you become 
more attuned to your 

807
00:46:13,208 --> 00:46:15,800
surroundings. 
You notice details, you would 

808
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:20,000
have overlooked before the angle
of the Sun, the smell of rain 

809
00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:22,800
approaching the texture of the 
ground underfoot. 

810
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,000
Travel sharpens your awareness 
because awareness is what keeps 

811
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,400
you moving in the right 
direction? 

812
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:33,000
You also develop patience. 
You cannot Rush a journey made 

813
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:35,400
on foot. 
You cannot will yourself to 

814
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:38,500
arrive faster. 
You simply keep walking day 

815
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,000
after day until you reach your 
destination. 

816
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:45,700
The rhythm of travel teaches you
to accept the pace, you learn to

817
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:48,900
find satisfaction in steady 
progress, rather than speed. 

818
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:53,500
When you finally arrived, the 
arrival is not dramatic. 

819
00:46:54,400 --> 00:46:56,700
You do not burst through a gate 
or announce yourself. 

820
00:46:57,500 --> 00:47:01,600
You simply walk into the place. 
You are heading toward You're 

821
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:03,800
tired, perhaps but not 
exhausted. 

822
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:07,500
You're ready to rest? 
But you're also ready to begin 

823
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:10,100
the next part of your journey, 
whatever that may be. 

824
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:15,400
And then at some point you will 
travel again, maybe soon maybe 

825
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:18,800
later. 
The reasons will vary trade, 

826
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:23,500
family, curiosity necessity. 
But the methods will be the 

827
00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:25,600
same. 
You will gather your tools, 

828
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:28,800
check your Footwear, ask for 
directions and set out. 

829
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:32,400
You will follow the sun and the 
Stars you will rest. 

830
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:36,100
When your tired, you'll share 
food with others, you will sleep

831
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:39,500
under the sky. 
This is how people of all always

832
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:43,800
move through the world. 
Slowly steadily Guided by 

833
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:46,700
observation and memory without 
Maps. 

834
00:47:46,700 --> 00:47:51,000
But not without Direction 
without certainly but not 

835
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,800
without confidence. 
The land is vast but it is 

836
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,900
Noble. 
The journey is long but it is 

837
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:02,400
manageable you walk and in 
Walking you find your way. 

838
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:06,500
You settle into your blanket. 
Now, Wherever You Are Tonight. 

839
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:11,600
The fire has burned low, the 
stars are bright above tomorrow.

840
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:15,200
You will walk again, as you did 
today, as you will continue to 

841
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:17,000
do for as long as the journey 
requires. 

842
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:20,600
The road is patient. 
So, are you? 

843
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:30,400
You stand at the threshold of 
your new life. 

844
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:33,600
Feeling the salt wind push 
against your coat. 

845
00:48:33,600 --> 00:48:36,600
Like an insistent hand, trying 
to turn you back towards 

846
00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:39,300
civilization. 
Behind you. 

847
00:48:39,300 --> 00:48:42,800
The supply boat is already 
growing smaller heading back 

848
00:48:42,800 --> 00:48:45,700
toward the mainland Village that
will now exist only as a 

849
00:48:45,700 --> 00:48:47,800
collection of distant lights 
after sunset. 

850
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:52,700
Before you rise your light house
a White Tower, standing 70 feet 

851
00:48:52,708 --> 00:48:55,600
tall against the grain of Ember.
Skye of 1887. 

852
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:59,100
This is your new home the 
calling it home feels like 

853
00:48:59,100 --> 00:49:03,600
calling the ocean upon and The 
lighthouse occupies a rocky 

854
00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:06,800
Promontory that juts into the 
Atlantic, like, a defiant finger

855
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,500
surrounded on three sides by 
water that changes color with 

856
00:49:10,500 --> 00:49:14,000
the weather. 
Today, it's the color of pewter 

857
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:17,300
tomorrow. 
It might be emerald green and 

858
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:20,700
during storms, it turns almost 
black Though, you don't know 

859
00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:23,400
that yet. 
You will learn the Seas, moods 

860
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:25,100
the way other people. 
Learn their spouse's 

861
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:27,700
Expressions. 
The lighthouse itself is 

862
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:30,600
surprisingly graceful, 
considering its utilitarian 

863
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,700
purpose. 
The tower is built from Granite 

864
00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:36,000
blocks. 
Each one, weighing several 

865
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,800
hundred pounds, and fitted 
together with the kind of 

866
00:49:38,808 --> 00:49:40,900
precision. 
That suggests the builders 

867
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:43,900
understood that lives were 
depend on their craftsmanship. 

868
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:49,100
The exteriors painted white and 
shows signs of the constant 

869
00:49:49,100 --> 00:49:52,000
maintenance required to 
withstand salt, spray and wind. 

870
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:56,500
At the top, the lantern room 
gleams with hundreds of glass 

871
00:49:56,500 --> 00:49:59,500
panes refracting. 
The afternoon light into 

872
00:49:59,500 --> 00:50:02,900
scattered diamonds attached to 
the base of the tower is the 

873
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:06,100
keepers dwelling. 
A two-story Stone building, that

874
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:08,700
looks almost cozy compared to 
the towers or steer 

875
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:12,400
functionality. 
Smoke rises from the chimney 

876
00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:15,600
evidence that the previous 
keeper followed protocol and 

877
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,400
left, the stove burning to 
prevent dampness from setting 

878
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:21,500
into the walls. 
In a few hours that previous 

879
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:23,600
keeper will finish explaining 
your duties. 

880
00:50:23,600 --> 00:50:25,800
And depart on the supply boats 
return trip. 

881
00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:29,600
Leaving you alone with your new 
responsibilities, the path from 

882
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:31,400
The Landing. 
To the lighthouse is paved with 

883
00:50:31,408 --> 00:50:34,600
stones that have been worn 
Smooth by countless footsteps 

884
00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:38,900
alongside it runs a wooden rail 
currently decorated with dried 

885
00:50:38,900 --> 00:50:41,500
salt crystals that sparkle in 
the weak sunlight. 

886
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,300
You'll learn to appreciate that 
rail during winter storms. 

887
00:50:45,300 --> 00:50:48,400
When the wind tries to pluck. 
You off your feet and send you 

888
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:51,400
tumbling into the Rocks. 
Below your appointment is 

889
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:53,300
assistant Lighthouse. 
Keeper came through the 

890
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:55,900
lighthouse board. 
After months of paperwork and 

891
00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:59,400
references. 
The position pays $40 per month.

892
00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:03,500
Not a fortune, but steady 
employment in an era when 

893
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,800
economic depressions come as 
regularly as seasons. 

894
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:10,800
More importantly, it offers 
something that's increasingly 

895
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:12,900
rare. 
Clear purpose. 

896
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:16,200
Every ship captain, who safely 
navigate past? 

897
00:51:16,200 --> 00:51:17,900
This. 
Promontory will allow their 

898
00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:20,600
success partly to your 
diligence, though. 

899
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:23,500
They'll never know your name. 
The isolation is already 

900
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:25,800
palpable and you've been here 
less than an hour. 

901
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:30,800
The nearest Village is six miles
by water 12, by the coastal road

902
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:33,100
that becomes impossible during 
winter storms. 

903
00:51:33,100 --> 00:51:36,200
The supply boat comes, once a 
month where the permitting 

904
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,800
during bad Winter's, you might 
go 10 weeks without seeing 

905
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:41,700
another human face beyond your 
head keeper. 

906
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:44,500
For some people, this would feel
like imprisonment. 

907
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:47,300
For you. 
It feels like an escape from the

908
00:51:47,300 --> 00:51:50,800
increasingly crowded and 
complicated world of the 1880s, 

909
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:54,700
where cities grow faster than 
anyone can manage them in 

910
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:57,900
Telegraph wires, connect 
everything, to everything else. 

911
00:51:57,900 --> 00:52:02,500
In ways that make privacy feel 
obsolete, the previous keeper 

912
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:05,000
emerges, from the dwelling 
wiping, his hands on his apron, 

913
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:08,800
he's a weathered man in his 60s 
whose face has been carved by 

914
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:12,200
wind, and Sun into something. 
Resembling, the surrounding 

915
00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:14,300
rock. 
Formations, his name is 

916
00:52:14,308 --> 00:52:17,800
Jeremiah, and he spent the last 
15 years at this station. 

917
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:22,200
Now, his rumors is grown, too. 
Severe for the constant climbing

918
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,700
that the position requires, and 
he's been transferred to a 

919
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:28,200
Harbor Light with shorter 
stairs, and more medical access.

920
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:32,200
He gestures for you to follow 
him and your education begins. 

921
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:37,100
the first lesson, he explains 
his understanding that the light

922
00:52:37,100 --> 00:52:41,400
house is not just a building 
It's a machine, a living system 

923
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:43,800
that requires constant, 
attention, and care. 

924
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:48,800
Every component depends on every
other component and neglecting 

925
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,600
any single element can mean 
disaster for ships. 

926
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:55,100
Depending on your light, you 
climb the towers interior spiral

927
00:52:55,100 --> 00:52:58,700
staircase, your footsteps, 
echoing off the curved iron 

928
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:01,800
walls. 
The stairs are Steep and narrow 

929
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:05,000
designed to fit within the 
towers tapering structure. 

930
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:10,100
There are 93 steps from bottom 
to top and Jeremiah informs you,

931
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:13,400
that you'll climb them at least 
six times per day more during 

932
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:15,100
storms. 
When you need to monitor the 

933
00:53:15,100 --> 00:53:18,300
light more frequently, Your legs
will hurt for the first month 

934
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:22,500
then they'll adapt becoming 
strong in ways that surprise 

935
00:53:22,500 --> 00:53:24,100
you. 
When you eventually visit town 

936
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:27,100
and find you can walk up hills 
that wind other people, the 

937
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:29,500
rooms within the tower, are 
surprisingly cozy. 

938
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:33,000
There's a small storage area for
lamp oil and another for 

939
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,100
cleaning supplies and a third 
that serves as a workshop for 

940
00:53:36,100 --> 00:53:39,000
repairs. 
Everything smells of oil and 

941
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:42,000
metal and the particular 
mustiness that comes from Stone 

942
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:45,200
building's near the sea. 
The walls are thick enough that 

943
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:48,600
the Roar of ways becomes muted 
to a steady background Rhythm 

944
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:52,600
like, living inside a large sea 
shell at the top, you emerge 

945
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:54,900
into the lantern room and the 
view steals, whatever. 

946
00:53:54,900 --> 00:53:56,900
Breathe The Climb hasn't already
taken. 

947
00:53:57,800 --> 00:54:00,800
Glass around you on all sides 
offering a panoramic. 

948
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:05,400
Vista of Ocean Sky and the rocky
Coastline stretching in both 

949
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,900
directions. 
The friendlier lens, dominates 

950
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:12,000
the center of the room, the 
Magnificent, arrangement of 

951
00:54:12,000 --> 00:54:15,800
glass prisms that stands taller 
than you and represents the 

952
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:19,800
Pinnacle of 19th century. 
Optical engineering, Jeremiah 

953
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:23,300
explains that this particular 
lens is a third order from now 

954
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:27,800
with 186 separate glass prisms, 
arranged in concentric rings 

955
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:31,700
around the lamp at its Center. 
the lens rotates on A Clockwork 

956
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:34,600
mechanism, powered by weights 
that descend through the tower, 

957
00:54:34,600 --> 00:54:39,300
requiring rewinding, every four 
hours, When properly maintained 

958
00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:43,100
and lit, this lens can amplify 
the light of a single lamp to be

959
00:54:43,108 --> 00:54:47,000
visible for 15 miles at sea. 
A beacon that can mean the 

960
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:49,400
difference between safe passage 
and shipwreck. 

961
00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:53,200
The lamp itself Burns, colder, 
oil derive from rapeseed. 

962
00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:55,800
It requires. 
Careful trimming of the wick, 

963
00:54:55,800 --> 00:54:58,900
every few hours to prevent 
smoking, which would blacken the

964
00:54:58,908 --> 00:55:02,500
lens and diminish the light. 
The lens must be cleaned daily 

965
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:05,800
with special polishing cloths. 
That never quite lose, the smell

966
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:09,000
of the cleaning solution. 
The Clockwork mechanism needs 

967
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,100
weekly oiling. 
The windows require constant 

968
00:55:12,100 --> 00:55:16,100
washing to remove salt deposits.
The list of Maintenance tasks, 

969
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:19,400
feels endless, but Jeremiah 
shows you that they'll soon 

970
00:55:19,400 --> 00:55:22,200
become second nature As Natural 
as breathing. 

971
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:25,800
You spend the afternoon, 
learning these tasks, your hands

972
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:28,300
Awkward on equipment that 
Jeremiah handles with 

973
00:55:28,300 --> 00:55:31,600
unconscious Grace He shows you 
how to judge when the wicked 

974
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:34,500
needs trimming by the color of 
the flame, how to wind the 

975
00:55:34,500 --> 00:55:38,000
Clockwork with exactly the right
tension and how to clean the 

976
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:40,700
lens without leaving streets 
that will scatter the light in 

977
00:55:40,700 --> 00:55:43,800
efficiently. 
Each task has been refined 

978
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,300
through Decades of keeper 
experience into something 

979
00:55:46,300 --> 00:55:48,800
approaching ritual as the sun 
begins. 

980
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:52,400
Its descent all the Western 
Horizon and Jeremiah checks his 

981
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:55,700
pocket watch and nods. 
It's time for the most important

982
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:59,600
moment of the Keeper's day. 
The lighting ceremony, you 

983
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:02,100
follow him through the 
preparation opening the 

984
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:05,300
ventilators to prevent heat 
buildup, checking the oil 

985
00:56:05,300 --> 00:56:09,600
reservoir and adjusting the wick
to the proper height. then as 

986
00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:13,300
the sun touches the Horizon 
Jeremiah lights, a match and 

987
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:16,900
applies it to the wick, the lamp
catches with a soft whoosh and 

988
00:56:16,900 --> 00:56:20,600
immediately, the lens begins 
working its magic The simple 

989
00:56:20,608 --> 00:56:24,400
flame becomes something else. 
Entirely a brilliant beam of 

990
00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:26,300
light. 
That sweeps across the darkening

991
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:30,100
sea as the lens rotates. 
Standing in the lantern room, 

992
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:33,500
your surrounded by moving 
patterns of Illumination as if 

993
00:56:33,508 --> 00:56:35,700
you somehow stepped inside a 
kaleidoscope. 

994
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:39,200
It's beautiful enough that you 
forget to breathe from a moment,

995
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:41,700
Jeremiah allows himself a small 
smile. 

996
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:47,500
This he says never gets old. 
For 15 years, he's lit this lamp

997
00:56:47,500 --> 00:56:50,800
and it still feels like a small 
miracle every time. 

998
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,400
Then he reminds you that the 
miracle requires constant, 

999
00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:58,200
vigilance, the lamp must, never 
go out between sunset and 

1000
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:00,700
sunrise. 
Never flicker never fail. 

1001
00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:05,700
Ships are depending on it and 
ship's carry human lives that 

1002
00:57:05,700 --> 00:57:07,700
night. 
You take your first watch 

1003
00:57:07,700 --> 00:57:10,800
sitting in the lantern room 
while the lens rotates and the 

1004
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:14,000
lamp burn steady. 
Through the Windows, you can see

1005
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:16,800
nothing. 
But Darkness punctuated by stars

1006
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:19,200
and the occasional 
phosphorescent Wavecrest. 

1007
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:21,700
You understand? 
Now, why Lighthouse? 

1008
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:24,400
Keepers develop a particular 
philosophy about their work. 

1009
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,600
Your responsible for something 
larger than yourself a light 

1010
00:57:28,608 --> 00:57:30,500
that guides strangers. 
Through danger. 

1011
00:57:30,500 --> 00:57:35,000
It's both humbling and oddly 
comforting as midnight, 

1012
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:37,100
approaches. 
You climb down to wake. 

1013
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:41,000
Jeremiah for his watch shift. 
Tomorrow, he'll depart and this 

1014
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:44,400
light house will become your 
soul responsibility, shared only

1015
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:47,300
with the head keeper. 
You haven't yet met Tomorrow, 

1016
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:51,400
your new life, truly begins at 
the edge of the world where the 

1017
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:54,200
most important thing you'll do 
each day is simply keep a light 

1018
00:57:54,208 --> 00:57:57,300
burning through the darkness. 
The head Keepers alarm clock 

1019
00:57:57,300 --> 00:58:01,500
sound at 4:45 a.m. which in 
December means your waking in 

1020
00:58:01,500 --> 00:58:04,300
full Darkness. 
Your room in the keepers 

1021
00:58:04,300 --> 00:58:08,300
dwelling is small but adequate 
about 10 ft square, with an 

1022
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:12,500
arrow bed, a dresser a washstand
and a hook for hanging your 

1023
00:58:12,500 --> 00:58:15,500
coat. 
The walls are whitewashed stone 

1024
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:19,000
that stays cool in summer and 
holds Winter's chill like a 

1025
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,500
grudge. 
You've learned to sleep in wool 

1026
00:58:21,500 --> 00:58:24,900
socks and under multiple 
blankets, you like the bedside 

1027
00:58:24,900 --> 00:58:27,400
candle from The Embers, you 
banked in your small stove 

1028
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,900
before retired. 
The flame struggles briefly in 

1029
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:34,600
the cold air before studying 
casting Shadows that make the 

1030
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:37,600
room feel even smaller. 
Outside. 

1031
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:40,400
You can hear the Eternal 
conversation between Wind and 

1032
00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:44,400
Sea. though, after two months 
here, you barely notice it, 

1033
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:48,100
unless the weather turns violent
dressing requires efficiency in 

1034
00:58:48,100 --> 00:58:51,100
the cold, You pull on wool 
trousers over your long 

1035
00:58:51,100 --> 00:58:54,300
underwear. 
Add a flannel shirt, a wool vest

1036
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:59,700
and your Keepers uniform jacket.
The jacket is regulation dark 

1037
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:02,100
blue Wool with brass buttons 
bearing. 

1038
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:05,700
The light house board insignia, 
you're supposed to wear it 

1039
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:08,400
whenever you might encounter 
visitors though, out here, 

1040
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:11,000
visits a rare enough that you 
mostly wear it to remind 

1041
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:13,200
yourself. 
That you have a real job with 

1042
00:59:13,200 --> 00:59:16,700
real Authority. 
Even if your kingdom is only 70 

1043
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:20,200
feet of Tower and a few Acres of
rock, the water in your wash 

1044
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:22,900
stand, has a thin skin of ice 
that cracks. 

1045
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:26,200
When you push your finger 
through you face quickly, 

1046
00:59:26,200 --> 00:59:29,800
gasping at the cold, then dry 
with a rough towel. 

1047
00:59:30,900 --> 00:59:32,900
Your reflection in the small 
mirror shows. 

1048
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:36,200
Someone, whose face is already 
changing from two months of wind

1049
00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:39,700
and weather. 
Skin slightly rougher eyes 

1050
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:43,500
adapted to constantly. 
Scaning her eyes and a general. 

1051
00:59:43,500 --> 00:59:45,400
Air of competence that wasn't 
there. 

1052
00:59:45,400 --> 00:59:48,600
When you arrived down stairs, 
the head keeper is already 

1053
00:59:48,600 --> 00:59:52,300
stoking the kitchen stove, 
coaxing last night's colds, back

1054
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:55,200
in to flames and adding split 
wood from the box beside the 

1055
00:59:55,200 --> 00:59:58,300
hearth. 
His name is Samuel and he's been

1056
00:59:58,308 --> 01:00:01,300
a keeper for 20 years, the last 
five at this station. 

1057
01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:04,700
He's a methodical man in his 
forties who approaches 

1058
01:00:04,700 --> 01:00:07,200
Lighthouse, keeping the way, a 
good watchmaker approaches 

1059
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:11,500
timepieces with absolute 
attention to detail and a 

1060
01:00:11,500 --> 01:00:13,600
conviction that proper 
maintenance prevents most 

1061
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:15,900
problems. 
The kitchen is the heart of the 

1062
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:20,300
dwelling warm and practical. 
There's the cast, iron stove, a 

1063
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:24,100
sturdy table with two chairs, 
open shelves, holding dishes and

1064
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:27,600
dry goods and windows Facing 
East to catch morning, light, 

1065
01:00:27,600 --> 01:00:31,700
when it eventually arrives. 
A kettle perpetually sits on the

1066
01:00:31,700 --> 01:00:35,400
stove, ready for tea or coffee, 
and the room smells of 

1067
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:38,300
Woodsmoke. 
Yesterday's fish stew and the 

1068
01:00:38,308 --> 01:00:41,000
yeasty center of the bread you 
bake two days ago. 

1069
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:44,600
Samuel nods is greeting. 
He's not a morning talker and 

1070
01:00:44,600 --> 01:00:46,100
You Begin your part of the 
routine. 

1071
01:00:47,200 --> 01:00:50,900
Coffee goes into the pot. 
Rough grounds measured by Ai and

1072
01:00:50,900 --> 01:00:53,500
water from the system that 
collects rainwater from the 

1073
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:57,400
roof. while it Brews you slice 
bread from the loaf and set out 

1074
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:01,900
butter jam, and the smoke 
tearing That's been a breakfast 

1075
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:04,800
staple since the supply boats 
last visit three weeks ago. 

1076
01:01:04,800 --> 01:01:09,300
Breakfast is functional rather 
than elaborate the smoked 

1077
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:12,700
Herring is salty enough to wake 
your mouth, the bread is dense 

1078
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:15,900
and filling, and the coffee is 
strong enough that you can feel 

1079
01:01:15,900 --> 01:01:21,000
your thoughts organizing 
themselves with each sip Samuel 

1080
01:01:21,000 --> 01:01:24,700
reads yesterday's newspaper, 
already four days old, when the 

1081
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:29,000
supply boat delivered it now a 
week old, but still your primary

1082
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:32,600
connection to the larger world 
You learn that president 

1083
01:01:32,600 --> 01:01:35,300
clevedon has made some 
pronouncement about tariffs, 

1084
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:38,800
that there's been another labor 
dispute in Pittsburgh and that 

1085
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:42,100
the weather in New York has been
unseasonably warm after 

1086
01:01:42,100 --> 01:01:44,000
breakfast. 
Comes the morning inspection, 

1087
01:01:44,000 --> 01:01:47,300
which Samuel treats with the 
seriousness of a military drill.

1088
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:51,400
You both Don your coats and step
into the pre-dawn darkness, 

1089
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,300
where the light from your 
Lantern room, still switches 

1090
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:56,500
across the sea in its endless 
rotation. 

1091
01:01:57,900 --> 01:01:59,700
The path of the tower is 
familiar enough. 

1092
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:02,500
Now that you could walk it 
blindfolded though your 

1093
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:05,100
carefully anyway, the stones can
be slippery with overnight 

1094
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:07,300
content Sensational inside the 
tower. 

1095
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:11,400
You climb the 93 steps with the 
ease of repetition, your legs no

1096
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:13,300
longer Burn. 
By the time you reach the top 

1097
01:02:13,300 --> 01:02:17,900
and you stopped counting steps 
weeks ago In the lantern room 

1098
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,800
that lamps still Burns deadly, 
tended during the night watches.

1099
01:02:22,500 --> 01:02:26,400
The first task is extinguishing 
it properly waiting until dawn 

1100
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,400
is fully established. 
Then carefully reducing the wick

1101
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:34,200
before, extinguishing the flame.
The timing matters extinguished 

1102
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:37,100
too early and a ship might be 
approaching in the last 

1103
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:41,400
Darkness, too late and you're 
wasting expensive oil with the 

1104
01:02:41,400 --> 01:02:43,700
lamp out. 
You open the ventilators to 

1105
01:02:43,708 --> 01:02:45,800
clear accumulated, heat and 
fumes. 

1106
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:49,400
Then begin the cleaning routine.
The lens is your primary 

1107
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:54,300
concern, dust, salt, crystals, 
and any such from the lamp must 

1108
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:56,700
be removed to maintain optimal, 
light transmission. 

1109
01:02:57,800 --> 01:03:00,700
You use special cloths dampened 
with cleaning solution. 

1110
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:03,900
Working, methodically through 
each section of the fresnel 

1111
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:07,100
lens. 
Prisms, catch and Scatter. 

1112
01:03:07,100 --> 01:03:10,600
The dawn light as you work 
throwing rainbow patterns across

1113
01:03:10,600 --> 01:03:14,500
the lantern room walls, Samuel 
inspects the Clockwork mechanism

1114
01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:18,500
while you clean checking for 
anywhere in the gears ensuring 

1115
01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:20,200
the weights move smoothly during
the night. 

1116
01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:23,200
And adding tiny drops of oil to 
pivot Points. 

1117
01:03:24,500 --> 01:03:28,500
The mechanism is remarkably 
precise but also remarkably 

1118
01:03:28,500 --> 01:03:31,700
unforgiving of neglect. 
A few missed maintenance 

1119
01:03:31,700 --> 01:03:33,900
sessions, could lead to a 
regular rotation. 

1120
01:03:33,900 --> 01:03:37,600
In a regular rotation means 
ships, might not see the lighter

1121
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:40,300
expected intervals. 
After the lantern room, you 

1122
01:03:40,300 --> 01:03:42,700
descend to check the oil storage
noting. 

1123
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:45,300
The current level in the 
reservoir and calculating how 

1124
01:03:45,300 --> 01:03:47,900
many more days before you'll 
need to transfer oil. 

1125
01:03:47,900 --> 01:03:51,400
From the storage barrels. 
Everything is recorded in the 

1126
01:03:51,400 --> 01:03:56,600
Keeper's log oil levels, weather
conditions, visibility any ship,

1127
01:03:56,600 --> 01:04:00,100
sighted, maintenance performed, 
and even notable bird. 

1128
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:03,000
Sightings The Lighthouse board 
reviews. 

1129
01:04:03,000 --> 01:04:06,400
These logs during inspections 
and keepers have been dismissed,

1130
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:10,100
for inadequate record, keeping 
the fog Bell gets checked next 

1131
01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:13,500
even though fog is unlikely in 
the current crisp December 

1132
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:16,700
weather. 
The Bell mechanism uses a wound 

1133
01:04:16,700 --> 01:04:19,200
spring to strike at regular 
intervals, during low 

1134
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:21,100
visibility, and like, everything
else. 

1135
01:04:21,100 --> 01:04:26,200
It requires regular maintenance 
You test it, briefly the Deep, 

1136
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:30,300
clang Echoes across the rocks 
and sea, a sound, both mournful 

1137
01:04:30,300 --> 01:04:33,100
and reassuring. 
By the time, you complete the 

1138
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:35,800
morning inspection real Dawn as 
arrived. 

1139
01:04:36,500 --> 01:04:40,600
The sun rises over the ocean, 
turning the water from black to 

1140
01:04:40,600 --> 01:04:44,400
gray to Bluegreen revealing the 
endless texture of waves. 

1141
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:47,400
Fishing Schooner is visible to 
the South. 

1142
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:50,500
Probably heading back to Port 
after a night's work. 

1143
01:04:51,600 --> 01:04:55,400
You make a note in the log. 
One vessel sighted Schooner 

1144
01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:57,300
rigged. 
Coarse approximately Northwest 

1145
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:00,500
distance. 
Three miles back in the dwelling

1146
01:05:00,500 --> 01:05:02,800
you and Samuel divide the day's 
work. 

1147
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:05,200
He'll handle the paperwork and 
begin repairs. 

1148
01:05:05,200 --> 01:05:08,500
On the supply sheds roof, which 
leaked during the last storm, 

1149
01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:11,400
you'll manage the daily 
maintenance tasks and start 

1150
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:14,400
preparing tomorrow's bread. 
There's also laundry that needs 

1151
01:05:14,400 --> 01:05:17,300
doing the lighthouse board is 
particular about Keepers, 

1152
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:20,800
maintaining neat appearances. 
And that means regular washing, 

1153
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:24,600
despite the extra work involved 
the rest of the morning unfolds 

1154
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,900
in productive routine. 
You refill oil, lamps sweep, 

1155
01:05:27,900 --> 01:05:31,100
floors. 
Check the rain system, level an 

1156
01:05:31,100 --> 01:05:32,500
inventory supplies against the 
list. 

1157
01:05:32,500 --> 01:05:34,200
You're preparing for the next 
supply boat. 

1158
01:05:35,100 --> 01:05:37,300
There's a meditative quality to 
these tasks. 

1159
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:41,000
Each one contributing to the 
smooth operation of your small 

1160
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:43,500
domain. 
Your responsible for 

1161
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:46,500
infrastructure. 
Safety, navigation and record, 

1162
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:51,000
keeping which makes you part 
engineer part, bureaucrat, and 

1163
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:54,400
part guardian of Travelers. 
You'll never meet around. 

1164
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:58,200
Mid-morning you start bread 
dough mixing flour, salt, yeast 

1165
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,400
and water in proportions. 
You've learned to judge by 

1166
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:03,800
field. 
The dough is sticky and 

1167
01:06:03,800 --> 01:06:07,300
resistant at first then 
gradually becomes smooth and 

1168
01:06:07,300 --> 01:06:10,700
elastic under your kneading. 
You set it to rise near the 

1169
01:06:10,708 --> 01:06:14,800
stove, covered with a damp 
cloth, knowing it will double in

1170
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,500
size by afternoon. 
There's something satisfying 

1171
01:06:17,500 --> 01:06:20,500
about bread, making the way 
basic ingredients. 

1172
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:24,300
Transformed through patient work
into something essential lunch 

1173
01:06:24,300 --> 01:06:27,700
is simple yesterday. 
Stewie heated, more bread and 

1174
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:30,200
tea, the stew is improved with 
time. 

1175
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:32,900
The ways to do all the flavors 
meld in together. 

1176
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:36,500
Samuel mentioned that her likely
transfer to a land station. 

1177
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:40,100
Next year, his wife is tired of 
the isolation and wants to be 

1178
01:06:40,100 --> 01:06:43,300
near their grandchildren. 
This means you might become 

1179
01:06:43,300 --> 01:06:47,300
headkeeper here or transfer to 
another station or possibly 

1180
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:50,300
train, a new assistance. 
In Lighthouse, keeping 

1181
01:06:50,300 --> 01:06:53,200
everything is temporary, except 
the lights themselves. 

1182
01:06:53,200 --> 01:06:56,900
After lunch comes more 
maintenance, there's always more

1183
01:06:56,900 --> 01:06:59,600
maintenance. 
He cleaned Windows trim lamp 

1184
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:04,100
Wicks polish brass fittings. 
Check the storm shutters inspect

1185
01:07:04,100 --> 01:07:07,700
roofing shingles and performer, 
doesn't other small tasks, that 

1186
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:09,700
collectively. 
Ensure the light house remains 

1187
01:07:09,700 --> 01:07:12,900
functional and presentable. 
The light house bored sends 

1188
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:16,500
inspectors without warning and 
Keepers who fail inspection can 

1189
01:07:16,500 --> 01:07:20,400
be demoted or dismissed by 
mid-afternoon, you've earned a 

1190
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,000
brief rest. 
You sit on the bench outside the

1191
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:25,000
dwelling drinking tea and 
watching the sea. 

1192
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:27,600
The fishing schooner from this 
morning is returning. 

1193
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,900
Probably successfully given how 
low it sits in the water. 

1194
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:35,200
A few gulls wheel overhead, 
their cries mixing with the 

1195
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:37,500
Wind. 
The bread dough has risen 

1196
01:07:37,500 --> 01:07:40,400
properly and now sits in the 
oven filling the dwelling with 

1197
01:07:40,408 --> 01:07:43,900
yeasty warmth. 
This is your life now routine 

1198
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:48,300
and responsibility isolation and
purpose, and the endless cycle 

1199
01:07:48,300 --> 01:07:52,100
of Maintenance and vigilance 
It's not the life you imagine in

1200
01:07:52,100 --> 01:07:56,200
your youth but it's proving to 
be the life you needed here at 

1201
01:07:56,200 --> 01:07:58,900
the edge of the world. 
Things are simple, if not easy, 

1202
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:03,000
the light must burn, the 
Machinery must work and the ship

1203
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,100
must be guided safely through 
the night. 

1204
01:08:05,800 --> 01:08:09,500
Everything else is just details.
The fresnel lens that dominate 

1205
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:12,600
your land of room represents. 
Decades of optical research 

1206
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:17,700
compressed into crystalline 
precision, Before Augusta genre 

1207
01:08:17,700 --> 01:08:20,500
revolutionized Light House 
technology in the 1820s 

1208
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:24,300
Lighthouse is used simple 
reflectors that wasted most of 

1209
01:08:24,300 --> 01:08:28,700
their light. fornells 
Innovation, arranging prisms, in

1210
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:32,200
concentric circles to capture 
and focus light, that would 

1211
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:36,399
otherwise scatter uselessly 
Transformed Maritime navigation.

1212
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:39,300
Standing before your third order
lens. 

1213
01:08:39,300 --> 01:08:41,899
You're looking at technology 
that's essentially unchanged 

1214
01:08:41,899 --> 01:08:45,500
since fresnel's original designs
because sometimes the first 

1215
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:47,500
solution is also the perfect 
solution. 

1216
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:52,500
Your lens consists of 186 
individual, glass prisms, held 

1217
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:55,600
in a bronze framework that 
rotates around the central lamp.

1218
01:08:56,200 --> 01:09:00,100
The innermost ring features the 
largest prisms called bullseyes.

1219
01:09:00,100 --> 01:09:03,399
Each one hand, ground and 
Polished to tolerances measured 

1220
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:06,100
in fractions of millimeters 
surrounding. 

1221
01:09:06,100 --> 01:09:09,000
These are smaller refracting 
prisms that capture light 

1222
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:12,200
traveling at Angles, and 
redirected toward the horizon. 

1223
01:09:13,399 --> 01:09:17,200
The entire assembly weighs 
nearly two tons yet floats on a 

1224
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:20,500
Mercury Bar that allows the 
Clockwork mechanism to rotate it

1225
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,300
with remarkable. 
Smoothness understanding the 

1226
01:09:23,300 --> 01:09:26,700
lens means, understanding light 
itself, you've learned that 

1227
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:29,600
light travels in straight lines,
until something makes it change 

1228
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:33,899
direction, which is exactly what
each prism does with exquisite 

1229
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:37,300
precision. 
The bullseye's concentrate the 

1230
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:40,899
lamps output into focused beams.
That sweep across the sea as the

1231
01:09:40,899 --> 01:09:44,600
lens rotates. 
Ships captains can identify your

1232
01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:47,300
light house by counting the 
interval between flashes. 

1233
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:53,600
Your station produces one, flash
every 30 seconds, a signature is

1234
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:56,200
distinct as a fingerprint the 
lamp at the lenses. 

1235
01:09:56,200 --> 01:09:59,200
Heart is simpler than you'd 
expect given the sophisticated 

1236
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:02,700
Optics surrounding it. 
It's essentially just a fancy 

1237
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:07,000
oil lamp, a brass Reservoir 
holding culture oil, a circular 

1238
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:10,200
Wick that can be raised or 
lowered and a chimney to direct 

1239
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:13,400
fumes upward. 
But getting that simple lamp to 

1240
01:10:13,400 --> 01:10:15,300
burn. 
Steadily for 12, winter hours, 

1241
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:17,800
requires attention that borders 
on meditation. 

1242
01:10:17,800 --> 01:10:21,300
You've learned to read the flame
like a language, a yellow 

1243
01:10:21,308 --> 01:10:23,200
orange. 
Flame means the wick is too high

1244
01:10:23,200 --> 01:10:25,900
or needs trimming. 
A blue, white flame means its 

1245
01:10:25,900 --> 01:10:28,700
perfect. 
A flickering flame suggests 

1246
01:10:28,700 --> 01:10:30,800
draft problems or contaminated 
oil. 

1247
01:10:31,800 --> 01:10:35,000
The wick itself is cotton tape 
about two inches wide and it 

1248
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:37,800
needs trimming every four hours 
to remove the carbon buildup 

1249
01:10:37,800 --> 01:10:41,500
that accumulates as it burns too
much trimming and you'll use up 

1250
01:10:41,500 --> 01:10:44,300
the wick. 
Prematurely two little and 

1251
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:45,700
smoke. 
Will blacken your beautiful 

1252
01:10:45,700 --> 01:10:49,200
lands, trimming the wick 
requires small scissors designed

1253
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:52,800
specifically for the purpose, 
Sharp enough to cut cleanly 

1254
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:56,700
through, Chardon small enough to
maneuver in the confined space 

1255
01:10:56,700 --> 01:10:59,800
around the lamp. 
You wait until the flame is at 

1256
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:02,000
its lowest safe level then 
carefully. 

1257
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:06,400
Snip away, the black and Edge. 
Creating a smooth circular cut. 

1258
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:10,900
The flame responds immediately, 
burning brighter and cleaner. 

1259
01:11:11,700 --> 01:11:16,500
It's a small satisfaction but 
satisfaction nonetheless, the 

1260
01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:20,300
oil itself comes in 50 gallon, 
barrels delivered by the supply 

1261
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:24,100
boat each Barrel, weighing over 
400 pounds you. 

1262
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:27,200
And Samuel roll them from The 
Landing, to the oil storage room

1263
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,200
using a wooden track, then to 
Camp the oil into smaller 

1264
01:11:30,200 --> 01:11:33,300
containers for daily. 
Use the oil has a faintly 

1265
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:36,900
vegetable smell and a viscosity 
that varies with temperature 

1266
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:41,400
thinner in summer, thicker and 
winter in extreme cold. 

1267
01:11:41,400 --> 01:11:44,400
You sometimes need to warm the 
oil slightly before adding it to

1268
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:47,100
the lamps of War. 
Cleaning, the lens is your 

1269
01:11:47,100 --> 01:11:50,900
favorite task a calling it to 
task doesn't capture the 

1270
01:11:50,900 --> 01:11:54,700
ritualistic quality. 
It's acquired you work in the 

1271
01:11:54,700 --> 01:11:57,300
early morning, after 
extinguishing the lamp, when 

1272
01:11:57,300 --> 01:12:00,400
sunlight streams, through the 
lantern room windows and turns 

1273
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:04,200
the lens, into a sculpture of 
light, Your cleaning, cloths are

1274
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:07,400
soft flannel dampened with a 
solution of alcohol and 

1275
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:10,200
distilled water. 
You work systematically 

1276
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:14,700
cleaning, one prism at a time 
buffing until no streaks remain.

1277
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:19,200
Each prism reveals its 
personality during cleaning Some

1278
01:12:19,200 --> 01:12:21,600
collect dust preferentially on 
their upper surfaces. 

1279
01:12:21,600 --> 01:12:25,900
Others show salt, crystals at 
their edges where spray somehow 

1280
01:12:25,900 --> 01:12:28,000
penetrates the lanterns 
weatherproofing. 

1281
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:31,500
The bullseyes require extra 
attention because any 

1282
01:12:31,500 --> 01:12:34,400
imperfection in their surfaces 
will scatter light and weaken 

1283
01:12:34,400 --> 01:12:36,500
the beam. 
You've learned that the best 

1284
01:12:36,500 --> 01:12:39,800
technique is small circular 
motions, followed by vertical 

1285
01:12:39,800 --> 01:12:43,500
buffing and that checking your 
work against sunlight reveals 

1286
01:12:43,500 --> 01:12:45,300
streaks that are invisible in 
other conditions. 

1287
01:12:46,400 --> 01:12:49,200
The Clockwork mechanism that 
rotates, the lens is Victorian 

1288
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:53,500
engineering at its finest. 
Brass gears steel cables and 

1289
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:57,200
iron weights, working in concert
to produce perfectly consistent 

1290
01:12:57,200 --> 01:13:01,100
rotation. the weights, descend 
through the towers Center, 

1291
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:04,800
connected by cables, that wrap 
around a drum connected to the 

1292
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:09,100
lens assembly, as the weights 
fall, they turn the drum, which 

1293
01:13:09,100 --> 01:13:12,000
rotates the lens through a 
series of reduction gears that 

1294
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:15,200
slowed the rotation to the 
prescribed speed winding. 

1295
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,400
The Clockwork happens, every 
four hours regardless of whether

1296
01:13:18,400 --> 01:13:22,400
or fatigue You open the access 
panel in the lantern room floor 

1297
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:24,800
grassed. 
The winless handle and begin 

1298
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:28,200
cranking. 
The weights rise slowly through 

1299
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:32,000
the towers Hollow core 
accompanied by clicking sounds 

1300
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:34,300
as the ratchet mechanism 
prevents reverse motion. 

1301
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:39,100
Your arms learned quickly. 
To judge the proper Rhythm too 

1302
01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:43,100
fast and you'll exhaust yourself
too slow and you'll waste time 

1303
01:13:43,100 --> 01:13:46,700
the full winding takes about 15 
minutes and leaves your 

1304
01:13:46,700 --> 01:13:48,600
shoulders. 
Feeling pleasantly worked. 

1305
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:51,100
Occasionally usually during 
storms. 

1306
01:13:51,100 --> 01:13:55,000
Something goes wrong, a gear 
tooth might chip a cable might 

1307
01:13:55,000 --> 01:13:57,200
Fray? 
Or the Mercury bath, might 

1308
01:13:57,208 --> 01:14:00,900
develop a regularity. these 
problems transformed from 

1309
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:05,000
abstract possibilities into 
urgent crises because the light 

1310
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:08,600
must keep turning You've learned
to perform repairs while the 

1311
01:14:08,600 --> 01:14:11,300
system continues operating 
working around. 

1312
01:14:11,300 --> 01:14:14,900
Moving Parts with tools held in 
hands that can't afford to shape

1313
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:19,100
butts during a January Easter, 
the Clockwork began grinding 

1314
01:14:19,100 --> 01:14:21,500
ominously around two a.m. during
your watch. 

1315
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,300
You discovered that moisture at 
somehow penetrated the gear 

1316
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,800
housing causing rust to bind one
of the reduction gears. 

1317
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:33,000
Samuel joined you in the lantern
room and together you performed.

1318
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:36,200
Emergency field maintenance. 
Disassembling. 

1319
01:14:36,200 --> 01:14:40,000
The mechanisms section by 
section while manually rotating 

1320
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:43,300
the lens to keep the light 
sweeping properly cleaning, each

1321
01:14:43,300 --> 01:14:47,400
gear, applying fresh oil, and 
reassembling everything before. 

1322
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:51,000
The next rotation of the repair 
took three hours and left. 

1323
01:14:51,000 --> 01:14:52,900
You both exhausted and 
exhilarated. 

1324
01:14:53,700 --> 01:14:56,200
When the Clockwork, resumed, its
smooth operation. 

1325
01:14:56,200 --> 01:14:59,300
Samuel actually smiled. 
And said, this was why 

1326
01:14:59,300 --> 01:15:00,800
Lighthouse? 
Keeping wasn't for everyone. 

1327
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:04,300
It required, people who could 
solve problems at 2 a.m. during 

1328
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:08,100
storms while maintaining a light
that ships were depending on You

1329
01:15:08,100 --> 01:15:12,100
felt a pride that had nothing to
do with ego and everything to do

1330
01:15:12,100 --> 01:15:16,000
with competence validated the 
lens has taught you patience. 

1331
01:15:16,700 --> 01:15:19,300
You cannot Rush its cleaning 
without leaving streaks. 

1332
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:22,600
You cannot force the Clockwork 
to wind faster than its 

1333
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:25,100
mechanics. 
Allow you cannot make the lamp 

1334
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:27,300
burn brighter than it is 
designed permits. 

1335
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:32,000
Instead you work within 
constraints achieving Excellence

1336
01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:34,500
through consistent attention, 
rather than dramatic 

1337
01:15:34,500 --> 01:15:37,500
intervention. 
It's a philosophy that applies 

1338
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:39,600
Beyond light housekeeping, 
though. 

1339
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:42,300
You don't often have time to 
contemplate such connections, 

1340
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:45,100
some times during quiet 
afternoons. 

1341
01:15:45,100 --> 01:15:48,400
When all maintenance is complete
in the sea as Karm, you simply 

1342
01:15:48,400 --> 01:15:51,300
sit in the lantern room and 
watch light move through glass. 

1343
01:15:52,500 --> 01:15:55,800
The sun strike's prisms at 
changing angles, as a cross as 

1344
01:15:55,800 --> 01:15:59,800
the sky creating patterns, that 
shift with geometric precision. 

1345
01:16:01,200 --> 01:16:04,600
You understand now why Friel 
devoted years to developing this

1346
01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:07,500
technology? 
There's something profound about

1347
01:16:07,500 --> 01:16:09,000
shaping like with such 
precision. 

1348
01:16:09,900 --> 01:16:13,100
About taking something as 
ephemeral as photons and bending

1349
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:16,400
them to human purpose, the lens 
will Outlast you. 

1350
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:20,000
It was here before you arrived 
and will remain after you depart

1351
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:23,500
serving keeper after Keeper in 
its patient mission of guiding 

1352
01:16:23,500 --> 01:16:27,200
ships through Darkness. 
This isn't Melancholy. 

1353
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:31,300
It's comforting. 
You're part of a Continuum, a 

1354
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:33,600
Lincoln, a chain of 
responsibility that extends 

1355
01:16:33,600 --> 01:16:37,200
backward through decades and 
forward into an unimaginable 

1356
01:16:37,200 --> 01:16:40,000
future. 
Your job is simply to maintain 

1357
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:44,600
your link, keeping it strong and
bright for whoever comes next, a

1358
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:46,700
sunset approaches, and you 
prepare to like the lamp for 

1359
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:48,600
another night, you run through 
the checklist. 

1360
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:53,200
That's become second, nature 
ventilators, open oil reservoir 

1361
01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:56,400
full Wick trimmed and positioned
Clockwork. 

1362
01:16:56,400 --> 01:16:59,300
Wound, cleaning completed and 
log entries. 

1363
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:02,900
Current Then you strike the 
match and touch it to the wick. 

1364
01:17:02,900 --> 01:17:06,900
And once again, the machine 
comes to life, transforming a 

1365
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:08,900
simple flame into a beak and 
visible. 

1366
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:12,700
For miles, across the darkening 
sea, the light sweeps outward 

1367
01:17:12,700 --> 01:17:14,800
and somewhere beyond your 
horizon. 

1368
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:18,100
A ship's Captain sees it and 
marks their position with 

1369
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:20,800
relief. 
You'll never meet that captain 

1370
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:23,600
or know their name. 
But for this moment, you're 

1371
01:17:23,600 --> 01:17:25,800
connected through the 
intermediary of light and glass,

1372
01:17:25,800 --> 01:17:30,400
it's enough, it's everything. 
The isolation accumulates 

1373
01:17:30,400 --> 01:17:32,300
gradually like snow on a 
rooftop. 

1374
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:35,800
The first week felt like a 
peaceful Retreat from city 

1375
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:39,700
crowds and social obligations. 
The second week introduced 

1376
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:42,100
moments of Silence. 
So complete, you could hear your

1377
01:17:42,100 --> 01:17:45,100
own heartbeat. 
By the third month, you've 

1378
01:17:45,100 --> 01:17:47,900
learned that Solitude isn't 
simply the absence of people, 

1379
01:17:47,900 --> 01:17:51,800
it's its own presence as 
tangible as wind or weather. 

1380
01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:54,900
Samuel is good company. 
But like Lighthouse, keeping 

1381
01:17:54,900 --> 01:17:57,000
doesn't encourage extent of 
conversation. 

1382
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:01,700
You work parallel rather than 
together, each managing a signed

1383
01:18:01,700 --> 01:18:05,900
tasks with practice deficiency. 
Meals a brief and functional 

1384
01:18:05,900 --> 01:18:08,300
evening's. 
Find you both absorbed in 

1385
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:10,800
separate Pursuits him. 
Reading or doing. 

1386
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:12,900
Repairs. 
You writing letters or 

1387
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:16,500
maintaining personal equipment. 
The dwelling has become like a 

1388
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:19,700
ship where two Sailors shared 
space while respecting each 

1389
01:18:19,700 --> 01:18:23,200
other psychological territory, 
you've discovered that Solitude 

1390
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:27,100
changes, how you think? 
Without constant social input. 

1391
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:31,300
Your mind develops his own 
rhythms and preoccupations you 

1392
01:18:31,300 --> 01:18:33,400
find yourself contemplating 
questions. 

1393
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:37,700
That would seem absurd in City. 
Contexts, Whether the gulls 

1394
01:18:37,700 --> 01:18:42,600
recognize individual humans, how
fish experience storms and what 

1395
01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:45,400
percentage of waves break 
without anyone watching them? 

1396
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:50,600
These aren't practical questions
but they occupy the mental space

1397
01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:52,800
that social obligations 
previously. 

1398
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,500
Filled the sea itself, becomes a
companion of sorts though. 

1399
01:18:56,500 --> 01:19:00,800
An impersonal one, it has moods 
but no intentions patterns but 

1400
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:03,800
no purposes. 
You've learned to read its 

1401
01:19:03,800 --> 01:19:07,700
Changing Faces, the long rolling
swells that signal distance 

1402
01:19:07,700 --> 01:19:11,400
storms, the sharp chop, that 
means local windshields. 

1403
01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:14,200
And the glassy calm that 
precedes where the changes. 

1404
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,700
Each condition creates its own 
sound track, gentle lapping 

1405
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:23,700
against rocks, explosive crashes
against Cliffs or the peculiar 

1406
01:19:23,700 --> 01:19:26,500
hissing sound of spray suspended
in strong. 

1407
01:19:26,500 --> 01:19:30,100
Wind winter storms, transformed 
the light house into something 

1408
01:19:30,100 --> 01:19:33,800
between a fortress and a prison.
When nor Easter's blow in from 

1409
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:37,000
the Atlantic waves, reach 
Heights that seem impossible 

1410
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:40,800
until you witness them. 
Water explodes against rocks 

1411
01:19:40,800 --> 01:19:43,000
with force. 
That makes the Tower of vibrate 

1412
01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:46,100
sending spray high enough to 
coat the lantern room glass with

1413
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:50,500
salt despite its 70 foot 
elevation During these storms, 

1414
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:52,300
you cannot leave the lighthouse 
grounds. 

1415
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,100
Even the short walk between 
dwelling and Tower. 

1416
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:57,700
Becomes dangerous as wind tries 
to lift you off your feet. 

1417
01:19:57,700 --> 01:19:59,800
You've learned to prepare for 
storms. 

1418
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:01,300
The way squirrels prepare for 
winter. 

1419
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:05,700
When the barometer drops and 
clouds Mass on the horizon, you 

1420
01:20:05,700 --> 01:20:09,900
and Samuel spring into action, 
Storm shutters get secured over 

1421
01:20:09,900 --> 01:20:13,400
dwelling Windows. 
Extra oil gets, hold up to the 

1422
01:20:13,400 --> 01:20:16,600
lantern room. 
The fog Bell mechanism gets 

1423
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:20,100
checked and double-checked. 
Fresh water containers, get 

1424
01:20:20,100 --> 01:20:23,600
filled from the system. 
Firewood gets stacked inside 

1425
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:26,800
near the stove. 
Then you wait knowing that. 

1426
01:20:26,800 --> 01:20:29,900
The next few days will test both
the light House's construction 

1427
01:20:29,900 --> 01:20:33,300
and your own endurance. 
The worst storm hit in February,

1428
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:36,500
a three-day Tempest that made 
previous storm seemed like 

1429
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:38,900
rehearsals Waves reached 
Heights. 

1430
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:40,900
That seemed to violate natural 
laws. 

1431
01:20:40,900 --> 01:20:43,800
Sending green water crashing 
over rocks. 

1432
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:45,600
You thought was safely above sea
level. 

1433
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:49,400
The wind howled with voices, 
that sounded Almost Human. 

1434
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:53,000
Finding every Gap in the light 
house is weatherproofing and 

1435
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:56,600
exploiting it. 
You and Samuel took two, our 

1436
01:20:56,600 --> 01:20:59,200
watches and of four. 
Because the strain of 

1437
01:20:59,208 --> 01:21:02,100
maintaining the light during 
such conditions exhausted 

1438
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:05,700
concentration faster than normal
during that storm, you 

1439
01:21:05,700 --> 01:21:09,700
discovered depth of fatigue, you
hadn't known existed, your watch

1440
01:21:09,700 --> 01:21:12,100
shifts became exercises in 
sustained Focus. 

1441
01:21:12,100 --> 01:21:16,600
Despite overwhelming tiredness 
wind noise and the towers 

1442
01:21:16,600 --> 01:21:20,600
constant motion as waves, 
hammered its foundation you 

1443
01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:24,800
learn to climb the 93 steps in a
zombie-like state respond to 

1444
01:21:24,808 --> 01:21:27,800
routine problems. 
Through muscle memory alone and 

1445
01:21:27,800 --> 01:21:30,900
stay alert enough to catch 
actual emergencies, through the 

1446
01:21:30,900 --> 01:21:34,700
fog of exhaustion, when the 
storm finally broke and the Sea 

1447
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:37,600
calmed, you and Samuel emerged 
into brilliant. 

1448
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:40,700
Sunshine that made the violence 
of the preceding days, seem like

1449
01:21:40,700 --> 01:21:44,300
a loose, a nation. 
The Rocks were scoured, cleaner 

1450
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:48,700
vegetation Driftwood, littered 
the grounds several Windows had 

1451
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:50,100
cracked. 
Despite their storm shutters 

1452
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:54,500
that the lighted burned steadily
throughout and that was the only

1453
01:21:54,500 --> 01:21:58,500
measure of success that mattered
Solitude or so brings unexpected

1454
01:21:58,500 --> 01:22:01,700
encounters with Wildlife that 
shares this Rocky promontory. 

1455
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:05,800
Seals haul out on rocks, below 
the light house. 

1456
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:08,000
Their barking. 
Carrying up on. 

1457
01:22:08,000 --> 01:22:11,700
Quiet, evening's Harbors. 
Sometimes pass. 

1458
01:22:11,700 --> 01:22:15,400
Close enough that you can hear 
their breathing. during spring 

1459
01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:19,100
and fall migrations, Birds 
stopped to rest warblers 

1460
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,800
thrushes and even once up 
bewildered looking wood duck 

1461
01:22:22,800 --> 01:22:25,700
that seemed a surprise to find 
itself here as you were to see 

1462
01:22:25,708 --> 01:22:30,100
it the Birds teach you about 
navigation and determination The

1463
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:33,700
small ones, weighing barely, an 
ounce somehow cross hundreds of 

1464
01:22:33,708 --> 01:22:37,600
miles of ocean during migration.
Occasionally they're drawn to 

1465
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:39,800
the lighthouse beam during foggy
nights. 

1466
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:42,500
Circling the lantern room in 
confusion. 

1467
01:22:43,300 --> 01:22:46,200
You've learned to extinguish the
lamp briefly during these events

1468
01:22:46,200 --> 01:22:50,400
allowing Birds to escape the 
Fatal Attraction then related. 

1469
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:53,700
Once they've Departed The 
lighthouse board doesn't 

1470
01:22:53,700 --> 01:22:57,000
officially sanction this 
practice, but you suspect most 

1471
01:22:57,000 --> 01:23:00,000
Keepers, do it anyway, you've 
become a pointed with the 

1472
01:23:00,008 --> 01:23:03,500
resident, gulls three pairs. 
That messed on the rocks, each 

1473
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:05,600
spring and maintained 
territories year round. 

1474
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:10,000
One pair which you've mentally 
named Friedrich and Clara for no

1475
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:12,400
particular. 
Reason has grown accustomed to 

1476
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:15,300
your presence enough that they 
don't immediately flee when you 

1477
01:23:15,308 --> 01:23:18,700
emerge from the dwelling. 
they've learned your routine and

1478
01:23:18,700 --> 01:23:22,500
appear expectantly when you 
dispose of fish scraps, It's not

1479
01:23:22,508 --> 01:23:27,100
exactly friendship but it's a 
relationship of sorts the cycle 

1480
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:30,100
weight of isolation varies with 
seasons and weather. 

1481
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:34,200
Summerfield's easier to spite 
longer watches because decent 

1482
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:37,500
weather allows outdoor work that
provides variety and sunshine. 

1483
01:23:38,300 --> 01:23:41,700
Winter compresses life into 
smaller spaces with shorter 

1484
01:23:41,700 --> 01:23:44,200
days. 
Intensifying the sense of being 

1485
01:23:44,200 --> 01:23:47,000
contained in a small Stone box 
at the edge of civilization. 

1486
01:23:48,600 --> 01:23:51,500
You've learned to recognize the 
warning signs in yourself and 

1487
01:23:51,500 --> 01:23:53,900
Samuel. 
Increasing irritability 

1488
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:58,100
attention, lapses, sleep 
disturbances, and to address 

1489
01:23:58,100 --> 01:24:00,000
them through. 
Deliberate routine changes 

1490
01:24:00,000 --> 01:24:01,700
before they become serious 
problems. 

1491
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:06,400
Letters become life lines during
deep winter. the supply boat 

1492
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:09,600
brings male monthly when weather
permits, and you've developed 

1493
01:24:09,600 --> 01:24:13,100
corresponded with family 
friends, and even other 

1494
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:17,300
Lighthouse keepers, Writing 
letters forces articulation of 

1495
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:20,500
experiences that might otherwise
remain wordless impressions. 

1496
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:25,000
Reading letters brings news of 
the outside world, though, their

1497
01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:28,200
content often highlights how 
different your daily concerns of

1498
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:31,200
become from those of City 
dwellers your mother writes 

1499
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:33,000
about church, socials and 
neighborhood. 

1500
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:37,000
Gossip difficulties with 
servants and the rise in cost of

1501
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:40,400
groceries, your brother 
described his work at the bank 

1502
01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:43,100
and his concerns about his 
eldest son's education. 

1503
01:24:44,300 --> 01:24:47,100
These letters arrive from a 
world that feels increasingly 

1504
01:24:47,100 --> 01:24:49,900
foreign despite having left it 
only months ago. 

1505
01:24:50,900 --> 01:24:54,900
You write back with descriptions
of Storms, and seals lens, 

1506
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:58,400
maintenance and supply boat 
visits, and wonder if your life 

1507
01:24:58,408 --> 01:25:00,200
seems as strange to them as 
theirs. 

1508
01:25:00,200 --> 01:25:03,800
Now, seems to you, you've 
discovered that Solitude sharp 

1509
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:06,000
and certain perceptions While 
dulling others. 

1510
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:09,500
You've become exquisitely 
attuned to where the patterns 

1511
01:25:09,500 --> 01:25:14,500
mechanical sounds and the oceans
moods but you've noticed your 

1512
01:25:14,500 --> 01:25:18,300
social skills growing Rusty 
during the supply boat Captain's

1513
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,100
monthly visits you sometimes 
struggle with casual 

1514
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:24,500
conversation having grown on a 
custom to the rapid fire 

1515
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,700
exchanges that characterize 
normal social interaction. 

1516
01:25:28,600 --> 01:25:31,700
You find yourself Talking Too 
Long about topics, the captain 

1517
01:25:31,700 --> 01:25:34,100
clearly find boring or falling 
silent. 

1518
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,500
When social conventions suggest 
you should respond, but there 

1519
01:25:37,500 --> 01:25:40,000
are compensation. 
You've learned to find 

1520
01:25:40,000 --> 01:25:42,800
entertainment in things sighted.
Well, as would consider mundane 

1521
01:25:42,800 --> 01:25:46,600
watching sunset colors. 
Change minute by minute, across 

1522
01:25:46,600 --> 01:25:49,900
the water, tracking, cloud, 
formations and predicting, the 

1523
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:53,000
next days weather, Observing how
different wins. 

1524
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:55,700
Create different patterns and 
grass, that's managed to rout 

1525
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:58,900
itself between rocks. 
These aren't substitutes for 

1526
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:02,500
human interaction, but their 
sources of genuine interest that

1527
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:06,600
expand rather than diminish. 
Your experience Solitude has 

1528
01:26:06,600 --> 01:26:09,300
also forced self-reliance in 
ways that proved surprisingly 

1529
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:13,500
satisfying, when equipment 
breaks you repair, it yourself 

1530
01:26:13,500 --> 01:26:17,400
for improvised Solutions, When 
Food Supplies run low, before 

1531
01:26:17,400 --> 01:26:21,700
the supply boat arrives, you get
creative with what remains when 

1532
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:24,200
loneliness threatens to 
overwhelm you develop 

1533
01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:27,700
strategies. 
Vigorous physical work detailed 

1534
01:26:27,700 --> 01:26:30,400
letter writing. 
Self-assigned projects that 

1535
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:34,400
restore psychological balance 
the sea continues as Eternal 

1536
01:26:34,400 --> 01:26:36,600
conversation with the Rocks a 
sound. 

1537
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:40,400
So constant, it's become silent.
You've learned that isolation 

1538
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:42,100
isn't the absence of 
stimulation. 

1539
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:44,900
It's a different quality of 
Engagement with the world. 

1540
01:26:45,900 --> 01:26:49,100
In stead of the scattered 
attention demanded by City Life,

1541
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:54,200
you've developed sustained focus
on narrower concerns instead of 

1542
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:56,500
superficial interactions with 
many people. 

1543
01:26:56,500 --> 01:27:00,400
You've built deeper 
relationships with Place purpose

1544
01:27:00,400 --> 01:27:03,700
and the handful of individuals 
who share this isolated 

1545
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:06,400
existence. 
A spring approaches and Ice 

1546
01:27:06,400 --> 01:27:09,400
finally Retreats from the Rocks.
You find yourself and 

1547
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:12,100
anticipating, rather than 
dreading another season of the 

1548
01:27:12,100 --> 01:27:14,800
light. 
The isolation that initially 

1549
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:19,800
felt like deprivation has become
a kind of Freedom here, stripped

1550
01:27:19,800 --> 01:27:22,000
of social performance and urban 
distraction. 

1551
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:25,300
You've discovered a version of 
yourself that's perhaps more 

1552
01:27:25,300 --> 01:27:28,900
authentic than the person who 
navigated City street six months

1553
01:27:28,900 --> 01:27:32,200
ago. 
It's not a discovery, you'd have

1554
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:34,900
made anywhere else, and while 
you occasionally Miss 

1555
01:27:34,900 --> 01:27:37,900
civilizations comforts, you 
wouldn't trade this knowledge 

1556
01:27:37,900 --> 01:27:40,700
for an easier life. 
The supply boats arrival is 

1557
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:44,200
always an event even after 
multiple experiences with the 

1558
01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:46,600
routine. 
You spot it while making 

1559
01:27:46,600 --> 01:27:51,100
afternoon rounds, a dark shape, 
materializing from Coastal Haze 

1560
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:54,500
gradually resolving into the 
familiar lines of the light 

1561
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:56,600
house. 
Tender that serves this section 

1562
01:27:56,600 --> 01:27:59,600
of coast. 
Samuel sees it too and remarks 

1563
01:27:59,600 --> 01:28:02,300
that Captain Morris in is making
good time despite yesterday's 

1564
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:04,600
rough Seas. 
He both head down to The 

1565
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:06,500
Landing. 
Carrying the outgoing mail in 

1566
01:28:06,500 --> 01:28:08,600
your acquisition list for next 
month's Supply's. 

1567
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:12,000
The Landing is a stone platform 
built into the most sheltered 

1568
01:28:12,000 --> 01:28:16,200
section of rocks with iron rings
set into the stone for securing 

1569
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:19,000
boats. 
Even in calm weather, the tender

1570
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:22,500
doesn't dock directly Morrison 
anchors offshore and send 

1571
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:25,200
supplies in on a smaller Dory 
Road by his assistant. 

1572
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:28,500
The taciturn Maine native named 
Webb. 

1573
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:31,200
You can read waves the way you 
read lamp Flames. 

1574
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:35,300
The Doria arrives loaded with 
crates barrels and canvas bags, 

1575
01:28:35,300 --> 01:28:38,300
you and Samuel helped haul. 
Everything up to The Landing 

1576
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:41,200
while Morrison himself comes a 
shorter conduct his monthly 

1577
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:44,000
inspection. 
He is required to verify that 

1578
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:45,600
the lighthouse meets Lighthouse 
board. 

1579
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:47,600
Standards. 
Check the keepers logs and 

1580
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:51,200
Report any deficiencies. 
In practice, he's also your 

1581
01:28:51,200 --> 01:28:54,300
primary connection to the 
outside world bringing News 

1582
01:28:54,300 --> 01:28:58,100
letters, occasional treats and 
the simple presence of someone 

1583
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:01,400
new to talk with Morrison has 
been running this Supply route 

1584
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:05,100
for 12 years and knows every 
light housekeeper on his Circuit

1585
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:09,000
by name and temperament. 
He is a compact man in his 50s 

1586
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:12,500
with weathered hands and the 
kind of practical competence 

1587
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:16,000
that inspires confidence. 
While you and Samuel unload 

1588
01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:19,400
supplies, he performs his 
inspection with the thoroughness

1589
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:21,600
of someone who takes 
bureaucratic responsibilities. 

1590
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:25,600
Seriously, but isn't looking to 
create problems on necessarily 

1591
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:30,400
he climbs the tower checks the 
lens and lamp examines the fog, 

1592
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:34,000
Bell mechanism and reviews, your
log entries for the past month. 

1593
01:29:35,000 --> 01:29:38,100
Everything passes inspection as 
new, it would. 

1594
01:29:38,900 --> 01:29:41,900
Samuel runs two tighter station 
for things to slip. 

1595
01:29:42,700 --> 01:29:44,800
Morrison signs. 
The log to indicate his 

1596
01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:48,400
approval, then produces letters 
and newspapers from his coat 

1597
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:51,200
pocket. 
You resist the urge to tear into

1598
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,000
the immediately. 
Maintaining the social courtesy 

1599
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:57,700
of offering Morrison tea before 
he departs over T in the 

1600
01:29:57,700 --> 01:30:00,300
dwellings kitchen, Morrison 
shares news from his other 

1601
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:04,100
Lighthouse stations, The Keeper 
at Portsmouth Harbor, Light is 

1602
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:07,600
retiring after 30 years. 
There was a rescue at Baker's 

1603
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:09,100
Island during the February 
storm. 

1604
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:11,200
A fishing boat driven onto 
rocks. 

1605
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:14,500
All Cruise saved, thanks to the 
keeper, spotting their distress 

1606
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:17,100
signals. 
A new assistant. 

1607
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:20,300
Keeper at Cape Ann Lite, is a 
struggling with the isolation 

1608
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:23,000
and might not complete his 
probation period. 

1609
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:25,500
He also shares news from the 
wide world. 

1610
01:30:25,500 --> 01:30:29,300
Filtered, through his own 
perspective, the economy is 

1611
01:30:29,300 --> 01:30:31,800
improving though, fishing 
remains difficult. 

1612
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:35,500
First talk of new Lighthouse, 
construction further up the 

1613
01:30:35,500 --> 01:30:39,000
coast, some inventor claims to 
be working on an electric 

1614
01:30:39,000 --> 01:30:40,600
lights. 
That might eventually replace 

1615
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:43,000
oil lamps, though. 
Morrison is skeptical. 

1616
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:45,900
He seemed too many innovations 
that looked good on paper. 

1617
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:50,900
But in real conditions, you 
Savor this conversation even 

1618
01:30:50,900 --> 01:30:54,700
though Morrison's topics are 
Ordinary by City standards after

1619
01:30:54,700 --> 01:30:59,600
weeks of only Samuels company. 
Anyone knew as fascinating, you 

1620
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:02,400
find yourself listening to 
Morrison's stories about routine

1621
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:06,500
Supply runs as if they're higher
Adventure which probably says 

1622
01:31:06,500 --> 01:31:08,800
more about your isolation than 
about the stories. 

1623
01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:13,100
Actual interest level Morris and
also brings small luxuries that 

1624
01:31:13,100 --> 01:31:14,600
aren't on the official supply 
list. 

1625
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:19,200
Fresh apples from his own 
Orchard, a tin of fancy tea and 

1626
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:23,400
recent issues of half as weekly.
these gifts are technically 

1627
01:31:23,400 --> 01:31:27,200
outside regulations but their 
part of the informal economy 

1628
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:31,200
that makes Lighthouse life bear,
In return, you give him fresh 

1629
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:33,600
baked bread and smoked fish 
items. 

1630
01:31:33,600 --> 01:31:36,300
That Morrison will appreciate 
during a Supply runs to other 

1631
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,600
stations after an hour Morrison 
prepares to part. 

1632
01:31:40,500 --> 01:31:43,100
The Tide is turning and he wants
to make his next station before 

1633
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:45,500
dark. 
He helped carry empty barrels 

1634
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:48,700
back to the Dory, he's will be 
cleaned and refilled for next 

1635
01:31:48,700 --> 01:31:51,700
month's delivery. 
Web loads them efficiently. 

1636
01:31:51,700 --> 01:31:53,300
While Morrison does a final 
check. 

1637
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:54,500
That he hasn't forgotten 
anything. 

1638
01:31:54,500 --> 01:31:57,800
The Dory pulls away from The 
Landing and you watch it return 

1639
01:31:57,800 --> 01:32:00,700
to the tender. 
Morrison waves from the deck as 

1640
01:32:00,700 --> 01:32:04,500
the tenders engine costs to life
and the vessel turns back toward

1641
01:32:04,500 --> 01:32:07,700
the mainland. 
Within minutes, it's disappeared

1642
01:32:07,700 --> 01:32:11,300
into the same Coastal, Haze it 
emerge from and you're left with

1643
01:32:11,300 --> 01:32:14,300
the supplies to sort and the 
letters to read and the renewed 

1644
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:16,700
awareness that you won't see 
another human face for at least 

1645
01:32:16,708 --> 01:32:19,500
four weeks late. 
March brings, whether that can't

1646
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:20,900
decide what season it wants to 
be. 

1647
01:32:21,800 --> 01:32:25,000
One Day offers spring Sunshine, 
warm enough for shirts sleeves. 

1648
01:32:25,000 --> 01:32:28,500
The next brings freezing rain 
that coat, everything and 

1649
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:31,400
treacherous ice. 
The barometer has been falling 

1650
01:32:31,400 --> 01:32:35,300
steadily for two days and the 
sky is taken on that peculiar. 

1651
01:32:35,300 --> 01:32:38,400
Yellowish quality that 
experience to keep his 

1652
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,500
recognized as a storm. 
Warning Samuel, checks the 

1653
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:46,400
barometer, again a notes, the 
reading in the log, 29.2 inches 

1654
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:49,300
and dropping. 
The wind is shifted to the north

1655
01:32:49,300 --> 01:32:53,300
east and the swells are building
with the slow powerful Rhythm. 

1656
01:32:53,300 --> 01:32:57,500
The indicates a major storm 
system approaching You've both 

1657
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:01,600
know what's coming, a spring, 
nor Easter potentially worse 

1658
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,000
than winter storms. 
Because the temperature contrast

1659
01:33:04,000 --> 01:33:07,700
between systems creates 
additional violets storm, 

1660
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:11,800
preparation begins with a kind 
of practice, urgently you secure

1661
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:13,900
everything that could blow away 
or get damaged? 

1662
01:33:14,800 --> 01:33:19,900
Tools spare parts, anything left
outside gets moved into storage.

1663
01:33:20,900 --> 01:33:24,300
Storm shutters go up over the 
dwellings, Windows, plunging, 

1664
01:33:24,300 --> 01:33:26,500
the interior into premature 
Twilight. 

1665
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:30,600
Extra lamp oil gets hold up to 
the lantern room along with 

1666
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:34,000
spare Wix cleaning supplies and 
Emergency Equipment. 

1667
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:37,600
The fog Bell gets a thorough 
check because low visibility is 

1668
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:41,500
virtually, guaranteed. 
You test the mechanism oil, the 

1669
01:33:41,500 --> 01:33:45,100
moving parts and verify that the
spring tension is correct. 

1670
01:33:46,000 --> 01:33:49,700
The bells deep tone Echoes 
across the rocks, and gulls 

1671
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:52,300
scatter from their roosting 
spots in a parent irritation at 

1672
01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:56,200
the noise food, preparation 
comes next, you bake extra 

1673
01:33:56,200 --> 01:33:58,200
bread. 
Knowing that the stove may be 

1674
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:01,400
needed continuously for heat and
that you won't want to deal with

1675
01:34:01,408 --> 01:34:05,800
baking during the storm's Peak. 
Samuel makes a large pot of stew

1676
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:08,200
enough for several days of 
reheating. 

1677
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:12,800
Freshwater containers, get 
filled from the system can 

1678
01:34:12,800 --> 01:34:16,000
candles and matches get stage, 
where they'll be accessible, if 

1679
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:18,700
the storm knocks out your 
ability to move freely between 

1680
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:21,500
buildings. 
Storm arrives that evening 

1681
01:34:21,500 --> 01:34:25,500
announcing itself with wind that
goes from fresh to Violent in 

1682
01:34:25,500 --> 01:34:30,500
less than an hour. rain comes 
horizontally finding, every tiny

1683
01:34:30,500 --> 01:34:34,000
Gap in the lighthouse is 
weatherproofing Waves begin 

1684
01:34:34,000 --> 01:34:36,400
their assault on the rocks. 
With increasing Fury. 

1685
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:39,200
Sending spray high enough that 
you can hear it. 

1686
01:34:39,200 --> 01:34:42,300
Hitting the lantern room glass. 
70 feet above sea level. 

1687
01:34:42,308 --> 01:34:45,400
Your watch begins at 8 p.m. and 
climbing. 

1688
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:47,700
The tower is already. 
Noticeably more difficult. 

1689
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:52,100
The wind makes the iron stairs 
vibrate and you can feel the 

1690
01:34:52,100 --> 01:34:56,800
tower swaying slightly within 
its design parameters but still 

1691
01:34:56,800 --> 01:35:00,200
disconcerting. 
In the lantern room, the lamp 

1692
01:35:00,200 --> 01:35:04,300
burn steady, despite the chaos 
outside the lens rotate, with 

1693
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:07,500
its usual Precision, sending 
beams of light out into the 

1694
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:09,900
storm though. 
You wonder if any ships are 

1695
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:12,800
close enough to see it through 
the rain and spray, the noise is

1696
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:16,200
extraordinary, wind howls 
through the lantern rooms 

1697
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:18,900
ventilators, with a sound that 
varies from whistling to 

1698
01:35:18,900 --> 01:35:20,700
shrinking depending on wind 
direction. 

1699
01:35:22,000 --> 01:35:25,300
Waves, crash against the rocks 
with reports, like Canon fire. 

1700
01:35:26,100 --> 01:35:29,200
Rain hammers, the glass with 
such force that you worry about 

1701
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:32,600
cracks though, the thick pains 
are designed to withstand 

1702
01:35:32,600 --> 01:35:35,800
exactly this abuse. 
Through the Windows when 

1703
01:35:35,800 --> 01:35:38,800
lightning flashes you catch 
glimpses of seas. 

1704
01:35:38,800 --> 01:35:41,200
So wild, they look like moving 
mountains. 

1705
01:35:41,200 --> 01:35:44,200
You perform your watch duties 
with extra attention. 

1706
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:48,100
The lamp needs checking every 30
minutes and of every hour. 

1707
01:35:49,000 --> 01:35:52,300
Wind-driven variations in the 
ventilator airflow can affect 

1708
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:55,400
the flame stability. 
The Clockwork requires 

1709
01:35:55,400 --> 01:35:58,200
monitoring because temperature 
changes from the violent weather

1710
01:35:58,200 --> 01:36:01,800
can affect its precision. 
The windows need constant 

1711
01:36:01,800 --> 01:36:03,600
inspection for any signs of 
water. 

1712
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:07,100
Infiltration that could threaten
the lamp or damage the lens 

1713
01:36:07,100 --> 01:36:09,200
around midnight, you notice 
water. 

1714
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:12,100
Begin to pool on the lantern 
room floor, beneath the East and

1715
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:15,800
windows, this shouldn't happen. 
The weatherproofing is supposed 

1716
01:36:15,800 --> 01:36:19,700
to prevent any significant 
infiltration, you investigate 

1717
01:36:19,700 --> 01:36:23,000
and discover that wind driven. 
Spray has found a tiny Gap where

1718
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:26,400
the window frame meets the wall 
and the sheer volume of water, 

1719
01:36:26,400 --> 01:36:28,200
hitting the light house has 
overwhelmed. 

1720
01:36:28,200 --> 01:36:31,400
The normal drainage you stuff 
the Gap with Rags from your 

1721
01:36:31,400 --> 01:36:34,800
cleaning supplies which slows 
but doesn't stop the leak. 

1722
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:38,600
The water is coming in Fast and 
it can drain through the floors 

1723
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:42,000
intended drainage holes. 
If it accumulates enough to 

1724
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,500
reach the lens mechanism it 
could cause damage or freeze the

1725
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:49,700
rotational You grab every of 
available cloth and begin a 

1726
01:36:49,700 --> 01:36:53,200
cycle of mopping up, water 
ringing out, cloths and 

1727
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:57,200
repeating all while maintaining 
your watch duties and monitoring

1728
01:36:57,200 --> 01:36:59,500
the lamp. 
By the time Samuel comes to 

1729
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:01,700
relieve. 
You at 2, a.m. your exhausted 

1730
01:37:01,700 --> 01:37:03,700
and soaked despite your oil 
skin. 

1731
01:37:04,600 --> 01:37:07,800
You explain the leak situation 
and he nods Grimley. 

1732
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:11,400
This storm is testing the 
lighthouse in ways that routine.

1733
01:37:11,400 --> 01:37:15,600
Whether doesn't you descend the 
dwelling change into dry clothes

1734
01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:18,100
and try to sleep. 
Despite wind noise that 

1735
01:37:18,100 --> 01:37:21,700
penetrates even through thick 
stone walls, four hours later, 

1736
01:37:21,700 --> 01:37:26,100
Samuel wakes, you early The leak
is worsened and he needs help. 

1737
01:37:27,000 --> 01:37:29,800
You climb back up to find the 
lantern room floor, covered in a

1738
01:37:29,800 --> 01:37:32,900
quarter inch of water. 
Despite Samuel's efforts 

1739
01:37:33,600 --> 01:37:37,700
Together you work out a system 
one person constantly mops, 

1740
01:37:37,700 --> 01:37:39,900
while the other maintains the 
watch duties and tens. 

1741
01:37:39,900 --> 01:37:42,600
The lamp. 
You trade off every 30 minutes, 

1742
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:46,500
to prevent exhaustion, the storm
continues through the next day 

1743
01:37:46,500 --> 01:37:50,100
and into the following night. 
You and Samuel fall into a 

1744
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:53,300
rhythm of work, brief rest and 
more work. 

1745
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:57,600
Meals become Hasty, Affairs of 
bread, and cold Stewart, and 

1746
01:37:57,600 --> 01:38:00,700
standing up. 
Sleep comes in two hour chunks. 

1747
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:04,200
Between watches, the leak 
remains manageable, but requires

1748
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,200
constant attention. 
The lamp burned, deadly. 

1749
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:11,500
The lens keeps rotating and 
that's what matters on the third

1750
01:38:11,500 --> 01:38:13,700
day. 
The wind finally begins to 

1751
01:38:13,700 --> 01:38:17,800
decrease the rain continues. 
But without the driving force of

1752
01:38:17,808 --> 01:38:21,600
gale force winds, the waves 
gradually diminish from 

1753
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:24,600
terrifying to merely dangerous 
to Simply rough. 

1754
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:28,500
You and Samuel repair the leak 
properly using materials from 

1755
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:31,700
the maintenance supplies, 
sealing it with okum and tar, 

1756
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:33,700
that should withstand any future
storms. 

1757
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:36,900
When the storm finally ends? 
You both emerge into a world 

1758
01:38:36,900 --> 01:38:38,900
that's been scrubbed clean, the 
Rocks. 

1759
01:38:38,900 --> 01:38:43,200
Gleam in returning Sunshine, the
sea still agitated, but no 

1760
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,200
longer violent shows, colors. 
You'd almost forgotten during 

1761
01:38:46,200 --> 01:38:49,400
the storm's gray, chaos. 
Driftwood is scattered 

1762
01:38:49,400 --> 01:38:52,500
everywhere, including a massive 
Timber that must have come from 

1763
01:38:52,500 --> 01:38:55,300
a ship somewhere. 
You make a note in the log to 

1764
01:38:55,300 --> 01:38:57,800
report it as it might indicate a
wreck. 

1765
01:38:57,800 --> 01:39:01,500
The dwelling shows, minor 
damage, several roof shingles 

1766
01:39:01,500 --> 01:39:05,200
missing one window cracked 
despite its storm shutter and 

1767
01:39:05,200 --> 01:39:08,000
water stains on the ceiling 
where rain found gaps in the 

1768
01:39:08,000 --> 01:39:10,800
roofing. 
The lighthouse Tower itself is 

1769
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:14,100
essentially undamaged. 
It's been standing here for 40 

1770
01:39:14,100 --> 01:39:17,200
years and will probably stand 
for another 40 by people who 

1771
01:39:17,200 --> 01:39:20,600
understood what forces it would 
need to withstand your both 

1772
01:39:20,600 --> 01:39:23,400
exhausted in a way that goes 
beyond physical tiredness. 

1773
01:39:23,400 --> 01:39:27,300
Three days of heightened, 
alertness irregular, sleep and 

1774
01:39:27,300 --> 01:39:29,500
constant work, of depleted 
reserves. 

1775
01:39:29,500 --> 01:39:31,900
You didn't know you were using. 
There's all. 

1776
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:34,500
So satisfaction, the storm 
tested. 

1777
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:38,100
You and you passed. 
The light burned steadily 

1778
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:41,000
throughout. 
Any ship that needed guidance 

1779
01:39:41,000 --> 01:39:44,300
received it. 
You did your job, Samuel makes 

1780
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:46,300
proper coffee. 
The good kind. 

1781
01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:49,200
He reserves for special 
occasions and you sit together 

1782
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:52,400
in the kitchen, not talking 
much, but sharing the quiet 

1783
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,500
satisfaction of people who have 
weathered something difficult 

1784
01:39:55,500 --> 01:39:58,900
together. 
Outside the gulls of return to 

1785
01:39:58,900 --> 01:40:02,000
their usual spots. 
Apparently unbothered by having 

1786
01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:04,900
spent three days hunkered down 
in whatever shelter. 

1787
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:07,900
They'd found the next supply 
boat, visit is still two weeks 

1788
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:11,300
away, but you've already started
the mental list of items you'll 

1789
01:40:11,300 --> 01:40:15,300
need to repair storm damage. 
More roofing shingles window, 

1790
01:40:15,300 --> 01:40:19,500
glass Oakham and tar and paint 
for areas, where the storm 

1791
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:22,700
Stripped Away. 
The list is long but manageable 

1792
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:26,600
storm damage is part of 
Lighthouse Life as a routine as 

1793
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:30,900
daily maintenance, even if the 
specific damage varies that 

1794
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:33,600
night lighting, the lamp feels 
different than usual. 

1795
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:37,700
You go through the same physical
motion, checking oil trimming 

1796
01:40:37,700 --> 01:40:41,300
Wick, adjusting ventilators 
striking the match. 

1797
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:45,800
But with renewed appreciation, 
for the ritual significant, this

1798
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:48,800
lamp has burned through worst 
storms in your probably ever 

1799
01:40:48,800 --> 01:40:51,600
experienced. 
It will continue burning long. 

1800
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:54,800
After you've moved on to another
station or retired from Light 

1801
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:58,100
House in entirely the lens. 
Catches, the flame and 

1802
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:01,300
transforms it into beams that 
sweep out across the darkening. 

1803
01:41:01,300 --> 01:41:03,800
Sea Somewhere beyond your 
horizon. 

1804
01:41:03,800 --> 01:41:08,200
A ship's Captain Marks their 
position and continues safely on

1805
01:41:08,200 --> 01:41:10,500
their course. 
The storm is over. 

1806
01:41:10,500 --> 01:41:15,700
The light burns on all is well, 
Samuel receives his transfer 

1807
01:41:15,700 --> 01:41:18,600
orders in late April. 
He'll be moving to a harbor like

1808
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:20,400
closer to his family by the end 
of May. 

1809
01:41:21,700 --> 01:41:25,000
The news arrives in a letter 
from the lighthouse board formal

1810
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:27,400
and impersonal as all official 
correspondence. 

1811
01:41:28,200 --> 01:41:29,600
He reads it aloud over 
breakfast. 

1812
01:41:29,600 --> 01:41:33,000
His tone neutral, though. 
You detect relief underneath 

1813
01:41:33,900 --> 01:41:37,400
He's been at this isolated 
station for five years and while

1814
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:40,400
he's never complained, you know,
his wife's letters, have grown 

1815
01:41:40,400 --> 01:41:42,900
increasingly urgent about 
wanting him closer to home. 

1816
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:45,100
This means changes for you, as 
well. 

1817
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:48,400
The lighthouse board offers you 
the position of head keeper, 

1818
01:41:48,400 --> 01:41:52,100
which comes with a modest paying
crease and full responsibility 

1819
01:41:52,100 --> 01:41:54,900
for the station. 
You'll also receive a new 

1820
01:41:54,908 --> 01:41:57,900
assistant keeper. 
A young man named Thomas who's 

1821
01:41:57,900 --> 01:42:01,000
completing his training at a 
more accessible station and will

1822
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:04,300
arrive when Samuel departs, you 
accept the promotional with 

1823
01:42:04,300 --> 01:42:09,100
mixed feelings on one hand, its 
recognition of competence and a 

1824
01:42:09,100 --> 01:42:10,900
step forward in the lighthouse 
service career. 

1825
01:42:10,900 --> 01:42:15,300
Structure on the other hand, it 
means losing Samuel steady 

1826
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:19,200
presence and experienced 
judgment. you've learned to read

1827
01:42:19,200 --> 01:42:23,400
his moods, trust his decisions 
and appreciate his particular 

1828
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:27,400
approach to Lighthouse, keeping 
Breaking in a new assistant will

1829
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:30,100
require patience and attention. 
You're not certain you have 

1830
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:32,700
Samuel spends his remaining 
weeks. 

1831
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:35,100
Training you in aspects of 
headkeeper responsibilities. 

1832
01:42:35,100 --> 01:42:38,000
You haven't handled? 
There's more paperwork than 

1833
01:42:38,000 --> 01:42:41,500
you'd realized monthly reports 
to the lighthouse board, 

1834
01:42:41,500 --> 01:42:45,000
Inventory, management, Supply, 
recognitions and personal 

1835
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:47,700
evaluations. 
There's also the weight of final

1836
01:42:47,700 --> 01:42:52,300
Authority As assistant keeper, 
you could always defer difficult

1837
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:54,800
decisions to Samuel as 
headkeeper. 

1838
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:57,200
Those decisions will be solely 
yours. 

1839
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,700
He also shares wisdom that isn't
in any manual. 

1840
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:04,800
How to judge when someone's 
isolation difficulties or a 

1841
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:07,800
temporary adjustment versus a 
genuine unsuitability for light 

1842
01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:10,200
housework. 
How to balance necessary 

1843
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:12,300
discipline with the flexibility 
required? 

1844
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:16,000
When two people must live and 
work in very close quarters. 

1845
01:43:17,000 --> 01:43:19,800
How to represent the Light House
service properly during the rare

1846
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:23,400
occasions when outside is visit?
These lessons come through 

1847
01:43:23,400 --> 01:43:27,500
stories and observations rather 
than lectures Samuels preferred 

1848
01:43:27,500 --> 01:43:30,100
teaching method. 
One evening sharing Tobacco on 

1849
01:43:30,108 --> 01:43:32,700
the bench outside. 
The dwelling Samuel tells you 

1850
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:36,500
about his first station a remote
light where he served under a 

1851
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:39,400
head keeper who'd been light 
housekeeping for 30 years. 

1852
01:43:40,500 --> 01:43:43,000
That keeper taught Samuel, 
something that proved more 

1853
01:43:43,000 --> 01:43:44,700
valuable than any Technical 
Training. 

1854
01:43:45,400 --> 01:43:48,600
Lighthouse keeping isn't really 
about maintaining equipment or 

1855
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:51,800
following procedures. 
It's about maintaining yourself 

1856
01:43:51,800 --> 01:43:55,800
your alertness, your judgment, 
your sense of purpose, because 

1857
01:43:55,800 --> 01:43:58,400
everything else depends on the 
keepers, reliability. 

1858
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:02,500
You ask what happens when you 
can't maintain yourself when the

1859
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:05,100
isolation or exhaustion or sheer
routine? 

1860
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:09,100
Whereas, you down, Samuel takes 
a long draw on his pipe and 

1861
01:44:09,108 --> 01:44:13,100
says, that's when you either 
find new ways to stay engaged or

1862
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:16,800
you request to transfer. 
There's no shame in recognizing 

1863
01:44:16,800 --> 01:44:19,200
your limits. 
Shame is in staying at a 

1864
01:44:19,208 --> 01:44:20,900
station. 
You can no longer manage 

1865
01:44:20,900 --> 01:44:24,200
properly because then ships are 
depending on someone who's no 

1866
01:44:24,200 --> 01:44:27,300
longer Dependable, Thomas 
arrives on the same supply boat 

1867
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:31,800
that takes Samuel away, he's 23 
eager and clearly nervous about 

1868
01:44:31,800 --> 01:44:35,800
this posting You remember 
feeling similar nervousness six 

1869
01:44:35,800 --> 01:44:38,300
months ago, which now seems like
years? 

1870
01:44:39,100 --> 01:44:41,300
Samuel introduces. 
You both hands. 

1871
01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:44,700
You a formal letter, confirming 
your promotion and says, he'll 

1872
01:44:44,700 --> 01:44:46,500
write once he settled at his new
station. 

1873
01:44:47,500 --> 01:44:50,900
Then he is in the Dory heading 
toward the tenor and you're 

1874
01:44:50,900 --> 01:44:54,200
alone with your new assistance 
Thomas has that scrubbed 

1875
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:56,200
Earnest. 
Look of someone who spent more 

1876
01:44:56,200 --> 01:45:00,100
time studying manuals than 
actually working His uniform is 

1877
01:45:00,108 --> 01:45:04,100
pristine is equipment, is new 
and is questions, reveal that 

1878
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:06,000
he's memorized procedures 
without yet. 

1879
01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:09,700
Understanding why they matter 
you recognize this because you 

1880
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:13,600
are similar not long ago. 
Time and experience will season 

1881
01:45:13,600 --> 01:45:16,400
him. 
Your job is ensuring he survives

1882
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:18,000
long enough to gain that 
experience. 

1883
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:21,200
You start his training the same 
day because Lighthouse work 

1884
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:24,800
doesn't pause for transitions. 
The afternoon's tasks become 

1885
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:27,900
teaching opportunities. 
You demonstrate proper lens 

1886
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:31,200
cleaning while explaining why 
technique matters, you show him 

1887
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:34,100
how to read the barometer and 
what different patterns indicate

1888
01:45:34,100 --> 01:45:37,300
you have him practice Wick 
trimming and until he can do it 

1889
01:45:37,308 --> 01:45:40,300
smoothly. 
Each task comes with context. 

1890
01:45:40,300 --> 01:45:43,600
That connects procedure to 
purpose, Thomas is quick to 

1891
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:46,300
learn mechanical tasks, but 
struggles with the isolation 

1892
01:45:46,300 --> 01:45:51,200
psychological aspects, After a 
week, he admits that the silence

1893
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,100
bothers him. 
He is from, Boston, accustomed 

1894
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:58,000
to constant noise and activity. 
The light house is quietness 

1895
01:45:58,000 --> 01:46:01,300
feels oppressive and he's having
trouble sleeping because the 

1896
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:04,200
wind and wave sound too loud in 
the absence of City. 

1897
01:46:04,200 --> 01:46:07,800
Sounds, you remember, feeling 
similarly disoriented by the 

1898
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,500
acoustic environment You suggest
strategies that helped you 

1899
01:46:11,500 --> 01:46:14,300
focusing on the natural rhythms 
treating. 

1900
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:17,900
The sounds as information rather
than noise and understanding 

1901
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:21,500
that adjustment takes time. 
You also share something Samuel,

1902
01:46:21,500 --> 01:46:23,800
talk to you. 
That some people adapt to 

1903
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:27,100
isolation and others don't and 
there's no predicting which type

1904
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:29,000
someone is until they're 
actually living it. 

1905
01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:32,000
The first storm you whether with
Thomas reveals, both his 

1906
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,800
potential and his gaps. 
He handles the increased watch 

1907
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:38,500
duties, well, staying alert and 
following procedures. 

1908
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:42,300
But he becomes anxious in ways. 
That interfere with judgment. 

1909
01:46:43,400 --> 01:46:47,300
When the fog Bell mechanism jams
during the storm's Peak Thomas 

1910
01:46:47,300 --> 01:46:50,900
and wants to wake you 
immediately your already awake. 

1911
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:55,300
No experience keeper sleep 
soundly during storms and you 

1912
01:46:55,300 --> 01:46:57,900
talked him through diagnosing 
and fixing the problem himself. 

1913
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:02,100
Afterward you explain that light
housekeeping requires a 

1914
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:06,500
particular kind of calm 
Emergencies will happen often at

1915
01:47:06,500 --> 01:47:10,300
the worst possible moments 
panicking, waste time and clouds

1916
01:47:10,300 --> 01:47:13,100
judgement. 
The solution is trusting your 

1917
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:15,300
training, working 
systematically. 

1918
01:47:15,300 --> 01:47:18,800
And knowing when to ask for help
versus when to solve problems 

1919
01:47:18,800 --> 01:47:23,700
independently, Thomas nods. 
But you can see he's still 

1920
01:47:23,708 --> 01:47:27,300
processing. 
This experience will be his real

1921
01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:29,600
teacher. 
You're also learning lessons 

1922
01:47:29,600 --> 01:47:31,700
about leadership. 
That didn't seem important when 

1923
01:47:31,700 --> 01:47:34,600
you were assistant keeper. 
You discover that different 

1924
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:36,800
people require different 
management approaches. 

1925
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:41,200
Thomas responds, well to Patient
explanation but poorly to 

1926
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:44,200
criticism even constructive 
criticism. 

1927
01:47:45,100 --> 01:47:47,100
He needs explicit, praise for 
good work. 

1928
01:47:47,100 --> 01:47:51,100
Whereas Samuel operated on the 
assumption that no comment meant

1929
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,300
satisfactory performance. 
You find yourself thinking about

1930
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:57,600
how Samuel managed you his 
mixture of giving you 

1931
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:01,200
responsibility while remaining 
available for questions his way 

1932
01:48:01,200 --> 01:48:04,500
of correcting mistakes, without 
making you feel incompetent and 

1933
01:48:04,500 --> 01:48:06,700
his patients with your 
adjustment to isolation. 

1934
01:48:08,100 --> 01:48:11,000
You try to emulate this approach
with Thomas while developing 

1935
01:48:11,000 --> 01:48:14,400
your own leadership style, 
letters from Samuel arrived. 

1936
01:48:14,400 --> 01:48:17,800
Monthly, with the supply boat. 
He settling well at his new 

1937
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:21,800
station, enjoying being closer 
to his grandchildren but admits 

1938
01:48:21,800 --> 01:48:24,400
missing the clean Simplicity of 
the remote light house. 

1939
01:48:25,400 --> 01:48:28,900
Harbor Lights have more 
visitors, more bureaucracy, and 

1940
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:31,000
more distractions from the 
essential work. 

1941
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:35,100
He asks, how Thomas is 
developing and offers advice on 

1942
01:48:35,100 --> 01:48:38,200
managing a young assistant's 
enthusiasm, without crushing his

1943
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:42,000
Spirit, you write back with 
updates and questions grateful 

1944
01:48:42,000 --> 01:48:46,500
for the continued mentorship. 
Even a distant Samuels, letters,

1945
01:48:46,500 --> 01:48:49,700
become a kind of professional 
development resource offering 

1946
01:48:49,700 --> 01:48:52,100
perspectives. 
You can't get from manuals or 

1947
01:48:52,100 --> 01:48:56,100
even from direct experience. 
His teaching you to see patterns

1948
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:59,700
across situations, rather than 
treating, each challenges unique

1949
01:48:59,700 --> 01:49:03,400
as summer arrives, you and 
Thomas settle into a functional 

1950
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:05,900
partnership. 
He's growing more comfortable 

1951
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:09,400
with isolation developing his 
own routines and interests. 

1952
01:49:10,200 --> 01:49:13,400
He's revealed a talent for 
sketching and fills notebooks 

1953
01:49:13,400 --> 01:49:16,700
with drawing of birds waves, 
cloud, formations, and 

1954
01:49:16,700 --> 01:49:20,200
Lighthouse equipment. 
His mechanical skills improve 

1955
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:23,400
with practice and his Panic, 
response is diminish as 

1956
01:49:23,400 --> 01:49:26,700
experience builds confidence. 
You've also discovered 

1957
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:30,800
unexpected satisfaction in 
teaching, helping Thomas develop

1958
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:34,100
competence feels meaningful in 
ways that simply maintaining the

1959
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:37,600
light house doesn't, You're not 
just keeping a light burning 

1960
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:41,000
your training, someone who will 
continue the work after you move

1961
01:49:41,000 --> 01:49:43,300
on. 
It's a kind of immortality 

1962
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:47,000
passing skills and knowledge 
forward through generations of 

1963
01:49:47,008 --> 01:49:49,600
Keepers. 
One evening, Thomas asks, why 

1964
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:52,700
you became a Lighthouse Keeper, 
you realize you've never 

1965
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:55,300
articulated this clearly even to
yourself. 

1966
01:49:55,300 --> 01:49:58,900
After thinking, you say 
something about wanting work 

1967
01:49:58,900 --> 01:50:02,700
that matters that has a clear 
purpose and measurable results. 

1968
01:50:03,400 --> 01:50:06,700
You wanted to be responsible for
something important but not be 

1969
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:09,200
crushed by administrative 
complexity or social 

1970
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:11,200
performance. 
Lighthouse. 

1971
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:13,800
Keeping offered honest work, 
where competencies is obvious 

1972
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:17,600
and where your effort directly 
affects other safety Thomas. 

1973
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:20,700
Considers this and admits. 
He became a keeper partly to 

1974
01:50:20,700 --> 01:50:22,900
escape family. 
Pressure to join his father's 

1975
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:27,500
business. light housework seemed
adventurous, romantically, even 

1976
01:50:28,400 --> 01:50:31,600
The reality has been harder and 
less romantic than he imagined, 

1977
01:50:31,600 --> 01:50:35,700
but also more satisfying. 
There's something real about 

1978
01:50:35,700 --> 01:50:38,300
this work that his father's 
import business lacked. 

1979
01:50:38,300 --> 01:50:40,400
You understand exactly what he 
means. 

1980
01:50:40,400 --> 01:50:45,200
Modern Life in the 1880s feels 
increasingly abstract money 

1981
01:50:45,200 --> 01:50:49,100
represents, labor contracts, 
represent relationships and 

1982
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:53,900
cities represent communities, 
but deliver anonymity, Here, at 

1983
01:50:53,900 --> 01:50:57,900
the Lighthouse, everything is 
concrete the Lighty the burns or

1984
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:01,400
it doesn't the lenses either 
clean or it isn't ships. 

1985
01:51:01,400 --> 01:51:02,800
Either pass safely or they 
don't. 

1986
01:51:03,700 --> 01:51:06,700
There's Clarity here that's 
increasingly rare in a world 

1987
01:51:06,708 --> 01:51:10,000
growing more complex by the year
as you and Thomas, share, 

1988
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:13,200
tobacco and watch Sunset color. 
The water you realize you've 

1989
01:51:13,200 --> 01:51:17,000
become what Samuel was to you. 
A bridge between the lighthouse 

1990
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:20,300
Services institutional 
requirements and the human 

1991
01:51:20,300 --> 01:51:23,900
reality of doing this work. 
It's a role you never sought but

1992
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:27,300
of apparently accepted. 
You're no longer just keeping a 

1993
01:51:27,300 --> 01:51:30,800
light house, you're keeping a 
tradition, maintaining a skill 

1994
01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:34,200
set and preparing the Next 
Generation to continue the work.

1995
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:37,500
The light will Outlast. 
You both serving Keepers you'll 

1996
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:40,500
never meet and guide ships that 
haven't been built yet. 

1997
01:51:41,400 --> 01:51:44,900
But for now in this moment you 
and Thomas are its Guardians. 

1998
01:51:44,900 --> 01:51:49,100
You're doing work that matters 
in a place that demands your 

1999
01:51:49,100 --> 01:51:52,500
best with a purpose that needs 
no justification. 

2000
01:51:52,500 --> 01:51:55,700
It's enough. 
The inspector arrives in August 

2001
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:58,500
without warning which is 
precisely have the light house 

2002
01:51:58,500 --> 01:52:01,100
board. 
Prefers it you spot his boat 

2003
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:04,300
approaching on a Tuesday 
morning, not the regular Supply 

2004
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:07,700
tender but a smaller vessel that
carries only the inspector and 

2005
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:11,000
his assistance, you have about 
15 minutes to ensure. 

2006
01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:13,900
Everything is presentable. 
Those Samuels training has made 

2007
01:52:13,900 --> 01:52:16,800
you meticulous enough. 
That the light house is always 

2008
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:19,700
inspection ready. 
The inspector is a career like 

2009
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:21,300
Lighthouse service, man named 
Henderson. 

2010
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:25,700
Severe and thorough in ways that
make you understand why Keepers 

2011
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:30,300
sometimes dread these visits. 
The examined, everything running

2012
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:33,400
white gloved, fingers along 
windowsills, to check for dust. 

2013
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:38,200
Testing, the fog Bell mechanism.
Repeatedly scrutinizing log, 

2014
01:52:38,200 --> 01:52:41,600
entries for any irregularities 
and measuring oil consumption 

2015
01:52:41,600 --> 01:52:46,100
against your reported usage. 
Thomas is visibly nervous but 

2016
01:52:46,100 --> 01:52:48,800
you've learned that the best 
approach to inspection is quiet 

2017
01:52:48,800 --> 01:52:52,500
confidence in your work. 
Henderson finds minor issues. 

2018
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:56,200
Some brass fittings could be 
more polished and your login 

2019
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:59,700
entry is occasionally lack 
detail lead prefer to see but 

2020
01:52:59,700 --> 01:53:01,800
nothing that suggests inadequate
performance. 

2021
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:05,600
He signs your station log to 
indicate satisfactory 

2022
01:53:05,600 --> 01:53:07,800
inspection. 
Then does something unexpected. 

2023
01:53:09,000 --> 01:53:11,300
He asked to talk with you 
privately in the land and room 

2024
01:53:11,300 --> 01:53:14,400
once their Henderson severity 
softens slightly. 

2025
01:53:15,200 --> 01:53:18,100
He explains that he's been 
inspecting lighthouses for 20 

2026
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:21,500
years visiting every station 
from Maine to Maryland. 

2027
01:53:21,500 --> 01:53:25,700
He seen excellent Keepers, 
adequate Keepers and Keepers who

2028
01:53:25,700 --> 01:53:28,400
should never have been assigned 
to isolate his stations. 

2029
01:53:28,400 --> 01:53:32,300
You, he says a developing into 
an excellent keeper. 

2030
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:36,100
Your station is well. 
Maintained, your assistance is 

2031
01:53:36,100 --> 01:53:39,400
progressing properly and your 
login entries, demonstrate the 

2032
01:53:39,400 --> 01:53:43,100
kind of attention to detail that
prevents problems, rather than 

2033
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:46,400
merely responding to them, then 
Henderson, share something that 

2034
01:53:46,400 --> 01:53:49,400
stays with you for years. 
He says that light housekeeping 

2035
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:53,400
is entering a transitional 
period Electricity is coming. 

2036
01:53:53,408 --> 01:53:57,100
Not this year or next, but 
within your career lifetime. 

2037
01:53:57,900 --> 01:54:01,700
When it arrives, it will change 
everything about how lights are 

2038
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:04,900
maintained and operated. 
The lighthouse service will need

2039
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:07,200
Keepers. 
Who can adapt to new technology 

2040
01:54:07,200 --> 01:54:10,700
while maintaining the core 
values of vigilance and 

2041
01:54:10,700 --> 01:54:14,000
responsibility that have always 
defined the profession. 

2042
01:54:14,000 --> 01:54:19,300
He sees that adaptability in you
more importantly, he sees 

2043
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:21,900
someone who understands that 
light housekeeping isn't really 

2044
01:54:21,900 --> 01:54:24,500
about technology. 
It's about maintaining 

2045
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:28,500
reliability and systems. 
That others depend on that 

2046
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:31,300
understanding will remain 
relevant regardless of whether 

2047
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:34,900
the lights burn oil or 
electricity, He's recommending 

2048
01:54:34,900 --> 01:54:37,000
you for Advanced Training. 
When it becomes available, 

2049
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:41,200
preparing you for eventual 
promotion to inspector, automate

2050
01:54:41,200 --> 01:54:44,600
multiple stations, this 
conversation transforms how you 

2051
01:54:44,608 --> 01:54:47,300
think about your work. 
You'd been viewing light 

2052
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:51,000
housekeeping as an honest job at
civilization's Edge, a way to 

2053
01:54:51,008 --> 01:54:54,400
escape modern complexity. 
Henderson helps. 

2054
01:54:54,400 --> 01:54:57,400
You see it differently as 
participation in a critical 

2055
01:54:57,400 --> 01:55:00,800
infrastructure that enables 
Maritime Commerce, military 

2056
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,200
operations and safe passage for 
anyone who Ventures onto the 

2057
01:55:04,200 --> 01:55:07,400
sea. 
Your Lighthouse is one node in a

2058
01:55:07,408 --> 01:55:10,100
network of lights, that 
collectively make Ocean Travel 

2059
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:12,700
safer than its ever been in 
human history. 

2060
01:55:12,700 --> 01:55:16,200
After Henderson departs, you 
find yourself looking at the 

2061
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:20,000
Lighthouse differently. 
The tower is 70 feet of granite 

2062
01:55:20,000 --> 01:55:22,100
but it's also an idea made 
physical. 

2063
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:25,400
The idea that humans have a 
responsibility to help each 

2064
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:29,300
other navigate Danger. 
The lenses, two tons of glass 

2065
01:55:29,300 --> 01:55:32,900
and bronze, but it's also a 
commitment that darkness and 

2066
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:36,000
distance don't absolve as of 
Duty to strangers will never 

2067
01:55:36,000 --> 01:55:38,600
know our names. 
You share some of Henderson's 

2068
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:40,500
comments with Thomas over dinner
though. 

2069
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:42,500
Not the part about your 
potential advancement. 

2070
01:55:42,500 --> 01:55:46,100
That feels like boasting. 
But you tell him about the 

2071
01:55:46,100 --> 01:55:50,500
coming changes about electricity
and modernization and about the 

2072
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:52,600
need to balance tradition with 
adaptation. 

2073
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:56,100
Thomas, listens carefully and 
asks, intelligent questions 

2074
01:55:56,100 --> 01:55:59,100
about how electrical lights 
might work and whether they'll 

2075
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:01,000
still require a constant 
attending. 

2076
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:05,000
The truth is, you don't know. 
You've read articles about 

2077
01:56:05,000 --> 01:56:08,500
Edison's electric lights and New
York City, but applying that 

2078
01:56:08,500 --> 01:56:11,200
technology to light houses 
involves challenges. 

2079
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:15,400
You can barely imagine Will 
electric light need the same. 

2080
01:56:15,400 --> 01:56:19,400
Kind of focused lenses. 
Will they burn a steadily as oil

2081
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:21,700
lamps? 
Will they require different 

2082
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:24,800
maintenance skills? 
These questions are above your 

2083
01:56:24,808 --> 01:56:27,700
pay grade but they're 
increasingly relevant to your 

2084
01:56:27,708 --> 01:56:32,000
professions future as Autumn 
arrives, you notice changes in 

2085
01:56:32,000 --> 01:56:35,200
your own perspective, on 
Lighthouse, keeping The work 

2086
01:56:35,200 --> 01:56:39,700
hasn't changed the same daily 
maintenance the same. 

2087
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:43,000
Watch rotations. 
The same endless attention to 

2088
01:56:43,000 --> 01:56:45,800
detail. 
But your understanding has 

2089
01:56:45,800 --> 01:56:48,300
deepened. 
You see connections between 

2090
01:56:48,300 --> 01:56:52,500
tasks that once seemed separate,
you anticipate problems before 

2091
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:55,400
they develop, you've 
internalized, The rhythms of 

2092
01:56:55,400 --> 01:56:58,000
this place. 
So completely that you can sense

2093
01:56:58,000 --> 01:57:01,400
when something slightly wrong 
even before you consciously 

2094
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:03,900
identify. 
What Thomas is developing 

2095
01:57:03,900 --> 01:57:07,200
similarly though he is months 
behind where you were at his 

2096
01:57:07,200 --> 01:57:09,700
stage. 
He no longer panics during 

2097
01:57:09,700 --> 01:57:12,000
routine. 
Problems has learned to read 

2098
01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:15,300
weather signs and can clean the 
lens with your supervision. 

2099
01:57:16,100 --> 01:57:18,400
He's also growing more 
comfortable with isolation, 

2100
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:21,900
having found his own ways to 
stay engaged through his artwork

2101
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,800
and let her writing. 
He'll make a good head keeper 

2102
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:28,300
someday probably sooner than he 
expects given the lighthouse 

2103
01:57:28,300 --> 01:57:30,300
Services. 
Constant need for qualified 

2104
01:57:30,300 --> 01:57:33,800
Personnel, one, October evening,
a vessel passes close enough 

2105
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:36,700
that you can see Crew moving on 
Deck, they're probably 

2106
01:57:36,708 --> 01:57:39,600
repositioning after a day's 
fishing heading back to Port 

2107
01:57:39,600 --> 01:57:42,600
while daylight Remains The 
Vessel is completely 

2108
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:46,700
unremarkable, a working Schooner
like dozens you've seen but 

2109
01:57:46,700 --> 01:57:50,000
watching it you're suddenly 
aware of your role in its safety

2110
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:52,600
that crew trust that your light 
will burn tonight. 

2111
01:57:53,600 --> 01:57:55,000
They've probably never thought 
about it. 

2112
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:58,200
Consciously Lighthouse, is just 
part of the maritime landscape 

2113
01:57:58,200 --> 01:58:03,000
like tides and prevailing winds.
But their trust is real. 

2114
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:08,100
If your light fails, if you make
a mistake in maintenance, or if 

2115
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:11,400
you fall asleep during what 
their vessel could run onto 

2116
01:58:11,400 --> 01:58:16,400
these rocks, they're lives their
families, their Futures, all of 

2117
01:58:16,400 --> 01:58:18,200
them. 
Depend partly on your vigilance,

2118
01:58:18,200 --> 01:58:23,400
this recognition carries no 
drama or grand, emotion, it's 

2119
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:25,800
simply true the way mathematics 
is true. 

2120
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:30,700
Your work matters, not in 
abstract, theoretical ways, but 

2121
01:58:30,700 --> 01:58:32,700
in concrete life and death 
terms. 

2122
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:36,700
Ship's Captain, who safely 
navigate past your light does 

2123
01:58:36,700 --> 01:58:39,700
not owe you thangs. 
They owe you competence which 

2124
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:42,600
you provide through attention to
tasks that have become routine 

2125
01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:45,600
but remain crucial. 
You've also begun to understand 

2126
01:58:45,600 --> 01:58:48,500
your place in the Continuum of 
Keepers who have maintained this

2127
01:58:48,500 --> 01:58:53,300
light The first keeper littered 
in 1847 when your parents were 

2128
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:56,100
children. 
Since then dozens of keepers of 

2129
01:58:56,100 --> 01:58:59,300
performed, the same tasks, you 
perform maintaining the same 

2130
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:02,700
light through similar storms and
identical daily routines. 

2131
01:59:03,500 --> 01:59:06,400
After you leave, others will 
continue the work using 

2132
01:59:06,400 --> 01:59:08,300
techniques. 
Your currently teaching Thomas, 

2133
01:59:08,300 --> 01:59:10,800
this continuity is the real 
Legacy. 

2134
01:59:10,800 --> 01:59:14,400
Not any individual, keeper 
service, but The Unbroken chain 

2135
01:59:14,400 --> 01:59:17,600
of responsibility that keeps 
lights burning year after year 

2136
01:59:17,600 --> 01:59:21,300
decade after decade your 
maintaining that chain. 

2137
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,500
Adding your link while preparing
the next key to add theirs. 

2138
01:59:24,500 --> 01:59:28,600
It's work that lacks Glory. 
But possesses genuine, dignity. 

2139
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:31,200
Winter. 
Returns with its shorter days 

2140
01:59:31,200 --> 01:59:33,900
and longer watches. 
The cold is familiar. 

2141
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:37,400
Now the isolation is normal, and
the routines have become so 

2142
01:59:37,400 --> 01:59:40,000
ingrained that you could perform
them while half asleep. 

2143
01:59:40,800 --> 01:59:44,000
Thomas has fully adapted and no 
longer needs close supervision. 

2144
01:59:45,000 --> 01:59:47,400
You've developed the kind of 
functional partnership that 

2145
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:51,600
allows two people to share small
spaces without friction each 

2146
01:59:51,600 --> 01:59:55,300
person occupying their own 
psychological territory while 

2147
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:58,100
contributing to Shared goals the
supply. 

2148
01:59:58,100 --> 02:00:00,400
Boat brings news of changes 
throughout the lighthouse 

2149
02:00:00,400 --> 02:00:03,100
service. 
Two new lighthouses are under 

2150
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:04,700
construction further up the 
coast. 

2151
02:00:05,600 --> 02:00:08,100
Several older lights, are being 
upgraded with more powerful 

2152
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:10,800
lenses. 
Let's talk of establishing a 

2153
02:00:10,800 --> 02:00:14,000
training center, where keeper 
candidates would receive formal 

2154
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:16,200
instruction before station 
assignments. 

2155
02:00:17,000 --> 02:00:20,800
The service is professionalizing
becoming more systematic, and 

2156
02:00:20,800 --> 02:00:23,700
less dependent on informal, 
knowledge transmission. 

2157
02:00:23,700 --> 02:00:26,600
You wonder how this will change 
the keeper experience? 

2158
02:00:27,600 --> 02:00:30,300
Will formal training. 
Replace the apprenticeship model

2159
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:32,200
where experienced Keepers teach 
newcomers. 

2160
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:36,400
Will standardization eliminate 
the local variations and 

2161
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:39,900
individual techniques that 
currently characterize different

2162
02:00:39,900 --> 02:00:43,400
stations, progress seems 
inevitable, but you hope 

2163
02:00:43,400 --> 02:00:46,600
something essential isn't lost 
in the modernization on the 

2164
02:00:46,608 --> 02:00:49,000
winter, solstice the longest 
night of the year. 

2165
02:00:49,000 --> 02:00:51,800
He stand alone in the lantern 
room during your evening. 

2166
02:00:51,800 --> 02:00:56,800
What the lamp burn steadily, the
lens rotates with its precise 

2167
02:00:56,800 --> 02:01:00,900
Rhythm and the beam sweeps out 
across darkness that seems 

2168
02:01:00,900 --> 02:01:05,100
Astley absolute tonight. 
Below the dwellings Windows glow

2169
02:01:05,100 --> 02:01:08,700
with Thomas's Lamplight. 
Beyond that, there's only sea 

2170
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:11,300
and stars and the distant lights
of other vessels navigating 

2171
02:01:11,300 --> 02:01:15,900
through the night, your 30 years
old in excellent Health, with 

2172
02:01:15,900 --> 02:01:18,600
potentially 20, more years of 
light housekeeping, ahead of 

2173
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:22,100
you, you could have eventually 
manage multiple stations, train,

2174
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:25,600
you inspectors or maybe 
participate in the transition to

2175
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:27,600
electrical lights that Henderson
mentioned. 

2176
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:30,800
Future is uncertain, but not 
frightening. 

2177
02:01:30,800 --> 02:01:33,700
You've learned to be comfortable
with uncertainty in this 

2178
02:01:33,708 --> 02:01:36,600
profession where weather and 
mechanical failures. 

2179
02:01:36,600 --> 02:01:40,400
Provide constant reminders, that
control is limited and temporary

2180
02:01:40,400 --> 02:01:44,400
what you know with certainty is 
that tonight tomorrow night and 

2181
02:01:44,400 --> 02:01:46,800
every night for. 
As long as you're assigned to 

2182
02:01:46,800 --> 02:01:49,800
this station, the light will 
burn ships. 

2183
02:01:49,800 --> 02:01:53,400
Will pass safely captains, will 
mark their positions and 

2184
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:57,100
continue their voyages. 
This work will continue long 

2185
02:01:57,100 --> 02:02:00,400
after your gone, maintained by 
Keepers who learn the same 

2186
02:02:00,400 --> 02:02:02,400
lessons. 
You've learned face similar 

2187
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:06,000
challenges and find similar 
satisfactions in work, that 

2188
02:02:06,000 --> 02:02:09,900
demands their best, the lens 
catches the Lamplight, and sends

2189
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:12,300
it out. 
Across the Dark Water, Somewhere

2190
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:14,800
Beyond Your Horizon. 
Someone sees it and knows where 

2191
02:02:14,800 --> 02:02:17,200
they are. 
That's enough, that's 

2192
02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:20,100
everything. 
The legacy of the light isn't 

2193
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:24,000
written in records or celebrated
in ceremonies, it's written in 

2194
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:28,200
safe, passages in ships that 
reach port and in cruise, that 

2195
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:30,600
returned home to families, who 
never knew they were in danger. 

2196
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:34,200
You check the oil reservoir, 
trim the wick, and wind the 

2197
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,400
Clockwork mechanism. 
The routines continue because 

2198
02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:41,700
the need continues, Dawn is 
still 8 hours away and the light

2199
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:44,400
must burn until then. 
And through every night that 

2200
02:02:44,400 --> 02:02:49,500
follows, this is your work, your
purpose, your contribution to 

2201
02:02:49,508 --> 02:02:52,700
the slower, accumulation of 
human efforts that make the 

2202
02:02:52,700 --> 02:02:56,800
world's slightly safer. 
Slightly more navigable and 

2203
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,600
slightly more survivable. 
For those who Venture into 

2204
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:03,500
dangerous places, the light 
sweeps across the sea regular as

2205
02:03:03,500 --> 02:03:05,400
a heartbeat reliable as a 
sunrise. 

2206
02:03:06,200 --> 02:03:08,800
You stand watch through another 
night at the edge of the world, 

2207
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:12,300
guardian of a flame that guides 
strangers through Darkness. 

2208
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:15,200
Its work. 
That requires no applause 

2209
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:16,800
because it provides its own 
meaning. 

2210
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:30,000
That meaning is enough, Imagine 
Rome and 100 BC when the main 

2211
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,200
concern was not your cholesterol
or your mortgage but rather 

2212
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:35,300
whether or not The Barbarians 
would storm your city. 

2213
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:39,000
Gates Gaius Julius, Caesar was 
born into this world but 

2214
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:41,600
everyone just called him Julius 
because Romans loved their 

2215
02:03:41,600 --> 02:03:44,500
nickname's, almost as much as 
they loved conquering things. 

2216
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:49,600
Now, you may picture a golden 
cradle with a baby Julius, born 

2217
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:52,000
to be great. 
The problem with the Caesar 

2218
02:03:52,000 --> 02:03:54,800
family though is that they were 
similar to that relative of 

2219
02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:58,100
yours who constantly talks about
how great they were, but never 

2220
02:03:58,100 --> 02:03:59,600
quite lives up to their 
expectations. 

2221
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:03,500
When you consider that half of 
Rome claim, Divine ancestry, 

2222
02:04:03,500 --> 02:04:06,000
their claim to be descended from
Venus herself. 

2223
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:08,700
Seems impressive, everybody 
seemed to have a well known 

2224
02:04:08,700 --> 02:04:11,100
ancestor listed on their 
LinkedIn profile. 

2225
02:04:11,900 --> 02:04:14,600
Subaru, the neighborhood where 
Julius grew up was essentially 

2226
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:17,700
the archetypal equivalent of a 
rough area of town with its 

2227
02:04:17,708 --> 02:04:21,600
winding streets, dubious odors 
and the kind of nightlife your 

2228
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:24,900
parents warned you about. 
Imagine it as Rome's equivalent 

2229
02:04:24,900 --> 02:04:28,500
of the wrong side of the tracks.
However, for a young man with 

2230
02:04:28,500 --> 02:04:31,900
lofty aspirations it was the 
ideal setting for learning about

2231
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:35,400
real people and real issues. 
Skills that would come in handy 

2232
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:38,400
later when he had to interact 
with regular soldiers and 

2233
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:42,000
civilians when he was younger, 
Julius was what we might kindly 

2234
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:45,000
refer to as academically gifted.
But physically unimpressive 

2235
02:04:46,000 --> 02:04:49,400
Other Roman boys were learning 
to wrestle and swing swords, but

2236
02:04:49,400 --> 02:04:52,800
Julius was more interested in 
words and Concepts after too 

2237
02:04:52,800 --> 02:04:54,600
much wine. 
He could debate philosophy like 

2238
02:04:54,600 --> 02:04:58,100
a college professor and recite 
poetry like a medieval Bard. 

2239
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:00,800
His family likely questioned, 
whether they had 

2240
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:04,200
unintentionally, brought up a 
Greek scholar rather than a 

2241
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:07,100
legitimate Roman soldier. 
This is where the story becomes 

2242
02:05:07,100 --> 02:05:09,600
intriguing. 
Though think of Julius as Uncle 

2243
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:12,900
Marius as the family's first 
true success story, he passed 

2244
02:05:12,900 --> 02:05:15,500
away. 
When Julius was only 16 and the 

2245
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:18,400
political climate in Rome, 
abruptly changed like a volatile

2246
02:05:18,400 --> 02:05:21,700
weather system. 
Solar Rome's, newest strongman 

2247
02:05:21,700 --> 02:05:24,900
had all the charm of attacks 
auditor and twice. 

2248
02:05:24,900 --> 02:05:28,000
The ruthlessness of the young 
Caesar after observing this 

2249
02:05:28,000 --> 02:05:31,600
scrawny adolescent from a 
dubious family, solar concluded 

2250
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:33,500
that Julius might cause trouble 
in the future. 

2251
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:37,900
When Julius obediently refused 
Sula placed him on what was 

2252
02:05:37,900 --> 02:05:39,800
effectively Rome's first Wanted 
list. 

2253
02:05:39,800 --> 02:05:42,400
He had ordered the young man to 
divorce his wife. 

2254
02:05:42,400 --> 02:05:46,300
Yes, Caesar was already married 
at 16 because Romans didn't mess

2255
02:05:46,300 --> 02:05:49,800
around, Julius, Caesar, who was 
18 at the time was hiding in the

2256
02:05:49,808 --> 02:05:52,600
Italian Countryside, like a 
participant in an Antiquated 

2257
02:05:52,600 --> 02:05:56,000
Witness Protection Program. 
The majority of teenagers would 

2258
02:05:56,000 --> 02:05:58,400
have called their parents in a 
panic and pleaded for them to 

2259
02:05:58,408 --> 02:06:01,300
come home. 
Julius though, he took advantage

2260
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:04,900
of this time to reflect make 
planes and come to the crucial 

2261
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:06,700
realization that you must 
outplay. 

2262
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:08,900
Everyone else in the game. 
If you want to survive in Rome 

2263
02:06:08,900 --> 02:06:12,300
after solar's death, which the 
Romans commemorated with nearly 

2264
02:06:12,300 --> 02:06:16,300
the same fervor as births. 
Caesar came out of hiding with a

2265
02:06:16,300 --> 02:06:19,100
fresh perspective on power. 
He had discovered that you are 

2266
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:22,200
either prey or predator in Rome 
and he had no desire to be 

2267
02:06:22,208 --> 02:06:25,100
anyone's dinner. 
You've probably experienced the 

2268
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:27,600
realization that office politics
are more complex than 

2269
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:30,900
International diplomacy. 
When you start a new job for 

2270
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:33,100
young Julius Caesar, that was 
Rome. 

2271
02:06:33,100 --> 02:06:36,300
Except that Gladiators were used
at office parties and the stakes

2272
02:06:36,300 --> 02:06:39,400
were life and death. 
In ancient Rome, being a 

2273
02:06:39,400 --> 02:06:42,000
prosecutor was akin to being a 
district attorney and a game 

2274
02:06:42,008 --> 02:06:44,100
show. 
Host, this was Caesar's first, 

2275
02:06:44,100 --> 02:06:48,100
real job, Roman trial served as 
public entertainment and a young

2276
02:06:48,108 --> 02:06:51,100
attorney could gain notoriety by
putting on a strong front and 

2277
02:06:51,100 --> 02:06:54,300
damaging the reputation of his 
rival season, proved to have a 

2278
02:06:54,300 --> 02:06:57,200
natural talent for this. 
He could transform across 

2279
02:06:57,200 --> 02:07:00,600
examination into a performance 
piece and make arguing sound 

2280
02:07:00,600 --> 02:07:03,900
poetic Caesar, however, stood 
out from other aspirational 

2281
02:07:03,900 --> 02:07:06,500
young Romans because he 
genuinely cared about his 

2282
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:09,000
abilities. 
Caesar studied rhetoric like a 

2283
02:07:09,000 --> 02:07:10,900
doctoral student studying for 
finals. 

2284
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:13,800
While his peers were happy to 
rely on inherited wealth, and 

2285
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:16,900
Family Ties, even future 
dictators require a good 

2286
02:07:16,908 --> 02:07:20,000
education, which is why he went 
to Rhodes to study under the 

2287
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:22,900
best instructors. 
Something happened during this 

2288
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:25,300
learning experience that 
exemplifies, Caesar's 

2289
02:07:25,300 --> 02:07:27,900
personality, his ship was taken 
by Pirates. 

2290
02:07:27,900 --> 02:07:31,600
At the time Mediterranean 
Pirates were a highly organized 

2291
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:35,400
Maritime, criminal organization.
Caesar chuckled when they asked 

2292
02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:37,500
for 20 talents of silver to free
him. 

2293
02:07:37,500 --> 02:07:41,800
He was offended, not because he 
founded amusing, he allegedly 

2294
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:45,400
asked 20 talents, I'm worth at 
least 50. 

2295
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:48,900
Don't you know who I am? 
The Pirates increased their 

2296
02:07:48,900 --> 02:07:51,300
price likely believing. 
They had captured either a 

2297
02:07:51,300 --> 02:07:54,000
Madman or a high-ranking 
official during his captivity 

2298
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:57,000
sees a treated, the Pirates, 
more like dim house guests than 

2299
02:07:57,008 --> 02:08:00,200
captors. 
He worked out wrote poetry and 

2300
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,000
told them to quiet down if they 
were making too much noise for 

2301
02:08:03,000 --> 02:08:05,900
his afternoon snooze, the 
Pirates, founded amusing that 

2302
02:08:05,900 --> 02:08:09,000
even vowed to return and 
crucified them all Cesar wasn't 

2303
02:08:09,000 --> 02:08:11,200
kidding though. 
After being set free, he 

2304
02:08:11,200 --> 02:08:14,400
promptly gathered a fleet found 
the Pirates and had them 

2305
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:17,500
crucified though, he was lenient
and have them killed first. 

2306
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:21,400
It was a precursor to Caesar's 
unusual charm and ruthless 

2307
02:08:21,400 --> 02:08:24,600
practicality, Caesar returned to
Rome and started moving up. 

2308
02:08:24,600 --> 02:08:27,700
The political office ladder or 
cursor noram as the Romans 

2309
02:08:27,700 --> 02:08:31,300
called it, imagine it. 
As a medieval video game, where 

2310
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,700
every level opens up, new tasks 
and opportunities to either make

2311
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,100
friends or deadly foes as he 
Advanced through the ranks, 

2312
02:08:38,100 --> 02:08:42,600
Cuesta, edel and Prater, Caesar 
learn new things about the inner

2313
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:45,900
workings of Rome Caesar was 
essentially in charge of Rome's 

2314
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:48,800
entertainment as needle, 
overseeing public games and 

2315
02:08:48,800 --> 02:08:51,100
festivals. 
The majority of politicians 

2316
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,100
attempted to cut costs because 
they believed that this was an 

2317
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:57,100
essential expense season, 
believed it to be the greatest 

2318
02:08:57,100 --> 02:08:58,900
marketing opportunity ever 
created. 

2319
02:08:58,900 --> 02:09:02,300
He organized gladiatorial fights
that left people talking for 

2320
02:09:02,300 --> 02:09:05,800
months hosted parties that made 
Super Bowl half-time seem 

2321
02:09:05,800 --> 02:09:09,600
insignificant and somehow 
managed to accrue enormous debt 

2322
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:12,300
while rising to the position of 
most popular politician. 

2323
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:15,100
In Rome season. 
New something is creditors, did 

2324
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:18,100
not in politics. 
Popularity is the most valuable.

2325
02:09:18,500 --> 02:09:21,600
Asset his creditors, were likely
having Collective heart attacks.

2326
02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:26,100
If your loved, you can always 
find money, but if your hated no

2327
02:09:26,100 --> 02:09:28,900
amount of money can help Rome 
had a problem by the time, 

2328
02:09:28,900 --> 02:09:32,400
Caesar was in his 40s. 
The Republic was like an old car

2329
02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:35,100
held together with duct tape, 
and Wishful Thinking, which was 

2330
02:09:35,100 --> 02:09:36,900
actually the largest of Rome's 
problems. 

2331
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:39,900
Now, that Rome ruled over the 
majority of the Known World. 

2332
02:09:39,900 --> 02:09:43,300
The system that had functioned, 
when it was a tiny city state 

2333
02:09:43,300 --> 02:09:47,700
was disintegrating, After 
realizing the situation three 

2334
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:49,400
men, made the decision to take 
action. 

2335
02:09:49,400 --> 02:09:52,200
The most renowned General in 
Rome Pompey. 

2336
02:09:52,200 --> 02:09:54,900
The great had conquered more 
land than most people could find

2337
02:09:54,900 --> 02:09:58,100
on a map. 
Crassus was so wealthy, that he 

2338
02:09:58,108 --> 02:10:00,500
gave the impression that 
contemporary billionaires were 

2339
02:10:00,500 --> 02:10:03,600
barely scraping by a 
contemporary nation state would 

2340
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:06,500
have been impressed by Caesar's 
charm intelligence and deaths. 

2341
02:10:07,200 --> 02:10:10,100
Despite never using that term 
themselves, these three 

2342
02:10:10,100 --> 02:10:12,800
comprised what historians refer 
to as the first triumvirate. 

2343
02:10:12,800 --> 02:10:16,200
It was more akin to a casual 
gentleman's agreement to support

2344
02:10:16,200 --> 02:10:19,200
one another in achieving their 
goals Pompey. 

2345
02:10:19,200 --> 02:10:22,400
Wanted his conquests in the East
to be formally acknowledged and 

2346
02:10:22,400 --> 02:10:25,400
his veterans to be fairly 
rewarded to go along with his 

2347
02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:28,800
will Crassus desired respect and
possibly a military position. 

2348
02:10:29,700 --> 02:10:32,600
Caesar desired a prominent 
provincial position where he 

2349
02:10:32,600 --> 02:10:36,500
could gain notoriety and ideally
enough cash to settle his 

2350
02:10:36,500 --> 02:10:38,900
massive debts. 
You have to imagine that this 

2351
02:10:38,900 --> 02:10:42,200
partnership was similar to three
CEOs from separate businesses 

2352
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,200
coming together with the covert 
intention of eventually 

2353
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:48,000
acquiring the others 
professionally respectful, but 

2354
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:51,000
always waiting for someone to 
show weakness, they were friends

2355
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:53,600
in the same way that sharks are 
friends with other sharks. 

2356
02:10:54,700 --> 02:10:58,400
By splitting up, Roman politics,
like a pizza, the three managed 

2357
02:10:58,400 --> 02:11:02,500
to make their Arrangement work 
in 59 BCE, Caesar was made a 

2358
02:11:02,500 --> 02:11:05,100
console, which was a one-year 
term as president with a few 

2359
02:11:05,100 --> 02:11:08,600
extra togas often using tactics 
that made his fellow Senators, 

2360
02:11:08,600 --> 02:11:11,100
clutch their pearls and mutter 
about the good old days. 

2361
02:11:11,100 --> 02:11:14,300
He used this position to push 
through legislation that gave 

2362
02:11:14,300 --> 02:11:17,300
his Partners, what they wanted, 
witnessing a master chess 

2363
02:11:17,300 --> 02:11:19,200
player, defeat opponents, who 
were still learning. 

2364
02:11:19,200 --> 02:11:20,800
How to move. 
The pieces was like being 

2365
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:24,000
Caesar's, Consul, Caesar had the
other console locked in his 

2366
02:11:24,000 --> 02:11:27,200
house and pelted with trash. 
When he attempted to oppose him,

2367
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:30,200
Caesar chiefly disregarded, 
centuries of Preston. 

2368
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:32,400
And declared that the gods were 
clearly on his side. 

2369
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:35,300
When Senators attempted to use 
religious technicalities to 

2370
02:11:35,300 --> 02:11:38,200
block his legislation that the 
same sense of horror. 

2371
02:11:38,200 --> 02:11:40,300
You might have, when you see 
someone reorganize, your 

2372
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:43,900
meticulously arranged spice 
cabinet, the traditional Roman 

2373
02:11:43,900 --> 02:11:47,200
establishment, observed all of 
this season was accomplishing 

2374
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:50,500
his goals but he was also 
violating numerous unspoken 

2375
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:53,100
laws, that had maintained Roman 
governance for centuries. 

2376
02:11:54,000 --> 02:11:56,300
Caesar was dangerous though 
because he wasn't really 

2377
02:11:56,300 --> 02:11:59,800
breaking the law for fun. 
He was resolving actual issues 

2378
02:11:59,800 --> 02:12:01,900
that the conventional system was
unable to manage. 

2379
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:05,800
The province is needed to be 
properly administered, veterans 

2380
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:09,300
needed land and Rome needed 
leaders who could make decisions

2381
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:11,000
rather than arguing over 
protocol. 

2382
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:14,300
All the time, Caesar had a 
ultimate goal by the end of his 

2383
02:12:14,300 --> 02:12:18,400
consulship, control of Gaul, the
enormous region, north of Italy,

2384
02:12:18,400 --> 02:12:21,400
that was home to numerous tribes
that the Romans regarded as only

2385
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:23,600
marginally more civilized than 
Untamed animals. 

2386
02:12:23,600 --> 02:12:27,700
It was an opportunity to achieve
great wealth, military, success,

2387
02:12:27,700 --> 02:12:31,000
and enough political standing to
be considered one of Rome's. 

2388
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:33,900
Most powerful men when he 
returned by sending him to 

2389
02:12:33,900 --> 02:12:35,500
battle Barbarians in the 
wilderness. 

2390
02:12:35,500 --> 02:12:38,200
His enemies, most likely 
believed they were getting rid 

2391
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:41,200
of him, they were unaware that 
they were going to produce the 

2392
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:43,300
most powerful military leader in
Roman history. 

2393
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:46,700
Consider yourself a travel 
writer tasked with covering what

2394
02:12:46,700 --> 02:12:49,400
the Romans referred to as Gaul 
which includes parts of 

2395
02:12:49,408 --> 02:12:51,500
Switzerland Belgium and modern 
de France. 

2396
02:12:51,500 --> 02:12:54,300
The following is likely what 
your guide book would say. 

2397
02:12:54,300 --> 02:12:56,500
Bring sturdy boots and a good 
sword. 

2398
02:12:56,500 --> 02:13:00,300
Seen it forests Rolling Hills 
and fascinating, local tribes 

2399
02:13:00,300 --> 02:13:01,800
who enjoy painting themselves, 
blue. 

2400
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:04,600
And Collecting enemy heads as 
decorative items. 

2401
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:09,100
Caesar's new task was likely to 
be to suppress small uprisings 

2402
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:12,600
for a few years perhaps extend 
the Yum boundaries a bit and 

2403
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:15,100
then returned home with enough 
treasure to settle his debts. 

2404
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:17,700
Caesar, on the other hand was 
going to spend eight years 

2405
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:21,100
essentially, rewriting the 
European map and establishing a 

2406
02:13:21,100 --> 02:13:24,500
military myth that would live on
for generations to come Caesar 

2407
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:27,300
found himself in a situation. 
That was a combination of Crisis

2408
02:13:27,300 --> 02:13:30,400
opportunity and Adventure movie,
waiting to happen when he 

2409
02:13:30,400 --> 02:13:31,800
arrived in. 
Gaul in 58. 

2410
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:35,700
BCE the Swiss tribe known as the
helvete had decided that their 

2411
02:13:35,700 --> 02:13:38,800
Mountain Homes were too small 
and were moving through Gaul 

2412
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:42,300
with everything, they owned 
resembling an Antiquated form of

2413
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,400
a huge RV Convoy. 
That also happened to be spear 

2414
02:13:45,400 --> 02:13:48,100
armed, Seas of viewed. 
This migration as the ideal 

2415
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:51,000
pretext for entering garlic 
politics in the battle that 

2416
02:13:51,000 --> 02:13:53,600
followed, he blocked the hell, 
vet's, route, and prove 

2417
02:13:53,600 --> 02:13:55,300
something that would later 
become his signature. 

2418
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:59,000
He could Elevate military 
strategy to the level of Fine 

2419
02:13:59,000 --> 02:14:02,100
Art, Caesar combined, technical 
skill with psychological 

2420
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:04,300
warfare, and a knack for 
appearing. 

2421
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:08,100
Precisely where his adversaries.
Least expected him in contrast 

2422
02:14:08,100 --> 02:14:10,700
to other Roman generals who 
relied on brute force and 

2423
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:13,500
conventional formations. 
The helvetii discovered, the 

2424
02:14:13,500 --> 02:14:16,800
hard way that this middle-aged 
Roman politician had somehow 

2425
02:14:16,800 --> 02:14:19,300
become one of the greatest 
military thinkers in history. 

2426
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:22,500
Caesar sent them home to rebuild
their former lands and reflect 

2427
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:25,200
on their life decisions rather 
than simply defeating them. 

2428
02:14:25,200 --> 02:14:29,700
However, Gaul was similar to a 
huge puzzle with 10 new issues 

2429
02:14:29,700 --> 02:14:32,700
revealed, when one piece was 
solved, other gallic, tribes, 

2430
02:14:32,700 --> 02:14:35,100
began, approaching Caesar For 
assistance with their neighbors.

2431
02:14:35,100 --> 02:14:38,400
As soon as he had dealt with the
helvetii usually because someone

2432
02:14:38,400 --> 02:14:41,200
was doing something that they 
didn't like though the couple's 

2433
02:14:41,200 --> 02:14:43,600
were entire tribes and the 
counseling sessions and old 

2434
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,600
Cavalry Charges it was similar 
to serving as a marriage 

2435
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:50,500
counselor for warrior societies.
Caesar had a talent for turning 

2436
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:53,900
these tribal disputes to Rome's 
Advantage, Caesar established 

2437
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:56,700
himself as the protector of 
gallic Independence, while 

2438
02:14:56,700 --> 02:15:00,000
extending Roman Authority. 
When the Germanic King Ariel 

2439
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,500
Vista began to establish himself
in gallic territory, using your 

2440
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:05,800
opponent strength against them. 
While appearing to be the 

2441
02:15:05,800 --> 02:15:09,600
reasonable party was the epitome
of political Jiu Jitsu when 

2442
02:15:09,600 --> 02:15:12,200
Caesar insisted on a meeting, 
the German King. 

2443
02:15:12,200 --> 02:15:14,900
Most likely assumed he was 
merely interacting with another 

2444
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:17,500
Roman official. 
Instead he had to contend with 

2445
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:20,100
the person who was both 
diplomatically charming and 

2446
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:23,600
subtly threatening to use 
extreme violence when talks 

2447
02:15:23,600 --> 02:15:26,000
broke down. 
Aero Vista learned from season's

2448
02:15:26,000 --> 02:15:27,300
Legions. 
That professional, Roman 

2449
02:15:27,300 --> 02:15:30,000
military engineering differs, 
greatly from raiding parties. 

2450
02:15:30,700 --> 02:15:33,200
Caesar's campaigns were 
consistent from year to year. 

2451
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:36,500
Caesar would March his Legions 
across impossible Terrain in 

2452
02:15:36,508 --> 02:15:40,500
impossible time arrived when no 
one was expecting him and then 

2453
02:15:40,500 --> 02:15:43,700
proceeded to show why Roman 
military Doctrine had conquered 

2454
02:15:43,700 --> 02:15:46,200
most of the known world after 
some gallic tribe called 

2455
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:48,600
trouble, he played against 
opponents who were still 

2456
02:15:48,608 --> 02:15:52,500
learning Checkers, much like a 
chess Grandmaster Caesar was 

2457
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:54,400
changing the way the Romans 
viewed War though. 

2458
02:15:54,400 --> 02:15:57,900
In addition to winning battles, 
his Legions were able to march 

2459
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:00,800
distances that left their 
enemies gasping in their wake 

2460
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:04,100
build Siege works. 
That resembled tiny cities and 

2461
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:05,900
build Bridges across Raging 
Rivers. 

2462
02:16:05,900 --> 02:16:08,300
In a matter of days. 
More significantly. 

2463
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:11,700
Seesaw, was demonstrating that 
Roman engineering and discipline

2464
02:16:11,700 --> 02:16:14,100
could conquer any challenge 
human or natural. 

2465
02:16:14,100 --> 02:16:17,300
The gallic tribes started to 
understand that they were up 

2466
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:20,200
against more than just another 
Roman politicians seeking a 

2467
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:23,300
short-term military Victory. 
They were up against a man who 

2468
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:27,500
was a combination of logistical 
genius, strategic genius, and a 

2469
02:16:27,500 --> 02:16:30,500
total refusal to concede defeat,
while teaching a whole 

2470
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:33,100
generation of Roman soldiers. 
That impossible was just another

2471
02:16:33,100 --> 02:16:36,700
word for Tuesday, was also 
rewriting, the rules of warfare.

2472
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:40,799
If This Were a film versing jits
would be the charismatic Rebel 

2473
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:44,100
leader, who finally learned how 
to fight the Empire and Caesar 

2474
02:16:44,100 --> 02:16:46,700
would be the intelligent but 
increasingly dangerous, General,

2475
02:16:46,700 --> 02:16:49,400
who success is beginning to 
worry his own government. 

2476
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:51,799
Every great story needs, a 
Worthy oppon. 

2477
02:16:51,799 --> 02:16:55,400
And Caesar found his in a young 
gallic Chieftain named verse in 

2478
02:16:55,407 --> 02:16:58,200
geter X whose name roughly 
translates to Great king of 

2479
02:16:58,200 --> 02:17:01,000
warriors. 
By 52 BCE. 

2480
02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:03,799
Caesar had systematically 
Concord call for six years, 

2481
02:17:03,799 --> 02:17:07,200
using the same level of 
efficiency as someone setting up

2482
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:11,000
a massive bloody filing system. 
However, the gallic tribes have 

2483
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:13,500
been observing learning and 
gradually coming to the 

2484
02:17:13,500 --> 02:17:15,799
conclusion. 
That Roman military Precision 

2485
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:19,299
was outperforming their old 
style of combat which involved 

2486
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:23,200
numerous individual heroics and 
dramatic charges the signature 

2487
02:17:23,200 --> 02:17:26,400
stood for something novel. 
A garlic leader who recognized 

2488
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:29,600
the advantages of his own people
as well as the shortcomings of 

2489
02:17:29,600 --> 02:17:31,100
the Romans. 
He planned. 

2490
02:17:31,100 --> 02:17:33,900
What is now known as a guerrilla
campaign, rather than engaging 

2491
02:17:33,900 --> 02:17:36,900
season's Legions in direct 
combat, his soldiers would 

2492
02:17:36,900 --> 02:17:40,400
attack Roman supply routes, stay
out of direct combat and 

2493
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:43,299
withdraw to fortified areas that
would be expensive for the 

2494
02:17:43,299 --> 02:17:46,400
Romans to attack for the first 
time in his gallic campaign, 

2495
02:17:46,400 --> 02:17:49,700
season was truly challenged and 
it was like witnessing a 

2496
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:52,900
medieval Insurgency. 
He was being forced by the sun, 

2497
02:17:52,900 --> 02:17:56,600
gets to fight the kind of war. 
That the Romans detested one in 

2498
02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:59,000
which local expertise and 
popular support were more. 

2499
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:02,700
And Superior planning and 
Equipment, the ensuing campaign,

2500
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:05,200
resembled a lethal game of cat 
and mouse, that was played 

2501
02:18:05,200 --> 02:18:08,299
throughout Gould's Countryside. 
First ninja tricks would show up

2502
02:18:08,299 --> 02:18:11,400
with his Warriors, Slaughter, 
Roman soldiers, and then 

2503
02:18:11,400 --> 02:18:13,799
disappear into forests. 
That his people were familiar 

2504
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:17,000
with like their own backyards 
season, was always on the 

2505
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:19,600
defensive as he pursued an 
adversary that would not remain 

2506
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:21,400
motionless. 
Long enough for a true Roman 

2507
02:18:21,400 --> 02:18:25,400
style conflict Caesar's years of
military command had taught him 

2508
02:18:25,400 --> 02:18:27,400
that every strategy had a 
counter strategy. 

2509
02:18:27,400 --> 02:18:30,700
Caesar would put first and get 
her in a situation that the 

2510
02:18:30,700 --> 02:18:33,500
gallic leader couldn't ignore 
forcing him into a pitched 

2511
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:34,900
battle. 
If he wished to avoid one, 

2512
02:18:35,799 --> 02:18:38,400
Elisea. 
A Hilltop Fortress that verse in

2513
02:18:38,400 --> 02:18:42,900
the stronghold provided, the 
opportunity with its high walls,

2514
02:18:42,900 --> 02:18:46,400
steep approaches, and enough 
Supply to last a long Siege, the

2515
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:47,799
position of appeared in pregnant
people. 

2516
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:52,000
After seeing Alicia the majority
of Roman generals would have 

2517
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:53,500
chosen to pursue a simpler 
Target. 

2518
02:18:53,500 --> 02:18:56,900
Caesar chose to try something 
that went against all military. 

2519
02:18:56,900 --> 02:18:59,299
Common Sense. 
After taking a look at alizea, 

2520
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:04,100
he would construct not one Two 
full sets of fortifications to 

2521
02:19:04,100 --> 02:19:07,700
enclose the Fortress one facing 
Alicia to keep the Defenders 

2522
02:19:07,700 --> 02:19:10,100
inside. 
And another facing outward to 

2523
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:12,900
prevent The Siege from being 
broken by gallic relief forces, 

2524
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:16,100
the scale of the engineering 
made building Roman Bridges seem

2525
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:18,799
like a do-it-yourself weekend 
project in addition to 

2526
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:21,299
maintaining a Siege and 
preparing for a tax from various

2527
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:24,400
angles Caesar's. 
Legions constructed miles of 

2528
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:27,100
walls, ditches traps and 
defensive positions. 

2529
02:19:27,100 --> 02:19:30,200
It was similar to attempting to 
construct a house while fending 

2530
02:19:30,200 --> 02:19:32,299
off Intruders and getting ready 
for a dinner party. 

2531
02:19:32,299 --> 02:19:35,700
But with more stabbing Seasons, 
knowledge of Roman military 

2532
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:38,500
engineering leadership, and 
warfare was put to the ultimate 

2533
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:41,500
test during the siege of Elysia 
passenger tricks. 

2534
02:19:41,500 --> 02:19:43,700
And his soldiers were starving 
inside the Fortress. 

2535
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:47,100
As they observed Caesar's 
impossibly strong defenses, 

2536
02:19:47,100 --> 02:19:50,800
gaining strength every day. 
The kind of great battle that 

2537
02:19:50,800 --> 02:19:54,500
had made Roman legion's famous 
was created outside as gallic 

2538
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:57,700
relief armies assembled to break
the seed with desperate 

2539
02:19:57,700 --> 02:20:01,400
Defenders, overcoming odds, 
Cavalry Charges and the fate of 

2540
02:20:01,400 --> 02:20:04,800
Gaul In the balance. 
The final assault had all the 

2541
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:08,300
makings of a Hollywood film sees
a demonstrated that military 

2542
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:10,400
Brilliance involves more than 
just strategy. 

2543
02:20:10,400 --> 02:20:13,300
It also involves the capacity to
control chaos. 

2544
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:17,700
He was everywhere at once 
organizing attacks on his inner 

2545
02:20:17,700 --> 02:20:21,100
walls and leading the defense of
his outer ones, thus in jetrich,

2546
02:20:21,100 --> 02:20:23,900
walked out of Elysia to throw 
his weapons at Caesar's feet in 

2547
02:20:23,908 --> 02:20:25,900
a gesture of both, defeat and 
dignity. 

2548
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:30,100
Thereby saving his people from 
complete destruction and ending 

2549
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:31,800
the battle. 
It was the event that 

2550
02:20:31,800 --> 02:20:34,000
essentially put an end to gallic
Independence. 

2551
02:20:34,000 --> 02:20:36,600
For the following five centuries
and immortalized. 

2552
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:40,800
Caesar's reputation.' were 
causing the kind of political 

2553
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:43,500
issues that contemporary Spin 
Doctors dread back in Rome. 

2554
02:20:43,500 --> 02:20:46,800
He had on the one hand, brought 
vast in to Rome's. 

2555
02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:49,500
Treasury, conquered territory, 
roughly the size of modern 

2556
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:52,500
France and demonstrated that 
Roman arms could Prevail 

2557
02:20:52,500 --> 02:20:55,500
anywhere. 
However, he had an army of 

2558
02:20:55,500 --> 02:20:58,000
Seasons soldiers, who were 
personally, loyal to seize her 

2559
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:00,200
and didn't care much about what 
other people thought. 

2560
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,500
Consider this, suppose your 
colleague went on a brief 

2561
02:21:03,500 --> 02:21:06,000
business trip and returned. 
Eight years later with a private

2562
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:09,300
Army, a multi-national 
corporation and enough cash to 

2563
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:12,800
purchase your entire business. 
Caesar had effectively done that

2564
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:15,400
and his fellow politicians. 
Were beginning to feel as though

2565
02:21:15,408 --> 02:21:18,900
they had unintentionally created
a monster in particular. 

2566
02:21:18,900 --> 02:21:22,900
The Roman senate was concerned. 
Imagine a chamber full of men in

2567
02:21:22,900 --> 02:21:25,000
togas who argued about precedent
and procedure. 

2568
02:21:25,000 --> 02:21:28,500
Most of the time as Consul they 
had witnessed Caesar defied 

2569
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:31,300
political conventions. 
And now he had returned with a 

2570
02:21:31,300 --> 02:21:34,000
military reputation that made 
Pompey, the great appear like a 

2571
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:37,100
weekend, warrior even worse. 
Caesar was still legally 

2572
02:21:37,100 --> 02:21:40,000
protected from prosecution as 
long as he was in office because

2573
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:43,100
he was still a governor. 
Caesar's adversaries, recognized

2574
02:21:43,100 --> 02:21:46,200
a chance they could prosecute 
him for all those constitutional

2575
02:21:46,200 --> 02:21:47,800
irregularities from his 
consulship. 

2576
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:50,500
If they could make him return to
Rome as a private citizen. 

2577
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:54,000
It would be akin to compelling a
prosperous, but morally dubious 

2578
02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:56,900
entrepreneur to Forfeit, his 
corporate safeguards and 

2579
02:21:56,900 --> 02:21:59,500
confront a group of prosecutors 
who had spent eight years 

2580
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:04,300
crafting their case The Trap was
simple but elegant, Caesar's 

2581
02:22:04,300 --> 02:22:07,400
political survival required him 
to either remain in Gaul or 

2582
02:22:07,400 --> 02:22:10,500
return to Rome with sufficient 
power to defend himself while 

2583
02:22:10,500 --> 02:22:13,600
Roman law mandated that he must 
disband his armies before 

2584
02:22:13,600 --> 02:22:16,300
entering Italy. 
In essence, his adversaries were

2585
02:22:16,300 --> 02:22:18,900
pressuring him to decide between
abiding by the law and 

2586
02:22:18,900 --> 02:22:22,600
committing political suicide, 
negotiations, dragged on for 

2587
02:22:22,600 --> 02:22:27,000
months, much like a high stakes 
divorce, mediation, Caesar's 

2588
02:22:27,000 --> 02:22:29,100
opponents, and sister on a gap 
that would expose him. 

2589
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:32,100
While his supporters in Rome 
sought a compromise that would 

2590
02:22:32,100 --> 02:22:35,300
allow him to go straight. 
From Governor to Consul Caesar, 

2591
02:22:35,300 --> 02:22:38,800
and his Legions, sat in the 
meantime watching Roman politics

2592
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:42,100
Splinter over, how to handle him
being asked to mediate between 

2593
02:22:42,100 --> 02:22:44,900
two former friends who both 
believe you should take side, 

2594
02:22:44,900 --> 02:22:47,300
put pompy the great in the 
middle of this mess. 

2595
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:50,700
Caesar had been partnered with 
Pompey in the triumvirate, but 

2596
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:52,800
Pompey was uncomfortably 
powerful after season. 

2597
02:22:52,800 --> 02:22:55,800
Success in Gaul. 
In essence pompy was being asked

2598
02:22:55,800 --> 02:22:58,700
to decide between his 
long-standing Alliance and their

2599
02:22:58,700 --> 02:23:02,200
apprehension about Caesar's 
aspirations when the Senate 

2600
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:04,200
passed what amounted to a 
martial or Declaration in 

2601
02:23:04,200 --> 02:23:08,900
January of 49 BCE the crisis 
reached a Breaking Point and 

2602
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:12,000
Pompey was granted emergency 
powers to protect the Republic 

2603
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:14,500
from Caesar everyone. 
In Rome knew that it was the 

2604
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:16,300
political equivalent of 
declaring war. 

2605
02:23:16,300 --> 02:23:19,400
At the banks of the Rubicon 
River which has historically 

2606
02:23:19,400 --> 02:23:21,600
served as the border between 
Gaul and Italy. 

2607
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:23,700
Caesar was informed of this 
development. 

2608
02:23:23,700 --> 02:23:27,600
This River was the ultimate Red 
Line in Roman politics because 

2609
02:23:27,600 --> 02:23:30,300
it was forbidden by Roman law 
for any general to cross it with

2610
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,000
troops standing there. 
With his seasoned Legions, 

2611
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:35,600
Caesar had to make a decision. 
That would affect not only his 

2612
02:23:35,600 --> 02:23:39,300
own destiny, little the course 
of the Roman Republic Caesar 

2613
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:41,700
reportedly stopped at the 
riverbank and uttered the words 

2614
02:23:41,700 --> 02:23:44,900
that would reverberate 
throughout history Aaliyah actor

2615
02:23:44,900 --> 02:23:49,300
SST, the die is cast. 
He then LED his army across the 

2616
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:52,100
Rubicon changing, from a Roman 
Governor, to a rebel against the

2617
02:23:52,100 --> 02:23:54,200
state. 
He had spent his entire 

2618
02:23:54,200 --> 02:23:57,200
professional life serving, it 
was a time when historical, 

2619
02:23:57,200 --> 02:24:00,300
inevitability political 
necessity, and personal ambition

2620
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:02,300
and came together to form a 
single decision. 

2621
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:05,100
Caesar was not merely crossing a
river. 

2622
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:07,900
He was also crossing the 
boundary between the Roman 

2623
02:24:07,900 --> 02:24:11,400
Republic and the future Caesars 
crossing of the Rubicon sparked.

2624
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:13,600
A civil war that the most 
skilled military in the world 

2625
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:15,300
would be engaged in against 
itself. 

2626
02:24:15,300 --> 02:24:18,000
Something the Romans had feared 
for Generations. 

2627
02:24:18,000 --> 02:24:21,100
It was similar to witnessing a 
family business disintegrate. 

2628
02:24:21,100 --> 02:24:24,100
Except that the family business 
called the majority of the 

2629
02:24:24,100 --> 02:24:27,000
Mediterranean region and the 
disputes were resolved with 

2630
02:24:27,008 --> 02:24:29,300
swords. 
The Romans had never witnessed 

2631
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,900
anything, like Caesar's march 
across Italy, Caesar launched, 

2632
02:24:32,900 --> 02:24:35,100
what may have been the first 
charm offensive in history 

2633
02:24:35,100 --> 02:24:37,200
rather than the ruthless 
Conquest. 

2634
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:40,700
They had anticipated he showed 
unusual clemency to the citizens

2635
02:24:40,700 --> 02:24:42,100
of the cities that welcome to 
him. 

2636
02:24:42,100 --> 02:24:45,000
He offered them positions in his
army and pardoned. 

2637
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:48,200
The enemy soldiers who turned 
themselves in he released Roman 

2638
02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:51,200
officials, he had captured with 
courtesy notes implying. 

2639
02:24:51,200 --> 02:24:53,900
They might want to reevaluate 
their political affiliation. 

2640
02:24:53,900 --> 02:24:56,800
It was the best kind of cycle 
Warfare. 

2641
02:24:56,800 --> 02:25:00,200
Seesaw was proving that he was a
Roman Statesman attempting to 

2642
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:02,600
rescue the Republic from his own
political dysfunction. 

2643
02:25:02,600 --> 02:25:06,000
Not just another ambitious 
General looking to plunder Rome,

2644
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:09,900
Caesar's policy of Clemente, was
both genuinely compassionate and

2645
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:14,300
Incredibly well thought out Each
enemy he pardoned served as a 

2646
02:25:14,300 --> 02:25:15,800
living example of his 
reasonableness. 

2647
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:19,000
Meanwhile Pompey and the Senate 
were learning that Civil War. 

2648
02:25:19,000 --> 02:25:21,400
Preparation is far more 
difficult than Conquest 

2649
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,200
preparation abroad. 
Their plan was to leave Italy 

2650
02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:27,800
assembled troops in the Eastern 
Mediterranean and then returned 

2651
02:25:27,800 --> 02:25:30,500
with a massive Force, to put an 
end to Caesar's Uprising. 

2652
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:33,400
The political realities of the 
situation were totally 

2653
02:25:33,400 --> 02:25:35,700
disregarded in favor of sound 
military reasoning. 

2654
02:25:36,400 --> 02:25:39,200
Pompey gave Caesar the ultimate 
propaganda Triumph by leaving 

2655
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:43,100
Rome now that his enemies had 
fled like cowards Caesar could 

2656
02:25:43,100 --> 02:25:45,600
say he was protecting the city. 
Even as he methodically 

2657
02:25:45,600 --> 02:25:48,200
destroyed, the political 
structure that had stood in his 

2658
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:51,900
way, Caesar made it a point to 
uphold Republican traditions and

2659
02:25:51,900 --> 02:25:54,400
established institutions. 
When he arrived in Rome. 

2660
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:58,100
He ensuing Civil War spread like
a deadly reality show throughout

2661
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:01,400
the Mediterranean region, the 
greatest armies in history were 

2662
02:26:01,400 --> 02:26:04,500
commanded by Caesar and Pompey 
and they were commanded by 

2663
02:26:04,500 --> 02:26:07,400
officers who are dedicated their
professional lives to honing 

2664
02:26:07,400 --> 02:26:10,600
their military skills. 
These kinds of colliding, forces

2665
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:12,800
produced, amazing and 
destructive results. 

2666
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:16,100
Sees approved during his 
campaign in Spain that he could 

2667
02:26:16,100 --> 02:26:19,800
outmaneuver opponents without 
necessarily destroying them sees

2668
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:22,400
a gained control of the Iberian 
Peninsula, through Superior 

2669
02:26:22,400 --> 02:26:26,000
Logistics rather than Superior 
violence after he encircled 

2670
02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:28,100
pompey's allies. 
So thoroughly that they 

2671
02:26:28,100 --> 02:26:31,000
surrendered without a 
significant conflict military. 

2672
02:26:31,000 --> 02:26:33,800
Theorists were impressed by this
type of victory, for centuries 

2673
02:26:33,800 --> 02:26:37,200
to come the real battle. 
However took place at Dirham in 

2674
02:26:37,200 --> 02:26:40,400
present-day Albania, where 
pompey's Army first outwitted, 

2675
02:26:40,400 --> 02:26:43,700
Caesar in what turned out to be 
one of Caesar's few decisive 

2676
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:46,700
losses for an instant pompy 
appeared to have discovered the 

2677
02:26:46,700 --> 02:26:49,500
secret to defeating the most 
successful General, in Rome 

2678
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:52,800
Caesars reaction to this. 
Setback provided important 

2679
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:56,100
insight into his personality 
instead with the patience of 

2680
02:26:56,100 --> 02:26:57,800
one. 
Who knew that individual battles

2681
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:00,000
do not decide Wars. 
He examined. 

2682
02:27:00,000 --> 02:27:02,900
What had gone wrong. 
Modified his strategy and 

2683
02:27:02,900 --> 02:27:05,600
readied himself. 
For the next engagement, Caesar 

2684
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:09,400
and pompies larger Army engaged 
in a fierce battle of Greece, 

2685
02:27:09,400 --> 02:27:12,600
which was the pivotal moment for
which Roman military Doctrine 

2686
02:27:12,600 --> 02:27:15,000
was created. 
Pompey's Army was great, but 

2687
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:17,800
predictable and season had 
learned to improvise during his 

2688
02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:20,700
eight years and goal, the actual
battle was a tactical. 

2689
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:24,300
Flexibility masterclass Caesar 
used his reserves in a 

2690
02:27:24,300 --> 02:27:26,608
surprising formation. 
That turned the strength of the 

2691
02:27:26,616 --> 02:27:29,500
enemy into weakness. 
When pompey's Cavalry threatened

2692
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:32,300
to outflank seizures forces, 
watching a chess, Grandmaster 

2693
02:27:32,300 --> 02:27:35,600
sacrifice a piece to reach. 
Checkmate, three moves later was

2694
02:27:35,600 --> 02:27:39,200
like that the Republic's ability
to oppose Caesar was essentially

2695
02:27:39,200 --> 02:27:42,800
destroyed by pompey's defeat at 
phosphorus, but it also signaled

2696
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:45,600
to Caesar that a military 
Triumph was just the start of 

2697
02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:47,900
his troubles. 
Overcoming adversaries is 

2698
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:51,100
comparatively easy. 
Managing an Empire Shattered by 

2699
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:53,300
Civil War is a completely 
different matter. 

2700
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:56,400
Caesar was in the unique 
position of winning a civil war 

2701
02:27:56,400 --> 02:27:59,500
after fossilis, but he wasn't 
entirely sure what to do next. 

2702
02:27:59,500 --> 02:28:02,900
In one of the biggest blunders 
in history, the Egyptians chose 

2703
02:28:02,900 --> 02:28:05,600
to win, seize her over by 
killing Pompey and giving his 

2704
02:28:05,600 --> 02:28:08,600
head as a present. 
Pompey, had fled to Egypt, 

2705
02:28:08,600 --> 02:28:12,000
seeking Refuge from Rome's 
long-standing Ally the Egyptians

2706
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:14,200
likely didn't anticipate. 
Season's response. 

2707
02:28:14,200 --> 02:28:17,500
When he saw the severed head of 
his former rival, Caesar 

2708
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:20,400
reportedly wept whether out of 
true grief or political 

2709
02:28:20,400 --> 02:28:23,400
calculation. 
Instead of gratitude the man 

2710
02:28:23,400 --> 02:28:25,300
whose opposition had given 
Caesar's own. 

2711
02:28:25,300 --> 02:28:27,500
Positional legitimacy was no 
longer his most credible 

2712
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:31,000
opponent, he was now merely a 
Roman general occupying, a 

2713
02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:33,800
foreign land with no obvious 
adversary to engage in combat 

2714
02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:38,100
with however, Egypt provided 
restitution chiefly in the form 

2715
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:40,500
of Cleopatra. 
The seventh Egypt's, final 

2716
02:28:40,500 --> 02:28:43,600
pharaoh and perhaps, the most 
cultured woman sees ahead ever 

2717
02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:46,900
met here was a person who ruled 
one of the richest kingdoms in 

2718
02:28:46,900 --> 02:28:51,300
Antiquity spoken 9 languages and
had received his education from 

2719
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:54,800
the finest alexandrian. 
Scholars, she resembled a cross 

2720
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:59,400
between a Fortune 500 CEO and a 
Harvard MBA who also happened to

2721
02:28:59,400 --> 02:29:02,400
have ancestry dating back to 
Alexander the Great rather than 

2722
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:06,100
a Disney princess Caesar. 
And Cleopatra's relationship was

2723
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,200
a combination of mutual 
recognition, political Alliance 

2724
02:29:09,200 --> 02:29:12,500
and personal attraction between 
two of the most Brilliant Minds 

2725
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:15,500
in Antiquity. 
The 52 year old Caesar had lived

2726
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:18,900
his entire life surround By 
Roman politicians who believe 

2727
02:29:18,900 --> 02:29:21,600
that tactical maneuvering meant 
slightly, different forms of 

2728
02:29:21,600 --> 02:29:24,500
bribery managing a kingdom. 
That was essentially a 

2729
02:29:24,500 --> 02:29:28,500
multinational corporation with 
pyramids. 21 year old Cleopatra 

2730
02:29:28,500 --> 02:29:30,800
had been dealing with court 
Intrigue since she was a young 

2731
02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:34,100
girl Alexandria, the greatest 
center of learning and culture 

2732
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:36,900
and Antiquity, served as the 
backdrop for their romance. 

2733
02:29:36,900 --> 02:29:40,000
Caesar found himself in a city 
with the largest library in the 

2734
02:29:40,000 --> 02:29:41,400
world. 
The most sophisticated 

2735
02:29:41,400 --> 02:29:44,700
engineering an intellectual 
Traditions, that made Rome 

2736
02:29:44,700 --> 02:29:48,000
appear like a promising startup 
while, Roman senators were 

2737
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:51,100
debating precedent, and 
procedure Caesar was captivated 

2738
02:29:51,100 --> 02:29:53,400
by Egyptian governance, and 
partially enamored with 

2739
02:29:53,400 --> 02:29:55,000
Cleopatra, during his 
month-long. 

2740
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:57,300
Stay in Egypt. 
While Rome was still learning 

2741
02:29:57,300 --> 02:29:59,200
how to rule over land outside of
Italy. 

2742
02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:02,400
This Kingdom had been handling 
intricate bureaucracy for 

2743
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:05,500
thousands of years. 
Caesar learned Imperial 

2744
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:08,300
Administration lessons from the 
experience that shaped his 

2745
02:30:08,308 --> 02:30:11,500
subsequent reforms. 
However, this ancient sabbatical

2746
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:13,800
romance was eventually 
overshadowed by political 

2747
02:30:13,800 --> 02:30:17,200
reality, Caesar couldn't afford 
to ignore the opportunities for 

2748
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:20,500
opposition that his extended 
absence from Roman politics was 

2749
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,400
creating and his enemies were 
regrouping throughout the 

2750
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:27,100
Mediterranean upon his return. 
To Rome Caesar encountered the 

2751
02:30:27,100 --> 02:30:29,700
same problem as plague. 
Successful revolutionaries for 

2752
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:32,700
centuries, how to 
institutionalize, change. 

2753
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:35,200
Without destroying the system, 
you're attempting to reform. 

2754
02:30:35,200 --> 02:30:37,600
Season's solution was 
characteristically. 

2755
02:30:37,600 --> 02:30:41,500
Bold he would establish himself 
as a dictator, but one who would

2756
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:44,300
fortify rather than undermine 
Roman institutions. 

2757
02:30:45,100 --> 02:30:47,200
The Romans had never known a 
dictatorship. 

2758
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:50,300
Like Caesars in the past 
dictators have been appointed 

2759
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:53,400
for particular crises and were 
supposed to step down after the 

2760
02:30:53,400 --> 02:30:56,600
crisis was over Caesar appeared 
to have a longer-term vision of 

2761
02:30:56,600 --> 02:30:59,400
a reformed Roman state, with 
himself as its permanent 

2762
02:30:59,400 --> 02:31:02,600
executive fusing, the 
effectiveness of monarchical 

2763
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:05,300
decision-making with the 
traditions of Republican 

2764
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:08,800
institutions, the breadth and 
usefulness of his reforms were 

2765
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:11,200
astounding. 
Caesar changed the Roman 

2766
02:31:11,200 --> 02:31:14,200
Calendar, to the Julian 
calendar, which is still in use 

2767
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:17,200
today with a few tweaks, he 
started large-scale Public 

2768
02:31:17,200 --> 02:31:19,500
Works. 
Projects changed the debt law 

2769
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:23,200
increased citizenship and 
started organizing colonies for 

2770
02:31:23,200 --> 02:31:26,500
Rome's, expanding populace. 
It was similar to witnessing 

2771
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:29,000
someone manage a whole 
civilization and restructure. 

2772
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:32,400
It sees a success, however, was 
setting the stage for his 

2773
02:31:32,400 --> 02:31:35,600
demise. 
A Caesar accumulated powers that

2774
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:39,200
made him effectively a king in 
all but name, Roman Senators, 

2775
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:41,300
who had dedicated their 
professional lives to the 

2776
02:31:41,300 --> 02:31:42,700
Republican system of 
governments. 

2777
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:45,900
Watched the man who had said he 
was saving, the Republic was now

2778
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:47,300
threatening to destroy it 
completely. 

2779
02:31:48,100 --> 02:31:50,700
Both former foes and 
disillusioned friends were part 

2780
02:31:50,700 --> 02:31:53,300
of the plot against Caesar 
because Caesar had treated 

2781
02:31:53,300 --> 02:31:55,800
Brutus. 
Almost like a son, men, like him

2782
02:31:55,800 --> 02:31:58,600
started to think that the only 
way to preserve Roman Liberty 

2783
02:31:58,600 --> 02:32:01,400
was to kill Caesar. 
This Choice was a combination of

2784
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:04,600
personal animosity, true 
patriotism and likely some 

2785
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:06,500
concern about Caesar's next 
move. 

2786
02:32:06,500 --> 02:32:10,100
Despite fortune, tellers 
cautions his wife's dreams and 

2787
02:32:10,100 --> 02:32:11,800
most likely. 
As own political instincts, 

2788
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:16,000
Caesar entered, the Roman senate
building on March 1544. 

2789
02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:20,500
BC e also known as The Ides of 
March following that dozens of 

2790
02:32:20,500 --> 02:32:22,600
senators. 
Alternated stabbing, the man who

2791
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:25,300
had rebuilt, the Roman World 
which was less like, an 

2792
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:27,800
assassination than a group 
therapy session with knives. 

2793
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,700
Caesar's life and death were 
equally, dramatic, his final 

2794
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:34,800
words according to Legend, when 
he saw Brutus among his 

2795
02:32:34,800 --> 02:32:39,700
murderers were two brute. 
And You Brutus, it was the 

2796
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:42,500
ultimate betrayal by someone. 
He had trusted and it 

2797
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,000
encapsulated the tragedy of a 
man whose greatest 

2798
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:47,600
accomplishments had set the 
stage for his own downfall. 

2799
02:32:48,400 --> 02:32:50,400
Sometimes the Cure is worse than
the illness. 

2800
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:53,100
Don't, you know, that's 
basically what happened when 

2801
02:32:53,100 --> 02:32:55,600
Caesar was assassinated by the 
Roman Senators. 

2802
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:58,300
They believed they were 
preserving the Republic but in 

2803
02:32:58,300 --> 02:33:01,800
reality, the insured, its demise
and paved the way for a civil 

2804
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:04,000
war that would make Caesars 
dispute with Pompey. 

2805
02:33:04,000 --> 02:33:07,500
Seem like a local quarrel sees. 
His death had been carefully 

2806
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:10,600
planned by the conspirators, but
it seems, they had neglected to 

2807
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:14,100
plan for what would happen next?
It became evident within hours 

2808
02:33:14,100 --> 02:33:16,400
of the assassination that they 
had killed Rome's. 

2809
02:33:16,400 --> 02:33:18,800
Most well-liked, Man, without 
knowing how to handle the power 

2810
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:20,800
vacuum, they had caused the 
company. 

2811
02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:23,500
In question happened to control 
the majority of the known world.

2812
02:33:23,500 --> 02:33:26,500
So it was similar to 
successfully ousting a CEO 

2813
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:29,900
without a succession plan. 
When Marc Anthony sees his 

2814
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:32,500
faithful left tenant, came out 
of hiding to give Caesars 

2815
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:35,000
funeral oration. 
He quickly transformed it into 

2816
02:33:35,000 --> 02:33:38,200
the most potent political 
theater in Antiquity by reading 

2817
02:33:38,200 --> 02:33:41,700
seasons will which left money to
all Roman citizens and 

2818
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,300
displaying his bloodied Togo. 
While explaining each wound 

2819
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:48,000
Anthony turned, Caesar's funeral
into a masterclass in emotional,

2820
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:49,800
man. 
Regulation rather than the 

2821
02:33:49,800 --> 02:33:52,600
straightforward ceremony. 
The conspirators had 

2822
02:33:52,600 --> 02:33:54,700
anticipated. 
The response from the crowd, was

2823
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:58,000
exactly what Antony had hoped 
for, and what the conspirators 

2824
02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:01,300
should have been afraid of in 
search of anyone involved in the

2825
02:34:01,308 --> 02:34:05,400
assassination, Romans rioted 
throughout the city protected, 

2826
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:06,800
by the very government 
buildings. 

2827
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:09,400
They had claimed to be 
defending, the conspirators 

2828
02:34:09,400 --> 02:34:11,600
ended up barricaded on Capitol 
and Hill. 

2829
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:15,000
However, the true drama was only
getting started. 

2830
02:34:15,000 --> 02:34:18,600
Caesar had adopted his 18 year 
old Grand, nephew Octavius as 

2831
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:21,800
his son and Heir a surprise that
would change the course of Roman

2832
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:25,200
history of according to his will
suddenly this young man who 

2833
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:28,000
would go on to become, Augustus 
was the heir to the most 

2834
02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:31,200
illustrious name in Roman 
politics and the son of a god 

2835
02:34:31,200 --> 02:34:33,500
Caesar had been posthumously 
deified. 

2836
02:34:33,500 --> 02:34:36,600
Young octavius's transitioning 
into a political figure was 

2837
02:34:36,600 --> 02:34:39,600
similar to witnessing someone. 
Go from internal to CEO in a 

2838
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:42,200
single day. 
He was studying philosophy at a 

2839
02:34:42,200 --> 02:34:45,100
Greek College one day, and then 
he was heading back to Rome to 

2840
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:48,800
claim an inheritance that 
included immense wealth a No 

2841
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:50,900
name and the allegiance of 
Caesar's seasoned. 

2842
02:34:50,900 --> 02:34:54,700
Legions Octavius was inheriting 
a revolution, whereas most 

2843
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,200
teenagers would have been 
overwhelmed by inheriting a 

2844
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:00,200
family business in the years 
after Caesar's death, Mark, 

2845
02:35:00,200 --> 02:35:03,500
Antony Octavius and a politician
by the name of lepidus formed. 

2846
02:35:03,500 --> 02:35:05,800
What historians refer to as the 
second triumvirate. 

2847
02:35:05,800 --> 02:35:10,300
This triumvirate was formal 
lawful and specifically created 

2848
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:13,200
to find Caesar's Killers while 
dividing the Roman World among 

2849
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:17,000
themselves in contrast to The 
Unofficial agreement Caesar had 

2850
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:20,200
made with Pompeii and Crassus. 
Caesar's policy of clemency, was

2851
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:22,000
rendered obsolete by the 
ensuing. 

2852
02:35:22,000 --> 02:35:24,900
Systematic campaign of 
retaliation by publishing 

2853
02:35:24,900 --> 02:35:27,500
proscription lists, which were 
essentially death warrants for 

2854
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:31,000
their political Rivals. 
The trials transformed into a 

2855
02:35:31,008 --> 02:35:34,000
place where slandering neighbors
could bring in large sums of 

2856
02:35:34,008 --> 02:35:37,300
money and where political 
connections were essential to 

2857
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:40,700
one survival, the conspirators 
who had killed Caesar were now 

2858
02:35:40,700 --> 02:35:43,400
dispersed throughout the 
Mediterranean frantically 

2859
02:35:43,400 --> 02:35:46,300
attempting to assemble armies, 
while being methodically 

2860
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:50,300
pursued, by men who combined, 
His military prowess with none 

2861
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:53,700
of his compassion at Philippi 
where Brutus and Cassius LED 

2862
02:35:53,700 --> 02:35:56,500
Republican forces against Antony
and octavius's armies. 

2863
02:35:56,500 --> 02:36:00,300
The final battle took place. 
The Roman Republic came to an 

2864
02:36:00,300 --> 02:36:03,400
end at the Battle of Philippi 
but it also served as a sneak 

2865
02:36:03,400 --> 02:36:06,300
peek at the Imperial structure 
that would take its place, the 

2866
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:09,300
Roman world was split between 
Antony and Octavius like a 

2867
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:11,900
particularly valuable piece of 
real estate being split by 

2868
02:36:11,900 --> 02:36:15,100
business partners who didn't 
fully trust each other after 

2869
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:18,700
Caesar's assassins were killed. 
However even this Arrangement 

2870
02:36:18,700 --> 02:36:22,200
was not sustainable Octavius. 
Had the ideal opportunity to 

2871
02:36:22,200 --> 02:36:25,200
portray himself as the protector
of Roman values against foreign 

2872
02:36:25,200 --> 02:36:29,100
corruption because of Antony and
Cleopatra's relationship, which 

2873
02:36:29,100 --> 02:36:32,200
started as a political Alliance 
and eventually turned into a 

2874
02:36:32,200 --> 02:36:36,300
True Romance in the ensuing, 
propaganda War, Anthony a Roman 

2875
02:36:36,308 --> 02:36:39,900
who had left his native land for
Egyptian luxury was transformed 

2876
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:42,400
from seasons of Avenger to seize
his traitor. 

2877
02:36:43,600 --> 02:36:46,900
The Roman Republic's last Civil 
War unfolded like a battleship 

2878
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:49,500
soap, opera Octavius. 
Stood for Republican 

2879
02:36:49,500 --> 02:36:53,000
institutions, duty to the state 
and traditional Roman values. 

2880
02:36:53,000 --> 02:36:56,800
The threat of foreign dominance 
personal Indulgence in eastern 

2881
02:36:56,800 --> 02:37:01,800
luxury, were all symbolized by 
Anthony and Cleopatra in 31, BCE

2882
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:05,600
their fleets clashed attack. 
Him deciding not only who would 

2883
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:07,900
govern Rome but also the nature 
of the city-state. 

2884
02:37:08,800 --> 02:37:12,000
The Roman Republic came to an 
end with octavius's victory at 

2885
02:37:12,000 --> 02:37:14,900
actium and the Roman Empire 
began Rome was the only 

2886
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:17,900
superpower in the ancient 
Mediterranean after Antony and 

2887
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:20,600
Cleopatra. 
Committed suicide in Alexandria 

2888
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:24,200
ending the Hellenistic era that 
had lasted since Alexander the 

2889
02:37:24,200 --> 02:37:25,800
Great. 
Let's talk about something 

2890
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:27,800
amazing. 
As you curl up with your blanket

2891
02:37:27,800 --> 02:37:31,300
and maybe refill that teacup How
a man who passed away more than 

2892
02:37:31,300 --> 02:37:35,000
2,000 years ago, continues to 
have an impact on your life. 

2893
02:37:35,000 --> 02:37:38,600
In ways, you probably aren't 
even aware of Seasons handy. 

2894
02:37:38,600 --> 02:37:40,300
Work is visible. 
Every time you look at a 

2895
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:45,600
calendar that Julian calendar, 
he made in 46 BCE with leap 

2896
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,100
days, every four years and a 
year with 365 days. 

2897
02:37:49,100 --> 02:37:52,500
We still use a slightly altered 
version of it today because it 

2898
02:37:52,508 --> 02:37:54,800
was so. 
Well designed Julius, Caesar 

2899
02:37:54,800 --> 02:37:57,700
decided that Roman time keeping 
needed to be better organized 

2900
02:37:57,700 --> 02:38:00,400
which is why December 30th 
exists today. 

2901
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:03,700
You're adhering to assist in 
Creative by a man who was never 

2902
02:38:03,700 --> 02:38:06,700
seen a car or an airplane when 
you schedule your birthday or 

2903
02:38:06,700 --> 02:38:10,200
some of vacation. 
However, Seasons impact extends,

2904
02:38:10,200 --> 02:38:13,000
far beyond, calendar reform 
season's title. 

2905
02:38:13,000 --> 02:38:16,800
Imperata is where the word 
Emperor originates, German and 

2906
02:38:16,800 --> 02:38:19,600
Russian rulers, who wish to 
inherit Caesar's name used the 

2907
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:23,400
variations Kaiser and Kazar. 
Ambitious leaders have been 

2908
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:25,800
attempting to emulate. 
Julius Caesar with regional 

2909
02:38:25,800 --> 02:38:28,900
traits for more than two 
Millennia, Caesar invented a 

2910
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:31,300
number of political ideas that 
have reverberated throughout 

2911
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,000
history in both inspiring and 
terrifying ways. 

2912
02:38:34,000 --> 02:38:37,200
These ideas include the notion 
that popular support could 

2913
02:38:37,200 --> 02:38:40,500
legitimize radical change. 
That military success could 

2914
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:42,400
translate into civilian 
Authority. 

2915
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:45,600
And that charismatic leadership 
could transcend traditional 

2916
02:38:45,600 --> 02:38:49,600
institutional limits, Caesar's 
strategy is being used by every 

2917
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:52,200
populist politician who says 
they are speaking for the people

2918
02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:55,400
against the ruling class, 
consider the expression Crossing

2919
02:38:55,400 --> 02:38:57,900
the Rubicon. 
When someone says their crossing

2920
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:00,700
their Rubicon, their referring 
to a decision that will alter 

2921
02:39:00,700 --> 02:39:04,000
everything forever sees to 
decision-making moment on that. 

2922
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:07,900
Riverbank in 49, BC is the 
direct source of that metaphor 

2923
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:10,500
historians. 
Use it to explain times when 

2924
02:39:10,500 --> 02:39:13,900
societies change couples. 
Use it to talk about significant

2925
02:39:13,900 --> 02:39:17,200
life, Transitions and corporate 
Executives, use it in board, 

2926
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:20,600
meetings Seasons, military 
advancements, impacted Warfare 

2927
02:39:20,600 --> 02:39:22,000
for centuries and persisted 
through. 

2928
02:39:22,200 --> 02:39:25,300
The Roman Empire. 
Roman Doctrine adopted his 

2929
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:29,100
emphasis on agility. 
Speed and Engineering solutions 

2930
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:31,400
to Tactical issues in order to 
move. 

2931
02:39:31,400 --> 02:39:34,700
Swiftly, through Gaul, his 
Legions constructed roads, which

2932
02:39:34,700 --> 02:39:37,800
later served as the basis for 
European transportation systems 

2933
02:39:37,800 --> 02:39:39,700
that persisted well into the 
modern era. 

2934
02:39:39,700 --> 02:39:42,500
The roots that Caesar's 
Engineers surveyed more than 

2935
02:39:42,508 --> 02:39:46,500
2000 years ago are still used by
some European highways Caesar's 

2936
02:39:46,500 --> 02:39:49,100
demonstration that the political
structures of the ancient world 

2937
02:39:49,100 --> 02:39:52,500
were not static or unalterable. 
However, may have been his most 

2938
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:56,200
enduring contribution. 
Before Caesar the majority of 

2939
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:59,500
people believe that things had 
to be the way they were Cesar 

2940
02:39:59,500 --> 02:40:02,000
proved that anyone with enough 
Vision talent and willpower 

2941
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:05,300
could rebuild entire 
civilizations institutions and 

2942
02:40:05,300 --> 02:40:07,800
Customs. 
This was dangerous as well as 

2943
02:40:07,808 --> 02:40:11,400
liberating Caesar demonstrated 
the ability of human societies 

2944
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:13,900
to change and adapt and 
advanced. 

2945
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:17,900
From debt relief for struggling 
Farmers to citizenship for 

2946
02:40:17,900 --> 02:40:19,500
formerly marginalized 
communities. 

2947
02:40:19,500 --> 02:40:23,400
His reforms truly improve the 
lives of millions of Romans. 

2948
02:40:23,400 --> 02:40:26,600
However, he also demonstrated, 
how easily Democratic 

2949
02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:29,600
institutions could be overthrown
by someone, who was more aware 

2950
02:40:29,600 --> 02:40:32,700
of their flaws than their 
supporters, Caesar's Revolution,

2951
02:40:32,700 --> 02:40:35,800
gave rise to the centuries, 
long, Roman Empire, which served

2952
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:39,000
as a model for structuring and 
governing vast heterogeneous 

2953
02:40:39,000 --> 02:40:42,500
societies, Caesar contributed to
the development of Roman law 

2954
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:46,100
which served as the basis for 
legal systems across Europe and 

2955
02:40:46,100 --> 02:40:48,800
ultimately impacted legal 
Traditions across the globe. 

2956
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:51,800
You benefit from ideas, that 
developed from Roman press 

2957
02:40:51,800 --> 02:40:53,200
presidents. 
When you have the presumption of

2958
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:56,900
innocence, the right to a trial 
and legal safeguards against 

2959
02:40:56,900 --> 02:41:00,100
capricious government action, 
Aspiring leaders have even 

2960
02:41:00,100 --> 02:41:02,400
attempted to emulate, Caesar's 
Personal Style. 

2961
02:41:03,300 --> 02:41:05,800
Thousands of years, people have 
been captivated by his 

2962
02:41:05,800 --> 02:41:09,500
leadership style, which combines
military skill, intellectual 

2963
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:13,200
sophistication, and public 
appeal by bringing a biography 

2964
02:41:13,200 --> 02:41:15,400
of the Roman General on his 
military Expeditions. 

2965
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:19,500
Napoleon purposefully modeled 
himself after Caesar, Caesar's 

2966
02:41:19,500 --> 02:41:22,300
speeches are still studied by 
contemporary politicians as a 

2967
02:41:22,300 --> 02:41:24,100
source of rhetorical and 
persuasive lessons. 

2968
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:27,700
Caesar's memory has endured 
through literature and drama in 

2969
02:41:27,700 --> 02:41:30,500
ways that were impossible for 
purely historical, research 

2970
02:41:30,500 --> 02:41:34,000
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar 
created dialogue that has become

2971
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:37,300
ingrained in our common cultural
vocabulary while making the 

2972
02:41:37,300 --> 02:41:39,700
story understandable to 
audiences who were ignorant of 

2973
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:42,800
Roman politics. 
The Phrase Friends Romans 

2974
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:45,900
countrymen lemurs is likely more
well-known than anything. 

2975
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:49,400
That the real Anthony said 
Caesar's life poses issues that 

2976
02:41:49,400 --> 02:41:52,000
are just as pertinent today, as 
they were two Millennia ago, 

2977
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:55,500
including ambition leadership, 
and the nature of political 

2978
02:41:55,500 --> 02:41:58,800
change was Caesar and ambitious 
autocrat, who overthrew the 

2979
02:41:58,800 --> 02:42:00,500
Republican government for his 
own benefit. 

2980
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:04,300
Was he a Visionary reformer who 
prevented political dysfunction 

2981
02:42:04,300 --> 02:42:06,400
in Rome. 
His story will always be 

2982
02:42:06,400 --> 02:42:09,400
fascinating because the truthful
response is most likely both. 

2983
02:42:10,400 --> 02:42:12,600
The same conflicts that 
shattered, the Roman Republic, 

2984
02:42:12,600 --> 02:42:14,600
still played contemporary 
democracies. 

2985
02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:17,500
How can Democratic 
accountability and effectively 

2986
02:42:17,500 --> 02:42:21,000
leadership be balanced. 
How can outmoded institutions be

2987
02:42:21,000 --> 02:42:23,200
reformed without jeopardizing? 
The stability? 

2988
02:42:23,200 --> 02:42:26,600
They offer, When leaders assert 
that they speak for the people's

2989
02:42:26,600 --> 02:42:28,500
will against established 
institutions. 

2990
02:42:28,500 --> 02:42:31,800
How do you react? 
These are issues that every 

2991
02:42:31,800 --> 02:42:35,800
Democratic Society must deal 
with not just historical ones as

2992
02:42:35,800 --> 02:42:38,600
we draw to a close, it's 
important to take a moment to 

2993
02:42:38,600 --> 02:42:41,300
reflect on Caesar's character 
outside of his political 

2994
02:42:41,300 --> 02:42:44,900
scheming and Military triumphs 
because despite his historical 

2995
02:42:44,900 --> 02:42:47,800
significance. 
Julius Caesar was just a regular

2996
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:51,100
person with the same wants needs
and anxieties as everyone else. 

2997
02:42:51,100 --> 02:42:54,700
According to reports, Caesar had
a great deal of personal charm 

2998
02:42:54,700 --> 02:42:57,300
and could make anyone feel like 
the most important person in the

2999
02:42:57,300 --> 02:43:00,000
room. 
He was tall and pale with dark 

3000
02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:02,900
eyes, and a receding hairline 
that apparently bothered him so 

3001
02:43:02,900 --> 02:43:04,900
much, that he frequently covered
it with Laurels. 

3002
02:43:04,900 --> 02:43:08,600
According to Roman sources. 
The fact that even the most 

3003
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:11,400
influential people in history 
were self-conscious about their 

3004
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,600
appearance and experimented with
unconventional, hair loss, 

3005
02:43:14,600 --> 02:43:16,300
remedies is strangely 
reassuring. 

3006
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:19,400
His political Rivals, 
occasionally made fun of him for

3007
02:43:19,400 --> 02:43:21,400
being a feminine because he was 
infamously. 

3008
02:43:21,400 --> 02:43:24,800
Conceited about his appearance 
and lavished a lot of time and 

3009
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:28,200
money on personal grooming, 
Caesar's focus on style and 

3010
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:30,800
appearance was viewed as 
somewhat scandalous in A society

3011
02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:33,000
that valued masculine military 
virtues. 

3012
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:36,600
However, this same as oftenly, 
gentle politician was able to 

3013
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:40,000
personally lead, Cavalry Charges
against Germanic Warriors and 

3014
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:43,700
out, maneuver soldiers, half his
age, even by Roman standards 

3015
02:43:43,700 --> 02:43:47,300
Caesars intellectual curiosity, 
was legendary during his gallic 

3016
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:49,400
campaigns. 
He wrote poetry studied 

3017
02:43:49,400 --> 02:43:52,400
philosophy and supposedly wrote 
a Treasures on grammar while 

3018
02:43:52,400 --> 02:43:55,900
traveling across the Alps. 
Imagine having such a Restless 

3019
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:58,900
mind that you take advantage of 
military marches to write 

3020
02:43:58,900 --> 02:44:01,900
academically. 
In addition, he penned in-depth 

3021
02:44:01,900 --> 02:44:04,400
analysis of his own military 
operations, which are still 

3022
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:06,100
studied today as historical 
documents. 

3023
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:10,200
And as examples of persuasive 
political propaganda, a more 

3024
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,900
intimate aspect of Caesar's 
personality is shown through his

3025
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:16,300
relationship with his daughter, 
Julia, he reportedly loved her 

3026
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:19,000
and a union with Pompey, was one
of the few occasions. 

3027
02:44:19,000 --> 02:44:21,700
When Caesar appeared to put 
political gain ahead of the 

3028
02:44:21,700 --> 02:44:24,700
happiness of his family. 
Both Caesar and Pompey was said 

3029
02:44:24,700 --> 02:44:27,300
to have been devastated. 
When Julia died in childbirth, 

3030
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:31,100
and some historians contend that
her passing aided in the 

3031
02:44:31,100 --> 02:44:34,500
dissolution of their political 
partnership in the end, even the

3032
02:44:34,500 --> 02:44:37,400
most prosperous politicians are 
just fathers who miss their kids

3033
02:44:37,400 --> 02:44:40,400
sees as well. 
Known Clemente toward vanquished

3034
02:44:40,400 --> 02:44:42,500
adversaries. 
Appears to have been motivated 

3035
02:44:42,500 --> 02:44:44,600
by more than just political 
expediency. 

3036
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:49,200
Rather it appears to have been a
sincere conviction that kindness

3037
02:44:49,200 --> 02:44:53,000
worked better than brutality in 
a time when enslavement and mass

3038
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:55,700
executioners were common. 
Following military triumphs. 

3039
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:58,200
This was unusual, Caesar saw 
that. 

3040
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:00,800
How you handled defeated 
opponents often determines 

3041
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:03,200
whether they become future 
allies or lifelong enemies? 

3042
02:45:03,200 --> 02:45:05,700
Something that many leaders fail
to recognize. 

3043
02:45:05,700 --> 02:45:09,700
However, Caesar was also capable
of being brutal when he felt the

3044
02:45:09,700 --> 02:45:11,700
need to do. 
So his willingness to use 

3045
02:45:11,700 --> 02:45:14,500
political violence. 
When other options failed, his 

3046
02:45:14,500 --> 02:45:18,200
systematic destruction of towns 
that resisted his forces and his

3047
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,000
Massacre of German tribes, who 
broke their agreements with 

3048
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:23,300
Rome. 
All demonstrate his ability to 

3049
02:45:23,300 --> 02:45:27,200
put strategic necessity ahead of
personal preferences, his 

3050
02:45:27,200 --> 02:45:30,000
relationships with women, or 
reflected his complexity. 

3051
02:45:30,700 --> 02:45:33,700
In an era when such views were 
rare, Caesar appears to have 

3052
02:45:33,700 --> 02:45:36,500
truly respected intelligent 
women, even Beyond his 

3053
02:45:36,500 --> 02:45:38,700
well-known lies owns with clear,
Patra and others. 

3054
02:45:38,700 --> 02:45:41,900
According to his correspondents,
he regarded, women as 

3055
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,300
intellectual allies, rather than
merely, as romantic conquests or

3056
02:45:45,300 --> 02:45:48,600
political instruments. 
In a culture that typically 

3057
02:45:48,600 --> 02:45:52,600
treated women as property. 
This was Radical thinking Caesar

3058
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:54,700
was either psychologically 
incapable of accepting 

3059
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:58,000
limitations or extremely 
confident in his abilities as 

3060
02:45:58,000 --> 02:45:59,600
evidence by his gambling 
addiction. 

3061
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,700
It is important to know that his
willingness to stake everything 

3062
02:46:02,700 --> 02:46:05,400
on a single political or 
military move was essentially 

3063
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:08,800
high stakes gambling. 
Most likely both throughout his 

3064
02:46:08,800 --> 02:46:10,700
career. 
He took a number of calculated 

3065
02:46:10,700 --> 02:46:13,700
risks that would have destroyed 
someone with less skill but they

3066
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,700
can continue to pay off for him 
until they didn't historical 

3067
02:46:16,700 --> 02:46:18,900
sources. 
Paint a picture of a person who 

3068
02:46:18,900 --> 02:46:21,600
Blended intellectual 
sophistication with real world 

3069
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:24,600
application. 
Genuine Brilliance with great 

3070
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:27,900
ambition and personal charm with
occasional ruthlessness. 

3071
02:46:27,900 --> 02:46:31,100
He was the type of person who 
had planned military campaigns 

3072
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:34,300
in the afternoon and engage in 
philosophical discussions with 

3073
02:46:34,300 --> 02:46:36,500
academics in the morning then 
stay up. 

3074
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:40,200
Late writing poetry about both 
experiences, Caesar appears to 

3075
02:46:40,208 --> 02:46:42,400
have fascinated and frustrated 
his contemporaries. 

3076
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:45,300
At the same time, even his 
adversaries lamented, his 

3077
02:46:45,300 --> 02:46:48,600
aspirations, while recognizing 
his abilities politically 

3078
02:46:48,600 --> 02:46:51,300
opposed to Caesar Cicero 
acknowledged that Caesar was 

3079
02:46:51,308 --> 02:46:55,000
likely the most talented orator 
of their time, even as he sought

3080
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:59,000
to ruin Caesar's career Cato who
saw Caesar, as a danger to 

3081
02:46:59,000 --> 02:47:02,200
Republican rule respected. 
His intelligence, most 

3082
02:47:02,200 --> 02:47:04,900
astonishing of all Caesar 
appears to have kept his sense 

3083
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:06,500
of humor. 
Throughout his assent, power 

3084
02:47:06,500 --> 02:47:10,000
examples of his wit practical 
jokes and capacity for 

3085
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:11,800
self-loathing abound in Roman 
sources. 

3086
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,500
Roman custom dictated that a 
slave Whisperer reminders of 

3087
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:18,300
mortality in the Victor's during
his Triumph celebrations. 

3088
02:47:19,200 --> 02:47:21,500
Caesar is said to have joked 
that he didn't really need the 

3089
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:24,300
reminder, because he had plenty 
from his political Rivals, 

3090
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:28,900
Brilliance ambition, charm, 
ruthlessness intellectual 

3091
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:31,900
curiosity, and humor were all 
combined to create a person who 

3092
02:47:31,900 --> 02:47:34,400
is uniquely suited to deal with 
the challenges of late 

3093
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:37,600
Republican Rome. 
However, it also produced a 

3094
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:40,700
person who was ultimately too 
big for any system, including 

3095
02:47:40,700 --> 02:47:43,900
the one, he attempted to design 
for himself as our time, with 

3096
02:47:43,908 --> 02:47:46,900
Julius, Caesar comes to an end, 
it's important to consider what 

3097
02:47:46,900 --> 02:47:50,700
we can learn from his remarkable
life, about ambition leadership,

3098
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:53,900
and the delicate balance that 
every society must maintain 

3099
02:47:53,900 --> 02:47:57,500
between change and stability. 
Season's life provides a 

3100
02:47:57,500 --> 02:48:00,000
brilliant example of how a 
single person's ability and 

3101
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:02,200
drive can transform entire 
Society. 

3102
02:48:02,200 --> 02:48:05,700
He demonstrated that even 
institutions that were supposed 

3103
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:09,500
to be permanent like the Roman 
Republic which had endured for 

3104
02:48:09,500 --> 02:48:12,600
centuries could be changed by 
someone who knew their floors 

3105
02:48:12,600 --> 02:48:14,200
better than their supporters 
did. 

3106
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:16,400
This is sobering as well as 
inspiring. 

3107
02:48:16,400 --> 02:48:19,100
It is sobering because it 
demonstrates how easily. 

3108
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:22,100
Treasured Customs can vanish. 
When they become disconnected 

3109
02:48:22,100 --> 02:48:25,400
from the realities of the modern
world and inspiring because it 

3110
02:48:25,400 --> 02:48:28,100
implies that human societies can
change and grow. 

3111
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:31,000
There were real issues with the 
Roman Republic that Caesar 

3112
02:48:31,000 --> 02:48:33,200
overthrew. 
It was a system of governance 

3113
02:48:33,200 --> 02:48:36,500
created for a tiny city-state 
attempting to run an empire. 

3114
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:39,800
In the Mediterranean effective 
governance was hampered by its 

3115
02:48:39,800 --> 02:48:42,600
institutions, growing inability 
to make critical decisions. 

3116
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,800
Its politicians preference for 
self-interest over public 

3117
02:48:45,800 --> 02:48:49,700
service and its traditional 
checks and balances Caesar 

3118
02:48:49,700 --> 02:48:51,200
dealt. 
The last blow to a dying system 

3119
02:48:51,200 --> 02:48:54,800
rather than destroying a robust 
one, Caesar's solution, however,

3120
02:48:54,800 --> 02:48:58,600
which concentrated power in the 
hands of a single extremely 

3121
02:48:58,600 --> 02:49:02,200
competent person, brought about 
new issues, what occurs? 

3122
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:05,000
If the competent person passes 
away, what occurs if 

3123
02:49:05,008 --> 02:49:08,600
concentrated power is inherited 
by a less competent person, even

3124
02:49:08,600 --> 02:49:11,600
though personal rule may be 
effective at first, it can lead 

3125
02:49:11,600 --> 02:49:14,900
to instability that lasts for 
Generations as the Civil Wars 

3126
02:49:14,900 --> 02:49:17,900
that followed Cesar's 
assassination showed Throughout 

3127
02:49:17,900 --> 02:49:21,300
history, this pattern has 
recurred, charismatic leaders 

3128
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:23,900
who promised to overcome 
bureaucratic inefficiencies and 

3129
02:49:23,900 --> 02:49:26,200
accomplish goals a frequently 
sought. 

3130
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,500
After by societies, with 
dysfunctional institutions, as 

3131
02:49:29,500 --> 02:49:32,400
Caesar did with his changes to 
Roman law government and 

3132
02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:35,400
citizenship these leaders can 
occasionally actually make 

3133
02:49:35,400 --> 02:49:37,900
things better. 
However, the concentration of 

3134
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:39,600
power that enables these 
advancements. 

3135
02:49:39,600 --> 02:49:41,700
Also, makes power abuse 
inevitable. 

3136
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:45,500
Either by the original leader, 
or by their successes Caesars 

3137
02:49:45,500 --> 02:49:47,200
relationship. 
With his soldiers provides 

3138
02:49:47,200 --> 02:49:48,900
Leadership Lessons that are 
still applicable. 

3139
02:49:48,900 --> 02:49:52,200
Today, he was successful because
he shared the struggles of his 

3140
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:55,400
followers, genuinely cared about
their well-being and 

3141
02:49:55,400 --> 02:49:57,800
continuously. 
Valued hard work, over political

3142
02:49:57,800 --> 02:50:01,800
Connections, In addition to his 
success is Legions followed him 

3143
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:04,000
because they believed he would 
protect their interests. 

3144
02:50:04,700 --> 02:50:07,300
Caesar showed that service is 
the ultimate goal of leadership.

3145
02:50:07,300 --> 02:50:11,300
Even if that service, furthers 
your personal goals Seasons 

3146
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:14,200
rapid transformation from Roman 
Patriot to destroyer of the 

3147
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:17,600
Republic raises significant 
questions about the failure of 

3148
02:50:17,608 --> 02:50:20,600
political systems, in addition 
to becoming an effectual 

3149
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:23,700
institutions that are unable to 
adjust to changing conditions 

3150
02:50:23,700 --> 02:50:25,700
Foster. 
An environment that rewards 

3151
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:29,600
people who are prepared to work 
against or outside of them sees 

3152
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:32,300
a first attempted to operate 
within the Republic's structures

3153
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:33,900
rather than trying to overthrow 
it. 

3154
02:50:34,600 --> 02:50:38,000
He only made the decision to 
complete the systems when they 

3155
02:50:38,008 --> 02:50:40,500
continuously prevented him from 
making the necessary 

3156
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:44,500
adjustments, this affects 
contemporary democracies, those 

3157
02:50:44,500 --> 02:50:46,900
who are willing to employ. 
Illegal means have more 

3158
02:50:46,900 --> 02:50:49,300
opportunities when legitimate 
institutions become. 

3159
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:52,600
So clogged up, that they are 
unable to solve actual issues, 

3160
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:56,000
making sure that Democratic 
institutions can continue to 

3161
02:50:56,000 --> 02:50:59,300
develop and reform, is the 
answer not accepting deadlock as

3162
02:50:59,308 --> 02:51:01,800
unavoidable Caesars clemency 
policy. 

3163
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:04,400
His practice of pardoning 
defeated enemies rather than 

3164
02:51:04,400 --> 02:51:07,600
executing them represented. 
A revolutionary approach to 

3165
02:51:07,600 --> 02:51:10,900
political conflict, Caesar 
approached Politics as a process

3166
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:13,200
in which to today's adversaries 
could turn into tomorrow's 

3167
02:51:13,200 --> 02:51:17,000
allies rather than as a zero sum
game in which Rivals must be 

3168
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:20,700
destroyed this strategy, which 
proved remarkably successful. 

3169
02:51:20,700 --> 02:51:24,200
During his lifetime implies that
political reconciliation 

3170
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:27,000
frequently yields greater 
results than political 

3171
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:29,900
retaliation. 
Caesar's murder serves as a 

3172
02:51:29,908 --> 02:51:32,300
reminder that clemency has its 
bounds though. 

3173
02:51:32,300 --> 02:51:34,500
Some opponents? 
Consider your powers very 

3174
02:51:34,500 --> 02:51:36,900
existence to be. 
Illegitimate making it 

3175
02:51:36,900 --> 02:51:40,300
impossible to make amends 
Seasons killers were driven by 

3176
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:43,200
constitutional ideals rather 
than personal grievances. 

3177
02:51:43,200 --> 02:51:46,200
They killed him because they 
thought his continued existence 

3178
02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:49,000
threatened, Roman Liberty. 
Not because he had hurt them. 

3179
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:52,400
This implies that despite its 
desire, political 

3180
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:55,200
reconciliation, occasionally 
necessitate to concessions, that

3181
02:51:55,200 --> 02:51:57,700
core values. 
Cannot support an important 

3182
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:00,200
Point regarding political 
succession is illustrated by 

3183
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:04,400
octavius's transition from 
teenager to Augustus, Although 

3184
02:52:04,400 --> 02:52:07,300
people can change institutions 
in ways that Outlast their own 

3185
02:52:07,300 --> 02:52:10,400
lives, institutions are more 
important than individuals, 

3186
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:14,500
Caesar created the conditions 
for Imperial rule but Augustus 

3187
02:52:14,500 --> 02:52:17,500
created the imperial system that
would govern Rome for centuries,

3188
02:52:17,500 --> 02:52:21,000
institutional structure without 
Vision, rarely inspires enduring

3189
02:52:21,000 --> 02:52:24,300
loyalty and vision without 
institutional structure, rarely 

3190
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,600
survives its creator, Caesar's 
interest in everything from 

3191
02:52:27,600 --> 02:52:29,700
grammatical Theory to military 
engineering. 

3192
02:52:29,700 --> 02:52:33,400
Demonstrates his intellectual 
curiosity and implies that 

3193
02:52:33,400 --> 02:52:36,200
effective leadership, calls for 
a wide range of knowledge. 

3194
02:52:36,200 --> 02:52:38,300
Rather than specialized 
knowledge. 

3195
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:41,100
Every society faces 
interconnected problems. 

3196
02:52:41,100 --> 02:52:43,800
And solving one often 
necessitates knowledge of 

3197
02:52:43,808 --> 02:52:47,300
seemingly unrelated Fields, 
Caesar was successful in part 

3198
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:50,600
because he took a multifaceted 
approach to issues fusing 

3199
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:53,800
political, social military, and 
economic viewpoints and ways 

3200
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:56,100
that more specialized 
Specialists might Overlook. 

3201
02:52:56,100 --> 02:53:00,000
Lastly Seasons tail serves as a 
reminder, that the interplay 

3202
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:03,100
between structural forces and 
personal decision-making Drive 

3203
02:53:03,100 --> 02:53:04,300
historical. 
Change. 

3204
02:53:04,300 --> 02:53:07,300
Although Caesar did not cause 
the issues that led the fall of 

3205
02:53:07,308 --> 02:53:10,000
the Roman Republic, his 
solutions, to those issues 

3206
02:53:10,000 --> 02:53:12,100
influenced, the course of the 
Empire's transition. 

3207
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:14,800
Perhaps a more violent 
transition in stead of the 

3208
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:18,800
comparatively peaceful one that 
Augustus oversaw or perhaps a 

3209
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:21,500
reformed Republic in stead of a 
new Empire could have resulted 

3210
02:53:21,500 --> 02:53:24,600
from different decisions. 
We can better navigate our own 

3211
02:53:24,600 --> 02:53:26,900
historical moment. 
If we comprehend this interplay 

3212
02:53:26,900 --> 02:53:31,100
between circumstance and choice,
Although the structural forces 

3213
02:53:31,100 --> 02:53:34,600
forming our world beyond our 
control, we do have some control

3214
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:37,700
over how we react to them, 
Caesar's life demonstrates, how 

3215
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:41,600
one person's actions, even when 
limited by external factors have

3216
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:44,200
the capacity to influence the 
course of history in ways that 

3217
02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:47,100
lasts for centuries, as you 
finish your tea and get ready 

3218
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,000
for bed, think about this 
Caesar's commentaries on the 

3219
02:53:50,000 --> 02:53:53,400
gallic wars, which contain 
leadership and strategy lessons 

3220
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:56,500
that are just as applicable 
today, as they were 2000 years 

3221
02:53:56,500 --> 02:54:00,500
ago are being read by someone 
somewhere tonight somewhere. 

3222
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:03,200
A student is learning the 
funeral oration of Antony from 

3223
02:54:03,200 --> 02:54:06,700
Shakespeare's play by heart. 
They are absorbing concepts 

3224
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:09,900
related to political 
manipulation and rhetoric that 

3225
02:54:09,900 --> 02:54:11,900
will shape their future thoughts
on public speaking. 

3226
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:15,300
He sees his tail in dues because
it is timeless rather than 

3227
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:18,900
because it is ancient. 
The same basic issues that the 

3228
02:54:18,900 --> 02:54:21,600
Romans face in the first century
beasts are faced by all 

3229
02:54:21,600 --> 02:54:24,300
generations. 
How can one strike a balance 

3230
02:54:24,300 --> 02:54:28,100
between freedom and security? 
How can outmoded institutions be

3231
02:54:28,100 --> 02:54:30,200
changed without jeopardizing 
social order? 

3232
02:54:30,200 --> 02:54:32,600
How can you tell the difference 
between leaders? 

3233
02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:34,300
Who truly work for the public 
good? 

3234
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:37,300
And those who are just 
interested in themselves, the 

3235
02:54:37,300 --> 02:54:39,900
inability of the Roman Republic 
to adequately address these 

3236
02:54:39,900 --> 02:54:43,600
issues led to its downfall. 
Caesar Rose to power because he 

3237
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:46,500
could offer Solutions. 
Even if those Solutions turned 

3238
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:49,600
out to be untenable, his life 
serves as a reminder, that 

3239
02:54:49,600 --> 02:54:52,500
political structures are human 
inventions that need ongoing 

3240
02:54:52,500 --> 02:54:56,700
care, attention, and adaptation 
in order to thrive, even in the 

3241
02:54:56,708 --> 02:54:58,900
face of seemingly, 
insurmountable structural 

3242
02:54:58,900 --> 02:55:02,200
forces, individual people can 
still have an impact on the path

3243
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:05,100
of History, which is perhaps the
most significant lesson to be 

3244
02:55:05,100 --> 02:55:08,200
learned from Caesar's life. 
The fall of the Roman Republic 

3245
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:11,100
Caesar and the ensuing Empire 
was not inevitable. 

3246
02:55:11,100 --> 02:55:14,900
Numerous individual decisions 
made by people who like us 

3247
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:19,000
today, had to deal with fear 
uncertainty and challenging, 

3248
02:55:19,000 --> 02:55:22,500
trade-offs of shaped history. 
Caesar had the option to choose 

3249
02:55:22,500 --> 02:55:25,500
not to cross the Rubicon. 
Although they had other options,

3250
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:27,400
his adversaries decided to kill 
him. 

3251
02:55:28,300 --> 02:55:31,200
Other outcomes were possible, 
but Augustus decided to 

3252
02:55:31,200 --> 02:55:33,200
establish a stable imperial 
system. 

3253
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:36,500
The world, we inherited was 
shaped by the decisions made by 

3254
02:55:36,500 --> 02:55:38,900
imperfect people in unfeasible 
situations. 

3255
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:42,500
This implies that our decisions 
are all so important, though, we

3256
02:55:42,500 --> 02:55:44,900
cannot foresee their long-term 
effects season. 

3257
02:55:44,900 --> 02:55:47,300
For example, could not have 
predicted that, his invasion of 

3258
02:55:47,308 --> 02:55:49,900
Gaul would ultimately result in 
the fall of the Roman Republic. 

3259
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:53,500
We can make them carefully, 
taking into account, both their 

3260
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:56,100
possible effects. 
And their moral implications, 

3261
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:59,400
you may dream about senators and
togas discussing the future of 

3262
02:55:59,408 --> 02:56:02,000
their Republic. 
Roman Legions marching through 

3263
02:56:02,000 --> 02:56:05,900
gallic forests or an ambitious 
young man standing at the banks 

3264
02:56:05,900 --> 02:56:08,900
of a small River contemplating 
whether or not to alter the 

3265
02:56:08,900 --> 02:56:12,600
course of history, you are drawn
into an ongoing human narrative 

3266
02:56:12,600 --> 02:56:15,200
through these dreams. 
One that started long before 

3267
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:18,200
Caesar and goes on long. 
After remember that you're 

3268
02:56:18,200 --> 02:56:20,700
taking part in that same 
Continuing Story, when you wake 

3269
02:56:20,700 --> 02:56:24,500
up tomorrow and look at your 
calendar, Sees his calendar to 

3270
02:56:24,500 --> 02:56:27,000
make plans for the day future 
Generations. 

3271
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:30,300
World is shape by the decisions.
You make the organization's you 

3272
02:56:30,308 --> 02:56:33,500
uphold or oppose and the way you
treat both allies and 

3273
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:37,000
adversaries, although Julius 
Caesar live two Millennia ago, 

3274
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:40,100
his tail ultimately speaks to 
Universal, human emotions 

3275
02:56:40,100 --> 02:56:44,300
aspiration, and accomplishment, 
love and loss, success and 

3276
02:56:44,300 --> 02:56:46,300
failure. 
And the nuanced interplay 

3277
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:48,900
between personal preference and 
historical context. 

3278
02:56:48,900 --> 02:56:51,900
These encounters allow us to 
connect with individuals who 

3279
02:56:51,900 --> 02:56:55,100
face essentially similar 
difficulties, despite living in 

3280
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:58,500
very different worlds, over the 
ages, rest easy, knowing that 

3281
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:00,900
you are a part of a human story 
that is still being written. 

3282
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,900
And that your chapter, no matter
how small adds to a story, that 

3283
02:57:04,900 --> 02:57:07,800
will be told long after we are 
all just names in history books.

3284
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:10,800
We can affect what we leave 
behind but like, Caesar. 

3285
02:57:10,800 --> 02:57:14,100
We have no control over how we 
will be remembered and maybe 

3286
02:57:14,100 --> 02:57:16,200
that sufficient, that might be 
all. 

3287
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:29,100
Picture yourself standing in a 
field somewhere in northern 

3288
02:57:29,100 --> 02:57:32,800
France around the year 950. 
If you'd been there a century 

3289
02:57:32,800 --> 02:57:36,200
earlier, you'd be shivering in 
your Woolen, cloak watching, 

3290
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:40,300
anxiously as late spring, frosts
threatened, The Barley, you'd 

3291
02:57:40,300 --> 02:57:43,800
carefully planted, the growing 
season would have been short and

3292
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:47,300
unpredictable a constant gamble 
against cold and damp that made 

3293
02:57:47,300 --> 02:57:49,600
every Harvest feel like a minor 
miracle. 

3294
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:54,100
But now something has shifted 
You probably wouldn't notice it 

3295
02:57:54,100 --> 02:57:57,500
in any single year, climate 
doesn't announce itself with 

3296
02:57:57,500 --> 02:58:02,500
Fanfare or send advanced notice.
Instead, you'd gradually realize

3297
02:58:02,500 --> 02:58:09,800
that your grandfather stories 
about brutal Winters, and The 

3298
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:13,200
frost comes later each Autumn, 
the spring Thor arrives a week 

3299
02:58:13,208 --> 02:58:16,700
or two early, whose precious 
growing days between the last 

3300
02:58:16,700 --> 02:58:18,600
frost. 
And the first one stretched just

3301
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:21,500
a bit longer. 
This is how the medieval warm 

3302
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:25,900
period arrived, not with drama, 
but with the Quiet insistence of

3303
02:58:25,900 --> 02:58:29,500
warmer, ocean, currents, and 
shifting atmospheric patterns 

3304
02:58:29,500 --> 02:58:33,000
that nobody in medieval, Europe 
could explain or even properly 

3305
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:36,300
measure They had no 
thermometers, no weather 

3306
02:58:36,300 --> 02:58:39,800
satellites and no climate 
Scientists Publishing papers 

3307
02:58:39,800 --> 02:58:41,700
about Atlantic oscillation 
patterns. 

3308
02:58:42,800 --> 02:58:45,900
What they had were fields that 
suddenly seemed more generous 

3309
02:58:45,900 --> 02:58:49,700
Vineyards creeping northward 
into territories where grapes 

3310
02:58:49,700 --> 02:58:53,700
had never ripened before and a 
gradual sense that nature had 

3311
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:55,300
shifted into a more forgiving 
mood. 

3312
02:58:55,300 --> 02:58:59,700
The change began roughly around 
900 CE and would last until 

3313
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:03,800
about 1300 give or take a few 
decades depending on which part 

3314
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:07,300
of Europe, you called home. 
scientists now estimate that 

3315
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:10,800
average temperatures during this
period were perhaps one to two 

3316
02:59:10,800 --> 02:59:15,100
degrees Celsius warmer than the 
centuries before and after One 

3317
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:17,800
or two degrees doesn't sound 
like much when you're adjusting 

3318
02:59:17,800 --> 02:59:21,900
your thermostat. 
But in agricultural terms, in an

3319
02:59:21,900 --> 02:59:25,000
era, when survival depended 
directly on what you could coax 

3320
02:59:25,000 --> 02:59:27,400
from the soil, those degrees 
might as well. 

3321
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:30,500
Have been a gift from Heaven. 
Imagine the Old Farmers of that 

3322
02:59:30,500 --> 02:59:34,000
era, men and women who had spent
their lives working land, that 

3323
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:35,900
yielded just barely enough to 
survive. 

3324
02:59:36,900 --> 02:59:40,300
They must have noticed the 
patterns Shifting, the wheat, 

3325
02:59:40,300 --> 02:59:44,600
grew taller, the oats filled out
more completely vegetables that 

3326
02:59:44,600 --> 02:59:47,100
had always been temperamental 
suddenly became reliable. 

3327
02:59:47,900 --> 02:59:50,600
And most remarkably in regions, 
where farming had always been 

3328
02:59:50,600 --> 02:59:54,400
marginal at best communities 
found themselves with actual 

3329
02:59:54,400 --> 02:59:57,900
surpluses For the First Time In 
Living memory, the warming 

3330
02:59:57,900 --> 03:00:01,500
wasn't uniform, of course, 
northern Europe felt the effects

3331
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:05,100
most strongly. 
Places like England Scandinavia 

3332
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:08,700
and the northern reaches of the 
Holy Roman Empire suddenly found

3333
03:00:08,700 --> 03:00:11,300
their climates becoming 
surprisingly hospitable. 

3334
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:15,600
The Norse, those seafaring 
people were usually associate 

3335
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:18,400
with cold and ice. 
Discovered, they could grow 

3336
03:00:18,400 --> 03:00:21,800
barley in Greenland. 
Think about that for a moment. 

3337
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:27,300
Greenland that massive island of
ice and rock once had Farms 

3338
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:31,500
producing grain. 
The name, Greenland wasn't just 

3339
03:00:31,500 --> 03:00:34,000
liking marketing for a few 
centuries. 

3340
03:00:34,000 --> 03:00:35,500
Part of it. 
Actually were green. 

3341
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:39,100
Meanwhile, the Mediterranean 
regions experience their own 

3342
03:00:39,100 --> 03:00:42,700
Transformations, Italy and 
Southern France, already had 

3343
03:00:42,700 --> 03:00:46,300
favorable climates. 
The warmer period brought longer

3344
03:00:46,300 --> 03:00:48,900
growing seasons and more 
predictable weather patterns. 

3345
03:00:49,800 --> 03:00:52,500
The olive Groves. 
Flourished wine production, 

3346
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:56,800
expanded the entire Rhythm Of 
Agricultural life adjusted to 

3347
03:00:56,800 --> 03:01:00,700
this new more generous Tempo. 
But perhaps the most significant

3348
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:03,700
changes occurred in places that 
had previously been on the edge 

3349
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:08,000
of viability. 
Scottish Highlands those Misty 

3350
03:01:08,000 --> 03:01:10,600
Mountains were farming had 
always been a hard Scrabble 

3351
03:01:10,600 --> 03:01:14,200
Affair suddenly supported more 
extensive agriculture. 

3352
03:01:15,400 --> 03:01:18,400
Villagers appeared in Alpine, 
valleys that had been too cold 

3353
03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:21,800
for permanent settlement. 
The tree line crept, higher up, 

3354
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:25,200
Mountain sides, and forests 
reclaimed areas that had been 

3355
03:01:25,208 --> 03:01:28,500
Tundra just Generations. 
Before you have to understand, 

3356
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:32,000
medieval people didn't think of 
whether or something variable 

3357
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:35,600
and cyclical the way we do, they
believed climate was essentially

3358
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:40,800
fixed part of God's unchanging 
creation. when whether varied 

3359
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:45,300
they attributed it to Divine 
will or moral cause is A harsh 

3360
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:46,700
winter. 
Meant God was angry. 

3361
03:01:46,700 --> 03:01:49,600
A good harvest meant. 
Their prayers had been answered.

3362
03:01:50,800 --> 03:01:53,500
The idea that Global temperature
patterns could shift over 

3363
03:01:53,500 --> 03:01:57,000
centuries without any 
Supernatural cause but have been

3364
03:01:57,008 --> 03:02:00,400
almost incomprehensible to them.
So when the weather improved 

3365
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:02,900
medieval Europeans didn't see 
climate change. 

3366
03:02:02,900 --> 03:02:07,100
They saw a blessing, they 
interpreted the warm attempters 

3367
03:02:07,100 --> 03:02:10,600
and better harvests as evidence 
that God was pleased with 

3368
03:02:10,600 --> 03:02:14,200
Christian civilization. 
This wasn't just wishful 

3369
03:02:14,200 --> 03:02:17,100
thinking it was the only 
framework they had for 

3370
03:02:17,100 --> 03:02:19,900
understanding why their world 
was becoming more abundant. 

3371
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:23,700
The timing of this climatic 
shift coincided with other 

3372
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:27,700
changes in European Society, the
chaos of the early medieval 

3373
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:31,000
period, those centuries after 
Rome's fall when various 

3374
03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:34,900
kingdoms Rose and fell, when 
Viking raids disrupted, Coastal 

3375
03:02:34,900 --> 03:02:38,600
communities, when Central 
Authority was more aspiration 

3376
03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:42,300
than reality was gradually. 
Giving way to more stable 

3377
03:02:42,300 --> 03:02:45,600
political structures, the 
warming climate didn't cause 

3378
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:49,800
this stabilization, but it 
certainly helped it's much 

3379
03:02:49,800 --> 03:02:52,600
easier to build a civilization 
when you're not constantly 

3380
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:55,400
worried about starving. 
As you lie there tonight, 

3381
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:58,500
consider how differently 
medieval people experience 

3382
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,600
Seasons compared to us. 
You probably interact with 

3383
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:05,000
whether primarily as an 
inconvenience traffic delays 

3384
03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:08,000
cancel plans and wardrobe 
decisions. 

3385
03:03:09,400 --> 03:03:13,300
For medieval Europeans weather 
was existential a bad growing 

3386
03:03:13,300 --> 03:03:14,800
season. 
Didn't mean buying more 

3387
03:03:14,800 --> 03:03:16,500
groceries? 
It meant hunger. 

3388
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:20,500
Possibly starvation. 
A mild winter didn't mean lower 

3389
03:03:20,500 --> 03:03:24,100
heating bills. 
It meant livestock survived fuel

3390
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:28,000
would lasted longer and people 
made it through to spring when 

3391
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:31,500
temperatures Rose by those one 
or two degrees when growing 

3392
03:03:31,500 --> 03:03:35,300
Seasons extended by a week or 
two the effects rippled through 

3393
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:39,000
every aspect of life. 
More food, meant better 

3394
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:43,000
nutrition, which meant healthier
people which meant more workers,

3395
03:03:43,000 --> 03:03:46,800
which meant more land, could be 
cultivated, which meant even 

3396
03:03:46,800 --> 03:03:50,900
more food. 
It was a virtuous cycle, the 

3397
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:54,700
kind of positive feedback loop 
that drives historical change in

3398
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:56,600
ways that are only obvious in 
hindsight. 

3399
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,400
The forests of Europe which had 
been slowly recovering since the

3400
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:03,000
Roman period. 
Now, faced a new pressure, 

3401
03:04:03,800 --> 03:04:07,100
Warmer weather meant more people
and more people needed more 

3402
03:04:07,100 --> 03:04:10,700
farmland. 
The great medieval deforestation

3403
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:14,400
began in Earnest during this 
period as community's, cleared 

3404
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:17,500
Woodland to create Fields 
pastures and settlements. 

3405
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:21,600
The Primeval forests that had 
once covered most of Europe, 

3406
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:24,000
began their long retreat. 
In the pockets of wilderness 

3407
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:27,400
that survived today, settled 
deeper into your blankets now 

3408
03:04:27,400 --> 03:04:30,000
and imagine your walking through
a medieval village during 

3409
03:04:30,000 --> 03:04:34,700
Harvest Time in the year 1150. 
The smell of cut grain, fills 

3410
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:38,100
the air. 
That Dusty slightly sweet scent 

3411
03:04:38,100 --> 03:04:40,700
that only comes when wheat or 
barley is being gathered. 

3412
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:44,500
You hear the rhythmic sound of 
Sighs through storks. 

3413
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:48,700
The voice of workers calling to 
each other across the fields and

3414
03:04:48,700 --> 03:04:51,300
somewhere nearby. 
Someone is singing a work song 

3415
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:54,400
whose Melody has been passed 
down through so many generations

3416
03:04:54,400 --> 03:04:58,500
that nobody remembers who first 
composed it what your witnessing

3417
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:01,200
is an Agricultural Revolution 
that happened without anyone 

3418
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:04,000
planning it. 
Without any government program 

3419
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:08,000
or conscious Innovation, the 
medieval warm period created 

3420
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:11,700
conditions that allowed medieval
Europeans to finally move Beyond

3421
03:05:11,700 --> 03:05:14,600
subsistence farming, into 
something that resembled actual 

3422
03:05:14,600 --> 03:05:17,000
productivity. 
The key crop in this 

3423
03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:21,000
transformation was wheat, Before
the warming period, much of 

3424
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:23,600
Northern Europe, relied on 
Hardy, but less nutritious 

3425
03:05:23,600 --> 03:05:27,500
grains like rye and oats which 
could survive in poor 

3426
03:05:27,500 --> 03:05:30,100
conditions, but didn't provide 
the same caloric value as wheat.

3427
03:05:31,300 --> 03:05:35,100
Wheat is fussier, it needs more 
warmth, better soil, and more 

3428
03:05:35,100 --> 03:05:38,100
careful timing. 
But when conditions are right, 

3429
03:05:38,100 --> 03:05:42,400
we yields more food per acre 
than almost any other grain crop

3430
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:45,500
of available to Medieval Farmers
as temperatures Rose. 

3431
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:49,200
The wheat line moved North 
fields in England that had grown

3432
03:05:49,200 --> 03:05:51,800
Rye for Generations were 
replanted with wheat. 

3433
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:55,200
French Estates that had 
struggled with Mixed Grain. 

3434
03:05:55,200 --> 03:05:58,000
Crops found they could 
specialize in wheat production. 

3435
03:05:59,000 --> 03:06:00,800
The difference wasn't just 
agricultural. 

3436
03:06:00,800 --> 03:06:05,400
It was nutritional and economic 
wheat, makes better bread stalls

3437
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,200
longer and commands higher 
prices at Market. 

3438
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:12,000
Communities that successfully 
transitioned to wheat, farming 

3439
03:06:12,000 --> 03:06:15,500
found themselves with both 
better diets and more valuable 

3440
03:06:15,500 --> 03:06:18,400
crops to trade. 
But the real Revolution came 

3441
03:06:18,400 --> 03:06:19,900
from the combination of warmer 
weather. 

3442
03:06:19,900 --> 03:06:22,400
With several farming 
innovations, that happened to 

3443
03:06:22,400 --> 03:06:26,000
emerge around the same time. 
The heavy plow which could turn 

3444
03:06:26,000 --> 03:06:28,500
the dense soils of Northern 
Europe far better than the 

3445
03:06:28,500 --> 03:06:32,000
Lightroom scratch plows became 
widespread during this period. 

3446
03:06:33,300 --> 03:06:36,600
Three field system of crop 
rotation where you plant one 

3447
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:40,600
filled, with winter, crops one 
with spring crops and let the 

3448
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:43,900
third life fallow allowed 
Farmers to keep more land 

3449
03:06:43,900 --> 03:06:46,300
productive. 
Each year, these Innovations 

3450
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:49,600
weren't new inventions during 
the medieval warm period, but 

3451
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:52,200
they became practical and 
widespread because the climate 

3452
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:55,700
Now supported them. 
A heavy plow is only useful if 

3453
03:06:55,700 --> 03:06:58,300
your soil is productive enough 
to justify the investment. 

3454
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,600
Three field rotation only makes 
sense if your growing season is 

3455
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:04,300
long enough for both winter and 
spring. 

3456
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:08,100
Crops to mature reliably The 
warming temperatures, turned 

3457
03:07:08,100 --> 03:07:10,700
agricultural Theory into 
practical reality. 

3458
03:07:10,700 --> 03:07:14,300
You'd see other changes too. 
Subtle ones that transformed 

3459
03:07:14,300 --> 03:07:17,200
daily life in ways that medieval
people probably didn't fully 

3460
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,900
appreciate. kitchen Gardens 
became more productive, 

3461
03:07:20,900 --> 03:07:25,200
providing vegetables, that added
variety and nutrition to diets 

3462
03:07:25,200 --> 03:07:29,100
that had been monotonously grain
based Fruit trees that had been 

3463
03:07:29,100 --> 03:07:32,700
temperamental now produced 
reliable crops herbs for 

3464
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:36,500
medicine and flavoring thrived. 
In the extended growing Seasons 

3465
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:40,100
beekeeping expanded dramatically
during this period. 

3466
03:07:40,100 --> 03:07:44,100
And if you've ever tasted real 
honey, you'll understand why 

3467
03:07:44,100 --> 03:07:48,700
this mattered In an era before 
sugar was available to anyone. 

3468
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:52,400
But the wealthy honey, was the 
only sweetener most people would

3469
03:07:52,400 --> 03:07:55,400
ever taste. 
More temperate, weather meant 

3470
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:58,700
longer flowering Seasons, which 
meant bees could produce more 

3471
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:01,100
honey. 
Monastery is in particular, 

3472
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:05,400
became centers of beekeeping and
the demand for beeswax, candles 

3473
03:08:05,400 --> 03:08:08,600
and showed that honey production
was both spiritually and 

3474
03:08:08,600 --> 03:08:12,000
economically valuable the 
warming period also made 

3475
03:08:12,000 --> 03:08:14,600
livestock farming more feasible 
in Northern regions. 

3476
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:18,300
Cattle sheep and pigs could be 
supported in larger numbers 

3477
03:08:18,300 --> 03:08:22,000
because winter fodder, lasted 
longer and animals didn't need 

3478
03:08:22,000 --> 03:08:25,600
to burn as many calories just 
staying warm This meant more 

3479
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:29,600
meat, milk cheese and wool. 
All the products that made 

3480
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:32,500
medieval life slightly more 
comfortable and substantially 

3481
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:34,400
more. 
Prosperous Dairy production, 

3482
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:37,100
particularly benefitted from the
climatic changes. 

3483
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:40,100
Medieval people didn't drink 
much fresh milk. 

3484
03:08:40,100 --> 03:08:43,800
It spoiled to quickly without 
Refrigeration but they were 

3485
03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:48,500
masters of dairy preservation. 
Cheese butter and fermented milk

3486
03:08:48,500 --> 03:08:51,800
products provided crucial 
protein and fat during winter 

3487
03:08:51,800 --> 03:08:55,200
months, when fresh food was 
scarce. better weather meant 

3488
03:08:55,200 --> 03:08:58,000
healthier livestock which meant 
more milk, which meant 

3489
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:01,100
communities could produce larger
stores of preserved, dairy 

3490
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:04,600
products, the expansion of sheep
farming in England during this 

3491
03:09:04,600 --> 03:09:08,000
period laid the groundwork for 
the medieval trade that would 

3492
03:09:08,000 --> 03:09:12,100
eventually make England wealthy 
Sheep, are remarkably Hardy 

3493
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:15,200
animals, but they do best in 
moderate climates where they can

3494
03:09:15,200 --> 03:09:18,000
graze year round without 
exhausting themselves fighting 

3495
03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:21,100
cold. 
The medieval warm period, 

3496
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:23,400
created ideal conditions for 
large-scale. 

3497
03:09:23,400 --> 03:09:26,300
Sheep farming across Northern 
England, Scotland, and the low 

3498
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:28,300
countries. 
If you could have spoken with a 

3499
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:30,300
medieval farmer about these 
changes. 

3500
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:33,600
And if they had the conceptual 
framework to understand your 

3501
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:37,000
question, They probably wouldn't
have described it as an 

3502
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:40,300
Agricultural Revolution. 
They would have talked about how

3503
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:43,200
their lord had allowed them to 
clear more forest for planting 

3504
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:47,000
or how their Village had pulled 
resources to buy a better plow, 

3505
03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:50,200
or how the Harvest had been good
for several years running. 

3506
03:09:51,400 --> 03:09:54,600
A systemic nature of the changes
would have been invisible to 

3507
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:59,000
them obscured by the daily work 
of survival and the limited 

3508
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,200
scope of their individual 
experience. 

3509
03:10:01,200 --> 03:10:05,100
Step back, take the longer view 
that historical distance 

3510
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:07,600
provides, and you see something 
remarkable. 

3511
03:10:08,400 --> 03:10:13,700
European agricultural production
probably increased by 50 to 70% 

3512
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:20,400
between 900 and 91300. 
The same land worked by similar 

3513
03:10:20,400 --> 03:10:23,100
methods. 
Suddenly yielded dramatically 

3514
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:25,500
more food. 
Some of this came from 

3515
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:30,400
Innovation some from expansion 
onto marginal lands but much of 

3516
03:10:30,400 --> 03:10:33,400
it came from those one or two 
degrees of warming that made 

3517
03:10:33,400 --> 03:10:36,700
everything just slightly easier.
This abundance created 

3518
03:10:36,700 --> 03:10:38,700
possibilities that hadn't 
existed before. 

3519
03:10:39,700 --> 03:10:42,700
For the first time since the 
Roman Empire significant numbers

3520
03:10:42,700 --> 03:10:45,400
of people could be supported 
without directly, working the 

3521
03:10:45,400 --> 03:10:48,000
land. 
You needed Farmers to produce 

3522
03:10:48,000 --> 03:10:51,300
surplus food, but once you had 
that Surplus, you could support 

3523
03:10:51,300 --> 03:10:54,800
craft people. 
Merchants Builders Scholars, and

3524
03:10:54,800 --> 03:10:58,200
all the other Specialists that 
complex societies require the 

3525
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:01,000
grain mills that dotted every 
medieval stream and River, 

3526
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:03,900
worked over time during this 
period processing. 

3527
03:11:03,900 --> 03:11:05,600
The increased harvests into 
flour. 

3528
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:10,100
The technology of watermills was
ancient Romans had used them 

3529
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:13,600
extensively but the medieval 
warm period gave medieval 

3530
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,300
Europeans enough. 
Grain to make Mills economically

3531
03:11:16,300 --> 03:11:18,000
viable throughout the 
countryside. 

3532
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:20,900
The steady slash and grind of 
Mill. 

3533
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:23,900
Wheels became the background 
music of medieval Rural Life, 

3534
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:27,600
Vineyards, expanded Northwood in
one of the periods most Visible 

3535
03:11:27,600 --> 03:11:31,000
Changes. 
Wine production which had 

3536
03:11:31,000 --> 03:11:33,000
retreated Southward after the 
Roman period. 

3537
03:11:33,000 --> 03:11:37,600
Now crept back in to central 
France the Rhineland and even 

3538
03:11:37,600 --> 03:11:41,200
Southern England. 
Medieval people discovering they

3539
03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:43,400
could grow wine. 
Grapes in Yorkshire, must have 

3540
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:46,400
felt like residents of Alaska 
suddenly finding they could grow

3541
03:11:46,408 --> 03:11:50,200
oranges. 
It was unprecedented remarkable 

3542
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:53,900
and highly profitable. 
The expansion of viticulture 

3543
03:11:53,900 --> 03:11:56,200
wasn't just about alcohol 
though. 

3544
03:11:56,200 --> 03:11:58,900
Medieval people certainly 
appreciated their wine. 

3545
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:02,700
Vineyards represented long-term 
agricultural investment. 

3546
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:06,400
You don't plant Great Vines if 
you expect the climate to turn 

3547
03:12:06,400 --> 03:12:10,300
harsh in a few years Vines, take
time to mature and require 

3548
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:13,900
consistent conditions. 
The fact that communities were 

3549
03:12:13,900 --> 03:12:16,100
willing to invest in Vineyards 
across northern Europe. 

3550
03:12:16,100 --> 03:12:20,100
Suggest a wide spread if 
unconscious belief that the good

3551
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:23,300
weather was going to last as you
nestled deeper into your 

3552
03:12:23,308 --> 03:12:26,700
comfortable spot, let's visit a 
medieval village at the height 

3553
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:30,200
of the medieval warm period. 
Say, around 1200. 

3554
03:12:31,400 --> 03:12:34,500
This isn't the Grim poverty. 
Stricken settlement that popular

3555
03:12:34,500 --> 03:12:38,200
imagination, often conjures. 
This is a village experience in 

3556
03:12:38,200 --> 03:12:40,000
something. 
Its residents might not have 

3557
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:41,700
words for, but can certainly 
feel. 

3558
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:45,100
Prosperity. 
The Village sits in a valley 

3559
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:48,200
surrounded by fields that 
stretch farther than they did in

3560
03:12:48,200 --> 03:12:51,300
your grandfather's time. 
The forest has been pushed back 

3561
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:55,900
by cultivated land divided into 
the long strips of the open 

3562
03:12:55,900 --> 03:13:00,000
field system. 
Smoke rises from perhaps 40. 

3563
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:07,700
Church wants a simple. 
Wooden structure, is being 

3564
03:13:07,700 --> 03:13:11,100
rebuilt in stone. 
Project that has consumed The 

3565
03:13:11,108 --> 03:13:14,100
Villages Surplus wealth for the 
past decade. 

3566
03:13:14,100 --> 03:13:17,500
But will stand as a testament to
their success for centuries to 

3567
03:13:17,500 --> 03:13:19,500
come. 
You notice that people look 

3568
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:23,100
different than you might expect.
They're not the skeletal 

3569
03:13:23,100 --> 03:13:26,300
malnourished figures of popular 
medieval stereotypes. 

3570
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:29,800
Better nutrition over several 
Generations, has produced a 

3571
03:13:29,800 --> 03:13:33,100
population that's healthier 
taller and more robust. 

3572
03:13:34,200 --> 03:13:35,800
Children play in the village 
common. 

3573
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:39,700
And there are many of them the 
improved diet as reduced infant 

3574
03:13:39,700 --> 03:13:41,400
mortality, and increased 
fertility. 

3575
03:13:42,400 --> 03:13:45,400
Population growth during the 
medieval warm period was 

3576
03:13:45,400 --> 03:13:49,000
substantial with Europe's 
population, roughly doubling 

3577
03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:52,700
between of 1000 and 1300 The 
Cottages themselves. 

3578
03:13:52,700 --> 03:13:55,300
Show signs of modest, but real 
Improvement. 

3579
03:13:56,200 --> 03:13:59,300
That roofs are better maintained
because there's labor and 

3580
03:13:59,300 --> 03:14:03,300
materials to spare for repairs. 
Some houses have actual chimneys

3581
03:14:03,300 --> 03:14:07,000
and of simple, smoke holes, a 
technological advancement. 

3582
03:14:07,000 --> 03:14:09,700
That might seem trivial until 
you've spent a winter in a 

3583
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:14,000
smoke-filled room. 
Windows remain small glass is 

3584
03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:17,900
still expensive, but shutters 
are more carefully fitted and 

3585
03:14:17,900 --> 03:14:20,300
some households have even 
acquired oil lamps to 

3586
03:14:20,300 --> 03:14:23,800
supplement, their Rush lights, 
and Tallow candles inside these 

3587
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:25,500
homes. 
You'd find possessions that 

3588
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:28,500
suggests a level of comfort 
unknown in earlier, centuries 

3589
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:33,400
iron pots and pans. 
Wooden plates and bowls, ceramic

3590
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:37,800
jugs for storing ale or cider. 
And perhaps even a few pewter 

3591
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:41,500
items for special occasions 
These aren't wealthy people by 

3592
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:44,700
any means, but then no longer 
living at the absolute edge of 

3593
03:14:44,708 --> 03:14:47,900
subsistence, they have small 
margins of safety. 

3594
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:52,000
Tiny buffers against disaster 
that make life incrementally. 

3595
03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:56,100
More secure, the Village Market 
held, weekly has expanded from a

3596
03:14:56,100 --> 03:14:59,300
simple exchange of local Goods 
to a genuine commercial event 

3597
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:02,100
Farmers. 
Bring Surplus produce, 

3598
03:15:02,100 --> 03:15:06,900
vegetables. 
Eggs cheese, wool and the 

3599
03:15:06,900 --> 03:15:08,500
products of their land and 
labor. 

3600
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:11,800
Traveling Merchants offer goods 
from distant, places. 

3601
03:15:11,800 --> 03:15:16,500
Salt from Coastal evaporation 
ponds iron tools from Regional 

3602
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:20,200
forges cloth from Flemish 
Weavers and pottery from 

3603
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:24,600
specialized ceramic workshops. 
The fact that these markets can 

3604
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:28,500
sustain regular trade indicates 
that people have enough Surplus 

3605
03:15:28,500 --> 03:15:30,600
to buy things, they don't 
strictly need for survival 

3606
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,900
money, circulates more freely 
than it did in earlier 

3607
03:15:33,900 --> 03:15:36,300
centuries. 
The feudal economy, hadn't 

3608
03:15:36,300 --> 03:15:40,000
disappeared peasant, still owed 
labor services, to their Lords. 

3609
03:15:40,000 --> 03:15:43,400
In agricultural production was 
still organized around manorial 

3610
03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:45,700
Estates. 
But increasingly these 

3611
03:15:45,700 --> 03:15:49,100
obligations could be paid in 
cash rather than in kind. 

3612
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:52,700
A peasant might pay a fee in 
stead of working three days a 

3613
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:56,500
week on the Lord's land creating
a primitive but functional labor

3614
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,200
market but people could sell 
their time for money. 

3615
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:02,900
This monetization of the economy
might sound dry and Technical 

3616
03:16:02,900 --> 03:16:06,900
but it represented a fundamental
shift in how medieval people 

3617
03:16:06,900 --> 03:16:11,500
experience daily life. 
Money creates options with cash.

3618
03:16:11,500 --> 03:16:15,300
You could hire someone to repair
your roof by a piglet to raise 

3619
03:16:15,300 --> 03:16:18,500
for winter meet or saved to 
order Dowry for your daughter. 

3620
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:22,900
Without money, you were locked 
into a barter economy where 

3621
03:16:22,900 --> 03:16:26,400
everything you needed had to be 
produced locally or acquired 

3622
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:28,500
through complex, webs of 
reciprocal. 

3623
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:31,900
Obligation, the Lord's Manor 
visible on its Hill overlooking.

3624
03:16:31,900 --> 03:16:35,600
The village has also improved 
The old wooden Palisade has been

3625
03:16:35,608 --> 03:16:39,000
replaced with stone walls. 
The Great Hall has been expanded

3626
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:42,200
and rumor says the Lord's wife 
has ordered glass windows for 

3627
03:16:42,208 --> 03:16:44,800
the solar the private family 
quarters. 

3628
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:47,500
Where the nobility retreated 
from the public life of the 

3629
03:16:47,500 --> 03:16:50,000
hall. 
These improvements aren't just 

3630
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,200
displays of wealth. 
Their Investments made possible 

3631
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:56,300
by increasing agricultural 
revenues from lands that now 

3632
03:16:56,300 --> 03:16:59,400
produce reliable. 
Surpluses, perhaps the most 

3633
03:16:59,408 --> 03:17:04,000
significant change is harder to 
see directly The slow shift in 

3634
03:17:04,000 --> 03:17:07,000
legal status, and social 
relationships that Surplus 

3635
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:09,900
wealth enables. 
When everyone is barely 

3636
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:13,400
surviving social structures 
remain rigid because there's no 

3637
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:15,500
room for negotiation or 
innovation. 

3638
03:17:16,300 --> 03:17:18,700
When there's a surplus Things 
become fluid. 

3639
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:22,200
Some peasants are accumulating 
enough wealth to buy their 

3640
03:17:22,200 --> 03:17:25,300
freedom from feudal. 
Obligations others are 

3641
03:17:25,300 --> 03:17:27,200
specializing in particular 
crafts. 

3642
03:17:27,200 --> 03:17:29,900
Becoming the villages 
acknowledged expert and 

3643
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:33,300
carpentry or smithing or 
leatherwork a few particularly 

3644
03:17:33,300 --> 03:17:36,000
successful peasant, families are
even beginning to differentiate 

3645
03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:39,500
themselves from their neighbor's
acquiring more land, better 

3646
03:17:39,500 --> 03:17:41,900
tools. 
And the kind of resources that 

3647
03:17:41,900 --> 03:17:43,900
Mark, the beginning of auroral 
middle class. 

3648
03:17:44,900 --> 03:17:48,200
The son of one such family has 
been sent to the monastery to 

3649
03:17:48,208 --> 03:17:51,800
learn reading and writing an 
investment in education. 

3650
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:53,700
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

3651
03:17:53,700 --> 03:17:58,400
When every Pair of Hands was 
needed for basic survival, The 

3652
03:17:58,400 --> 03:18:01,600
Village priest often, the only 
literate person in the community

3653
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:05,900
has become more than just a 
Spiritual Authority, he's an 

3654
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:09,800
administrator, a Record Keeper, 
and sometimes a teacher for 

3655
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:12,800
promising children whose 
families can spare them from 

3656
03:18:12,800 --> 03:18:15,800
farm work. 
The church building itself 

3657
03:18:15,800 --> 03:18:20,400
serves multiple functions, a 
place of worship on Sundays, a 

3658
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:23,300
meeting hall for Village 
assemblies, and a secure storage

3659
03:18:23,300 --> 03:18:25,900
space for important documents 
and valuable items. 

3660
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:29,700
Market towns began, sprouting a 
cross Europe during this period 

3661
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:34,500
growing up at Crossroads, River,
Crossings and other strategic 

3662
03:18:34,500 --> 03:18:39,400
locations where trade naturally 
concentrated His towns occupied 

3663
03:18:39,400 --> 03:18:42,100
a space between the rural 
Villages and the established 

3664
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:45,700
cities serving as commercial 
hubs, where local agricultural 

3665
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:49,500
Surplus, could be converted into
Goods, services and 

3666
03:18:49,500 --> 03:18:53,200
opportunities in these Market 
towns, you'd find the beginnings

3667
03:18:53,200 --> 03:18:57,100
of specialized medieval crafts. 
Blacksmiths who once made 

3668
03:18:57,100 --> 03:19:00,300
everything from horseshoes to 
cooking pots now, focused on 

3669
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:04,100
specific products, achieving 
levels of skill and efficiency 

3670
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:08,700
that generalist never could. 
Weavers formed gills to control 

3671
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:12,600
quality and training. 
Tanners, despite the noxious 

3672
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:15,400
smell of their work, became a 
central suppliers to the leather

3673
03:19:15,400 --> 03:19:18,500
goods trade. 
Bakers, ran ovens large enough 

3674
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:22,100
to serve dozens of families 
operating on scales that made 

3675
03:19:22,100 --> 03:19:24,900
economic sense. 
Only when populations were large

3676
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:26,300
and prosperous enough to support
them. 

3677
03:19:26,300 --> 03:19:30,900
The prosperity wasn't evenly. 
Distributed, of course. life in 

3678
03:19:30,900 --> 03:19:34,900
a medieval village, even during 
the best of times was still 

3679
03:19:34,900 --> 03:19:38,600
life, without modern medicine, 
and sanitation or personal 

3680
03:19:38,600 --> 03:19:42,600
Liberty, as we understand it, 
People worked long hours at 

3681
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:46,200
physically demanding labor. 
Disease remained, ever-present 

3682
03:19:46,200 --> 03:19:49,800
women died in childbirth. 
With frightening, regularity, 

3683
03:19:49,800 --> 03:19:54,300
children grew up, expecting to 
follow their parents occupation 

3684
03:19:54,300 --> 03:19:58,400
with little opportunity for 
social Mobility beyond what the 

3685
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:01,100
church might offer to 
particularly bright or devout 

3686
03:20:01,100 --> 03:20:04,000
individuals, yet compared to the
centuries before. 

3687
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,500
And after the medieval warm 
period, offered something that 

3688
03:20:07,500 --> 03:20:09,900
medieval European had rarely 
experienced. 

3689
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:13,500
Sense, that life was getting 
better than worse. 

3690
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:16,500
That the Next Generation might 
have it easier than the current 

3691
03:20:16,500 --> 03:20:19,400
one and that the world was 
expanding rather than 

3692
03:20:19,400 --> 03:20:24,100
Contracting This optimism born 
of full granaries and healthy 

3693
03:20:24,100 --> 03:20:26,800
livestock. 
Created a psychological climate 

3694
03:20:26,800 --> 03:20:30,100
as important as the physical 
warming that made it possible. 

3695
03:20:30,100 --> 03:20:33,500
Let's drift now from The 
Villages of Continental Europe, 

3696
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:36,400
to something more adventurous 
though, don't worry. 

3697
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:38,900
We'll keep things suitably 
peaceful and contemplative. 

3698
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:43,400
Picture the coast of Norway 
around the year 1000 where the 

3699
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:45,900
warming climate was creating 
opportunities that would have 

3700
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:49,900
been Unthinkable just a century 
earlier the Norse those 

3701
03:20:49,900 --> 03:20:52,600
seafaring people we often call 
Viking's had always been 

3702
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:56,300
masterful Sailors but the 
medieval warm period gave them 

3703
03:20:56,300 --> 03:21:00,100
something they'd never had 
before ice-free Seas for longer 

3704
03:21:00,100 --> 03:21:03,600
parts of the year. 
The Arctic Ice that normally 

3705
03:21:03,600 --> 03:21:06,600
choked, the northern Atlantic 
retreated, just enough to open 

3706
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:08,100
routes that have been 
impossible. 

3707
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:11,500
Creating Maritime highways to 
territories that had been 

3708
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:14,900
Legends or rumors. 
Eric the Reds colonization of 

3709
03:21:14,900 --> 03:21:18,500
Greenland around 985 represents.
One of the most remarkable 

3710
03:21:18,500 --> 03:21:20,500
episodes of the medieval warm 
period. 

3711
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:23,900
Greenland, that massive Island 
that's mostly ice. 

3712
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:27,700
Even today, had coastal areas 
that became remarkably habitable

3713
03:21:27,700 --> 03:21:31,900
during the warming centuries. 
Eric and his followers family 

3714
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:35,800
seeking New Opportunities. 
Second Sons with no inheritance 

3715
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:39,200
people fleeing feuds or seeking 
Fresh Starts. 

3716
03:21:40,000 --> 03:21:43,000
Established settlements that 
would endure for nearly 500 

3717
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:45,600
years. 
Imagine sailing from Iceland 

3718
03:21:45,600 --> 03:21:47,400
toward Greenland in an open 
boat. 

3719
03:21:48,000 --> 03:21:50,200
Your worldly possessions packed 
around you. 

3720
03:21:50,200 --> 03:21:54,200
Livestock lowing nervously in 
the hull and children huddled 

3721
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:58,100
against the spray. 
You'd navigate by sun and stars 

3722
03:21:58,100 --> 03:22:02,200
by the flight patterns of birds 
and by the color and temperature

3723
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:05,900
of the water. 
After days at Sea, you'd finally

3724
03:22:05,900 --> 03:22:09,000
spot the high mountains of 
Greenland rising from the ocean,

3725
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:13,500
their peaks white with permanent
snow, but their lower slopes. 

3726
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:16,900
Surprisingly green, the north 
greenlanders settled primarily 

3727
03:22:16,900 --> 03:22:20,800
on the South-Western Coast where
fueled cut deep into the island 

3728
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:24,400
and provided shelter from the 
North Atlantic ferocious storms.

3729
03:22:25,300 --> 03:22:29,200
They built Turf House's thick 
walled structures of stone and 

3730
03:22:29,200 --> 03:22:32,800
sod that could withstand Arctic 
winds while conserving pressure 

3731
03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:37,000
warmth. these weren't temporary 
camps but permanent homesteads 

3732
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:41,400
complete with barns for 
livestock storage rooms for hay 

3733
03:22:41,400 --> 03:22:44,400
and supplies and all the 
infrastructure of agricultural 

3734
03:22:44,400 --> 03:22:49,000
settlement and they farmed this 
detail, always surprises people 

3735
03:22:49,000 --> 03:22:52,300
who imagine Greenland as an 
eternally Frozen Wasteland. 

3736
03:22:53,100 --> 03:22:56,800
During the medieval warm period,
nor settlers grew, barley, for 

3737
03:22:56,800 --> 03:23:00,200
bread and beer. 
They raced cattle sheep and 

3738
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:03,300
goats that grazed on 
surprisingly Lush summer 

3739
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:06,300
pastures. 
They hunted seals and Caribou 

3740
03:23:06,300 --> 03:23:09,600
for meat and skin skins. 
They cut hay in summer and 

3741
03:23:09,600 --> 03:23:14,000
stored it for winter fodder. 
They even exported walrus Ivory 

3742
03:23:14,000 --> 03:23:17,600
and polar bear hides back to 
Europe luxury goods that 

3743
03:23:17,600 --> 03:23:21,700
commanded premium prices in 
Continental markets in North 

3744
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:25,100
Greenland was never easy even 
during the best climatic 

3745
03:23:25,100 --> 03:23:28,700
conditions. 
Winters remained harsh, growing 

3746
03:23:28,700 --> 03:23:32,600
Seasons, stage short, and the 
settlers lived at the absolute 

3747
03:23:32,600 --> 03:23:35,000
edge of where medieval 
agriculture could function. 

3748
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:39,900
But for several centuries, it 
worked archaeological evidence 

3749
03:23:39,900 --> 03:23:42,700
shows that the greenlanders 
maintain trade contacts with 

3750
03:23:42,700 --> 03:23:44,800
Europe. 
Imported timber for 

3751
03:23:44,800 --> 03:23:48,900
construction, acquired iron, 
tools, and weapons and 

3752
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:51,400
participated in the broader 
medieval economy. 

3753
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:55,700
Despite their extreme isolation 
from Greenland Norse explorers 

3754
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:58,700
pushed even farther west 
reaching what they called 

3755
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:01,800
Vineland the northeast coast of 
North America. 

3756
03:24:03,000 --> 03:24:06,500
Leif Erickson's Voyage around 
the year 1000 brought Europeans 

3757
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:10,200
to the Americas 5 centuries 
before Columbus though is 

3758
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:13,000
settlement didn't last. 
The temporary camp at. 

3759
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,200
Lonzo Meadows in Newfoundland 
stands today as evidence of this

3760
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:19,700
remarkable voyage. 
Proof that medieval Europeans 

3761
03:24:19,700 --> 03:24:23,100
briefly touched American soil 
before retreating back to 

3762
03:24:23,100 --> 03:24:25,100
Greenland and Iceland the 
warming. 

3763
03:24:25,100 --> 03:24:27,600
Climate also opened up new 
possibilities in the North 

3764
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:31,000
Atlantic itself. 
Iceland which had been settled 

3765
03:24:31,000 --> 03:24:35,100
by North colonists in the 870s. 
Flourished during the medieval 

3766
03:24:35,100 --> 03:24:37,700
warm period. 
The islands, livestock 

3767
03:24:37,700 --> 03:24:40,900
population's expanded, its 
fishing grounds became more 

3768
03:24:40,900 --> 03:24:44,800
productive and its position as a
way station between Scandinavia 

3769
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:46,900
and Greenland. 
Made it to crucial Link in 

3770
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:49,600
northern trade networks. 
But the North Atlantic 

3771
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:52,700
Adventure, wasn't just about 
exploring Westwood into new 

3772
03:24:52,708 --> 03:24:55,500
territories. 
It was also about the quotidian 

3773
03:24:55,500 --> 03:24:58,900
reality of living in these 
remote settlements maintaining 

3774
03:24:58,900 --> 03:25:02,100
connections across vast 
stretches of ocean, and building

3775
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:05,300
communities, and environments 
that tested human resilience and

3776
03:25:05,300 --> 03:25:09,100
ways that more temperate regions
never did consider the logistics

3777
03:25:09,100 --> 03:25:12,800
of the Greenland colony. 
Almost everything made of wood 

3778
03:25:12,800 --> 03:25:16,900
Timba for buildings and boats. 
Barrel stays for storage 

3779
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:21,300
firewood, for warmth had to be 
imported from Iceland or Norway.

3780
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:24,200
Greenland had virtually. 
No trees. 

3781
03:25:24,200 --> 03:25:27,900
So every plank represented a 
successful trading, voyage 

3782
03:25:27,900 --> 03:25:32,100
across dangerous Seas. 
Iron was equally precious and 

3783
03:25:32,100 --> 03:25:34,700
skilled crafts. 
People who could work metal were

3784
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:39,600
valued community members Church 
bells, glass windows communion 

3785
03:25:39,600 --> 03:25:43,500
wine and countless other items. 
Required regular trade contact 

3786
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:46,400
with distant Europe. 
The Greenland ignores maintain 

3787
03:25:46,400 --> 03:25:50,000
their European identity. 
Despite their isolation, they 

3788
03:25:50,000 --> 03:25:53,700
built churches models on 
Scandinavian Designs, buried 

3789
03:25:53,700 --> 03:25:56,600
their dead in Christian 
graveyards and maintained 

3790
03:25:56,600 --> 03:25:59,500
Bishops who reported to 
ecclesiastical authorities in 

3791
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:02,300
Norway. 
This connection to broader. 

3792
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:05,200
Christiana mattered deeply to 
the They didn't want to be 

3793
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,000
forgotten Outpost but recognized
members of the European 

3794
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:10,900
civilization. 
However, remote their location. 

3795
03:26:10,900 --> 03:26:14,600
The warming period also affected
North activities in more 

3796
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:17,800
traditional Waters. 
The waters around the fairer 

3797
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:21,200
Island became more productive. 
Norwegian fishermen could 

3798
03:26:21,200 --> 03:26:25,000
Venture father North along the 
coast accessing Cod grounds that

3799
03:26:25,000 --> 03:26:28,200
had been too dangerous or ice 
Bound in early centuries. 

3800
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,600
Trade routes across the Baltic 
expanded as ice re periods, 

3801
03:26:32,600 --> 03:26:35,900
length and connecting. 
Scandinavia with the emerging 

3802
03:26:35,900 --> 03:26:39,800
cities of Northern, Germany, and
Poland in a delightful mundane 

3803
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:42,200
way. 
The medieval warm period made 

3804
03:26:42,200 --> 03:26:44,300
sea travel. 
Less immediately terrifying. 

3805
03:26:45,100 --> 03:26:49,300
Medieval ships were remarkably 
seaworthy the Norse. 

3806
03:26:49,300 --> 03:26:51,900
Narth are the primary cargo 
vessel of the North Atlantic 

3807
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:55,500
could survive conditions that 
would sink more modern ships. 

3808
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:58,900
But they were also open to the 
elements uncomfortable and 

3809
03:26:58,900 --> 03:27:01,800
dangerous in ways that modern 
Travelers can barely imagine 

3810
03:27:02,600 --> 03:27:05,800
Warmer Waters meant marginally, 
less hypothermia risk for 

3811
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:08,900
Sailors who never to be got 
soaked by spray. 

3812
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,500
Longer ice-free Seasons meant 
extended trading windows. 

3813
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:18,100
Reduced storm frequency a 
debated effect of the warming 

3814
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:22,000
that suggested by some climate 
reconstructions meant fewer 

3815
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:26,000
shipwrecks and lost Cruise. 
The climatic optimism that 

3816
03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:29,900
allowed the Norse to attempt to 
Greenland colonize a influenced,

3817
03:27:29,900 --> 03:27:33,500
exploration closer to home. 
The development of permanent 

3818
03:27:33,500 --> 03:27:36,900
fishing stations in Iceland, the
expansion of seal hunting 

3819
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:41,100
operations and the growth of 
Artic trade in Furs and walrus 

3820
03:27:41,100 --> 03:27:44,200
Ivory all reflected confidence 
that the favorable conditions 

3821
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:46,600
would continue. 
Let's turn now from The 

3822
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:50,100
Adventures of seafaring North to
something equally ambitious but 

3823
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:53,700
more stationary extraordinary 
cathedral building, boom that 

3824
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:56,400
swept across Europe during the 
medieval warm period. 

3825
03:27:57,300 --> 03:27:59,500
Get comfortable. 
We're going to spend time 

3826
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:02,600
thinking about Stone faith and 
what it means. 

3827
03:28:02,600 --> 03:28:06,800
When a society has enough 
Surplus wealth to invest in 

3828
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:09,400
structures, that take 
generations to complete around 

3829
03:28:09,400 --> 03:28:12,300
the year. 1000, something 
remarkable began happening 

3830
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:15,300
across Europe. 
Communities that had been making

3831
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:17,900
do with modest. 
Wooden churches decided to 

3832
03:28:17,900 --> 03:28:21,500
rebuild in stone. 
But they didn't just replace one

3833
03:28:21,500 --> 03:28:23,600
building with another of similar
size. 

3834
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:28,400
They built upward and outward 
creating structures of 

3835
03:28:28,408 --> 03:28:30,800
unprecedented height and 
ambition. 

3836
03:28:32,100 --> 03:28:35,200
The Romanesque and then Gothic 
Cathedrals that Rose during the 

3837
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:38,600
medieval warm period, 
represented engineering 

3838
03:28:38,600 --> 03:28:40,900
achievements. 
That rivaled anything since the 

3839
03:28:40,900 --> 03:28:44,700
Roman Empire The drill at 
Santiago de Compostela in Spain,

3840
03:28:44,700 --> 03:28:48,400
began in 1075. 
Canterbury cathedral in England 

3841
03:28:48,400 --> 03:28:52,700
rebuilt. 
After a fire in 1174, Chartres 

3842
03:28:52,700 --> 03:28:54,900
cathedral in France with its 
magnificent. 

3843
03:28:54,900 --> 03:28:59,600
Stained glass was largely 
constructed between 1194 and 12 

3844
03:28:59,600 --> 03:29:02,800
and 20. 
Notre Dame de Paris started in 

3845
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:07,600
1163. 
Colon Cathedral begun in 1248. 

3846
03:29:08,900 --> 03:29:11,900
These buildings and hundreds 
like them represented, not just 

3847
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:14,900
religious further but economic 
capacity. 

3848
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:18,700
You don't build Cathedrals when 
you're worried about starving. 

3849
03:29:18,700 --> 03:29:22,700
Imagine the construction site of
a major Gothic cathedral in say 

3850
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:27,700
1200, The scaffolding Rises 
impossibly High wooden 

3851
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:30,900
structures that Sway alarmingly 
in the wind, but somehow support

3852
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:34,200
teams of Masons working at 
Heights, that would make modern 

3853
03:29:34,200 --> 03:29:38,100
safety inspectors faint. 
Stonecutters shaped blocks with 

3854
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:40,500
hammer and chisel producing 
edges. 

3855
03:29:40,500 --> 03:29:43,400
So precise that mortar become 
almost unnecessary. 

3856
03:29:44,400 --> 03:29:47,400
Carpenters, construct the 
complex wooden centering that 

3857
03:29:47,400 --> 03:29:49,800
will support Stone arches and 
the mortar sets. 

3858
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,700
Glass makers, Kraft colored 
windows that transformed 

3859
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:57,700
sunlight into divine revelation,
the organization required. 

3860
03:29:57,700 --> 03:30:00,700
For these projects was 
staggering, Quarries, had to be 

3861
03:30:00,700 --> 03:30:03,700
opened or expanded to provide 
suitable Stone. 

3862
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:07,400
Transportation networks were 
needed to move, massive blocks 

3863
03:30:07,400 --> 03:30:11,100
from Quarry to construction 
site, sometimes across dozens of

3864
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,600
miles. 
Skilled Craftsmen Masons. 

3865
03:30:14,600 --> 03:30:18,300
Carpenters, Glaziers metal 
workers had to be recruited 

3866
03:30:18,300 --> 03:30:22,700
Howes and paid. 
Raw materials from across 

3867
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:25,100
Europe. 
Had to be acquired LED for 

3868
03:30:25,100 --> 03:30:30,200
roofing, iron for reinforcements
Gold Leaf for decoration and 

3869
03:30:30,200 --> 03:30:33,900
precious pigments for painting. 
All of this required Surplus 

3870
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:35,600
wealth. 
On a scale that hadn't existed 

3871
03:30:35,600 --> 03:30:37,400
in Europe since the Roman 
period. 

3872
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,500
The agricultural abundance made 
possible by the medieval warm 

3873
03:30:41,500 --> 03:30:44,200
period. 
Created the economic conditions 

3874
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:47,500
for Cathedral Construction. 
But the decision to actually 

3875
03:30:47,500 --> 03:30:49,900
build these massive structures 
reflected, something else. 

3876
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:54,000
Confidence in the future. 
Think about what it means to 

3877
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:56,700
start a building project that, 
you know, won't be finished in 

3878
03:30:56,700 --> 03:30:59,800
your lifetime. 
When a community broke ground on

3879
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:02,800
a cathedral, they understood 
that their grandchildren might 

3880
03:31:02,800 --> 03:31:06,500
see it completed or their great 
grandchildren, or possibly 

3881
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,200
never. 
They were investing resources. 

3882
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:12,500
That could have been spent on 
immediate needs better housing. 

3883
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:16,800
More food, stronger, defense is 
in favor of a permanent monument

3884
03:31:16,800 --> 03:31:18,800
that would serve Generations. 
Not yet. 

3885
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:22,600
Born, this long-term thinking 
was itself for luxury made 

3886
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:27,000
possible by climatic stability. 
When harvests are unreliable and

3887
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:30,500
survival uncertain and you focus
on a media needs. 

3888
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:34,500
When conditions are favorable 
and predictable, you can afford 

3889
03:31:34,500 --> 03:31:37,300
to think in terms of centuries 
rather than Seasons. 

3890
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:40,800
The gothic architectural 
Revolution that occurred during 

3891
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:45,100
this period pointed arches, 
flying buttresses, ribbed volts,

3892
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:47,600
and all the technical 
innovations that allowed 

3893
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:51,700
buildings to saw higher and 
admit more light Wasn't just 

3894
03:31:51,700 --> 03:31:55,200
artistic development. 
These Innovations solved, 

3895
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:58,400
practical problems of building 
tall stone structures, that 

3896
03:31:58,400 --> 03:32:00,200
didn't collapse under their own 
weight. 

3897
03:32:01,100 --> 03:32:03,300
Medieval Masons were 
rediscovering. 

3898
03:32:03,300 --> 03:32:06,600
Structural engineering 
principles, that Romans had 

3899
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:09,600
known, and that had been largely
forgotten during the early 

3900
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:12,900
medieval period, but if you 
asked a medieval Master Mason, 

3901
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:15,000
why his Cathedral needed to be 
so tall. 

3902
03:32:15,000 --> 03:32:17,400
He wouldn't talk about 
engineering principles. 

3903
03:32:17,400 --> 03:32:21,300
He'd talk about reaching toward 
Heaven about creating a physical

3904
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:24,800
manifestation of divine glory 
and about light streaming 

3905
03:32:24,800 --> 03:32:27,800
through stained glass, as a 
metaphor, for divine grace, in 

3906
03:32:27,800 --> 03:32:31,500
Illuminating, the human soul. 
The gothic cathedral was 

3907
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:33,700
theology rendered in stone and 
glass. 

3908
03:32:34,700 --> 03:32:37,400
Three-dimensional argument about
the nature of God, and 

3909
03:32:37,400 --> 03:32:41,000
Humanity's relationship to the 
Divine, the stained glass 

3910
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:43,700
windows deserve their own moment
of contemplation. 

3911
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:48,900
Imagine standing inside short 
Cathedral as often noon's Sons 

3912
03:32:48,900 --> 03:32:52,600
streams through the famous blue 
Windows transforming ordinary 

3913
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,400
daylight in to something that 
seems to come from another 

3914
03:32:55,400 --> 03:32:58,600
world. 
Medieval people believe these 

3915
03:32:58,600 --> 03:33:00,500
windows served an educational 
purpose. 

3916
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:04,800
They told biblical stories to an
illiterate population, but they 

3917
03:33:04,800 --> 03:33:08,900
also created an atmosphere that 
felt genuinely Transcendent the 

3918
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:11,700
craftsmanship involved in 
medieval stained glass was 

3919
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:14,500
remarkable. 
Glassmakers had to produce 

3920
03:33:14,500 --> 03:33:17,900
colored glass by adding metallic
oxides, during the glass blowing

3921
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:20,800
process. 
Each window required, thousands 

3922
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:24,500
of individual pieces, cut to 
precise shapes and fitted into 

3923
03:33:24,500 --> 03:33:29,100
lead caves then assembled into 
enormous compositions, depicting

3924
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:34,100
everything, from Bible stories 
to Saints, lives to the trades 

3925
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:37,700
and professions of the town. 
The major Rose Windows. 

3926
03:33:37,700 --> 03:33:41,900
Those enormous circular windows 
at the end of transits contained

3927
03:33:41,900 --> 03:33:44,900
enough, individual glass pieces 
that cataloging them all could 

3928
03:33:44,900 --> 03:33:48,100
take weeks, the social 
organization of Cathedral 

3929
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:52,000
construction, created its own 
culture Master, Builders the 

3930
03:33:52,000 --> 03:33:55,000
medieval equivalent of 
Architects, move from Project to

3931
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:58,100
project bringing teams of 
skilled Masons with them. 

3932
03:33:59,000 --> 03:34:02,900
These Master Builders often sign
their work surviving Cathedral 

3933
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:05,000
designs show. 
Remarkably detailed 

3934
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:08,300
architectural drawings. 
That demonstrates sophisticated 

3935
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:11,600
understanding of geometry. 
And structural mechanics, the 

3936
03:34:11,600 --> 03:34:14,300
workshops attached to Major 
Cathedrals became centers of 

3937
03:34:14,308 --> 03:34:17,400
craft training were skills, were
passed from Master to a 

3938
03:34:17,400 --> 03:34:20,100
Prentice. 
A young man hoping to become a 

3939
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:23,800
stone Mason might spend Years, 
Learning the trade, starting 

3940
03:34:23,800 --> 03:34:27,900
with simple tasks like mixing 
mortar and gradually advancing 

3941
03:34:27,900 --> 03:34:31,800
to more complex work. 
The lodge the workshop, building

3942
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:35,100
attached to the construction 
site developed its own culture 

3943
03:34:35,100 --> 03:34:39,300
customs, and even primitive 
union-like organizations. 

3944
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:43,200
Cathedral construction also 
created demand for specialized 

3945
03:34:43,200 --> 03:34:45,100
trades beyond the core building 
crafts. 

3946
03:34:46,000 --> 03:34:49,100
Sculptors decorated for SARS 
with Biblical scenes and 

3947
03:34:49,100 --> 03:34:52,400
grotesque figures. 
Painters created enormous 

3948
03:34:52,400 --> 03:34:55,900
frescoes on interior walls, 
metal workers produced 

3949
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:59,100
decorative iron work for doors 
and windows wood. 

3950
03:34:59,100 --> 03:35:02,700
Carvers crafted choir stalls, 
rude screens and elaborate 

3951
03:35:02,700 --> 03:35:06,700
altarpieces Each Cathedral 
became a focus point, for every 

3952
03:35:06,700 --> 03:35:10,700
artistic trade in medieval 
Europe, the economic impact of a

3953
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:12,900
major Cathedral project on its 
surrounding region was 

3954
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:15,600
substantial. 
Construction might employ 

3955
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:19,900
hundreds of workers directly 
while secondary effects, feeding

3956
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:24,600
workers, housing them, providing
materials, supported hundreds, 

3957
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:27,900
more towns with major Cathedral 
projects. 

3958
03:35:27,900 --> 03:35:31,200
Effectively had a permanent 
job's program that could last 

3959
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:35,100
for Generations providing 
employment and circulating money

3960
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:38,100
through the local economy 
monasteries and Abby's went 

3961
03:35:38,100 --> 03:35:41,400
through similar building booms. 
During this period the sister 

3962
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:45,700
National order founded in 1098 
established hundreds of Abby's 

3963
03:35:45,700 --> 03:35:48,200
across Europe during the 12th 
and 13th centuries. 

3964
03:35:49,100 --> 03:35:51,700
These monasteries weren't just 
religious centers, but 

3965
03:35:51,700 --> 03:35:55,300
agricultural, innovators, who 
applied systematic, thinking to 

3966
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:58,800
farming, livestock, breeding, 
and Land Management. 

3967
03:35:59,800 --> 03:36:02,300
Cistercian Abbey's often sat in 
remote. 

3968
03:36:02,300 --> 03:36:05,600
Valleys where the monks had 
cleared forest and drained 

3969
03:36:05,600 --> 03:36:08,400
Wetlands. 
Creating productive, Farmland 

3970
03:36:08,400 --> 03:36:11,500
through organized, labor and 
Engineering, the architectural 

3971
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:16,700
style developed by the cisterns 
or steer elegant, emphasizing 

3972
03:36:16,700 --> 03:36:21,100
proportion, and light rather 
than decoration, created some of

3973
03:36:21,100 --> 03:36:23,000
the periods, most beautiful 
buildings. 

3974
03:36:23,700 --> 03:36:28,000
Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, 
Fontana, Appian, France, and 

3975
03:36:28,000 --> 03:36:31,200
probably in Spain. 
These structures combined 

3976
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:35,000
spiritual Purpose with practical
design in ways that still 

3977
03:36:35,000 --> 03:36:38,000
impress visitors today as you 
drift towards sleep. 

3978
03:36:38,000 --> 03:36:41,800
Consider the ambition, it took 
to build the structures medieval

3979
03:36:41,800 --> 03:36:45,600
people lacked, power tools, 
steel reinforcement, modern 

3980
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:50,900
cranes or computer aided design.
What they had was time, skill 

3981
03:36:50,900 --> 03:36:55,600
faith and the economic surplus 
created by a climate that had 

3982
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:58,800
decided for a few centuries to 
be unusually Cooperative. 

3983
03:36:58,800 --> 03:37:02,100
Let's spend some time. 
Now in the medieval Countryside,

3984
03:37:02,100 --> 03:37:05,800
during what we might call, its 
golden age, those decades, in 

3985
03:37:05,800 --> 03:37:08,500
the middle of the medieval warm 
period when the benefits were 

3986
03:37:08,500 --> 03:37:12,200
clearest and the eventual 
ending, still felt impossibly 

3987
03:37:12,200 --> 03:37:15,100
distant. 
Find that perfect spot in your 

3988
03:37:15,108 --> 03:37:18,300
blankets and imagine your 
experiencing a full year. 

3989
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:21,800
In rural, Medieval Europe, 
watching the seasons. 

3990
03:37:21,800 --> 03:37:25,100
Turn in a world where nature 
seemed more generous than usual,

3991
03:37:25,100 --> 03:37:28,700
spring arrives in early March 
earlier than your grandparents 

3992
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:31,400
remembered. 
The last snow melts quickly, 

3993
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:34,100
leaving Fields muddy but ready 
for plowing. 

3994
03:37:34,700 --> 03:37:37,700
You'd see teams of oxen or 
horses, pulling plows, through 

3995
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:41,000
heavy, soil opening, furrows, 
that will receive this year's 

3996
03:37:41,000 --> 03:37:44,200
crop. 
Plow team is the most valuable 

3997
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:48,800
asset of Villiage owns a toxin 
working together Guided by an 

3998
03:37:48,800 --> 03:37:51,900
experienced to Plowman who can 
keep his furrows straight by 

3999
03:37:51,900 --> 03:37:53,900
eyeballing. 
Landmarks in the distance. 

4000
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:58,000
The plowing takes weeks and 
everyone has opinions about how 

4001
03:37:58,000 --> 03:38:00,700
it's going. 
Some fields are being opened for

4002
03:38:00,700 --> 03:38:03,800
the first time former Forest, 
that was cleared during the 

4003
03:38:03,800 --> 03:38:06,600
winter and now needs to be 
brought into cultivation. 

4004
03:38:07,700 --> 03:38:10,600
Other fields are returning to 
service after a year line 

4005
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:14,900
fallow, you can see how the soil
is recovered. thick with 

4006
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:19,400
earthworms and surprisingly, 
prior despite its clay content, 

4007
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:24,400
once plowing finishes planting 
begins, bring wheat or barley 

4008
03:38:24,400 --> 03:38:27,800
goes into the ground. 
Each seed pressed into the soil 

4009
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:32,300
by hand or broad cast of the 
field in that ancient motion 

4010
03:38:32,300 --> 03:38:34,400
that farmers of use since 
agriculture was invented. 

4011
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:39,700
Children follow the sewers using
sticks to cover seeds with soil,

4012
03:38:39,700 --> 03:38:42,900
simultaneously. 
Protecting them from birds and 

4013
03:38:42,900 --> 03:38:44,500
giving them better contact with 
the Earth. 

4014
03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:48,200
It's tedious work and your 
backward from the constant 

4015
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:51,800
bending that their satisfaction.
In seeing the neat rows, taking 

4016
03:38:51,800 --> 03:38:55,100
shape across the field between 
planting and harvest. 

4017
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:59,400
There's constant work. 
Weeding monitoring for pests 

4018
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:02,200
repairing fences to keep 
livestock from trampling. 

4019
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:05,200
The crops and maintaining 
drainage ditches to prevent 

4020
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:09,200
water logging Medieval farming 
was labor-intensive in ways that

4021
03:39:09,200 --> 03:39:11,300
modern agriculture hasn't been 
for centuries. 

4022
03:39:12,100 --> 03:39:15,400
But there are also moments of 
relative Leisure times when the 

4023
03:39:15,400 --> 03:39:18,600
crops simply needs to grow and 
there's nothing to do but wait 

4024
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:22,200
and hope some are brings the hay
Harvest one of the years. 

4025
03:39:22,200 --> 03:39:25,200
Crucial tasks. 
Hey provides winter for 

4026
03:39:25,200 --> 03:39:27,900
livestock and the amount you can
store determines. 

4027
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:30,000
How many animals will survive 
until spring? 

4028
03:39:30,900 --> 03:39:34,200
You'd see entire villages in The
Meadows, cutting grass, with 

4029
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:38,900
Sighs and synchronized Rose, 
turning, the cut hated dry, then

4030
03:39:38,900 --> 03:39:41,800
Gathering it into Haystacks that
Tower over the workers like 

4031
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:44,700
rustic monuments to agricultural
effort. 

4032
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:48,700
The rhythm of sighing is almost 
hypnotic the long sweep of the 

4033
03:39:48,700 --> 03:39:52,000
blade through grass, the step 
forward, the next Suite 

4034
03:39:52,000 --> 03:39:56,700
experience, mowers can work for 
hours with barely appalls, their

4035
03:39:56,700 --> 03:39:58,700
movement. 
So practice they seem effortless

4036
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:03,300
Behind them, come the women and 
children raking in the cut, 

4037
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:06,100
grass into windrows, then 
turning it regularly. 

4038
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:10,900
So all sides dry evenly. 
If rain threatens before, the 

4039
03:40:10,900 --> 03:40:14,800
hay is completely dry. 
There's a frantic scramble to 

4040
03:40:14,800 --> 03:40:17,900
get it undercover because wet, 
hay can mold or even 

4041
03:40:17,900 --> 03:40:21,500
spontaneously combust in the 
stack, the extended growing 

4042
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:24,300
seasons of the medieval. 
Warm period meant hey, Harvest 

4043
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:26,400
were more abundant than previous
centuries. 

4044
03:40:27,200 --> 03:40:29,800
Meadows, that once yielded one 
cutting per summer. 

4045
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:33,900
Now produced two, sometimes even
a third late season Harvest. 

4046
03:40:34,900 --> 03:40:38,200
this Surplus hey meant Villages 
could support, larger herds, 

4047
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:41,800
which meant more milk, more meat
and more rocks and for plowing 

4048
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:46,200
it was another of those virtuous
Cycles where better conditions 

4049
03:40:46,200 --> 03:40:49,600
created opportunities that 
reinforced the benefits High 

4050
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:52,400
summer, settles over the 
countryside, like a warm blanket

4051
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,800
The grain crops are growing tall
now transforming Fields into 

4052
03:40:56,800 --> 03:40:58,900
Seas of green that Ripple in the
breeze. 

4053
03:40:59,700 --> 03:41:02,700
Barley and Oates head out. 
First, their bearded tops 

4054
03:41:02,700 --> 03:41:05,000
catching the sunlight, wheat 
follows. 

4055
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:10,100
Later, it seed, heads heavy with
developing grain walking past 

4056
03:41:10,100 --> 03:41:12,800
these fields you'd hear the 
constant Whisper Of Wind Through

4057
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:17,200
storks punctuated by Birdsong 
and the distant sound of village

4058
03:41:17,200 --> 03:41:19,600
life. 
This is the season of relative 

4059
03:41:19,600 --> 03:41:22,600
Plenty when gardeners are 
producing vegetables and 

4060
03:41:22,600 --> 03:41:26,400
everyone's diet improves. 
Fresh peas and beans appear on 

4061
03:41:26,400 --> 03:41:29,200
tables. 
Onions and garlic are pulled as 

4062
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:31,900
needed. 
Herbs grow thick in every doyard

4063
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:35,900
garden, sage and Thyme and 
rosemary, used for both cooking 

4064
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:38,900
and basic medicine. 
The Village might have a few 

4065
03:41:38,900 --> 03:41:42,500
beehives humming with activity 
as bees work, the wildflowers in

4066
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:44,800
The Meadows. 
Livestock are out on pasture 

4067
03:41:44,800 --> 03:41:48,200
supervised by Shepherds or cow 
herds who spend long days in the

4068
03:41:48,200 --> 03:41:51,700
fields with their charges. 
Its lonely work but not 

4069
03:41:51,700 --> 03:41:55,100
unpleasant during good weather. 
You might see a young Shepherd 

4070
03:41:55,100 --> 03:41:56,800
sitting on a hillside with his 
sheep. 

4071
03:41:56,800 --> 03:42:00,300
Scattered across the slope. 
Practicing his carving on a 

4072
03:42:00,308 --> 03:42:04,200
piece of wood or simply watching
clouds drift across, remarkably 

4073
03:42:04,200 --> 03:42:06,900
blue skies. 
August brings the grain harvest,

4074
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:10,100
the years defining event. 
This is when everything comes 

4075
03:42:10,100 --> 03:42:13,200
down to whether in timing 
Harvest two early in the grain 

4076
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:16,600
hasn't fully ripened Harvest, 
too late and a storm might 

4077
03:42:16,600 --> 03:42:19,500
flatten the crop or rain might 
ruin it in the field. 

4078
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:24,300
Medieval Farmers had to judge 
the perfect moment by experience

4079
03:42:24,300 --> 03:42:28,800
and Instinct reading signs in 
the wheat heads and watching the

4080
03:42:28,800 --> 03:42:31,800
sky with the intense of 
meteorologists who knew their 

4081
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:34,900
lives depended on getting the 
Four cast, right when the 

4082
03:42:34,908 --> 03:42:39,100
Harvest begins, it consumes the 
entire Community, everyone who 

4083
03:42:39,100 --> 03:42:43,200
can work, does men cutting the 
grain with sickles or sighs 

4084
03:42:43,200 --> 03:42:47,700
women binding, the cuts in to 
sheaves and children Gathering 

4085
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:52,300
the sheaves in to shops to dry. 
the work continues from dawn to 

4086
03:42:52,300 --> 03:42:57,200
dusk and sometimes Beyond when 
Moonlight allows There's a 

4087
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,100
desperate urgency to get the 
crops safely gathered before 

4088
03:43:00,100 --> 03:43:04,400
weather or accident can destroy 
months of agricultural labor. 

4089
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:06,800
The sound of harvest is 
distinctive. 

4090
03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:11,300
The swish of blades through 
stalks the rustle of grain being

4091
03:43:11,300 --> 03:43:13,500
bound. 
And the rhythmic thump as 

4092
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:15,600
sheaves are set up right into 
shocks. 

4093
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:19,600
People call to each other across
the field coordinating, work 

4094
03:43:19,600 --> 03:43:23,200
warning about obstacles and 
maintaining the social cohesion 

4095
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:25,900
that makes group labor possible.
Songs. 

4096
03:43:25,900 --> 03:43:29,000
Help paste the work and someone 
usually knows dozens of verses 

4097
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:32,300
about harvesting some ancient 
and some improvised for the 

4098
03:43:32,308 --> 03:43:34,500
occasion. 
Once the grain is cut and 

4099
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:37,600
shocked, it needs to be 
transported to the village and 

4100
03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:39,900
stored in Barnes until threshing
can begin. 

4101
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:43,900
This is where you'd see the 
Harvest carts, sturdy, wooden 

4102
03:43:43,900 --> 03:43:47,900
Vehicles, pulled by oxen loaded,
so heavily with sheaves that 

4103
03:43:47,900 --> 03:43:52,200
they seem impossible to move. 
Trip from field to Barn is slow 

4104
03:43:52,200 --> 03:43:54,700
and careful. 
Because losing a cartload of 

4105
03:43:54,700 --> 03:43:57,500
grain to an overturned. 
Wacken would be a minor disaster

4106
03:43:57,500 --> 03:44:01,500
threshing begins after harvest 
finishes and it continues 

4107
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:03,500
through all of them and into 
winter whenever the weather 

4108
03:44:03,508 --> 03:44:07,300
permits Sheaves are on a 
prepared threshing floor, 

4109
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:11,000
usually just beaten Earth in a 
barn or Courtyard and beaten 

4110
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:13,400
with flails to separate grain 
from chaff. 

4111
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:18,500
It's exhausting repetitive work 
that produces clouds of dust and

4112
03:44:18,500 --> 03:44:22,100
leaves everyone coughing. 
The rhythmic sound of flail 

4113
03:44:22,100 --> 03:44:25,500
striking grain provides the 
soundtrack for autumn in every 

4114
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:28,700
medieval village. 
After threshing comes winnowing 

4115
03:44:28,700 --> 03:44:32,200
where workers toss the threshed 
grain into the air so wind can 

4116
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:34,500
carry away. 
The lighter chaff while heavier 

4117
03:44:34,500 --> 03:44:38,500
grain, kernels fall back down. 
It requires a certain act to get

4118
03:44:38,500 --> 03:44:41,300
the tossing motion, right? 
And it only works when there's 

4119
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:43,800
enough Breeze, but not so much 
that you lose grain. 

4120
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:46,500
Watching skilled winner was at 
work. 

4121
03:44:46,500 --> 03:44:49,700
Has its own aesthetic? 
The graceful Arc of grain 

4122
03:44:49,700 --> 03:44:54,000
through the air, the shower of 
chaff drifting downwind and the 

4123
03:44:54,000 --> 03:44:58,400
steady accumulation of clean 
grain in baskets, Autumn is also

4124
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:01,500
time for the pig, slaughter. 
One of the years, major of 

4125
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:05,600
events Pigs, which have spent 
the summer growing fat on food, 

4126
03:45:05,600 --> 03:45:08,800
scraps, and forests mastered. 
A killed and butchered in a 

4127
03:45:08,800 --> 03:45:10,700
process. 
That transforms them into the 

4128
03:45:10,700 --> 03:45:13,000
preserved. 
Meat that Stained families 

4129
03:45:13,000 --> 03:45:16,400
through winter. 
Everything from a pig is used. 

4130
03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:21,000
The meat is salted or smoked, 
the fat is rendered into lard. 

4131
03:45:21,000 --> 03:45:25,300
The blood is made into sausages,
the intestines become sausage 

4132
03:45:25,300 --> 03:45:29,100
casing and even the head is 
boiled for Braun, the work of 

4133
03:45:29,100 --> 03:45:31,400
butchering and preserving is 
skilled and communal. 

4134
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:34,100
Families. 
Help each other knowing their 

4135
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:36,600
turn will come and they'll 
receive the same assistance. 

4136
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:41,100
Smell of smoking meat, hangs 
over villages in, Autumn a 

4137
03:45:41,100 --> 03:45:44,100
scent, that means security. 
You have food stored for the 

4138
03:45:44,100 --> 03:45:47,400
lean months ahead later, Autumn 
brings different tasks. 

4139
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:50,900
Root vegetables are harvested 
and stored in cool Cellars 

4140
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:54,800
apples are picked and pressed 
for cider or stored in straw 

4141
03:45:54,800 --> 03:45:57,800
lined boxes where they might 
last until spring. 

4142
03:45:59,000 --> 03:46:02,900
The last grazing is finished and
livestock are brought into barns

4143
03:46:02,900 --> 03:46:06,300
or closer pastures where they 
can be monitored during winter. 

4144
03:46:07,500 --> 03:46:10,400
Firewood cut during the summer. 
Needs to be split and stacked 

4145
03:46:10,400 --> 03:46:15,300
close to houses where it will. 
Stay relatively dry winter in 

4146
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,500
the medieval warm period, was 
milder than in centuries before 

4147
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:20,600
or after, but it was still 
winter. 

4148
03:46:21,400 --> 03:46:25,600
You'd see less outdoor work and 
more indoor tasks, weaving tool,

4149
03:46:25,600 --> 03:46:28,500
maintenance food, preparation 
and craft work. 

4150
03:46:29,400 --> 03:46:33,000
This is when the social life of 
villages turned inward when 

4151
03:46:33,000 --> 03:46:36,100
people gathered in the relative,
warmth of halls or large houses 

4152
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:40,300
and when storytelling and music 
passed the dark evening's, the 

4153
03:46:40,300 --> 03:46:42,400
Christmas season brought its own
Traditions. 

4154
03:46:42,400 --> 03:46:46,000
The Yule Log carefully selected 
and brought to the half with 

4155
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:48,808
ceremony. 
Special Foods were saved for the

4156
03:46:48,816 --> 03:46:52,600
celebration, perhaps a goose or 
even beef if the Harvest had 

4157
03:46:52,600 --> 03:46:55,500
been good. 
Evergreen decorations to remind 

4158
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:58,500
people, that life persists, even
in the darkest season. 

4159
03:46:59,400 --> 03:47:02,800
Mystery plays performed by 
Village amateurs retelling 

4160
03:47:02,800 --> 03:47:06,900
biblical stories with enthusiasm
that compensated for any lack of

4161
03:47:06,908 --> 03:47:09,900
professional polish. 
Throughout all these Seasons, 

4162
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:12,700
you'd notice the background 
presence of the church marking 

4163
03:47:12,700 --> 03:47:15,600
sacred time alongside 
agricultural time. 

4164
03:47:16,400 --> 03:47:20,100
Saints days, provided regular 
interruptions to work, creating 

4165
03:47:20,100 --> 03:47:23,300
a rhythm of feast and fasting 
that structured the year 

4166
03:47:23,300 --> 03:47:27,200
religiously and socially. 
The liturgical calendar told 

4167
03:47:27,200 --> 03:47:29,500
medieval people where they stood
and salvation history. 

4168
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:32,800
Even as the agricultural 
calendar, told him where they 

4169
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:36,300
stood in the annual cycle of 
planting and harvest, the 

4170
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:39,400
medieval warm period, didn't 
eliminate the hardships of Rural

4171
03:47:39,400 --> 03:47:42,100
Life. 
People still worked incredibly 

4172
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:46,300
hard, still faced dangers from 
disease and accident, and still 

4173
03:47:46,300 --> 03:47:50,100
lived within narrow social and 
economic constraints. but it 

4174
03:47:50,100 --> 03:47:53,700
softened, some of the harshness,
Harvest were more reliable. 

4175
03:47:53,700 --> 03:47:57,900
Winter's were less brutal, and 
the margin between sufficiently 

4176
03:47:57,900 --> 03:48:01,200
and starvation wide, and just 
enough to make life feel less 

4177
03:48:01,200 --> 03:48:05,200
desperate in the evening's. 
When work finally finished, you 

4178
03:48:05,200 --> 03:48:07,900
might see people sitting outside
their Cottages during the long 

4179
03:48:07,900 --> 03:48:11,100
summer twilights. 
Simply enjoying the warmth and 

4180
03:48:11,100 --> 03:48:14,700
the relative prosperity. 
Children play games that have 

4181
03:48:14,700 --> 03:48:16,500
been passed down through 
generations. 

4182
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:19,600
Adults repair, tools or spin 
thread. 

4183
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:22,600
The kind of light work that can 
be done while socializing 

4184
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:26,700
Someone might have a simple 
instrument, a pipe or a small 

4185
03:48:26,700 --> 03:48:29,700
drum and provide music for 
impromptu dancing. 

4186
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:33,600
These moments of leisure these 
spaces where life was about more

4187
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:37,000
than mere survival with the real
gift of the medieval warm 

4188
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:39,800
period. 
The climate didn't just provide 

4189
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:43,400
food. 
It provided time, energy, and 

4190
03:48:43,400 --> 03:48:46,700
psychological space for medieval
Europeans to build something 

4191
03:48:46,700 --> 03:48:50,700
Beyond subsistence. 
The cathedrals and Market towns 

4192
03:48:50,700 --> 03:48:53,800
and manuscripts, all flowed from
this fundamental surplus of 

4193
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:57,800
resources and confidence as you 
settle even deeper into Comfort 

4194
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:00,000
preparing for the final stage of
sleep. 

4195
03:49:00,700 --> 03:49:03,100
Let's contemplate, something 
more melancholic. 

4196
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:07,800
How the medieval warm period 
ended, and what its fading can 

4197
03:49:07,800 --> 03:49:11,300
teach us about climate 
resilience and the fragility of 

4198
03:49:11,300 --> 03:49:14,700
even seemingly stable 
conditions, the end of the 

4199
03:49:14,700 --> 03:49:16,800
medieval. 
Warm period wasn't dramatic, or 

4200
03:49:16,800 --> 03:49:19,400
sudden there was no catastrophic
event. 

4201
03:49:19,400 --> 03:49:23,000
No, volcanic eruption or meteor 
impact that clearly marked 

4202
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:27,800
transition. 
Instead around 1300 temperatures

4203
03:49:27,800 --> 03:49:32,400
began to gradually decline. 
Growing season shortened year by

4204
03:49:32,400 --> 03:49:35,400
year so incrementally that no 
single year. 

4205
03:49:35,400 --> 03:49:37,800
Felt definitively different from
the one before. 

4206
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:42,500
Imagine being a farmer in the 
year 1310 noticing that the last

4207
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:45,900
frost came a bit earlier this 
Autumn than usual, then the next

4208
03:49:45,900 --> 03:49:47,700
year spring seemed to arrive 
late. 

4209
03:49:48,600 --> 03:49:50,200
Then a summer, that was 
unusually. 

4210
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:52,800
Cool. 
And wet with rain at Harvest 

4211
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:54,500
Time that ruined part of the 
crop. 

4212
03:49:55,200 --> 03:49:57,200
Individually. 
These were just weather 

4213
03:49:57,200 --> 03:50:00,100
variations of the sort that 
every Agricultural Society 

4214
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:03,500
experience is. 
That they were accumulating into

4215
03:50:03,500 --> 03:50:05,900
a patent that would have 
eventually be recognized as the 

4216
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:08,600
onset of what historians called 
the little Ice Age. 

4217
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:12,500
The Norse colonies in Greenland 
felt the changes most acutely 

4218
03:50:13,400 --> 03:50:15,800
those settlements that had 
Thrive for three centuries, 

4219
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:19,400
found their growing Seasons, 
becoming shorter, their pastures

4220
03:50:19,400 --> 03:50:22,700
less productive and their 
hunting territory shrinking as 

4221
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:26,500
ice returned The last definite 
record of the Greenland 

4222
03:50:26,500 --> 03:50:30,900
settlements to the early, 1400s 
after which they simply vanished

4223
03:50:30,900 --> 03:50:33,800
from history. 
Whether the inhabitants died 

4224
03:50:33,800 --> 03:50:37,500
were evacuated or a simulated 
with the Inuit people who had 

4225
03:50:37,508 --> 03:50:41,100
moved into the territory, 
remains uncertain, the fate of 

4226
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:43,700
these Greenland colonies offers 
a sobering lesson about the 

4227
03:50:43,708 --> 03:50:45,800
relationship between climate and
settlement. 

4228
03:50:46,600 --> 03:50:50,100
The North greenlanders had built
an entire Society based on 

4229
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:53,700
conditions that turned out to be
temporary, their Farms, their 

4230
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:57,000
churches, and their way of life,
all depended on a climatic 

4231
03:50:57,000 --> 03:51:01,300
window that gradually closed. 
When conditions changed, they 

4232
03:51:01,300 --> 03:51:05,200
lack, the flexibility to adapt. 
They couldn't transform their 

4233
03:51:05,200 --> 03:51:07,900
agricultural settlements into 
hunting societies, like the 

4234
03:51:07,908 --> 03:51:12,000
Inuit couldn't abandon their 
livestock based economy and 

4235
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:14,400
couldn't or wouldn't change the 
fundamental patterns. 

4236
03:51:14,400 --> 03:51:17,800
That had worked for Generations 
archaeological evidence from the

4237
03:51:17,800 --> 03:51:19,900
abandoned. 
Greenland settlements is horned 

4238
03:51:19,900 --> 03:51:23,300
the last inhabitants are eaten, 
their dogs and cattle suggesting

4239
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:26,800
desperate hunger. 
But they hadn't adopted Inuit 

4240
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:30,400
hunting techniques or Diet. 
Even as those indigenous people 

4241
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:34,600
thrived in the same environment,
cultural identity at seams can 

4242
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:38,300
be both a source of resilience 
and a fatal limitation back in 

4243
03:51:38,300 --> 03:51:40,300
Europe, the cooling climate 
created. 

4244
03:51:40,300 --> 03:51:43,200
Stresses that contributed to 
what historian sometimes called,

4245
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:47,700
the crisis of the late Middle 
Ages, The Great Famine of 1315, 

4246
03:51:47,700 --> 03:51:52,200
struck a population that had 
grown to level sustainable only 

4247
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:54,100
during optimal climate 
conditions. 

4248
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:58,700
Three years of cold wet weather,
ruined harvests across northern 

4249
03:51:58,700 --> 03:52:03,000
Europe, and millions died of 
starvation or diseases. 

4250
03:52:03,000 --> 03:52:06,900
That thrive when populations are
weakened by malnutrition the 

4251
03:52:06,900 --> 03:52:11,000
Black Death arriving. 
In 1347 found a European 

4252
03:52:11,000 --> 03:52:15,200
population already stressed by 
Decades of deteriorating climate

4253
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:19,200
and periodic food, shortages, 
Weather climate change directly 

4254
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:23,100
contributed to the plague spread
remains debated, but there's no 

4255
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:25,700
question that the warming 
periods entered weakened 

4256
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:28,800
medieval Europe's resilience to 
catastrophe yet. 

4257
03:52:28,800 --> 03:52:32,100
The story isn't simply one of 
declined, medieval Europeans, 

4258
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:34,400
proved remarkably adaptive in 
many ways. 

4259
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:38,700
Agricultural practices evolved 
to suit shorter growing Seasons.

4260
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:42,100
Communities. 
Diversify their crops relying 

4261
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:45,000
Less on wheat, and more on Hardy
a grains. 

4262
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:49,100
Fishing became more important in
coastal regions, where farming 

4263
03:52:49,100 --> 03:52:52,600
became marginal. 
Trade networks, adjusted to new 

4264
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:56,600
realities the cathedral building
boom slowed, but didn't entirely

4265
03:52:56,600 --> 03:52:59,600
stopped some projects. 
Were completed even as 

4266
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:01,200
conditions. 
Deteriorated. 

4267
03:53:02,500 --> 03:53:06,500
Mr. Institutional momentum, and 
the important people placed on 

4268
03:53:06,500 --> 03:53:10,000
these structures. 
Other Cathedrals remained 

4269
03:53:10,000 --> 03:53:12,900
unfinished for centuries. 
They are in complete Towers 

4270
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:15,700
standing as monuments to 
interrupted ambition. 

4271
03:53:15,700 --> 03:53:19,100
The end of the medieval, warm 
period reminds us that climate 

4272
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:22,700
isn't a static backdrop to human
history, but an active force. 

4273
03:53:22,700 --> 03:53:26,900
That shapes what's possible and 
what's difficult Those one or 

4274
03:53:26,900 --> 03:53:29,600
two degrees of warming that 
characterized the medieval warm 

4275
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:33,100
period had allowed European 
civilization to expand and 

4276
03:53:33,100 --> 03:53:35,500
flourish. 
The return to cooler 

4277
03:53:35,500 --> 03:53:38,800
temperatures constrain that 
expansion and forced adaptation.

4278
03:53:38,800 --> 03:53:42,400
Modern climate science, gives us
tools that medieval people 

4279
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:44,600
lacked. 
We can measure temperature 

4280
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:48,700
changes, precisely model, 
climate systems and predict 

4281
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:50,800
future Trends with reasonable 
accuracy. 

4282
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,400
We know that the medieval warm 
period was primarily a regional 

4283
03:53:55,400 --> 03:53:57,800
phenomenon. 
It affected Europe in the North 

4284
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:00,900
Atlantic strongly, but other 
parts of the world experience, 

4285
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,000
different patterns. 
We understand that it was driven

4286
03:54:04,000 --> 03:54:09,100
by natural variations in solar 
output and ocean circulation not

4287
03:54:09,100 --> 03:54:12,500
by any human activity. 
But we all know that our current

4288
03:54:12,500 --> 03:54:16,300
warming is different fast 
faster, more Global and driven 

4289
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,300
by human greenhouse gas 
emissions rather than natural 

4290
03:54:19,300 --> 03:54:22,500
cycles. 
The medieval warm period offers 

4291
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:26,300
both hope and warning hope 
because it shows that societies 

4292
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:29,500
can Thrive during warming 
periods and adapt to climate 

4293
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:33,200
changes and warning because it 
demonstrates the populations and

4294
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:36,300
economies built for one climate 
regime can face serious. 

4295
03:54:36,300 --> 03:54:39,300
Disruption. 
When conditions shift the 

4296
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:42,300
medieval experience suggests 
that climate change creates 

4297
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:45,500
winners and losers and that the 
impacts are never evenly 

4298
03:54:45,500 --> 03:54:49,100
distributed. 
The Norse benefited enormously 

4299
03:54:49,100 --> 03:54:51,200
from warming. 
That open the North Atlantic 

4300
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:54,200
while other regions experience 
different effects. 

4301
03:54:55,100 --> 03:54:58,300
When cooling returned those same
nor settlements that had 

4302
03:54:58,300 --> 03:55:00,700
flourished during warm 
centuries, were among the first 

4303
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:04,400
casualties perhaps, the deepest 
lesson is about the human 

4304
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,600
tendency to assume that current 
conditions will persist 

4305
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:11,400
indefinitely. 
Medieval Europeans who planted 

4306
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,800
Vineyards in England or 
established farms and Greenland 

4307
03:55:14,800 --> 03:55:18,000
weren't being naive. 
They were responding rationally 

4308
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:20,200
to conditions that had persisted
for Generations. 

4309
03:55:21,400 --> 03:55:25,000
But those Generations were 
blinking climatic terms a 

4310
03:55:25,000 --> 03:55:28,100
temporary window that felt 
permanent only because human 

4311
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:31,600
life span so brief. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

4312
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:35,100
consider how the medieval warm 
period changed everything for 

4313
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:38,500
medieval Europeans without the 
fully understanding what was 

4314
03:55:38,508 --> 03:55:41,300
happening? 
The experience, the benefits 

4315
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:45,700
better harvests. 
Expanding populations, ambitious

4316
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:48,500
building projects without 
knowing they were living through

4317
03:55:48,500 --> 03:55:51,900
a climatic anomaly. 
They built their world around 

4318
03:55:51,900 --> 03:55:56,100
conditions that seemed normal 
but were actually unusual the 

4319
03:55:56,100 --> 03:55:59,400
Cathedral at Tron time. 
In Norway, begun, intends 70 

4320
03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:02,600
still stands today. 
Nearly a thousand years later. 

4321
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:07,400
the north settlement at Beretta 
lead in Greenland founded around

4322
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:13,100
985 is now just archaeological 
ruins slowly disappearing under 

4323
03:56:13,100 --> 03:56:17,000
advancing ice Both were products
of the same optimistic here, 

4324
03:56:17,000 --> 03:56:19,900
both built by people who 
believed they were creating 

4325
03:56:19,900 --> 03:56:23,700
permanent institutions. 
One survived climate change. 

4326
03:56:23,700 --> 03:56:27,300
The other didn't these outcomes 
weren't inevitable? 

4327
03:56:27,300 --> 03:56:30,400
They resulted from countless, 
individual choices, 

4328
03:56:30,400 --> 03:56:34,400
institutional structures, 
geographical advantages and 

4329
03:56:34,400 --> 03:56:38,100
sheer luck. 
The medieval warm period didn't 

4330
03:56:38,100 --> 03:56:41,500
determine medieval history, but 
it shaped the space within which

4331
03:56:41,500 --> 03:56:45,100
that history unfolded, creating 
opportunities, and imposing, 

4332
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:48,200
constraints, that influenced 
everything from agriculture to 

4333
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:50,700
architecture to exploration 
asleep. 

4334
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:54,100
Draws closer, and your breathing
settles in to its nocturnal 

4335
03:56:54,100 --> 03:56:57,400
rhythm. 
Let's take one last, quiet 

4336
03:56:57,400 --> 03:57:00,600
moment to reflect on what those 
warm centuries mean. 

4337
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:04,700
For us, viewing them from the 
comfortable distance of 700 

4338
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:08,300
years, the medieval warm period 
stands as a reminder, that 

4339
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:10,600
earth's climate is never truly 
stable. 

4340
03:57:11,300 --> 03:57:13,900
That the normal conditions we 
experienced are actually 

4341
03:57:13,900 --> 03:57:16,900
temporary States within longer 
patterns of variation. 

4342
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:21,400
Medieval Europeans couldn't have
known this, they lacked the 

4343
03:57:21,408 --> 03:57:24,900
scientific tools and historical 
perspective to see their time in

4344
03:57:24,900 --> 03:57:27,500
context. 
We have no such excuse. 

4345
03:57:27,500 --> 03:57:30,900
We can look back across 
centuries and see how profoundly

4346
03:57:30,900 --> 03:57:32,800
climate shapes human 
possibilities. 

4347
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:36,900
Those evil farmers who brought 
new land under cultivation, the 

4348
03:57:36,900 --> 03:57:38,600
Norse Sailors who colonized 
Greenland. 

4349
03:57:38,600 --> 03:57:42,100
And the Master Builders who 
designed soaring Cathedrals. 

4350
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:45,400
They were all responding to 
Opportunities created by 

4351
03:57:45,400 --> 03:57:47,500
climatic conditions. 
They didn't understand. 

4352
03:57:47,500 --> 03:57:52,000
And didn't predict Their 
successes and failures offer a 

4353
03:57:52,000 --> 03:57:55,100
strange kind of comfort. 
Humans have always lived with 

4354
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:58,800
climate uncertainty and have 
always built civilizations on 

4355
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:01,400
foundations that turned out to 
be more temporary than they 

4356
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:03,800
imagined. 
The Surplus wealth that made 

4357
03:58:03,800 --> 03:58:05,600
medieval Cathedral culture 
possible. 

4358
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:10,000
Came ultimately from soil and 
son from the interaction of 

4359
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:12,900
human labor, with environmental 
conditions that happen to be 

4360
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:15,700
favorable. 
When we admire a Gothic 

4361
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:19,700
Cathedral today, we're looking 
at Frozen climate data evidence 

4362
03:58:19,700 --> 03:58:23,000
of what humans can achieve when 
Nature provides an extra margin 

4363
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:25,900
of resources and time. 
But we're also looking at 

4364
03:58:25,900 --> 03:58:30,200
ambition, creativity and the 
human desire to create something

4365
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:32,300
that transcends the immediate 
moment. 

4366
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:36,300
The medieval Builders knew their
Cathedrals would Outlast them, 

4367
03:58:36,300 --> 03:58:39,900
and they were right. 
Charter and Canterbury and 

4368
03:58:39,900 --> 03:58:42,700
cologne. 
Still stand, still, Inspire and 

4369
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,400
still serve purposes. 
Their creators would recognize 

4370
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:49,600
climate made these structures 
possible but human vision and 

4371
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:52,700
effort made them real The 
Village, prosperity of the 

4372
03:58:52,700 --> 03:58:56,000
medieval warm period modest by 
our standards. 

4373
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:59,700
But real by theirs shows how 
relatively small environmental 

4374
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:04,300
changes can Cascade through 
Society An extra week of growing

4375
03:59:04,300 --> 03:59:06,600
season. 
Meant more food, which meant 

4376
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:09,800
healthier children, which meant 
more workers, which meant 

4377
03:59:09,800 --> 03:59:13,100
Newland could be cleared, which 
created opportunities for 

4378
03:59:13,108 --> 03:59:17,600
specialization, which enabled 
Market towns, which facilitated 

4379
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:22,300
trade, which distributed wealth 
more widely, small cores is 

4380
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:26,300
large effects and when 
conditions deteriorated the 

4381
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:30,100
process reversed, shorter 
growing Seasons, meant smaller 

4382
03:59:30,100 --> 03:59:33,900
harvests, which meant less 
Surplus, which meant reduced 

4383
03:59:33,900 --> 03:59:37,400
trade, which meant economic 
contraction, which meant social 

4384
03:59:37,400 --> 03:59:41,200
stress, the medieval warm 
periods, end didn't destroy 

4385
03:59:41,200 --> 03:59:44,100
European civilization, but it 
certainly tested. 

4386
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:47,800
It exposing vulnerabilities that
have been masked by favorable 

4387
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:51,800
conditions tonight as you sleep 
in a climate controlled room 

4388
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:54,200
your comfort maintained by 
Technologies. 

4389
03:59:54,200 --> 03:59:57,400
Medieval people couldn't have 
imagined the story of the 

4390
03:59:57,400 --> 03:59:59,500
medieval warm period offers 
perspective. 

4391
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,700
We have capabilities, they 
lacked, we can predict whether 

4392
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:08,600
control indoor, climate 
transport food globally, and 

4393
04:00:08,600 --> 04:00:11,600
adapt to environmental changes 
with the resources, they never 

4394
04:00:11,600 --> 04:00:14,800
possessed. 
But we all face challenges at 

4395
04:00:14,800 --> 04:00:17,200
Scales. 
They never encountered with 

4396
04:00:17,200 --> 04:00:19,800
climate changing faster than 
natural systems. 

4397
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:24,100
Can adapt affecting population's
far larger than medieval Europe 

4398
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:26,900
ever supported. 
The optimism of the cathedral 

4399
04:00:26,900 --> 04:00:29,600
Builders believing. 
They were creating permanent 

4400
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:33,000
monuments for a stable future 
echoes in our own assumptions 

4401
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:36,600
about tomorrow. 
We build cities on coastlines 

4402
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:40,300
and in deserts plan for future 
that assume conditions won't 

4403
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:43,300
change dramatically and invest 
in infrastructure. 

4404
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:46,300
Designed for climate patterns 
that may already be shifting. 

4405
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,900
Perhaps medieval experience 
offers a gentle warning assume 

4406
04:00:50,900 --> 04:00:54,500
less permanence build more 
flexibility and remember that 

4407
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:58,000
favorable conditions don't last 
forever, but there's also 

4408
04:00:58,000 --> 04:01:01,800
inspiration in those medieval 
centuries, humans adapted, 

4409
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:05,100
survived and occasionally 
thrived through climate changes.

4410
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:09,000
They couldn't measure or predict
We have better tools but face, 

4411
04:01:09,000 --> 04:01:12,600
larger challenges and evil. 
Europeans worked within their 

4412
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:15,100
constraints and created 
remarkable things. 

4413
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:18,200
We can do the same. 
Hopefully, with more foresight 

4414
04:01:18,200 --> 04:01:21,300
about the foundations we're 
building upon, Fields that 

4415
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:24,900
medieval Farmers cleared during 
the medieval warm period, still 

4416
04:01:24,900 --> 04:01:27,900
feed us to today. 
The churches they built still 

4417
04:01:27,900 --> 04:01:30,900
shelter congregation's Market 
towns. 

4418
04:01:30,900 --> 04:01:33,400
They established still service 
centers of Commerce and 

4419
04:01:33,400 --> 04:01:36,600
community. 
What they created during those 

4420
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:39,600
warm centuries, outlasted the 
climate that made creation 

4421
04:01:39,600 --> 04:01:44,000
easier, proving that human 
achievements carefully designed 

4422
04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:48,700
and solid can endure through 
changing conditions as you drift

4423
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:51,300
into sleep. 
Let the story of the medieval 

4424
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:54,800
warm period, settle into your 
thoughts, like snow accumulating

4425
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:59,700
slowly on a winter field. 
Quiet gentle covering everything

4426
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:03,800
with a layer of perspective. 
Those medieval farmers and 

4427
04:02:03,800 --> 04:02:07,900
sailors and Builders were people
like you practical, ambitious, 

4428
04:02:07,900 --> 04:02:10,200
trying to make the best of 
conditions. 

4429
04:02:10,200 --> 04:02:13,700
They inherited hoping to leave 
something valuable for those who

4430
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:16,900
came after they succeeded, more 
than they probably imagined. 

4431
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:21,400
Seventh centuries later, we 
still study their lives, admire 

4432
04:02:21,400 --> 04:02:24,600
their achievements and learn 
from their adaptations and their

4433
04:02:24,600 --> 04:02:27,300
failures. 
The climate that shape their 

4434
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:31,500
world has changed changed again 
and is changing still. 

4435
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:35,500
But the essential human story of
working with what nature 

4436
04:02:35,500 --> 04:02:38,900
provides adapting. 
When condition shift and 

4437
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:41,600
building toward Futures, we hope
for but can't guarantee 

4438
04:02:41,600 --> 04:02:46,300
continues sleep. 
Now, warm and comfortable and 

4439
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:49,300
perhaps dream of those medieval 
Summers when growing Seasons 

4440
04:02:49,300 --> 04:02:52,300
stretched. 
Just a bit longer when harvests 

4441
04:02:52,300 --> 04:02:56,000
filled Barnes to overflowing. 
And when communities looked at 

4442
04:02:56,000 --> 04:02:58,800
empty, hillside's and saw 
opportunities rather than 

4443
04:02:58,800 --> 04:03:02,800
challenges, dream of Cathedral 
Builders measuring Stone by hand

4444
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,400
and I creating structures that 
would Outlast not just their own

4445
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:09,500
lives but they Climate that made
their work possible. 

4446
04:03:09,500 --> 04:03:13,100
The medieval warm period ended 
but its lessons remain. 

4447
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:16,100
Climate shapes history without 
determining it. 

4448
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:20,400
Humans adapt, build, create and 
endure. 

4449
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:24,100
Through changing conditions, the
margins between success and 

4450
04:03:24,100 --> 04:03:27,400
failure can be measured in 
degrees of temperature and weeks

4451
04:03:27,400 --> 04:03:30,000
of growing season. 
And what we build during 

4452
04:03:30,000 --> 04:03:33,500
favourable times must be solid 
enough to survive when condition

4453
04:03:33,500 --> 04:03:37,600
shift because shift, they always
do tomorrow, you'll wake your 

4454
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:40,200
own climate, your own 
challenges, and your own 

4455
04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:45,200
opportunities. the medieval warm
period is gone but its story 

4456
04:03:45,208 --> 04:03:48,700
connects you to an unbroken 
chain of humans who have always 

4457
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:53,300
lived with climate uncertainty, 
always build despite it And 

4458
04:03:53,300 --> 04:03:56,500
always hoped that what they 
created would endure and 

4459
04:03:56,500 --> 04:04:09,300
sometimes wonderfully, it does. 
And imagine living in a world 

4460
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:11,900
where nobody really agreed on 
how to figure out what was true.

4461
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:15,400
Not just disagreeing about the 
facts that happened all the 

4462
04:04:15,408 --> 04:04:18,500
time, but fundamentally 
disagreeing about the process 

4463
04:04:18,500 --> 04:04:21,000
itself. 
Should you trust your sensei's 

4464
04:04:21,000 --> 04:04:24,000
or are they lying to you? 
Should you rely on logic and 

4465
04:04:24,000 --> 04:04:26,700
Mathematics or should you look 
at the actual world around you? 

4466
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:29,600
Can you even trust that the 
world around you is real? 

4467
04:04:29,600 --> 04:04:33,700
This was Greece in the 5th 
Century BCE and it was having 

4468
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:35,900
something like an intellectual 
identity crisis. 

4469
04:04:35,900 --> 04:04:38,800
For most of human history. 
People had explained the world 

4470
04:04:38,800 --> 04:04:40,500
through stories about gods and 
heroes. 

4471
04:04:41,400 --> 04:04:43,300
Thunder wasn't a meteorological 
phenomenon. 

4472
04:04:43,300 --> 04:04:47,300
It was Zeus, having a bad day 
disease, wasn't about germs and 

4473
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:49,400
immune systems. 
It was divine punishment or 

4474
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:51,800
maybe a curse from that neighbor
who gave you the evil eye last 

4475
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:54,300
Tuesday. 
But then something remarkable 

4476
04:04:54,300 --> 04:04:57,800
happened a group of people in 
the Greek world started asking a

4477
04:04:57,800 --> 04:05:00,800
revolutionary question. 
What if we could understand the 

4478
04:05:00,800 --> 04:05:03,500
world without resorting to 
Supernatural explanations? 

4479
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:07,000
What if there were natural 
causes for natural effects? 

4480
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:09,800
What If instead of just 
accepting that things happen 

4481
04:05:09,800 --> 04:05:12,400
because the gods will it, we 
could actually figure out how 

4482
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:15,600
the world works. 
These early thinkers, we call 

4483
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:18,700
them the pre-socratics because 
they came before Socrates which 

4484
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:21,600
is a bit like calling everyone 
who lived before Shakespeare, 

4485
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:25,000
appreciate experience came up 
with wildly different theories, 

4486
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,600
daily thought. 
Everything was made of water. 

4487
04:05:28,500 --> 04:05:30,900
Heraclitus believed. 
Everything was constantly 

4488
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:33,900
changing like a river. 
You can never step in twice 

4489
04:05:33,900 --> 04:05:36,100
permanente's argued the 
opposite. 

4490
04:05:36,800 --> 04:05:39,600
That change was an illusion and 
reality was actually perfectly 

4491
04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:42,900
still and unchanging. 
You can imagine how confusing 

4492
04:05:42,900 --> 04:05:45,300
this must have been for regular 
people trying to live their 

4493
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:47,100
lives. 
One philosopher tells you 

4494
04:05:47,100 --> 04:05:50,100
everything as water. 
Another says, everything is fire

4495
04:05:50,100 --> 04:05:53,300
and a third insist that motion 
is impossible and you're not 

4496
04:05:53,308 --> 04:05:56,800
really walking to the market. 
You just think you are, it was 

4497
04:05:56,800 --> 04:05:59,100
like having too many fortune 
cookies with contradictory 

4498
04:05:59,100 --> 04:06:01,200
advice. 
Except these philosophers were 

4499
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:03,300
dead serious, and would debate 
these points for hours. 

4500
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:07,100
Then came Socrates wandering 
around Athens. 

4501
04:06:07,100 --> 04:06:09,500
Like that Uncle, who asks 
uncomfortable questions at 

4502
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:12,000
family. 
Dinners, Socrates didn't claim 

4503
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:14,300
to know anything. 
In fact, his whole thing was 

4504
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:17,300
admitting he knew nothing which 
somehow made him wiser than 

4505
04:06:17,300 --> 04:06:20,300
everyone else, his method was to
ask questions until people 

4506
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:22,400
realized, they didn't actually 
understand the things. 

4507
04:06:22,400 --> 04:06:25,400
They thought they understood 
this made him simultaneously the

4508
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:27,900
most important philosopher in 
Athens and probably the most 

4509
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:32,600
annoying person at parties. 
Socrates had a brilliant student

4510
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:35,500
named Plato who took his 
teacher's question asking method

4511
04:06:35,500 --> 04:06:39,000
and built an entire 
philosophical system around it. 

4512
04:06:39,000 --> 04:06:42,400
Plato believed that the world we
see around us is just Shadows on

4513
04:06:42,400 --> 04:06:45,000
a cave. 
Wall imperfect copies of perfect

4514
04:06:45,000 --> 04:06:48,200
forms that exist in some higher 
realm that chair your City on. 

4515
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:51,900
It's just a flawed imitation of 
the perfect form of chair Nest 

4516
04:06:51,900 --> 04:06:53,400
that exists in the realm of 
forms. 

4517
04:06:53,400 --> 04:06:57,600
Plato's philosophy was 
beautiful, elegant and deeply. 

4518
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:00,400
Mathematical it appealed to 
people who like their truth, 

4519
04:07:00,400 --> 04:07:03,600
pure abstract and divorced from 
the messy complications of 

4520
04:07:03,600 --> 04:07:06,400
everyday reality. 
The physical world in Plato's 

4521
04:07:06,400 --> 04:07:09,700
view was just a distraction from
true knowledge, which could only

4522
04:07:09,700 --> 04:07:13,300
be found through pure reason and
contemplation, This was the 

4523
04:07:13,300 --> 04:07:16,100
intellectual world into, which 
Aristotle would be born. 

4524
04:07:16,100 --> 04:07:19,600
A world where philosophers 
disagreed about everything, 

4525
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:23,100
where the relationship between 
thought and reality was unclear.

4526
04:07:23,100 --> 04:07:25,400
And when nobody had quite 
figured out how to 

4527
04:07:25,400 --> 04:07:28,900
systematically study the natural
world, it was like the internet 

4528
04:07:28,900 --> 04:07:31,600
before search engines or a 
library where all the books were

4529
04:07:31,600 --> 04:07:34,000
filed randomly. 
And nobody could agree on what 

4530
04:07:34,000 --> 04:07:37,000
counts as a book. 
The Greeks had made tremendous 

4531
04:07:37,000 --> 04:07:41,500
progress in mathematics, logic 
and abstract, thinking what they

4532
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,600
needed was someone who could 
take all these brilliant ideas 

4533
04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,100
and connect them to the actual 
observable World. 

4534
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:50,200
They needed someone who could 
bridge the gap between pure 

4535
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:53,100
philosophy and empirical 
observation between what we can 

4536
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:57,400
think and what we can see They 
were about to get exactly that 

4537
04:07:57,400 --> 04:07:59,400
person, though. 
He would arrive from an 

4538
04:07:59,400 --> 04:08:03,800
unexpected place, not from 
Athens itself but from the wild 

4539
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:09,700
Northern Frontier of the Greek 
world In 3804 BC in a small town

4540
04:08:09,700 --> 04:08:12,400
called jagira on the Macedonian 
Peninsula. 

4541
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,800
A child was born to a family 
that straddled Two Worlds. 

4542
04:08:15,800 --> 04:08:20,600
His name was Aristotle Aristotle
is in Greek, which means 

4543
04:08:20,600 --> 04:08:23,600
something like the best purpose 
or excellent. 

4544
04:08:23,600 --> 04:08:27,900
End a name that turned out to be
remarkably prophetic even if his

4545
04:08:27,900 --> 04:08:29,600
parents could not have known at 
the time. 

4546
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:34,100
Aristotle's father nicomachus 
was the court physician to the 

4547
04:08:34,100 --> 04:08:37,100
Macedonian King. 
This was no small thing. 

4548
04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:40,600
Imagine being the personal 
doctor to royalty in an era. 

4549
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:44,500
When medicine was part science 
part, guesswork and part hoping 

4550
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:47,600
really hard that your treatments
worked before the patient died. 

4551
04:08:47,600 --> 04:08:49,700
Nicomachus. 
Apparently did well at it. 

4552
04:08:49,700 --> 04:08:52,500
Which suggests he had a 
combination of observational 

4553
04:08:52,500 --> 04:08:56,500
skills, empirical knowledge and 
the bedside manner necessary to 

4554
04:08:56,500 --> 04:09:00,000
keep nervous, monarchs calm. 
Growing up in a physician's 

4555
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:03,500
household, meant young Aristotle
was exposed to a very different 

4556
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:06,600
way of thinking than most Greek 
philosophers of his time while 

4557
04:09:06,600 --> 04:09:09,000
Plato and his students, in 
Athens were debating abstract 

4558
04:09:09,000 --> 04:09:11,900
forms and mathematical 
Perfection Aristotle was 

4559
04:09:11,900 --> 04:09:15,700
probably watching his father, 
decked fish, examined symptoms, 

4560
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:18,700
and make careful notes about 
which treatments worked, and 

4561
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:22,400
which ones didn't? 
This early exposure to 

4562
04:09:22,400 --> 04:09:25,200
empirical, observation to the 
idea that you learn, by looking 

4563
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:27,900
touching measuring and 
recording, which shape 

4564
04:09:27,900 --> 04:09:31,100
everything Aristotle would 
later, do medicine in ancient 

4565
04:09:31,100 --> 04:09:33,900
Greece, wasn't about applying 
perfect theoretical principles. 

4566
04:09:33,900 --> 04:09:37,900
It was about noticing patterns 
testing treatments and learning 

4567
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:40,800
from experience. 
It was messy practical and 

4568
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:44,900
grounded in the physical world. 
Tragically both of Aristotle's 

4569
04:09:44,900 --> 04:09:48,000
parents died when he was young, 
probably around 10 years old. 

4570
04:09:48,000 --> 04:09:52,100
This must have been devastating 
for the boy, but it also set in 

4571
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:54,400
motion events that would change 
the course of intellectual 

4572
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:56,800
history. 
His Guardian, a man named 

4573
04:09:56,800 --> 04:10:00,400
proximus took responsibility for
the orphan child and continued, 

4574
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:03,600
his education. 
Young Aristotle grew up in 

4575
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:07,100
Macedonia which was considered 
the Backwoods of the Greek 

4576
04:10:07,100 --> 04:10:09,200
World. 
Athenians looked down on 

4577
04:10:09,200 --> 04:10:11,100
macedonians the way 
sophisticated. 

4578
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:13,700
Urbanites have always looked 
down on Rural populations. 

4579
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:17,100
They saw them as rough 
unsophisticated and not quite 

4580
04:10:17,100 --> 04:10:19,500
civilized. 
The Macedonian accent was 

4581
04:10:19,500 --> 04:10:21,500
apparently a source of mockery 
of Athens. 

4582
04:10:21,500 --> 04:10:24,500
Like speaking with a strong 
Regional accent in a place that 

4583
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:26,100
Prides itself on its 
sophistication. 

4584
04:10:27,300 --> 04:10:29,400
But being from the province's 
gave Aristotle. 

4585
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:33,300
Something valuable a certain 
independence from Athenian 

4586
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:36,100
intellectual fashion. 
He wasn't raised in the Echo 

4587
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:39,200
chamber of elite, Athenian 
thought He'd seen how people 

4588
04:10:39,200 --> 04:10:42,600
lived in different places under 
different systems he'd been 

4589
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:45,700
exposed to the Practical 
empirical approach of medicine, 

4590
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:48,800
rather than just the abstract 
reasoning of philosophy. 

4591
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:53,300
When Aristotle was 17 and age, 
when most of us were trying to 

4592
04:10:53,308 --> 04:10:56,400
figure out who we were, and what
we wanted to do with our lives, 

4593
04:10:56,400 --> 04:10:59,200
his Guardian made a decision, 
that would alter the course of 

4594
04:10:59,200 --> 04:11:01,900
philosophy forever. 
He sent the young man to Athens 

4595
04:11:01,900 --> 04:11:05,500
to study at Plato's Academy, the
most prestigious philosophical 

4596
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:09,100
School in the Greek world. 
Imagine being a teenager from a 

4597
04:11:09,108 --> 04:11:11,800
small provincial Town arriving 
in Athens. 

4598
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:14,600
The intellectual and cultural 
capital of Greece. 

4599
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:17,900
It would be like, moving from a 
rural town to the most exciting 

4600
04:11:17,900 --> 04:11:20,200
City. 
You can think of except instead 

4601
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:23,300
of worrying about where the good
coffee shops are you're suddenly

4602
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:25,900
surrounded by the greatest minds
of the ancient world. 

4603
04:11:25,900 --> 04:11:29,700
Debating questions about the 
nature of reality Athens in the 

4604
04:11:29,708 --> 04:11:33,000
360s BCE was extraordinary. 
It was recovering from the 

4605
04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:35,400
devastating Peloponnesian War 
but still retained. 

4606
04:11:35,400 --> 04:11:38,000
Its status as the center of 
Greek intellectual life. 

4607
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:41,800
The Agora the marketplace wasn't
just where people bought 

4608
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:44,900
vegetables and sandals. 
It was where philosophers held 

4609
04:11:44,900 --> 04:11:48,900
forth, where politicians debated
and where ideas collided and 

4610
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:53,600
combined in fascinating ways. 
Plato's Academy sat just outside

4611
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:57,200
the city walls in a Grove, 
sacred to the hero Academia, 

4612
04:11:57,200 --> 04:11:59,500
which is where we get the word 
Academy. 

4613
04:12:00,400 --> 04:12:03,300
It wasn't a school in the way we
think of schools today with 

4614
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:05,600
classrooms and curricula and 
final exams. 

4615
04:12:05,600 --> 04:12:08,700
It was more like an advanced 
Research Institute crossed with 

4616
04:12:08,708 --> 04:12:11,800
a philosophical Monastery, where
brilliant people gathered to 

4617
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:14,500
think debate and pursue 
knowledge for his own sake. 

4618
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:18,800
Young Aristotle, arriving from 
Macedonia with his provincial 

4619
04:12:18,800 --> 04:12:21,700
accent and his physician 
father's emphasis on 

4620
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:24,400
observation, must have seemed a 
bit odd to the other students, 

4621
04:12:24,400 --> 04:12:27,800
but he had something they lacked
a mind that could absorb and 

4622
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:30,400
synthesize information. 
Like a sponge absorbing water 

4623
04:12:30,400 --> 04:12:33,200
within a short time. 
It became clear that this young 

4624
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:35,300
man from the province's was 
something special. 

4625
04:12:36,200 --> 04:12:39,000
You know how in University, some
students just Coast through 

4626
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:42,600
doing the minimum required to 
get by While others become 

4627
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:45,000
completely absorbed in their 
studies. 

4628
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:47,900
To the point where they forget 
to eat or sleep Aristotle. 

4629
04:12:47,900 --> 04:12:50,900
Was definitely the second type 
except more, so he didn't just 

4630
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:54,400
study at Plato's Academy. 
He became its most brilliant and

4631
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:56,700
ultimately most 
independent-minded student. 

4632
04:12:57,700 --> 04:13:01,500
Plato apparently called him the 
mind of the school, which is 

4633
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,200
High Praise from someone who 
didn't hand out, compliments 

4634
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:07,800
lightly, but Plato called him 
the foal or the reader. 

4635
04:13:08,500 --> 04:13:11,000
Nicknames that suggests 
Aristotle was always reading, 

4636
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:14,300
always learning, always 
consuming knowledge with an 

4637
04:13:14,300 --> 04:13:17,300
appetite that probably worried. 
The academy is Librarians about 

4638
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:21,400
the survival of their Scrolls 
Aristotle, spent 20 years at the

4639
04:13:21,400 --> 04:13:25,300
Academy from age, 17 to 37. 
That's longer than many people 

4640
04:13:25,300 --> 04:13:27,600
spend in their entire 
educational career today. 

4641
04:13:28,400 --> 04:13:30,900
But ancient philosophical 
education wasn't like modern 

4642
04:13:30,900 --> 04:13:34,500
University where you take 
classes, write papers and 

4643
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:37,400
graduate after four years. 
It was more like a lifelong 

4644
04:13:37,400 --> 04:13:40,800
apprenticeship in thinking 
itself, During these years 

4645
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:43,800
Aristotle, absorbed everything 
Plato had to teach. 

4646
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:48,100
He learned about the forms about
the immortality of the soul, and

4647
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:50,800
about mathematics as the key to 
understanding reality. 

4648
04:13:50,800 --> 04:13:54,600
He learned Socrates method of 
questioning Plato's theory of 

4649
04:13:54,608 --> 04:13:57,900
knowledge, and the elaborate 
philosophical system that Plato 

4650
04:13:57,900 --> 04:14:01,700
had built over his lifetime. 
But something interesting was 

4651
04:14:01,700 --> 04:14:04,900
happening as Aristotle learned, 
he was also beginning to 

4652
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:08,800
disagree not in small ways. 
But fundamentally while Plato 

4653
04:14:08,800 --> 04:14:11,500
looked at a tree and saw an 
imperfect copy of the form of 

4654
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:13,600
Trina's. 
Existing in some perfect realm 

4655
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:17,500
Aristotle, looked at a tree and 
thought This tree right here is 

4656
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:19,400
real and worth studying for 
itself. 

4657
04:14:19,400 --> 04:14:22,900
This might not sound like a 
revolutionary Insight, but it 

4658
04:14:22,908 --> 04:14:25,600
was Plato's philosophy. 
Essentially said that, the 

4659
04:14:25,600 --> 04:14:29,500
physical world was less real 
less important and less worthy 

4660
04:14:29,500 --> 04:14:32,700
of study than the abstract realm
of forms Aristotle. 

4661
04:14:32,700 --> 04:14:35,200
Was starting to think the 
opposite that you couldn't 

4662
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:38,000
understand anything without 
careful study of actual physical

4663
04:14:38,000 --> 04:14:40,800
things. 
Imagine being a student whose 

4664
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:43,500
growing convictions directly, 
contradict your revered. 

4665
04:14:43,500 --> 04:14:46,300
Teachers fundamental beliefs. 
It must have created 

4666
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,600
considerable tension. 
Plato had built his entire 

4667
04:14:49,600 --> 04:14:52,500
philosophical system on the idea
that true knowledge comes from 

4668
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:56,500
reason alone that the census 
deceivers and that the physical 

4669
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:58,500
world is just Shadows on a cave 
wall. 

4670
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:02,200
And here was his best student 
increasingly convinced that 

4671
04:15:02,200 --> 04:15:05,300
observation and empirical study 
were essential to understanding 

4672
04:15:05,300 --> 04:15:08,100
anything. 
Aristotle began writing during 

4673
04:15:08,100 --> 04:15:10,600
this period, though, most of his
early works are lost. 

4674
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:13,900
What we do know is that he was 
developing his own philosophical

4675
04:15:13,900 --> 04:15:16,900
positions often in direct 
contradiction to Plato's 

4676
04:15:16,900 --> 04:15:19,000
teachings. 
There's a famous saying, 

4677
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:23,000
attributed to Aristotle. 
Plato is dear to me, but dearest

4678
04:15:23,000 --> 04:15:26,000
still is truth. 
Whether he actually said this or

4679
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:30,700
not, it captures his attitude 
loyalty to his teacher, yes but 

4680
04:15:30,700 --> 04:15:34,000
greater loyalty to following 
arguments wherever they led the 

4681
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:36,600
academy during these years was 
like an intellectual pressure 

4682
04:15:36,600 --> 04:15:38,600
cooker. 
Students and teachers were 

4683
04:15:38,600 --> 04:15:42,600
debate for hours testing ideas, 
against each other, looking for 

4684
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:45,700
weaknesses, in arguments, and 
trying to build philosophical 

4685
04:15:45,700 --> 04:15:47,600
systems that could withstand 
scrutiny. 

4686
04:15:47,600 --> 04:15:51,100
It was mentally exhausting and 
exhilarating an equal measure. 

4687
04:15:51,800 --> 04:15:53,700
Aristotle. 
Distinguished himself, not just 

4688
04:15:53,700 --> 04:15:57,700
by his intelligence, but by the 
breadth of his interests while 

4689
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:00,100
other students might focus 
narrowly on one area of 

4690
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:03,900
philosophy Aristotle, seemed 
interested in everything ethics.

4691
04:16:03,900 --> 04:16:06,300
Sure politics. 
Absolutely. 

4692
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:10,700
The natural world. 
Fascinating poetry and drama. 

4693
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:13,500
Why not? 
He was developing into what we 

4694
04:16:13,500 --> 04:16:15,600
might call. 
A polymath, someone who is 

4695
04:16:15,600 --> 04:16:18,200
curiosity and compassed the 
entirety of human knowledge. 

4696
04:16:19,200 --> 04:16:22,400
But there were Social Challenges
too, Aristotle's, provincial 

4697
04:16:22,400 --> 04:16:25,100
background and his Macedonian 
connections made him. 

4698
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,200
Something of an outsider in 
Athenian Society Athens. 

4699
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:30,500
And Macedonia had complicated 
relations. 

4700
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:33,100
Sometimes allies sometimes 
Rivals. 

4701
04:16:33,100 --> 04:16:35,900
Always regarding each other with
a mixture of respect and 

4702
04:16:35,900 --> 04:16:38,500
suspicion. 
Being Macedonian in Athens was 

4703
04:16:38,500 --> 04:16:41,300
like being permanently foreign, 
never quite fitting in. 

4704
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:46,700
No matter how long you stayed. 
In 347 BCE, after two decades at

4705
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:50,600
the Academy Plato died. 
He was over 80 years old and had

4706
04:16:50,600 --> 04:16:53,300
shaped Western philosophy more 
profoundly than perhaps any 

4707
04:16:53,300 --> 04:16:57,000
single person before, or since 
his death left, a vacancy at the

4708
04:16:57,000 --> 04:17:00,200
head of the academy and many 
people, probably, including 

4709
04:17:00,200 --> 04:17:04,000
Aristotle himself expected that 
the brilliant student would 

4710
04:17:04,000 --> 04:17:07,100
succeed his master. 
But that's not what happened. 

4711
04:17:07,100 --> 04:17:10,600
The Academy's leadership chose 
Plato's nephew specifics 

4712
04:17:10,600 --> 04:17:13,700
instead. 
We can't know exactly why maybe 

4713
04:17:13,700 --> 04:17:16,600
Aristotle's disagreements with 
platonic Doctrine were already 

4714
04:17:16,600 --> 04:17:18,800
too. 
Well, known maybe as Macedonian 

4715
04:17:18,800 --> 04:17:21,500
background worked against him or
maybe there were personal 

4716
04:17:21,500 --> 04:17:24,400
factors will never understand 
what, whatever the reason 

4717
04:17:24,400 --> 04:17:27,100
Aristotle found himself passed 
over for the position. 

4718
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:32,500
He'd spent 20 years preparing 
for So Aristotle did what any 

4719
04:17:32,500 --> 04:17:35,100
reasonable person would do when 
faced with professional 

4720
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:38,100
disappointment? 
He left Athens entirely and 

4721
04:17:38,100 --> 04:17:40,500
began and entirely new chapter 
of his life. 

4722
04:17:40,500 --> 04:17:44,100
He was 37 years old, 
intellectually, mature, and 

4723
04:17:44,100 --> 04:17:46,300
ready to chart his own course. 
What? 

4724
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:49,200
He didn't know was that his best
work still lay ahead of him. 

4725
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:53,100
Leaving Athens after 20 years, 
must have felt like leaving home

4726
04:17:53,100 --> 04:17:56,700
even if that home had never 
quite accepted you as family 

4727
04:17:56,700 --> 04:18:00,100
Aristotle, traveled to ASOS A 
small City on the coast of 

4728
04:18:00,100 --> 04:18:03,000
what's now turkey, where a 
former fellow student named 

4729
04:18:03,000 --> 04:18:06,900
hermia's ruled, as a local 
Tyrant, though, tyrant, in 

4730
04:18:06,900 --> 04:18:09,300
Greek, didn't necessarily mean, 
bad ruler. 

4731
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:12,800
Just sold ruler. 
Which shows you how differently 

4732
04:18:12,800 --> 04:18:15,000
ancient Greeks thought about 
political terminology? 

4733
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:18,600
Asos gave Aristotle something. 
He'd never really had before 

4734
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,600
freedom, to pursue his own 
philosophical Vision without 

4735
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:24,300
being in Plato Shadow. 
He established a small 

4736
04:18:24,300 --> 04:18:27,600
philosophical School, gathered 
students and began to seriously 

4737
04:18:27,600 --> 04:18:30,600
work out his own ideas. 
It was like being a musician, 

4738
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:33,900
who'd Apprentice with a master 
of a 20 years, and was finally 

4739
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:35,500
ready to compose their own 
music. 

4740
04:18:36,400 --> 04:18:40,900
But Asos also gave Aristotle 
something, unexpected love he 

4741
04:18:40,900 --> 04:18:42,800
married Pythias. 
Who was either hermia's 

4742
04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:46,000
daughter, or niece sources, 
disagree, and ancient family 

4743
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:48,100
trees on a touristy difficult to
untangle. 

4744
04:18:48,100 --> 04:18:51,100
What we do know is that 
Aristotle seems to have 

4745
04:18:51,100 --> 04:18:54,400
genuinely loved her which is 
worth noting in a time when 

4746
04:18:54,400 --> 04:18:57,200
philosophical marriages, were 
often more about a alliances 

4747
04:18:57,200 --> 04:19:00,800
than affection. 
The couple had a daughter named 

4748
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:03,900
pythius Aristotle, would later, 
write about marriage and family 

4749
04:19:03,900 --> 04:19:07,000
life with the kind of nuanced, 
understanding that suggested his

4750
04:19:07,000 --> 04:19:10,100
own experience, informed his 
philosophy, he understood that 

4751
04:19:10,100 --> 04:19:11,800
human. 
Flourishing wasn't just about 

4752
04:19:11,800 --> 04:19:16,400
abstract contemplation, it was a
about relationships love and the

4753
04:19:16,400 --> 04:19:20,400
texture of daily life. 
During his time in Asos and 

4754
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:23,700
later on the nearby Island of 
Lesbos Aristotle, began the 

4755
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:27,100
biological research that would 
occupy him for much of his life.

4756
04:19:27,100 --> 04:19:31,400
The Aegean Coast was perfect for
this tide pools full of sea 

4757
04:19:31,400 --> 04:19:34,700
creatures forests with diverse 
plant life and Marine 

4758
04:19:34,700 --> 04:19:36,400
environments that changed with 
the seasons. 

4759
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:40,200
It was a living laboratory and 
Aristotle approached it with the

4760
04:19:40,200 --> 04:19:43,000
systematic curiosity he'd 
inherited from his physician 

4761
04:19:43,000 --> 04:19:46,100
father. 
He would wade into tide pools 

4762
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:49,600
examining starfish, and sea, 
urchins with the focus of a 

4763
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:53,200
modern marine biologist he 
dissected squid, studied, 

4764
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:56,500
dolphins and observed, how 
different fish species spawned. 

4765
04:19:57,100 --> 04:20:00,900
He collected plants noted their 
characteristics and tried to 

4766
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:03,400
understand the patterns that 
connected different forms of 

4767
04:20:03,400 --> 04:20:05,700
life. 
It was Hands-On in empirical 

4768
04:20:05,700 --> 04:20:09,100
work that would have made Plato,
deeply uncomfortable, all these 

4769
04:20:09,100 --> 04:20:12,100
focus on the physical world. 
This belief that truth could be 

4770
04:20:12,108 --> 04:20:14,700
found by getting your feet wet 
and your hands dirty. 

4771
04:20:16,900 --> 04:20:20,200
Aristotle was developing a 
method that combined observation

4772
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:23,000
with logical analysis. 
You would look at many examples 

4773
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:25,400
of something. 
Say, different types of fish 

4774
04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:29,500
notice their similarities and 
differences and then try to work

4775
04:20:29,500 --> 04:20:31,600
out the principles. 
That explain these patterns. 

4776
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:33,500
It was the beginning of what we 
now. 

4777
04:20:33,500 --> 04:20:36,500
Call the scientific method, 
though, Aristotle would have 

4778
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:38,200
just called it investigating 
nature. 

4779
04:20:39,200 --> 04:20:42,600
His biological observations, 
were remarkably accurate, he 

4780
04:20:42,600 --> 04:20:45,100
correctly described the 
development of chick embryos 

4781
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:49,000
inside eggs noted, that whales 
and dolphins are mammals rather 

4782
04:20:49,000 --> 04:20:52,100
than fish and documented 
hundreds of species with 

4783
04:20:52,100 --> 04:20:53,800
Precision. 
That wouldn't be matched until 

4784
04:20:53,800 --> 04:20:56,200
centuries. 
Later, some of his observations 

4785
04:20:56,200 --> 04:20:58,700
were so detailed that modern 
biologists, who have gone back 

4786
04:20:58,700 --> 04:21:00,200
to check, have found them 
essentially. 

4787
04:21:00,200 --> 04:21:05,300
Correct. 
But then in 343 BCE Aristotle, 

4788
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:07,300
received an invitation that 
would change his life. 

4789
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:09,500
Again. 
Philip the second of Macedonia, 

4790
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:11,900
remember that Kingdom in the 
north that sophisticated 

4791
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,700
Athenians looked down on had a 
teenage son who needed to tutor.

4792
04:21:15,700 --> 04:21:19,200
The son's name was Alexander and
Philip was willing to pay 

4793
04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:22,300
handsomely for the best 
education money could buy for 

4794
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:24,300
Aristotle. 
This was both an opportunity and

4795
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:26,300
a homecoming. 
He would be returning to 

4796
04:21:26,300 --> 04:21:29,400
Macedonia, the land of his 
childhood, but now, as a 

4797
04:21:29,408 --> 04:21:32,000
distinguished philosopher, 
rather than an orphaned boy, 

4798
04:21:32,000 --> 04:21:35,500
more importantly, he would have 
the chance to shape the mind of 

4799
04:21:35,500 --> 04:21:37,900
a young prince who might someday
rule, Master dona. 

4800
04:21:38,700 --> 04:21:41,200
Neither Phil Aristotle. 
Could have imagined that this 

4801
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:44,400
teenage student would become 
Alexander, the Great conqueror 

4802
04:21:44,400 --> 04:21:47,500
of the Persian Empire and 
creator of an Empire stretching 

4803
04:21:47,500 --> 04:21:50,800
from Greece to India. 
But for three years in a quiet 

4804
04:21:50,800 --> 04:21:54,300
Grove in Macedonia, one of 
History's Greatest Minds taught 

4805
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:55,900
one of History's greatest 
conquerors. 

4806
04:21:56,900 --> 04:22:01,400
Picture this your Aristotle. 
A 40 year old philosopher, who 

4807
04:22:01,400 --> 04:22:05,400
spent your entire adult life, 
studying everything from ethics 

4808
04:22:05,400 --> 04:22:07,800
to zoology. 
And now you've been hired to 

4809
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:10,200
teach a headstrong. 
Ambitious, 13 year old Prince, 

4810
04:22:10,200 --> 04:22:13,800
who's already been training with
weapons and horses, whose grown 

4811
04:22:13,800 --> 04:22:17,400
up hearing stories of military 
glory and who shows about as 

4812
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:20,800
much interest in philosophical 
contemplation is most teenagers 

4813
04:22:20,800 --> 04:22:26,200
show in eating vegetables. 
The tutoring took place at Mesa 

4814
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:29,000
a village in Macedonia where 
Philip had established. 

4815
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:32,400
Something like a private school 
for Alexander and a few select 

4816
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:34,600
companions. 
It was quieter than the Royal 

4817
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:37,100
Court which was probably 
essential for any serious 

4818
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:40,400
studying and it had the kind of 
natural surrounding that 

4819
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:43,400
Aristotle loved for observing 
and collecting specimens. 

4820
04:22:44,300 --> 04:22:47,000
What did Aristotle teach a 
future future World Conqueror? 

4821
04:22:47,000 --> 04:22:50,600
We know he introduced Alexander 
to home as Iliad which became 

4822
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:54,200
the prince's favorite book. 
Alexander reportedly slept with 

4823
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,600
a copy under his pillow along 
with a dagger, which tells you 

4824
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:00,600
something about his priorities. 
The Iliad wasn't just 

4825
04:23:00,600 --> 04:23:03,600
entertainment. 
It was a manual on honor glory, 

4826
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:07,000
and what it meant to be a hero 
in the Greek tradition, But 

4827
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:08,600
Aristotle taught more than 
literature. 

4828
04:23:08,600 --> 04:23:12,200
He introduced Alexander to 
philosophy science medicine and 

4829
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:14,600
the Greek ideal of Education as 
forming. 

4830
04:23:14,600 --> 04:23:17,800
The complete person body, mind 
and character all developed in 

4831
04:23:17,808 --> 04:23:19,600
harmony. 
He encouraged the young, 

4832
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:22,800
princess curiosity about the 
natural world, his interest in 

4833
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:25,500
different cultures and his 
appreciation for knowledge of 

4834
04:23:25,508 --> 04:23:28,600
all kinds. 
There's a wonderful image of 

4835
04:23:28,608 --> 04:23:32,200
Aristotle and his teenage 
students, Alexander and his 

4836
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:34,800
companions. 
Walking through the countryside,

4837
04:23:34,800 --> 04:23:38,500
discussing philosophy, while 
observing plants and animals, it

4838
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:42,800
combines everything Aristotle, 
loved intellectual conversation.

4839
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:46,900
Empirical observation and the 
belief that education happens 

4840
04:23:46,900 --> 04:23:49,500
best when you're actively 
engaged with the world rather 

4841
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:53,000
than locked in a classroom. 
Did Aristotle's teaching, 

4842
04:23:53,000 --> 04:23:55,700
actually, influence the man? 
Alexander became. 

4843
04:23:55,700 --> 04:24:00,000
It's hard to say for certain 
Alexander the Conqueror, who 

4844
04:24:00,000 --> 04:24:02,800
swept across. 
Asia wasn't exactly practicing. 

4845
04:24:02,800 --> 04:24:06,000
The moderate contemplative life 
that Aristotle advocated in his 

4846
04:24:06,000 --> 04:24:09,100
ethics, he was more interested 
in military Glory than 

4847
04:24:09,100 --> 04:24:12,300
philosophical wisdom, more 
concerned with Conquest than 

4848
04:24:12,300 --> 04:24:13,900
with the careful observation of 
nature. 

4849
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:18,200
But there are hints of 
Aristotle's influence Alexander,

4850
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:20,600
founded cities throughout his 
Empire, and filled them with 

4851
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:23,200
Greek culture. 
Libraries theaters and schools. 

4852
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:26,600
He collected Botanical and 
Zoological specimens during his 

4853
04:24:26,600 --> 04:24:30,200
campaigns and sent them back to 
Aristotle, supporting his, 

4854
04:24:30,200 --> 04:24:31,900
former teachers, scientific 
research. 

4855
04:24:31,900 --> 04:24:35,600
He showed curiosity about the 
people, he conquered trying to 

4856
04:24:35,600 --> 04:24:38,300
understand their customs and 
incorporate them into his Empire

4857
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:40,000
rather than simply destroying 
them. 

4858
04:24:40,900 --> 04:24:43,400
Their relationship was 
complicated like many 

4859
04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:45,500
relationships between teachers 
and students. 

4860
04:24:45,500 --> 04:24:49,200
We've gone in different 
directions later when Alexander 

4861
04:24:49,200 --> 04:24:52,800
executed Aristotle's, nephew 
these for alleged treason, it 

4862
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:56,200
created a rift between them 
Aristotle, had shown Alexander 

4863
04:24:56,200 --> 04:24:59,400
how to think He couldn't control
what the young man thought 

4864
04:24:59,400 --> 04:25:01,200
about, or what he chose to do 
with his power. 

4865
04:25:01,200 --> 04:25:05,800
After three years, when 
Alexander was 16, Philip decided

4866
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:09,300
his son was ready for more 
practical education, namely 

4867
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:10,600
learning to be a warrior and 
leader. 

4868
04:25:10,600 --> 04:25:14,500
Aristotle's job was done. 
The tutor and a student would 

4869
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:17,300
go, their separate ways one to 
conquer the Known World. 

4870
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:20,200
The other to found a school and 
revolutionized human 

4871
04:25:20,200 --> 04:25:25,900
understanding. 
In 335 BCE at age 49 Aristotle 

4872
04:25:25,900 --> 04:25:29,100
returned to Athens. 
Alexander was now King Philip 

4873
04:25:29,100 --> 04:25:30,600
had been assassinated and 
beginning. 

4874
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:34,000
His conquest of Persia Athens 
was nervous about macedonia's 

4875
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:37,300
growing power, but Aristotle's 
connection to the Macedonian 

4876
04:25:37,300 --> 04:25:39,300
Court. 
Actually gave him resources and 

4877
04:25:39,300 --> 04:25:43,300
protection that few other 
philosophers enjoyed It was time

4878
04:25:43,300 --> 04:25:46,600
for Aristotle to do what he'd 
been preparing for his entire 

4879
04:25:46,600 --> 04:25:49,100
adult life. 
Establishes his own School, 

4880
04:25:49,100 --> 04:25:52,500
develop his own philosophical 
system, and teach students 

4881
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:55,500
according to his own Vision, 
rather than Plato's the 

4882
04:25:55,500 --> 04:25:58,100
intellectual Adventure was about
to enter its most productive 

4883
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:00,800
phase. 
When Aristotle returned to 

4884
04:26:00,800 --> 04:26:06,400
Athens in 335 BCE, he couldn't 
return to Plato's Academy, it 

4885
04:26:06,400 --> 04:26:09,600
had its own leadership and its 
own platonic tradition that 

4886
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:13,200
Aristotle had largely rejected. 
So he did what any philosopher 

4887
04:26:13,200 --> 04:26:14,800
with ambition and resources 
would do. 

4888
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:18,900
He founded his own School. 
The lyceum named after the 

4889
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:22,700
nearby Temple of Apollo Licious,
became Aristotle's intellectual 

4890
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:25,500
home. 
For the next 12 years located in

4891
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:28,800
a Grove just outside Athens. 
It was similar to the academy in

4892
04:26:28,800 --> 04:26:31,400
being a place where philosophers
gathered to study debate and 

4893
04:26:31,400 --> 04:26:34,200
pursue knowledge. 
But in crucial ways it was 

4894
04:26:34,208 --> 04:26:36,300
completely different for one 
thing. 

4895
04:26:36,300 --> 04:26:39,100
The lyceum was far more 
empirically focused. 

4896
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:42,000
Where the academy emphasized 
mathematics and abstract 

4897
04:26:42,000 --> 04:26:46,100
reasoning, the lyceum collected 
specimen's dissected animals, 

4898
04:26:46,100 --> 04:26:49,600
gather data and built. 
What was essentially the ancient

4899
04:26:49,600 --> 04:26:53,100
world's first research Library 
Aristotle, wanted his students 

4900
04:26:53,100 --> 04:26:55,900
to study the actual world not 
just contemplate. 

4901
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:59,400
Perfect forms the school, got 
the nickname peripatetic. 

4902
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:01,800
Which comes from the Greek word 
for walking around. 

4903
04:27:01,800 --> 04:27:05,100
This wasn't because they were 
Wanderers, or couldn't sit 

4904
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:08,000
still. 
It was because Aristotle liked 

4905
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:10,200
to teach while strolling through
the covered walkways of the 

4906
04:27:10,200 --> 04:27:12,800
lyceum. 
There's something about walking 

4907
04:27:12,800 --> 04:27:16,100
that helps thinking as if the 
physical movement somehow 

4908
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:18,100
facilitates intellectual 
movement as well. 

4909
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:22,900
Imagine morning, lectures, where
Aristotle and his Advanced 

4910
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:25,700
students would walk slowly 
through the colonnade discussing

4911
04:27:25,700 --> 04:27:29,200
complex philosophical questions 
while the less Advanced students

4912
04:27:29,200 --> 04:27:32,400
listened and tried to keep up. 
Both physically and 

4913
04:27:32,400 --> 04:27:35,100
intellectually in the 
afternoon's Aristotle would give

4914
04:27:35,100 --> 04:27:37,200
public lectures on more 
accessible topics. 

4915
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:40,300
Drawing crowds of interested 
Athenians, who wanted to hear 

4916
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:42,900
what This brilliant Macedonian 
philosopher had to say. 

4917
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:46,300
The lyceum became a center for 
what we might call. 

4918
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:49,100
Systematic research Aristotle, 
organized. 

4919
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:51,800
His students to collect and 
organize information on an 

4920
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:55,000
unprecedented scale. 
They gathered Constitution's 

4921
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:59,300
from 150 different, Greek, city 
states, analyzing how different 

4922
04:27:59,300 --> 04:28:02,300
political systems worked. 
They collected by a logical 

4923
04:28:02,300 --> 04:28:06,200
specimens built up, a library of
books and Scrolls and created 

4924
04:28:06,200 --> 04:28:09,700
charts and diagrams to organize 
information, this was 

4925
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:13,000
revolutionary before Aristotle. 
Philosophy was largely about 

4926
04:28:13,000 --> 04:28:16,400
individual thinkers developing 
their own systems Aristotle, 

4927
04:28:16,400 --> 04:28:18,900
turned philosophy into something
more like a research Enterprise 

4928
04:28:18,900 --> 04:28:22,300
with multiple people, working 
together to gather data, test 

4929
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:24,700
hypotheses and build cumulative 
knowledge. 

4930
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:28,400
The library at the lyceum was 
apparently extraordinary for its

4931
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:31,800
time, Aristotle collected, not 
just philosophical works, but 

4932
04:28:31,800 --> 04:28:36,700
texts on every subject, history 
medicine, drama politics and 

4933
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:39,600
Natural Science. 
He understood that to think, 

4934
04:28:39,608 --> 04:28:43,100
clearly about any topic you 
needed to know what others had 

4935
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:45,900
thought before you, it was an 
early version of the research 

4936
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:48,900
Library concept that would 
become essential to University's

4937
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:51,800
centuries, later. 
During his morning sessions 

4938
04:28:51,800 --> 04:28:54,600
Aristotle would address. 
The more technical aspects of 

4939
04:28:54,600 --> 04:28:56,600
his philosophy. 
These weren't casual 

4940
04:28:56,600 --> 04:28:59,700
conversations, they were 
rigorous systematic explorations

4941
04:28:59,700 --> 04:29:02,400
of difficult questions. 
How do we gain knowledge? 

4942
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:06,100
What is the nature of reality? 
What makes an action? 

4943
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:08,800
Ethical, how should Society be 
organized? 

4944
04:29:09,900 --> 04:29:12,600
Aristotle, approached these 
questions differently than Plato

4945
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:14,500
had. 
Instead of starting with 

4946
04:29:14,500 --> 04:29:17,900
abstract principles and deducing
conclusions, he would often 

4947
04:29:17,900 --> 04:29:20,800
start with observations and work
his way towards principles. 

4948
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:23,600
He believed that philosophy 
should be grounded in how the 

4949
04:29:23,600 --> 04:29:26,500
world actually works. 
Not in how we might wish it to 

4950
04:29:26,500 --> 04:29:28,300
work in some perfect realm of 
forms. 

4951
04:29:29,300 --> 04:29:32,500
His teaching method involved, 
what we might call collaborative

4952
04:29:32,500 --> 04:29:36,500
inquiry, he would raise a quest 
in what previous thinkers had 

4953
04:29:36,500 --> 04:29:39,400
said about it, like, identify 
the difficulties with their 

4954
04:29:39,400 --> 04:29:43,200
answers and then worked toward 
his own solution, always testing

4955
04:29:43,200 --> 04:29:45,800
his ideas against observations 
and Common Sense. 

4956
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:49,800
The atmosphere at the lyceum 
must have been intense, but also

4957
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:52,900
collaborative students weren't 
just passively absorbing 

4958
04:29:52,900 --> 04:29:55,700
Aristotle's wisdom. 
They were actively engaged in 

4959
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:59,100
research debate and the 
collective pursuit of knowledge.

4960
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:02,700
Some were dissecting animals and
examining their organs. 

4961
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:05,700
Others were studying plant life,
or collecting information about 

4962
04:30:05,700 --> 04:30:08,400
different governments. 
Still others were working 

4963
04:30:08,400 --> 04:30:11,900
through logical problems or 
ethical questions Aristotle 

4964
04:30:11,900 --> 04:30:13,800
himself was incredibly 
productive. 

4965
04:30:13,800 --> 04:30:17,400
During these years, he wrote on 
an astonishing range of topics. 

4966
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:21,500
Physics metaphysics, ethics 
politics, Poetics, rhetoric 

4967
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:25,800
biology and psychology. 
His works in the polished 

4968
04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:29,000
literary style of Plato's 
dialogues, they read more like 

4969
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:32,100
lecture notes or research papers
dense with our argument and 

4970
04:30:32,100 --> 04:30:35,500
packed with observations. 
This wasn't because Aristotle 

4971
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:37,900
could not write well. 
His lost dialogues were 

4972
04:30:37,900 --> 04:30:41,300
apparently, beautiful. 
It's because what survived were 

4973
04:30:41,300 --> 04:30:44,100
his working. 
Texts the materials he used for 

4974
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:46,700
teaching and research rather 
than for public consumption. 

4975
04:30:46,700 --> 04:30:50,000
It's like the difference between
a professor's polished textbook 

4976
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:53,100
and their lecture notes, the 
notes are rougher but often 

4977
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:57,200
contain more of the real 
thinking The lyceum attracted 

4978
04:30:57,200 --> 04:31:00,400
students from throughout the 
Greek world and Beyond some came

4979
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:03,300
because of Aristotle's 
connection to Alexander who is 

4980
04:31:03,308 --> 04:31:06,100
now, Conquering, the Persian 
Empire and making Macedonia. 

4981
04:31:06,100 --> 04:31:08,100
The dominant power in the 
Mediterranean World. 

4982
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:11,700
Others came because the lyceum 
represented, something new in 

4983
04:31:11,700 --> 04:31:13,800
education, not just learning to 
think. 

4984
04:31:13,800 --> 04:31:17,400
But learning to observe analyze 
and understand the natural and 

4985
04:31:17,400 --> 04:31:21,300
human world. 
For 12 years Aristotle, led the 

4986
04:31:21,308 --> 04:31:24,500
lyceum in this systematic 
investigation of reality. 

4987
04:31:24,500 --> 04:31:27,600
It was the most productive 
period of his intellectual life.

4988
04:31:27,600 --> 04:31:31,400
When he synthesized everything 
he'd learned into comprehensive 

4989
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:34,700
philosophical and scientific 
systems, that would influence 

4990
04:31:34,700 --> 04:31:36,500
human thought for the next two 
millennia. 

4991
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:40,900
But this productive period was 
about to end in a way that must 

4992
04:31:40,900 --> 04:31:42,900
have felt painfully familiar to 
Aristotle. 

4993
04:31:42,900 --> 04:31:46,500
Once again, political events 
would force him to leave Athens 

4994
04:31:46,500 --> 04:31:49,200
once again, demonstrating that 
philosophers. 

4995
04:31:49,200 --> 04:31:53,400
However wise cannot escape the 
tumultuous currents of History. 

4996
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:58,500
Before we discuss how 
Aristotle's time in Athens ended

4997
04:31:58,500 --> 04:32:01,100
let's explore what made his 
approach to knowledge. 

4998
04:32:01,100 --> 04:32:04,400
So revolutionary because this is
really the heart of our souls 

4999
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:07,400
Legacy. 
Not any single Discovery, but a 

5000
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:09,800
whole new way of thinking about 
how we understand the world. 

5001
04:32:10,900 --> 04:32:14,300
Settle back into your cushions 
as we dive into philosophy but I

5002
04:32:14,300 --> 04:32:17,800
promise to keep it relaxed and 
avoid the kind of dense jargon 

5003
04:32:17,800 --> 04:32:21,300
that makes most people's eyes. 
Glaze over Aristotle's ideas at 

5004
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,200
their core are actually quite 
practical and grounded in common

5005
04:32:24,200 --> 04:32:26,900
sense. 
Remember how Plato believed that

5006
04:32:26,900 --> 04:32:30,300
true knowledge came from 
contemplating perfect Eternal 

5007
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:33,400
forms that exist in some realm 
beyond the physical world 

5008
04:32:33,400 --> 04:32:37,100
Aristotle looked at this Theory 
and essentially said That's 

5009
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:40,400
beautiful, but it doesn't help 
us understand the actual world 

5010
04:32:40,400 --> 04:32:43,000
we live in. 
If you want to understand horses

5011
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:46,300
you don't contemplate the 
perfect form of Horseless, you 

5012
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:49,900
go observe actual horses. 
This might seem obvious to us 

5013
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:52,900
now, but it was Radical, then 
Aristotle was saying that the 

5014
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:55,200
physical world isn't just 
imperfect copies of something 

5015
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:57,800
better. 
It's real and worth studying for

5016
04:32:57,800 --> 04:33:00,300
its own sake. 
That tree outside your window 

5017
04:33:00,300 --> 04:33:02,700
isn't a poor imitation of some 
perfect tree form. 

5018
04:33:02,700 --> 04:33:06,099
It's an actual tree with its own
nature and you can learn about 

5019
04:33:06,099 --> 04:33:09,700
trees by examining it. 
Aristotle developed what we call

5020
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:11,599
an empirical approach to 
knowledge. 

5021
04:33:11,599 --> 04:33:15,099
Empirical just means based on 
observation and experience. 

5022
04:33:15,900 --> 04:33:18,700
He believed that knowledge 
begins with our sense of what we

5023
04:33:18,700 --> 04:33:23,000
see. 
Hear touch taste and smell these

5024
04:33:23,000 --> 04:33:26,700
Sensations give us a raw data 
about the world which are mines 

5025
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:30,900
then process into understanding.
But Aristotle wasn't naive about

5026
04:33:30,900 --> 04:33:33,008
this. 
He knew that senses can be 

5027
04:33:33,016 --> 04:33:35,700
deceived, and that appearances 
can be misleading. 

5028
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:39,800
His solution was to combine 
observation, with reason to look

5029
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:43,000
carefully at many examples, 
notice patterns and use logic to

5030
04:33:43,000 --> 04:33:45,500
work out the principles, 
underlying what we observe. 

5031
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:50,000
His biological work shows this 
method perfectly he didn't just 

5032
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:52,000
look at one dolphin and declare 
he understood. 

5033
04:33:52,000 --> 04:33:55,400
All dolphins, he examined many 
dolphins, dissected them 

5034
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:59,200
observed, their behavior talk to
fishermen about what they'd seen

5035
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:01,800
and gradually built up a 
comprehensive understanding. 

5036
04:34:01,800 --> 04:34:05,599
It was painstaking, systemic 
work, that required, patience 

5037
04:34:05,599 --> 04:34:09,000
and attention to detail. 
Aristotle, organized knowledge 

5038
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:10,800
in ways that still influence how
we think. 

5039
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:14,500
He created the first system for 
classifying living things 

5040
04:34:14,500 --> 04:34:17,099
grouping organisms by their 
shared characteristics. 

5041
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:21,300
His categories weren't always 
perfect by modern standards but 

5042
04:34:21,300 --> 04:34:24,300
the underlying method observe 
similarities and differences 

5043
04:34:24,300 --> 04:34:27,599
group things accordingly. 
Look for the principles that 

5044
04:34:27,599 --> 04:34:31,300
explain the patterns is still 
how biological classification 

5045
04:34:31,300 --> 04:34:34,599
works today. 
He applied the same systematic 

5046
04:34:34,599 --> 04:34:36,800
approach to other areas in 
ethics. 

5047
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:39,700
He observed how people actually 
live and what seems to make them

5048
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:41,700
happy. 
Then worked out principles for 

5049
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:44,599
good living based on these 
observations in politics. 

5050
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:47,000
He study 158 different 
governments. 

5051
04:34:47,000 --> 04:34:50,400
Noting what worked? 
And what didn't Building a 

5052
04:34:50,400 --> 04:34:53,300
political science grounded in 
actual experience, rather than 

5053
04:34:53,300 --> 04:34:57,700
abstract ideals. 
Aristotle's concept of causation

5054
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:01,200
was particularly influential. 
He argued that a truly 

5055
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:04,000
understand something you need to
understand four different types 

5056
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:06,300
of causes. 
Take a bronze statue. 

5057
04:35:06,300 --> 04:35:09,300
As an example, the material 
causes the bronze itself. 

5058
04:35:09,300 --> 04:35:13,599
What it's made of the formal 
cause is the shape, the design 

5059
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:17,000
of the statue, the efficient 
cause is the sculptor who made 

5060
04:35:17,000 --> 04:35:19,200
it. 
And the final cause is its 

5061
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:20,900
purpose. 
Why it was made. 

5062
04:35:21,900 --> 04:35:24,800
This framework might seem 
complicated at first, but it's 

5063
04:35:24,800 --> 04:35:27,099
actually quite intuitive when 
you ask. 

5064
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:31,400
Why is this statue here you 
might mean, what is it made of, 

5065
04:35:31,400 --> 04:35:34,700
or who made it, or what's it 
for? 

5066
04:35:35,700 --> 04:35:38,400
Aristotle recognized these as 
different types of questions 

5067
04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:41,800
that all contribute to complete.
Understanding his emphasis on 

5068
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:45,400
Final causes on purpose. 
And function was specially 

5069
04:35:45,400 --> 04:35:48,700
important for biology Aristotle.
Understood that you can't fully 

5070
04:35:48,700 --> 04:35:51,700
understand an organism without 
understanding what it's for. 

5071
04:35:52,599 --> 04:35:55,300
The heart makes sense when you 
understand its for pumping blood

5072
04:35:55,300 --> 04:35:57,700
eyes, make sense. 
When you understand their 

5073
04:35:57,700 --> 04:36:01,599
foreseeing, everything in nature
exists for a reason, serving 

5074
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:05,599
some purpose in the organisms 
life, Now Aristotle sometimes 

5075
04:36:05,599 --> 04:36:07,700
took this teleological thinking 
too far. 

5076
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:11,300
He assumed that everything has a
purpose assigned by nature which

5077
04:36:11,300 --> 04:36:13,800
isn't quite how Evolution 
actually works. 

5078
04:36:13,800 --> 04:36:16,599
But his Instinct the function 
and purpose are essential to 

5079
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:19,900
understanding was fundamentally 
sound Modern Biology. 

5080
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:23,500
Still asks, what is this for? 
Even if it answers that 

5081
04:36:23,500 --> 04:36:25,700
question, in terms of 
evolutionary Advantage rather 

5082
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:30,500
than inherent purpose, In logic 
Aristotle literally invented 

5083
04:36:30,500 --> 04:36:34,000
formal logic as a discipline. 
He developed the syllogism that 

5084
04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:35,599
method of reasoning. 
Where you start with two 

5085
04:36:35,599 --> 04:36:37,200
premises and derive a 
conclusion? 

5086
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:40,900
All men are mortal. 
Socrates is a man. 

5087
04:36:40,908 --> 04:36:45,400
Therefore Socrates is Mortal, it
sounds simple, but Aristotle. 

5088
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:48,400
Systematically worked out all 
the valid and invalid forms of 

5089
04:36:48,408 --> 04:36:51,700
this kind of reasoning creating 
a tool for checking whether 

5090
04:36:51,700 --> 04:36:55,300
arguments actually make sense. 
For over 2000 years, 

5091
04:36:55,300 --> 04:36:57,900
Aristotle's. 
Logic was essentially all of 

5092
04:36:57,900 --> 04:37:00,200
logic. 
It wasn't until the 19th century

5093
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,099
that mathematicians developed 
forms of logical reasoning that 

5094
04:37:03,099 --> 04:37:05,000
went beyond what Aristotle had 
created. 

5095
04:37:05,000 --> 04:37:07,500
That's an extraordinary 
intellectual achievement 

5096
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:11,700
creating a system so robust that
it remains, fundamentally sound 

5097
04:37:11,700 --> 04:37:15,000
for millennia. 
Aristotle's, ethics emphasized 

5098
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:18,700
something, he called eudaimonia 
usually translated as happiness 

5099
04:37:18,700 --> 04:37:22,700
or flourishing but he didn't 
mean momentary, pleasure or 

5100
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:24,700
simple, contentment. 
He meant living. 

5101
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:27,900
Well in the fullest sense, 
developing your capacities 

5102
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:32,300
acting virtuously engaging with 
your community and using your 

5103
04:37:32,300 --> 04:37:35,800
reason. 
Well, The key to you, demonia 

5104
04:37:35,800 --> 04:37:39,900
Aristotle, argued is virtue but 
virtue understood as a kind of 

5105
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:43,300
skill or Excellence that you 
develop through, practice, 

5106
04:37:43,300 --> 04:37:45,400
courage, isn't something you're 
born with. 

5107
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:48,900
It's something you cultivate by 
repeatedly facing your fears 

5108
04:37:48,900 --> 04:37:51,599
appropriately. 
Generosity is a habit, you 

5109
04:37:51,608 --> 04:37:55,200
developed by practicing giving. 
Well, every virtue lies between 

5110
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:58,800
two extremes, courage, between 
cowardice and recklessness 

5111
04:37:58,800 --> 04:38:03,099
generosity between stinginess 
and wastefulness. 

5112
04:38:03,900 --> 04:38:07,000
This is practical, ethics 
grounded in how people actually 

5113
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:11,400
become good rather than abstract
theories about moral perfection 

5114
04:38:11,400 --> 04:38:13,500
Aristotle. 
Understood that becoming a good 

5115
04:38:13,508 --> 04:38:16,599
person is like learning to play 
an instrument, it requires 

5116
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,400
practice, guidance, and the 
formation of good habits over 

5117
04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:22,800
time. 
In all these areas biology 

5118
04:38:22,800 --> 04:38:25,500
logic, ethics politics, 
Aristotle's. 

5119
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:27,700
Method was similar. 
Start with careful. 

5120
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:30,800
Observation notice patterns work
out. 

5121
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:34,200
Underlying principles, test 
these principles against further

5122
04:38:34,200 --> 04:38:37,099
observations and build systemic 
understanding. 

5123
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:40,200
It was the birth of organized 
science and systematic 

5124
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:42,700
philosophy. 
Even though Aristotle wouldn't 

5125
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:44,800
have recognized those as 
separate disciplines. 

5126
04:38:45,800 --> 04:38:49,000
What made Aristotle's approach. 
So revolutionary was this 

5127
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:51,900
combination of respect for 
empirical observation, with 

5128
04:38:51,900 --> 04:38:54,400
confidence. 
In human reason, he believed we 

5129
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:58,099
could understand the world, not 
through divine revelation, not 

5130
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:00,200
through pure mathematics 
divorced from reality. 

5131
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:04,000
But through the careful 
systematic application of our 

5132
04:39:04,000 --> 04:39:07,800
observational and rational 
faculties this was optimistic 

5133
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:11,500
without being naive, empirical 
without being merely fat 

5134
04:39:11,500 --> 04:39:13,800
collecting and systematic 
without being rigid. 

5135
04:39:13,800 --> 04:39:16,000
It was a vision of human 
knowledge as something. 

5136
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:19,500
We build gradually, collectively
through careful, attention to 

5137
04:39:19,500 --> 04:39:22,200
reality and rigorous thinking 
about what we observe. 

5138
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:26,200
And now with your Taps growing, 
cold in your eyelids, perhaps 

5139
04:39:26,200 --> 04:39:30,500
growing heavy, we need to see 
how Aristotle story ends because

5140
04:39:30,500 --> 04:39:33,599
even the greatest philosophers 
cannot entirely control the 

5141
04:39:33,599 --> 04:39:35,500
historical currents that sweep 
them along. 

5142
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:40,800
In 323 BCE news. 
Reached Athens that would change

5143
04:39:40,800 --> 04:39:43,600
everything. 
Alexander, the Great had died in

5144
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:47,100
Babylon at the age of 32. 
The Empire, he built with 

5145
04:39:47,100 --> 04:39:50,100
astonishing speed was already 
fracturing as his generals 

5146
04:39:50,100 --> 04:39:54,000
fought over the pieces and in 
Athens antimatter in sentiment 

5147
04:39:54,000 --> 04:39:55,300
that had been simmering for 
years. 

5148
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:59,100
Suddenly boiled over Aristotle 
found himself in an impossible 

5149
04:39:59,100 --> 04:40:01,900
position. 
He was Macedonian by birth had 

5150
04:40:01,900 --> 04:40:05,100
been Alexander's tutor and 
maintained close connections to 

5151
04:40:05,100 --> 04:40:09,700
the Macedonian Court. 
The 12 years Athens are 

5152
04:40:09,700 --> 04:40:12,200
tolerated his presence because 
macedonia's power, made it 

5153
04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:14,600
necessary. 
But with Alexander dead and 

5154
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:19,100
Macedonia temporarily weakened 
old resentments surfaced Someone

5155
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:22,400
brought charges of impiety 
against Aristotle, the same 

5156
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:24,800
charge that had been used 
against Socrates a century 

5157
04:40:24,800 --> 04:40:27,000
earlier. 
The specific accusation was 

5158
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:29,200
something about honoring a 
friend in ways reserved for 

5159
04:40:29,208 --> 04:40:32,500
Gods, which sounds technical, 
but was really just a pretext, 

5160
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:36,200
the real issue was politics 
Aristotle represented. 

5161
04:40:36,200 --> 04:40:39,500
Macedonia and Athens wanted to 
strike back at Macedonia. 

5162
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:44,100
However, it could Aristotle. 
Now, 61 years old and having 

5163
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:47,900
watched Socrates, fate unfold 
from his prison cell, made a 

5164
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:50,600
different Choice. 
He decided not to stay in face 

5165
04:40:50,600 --> 04:40:54,300
trial, according to tradition, 
he said he wouldn't let Athens 

5166
04:40:54,300 --> 04:40:58,200
sin twice against philosophy, a 
reference to Socrates execution.

5167
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:01,500
So he left Athens turning over 
the lyceum to his student 

5168
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:04,900
theophrastus and retired to 
kassis his mother's home town. 

5169
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:11,600
Think about what this meant. 
For 12 years Aristotle had built

5170
04:41:11,600 --> 04:41:14,200
the Lycia in to the ancient 
world's Premier Research 

5171
04:41:14,200 --> 04:41:16,700
institution. 
He had gathered an incredible 

5172
04:41:16,700 --> 04:41:18,400
Library trained. 
Brilliant. 

5173
04:41:18,400 --> 04:41:22,100
Students and created systematic,
approaches to nearly every field

5174
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:25,200
of knowledge and now because of 
politics he couldn't control. 

5175
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:28,900
He had to walk away from it, all
in Charles's Aristotle, lived 

5176
04:41:28,900 --> 04:41:31,800
quietly for about a year. 
We don't know much about this 

5177
04:41:31,800 --> 04:41:34,600
final period of his life. 
He was likely working on his 

5178
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:38,000
writings, perhaps, revising, and
organizing, the vast body of 

5179
04:41:38,008 --> 04:41:39,700
work. 
He'd produced over his lifetime,

5180
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:43,400
he may have been suffering from 
some illness ancient sources. 

5181
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,700
Mentioned stomach problems, 
which given ancient medicines 

5182
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:51,300
limitations could have meant 
almost anything In recent 22 BCE

5183
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:54,400
just one year. 
After leaving Athens Aristotle 

5184
04:41:54,400 --> 04:41:58,300
died at the age of 62. 
It wasn't a dramatic death like 

5185
04:41:58,300 --> 04:42:01,800
Socrates execution or a 
mysterious one like Alexander's 

5186
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:04,200
early demise. 
It was simply the end of a life 

5187
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,200
that had been by any measure 
extraordinarily productive in 

5188
04:42:07,200 --> 04:42:11,500
influential, Aristotle left 
behind his daughter, Pythias his

5189
04:42:11,500 --> 04:42:14,500
wife of the same name had died 
years earlier and he later had a

5190
04:42:14,508 --> 04:42:17,200
relationship with a woman named 
her pillows with whom. 

5191
04:42:17,200 --> 04:42:20,800
He had a son named nicomachus, 
his will, which survived shows 

5192
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:23,800
him was a thoughtful, caring 
person who made Provisions for 

5193
04:42:23,800 --> 04:42:28,300
his family, his slaves, who he 
freed and even his concubine's 

5194
04:42:28,300 --> 04:42:30,300
future. 
It's a touching document that 

5195
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:33,500
reveals the human side of this 
towering intellect but more 

5196
04:42:33,500 --> 04:42:36,800
importantly he left behind an 
intellectual Legacy. 

5197
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:39,700
That would shape human thought 
for the next 2000 years. 

5198
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:42,600
His Works. 
Rather the lecture notes and 

5199
04:42:42,600 --> 04:42:45,400
research texts that survived 
were preserved and eventually 

5200
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:47,300
edited by scholars in later 
centuries. 

5201
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:50,300
They became the foundation for 
Education throughout the 

5202
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:53,300
Mediterranean world and 
eventually throughout Medieval 

5203
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:56,000
Europe. 
Now comes one of the most 

5204
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:58,200
fascinating parts of Aristotle, 
story. 

5205
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:02,100
Not what he did during his life,
but what happened to his ideas 

5206
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:05,300
after his death, because unlike 
many philosophers whose 

5207
04:43:05,300 --> 04:43:08,100
influence Fades with time. 
Aristotle's impact actually, 

5208
04:43:08,100 --> 04:43:11,000
grew over the centuries. 
Spreading far beyond the Greek 

5209
04:43:11,000 --> 04:43:13,600
world. 
He knew After Aristotle's, 

5210
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:16,400
death, his writings were 
preserved by the lyceum under 

5211
04:43:16,400 --> 04:43:19,900
theophrastus is leadership, but 
they weren't immediately famous 

5212
04:43:19,900 --> 04:43:22,100
throughout the ancient world. 
For several. 

5213
04:43:22,100 --> 04:43:24,900
Centuries Aristotle was known, 
more for his published dialogues

5214
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:27,500
works. 
That haven't survived and for 

5215
04:43:27,500 --> 04:43:31,400
the dense technical treatises. 
We now have then came a strange 

5216
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,200
period where Aristotle's Works 
apparently disappeared from 

5217
04:43:34,200 --> 04:43:36,700
circulation. 
According to tradition, they 

5218
04:43:36,700 --> 04:43:39,300
were hidden in a Cellar in Asia 
Minor to protect them from being

5219
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:42,200
seized where they suffered 
damage from moisture and 

5220
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:44,700
insects. 
Whether this story is entirely 

5221
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:48,500
true or partly Legend, we do 
know that Aristotle's Major 

5222
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:51,100
Works were relatively unknown 
for a couple of centuries. 

5223
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:56,200
In the first century BCE The 
Scholar named andronicus of 

5224
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,600
Rhodes, collected, and edited 
Aristotle's, writings organizing

5225
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:02,100
them into the form. 
We know today, this wasn't just 

5226
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:05,300
filing papers, it was an act of 
reconstruction and 

5227
04:44:05,300 --> 04:44:08,000
interpretation that shaped how 
we read Aristotle, the 

5228
04:44:08,000 --> 04:44:11,400
arrangement of his works, the 
way their grouped entitled comes

5229
04:44:11,400 --> 04:44:13,900
largely from andronicus is 
editorial decisions. 

5230
04:44:13,900 --> 04:44:16,500
As Rome became the 
mediterranean's, dominant power,

5231
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:19,000
Greek philosophy spread 
throughout the Empire. 

5232
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:21,900
Aristotle's Works became Central
to higher education. 

5233
04:44:21,900 --> 04:44:25,400
Young Romans who wanted 
philosophical training studied 

5234
04:44:25,400 --> 04:44:27,400
Aristotle, along with Plato and 
the stoics. 

5235
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:30,700
His logic became the standard 
method for teaching reasoning 

5236
04:44:30,700 --> 04:44:33,700
and his ethics of framework for 
thinking about the good life. 

5237
04:44:34,400 --> 04:44:37,000
But Aristotle's, most 
significant Journey was Yet to 

5238
04:44:37,000 --> 04:44:40,200
Come As the Roman Empire 
declined and eventually fell in 

5239
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:43,000
the west much of Greek learning 
was lost in Europe. 

5240
04:44:43,000 --> 04:44:46,300
The sophisticated intellectual 
culture that had produced and 

5241
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:48,800
preserved Aristotle's, Works 
crumbled, a city. 

5242
04:44:48,808 --> 04:44:52,800
Shrank trade declined and 
literacy became increasingly 

5243
04:44:52,800 --> 04:44:56,800
rare outside monasteries. 
However, Aristotle's Works 

5244
04:44:56,800 --> 04:44:58,900
survived in the Eastern Roman 
Empire. 

5245
04:44:58,900 --> 04:45:01,400
What we call the Byzantine 
Empire centered on 

5246
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:03,900
Constantinople. 
These antennas Scholars, 

5247
04:45:03,900 --> 04:45:07,000
continue to read copy and study 
Aristotle in Greek. 

5248
04:45:07,900 --> 04:45:10,000
Meanwhile, something 
extraordinary was happening 

5249
04:45:10,000 --> 04:45:13,600
further east Islamic scholars in
the expanding Arab world 

5250
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:16,800
encountered Aristotle's works 
and recognized their value 

5251
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:19,300
immediately. 
Beginning in the 8th Century CE,

5252
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:22,800
a massive translation movement 
began in Baghdad and other 

5253
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:25,000
centers of Islamic learning 
Aristotle's. 

5254
04:45:25,000 --> 04:45:28,100
Treatises were translated from 
Greek into Arabic Often by 

5255
04:45:28,100 --> 04:45:30,200
Christian Scholars, working in 
Muslim courts. 

5256
04:45:30,900 --> 04:45:34,000
Islamic philosophers, like 
alfarabi, have a Senna and 

5257
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:36,500
avaros didn't just translate 
Aristotle. 

5258
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:40,900
They engaged with his ideas 
wrote extensive commentaries and

5259
04:45:40,900 --> 04:45:42,800
integrated. 
His philosophy with Islamic 

5260
04:45:42,800 --> 04:45:46,000
theology in science. 
A verification, such an 

5261
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:48,100
important interpreter of 
Aristotle that medieval 

5262
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:51,700
Europeans, would later call him 
simply the commentator while 

5263
04:45:51,700 --> 04:45:55,500
Aristotle was the philosopher, 
This Islamic engagement with 

5264
04:45:55,500 --> 04:45:58,900
Aristotle preserved his works 
and developed his ideas in ways 

5265
04:45:58,900 --> 04:46:01,500
that would prove crucial for 
European intellectual history. 

5266
04:46:01,500 --> 04:46:05,000
When Europe began to recover 
economically and culturally in 

5267
04:46:05,000 --> 04:46:07,900
the 11th and 12th, centuries, 
Scholars, rediscovered 

5268
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:11,900
Aristotle, but often through 
Arabic translations and Islamic 

5269
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:14,800
commentaries rather than 
directly from Greek sources. 

5270
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:19,000
The reintroduction of Aristotle 
to Western Europe was like, 

5271
04:46:19,000 --> 04:46:21,400
injecting intellectual 
electricity into a system that 

5272
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,500
had been running on minimal 
power suddenly European 

5273
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:28,100
scholars, had access to systemic
treatments of logic Natural 

5274
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:31,100
Science, ethics and metaphysics 
that far. 

5275
04:46:31,100 --> 04:46:33,200
Exceeded anything of available 
in Latin. 

5276
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:36,100
It was like upgrading from a 
basic toolset to a fully 

5277
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:39,400
equipped Workshop. 
But this created a problem, much

5278
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:42,100
of Aristotle's, philosophy, 
particularly his ideas, about 

5279
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:45,100
the eternity of the world, and 
the nature of the Soul seemed to

5280
04:46:45,108 --> 04:46:48,800
conflict with Christian theology
Church authorities were unsure 

5281
04:46:48,800 --> 04:46:51,500
whether this Pagan Greek 
philosopher from ancient times 

5282
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:53,400
should be taught in Christian 
universities. 

5283
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:58,600
Enter Thomas Aquinas a 13th 
century Dominican Friar who 

5284
04:46:58,600 --> 04:47:01,200
accomplished one of the great 
intellectual syntheses in 

5285
04:47:01,200 --> 04:47:04,300
Western history. 
Aquinas carefully, worked 

5286
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:07,000
through Aristotle's philosophy, 
showing how it could be 

5287
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:08,900
reconciled with Christian 
doctrine. 

5288
04:47:08,900 --> 04:47:11,500
He distinguished between what 
reason could discover 

5289
04:47:11,500 --> 04:47:14,900
Aristotle's domain and what 
required, divine revelation, 

5290
04:47:14,900 --> 04:47:18,400
theology is domain creating a 
framework where both could 

5291
04:47:18,400 --> 04:47:21,500
co-exist. 
Aquinas is achievement meant 

5292
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:24,300
that Aristotle, became Central, 
to Medieval University 

5293
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:28,400
educational students, learned a 
telian logic physics and 

5294
04:47:28,400 --> 04:47:31,800
metaphysics, as the foundation 
for their studies University of 

5295
04:47:31,800 --> 04:47:34,900
Paris, Oxford Cambridge. 
All the great medieval 

5296
04:47:34,900 --> 04:47:38,900
universities made Aristotle, the
core of their curriculum The 

5297
04:47:38,900 --> 04:47:41,800
several centuries Aristotle's 
Authority was so great that 

5298
04:47:41,800 --> 04:47:46,400
Aristotle said so was considered
a sufficient argument to settle 

5299
04:47:46,400 --> 04:47:49,100
most questions. 
This led to some of absurdities 

5300
04:47:49,100 --> 04:47:52,600
Scholars would debate how many 
teeth a horse has by analyzing 

5301
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:56,200
what Aristotle wrote rather than
you know just counting a horses 

5302
04:47:56,200 --> 04:48:00,100
teeth Aristotle himself who 
emphasized observation would 

5303
04:48:00,100 --> 04:48:03,000
have been appalled. the 
Scientific Revolution of the 

5304
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:07,100
16th and 17th centuries involved
in many ways, overthrowing 

5305
04:48:07,100 --> 04:48:10,600
Aristotelian, physics and 
cosmology, Galileo's 

5306
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:13,200
experiments, contradicted 
Aristotle's, claims about motion

5307
04:48:13,800 --> 04:48:16,500
Harvey's discovery of blood 
circulation, contradicted 

5308
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:19,700
Aristotle and Physiology 
Newton's physics, replaced, 

5309
04:48:19,700 --> 04:48:22,200
Aristotelian, explanations of 
how things move. 

5310
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:25,900
But interestingly, even as 
scientists rejected Aristotle, 

5311
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:29,300
specific conclusions. 
The often kept his method, the 

5312
04:48:29,300 --> 04:48:32,100
emphasis on observation, the 
search for causes, and the 

5313
04:48:32,108 --> 04:48:35,800
systematic organization of 
knowledge modern science isn't 

5314
04:48:35,800 --> 04:48:39,200
arrested helium but its arguably
descended from Aristotle's 

5315
04:48:39,200 --> 04:48:40,700
approach to investigating 
nature. 

5316
04:48:41,800 --> 04:48:44,800
Today, you might think Aristotle
is just a historical curiosity, 

5317
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:48,800
relevant only to Scholars, 
studying ancient philosophy, but

5318
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:50,700
his influence persists and 
surprising ways. 

5319
04:48:50,700 --> 04:48:54,300
Every time you use formal logic,
you're using tools Aristotle 

5320
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:57,500
developed when you think about, 
ethics in terms of character and

5321
04:48:57,500 --> 04:48:59,200
virtue. 
Rather than just rules. 

5322
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:03,200
You're thinking in Aristotelian 
terms, when scientists classify 

5323
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:06,600
organisms or analyze functions 
their following procedures 

5324
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:10,700
Aristotle, pioneered His 
political science, his analysis 

5325
04:49:10,700 --> 04:49:14,300
of poetry, and drama his 
psychology and his understanding

5326
04:49:14,300 --> 04:49:17,600
of how we form Concepts. 
All of these continued to 

5327
04:49:17,608 --> 04:49:21,900
influence how we think often, 
without realizing it Aristotle 

5328
04:49:21,900 --> 04:49:23,900
is like the foundation of a 
building you live in. 

5329
04:49:23,900 --> 04:49:27,000
You don't usually notice it but 
everything rests on it. 

5330
04:49:28,000 --> 04:49:31,400
As your tea grows cold and the 
hour grows late, let's consider 

5331
04:49:31,400 --> 04:49:34,700
what Aristotle's, life and work 
mean for us today because this 

5332
04:49:34,700 --> 04:49:37,900
isn't just ancient history. 
It's about how we understand the

5333
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:41,200
world and our place in it. 
Aristotle gave us something 

5334
04:49:41,200 --> 04:49:44,600
fundamental confidence that the 
world is knowable through 

5335
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:47,400
careful observation and clear 
thinking before him. 

5336
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,100
Many people thought true 
knowledge, required mystical 

5337
04:49:50,100 --> 04:49:53,900
Insight or divine revelation 
after him, it became possible to

5338
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:57,400
believe that ordinary human 
beings using their senses. 

5339
04:49:57,400 --> 04:50:00,400
And their reason could genuinely
understand reality. 

5340
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,100
This is such a basic assumption 
for us. 

5341
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,200
That we barely notice it when 
you wonder how something works 

5342
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,200
and decide to look it up or 
experiment to find out your 

5343
04:50:09,200 --> 04:50:12,700
operating on our totally and 
principles, the idea that we can

5344
04:50:12,700 --> 04:50:15,500
figure things out by observing 
carefully and thinking clearly 

5345
04:50:15,500 --> 04:50:20,000
that's Aristotle's Legacy. 
His emphasis on studying actual 

5346
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:22,400
things in the actual World 
rather than an abstract 

5347
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:25,200
Perfections influence the entire
development of science. 

5348
04:50:25,200 --> 04:50:28,200
Yes. 
Scientists have rejected many of

5349
04:50:28,200 --> 04:50:32,300
his specific conclusions, his 
physics, his astronomy and his 

5350
04:50:32,300 --> 04:50:34,000
chemistry were wrong in 
important ways. 

5351
04:50:34,900 --> 04:50:37,900
But his method of systematic 
observation, careful, 

5352
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:41,900
classification, and looking for,
underlying principles that still

5353
04:50:41,900 --> 04:50:44,300
how science Works Aristotle's 
virtue. 

5354
04:50:44,300 --> 04:50:46,700
Ethics has seen a remarkable 
Revival in recent decades, 

5355
04:50:46,700 --> 04:50:49,600
modern philosophers 
rediscovered, that his approach 

5356
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:53,600
to ethics focusing on character 
habits, and human flourishing 

5357
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:57,400
rather than just rules and 
duties, addresses aspects of 

5358
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:01,200
moral life that other ethical 
theories Miss How do we become 

5359
04:51:01,200 --> 04:51:03,400
good people? 
What does it mean to live? 

5360
04:51:03,400 --> 04:51:05,500
Well, these are restlessly in 
questions. 

5361
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:08,100
Feel more relevant to many 
people than abstract debates 

5362
04:51:08,100 --> 04:51:11,800
about moral principles. 
His political science with its 

5363
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:14,900
careful analysis of different 
forms of government and what 

5364
04:51:14,900 --> 04:51:18,800
makes them work or fail, still 
informs political Theory. 

5365
04:51:18,800 --> 04:51:22,300
His understanding that politics 
isn't about implementing perfect

5366
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:25,600
systems but about finding a 
rangements that work for actual 

5367
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:27,600
human beings with all their 
flaws. 

5368
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:33,300
That's a lesson every generation
needs to relearn In education, 

5369
04:51:33,300 --> 04:51:37,300
Aristotle's model of learning 
through apprenticeship and hands

5370
04:51:37,300 --> 04:51:40,400
on experience with a master 
teacher influenced, how 

5371
04:51:40,400 --> 04:51:42,800
universities developed and still
shapes. 

5372
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:46,000
How we think about Advanced 
education, the idea of gathering

5373
04:51:46,000 --> 04:51:48,300
students around a wise, teacher 
to pursue knowledge 

5374
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:52,200
collectively, that's the 
lesson's Legacy still alive in 

5375
04:51:52,200 --> 04:51:54,000
graduate seminars, and research 
groups. 

5376
04:51:54,900 --> 04:51:59,000
But perhaps Aristotle's, most 
important Legacy is something 

5377
04:51:59,000 --> 04:52:02,400
less tangible. 
His demonstration that human 

5378
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:05,200
knowledge is cumulative that we 
can build on what previous 

5379
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:07,800
thinkers discovered. 
And that intellectual progress 

5380
04:52:07,800 --> 04:52:11,400
is possible before Aristotle 
philosophers tended to create 

5381
04:52:11,400 --> 04:52:14,800
their own complete systems, from
scratch Aristotle, show that you

5382
04:52:14,800 --> 04:52:18,100
could start with what others had
learned identify their insights 

5383
04:52:18,100 --> 04:52:19,800
and errors and build something 
better. 

5384
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:24,700
This is how knowledge actually 
grows, not through lone Geniuses

5385
04:52:24,700 --> 04:52:26,800
inventing, everything 
themselves, but through 

5386
04:52:26,800 --> 04:52:29,700
communities of thinkers building
on each other's work. 

5387
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:32,500
Every scientific paper that 
begins with the literature 

5388
04:52:32,500 --> 04:52:34,900
review. 
Every philosopher who engages 

5389
04:52:34,900 --> 04:52:37,900
with previous Traditions every 
scholar who stands on the 

5390
04:52:37,908 --> 04:52:41,500
shoulders of giants, they're all
following the model Aristotle 

5391
04:52:41,500 --> 04:52:44,200
established at the lyceum 
Aristotle. 

5392
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:46,800
Also showed us that intellectual
breadth matters. 

5393
04:52:46,800 --> 04:52:50,500
In our age of specialization 
when experts know, more and more

5394
04:52:50,500 --> 04:52:54,000
about less and less Aristotle. 
Reminds us that understanding. 

5395
04:52:54,000 --> 04:52:57,100
Anything fully requires 
understanding its connections to

5396
04:52:57,100 --> 04:52:59,800
everything else. 
His interests span from marine 

5397
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:03,200
biology to literary criticism 
and from formal logic to 

5398
04:53:03,200 --> 04:53:06,300
political science because he 
understood that reality doesn't 

5399
04:53:06,300 --> 04:53:11,300
come neatly, divide it into 
academic departments There's 

5400
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:14,500
something profoundly human about
Aristotle's, approach to 

5401
04:53:14,500 --> 04:53:16,900
knowledge. 
He was an interested in abstract

5402
04:53:16,900 --> 04:53:18,800
Perfection divorced from lived 
experience. 

5403
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:20,500
He wanted to understand the 
world. 

5404
04:53:20,500 --> 04:53:24,400
We actually inhabit messy 
complicated, full of purposes 

5405
04:53:24,400 --> 04:53:26,200
and functions and constant 
change. 

5406
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:29,900
He believed that ordinary things
plants animals, human 

5407
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:32,600
relationships. 
Political systems, were worthy 

5408
04:53:32,600 --> 04:53:37,000
of serious systematic study. 
This might sound obvious now but

5409
04:53:37,000 --> 04:53:39,600
it was revolutionary then and 
remains important today. 

5410
04:53:39,600 --> 04:53:42,500
How often do we dismiss the 
everyday as uninteresting 

5411
04:53:42,500 --> 04:53:45,900
searching for something more 
exotic or dramatic to hold our 

5412
04:53:45,900 --> 04:53:48,800
attention Aristotle. 
Teaches us to look closely at 

5413
04:53:48,800 --> 04:53:51,700
what's right in front of us 
because ordinary reality is 

5414
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,200
actually extraordinary when you 
examine it carefully. 

5415
04:53:55,300 --> 04:53:58,400
His life will reminds us that 
intellectual work happens in 

5416
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:01,800
communities Aristotle didn't 
develop his ideas in isolation. 

5417
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:05,900
He learned from Plato, 
Alexander, collaborated with 

5418
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,000
students at the lyceum and 
engaged with other philosophers 

5419
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,500
knowledge is social built 
through conversation debate 

5420
04:54:12,500 --> 04:54:14,500
teaching and collaborative 
investigation. 

5421
04:54:14,500 --> 04:54:18,700
And yet Aristotle story also 
carries a cautionary, note his 

5422
04:54:18,700 --> 04:54:22,400
systematic approach sometimes 
became too rigid, his confidence

5423
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:24,500
in human reasons. 
Sometimes led to speculation 

5424
04:54:24,500 --> 04:54:27,800
beyond what observation could 
support and his influence of 

5425
04:54:27,800 --> 04:54:30,800
eventually became so great. 
That it stifled, rather than 

5426
04:54:30,800 --> 04:54:35,100
stimulated inquiry Aristotle. 
Said so became an excuse to stop

5427
04:54:35,100 --> 04:54:37,600
thinking rather than a starting 
point for further investigation.

5428
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:43,100
This tension between respect for
tradition and openness to new 

5429
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:45,700
discovery is something every 
field of knowledge must 

5430
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:48,000
navigate. 
We need to learn from the past 

5431
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:50,600
without being imprisoned. 
By it to respect, previous 

5432
04:54:50,600 --> 04:54:53,100
thinkers, without treating their
words as sacred scripture 

5433
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:55,500
Aristotle himself would have 
understood this. 

5434
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:59,600
He honored Plato while departing
from platonic, philosophy and 

5435
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:02,200
learned from his predecessors, 
while correcting their errors. 

5436
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:05,700
As we near the end of our 
journey with Aristotle, imagine 

5437
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:09,300
him in these final months in 
Chelsea's, looking back, on his 

5438
04:55:09,300 --> 04:55:11,800
62 years. 
What did he think about when he 

5439
04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:15,500
reflected on his life? 
We can't know for certain, but 

5440
04:55:15,500 --> 04:55:18,600
we can imagine perhaps he 
thought about his childhood in 

5441
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:21,000
Macedonia. 
Watching his father, practice 

5442
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:24,000
medicine with careful, attention
to symptoms, and treatments 

5443
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:26,600
those early lessons in 
observations stayed with him 

5444
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:30,000
throughout his life shape in his
entire approach to knowledge. 

5445
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:33,900
Perhaps he remembered arriving 
in Athens as a Young Man feeling

5446
04:55:33,900 --> 04:55:37,300
provincial and out of place, but
discovering at Plato's Academy 

5447
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,300
and intellectual home, that 
would shape him for 20 years, 

5448
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:43,400
even as he eventually departed 
from Plato's teachings. 

5449
04:55:43,400 --> 04:55:45,300
He never forgot what he learned 
there. 

5450
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:47,700
The importance of rigorous 
argument. 

5451
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:51,200
The value of questioning 
assumptions and the pursuit of 

5452
04:55:51,208 --> 04:55:54,800
Truth, wherever it leads. 
He might have smiled. 

5453
04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:58,600
Remembering his time, teaching. 
Young, Alexander, that 

5454
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:00,600
energetic. 
Ambitious, teenager, who would 

5455
04:56:00,608 --> 04:56:04,400
grow up to conquer the world did
Aristotle feel Pride at his 

5456
04:56:04,400 --> 04:56:07,800
students achievements or dismay 
at how different Alexander's 

5457
04:56:07,800 --> 04:56:10,200
path was from the contemplative 
life Aristotle. 

5458
04:56:10,200 --> 04:56:13,500
Advocated probably both like any
teacher watching. 

5459
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:15,000
A brilliant student make 
choices. 

5460
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:16,400
They wouldn't have made 
themselves. 

5461
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:20,400
Surely, he thought about his 
years at the lyceum, those 

5462
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:23,600
productive, satisfying years. 
When he'd finally been able to 

5463
04:56:23,600 --> 04:56:26,600
pursue his own vision of what 
philosophy and science should be

5464
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:30,000
the morning walks with Advanced 
students, discussing complex 

5465
04:56:30,000 --> 04:56:33,500
questions, while strolling 
through shaded Colonnades, The 

5466
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:35,800
afternoon, public lectures, 
share knowledge, with anyone 

5467
04:56:35,800 --> 04:56:38,600
interested enough to listen the 
collaborative research. 

5468
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:41,200
Projects have students 
collecting data on everything 

5469
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:44,700
from fish to governments. 
He might have felt regret about 

5470
04:56:44,700 --> 04:56:48,200
leaving Athens forced out by 
political circumstances Beyond 

5471
04:56:48,200 --> 04:56:51,300
his control to build something 
significant in their have to 

5472
04:56:51,308 --> 04:56:53,600
abandon. 
It must have been painful, but 

5473
04:56:53,600 --> 04:56:56,100
perhaps he found some comfort in
knowing he'd trained capable 

5474
04:56:56,100 --> 04:56:59,200
students, like their frosted who
could carry on his work. 

5475
04:57:00,600 --> 04:57:03,700
If Aristotle had known how his 
ideas would travel through time,

5476
04:57:03,700 --> 04:57:07,500
translated into Arabic preserved
by Islamic scholars, 

5477
04:57:07,500 --> 04:57:10,800
reintroduced to Europe, becoming
the foundation of medieval 

5478
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:14,200
universities, influencing 
thinkers for 2000 years. 

5479
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,400
What would he have? 
Thought, probably a mixture of 

5480
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,700
satisfaction and bemusement, 
especially at the ways. 

5481
04:57:20,700 --> 04:57:24,600
His ideas would be misunderstood
ossified into dogma and 

5482
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:28,300
eventually partially overturned.
But he would likely have been 

5483
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:30,100
pleased that his fundamental 
approach. 

5484
04:57:30,900 --> 04:57:34,500
Careful observation. 
Systematic thinking, and the 

5485
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:37,800
belief that the world is Noble 
Continued to influence, how 

5486
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:40,200
humans? 
Pursue understanding that was 

5487
04:57:40,200 --> 04:57:43,400
his real contribution, not any 
specific Doctrine, but a whole 

5488
04:57:43,408 --> 04:57:45,800
way of approaching knowledge 
Aristotle. 

5489
04:57:45,800 --> 04:57:47,700
Understood that knowledge is 
always provisional. 

5490
04:57:47,700 --> 04:57:51,300
Always subject to refinement. 
As we learn more, his Works 

5491
04:57:51,300 --> 04:57:54,300
constantly engaged with previous
thinkers building on their 

5492
04:57:54,300 --> 04:57:57,500
insights and correcting their 
errors, he would have expected 

5493
04:57:57,500 --> 04:58:01,100
probably hoped that future. 
Thinkers would do the same with 

5494
04:58:01,100 --> 04:58:04,400
his work. 
In his final days, perhaps 

5495
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:07,200
Aristotle found peace in having 
lived a life devoted to 

5496
04:58:07,200 --> 04:58:10,600
understanding he'd started with 
nothing but curiosity and 

5497
04:58:10,600 --> 04:58:13,800
intelligence and he'd use these 
to investigate nearly every 

5498
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:16,600
aspect of reality accessible to 
human inquiry. 

5499
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:20,900
He'd been a student, a teacher, 
a researcher, a founder of 

5500
04:58:20,900 --> 04:58:23,800
Institutions and a systematized 
of knowledge. 

5501
04:58:24,600 --> 04:58:29,400
He'd loved his wife pythius, his
companion, her pills and his 

5502
04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:32,000
children. 
He'd formed friendships with 

5503
04:58:32,000 --> 04:58:35,600
students and colleagues he'd 
experienced political success in

5504
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,300
political Exile. 
He'd known the satisfaction of 

5505
04:58:38,308 --> 04:58:41,600
intellectual breakthrough and 
the frustration of unanswered 

5506
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:44,400
questions in short, he lived a 
fully human life. 

5507
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:46,100
While also living a life of the 
Mind. 

5508
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:49,400
The ancient Greeks had a concept
that Aristotle wrote about 

5509
04:58:49,400 --> 04:58:53,200
extensively eudaimonia human 
flourishing Living. 

5510
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:56,100
Well, by his own account, this 
came from developing your 

5511
04:58:56,100 --> 04:59:00,000
capacities, acting virtuously, 
engaging meaningfully with 

5512
04:59:00,000 --> 04:59:03,000
others and using your reason, 
well, by these measures 

5513
04:59:03,000 --> 04:59:08,000
Aristotle had indeed ammonia 
even if his life ended in Exile 

5514
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:12,300
rather than Triumph. 
When he died in 3 to 22 BCE 

5515
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:17,000
Aristotle, probably had no idea 
that he was, in a sense in 

5516
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:20,700
Mortal, his body, would Decay 
like all physical things, he 

5517
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:23,000
understood biology too well to 
imagine otherwise. 

5518
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:27,000
But his ideas, his methods and 
his approach to understanding 

5519
04:59:27,000 --> 04:59:29,800
the world. 
These would Outlast Empires and 

5520
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:33,600
influence civilizations. 
He'd never heard of That's a 

5521
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:37,000
legacy worth reflecting on as 
you drift towards sleep, a 

5522
04:59:37,000 --> 04:59:40,100
single person through careful 
thought and systematic inquiry 

5523
04:59:40,100 --> 04:59:43,200
can influence how millions of 
future people understand 

5524
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:45,900
reality. 
The question's Aristotle asked 

5525
04:59:45,900 --> 04:59:48,200
the methods he developed and the
knowledge. 

5526
04:59:48,200 --> 04:59:51,800
He systematized, these became 
tools that countless others 

5527
04:59:51,800 --> 04:59:53,400
would use to build their own 
understanding. 

5528
04:59:54,400 --> 04:59:57,200
As you settle into that space 
between waking and sleeping, 

5529
04:59:57,200 --> 05:00:00,400
where thoughts become less 
linear and more dreamlike 

5530
05:00:00,400 --> 05:00:04,200
consider this Aristotle's, 
greatest achievement wasn't any 

5531
05:00:04,200 --> 05:00:06,500
single Discovery. 
But showing that the world is 

5532
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:09,800
comprehensible before him. 
Many people thought that true 

5533
05:00:09,800 --> 05:00:12,800
understanding required mystical 
Revelation, or abstract 

5534
05:00:12,800 --> 05:00:15,200
mathematics divorced from 
physical reality. 

5535
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:18,400
After him, it became possible to
believe that Ordinary People 

5536
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:21,400
could understand the World by 
looking carefully, thinking 

5537
05:00:21,400 --> 05:00:25,100
clearly and building knowledge 
systematically Every time you 

5538
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:28,200
try to understand something by 
observing it carefully your 

5539
05:00:28,200 --> 05:00:31,700
following Aristotle's path. 
Every time you classify things 

5540
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:34,300
by their similarities and 
differences, you're using 

5541
05:00:34,308 --> 05:00:37,400
Aristotle's method. 
Every time you ask what is this 

5542
05:00:37,400 --> 05:00:41,300
for or how does this work? 
You're asking a rusty and 

5543
05:00:41,300 --> 05:00:43,400
question questions. 
You might never have studied 

5544
05:00:43,400 --> 05:00:46,200
Aristotle in school. 
You might not be able to name a 

5545
05:00:46,200 --> 05:00:49,400
single one of his books, but his
influences in the very air. 

5546
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:53,300
You breathe into electorally in 
how you think about causes and 

5547
05:00:53,300 --> 05:00:56,700
how you understand living things
and how you reason about ethics 

5548
05:00:56,700 --> 05:00:59,700
and in your assumption that the 
world makes sense and can be 

5549
05:00:59,708 --> 05:01:03,200
understood, this is what it 
means to be a foundational 

5550
05:01:03,200 --> 05:01:05,400
thinker. 
Not that everything you say is 

5551
05:01:05,400 --> 05:01:07,600
correct. 
Aristotle was wrong about many 

5552
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:10,700
things, but that you change how 
people think about thinking 

5553
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:14,700
itself, you create tools, that 
others can use methods, that 

5554
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:17,900
others can follow and Frameworks
that others can build upon. 

5555
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,000
Aristotle showed us that 
knowledge is not something 

5556
05:01:21,000 --> 05:01:24,000
revealed from above, but 
something built from below 

5557
05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:27,600
starting with simple 
observations and building toward

5558
05:01:27,600 --> 05:01:31,100
comprehensive, understanding he 
demonstrated that you don't need

5559
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:33,500
mystical insights or 
mathematical Perfection to 

5560
05:01:33,500 --> 05:01:36,300
understand reality. 
You need careful, attention, 

5561
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:40,000
clear thinking and the patience 
to work through problems. 

5562
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:43,200
Systematically. 
This optimistic view of human 

5563
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:46,500
knowledge that we can figure 
things out that the world is 

5564
05:01:46,500 --> 05:01:49,500
knowable that reason and 
observation together can lead us

5565
05:01:49,508 --> 05:01:52,500
toward truth remains. 
One of civilizations. 

5566
05:01:52,500 --> 05:01:56,500
Most important to assumptions 
when we doubt it, science stops 

5567
05:01:56,500 --> 05:01:59,900
inquiry ends and we Retreat into
Authority and tradition. 

5568
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:03,900
Aristotle also reminds us that 
intellectual work is deeply 

5569
05:02:03,900 --> 05:02:06,500
human. 
It happens in communities of 

5570
05:02:06,500 --> 05:02:09,200
teachers and students it 
requires conversation and 

5571
05:02:09,200 --> 05:02:11,300
debate. 
It builds on what others have 

5572
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:13,600
learned. 
Connect to the Practical 

5573
05:02:13,600 --> 05:02:16,300
concerns of Living. 
Well, knowledge isn't just 

5574
05:02:16,300 --> 05:02:19,500
abstract information. 
It's part of how we flourish as 

5575
05:02:19,500 --> 05:02:22,900
human beings, a sleep approaches
and this story ends. 

5576
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:26,600
Remember that the quiet 
philosopher from star jira, who 

5577
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:29,500
spent his life, observing 
thinking and teaching change the

5578
05:02:29,500 --> 05:02:31,400
world. 
More profoundly than many 

5579
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,100
conquerors. 
His student Alexander's Emperor 

5580
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:37,000
fell apart within years of his 
death, but Aristotle's, 

5581
05:02:37,000 --> 05:02:40,600
intellectual Empire, his 
methods, his insights his 

5582
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,800
approach to understanding has 
lasted more than two Millennia 

5583
05:02:43,800 --> 05:02:45,800
and shows no signs of 
disappearing. 

5584
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:49,500
Tomorrow when you wake and 
observe the world around you 

5585
05:02:49,500 --> 05:02:54,000
noticing patterns asking 
questions trying to understand 

5586
05:02:54,000 --> 05:02:57,500
how things work, you'll be 
thinking in ways that Aristotle 

5587
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:00,200
helped to make possible the 
Morning, Light streaming through

5588
05:03:00,200 --> 05:03:03,200
your window illuminates. 
A world that Aristotle taught us

5589
05:03:03,208 --> 05:03:06,500
could be studied and understood.
Rather than merely feared or 

5590
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:08,300
worshiped. 
That's his gift to us, 

5591
05:03:08,300 --> 05:03:10,800
confidence. 
That the world makes sense 

5592
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:14,600
methods, for making sense of it,
and the belief that 

5593
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:18,100
understanding is worth pursuing 
for its own sake, not for power 

5594
05:03:18,100 --> 05:03:21,700
or wealth, or fame, but simply 
for the joy of knowing the 

5595
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:25,100
satisfaction of understanding 
and the human fulfillment that 

5596
05:03:25,100 --> 05:03:29,500
comes from using our minds. 
Well, Sleep now with gratitude 

5597
05:03:29,500 --> 05:03:33,000
for this ancient Greek physician
son who devoted his life to 

5598
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:35,200
helping Humanity. 
Wake up to the intelligibility 

5599
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:37,500
of the world. 
May your dreams be full of 

5600
05:03:37,500 --> 05:03:39,600
wonder, the patterns that can 
connect all things. 

5601
05:03:39,600 --> 05:03:43,500
The purpose is that animate 
living creatures, and the joy of

5602
05:03:43,500 --> 05:03:45,700
understanding that makes us most
fully human. 

5603
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:50,800
And when you wait may you see 
the world with fresh eyes not as

5604
05:03:50,800 --> 05:03:55,600
a chaos of random events but as 
Aristotle taught us to see it as

5605
05:03:55,600 --> 05:03:59,000
a cosmos and ordered hole that 
our minds are capable of 

5606
05:03:59,000 --> 05:04:01,700
comprehending. 
One careful observation and 

5607
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:06,400
clear thought at a time. sweet 
dreams and may Aristotle Spirit 

5608
05:04:06,400 --> 05:04:18,800
of systemic Wonder follow you 
into sleep and Beyond The 

5609
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:21,700
clothing, you owned held the 
belief that the human body was 

5610
05:04:21,700 --> 05:04:24,800
merely a suggestion. 
Welcome to Victorian fashion 

5611
05:04:24,800 --> 05:04:27,800
where Comfort became Obsolete. 
And Common Sense took a long 

5612
05:04:27,808 --> 05:04:32,200
Hiatus picture. 
This it's 1850 and you're a 

5613
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:33,700
well-to-do lady preparing for 
your day. 

5614
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:37,900
But first, you need to put on 
approximately 17 different 

5615
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:40,300
garments. 
Each one more bewildering than 

5616
05:04:40,300 --> 05:04:42,700
the last. 
Your morning routine, doesn't 

5617
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:45,200
start with coffee. 
It starts with an engineering 

5618
05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:46,700
degree in the patience of a 
saint. 

5619
05:04:47,900 --> 05:04:50,700
The victorians had this peculiar
relationship with the human 

5620
05:04:50,700 --> 05:04:53,400
form. 
They believed that nature had 

5621
05:04:53,400 --> 05:04:56,300
created significant design 
floors, and they were determined

5622
05:04:56,300 --> 05:04:58,500
to rectify. 
These floors using the materials

5623
05:04:58,500 --> 05:05:01,900
such as whalebone Steal, and 
unwavering determination. 

5624
05:05:03,500 --> 05:05:06,100
It was like, they looked at the 
human body and said, you know 

5625
05:05:06,100 --> 05:05:09,300
what, this individual needs or 
geometric shapes and less 

5626
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:12,200
ability to breathe. 
But here's the thing that makes 

5627
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:14,900
Victorian fashion so 
fascinatingly absurd. 

5628
05:05:14,900 --> 05:05:17,200
None of these changes happened 
overnight. 

5629
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,800
It was not like someone woke up 
one morning in 1837 and declared

5630
05:05:20,800 --> 05:05:23,900
from now on women's waist shall 
be the circumference of a coffee

5631
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:26,600
mug. 
Know, the outcome was a gradual 

5632
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:30,200
slide into sartorial Madness 
that took decades to perfect. 

5633
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,300
Truly surprising aspect is that 
people at the time believed they

5634
05:05:34,300 --> 05:05:36,000
were acting completely 
rationally. 

5635
05:05:36,700 --> 05:05:38,800
They had elaborate 
justifications for every 

5636
05:05:38,800 --> 05:05:42,800
ridiculous element. 
Tight corsets needless to say, 

5637
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:46,400
they were beneficial for posture
and the skirts so wide that they

5638
05:05:46,400 --> 05:05:49,900
can't fit through doorways. 
Undoubtedly, they are essential 

5639
05:05:49,900 --> 05:05:52,900
for maintaining modesty to 
sleeves need their own unique. 

5640
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:55,400
Zip code, simply fashionable, 
darling. 

5641
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:57,600
You have to admire the 
dedication really. 

5642
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:00,500
These weren't people who have 
committed to anything. 

5643
05:06:00,500 --> 05:06:04,100
When victorians decided to 
complicate fashion, they went 

5644
05:06:04,100 --> 05:06:07,400
all in like they were trying to 
win an Olympic medal in most 

5645
05:06:07,400 --> 05:06:10,900
impractical clothing design. 
They approached fashion the way 

5646
05:06:10,900 --> 05:06:14,500
modern people approach extreme 
sports with enthusiasm that 

5647
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:17,800
bordered on the Reckless. 
Men were not exempt from this 

5648
05:06:17,800 --> 05:06:20,700
madness, although their version 
was more, subtly ridiculous. 

5649
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:23,300
While women were being 
transformed into human, 

5650
05:06:23,300 --> 05:06:26,600
geometric shapes men were busy 
perfecting the art of looking 

5651
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:29,700
like very serious Penguins. 
They were top hats, that 

5652
05:06:29,700 --> 05:06:33,400
accentuated their height coats 
with useless tales and enough 

5653
05:06:33,400 --> 05:06:35,800
starch in their collars to 
construct a miniature boat. 

5654
05:06:36,700 --> 05:06:39,600
Fascinating thing is how this 
all started with genuine 

5655
05:06:39,600 --> 05:06:43,200
intention the early victorians 
were trying to create a fashion 

5656
05:06:43,200 --> 05:06:45,700
nightmare. 
They were responding to real 

5657
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:49,400
social and economic changes. 
The industrial revolution had 

5658
05:06:49,400 --> 05:06:53,100
created New Wealth, new social 
classes and new anxieties about 

5659
05:06:53,100 --> 05:06:56,800
respectability. 
Fashion became a language a way 

5660
05:06:56,800 --> 05:06:59,100
to communicate your place in 
this rapidly changing world. 

5661
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:03,100
But somewhere along the way that
language became increasingly 

5662
05:07:03,100 --> 05:07:06,900
complex, like a secret code that
only the initiated could 

5663
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:10,600
understand what started as 
dressed nicely to show your 

5664
05:07:10,600 --> 05:07:14,500
respectable evolved into 
transform yourself into a 

5665
05:07:14,500 --> 05:07:17,400
walking architectural, Marvel or
risk social Extinction. 

5666
05:07:18,200 --> 05:07:20,600
The irony is delicious when you 
contemplate it. 

5667
05:07:21,500 --> 05:07:24,300
Here was an ERA obsessed with 
moral virtue and proper 

5668
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:26,700
behavior. 
Yet they created clothing that 

5669
05:07:26,700 --> 05:07:29,600
made simple human activities 
like sitting walking or 

5670
05:07:29,600 --> 05:07:33,300
breathing into minor athletic 
achievements. it was as if they 

5671
05:07:33,300 --> 05:07:36,300
believed that suffering for 
beauty was not just acceptable 

5672
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:40,400
but actually virtuous, As we 
drift into this story together, 

5673
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:44,900
imagine the rustle of silk the 
creaking of whale bone and the 

5674
05:07:44,908 --> 05:07:47,800
gentle chaos of an era when 
getting dressed was an adventure

5675
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:50,700
and staying dressed was an 
endurance test. 

5676
05:07:51,800 --> 05:07:55,300
The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

5677
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:57,900
one of them as talk about the 
corsage, shall we? 

5678
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:01,000
If Victorian fashion were a 
movie, The corset would be the 

5679
05:08:01,000 --> 05:08:02,500
villain. 
Everyone loves to hate. 

5680
05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:06,900
Simultaneously fascinating and 
horrifying like a beautifully 

5681
05:08:06,900 --> 05:08:10,000
crafted instrument of torture 
that someone decided to wear to 

5682
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:12,100
afternoon tea. 
You've probably heard the 

5683
05:08:12,100 --> 05:08:14,900
stories about women fainting 
left and right their organs 

5684
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:17,200
rearranged like Furniture in a 
studio apartment. 

5685
05:08:17,200 --> 05:08:21,100
However, the truth about corset 
wearing was not as dramatic as 

5686
05:08:21,100 --> 05:08:23,900
the legend portray. 
It's like that friend, who tells

5687
05:08:23,908 --> 05:08:27,300
fish stories, the basic facts 
are there, but they've grown 

5688
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:31,400
considerably in the telling 
Let's first, tackle the issue of

5689
05:08:31,408 --> 05:08:35,000
the 18 inch waist in The Parlor.
Do you notice the remarkably 

5690
05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:37,400
small waists and fashion plates 
and photos? 

5691
05:08:37,400 --> 05:08:40,900
Many of them were about as real 
as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 

5692
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:44,600
Victorian photographers and 
illustrators were just as fond 

5693
05:08:44,600 --> 05:08:46,700
of creative editing, as modern 
Instagram, users. 

5694
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:50,900
They pinch in wastes in Hearts 
curves and generally, present an

5695
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:53,700
idealized version that was 
achievable has become a 

5696
05:08:53,700 --> 05:08:56,800
professional mermaid. 
But that doesn't mean corsets 

5697
05:08:56,800 --> 05:08:58,700
were just gentle supportive 
garments either. 

5698
05:08:58,700 --> 05:09:01,000
These were indeed serious 
business. 

5699
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:04,100
A well-made Victorian. 
Corset was like wearing an 

5700
05:09:04,100 --> 05:09:06,800
architectural support system 
designed by someone. 

5701
05:09:06,800 --> 05:09:10,400
Who never actually met a human 
spine, they were marvels of 

5702
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:13,500
engineering really dozens of 
pieces of whale bone or steal 

5703
05:09:13,500 --> 05:09:16,900
carefully shaped and sown into 
what was essentially a wearable 

5704
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:19,300
cage. 
The thing is, most women didn't 

5705
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:20,800
tight lace to the extreme 
degrees. 

5706
05:09:20,800 --> 05:09:24,400
You might imagine your average, 
Victorian lady star, corset 

5707
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:26,600
snugly indeed. 
But not to the extent that she 

5708
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:29,400
required smelling salts each 
time she sended a staircase. 

5709
05:09:30,400 --> 05:09:33,200
The fainting epidemic was more 
about the combination of tight 

5710
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:36,600
lacing, heavy clothing, 
overheated rooms and the 

5711
05:09:36,600 --> 05:09:39,700
Victorian ladies delicate 
Constitution, which was often 

5712
05:09:39,700 --> 05:09:43,400
more performed than genuine. 
Think of it this way, if women 

5713
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:46,000
were really fainting on Mass 
from their undergarments, the 

5714
05:09:46,000 --> 05:09:48,600
Victorian era would have been 
remarkably unproductive. 

5715
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:52,100
Yet somehow the same courses did
women? 

5716
05:09:52,100 --> 05:09:55,700
Managed to run households? 
Raise children engage in social 

5717
05:09:55,700 --> 05:09:57,800
causes and even work in 
factories. 

5718
05:09:58,600 --> 05:10:01,700
They weren't delicate flowers. 
They were surprisingly Hardy 

5719
05:10:01,700 --> 05:10:04,000
individuals who happen to dress 
like they were preparing for 

5720
05:10:04,000 --> 05:10:07,400
battle with their bodies. 
The corset also served purposes 

5721
05:10:07,400 --> 05:10:11,000
beyond the aesthetic in an era 
before bras were invented, it 

5722
05:10:11,000 --> 05:10:13,400
provided necessary support for 
women's busts. 

5723
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,600
It also helped distribute the 
weight of those massive skirts 

5724
05:10:16,600 --> 05:10:19,800
will talk about shortly. 
Imagine carrying a small tent 

5725
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:22,400
around your waist all day. 
You'd want some structural 

5726
05:10:22,400 --> 05:10:25,300
support too. 
But here's where the corsets 

5727
05:10:25,300 --> 05:10:28,800
story gets really interesting. 
It became a symbol of women's 

5728
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:31,600
oppression and Liberation 
simultaneously. 

5729
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:36,000
Critics argued that tight lacing
represented societies. 

5730
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:39,200
Control over women's bodies. 
Forcing them into unnatural 

5731
05:10:39,200 --> 05:10:41,300
shapes to please. 
Male ideals of beauty. 

5732
05:10:42,100 --> 05:10:45,000
supporters countered that the 
corset gave women an hourglass, 

5733
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:48,200
figure that emphasized, their 
femininity and Power, The 

5734
05:10:48,200 --> 05:10:51,200
medical establishment, never one
to miss an opportunity to have 

5735
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:53,400
opinions. 
About women's bodies weighed in 

5736
05:10:53,408 --> 05:10:56,100
with dial warnings about the 
dangers of tight lacing. 

5737
05:10:56,900 --> 05:11:00,600
Doctors wrote lengthy, Treasures
about corset liver and Corset 

5738
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:03,000
lung conditions. 
That sound like they were 

5739
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:05,900
invented by someone who'd never 
actually examined a corseted 

5740
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:08,400
woman but had profound feelings 
about fashion. 

5741
05:11:08,400 --> 05:11:11,400
Meanwhile the women actually 
wearing these garments had more 

5742
05:11:11,400 --> 05:11:14,400
nuanced views, many found their 
corsets comfortable and 

5743
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:18,300
supportive when properly fitted 
others endured silence suffering

5744
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:21,200
for the sake of fashion. 
Some rebelled entirely and 

5745
05:11:21,200 --> 05:11:24,000
joined the dress Reform 
movement, which sounds much more

5746
05:11:24,000 --> 05:11:27,200
exciting than it. 
Actually was imagine a group of 

5747
05:11:27,200 --> 05:11:30,100
very Earnest women campaigning 
for the right to wear clothing, 

5748
05:11:30,100 --> 05:11:33,900
that didn't require an 
engineering degree to put on The

5749
05:11:33,900 --> 05:11:36,900
corset industry itself. 
Was fascinating a complex 

5750
05:11:36,908 --> 05:11:40,200
network of Manufacturers from 
high-end Corsa tears, who 

5751
05:11:40,200 --> 05:11:43,800
created custom pieces, that fit 
like a second skin to mass 

5752
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:45,400
Market. 
Producers who turned out 

5753
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:47,600
ready-made versions for the 
growing middle class? 

5754
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:50,800
Getting a corset properly. 
Fitted was like visiting a very 

5755
05:11:50,808 --> 05:11:53,700
specialized architect, who 
worked exclusively in human 

5756
05:11:53,700 --> 05:11:56,500
modification. 
As you settle deeper into your 

5757
05:11:56,500 --> 05:11:58,700
comfortable and corseted 
evening. 

5758
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:02,100
Remember that for Victorian 
women, this daily ritual of 

5759
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:04,400
lacing and unlaced was simply 
part of life. 

5760
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:07,500
They adapted to their 
constraints with remarkable 

5761
05:12:07,500 --> 05:12:12,000
Ingenuity developing techniques 
for movement, breathing and even

5762
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:14,900
dancing while wearing, what was 
essentially a fabric covered 

5763
05:12:14,900 --> 05:12:17,100
cage. 
The human capacity for 

5764
05:12:17,100 --> 05:12:20,800
adaptation is truly remarkable. 
Even when adapting to something,

5765
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:23,900
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 
here while you adjust your 

5766
05:12:23,900 --> 05:12:26,800
position on the couch something.
Victorian women couldn't do 

5767
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:30,500
quite so easily. 
If corsets were the foundation 

5768
05:12:30,500 --> 05:12:33,900
of Victorian fashion Madness, 
then skirts with a magnificent 

5769
05:12:33,900 --> 05:12:38,300
in Practical superstructure on 
top We're talking about garments

5770
05:12:38,300 --> 05:12:40,700
that required their own 
transportation planning, and had

5771
05:12:40,700 --> 05:12:43,200
a carbon footprint larger than 
some small countries. 

5772
05:12:43,200 --> 05:12:46,600
Picture yourself, getting ready 
for a simple trip to the market 

5773
05:12:46,600 --> 05:12:50,900
in 1860 First you'd need to 
consider your skirts diameter. 

5774
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:55,100
Typically, anywhere from six to 
12 feet across that's not a 

5775
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:57,200
typo. 
We're talking about wearing a 

5776
05:12:57,200 --> 05:12:59,100
fabric tent that could house a 
small family. 

5777
05:12:59,100 --> 05:13:01,000
You couldn't just walk out the 
door. 

5778
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:04,200
You had to strategize your exit,
like you were launching a space 

5779
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:08,500
mission. the evolution of the 
Victorian skirt can be compared 

5780
05:13:08,500 --> 05:13:12,100
to a person gradually, losing 
their sense of reality, albeit 

5781
05:13:12,100 --> 05:13:16,100
in a methodical manner, it 
started reasonably enough in the

5782
05:13:16,100 --> 05:13:18,300
1840s full skirts. 
Yes. 

5783
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:21,100
But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

5784
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:24,300
Then something happened, maybe 
it was competition. 

5785
05:13:24,300 --> 05:13:27,800
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

5786
05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:30,100
wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics 

5787
05:13:30,100 --> 05:13:32,300
intervened. 
By the 1850s. 

5788
05:13:32,300 --> 05:13:34,900
The crinoline had become 
ubiquitous and irreversible. 

5789
05:13:34,900 --> 05:13:38,400
The crinoline was essentially a 
cage you wore under your skirt. 

5790
05:13:38,400 --> 05:13:41,600
Whoops of steel or whale bones 
that created a bell-shaped 

5791
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:44,100
Foundation. 
It was like wearing a personal 

5792
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,400
tent frame, except the tent was 
made of silk and you were 

5793
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:50,800
expected to waltz in it. 
The logistic of criminal in life

5794
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:53,900
was staggering doorways. 
Became navigation, challenges 

5795
05:13:53,900 --> 05:13:57,500
sitting required careful 
calculation and preferably a 

5796
05:13:57,500 --> 05:14:00,400
chair without arms. 
Getting into a carriage was like

5797
05:14:00,400 --> 05:14:03,100
solving a three-dimensional 
puzzle while wearing a small 

5798
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:06,100
building Victorian women 
developed skills, that would 

5799
05:14:06,100 --> 05:14:09,700
have made NASA Engineers weep 
with admiration and yet they 

5800
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:12,400
made it look. 
Effortless photos from the era 

5801
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:14,000
show. 
Women gliding around in these 

5802
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:16,300
massive skirts as if they were 
Perfectly Natural. 

5803
05:14:17,000 --> 05:14:20,000
However, a complex science 
underlay, the management of 

5804
05:14:20,000 --> 05:14:23,200
quinlans, women learn to 
compress their skirts, by 

5805
05:14:23,200 --> 05:14:26,400
pressing down on the Hoops to 
navigate stairs, by lifting the 

5806
05:14:26,400 --> 05:14:29,100
front of their skirts. 
Just so, and to sit by 

5807
05:14:29,100 --> 05:14:31,200
effortlessly collapsing their 
crinolines. 

5808
05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:34,300
The really magnificent part was 
how the fashion industry 

5809
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:37,900
supported this madness. 
Crinoline manufacturers competed

5810
05:14:37,900 --> 05:14:40,700
on engineering principles. 
Some crinolines. 

5811
05:14:40,700 --> 05:14:43,500
Had collapsible sections for 
sitting others featured 

5812
05:14:43,500 --> 05:14:45,500
graduated Hoops that created the
perfect. 

5813
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:49,100
Bell-shaped the advertisements 
read like technical manuals for 

5814
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:53,600
personal Transportation devices.
Crinolines had their dangers and

5815
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:56,300
not just the obvious ones like 
getting stuck in doorways or 

5816
05:14:56,300 --> 05:15:00,000
accidentally sweeping objects 
off tables fire was a genuine 

5817
05:15:00,000 --> 05:15:02,900
Hazard. 
All that fabric often treated 

5818
05:15:02,900 --> 05:15:06,900
with flammable starches and dies
combined with open Flames for 

5819
05:15:06,900 --> 05:15:10,108
lighting and Heating. 
Victorian newspapers are full of

5820
05:15:10,116 --> 05:15:13,900
tragic stories of women, who 
skirts caught fire and the width

5821
05:15:13,900 --> 05:15:16,200
of their crinolines made it 
difficult to extinguish the 

5822
05:15:16,200 --> 05:15:18,800
Flames quickly. 
Then there were the weather 

5823
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:23,100
related challenges, wind turned 
a criminal in into a sale, which

5824
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:24,900
sounds poetic Until you realize 
it meant. 

5825
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:26,400
Women could be literally blown 
off. 

5826
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:27,900
Course, during their daily 
walks. 

5827
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:32,000
Rain was particularly 
problematic, imagine trying to 

5828
05:15:32,008 --> 05:15:35,100
dry a tent that you'd been 
wearing all day, the social 

5829
05:15:35,100 --> 05:15:38,200
implications were equally 
complex, a wide. 

5830
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,400
Crinoline was a status symbol 
proof that you could afford not 

5831
05:15:41,400 --> 05:15:43,500
just the Garment itself. 
But the lifestyle that 

5832
05:15:43,500 --> 05:15:47,100
accommodated it If you could 
wear a six foot wide skirt, you 

5833
05:15:47,100 --> 05:15:50,100
didn't need to work cook clean 
or engage in any practical 

5834
05:15:50,100 --> 05:15:52,800
activity. 
It was conspicuous consumption 

5835
05:15:52,800 --> 05:15:56,400
in its most literal form. 
You were conspicuously consuming

5836
05:15:56,400 --> 05:15:58,600
space. 
But here's what makes the 

5837
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:01,600
crinoline era. 
So endearing in retrospect, the 

5838
05:16:01,600 --> 05:16:04,300
Victorian women took these 
absurd constraints and somehow 

5839
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:06,800
made them work. 
They developed elaborate 

5840
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:09,900
etiquettes for criminal in 
navigation techniques for 

5841
05:16:09,900 --> 05:16:13,500
managing their skirts in various
social situations and even 

5842
05:16:13,508 --> 05:16:16,100
Sports modified for women 
wearing personal tents. 

5843
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:19,600
Croquet became popular partly 
because it was one of the few 

5844
05:16:19,600 --> 05:16:22,600
activities or a criminal in 
wasn't a complete impediment. 

5845
05:16:23,400 --> 05:16:26,300
Dancing required choreography 
that accounted for each 

5846
05:16:26,300 --> 05:16:28,700
partner's. 
Circumference even something. 

5847
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:31,300
As simple as walking with a 
friend became an exercise in 

5848
05:16:31,300 --> 05:16:35,300
spatial coordination, The 
crinoline reached its peak 

5849
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:40,100
absurdity in the 1860s when 
skirts, achieve their maximum 

5850
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:43,300
circumference, it was as if 
Victorian fashion had been 

5851
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:46,700
steadily expanding, like a 
balloon and everyone was waiting

5852
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:49,200
to see, who would be brave 
enough to suggest that maybe, 

5853
05:16:49,200 --> 05:16:52,600
just, maybe this was getting a 
bit ridiculous. 

5854
05:16:53,900 --> 05:16:55,900
Little did they know the next 
chapter? 

5855
05:16:55,900 --> 05:16:58,900
Would involve bustles because 
apparently making skirts 

5856
05:16:58,900 --> 05:17:00,700
impossibly wide wasn't quite 
enough. 

5857
05:17:01,400 --> 05:17:03,300
The victorians were just getting
warmed up. 

5858
05:17:03,300 --> 05:17:05,900
Just when you think the 
victorians, couldn't possibly 

5859
05:17:05,900 --> 05:17:08,400
make clothing. 
More complicated Along Came the 

5860
05:17:08,400 --> 05:17:11,400
bustle era to prove that human 
Ingenuity in the service of 

5861
05:17:11,400 --> 05:17:15,000
impracticality knows no bounds. 
If the crinoline was like 

5862
05:17:15,000 --> 05:17:18,200
wearing a bell, the bustle was 
like strapping a small shelf to 

5863
05:17:18,200 --> 05:17:20,500
your posterior and pretending 
your posture was perfectly 

5864
05:17:20,500 --> 05:17:23,600
normal. 
The transition from crinoline to

5865
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:25,900
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 
gradual. 

5866
05:17:25,900 --> 05:17:29,200
It was like watching a balloon 
deflate and then re-inflate in a

5867
05:17:29,208 --> 05:17:32,600
completely different shape. 
One day, women were navigating 

5868
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:35,800
doorways sideways because of 
their wit and the next they were

5869
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:38,700
backing into rooms because their
skirts projected three feet 

5870
05:17:38,700 --> 05:17:41,300
behind them. 
It was as if Victorian fashion 

5871
05:17:41,300 --> 05:17:43,800
designers had gotten bored with 
horizontal challenges and 

5872
05:17:43,800 --> 05:17:46,000
decided to explore vertical 
possibilities. 

5873
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:50,000
The bustle itself was a Marvel 
of engineering that would have 

5874
05:17:50,000 --> 05:17:51,300
made Bridge. 
Builders jealous. 

5875
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:54,800
Early bussells were essentially 
wire cages designed to create 

5876
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:57,000
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

5877
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:00,800
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate, some had

5878
05:18:00,800 --> 05:18:03,100
Springs. 
Others featured adjustable 

5879
05:18:03,100 --> 05:18:05,900
Frameworks, and the most 
advanced models included 

5880
05:18:05,900 --> 05:18:10,200
collapsible sections for City. 
Imagine attempting to sit down 

5881
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:13,000
while wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

5882
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:15,400
bending at the waist. 
It required a carefully 

5883
05:18:15,400 --> 05:18:18,400
choreographed sequence of 
movements You'd approach the 

5884
05:18:18,408 --> 05:18:21,200
chair from the side, collapse, 
your bustle by pressing down on 

5885
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:23,200
it. 
Lower yourself carefully while 

5886
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:26,600
managing several layers of skirt
and then somehow a range all 

5887
05:18:26,608 --> 05:18:28,500
that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

5888
05:18:28,500 --> 05:18:29,600
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

5889
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:33,300
The logistics of bustle life 
were even more complex than 

5890
05:18:33,300 --> 05:18:36,100
crinoline management at least 
with the crinoline. 

5891
05:18:36,100 --> 05:18:38,400
You knew you needed extra space 
in all directions. 

5892
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,300
You never know what's going on 
behind you, when there's a 

5893
05:18:41,308 --> 05:18:44,300
bustle, Victorian women 
developed a kind of spatial 

5894
05:18:44,300 --> 05:18:46,200
awareness that modern people 
can't imagine. 

5895
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:49,600
They could sense exactly how 
much room their rear projection 

5896
05:18:49,600 --> 05:18:51,600
required and navigate 
accordingly. 

5897
05:18:52,800 --> 05:18:57,000
Doorways remain challenging, but
in new ways instead of squeezing

5898
05:18:57,000 --> 05:19:00,300
through sideways bustled women 
had to judge, angles carefully. 

5899
05:19:00,900 --> 05:19:03,900
If your approach was too steep, 
your skirt, might snag on the 

5900
05:19:03,908 --> 05:19:06,400
door frame. 
If the approach was too shallow,

5901
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:09,500
you wouldn't be able to pass. 
It was like parking a car, 

5902
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:13,500
except the car was attached to 
your body, and made of silk, The

5903
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:17,900
bustle created intriguing, 
social dynamics conversations 

5904
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:21,300
became exercises in Geometry. 
How close could you stand to 

5905
05:19:21,300 --> 05:19:23,500
someone when you were both 
wearing rear projections? 

5906
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,300
Dancing required new techniques 
and something as simple as 

5907
05:19:27,300 --> 05:19:29,700
walking arm and arm with a 
friend, became a coordination 

5908
05:19:29,700 --> 05:19:32,000
challenge, worthy of 
synchronized swimmers. 

5909
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:35,600
But perhaps the most remarkable 
thing about the bustle era was 

5910
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:39,000
how it demonstrated Victorian 
society's ability to adapt to 

5911
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:41,900
absolutely anything. 
Furniture makers, began 

5912
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:44,100
designing chairs. 
That accommodated bustles 

5913
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,300
architecture started accounting 
for the extra space women 

5914
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:49,900
required. 
Social Customs evolved to 

5915
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:51,600
handle. 
The new spatial requirements of 

5916
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:54,300
female fashion. 
The fashion plates of the era 

5917
05:19:54,300 --> 05:19:57,000
show, women looking perfectly 
composed in their bustled gowns,

5918
05:19:57,600 --> 05:20:00,200
But the reality behind the 
scenes was a constant comedy of 

5919
05:20:00,208 --> 05:20:03,800
spatial miscalculations. 
Victorian literature is full of 

5920
05:20:03,808 --> 05:20:06,400
subtle references to the 
challenges of bustled life. 

5921
05:20:07,100 --> 05:20:09,400
Women getting stuck in 
carriages, skirts, caught 

5922
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:12,500
indoors, and the general chaos 
of trying to live normally while

5923
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:14,800
wearing architectural elements 
yet. 

5924
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:18,500
Somehow Victorian women made it 
work they developed techniques 

5925
05:20:18,500 --> 05:20:22,000
for bustle maintenance 
strategies for navigation and 

5926
05:20:22,000 --> 05:20:25,300
even created new forms of social
interaction that accommodated, 

5927
05:20:25,300 --> 05:20:28,900
their enhanced silhouette's, 
Human ability to normalize. 

5928
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:32,700
The Absurd is truly impressive. 
The bustle went through several 

5929
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:36,100
iterations during his Reign. 
The first bustle area featured, 

5930
05:20:36,100 --> 05:20:39,100
relatively modest projections, 
consider it to be training 

5931
05:20:39,100 --> 05:20:40,800
wheels for posterior 
architecture. 

5932
05:20:41,900 --> 05:20:45,200
The early 1880s brought a brief 
respite, when skirts became more

5933
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:47,300
streamlined. 
Likely bringing a sense of 

5934
05:20:47,308 --> 05:20:50,800
relief to everyone, But 
Victorian fashion wasn't done 

5935
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:55,000
yet the second bustle era 
beginning in the mid-1880s 

5936
05:20:55,000 --> 05:20:57,800
brought projections that defied,
not just Comfort. 

5937
05:20:57,800 --> 05:21:00,700
But basic physics, these weren't
just bustles. 

5938
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:03,800
They were engineering Marvels, 
that critic Silhouettes. 

5939
05:21:03,800 --> 05:21:06,900
So extreme they look like 
costume designs for a play about

5940
05:21:06,908 --> 05:21:10,100
furniture. 
Final bustle designs were so 

5941
05:21:10,108 --> 05:21:13,100
elaborate, they came with their 
instruction manuals, some 

5942
05:21:13,100 --> 05:21:16,900
featured, multiple tiers, others
had adjustable angles, and the 

5943
05:21:16,900 --> 05:21:20,200
most advanced models included 
patented mechanisms for collapse

5944
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,100
and expansion. 
It was as if Victorian women 

5945
05:21:23,100 --> 05:21:26,600
were wearing Transformer robots.
Except instead of turning into 

5946
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:30,600
cars, they turned into chairs As
we move through the fashion 

5947
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:34,000
timeline, remember that each of 
these Trends lasted for years? 

5948
05:21:35,200 --> 05:21:38,500
This wasn't a brief moment of 
collective Madness, entire 

5949
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:40,600
generations of women live. 
Their daily lives. 

5950
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:43,900
In these Contraptions adapting 
with remarkable Grace to 

5951
05:21:43,900 --> 05:21:46,100
constraints that seemed 
impossible from our modern 

5952
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:48,700
perspective. 
He thought for Victorian fashion

5953
05:21:48,700 --> 05:21:50,500
was done. 
Surprising us after corsets 

5954
05:21:50,500 --> 05:21:53,900
criminals and bustles, you 
clearly underestimated their 

5955
05:21:53,900 --> 05:21:56,300
commitment to making every part 
of the human body and 

5956
05:21:56,300 --> 05:22:00,900
engineering challenge, enter the
1890 sleeve all known as the leg

5957
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:03,900
of mutton sleeve though, that 
name doesn't quite capture. 

5958
05:22:03,900 --> 05:22:06,900
The full absurdity of wearing 
water mounted to small hot air 

5959
05:22:06,900 --> 05:22:08,400
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

5960
05:22:09,500 --> 05:22:11,400
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

5961
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:13,800
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

5962
05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:16,300
movement. 
However, as the century 

5963
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:19,500
progressed slaves, began to 
expand, as if they were 

5964
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:23,000
competing with skirts for the 
title of most impractical 

5965
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:27,200
garment component. 
By the 1890s sleeves had 

5966
05:22:27,200 --> 05:22:29,100
achieved such Monumental 
proportions. 

5967
05:22:29,100 --> 05:22:31,300
That women needed to turn 
sideways to fit through 

5968
05:22:31,300 --> 05:22:34,800
doorways, not because of their 
skirts this time, but because 

5969
05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:38,700
their shoulders had effectively 
doubled in width, These garments

5970
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:41,300
were not, merely sleeves. 
They resembled fabric 

5971
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:45,300
architecture with arms hidden 
inside the Construction of a 

5972
05:22:45,308 --> 05:22:47,700
proper leg of mutton. 
Sleeve was an engineering 

5973
05:22:47,700 --> 05:22:50,800
Marvel, that required more 
planning than most modern home 

5974
05:22:50,800 --> 05:22:53,900
renovations. 
Sleeve had to be supported from 

5975
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:58,000
within using various Frameworks 
wire, whalebone or even cotton 

5976
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:00,600
padding to precise, 
configurations, to maintain the 

5977
05:23:00,600 --> 05:23:02,900
proper shape, getting dressed 
involved. 

5978
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:05,600
Not just putting on clothing, 
but assembling a complex 

5979
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:09,100
structural system. 
In imagine trying to eat dinner 

5980
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:10,800
while wearing sleeves that 
extended. 

5981
05:23:10,800 --> 05:23:14,600
Well beyond your actual arms 
band, Victorian women of eating 

5982
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:16,700
techniques that would have 
impressed contortionists. 

5983
05:23:17,300 --> 05:23:20,400
They learned to approach their 
plates at specific angles to cut

5984
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:24,000
food using carefully, calculated
our movements and to drink tea 

5985
05:23:24,000 --> 05:23:26,600
without completely obscuring, 
their faces behind walls of 

5986
05:23:26,600 --> 05:23:29,300
fabric. 
The Practical challenges were 

5987
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:31,700
endless. 
Embracing someone required 

5988
05:23:31,700 --> 05:23:34,400
strategic planning, getting into
a carriage. 

5989
05:23:34,400 --> 05:23:36,500
Meant compressing, your sleeves 
like a kordians. 

5990
05:23:36,500 --> 05:23:39,700
Even something as simple as 
reaching for an object on a 

5991
05:23:39,700 --> 05:23:42,600
shelf, became an exercise in 
spatial mathematics. 

5992
05:23:44,100 --> 05:23:45,900
Victorian. 
Women lived in a world where 

5993
05:23:45,900 --> 05:23:48,100
their clothing had a larger 
footprint than their actual 

5994
05:23:48,100 --> 05:23:50,900
bodies. 
But the sleeves were just large,

5995
05:23:50,900 --> 05:23:55,700
they were elaborately decorated,
puffed, pleated, gathered. 

5996
05:23:55,700 --> 05:23:59,100
And trimmed with every 
conceivable ornament they were 

5997
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:01,700
like, wearing two small 
ballrooms complete with their 

5998
05:24:01,700 --> 05:24:05,400
interior design schemes. 
Some sleeves featured, multiple 

5999
05:24:05,400 --> 05:24:08,800
tears of fabric, creating 
layered architectural effects, 

6000
05:24:08,800 --> 05:24:10,300
that would have made wedding 
cake. 

6001
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:13,700
Decorators weep With Envy. 
The maintenance requirements was

6002
05:24:13,700 --> 05:24:16,900
staggering these sleeves needed 
to be pressed into shape 

6003
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:19,100
regularly. 
Their internal structures are 

6004
05:24:19,100 --> 05:24:22,200
just adjusted and repairs and 
their elaborate decorations kept

6005
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:25,200
pristine. 
Victorian women employed armies 

6006
05:24:25,200 --> 05:24:28,700
of servants or spent hours the 
cells maintaining their sleeve 

6007
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:31,000
architecture. 
It was like owning a very high 

6008
05:24:31,000 --> 05:24:34,500
maintenance, pet that you water 
social events. then there were 

6009
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:37,800
the seasonal challenges, some 
are sleeves in heavy, Fabrics 

6010
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:41,600
created, portable saunas, around
women's arms Winter mint. 

6011
05:24:41,600 --> 05:24:43,500
Adding even more layers to 
already Monumental 

6012
05:24:43,500 --> 05:24:46,600
constructions. 
Rain posed, a significant 

6013
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:50,200
challenge, imagine attempting to
dry two fabric Pavilions, 

6014
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:53,700
fastened, to your shoulders, the
social implications of extreme 

6015
05:24:53,700 --> 05:24:56,900
sleeves were fascinating. 
They were clear indicators of 

6016
05:24:56,900 --> 05:24:59,700
Leisure Class status. 
If you could wear sleeves that 

6017
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:02,800
made practical work impossible, 
you obviously didn't need to 

6018
05:25:02,808 --> 05:25:06,100
engage in any, they were an 
extreme form of conspicuous 

6019
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:09,000
consumption demonstrating that 
one could afford to be 

6020
05:25:09,008 --> 05:25:12,600
completely impractical. 
But Victorian fashion wasn't 

6021
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:16,200
finished with extremities yet 
hats during the era became 

6022
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:19,500
increasingly elaborate often 
featuring entire Garden of 

6023
05:25:19,500 --> 05:25:23,100
artificial flowers, preserved, 
birds, and decorative elements. 

6024
05:25:23,100 --> 05:25:24,900
That would have been impressive 
on a parade float. 

6025
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:28,900
These worked hats. 
They were portable ecosystems 

6026
05:25:28,900 --> 05:25:30,600
that happened to sit on people's
heads. 

6027
05:25:32,000 --> 05:25:34,800
The millenary Arts reached new 
heights of complexity during the

6028
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:37,600
Victorian era. 
Hat construction involved. 

6029
05:25:37,600 --> 05:25:40,700
Multiple Specialists one person,
might create the basic 

6030
05:25:40,700 --> 05:25:42,500
structure. 
Another would handle the 

6031
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:45,300
flowers, and a third would add 
the birds and ornamental 

6032
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:47,800
elements. 
Some Victorian hats required 

6033
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:49,200
their own Structural 
Engineering. 

6034
05:25:49,200 --> 05:25:53,200
Consultations gloves. 2 became 
exercises in extremity 

6035
05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:56,000
enhancement. 
Victorian gloves were often so 

6036
05:25:56,000 --> 05:25:58,600
long they disappeared entirely 
under those enormous sleeves. 

6037
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:01,500
Creating the impression that 
women's arms simply ended in 

6038
05:26:01,500 --> 05:26:03,200
Fabrics somewhere around the 
elbow. 

6039
05:26:04,000 --> 05:26:07,400
The longest gloves extended past
the elbow requiring complex 

6040
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:09,500
systems of buttons and hooks for
removal. 

6041
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:12,400
Even shoes. 
Join the extremity enhancement 

6042
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:15,100
project. 
Victorian boots often featured 

6043
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:18,600
dozens of tiny buttons or an 
elaborate lacing system that 

6044
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:20,500
required special tools to 
fasten. 

6045
05:26:21,100 --> 05:26:24,600
Getting dressed from head to toe
could take hours and often 

6046
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:27,100
required assistance from 
servants or family members. 

6047
05:26:27,100 --> 05:26:31,300
The cumulative effect of all 
these extremity enhancements was

6048
05:26:31,300 --> 05:26:34,100
that Victorian, women became 
walking demonstrations of their 

6049
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:36,300
societies relationship with 
practicality. 

6050
05:26:37,100 --> 05:26:40,100
Which was to say they broken up 
entirely and went on speaking 

6051
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:42,400
terms. 
Now settle in for this part of 

6052
05:26:42,400 --> 05:26:45,500
our story, because we're about 
to explore how Victorian fashion

6053
05:26:45,500 --> 05:26:47,500
became more complex than quantum
physics. 

6054
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:51,900
But with more rules about 
appropriate necklines Behind all

6055
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:54,400
this sartorial Madness was a 
scientific approach to 

6056
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:56,700
respectability that would have 
impressed laboratory 

6057
05:26:56,700 --> 05:26:59,100
researchers. 
The victorians didn't just 

6058
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:02,400
randomly decide to make clothing
complicated, they developed 

6059
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:05,600
elaborate systems of social 
communication through fabric, 

6060
05:27:05,600 --> 05:27:09,000
creating a language. 
So complex, that anthropologists

6061
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:12,400
are still trying to decode it. 
The Victorian dress code wasn't 

6062
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:15,400
just about looking nice. 
It was about broadcasting your 

6063
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:20,300
moral character, social status 
economic situation marital 

6064
05:27:20,300 --> 05:27:23,100
availability and probably your 
opinion on the weather. 

6065
05:27:23,100 --> 05:27:25,900
All through carefully, 
calculated costume choices. 

6066
05:27:25,900 --> 05:27:30,200
It was like wearing a social 
media profile except in posting 

6067
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:32,800
updates. 
You changed your outfit morning.

6068
05:27:32,800 --> 05:27:36,700
Dress after noon dress, evening 
dress, calling dress, walking 

6069
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:39,100
dress, traveling dress, 
Victorian. 

6070
05:27:39,100 --> 05:27:41,700
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

6071
05:27:41,700 --> 05:27:45,100
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

6072
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:48,500
an incredibly elaborate play 
where the costumes changed every

6073
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:51,800
few hours and forgetting your 
lines mint social death. 

6074
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:55,400
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

6075
05:27:55,400 --> 05:27:58,500
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

6076
05:27:58,500 --> 05:28:01,800
of mourning, precise neckline 
depths for various social 

6077
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:05,000
occasions and exact sleeve 
lengths that communicated, 

6078
05:28:05,000 --> 05:28:08,000
whether you were available for 
courtship or properly chaperone 

6079
05:28:09,200 --> 05:28:11,700
Getting it wrong, wasn't just a 
fashion fair. 

6080
05:28:11,700 --> 05:28:14,900
It was a social catastrophe. 
That could affect your family's 

6081
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:17,900
reputation for Generations. 
Take more mourning dress for 

6082
05:28:17,900 --> 05:28:20,600
example. 
Victorian society had developed 

6083
05:28:20,600 --> 05:28:23,600
morning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

6084
05:28:23,600 --> 05:28:26,200
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

6085
05:28:26,200 --> 05:28:29,400
production Full morning, 
required, completely black 

6086
05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:31,600
clothing, with no ornamentation 
for the first year. 

6087
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,300
Then came half morning, which 
allowed for touches of white, 

6088
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:39,000
gray or purple. 
The gradations were so specific.

6089
05:28:39,000 --> 05:28:42,100
That there were etiquette books 
devoted entirely to appropriate.

6090
05:28:42,100 --> 05:28:44,200
Mourning attire, the fabric 
choices. 

6091
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:46,900
Alone were a science. 
Certain materials were 

6092
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:49,900
appropriate for certain Seasons,
social classes and life stages. 

6093
05:28:50,600 --> 05:28:54,000
Silk was appropriate for formal 
occasions cotton for everyday 

6094
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:56,900
wear wool for winter and linen 
for summer. 

6095
05:28:56,900 --> 05:29:01,900
But not just any type of silk, 
cotton, wool or linen. 

6096
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:05,700
There were dozens of varieties 
of each and choosing the wrong 

6097
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:08,400
type, could broadcast ignorance 
of social codes, more 

6098
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,200
effectively than wearing a sign.
Color. 

6099
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:14,200
Symbolism reached levels of 
complexity that would have 

6100
05:29:14,208 --> 05:29:18,000
challenged medieval Scholars. 
White symbolizes, Purity and 

6101
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:20,400
youth. 
But this symbolism is limited to

6102
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:23,100
unmarried. 
Women specific fabrics and 

6103
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:26,800
specific Seasons black 
signifies, respectability and 

6104
05:29:26,800 --> 05:29:29,400
Authority. 
Yet its significant varies based

6105
05:29:29,400 --> 05:29:33,700
on factors such as age marital 
status and the particular shade 

6106
05:29:33,700 --> 05:29:38,600
of black Purple was mourning but
also royalty but also dangerous.

6107
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:42,100
If worn by the wrong person at 
the wrong time, the trimming and

6108
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:45,800
decoration systems were equally.
Elaborate ribbons lace 

6109
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:48,600
embroidery Buttons and Bows 
weren't just decorative 

6110
05:29:48,600 --> 05:29:50,700
elements. 
They were parts of a complex 

6111
05:29:50,700 --> 05:29:53,500
Communication System. 
The amount of ornamentation 

6112
05:29:53,500 --> 05:29:56,900
appropriate for your age social 
status and the occasion, 

6113
05:29:56,900 --> 05:29:59,900
required calculations more 
complex than filing tax returns.

6114
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:03,200
Even undergarments were part of 
this social communication 

6115
05:30:03,200 --> 05:30:05,900
system. 
The right corset, shamise 

6116
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,700
drawers and petticoats weren't 
just about creating the proper 

6117
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:10,600
silhouette. 
They were about demonstrating 

6118
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:13,100
that you understood and could 
afford to participate in the 

6119
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:15,300
full complexity of Victorian 
culture. 

6120
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:18,400
The economic implications were 
staggering. 

6121
05:30:19,100 --> 05:30:21,800
A proper, Victorian ladies 
wardrobe, required a fortune, 

6122
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:25,600
not just to acquire, but to 
maintain the cleaning pressing 

6123
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:28,700
mending and updating needed to 
keep Pace with fashion changes. 

6124
05:30:28,700 --> 05:30:32,600
Meant that clothing consumed a 
significant portion of middle 

6125
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:36,400
and upper class household 
budgets dressmakers became 

6126
05:30:36,400 --> 05:30:39,900
crucial figures in Victorian 
society, not just as crafts 

6127
05:30:39,900 --> 05:30:43,700
people, but as cultural 
interpreters, A competent 

6128
05:30:43,700 --> 05:30:47,200
dressmaker didn't just so she 
guided her clients through the 

6129
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:49,900
complex social codes in bedded, 
in fashion choices. 

6130
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:54,500
She was part counselor part 
artist part, social strategist 

6131
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:58,800
and part structural engineer. 
The seasonal transitions were 

6132
05:30:58,800 --> 05:31:02,200
particularly complex. 
Sprinkling wasn't just about 

6133
05:31:02,200 --> 05:31:05,100
houses. 
It was about wardrobes summer 

6134
05:31:05,100 --> 05:31:06,700
and winter. 
Wardrobes were stored separately

6135
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:10,900
with elaborate systems for 
preservation moth prevention and

6136
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:13,700
maintaining the shapes of 
complex garments during storage.

6137
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:17,500
Fashion magazines became 
essential reading, not for 

6138
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:20,900
inspiration, but for survival. 
They provided the constantly 

6139
05:31:20,900 --> 05:31:24,100
updated information necessary to
navigate the changing rules of 

6140
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:28,000
appropriate dress. 
Reading goaties ladies book or 

6141
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:31,700
Peter's magazine wasn't Leisure.
It was continuing education in 

6142
05:31:31,700 --> 05:31:34,700
the science of social 
acceptability, The really 

6143
05:31:34,700 --> 05:31:37,200
remarkable thing is, how 
Victorian women managed to 

6144
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,600
internalize all these rules 
while making their complexion 

6145
05:31:40,600 --> 05:31:42,400
choices appear effortless and 
natural. 

6146
05:31:43,100 --> 05:31:46,000
Behind every graceful. 
Victorian lady gliding through a

6147
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:48,500
social Gathering. 
Was someone who had mastered a 

6148
05:31:48,500 --> 05:31:51,500
system of cultural 
communication, more complex than

6149
05:31:51,500 --> 05:31:53,600
most modern professional 
training programs. 

6150
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:56,800
By the 1890s, something crazy 
was happening in the world of 

6151
05:31:56,800 --> 05:31:59,400
the Victorian fashion. 
People were beginning to realize

6152
05:31:59,400 --> 05:32:02,000
that clothing should allow for 
basic human functions like 

6153
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:05,000
breathing sitting and moving 
ones are arms. 

6154
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:08,900
It took several decades for this
revolutionary concept to gain 

6155
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:12,700
traction, women's freedom, to 
move was a significant Catalyst 

6156
05:32:12,700 --> 05:32:15,600
for change. 
The dress Reform movement had 

6157
05:32:15,600 --> 05:32:19,400
been percolating throughout the 
Victorian era, led by brave, 

6158
05:32:19,400 --> 05:32:22,000
souls who dared to suggest that 
perhaps women's clothing 

6159
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:25,600
shouldn't require engineering 
degrees to operate these fashion

6160
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:29,000
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 
like, skirts that didn't require

6161
05:32:29,000 --> 05:32:32,200
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 
that acknowledge the existence 

6162
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:36,100
of human arms. 
Dr. Gustav Yeager introduced the

6163
05:32:36,108 --> 05:32:39,200
world to Woolen undergarments 
that prioritized health over 

6164
05:32:39,200 --> 05:32:42,400
silhouette manipulation. 
The rational dress movement 

6165
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:45,200
promoted clothing that allowed 
for actual physical activity. 

6166
05:32:46,200 --> 05:32:48,800
As casual clothing, that value 
Comfort over structural 

6167
05:32:48,800 --> 05:32:51,400
soundness teals gained 
popularity. 

6168
05:32:51,400 --> 05:32:54,300
It was like watching 
civilization slowly. 

6169
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:57,300
Remember that humans had bodies 
underneath all that 

6170
05:32:57,300 --> 05:33:01,700
architectural clothing? 
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 

6171
05:33:01,700 --> 05:33:04,200
delivered, a particularly 
effective blow to impractical 

6172
05:33:04,200 --> 05:33:07,900
fashion, you simply cannot ride 
a bicycle while wearing a bustle

6173
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:10,100
and Victorian. 
Women were not about to give up 

6174
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:12,800
this exciting new form of 
transportation just to maintain 

6175
05:33:12,800 --> 05:33:16,700
their rear projections. 
Cycling costumes, featured a 

6176
05:33:16,700 --> 05:33:20,000
revolutionary concept, divided 
skirts, that allowed women to 

6177
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:21,500
actually move their legs 
independently. 

6178
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:25,900
Sports in general began to 
influence fashion in ways that 

6179
05:33:25,900 --> 05:33:29,700
prioritized function over form. 
Tennis required clothing that 

6180
05:33:29,700 --> 05:33:32,800
allowed arm movement, golf 
needed skirts, that didn't 

6181
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:36,900
interfere with swing mechanics 
even croquet that most Victorian

6182
05:33:36,900 --> 05:33:39,500
of games worked better. 
When players could actually see 

6183
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:42,300
their feet and move without 
strategic planning. 

6184
05:33:43,000 --> 05:33:46,100
The influence of artistic 
movements cannot be understated.

6185
05:33:46,100 --> 05:33:51,200
The aesthetic movement promoted,
artistic dress, that prioritized

6186
05:33:51,200 --> 05:33:55,300
Beauty and comfort over rigid 
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 

6187
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:57,500
artists painted women in flowing
gowns. 

6188
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:00,500
That actually followed the lines
of the human body rather than 

6189
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:02,400
imposing geometric shapes upon 
it. 

6190
05:34:03,200 --> 05:34:05,900
It was as if artists were 
reminding Society, what people 

6191
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:08,300
actually looked like under all 
that Structural Engineering, 

6192
05:34:09,300 --> 05:34:12,300
World War one would ultimately 
bring an end to the excesses of 

6193
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:16,500
Victorian fashion but by 1900, 
the seeds of change had already 

6194
05:34:16,500 --> 05:34:19,200
begun to emerge. 
Women were entering the 

6195
05:34:19,200 --> 05:34:23,000
workforce, increasing numbers 
pursuing, higher education, and 

6196
05:34:23,000 --> 05:34:26,800
engaging in social causes that 
required practical clothing, you

6197
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:29,700
can't affectively advocate for 
social change, while wearing a 

6198
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:31,600
garment. 
That requires two people and a 

6199
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:35,000
manual to put on. 
The corset began its long, slow 

6200
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:38,400
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 
The s-curve silhouette of the 

6201
05:34:38,400 --> 05:34:40,700
early 1900s while still 
involving. 

6202
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:43,700
Serious Foundation garments 
allowed for a somewhat more 

6203
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:47,600
natural waste placement. 
Skirts began to narrow sleeves 

6204
05:34:47,600 --> 05:34:50,500
returned to more reasonable 
proportions and hat stopped. 

6205
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:52,000
Requiring their own postal 
codes. 

6206
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:54,900
Fashion magazines, began 
featuring articles about 

6207
05:34:54,900 --> 05:34:58,100
healthful dress and rational 
clothing choices. 

6208
05:34:59,100 --> 05:35:01,800
Doctors who had warned for 
decades about the dangers of 

6209
05:35:01,808 --> 05:35:04,100
tight lacing were finally 
receiving attention. 

6210
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:07,400
Social pressure for impossible 
Silhouettes, was beginning to 

6211
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:09,800
give away to the medical 
establishments concerns about 

6212
05:35:09,800 --> 05:35:11,600
corset liver and compressed 
organs. 

6213
05:35:11,600 --> 05:35:15,100
Perhaps most importantly, women 
themselves were beginning to 

6214
05:35:15,100 --> 05:35:18,100
question, why their clothing 
should be more complex than 

6215
05:35:18,100 --> 05:35:22,200
their education. 
The new woman of the 1890s and 

6216
05:35:22,200 --> 05:35:25,700
early 1900s wanted clothing, 
that matched her expanded role 

6217
05:35:25,700 --> 05:35:28,300
in society. 
Practical enough for work 

6218
05:35:28,300 --> 05:35:31,700
comfortable enough for an active
lifestyle and sensible enough to

6219
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:33,800
allow for the full range of 
human activities. 

6220
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:37,100
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete. 

6221
05:35:37,100 --> 05:35:40,900
Many Victorian fashion elements 
persisted well into the 20th 

6222
05:35:40,900 --> 05:35:43,700
century and some never entirely 
disappeared. 

6223
05:35:44,500 --> 05:35:48,400
But by 1910, the era of truly 
extreme fashion, construction 

6224
05:35:48,400 --> 05:35:51,700
was winding down. 
Women were beginning to dress 

6225
05:35:51,700 --> 05:35:54,700
like human beings rather than 
walking demonstrations of their 

6226
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:57,500
families economic status and 
their tolerance for physical 

6227
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:00,000
discomfort. 
Looking back at Victorian 

6228
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,300
fashion from our comfortable, 
modern perspective. 

6229
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:06,200
It's easy to laugh at the 
absurdity of it all, but there's

6230
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:08,800
something admirable about the 
sheer human adaptability. 

6231
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:12,400
It represented Victorian. 
Women took clothing that seems 

6232
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:15,200
impossible to live in and 
somehow built entire lives 

6233
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:18,200
around it. 
They developed skills techniques

6234
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,400
and social systems that allowed 
them to function despite wearing

6235
05:36:21,400 --> 05:36:24,800
architectural elements. 
The Victorian fashion area 

6236
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:26,700
teaches us. 
Something important about human 

6237
05:36:26,700 --> 05:36:30,600
nature, we can adapt to almost 
anything but that doesn't mean 

6238
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:34,600
we should have to Admitting that
something widely accepted is 

6239
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:37,100
actually ridiculous. 
And needs change. 

6240
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:39,800
Can often be the most 
revolutionary Act. 

6241
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:42,900
As you settle in, for a 
comfortable night's sleep in 

6242
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:44,500
your practical breathable 
pajamas. 

6243
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:47,600
Spare, a thought for those 
Victorian women who managed to 

6244
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:51,200
build Rich complex lives while 
wearing clothing that defied 

6245
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:54,200
both physics and Common Sense. 
They may not have been 

6246
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:56,700
comfortable but they were 
certainly never boring. 

6247
05:36:56,700 --> 05:36:59,300
And with that we can conclude 
one of history's. 

6248
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:02,600
Most intricate attempts to 
overly complicate daily life 

6249
05:37:02,600 --> 05:37:06,200
through fashion. 
Sweet dreams and be grateful for

6250
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:07,400
elastic, waistbands.