Halloween in 1909 | The Strange and Forgotten Traditions of a Different Time | Boring History

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Good evening. 
My friends tonight. 

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We're traveling back to an 
Autumn evening in 1909 when 

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Halloween was something quite 
different from what you know 

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today. 
There are no jump scares. 

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Waiting in this story. 
No, horror movie moments. 

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Instead you'll find flickering 
candles handmade decorations, 

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parlor games that revealed 
romantic Futures and a gentle 

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kind of magic that believed the 
boundary between worlds grew 

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thin on this particular night. 
This is Halloween before it 

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became a commercial holiday when
it was still half remembered 

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folklore, mixed with Victorian 
sentiment and genuine Community 

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warmth. 
So, before we begin, please take

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a moment to like the video and 
subscribe, and let me know where

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you're tuning in from, and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now, dim your lights, get 
comfortable, and prepare to 

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relax as we commence Picture 
yourself on the front, porch of 

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a house, and a small town in 
America on October 31st 1909. 

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It's about 5:00 in the evening 
and the light in the fall. 

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Has that special quality? 
That photographers spend their 

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whole lives, trying to get gold 
and slanting, making everything 

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it touches look like it belongs 
in a painting, you'd find in 

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your grandma's parlor. 
The air is cool. 

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Like it is in October which 
makes you happy to have a 

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cardigan or wool jacket. 
But not so cold that you need to

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hurry inside. 
You can't make the smell in the 

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air artificially. 
It's a mix of wood, smoke from 

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someone's chimney, and the 
earthy smell of leaves that fell

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yesterday and got wet in the 
rain. 

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Underneath It All. 
There's that smell of autumn 

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that can't be put into words. 
You could be in any number of 

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towns like Oberlin Ohio, Concord
Massachusetts, or Galesburg, 

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Illinois. 
In 1909 these towns. 

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All had tree-lined streets with 
Maples that were putting on 

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their annual firework show of 
color houses, that were close 

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enough to feel like neighbors, 
but far enough apart for privacy

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And a pace of life that modern 
people would find either 

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relaxing or maddeningly slow 
depending on their mood. 

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Most of the house is on your 
street are made of wood and a 

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painted insensible colors like 
white gray or sometimes a bold 

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cream. 
These are not the perfectly 

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restored. 
Victorian homes, you see in 

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historic districts today. 
These are homes that people live

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in and some of them need a 
little paint, touch-up While 

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others have porches that sack a 
little in the middle from years 

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of use. 
But they're all well taken care 

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of with walkways that are swept 
and windows that catch the 

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evening light like Amber. 
The big party that October 31st 

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1909 would become wasn't yet a 
big deal. 

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People still called it Halloween
or Halloween, which is a cute 

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old-fashioned way to say it, but
it wasn't a day that needed to 

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be planned weeks in advance or 
taken off work. 

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Kids went to school like usual 
adults went about their daily 

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lives and the parties that night
mostly took place in homes and 

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church, social halls, and said 
of turning entire neighborhoods 

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into haunted displays. 
At this time of day, the streets

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of starting to quiet down, men 
are coming home from work stores

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and offices. 
They are walking home because in

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a town like this, most things 
are close enough to walk to 

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Their dressed up in suits but 
not because it's a special 

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occasion. 
That's just what men water work.

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They were Dark Wolf suits with 
vests pocket watches on chains 

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and hats that they would hang 
on, Coach Rex as soon as they 

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got home. 
Women can be seen through lip 

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Windows moving around their 
kitchens in the strange, dance 

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of making dinner. 
In 1909 cooking dinner, didn't 

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mean following an online recipe 
or reheating? 

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Something from the store. 
It was a big deal that needed 

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constant attention coal or wood 
stoves ingredients that had been

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picked out the day before or 
that morning and skills that 

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took years to learn and were 
passed down through generations.

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Like family heirlooms The kids 
are all excited and this is 

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where Halloween starts to show 
itself. 

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Their parents are trying to keep
them calm until after dinner, 

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they will be parties tonight 
after dinner and the dishes are 

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done, not the kind you're 
thinking of with loud music and 

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lots of people, you don't know. 
These are Gatherings and parlors

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and church basements where games
will be played. 

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Fortunes will be told and the 
line between the normal world 

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and something a little stranger 
will seem to blur for a few 

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hours. 
You can tell it's full from the 

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porch as the evening gets 
darker. 

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There are things that make it 
clear that this is full no 

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matter what year it is. 
There a pumpkin on the porches? 

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These are not the carved 
Jacqueline's that will become 

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popular later. 
Instead they are whole pumpkins,

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some of which are quite large 
that were bought from local 

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farms to be used as decorations 
and eaten later. 

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Some might have simple faces 
carved into them, just as many 

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are left hole. 
The orange color is enough to 

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make them look like Christmas. 
People have tied corn stalks to 

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the railings of their porches in
the posts of their fences. 

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There are already dry and 
rustling in the light evening 

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Breeze. 
Making a sound that is both sad 

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and somehow comforting. 
Some homes, have put them 

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together in shocks, which are 
tent-like structures. 

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That farmers use in fields, but 
are smaller for decoration. you 

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might also see gourds in 
different shapes Autumn Leaves 

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tied together in bundles and 
maybe some pots with late 

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blooming chrysanthemums in the 
Decorations from 1909 are 

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handmade seasonal and temporary,
which shows a different way of 

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thinking about material Goods. 
There are no plastic or mass 

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produced items. 
Here, everything has been made 

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bought or found locally. 
These decorations won't be put 

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away in labeled storage bins for
next year when November comes 

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instead, they'll be composted 
burned or return to the ground. 

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And new ones will be made in 
October. 

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When it starts to get dark, 
which happens around 6:00 in 

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late October 1909 without 
daylight saving time. 

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You see candles being lit and 
windows in 1909. 

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There are electric light's, but 
they aren't everywhere, 

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especially in small towns and 
rural areas. 

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A lot of homes, still, use 
gaslights or kerosene lamps, 

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even homes with their 
electricity, might use, candles 

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to night to set the mood. 
These aren't the fake flameless 

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LED candles you have now or even
the scented candles that come in

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pretty jars. 
These candles are made of Tallow

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or beeswax and some are 
hand-dipped While others are 

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molded. 
They all give off a warm 

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slightly. 
Flickering light. 

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That makes every room look like 
a painting by a Dutch Master. 

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The light doesn't fill rooms 
like, electric bulbs do instead.

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It makes pools of light 
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 

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which makes homes, look, both 
cozy and mysterious. 

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To get a better idea of what 
Halloween meant in 1909. 

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You need to go back. 
Even further in time to when 

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this night had other names and 
served other purposes. 

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Don't worry, this won't be a 
boring history class. 

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Think of it more like figuring 
out the layers of tradition that

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have built up on this day over 
time like rings on a tree. each 

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layer adds meaning without 
completely erasing what came 

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before it Like many stories from
October. 

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This one starts with the ancient
Celts who lived in what is now 

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Ireland? 
Scotland, Wales and parts of 

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France, thousands of years ago. 
Saman was a festival that people

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pronounced sow in like the 
female pig, not some Haines, 

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which is what most people think.
The cells thought of winter as a

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time of death, just like they 
thought of spring as a time of 

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life. 
Some Haines mock the end of the 

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harvest season and the start of 
winter. 

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But from your cozy spot in the 
present, here's what makes 

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samane interesting. 
It wasn't mostly a scary 

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holiday. 
Yes. 

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The Celts thought that the line 
between the living world and the

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world of the Dead became less 
clear on this night. 

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Yes, they believed that Spirits 
could cross over but they didn't

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respond with fear instead. 
They were friendly, but careful,

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they left food out for wandering
Spirits lit. 

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Bonfires to help The Souls of 
the Dead, find their way and 

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were happy to be able to talk to
their ancestors who had died. 

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Picture this. 
Once a year, the barrier between

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you and your beloved 
grandmother, who died becomes. 

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So thin that she can come over 
for dinner. 

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You wouldn't lock the doors in 
fear instead, you'd set an extra

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place at the table and hope 
she'd share her knowledge with 

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you one more time. 
That was more like the spirit of

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Sammy and the scary Halloween. 
We know today. 

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Has Christianity spread through 
Celtic lands, which took 

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hundreds of years and wasn't a 
single dramatic conversion. 

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Moment the church did something 
smart that they had done with 

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many Pagan festivals. 
Instead of trying to get rid of 

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some Haines completely, they 
just took it in and made All 

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Saints Day on November 1st and 
All Souls day on November 2nd. 

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All Hallows Eve was the night 
before All Saints Day. 

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Over time, it became Halloween. 
this Christian layer didn't get 

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rid of the older traditions 
instead, it baptized them giving

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them new meanings while the old 
ones still echoed underneath It 

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became a Christian tradition to 
like candles for the dead, but 

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it wasn't that different from 
the Celtic bonfires. 

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The idea that the dead was 
somehow closer on this night 

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stayed the same, but it was seen
through a different religious 

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lens. 
When these Customs got to 

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America mostly through Irish and
Scottish immigrants in the 

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1800s. 
They had already changed a 

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little from where they came 
from. 

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The immigrants brought memories 
of home that were part real 

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folk, practice, and part 
romanticized, nostalgia. 

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They remembered the parties, the
game's the fortune telling, and 

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the general feeling that this 
night was special, even if they 

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were not sure why it had started
Halloween In America, still 

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figuring out who it is in 1909, 
it won't be a holiday for kids 

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to get candy until the 1950s in 
Stead. 

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Its mostly an evening for teens 
and young adults to hang out, 

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play games. 
And most importantly tell 

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fortunes about love. one of the 
most common beliefs about 

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Halloween, which has changed 
over time, is that it was a good

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night to find out what your love
life would be like, in the 

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future people who celebrated 
Halloween in 1909, probably 

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didn't know much about some 
Maine's history, all the 

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complicated theological talks 
that went on in the medieval 

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Church They know that their 
grandparents and parents 

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celebrated this night that there
are certain things you do on 

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Halloween, and that there's 
something nice and mysterious 

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about a night. 
When you look into the future 

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and realize that the world might
be Stranger Than it, seems you 

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could say that this is Halloween
in the middle of a change. 

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It has changed a lot since it's 
folk groups, but it hasn't yet 

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become the commercial Powerhouse
of your time. 

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It lives in this interesting. 
Middle ground where folk 

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Traditions mixed with Victorian 
parlor games, rural Harvest 

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celebrations, mixed with Urban 
social entertainment, and real 

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belief in the Supernatural turns
into playful superstition. 

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Once the sun goes down in your 
1909 neighborhood, the real work

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of getting ready for Halloween 
begins. 

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Inside the houses, this is where
you'd see how people celebrated 

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holidays in the past compared to
now, There are no costume shops 

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know places to buy a lot of 
pre-made decorations and no 

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party supply. 
Warehouses, you have to make 

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everything by hand for tonight 
to be special and making things 

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is part of the celebration 
itself. 

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Let's take a look inside a 
normal home. 

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That is hosting a Halloween 
party. 

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Parlor has changed. 
If you don't know what a parlor 

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is, it's the formal sitting room
where guests were entertained. 

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In homes of working class or 
middle class people. 

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This might be the only room 
besides bedrooms, that is used 

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for both everyday, living and 
special events. 

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In wealthier homes. 
The Parlor was used for guests 

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while the family used a less 
formal sitting room for everyday

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life. 
The everyday Furniture has been 

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moved around to make more room 
for tonight's Gathering. 

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Heavy, upholstered, chairs and 
settees which are made to last 

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for generations and weigh about 
as much as modern cars have been

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pushed back against the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

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for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

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Keep in mind that this is 9909 
and Victorian manners are still 

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affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

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making things a little more 
relaxed. 

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00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,200
The decoration show both 
creativity and a lack of it. 

229
00:12:31,100 --> 00:12:33,800
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

230
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,100
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

231
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:40,600
Some one, probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

232
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:44,100
youngest siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

233
00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:48,400
paper, making them into circles 
and sticking them together with 

234
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,500
flour pace. 
Some of the circles in the 

235
00:12:51,508 --> 00:12:54,600
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

236
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:56,900
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand. 

237
00:12:56,900 --> 00:13:01,000
There are cutouts of black cats 
witches on broomsticks and 

238
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,900
Crescent moons on the walls. 
these were probably copied from 

239
00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:08,500
templates in women's magazines, 
like, Ladies Home Journal or 

240
00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:11,800
woman's Home Companion, which 
often had craft projects for 

241
00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:15,600
holidays The Silhouettes are 
simple and easy to recognize, 

242
00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:19,300
and they make the room feel 
festive without being too scary.

243
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:23,900
This decoration is meant to make
you feel playful and mysterious 

244
00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:27,300
not scared. 
The Jackal and is probably the 

245
00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:31,500
most atmospheric decoration, but
in 1909, it might have been a 

246
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:34,700
turnip planted or a hollowed out
gored of a pumpkins. 

247
00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:38,700
The custom of carving, 
vegetables until Lantern started

248
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:42,300
in Ireland, and Scotland, where 
they used turnips and rutabagas 

249
00:13:42,300 --> 00:13:45,600
at first. 
Irish immigrants brought the 

250
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:49,600
tradition to America and found 
that pumpkins worked even better

251
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:53,000
because they were bigger softer 
and easier to carve. 

252
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,800
The jack-o'-lantern on the table
or mantle piece has a face that 

253
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,100
is more funny than scary. 
The features are simple, a 

254
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:04,908
triangular nose and eyes, a gap,
tooth grin, and a lot of 

255
00:14:04,916 --> 00:14:09,100
patience and a strong knife. 
Candle flickers inside making 

256
00:14:09,100 --> 00:14:11,900
the face look like it's moving 
and dancing in the low light. 

257
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:14,900
The smell of slightly burnt. 
Pumpkin flesh. 

258
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:18,200
Adds to the mood mixing with the
other smells of the night. 

259
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:21,900
The king of smells, the house is
full of them, which might be too

260
00:14:21,900 --> 00:14:24,400
much for someone who is used to 
Modern air conditioning and 

261
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:28,100
places that don't smell. 
The smell of wood smoke from the

262
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:32,000
stove, the Tang of apples from a
bowl waiting to be used in the 

263
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,700
evenings games. 
The sweet spicy smell of cider 

264
00:14:35,700 --> 00:14:38,800
warming on the stove and the 
smell of a house that has been 

265
00:14:38,808 --> 00:14:40,800
closed up against the cooling 
evenings. 

266
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:45,700
It's a mix of wood fabric old 
paper and people living there 

267
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:47,700
that isn't bad. 
But is very alive. 

268
00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:50,100
People are getting ready for the
snacks. 

269
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:52,300
That will be served later in the
dining room or kitchen. 

270
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:55,900
This isn't a full meal. 
Guess what would have eaten 

271
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:58,400
dinner at home before coming 
instead? 

272
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:02,800
It's what people of this time 
called light refreshments This 

273
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:06,000
usually means cider, both 
regular, and maybe some spike 

274
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:10,400
for the adults cookies or small 
cakes, Candy, Apple's popcorn 

275
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:14,200
balls, and maybe roasted nuts. 
The kitchen is a place where 

276
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,700
people work hard. 
Stove whether it's a cold rain, 

277
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:20,500
or one of the newer gas models 
has been going for hours, 

278
00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:22,800
keeping the right temperature 
for each dish. 

279
00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:28,400
In 1909 baking was more like 
chemistry done by Instinct and 

280
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:30,800
experienced and following exact 
recipes. 

281
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:33,600
A woman who has been in charge 
of a household. 

282
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,400
For years, can tell if the oven 
is at the right temperature by 

283
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:38,400
how quickly a piece of paper 
Browns. 

284
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,600
She can also tell if bread is 
done by the sound, it makes when

285
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:44,900
tapped on the bottom Treats 
being made based on both 

286
00:15:44,900 --> 00:15:47,700
tradition and what is going on 
in farming in October. 

287
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:51,500
Apples are a big part of this 
time of year because it's the 

288
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:54,600
height of apple season and 
they've been a big part of 

289
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:58,100
Halloween 400 of years. 
Some apples are being handed, by

290
00:15:58,100 --> 00:16:01,700
dipping them in a mix of sugar, 
corn syrup and red food 

291
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:04,600
coloring, and then letting them 
hard on waxed paper. 

292
00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:08,500
Sticky and what difficult 
process that makes treats. 

293
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:11,200
That are so sweet. 
They hurt your teeth and so 

294
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:12,900
hard. 
You have to work hard to chew 

295
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:15,000
them. 
Some apples are meant for games.

296
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:18,200
Instead of eating, they've been 
polished until they shine and 

297
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,400
put in a big metal tub or wooden
barrel. 

298
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:22,900
That will be filled with water 
for apple bobbing. 

299
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:26,000
This is one of the most 
traditional and popular 

300
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,000
Halloween activities, even 
though it's hard and not very 

301
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,800
dignified. 
A big pot on the stove is making

302
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:34,600
popcorn. 
The colonels were bought in bulk

303
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,300
from a general store, and a 
captain in a jar in the pantry. 

304
00:16:37,900 --> 00:16:39,700
You have to keep an eye on the 
pot and shake it. 

305
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:42,300
Hard to keep the popcorn from 
burning in 1909. 

306
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:46,300
After they pop, the fluffy white
kernels will be shaped into 

307
00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:49,000
balls and held together with 
molasses or sugar syrup. 

308
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,900
These treats are part candy 
Parts, snack and all seasonal 

309
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:56,600
usually more than one generation
works together to make these 

310
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:58,800
drinks. 
The grandmother of the house 

311
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,100
might be in charge while her 
daughter, does the harder work, 

312
00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:04,900
the kids can help with easy 
tasks like polishing apples or 

313
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:06,900
counting out cookies onto 
serving plates. 

314
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:11,000
Even getting ready as a kind of 
visit since family members work 

315
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,000
together and talk about the days
of events, gossip and opinions. 

316
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:19,800
Time for guests to arrive draws 
near probably around 7 or 7:30 

317
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,700
in the evening. 
Final check of the preparation 

318
00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:26,099
is made. 
Are there enough seats is the 

319
00:17:26,099 --> 00:17:29,300
jack-o-lantern in a place? 
Where people can see it, but not

320
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:33,300
accidentally. 
Knock it over the game set up is

321
00:17:33,300 --> 00:17:36,100
the fire in the fireplace. 
Keeping the room warm without 

322
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:39,000
making it too hot. 
The house is red. 

323
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,400
Is it going to get? 
It's changed from how it usually

324
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:44,500
looks and to something special. 
The changes isn't big. 

325
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,300
No one would think this is 
anything other than a nice 

326
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:50,200
middle class home, but there is 
a purpose behind it. 

327
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,500
It seems like effort has been 
made to make the place feel 

328
00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:55,200
right for this mysterious 
Knight. 

329
00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:59,600
As guests start to arrive 
walking through the darkening 

330
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:02,200
streets because most people live
close enough that they don't 

331
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:06,700
need cars, the real heart of a 
1909 Halloween party starts to 

332
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:11,100
show itself. this is a night 
mostly for games, but not just 

333
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,800
any games, these games are meant
to show you what your romantic 

334
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,700
future will be like these days 
Halloween is less about 

335
00:18:18,700 --> 00:18:22,100
costumes, and candy and more 
about young people, trying to 

336
00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:25,400
figure out who they might marry 
You need to know what's going on

337
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:27,900
in society to understand why 
this is so important. 

338
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,700
Romantic relationships in 1909 
were both more limited and more 

339
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:36,400
important than they are now. 
Young men and women didn't date.

340
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,400
A lot of people at once lived 
together before, getting married

341
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,300
or spend years, trying to figure
out what they wanted. 

342
00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:46,300
Courtship was a serious matter 
that had real effects on 

343
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:49,400
people's lives and finances. 
And marriage was the most 

344
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:53,900
important thing that happened to
most people, the women, So an 

345
00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:57,400
evening of games that might show
you your romantic future wasn't 

346
00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:01,400
just a fun way to pass the time.
It was a way to deal with a real

347
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:04,200
worry through the socially 
acceptable form of light, 

348
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,700
hearted superstition. 
No one really thought that 

349
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:10,100
bobbing for apples could tell 
them who their future spouse 

350
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:12,600
would be, but no one really 
didn't believe it either. 

351
00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:16,000
It was in that comfortable space
between what is certain? 

352
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:20,000
And what is possible that makes 
folklore work. 

353
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:23,500
The host family greets, the 
first guests at the door and for

354
00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:25,300
a brief moment. 
People move from the cold, 

355
00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,700
October night to the warm 
candlelit. 

356
00:19:27,700 --> 00:19:30,800
Inside people, take off their 
coats and hang them on the 

357
00:19:30,808 --> 00:19:33,400
coach. 
And the hall hats are carefully.

358
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,500
Put on the right surfaces people
greet each other properly, which

359
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:41,400
may seem stiff to Modern people,
but gives social interactions 

360
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:44,600
are comfortable structure. 
Most of the guests, a young 

361
00:19:44,608 --> 00:19:46,600
people in their late, teens and 
early 20s. 

362
00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:50,400
Some older friends or family 
members might come along to keep

363
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,700
an eye on them or just because 
Community social events aren't 

364
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:55,900
as age segregated. 
As they will be later. 

365
00:19:55,900 --> 00:19:59,400
Everyone is wearing their best 
clothes which aren't fancy 

366
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,000
formal clothes but nice a day or
evening clothes that show 

367
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:04,600
respect for the event and the 
hosts. 

368
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,100
The game start, when enough 
people are there to make a real 

369
00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:10,500
party. 
And the first game is almost 

370
00:20:10,500 --> 00:20:14,500
always apple bobbing, which is 
an old game that somehow manages

371
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,600
to be both silly and serious. 
At the same time, the Apple's 

372
00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:20,300
are floating on the surface of 
the big tub or barrel of water. 

373
00:20:20,300 --> 00:20:23,800
They bob up and down slowly 
making them look like they are 

374
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:26,900
easy to catch. 
The rule is simple. 

375
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:30,800
You can only catch an apple with
your mouth, not your hands. 

376
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,700
The truth is that it's a lot 
harder, especially when you 

377
00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:38,000
think about how strict fashion 
and propriety were in 1909. 

378
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:43,000
The young women wear blouses or 
dresses with high collars and 

379
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:47,000
fancy fronts that absolutely 
cannot get wet without causing 

380
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,700
real social problems. 
The young men wear collars that 

381
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,800
will Wilt right away. 
If they get wet ruining the 

382
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:55,800
carefully, starched look, they 
had before. 

383
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,400
So the game is all about trying 
to keep your dignity while you 

384
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:03,200
dunk your face into cold water 
and Chase slippery apples around

385
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:06,200
with your teeth. 
The first Brave person to try 

386
00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:09,900
usually walks up to the tub with
confidence, but that confidence 

387
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:11,800
quickly Fades after the first 
try. 

388
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:16,200
The Apple moves away just as 
your mouth gets to it, pushed by

389
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,400
the ripples, your own movement 
makes you come up sputtering. 

390
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:23,000
And your friends laugh at you, 
your hair is wet and your pride 

391
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,300
is a little hurt. 
But social pressure and real 

392
00:21:26,300 --> 00:21:29,200
fun, make you want to try again.
And if you're lucky, you're 

393
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:31,900
persistent, you finally win with
an apple in your mouth. 

394
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:35,400
Tradition says that the first 
person to Bob, an apple will be 

395
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:37,000
the first person in the group to
get married. 

396
00:21:37,900 --> 00:21:40,800
This is where the Romantic 
fortune telling part comes from.

397
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,700
It doesn't really matter. 
If anyone believes this, the 

398
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:48,000
attempt is Fun. 
The success is a small win and 

399
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,500
the prophecy gives you something
to laugh about for the rest of 

400
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:53,500
the night. 
And other fun game is to hang 

401
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:56,500
Donuts or apples on strings that
are attached to a rod or the 

402
00:21:56,508 --> 00:21:58,800
ceiling. 
People have to weak the treat 

403
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:01,700
that is hanging without using 
their hands, which is harder 

404
00:22:01,700 --> 00:22:04,300
than it sounds because the 
target moves away with each 

405
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:06,700
bite. 
The good thing about this game 

406
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:10,200
is that it keeps everyone's 
clothes mostly dry while still 

407
00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:13,600
being funny and hard. 
There are also quieter more 

408
00:22:13,600 --> 00:22:16,500
mysterious games that use real 
divination instead of just 

409
00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:20,200
playing to win. 
One of the oldest ones is to sit

410
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:22,000
in a dark room in front of a 
mirror. 

411
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:25,300
Eat an apple by candlelight. 
And look over your shoulder. 

412
00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:27,300
Into the mirror, as midnight 
approaches. 

413
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,500
People say that if you look in 
there, you will see the face of 

414
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:34,900
your future spouse. 
Not many people take this ritual

415
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:38,600
seriously they usually laugh 
make nervous jokes and feel 

416
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:40,200
better when nothing strange 
happens. 

417
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,800
But the attempt shows that 
Halloween is supposed to be a 

418
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,100
night when the normal rules are 
broken and you might see 

419
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:50,000
something Beyond normal reality.
Putting nuts on the half of the 

420
00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:52,200
fireplace, is another way to 
tell the future. 

421
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,200
Two nuts are named after a 
couple and as they heat up their

422
00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,500
behavior is supposed to show, 
what will happen in the future 

423
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:02,600
of the relationship. 
The relationship will be good if

424
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:04,500
the nuts burn quietly next to 
each other. 

425
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,300
If they pop and jump apart, the 
love is over. 

426
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:12,200
The fact that nutty behavior 
when heated probably has more to

427
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,000
do with moisture content than 
mystical Revelation, doesn't 

428
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,300
make anyone less interested in 
seeing their romantic future. 

429
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:20,600
Supposedly revealed in little 
explosions. 

430
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,800
Another way to tell the future 
is to peel apples. 

431
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:28,000
The goal is to peel an apple in 
one long unbroken strip of skin 

432
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:30,300
and then throw the peel over 
your shoulder. 

433
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,100
The way, the peel lands is said 
to make the first letter of your

434
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:37,500
future spouse's name. 
You need to be good at peeling 

435
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:39,900
apples and have a lot of 
imagination to figure out what 

436
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,100
the shape's mean since they 
don't usually look like letters.

437
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:46,600
In between these more 
traditional activities, people 

438
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:48,300
play card games and parlor 
games. 

439
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:52,700
People play games like charades 
Progressive, Yuka and other 

440
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,700
guessing games that were popular
at the time. 

441
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:58,200
The game's meant to help people 
who don't know each other well 

442
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:02,000
get to know each other better. 
They are so social, not solitary

443
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,600
and competitive but not 
cutthroat. 

444
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,200
The entertainment for the 
evening, shows a different way 

445
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:10,700
of dealing with boredom and fun 
than you're used to. 

446
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:17,000
When conversation slows down in 
1909, there are no TVs phones or

447
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,400
Internet. 
To look at people have learned 

448
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,400
how to make entertainment 
instead of just watching it and 

449
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:24,500
they have the skills and 
patience to do things that 

450
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:26,500
require a lot of focus and 
engagement. 

451
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:30,900
This means that charades which 
might seem old-fashioned or 

452
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:34,200
boring to someone who is used to
constant digital stimulation. 

453
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,800
Can be really fun when it's the 
only thing to do and the 

454
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:42,300
audience is good at both acting 
and guessing the slow pace of 

455
00:24:42,300 --> 00:24:45,700
the evening getting games ready,
playing them and finishing them.

456
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:50,100
Feels nice and stead of boring 
because no one is always 

457
00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,900
comparing it to faster. 
Pace options as the evening goes

458
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:56,400
on and the parlor games come to 
a natural end. 

459
00:24:56,400 --> 00:25:00,100
Someone suggests one of the most
popular Halloween traditions of 

460
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:02,100
the time a walk through the 
night. 

461
00:25:03,100 --> 00:25:05,900
This wasn't a plan to vent like 
trick-or-treating would later 

462
00:25:05,900 --> 00:25:09,700
become instead it was an 
unplanned trip into the dark. 

463
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:11,600
That served many purposes at 
once. 

464
00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:15,400
For the teams at the party, a 
night, walk gave them something 

465
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,800
rare in a time when adults were 
always watching them some 

466
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,500
privacy. 
Chaperones might go with the 

467
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:23,700
group. 
But once everyone was spread out

468
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:27,300
along a dark Country Road or 
Village Street, couples could 

469
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:30,300
drift apart a little and have 
short conversations without old 

470
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:34,500
people watching every move. 
It wasn't exactly scandalous but

471
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:37,200
it was a rare chance to be alone
with someone in a world where 

472
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:38,700
most courtship happened in 
public. 

473
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:41,900
The group meets in the front 
hall and gets their coats and 

474
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:43,300
wraps from where they left them 
earlier. 

475
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:47,900
The women put on wool cloaks or 
coats and sometimes shawls to 

476
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:51,900
keep warm the men put on their 
suits and overcoats as well as 

477
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,000
the hats that no respectable 
person would go outside without 

478
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:59,500
someone like to Lantern either 
an oil lamp or a flash light if 

479
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:02,000
they are lucky enough to have 
one of those newfangled devices.

480
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:07,500
The moon, if it is visible also 
provides a light, once your eyes

481
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:10,600
get used to it. 
Going outside is like going to A

482
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,900
Whole New World. 
The air has that crisp clear 

483
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:17,300
quality that Autumn nights have 
the temperature has dropped a 

484
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,800
lot since sunset. 
Cold feels good in stead of bad,

485
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:24,800
when you breathe, you make small
clouds that quickly disappear. 

486
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,300
The smells from earlier in the 
evening like would smoke and 

487
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:30,000
damp leaves have gotten 
stronger. 

488
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:34,000
He might even be able to smell 
Frost even though it hasn't 

489
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,500
gotten cold enough yet. 
It's hard to imagine how dark it

490
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:39,900
was in 1909 in most places 
today. 

491
00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:43,800
There aren't any street lights 
in neighborhoods, porch lights. 

492
00:26:43,808 --> 00:26:46,800
That stay on all night or 
shopping centers, or Office 

493
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:50,600
Buildings that give off light. 
The windows of individual homes,

494
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:53,900
let in warm light. 
But these little spots of light 

495
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:56,300
only make the darkness around 
them seem deeper. 

496
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:00,200
Skies clear, the stars are 
beautiful. 

497
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,800
Lots of light that people in 
your time usually only see in 

498
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:07,700
planetariums the group leaves 
without a specific destination 

499
00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:10,400
in mind. 
They walk along streets and 

500
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,800
paths that everyone knows during
the day, but that look different

501
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,800
at night. 
Landmarks that are easy to find.

502
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:21,000
Turn into strange shapes. 
The tree that marks the edge of 

503
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,100
someone's property, becomes a 
shadowy figure against the sky, 

504
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:28,000
which is a little lighter. 
You don't notice the fence you 

505
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,500
pass every day until you trip 
over it and need to pay 

506
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:33,400
attention to it. 
Voices sound different at night 

507
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,800
than they do during the day, 
they sound clearer and farther 

508
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,600
away. 
The group's talking makes a 

509
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,500
bubble of human sound. 
That is surrounded by the sound 

510
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:46,300
of the night. 
Like the rustling of leaves, The

511
00:27:46,300 --> 00:27:49,700
Barking, of a dog in the 
distance, the hooting of an owl 

512
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:53,000
and the wind moving through bare
branches with a sound like 

513
00:27:53,008 --> 00:27:56,700
running water. 
These natural sounds aren't 

514
00:27:56,700 --> 00:27:59,000
scary. 
They're more like friends. 

515
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:02,900
Reminding us that the dark is 
full of life going about its 

516
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:05,300
business. 
While the group is walking, 

517
00:28:05,300 --> 00:28:07,800
someone might tell ghost stories
or stories about the area. 

518
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:12,800
In 1909 every town had these 
things the house where someone 

519
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:16,100
died in a strange. 
Way 50 years ago, the crossroads

520
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:18,200
were a headless horseman is said
to ride. 

521
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:22,300
Washington Irving story was 
published in 1820 and had become

522
00:28:22,308 --> 00:28:25,000
very popular and the cemetery 
where lights are. 

523
00:28:25,008 --> 00:28:28,900
Sometimes seemed floating among 
the graves These stories aren't 

524
00:28:28,900 --> 00:28:31,900
meant to scare you. 
Remember, it's a gentle 

525
00:28:31,900 --> 00:28:34,500
Halloween. 
They're meant to remind you, 

526
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:36,700
that there might be mysteries in
the world that you don't see 

527
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:40,100
every day. 
The Storyteller talks in a low 

528
00:28:40,108 --> 00:28:43,800
voice, not to scare everyone but
because it seems right to talk 

529
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:45,600
quietly about these things in 
the dark. 

530
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:49,400
The people who hear it. 
Laugh nervously and shiver a 

531
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:51,800
lot. 
Showing fear more than feeling 

532
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:54,700
it. 
If the group goes past a 

533
00:28:54,700 --> 00:28:58,000
cemetery which is often close to
homes and small towns, they 

534
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:01,300
might stop at the fence, not to 
go in because that would be 

535
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:04,900
disrespectful to the dead, but 
to recognize the place and maybe

536
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:07,000
think of friends and family who 
are buried there. 

537
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:10,700
The victorians and edwardians 
had a complicated relationship 

538
00:29:10,700 --> 00:29:13,300
with death. 
They were more familiar with it 

539
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,100
than people today, because it 
happened at home instead of in 

540
00:29:16,100 --> 00:29:17,600
hospitals and the death rate was
higher. 

541
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,000
They were also more sentimental 
about it. 

542
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:23,200
The walk could take you to a 
place that is important to the 

543
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:27,200
area like a Hilltop with a view 
of the countryside, a bridge 

544
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,500
over a stream or a big old tree 
that has been a landmark for 

545
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:33,700
Generations. 
These places the group might 

546
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:38,300
stop not for any planned reason,
but just to enjoy the night, the

547
00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:42,100
October are and being young 
alive and part of a community. 

548
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:45,900
this nightwalk gives some of the
group a chance to think about 

549
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:49,000
the deeper, meaning of 
Halloween, it's easier to 

550
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:52,500
believe that the veil Between 
Worlds is really thinner and 

551
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,400
that those who have died a 
really closer when you stand in 

552
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,700
the dark Under the Stars, these 
thoughts don't have to be 

553
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:02,500
scaredy it comforting rather 
than scary to think that your 

554
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:05,100
grandmother, or a friend who is 
passed away, might be nearby. 

555
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:09,700
Cycle parts of the Walker 
Charming in their own way. 

556
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:13,400
Women walk through the dark 
while wearing long skirts that 

557
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,700
get caught on plants and shoes 
that aren't meant for rough 

558
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:19,500
ground. 
Men offer their arms to help 

559
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:23,500
women over hard places, which is
both practical and romantic. 

560
00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:26,400
The person carrying the lantern 
becomes important. 

561
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,000
For a short time, they hold the 
light that keeps everyone on the

562
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:31,700
path and draw the group's 
attention. 

563
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:34,900
Eventually the group goes home 
because it's too cold. 

564
00:30:34,900 --> 00:30:37,400
It's too late. 
Or they're just too tired from 

565
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:38,600
all the fun. 
They had that night. 

566
00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:43,400
The walk back often seemed short
of the walk out, which is what 

567
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,100
happens when you walk home. 
People might be talking less now

568
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,400
and thinking more and the energy
from early in the evening as 

569
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:52,200
turned into satisfied, 
tiredness. 

570
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,800
As they get closer to the house 
with the party started, the warm

571
00:30:56,800 --> 00:30:58,400
light coming through the 
windows. 

572
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:01,500
Looks a inviting after being in 
the dark for a while. 

573
00:31:02,300 --> 00:31:04,900
The group is grateful for the 
warmth and light when they come 

574
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:08,400
back in, especially since it's 
so cold and dark outside. 

575
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:13,800
This change from dark to light 
and cold to warm is small. 

576
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:17,300
But it touches on something. 
Deep down that makes a home, 

577
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:23,000
feel like a safe place. once 
back in the warm house with cold

578
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:26,300
cheeks and hair that have been 
messed up by the wind, The 

579
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:29,300
conversation often turns to the 
spooky part of Halloween. 

580
00:31:30,300 --> 00:31:33,900
But in 1909 beliefs in the 
Supernatural are in a strange 

581
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:37,700
Place between real faith and fun
between old-fashioned beliefs 

582
00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:41,900
and new fashion doubt. 
You should know that 1909 is an 

583
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:44,200
interesting time in history for 
people who believe in the 

584
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:46,900
Supernatural. 
This is an age of growing 

585
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:51,400
scientific knowledge, widespread
education and technological 

586
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:53,700
progress. 
That is changing how people live

587
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:57,500
every day. 
Spiritualism, the idea that the 

588
00:31:57,500 --> 00:31:59,000
dead can talk to the living 
through. 

589
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:03,800
Mediums was very popular in the 
late 1800s, and still has a lot 

590
00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,600
of followers. 
The ghost stories and Gothic 

591
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,800
literature of the last 100 years
have made Supernatural, 

592
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:14,200
encounters seem very romantic. 
As a result, most educated 

593
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:16,600
people in 1909. 
Don't really believe in the 

594
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:20,000
Halloween superstitions but they
don't completely disbelieve them

595
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:21,900
either. 
You might not believe in 

596
00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:25,400
astrology but you still know 
your zodiac sign and feel good. 

597
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,300
When your horoscope says good 
things are coming. 

598
00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:30,700
The Supernatural is one of those
things that probably aren't 

599
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:34,100
real, but could be and it's fun 
to think about the many way. 

600
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:39,000
In 1909 Halloween folklore was 
mostly about spirits of the 

601
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,600
Dead, not demons or other evil 
beings. 

602
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:45,200
People believe that the Knight 
is a time when people who have 

603
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,900
died can come back to see the 
people and places they loved in 

604
00:32:48,908 --> 00:32:52,000
life. 
Instead of being scary, this is 

605
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:54,700
usually shown as a soft even 
beautiful chants. 

606
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:58,800
The custom of leaving food for 
the dead, which goes back to 

607
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:02,000
Celtic. 
Samhime is still going on, but 

608
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:05,400
in a less strict way. 
Some families might set a place 

609
00:33:05,408 --> 00:33:08,600
at the table or put out a plate 
of treats to show that their 

610
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:11,000
loved ones, who have passed 
away, a welcome to come by if 

611
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,800
they want to. 
You don't do this out of fear or

612
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,100
dread you do it out of the same.
Kindness you would show to 

613
00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:19,400
living relatives who might stop 
by without warning. 

614
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:23,900
The story is told at Halloween 
parties, are more likely to be 

615
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:27,200
sad and scaredy. 
Someone might tell a story about

616
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:30,800
a grandmother who died and whose
favorite perfume was in her old 

617
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,700
room on Halloween night. 
Or about a father, who died and 

618
00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:37,600
whose pocket watch, which had 
stopped at the moment of his 

619
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:41,300
death rang, once at midnight on 
All Hallows, Eve for no reason. 

620
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:44,200
These stories talk about loss 
and grief. 

621
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,100
But they all say that love lives
on after death. 

622
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:51,400
The Ghost and Halloween stories 
from 1909 are the evil ghosts 

623
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,200
that show up in later. 
Horror stories, they're more 

624
00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:57,300
like kind spirits who might help
or comfort you if you treat them

625
00:33:57,300 --> 00:34:01,100
with respect, The 
fortune-telling games that were 

626
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:04,400
played in the evening seemed to 
call on the spirits as sources 

627
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:07,900
of information about the future,
when you look in the mirror and 

628
00:34:07,900 --> 00:34:11,199
hope to see your future spouse, 
you're asking the spirits to 

629
00:34:11,208 --> 00:34:14,400
show you what they know. 
Even the scary parts of 

630
00:34:14,408 --> 00:34:16,400
Halloween. 
These days are very mild 

631
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:17,699
compared to what they used to 
be. 

632
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:21,900
There are black cats and witches
in the decorations, but they are

633
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:24,000
more stylized and decorative 
than scary. 

634
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,699
The witch on a broomstick isn't 
a bad old woman, who eats kids, 

635
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:31,800
she's a symbol of folk magic and
wisdom from the countryside. 

636
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:34,600
The black cat isn't a sign of 
bad luck. 

637
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,600
It's a creature that is linked 
to mystery, the line between 

638
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:43,199
home and Wild, space's Most of 
the time, the local Legends told

639
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:45,000
at night are about strange, 
things that happened. 

640
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:49,400
Not real horror The light in the
cemetery, could be Spirits or 

641
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:51,900
Marsh gas. 
The fact that it's not clear 

642
00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:54,000
what they are is part of what 
makes them interesting. 

643
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:56,800
Strange sounds near The Old 
Mill. 

644
00:34:56,800 --> 00:34:59,300
Could be ghosts or the wind and 
one's imagination. 

645
00:35:00,500 --> 00:35:03,000
The fact that we don't know, for
sure is what makes the story 

646
00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:05,400
interesting instead of just 
scary. 

647
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:08,700
Halloween also has a lot of what
we might call protective 

648
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:11,000
folklore. 
There are ideas about how to 

649
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:14,000
tell the future and there are 
also ideas about how to keep 

650
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,400
yourself safe from bad things 
that might happen on this night.

651
00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:20,400
Evil spirits will be confused if
you turn your clothes inside out

652
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,600
having a little salt in your 
pocket will keep you safe. 

653
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,800
Walking around your house in the
direction of the Sun clockwise 

654
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:31,800
before bed will keep it safe. 
These protective Customs are 

655
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,900
done with a wink and a smile as 
if to say just in case and they 

656
00:35:35,908 --> 00:35:39,100
don't cost anything and might 
help you don't really believe 

657
00:35:39,100 --> 00:35:42,300
that these things matter but the
ritual of acknowledging them 

658
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:45,400
connects you to generations of 
people who found comfort in 

659
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:49,300
these small protective gestures.
It's like how you might avoid 

660
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:52,900
walking under ladders or feel a 
small superstitious pleasure in 

661
00:35:52,900 --> 00:35:57,700
finding a penny heads up. 
In 1909 Halloween had more 

662
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:00,000
religious meaning than it does. 
Now when it is more 

663
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:05,800
commercialized, The name itself,
All Hallows Eve which means that

664
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:09,200
night before All Saints Day 
keeps the link to Christian 

665
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,900
tradition even though the 
holiday has many older Pagan 

666
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:14,900
elements. 
Some families. 

667
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:17,600
Go to special church services on
November 1st. 

668
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:20,600
To remember Saints and family 
members who have died. 

669
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,200
This makes Halloween part of a 
longer time of remembering and 

670
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,400
spiritual reflection. 
Most people don't seem to mind 

671
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:29,700
that Christian and non-Christian
elements live together. 

672
00:36:30,700 --> 00:36:33,600
Christian calendar has always 
been open to including local 

673
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:39,000
customs and folk practices. 
By 1909 this mixing of cultures 

674
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:41,800
is so common that most people 
don't even think about it. 

675
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:46,500
You can honor, Christian Saints 
and also Bob for apples to see 

676
00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:48,900
what your love life will be. 
Like in the future without any 

677
00:36:48,900 --> 00:36:51,500
problems. 
The lack of light adds to the 

678
00:36:51,508 --> 00:36:55,300
supernatural feel of the night. 
Keep in mind that electric 

679
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:58,300
lights aren't common yet and 
even where they are people don't

680
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:02,200
use them very often. 
There are candles oil lamps and 

681
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,800
maybe even the light from the 
fireplace in The Parlor. 

682
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:08,500
This makes the kind of lighting 
that filmmakers spend a lot of 

683
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:12,200
money trying to copy. 
Shadows, that change and move. 

684
00:37:13,100 --> 00:37:16,500
Faces that come out of the dark 
and into pools of light and 

685
00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:18,400
corners of rooms that stay 
mysterious. 

686
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:22,000
In this light is easy to think 
that you might see something 

687
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,100
strange. 
Shadow that moves in a strange 

688
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:28,000
way, could be an effect of the 
candlelight or it could be 

689
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:30,700
something else. 
That feeling of being there, 

690
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:33,400
when you're alone in dark room, 
Could Be Your Mind Playing 

691
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,200
Tricks on you or it could be a 
loved one who has passed away 

692
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:40,100
checking in. 
The uncertainty is part of the 

693
00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:44,300
experience. it seems that most 
people in 1909 are happy to 

694
00:37:44,300 --> 00:37:47,700
leave it that way instead of 
insisting, on either total 

695
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,900
belief, or total doubt, the fact
that people in 1909 were more 

696
00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:55,300
comfortable with not knowing 
about the supernatural shows, a 

697
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:59,200
bigger cultural difference 
between then and now, In today's

698
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,200
world, there is a lot of 
pressure to put things into one 

699
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:06,300
of two groups, scientifically 
proven facts or superstitions 

700
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:10,200
that aren't true. 
But in 1909 people are more 

701
00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:11,700
okay. 
With the idea that some things 

702
00:38:11,708 --> 00:38:15,600
can't be known that mystery has 
value and that not everything 

703
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:17,600
needs to be explained or 
explained away. 

704
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:21,200
As the night goes on and people 
settle into comfy. 

705
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:24,800
Chairs with cups of warm side, 
the conversation might turn to 

706
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,500
the idea of thin places which 
are places where the line 

707
00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:30,900
between the normal world and 
something else seems to be very 

708
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:33,400
thin. 
There are such places in every 

709
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:37,600
town, the old churchyard, the 
crossroads at the edge of town, 

710
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:40,400
the ancient tree, that was 
already old when the first 

711
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:43,200
settlers came from the spring 
that never freezes. 

712
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:47,000
Even in the coldest winter. 
People don't think these thin 

713
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,800
places are dangerous. 
Instead, they think they are 

714
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:52,600
special and should be respected 
and give an attention. 

715
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:54,900
People don't stay away from 
them. 

716
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:58,500
Instead they go to them knowing 
that they might find something 

717
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:01,900
strange there. 
Halloween is a time when people 

718
00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:04,500
believed that the veil Between 
Worlds gets thinner. 

719
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:08,300
This makes the whole night feel 
like a thin time when Anything 

720
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:11,700
Could Happen. 
The party is now in its last 

721
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:14,300
phase. 
The calm time before midnight 

722
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:17,200
when everyone is tired, but not 
too tired to have fun. 

723
00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:21,900
The group has enjoyed the snacks
played the games and had their 

724
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:26,100
fortunes told with varying 
levels of faith in how accurate 

725
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:28,600
they were. 
Then they went out side into the

726
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:30,300
October night and came back 
safely. 

727
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:33,500
This is the time for quieter 
activities. 

728
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:37,600
Talking that has become more 
personal as the night went on 

729
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,600
and people let their guard down 
and for thinking about what 

730
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:43,000
Halloween means Beyond The 
Game's and traditions. 

731
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,600
If the family is Rich enough to 
have a piano, someone might be 

732
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:48,900
playing soft music that fits the
time of day. 

733
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:52,500
There are both popular songs 
from the time and older songs 

734
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:54,200
that have been passed down 
through the years. 

735
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:58,600
If you listen to music from 
1909, it will sound very old 

736
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:01,900
fashioned to you. 
The lyrics are sentimental and 

737
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:05,200
the melody is a simple showing 
how people thought in the 

738
00:40:05,208 --> 00:40:08,500
Victorian era, but with a more 
positive view of the Edwardian 

739
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:12,800
era but in this case, with the 
October night, pressing against 

740
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:15,600
the windows and the candles 
burning low, in their holders, 

741
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:19,400
The music does its job of 
setting the mood and giving 

742
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,200
people something to do with 
their attention, that isn't as 

743
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:25,000
demanding as games or deep 
conversation. 

744
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:28,900
Some guests have already left 
especially those who have to 

745
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:31,400
walk a long way home or who 
strict parents are waiting up 

746
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:34,200
for them. 
The elaborate politeness rituals

747
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,000
of the time. 
Mark, their departures thanking,

748
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:39,900
their hosts several times, 
putting on their outdoor clothes

749
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,700
making last jokes and promising 
to see each other soon at church

750
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:46,800
or around town. 
Those who are still there at the

751
00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:50,100
strong ones, the ones who 
haven't quite let go of the 

752
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:53,400
magic of the night yet. 
The mother of the host family 

753
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,700
might be in the kitchen quietly,
starting to clean up the mess 

754
00:40:56,700 --> 00:41:00,100
that can't wait until morning. 
She might be putting away food. 

755
00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:04,400
That will spoil washing cups and
plates and banking the fire in 

756
00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:07,300
the stove. 
This work is done without 

757
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:10,600
complaint or martyrdom, just 
because it's part of being a 

758
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:13,300
host. 
There will be more cleaning up 

759
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:15,500
in the morning but the worst of 
it can be done. 

760
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:18,700
Now, while guests are still 
there but busy if there are any 

761
00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:21,200
young kids in the house, they 
have long since gone to bed, 

762
00:41:21,208 --> 00:41:24,100
however, they may still be awake
in their rooms. 

763
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:28,000
Trying to stay alert for any 
Supernatural visits or just 

764
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,100
excited by the strange. 
Sound of a party going on late 

765
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,000
Into the Night. 
They will remember this night in

766
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:37,800
their own way, the strange 
Shadows cast by the candlelight,

767
00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:41,000
the guests laughter, the special
snacks. 

768
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,800
They got to eat before bed and 
the feeling that something 

769
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:47,200
important magical was going on, 
even though they weren't old 

770
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:51,300
enough to fully take part. 
As the clock, whether it's a 

771
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:53,600
mantle piece clock, a wall clock
or someone's pocket. 

772
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:56,400
Watch gets closer to midnight 
people. 

773
00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:58,400
Often take a moment to 
acknowledge it. 

774
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,100
Halloween night is traditionally
the most powerful time of the 

775
00:42:02,108 --> 00:42:05,900
year and midnight is when the 
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.

776
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:10,000
Spirits are most likely to be 
present and divination is most 

777
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:13,600
likely to be accurate. 
The group might stand by a 

778
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:16,500
window and look out at the 
night, which is now very still 

779
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:20,000
and dark. 
As families go to bed, most of 

780
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:21,800
the lights, in nearby houses 
have gone out. 

781
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:25,300
If you can see the moon, it is 
moved across the sky. 

782
00:42:25,300 --> 00:42:28,400
Since the party started, the 
wind could have gotten stronger 

783
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,900
or weaker. 
The temperature has definitely 

784
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,300
dropped even more. 
And by morning, there will 

785
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:37,400
probably be frost In some places
people, have a tradition of 

786
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:39,400
being quiet. 
When the clock, strikes midnight

787
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:43,900
and listening for sounds that 
might not be from this world. we

788
00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:47,700
do this with Open Hearts, not 
scared ones, because we know 

789
00:42:47,700 --> 00:42:50,400
that if Spirits are around, this
is when they might show 

790
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:55,600
themselves, Silence is friendly,
not tense and the only sound is 

791
00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:58,000
the clock's mechanism. 
Getting ready to strike 12. 

792
00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:01,800
When the clock strikes midnight,
there is often a small 

793
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:04,100
Collective. 
Exhale as if everyone has 

794
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:08,700
crossed a line this can be 
marked by Chimes bells or just 

795
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:11,200
the quiet agreement of those, 
checking their watches. 

796
00:43:12,100 --> 00:43:15,000
All Saints Day is started, which
means that Halloween is over. 

797
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:19,100
The magical time is over. 
And while people were aware of 

798
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:22,800
and welcome the spirits, no one 
seems to be upset that, nothing 

799
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:24,600
dramatic, or Supernatural 
happened. 

800
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:30,100
What matted was the possibility 
being opened to the unknown 

801
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,700
rather than knowing it. 
Someone might raise a glass with

802
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:35,600
the last of the cider or other 
drink. 

803
00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:40,400
The toast could be to All 
Saints, to can't be there to the

804
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:43,500
winter that everyone needs to 
get ready for, or just to the 

805
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:45,800
success. 
Of the Knights of events people 

806
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:48,800
raise their glasses or cups and 
drink the toast, which makes the

807
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:52,400
party feel like it's over. 
Now is when the last departures 

808
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,900
really start. 
Even the most dedicated party 

809
00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:58,100
goers know that the night has 
come to an end. 

810
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:02,300
And that tomorrow technically 
today will come soon with its 

811
00:44:02,300 --> 00:44:05,700
demands of work school and other
daily tasks. 

812
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,700
The front door opens several 
times to let groups of guests 

813
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:13,300
out into the night each time 
they say thank you and goodbye 

814
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:16,700
and remind everyone about 
upcoming community events. 

815
00:44:17,700 --> 00:44:20,400
For the host family. 
There is a strange mix of 

816
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,800
tiredness and happiness that 
comes from having successfully 

817
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:27,600
entertained. 
The house is a mess candles are 

818
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:31,200
almost out and there is still 
work to be done but the evening 

819
00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:35,100
did what it was supposed to do. 
Bring people together on a 

820
00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:38,700
tradition, acknowledgment 
mystery and give young people a 

821
00:44:38,700 --> 00:44:41,000
chance to hang out in a safe 
structured way. 

822
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:44,900
When the last guests leave for 
the night, the house becomes 

823
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:48,600
quiet in a different way. 
It's not the quiet of waiting 

824
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:52,200
for the party to start. 
It's the quiet of an event that 

825
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:55,600
is ended. 
The pair of may be some older 

826
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:57,500
children, who helped host the 
party start. 

827
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:01,500
The process of turning the house
back in to a home This process 

828
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:03,900
has its own. 
Calm Rhythm, one by one, the 

829
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:06,500
candles, go out and the light 
gets dimmer and dimmer until 

830
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:08,500
they're only one or two lamps 
left to work by. 

831
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:11,000
Decorations will stay up for 
now. 

832
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:13,400
They'll come down tomorrow or in
the next few days. 

833
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:16,500
The furniture. 
On the other hand is starting to

834
00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:20,000
move back to its normal places. 
The cushions are fluffed. 

835
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:22,600
The windows are checked to make 
sure they're properly latched 

836
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:25,600
against the night air and the 
front door is locked with a 

837
00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:27,800
solid sound. 
That lets everyone know the 

838
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:30,900
house is ready for sleep. 
The last cleaning in the kitchen

839
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:34,700
is done quickly because of 
years, of practice, the stove, 

840
00:45:34,700 --> 00:45:37,700
heats the water for washing 
dishes and the towels that have 

841
00:45:37,708 --> 00:45:39,600
been warming up nearby dry them 
off. 

842
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:43,200
Then the dishes are put back in 
their places in the cupboards. 

843
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,600
The leftover food is looked at 
to see what can be saved. 

844
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,900
What should be eaten tomorrow 
and what can be given to the 

845
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:54,000
chickens if the family has them?
In a world where most families 

846
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:57,400
live much closer to the edge of 
subsistence than we do today. 

847
00:45:57,400 --> 00:46:00,100
There was no such thing as 
waste. 

848
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:03,700
The mother of the house, does 
one last check of the rooms were

849
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:07,300
guests are making sure there are
no forgotten items that the 

850
00:46:07,308 --> 00:46:10,900
candles are really out and don't
pose a fire risk and that she 

851
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:12,400
knows what needs to be done in 
the morning. 

852
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:15,100
This isn't obsessive care 
taking. 

853
00:46:15,100 --> 00:46:18,200
It's just the responsible 
oversight that comes with 

854
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:21,500
running a household. 
It requires a lot more attention

855
00:46:21,500 --> 00:46:24,400
to safety and maintenance than 
modern conveniences do. 

856
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:29,200
The father might go outside one 
last time before bed partly to 

857
00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:32,000
make sure everything is safe and
partly for that private moment 

858
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,800
under the October stars. 
That men of his age liked He 

859
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:39,100
might smoke one last pipe on the
porch or in the yard thinking 

860
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:43,100
about the night in the season. 
Everyone can feel that winter is

861
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:46,700
coming in the cold and night air
There are still things to do to 

862
00:46:46,700 --> 00:46:51,200
get ready, hang storm, windows, 
split and stack wood and get the

863
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:53,400
garden beds. 
Ready for their winter sleep. 

864
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:58,200
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 
Most of the time, bedrooms, were

865
00:46:58,200 --> 00:47:02,000
upstairs and houses with the 
second floor in 1909, made me 

866
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:05,300
feel good about the day. 
The stairs might creep with 

867
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:09,900
familiar sounds the banister, 
feels smooth and your hand, and 

868
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:13,000
the Darkness of the upstairs, 
feels cozy instead of strange 

869
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:17,500
now that Halloween is over. 
By today's standards, bedrooms 

870
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:21,200
were cold in 1909. 
Most homes don't have Central 

871
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:24,400
Heating. 
Downstairs rooms might be warmed

872
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:28,200
by stoves or fireplaces but 
upstairs rooms get most of their

873
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:31,600
heat from the rising warmth of 
daytime fires, which has long 

874
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:33,700
since gone away on a late 
October night. 

875
00:47:34,700 --> 00:47:38,100
People expect bedrooms to be 
cold and they are for sleeping 

876
00:47:38,100 --> 00:47:41,000
not lounging around. 
Getting ready for bed. 

877
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:44,800
Includes both cleaning up and 
relaxing, rituals people wash 

878
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:47,900
their faces, by pouring water 
from a picture into a basin. 

879
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:51,100
Indoor plumbing is common in 
cities but not everywhere. 

880
00:47:51,900 --> 00:47:55,400
Tooth powder or paste is used to
clean teeth women. 

881
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:59,400
Especially do the ritual of 
brushing their hair 100 times 

882
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:01,400
which was thought to be good for
hair health. 

883
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:05,100
Taking off clothes carefully and
either folding them up to where 

884
00:48:05,100 --> 00:48:07,300
again if they're clean enough or
putting them in the laundry. 

885
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:12,700
In 1909, nightclubs were heavy, 
women wore long, nightgowns men,

886
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:15,800
more nightshirts, and they might
have sleeping caps and bed 

887
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:18,500
socks. 
When it was cold, People sleep 

888
00:48:18,500 --> 00:48:21,300
with more clothes on than your 
use to partly because it's cold 

889
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:24,300
and partly because modesty 
standards apply even when you're

890
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:27,900
sleeping. 
Early in the day, the bed was 

891
00:48:27,900 --> 00:48:31,200
made with smooth sheets and 
arranged blankets, and quilts 

892
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:33,400
were added, or taken away, 
depending on the season. 

893
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:36,900
When you slip between the 
sheets, they are cold at first, 

894
00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:38,500
but will warm up from your body 
heat? 

895
00:48:39,300 --> 00:48:42,500
For a moment, your body can 
finally rest after hours of 

896
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:45,000
standing walking and Performing 
socially. 

897
00:48:45,800 --> 00:48:49,600
Pillow is just write the 
blankets are heavy and warm and 

898
00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:52,300
the bedroom is completely dark 
in a way that modern people 

899
00:48:52,300 --> 00:48:55,900
don't often experience. 
There are no LED lights from 

900
00:48:55,900 --> 00:48:58,400
Electronics. 
No street lights, shining 

901
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,200
through the curtains and no 
ambient Urban light. 

902
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:06,200
In this darkness and quiet. 
Thoughts might go back over the 

903
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:10,100
events of the evening. 
The games and laughter, the 

904
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:13,700
talks and flirting. 
The time spent outside under the

905
00:49:13,708 --> 00:49:17,400
stars, realizing that life may 
be more mysterious than it seems

906
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:19,400
and the comfort of community and
tradition. 

907
00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:23,500
These thoughts mix with the 
start of dreams as 

908
00:49:23,500 --> 00:49:24,800
Consciousness. 
Lets go. 

909
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:29,800
And sleep Come Morning. 
Comes like it does in November 

910
00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:32,600
late and unwilling with gray 
light. 

911
00:49:32,600 --> 00:49:35,700
That seems to come from the air 
itself instead of from a 

912
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:39,000
specific Direction. 
The first person to wake up has 

913
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:42,300
to start the fire again by 
cleaning out the ashes, putting 

914
00:49:42,300 --> 00:49:45,800
down new kindling and coaxing 
Flames from Embers or matches. 

915
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:49,100
This will gradually build the 
fire that will warm the house 

916
00:49:49,100 --> 00:49:52,300
and cook breakfast. 
The light on of November 1st 

917
00:49:52,300 --> 00:49:54,500
shows that the house is still 
decorated for Halloween. 

918
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:58,100
But in the light of day, the 
decorations look less mysterious

919
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:02,400
and more like what they are. 
Paper and vegetables arrange for

920
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:05,300
a short time. 
These decorations will be taken 

921
00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:08,800
down in the next day or two. 
You could cut the pumpkin up for

922
00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:12,400
pies or stews, the paper 
decorations will be carefully. 

923
00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:14,900
Taken down and either stored or 
burned in the stove. 

924
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:17,400
Since new ones will be needed 
next year anyway. 

925
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:21,200
But today, All Saints Day for 
those who follow the religious 

926
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:24,100
calendar, there's no need to 
break up the magic from last 

927
00:50:24,100 --> 00:50:27,400
night, right away. 
Every day people have to make 

928
00:50:27,400 --> 00:50:30,100
and eat breakfast. 
Do their chores and go back to 

929
00:50:30,100 --> 00:50:33,200
their normal lives. 
But the memory of the party is 

930
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,200
still fresh giving, people 
something to talk about at 

931
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:38,000
breakfast. 
And when they run into 

932
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:41,900
neighbor's and Friends during 
the day, On November 1st, the 

933
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:45,000
town feels a little different 
than it did on October 31st. 

934
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:48,500
But someone looking in from the 
outside might have a hard time 

935
00:50:48,500 --> 00:50:51,100
figuring out what has changed. 
Partly? 

936
00:50:51,100 --> 00:50:54,700
Because the calendar is changed 
to a new monthly because the 

937
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:57,000
weather is getting colder and 
partly. 

938
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:00,500
Because the feeling that a 
holiday, no matter how small has

939
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:03,700
come and gone and taken, its 
special quality with it. 

940
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:07,000
People who went to Halloween 
parties, the night before might 

941
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:10,400
be a little tired from staying 
up later than usual, but it's a 

942
00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:13,200
nice tiredness that comes from 
having fun with friends rather 

943
00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:16,700
than from stress or worry. 
People talk about different 

944
00:51:16,700 --> 00:51:19,000
parties at work and school. 
Share. 

945
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,200
Funny stories, wonder if the 
fortune-telling games were 

946
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:24,700
right. 
And teased those, whose romantic

947
00:51:24,700 --> 00:51:29,100
Futures were supposedly revealed
by apples nuts, or looking in a 

948
00:51:29,108 --> 00:51:32,400
mirror for those who go the 
church service on All Saints Day

949
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:34,800
is a more serious Counterpoint 
to the fun of Halloween. 

950
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:39,700
This day is for remembering the 
dead, recognizing the communion 

951
00:51:39,700 --> 00:51:43,200
of saints and thinking about 
death and faith. 

952
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:46,600
There may be prayers for the 
dead hymns. 

953
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:49,800
That talk about eternal life and
meeting again in heaven, the 

954
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:52,500
reading of the names of church 
members who died in the past 

955
00:51:52,500 --> 00:51:54,900
year. 
There is no conflict between the

956
00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:58,300
games from last night and the 
seriousness of this morning. 

957
00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:02,100
Halloween and All Saints Day are
both ways to remember the Dead 

958
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:06,100
Halloween, does this with fun. 
And hope, while All Saints Day, 

959
00:52:06,100 --> 00:52:09,600
does it with respect and prayer?
Both of them, know, that death 

960
00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:13,700
doesn't end a relationship. 
It just changes it as November 

961
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,200
1st goes on into the afternoon 
and evening, the change of 

962
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:21,800
seasons becomes more obvious. 
The sun sets noticeably earlier 

963
00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:24,700
than it did just a few weeks 
ago, even though it is already 

964
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:28,800
low in the sky at noon. 
The evening comes on with that 

965
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:31,800
special kind of November 
darkness that isn't as golden as

966
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:35,900
October, but is more complete. 
This kind of Darkness will last 

967
00:52:35,900 --> 00:52:39,100
for the next few months. 
Farmers and people with Gardens 

968
00:52:39,100 --> 00:52:42,700
are getting ready for winter. 
Before a killing Frost ends, the

969
00:52:42,700 --> 00:52:45,300
growing season. 
The last Hardy vegetables need 

970
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:48,100
to be picked. 
You need to dig up and store, 

971
00:52:48,100 --> 00:52:50,500
root vegetables. 
Like turnips, carrots and 

972
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:53,700
potatoes. 
You need to get rid of any dead 

973
00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:56,600
plants in your garden beds. 
You can either add them to 

974
00:52:56,600 --> 00:52:59,000
compost, piles or let them break
down over the winter. 

975
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:03,500
Change from October to November 
also helps people get ready for 

976
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:05,700
the holidays. 
There will be a series of 

977
00:53:05,708 --> 00:53:09,300
holidays coming up, Thanksgiving
Christmas, New Year's. 

978
00:53:09,308 --> 00:53:13,800
These will break up the dark 
months, but on November 1st, 

979
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:15,700
those holidays. 
Still seem far away. 

980
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,700
For now, the main thing to do is
get used to the fact that winter

981
00:53:19,700 --> 00:53:23,400
means shorter days, Colder 
Weather and having to spend more

982
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:26,200
time inside. 
Family start to think about 

983
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:28,500
winter projects. 
Well things they can do when 

984
00:53:28,500 --> 00:53:31,400
they can't work outside. 
Women might plan. 

985
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:35,500
So in projects, like making 
quilts fixing, or changing 

986
00:53:35,500 --> 00:53:39,000
clothes, or making new clothes 
during the winter. 

987
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:41,700
When they have to stay in side, 
men might have to fix things 

988
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:45,000
sharp and tools or finish 
projects and barns or workshops.

989
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,100
Kids know that school days will 
start and end of the dark and 

990
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:51,500
that recess might be too cold 
for them to play outside 

991
00:53:51,500 --> 00:53:54,600
comfortably. 
As the months get darker 

992
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:58,800
remembering Halloween night is a
bright spot to look back on the 

993
00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:01,900
games, the laughter, and the 
times spent under the stars in 

994
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:05,800
October, all become stories, 
that can be told again and again

995
00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:08,500
and private memories, that can 
be enjoyed. 

996
00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:13,000
Depending on your mood and 
beliefs, the predictions made by

997
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,200
fortune. 
Tellers can be funny or serious.

998
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:18,500
The party helped people feel 
like they were part of a 

999
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:20,700
community, which makes the 
coming winter. 

1000
00:54:20,700 --> 00:54:23,500
Feel less lonely. 
Now that it's been over 100 

1001
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:27,200
years since that Halloween night
in 1909, it's worth thinking 

1002
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:30,900
about what was lost and what was
kept as Halloween changed into 

1003
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:33,400
the holiday. 
You know, today in many ways 

1004
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:35,700
Halloween 1909 was the end of an
era. 

1005
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,900
It was the last time, the 
holiday kept its folk character 

1006
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:41,900
before commercial interests, 
changed it into something 

1007
00:54:41,900 --> 00:54:45,300
completely different. 
At first, the change happened 

1008
00:54:45,300 --> 00:54:50,200
Slowly by the 1920s Halloween 
was becoming more about kids 

1009
00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:53,800
schools and Community groups 
were throwing parties that were 

1010
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:57,200
like the ones that happen in 
homes in 1909 but they were more

1011
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:01,000
organized and less mysterious 
trick or treating as we know its

1012
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,300
started in the 1930s but it 
didn't become popular until 

1013
00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:08,400
after World War 2. 
In the 1950s Halloween, became a

1014
00:55:08,408 --> 00:55:11,600
candy holiday for kids with 
store-bought costumes and 

1015
00:55:11,600 --> 00:55:14,700
decorations. 
Every change had its pros and 

1016
00:55:14,700 --> 00:55:18,000
cons Halloween today. 
Reaches more people gives 

1017
00:55:18,000 --> 00:55:21,700
millions of kids fun memories 
and makes people really happy 

1018
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:25,100
and excited. but when folk 
Traditions turned into a 

1019
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:29,200
commercial holiday, something 
was lost the real sense of 

1020
00:55:29,200 --> 00:55:32,000
Mystery. 
The connection to ancestors and 

1021
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:33,900
traditions that go back hundreds
of years. 

1022
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,400
And the focus on fortune telling
and romantic Futures that made 

1023
00:55:38,400 --> 00:55:40,200
Halloween special for young 
adults. 

1024
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,500
Halloween of 1909 was a part of 
a cultural history that couldn't

1025
00:55:44,500 --> 00:55:47,900
last. 
It needed a slow pace of life so

1026
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:50,500
that people could make 
decorations by hand and play 

1027
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:52,900
long games. 
It needed communities. 

1028
00:55:52,900 --> 00:55:55,800
That were small enough for most 
people to know each other and 

1029
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:57,700
feel comfortable meeting in 
homes. 

1030
00:55:57,700 --> 00:56:01,600
It needed a connection to 
Darkness and the supernatural 

1031
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:04,500
that moral electricity and 
Science Education would weaken 

1032
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:07,900
it needed a social structure for
dating and marriage that were 

1033
00:56:07,908 --> 00:56:10,500
changed because of how gender 
roles and romantic Freedom 

1034
00:56:10,500 --> 00:56:14,500
changed in the 20th century. 
But the main ideas behind 

1035
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:17,900
Halloween in 1909 are still 
there in modern version of the 

1036
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:21,000
holiday. 
The desire to play with fear in 

1037
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:25,000
a safe way, the appeal of 
changing through costumes, the 

1038
00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:28,500
joy of celebrating the seasons 
and the recognition that the 

1039
00:56:28,500 --> 00:56:30,700
line between life and death 
needs to be respected. 

1040
00:56:30,700 --> 00:56:36,300
All of these things are still 
around but in different ways the

1041
00:56:36,300 --> 00:56:39,000
fortune telling games that were 
such a big part of Halloween in 

1042
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,600
1909 and mostly gone. 
Now this is because people's 

1043
00:56:42,600 --> 00:56:44,900
views on marriage have changed 
people. 

1044
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:47,900
Move around more and people are 
less likely to believe in 

1045
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:50,800
divination. 
But their Spirit lives on, in 

1046
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:53,400
the silly superstitions that 
still surround Halloween. 

1047
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:57,700
Like the idea that some costumes
bring good luck, the rituals 

1048
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:01,200
that go along with eating candy 
on the small thrill of staying 

1049
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:03,500
up late and walking around 
neighborhoods after dark. 

1050
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:07,600
Modern Halloween events like 
Harvest festivals at churches. 

1051
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:10,900
School parties neighborhood 
trick or treating roots that get

1052
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:12,500
people out of their homes at the
same time. 

1053
00:57:13,300 --> 00:57:16,800
With the focus on community 
Gathering even adult, Halloween 

1054
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:20,500
parties are like the social 
events of 1909, but with less 

1055
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:23,500
fortune telling, and more cost 
Tunes, the links to the 

1056
00:57:23,500 --> 00:57:26,000
supernatural has changed in 
stead of going away. 

1057
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:31,100
Modern Halloween focuses on fake
scares, like haunted houses, 

1058
00:57:31,100 --> 00:57:34,400
horror movies and scary 
decorations. 

1059
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:39,300
Instead of real interactions 
with the idea of spirits, But 

1060
00:57:39,300 --> 00:57:42,200
even though commercial horror is
scary, there are still a 

1061
00:57:42,208 --> 00:57:44,700
recognition that death deserves 
to be remembered. 

1062
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,400
That the Line Between Worlds can
be playfully crossed. 

1063
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:52,900
And that darkness and mystery 
are a part of Being Human from 

1064
00:57:52,900 --> 00:57:55,000
your point of view. 
The most interesting thing about

1065
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:57,600
how Halloween 1909 is how gentle
it is. 

1066
00:57:58,300 --> 00:58:01,900
The spirits were nice. 
The darkness was friendly, the 

1067
00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:05,100
fortune-telling was more fun 
than serious, and the 

1068
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:08,400
celebration brought people of 
all ages and interests together 

1069
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:12,500
instead of separating them. 
It was a holiday that recognized

1070
00:58:12,500 --> 00:58:16,200
mystery without requiring 
belief, that respected tradition

1071
00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:20,300
without being strict about it 
and that made room for love hope

1072
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:24,300
and connection with others. 
This gentleman shows that people

1073
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:26,800
in this culture, had a different
view of fear and the 

1074
00:58:26,800 --> 00:58:29,200
supernatural than they did later
in the 20th century. 

1075
00:58:30,300 --> 00:58:33,200
Even though people say, the 
Victorian and Edwardian here as 

1076
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:36,300
were very strict, they were 
actually very open about death 

1077
00:58:36,300 --> 00:58:39,200
and spirits. 
People talked about death fairly

1078
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:42,500
openly and it was a part of life
through mourning rituals and 

1079
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:46,100
Memorial practices, the thought 
that the dead might come back 

1080
00:58:46,100 --> 00:58:48,800
for a visit wasn't scary. 
It was comforting. 

1081
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:52,100
It was like saying that love and
connection live on off to death.

1082
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:55,700
By making death a medical issue 
and taking it out of the home 

1083
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:58,500
culture. 
In the later 20th century made 

1084
00:58:58,500 --> 00:59:00,500
it both less familiar and more 
scary. 

1085
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:03,300
Halloween changed to reflect 
this. 

1086
00:59:04,300 --> 00:59:07,600
Becoming more about fear and 
horror than about gentle mystery

1087
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:10,800
and Family Ties. 
People stopped being careful 

1088
00:59:10,800 --> 00:59:13,100
about the Supernatural and 
started to be afraid of it. 

1089
00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:17,600
Spirits turned into scary beings
and of loved ones coming back. 

1090
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:22,600
But that October night in 1909, 
when we spent time together, 

1091
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:25,400
Halloween was still the same as 
it had always been. 

1092
00:59:26,200 --> 00:59:28,700
It was a night for young people 
to dream about their romantic 

1093
00:59:28,700 --> 00:59:32,300
futures for communities to come 
together in warmth and light. 

1094
00:59:32,300 --> 00:59:36,100
While acknowledging the cold 
Darkness outside for traditions 

1095
00:59:36,100 --> 00:59:40,100
to be on and passed on and for 
the possibility of mystery to be

1096
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:44,000
acknowledged, without needing 
proof. as you get ready for bed 

1097
00:59:44,000 --> 00:59:47,300
with your own October night, 
pressing against your windows, 

1098
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:51,700
think about what parts of that 
Halloween in 1909 might be worth

1099
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:55,900
keeping or getting back. 
Not in a nostalgic way that 

1100
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:59,200
tries to bring back the past. 
Because that passed had its own 

1101
00:59:59,200 --> 01:00:01,600
problems and limitations that we
shouldn't romanticize. 

1102
01:00:03,100 --> 01:00:06,100
Instead we should think about 
what human needs those 

1103
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:09,500
Traditions met and how those 
needs might still be relevant. 

1104
01:00:10,500 --> 01:00:14,000
The decorations made by hand in 
1909 were both necessary and 

1105
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:16,500
creative. 
In a world where holiday 

1106
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:19,500
decorations are made in 
factories, the idea of making 

1107
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:23,300
your own decorations, even 
simple ones is appealing. 

1108
01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:27,400
For example, cutting out shapes 
from paper, carving pumpkins, 

1109
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:31,400
with care and arranging, Autumn 
Leaves and corn stalks into 

1110
01:00:31,400 --> 01:00:33,100
Arrangements that celebrate the 
season. 

1111
01:00:34,400 --> 01:00:36,900
The fortune telling games were 
Silly and fun. 

1112
01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:40,900
But they had a point to remind 
people that the future is 

1113
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:44,000
unknown, and to give them a 
chance to think about their 

1114
01:00:44,000 --> 01:00:49,000
hopes and dreams in a fun way. 
We don't often let us play with 

1115
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:51,900
uncertainty like this, because 
modern life is so focused on 

1116
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:55,500
planning and control. 
There may be Merit in Pursuits 

1117
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:58,500
that Amalgamated Amusement with 
mild contemplation of our 

1118
01:00:58,500 --> 01:01:02,600
aspirations. 
The night walks of 1909, made it

1119
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:06,100
possible to experience darkness,
which is becoming less common in

1120
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:08,700
Modern Life. 
When was the last time you 

1121
01:01:08,700 --> 01:01:12,900
walked in real darkness without 
streetlights flash lights or 

1122
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:15,900
phone screens? 
When was the last time you felt 

1123
01:01:15,900 --> 01:01:18,700
what it was like to be a human 
being for thousands of years? 

1124
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:22,500
It's good for you to get away 
from artificial light every now 

1125
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:25,900
and then and experience the 
natural rhythms of day and 

1126
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:28,200
night. 
The community aspect of 

1127
01:01:28,200 --> 01:01:31,600
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 
needs for connection, and 

1128
01:01:31,600 --> 01:01:34,500
belonging that don't go away 
just because we have social 

1129
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:38,500
media and texting. 
Even in our connected age, it 

1130
01:01:38,500 --> 01:01:41,600
still worth it to share physical
space play games together and 

1131
01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:44,600
make memories in real time 
instead of writing them down and

1132
01:01:44,600 --> 01:01:47,400
posting them later. 
The most important thing about 

1133
01:01:47,400 --> 01:01:50,100
the 1909 Halloween is its 
relationship with the 

1134
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:53,000
supernatural. 
It was open to possibilities, 

1135
01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:56,400
without needing to be sure and 
it accepted mystery without 

1136
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:59,700
being scared of it. 
This is a good way to deal with 

1137
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:02,600
the unknowns in life. 
We live in a time when 

1138
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:06,200
everything needs proof and 
evidence which is useful in some

1139
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:11,100
situations but not in others. 
Some experience is such as love 

1140
01:02:11,100 --> 01:02:15,200
beauty meaning, and the 
potential for something Beyond 

1141
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:18,500
every day. 
Reality, allude empirical 

1142
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:22,000
validation, yet remains 
significant to human existence 

1143
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:27,300
that Halloween night in 1909 
with its candles and cider 

1144
01:02:27,300 --> 01:02:30,400
games. 
And Gatherings walks in the dark

1145
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:32,600
of October and back to the warm 
light. 

1146
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:36,700
And the idea that Spirits might 
be near without being scary, was

1147
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:40,500
a way of being in the world 
focused on connection Community 

1148
01:02:40,500 --> 01:02:44,500
mystery and gentle Joy. 
You might picture yourself at 

1149
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:46,600
that 1909 party as you fall 
asleep. 

1150
01:02:47,500 --> 01:02:50,700
After coming in from the cold 
night, you can feel the warmth 

1151
01:02:50,700 --> 01:02:53,200
of the Parlor. 
Apple cider has a sharp 

1152
01:02:53,200 --> 01:02:56,400
sweetness that you can taste. 
Listen to the laughter. 

1153
01:02:56,400 --> 01:03:00,100
Someone tries to Bob for apples 
with more enthusiasm than skill.

1154
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,500
See the candles flickering and 
the Shadows dancing on the walls

1155
01:03:04,500 --> 01:03:06,100
that are covered in hand cut 
paper. 

1156
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:09,300
You can smell the wood smoke. 
The full are. 

1157
01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:12,000
And that hard to describe smell 
of a house full of people 

1158
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:14,900
celebrating. 
You're part of a tradition that 

1159
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:18,500
goes back, hundreds of years, it
connects you to the Celts who 

1160
01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:22,200
lip on Fires at Samhain the 
Christians who prayed for the 

1161
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:25,600
dead on All Hallows Eve. 
The fortune tellers who looked 

1162
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:29,600
into mirrors in the Victorian 
era, the 1909 Gathering where 

1163
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:32,600
young people laughed and played 
and hoped for happy Futures. 

1164
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:36,500
And every Halloween celebration 
that has recognized that mystery

1165
01:03:36,500 --> 01:03:40,100
and darkness and the chance to 
connect with others beyond the 

1166
01:03:40,100 --> 01:03:43,900
normal world. 
November will keep moving toward

1167
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:47,200
winter tomorrow. 
But tonight in the space between

1168
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:50,900
waking and sleeping, you can 
rest in the kind Spirit of that 

1169
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:55,600
Halloween in 1909. 
Spirits were friendly, Darkness 

1170
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:59,100
was kind, and the future was 
uncertain, but full of Hope. 

1171
01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:03,300
sleep well, surrounded by the 
customs of those who came before

1172
01:04:03,300 --> 01:04:06,900
and those who will come after 
These Customs connectors across 

1173
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:09,900
time because we all need to Mark
the changing of the seasons 

1174
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:14,100
gathered together to stay warm 
against the cold, hope for good 

1175
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:16,800
things to come. 
And remember that the world may 

1176
01:04:16,800 --> 01:04:19,900
hold more mystery and Magic than
we see in our daily lives. 

1177
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:29,400
Now if you will imagine that 
your great great, great great, 

1178
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:31,700
great times a thousand 
grandmother is sitting around a 

1179
01:04:31,700 --> 01:04:35,000
fire some 40,000 years ago and 
she has just created the most 

1180
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:37,100
groundbreaking technology of 
hero. 

1181
01:04:37,100 --> 01:04:41,200
Know, it won't be the wheel for 
another 35,000 years. 

1182
01:04:41,200 --> 01:04:44,500
She has discovered a way to 
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 

1183
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:48,200
Walls prior to this point, human
knowledge was like water 

1184
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:51,500
attempting to survive. 
In a sieve entire library of 

1185
01:04:51,500 --> 01:04:53,500
knowledge, just vanished into 
the Smoky. 

1186
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,100
Prehistoric are whenever an 
elder passed away. 

1187
01:04:56,100 --> 01:04:59,500
Imagine having no other way to 
transmit that knowledge than 

1188
01:04:59,500 --> 01:05:01,700
through the delicate telephone 
game of human memory. 

1189
01:05:01,700 --> 01:05:05,300
Imagine being the one who knew 
exactly, which berries wouldn't 

1190
01:05:05,300 --> 01:05:09,400
kill you, which animal tracks 
meant dinner vs, which meant you

1191
01:05:09,400 --> 01:05:12,400
were about to become dinner or 
how to track, Mammoth migration 

1192
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:16,000
patterns across Seasons. 
Remember, your forefathers were 

1193
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:19,900
sluggish, their brains were 
identical to ours in every way 

1194
01:05:19,900 --> 01:05:24,300
including their ability to think
abstractly and solve challenging

1195
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:26,200
problems. 
They simply did not. 

1196
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:30,000
Of the convenience of filing 
systems, Post-it notes or even 

1197
01:05:30,000 --> 01:05:33,700
the most basic written reminder.
They created extremely complex, 

1198
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,700
oral Traditions transforming 
vital survival. 

1199
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:40,600
Knowledge into stories songs and
rituals that could be remembered

1200
01:05:40,600 --> 01:05:43,200
for weeks on end much like 
particularly memorable, 

1201
01:05:43,200 --> 01:05:45,900
commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

1202
01:05:45,900 --> 01:05:48,000
amazing examples of human 
creativity. 

1203
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:52,100
Poetry that masqueraded as 
Heroes Journeys and included 

1204
01:05:52,100 --> 01:05:55,200
intricate Geographic details. 
there were songs that 

1205
01:05:55,200 --> 01:05:58,200
communicated water source 
locations over great distances 

1206
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,400
children were taught which 
plants to stay away from through

1207
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:04,400
stories that incorporated the 
knowledge into enduring Tales of

1208
01:06:04,400 --> 01:06:08,400
Fantastical animals, and 
perilous Adventures Each person 

1209
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:11,200
carried a wealth of knowledge, 
essential to the survival of 

1210
01:06:11,200 --> 01:06:14,400
their Community transforming the
human mind into a living 

1211
01:06:14,408 --> 01:06:17,000
Library. 
However, even the most talented 

1212
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:20,200
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

1213
01:06:20,200 --> 01:06:22,400
blessed them. 
Have a way of adding their own 

1214
01:06:22,400 --> 01:06:26,300
artistic flourishes over time. 
To understand the difficulty our

1215
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:28,900
ancestors faced in preserving 
precise information across 

1216
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:31,600
Generations. 
Try playing telephone at dinner 

1217
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:34,500
party over time. 
The recipe for a life-saving 

1218
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:37,900
medication could evolve into a 
tale of magical medicinal herbs.

1219
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,900
That could only be grown during 
a full moon, the first 

1220
01:06:40,900 --> 01:06:43,500
breakthrough occurred when 
someone understood that a hand 

1221
01:06:43,500 --> 01:06:46,300
print on a cave, wall, could 
mean more than just una was 

1222
01:06:46,300 --> 01:06:49,400
here, it could mean una herself,
even when she wasn't there, 

1223
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:51,800
let's call her owner. 
Because history, forgot to 

1224
01:06:51,800 --> 01:06:53,800
record her name which is 
deliciously. 

1225
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:57,200
Ironic when you think about it, 
the ability to make the absent 

1226
01:06:57,200 --> 01:07:00,900
present and part permanent to 
the transient and build a bridge

1227
01:07:00,900 --> 01:07:03,000
across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

1228
01:07:03,000 --> 01:07:07,000
to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

1229
01:07:07,000 --> 01:07:10,700
that this signified una needed 
to realize that a static Mark 

1230
01:07:10,700 --> 01:07:13,800
could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

1231
01:07:13,800 --> 01:07:16,800
represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

1232
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:19,200
symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

1233
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:23,800
Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

1234
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:26,800
creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

1235
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:29,400
up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

1236
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:33,900
social media sites ever used by 
humans images of horses bison, 

1237
01:07:33,900 --> 01:07:36,900
and the occasional self-portrait
of a cave artists who was quite 

1238
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:39,900
proud of their hunting skills 
were interspersed with hand 

1239
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:42,200
stencils. 
But these weren't just old 

1240
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:44,700
Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempts by 

1241
01:07:44,708 --> 01:07:49,100
Humanity to say this happened, 
we were here, this matters. 

1242
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:53,200
Remember us not only with the 
caves at lascaux Chauvet and 

1243
01:07:53,200 --> 01:07:56,200
Altamira galleries, but they 
also represented the first 

1244
01:07:56,200 --> 01:07:58,500
attempts by humans to 
communicate permanently. 

1245
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,500
The painters their realize, 
something profound pictures 

1246
01:08:02,500 --> 01:08:05,000
could have deeper meanings than 
just their visual impact. 

1247
01:08:06,000 --> 01:08:08,400
Information about hunting 
methods, seasonal, migration 

1248
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:11,100
patterns, or the religious 
beliefs, that govern, the 

1249
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:12,900
relationship between humans and 
animals. 

1250
01:08:12,900 --> 01:08:16,200
May be included in a painting, 
depicting a bison hunt. 

1251
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:18,700
This is where things start to 
get intriguing though. 

1252
01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:22,000
Simple representation wasn't 
enough for those early artists, 

1253
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:26,300
they started to symbolize and 
Abstract the zigzag line could 

1254
01:08:26,300 --> 01:08:31,399
stand for lightning water or a 
Rivers course, the Sun, the 

1255
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:34,200
moon, or the idea of 
completeness could all be 

1256
01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:39,000
represented by a circle dots 
could stand for seeds stars. 

1257
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:44,000
All the concept of plurality 
Before you knew it, people are 

1258
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:46,500
discovered the groundbreaking 
notion that symbols could stand 

1259
01:08:46,500 --> 01:08:49,500
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract
relationships. 

1260
01:08:49,500 --> 01:08:52,700
In addition, to tangible 
objects, it's similar to when 

1261
01:08:52,700 --> 01:08:56,000
your dog discovers that the word
walk can actually call forth, 

1262
01:08:56,000 --> 01:08:59,600
leashes excitement and the 
prospect of Adventure in 

1263
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:02,399
addition, to describing the 
activity of moving on four legs.

1264
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:06,000
However, our ancestors received 
the foundation of civilization, 

1265
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:09,500
in stead of tail, wagging. 
These early symbol systems were 

1266
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:12,399
not writing as we know it today 
because they could not capture 

1267
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:14,500
the full complexity of spoken 
language. 

1268
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:18,500
However, this realization by 
humans was the pivotal First 

1269
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,399
Step demonstrating, that 
meaning, could be permanently 

1270
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:25,200
encoded and decoded by other 
Minds, even though, separated by

1271
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:31,100
great time and space in ancient 
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE the

1272
01:09:31,100 --> 01:09:34,100
Sumerians attacking a problem 
that would make any contemporary

1273
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:36,500
accountant. 
Cry with recognition, how to 

1274
01:09:36,500 --> 01:09:40,000
keep track of, who owes what to 
whom when your economy is twice 

1275
01:09:40,000 --> 01:09:42,200
as dramatic and more complicated
than a soap. 

1276
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:44,500
Opera family. 
Tree agriculture may seem 

1277
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:47,300
straightforward but it's 
actually a highly intricate 

1278
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:50,899
system of resource management, 
seasonal planning and economic 

1279
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:53,300
coordination. 
That the Sumerians had perfected

1280
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:58,200
The temples collected offerings 
from worshipers provided daily 

1281
01:09:58,200 --> 01:10:01,500
rations to priests and workers 
organized labor, gangs for 

1282
01:10:01,508 --> 01:10:04,200
large-scale construction 
projects and oversaw 

1283
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:07,300
cross-continental trade networks
that brought silver from 

1284
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:11,500
Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 
Afghanistan, and cedar wood from

1285
01:10:11,500 --> 01:10:14,000
Lebanon. 
Try using just your memory and a

1286
01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:17,000
few knots and string to keep 
track of all that something had 

1287
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:20,000
to give because the Sumerian 
economy, had expanded Beyond 

1288
01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:21,600
human memories ability to 
control. 

1289
01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:25,300
They would have to discover a 
method to expand, human memory 

1290
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:28,600
beyond the confines of the 
individual mine while they would

1291
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:31,300
have to reduce their society to 
the level of a small village. 

1292
01:10:32,200 --> 01:10:35,400
Of our tail is an anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

1293
01:10:35,400 --> 01:10:38,100
most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

1294
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:40,900
your workplace. 
Remember, everyone's birthdays 

1295
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:43,300
organizers. 
The Supply Closet without being 

1296
01:10:43,300 --> 01:10:47,000
asked, and actually reads the 
terms, and conditioners, this 

1297
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:49,700
administrative Wiz thought. 
There has to be a better way. 

1298
01:10:49,700 --> 01:10:53,100
After observing the disarray of 
record, keeping the initial 

1299
01:10:53,100 --> 01:10:58,100
attempts were exquisitely, basic
tiny tokens made of clay each 

1300
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:00,000
signifying. 
A certain amount of a particular

1301
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:02,500
good. 
A sheep is worth one token. 

1302
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:06,100
A bushel of barley as worth 
another and an oil jar is worth 

1303
01:11:06,100 --> 01:11:09,300
a third. 
To represent real transactions. 

1304
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:11,400
These tokens could be 
transferred, counted. 

1305
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,100
And stored you could give 
someone 10 sheep tokens. 

1306
01:11:14,100 --> 01:11:17,600
If you owed them 10 sheep and 
the debt was noted in a way that

1307
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:20,400
was more flexible than engraving
marks on Stone but more 

1308
01:11:20,400 --> 01:11:23,700
permanent than memory tokens, 
however had their own issues. 

1309
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:27,900
They were tiny challenging to 
store securely and prone to 

1310
01:11:27,900 --> 01:11:30,500
being misplaced. 
The discovery was made that it 

1311
01:11:30,508 --> 01:11:32,000
was possible to permanently 
record. 

1312
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:35,200
The meaning of the tokens by 
pressing them into clay tablets 

1313
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:39,200
rather than storing them loose. 
The tangible tokens turned into 

1314
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:41,500
Clay impressions and writing 
appeared out of nowhere. 

1315
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:44,800
They developed cuneiform, which 
is a system of wedge-shaped 

1316
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:48,200
marks that are pressed into clay
tablets using a reed stylus. 

1317
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:52,900
The literal meaning of cuneiform
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 

1318
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:56,700
All About Sumerian priorities. 
They were pragmatic individuals 

1319
01:11:56,700 --> 01:11:59,900
who named their writing system 
after the marks shape, rather 

1320
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,800
than after Cosmic principles or 
Gods, the Sumerian soon realized

1321
01:12:03,800 --> 01:12:06,000
they were onto something more 
significant than livestock 

1322
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:07,800
infantries. 
Even though it began. 

1323
01:12:07,800 --> 01:12:11,900
Beautifully simple, one sheep 
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals

1324
01:12:11,900 --> 01:12:15,800
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 
different Mark, that meant many 

1325
01:12:15,800 --> 01:12:17,700
sheep. 
In the future. 

1326
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:20,500
The system could represent the 
sounds of words that refer to 

1327
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:23,000
things in addition to quantities
of things. 

1328
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:26,500
Imagine the moment when a scribe
likely working through the night

1329
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,400
with flickering Lamplight, 
discovered that the symbol for 

1330
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:31,600
Bali could also stand for the 
sound. 

1331
01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:35,800
She because that was how Bali 
was pronounced in Sumerian. 

1332
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:38,800
It was like learning that Lego 
blocks could create not just 

1333
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:42,700
spaceships and castles but whole
worlds of emotion, abstract, 

1334
01:12:42,700 --> 01:12:46,500
thought and Imagination. 
All of a sudden you could write 

1335
01:12:46,500 --> 01:12:50,600
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 
by fusing the symbol for Bali 

1336
01:12:50,600 --> 01:12:53,600
for the sound. 
She with the symbol for man? 

1337
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:57,500
After this phonetic Discovery 
cuneiform evolved from a basic 

1338
01:12:57,500 --> 01:12:59,700
accounting system to a complete 
writing system. 

1339
01:12:59,700 --> 01:13:02,100
The could represent any spoken 
idea. 

1340
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:05,700
The ramifications were 
astounding, you could write not 

1341
01:13:05,700 --> 01:13:09,800
just 10 sheep but the shepherd 
who tends sheep is my brother. 

1342
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:13,500
And he lives beyond the hill 
where the barley grows tall in 

1343
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:16,000
the spring rains for the first 
time in human history. 

1344
01:13:16,000 --> 01:13:19,300
At First, Look, the clay tablets
that emerge from the discovery 

1345
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:22,500
are delightfully ordinary. 
These old spreadsheets conceal, 

1346
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:25,100
the seeds of literature, law and
human expression. 

1347
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:28,400
But the majority of them read, 
like the most dull email in box 

1348
01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:32,000
in the world received three 
bushels of Bali from Menlo 

1349
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:36,300
Barney due to Sheep by the new 
moon witnessed by Ernest. 

1350
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:39,400
One of the most prestigious 
occupations in human history, 

1351
01:13:39,400 --> 01:13:41,800
was that of the scribes who 
produced these tablets. 

1352
01:13:42,500 --> 01:13:45,600
acquiring knowledge of cuneiform
was akin to mastering an ancient

1353
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:49,100
language, accounting software 
and artistic technique all at 

1354
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:52,300
once they were intricate 
grammatical rules to learn 

1355
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:55,600
hundreds of symbols to commit to
memory and Professional 

1356
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:59,100
Standards to uphold These 
individuals knew they were 

1357
01:13:59,100 --> 01:14:01,500
engaging in Magic because they 
were the first to actually 

1358
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:05,000
solidify thoughts and turn 
spoken words and permanent 

1359
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:07,200
objects. 
Is it understandable that they 

1360
01:14:07,200 --> 01:14:09,600
developed a sense of 
Professional Pride that bordered

1361
01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:12,300
on overconfidence? 
They were the Defenders of 

1362
01:14:12,300 --> 01:14:16,300
civilization itself contracts 
laws, literature and history 

1363
01:14:16,300 --> 01:14:18,400
would all be impossible without 
scribes. 

1364
01:14:18,400 --> 01:14:21,900
They served as a tangible link 
between their societies memory. 

1365
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:25,300
And Eternity, young men, spent 
years copying classical, texts 

1366
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,500
honing, their hand drying and 
acquiring the sophisticated 

1367
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:29,800
legal and mathematical 
knowledge. 

1368
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:32,500
Necessary for professional 
administration at Sumerian 

1369
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:35,500
scribes schools which resembled 
medieval monasteries. 

1370
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:39,500
They preserved this tale of 
friendship, mortality in the 

1371
01:14:39,500 --> 01:14:43,100
pursuit of meaning for future 
Generations, by copying the Epic

1372
01:14:43,100 --> 01:14:45,800
of Gilgamesh. 
Humanity's first, Monumental 

1373
01:14:45,800 --> 01:14:49,800
literary Masterpiece, thousands 
of time's, the ancient Egyptians

1374
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:52,800
were creating their own method 
of permanent communication while

1375
01:14:52,800 --> 01:14:55,300
the Sumerians were busy 
refining, their wedge-shaped 

1376
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:59,000
filing system, And because they 
were Egyptians, they decided to 

1377
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:02,400
make it utterly beautiful. 
Why settle for something that 

1378
01:15:02,400 --> 01:15:04,000
works? 
When you can make something that

1379
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:07,100
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 
Around the same time as 

1380
01:15:07,100 --> 01:15:10,900
cuneiform hieroglyphics 
appeared, however, Egyptian 

1381
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:13,600
hieroglyphs, resembled the most 
intricate picture book in the 

1382
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:16,700
world where a Sumerian writing 
appeared as though someone had 

1383
01:15:16,700 --> 01:15:19,100
been piercing clay with a very 
methodical Fork. 

1384
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,600
Every symbol was a miniature 
artwork eyes that followed you 

1385
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:27,000
with age-old wisdom, birds that 
appeared ready to take flight 

1386
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:30,600
and human figures that posed 
with such dignity that even 

1387
01:15:30,600 --> 01:15:33,000
grocery lists appeared to be 
statements of cosmic 

1388
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:35,700
significance. 
The definition of hieroglyph, 

1389
01:15:35,700 --> 01:15:37,800
which literally translates to 
Sacred. 

1390
01:15:37,800 --> 01:15:40,700
Carving provides all the 
information you require about 

1391
01:15:40,700 --> 01:15:44,000
the Egyptians perspective on 
their writing system, this was 

1392
01:15:44,000 --> 01:15:45,500
more than just useful 
communication. 

1393
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:49,500
It was a gift from God, a 
conduit between the world of the

1394
01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:52,500
Gods and the mortal world, a 
means of engaging, with the 

1395
01:15:52,500 --> 01:15:55,700
Eternal through writing, 
according to Egyptian creation 

1396
01:15:55,700 --> 01:15:57,600
myths. 
The Ibis headed god of wisdom, 

1397
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:01,200
Thoth created hieroglyphs after 
noticing the footprints. 

1398
01:16:01,200 --> 01:16:03,100
That birds made in the mud along
the Nile. 

1399
01:16:03,900 --> 01:16:06,600
The idea that writing started 
because someone noticed that 

1400
01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:09,200
movement could leave permanent 
traces and that life could 

1401
01:16:09,200 --> 01:16:10,900
inscribe itself on the 
landscape. 

1402
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:13,100
Is a lovely one. 
Regardless of whether you 

1403
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:16,500
believe in divine inspiration, 
thoughts who is said to have 

1404
01:16:16,500 --> 01:16:19,900
invented writing and functioned 
as the Scribe of the Gods was so

1405
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:23,300
revered by Egyptian scribes that
they had their own Patron deity.

1406
01:16:24,100 --> 01:16:27,000
Imagine working in a profession.
So, esteemed that it was 

1407
01:16:27,000 --> 01:16:30,600
believed the gods themselves 
practiced it The instruction of 

1408
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:33,700
dwarf from ancient Egypt to 
search that scribes are the best

1409
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:36,700
at what they do. 
There is no trade without a 

1410
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:38,200
director except that Of The 
Scribe. 

1411
01:16:38,900 --> 01:16:41,600
He is the director. 
However, the intricacy of 

1412
01:16:41,608 --> 01:16:43,600
hieroglyphs would make 
contemporary computer, 

1413
01:16:43,600 --> 01:16:47,000
programmers cry. 
Depending on the situation, the 

1414
01:16:47,000 --> 01:16:50,400
same symbol May stand for a word
sound or concept. 

1415
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:55,700
A picture of a house could stand
for house the sound PR or 

1416
01:16:55,700 --> 01:16:57,800
something related to domestic 
life in general. 

1417
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:02,600
In addition to literacy reading 
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 

1418
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:06,000
visual puzzle solving that 
required years of practice and a

1419
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:08,900
mine that could suspend several 
possible meanings until the 

1420
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:12,500
context clarified, the intended.
Meaning with typical Egyptian 

1421
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:14,700
Flair. 
The Egyptians came up with three

1422
01:17:14,700 --> 01:17:18,500
distinct writing systems each 
tailored to a particular set of 

1423
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:22,600
Social contexts and purposes. 
In order to impress the gods and

1424
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:26,100
future Generations, Egyptians 
used hieroglyphs for important 

1425
01:17:26,100 --> 01:17:30,400
religious or Monumental texts. 
The common religious and 

1426
01:17:30,400 --> 01:17:33,900
administrative documents higher 
attic, which means Priestly 

1427
01:17:33,900 --> 01:17:37,500
refers to hire a glyphs written 
in cursive, which are quicker to

1428
01:17:37,500 --> 01:17:40,300
write while still retaining the 
dignity required for official 

1429
01:17:40,300 --> 01:17:43,700
business. 
Later Egyptian writing adopted 

1430
01:17:43,700 --> 01:17:47,400
to mautic, which means of the 
people for both personal and 

1431
01:17:47,400 --> 01:17:50,300
professional correspondence, 
it's similar to using different 

1432
01:17:50,300 --> 01:17:53,400
writing systems for grocery 
lists office memos and wedding 

1433
01:17:53,400 --> 01:17:57,200
invitations realistic maybe not 
in terms of Effectiveness 

1434
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:01,100
classy. 
Of course, the Egyptians realize

1435
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:02,900
that different forms of 
communication required. 

1436
01:18:02,900 --> 01:18:05,700
Varying degrees of aesthetic 
appeal, that the medium was an 

1437
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:08,000
integral part of the message. 
And that writing was about 

1438
01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:11,300
honoring information rather than
merely preserving it in ancient 

1439
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:14,200
Egypt, becoming a scribe was 
akin to joining a sacred order. 

1440
01:18:14,200 --> 01:18:17,000
In addition to learning how to 
write young boys. 

1441
01:18:17,000 --> 01:18:20,200
And sometimes girls, though, 
this was uncommon would spend 

1442
01:18:20,200 --> 01:18:22,900
years and scribble schools 
learning how to mix inks, 

1443
01:18:22,900 --> 01:18:26,800
prepare Papyrus and make the 
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled

1444
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:29,700
hieroglyphic writing. 
They practiced by learning 

1445
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:33,800
grammar and Mathematics copying 
classical texts, and honing, the

1446
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:36,900
exact hand eye, coordination 
needed to produce beautiful and 

1447
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:40,000
readable symbols. 
In addition to writing, Egyptian

1448
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:43,700
scribes served as the pharaoh's 
Confidant, administrators of the

1449
01:18:43,708 --> 01:18:46,100
Empire Lauren forces and 
historians. 

1450
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:49,600
They oversaw the intricate 
irrigation systems that enabled 

1451
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:53,200
Egyptian, agriculture plan the 
enormous building projects that 

1452
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:55,800
produced the temples and 
pyramids and kept up the 

1453
01:18:55,800 --> 01:18:58,700
Diplomatic correspondence that 
allowed Egypt to remain in touch

1454
01:18:58,700 --> 01:19:02,400
with the outside world Egyptian 
writing was as beautiful as its 

1455
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:05,800
instruments. 
Pyrus was a smooth flexible 

1456
01:19:05,800 --> 01:19:08,700
writing surface that could be 
rolled into Scrolls for 

1457
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:10,500
convenient storage and 
transportation. 

1458
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:14,600
It was made from the pith of 
Papyrus plants, which grew along

1459
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:17,500
the Nile The delicate curves and
fine lines. 

1460
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:20,700
That characterized hieroglyphic 
writing were made possible by 

1461
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:24,700
Reed pens which were carved from
Marsh plants and precisely 

1462
01:19:24,700 --> 01:19:27,900
shaped to hold ink. 
Rich blacks and Vivid. 

1463
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:31,000
Reds could be produced with ink 
made from soot and plant gums, 

1464
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:32,800
which would stay readable and 
clear. 

1465
01:19:32,800 --> 01:19:35,800
For Millennia, most 
significantly, though Egyptian 

1466
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:37,400
writing was intended to be 
permanent. 

1467
01:19:38,200 --> 01:19:41,300
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved
into stone temples and tombs 

1468
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:43,900
with the express purpose of 
remaining forever. 

1469
01:19:43,900 --> 01:19:47,400
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 
tablets were prone to Breaking 

1470
01:19:47,400 --> 01:19:50,200
or crumbling and many other 
ancient writing systems have 

1471
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,500
completely vanished. 
The Egyptians held at writing, 

1472
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:56,300
could Grant him mortality. 
And that a part of oneself 

1473
01:19:56,300 --> 01:19:58,700
persisted in the world. 
As long as one's name could be 

1474
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:01,300
read alstor. 
Now, takes a turn, that would be

1475
01:20:01,308 --> 01:20:03,700
proudly featured in any Underdog
Sports film. 

1476
01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:06,800
A small group of people in the 
Eastern Mediterranean were on 

1477
01:20:06,808 --> 01:20:09,300
the verge of unintentionally 
revolutionizing human 

1478
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:12,100
communication forever. 
While the Egyptians were 

1479
01:20:12,100 --> 01:20:15,400
perfecting their beautiful 
complexity and the mess obtains 

1480
01:20:15,400 --> 01:20:17,300
were growing. 
Their empire based on wedges, 

1481
01:20:17,300 --> 01:20:19,400
the Phoenicians were not 
academics. 

1482
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:22,300
They were Traders. 
They were the equivalent of that

1483
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:24,900
friend who always knows where to
get the best bargains in the 

1484
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:27,800
ancient world. 
Except instead of selling cheap 

1485
01:20:27,800 --> 01:20:30,800
electronics, they dealt in 
purple dye that was worth more 

1486
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:34,000
than gold Cedar would so fine 
that it was used in Kings 

1487
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:37,500
temples and silver, so pure that
it became the Benchmark for 

1488
01:20:37,500 --> 01:20:38,900
Value throughout the 
Mediterranean. 

1489
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:43,600
They required a portable easily 
learned and effective writing 

1490
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:45,600
system. 
Cuneiform required too much. 

1491
01:20:45,608 --> 01:20:48,600
Specialized equipment 
hieroglyphs were too complicated

1492
01:20:48,600 --> 01:20:52,300
for Fast, Business records. 
And to be honest, they had no 

1493
01:20:52,300 --> 01:20:54,300
time for either. 
When there were fortunes to be 

1494
01:20:54,300 --> 01:20:57,900
made in every port from Spain, 
to the Black Sea living in a 

1495
01:20:57,900 --> 01:21:00,900
practical era, the Phoenicians 
were pragmatic individuals, 

1496
01:21:00,900 --> 01:21:05,800
their cities tire side and 
byblos were erected on Slender, 

1497
01:21:05,800 --> 01:21:08,800
coastal plains, with their 
faces, toward the sea, and their

1498
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:12,000
backs to the mountains. 
They had to trade in order to 

1499
01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:14,500
survive because they could not 
produce enough food to sustain 

1500
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:17,400
large populations. 
Additionally, contracts, 

1501
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:20,600
correspondence and record 
keeping that were comprehensible

1502
01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:24,000
despite linguistic and cultural 
barriers were necessary for 

1503
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:26,800
successful trade. 
Therefore the most elegant Act 

1504
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:29,200
of simplification in human 
history was carried out by a 

1505
01:21:29,200 --> 01:21:33,500
brilliant Phoenician, Merchants 
around 1200 BCE, let's imagine 

1506
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,600
him as the ancient equivalent of
someone who unintentionally 

1507
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:40,100
revolutionizes storage 
technology and finds a better 

1508
01:21:40,108 --> 01:21:43,600
way to organize their garage, 
the Phoenicians produced only 22

1509
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:46,500
symbols Each of which 
represented a single consonant 

1510
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:48,800
sound as a posed to 100s of 
symbols. 

1511
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:51,900
That represented words sounds 
and Concepts. 

1512
01:21:51,900 --> 01:21:56,000
That's all No, images of birds 
that depending on the context 

1513
01:21:56,000 --> 01:22:00,300
could mean bird fly or Freedom. 
There are no abstract ideas that

1514
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,600
take years of study to grasp. 
There was no Divine symbolism, 

1515
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:06,900
that linked writing to Cosmic 
laws any word in their language 

1516
01:22:06,900 --> 01:22:10,300
could be represented by 
combining just 22 basic marks. 

1517
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:14,100
It was incredibly useful. 
Instead of the years needed to 

1518
01:22:14,100 --> 01:22:17,300
learn Connie for more 
hieroglyphs a Merchants child. 

1519
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:19,200
Could learn the entire system in
months. 

1520
01:22:20,100 --> 01:22:22,500
The symbols were easy enough to 
paint onto wooden boards, 

1521
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:25,900
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly
carve into stone. 

1522
01:22:26,700 --> 01:22:29,700
The most revolutionary aspect of
the system was its adaptability 

1523
01:22:29,700 --> 01:22:33,100
and logic, which allowed it to 
be, used to write entirely 

1524
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:35,800
different languages. 
The Phoenician alphabet was 

1525
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:38,500
straightforward effective and 
highly adaptable. 

1526
01:22:38,500 --> 01:22:41,700
Making it comparable to the 
Swiss army knife of writing 

1527
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:44,400
systems. 
Once you mastered, the 22 

1528
01:22:44,400 --> 01:22:46,500
letters. 
You could write any word you 

1529
01:22:46,500 --> 01:22:49,200
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

1530
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:51,400
sound. 
There was no need for costly 

1531
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:53,100
materials or specialized 
training. 

1532
01:22:53,100 --> 01:22:55,000
No. 
Need to memorize hundreds of 

1533
01:22:55,008 --> 01:22:58,000
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

1534
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,500
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

1535
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:03,700
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just give them 

1536
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:05,800
Humanity, the secret to 
widespread literacy. 

1537
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:09,800
There only goals were to improve
business, records, expedite, 

1538
01:23:09,800 --> 01:23:13,000
correspondents, and shorten the 
time needed to train new 

1539
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:16,700
scribes, however, the nation 
Traders brought their alphabet 

1540
01:23:16,700 --> 01:23:18,600
to every port where they 
conducted business. 

1541
01:23:18,600 --> 01:23:22,100
And it quickly spread like the 
most popular viral video in the 

1542
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:24,400
ancient world. 
The Phoenicians system only 

1543
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:28,000
marked consonant sounds leaving 
readers to infer the vowels from

1544
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:30,000
Context. 
It would be like reading 

1545
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:33,700
beateats s and knowing it means 
by the house. 

1546
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:37,300
This worked well in submitted 
languages like Phoenicians and 

1547
01:23:37,308 --> 01:23:40,100
Hebrew, where the consonants 
carry, the majority of the 

1548
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,800
meaning but it was problematic 
for Greek Where vowel sounds 

1549
01:23:43,800 --> 01:23:45,200
were essential for 
comprehension. 

1550
01:23:46,100 --> 01:23:48,800
Greek Traders commented. 
This is brilliant, but it could 

1551
01:23:48,808 --> 01:23:52,100
use some improvements, thus the 
Greeks added vowels to The 

1552
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:55,000
Phoenician alphabet, which may 
be the most significant change 

1553
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:58,100
in writing history. 
The Greeks used those letters to

1554
01:23:58,100 --> 01:24:00,900
stand in for vowel, sounds 
because some Phoenician 

1555
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:04,600
consonants were not present in 
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 

1556
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:06,300
letter. 
A was derived from The 

1557
01:24:06,300 --> 01:24:10,400
Phoenician alif, the Greek beta 
and our letter b and so forth. 

1558
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:13,700
Vowels were added to the 
alphabet, making it much more 

1559
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:17,400
accurate and simpler to learn. 
We could see the precise 

1560
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,900
pronunciation of words rather 
than having to get the missing 

1561
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:23,900
vowels sound. 
Because of its accuracy. 

1562
01:24:23,900 --> 01:24:27,000
The Greek alphabet was ideal for
recording, not only business 

1563
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:30,300
transactions, but also intricate
literary works, like poetry and 

1564
01:24:30,308 --> 01:24:33,600
philosophy were precise. 
Wording was crucial through 

1565
01:24:33,600 --> 01:24:36,300
their interactions with Greek 
colonies in southern Italy. 

1566
01:24:36,300 --> 01:24:39,700
The Romans came into contact 
with the Greek, alphabet and 

1567
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:43,400
recognized its potential for use
in law and administration right 

1568
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:46,000
away. 
By standardizing the alphabet 

1569
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:48,400
throughout their empire and 
using it to produce the 

1570
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,600
administrative and legal 
documents that bound their 

1571
01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:53,900
enormous territories together. 
Roman efficiency, transformed 

1572
01:24:53,900 --> 01:24:57,700
the alphabet into an instrument 
of Empire and that Latin script 

1573
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:00,600
perfected and refined by Roman 
scribes. 

1574
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:05,700
And bureaucrats it is currently 
being read by you. 26 letters 

1575
01:25:05,700 --> 01:25:09,200
that you see on your keyboard, a
direct descendants of those 22, 

1576
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:12,600
Phoenician consonants, they were
altered by Greek creativity, and

1577
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,600
Roman pragmatism and were passed
down through centuries and 

1578
01:25:15,600 --> 01:25:18,200
continents to reach the page or 
screen in front of you. 

1579
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:21,200
The success of the alphabet was 
neither inevitable, nor 

1580
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:25,100
instantaneous, Co-existed with 
various writing systems for 

1581
01:25:25,100 --> 01:25:27,400
centuries, each with unique 
benefits. 

1582
01:25:28,300 --> 01:25:30,500
For more than a millennium 
following, the invention of the 

1583
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:33,800
alphabet can form continued to 
be the language of scholarship 

1584
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:37,300
and diplomacy and Mesopotamia. 
Up until the Roman era 

1585
01:25:37,300 --> 01:25:40,400
hieroglyphs were still utilized 
in the Egypt for religious and 

1586
01:25:40,400 --> 01:25:43,600
ceremonial purposes. 
The fact that Chinese characters

1587
01:25:43,600 --> 01:25:45,900
evolved on their own and are 
still in use today. 

1588
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:48,300
Shows that there are other 
options for solving the writing 

1589
01:25:48,300 --> 01:25:51,200
problem besides the alphabet, 
once significant benefit of the 

1590
01:25:51,200 --> 01:25:54,200
alphabet, however, was that it 
significantly reduced the 

1591
01:25:54,200 --> 01:25:57,800
barrier to literacy. 
Person could become functionally

1592
01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:01,300
literate in months as a supposed
to years of learning, hundreds, 

1593
01:26:01,300 --> 01:26:05,500
or thousands of symbols. 
As a result writing was no 

1594
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:08,300
longer the sole domain of 
affluent Elites and professional

1595
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:12,900
scribes soldiers artists 
merchants and eventually common 

1596
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:16,100
people could all learn to read 
and write writing remained the 

1597
01:26:16,100 --> 01:26:18,300
domain of specialist. 
For approximately a millennium, 

1598
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:20,000
following the adoption of the 
alphabet. 

1599
01:26:20,800 --> 01:26:23,500
But these Specialists were far 
more numerous than in the past. 

1600
01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:27,000
Books were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

1601
01:26:27,000 --> 01:26:30,500
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

1602
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:33,900
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

1603
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:36,900
it took a monk, three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

1604
01:26:36,908 --> 01:26:39,900
Stone Monastery on bread. 
And we kale based on the Latin 

1605
01:26:39,900 --> 01:26:43,400
words Manus, which means hand 
and scriptus, which means 

1606
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:46,000
written this was the era of the 
manuscript. 

1607
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:50,400
Letter by letter word by word 
Page by Page each book was 

1608
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:54,100
literally by hand. 
Single book was worth months or 

1609
01:26:54,100 --> 01:26:57,000
years of human labor due to the 
labor intensive nature of the 

1610
01:26:57,000 --> 01:26:59,700
process. 
Making each volume extremely 

1611
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:03,300
valuable the improbable stewards
of human knowledge turned out to

1612
01:27:03,300 --> 01:27:07,000
be medieval monasteries. 
Imagine brother Benedict bent 

1613
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:10,500
over his writing desk in a 
scriptorium, a special room used

1614
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,600
for copying manuscripts 
carefully, copying the writings 

1615
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:16,900
of ancient philosophers as his 
back ached from hours of 

1616
01:27:16,900 --> 01:27:20,300
painstaking exacting work and 
his fingers gradually turned 

1617
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:23,600
blue from the cold. 
In their meticulously copied 

1618
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:25,400
books. 
These monks, preserved 

1619
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:29,200
everything from agricultural 
methods to mathematical theorems

1620
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:32,100
to theological, arguments making
them more, the more than just 

1621
01:27:32,100 --> 01:27:34,500
scribes. 
It were the first backup hard 

1622
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:37,700
drives of human civilization. 
It was almost Supernatural, how 

1623
01:27:37,700 --> 01:27:41,300
much work it took to create a 
medieval manuscript. initially 

1624
01:27:41,300 --> 01:27:44,300
you needed parchment or Vellum, 
which required weeks of 

1625
01:27:44,308 --> 01:27:47,300
meticulous, preparation, using 
the skins of dozens of animals 

1626
01:27:47,300 --> 01:27:52,300
such as goats sheep or calves, 
To produce a smooth, 

1627
01:27:52,300 --> 01:27:55,800
long-lasting writing surface, 
the Skins needed to be soaked 

1628
01:27:55,800 --> 01:28:00,900
scraped stretched and lime 
treated. 300 sheep skins could 

1629
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:03,900
be needed for one Bible. 
The creation of inks followed 

1630
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:06,900
some of which called for 
substances more unusual than 

1631
01:28:06,900 --> 01:28:09,000
anything found in a contemporary
chemistry set. 

1632
01:28:09,800 --> 01:28:13,900
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 
Oak Galls growth produced by 

1633
01:28:13,900 --> 01:28:18,300
wasp larvae were used to make 
blacking Cinnabar or red Oaker 

1634
01:28:18,300 --> 01:28:20,400
were used to make the red ink 
that was used for chapter 

1635
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:22,100
headings and significant 
passages. 

1636
01:28:22,100 --> 01:28:25,700
Real gold, leaf was grounded 
with gum and honey to create 

1637
01:28:25,700 --> 01:28:29,800
Goulding which was saved for the
most valuable writing the 

1638
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:31,700
writing itself. 
Necessitated specific 

1639
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:35,300
instruments and methods to hold 
ink and create accurate marks, 

1640
01:28:35,300 --> 01:28:38,900
which were fashioned from the 
flight feathers of geese or 

1641
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:41,100
swans. 
Had to be precisely cut and 

1642
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:44,000
shape. 
Sand was used to block excess 

1643
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:47,500
income, speed drying and the 
tribes desk was angled to 

1644
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:50,400
avoiding pooling. 
However, the illumination. 

1645
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:53,200
The addition of ornamental 
elements that transformed every 

1646
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:56,400
page into a work of art was 
where the true Artistry was 

1647
01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:59,000
found. 
Detailed initial letters, that 

1648
01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:02,400
could include whole Mitchell 
Landscapes marginal decorations.

1649
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:05,300
That told visual stories and 
full-page illustrations. 

1650
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:09,100
That Infuse text with Rich 
details and vibrant colors were 

1651
01:29:09,100 --> 01:29:12,100
all characteristics of 
illuminated manuscripts among 

1652
01:29:12,100 --> 01:29:14,800
the most Exquisite items ever 
made by human hands. 

1653
01:29:14,800 --> 01:29:17,900
Are the most well, known 
illuminated manuscripts such as 

1654
01:29:17,900 --> 01:29:21,300
the Book of Kells or the cherish
Urdu to bury. 

1655
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:24,600
Hundreds of hours of Labor by 
talented artists employing 

1656
01:29:24,600 --> 01:29:27,400
methods that took decades to 
perfect a represented on each 

1657
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:29,400
page. 
The pigments were made from 

1658
01:29:29,400 --> 01:29:30,700
Vellum. 
So fine, it was almost 

1659
01:29:30,700 --> 01:29:33,600
translucent. 
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 

1660
01:29:33,600 --> 01:29:36,700
made from single hairs and Lapis
Lazuli imported from 

1661
01:29:36,700 --> 01:29:39,300
Afghanistan. 
It sounds romantic to say that 

1662
01:29:39,300 --> 01:29:42,300
each book was unique, but it 
also means that each one cost 

1663
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:43,700
enough to wipe out a small 
Kingdom. 

1664
01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:47,200
Complete collection of 
Aristotle's writings could cost 

1665
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:50,300
more than a small farm. 
A single Bible could cost as 

1666
01:29:50,300 --> 01:29:53,500
much as a house and even basic 
prayer books were luxury items. 

1667
01:29:53,500 --> 01:29:56,500
Only the wealthy could afford 
because of this scarcity. 

1668
01:29:56,500 --> 01:30:00,300
The majority of people continue 
to rely on memory oral tradition

1669
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:03,600
and the occasional helpful 
neighbor who could read while 

1670
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,300
the wealthy and the clergy 
continued to enjoy the privilege

1671
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:09,300
of literacy. 
However, something significant 

1672
01:30:09,300 --> 01:30:12,300
was taking place, even in this, 
secluded realm of handwritten 

1673
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:15,500
books, In a way. 
Never seen before, knowledge was

1674
01:30:15,500 --> 01:30:19,200
becoming portable from Monastery
to Monastery, a manuscript could

1675
01:30:19,200 --> 01:30:21,500
spread Concepts across centuries
and continents. 

1676
01:30:21,500 --> 01:30:25,000
These meticulously reproduced 
books brought the writings of 

1677
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:28,400
Greek philosophers who had been 
preserved by Islamic scholars 

1678
01:30:28,400 --> 01:30:31,400
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 
back to Christian Europe. 

1679
01:30:32,400 --> 01:30:36,300
through Thomas aquinas's work, 
Aristotle's physics, which was 

1680
01:30:36,300 --> 01:30:39,900
translated from Greek to Arabic,
to Latin, had an impact on 

1681
01:30:39,900 --> 01:30:43,600
Christian theology, during the 
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's geography

1682
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:47,400
which has been reproduced and 
receded for centuries served as 

1683
01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:49,700
a guide for the exploration 
Expeditions that brought 

1684
01:30:49,700 --> 01:30:52,700
Europeans to the new world. 
The scribes and monks who 

1685
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:54,900
produced these manuscripts 
established a culture of 

1686
01:30:54,908 --> 01:30:56,400
knowledge preservation of their 
own. 

1687
01:30:56,400 --> 01:30:59,900
Each book became a dialogue 
across time as a result of the 

1688
01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:03,000
marginalia comments and 
observations in the margins that

1689
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:05,700
they added. 
Reading a medieval manuscript 

1690
01:31:05,700 --> 01:31:08,400
today is similar to listening to
a group of academics who are 

1691
01:31:08,400 --> 01:31:11,300
centuries apart debate the same 
text adding their own 

1692
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:14,200
interpretations and insights 
while also agreeing and 

1693
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:16,300
disagreeing. 
While some of these side remarks

1694
01:31:16,300 --> 01:31:19,000
are academic and somber. 
Others are surprisingly, 

1695
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:22,600
relatable and human. 
The whether it's raining heavily

1696
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:25,000
outside. 
The scriptorium complaints about

1697
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:28,600
the cold, my hand is numb from 
writing and even drawings of 

1698
01:31:28,608 --> 01:31:32,200
cats which it seems medieval 
monks found just as adorable as 

1699
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:34,600
we do today. 
Can all be found in medieval 

1700
01:31:34,600 --> 01:31:38,100
manuscripts new types of books 
with distinct functions also 

1701
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:39,800
emerged during the manuscript 
era. 

1702
01:31:40,500 --> 01:31:43,600
Both clergy and lay people 
adopted the sultan as they go to

1703
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:47,500
prayer book because it contained
the 150 biblical Farms. 

1704
01:31:48,200 --> 01:31:50,500
Among the most popular 
manuscripts for affluent, people

1705
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:53,500
were books of hours which 
contained prayers for various 

1706
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:56,800
times of the day. 
Through their descriptions of 

1707
01:31:56,800 --> 01:32:00,300
mythical and real animals. 
Best juries Blended natural 

1708
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:02,700
history with moral teaching in 
ways that were both. 

1709
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:06,700
Entertaining and instructive 
when University is first 

1710
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:09,500
appeared in the 12th century, 
they brought with the new 

1711
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:12,600
production techniques and 
demands for books, multiple 

1712
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,200
copies of the same text could be
produced more quickly. 

1713
01:32:15,200 --> 01:32:19,600
Thanks to the PCS system which 
divided text into sections. 

1714
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:21,800
That could be copied by multiple
scribes at once. 

1715
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:25,900
Although it still took months to
produce a single book, this was 

1716
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:28,000
the Medieval equivalent of mass 
production. 

1717
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:31,300
China had been subtly 
transforming, the very medium of

1718
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:34,700
writing while Europe continued 
to treat books as Priceless 

1719
01:32:34,700 --> 01:32:37,500
artifacts that needed the 
sacrifice of whole herds of 

1720
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:40,000
sheep. 
Making paper from plant. 

1721
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:42,300
Fibers was a technique that 
would eventually change the 

1722
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:44,600
world. 
And it was perfected by a court 

1723
01:32:44,600 --> 01:32:48,800
official named kylan around, 105
CE during the hundred nasty, 

1724
01:32:48,800 --> 01:32:51,600
when you take into account the 
Alternatives that dominated 

1725
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:55,200
writing services for centuries. 
This invention may not seem like

1726
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:58,200
a game changer. 
Imagine attempting to transport 

1727
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:01,600
a library of clay tablets on a 
journey, they were both heavy 

1728
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,700
and brittle, although Stone was 
permanent, it was not practical 

1729
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:06,900
for inscriptions. 
Other than the most significant 

1730
01:33:06,900 --> 01:33:09,400
ones. 
The Pirates was costly to make 

1731
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:12,800
and transport and it required 
particular plants that only 

1732
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:16,700
thrived in particular climates. 
Parchment was extremely costly 

1733
01:33:16,700 --> 01:33:19,800
and required animal skins. 
A single book could require 

1734
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:24,800
hundreds of animals Rags bark. 
Bamboo mulberry trees and pretty

1735
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:26,400
much. 
Any other plant fiber could be 

1736
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:29,600
used to make paper. 
This made it possible to produce

1737
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:33,500
writing materials in large 
quantities locally and at a low 

1738
01:33:33,500 --> 01:33:35,700
cost. 
The cost of the information 

1739
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:38,800
written on the writing. 
Surface became insignificant for

1740
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:43,000
the first time in human history.
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 

1741
01:33:43,000 --> 01:33:46,200
into pulp combined with water 
and then lifted out on screens 

1742
01:33:46,200 --> 01:33:48,900
to form, thin sheets that 
eventually dried into paper. 

1743
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:53,200
Kyla's method was elegantly, 
straightforward, the method 

1744
01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:56,100
became so widespread in China. 
That paper was used for more 

1745
01:33:56,100 --> 01:33:58,600
than just writing. 
It was used for packaging 

1746
01:33:58,600 --> 01:34:02,100
decoration and even clothing 
paper served as a medium for art

1747
01:34:02,100 --> 01:34:05,600
decoration and even money for 
the Chinese who used it for more

1748
01:34:05,600 --> 01:34:08,600
than just writing. 
Centuries before the rest of the

1749
01:34:08,608 --> 01:34:11,200
world realized that you could 
use something other than pieces 

1750
01:34:11,200 --> 01:34:14,000
of metal to represent value, 
they created paper money. 

1751
01:34:14,800 --> 01:34:18,000
Chinese Traders were using 
exquisitely designed paper notes

1752
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,300
backed by Imperial authority to 
pay for goods while European 

1753
01:34:21,300 --> 01:34:24,300
Merchants continued to carry 
bags of gold and silver coins. 

1754
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:27,600
Additionally, new forms of 
artistic expression, were made 

1755
01:34:27,600 --> 01:34:31,200
possible by Chinese. 
Papermaking writing itself was 

1756
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:34,300
regarded as a visual art form 
when calligraphy the art of 

1757
01:34:34,308 --> 01:34:36,600
beautiful writing advance to new
heights. 

1758
01:34:37,600 --> 01:34:40,600
Chinese poets produced versus 
that were as Exquisite to look 

1759
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,600
at, as they were to read with 
the ink flow and brushwork 

1760
01:34:43,600 --> 01:34:46,700
adding to the poems meaning This
type of creative. 

1761
01:34:46,700 --> 01:34:49,900
Experimentation was made 
feasible and affordable by paper

1762
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:52,800
along trade routes the 
technology gradually spread. 

1763
01:34:52,800 --> 01:34:56,700
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 
tourists who saw its potential 

1764
01:34:58,000 --> 01:35:02,000
Around 750 CE it made its way to
the Islamic world. 

1765
01:35:02,000 --> 01:35:06,100
Most likely via Chinese pows 
taken during the Battle of 

1766
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:08,900
Talus. 
With the same further as those 

1767
01:35:08,900 --> 01:35:11,400
who had been attempting to 
preserve libraries on pricy 

1768
01:35:11,400 --> 01:35:14,900
animal hides, Islamic scholars, 
and administrators embraced. 

1769
01:35:14,900 --> 01:35:17,500
Paper paper books. 
Flooded The Great Library of 

1770
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:21,200
Baghdad, Cairo and Cordova, 
establishing educational hubs 

1771
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,200
that preserved, in advanced 
ancient knowledge. 

1772
01:35:23,900 --> 01:35:27,900
Greek Persian Sanskrit and other
works were translated into 

1773
01:35:27,900 --> 01:35:30,900
Arabic and printed as paper 
books at the house of wisdom in 

1774
01:35:30,900 --> 01:35:33,600
Baghdad, which developed into a 
translation hub. 

1775
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:37,400
Sheep paper made this enormous 
translation project possible 

1776
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:40,600
saving classical education that 
might have been lost forever. 

1777
01:35:40,600 --> 01:35:44,300
Otherwise Islamic paper makers. 
Improved upon Chinese processes 

1778
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:47,600
and created new ones that were 
appropriate for various climates

1779
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:51,800
and the materials at hand From 
Spain to Central Asia, they set 

1780
01:35:51,800 --> 01:35:55,000
up paper mills across their 
lands establishing a production 

1781
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,400
Network that made books more 
widely available and more 

1782
01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:00,500
reasonably priced than ever. 
Before in the 12th century 

1783
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:02,400
paper. 
Finally made its way to Europe 

1784
01:36:02,400 --> 01:36:05,400
where it encountered, the kind 
of opposition usually reserved 

1785
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:08,800
for National Security threats. 
A safe guard, their business 

1786
01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:12,100
parchment, manufacturers 
organized, strong guilds, and 

1787
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:14,400
pushed policy makers to limit 
the use of paper. 

1788
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:17,800
Despite the fact that many paper
manuscripts have fared better 

1789
01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:20,700
than parchment ones. 
In terms of survival religious, 

1790
01:36:20,700 --> 01:36:23,500
authorities were concerned. 
That paper books might not be 

1791
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:27,300
robust enough to preserve sacred
texts, and certain locations. 

1792
01:36:27,300 --> 01:36:29,600
Using paper for official 
documents is outright 

1793
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:32,000
prohibited. 
The Holy Roman Emperor. 

1794
01:36:32,000 --> 01:36:34,600
Frederick the second insisted 
that only parchment was 

1795
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:37,800
appropriate for significant 
legal records, declaring, in 

1796
01:36:37,808 --> 01:36:41,300
1231 That official documents 
written on paper would be deemed

1797
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:44,000
invalid. 
This opposition to paper was 

1798
01:36:44,000 --> 01:36:47,200
partially cultural reflecting 
long held ideas about the 

1799
01:36:47,200 --> 01:36:49,900
appropriate materials for 
significant writing and 

1800
01:36:49,900 --> 01:36:53,200
partially economic as the 
production of parchment was a 

1801
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:55,400
significant industry. 
That employed, thousands of 

1802
01:36:55,400 --> 01:36:59,300
people, however paper had a 
compelling Advantage, it was 

1803
01:36:59,300 --> 01:37:02,200
inexpensive. 
Parchment was unable to keep up 

1804
01:37:02,200 --> 01:37:05,000
with the growing number of 
universities in Europe and the 

1805
01:37:05,008 --> 01:37:08,000
resulting demand for books. 
Throughout their studies. 

1806
01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:11,200
The universe de student may 
require access to dozens of 

1807
01:37:11,200 --> 01:37:14,200
different texts. 
More animals were needed for 

1808
01:37:14,200 --> 01:37:17,700
even a small Library than most 
areas could provide in the 13th 

1809
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:20,600
and 14th centuries. 
Paper mills started to appear 

1810
01:37:20,600 --> 01:37:23,300
all over Europe. 
They were frequently constructed

1811
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:25,700
next to rivers, that could 
Supply electricity for the 

1812
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:28,900
equipment that was used to 
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 

1813
01:37:29,500 --> 01:37:32,200
These Mills evolved into hubs of
technological advancement 

1814
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:35,700
creating novel methods for 
creating various kinds of paper 

1815
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:38,600
with various uses. 
It would take centuries to fully

1816
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,600
comprehend how the economics of 
knowledge changed as a result of

1817
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:45,200
the cheap papers availability. 
For the first time writing 

1818
01:37:45,200 --> 01:37:49,100
supplies were reasonably priced 
allowing people to try out novel

1819
01:37:49,100 --> 01:37:52,100
written Expressions because 
paper made writing more 

1820
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:54,400
affordable. 
Personal letters increased in 

1821
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,800
frequency business, records 
became more detailed and 

1822
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:00,100
governments became more 
bureaucratic Johannes. 

1823
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:03,500
Gutenberg was arguably the most 
irritated metal work in mites, 

1824
01:38:03,500 --> 01:38:05,700
Germany. 
And perhaps all of Europe by the

1825
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:08,900
1440s. 
He had invested years and a lot 

1826
01:38:08,908 --> 01:38:12,600
of money into creating a system 
of movable type which consisted 

1827
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:15,300
of separate metal letters that 
could be rearranged to print 

1828
01:38:15,300 --> 01:38:18,700
various texts. 
However, each prototype, he 

1829
01:38:18,700 --> 01:38:21,600
created brought with it, new 
problems, that seem to arise 

1830
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:23,100
more quickly than he could 
resolve them. 

1831
01:38:23,108 --> 01:38:27,100
The intricacy of the technical 
issues was astounding The 

1832
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:29,700
printing would be uneven with 
some letters, pressing harder 

1833
01:38:29,700 --> 01:38:32,100
into the paper than others. 
If the letters went all 

1834
01:38:32,100 --> 01:38:35,600
precisely the same height to 
account for the inherent 

1835
01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:38,500
proportions of various letters, 
they also needed to have 

1836
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:41,800
slightly different widths. 
For example, AI should be 

1837
01:38:41,800 --> 01:38:45,500
narrower than a w, but both had 
to line up precisely with every 

1838
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:47,600
other letter. 
In the alphabet, the type 

1839
01:38:47,600 --> 01:38:50,000
required, a carefully, 
formulated metal alloy. 

1840
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:52,900
If it were too soft pressure 
would cause the letters to 

1841
01:38:52,900 --> 01:38:56,100
distort, they would chip or 
shatter, if they were too hard. 

1842
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,500
The alloy needed to be able to 
capture fine details, be robust 

1843
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:03,400
enough to print thousands of 
copies and be affordable enough 

1844
01:39:03,400 --> 01:39:06,400
to make the system as a whole 
profitable to transfer from 

1845
01:39:06,400 --> 01:39:09,900
metal to paper without smearing 
or fading, the ink needed to be 

1846
01:39:09,908 --> 01:39:11,500
precisely the correct 
consistency. 

1847
01:39:11,500 --> 01:39:15,700
Metal type on paper, just didn't
work with traditional manuscript

1848
01:39:15,700 --> 01:39:19,400
ink which was made for quill 
pens on parchment in order to 

1849
01:39:19,400 --> 01:39:22,900
stick to metal and transfer 
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 

1850
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:26,000
to create a completely new kind 
of ink that was oil-based rather

1851
01:39:26,000 --> 01:39:29,900
than water-based a Pages whole 
surface required, precisely the 

1852
01:39:29,900 --> 01:39:31,900
correct amount of pressure from 
the Press itself. 

1853
01:39:32,600 --> 01:39:35,000
Some letters would print lightly
or not at all if there was 

1854
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:38,000
insufficient pressure. 
Successive pressure could cause 

1855
01:39:38,000 --> 01:39:40,600
the paper to tear or the type to
be pushed. 

1856
01:39:40,600 --> 01:39:42,700
So deeply into the paper that 
holds would form. 

1857
01:39:42,700 --> 01:39:46,200
However, the economic issue was 
arguably the most difficult. 

1858
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:50,400
with no Assurance of return, 
starting a printing business 

1859
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:53,600
required, a significant upfront 
investment in supplies, 

1860
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:58,800
machinery and trained labor, 
Single misaligned letter, a 

1861
01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:02,300
batch of 48 or a paper issue 
could destroy hundreds of copies

1862
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:03,900
and cause the business to go 
bankrupt. 

1863
01:40:03,900 --> 01:40:07,400
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 
only in his individual solutions

1864
01:40:07,400 --> 01:40:09,900
to these issues. 
But also in his realization, 

1865
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:12,900
that printing was an entirely 
new method of book production. 

1866
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:17,300
Manuscripts were copied one at a
time by medieval scribes who 

1867
01:40:17,300 --> 01:40:20,800
worked for months on each copy. 
After the initial setup was 

1868
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:23,200
finished printing. 
Produced a template that could 

1869
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:25,100
create hundreds of identical 
copies. 

1870
01:40:25,100 --> 01:40:28,100
There were significant 
ramifications of this transition

1871
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:31,700
from artisanal to industrial 
production that went well beyond

1872
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:34,800
the printing shop. 
Printed books were identical 

1873
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:38,100
rather than distinct each with 
its own unique qualities and 

1874
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:41,200
possible mistakes because 
everyone else reading the same 

1875
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:44,400
book would find the same text in
the same place scholars in 

1876
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:46,300
different cities. 
Could now, refer to particular 

1877
01:40:46,300 --> 01:40:49,800
pages and lines naturally, the 
Bible was the first book that 

1878
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:53,400
didn't work decided to print. 
However, this was a wise 

1879
01:40:53,400 --> 01:40:55,000
business move, as well as a 
religious one. 

1880
01:40:55,000 --> 01:40:58,200
The one book that was sure to 
have a sizable and steady Market

1881
01:40:58,200 --> 01:41:02,200
was the Bible, every Church 
required copies affluent, people

1882
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:05,900
desired their own copies and the
text was sufficiently uniformed 

1883
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:08,600
to eliminate any doubts 
regarding its veracity or 

1884
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:10,900
correctness. 
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 

1885
01:41:10,900 --> 01:41:14,100
finished around 1455 and still 
regarded as one of the most 

1886
01:41:14,100 --> 01:41:17,900
Exquisite books ever created. 
Demonstrated that hand 

1887
01:41:17,900 --> 01:41:21,500
illumination could compete with 
mechanical reproduction in terms

1888
01:41:21,500 --> 01:41:25,200
of artistic quality Gutenberg 
created books, that fuse, the 

1889
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:27,900
Elegance of traditional 
manuscript art with the accuracy

1890
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:30,800
of printing by hiring. 
Talented artists to add 

1891
01:41:30,800 --> 01:41:33,800
decorative elements to each copy
more significantly though. 

1892
01:41:33,800 --> 01:41:37,300
The good Bible, proved that 
books could be produced in large

1893
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:39,400
quantities, without compromising
their quality. 

1894
01:41:40,500 --> 01:41:44,400
With handed decorations. 
Each of the 180 copies was 

1895
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:49,100
unique, despite having the same 
text and layout resulting in a 

1896
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:51,500
hybrid form that connected 
medieval craftsmanship and 

1897
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:54,500
contemporary industry with the 
rapidity of a particularly 

1898
01:41:54,500 --> 01:41:57,300
potent plague. 
But with far greater advantages,

1899
01:41:57,300 --> 01:42:01,900
the printing press spread 
throughout Europe, By 1500 more 

1900
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:06,400
than 256 cities ranging from 
Stockholm to Naples and Lisbon 

1901
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:10,400
to Moscow had printing presses. 
Millions of books were being 

1902
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:14,000
produced by these presses every 
year changing, Europe from a 

1903
01:42:14,000 --> 01:42:16,900
place where books were rare and 
valuable to one, where printed 

1904
01:42:16,900 --> 01:42:18,700
materials were becoming widely 
available. 

1905
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:23,200
The ramifications for society, 
were profound, the simultaneous 

1906
01:42:23,200 --> 01:42:26,200
existence of identical copies of
the same text in several 

1907
01:42:26,200 --> 01:42:28,700
locations was unprecedented in 
human history. 

1908
01:42:29,700 --> 01:42:32,200
With the assurance that their 
peers would be reading the same 

1909
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:34,900
words academics. 
Could now participate in 

1910
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:37,400
authentic, intellectual 
discourse by citing particular 

1911
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:41,100
passages and page numbers, 
scholarly discourse became more 

1912
01:42:41,100 --> 01:42:45,100
cumulative, more collaborative 
and more precise after being 

1913
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:49,300
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 
door in 1517, Martin, Luther's 

1914
01:42:49,300 --> 01:42:51,400
95th. 
The Seas were reprinted and 

1915
01:42:51,400 --> 01:42:54,800
disseminated throughout Germany 
in a matter of weeks translated 

1916
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:57,600
into several languages in a 
matter of months, and then 

1917
01:42:57,600 --> 01:42:59,200
dispersed throughout Europe in a
year. 

1918
01:43:00,200 --> 01:43:03,200
Luther's accusations of church. 
Corruption might have remained a

1919
01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:05,600
local theological dispute in the
absence of printing. 

1920
01:43:06,400 --> 01:43:08,800
Their invention of printing 
served as the Catalyst for the 

1921
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:11,400
Protestant Reformation, which 
fundamentally altered 

1922
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:14,000
Christianity in Europe. 
Researchers on different 

1923
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:17,100
continents could now instantly 
share, scientific discoveries, 

1924
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:21,700
Within months of its publication
in the revolutionibus in 1543, 

1925
01:43:21,700 --> 01:43:25,700
Copernicus is groundbreaking 
theory that the Earth revolved 

1926
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:28,700
around the Sun was known to 
astronomers all over Europe. 

1927
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:32,600
Published in the humani corporis
Fabrica that same year. 

1928
01:43:32,600 --> 01:43:35,200
The salius is precise 
anatomical. 

1929
01:43:35,200 --> 01:43:38,800
Illustrations provided medical 
students worldwide with access 

1930
01:43:38,800 --> 01:43:41,800
to intricate illustrations that 
were previously limited to a 

1931
01:43:41,800 --> 01:43:44,800
small number of hand-drawn 
manuscripts in both subtle and 

1932
01:43:44,808 --> 01:43:47,700
Revolutionary Ways, the printing
press democratized knowledge 

1933
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:51,100
with less expensive bindings, a 
farmer's son. 

1934
01:43:51,100 --> 01:43:54,500
Could now own the same books as 
a nobleman instead of competing 

1935
01:43:54,500 --> 01:43:57,700
based on the wealth of their 
Patron ideas could do so on 

1936
01:43:57,700 --> 01:44:00,600
their own Merit. 
Simply being able to reproduce 

1937
01:44:00,600 --> 01:44:04,300
text at low cost and disseminate
it, widely enabled, the 

1938
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:07,400
Protestant Reformation, the 
Scientific Revolution and the 

1939
01:44:07,408 --> 01:44:11,300
enlightenment, however, printing
all gave rise to new kinds of 

1940
01:44:11,300 --> 01:44:13,800
control. 
And inequality, even though the 

1941
01:44:13,800 --> 01:44:17,000
cost of books decreased their 
production still required a 

1942
01:44:17,000 --> 01:44:20,000
large investment. 
By determining which texts were 

1943
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:22,900
worthy of being printed in which
Concepts merited. 

1944
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:25,900
Widespread dissemination 
Publishers took on the role of 

1945
01:44:25,900 --> 01:44:29,600
new information Gatekeepers 
Governments implemented, license

1946
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:32,700
in programs, censorship and 
printing, press control. 

1947
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,900
After realizing the power of 
printing, the spread of 

1948
01:44:35,908 --> 01:44:38,300
protestant texts through 
printing prompted, the Catholic 

1949
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:41,900
Church to create the index 
Libera and prohibitorum a list 

1950
01:44:41,908 --> 01:44:44,100
of books that Catholics were 
prohibited from reading 

1951
01:44:45,200 --> 01:44:48,700
Realizing that presses, meant 
controlling the information flow

1952
01:44:48,700 --> 01:44:51,200
governments across Europe, set 
up official, printers and 

1953
01:44:51,200 --> 01:44:53,300
mandated, licenses for printing 
businesses. 

1954
01:44:53,300 --> 01:44:56,600
It was impossible to fully 
regulate printing in spite of 

1955
01:44:56,600 --> 01:45:00,100
these control attempts, 
Smugglers transported, banned 

1956
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:02,800
text across borders, 
underground, presses produced 

1957
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:05,800
books that were prohibited and 
the sheer volume of printed 

1958
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:07,900
material. 
May complete censorship in 

1959
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:10,700
Practical, since mass 
communication had escaped. 

1960
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:14,500
It would never be able to be 
reined in in the 17th and 18th. 

1961
01:45:14,500 --> 01:45:17,700
Centuries, something 
extraordinary occurred, common 

1962
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:21,000
people started reading for 
enjoyment, not for Religious 

1963
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:24,600
Education, not for work-related 
reasons, but just because 

1964
01:45:24,600 --> 01:45:28,300
reading was now a fun 
inexpensive and socially 

1965
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:31,600
acceptable Pastime in addition 
to reflecting broader, shifts 

1966
01:45:31,600 --> 01:45:34,500
and European Society. 
This change was partially 

1967
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:37,300
brought about by the printing 
press, which made books more 

1968
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:40,700
affordable and accessible more 
people had free time and 

1969
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,400
disposable income as a result of
growing prosperity. 

1970
01:45:44,700 --> 01:45:47,900
A cities, grew more populated, 
bookshops lending, libraries and

1971
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:49,700
literary discussions became 
commonplace. 

1972
01:45:50,500 --> 01:45:54,000
As literacy rates increased more
people were able to read the 

1973
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:57,800
increasingly accessible books. 
Most significantly though author

1974
01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:00,000
started producing content 
especially for this new 

1975
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:03,400
readership. 
Published in 1719, Daniel 

1976
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:06,700
defoe's Robinson. 
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for

1977
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:11,000
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 
and anybody else with a few free

1978
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:14,700
hours and the cost of a book It 
was not written for academics or

1979
01:46:14,700 --> 01:46:17,800
Aristocrats written in simple 
terms that anyone could 

1980
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:20,000
understand. 
And appreciate the book told the

1981
01:46:20,008 --> 01:46:22,400
tale of an average man, dealing 
with extraordinary 

1982
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:26,000
circumstances, the 18th century.
Social media platforms, were 

1983
01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:29,600
coffee shops, more than 3,000 
coffee shops in London, 

1984
01:46:29,600 --> 01:46:32,500
functioned as Gathering spots, 
where people congregated to read

1985
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:36,100
newspapers, talk about pamphlets
and debate, the concepts that 

1986
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:39,300
were being discussed in print, 
these were places where common 

1987
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:41,800
people could engage in the 
intellectual life of their era. 

1988
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:46,400
Did politics science, literature
and philosophy, over coffee cups

1989
01:46:46,400 --> 01:46:49,000
and Clay tobacco pipes. 
They were not official 

1990
01:46:49,000 --> 01:46:51,600
educational institutions, every 
coffee shop. 

1991
01:46:51,600 --> 01:46:55,100
Had its own personality and 
customer base after becoming the

1992
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:58,700
epicenter of Maritime Insurance.
Lloyds Coffee House changed, its

1993
01:46:58,700 --> 01:47:02,400
name to Lloyds of London. 
Publishers and booksellers came 

1994
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:05,400
to the chapter Coffee House. 
Jonathan's Coffee House 

1995
01:47:05,400 --> 01:47:07,300
developed into a hub for stock 
trading. 

1996
01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:10,200
While Wills was well known for 
its literary discussions. 

1997
01:47:10,200 --> 01:47:14,000
The coffee shop served as a hub 
for social networks business 

1998
01:47:14,000 --> 01:47:17,900
transactions, and the formation 
of public opinion, a literary 

1999
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:20,200
genre that was ideal for this. 
New reading culture, was the 

2000
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:23,500
novel novels told stories about 
people like the readers 

2001
01:47:23,500 --> 01:47:27,100
themselves in contrast to 
philosophical treaters or epic 

2002
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:30,100
poems, which required 
specialized knowledge or 

2003
01:47:30,100 --> 01:47:33,600
classical education to fully 
appreciate They looked at the 

2004
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,900
moral dilemmas of daily life, 
the social dynamics of modern 

2005
01:47:36,900 --> 01:47:40,800
society and the inner lives of 
Regular People, the popularity 

2006
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:44,900
of Samuel, Richardson's 1740 
novel, Pamela was so great that 

2007
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:48,200
readers wrote fan letters to the
fictional heroine sent the 

2008
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:51,100
authorized ideas for new plot 
points and convened in groups to

2009
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:53,800
debate the moral decisions and 
motivations of the characters. 

2010
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,200
Individuals were developing 
emotional bonds with fictional 

2011
01:47:57,200 --> 01:47:59,600
characters in ways that any 
contemporary fiction. 

2012
01:47:59,600 --> 01:48:03,100
Reader would recognize Pamela 
became a literary phenomenon as 

2013
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:07,300
a result of its success. 
The 18th century equivalent of a

2014
01:48:07,300 --> 01:48:10,500
appointment television was 
created by Richardson subsequent

2015
01:48:10,500 --> 01:48:14,100
publication of Clarissa and even
longer novel that was released 

2016
01:48:14,100 --> 01:48:17,500
in installments over a year. 
As each new book, came out 

2017
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:20,800
Rita's, scheduled their months 
in advance congregating, in 

2018
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:23,300
coffee shops and private 
residences to talk about the 

2019
01:48:23,300 --> 01:48:26,200
most recent events, in 
Clarissa's heartbreaking, Tale 

2020
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:29,600
in previously, unheard of 
numbers, women began to produce 

2021
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:31,500
and consume this new literary 
culture. 

2022
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:35,900
Because the novel was regarded. 
As a new literary form, devoid 

2023
01:48:35,900 --> 01:48:39,300
of long-standing masculine 
traditions and because women 

2024
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:41,600
were acknowledged for their 
unique understanding of the 

2025
01:48:41,600 --> 01:48:44,100
emotional and domestic themes 
that novels addressed. 

2026
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:47,600
It was one of the few literary 
genres in which female authors 

2027
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,500
could compete on an equal 
footing with men in the late. 

2028
01:48:50,500 --> 01:48:54,000
17th century afraid, often 
regarded as the first 

2029
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:57,000
professional English woman 
writer, Proved that women could 

2030
01:48:57,000 --> 01:48:58,700
produce fiction that was 
profitable. 

2031
01:48:58,700 --> 01:49:03,900
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie and 
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 

2032
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:07,400
mastered the craft of social 
comedy and produced some of the 

2033
01:49:07,400 --> 01:49:08,900
most enduring characters in 
English. 

2034
01:49:08,900 --> 01:49:12,500
Literature were among the many 
female novelists who flourished 

2035
01:49:12,500 --> 01:49:15,500
in the 18th century. 
These female writers acknowledge

2036
01:49:15,500 --> 01:49:19,000
the Social Challenges, emotional
complexity and intelligence of 

2037
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:20,800
women, while writing for female 
readers. 

2038
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:22,900
They're novels directly 
addressed. 

2039
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:25,000
The issues of their female 
readership by examining 

2040
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:28,900
marriage, finance's, family, 
Dynamics and social 

2041
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:32,500
expectations. 
Instead of being passive objects

2042
01:49:32,500 --> 01:49:36,100
of male attention, they crafted 
heroines who were active agents 

2043
01:49:36,100 --> 01:49:39,000
in their own stories, knowledge 
and entertainment spread more 

2044
01:49:39,008 --> 01:49:41,900
quickly, as a result of feedback
loops produced by the growth of 

2045
01:49:41,900 --> 01:49:45,300
literacy and reading culture. 
Larger, bookmarks. 

2046
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:47,000
Resulted from an increase in 
readers. 

2047
01:49:47,000 --> 01:49:50,200
There were more specialized 
Publications in larger markets 

2048
01:49:50,200 --> 01:49:53,300
more specialized Publications, 
allowed for more accurate 

2049
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:55,700
targeting of particular, 
communities and interests 

2050
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:59,200
magazines started to appear with
the purpose of providing 

2051
01:49:59,200 --> 01:50:02,200
specific audiences, with 
frequent doses, of opinion, 

2052
01:50:02,200 --> 01:50:06,600
information and entertainment. 
One of the first popular 

2053
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,300
general, interest magazines. 
The gentleman's magazine was 

2054
01:50:10,300 --> 01:50:14,600
established in 1731 and combined
news literature science and 

2055
01:50:14,600 --> 01:50:18,600
commentary and a monthly format.
Sun after came Magazine's for 

2056
01:50:18,600 --> 01:50:21,700
women kids and people with 
particular interests or 

2057
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:24,600
occupational, reading became 
even more accessible and 

2058
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:27,400
communal with the circulation of
library's readers. 

2059
01:50:27,400 --> 01:50:28,800
Could check out books from the 
library. 

2060
01:50:28,800 --> 01:50:32,000
Return them when they were done 
and choose new ones from the 

2061
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:36,100
collection for a subscription 
fee, through the creation of 

2062
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:38,900
reader communities, that 
exchange recommendations and 

2063
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:42,500
discussed what they had read. 
This system made pricey novels 

2064
01:50:42,500 --> 01:50:45,700
accessible to those who couldn't
afford to buy them, Reading had 

2065
01:50:45,700 --> 01:50:47,800
become so wide. 
Spread by the end of the 18th 

2066
01:50:47,800 --> 01:50:50,900
century that social critics 
began to worry that it might 

2067
01:50:50,900 --> 01:50:53,500
jeopardize moral order and 
social stability. 

2068
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,400
Young people were accused of 
reading too much fiction and 

2069
01:50:57,400 --> 01:51:00,400
ignoring their practical 
obligations especially young 

2070
01:51:00,400 --> 01:51:02,800
women. 
Novels were accused of fostering

2071
01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:04,800
dangerous, Notions of social 
equality. 

2072
01:51:05,700 --> 01:51:08,700
Fostering female Independence 
and generating irrational, 

2073
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:12,000
expectations about romance. 
Later, panics about radio 

2074
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:15,600
television video games, and 
social media will striking 

2075
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:18,200
similarities to these fears 
about the consequences of 

2076
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:21,600
reading fiction. 
Every new Mass entertainment 

2077
01:51:21,600 --> 01:51:24,200
medium has been charged with 
destroying Traditional Values. 

2078
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,300
Corrupting young people and 
eroding social ties. 

2079
01:51:28,600 --> 01:51:31,200
The first instance of moral 
panic over mass media, was the 

2080
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:34,000
reading Panic of the 18th 
century, which established 

2081
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:36,900
trends that would be replicated 
with every new communication 

2082
01:51:36,900 --> 01:51:40,500
technology writing and reading 
became industrial processes in 

2083
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,500
the 19th century. 
An information once a limited 

2084
01:51:43,500 --> 01:51:47,100
resource accessible, only to the
elite became a mass produced 

2085
01:51:47,100 --> 01:51:49,900
good that was accessible to all 
societal levels. 

2086
01:51:51,400 --> 01:51:54,200
The same steam engines and 
mechanical advancements, that 

2087
01:51:54,200 --> 01:51:58,000
were transforming Transportation
manufacturing and every other 

2088
01:51:58,000 --> 01:52:02,000
facet of economic life of this 
change books and newspapers 

2089
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:04,300
could be produced more quickly 
than anyone had thought 

2090
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:05,800
possible. 
Thanks to steam powered 

2091
01:52:05,800 --> 01:52:09,300
printing, presses with skilled 
operators putting in long hours,

2092
01:52:09,300 --> 01:52:12,900
the old-fashioned hand operated 
printing press which had hardly 

2093
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:15,000
change. 
Since gutenberg's day, could 

2094
01:52:15,000 --> 01:52:17,200
possibly produce 300 pages every
day. 

2095
01:52:18,100 --> 01:52:21,300
With little assistance, from 
humans steam, powered presses 

2096
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:23,500
could generate 3,000 pages per 
hour. 

2097
01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:26,100
The same need for an expensive 
materials that was 

2098
01:52:26,100 --> 01:52:29,100
revolutionizing. 
Textile production also drove 

2099
01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:31,500
the mechanization and efficiency
of papermaking. 

2100
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:35,400
The handmade sheets that had 
restricted paper production for 

2101
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:37,900
centuries. 
Could be replaced by continuous 

2102
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:41,200
roles of paper of consistent, 
quality and thickness, thanks to

2103
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:44,800
the foreign air machine, which 
was created in the early 1800s. 

2104
01:52:45,800 --> 01:52:48,700
Rag started to give way to wood 
pole as the main raw material 

2105
01:52:48,700 --> 01:52:51,600
for paper, which increased its 
affordability and availability 

2106
01:52:51,600 --> 01:52:53,900
for the first time in human 
history. 

2107
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:57,200
The dissemination of knowledge 
was not hampered by the physical

2108
01:52:57,200 --> 01:53:00,700
creation of reading materials. 
At prices, lower enough for 

2109
01:53:00,700 --> 01:53:03,100
working class families, to 
afford, books, and newspapers 

2110
01:53:03,100 --> 01:53:06,300
Publishers could print as many 
copies as the market would 

2111
01:53:06,300 --> 01:53:08,600
demand. 
The first real mass media was 

2112
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:11,900
thus produced. 
Newspapers evolved from pricey 

2113
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:14,600
weekly indulgences that were 
mostly read by professionals and

2114
01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:17,800
Merchants to inexpensive 
everyday essentials that were 

2115
01:53:17,800 --> 01:53:19,600
accessible to all societal 
classes. 

2116
01:53:20,900 --> 01:53:24,000
By the 1830s. 
America's Penny press was 

2117
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:27,400
printing, one cent newspapers 
that were jam-packed with local 

2118
01:53:27,400 --> 01:53:31,600
news, Sensational stories, and 
adverts, meant to reach as many 

2119
01:53:31,600 --> 01:53:34,300
people as possible. 
Compared to the commercial and 

2120
01:53:34,300 --> 01:53:36,000
political newspapers of the 
previous Century. 

2121
01:53:36,000 --> 01:53:39,800
The content of these Penny 
papers was very different The 

2122
01:53:39,800 --> 01:53:43,600
penny press reported on crime, 
accidents, human interest, 

2123
01:53:43,600 --> 01:53:46,300
stories, and entertainment, 
rather than politics 

2124
01:53:46,300 --> 01:53:49,900
international trade, and topics 
of interest to affluent readers.

2125
01:53:51,100 --> 01:53:53,800
They were the forerunners of 
contemporary tabloid journalism 

2126
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:57,000
which was created to be 
interesting readable and 

2127
01:53:57,000 --> 01:53:59,500
accessible to those with little 
free time or education. 

2128
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:02,400
When ships arrived with the 
newest edition of the old 

2129
01:54:02,400 --> 01:54:06,200
curiosity shop or Great 
Expectations readers on both 

2130
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:09,700
sides of the Atlantic line up at
docks, making Charles Dickens, 

2131
01:54:09,700 --> 01:54:11,900
possibly, the first True Media 
celebrity. 

2132
01:54:12,700 --> 01:54:16,200
His novels were serialized in 
magazines which created the 19th

2133
01:54:16,200 --> 01:54:17,900
century equivalent of 
appointment television. 

2134
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:21,400
People devoted their entire 
month to learning the fate of 

2135
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:23,000
their favorite fictional 
characters. 

2136
01:54:23,000 --> 01:54:25,900
And Dickens earnings from 
writing allowed him to live like

2137
01:54:25,900 --> 01:54:29,200
a King novels published in 
serial form, gave rise to new 

2138
01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:31,700
kinds of authorial response and 
redirect interaction. 

2139
01:54:32,700 --> 01:54:35,100
Dickens is renowned for 
altering, plot points in 

2140
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:37,500
response to read a responses to 
previous chapters. 

2141
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:41,300
Dickens changed his plans for 
other characters in the old 

2142
01:54:41,300 --> 01:54:44,900
curiosity, shop after readers, 
expressed dissatisfaction with 

2143
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:48,400
little nails fate. 
A more responsive and Democratic

2144
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:51,600
form of literature was produced 
by this direct feedback, loop 

2145
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:54,000
between writers and readers as 
education. 

2146
01:54:54,000 --> 01:54:57,700
Grew basically literacy ceased 
to be an elite achievement and 

2147
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:01,000
instead became a practical 
necessity workers, who could 

2148
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:04,600
follow written instructions, 
read, simple instructions and 

2149
01:55:04,600 --> 01:55:07,800
comprehend, basic contracts and 
legal documents were needed 

2150
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:09,300
during the Industrial 
Revolution. 

2151
01:55:09,300 --> 01:55:14,200
Commercial activities, railroad 
operations and factory work all 

2152
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:17,300
required literacy skills that 
were previously optional for the

2153
01:55:17,300 --> 01:55:20,300
majority of people the majority 
of industrialized nations 

2154
01:55:20,300 --> 01:55:23,300
implemented, public education 
systems in the 19th century, 

2155
01:55:23,300 --> 01:55:26,300
with the goal of creating 
literate workers who could 

2156
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:30,300
navigate an increasingly complex
economy, Using standardized 

2157
01:55:30,300 --> 01:55:33,300
techniques that could be used on
a large scale, children learn to

2158
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:35,600
read, and write quickly. 
And effectively, most 

2159
01:55:35,600 --> 01:55:38,400
significantly, though writing 
started to accelerate in ways 

2160
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:40,600
that radically altered, the 
nature of communication, 

2161
01:55:41,500 --> 01:55:44,400
Messages could be sent to cross 
continents in a matter of 

2162
01:55:44,408 --> 01:55:48,100
minutes, thanks to the telegraph
which was created in the 1840s 

2163
01:55:48,100 --> 01:55:51,400
informational was able to spray 
more quickly than its creators 

2164
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:53,700
for the first time. 
Since humans invented writing 

2165
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:57,700
government journalism, and 
business, were all significantly

2166
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:01,400
impacted by this acceleration. 
Markets, thousands of miles 

2167
01:56:01,400 --> 01:56:04,200
apart, could coordinate their 
stock prices, nearly 

2168
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:07,200
instantaneous, news reporting 
was possible from remote 

2169
01:56:07,200 --> 01:56:10,200
locations. 
In real time military leaders 

2170
01:56:10,200 --> 01:56:12,300
could coordinate operations over
large areas. 

2171
01:56:13,100 --> 01:56:16,200
By uniting previously, disparate
areas into a cohesive 

2172
01:56:16,200 --> 01:56:19,300
Communication System. 
The telegraph produced the first

2173
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:23,100
genuinely worldwide Information.
Network new writing styles that 

2174
01:56:23,100 --> 01:56:25,500
were geared toward economy and 
speed were necessary for 

2175
01:56:25,500 --> 01:56:28,900
telegraph communication. 
Messages had to be clear and 

2176
01:56:28,900 --> 01:56:30,900
succinct because every word cost
money. 

2177
01:56:30,900 --> 01:56:34,100
Other writing styles were 
impacted by the telegram style 

2178
01:56:34,100 --> 01:56:37,800
which pushed for directness and 
efficiency The headlines of 

2179
01:56:37,800 --> 01:56:40,900
newspapers became more witty 
business letters, became more 

2180
01:56:40,900 --> 01:56:43,800
targeted. 
The clipped cost effective style

2181
01:56:43,800 --> 01:56:47,100
originally created for telegraph
communication started to be 

2182
01:56:47,100 --> 01:56:48,800
adopted, even in private 
correspondence. 

2183
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:52,500
The act of writing itself was 
mechanized with the invention of

2184
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:55,700
the typewriter in the 1870s. 
Expert. 

2185
01:56:55,700 --> 01:56:59,800
Typist could create more 
readable text useless space and 

2186
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:03,200
produce clean, identical copies 
of documents more quickly than 

2187
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:06,300
any handwriter. 
The typewriter gave women their 

2188
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:09,700
first widespread office job 
opportunity and the sound of 

2189
01:57:09,700 --> 01:57:12,300
typing became the background 
music of contemporary office 

2190
01:57:12,300 --> 01:57:14,400
work. 
Additionally, typewriting 

2191
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:17,100
standardized written documents 
appearance in ways that had 

2192
01:57:17,100 --> 01:57:21,300
unanticipated repercussions, The
handwriting on handwritten 

2193
01:57:21,300 --> 01:57:23,400
documents provided insight into 
the author's. 

2194
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:27,100
Social class, educational 
attainment, emotional state, and

2195
01:57:27,100 --> 01:57:30,600
personal traits. 
Due to the anonymity and 

2196
01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:34,300
consistency of type documents. 
Written communication became 

2197
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:37,800
more democratic, an ideas could 
be evaluated without regard to 

2198
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:40,700
the personal traits of their 
authors writing, was not only 

2199
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:43,800
altered by the 20th century, but
it was also multiplied, 

2200
01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:46,600
exponentially resulting, in an 
information environment. 

2201
01:57:46,600 --> 01:57:49,700
So complex and Rich that it 
would have been overwhelming to 

2202
01:57:49,700 --> 01:57:53,200
earlier, centuries. 
However, each new technology 

2203
01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:56,000
seemed to increase the desire 
for more written content, rather

2204
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:58,700
than replace written 
communication despite their 

2205
01:57:58,700 --> 01:58:01,600
apparent threats to written 
communication radio and 

2206
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,000
television, actually increased 
the demand for written 

2207
01:58:04,000 --> 01:58:06,300
materials. 
People wanted to read more 

2208
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:09,100
in-depth articles and newspapers
and magazines after hearing 

2209
01:58:09,100 --> 01:58:13,200
fascinating news on the radio. 
Watches of Television looked for

2210
01:58:13,200 --> 01:58:15,800
books written by authors they 
had heard on talk shows. 

2211
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:19,800
Instead of taking the place of 
the others, each new medium seem

2212
01:58:19,800 --> 01:58:22,900
to enhance the development of 
offset printing in the early 

2213
01:58:22,900 --> 01:58:26,600
1900s greatly reduced, the cost 
and increase the versatility of 

2214
01:58:26,600 --> 01:58:30,200
high quality reproduction. 
Any image or text that could be 

2215
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:32,400
photographed, could be 
reproduced using offset 

2216
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:34,800
printing, as a poster to 
traditional Letterpress 

2217
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:38,200
printing, which required the 
manual setting of individuals of

2218
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:40,900
metal type. 
This allowed Publishers to 

2219
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:44,600
experiment with new layouts and 
visual designs magazines to 

2220
01:58:44,600 --> 01:58:47,800
include photographs, alongside 
texts and books to include 

2221
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:51,300
diagrams and illustrations. 
With magazines, catering to 

2222
01:58:51,300 --> 01:58:54,600
every imaginable interest and 
demographic, their variety and 

2223
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:58,500
circulation skyrocketed. 
Through breathtaking photography

2224
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:01,500
and readable Pros, about far-off
locales and fascinating 

2225
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:05,200
cultures, National Geographic 
brought the world into American 

2226
01:59:05,200 --> 01:59:07,900
homes. 
Photojournalism was invented by 

2227
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:10,900
Life Magazine which used 
pictures and thoughtfully chosen

2228
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:14,100
text to tell stories. 
While Ladies Home Journal 

2229
01:59:14,100 --> 01:59:17,400
sparked a national dialogue, 
among women about fashion social

2230
01:59:17,400 --> 01:59:20,700
issues and domestic life. 
Populist science helped make 

2231
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:22,900
technical advancements 
understandable to a wide 

2232
01:59:22,900 --> 01:59:25,600
audience, Publishers like 
penguin in Britain, and 

2233
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:28,000
pocketbooks in America. 
Led the paperback Revolution, 

2234
01:59:28,000 --> 01:59:31,500
which made books more accessible
and portable than ever before. 

2235
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:35,400
Complete novels collections of 
poetry or non-fiction could be 

2236
01:59:35,400 --> 01:59:38,400
published in paperback books, 
that cost, no more than a 

2237
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:40,800
magazine. 
All of a sudden serious 

2238
01:59:40,800 --> 01:59:44,000
literature was as disposable as 
magazines and his easily 

2239
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:47,300
accessible as newspapers, new 
literary communities and reading

2240
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:50,700
habits were spawned by this 
accessibility in individuals, 

2241
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:53,500
could afford to gamble on on 
proven writers or Uncharted 

2242
01:59:53,500 --> 01:59:56,400
Territory. 
Book stopped being significant 

2243
01:59:56,400 --> 01:59:59,400
Investments and instead became 
impulsive purchases. 

2244
02:00:00,300 --> 02:00:02,600
Millions of people were exposed 
to authors and genres. 

2245
02:00:02,600 --> 02:00:05,000
They might not have otherwise, 
come across some traditional 

2246
02:00:05,000 --> 02:00:07,700
bookstores. 
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 

2247
02:00:07,700 --> 02:00:10,500
pharmacies and airports over the
course of the industrialized 

2248
02:00:10,500 --> 02:00:13,300
World typewriters went from 
being a luxury piece of office 

2249
02:00:13,300 --> 02:00:16,600
equipment to become everyday 
household objects that we used 

2250
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:20,600
in homes, schools and small 
businesses ordinary. 

2251
02:00:20,600 --> 02:00:22,600
People were able to create 
documents that looked 

2252
02:00:22,600 --> 02:00:25,800
professional in their homes. 
For the first time in ways that 

2253
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:27,500
would have astounded medieval 
scribes. 

2254
02:00:27,500 --> 02:00:30,800
Who spent years honing, their 
handwriting, the typewriter 

2255
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:33,500
democratized neat readable 
writing. 

2256
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,500
The nature of private 
correspondence, was altered by 

2257
02:00:36,508 --> 02:00:40,100
the widespread availability of 
typewriters for Speed and 

2258
02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:42,200
Clarity. 
Letters could be typed while 

2259
02:00:42,200 --> 02:00:44,800
retaining the unique writing 
style of each individual. 

2260
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:48,200
standardized format and 
appearance for business letters,

2261
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:51,300
led to the development of 
templates and conventions that 

2262
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:54,500
Continued to shape, formal 
correspondence today, the speed 

2263
02:00:54,500 --> 02:00:55,800
and reach of written 
communication. 

2264
02:00:55,800 --> 02:00:57,800
However, were undergoing a true 
Revolution. 

2265
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:02,500
With the Advent of the airmail, 
service in the 1920s, and 1930s 

2266
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:06,300
letters could now be sent across
ocean in a matter of days as a 

2267
02:01:06,308 --> 02:01:09,500
post to weeks. 
International trade and 

2268
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:12,200
cooperation were made possible 
at a speed that would have seen 

2269
02:01:12,200 --> 02:01:13,900
miraculous to earlier 
Generations. 

2270
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:17,200
A business letter sent from New 
York on Monday could arrive in 

2271
02:01:17,200 --> 02:01:20,500
London, by Thursday newspapers 
were able to instantly share 

2272
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:24,000
stories across continents. 
Thanks to telepreneur services. 

2273
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:27,900
More integrated, Global 
awareness of current events 

2274
02:01:27,900 --> 02:01:30,300
could result from the 
simultaneous, publication of the

2275
02:01:30,300 --> 02:01:33,500
same news story in newspapers 
from Tokyo to New York. 

2276
02:01:34,400 --> 02:01:36,900
Reports from the front lines, 
could be filed by War 

2277
02:01:36,900 --> 02:01:38,600
correspondents and published the
following day. 

2278
02:01:38,600 --> 02:01:41,800
In local newspapers, due to the 
extraordinary demand for 

2279
02:01:41,800 --> 02:01:44,500
communication and information 
brought about by World War Two. 

2280
02:01:44,500 --> 02:01:48,200
Many of these Trends were 
accelerated improvements. 

2281
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:51,700
In information processing, 
Printing and Telecommunications 

2282
02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:53,400
were driven by military 
requirements. 

2283
02:01:54,100 --> 02:01:56,700
Markets for new kinds of 
Publications and Reporting 

2284
02:01:56,700 --> 02:01:59,000
techniques were opened by the 
demand for news. 

2285
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:02,800
Millions of people were exposed 
to writers and Concepts that 

2286
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:04,600
they might not have otherwise 
come across. 

2287
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:08,200
Thanks to the pocket sized books
that soldiers carried perhaps no

2288
02:02:08,200 --> 02:02:11,200
single publishing initiative in 
history has contributed more to 

2289
02:02:11,200 --> 02:02:13,700
the democratization of 
literature than the armed 

2290
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:16,800
services editions which were 
small paperback books, sent to 

2291
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:18,400
American soldiers during World 
War 2. 

2292
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:22,900
These books were printed on 
inexpensive paper made to fit in

2293
02:02:22,900 --> 02:02:26,200
uniform pockets, and given away 
for free to all active military 

2294
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:29,000
personnel. 
They created a reading program 

2295
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:32,300
that transcended all social and 
educational boundaries by 

2296
02:02:32,300 --> 02:02:34,900
including everything from 
technical manuals to popular 

2297
02:02:34,900 --> 02:02:37,400
novels to classical literature 
expanded. 

2298
02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:40,000
Expectations and tastes in 
literature were brought back by 

2299
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:43,300
veterans from the war. 
The greatest expansion of higher

2300
02:02:43,300 --> 02:02:46,900
education in American history 
was made possible by the g bill 

2301
02:02:46,900 --> 02:02:49,900
which offered educational 
benefits to returning Veteran's.

2302
02:02:50,700 --> 02:02:53,200
The explosion of college 
enrollment opened up enormous 

2303
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:56,000
new markets for serious 
nonfiction academic, 

2304
02:02:56,000 --> 02:02:59,500
Publications and textbooks the 
first truly Mass literate 

2305
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:02,800
Society in human history was 
brought about by the post-war 

2306
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:05,600
economic boom. 
Instead of being exceptional, 

2307
02:03:05,600 --> 02:03:09,600
college education, became the 
norm, everyone could now afford 

2308
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:11,300
literature. 
Thanks to paperback, books 

2309
02:03:11,300 --> 02:03:14,500
public, libraries developed into
Community, hubs where anyone 

2310
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:17,700
seeking information from any 
social or economic background. 

2311
02:03:17,700 --> 02:03:20,800
Could obtain it for free, new 
reading and writing habits were 

2312
02:03:20,800 --> 02:03:22,400
brought about by Suburban 
development. 

2313
02:03:23,300 --> 02:03:26,100
On their daily commute. 
Commuters used busses and trains

2314
02:03:26,100 --> 02:03:29,400
as makeshift reading rooms where
they read paperback novels, 

2315
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:33,300
periodicals and newspapers. 
Because most suburban homes had 

2316
02:03:33,300 --> 02:03:36,700
a den or family room with 
built-in bookcases middle-class,

2317
02:03:36,700 --> 02:03:39,800
people were accustomed to owning
and displaying books, social 

2318
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:42,600
critics started to worry about 
information overload, by the 

2319
02:03:42,600 --> 02:03:45,400
1960s because written 
communication had become so 

2320
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:49,300
commonplace books, magazines and
newspapers were all over the 

2321
02:03:49,300 --> 02:03:52,300
place with all the written 
material being produced daily, 

2322
02:03:52,300 --> 02:03:56,800
how could anyone keep up in his 
1970 book, Future Shock? 

2323
02:03:56,800 --> 02:04:00,000
Alvin Toffler made the case that
the amount of information and 

2324
02:04:00,000 --> 02:04:03,100
the rate of change were becoming
too much for the average person 

2325
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:06,200
to handle psychologically, the 
explosion of information in the 

2326
02:04:06,200 --> 02:04:08,700
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 
what was to come. 

2327
02:04:08,700 --> 02:04:10,700
But no one could have predicted 
that. 

2328
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:15,100
It was only the beginning in the
1940s and 1950s computers looked

2329
02:04:15,100 --> 02:04:17,900
like a enormous calculators with
text processing as an 

2330
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:21,600
afterthought. 
These compact devices which were

2331
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:25,000
packed with Magnetic drums and 
vacuum tubes were made mainly 

2332
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:28,200
for mathematical computations 
used in large-scale data 

2333
02:04:28,200 --> 02:04:31,500
processing military applications
and scientific research. 

2334
02:04:32,500 --> 02:04:35,000
The notion that they could 
transform human communication 

2335
02:04:35,000 --> 02:04:38,500
seemed as unrealistic as the 
notion that locomotives might 

2336
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:40,100
one day be employed for space 
travel. 

2337
02:04:40,100 --> 02:04:43,600
Punched cards were fed into 
these devices by early computer 

2338
02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:46,900
operators who then had to wait 
hours or even days for the 

2339
02:04:46,908 --> 02:04:50,400
results to print. 
Compared to typewriters writing 

2340
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:54,200
on computers was slower and more
difficult and it took months to 

2341
02:04:54,200 --> 02:04:56,800
acquire the specialized 
knowledge of operating systems 

2342
02:04:56,800 --> 02:04:58,200
and programming languages 
needed. 

2343
02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:02,300
Text processing, was viewed as a
trivial use of computing, power 

2344
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:05,000
by the few individuals who 
worked with computers, who are 

2345
02:05:05,008 --> 02:05:08,600
highly skilled technicians and 
scientists, however, computers 

2346
02:05:08,600 --> 02:05:11,200
had a huge advantage over all 
earlier writing Technologies. 

2347
02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:14,600
They could transmit edit and 
copy text without any physical 

2348
02:05:14,600 --> 02:05:17,800
restrictions. 
A computer-generated document 

2349
02:05:17,800 --> 02:05:20,600
was made up of electrical or 
magnetic signal patterns. 

2350
02:05:20,600 --> 02:05:23,500
That could be precisely 
duplicated as many times as 

2351
02:05:23,500 --> 02:05:24,900
necessary without losing 
quality. 

2352
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:29,100
It was possible to make changes 
without having to retype whole 

2353
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:32,200
pages. 
Electronically, stored searched 

2354
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:35,400
and retrieved text could be done
with speed and accuracy, that 

2355
02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:38,200
physical documents could not 
match the Revolutionary. 

2356
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:40,900
Potential of computerized 
writing became apparent in the 

2357
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:45,300
1960s and 1970s the development 
of word processing software. 

2358
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:50,100
Previously unheard of ease and 
efficiency, authors could alter 

2359
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:54,900
text on screen rearranging 
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and

2360
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,100
updating content, without having
to retype entire documents. 

2361
02:05:59,300 --> 02:06:02,800
By doing away with the tiresome 
mechanical parts of writing such

2362
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:05,300
as retyping rearranging and 
proofreading. 

2363
02:06:05,300 --> 02:06:08,800
Several drafts authors were free
to concentrate on ideas and 

2364
02:06:08,800 --> 02:06:12,100
content rather than the actual 
Act of writing this power was 

2365
02:06:12,100 --> 02:06:14,600
brought to Common deaths in 
homes and offices across the 

2366
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:18,000
developed world in the 1980s 
with the Advent of personal 

2367
02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:21,500
computers, in addition to being 
sufficiently powerful, to manage

2368
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:24,900
complex, word processing data 
management, and communication 

2369
02:06:24,900 --> 02:06:29,000
tasks computers, such as the 
Apple 2, Commodore 64, and IBM 

2370
02:06:29,000 --> 02:06:32,300
PC for reasonably priced, for 
individual homes and small 

2371
02:06:32,300 --> 02:06:35,300
Enterprises in addition to 
making editing as simple as 

2372
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:39,200
typing word processing programs 
like Words star wordperfect and 

2373
02:06:39,200 --> 02:06:42,400
eventually Microsoft Word added 
capabilities that were 

2374
02:06:42,400 --> 02:06:45,600
previously unattainable with 
mechanical writing instruments. 

2375
02:06:46,500 --> 02:06:49,000
Spell checking automatically 
detected typos. 

2376
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:52,800
Find and replace features could 
instantly make Global changes to

2377
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:56,500
lengthy documents with the help 
of numerous fonts and formatting

2378
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:58,800
choices. 
Authors were able to manipulate 

2379
02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:01,700
the text appearance in ways that
were previously exclusive to 

2380
02:07:01,700 --> 02:07:04,100
professional Publishers, 
professional quality. 

2381
02:07:04,100 --> 02:07:05,900
Documents could now be produced 
at home. 

2382
02:07:05,900 --> 02:07:09,300
Thanks to personal printers. 
Anyone with a computer could now

2383
02:07:09,300 --> 02:07:11,700
create documents that looked as 
professional as those from 

2384
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:14,800
specialized print shops. 
Thanks to dot matrix printers, 

2385
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:17,600
which were followed by inkjet 
and Laser Printers. 

2386
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:21,200
As revolutionary as the original
printing invention, the 

2387
02:07:21,200 --> 02:07:23,800
democratization of document 
production made publishing 

2388
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:27,400
accessible to anyone with a 
computer however networking 

2389
02:07:27,400 --> 02:07:30,800
which linked individual PCS in 
to Global Communication networks

2390
02:07:30,800 --> 02:07:35,100
was the true Revolution 
Originally restricted to users 

2391
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:38,800
of the same computer system. 
Electronic mail developed into a

2392
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:41,600
Global Communication tool that 
could link anyone with computer 

2393
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:44,600
access to anybody else. 
Anywhere in the world, written 

2394
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:47,200
communication became 
instantaneous and interactive 

2395
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:51,300
with email instead of days or 
weeks, you could compose a 

2396
02:07:51,300 --> 02:07:54,500
message, send it to someone on 
the other side of the globe and 

2397
02:07:54,500 --> 02:07:56,600
get a response in a matter of 
minutes or hours. 

2398
02:07:57,600 --> 02:08:00,300
While maintaining the accuracy 
and permanent that set writing 

2399
02:08:00,300 --> 02:08:03,500
apart from speech, written 
communication started to catch 

2400
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:06,600
up to conversational speed. 
More sophisticated forms of 

2401
02:08:06,608 --> 02:08:09,900
computer-mediated communication,
were made possible by the 

2402
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:12,300
protocols and standards that 
made email possible. 

2403
02:08:12,900 --> 02:08:15,800
Anyone with system access could 
read the messages, that users 

2404
02:08:15,800 --> 02:08:20,300
posted on bulletin board systems
BBS, Global discussion forum 

2405
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:22,400
centered on particular. 
Topics of Interest were 

2406
02:08:22,400 --> 02:08:26,000
established by Usenet newsgroups
these early online communities 

2407
02:08:26,000 --> 02:08:29,300
showed that new kinds of social 
interaction that relied solely 

2408
02:08:29,300 --> 02:08:32,200
on written communication could 
be supported by computer 

2409
02:08:32,200 --> 02:08:34,500
networks. 
The largest library in human 

2410
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:38,300
history was created almost 
instantly after the worldwide. 

2411
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:40,700
Web was made available to the 
general public in the early 

2412
02:08:40,700 --> 02:08:43,600
1990s. 
You could access millions of 

2413
02:08:43,600 --> 02:08:46,600
documents from any computer with
an internet connection. 

2414
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:49,900
Eliminating, the need to 
physically visit places to find 

2415
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:52,800
information. 
Most of the obstacles that had 

2416
02:08:52,800 --> 02:08:56,200
previously restricted access to 
information and publication were

2417
02:08:56,200 --> 02:08:59,500
removed by the internet, which 
turned every computer into a 

2418
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:01,500
printing press. 
And every person into a 

2419
02:09:01,500 --> 02:09:04,400
potential publisher, the markup 
language used to create web 

2420
02:09:04,400 --> 02:09:09,000
pages HTML, was flexible enough 
to support complex multimedia, 

2421
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,000
presentations, while still being
easier enough for anyone to 

2422
02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:15,200
learn and publish online. 
Since the majority of early 

2423
02:09:15,200 --> 02:09:18,700
websites were text-based, the 
internet was essentially a huge 

2424
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:22,200
collection of linked documents 
that could be read searched and 

2425
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:24,400
linked to one another in ways 
that were not possible with 

2426
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:27,800
traditional books and papers. 
No one completely foresaw the 

2427
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:30,100
consequences of this 
democratization of publishing 

2428
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:34,900
Publishers editors Librarians, 
journalists and other 

2429
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:37,100
traditional information, 
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 

2430
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:40,100
themselves in competition with 
anyone with an internet 

2431
02:09:40,100 --> 02:09:43,300
connection. 
And something to say information

2432
02:09:43,300 --> 02:09:46,900
grew exponentially in quantity 
and accessibility but its 

2433
02:09:46,900 --> 02:09:49,500
quality and dependability became
increasingly erratic. 

2434
02:09:49,500 --> 02:09:51,500
The challenge of locating 
information. 

2435
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:54,500
In this enormous Digital 
Library, was resolved by search 

2436
02:09:54,500 --> 02:09:58,000
engines, web specific search 
engines, like, Ultra Vista, and 

2437
02:09:58,008 --> 02:10:01,600
Yahoo replaced early search 
tools, like Archie, and gopher. 

2438
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:05,400
And finally, Google The entire 
Corpus of human written 

2439
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:06,900
knowledge. 
Could be searched in a matter of

2440
02:10:06,908 --> 02:10:08,900
seconds from any location in the
world. 

2441
02:10:08,900 --> 02:10:12,500
Thanks to Google's page rank 
algorithm, which could sift 

2442
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:15,500
through billions of web pages to
find the most pertinent results 

2443
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:18,800
for any query Universal. 
Search ability had significant 

2444
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:22,400
ramifications researchers, could
locate pertinent information, 

2445
02:10:22,400 --> 02:10:25,500
nearly instantly rather than 
spending hours in library. 

2446
02:10:25,500 --> 02:10:27,600
Searching through card catalogs 
and indexes. 

2447
02:10:28,700 --> 02:10:31,300
Writers had access to more 
sources than the greatest 

2448
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:34,400
Scholars of earlier centuries 
could have hoped for rather than

2449
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:36,900
depending on their own 
collections or institutional 

2450
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:39,500
Holdings. 
Any writing projects, research 

2451
02:10:39,500 --> 02:10:42,400
phase was shortened from weeks 
or months to a few hours or 

2452
02:10:42,400 --> 02:10:44,800
days. 
Additionally, digital text 

2453
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:47,500
opened up new avenues for 
multimedia and interactive 

2454
02:10:47,500 --> 02:10:50,000
writing. 
Authors were able to produce 

2455
02:10:50,000 --> 02:10:52,800
non-linear documents, with 
hypertext links that readers 

2456
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:55,600
could navigate based on their 
own needs and interests. 

2457
02:10:56,300 --> 02:10:59,600
Compared to traditional print 
media websites could create 

2458
02:10:59,600 --> 02:11:02,800
richer and more captivating 
reading experiences by fusing 

2459
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:07,900
text with images, audio and 
video website, email and forums 

2460
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:10,000
that Mirage traditional 
publishing models were 

2461
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:11,600
transplanted to digital 
platforms. 

2462
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:14,500
And the early internet was large
Lee used for publishing and 

2463
02:11:14,500 --> 02:11:16,600
consuming relatively formal 
written content. 

2464
02:11:16,600 --> 02:11:20,000
However, the emergence of a new 
generation of online platforms, 

2465
02:11:20,000 --> 02:11:23,300
at the turn of the 21st century,
drastically altered. 

2466
02:11:23,300 --> 02:11:26,200
The nature of digital 
communication unexpectedly, 

2467
02:11:26,200 --> 02:11:29,500
social media site, like French 
star, Myspace, and eventually 

2468
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:32,600
face book restored writing as a 
means of communication. 

2469
02:11:32,600 --> 02:11:36,100
People started writing, quick 
concise answers to each other's 

2470
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:40,300
posts comments and updates in 
place of formal, documents or 

2471
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:42,400
well. 
Written letters, instead of 

2472
02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:45,300
publishing information, these 
platforms were made to promote 

2473
02:11:45,300 --> 02:11:48,500
social interaction and they were
successful in developing new 

2474
02:11:48,500 --> 02:11:51,600
written communication formats 
that resembled speech more than 

2475
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:54,300
conventional writing. 
People's use of written language

2476
02:11:54,300 --> 02:11:57,500
was significantly impacted by 
This return to conversational 

2477
02:11:57,500 --> 02:12:01,700
writing emotional connection. 
An instantaneous expression, 

2478
02:12:01,700 --> 02:12:03,600
took precedence over formal 
grammar. 

2479
02:12:04,200 --> 02:12:07,700
In ways that traditional texts 
could not a motor cons and 

2480
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:10,500
acronyms evolved into a new type
of written shorthand that could 

2481
02:12:10,500 --> 02:12:14,000
express emotion and tone. 
As people started writing as 

2482
02:12:14,000 --> 02:12:18,700
they spoke using slang, informal
constructions and interruptions,

2483
02:12:18,700 --> 02:12:20,800
that would not have been 
appropriate in more formal, 

2484
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,200
written settings, the line 
between spoken and written 

2485
02:12:23,200 --> 02:12:26,700
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

2486
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:30,300
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

2487
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:33,800
autobiographical writing in 
which uses shared brief posts 

2488
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:35,500
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

2489
02:12:36,600 --> 02:12:38,900
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

2490
02:12:38,900 --> 02:12:42,400
self-documentation that captured
every day moments and cash will 

2491
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,500
thoughts and ways that earlier 
Generations would have deemed to

2492
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:48,300
insignificant for written 
record, rather than the 

2493
02:12:48,300 --> 02:12:51,000
meticulously planned 
self-presentation of traditional

2494
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:55,900
autobiography by restricting 
post to 140 characters later 

2495
02:12:55,900 --> 02:13:00,200
increased to 280 Twitter, which 
was launched in 2006 took 

2496
02:13:00,200 --> 02:13:02,000
conversational writing to the 
next level. 

2497
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:06,100
Extreme concision was required 
by this restriction, which 

2498
02:13:06,100 --> 02:13:09,500
prompted the creation of new 
brevity optimized forms of 

2499
02:13:09,500 --> 02:13:13,500
writing Twitter users developed 
a poetic form that prioritized 

2500
02:13:13,500 --> 02:13:17,700
wit insight and emotional impact
over conventional literary 

2501
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:20,600
elaboration by learning to 
convey the most meaning in the 

2502
02:13:20,600 --> 02:13:23,400
least amount of space. 
Additionally, the character 

2503
02:13:23,400 --> 02:13:25,700
limit altered the Cadence of 
written correspondence. 

2504
02:13:26,400 --> 02:13:28,900
Twitter users posted short 
updates throughout the day 

2505
02:13:28,900 --> 02:13:31,100
rather than writing long 
messages that were sent 

2506
02:13:31,100 --> 02:13:34,700
occasionally resulting, in a 
constant flow of written content

2507
02:13:34,700 --> 02:13:37,500
that was more akin to ongoing 
conversation than traditional 

2508
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:40,600
correspondence. 
Millions of users were able to 

2509
02:13:40,600 --> 02:13:43,000
engage in simultaneous 
conversations about current 

2510
02:13:43,000 --> 02:13:46,800
affairs, individual experiences 
and cultural phenomena on the 

2511
02:13:46,800 --> 02:13:49,400
platform which evolved into a 
global chat room. 

2512
02:13:49,400 --> 02:13:52,000
Beginning as a straightforward 
method of sending quick 

2513
02:13:52,000 --> 02:13:55,800
messages, between mobile phones 
in the 1990s, text messaging, 

2514
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,400
Rose to prominence as a written 
communication method in the 

2515
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:02,100
early 2000s. 
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages

2516
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:05,600
were restricted to 160 
characters and emphasized, 

2517
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:07,900
private communication over 
public broadcasting. 

2518
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:10,900
There are linguistic, 
conventions, abbreviations and 

2519
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:12,900
cultural norms specific to 
texting. 

2520
02:14:13,700 --> 02:14:20,000
The terms, LOL laugh allowed BRB
be right back and TTYL talk to 

2521
02:14:20,008 --> 02:14:21,900
you later. 
Became widely used. 

2522
02:14:22,700 --> 02:14:25,000
The way people formed written 
thoughts was altered by 

2523
02:14:25,008 --> 02:14:28,400
predictive text and autocorrect 
features which occasionally 

2524
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:31,100
resulted in misunderstandings 
but also made composition 

2525
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:34,300
faster, mobile technology. 
Also changed the physical act of

2526
02:14:34,308 --> 02:14:37,700
writing texting could be done 
with thumbs on small screens 

2527
02:14:37,700 --> 02:14:40,400
while walking taking public 
transit or doing other 

2528
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:43,700
activities, whereas traditional 
writing had been done with pens 

2529
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:47,800
on paper or fingers on keyboards
writing was genuinely portable 

2530
02:14:47,800 --> 02:14:50,500
and incorporated into everyday 
life in previously, Unthinkable 

2531
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:55,000
ways with the 2007 release of 
the iPhone smartphone's further 

2532
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:58,200
expanded the accessibility and 
versatility of mobile writing. 

2533
02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:01,600
Every phone became a portable 
writing and Publishing tool. 

2534
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:05,700
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards
voice to text capabilities and 

2535
02:15:05,700 --> 02:15:09,400
constant, internet connectivity,
the amount and speed of written 

2536
02:15:09,400 --> 02:15:12,400
communication increased 
dramatically, as a result of 

2537
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,400
people being able to create and 
share written content at any 

2538
02:15:15,400 --> 02:15:17,400
time. 
And from any location in 

2539
02:15:17,400 --> 02:15:20,900
Instagram, which debuted in 
2010, created new storytelling 

2540
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:23,800
formats by fusing textual and 
visual communication. 

2541
02:15:24,700 --> 02:15:27,700
Users posted pictures with 
captions that vary from brief 

2542
02:15:27,700 --> 02:15:31,200
summaries to in-depth stories. 
People's writing about their 

2543
02:15:31,200 --> 02:15:34,500
experiences was impacted by a 
new kind of categorization and 

2544
02:15:34,500 --> 02:15:37,900
search ability brought about by 
the platform's hashtag system. 

2545
02:15:37,900 --> 02:15:41,400
Perhaps most significantly. 
However, social media brought 

2546
02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:44,200
writing back into the mainstream
in ways not seen since 

2547
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:46,400
prehistoric. 
Cultures, oral traditions 

2548
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:50,100
Writing had been a solitary act 
for the majority of human 

2549
02:15:50,100 --> 02:15:53,000
history producing a document 
that would later be read by 

2550
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:57,200
others, writing became 
instantaneous interactive and 

2551
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,700
collaborative with social media.
Responding to each other's posts

2552
02:16:00,700 --> 02:16:02,900
within minutes or seconds of 
their publication. 

2553
02:16:02,900 --> 02:16:06,100
People could collaborate in real
time, fostering conversations 

2554
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:09,400
across various platforms. 
And time zones, new kinds of 

2555
02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:12,100
grouping making were spawned by 
the comments sections that 

2556
02:16:12,100 --> 02:16:15,100
sprang up beneath news articles,
blog entries and social media 

2557
02:16:15,100 --> 02:16:19,000
posts, hundreds of responses to 
a single post could challenge 

2558
02:16:19,000 --> 02:16:22,100
expand or totally 
recontextualize. 

2559
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:25,500
The original message as readers 
began to co-create, meaning 

2560
02:16:25,500 --> 02:16:27,400
through their responses and 
interactions. 

2561
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:29,800
The line between author and 
reader became less. 

2562
02:16:29,800 --> 02:16:33,000
Clear, new types of collective 
authorship were also spawned by 

2563
02:16:33,000 --> 02:16:34,900
the collaborative nature of 
digital writing. 

2564
02:16:35,600 --> 02:16:39,299
When Wikipedia was first 
launched in 2001, it showed that

2565
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:42,900
volunteer contributors could 
collaborate online to create and

2566
02:16:42,900 --> 02:16:44,600
maintain extensive reference 
works. 

2567
02:16:45,400 --> 02:16:48,200
Through a collaborative writing 
and editing process, that would 

2568
02:16:48,200 --> 02:16:50,500
not have been feasible without 
digital technology. 

2569
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:54,600
The encyclopedia expanded to 
include millions of articles in 

2570
02:16:54,600 --> 02:16:57,500
hundreds of languages, 
traditional beliefs regarding 

2571
02:16:57,500 --> 02:17:00,700
authorship Authority and quality
control in written work were 

2572
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:03,000
called into question by 
Wikipedia's success. 

2573
02:17:03,000 --> 02:17:07,200
Wikipedia used peer review and 
crowdsourcing to produce content

2574
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:09,700
that was frequently more up to 
date and thorough than 

2575
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:12,600
traditional reference works. 
Despite occasionally, being less

2576
02:17:12,600 --> 02:17:15,400
trustworthy than professional 
editors and expert, authors, 

2577
02:17:15,400 --> 02:17:18,600
social media and digital 
communication have produced an 

2578
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:21,799
unprecedented amount of writing.
Humans were creating more 

2579
02:17:21,799 --> 02:17:24,700
written material every day by 
the 2010s, that had been 

2580
02:17:24,700 --> 02:17:27,400
contained in all of the ancient 
world's libraries put together. 

2581
02:17:28,500 --> 02:17:30,900
Although, the majority of this 
writing was conversational 

2582
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:35,100
transient and informal. 
Status update, comments text 

2583
02:17:35,100 --> 02:17:38,200
messages, tweets, it marked a 
significant change. 

2584
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:41,200
In the way people use written 
language, you are living through

2585
02:17:41,200 --> 02:17:44,000
the most significant change in 
writing since the creation of 

2586
02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:46,500
the alphabet. 
So, keep this in mind as you 

2587
02:17:46,500 --> 02:17:49,400
curl up with your blankets and 
feel your eyelids getting 

2588
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:52,200
heavier. 
What is taking place in your 

2589
02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:55,000
immediate surroundings is as 
revolutionary as anything that 

2590
02:17:55,000 --> 02:17:57,700
took place in gutenberg's 
printing shop, medieval 

2591
02:17:57,700 --> 02:18:01,100
monasteries or ancient Phoenicia
these days, artificial 

2592
02:18:01,100 --> 02:18:04,299
intelligence can produce text 
that looks human and is 

2593
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:07,600
frequently identical to content 
written by humans, poetry 

2594
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,500
business letters, technical 
documentation. 

2595
02:18:10,500 --> 02:18:13,700
And even intricate conversations
are all possible with large 

2596
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:17,000
language models like GPT and its
Offspring, which show an 

2597
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:20,600
awareness of context subtlety 
and emotional nuances, The 

2598
02:18:20,600 --> 02:18:23,500
distinction between machine and 
human writing is becoming more 

2599
02:18:23,500 --> 02:18:26,299
and more hazy. 
People can now write by speaking

2600
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:28,900
in stead of typing thanks to 
advancements and voice 

2601
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:32,500
recognition software that can 
now convert speech to text with 

2602
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:36,299
astounding accuracy. 
While walking driving or doing 

2603
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:40,400
other tasks writers can compose 
text at the speed of speech with

2604
02:18:40,400 --> 02:18:43,700
Dragon NaturallySpeaking series 
dictation and Google Voice 

2605
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:46,700
typing. 
Writing which involves moving a 

2606
02:18:46,700 --> 02:18:49,799
pan of cross paper or fingers 
across a keyboard is becoming a 

2607
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:52,700
less necessary. 
Activity text can be instantly 

2608
02:18:52,700 --> 02:18:55,700
translated between languages 
using real-time translation. 

2609
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:58,799
Algorithms, removing the 
barriers that have divided human

2610
02:18:58,799 --> 02:19:02,600
communities for millennia One 
can write in their native tongue

2611
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:05,400
and have it instantly understood
by readers anywhere in the 

2612
02:19:05,407 --> 02:19:07,100
world. 
Thanks to Google Translate and 

2613
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:10,200
similar Services which can 
handle dozens of languages with 

2614
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:13,500
increasing sophistication new 
types of spatial writing in 

2615
02:19:13,508 --> 02:19:15,299
which text is embedded in 
three-dimensional. 

2616
02:19:15,299 --> 02:19:18,700
Environments are starting to be 
made possible by augmented 

2617
02:19:18,700 --> 02:19:21,299
reality and virtual reality 
Technologies. 

2618
02:19:22,700 --> 02:19:26,200
Future authors May create text 
that floats in space reacts to 

2619
02:19:26,200 --> 02:19:29,299
movement and changes depending 
on the reader's perspective and 

2620
02:19:29,299 --> 02:19:32,400
interaction as an alternative to
write on flat surfaces. 

2621
02:19:32,400 --> 02:19:35,500
Although they are still in the 
experimental stage grain, 

2622
02:19:35,500 --> 02:19:38,200
computer interface is raised the
prospect of direct neural 

2623
02:19:38,200 --> 02:19:41,900
control over text composition. 
People may have eventually be 

2624
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:44,600
able to think words that are 
automatically translated into 

2625
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:48,000
written communication rather 
than speaking typing or writing 

2626
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:51,300
by hand, the permanents and 
accuracy of writing could be 

2627
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:53,400
paired with the quickness of 
thought. 

2628
02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:56,100
Despite all of these 
technological advancements, 

2629
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:59,400
writing's primary function 
hasn't changed since the first 

2630
02:19:59,400 --> 02:20:04,100
cave paintings were created 
40,000 years ago, We continue to

2631
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,500
use righting to leave behind 
traces of our existence that 

2632
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:09,500
will outlive our actual physical
presence in the world. 

2633
02:20:10,400 --> 02:20:13,900
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

2634
02:20:13,900 --> 02:20:18,000
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

2635
02:20:18,000 --> 02:20:21,800
making the absent present, 
giving thoughts, permanence and 

2636
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:23,700
connecting with other people 
through symbols. 

2637
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:26,700
And meaning, as shared by the 
cave painter, who left a 

2638
02:20:26,700 --> 02:20:30,600
handprint in Chauvet, cave and 
the social media user, who posts

2639
02:20:30,600 --> 02:20:32,500
a status update today in 
reality. 

2640
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:35,900
The story of writing is the 
story of human connection and 

2641
02:20:35,900 --> 02:20:39,000
the tenacious will to transcend 
the boundaries of personal 

2642
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:41,800
awareness. 
From Sumerian cuneiform to 

2643
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:45,600
contemporary digital text, every
writing system aims to address 

2644
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:49,100
the same fundamental issue. 
How can we communicate our 

2645
02:20:49,100 --> 02:20:51,000
thoughts to those who aren't 
there in person? 

2646
02:20:51,000 --> 02:20:54,100
How can we ensure that our 
thoughts and beyond our own 

2647
02:20:54,100 --> 02:20:56,400
death? 
From those initial symbolic 

2648
02:20:56,400 --> 02:20:59,100
inscriptions on Cave walls, we 
have come along way. 

2649
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:02,100
The greatest Scholars of 
antiquity could not have 

2650
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:04,800
predicted, the amount of written
knowledge of available to a 

2651
02:21:04,800 --> 02:21:07,600
child learning to read today. 
Professional scribes in 

2652
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:10,400
medieval, monasteries are not as
quick at writing as the teen 

2653
02:21:10,400 --> 02:21:14,000
texting friends compared to the 
most powerful rulers of previous

2654
02:21:14,000 --> 02:21:16,200
centuries. 
The office worker writing an 

2655
02:21:16,200 --> 02:21:18,600
email has greater access to 
information and communication 

2656
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:20,800
tools. 
However, the magic is 

2657
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:24,700
essentially unchanged, Same 
miracle that astounded our 

2658
02:21:24,700 --> 02:21:28,000
ancestors and still astounds us 
when we pause to consider. 

2659
02:21:28,000 --> 02:21:30,700
It is happening to you as you 
read these words right now, 

2660
02:21:30,700 --> 02:21:35,100
ideas generated in one mind 
being replicated in another mind

2661
02:21:35,100 --> 02:21:39,400
across time and space using only
marks on a Surface, be at a 

2662
02:21:39,400 --> 02:21:42,100
printed page. 
The digital screen, a Papyrus 

2663
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:44,700
scroll, a cave wall or a clay 
tablet. 

2664
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:48,700
The Wonder endures despite 
changes in technology, although 

2665
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:52,300
the particular tools change over
time, the basic human desire to 

2666
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:55,900
connect communicate and share 
Consciousness, never changes. 

2667
02:21:57,500 --> 02:22:00,600
From ancient pictographs to 
contemporary Emoji writing in 

2668
02:22:00,608 --> 02:22:04,100
all its forms symbolizes 
Humanity's, continuous effort to

2669
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:06,800
go beyond the confines of 
personal experience and 

2670
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:09,800
establish a common, meaning 
across the enormous gaps that 

2671
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:13,500
divide different Minds every 
text message, email and comment 

2672
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,200
you send contributes to the 
extent of dialogue that people 

2673
02:22:16,200 --> 02:22:19,000
have been having via writing for
more than 5,000 years. 

2674
02:22:20,000 --> 02:22:23,100
Not only are you utilizing 
technology but you're also 

2675
02:22:23,100 --> 02:22:25,900
engaging in one of the oldest 
and most fundamental human 

2676
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:29,200
Endeavors which has been updated
with contemporary instruments 

2677
02:22:29,200 --> 02:22:31,300
while maintaining its Timeless 
objectives. 

2678
02:22:31,300 --> 02:22:34,300
Today's kids will grow up in a 
world where voice recognition 

2679
02:22:34,300 --> 02:22:37,300
replaces typing. 
Artificial intelligence helps 

2680
02:22:37,300 --> 02:22:40,500
with writing real-time 
translation eliminates language 

2681
02:22:40,500 --> 02:22:43,500
barriers and new technologies 
that we can hardly fathom will 

2682
02:22:43,500 --> 02:22:46,200
continue to revolutionize the 
way people write and 

2683
02:22:46,200 --> 02:22:49,900
communicate, however, they will 
continue to use writing for the 

2684
02:22:49,900 --> 02:22:52,000
same purposes. 
That humans have always used it 

2685
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:56,400
for memory preservation, 
knowledge, exchange creative, 

2686
02:22:56,400 --> 02:22:59,700
expression, relationship, 
building and Bridging the Gap 

2687
02:22:59,700 --> 02:23:02,700
between two, different 
consciousnesses one, word at a 

2688
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:05,400
time, billions of people 
worldwide are writing the future

2689
02:23:05,400 --> 02:23:08,300
of writing to today. 
The great human endeavor of 

2690
02:23:08,300 --> 02:23:11,200
making thoughts permanent and 
shareable involves, everyone 

2691
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:14,700
scientist recording. 
New discoveries students taking 

2692
02:23:14,700 --> 02:23:18,200
notes in class. 
Poets, writing verses journalist

2693
02:23:18,200 --> 02:23:21,100
covering current affairs, 
friends communicating over 

2694
02:23:21,100 --> 02:23:23,900
great, distances lovers, 
expressing their feelings, 

2695
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:27,100
children learning their first 
letters and the elderly 

2696
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,100
preserving family stories. 
Remember that you are a part of 

2697
02:23:30,108 --> 02:23:32,500
this amazing. 
Continuous story as you close 

2698
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,700
your eyes to night, and allow 
these thoughts to find a home in

2699
02:23:35,700 --> 02:23:38,000
the Cozy space's between waking 
and sleeping. 

2700
02:23:39,100 --> 02:23:42,500
Your connected to every human 
being who has ever struggled to 

2701
02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:46,400
share an idea, preserve a 
thought or reach across time to 

2702
02:23:46,408 --> 02:23:49,500
touch another Mind through the 
book, you're reading the device 

2703
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:52,500
you're using and the act of 
absorbing these ideas through 

2704
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:55,700
written symbols, the same, or 
that has enthralled people. 

2705
02:23:55,700 --> 02:23:58,500
Since we first realized that 
marks could have meaning is 

2706
02:23:58,500 --> 02:24:01,700
being felt by a child learning 
to recognize their first letters

2707
02:24:01,700 --> 02:24:04,300
somewhere tonight. 
When they learn that, the 

2708
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,100
squiggles on the page can tell 
them stories about far away, 

2709
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:10,300
places and made up friends. 
Their eyes enlarged from 

2710
02:24:10,300 --> 02:24:13,400
medieval apprentices learning to
form letters with quill pens to 

2711
02:24:13,400 --> 02:24:16,700
children in one room School 
houses laboriously copying 

2712
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:19,800
letters on slate boards. 
They are continuing a tradition 

2713
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,100
that dates back to ancient 
Samaritan school children. 

2714
02:24:22,100 --> 02:24:26,300
Their cuneiform on clay tablets.
A writer is working on a story 

2715
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:28,500
that could be read for centuries
to come somewhere tonight. 

2716
02:24:29,400 --> 02:24:32,100
Picking every word with the same
care that unites all 

2717
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:35,300
storytellers who have ever 
attempted to permanently depict 

2718
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:38,300
Human Experience. 
Even though they are writing on 

2719
02:24:38,300 --> 02:24:41,500
a computer, they are performing 
the same, fundamental tasks, as 

2720
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:45,000
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.
The scribes who documented King,

2721
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:48,300
Arthur stories, all the 
innumerable bars who turned oral

2722
02:24:48,300 --> 02:24:50,700
Traditions into written works to
night. 

2723
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,800
A scientist is adding their 
observations to the extensive 

2724
02:24:53,800 --> 02:24:56,400
body of human knowledge that 
started with Mesopotamian 

2725
02:24:56,400 --> 02:24:59,400
astronomers recording the motion
of planets and stars 

2726
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:01,600
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

2727
02:25:01,600 --> 02:25:04,700
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

2728
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:09,100
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

2729
02:25:09,100 --> 02:25:11,500
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

2730
02:25:11,500 --> 02:25:14,700
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

2731
02:25:14,708 --> 02:25:17,800
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

2732
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:21,000
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

2733
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:24,000
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondence that kept 

2734
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:27,200
relationships, strong over years
of separation, lovers who are 

2735
02:25:27,200 --> 02:25:30,300
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

2736
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:32,500
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

2737
02:25:33,700 --> 02:25:37,100
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

2738
02:25:37,100 --> 02:25:39,000
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

2739
02:25:39,000 --> 02:25:41,600
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via written 

2740
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:44,300
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

2741
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:46,900
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

2742
02:25:46,908 --> 02:25:49,200
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

2743
02:25:49,200 --> 02:25:52,100
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

2744
02:25:52,100 --> 02:25:56,700
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom The 

2745
02:25:56,700 --> 02:25:59,500
fundamental purpose of these 
family histories is the same as 

2746
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:03,500
that of the great historical 
works of Gibbon Herodotus or any

2747
02:26:03,508 --> 02:26:05,400
other chronicler of Human 
Experience. 

2748
02:26:05,400 --> 02:26:08,200
Even though they may never be 
published or read widely 

2749
02:26:08,200 --> 02:26:12,000
somewhere tonight, the student 
is engaged in the same process 

2750
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:13,700
of acquiring and preserving 
knowledge. 

2751
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:16,400
That has propelled, human 
learning since the founding of 

2752
02:26:16,408 --> 02:26:19,800
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

2753
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:21,900
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

2754
02:26:21,900 --> 02:26:24,000
world. 
Their computer files and 

2755
02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:26,800
notebooks represent the most 
recent development in Humanities

2756
02:26:26,800 --> 02:26:30,500
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

2757
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:32,700
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

2758
02:26:32,700 --> 02:26:35,700
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

2759
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:38,200
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

2760
02:26:38,200 --> 02:26:41,600
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

2761
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:44,400
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

2762
02:26:44,400 --> 02:26:47,900
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

2763
02:26:47,900 --> 02:26:51,800
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experience as 

2764
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:55,200
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognize 

2765
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:58,100
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

2766
02:26:58,100 --> 02:27:01,700
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

2767
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:06,000
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

2768
02:27:06,000 --> 02:27:09,300
trying to find the perfect words
to convey in emotion or 

2769
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:12,000
experience, that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

2770
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:16,800
They are part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by

2771
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:20,600
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

2772
02:27:20,600 --> 02:27:23,000
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

2773
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,300
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

2774
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:29,800
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions 

2775
02:27:29,800 --> 02:27:33,200
more are contributing their 
words to the extensive dialogue 

2776
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:35,300
that started. 
When the first human decided 

2777
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:39,200
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

2778
02:27:40,300 --> 02:27:43,200
This means that the story of 
writing is not yet complete 

2779
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:46,600
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

2780
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:50,200
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

2781
02:27:50,200 --> 02:27:53,200
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

2782
02:27:53,200 --> 02:27:56,500
Not only you reading this story,
dear reader, but you are also 

2783
02:27:56,500 --> 02:27:59,700
contributing to its creation. 
Each time you send a message, 

2784
02:27:59,700 --> 02:28:03,400
write an email, write a note or 
Express an idea in writing 

2785
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:06,600
you're taking part in one of the
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 

2786
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:09,600
in human history. 
You are contributing your voice 

2787
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:12,200
to a dialogue that has been 
going on for thousands of years 

2788
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:16,000
and will continue for thousands 
more just as we can hardly. 

2789
02:28:16,000 --> 02:28:17,800
Imagine what writing 
Technologies are 

2790
02:28:17,800 --> 02:28:21,200
great-grandchildren will take 
for granted the lascaux cave 

2791
02:28:21,200 --> 02:28:23,900
painters, could never have 
imagined smartphones and social 

2792
02:28:23,900 --> 02:28:26,400
media. 
However, despite all 

2793
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:30,200
technological advancements, the 
basic human urges that drive 

2794
02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:33,800
writing, we need to remember. 
Communicate share preserve and 

2795
02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:37,400
create remain constant. 
Allow yourself to feel a part of

2796
02:28:37,400 --> 02:28:40,900
this enormous human endeavor as 
you go to sleep tonight, you 

2797
02:28:40,900 --> 02:28:43,500
might dream of future 
Technologies and ancient scribes

2798
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:46,900
of writers at glowing screens 
and storytellers around 

2799
02:28:46,900 --> 02:28:50,100
campfires of children, learning 
their letters and Elders. 

2800
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:53,200
Keeping their memories alive. 
They are a part of your story 

2801
02:28:53,200 --> 02:28:55,700
and you are part of theirs. 
Rest. 

2802
02:28:55,700 --> 02:28:57,800
Well, and dream of all the 
stories that have not. 

2803
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:00,500
Yet been told all the 
discoveries that have not yet 

2804
02:29:00,500 --> 02:29:03,200
been documented all the 
connections that have not yet 

2805
02:29:03,200 --> 02:29:06,700
been made and all the ideas that
have not yet been able to move 

2806
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:11,400
from page to page in your Mind. 
You dear reader, dear writer, 

2807
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:15,500
dear participant in the ancient 
continuing Human Adventure, will

2808
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:18,300
contribute to the right of the 
greatest chapter of the writing 

2809
02:29:18,300 --> 02:29:19,600
story. 
Good night. 

2810
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:21,200
And I hope your words are heard 
tomorrow. 

2811
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:34,700
Theodore Roosevelt was not an 
ordinary child born in 1858, in 

2812
02:29:34,700 --> 02:29:38,800
a brownstone in New York City, 
young Theo called Teddy by his 

2813
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:41,900
close, friends, entered a world 
riddled with disparity, 

2814
02:29:41,900 --> 02:29:45,000
horse-drawn carriages paraded on
cobbled streets. 

2815
02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:48,600
While the country found itself 
on the cusp of Rapid industrial 

2816
02:29:48,600 --> 02:29:51,300
change yet from the very 
beginning. 

2817
02:29:52,100 --> 02:29:54,000
What made Theodore Roosevelt's 
early life? 

2818
02:29:54,000 --> 02:29:56,800
Different was not only his 
family's comfortable position. 

2819
02:29:56,800 --> 02:29:59,900
His father was a philanthropist 
who ran a successful import 

2820
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:02,500
business and the Roosevelt's 
prided themselves on their 

2821
02:30:02,500 --> 02:30:05,600
social standing but also his 
shaky Constitution. 

2822
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:07,300
The future. 
Rough. 

2823
02:30:07,300 --> 02:30:10,900
Rider was ironically enough. 
A frail boy who struggled with 

2824
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:13,700
asthma and stomach trouble 
relying on the help of his 

2825
02:30:13,700 --> 02:30:16,100
nurturing family to guide him 
toward Better Health. 

2826
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:19,600
Most accounts recall, the 
well-worn story of how he 

2827
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:22,900
overcame debilitating asthma by 
embracing exercise in the 

2828
02:30:22,900 --> 02:30:25,100
outdoors. 
But that's often where the 

2829
02:30:25,100 --> 02:30:28,300
Intriguing details stop. 
Far less common the accounts of 

2830
02:30:28,300 --> 02:30:31,000
how Roseville to imagination 
flourished, because he spent so 

2831
02:30:31,000 --> 02:30:34,300
many hours in doors, recovering,
he devoured books, on natural 

2832
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:36,900
science building an early 
fascination with zoology. 

2833
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:40,900
Intermedi and every lesson known
ology he could get his hands on 

2834
02:30:41,700 --> 02:30:44,700
He collected insects in jars 
around his room and he sketched 

2835
02:30:44,700 --> 02:30:48,100
birds from memory, he had a 
serious obsession with taxonomy 

2836
02:30:48,100 --> 02:30:52,300
relishing, the act of labeling, 
identifying and categorizing a 

2837
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:54,100
few mentioned that he even 
attempted to write little 

2838
02:30:54,100 --> 02:30:57,900
treatises Guided by sheer 
curiosity about creatures, he 

2839
02:30:57,900 --> 02:31:00,900
observed in his small world. 
He would write paragraphs about 

2840
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:03,400
how flies in a notebook 
detailing, their anatomy and 

2841
02:31:03,400 --> 02:31:06,100
behavior. 
As if he were a mini Darwin in 

2842
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:09,300
the making This Pursuit was not 
a trifling hobby. 

2843
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:11,800
It was the anchor that connected
him to the broader world. 

2844
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:14,300
When his lungs wouldn't allow 
him to catch his breath outside.

2845
02:31:15,400 --> 02:31:19,000
His father, Theodore senior took
these Explorations seriously. 

2846
02:31:19,800 --> 02:31:22,700
He would encourage young, Theo 
to keep learning and to the 

2847
02:31:22,700 --> 02:31:25,300
extent possible. 
He also pushed it quite 

2848
02:31:25,300 --> 02:31:27,200
literally to strengthen his 
body. 

2849
02:31:28,300 --> 02:31:30,800
The Elder Rosevelt recognized 
that building physical stamina 

2850
02:31:30,800 --> 02:31:33,300
might become the key to 
unlocking his son's potential. 

2851
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:37,800
So in addition to fueling his 
mind, Theodore senior nudged 

2852
02:31:37,800 --> 02:31:40,800
him, to exercise, even setting 
up a small gym within the 

2853
02:31:40,800 --> 02:31:42,900
family's home. 
They used pulley weights, 

2854
02:31:42,900 --> 02:31:45,400
dumbbells, and even A Primitive 
exercise bike. 

2855
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:49,500
Initially, the boy often doubled
over in breathless fits, but he 

2856
02:31:49,508 --> 02:31:52,000
persevered always hearing his 
father's voice. 

2857
02:31:52,000 --> 02:31:55,500
You have the mind but you must 
make your body. 

2858
02:31:56,400 --> 02:31:59,400
This paternal challenge will 
tell shaped Theodore's entire 

2859
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:01,500
life. 
He refused to let his ailments 

2860
02:32:01,500 --> 02:32:04,400
Define him. as Theodore 
progressed, from the timid, 

2861
02:32:04,400 --> 02:32:09,000
asthmatic boy to a more robust 
version of himself, would He 

2862
02:32:09,000 --> 02:32:11,700
also developed a nuanced 
understanding of compassion and 

2863
02:32:11,700 --> 02:32:13,900
fairness. 
Many of her counted that his 

2864
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:17,500
father, one of the founders of 
the Children's Aid Society made 

2865
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:21,000
it a point to teach Theodore 
about social inequities during 

2866
02:32:21,000 --> 02:32:22,600
carriage rides. 
They visited. 

2867
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:25,800
The more impoverished areas of 
Manhattan so that Theo would see

2868
02:32:25,800 --> 02:32:29,400
beyond his privileged bubble. 
Historians often remarked that 

2869
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:32,700
these experiences along with the
lessons and still by his father 

2870
02:32:32,700 --> 02:32:35,300
formed. 
The basis of Theodore's empathy 

2871
02:32:35,300 --> 02:32:38,800
for working class Americans yet.
It's rarely noted how those 

2872
02:32:38,800 --> 02:32:42,900
moments also fueled his sense of
outrage at Injustice and emotion

2873
02:32:42,900 --> 02:32:45,200
that could flare up dramatically
in the years to come. 

2874
02:32:45,200 --> 02:32:48,900
These experiences were not 
academic exercises for young 

2875
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:51,600
Rose of belt. 
They resonated deeply with him. 

2876
02:32:51,600 --> 02:32:54,600
Bridging the gulf between his 
comfortable, existence, and the 

2877
02:32:54,608 --> 02:32:58,800
hardships faced by others. 
By adolescents, Theo had not yet

2878
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:00,900
grown into the outspoken figure.
We often imagine. 

2879
02:33:00,900 --> 02:33:05,200
But he had an unusually intense 
curiosity that often manifested 

2880
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:09,300
and sudden bursts of Interest, a
new species of bird, a type of 

2881
02:33:09,308 --> 02:33:12,000
archaic firearm, the political 
history of the Netherlands. 

2882
02:33:12,000 --> 02:33:16,300
He could not resist diving in 
Family and friends recall that 

2883
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:19,000
he would often go quiet for 
hours pouring over a book or 

2884
02:33:19,000 --> 02:33:21,600
tinkering with a collection, 
then erupt with a stream of 

2885
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:24,900
observations. 
He was already practicing a 

2886
02:33:24,900 --> 02:33:26,900
methodical approach to 
everything from Sports to 

2887
02:33:26,900 --> 02:33:30,500
reading this intense, discipline
would soon Define his every 

2888
02:33:30,500 --> 02:33:33,200
move. 
One lesser known facet of his 

2889
02:33:33,208 --> 02:33:35,300
teenage years. 
Was his growing fascination with

2890
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:38,700
the Wilderness convalescing in 
the family's summer home or on 

2891
02:33:38,700 --> 02:33:42,000
trips to the countryside. 
Theodore began forging, a quiet 

2892
02:33:42,008 --> 02:33:45,900
bond with Untamed spaces. 
He was all struck by Grand, 

2893
02:33:45,900 --> 02:33:50,400
forests, Wildlife calls, at dusk
and the possibility of testing 

2894
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:53,900
himself against the elements. 
This connection was not just a 

2895
02:33:53,900 --> 02:33:56,600
passing fancy. 
It was a seed that would Bloom 

2896
02:33:56,600 --> 02:33:59,700
into his legendary forays, into 
the West, and his eventual 

2897
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:01,400
influence on the nation's 
conservation. 

2898
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,100
Efforts in a sense, the 
vulnerability that shaped his 

2899
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:08,500
early years also planted an 
ember of longing for personal 

2900
02:34:08,500 --> 02:34:10,300
Independence, physical 
challenge. 

2901
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:12,400
And a deep communion with 
nature. 

2902
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:16,500
Even as a boy, Theodore 
Roosevelt was forging an 

2903
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:19,800
identity that mixed bookish 
introspection with athletic 

2904
02:34:19,800 --> 02:34:22,200
resolved. 
He was the child who combated 

2905
02:34:22,200 --> 02:34:24,600
his asthma by turning his 
bedroom into a miniature Natural

2906
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:28,400
History Museum and who absorbed 
lessons on social injustice from

2907
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:30,400
his father in the carriage rides
across town. 

2908
02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:34,300
He was tender curious and 
brimming with Restless energy, 

2909
02:34:35,100 --> 02:34:38,200
If you look closely at his 
formative years, you realize the

2910
02:34:38,200 --> 02:34:41,500
seeds of Theodore Roosevelt's 
future, his passion for reform, 

2911
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:45,100
his boisterous Vigor, his 
reverence for nature were 

2912
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:48,400
germinating in the walls of at 
Brownstone and in the country 

2913
02:34:48,400 --> 02:34:50,300
Fields where he works to catch 
his breath. 

2914
02:34:51,300 --> 02:34:54,900
This Duality fragility matched 
by unwavering perseverance, 

2915
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:57,200
would characterize him for the 
rest of his life. 

2916
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:01,500
Making him quite unlike any of 
his contemporaries transitioning

2917
02:35:01,500 --> 02:35:04,200
into his college Years at 
Harvard, brought out another 

2918
02:35:04,200 --> 02:35:08,000
side of Theodore Roosevelt aside
that proved how we would never 

2919
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:11,700
quite fit into any single mold. 
Most stories highlight his 

2920
02:35:11,700 --> 02:35:14,300
academic tenacity in his 
famously, ran to just 

2921
02:35:14,300 --> 02:35:17,600
personality that they rarely 
dwell on how he continuously 

2922
02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:21,100
navigated Social Circles that 
didn't know quite what to make 

2923
02:35:21,100 --> 02:35:23,300
of him. 
He was too worldly to be the 

2924
02:35:23,308 --> 02:35:26,400
purely bookish type, but still 
too studious to be the campus 

2925
02:35:26,400 --> 02:35:29,100
gadabout. 
He moved through the Halls. 

2926
02:35:29,100 --> 02:35:32,300
Wearing bright, clothing styles,
his suits, cut a bit sharper, 

2927
02:35:32,300 --> 02:35:35,300
his shirts, a bit more 
flamboyant and walked briskly. 

2928
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:38,100
A sign of a mind. 
Preoccupied with tasks at hand. 

2929
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:41,600
People notice him, not just for 
his dynamism, but for his 

2930
02:35:41,608 --> 02:35:45,700
slightly eccentric Edge, During 
these years Theodore continued 

2931
02:35:45,700 --> 02:35:48,500
to combat lingering health 
problems, though he really spoke

2932
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:50,100
of them always determined to 
prove. 

2933
02:35:50,100 --> 02:35:53,900
He was as hearty as anyone else.
The boxing club at Harvard 

2934
02:35:53,900 --> 02:35:55,800
offered an outlet for his 
pent-up energy. 

2935
02:35:55,800 --> 02:35:58,700
Ironically, it wasn't in the 
ring that he faced his most 

2936
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:01,400
stinging defeats, it was in 
building friendships with the 

2937
02:36:01,408 --> 02:36:04,700
typical College set, many of 
whom were drawn to a more 

2938
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:07,600
conventional path of leisure and
superficial amusements. 

2939
02:36:07,600 --> 02:36:11,700
He had a small circle of close 
companions but was often teased 

2940
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:14,400
for his intensity. 
Some found him downright 

2941
02:36:14,400 --> 02:36:17,900
exhausting to be around 
describing him as a steam engine

2942
02:36:17,900 --> 02:36:20,300
in trousers. 
Yet that social friction 

2943
02:36:20,300 --> 02:36:22,700
reinforced the self-assuredness 
that was forming him. 

2944
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:25,800
It was during this period that 
he wrote copiously. 

2945
02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:28,900
In his diary is about. 
Moral fortitude, about striving 

2946
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:31,700
to maintain a sense of Honor. 
Amid, a sea of peer pressure, 

2947
02:36:32,600 --> 02:36:34,700
Oddly enough. 
He sometimes felt lonely at 

2948
02:36:34,700 --> 02:36:37,400
Harvard, trapped between 
admiration for some of the 

2949
02:36:37,400 --> 02:36:40,600
Traditions there and ignoring 
sense that he was different 

2950
02:36:40,600 --> 02:36:45,100
alongside his studies Theodore 
engaged in an array of Pursuits 

2951
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:47,800
that hardly seemed to fit neatly
under any single rubric of 

2952
02:36:47,800 --> 02:36:50,300
student life. 
He wrote editorials for the 

2953
02:36:50,300 --> 02:36:53,600
student paper typically 
championing, high-minded ideals 

2954
02:36:53,600 --> 02:36:56,800
of honesty and personal 
discipline. he poured over the 

2955
02:36:56,800 --> 02:37:00,500
works of Audubon Darwin and 
personal Heroes such as Naval 

2956
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:04,600
historian, Alfred Thayer Mahan 
He even found time to gallop off

2957
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:06,800
on weekend trips to collect 
specimens and practice, 

2958
02:37:06,800 --> 02:37:10,500
birdwatching returning to campus
dust-laden and always bursting 

2959
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:13,200
with stories. 
It's a testament to his capacity

2960
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:15,800
for juggling interests and goals
that he was able to maintain 

2961
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:18,300
decent grades. 
While also soaking up everything

2962
02:37:18,300 --> 02:37:23,100
in sight Natural History, public
speaking rhetorical studies and 

2963
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:27,000
even genealogical research, the 
man loved to learn in a 

2964
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:30,100
whole-hearted way, as though, 
every subject could be an 

2965
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,500
adventure, if only one looked 
closely enough, In the midst of 

2966
02:37:33,500 --> 02:37:35,900
his academic further. 
Something else was happening. 

2967
02:37:35,900 --> 02:37:40,100
Roosevelt was quietly falling in
love, not just with any young 

2968
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:42,100
socialite, but with Alice, 
Hathaway. 

2969
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:47,000
Lee a woman who embodied Grace 
and warmth she was a cousin of a

2970
02:37:47,000 --> 02:37:50,900
classmate, and the attraction 
was immediate Their courtship 

2971
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:54,600
provided a surprise of balance 
for him proof that he could be 

2972
02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:58,000
both intense and tender. 
Formidable it affectionate. 

2973
02:37:59,500 --> 02:38:02,100
Has their relationship deepened.
He began to think more 

2974
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:05,500
concretely about his future. 
He was deeply into love, but 

2975
02:38:05,500 --> 02:38:08,000
also determined to shape his 
life in a way that would impact 

2976
02:38:08,000 --> 02:38:10,900
Society. 
If the two could be reconciled 

2977
02:38:10,900 --> 02:38:14,500
his political Ambitions and his 
Devotion to Alice, he believed 

2978
02:38:14,500 --> 02:38:18,200
he might find his true calling. 
It was a joyful hopeful season 

2979
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:22,200
of his life, tinged with the 
earnest optimism of Youth at 

2980
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:25,300
Harvard Roosevelt. 
Also honed his talent for debate

2981
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:27,300
though. 
Interestingly, it was not always

2982
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:30,100
well received. 
He clashed over issues ranging 

2983
02:38:30,100 --> 02:38:33,300
from foreign policy to civic 
responsibility with classmates, 

2984
02:38:33,300 --> 02:38:36,600
who, in his eyes did not embody 
the moral Vigor. 

2985
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:40,200
He valued his style was direct 
and sometimes his passion 

2986
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:43,700
erupted into high decibel in 
systems people questioned 

2987
02:38:43,700 --> 02:38:47,600
whether he was grandstanding or 
genuinely, fervent in truth. 

2988
02:38:47,600 --> 02:38:51,000
He was both He felt ideas with 
his entire. 

2989
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:54,000
Being unable to separate 
academic discourse from moral 

2990
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:58,400
imperative, Whilst some admired 
his Zeal, others wrote him off 

2991
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:00,600
as a Brash up star who needed to
tone it down. 

2992
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:03,900
But Theodore wasn't interested 
in Tony anything down. 

2993
02:39:03,900 --> 02:39:07,100
He believed that this if 
something was worth doing, it 

2994
02:39:07,100 --> 02:39:10,300
was worth doing vigorously. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

2995
02:39:10,300 --> 02:39:13,200
that this unrelenting passion 
nearly derailed him in terms of 

2996
02:39:13,200 --> 02:39:17,100
his mental health, long nights 
of study intense, physical 

2997
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:20,900
exertion and a kind of constant 
internal thrum of ambition could

2998
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:23,000
wear him out. 
He would suffer bouts of 

2999
02:39:23,008 --> 02:39:25,500
insomnia, something he 
stubbornly tried to hide from. 

3000
02:39:25,500 --> 02:39:28,800
Even his closest friends 
journals from the time suggests.

3001
02:39:28,800 --> 02:39:31,500
He wrestled with dark moods 
worried that. 

3002
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:34,400
If he let himself slip even for 
a moment, he might not regain 

3003
02:39:34,400 --> 02:39:38,000
traction. 
But he had set a personal Credo 

3004
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:40,900
better to burn brightly than 
fade quietly. 

3005
02:39:41,600 --> 02:39:45,000
He would follow this Creed with 
a positive or negative for the 

3006
02:39:45,000 --> 02:39:49,700
remainder of his life. 
Upon graduation Theodore left 

3007
02:39:49,700 --> 02:39:51,700
Harvard with more than just a 
diploma. 

3008
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:56,000
He carried away a fierce sense 
of self-play intellectual 

3009
02:39:56,000 --> 02:39:59,500
Endeavors, personal romance, and
the ceaseless quest to push 

3010
02:39:59,508 --> 02:40:03,100
against his limits shortly. 
After leaving Harvard Theodore 

3011
02:40:03,100 --> 02:40:05,600
Roosevelt took his first bold 
step into the realm of Public 

3012
02:40:05,600 --> 02:40:07,700
Service. 
Winning a seat in the New York 

3013
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:10,200
State Assembly. 
Some might call it a natural 

3014
02:40:10,208 --> 02:40:13,100
progression for a young, man of 
his social background, but in 

3015
02:40:13,100 --> 02:40:16,300
truth, the gritty nature of 
local politics was something of 

3016
02:40:16,300 --> 02:40:20,400
a baptism by fire The assembly 
Halls were Rife within fighting 

3017
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:22,900
patronage and under the table 
deals. 

3018
02:40:22,900 --> 02:40:26,400
As a new member, Rosevelt was 
expected to keep his head down 

3019
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:28,900
and align with party bosses 
instead. 

3020
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:32,900
He stormed onto the scene, like 
a tropical Gail delivering, 

3021
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:36,200
fiery speeches that lambasted 
corruption and championed 

3022
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:39,100
reforms the other lawmakers, 
found him peculiar. 

3023
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:42,200
He was a well to do. 
Youngster fresh from the ivy 

3024
02:40:42,200 --> 02:40:44,900
league with a screechy voice 
that seemed to come alive. 

3025
02:40:44,900 --> 02:40:48,700
The moment he smelled in Justice
and in just as he saw it. 

3026
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:51,100
Permeated every level of 
governance. 

3027
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:54,500
The political Old Guard was a 
fortress of self-interest. 

3028
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:58,300
So they chuckled at his Zeal to 
dismissing him as a nuisance who

3029
02:40:58,300 --> 02:41:00,000
would soon learn to play by 
their rules. 

3030
02:41:00,000 --> 02:41:03,800
What they didn't grasp was that 
Roosevelt's moral convictions 

3031
02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:07,000
shaped by his father's influence
and hammered into form by his 

3032
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:09,600
own sense of fairness would not 
yield Under Pressure. 

3033
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:12,500
He was that rare combination 
affluent. 

3034
02:41:12,500 --> 02:41:16,000
Yet empathetic idealistic yet 
committed to practical change. 

3035
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:19,000
Where many of his fellow 
legislators saw the chance for 

3036
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:22,700
personal gain, he saw the chance
to cleanse a stagnant system. 

3037
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:26,300
In one particularly heated, 
confrontation Theodore 

3038
02:41:26,300 --> 02:41:28,900
challenge, a powerful 
politician, who had a reputation

3039
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:32,800
for backroom deals, rather than 
placate this man or resort to 

3040
02:41:32,808 --> 02:41:36,500
polite, circumlocution Rosevelt.
Essentially read him, the riot 

3041
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:39,700
act on the assembly floor in 
numerated the ways in which the 

3042
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:41,900
politician had short changed his
constituents. 

3043
02:41:41,900 --> 02:41:46,400
The Outburst was so electrifying
that it made headlines overnight

3044
02:41:46,400 --> 02:41:49,900
Rosevelt, transformed, from an 
unknown freshman assemblyman 

3045
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:53,300
into a political figure to 
watch, of course, this also made

3046
02:41:53,300 --> 02:41:56,300
him enemies, which was no small 
risk in the treacherous 

3047
02:41:56,300 --> 02:41:58,200
environment of late, 19th 
century politics. 

3048
02:41:58,200 --> 02:42:01,000
His colleague's predicted, he 
would trip over his own 

3049
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:02,500
eagerness and Faded Into 
Obscurity. 

3050
02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:07,700
Theodore thrived on adversity. 
He doubled down rallying support

3051
02:42:07,700 --> 02:42:10,000
for reforms that while. 
Modest by later. 

3052
02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:13,600
Standards broke new ground in 
the fight against Tammany halls 

3053
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:16,900
in trenched power. 
During this period tragedy 

3054
02:42:16,900 --> 02:42:19,500
struck in a way that might have 
derailed a lesser spirit. 

3055
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,200
On February 14th. 1884. 
Valentine's Day both his wife, 

3056
02:42:24,200 --> 02:42:27,600
Alice and his mother died hours 
apart in the same house. 

3057
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:30,800
The blow was incomprehensible 
only two days. 

3058
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:34,300
Prior Theodore had been a 
vibrant, new father welcoming a 

3059
02:42:34,300 --> 02:42:36,900
daughter also named Alice into 
the world to lose. 

3060
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:39,400
His beloved wife and his mother 
on the same day left him. 

3061
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:42,600
Emotionally paralyzed He pulled 
his feelings in to a single 

3062
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,000
diary entry marked with a next 
writing. 

3063
02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:47,000
The light has gone out of my 
life. 

3064
02:42:48,300 --> 02:42:51,300
This searing sorrow might have 
undone him if not for the fact 

3065
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:53,700
that Roosevelt believed in 
action as a tonic for despair. 

3066
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:57,600
In the aftermath he made a 
startling move distancing 

3067
02:42:57,600 --> 02:42:59,900
himself from politics and 
heading west to the Dakota 

3068
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:02,600
territory. 
A lesson known aspect of this 

3069
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:05,200
chapter is that he was not 
merely seeking Solitude. 

3070
02:43:05,200 --> 02:43:08,700
He was also chasing a grand 
American Myth of renewal. 

3071
02:43:09,400 --> 02:43:12,100
Frontier life was an antidote to
the Heartbreak and political 

3072
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:15,900
cynicism that had seized him. 
He purchased two ranches, The 

3073
02:43:15,900 --> 02:43:18,700
Maltese cross and the Elkhorn 
immersing himself in The Daily 

3074
02:43:18,700 --> 02:43:21,500
Grind of cattle, ranching gone 
with a starched collars and 

3075
02:43:21,508 --> 02:43:24,800
legends of debates in their 
place came round UPS, branding, 

3076
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:27,500
irons and days. 
Spent in the saddle, the local 

3077
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:30,500
cowhands initially regarded him 
with skepticism pegging him as 

3078
02:43:30,508 --> 02:43:33,200
just another Eastern Dandy. 
But Roosevelt. 

3079
02:43:33,200 --> 02:43:36,000
Quickly earned their respect 
refusing, any special treatment 

3080
02:43:36,000 --> 02:43:39,500
sleeping in rough, bunk houses 
and embracing a life that 

3081
02:43:39,500 --> 02:43:42,300
demanded, not just physical 
Vigor but a willingness to 

3082
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:46,100
confront the unpredictable 
cruelty of nature, many accounts

3083
02:43:46,100 --> 02:43:48,700
of Roosevelt's time in the 
Dakota's touch on how he chased 

3084
02:43:48,700 --> 02:43:52,700
the thieves tracked, bison and 
battled near blinding blizzards 

3085
02:43:52,700 --> 02:43:54,900
yet. 
Fewer people highlight the 

3086
02:43:54,900 --> 02:43:57,400
contemplative moments. 
He spent on the Open Range 

3087
02:43:57,400 --> 02:44:00,600
Penning letters home with 
references to Greek philosophy 

3088
02:44:00,600 --> 02:44:02,900
or reading thick books by Lanta 
light. 

3089
02:44:02,900 --> 02:44:07,100
The wind howling outside. 
Use the planes as a confessional

3090
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:09,500
Booth sorting through his anger 
and grief. 

3091
02:44:10,100 --> 02:44:12,000
Forging. 
A new tempered sense of purpose,

3092
02:44:12,000 --> 02:44:15,000
indeed. 
It was on those planes where he 

3093
02:44:15,000 --> 02:44:17,700
truly embraced the notion that 
adversity could shape moral 

3094
02:44:17,700 --> 02:44:20,200
character hardship, didn't break
him. 

3095
02:44:20,200 --> 02:44:23,300
It refined him when he did 
return to New York after a 

3096
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:25,600
couple of years. 
He was no longer that Brash 

3097
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:28,500
Young assemblyman overshadowed 
by Pearson or tragedy. 

3098
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:31,500
He was now a hardened Rancher 
with a Sharper Edge. 

3099
02:44:32,700 --> 02:44:35,800
Upon returning to public life 
Theodore Roosevelt set his 

3100
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:38,500
sights on a job, that many 
dismissed, as either the two 

3101
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:41,700
menial or two compromised by 
corruption Police, Commissioner 

3102
02:44:41,700 --> 02:44:45,100
of New York City at a glance. 
This might have seemed like a 

3103
02:44:45,100 --> 02:44:48,100
step down from his earlier 
roles, but he perceived it as a 

3104
02:44:48,100 --> 02:44:49,600
Battleground, for genuine 
reform. 

3105
02:44:50,200 --> 02:44:53,500
He saw a chance to enforce 
fairness at a ground level where

3106
02:44:53,500 --> 02:44:56,300
policy met reality in the daily 
lives of ordinary citizens. 

3107
02:44:56,300 --> 02:45:00,300
The police force at the time was
a quagmire of bribes extortion, 

3108
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:03,800
and political favoritism 
officers would accept money to 

3109
02:45:03,800 --> 02:45:06,600
look at the other way or harass 
political opponents at the 

3110
02:45:06,608 --> 02:45:10,000
behest of party bosses. 
Roosevelt decided that if he 

3111
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:13,400
could change the culture of the 
NYPD, you'd be making one of the

3112
02:45:13,400 --> 02:45:15,600
most significant Civic 
contributions possible. 

3113
02:45:16,400 --> 02:45:19,100
One of his first acts was to 
inform the Sunday closing laws, 

3114
02:45:19,100 --> 02:45:22,800
for taverns a move that sparked 
both outrage and admiration. 

3115
02:45:23,600 --> 02:45:26,200
Contrary to some popular 
retellings, he wasn't simply 

3116
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:28,100
trying to morally police the 
populace. 

3117
02:45:28,100 --> 02:45:31,300
He was signaling that the law 
was the law and no one 

3118
02:45:31,300 --> 02:45:34,000
regardless of how large a bribe 
might be, was above it. 

3119
02:45:35,000 --> 02:45:39,500
This Gambit well unpopular among
weekend, drinkers, demonstrated 

3120
02:45:39,500 --> 02:45:43,600
his commitment to consistency in
his view laws, should not be 

3121
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:46,900
left to personal whim or the 
thickness of a wallet at night. 

3122
02:45:46,900 --> 02:45:50,300
He'd even donned a disguise and 
walk the streets slipping into 

3123
02:45:50,300 --> 02:45:52,000
bars to see if the laws being 
followed. 

3124
02:45:53,000 --> 02:45:54,500
Newspapers. 
Eagerly reported. 

3125
02:45:54,500 --> 02:45:57,700
These midnight Rambles painting 
him as an almost comical figure.

3126
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:01,900
But beneath the spectacle layer 
serious intent to root out 

3127
02:46:01,900 --> 02:46:05,500
corruption at its source. 
His tenure as commissioner also 

3128
02:46:05,500 --> 02:46:08,000
saw him, but heads with the 
entrenched Tammany Hall 

3129
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:10,200
apparatus. 
They had thrived under the 

3130
02:46:10,208 --> 02:46:12,400
assumption that police could be 
bought or coerced. 

3131
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:16,200
Roosevelt disabused them of that
notion, he promoted officers 

3132
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:19,500
based on Merit introduced 
examinations to gauge 

3133
02:46:19,500 --> 02:46:21,700
competency, and disciplined or 
fired. 

3134
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,200
Those courting corrupt acts this
naturally turned many in the 

3135
02:46:25,208 --> 02:46:28,500
force against him, but the 
public weary of crooked police 

3136
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,700
began to appreciate that. 
Someone in a position of 

3137
02:46:31,700 --> 02:46:34,500
authority was that lasted taking
their side. 

3138
02:46:34,500 --> 02:46:38,000
His energy was relentless staff 
as joked that. 

3139
02:46:38,008 --> 02:46:40,900
He slept less than four hours, a
night spending the rest of his 

3140
02:46:40,900 --> 02:46:42,800
time, either in the office or 
pounding the pavement. 

3141
02:46:43,700 --> 02:46:45,600
Less well known as the personal 
toll. 

3142
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:48,200
This job took on him. 
Rosevelt poured so much 

3143
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:51,100
intensity in to curbing Vice 
graft and mouth Seasons. 

3144
02:46:51,100 --> 02:46:53,500
He often neglected. 
Simpler pleasures in life. 

3145
02:46:54,400 --> 02:46:56,900
Show up at home in the wee 
hours, paperwork still in hand 

3146
02:46:56,900 --> 02:47:00,308
only to get up at dawn for yet. 
Another inspection. while he was

3147
02:47:00,316 --> 02:47:03,000
never one to shy away, from 
work, the pressure cooker, 

3148
02:47:03,000 --> 02:47:06,900
environment of big city politics
was exacting He found himself 

3149
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:09,600
increasingly at odds with other 
Commissioners who were less 

3150
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:13,000
enthusiastic about eradicating 
corruption or more mindful of 

3151
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:16,300
not offending powerful. 
Interests on more than one 

3152
02:47:16,300 --> 02:47:19,100
occasion, he was threatened and 
ridiculed critics. 

3153
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:22,700
Called him a moralistic meddler,
an upstart who lacked the 

3154
02:47:22,708 --> 02:47:26,100
political Savvy to navigate a 
city that thrived on compromise.

3155
02:47:26,800 --> 02:47:30,700
And yet, by the time he moved on
from the police department, he 

3156
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:33,400
had planted the seeds from a 
more accountable and 

3157
02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:37,200
professionally run Force. 
Officers who were promoted under

3158
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:41,100
his marriage at base system, 
carried for the ethos of Public 

3159
02:47:41,100 --> 02:47:43,900
Service. 
The public for the first time in

3160
02:47:43,900 --> 02:47:46,900
a long while felt glimpses of 
trust in their police. 

3161
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:51,200
Rosevelt had not eradicated 
corruption for it, ran to deep, 

3162
02:47:51,200 --> 02:47:54,800
but he had made strides, and 
just as crucially made a name 

3163
02:47:54,808 --> 02:47:57,400
for himself, as a man of 
principal Who Was Not Afraid of 

3164
02:47:57,408 --> 02:48:00,600
unpopularity. 
His high-profile reforms laid, a

3165
02:48:00,608 --> 02:48:04,000
foundation for his next leap. 
An appointment as assistant 

3166
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:07,000
Secretary of the Navy under 
President, William McKinley. 

3167
02:48:07,600 --> 02:48:10,600
Some saw this as a curious 
transition by place a boisterous

3168
02:48:10,600 --> 02:48:15,400
reform minded ex-commercial. 
Others recognized a pattern. 

3169
02:48:15,408 --> 02:48:18,200
Roosevelt was drawn to 
challenges that demanded. 

3170
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:21,400
Both discipline and daring in 
his new role at the Navy 

3171
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:23,500
Roosevelt wasted no time in 
championing. 

3172
02:48:23,500 --> 02:48:26,800
The modernization of the fleet, 
he had long, been an admirer of 

3173
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:30,600
Naval strategist. 
Alfred Thayer Mahan Who argued 

3174
02:48:30,600 --> 02:48:34,000
that National Power? 
Hinged on Naval Supremacy, far 

3175
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:36,400
from being a bureaucrat 
satisfied, with pushing papers, 

3176
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,900
Theodore Dove, deep into budget,
allocations pushing for new 

3177
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:41,400
warship, designs and better 
training. 

3178
02:48:42,100 --> 02:48:45,300
He recognized that the world was
shrinking, that America's role 

3179
02:48:45,300 --> 02:48:48,100
on the global stage was 
expanding and that the Navy 

3180
02:48:48,100 --> 02:48:50,900
would be essential to projecting
and protecting American 

3181
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:53,700
interests. 
Then came the Spanish-American 

3182
02:48:53,700 --> 02:48:56,100
War. 
A brief conflict that seemed 

3183
02:48:56,100 --> 02:48:58,700
Taylor Made for someone of 
Theodore Roosevelt's temperament

3184
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:04,000
when the USS Maine exploded in 
Havana Harbor in. 1898 public 

3185
02:49:04,000 --> 02:49:06,700
sentiment towards Spain had 
already been riled by 

3186
02:49:06,700 --> 02:49:09,800
Sensational. 
Journalism Roosevelt saw this as

3187
02:49:09,800 --> 02:49:12,900
both a chance to liberate Cuba 
from Colonial, oppression and a 

3188
02:49:12,900 --> 02:49:17,500
test of American resolve But 
beyond ideology it was personal 

3189
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:20,000
film song for him. 
He'd grown Restless in 

3190
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:23,400
Washington convinced, that 
action was often sacrificed on 

3191
02:49:23,400 --> 02:49:26,700
the older of caution. 
So he resigned from his post as 

3192
02:49:26,700 --> 02:49:29,800
assistant Secretary of the Navy 
and famously organized. 

3193
02:49:29,800 --> 02:49:33,200
The first US volunteer Cavalry 
better known as the Rough 

3194
02:49:33,200 --> 02:49:35,800
Riders. 
The myth of the Roughriders has 

3195
02:49:35,800 --> 02:49:37,700
been recounted in 1,000 
different ways. 

3196
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:41,800
Usually focusing on the charge 
up, San Juan Hill, at what many 

3197
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:45,100
people don't realize is that the
unit was an oddball mix of Ivy 

3198
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:49,100
League athletes Frontier 
Cowboys, Native Americans and 

3199
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:52,600
everyone in between part of 
Roosevelt's genius, lay in his 

3200
02:49:52,600 --> 02:49:55,600
ability to unite, disparate 
individuals around a shared 

3201
02:49:55,600 --> 02:49:58,700
sense of adventure and Duty. 
He wasn't naive. 

3202
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:02,500
He knew that forging discipline 
from such a longer backgrounds 

3203
02:50:02,500 --> 02:50:05,600
would challenge. 
But he saw in these men, the 

3204
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:09,800
spirit of America itself, 
resilient varied and headstrong 

3205
02:50:09,800 --> 02:50:11,900
training. 
For the Rough Riders was 

3206
02:50:11,900 --> 02:50:15,000
rigorous but the logistical 
challenges of shipping them to 

3207
02:50:15,008 --> 02:50:16,400
Cuba. 
Were even more daunting. 

3208
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:19,500
Horses got left behind supplies,
went missing. 

3209
02:50:20,200 --> 02:50:22,300
Some men ended up on the 
battlefield without enough 

3210
02:50:22,300 --> 02:50:24,900
Provisions. 
When the unit finally arrived in

3211
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:29,200
Cuba, if they found themselves 
grappling with heat Z's and 

3212
02:50:29,200 --> 02:50:32,900
disorganized command structures,
Rosevelt, who had Pine for 

3213
02:50:32,900 --> 02:50:36,200
Action found that the reality of
warfare was a chaotic Maze of 

3214
02:50:36,208 --> 02:50:39,900
conflicting, orders, muddy 
roads, and the constant wine of 

3215
02:50:39,900 --> 02:50:43,400
enemy gunfire. 
And yet to see him in the middle

3216
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:47,400
of it, all was to witness, a man
who felt completely alive for 

3217
02:50:47,400 --> 02:50:51,800
better or worse. he led from the
front riding, his horse Little 

3218
02:50:51,800 --> 02:50:56,700
Texas as close to Enemy Lines as
he dared Spectacles fogging in 

3219
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:00,100
the tropical humidity. 
The famed Battle of San. 

3220
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:03,100
Juan Heights was the defining 
moment while Roosevelt and his 

3221
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:05,400
men did indeed. 
Take part in the boulder salt 

3222
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,400
the charge up. 
San Juan Hill has often been 

3223
02:51:08,400 --> 02:51:11,200
painted in more glorified tones 
than the day itself, likely 

3224
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:15,000
warranted War correspondents. 
Eager for Heroic narrative, 

3225
02:51:15,000 --> 02:51:18,100
latched onto Roosevelt's 
vigorous leadership, the truth 

3226
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:21,400
remains that it was a brutal 
affair with heavy, casualties on

3227
02:51:21,400 --> 02:51:24,000
both sides. 
Many of the Rough Riders had 

3228
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:25,600
never experienced anything like 
it. 

3229
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:30,000
Roosevelt himself noted later 
how the fear of death gripped 

3230
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:32,300
him yet. 
Also spurred him forward. 

3231
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:36,500
He believed that courage did not
mean the absence of fear but the

3232
02:51:36,500 --> 02:51:40,200
result to act in spite of it in 
that sense the charging 

3233
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:42,400
capsulated much of what he 
believed about life. 

3234
02:51:43,300 --> 02:51:46,500
Better to face Peril head on to 
cower behind corsan. 

3235
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:51,100
Once the battle concluded, the 
Spanish forces surrendered and 

3236
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,200
the Rough Riders triumphantly 
returned home as national heroes

3237
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,300
newspapers. 
Breathlessly lorded Roosevelt as

3238
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:01,400
a war hero who had personified 
American Valor He played the 

3239
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:04,300
part well though, privately, he 
mourned the friends he'd lost 

3240
02:52:04,300 --> 02:52:06,800
and grappled with the weight of 
having seen men killed at close 

3241
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:09,200
range. 
It left him even more convinced 

3242
02:52:09,200 --> 02:52:12,300
that reforms were needed, not 
just in the military, but in how

3243
02:52:12,300 --> 02:52:15,900
America approached its growing 
International role, he argued 

3244
02:52:15,900 --> 02:52:18,400
that the country should maintain
a strong defense, but always, 

3245
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:22,500
keep a moral component in its 
actions for Roosevelt war was 

3246
02:52:22,500 --> 02:52:24,300
never to be glorified for its 
own sake. 

3247
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,500
It was a crucible in which 
national character was tested. 

3248
02:52:28,200 --> 02:52:32,100
Upon his return Roosevelt's 
popularity, soared seizing, the 

3249
02:52:32,108 --> 02:52:35,300
moment, political allies urged 
him to run for governor of New 

3250
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:37,700
York. 
He obliged and the public 

3251
02:52:37,700 --> 02:52:41,000
Enchanted by his War record and 
Leadership elected him. 

3252
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:44,200
In the governor's mansion, he 
managed to marry Progressive 

3253
02:52:44,200 --> 02:52:45,900
ideals with pragmatic 
governance. 

3254
02:52:46,700 --> 02:52:49,300
The championed everything from 
civil service reform to 

3255
02:52:49,300 --> 02:52:51,500
corporate regulation. 
Challenging. 

3256
02:52:51,500 --> 02:52:54,200
The massive trusts that 
dominated Industries at the 

3257
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:58,000
expense of smaller competitors. 
The path that led Theodore 

3258
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:01,600
Roosevelt to the presidency was 
rather unorthodox in 1900. 

3259
02:53:01,600 --> 02:53:06,000
Republicans weary of his 
reformist governor sought to 

3260
02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:09,400
sideline him by offering him. 
The vice presidential spot under

3261
02:53:09,400 --> 02:53:12,100
President William McKinley. 
They believed it was a 

3262
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:15,000
ceremonial role where 
Roosevelt's boisterous energy 

3263
02:53:15,000 --> 02:53:18,400
would be contained his capacity 
to shake up the status quo 

3264
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:21,900
effectively nullified, they 
forgot that fate often has other

3265
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:26,600
plans, following McKinley's 
assassination in 1921 Roosevelt.

3266
02:53:26,600 --> 02:53:30,100
At the age of 42 unexpectedly 
emerged as the youngest 

3267
02:53:30,100 --> 02:53:33,700
president in American history. 
Stepping into the Oval Office. 

3268
02:53:33,700 --> 02:53:37,500
Roosevelt brought with him an 
array of passions conservation 

3269
02:53:37,500 --> 02:53:40,900
trust busting and a growing 
desire to project American 

3270
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:44,300
influence abroad but the real 
Hallmark of his administration 

3271
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:46,700
was a philosophy. 
He called the Square Deal. 

3272
02:53:46,700 --> 02:53:50,600
Designed to ensure that ordinary
citizens received fair treatment

3273
02:53:50,600 --> 02:53:52,500
from government and big business
alike. 

3274
02:53:53,300 --> 02:53:56,500
His attitude toward the enormous
corporate trusts was not hostile

3275
02:53:56,500 --> 02:53:59,300
purely for its own sake. 
Rather he believed that 

3276
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:04,100
monopolies stifled competition 
and exploited consumers thus he 

3277
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:07,900
championed Anti-Trust litigation
famously taking on the Northern 

3278
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:10,600
Securities company. 
Some critics called him an 

3279
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:13,600
economic radical. 
But in truth, he wasn't against 

3280
02:54:13,600 --> 02:54:17,300
wealth or industry, he simply 
demanded that they adhere to 

3281
02:54:17,300 --> 02:54:21,100
establish regulations. 
Meanwhile, Roosevelt's passion 

3282
02:54:21,100 --> 02:54:23,300
for the environment. 
Resulted in one of the most 

3283
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:25,400
significant conservation 
legacies in history. 

3284
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:29,800
He established Wildlife, 
refuges, national parks and 

3285
02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:32,900
millions of Acres of protected 
Forest lands by drawing on his 

3286
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:36,400
love of nature, which began in 
his Youth and was refined on the

3287
02:54:36,408 --> 02:54:39,700
Dakota Plains. 
He placed Gifford Pinchot a 

3288
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:42,700
fellow conservationist in charge
of the forest service setting, 

3289
02:54:42,700 --> 02:54:45,000
the tone for responsible 
stewardship of America's 

3290
02:54:45,000 --> 02:54:47,700
resources. 
He recognized that nature was 

3291
02:54:47,700 --> 02:54:50,500
not an infinite bounty to be 
pillaged, but a National 

3292
02:54:50,508 --> 02:54:52,300
Treasure to be preserved for 
posterity. 

3293
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:56,300
This conviction might seem 
commonplace today, but in the 

3294
02:54:56,300 --> 02:55:00,700
early 1900s, it was visionary. 
Despite Fierce opposition from 

3295
02:55:00,700 --> 02:55:04,500
logging Mining and oil interests
Roosevelt's political 

3296
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:07,900
determination prevailed. 
He considered it his duty to 

3297
02:55:07,900 --> 02:55:11,700
ensure future Generations would 
inherit Landscapes unmarred by a

3298
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:14,300
short, sighted greed. 
On foreign policy. 

3299
02:55:14,300 --> 02:55:19,100
He embraced an activist stance. 
Guided by the maximum, Big 

3300
02:55:19,100 --> 02:55:21,300
softly and carry a big stick. 
You will go far. 

3301
02:55:22,600 --> 02:55:25,300
This approach was evident in his
role in the construction of the 

3302
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:28,100
Panama Canal. 
When Columbia bought at the 

3303
02:55:28,108 --> 02:55:32,200
terms proposed for a Canal Zone.
Roosevelt covertly supported 

3304
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:35,900
Panamanian Rebels, seeking 
independence from Columbia, Once

3305
02:55:35,900 --> 02:55:39,200
Panama seceded, the new 
government swiftly granted the 

3306
02:55:39,200 --> 02:55:41,000
United States rights to build 
the canal. 

3307
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:44,500
Controversial then, and still 
debated by historians. 

3308
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:48,100
Now, this move, showcased 
Roosevelt's willingness to wield

3309
02:55:48,100 --> 02:55:50,400
American might to achieve 
strategic goals. 

3310
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:54,200
He had no illusions that power 
should remain dormant for him. 

3311
02:55:54,200 --> 02:55:57,300
National strength was a tool to 
shape Global events. 

3312
02:55:57,300 --> 02:56:00,200
Ideally in a man, he saw his 
ultimately beneficial for 

3313
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:04,400
America, and in his mind, the 
world Throughout his presidency,

3314
02:56:04,400 --> 02:56:07,500
Rosevelt was a figure of 
constant motion inviting 

3315
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:11,800
athletes writers explorers and 
all manner of individuals to the

3316
02:56:11,800 --> 02:56:15,300
White House. 
He famously welcomed Booker T 

3317
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:19,100
Washington to dine a movie that 
shot the segregated Norms of the

3318
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:21,800
time. 
He championed Progressive ideals

3319
02:56:21,800 --> 02:56:25,300
that while still limited by the 
social Outlook of the era nudge,

3320
02:56:25,300 --> 02:56:28,700
the country, forward labor 
disputes, particularly the coal 

3321
02:56:28,700 --> 02:56:31,900
strike of 1902, saw rows of 
Delta intervene on behalf of 

3322
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:34,400
workers, in ways, that no 
president before, had done 

3323
02:56:34,400 --> 02:56:38,000
effectively using the government
as a media tour to secure better

3324
02:56:38,000 --> 02:56:41,300
wages and hours, albeit without 
granting the full measure of 

3325
02:56:41,308 --> 02:56:44,900
Union recognition. 
Numerous minor narrative often 

3326
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,500
overshadow, these major stories 
for example, he placed a premium

3327
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:51,800
on physical culture within the 
White House, encouraging AIDS 

3328
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:54,500
and visiting dignitaries to join
him for hikes and boxing 

3329
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:56,500
matches. 
The more traditional set, 

3330
02:56:56,500 --> 02:56:59,600
finding it unworthy for a 
president to engage in physical 

3331
02:56:59,600 --> 02:57:02,600
altercation. 
Expressed their disapproval, but

3332
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:06,000
it was pure Rose of alt 
energetic, fearless and 

3333
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:08,700
convinced of the importance of 
maintaining a robust body to 

3334
02:57:08,700 --> 02:57:12,300
match a robust mind. 
Roosevelt enjoyed immense 

3335
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:15,300
popularity by the time. 
He ran for election in 1904 in 

3336
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:15,900
his own. 
Right? 

3337
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:19,000
He won in a landslide. 
Securing his place as a fully 

3338
02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:22,700
validated president rather than 
an accidental caretaker That 

3339
02:57:22,700 --> 02:57:24,900
Victory allowed him to double 
down on his agenda. 

3340
02:57:26,000 --> 02:57:29,200
After leaving the White House, 
Theodore Roosevelt embarked on 

3341
02:57:29,208 --> 02:57:32,800
what seemed at first like a 
grand Victory lap, a 10-month 

3342
02:57:32,800 --> 02:57:35,800
African safari that captured. 
The world's imagination. 

3343
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:40,000
He was accompanied by a team of 
naturalists and Hunters these 

3344
02:57:40,000 --> 02:57:43,000
traveled deep into territories 
teeming with wildlife. 

3345
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:46,200
Sponsored in part by the 
Smithsonian institution. 

3346
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:49,900
The Expedition aimed to collect 
specimens for scientific study 

3347
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:51,800
though. 
It was inevitably steeped in the

3348
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:55,400
colonial attitude of the time 
millions of people back home. 

3349
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:57,700
Followed the journey through 
newspaper dispatchers, 

3350
02:57:57,700 --> 02:58:01,200
enthralled by Tales of lion, 
hunts and elephant tracking 

3351
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:05,700
Roosevelt for his part, relished
the thrill, but also the sense 

3352
02:58:05,700 --> 02:58:08,200
that he was contributing to a 
greater scientific understanding

3353
02:58:08,200 --> 02:58:11,700
of the continents Foreigner. 
The painstakingly documented 

3354
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:15,000
everything from the habits of 
rhinoceroses to the migratory 

3355
02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:18,700
patterns of birds, his childhood
love for cataloging the natural 

3356
02:58:18,700 --> 02:58:20,700
world rekindled on a grand 
scale. 

3357
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:24,400
Yet those who imagine him 
content to rest on his Laurels. 

3358
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:29,500
Grossly, misread his character. 
Upon returning from Africa, he 

3359
02:58:29,500 --> 02:58:32,100
found himself dissatisfied with 
the direction of the Republican 

3360
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:35,900
Party under his hand-picked 
successor, William Howard Taft, 

3361
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:39,400
who in Roosevelt's estimation 
had betrayed the progressive 

3362
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:43,600
ideals, they once shared 
incensed, Roosevelt made the 

3363
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:46,700
controversial decision to run 
for president again but this 

3364
02:58:46,700 --> 02:58:49,200
time under the banner of a new 
political organization. 

3365
02:58:49,200 --> 02:58:52,700
The Progressive Party often 
called The Bull Moose Party 

3366
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:55,000
nicknamed Spark by Roosevelt's 
own. 

3367
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:58,200
Boast that he felt fit as a bull
moose. 

3368
02:58:59,300 --> 02:59:02,100
He stormed the convention Halls 
during speeches. 

3369
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:05,700
That invoke, his familiar call 
for a square deal for all of 

3370
02:59:05,700 --> 02:59:08,300
America's. 
Platforming included, women's 

3371
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:12,000
suffrage, labor reforms and 
stricter controls on corporate 

3372
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:14,000
power elements that were ahead 
of their time. 

3373
02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:18,100
The election of 1912 became a 
three-way race among Roosevelt 

3374
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:20,400
toughed and Democrat, Woodrow 
Wilson. 

3375
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:24,700
On the campaign Trail Roosevelt,
survived an assassination 

3376
02:59:24,700 --> 02:59:28,100
attempt, when a deranged gunman 
shot him in the chest, in 

3377
02:59:28,100 --> 02:59:31,000
quintessential, Roosevelt 
fashion, he insisted on 

3378
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:34,600
delivering his scheduled speech.
Anyway, blood seeping through 

3379
02:59:34,600 --> 02:59:38,300
his shirt before he started 
speaking, he pulled out his 

3380
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:42,400
50-page manuscript, which would 
slow the bullet and declared it 

3381
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:45,500
takes more than that. 
To kill a bull moose, his 

3382
02:59:45,500 --> 02:59:49,500
audience horrified yet orde. 
Watched him talk for nearly an 

3383
02:59:49,500 --> 02:59:52,400
hour though. 
Wounded, he remained Unstoppable

3384
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:55,300
forging ahead with his message 
of progressive change. 

3385
02:59:56,100 --> 02:59:59,200
Despite his determination, the 
split in the Republican vote, 

3386
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:02,100
handed the presidency to Wilson.
For rows of Roosevelt. 

3387
03:00:02,100 --> 03:00:06,100
It was a stinging defeat but he 
refused to slip quietly Into 

3388
03:00:06,100 --> 03:00:08,600
Obscurity. 
He embarked on yet another 

3389
03:00:08,600 --> 03:00:13,100
daring, Expedition this, time to
South America where he charted 

3390
03:00:13,100 --> 03:00:16,200
the river of doubt in the 
Amazonian rainforest later. 

3391
03:00:16,200 --> 03:00:18,200
Renamed, Rio Roosevelt in his 
honor. 

3392
03:00:19,100 --> 03:00:23,400
The journey was perilous 
disease, hostile wildlife, and 

3393
03:00:23,400 --> 03:00:25,900
near starvation took a toll on 
the entire group. 

3394
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:30,500
Roosevelt himself, contracted a 
severe infection in his leg. 

3395
03:00:30,500 --> 03:00:34,700
And at one point, he was so ill.
He reportedly begged, his 

3396
03:00:34,700 --> 03:00:39,400
companions to leave him behind. 
They refused the expedition of 

3397
03:00:39,400 --> 03:00:42,400
eventually completed its 
Mission, but Roosevelt returned,

3398
03:00:42,400 --> 03:00:45,300
gaunt and weakened forever 
changed by the ordeal. 

3399
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:48,400
Back home. 
The country was on the brink of 

3400
03:00:48,400 --> 03:00:52,000
World War One Roosevelt ever. 
The hawk criticized President 

3401
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:55,600
Wilson's, initial neutrality. 
Urging a more assertive stance, 

3402
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,400
he believed that failing to 
confront Germany's aggression 

3403
03:00:58,400 --> 03:01:01,400
would endanger both American 
ideals and global stability. 

3404
03:01:02,600 --> 03:01:06,200
When the United States finally 
entered the war Roosevelt even 

3405
03:01:06,200 --> 03:01:09,500
offered to lead a volunteer 
division, much as he had done in

3406
03:01:09,500 --> 03:01:13,200
the Spanish-American War. 
President Wilson declined, much 

3407
03:01:13,200 --> 03:01:16,700
to Roosevelt's frustration. 
Still, he rallied support for 

3408
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:19,800
the war effort, seeing it as a 
moral imperative to resist 

3409
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,600
autocratic Powers. 
By the time, the war ended. 

3410
03:01:22,600 --> 03:01:26,000
Roosevelt was older. 
His body battered by Titania 

3411
03:01:26,000 --> 03:01:28,400
years of strenuous living. 
And the, after effects of 

3412
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:31,300
tropical diseases, yet his mind 
was as restless. 

3413
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:34,200
And vigorous as ever, he kept 
writing history, books 

3414
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:37,700
editorials, open letters to 
politicians, trying to shape 

3415
03:01:37,700 --> 03:01:40,400
public discourse. 
He remained convinced that 

3416
03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:42,900
American needed to balance power
with righteousness. 

3417
03:01:42,900 --> 03:01:46,300
That Corporation should serve 
the public good and that the 

3418
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:48,900
nation's Wilderness areas 
required Vigilant protection. 

3419
03:01:49,800 --> 03:01:52,800
In a sense, he never stopped 
campaigning for his version of 

3420
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:56,100
progress, even if he no longer 
occupied any political office. 

3421
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:01,700
The Final Chapter came quietly 
in January 1919, he passed away 

3422
03:02:01,700 --> 03:02:04,900
in his sleep at Sagamore Hill. 
His beloved home on Long Island.

3423
03:02:11,800 --> 03:02:15,900
Carl's John Huffman Dickens into
the world, on February 7th, 1812

3424
03:02:15,900 --> 03:02:19,600
in, Portsmouth, England and 
unassuming coastal city, whose 

3425
03:02:19,600 --> 03:02:21,300
Naval docks were alive with 
Shipyard. 

3426
03:02:21,300 --> 03:02:25,000
Clamor his father, John, Dickens
was a clerk in the Navy, pay 

3427
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:29,000
office and his mother, Elizabeth
Barrow, juggled household duties

3428
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:31,000
with literary aspirations of her
own. 

3429
03:02:31,800 --> 03:02:33,300
Though. 
Future readers might picture 

3430
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,800
dickens's early years. 
Brimming with quaint scenes, his

3431
03:02:36,800 --> 03:02:40,100
youth was, less storybook and 
more precarious, many accounts. 

3432
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:43,700
Dickens first emerges as a child
forced to work in a boot, 

3433
03:02:43,700 --> 03:02:45,800
blacking Warehouse after his 
father's imprisonment. 

3434
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:50,100
While that humiliating episode 
is well known, less noted as how

3435
03:02:50,100 --> 03:02:52,600
Dickens of betrayal took root 
during that time. 

3436
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:56,300
He felt cast off by parents, who
placed him in a grimy Riverside 

3437
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:58,900
Factory. 
Scraping labels from bottles for

3438
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:02,100
hours on end that sense of 
Abandonment left. 

3439
03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:06,100
Scars years later. 
He describes the trauma in 

3440
03:03:06,108 --> 03:03:09,000
comedic, passages, or 
heartbreaking novels, but the 

3441
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:13,100
sting of childhood adversity was
never fully exorcised before 

3442
03:03:13,100 --> 03:03:15,200
that warehouse or deal. 
Dickens. 

3443
03:03:15,200 --> 03:03:19,000
Spent a short Span in a school 
in Chatham, Teachers found him 

3444
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:22,200
bright and observant, he 
devoured, cheap Adventure tales 

3445
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:25,600
and occasionally wrote small 
sketches, if not for financial 

3446
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:28,200
mismanagement. 
Perhaps he would have continued 

3447
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:32,400
this schooling unabated instead 
money troubles spiraled. 

3448
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:36,300
The father's easy-going nature, 
plus a love of small luxuries 

3449
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:39,600
spelled Doom. 
When John Dickens fell behind on

3450
03:03:39,600 --> 03:03:41,900
bills. 
Local bailiffs eventually hauled

3451
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:44,000
him to Marshall. 
See debtors prison and Cyborg 

3452
03:03:44,000 --> 03:03:47,000
young Charles felt Pride 
battered by this Scandal, 

3453
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:49,800
imprisonment for debt. 
Carried a social stigma, 

3454
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:52,700
Elizabeth Dickens struggling 
outside. 

3455
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:55,700
The Prison Walls, insisted that 
Charles keep laboring at the 

3456
03:03:55,708 --> 03:03:58,000
blacking Factory to support the 
family. 

3457
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:01,500
This parental stance, deepened 
his sense of Injustice. 

3458
03:04:02,800 --> 03:04:05,700
Dickens found small consolation 
in nighttime, strolls by the 

3459
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:08,800
temps where he observed the 
chaos of London's underworld 

3460
03:04:08,800 --> 03:04:13,000
including Tavern brawls children
selling goods and ragged 

3461
03:04:13,000 --> 03:04:15,600
Porters. 
Carrying crates, such experience

3462
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:18,100
is fueled the observational 
Acuity that would one day 

3463
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:20,300
saturate, his novels with 
authenticity. 

3464
03:04:21,200 --> 03:04:24,700
He saw how easily fate could tip
on his family's into squalor. 

3465
03:04:24,700 --> 03:04:28,700
A theme that would recur in his 
narrative about orphans outcasts

3466
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:32,900
and fall of gentry. 
As Time passed John, Dickens 

3467
03:04:32,900 --> 03:04:35,700
managed to secure his release by
setting partial debts. 

3468
03:04:36,400 --> 03:04:39,700
Charles was allowed to return to
schooling and abrupt shift that 

3469
03:04:39,700 --> 03:04:42,500
left him grateful. 
But conflicted he had tasted the

3470
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:44,500
indignities of laboring among 
older workers. 

3471
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:47,500
Who teased him for his 
middle-class airs, back at a 

3472
03:04:47,500 --> 03:04:48,700
desk. 
He aimed to catch up 

3473
03:04:48,700 --> 03:04:52,600
academically though funds remain
tight. the first for knowledge 

3474
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:55,400
to find his after hours, 
rummaging through second-hand 

3475
03:04:55,400 --> 03:04:58,300
books, stalls, studying the 
language of newspapers or 

3476
03:04:58,300 --> 03:05:02,300
eavesdropping on City gossip, By
the age of 15, he had completed,

3477
03:05:02,300 --> 03:05:04,800
his former education and found 
himself back in the Working 

3478
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:07,300
World. 
This time as a junior class in a

3479
03:05:07,308 --> 03:05:10,500
solicitor's office despite its 
mundane nature. 

3480
03:05:10,500 --> 03:05:13,800
Dickens's job, exposed him to 
the intricacies of legal 

3481
03:05:13,800 --> 03:05:16,500
bureaucracy. 
Dickens observed lawyers, taking

3482
03:05:16,500 --> 03:05:20,200
advantage of outdated processes,
Petty, lawsuits lasting months 

3483
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:23,700
and fees draining families. 
It seemed a heartless machine. 

3484
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:26,200
Meanwhile, Dickens itch to 
write. 

3485
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:29,600
He taught himself short hair and
demand for courtroom or 

3486
03:05:29,600 --> 03:05:31,900
parliamentary reporting with 
that tool. 

3487
03:05:31,900 --> 03:05:33,800
He pivoted to freelance 
journalism. 

3488
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:37,800
He roamed London streets after 
his clock hours, forging, a 

3489
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:40,000
double life as an amateur Porter
painting. 

3490
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:42,600
Observation about social ills or
comedic mishaps. 

3491
03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:44,800
Soon enough. 
He earned small commission's, 

3492
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:47,400
capturing parliamentary debates 
for local papers. 

3493
03:05:47,400 --> 03:05:50,600
This exposure sharpened, his 
sense of London's, political 

3494
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:54,600
theatric, a stage of pomp, 
cunning, and sweeping rhetoric 

3495
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:58,200
that seldom solve the plight of 
the poor, in these formative 

3496
03:05:58,200 --> 03:06:01,700
years Dickens rarely confided, 
his deeper Ambitions to family, 

3497
03:06:01,700 --> 03:06:07,000
he was polite energetic but also
guarded It said that the 

3498
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:11,200
warehouse humiliation bread, 
secrecy publicly, he projected 

3499
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:14,500
witton, warmth, privately he 
seized it Injustice. 

3500
03:06:14,500 --> 03:06:18,900
He began drafting sketches of 
everyday characters, bustling 

3501
03:06:18,900 --> 03:06:22,600
office Messengers, crusty 
paralegals, Street vendors, with

3502
03:06:22,600 --> 03:06:25,800
the melodic cries. 
These glimpses shaped the core 

3503
03:06:25,800 --> 03:06:29,300
of his early Style, He 
recognized that the city teamed 

3504
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:32,500
with stories, just waiting to be
told stories of ambition 

3505
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:34,800
heartbreak and improbable 
comedy. 

3506
03:06:35,700 --> 03:06:38,700
For Dickens the line between 
real life and fiction thinned 

3507
03:06:38,700 --> 03:06:42,700
daily, thus by age, 20 Charles, 
Dickens was a Restless Spirit, 

3508
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:46,500
armed with bitter memories and a
natural gift for observation 

3509
03:06:46,500 --> 03:06:50,100
though, not yet the famous 
novelist who was planting seeds 

3510
03:06:50,100 --> 03:06:52,700
for the empathy and social 
critique that would soon Bloom, 

3511
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:56,400
he'd glimpsed the cruelty of 
circumstance and the fragility 

3512
03:06:56,400 --> 03:07:01,100
of Fortunes that awareness fused
with irrepressible humor and 

3513
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:04,500
Sympathy for the downtrodden 
would guide him as he waited 

3514
03:07:04,500 --> 03:07:08,000
deeper into the journalistic 
realm, then sawed into the 

3515
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:12,000
literary spotlight. 
Dickens as early foray into 

3516
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:14,200
journalism, gradually eclipsed, 
his clock duties. 

3517
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:17,300
He discovered a knack for 
capturing small happenings with 

3518
03:07:17,300 --> 03:07:21,000
dramatic Flair employed first. 
As a shorthand reporter at 

3519
03:07:21,000 --> 03:07:23,900
doctors Commons where Maritime 
and probate cases were heard. 

3520
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:27,800
Dickens gleaned, odd, legal 
details, comedic rivalries and 

3521
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:30,800
Labyrinth themed procedures that
later informed, his novels about

3522
03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:34,000
the laws absurdities. 
Meanwhile, his coverage of 

3523
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:37,500
parliamentary debates, demanded 
Swift accurate shorthand. 

3524
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:41,100
That discipline sharp and his 
memory and attention to nuance. 

3525
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:45,400
He soon ventured into writing 
sketches brief witty 

3526
03:07:45,400 --> 03:07:49,100
observations on London, life, 
for periodicals using the pen. 

3527
03:07:49,100 --> 03:07:52,100
Name boss. 
Dickens portrayed bus conductors

3528
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:54,900
cracking jokes. 
Fussy, Spencer's in their 

3529
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:58,600
cramped parlors or Rowdy coach 
passengers headed to the suburbs

3530
03:07:58,600 --> 03:08:03,100
these pieces collected later as 
sketches by Boz revealed, a gift

3531
03:08:03,100 --> 03:08:05,900
for country and comedic 
snapshots tinged with empathy 

3532
03:08:05,900 --> 03:08:10,300
readers laughed, at his gentle 
satire of human foibles, editors

3533
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:12,800
noticed the fresh voice, the 
public wanted more. 

3534
03:08:12,800 --> 03:08:16,100
At the same time, Dickens 
navigated a personal milestone, 

3535
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,400
It became engaged to Catherine, 
Hogarth daughter of a newspaper 

3536
03:08:20,400 --> 03:08:23,000
colleague. 
The match signal, December of 

3537
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:25,400
stability. 
Catherine was supportive. 

3538
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:29,500
If some what reserved The 
courtship LED, Dickens to refine

3539
03:08:29,500 --> 03:08:33,100
his sense of domestic security. 
Something he'd lacked in youth, 

3540
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:35,500
although not known for 
confessional writing about 

3541
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:38,100
romance. 
Dickens's, letters hinted at 

3542
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:43,000
genuine, affection, they married
in 1836 soon, renting, a modest 

3543
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:46,200
home as Dickens juggle 
journalism sketches and 

3544
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:50,000
incipient novel projects 
opportunity knocked unexpectedly

3545
03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:52,600
when a publisher approached him 
for a serialized comedic novel 

3546
03:08:52,600 --> 03:08:55,000
to accompany illustrations by 
well known artists. 

3547
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:58,900
The result initially planned as 
a set of light-hearted sporting 

3548
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:03,400
Adventures evolved in to the 
Pickwick papers dickens's, 

3549
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:06,800
comedic energy combined, with 
Whimsical characters, turned it 

3550
03:09:06,800 --> 03:09:10,100
into a literary phenomenon. 
Through Mr. Pickwick's 

3551
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:12,400
Misadventures and the Cockney 
charm of samuela. 

3552
03:09:12,400 --> 03:09:17,300
Dickens found a vast audience 
circulation sword readers 

3553
03:09:17,300 --> 03:09:18,900
devoured. 
Each monthly installment, 

3554
03:09:18,900 --> 03:09:22,100
Dickens at 24, became a 
household name. 

3555
03:09:22,100 --> 03:09:25,500
Yet behind the success. 
He sweated over deadlines 

3556
03:09:25,500 --> 03:09:29,200
rewriting Chapters at the last 
moment, the serial format 

3557
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:33,000
demanded constant invention, he 
discovered that comedic set 

3558
03:09:33,000 --> 03:09:36,200
pieces like a misread will or an
accidental infiltration of a 

3559
03:09:36,200 --> 03:09:38,500
ladies costume party tickled 
popular taste. 

3560
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:41,900
He also experimented with 
poignant moments such as the 

3561
03:09:41,900 --> 03:09:45,600
plight of a downtrodden and or a
debtor confusing, the narrative 

3562
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:49,800
with moral undertones this blend
of humor and pathos would Define

3563
03:09:49,800 --> 03:09:53,500
dickens's brand he recognized 
that laughter, softened, readers

3564
03:09:53,500 --> 03:09:57,100
for deeper empathy money. 
Finally, poured in letting 

3565
03:09:57,100 --> 03:10:00,800
Dickens move to a better 
residents, Catherine bored 

3566
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:03,600
children in Rapid succession. 
Turning their home into a 

3567
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:05,700
bustling Nest. 
Dickens though. 

3568
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:08,300
Loving found that fatherhood 
demanded time. 

3569
03:10:08,300 --> 03:10:11,800
He often spent righting. 
Private tension brood. 

3570
03:10:12,400 --> 03:10:15,300
He was the affectionate 
patriarch but also a Restless 

3571
03:10:15,300 --> 03:10:18,900
Creator who craved quiet hours 
for the brainstorming new Tales 

3572
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:22,900
despite paternal duties. 
He scouted London's back alleys,

3573
03:10:22,900 --> 03:10:27,000
for inspiration, venturing to 
slums at odd times eavesdropping

3574
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:30,400
on Pub chatter, he believed 
authenticity hinged on Direct 

3575
03:10:30,400 --> 03:10:32,400
observation, not secondhand 
accounts. 

3576
03:10:33,300 --> 03:10:35,900
Following Pickwick, Dickens 
lepta Moore serious. 

3577
03:10:35,900 --> 03:10:41,000
Themes in Oliver Twist, 1837 to 
1839 no longer content to dwell 

3578
03:10:41,000 --> 03:10:44,800
solely on comedic escapades. 
He painted the bleakness of 

3579
03:10:44,800 --> 03:10:48,100
workhouses and child 
exploitation partly echoing, his

3580
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,600
own Teenage anguish readers, 
reeled at the order of 

3581
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:54,700
criminals, though, Dickens 
leavened, the Gloom with comedic

3582
03:10:54,700 --> 03:10:58,300
minor characters. 
Critically Oliver Twist ranking,

3583
03:10:58,300 --> 03:11:00,400
currently with dickens's other 
obligations. 

3584
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:03,200
He was editing magazines. 
Finishing shorter Works, 

3585
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:06,500
beginning new cereals. 
The pace was relentless. 

3586
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:11,300
He thrived on the excitement. 
Yet it risked exhaustion public,

3587
03:11:11,300 --> 03:11:14,600
Acclaim sword, his name. 
Now graced invitations, to 

3588
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:17,700
dinner parties with Aristocrats 
who crave proximity to The 

3589
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:20,700
Sensational balls. 
Dickens appreciated. 

3590
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:23,000
The chance to expand his Network
though. 

3591
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:26,500
He sometimes mocked up a class 
pretensions he never forgot. 

3592
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:30,100
His working class brushes with 
hardship refusing to let polish 

3593
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:33,600
Society lull him. 
Instead he leveraged connections

3594
03:11:33,600 --> 03:11:36,900
to Champion philanthropic 
concerns he privately aided 

3595
03:11:36,900 --> 03:11:39,000
London, Charities and joined 
reform committees. 

3596
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:42,800
While not a radical agitator, 
Dickens believed in Social 

3597
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:45,100
Improvement through publicity 
and moral suasion. 

3598
03:11:45,100 --> 03:11:49,800
His novels became a subtle Force
for that cause exposing readers 

3599
03:11:49,800 --> 03:11:53,900
to the reality of orphanages 
slums and corrupt institutions. 

3600
03:11:54,700 --> 03:11:57,900
around this time, Dickens also 
traveled to rural areas, 

3601
03:11:57,900 --> 03:12:01,400
gleaming stories from rickety 
stagecoaches or decrepit, ins 

3602
03:12:02,000 --> 03:12:05,100
These Journeys, reaffirm the 
outside London's bustle, lay 

3603
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:08,600
entire pockets of tradition, and
Superstition fertile, ground for

3604
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,900
future plots. 
Meanwhile, Catherine, Sister, 

3605
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:15,200
Mary, Hogarth who had moved into
assist the household died 

3606
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:19,800
suddenly Her death devastated, 
Dickens triggering A profound 

3607
03:12:19,800 --> 03:12:22,300
grief, that colored some 
subsequent chapters in his 

3608
03:12:22,300 --> 03:12:25,100
writing. 
Ephemeral nature of life. 

3609
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:28,600
Became a quiet refrain in his 
novels as he realized that 

3610
03:12:28,600 --> 03:12:31,800
personal tragedy was Inseparable
from comedic levity. 

3611
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:36,100
Public continued to clamor for 
his narratives hungry for that 

3612
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:39,900
singular, Dickens style vibrant 
characters, dancing between 

3613
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:44,200
humor and sorrow. 
Thus, Dickens closed, the 1830s 

3614
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:47,400
Riding High yet. 
Increasingly aware of the moral 

3615
03:12:47,400 --> 03:12:51,100
gravity behind his fictional 
worlds, beneath the success, the

3616
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:54,300
seeds of tension. 
Sprouted creative demands are 

3617
03:12:54,300 --> 03:12:57,500
growing family, and an evolving 
conscience about societies. 

3618
03:12:59,000 --> 03:13:02,500
Pressed on certain that fiction 
could spark empathy and reform, 

3619
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:04,700
forging a path into the next 
decade. 

3620
03:13:04,700 --> 03:13:08,000
Where his ambition would expand 
with each new novels unveiling. 

3621
03:13:08,800 --> 03:13:11,900
Dickens's star Blaze brightly, 
as he entered the 1840s 

3622
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:15,400
Publishers clamored for fresh 
novels while the public 

3623
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:17,100
devoured. 
Each cereal installment. 

3624
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:20,300
Determined to balance 
entertainment with social 

3625
03:13:20,300 --> 03:13:24,000
commentary, he embarked on 
projections, like, Nicholas 

3626
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:27,300
Nickleby spotlighting, the 
abuses in Yorkshire boarding 

3627
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:29,900
schools. 
He visited one such institution 

3628
03:13:29,900 --> 03:13:33,700
in cognito alarmed by the 
squalor inflicted on children, 

3629
03:13:33,700 --> 03:13:38,500
that raw evidence infused, the 
novel Savage critique, Dickens 

3630
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:41,400
aimed to jolt readers from 
complacency believing that 

3631
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:44,800
Shining Light on corruption, 
might spur a form yet despite 

3632
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:47,600
success Dickens felt a creeping 
restlessness. 

3633
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:52,600
Continual deadlines, hemmed him 
in and London, sprawl began to 

3634
03:13:52,600 --> 03:13:54,900
stifle seeking fresh 
inspiration. 

3635
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:59,700
He traveled abroad in 1842 first
to America, anticipating a land 

3636
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:03,100
of democratic ideals. 
The trip however exposed 

3637
03:14:03,100 --> 03:14:06,700
contradictions, Dickens found 
some, Americans, warm, and 

3638
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:10,200
inventive, but bought to rampant
slavery, and a cultural appetite

3639
03:14:10,200 --> 03:14:13,200
for piracy of his Works without 
royalty payments. 

3640
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:17,500
He penned American notes. 
A travelogue mixing admiration 

3641
03:14:17,500 --> 03:14:20,800
with pointed criticism. 
Some Americans felt betrayed by 

3642
03:14:20,800 --> 03:14:24,500
his frankness, Dickens Unbound. 
Believed honesty. 

3643
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:27,900
Trumped politeness back in 
England, he completed Martin 

3644
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:31,100
chuzzlewit weaving in American 
episode reminiscent of his 

3645
03:14:31,100 --> 03:14:35,100
journeys, sour and counters 
sales dipped initially, the 

3646
03:14:35,100 --> 03:14:37,000
novels complex structure 
confounded. 

3647
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:40,600
Some fans expecting a simpler 
comedic Flair but Dickens 

3648
03:14:40,600 --> 03:14:44,200
pressed on trusting in his 
olding style privately. 

3649
03:14:44,200 --> 03:14:48,100
He wrestled with financial 
anxiety is despite robust 

3650
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,600
earnings His lavish lifestyle, 
big houses, numerous children 

3651
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:56,000
constant entertaining, consumed 
funds, he dreaded the 

3652
03:14:56,000 --> 03:14:58,800
possibility of slipping back 
into the precarious economy of 

3653
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:02,000
his youth. 
Commit, these pressures Dickens 

3654
03:15:02,000 --> 03:15:05,400
found solace in philanthropic 
efforts he teamed with Angela 

3655
03:15:05,400 --> 03:15:09,000
Burdette Kutz to establish 
urania Cottage a refuge for 

3656
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:11,900
homeless women and former 
prostitutes there. 

3657
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:15,000
They received training and 
practical skills and moral 

3658
03:15:15,000 --> 03:15:17,400
guidance. 
Dickens involved in every detail

3659
03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:19,800
interviewed, potential 
residents, planned daily 

3660
03:15:19,808 --> 03:15:22,300
schedules and wrote them short 
Moral Stories. 

3661
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:25,600
This Hands-On approach, 
underscored his sincere, desire 

3662
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:27,900
for personal involvement and 
charitable causes. 

3663
03:15:27,900 --> 03:15:31,200
He saw direct intervention as 
more potent than abstract 

3664
03:15:31,200 --> 03:15:34,600
philanthropic gestures, in the 
midst of editing magazines, and 

3665
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:38,200
writing novels, Dickens crave to
side project more playful, yet 

3666
03:15:38,200 --> 03:15:43,100
meaningful, that impulse birthed
A Christmas, Carol, 1843 a 

3667
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:47,000
slender of end with further The 
observing the plight of the 

3668
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:50,500
urban poor amid festive 
spending, Dickens aim to spot 

3669
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:52,900
compassion through a ghostly 
Redemption Tale. 

3670
03:15:53,600 --> 03:15:57,700
He wrote it rapidly spurred by 
both morals, Zeal and a need for

3671
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:00,900
freshening come. 
The result was a cultural 

3672
03:16:00,900 --> 03:16:03,400
phenomenon. 
Stirring readers to reflect on 

3673
03:16:03,400 --> 03:16:05,100
generosity and social 
conscience. 

3674
03:16:05,100 --> 03:16:09,400
Dickens realized short, 
impactful works could amplify 

3675
03:16:09,400 --> 03:16:13,800
moral messages as powerfully as 
sprawling tomes, despite public.

3676
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:18,000
Adoration his personal life, 
showed strains, Catherine, bore,

3677
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:21,000
more children leaving her 
fatigued and less able to join 

3678
03:16:21,000 --> 03:16:24,100
Dickens on travels. 
He found himself forging deeper 

3679
03:16:24,100 --> 03:16:27,800
friendships with other women. 
Some purely platonic, others 

3680
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:31,400
rumored to be more biographers 
still debate, the emotional 

3681
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:33,700
complexities. 
Swirling beneath his family's 

3682
03:16:33,700 --> 03:16:37,800
outward respectability, Dickens 
maintained an outwardly jovial 

3683
03:16:37,800 --> 03:16:41,600
Persona hosting boisterous party
is where parlor games and 

3684
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:45,700
comedic recitations thrived. 
But Diaries hinted, occasional 

3685
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:48,900
rages triggered by minor 
frustrations revealing under 

3686
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:52,100
current of stress. 
On the professional front. 

3687
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:54,100
Dickens launched. 
A new weekly. 

3688
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:56,500
Periodical Master. 
Humphries clock. 

3689
03:16:57,400 --> 03:17:01,600
In 1840 and attending to 
serialize stories, including the

3690
03:17:01,600 --> 03:17:06,600
old curiosity shop. 
This novels tragic figure little

3691
03:17:06,600 --> 03:17:09,400
Nell captured. 
The era of sentimentality 

3692
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:13,800
readers wept over her fate and 
the Final Chapter sold in a 

3693
03:17:13,800 --> 03:17:16,100
frenzy. 
Some critics called it 

3694
03:17:16,100 --> 03:17:19,200
manipulative, but Dickens 
dismissed such complaints. 

3695
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:22,600
He believed emotional resonance 
was essential to Galvanize, 

3696
03:17:22,600 --> 03:17:25,400
moral empathy. 
The further surrounding the 

3697
03:17:25,408 --> 03:17:28,700
books climax demonstrated, How 
Deeply he could move the masses 

3698
03:17:28,700 --> 03:17:31,400
yet, Dickens couldn't rest on 
triumphs. 

3699
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:35,000
He recognized the Public's 
appetite was fickle, he had to 

3700
03:17:35,000 --> 03:17:38,500
top himself with each new 
release that intensity weighed 

3701
03:17:38,500 --> 03:17:41,400
on him at times. 
He toyed with the idea of drama,

3702
03:17:41,400 --> 03:17:44,800
he loved the theater once even 
considering an acting career. 

3703
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:48,200
The occasionally directed 
amateur theatrical Productions, 

3704
03:17:48,200 --> 03:17:52,000
casting friends, and comedic 
roles or staging mesmerizing 

3705
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:54,900
readings from his works. 
These private staging 

3706
03:17:54,900 --> 03:17:56,800
foreshadowed the public reading.
He'd eventually. 

3707
03:17:56,800 --> 03:18:00,100
Embark on later enthralling 
audience is in full performance 

3708
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:04,500
mode. 
As the 1840s advanced dickens's 

3709
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:08,100
worldview. 
He was no longer content with 

3710
03:18:08,100 --> 03:18:11,600
mere, comedic, social sketches, 
the continents political 

3711
03:18:11,600 --> 03:18:14,700
upheavals, the 1848 
revolution's, widespread, 

3712
03:18:14,700 --> 03:18:18,300
poverty, and settled him. 
He saw monarchy and aristocracy 

3713
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:22,500
clinging to power while laborers
toiled traveling through Europe.

3714
03:18:22,500 --> 03:18:26,500
He'd not the crumbling palaces 
side by side with squalid 

3715
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:30,100
tenements, fueling an ongoing 
quest to tackle deeper social 

3716
03:18:30,100 --> 03:18:33,000
and political themes. 
His novels began, weaving 

3717
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,400
heavier, critiques of 
Institutions, be. 

3718
03:18:35,400 --> 03:18:38,600
They fill in Tropic boards. 
Debtors prisons or unscrupulous 

3719
03:18:38,600 --> 03:18:41,200
factories while still retaining 
the comedic Flair. 

3720
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:44,200
That made him Beloved, the stage
was set for some of his. 

3721
03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:47,400
Most iconic Works culminating in
a radical approach to 

3722
03:18:47,400 --> 03:18:51,400
criticizing Victorian hypocrisy 
approaching the latter half of 

3723
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:55,500
the 1840s, Dickens sought fresh 
experiences abroad venturing, to

3724
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:58,300
Italy and Switzerland. 
These travels colored his 

3725
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:02,700
imaginative palette, In general,
he marveled at Medieval 

3726
03:19:02,700 --> 03:19:05,500
Alleyways soaking in the city's 
layered history. 

3727
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:09,700
He rented a villa, overlooking 
the Mediterranean drafting 

3728
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:13,900
letters that wrapsody about 
local Customs noisy festivals or

3729
03:19:13,900 --> 03:19:17,300
Nate religious processions. 
The daily swirl of Gossip yet 

3730
03:19:17,300 --> 03:19:20,300
even in a delicious setting's. 
Dickens's pain could not rest. 

3731
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:24,400
He sketched future storyline 
weaving, exotic Vistas with 

3732
03:19:24,400 --> 03:19:28,200
homespun moral questions. 
Between travels, he developed 

3733
03:19:28,200 --> 03:19:32,600
zombie and Son, 1846 to 1848 a 
novel. 

3734
03:19:32,608 --> 03:19:36,600
Dissecting Mercantile pride and 
familial Duty, it's portrait of 

3735
03:19:36,600 --> 03:19:38,900
industrial comma. 
Some personal coldness, signal 

3736
03:19:38,900 --> 03:19:42,600
dickens's, evolving maturity 
critics, lauded its carefully. 

3737
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:45,500
Structured plot, those some 
limited, the typical bursts of 

3738
03:19:45,508 --> 03:19:49,300
sentiment regardless, the cereal
sword in sales. 

3739
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,900
Meanwhile, Dickens fuel his 
creative energies by founding 

3740
03:19:52,900 --> 03:19:57,500
Daily News, in 1846 liberal 
newspaper intended to Champion 

3741
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:00,600
Progressive ideas. 
Dickens took on the role of the 

3742
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:04,100
newspapers first editor but 
resigned within a few weeks due 

3743
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:06,600
to the stifling nature of 
editorial politics and the 

3744
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:11,000
excessive strain of daily work 
Still the foreign indicated his 

3745
03:20:11,000 --> 03:20:15,500
thirst to shape public discourse
Beyond fiction. in 1849, he 

3746
03:20:15,500 --> 03:20:18,500
embarked on David Copperfield, 
the novel many, consider his 

3747
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:22,600
most autobiographical through 
David's Journey from mistreated 

3748
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:25,900
childhood to authorship. 
Dickens exorcise, the ghosts of 

3749
03:20:25,900 --> 03:20:29,800
the blacking Factory years. 
He transmuted humiliations into 

3750
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:33,500
comedic episodes, Mr. But 
mustard cruelty mirrored real 

3751
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:37,500
paternal failing to observed 
while Mr. McCoy's Eternal 

3752
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:39,700
optimism recalled. 
Dickens's own father. 

3753
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:43,300
This personal closeness gave the
novel, an intimate warmth. 

3754
03:20:43,800 --> 03:20:47,700
Serialization built momentum, 
readers recognized, the Luminous

3755
03:20:47,700 --> 03:20:50,900
sincerity, Dickens felt a 
special fondness for the 

3756
03:20:50,908 --> 03:20:54,500
project, referring to David as 
his favorite child despite 

3757
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:56,000
success. 
Family tensions. 

3758
03:20:56,000 --> 03:20:59,400
Escalated Catherine bought, 10 
children in total. 

3759
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:02,900
And Dickens, though, 
affectionate sometimes felt 

3760
03:21:02,900 --> 03:21:06,600
suffocated by domestic chaos. 
He retreated into creative, 

3761
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:10,200
Sprints locking himself away for
hours or strolling city streets 

3762
03:21:10,200 --> 03:21:13,800
at night to brewed over plot 
tackles Sister-in-law Georgina. 

3763
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:16,500
Hogarth also lived with them 
helping manage the household. 

3764
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:19,600
Rumors swirled about Dickinson's
rapport. 

3765
03:21:19,600 --> 03:21:21,800
With Georgina though, no 
definitive evidence of 

3766
03:21:21,800 --> 03:21:25,200
impropriety emerged. 
The mix of personalities living 

3767
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:28,700
together intensified the 
tension, dickens's Diaries 

3768
03:21:28,700 --> 03:21:31,900
suggest mood swings one day. 
Exultant, after writing a 

3769
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:35,000
brilliant chapter, next, a 
furious over trivial household 

3770
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:38,400
irritations, the passing of 
dickens's long-time publisher, 

3771
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:42,200
John Forster's, close friend 
also weighed on him grief sharp 

3772
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:43,700
and his awareness of life's 
fragility. 

3773
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:46,200
He doubled efforts on 
philanthropic projects. 

3774
03:21:46,200 --> 03:21:48,700
Championing improved sanitation 
in London. 

3775
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:51,100
Slums in letters to local 
authorities. 

3776
03:21:51,100 --> 03:21:54,800
He argued that squalid 
conditions, fostered crime and 

3777
03:21:54,800 --> 03:21:57,800
disease used novels to 
underscore the plight of the 

3778
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:00,900
urban poor trusting. 
The emotional narratives could 

3779
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:04,000
move the hearts of even 
complacent readers the moral 

3780
03:22:04,000 --> 03:22:07,100
imperative behind his fiction, 
grew more explicit, culminating 

3781
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:13,600
in Bleak House 1852 to 1853. 
With Bleak House Dickens tackled

3782
03:22:13,600 --> 03:22:17,200
legal malaise, via Labyrinth 
theme chartreuse case here, he 

3783
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:21,700
fused satire and tragedy, 
painting house sluggish to court

3784
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:24,200
processes devoured, fortunes and
lives. 

3785
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:28,300
The novels dual narrative style,
which alternates between Assad 

3786
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:31,600
on voice and the calm 
Recollections of Esther 

3787
03:22:31,600 --> 03:22:35,000
summerson, pioneered and new 
approach, Victorians found the 

3788
03:22:35,008 --> 03:22:39,100
depiction of foggy London liter 
and metaphorical haunting sales 

3789
03:22:39,100 --> 03:22:42,900
soared a certain critics argued.
Dickens had grown to didactic, 

3790
03:22:42,900 --> 03:22:46,000
he dismissed such claims 
believing the times demanded 

3791
03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:49,500
unflinching critiques. 
Indeed Bleak House. 

3792
03:22:50,400 --> 03:22:52,500
Spurred public debate on legal 
reform. 

3793
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:56,400
His personal restlessness 
persisted, he relocated the 

3794
03:22:56,408 --> 03:23:00,600
family frequently seeking larger
houses Scenic Vistas or more 

3795
03:23:00,600 --> 03:23:04,100
isolation for writing. 
Catherine tolerated. 

3796
03:23:04,100 --> 03:23:07,800
These moves though their 
children, felt uprooted, Dickens

3797
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:11,000
yearned to shape his environment
meticulously from the color of 

3798
03:23:11,000 --> 03:23:12,900
wallpaper to the arrangement of 
furniture. 

3799
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:16,300
Some friends teased him about 
meddling in minor domestic 

3800
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:19,500
details while juggling epic 
social commentary in his novels,

3801
03:23:19,500 --> 03:23:23,300
but Dickens was Unapologetic 
control at home balance. 

3802
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:27,100
The unpredictability outside By 
the early 1850s. 

3803
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:31,100
Dickens also tested his 
performance skills, he had toyed

3804
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:35,900
with amateur theatricals but an 
idea emerged reading, his Works 

3805
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:39,800
allowed to paying audiences. 
The concept was Radical authors.

3806
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:43,700
Seldom performed in public yet, 
Dickens suspected his Vivid 

3807
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:47,000
dialogue, comedic voices and 
heartfelt passages could 

3808
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:50,900
Electrify Specter could, as if 
he delivered them He gave 

3809
03:23:50,900 --> 03:23:53,900
private recitations to friends 
who raved about his Dynamic 

3810
03:23:53,900 --> 03:23:57,000
presence, building confidence. 
He planned that one day, he 

3811
03:23:57,000 --> 03:24:00,600
might stage full-blown public 
readings and artistic offshoot 

3812
03:24:00,600 --> 03:24:01,700
that would shape his late 
career. 

3813
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:05,800
Hence, the mid-1850s arrived 
with Dickens poised for fresh 

3814
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:08,100
Transformations. 
Married life. 

3815
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:10,300
Grew strained. 
That fatherhood demanded 

3816
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:13,000
presence literary, claimed 
sword. 

3817
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,200
But so did expectations. 
He recognized the friction 

3818
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:19,500
between domestic reality and his
imaginative yearnings. 

3819
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,400
David Copperfield behind him. 
He now turned to novels of 

3820
03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:26,700
deeper cynicism. 
The city with all its Smog and 

3821
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:29,200
Labyrinthian institutions 
remained his Muse. 

3822
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:32,400
He sents, The Well of stories 
was far from dry, though. 

3823
03:24:32,400 --> 03:24:36,900
Personal fulfillment still 
seemed elusive In 1854 Dickens 

3824
03:24:36,900 --> 03:24:40,000
published Hard Times a 
short-term novel decking, the 

3825
03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:41,900
Grim industrial landscape of 
coke Town. 

3826
03:24:41,900 --> 03:24:46,100
Its emphasis on utilitarian 
philosophy represented by the 

3827
03:24:46,100 --> 03:24:49,700
rigid Mr. Gradgrind took him at 
the era's mechanical approach to

3828
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:53,700
education and factory work. 
Critics were divided, some 

3829
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:57,000
praise the focused incitement of
industrial dehumanization, 

3830
03:24:57,000 --> 03:24:59,500
others found the story to 
polemical. 

3831
03:25:00,600 --> 03:25:03,600
The construct off such mixed 
reception content. 

3832
03:25:03,600 --> 03:25:06,000
That hard time. 
Spurred, heated debate on 

3833
03:25:06,008 --> 03:25:09,000
factory conditions on the cult 
of facts over imagination. 

3834
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:12,500
Simultaneously, dickens's, 
private, life, lurched toward 

3835
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:15,300
crisis. 
His discontent at home worsened,

3836
03:25:15,900 --> 03:25:18,000
Catherine though. 
Mild in temperament couldn't 

3837
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:21,000
quell Dickens. 
A sense of entrapment letters 

3838
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:24,300
reveal his dissatisfaction with 
her perceived lack of spirit or 

3839
03:25:24,300 --> 03:25:27,100
companionship. 
Though, many suspect dickens's, 

3840
03:25:27,100 --> 03:25:29,400
restlessness drove him to 
scapegoat her. 

3841
03:25:30,200 --> 03:25:33,600
The emotional Chasm widened. 
By 18 to 57. 

3842
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:37,800
Dickens encountered actress. 
Ellen ternan the young performer

3843
03:25:37,800 --> 03:25:40,900
in a theatrical production. 
He range their connection, 

3844
03:25:40,900 --> 03:25:42,200
though. 
Discreet grew. 

3845
03:25:42,200 --> 03:25:45,100
Intense dickens's marriage. 
Effectively collapsed. 

3846
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:49,700
He demanded a legal separation 
from Catherine in 1858 a 

3847
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:52,000
scandal. 
At the time he insisted on. 

3848
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:54,900
Maintaining custody of most 
children, leaving Catherine 

3849
03:25:54,900 --> 03:25:57,800
isolated. 
Publicly Dickens used, his 

3850
03:25:57,800 --> 03:26:00,900
magazine household words to 
issue statements about the split

3851
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:03,500
casting, blame and fueling 
gossip. 

3852
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:08,000
The affair with turn and stayed 
veiled with Dickens employing, A

3853
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:09,600
labor at roses to protect the 
secret. 

3854
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:12,600
Professionally. 
Dickens pivoted to the public 

3855
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:14,000
reading. 
He had long contemplated. 

3856
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:19,700
In 1858, he embarked on a series
of performances reciting scenes 

3857
03:26:19,700 --> 03:26:23,900
from Oliver Twist A Christmas, 
Carol and more audiences were 

3858
03:26:23,900 --> 03:26:26,300
enthralled. 
He performed each character's 

3859
03:26:26,300 --> 03:26:29,100
voice pacing. 
The stage with theatrical Flair 

3860
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,500
some Spectators wept at the 
pathos of Nancy's fate. 

3861
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:35,600
While others laughed up. 
Rarely at his comedic terms. 

3862
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:38,200
And Dickens, these readings, 
offered, both creative 

3863
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:41,400
fulfillment and a lucrative 
sideline yet they drained him 

3864
03:26:41,400 --> 03:26:44,500
physically, as he poured intense
energy into every gesture. 

3865
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:48,200
Joked about the exhaustion, but 
relished the Applause. 

3866
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:51,700
In 1859, Dickens launched a new 
weekly. 

3867
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:55,300
All the year round, effectively 
replacing his previous magazine.

3868
03:26:56,300 --> 03:26:59,500
Inaugural issue featured, the 
start of A Tale of Two Cities 

3869
03:26:59,500 --> 03:27:03,100
now, more interested in in 
historical drama. 

3870
03:27:03,100 --> 03:27:06,800
Dickens spun, Astoria of the 
French Revolution, weaving 

3871
03:27:06,800 --> 03:27:08,400
themes of sacrifice and 
Resurrection. 

3872
03:27:09,500 --> 03:27:12,400
The novel style was more Compact
and less digressive than his 

3873
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:16,100
earlier Works, perhaps personal 
upheaval and his narrative 

3874
03:27:16,100 --> 03:27:18,600
Focus. 
The opening lines about the best

3875
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:20,800
and worst of times. 
Entered, the cultural lexicon 

3876
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:23,900
capturing a duality that 
resonated with Victorian 

3877
03:27:23,900 --> 03:27:27,200
anxieties. 
The novel soared in popularity 

3878
03:27:27,200 --> 03:27:29,600
bolstered by the magazine 
circulation. 

3879
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:33,400
In parallel. 
Dickens found time to Champion 

3880
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,700
philanthropic Innovations. he 
joined debates on public 

3881
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:40,800
sanitation, expansions of London
sewer system though City 

3882
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:44,700
officials bickered over funding 
He also contributed funds to 

3883
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:46,200
help create better housing for 
the poor. 

3884
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:50,100
But dickens's philanthropic, 
impulses were inseparable from 

3885
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:53,500
moral paternalism, he believed 
discipline and moral instruction

3886
03:27:53,500 --> 03:27:55,400
were keys to uplifting the 
impoverished. 

3887
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:59,200
This Outlook could clash with 
more radical voices, demanding 

3888
03:27:59,200 --> 03:28:03,500
structural change. 
Still dickens's currency as a 

3889
03:28:03,500 --> 03:28:06,200
public figure lent weight to 
calls for incremental reform. 

3890
03:28:07,100 --> 03:28:10,500
Another major novel, Great 
Expectations emerged in 

3891
03:28:10,500 --> 03:28:14,200
serialized form from December, 
1860 to August 1861. 

3892
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:18,200
Written amid Dickens separation 
Scandal, it resonated with 

3893
03:28:18,200 --> 03:28:23,100
questions of identity, social, 
ambition and Illusions, Pips, 

3894
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:26,500
yearning for gentility parallel.
Dickens's own drive to 

3895
03:28:26,500 --> 03:28:29,800
transcend, humble origins. 
The Moody atmosphere around 

3896
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:32,400
satis house, mirrored dickens's 
emotional state. 

3897
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,800
A mix of regret bitterness and 
abiding compassion for flawed 

3898
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:38,200
Humanity. 
Readers embrace the story as a 

3899
03:28:38,208 --> 03:28:41,500
masterpiece praising its taught 
plot and minimal sentimentality.

3900
03:28:42,500 --> 03:28:46,200
Dickens cherish the success yet 
behind the scenes, he struggled 

3901
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:50,000
with heartbreak and a sense of 
personal failure as the 1860s 

3902
03:28:50,000 --> 03:28:53,400
were on dickens's health began 
to falter injured. 

3903
03:28:53,400 --> 03:28:57,400
Gout swollen foot pains and near
constant fatigue Relentless 

3904
03:28:57,400 --> 03:28:59,400
reading tours. 
Demanded travel by train 

3905
03:28:59,400 --> 03:29:02,400
sometimes late at night. 
The 1865. 

3906
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:04,700
Staplehurst rail. 
Crash nearly took his life. 

3907
03:29:04,700 --> 03:29:07,600
Dickens was in the first class 
Carriage that dangled over 

3908
03:29:07,600 --> 03:29:11,300
destroyed track though he helped
rescue fellow passengers the 

3909
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:15,300
cycle shock lingard aggravated 
his ailments still he persisted 

3910
03:29:15,300 --> 03:29:18,100
with public readings, forging 
new scripts from David 

3911
03:29:18,100 --> 03:29:19,800
Copperfield and Nicholas 
Nickleby. 

3912
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:24,500
Audience is remained in thrall, 
Dickens by their venerable 

3913
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:27,200
figure in a black frock coat. 
Coughed through performance is 

3914
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:31,300
but refused to scale back. 
Meanwhile, rumors about Ellen 

3915
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:35,000
Turner and continued swirling. 
Dickens confided only in a tight

3916
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:38,300
Circle, he shielded her with 
cunning strategies renting, 

3917
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:41,700
separate dwellings under assumed
names, the moral climate of 

3918
03:29:41,700 --> 03:29:44,600
Victorian society. 
Demanded secrecy, though. 

3919
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:46,200
Some close acquaintances 
quietly. 

3920
03:29:46,200 --> 03:29:48,200
Pitted, Katherine few, 
confronted. 

3921
03:29:48,200 --> 03:29:51,100
Dickens, he pressed on certain 
that his literary Mission 

3922
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:54,200
Justified, any personal 
complexities always craving 

3923
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:56,200
momentum. 
He flung himself into each new 

3924
03:29:56,200 --> 03:30:00,300
project as if outrunning regret 
that Paradox, immense empathy 

3925
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:03,200
for fictional sufferers but 
complicated empathy and private 

3926
03:30:03,200 --> 03:30:06,800
life to find dickens's Twilight 
decade the public saw the 

3927
03:30:06,808 --> 03:30:09,800
champion of social justice, his 
family, endured the strains of 

3928
03:30:09,800 --> 03:30:13,500
his single-minded devotion by 
the late 1860s, Charles 

3929
03:30:13,500 --> 03:30:16,900
Dickinson's, hectic, schedule, 
showed little letter up, I'm 

3930
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,900
still editing all the year 
round, still unveiling novels 

3931
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:22,700
and serial format. 
He also committed more reading, 

3932
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:24,800
tours. 
Traveling Beyond London to the 

3933
03:30:24,808 --> 03:30:28,600
middle of Scotland, each venue, 
overflowed with admirers who 

3934
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:31,300
yearn to See the outstanding 
novelist conjure fake in. 

3935
03:30:32,000 --> 03:30:34,000
Scrooge or other beloved 
characters live? 

3936
03:30:34,000 --> 03:30:38,200
Dickens refined his Renditions, 
perfecting dramatic, pause and 

3937
03:30:38,200 --> 03:30:41,300
comedic timing ticket prices 
soared yet. 

3938
03:30:41,300 --> 03:30:44,200
Spectators felt it worth the 
cost to witness that magnetic 

3939
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:48,000
stage presents. 
Amid these tours Dickens 

3940
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:52,700
embarked on our mutual friend, 
1864 to 1865, which delved into 

3941
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:56,300
the themes of river, dredging 
inheritance Mania and social 

3942
03:30:56,300 --> 03:30:59,100
climbing. 
By weaving a plot around, a 

3943
03:30:59,100 --> 03:31:01,300
mysterious drowned, man, and a 
Dusty Fortune. 

3944
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:05,000
Dickens captured, the Macabre 
side of Victorian, London 

3945
03:31:05,000 --> 03:31:08,600
critics found it dense and 
somewhat sprawling though. 

3946
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:11,100
Many admired, its biting satire 
of wealth obsession. 

3947
03:31:12,000 --> 03:31:15,200
The novels portrayal of moral 
corruption ironically parallel, 

3948
03:31:15,200 --> 03:31:18,700
dickens's own concerns about 
aging in a Cell Society. 

3949
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:22,900
He felt was losing moral vigor. 
The prolonged emotional stress 

3950
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:26,100
took a heavy toll on dickens's 
health, he often wrote letters 

3951
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:29,000
complaining of headaches, spells
and somnia and shortness of 

3952
03:31:29,000 --> 03:31:31,300
breath. 
Nevertheless, he refused to 

3953
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:34,200
reduce his pace. 
Some historians argue that 

3954
03:31:34,200 --> 03:31:37,400
Dickens found frenetic activity.
A bomb against introspection, 

3955
03:31:37,400 --> 03:31:41,100
the fracturing of his marriage. 
Hidden personal relationships 

3956
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:44,000
and unrelenting public 
expectations always on him. 

3957
03:31:44,000 --> 03:31:48,400
Plunging into labor, kept darker
Reflections at Bay meanwhile, 

3958
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,800
Catherine lived quietly. 
Seldom appearing in Dickinson's 

3959
03:31:51,800 --> 03:31:54,300
a social circle's resigned to 
the separate life. 

3960
03:31:54,300 --> 03:31:59,700
Dickens had ordained In 1867, 
Dickens accepted an invitation 

3961
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,200
to revisit America for a major 
reading tour. 

3962
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:05,800
Time had softened some American 
resentment from his earlier 

3963
03:32:05,800 --> 03:32:09,400
criticisms and the appetite to 
see him on stage was massive. 

3964
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:12,000
He landed in Boston to an 
exuberant. 

3965
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:14,600
Welcome complete with Banquets 
and tributes. 

3966
03:32:14,600 --> 03:32:18,500
Dickens gave dozens of 
performances each draining it 

3967
03:32:18,500 --> 03:32:21,500
exhilarating. 
He earned substantial sums, 

3968
03:32:21,500 --> 03:32:25,900
helping him stabilized finances.
However, he gained slavery's 

3969
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:29,300
lingering scars in the post 
Civil War landscape along with 

3970
03:32:29,300 --> 03:32:32,000
the Stark racial inequalities 
though. 

3971
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:34,400
Dickinson seldom, wrote 
extensively about American 

3972
03:32:34,400 --> 03:32:37,600
racial issues. 
He privately recognized the Deep

3973
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:41,000
Rifts that threatened, the 
nation's reconstruction, the 

3974
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:42,500
trips, punishing travel 
schedule. 

3975
03:32:42,500 --> 03:32:45,700
Further eroded his health 
leading to collapse his after 

3976
03:32:45,700 --> 03:32:48,700
certain readings, yet. 
The Adoration of fans spurred 

3977
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:51,600
him to persist. 
Upon returning to England in 

3978
03:32:51,600 --> 03:32:55,900
1868, Dickens began what he 
called, his Farewell reading's 

3979
03:32:55,900 --> 03:33:00,100
touring provincial towns, he had
not yet visited some nights, his

3980
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,500
voice, faltered violently 
pressing a handkerchief to his 

3981
03:33:03,508 --> 03:33:05,600
lips. 
Determined to complete each 

3982
03:33:05,600 --> 03:33:09,800
program, Friends, pleaded with 
him to rest, still, Dickens 

3983
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:12,300
believed his contract 
obligations and the moral 

3984
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:15,300
compulsion to connect with 
audiences helped caution. 

3985
03:33:15,300 --> 03:33:18,700
Meanwhile, he launched a new 
novel, The Mystery of Edwin, 

3986
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:23,300
drood an unsettling murder 
mystery Dickens considered it, a

3987
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:26,500
fresh experiment, blending 
psychological undercurrents with

3988
03:33:26,508 --> 03:33:29,500
the structure of a whodunit. 
He wrote notes about how the 

3989
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:32,700
final solution would shock 
readers, enthralling them with 

3990
03:33:32,700 --> 03:33:36,300
hidden Clues. 
But he never completed it on. 

3991
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:40,400
June 9th 1870, Dickens suffered 
a stroke at his country home, 

3992
03:33:40,400 --> 03:33:45,300
gads Hill, Place, he died. 
The next day, aged 58 leaving 

3993
03:33:45,300 --> 03:33:48,800
Edwin, Druid unfinished, a 
puzzle sealed, into literary, 

3994
03:33:48,800 --> 03:33:53,300
lore, The nation plunged into 
mourning, Queen Victoria noted 

3995
03:33:53,300 --> 03:33:54,700
her regret at never having met 
him. 

3996
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:58,900
Memorials poured in from every 
day readers to luminary's 

3997
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:01,400
against dickens's. 
Personal wish for a simple 

3998
03:34:01,400 --> 03:34:03,400
funeral. 
He was interred in poets corner 

3999
03:34:03,400 --> 03:34:07,100
at Westminster Abbey, dickens's 
Grand, resting place, symbolized

4000
03:34:07,100 --> 03:34:10,700
the public esteem for him. 
A stark contrast to the lonely 

4001
03:34:10,700 --> 03:34:14,000
hush of Martial C prison, where 
his father had once languished. 

4002
03:34:14,800 --> 03:34:17,600
In the aftermath speculation 
erupted about Edwin. 

4003
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:20,800
Druid found scrambling for 
rumored outlines or concluding 

4004
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:23,200
pages. 
None definition of surface 

4005
03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:27,000
fueling, a realm of dickensian 
scholarship dedicated to solving

4006
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:28,700
that last riddle. 
More. 

4007
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:32,800
Broadly critics reappraised. 
Dickens's over some pointed out 

4008
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:36,300
his sentimentality others. 
Praised his comedic genius while

4009
03:34:36,300 --> 03:34:38,400
reformers lauded his crusading 
lens on. 

4010
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:42,200
Poverty over time, that 
kaleidoscopic Legacy only 

4011
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:45,500
broadened his Flair for 
unforgettable characters. 

4012
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:48,300
Be they cunning or see him or 
saintly shape. 

4013
03:34:48,300 --> 03:34:50,400
The global concept of the 
Victorian novel. 

4014
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:54,700
Dickens left behind a tangle of 
personal contradictions, a 

4015
03:34:54,700 --> 03:34:57,700
champion of empathy who is 
sometimes harsh with Intimates a

4016
03:34:57,700 --> 03:35:00,200
moral Voice who can sealed his 
private entanglements. 

4017
03:35:00,200 --> 03:35:03,600
Yet no one, disputed his 
capacity to conjure life from 

4018
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:06,600
the page. 
Melding tragic undercurrents 

4019
03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:09,400
with comedic levity in a manner 
of replicated. 

4020
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:12,900
The muddy streets of Victorian, 
London will forever carry his 

4021
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:15,100
Echo. 
A man, whose childhood 

4022
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:18,500
humiliations birthed compassion 
for the neglected, whose 

4023
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:21,500
comedic, Brilliance coated 
Savage, and diamonds of social 

4024
03:35:21,500 --> 03:35:24,200
inequality and whose busy pain, 
never ceased. 

4025
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,700
Describing the complicated 
Labyrinth of the human heart. 

4026
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:30,100
In the decades, following 
Charles dickens's death, his 

4027
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:33,800
statue, as a literary Titan only
grew biographers scrambled to 

4028
03:35:33,800 --> 03:35:38,000
gather letters Diaries and 
reminisants yet, they stumbled 

4029
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,200
upon inconsistencies. 
Dickens had destroyed sways of 

4030
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,800
Correspondence, anxious to mask 
certain personal affairs. 

4031
03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:48,100
Even his children offered 
perspective on his moods, 

4032
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,200
praising his creativity, but 
recalling unpredictability at 

4033
03:35:51,200 --> 03:35:54,400
home over time, critics 
assembled, a portrait that 

4034
03:35:54,400 --> 03:35:56,800
balance, the Beloved National 
icon with a flawed. 

4035
03:35:56,800 --> 03:36:00,500
Restless man, Dickens's cultural
influence, radiated, across 

4036
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:04,300
continents, translation of his 
novels, proliferated from 

4037
03:36:04,300 --> 03:36:07,400
Russian to Japanese. 
Tolstoy admired. 

4038
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:09,000
How, Dickens is pathos 
uncovered? 

4039
03:36:09,000 --> 03:36:10,700
Moral truths within daily 
existence. 

4040
03:36:10,700 --> 03:36:14,100
Meanwhile in America, Mark Twain
cited. 

4041
03:36:14,100 --> 03:36:17,700
Dickens's, comedic Mastery as an
inspiration, stage adaptations, 

4042
03:36:17,700 --> 03:36:21,600
thrived theater troops, 
dramatized, Oliver, Twist or A 

4043
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:25,400
Christmas Carol enthralling 
audiences, who experience these.

4044
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:29,100
Moral Tales live, eventually 
with the emergence of film. 

4045
03:36:29,800 --> 03:36:33,000
Dickens's episodic style lent 
itself to cinematic versions 

4046
03:36:33,000 --> 03:36:36,000
hooking new generations on 
characters like Scrooge and 

4047
03:36:36,000 --> 03:36:38,500
David Copperfield. 
Yet beneath the general 

4048
03:36:38,500 --> 03:36:42,300
adoration laid deeper debates in
the early 20th century, the 

4049
03:36:42,300 --> 03:36:45,600
modernist movement dismissed, 
Dickens A Sentimental and 

4050
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:49,100
structurally messy overshadowed,
by cycleogical realism, from 

4051
03:36:49,100 --> 03:36:52,900
authors like James Joyce, they 
disdained dickens's improbable 

4052
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,900
coincidences and Stark moral 
polarities, however, around 

4053
03:36:56,900 --> 03:37:00,100
mid-century a scholarly 
reappraisal highlighted the 

4054
03:37:00,100 --> 03:37:02,700
purposeful craft of dickens's 
narrative arcs and social 

4055
03:37:02,700 --> 03:37:05,000
critiques. 
Far from naive. 

4056
03:37:05,000 --> 03:37:08,700
His comedic touches often 
disguise sharp societal barbs 

4057
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:12,100
letting him slip, radical 
criticisms past sensors and 

4058
03:37:12,100 --> 03:37:13,900
readers, and accustomed to 
confrontational. 

4059
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:16,700
Dickens, all showed 
philanthropic and social 

4060
03:37:16,700 --> 03:37:19,700
activism. 
Scathing depiction of workhouses

4061
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:23,000
or the cruelty of child. 
Labor, galvanized subsequent 

4062
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:26,900
reformers Wilkie, Collins, 
Elizabeth Gaskell, and others in

4063
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:30,500
Dickens Circle integrated 
similar strategies using fiction

4064
03:37:30,500 --> 03:37:35,600
to dramatize social injustice. 
Modern Charities focusing on 

4065
03:37:35,600 --> 03:37:38,900
literacy or child welfare, 
sometimes invoked dickens's name

4066
03:37:38,900 --> 03:37:42,100
pointing to the universal 
empathy that his Works evoke 

4067
03:37:42,100 --> 03:37:46,100
even today policy discussions 
about homelessness or child 

4068
03:37:46,100 --> 03:37:47,900
poverty. 
Occasionally mentioned Dickens 

4069
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:50,700
as a moral reference. 
A reminder that ignoring 

4070
03:37:50,700 --> 03:37:54,300
societies, vulnerable Fosters 
deeper crises in the personal 

4071
03:37:54,300 --> 03:37:56,700
realm. 
Revelation is about Ellen and 

4072
03:37:56,700 --> 03:37:59,000
emerged in the late, 19th and 
early 20th. 

4073
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:03,300
Centuries shaking Dickens 
pristine image letters and memos

4074
03:38:03,300 --> 03:38:05,400
indicated. 
He financially supported turn 

4075
03:38:05,400 --> 03:38:08,900
and dividing his life between 
public duties and a hidden 

4076
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:12,200
domestic arrangement. 
Some fans felt betrayed that the

4077
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:13,700
moralist had lived a double 
life. 

4078
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:17,300
Others argued that Dickens 
private complexities under 

4079
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:19,800
scored the raw, human 
contradictions, fueling his 

4080
03:38:19,800 --> 03:38:22,700
fiction. 
The debate paralleled broader 

4081
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:25,800
shifts in how Victorian icons 
were reassessed under modern 

4082
03:38:25,800 --> 03:38:28,400
scrutiny. 
Dickens's method of Serial 

4083
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:30,900
publication also influenced. 
Subsequent generations of 

4084
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:34,400
writers, the concept of 
releasing stories in weekly or 

4085
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:38,000
monthly segments, maintaining 
suspense and forging a close 

4086
03:38:38,000 --> 03:38:41,200
bond with readers found echoes 
in everything from 20th century,

4087
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:44,900
pulp magazines, to today's 
online web cereals, the 

4088
03:38:44,900 --> 03:38:47,000
interplay between real-time 
audience, reaction, and the 

4089
03:38:47,000 --> 03:38:49,600
writers of evolving plot shaped 
dickens's approach. 

4090
03:38:49,600 --> 03:38:54,000
He adjusted character arcs, mid 
serialization, if he sensed to 

4091
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:56,800
shift in public, sympathy 
contemporary, authors who 

4092
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,200
experiment with episodic 
storytelling over quiet debt to 

4093
03:39:00,200 --> 03:39:04,400
his pioneering structure. 
Tourists still flocked to Kenzie

4094
03:39:04,400 --> 03:39:07,300
and landmarks in London. 
The Dickens Museum in Dowdy 

4095
03:39:07,300 --> 03:39:09,100
Street. 
The blacking Factory is location

4096
03:39:09,100 --> 03:39:12,200
near the Thames and the austere,
martial sea prison Relic. 

4097
03:39:13,000 --> 03:39:15,300
A Christmas. 
Astley people. 

4098
03:39:15,300 --> 03:39:18,100
Revisit A Christmas Carol with 
countless adaptations 

4099
03:39:18,100 --> 03:39:20,100
reinforcing generalities 
victory. 

4100
03:39:20,100 --> 03:39:23,200
Over miserliness. 
The story is cultural resonance 

4101
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:27,600
persists because Dickens taped 
into Elemental themes regret 

4102
03:39:27,600 --> 03:39:32,500
Redemption and communal warmth. 
The name Scrooge remains a 

4103
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:35,300
byword for stinginess. 
A testament to Dickens is 

4104
03:39:35,308 --> 03:39:37,000
enduring. 
Hold on language itself. 

4105
03:39:37,000 --> 03:39:41,000
Dickens's life is reflected as 
an illustration of reinvention 

4106
03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:44,800
and Unstoppable Drive. 
From a traumatized boy, 

4107
03:39:44,800 --> 03:39:46,900
polishing boots to an 
International Celebrity 

4108
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:50,100
juggling, philanthropic causes 
and Labyrinth themed plots. 

4109
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:54,000
He exemplified resilience fueled
by moral impetus though. 

4110
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,100
Times have changed. 
His emphasis on Shining a 

4111
03:39:57,100 --> 03:39:59,000
spotlight on the marginalized 
Rings contemporary. 

4112
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:01,900
We see Echoes and campaigns for 
social justice. 

4113
03:40:01,900 --> 03:40:04,300
Echoing Dickens is called for 
empathy. 

4114
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:07,400
Ultimately Charles. 
Dickens stands as both the 

4115
03:40:07,400 --> 03:40:10,400
comedic Chronicle of Victorian 
quirks and the fierce critic of 

4116
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:14,300
institutional, failings his 
Labyrinth time, plots bursting 

4117
03:40:14,300 --> 03:40:17,100
with eccentric figures 
overshadow, none of the raw 

4118
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:20,100
under currents of Injustice. 
Remains a puzzle of 

4119
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:23,700
contradictions public moralist 
but private Enigma champion of 

4120
03:40:23,700 --> 03:40:28,000
familial warmth yet of his home.
Comedic Entertainer yet, 

4121
03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:31,700
scathing social commentator That
complexity rather than 

4122
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:33,500
undermining his legacy in 
riches. 

4123
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:37,400
It his Works in Duo, reminding 
us that laughter and compassion 

4124
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:41,100
can coexist with deep outraged 
at cruelty and that a single 

4125
03:40:41,100 --> 03:40:44,900
parent Guided by empathy and 
irrepressible imagination can 

4126
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:47,000
shift how an entire Society 
views itself. 

4127
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:53,400
Okay, let's start at the very 
beginning. 

4128
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:57,000
Back when your biggest clothing 
decision was whether to drape 

4129
03:40:57,000 --> 03:41:00,500
that Mammoth hide with the fur 
on the inside, or outside, we're

4130
03:41:00,500 --> 03:41:04,200
talking about roughly 170,000 
years ago, give or take a few 

4131
03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:06,800
Millennia back. 
When Fashion Week lasted about 

4132
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:10,700
Four Seasons literally, Your 
earliest ancestors had what you 

4133
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:13,700
might call the ultimate 
minimalist wardrobe, imagine 

4134
03:41:13,700 --> 03:41:16,500
waking up each morning in your 
own outfit, choice being naked 

4135
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:20,000
or slightly less naked with some
leaves, strategically placed. 

4136
03:41:20,000 --> 03:41:24,100
It was like having a closet with
just one item and that item was 

4137
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,000
whatever you could hunt gather 
or convinced to stay. 

4138
03:41:27,000 --> 03:41:29,800
Put long enough to provide 
coverage but here's where it 

4139
03:41:29,800 --> 03:41:32,600
gets interesting. 
Those early humans were just 

4140
03:41:32,600 --> 03:41:35,500
randomly throwing animal skins 
over their shoulders, like they 

4141
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:38,900
were playing prehistoric dress 
up, they were actually solving 

4142
03:41:38,900 --> 03:41:41,900
problems the same kind of 
problems you face today. 

4143
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:44,900
Just with higher stakes. 
In stead of will this make me 

4144
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:46,400
look professional in my zoom 
meeting. 

4145
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:48,500
It would dealing with, will 
this? 

4146
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:50,900
Keep me from becoming a popsicle
during the Ice Age? 

4147
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:54,800
First real breakthrough came, 
when someone, let's call them 

4148
03:41:54,800 --> 03:41:58,100
the world's first fashion 
designer, figured out that you 

4149
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:00,000
could actually shape these 
animal hides. 

4150
03:42:00,000 --> 03:42:03,000
Instead of just draping a deer 
skin over your shoulders, like a

4151
03:42:03,000 --> 03:42:06,700
furry Cape, you could cut holes 
for your arms revolutionary 

4152
03:42:06,700 --> 03:42:08,700
stuff. 
This was probably the moment 

4153
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:12,000
when clothing stopped being just
about survival and started being

4154
03:42:12,000 --> 03:42:14,600
about looking good. 
While surviving, you can almost 

4155
03:42:14,600 --> 03:42:18,100
picture it some Paleolithic 
Trend Setter walking around the 

4156
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:19,800
camp showing off their new 
fitted. 

4157
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:22,700
Mammoth, hi jacket while their 
neighbors were still wearing 

4158
03:42:22,700 --> 03:42:27,400
shapeless fur blankets, oh, this
old thing, it probably Grunt in 

4159
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:28,900
whatever. 
Passed for language back there, 

4160
03:42:28,900 --> 03:42:33,100
I just threw it together. 
It's vintage place to see the 

4161
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:34,500
tools. 
They used were beautifully. 

4162
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:38,300
Simple shops stones for cutting 
bone needles for sewing. 

4163
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:42,600
Yes, they had needles 40,000 
years ago which means they were 

4164
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,600
probably dealing with the same 
frustrating experience of trying

4165
03:42:45,600 --> 03:42:48,000
to thread and needle in dim 
light that you face today. 

4166
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:51,700
Some things, never change. 
The really clever part was how 

4167
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,000
they figured out different 
materials for different needs 

4168
03:42:54,000 --> 03:42:58,200
like to skins for summer, 
thicker for winter waterproof 

4169
03:42:58,200 --> 03:43:01,500
treatments for rainy Seasons. 
They were essentially creating 

4170
03:43:01,500 --> 03:43:04,500
the world's first weather 
appropriate wardrobes long 

4171
03:43:04,500 --> 03:43:06,100
before. 
Anyone had invented weather 

4172
03:43:06,100 --> 03:43:09,400
forecast to ignore and lets not 
forget the accessories 

4173
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,200
archaeological evidence shows. 
They were making jewelry 

4174
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:15,200
decorative elements. 
Even what appeared to be the 

4175
03:43:15,200 --> 03:43:19,000
world's first buttons. 
Because apparently even 100,000 

4176
03:43:19,000 --> 03:43:21,400
years ago, humans looked at 
functional clothing and thought 

4177
03:43:21,400 --> 03:43:24,300
this is nice. 
But how can we make it prettier 

4178
03:43:24,300 --> 03:43:27,600
by the end of this era? 
Your ancestors had essentially 

4179
03:43:27,600 --> 03:43:29,800
invented everything. 
We still use in clothing today. 

4180
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:34,900
Cutting sewing layering 
accessorizing and most 

4181
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:38,000
importantly, the Eternal human 
struggle of having a closet full

4182
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:40,300
of options and still feeling 
like you have nothing 

4183
03:43:40,300 --> 03:43:44,200
appropriate to wear the Clans 
Mammoth, barbecue around 10,000 

4184
03:43:44,200 --> 03:43:46,900
years ago, something remarkable 
happened, that would forever 

4185
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:48,100
change. 
What you want to bed. 

4186
03:43:48,900 --> 03:43:51,700
Humans discovered agriculture, 
which meant they could stop 

4187
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,400
chasing their dinner around and 
start growing it instead. 

4188
03:43:54,400 --> 03:43:57,300
This was great news for many 
reasons, but particularly 

4189
03:43:57,300 --> 03:44:00,100
excellent news for your 
wardrobe, you see, when people 

4190
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:03,100
settle down and started farming,
they suddenly had time to think 

4191
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:05,900
about things other than, where's
my next meal coming from 

4192
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:08,700
questions. 
Like why am I wearing the same 

4193
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:11,200
Mammoth skin? 
My great grandfather wore and 

4194
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:14,400
surely, there's got to be 
something softer than high for 

4195
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,600
undergarments and to plant 
fibers some brilliant, early 

4196
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:21,000
farmer looked at their fields of
flax and thought I bet I could 

4197
03:44:21,008 --> 03:44:23,100
turn this into something more 
comfortable than leather. 

4198
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:26,900
And, thus began Humanities long,
beautiful relationship, with 

4199
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:31,000
textiles that don't require 
hunting large dangerous animals.

4200
03:44:31,000 --> 03:44:34,200
The process of turning plants 
into clothing was wonderfully, 

4201
03:44:34,200 --> 03:44:36,200
complex and completely 
mind-boggling. 

4202
03:44:36,200 --> 03:44:40,200
If you really think about it. 
Take flax for instance you had 

4203
03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:44,000
to harvest it wret it, which is 
a fancy word for letting it rot 

4204
03:44:44,000 --> 03:44:47,900
in just the right way, break it,
scutch it, Hackle it and then 

4205
03:44:47,908 --> 03:44:50,900
finally spin it into thread, it 
was like the world's most 

4206
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:53,700
complicated recipe except 
instead of ending up with 

4207
03:44:53,708 --> 03:44:55,900
dinner, you ended up with linen 
underwear. 

4208
03:44:56,900 --> 03:44:59,000
But here's what's really 
Charming about this period. 

4209
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:02,800
People started specializing 
instead of everyone in the 

4210
03:45:02,800 --> 03:45:05,500
village, making their own 
clothes, you had the person who 

4211
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:09,200
was really good at spinning, the
one who excelled at weaving and 

4212
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:10,800
the one who had a knack for 
dying things. 

4213
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:13,200
Interesting, colors. 
It was the beginning of the 

4214
03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:15,600
fashion industry, though. 
They probably didn't call it, 

4215
03:45:15,600 --> 03:45:17,700
that more likely, they called 
it. 

4216
03:45:17,700 --> 03:45:20,600
Hey, can you make me something 
that doesn't itch? 

4217
03:45:21,600 --> 03:45:23,900
The invention of the Loom was 
particularly revolutionary 

4218
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:27,400
imagine being the first person 
to see fabric being created. 

4219
03:45:27,400 --> 03:45:31,000
On one of these Contraptions, it
must have seemed like absolute 

4220
03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:34,900
magic threads going in One 
Direction threads going in the 

4221
03:45:34,908 --> 03:45:37,300
other and somehow outcomes 
cloth. 

4222
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:40,600
It was like watching a 3D 
printer except the technology 

4223
03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:44,300
was made of wood and required 
actual skill to operate cotton 

4224
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:46,100
appeared on the scene around 
this time too. 

4225
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:50,000
First in India, and Pakistan 
cotton was like the miracle 

4226
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:53,600
fabric of its day softer than 
linen, more comfortable than 

4227
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:56,800
wool and it got better. 
The more you washed, it ancient 

4228
03:45:56,800 --> 03:45:59,200
people's probably looked at 
cotton the way you look at 

4229
03:45:59,200 --> 03:46:03,600
moisture wicking stain resistant
wrinkle-free Fabrics today like 

4230
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:07,000
some kind of textile Wizardry, 
wool brought its own Revolution.

4231
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:10,000
Sheep were basically walking 
sweater Factory trees. 

4232
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:12,200
Once people figured out how to 
share them. 

4233
03:46:12,200 --> 03:46:15,300
Hopefully, without too much 
protest from the Sheep, they had

4234
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,500
access to a renewable resource 
for warm durable clothing. 

4235
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:22,200
Plus Will have this amazing 
property of keeping you warm 

4236
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:25,500
even when wet, which made it the
ancient equivalent of high-tech 

4237
03:46:25,500 --> 03:46:27,700
outdoor gear. 
The really interesting part of 

4238
03:46:27,700 --> 03:46:30,700
this agricultural clothing 
Revolution was how it started 

4239
03:46:30,700 --> 03:46:34,100
creating social distinctions. 
The quality of your fabric, 

4240
03:46:34,100 --> 03:46:36,100
began saying things about who 
you were. 

4241
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:40,400
Final in suggested you had time 
and resources coarse wool. 

4242
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:41,900
Meant you a practical and 
hardworking. 

4243
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:45,900
Certain colors became associated
with wealth because the dies 

4244
03:46:45,900 --> 03:46:47,500
were expensive or difficult to 
obtain. 

4245
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:50,500
By the end of this period. 
You had gone from wearing 

4246
03:46:50,500 --> 03:46:53,100
whatever animal, you could catch
to have actual choices. 

4247
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:57,300
Linen for hot weather will for 
cold different weaves for 

4248
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:00,000
different occasions. 
It was the birth of the seasonal

4249
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:02,700
wardrobe and probably the birth 
of that familiar feeling of 

4250
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:05,800
looking at your closet and 
saying, I need new clothes. 

4251
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:09,400
A civilizations began to 
flourish around Rivers like the 

4252
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:13,100
Nile and freytiz and inddus 
clothing, stopped being just 

4253
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:16,400
about comfort and protection and
started becoming something much 

4254
03:47:16,400 --> 03:47:19,000
more interesting a way to show 
the world. 

4255
03:47:19,000 --> 03:47:22,800
Exactly who you thought you were
the ancient Egyptians were 

4256
03:47:22,800 --> 03:47:25,600
perhaps the world's first 
fashion influencers though, 

4257
03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:27,800
their Instagram would have been 
painted on two walls. 

4258
03:47:27,800 --> 03:47:30,700
They took linen. 
Remember that plant fiber we 

4259
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:32,800
talked about and elevated it to 
an art. 

4260
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:36,000
Form Egyptian, linen was so fine
and well-made that other 

4261
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:38,300
civilizations literally used it 
as currently. 

4262
03:47:39,200 --> 03:47:41,100
Imagine paying your mortgage 
with bed sheets. 

4263
03:47:41,100 --> 03:47:43,500
Except these bed sheets were 
woven. 

4264
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:47,100
So skillfully, they were nearly 
transparent Egyptian fashion was

4265
03:47:47,100 --> 03:47:50,300
all about clean lines, elegant 
draping and accessories. 

4266
03:47:50,300 --> 03:47:53,500
That would make a modern jewelry
designer Week With Envy The 

4267
03:47:53,500 --> 03:47:54,900
Wealthy wore linen. 
So fine. 

4268
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:57,800
It was practically see-through, 
which might seem impractical 

4269
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:00,500
until you remember. 
They lived in a desert, their 

4270
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:03,700
clothing was designed to be cool
comfortable and stunning, the 

4271
03:48:03,700 --> 03:48:05,000
ancient equivalent of a 
pleasure. 

4272
03:48:05,008 --> 03:48:08,300
If a pleasure came with golden 
collars and enough, eyeliner to 

4273
03:48:08,308 --> 03:48:10,700
supply a rock band. 
But here's what's really 

4274
03:48:10,700 --> 03:48:13,900
delightful about Egyptian 
fashion, they invented so many 

4275
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:17,700
things we still use today, 
pleating, that was them. 

4276
03:48:17,700 --> 03:48:20,800
They could create permanent 
pleats in that would last for 

4277
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:23,000
years, make up as a fashion 
accessory. 

4278
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:26,400
Absolutely Egyptian, both men 
and women wore. 

4279
03:48:26,400 --> 03:48:29,300
Elaborate eye makeup, not just 
for beauty, but for protection, 

4280
03:48:29,300 --> 03:48:33,100
from the Desert Sun, They 
basically invented sunglasses, 

4281
03:48:33,100 --> 03:48:37,100
except theirs were painted on 
meanwhile over in Mesopotamia. 

4282
03:48:37,100 --> 03:48:39,600
The Sumerians and Babylonians 
were having their own fashion 

4283
03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:41,400
moment. 
They were the first civilization

4284
03:48:41,400 --> 03:48:45,700
to really Embrace wool as a 
luxury item creating incredibly 

4285
03:48:45,700 --> 03:48:49,600
elaborate garments with complex 
patterns and Rich, colors their 

4286
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:51,100
clothing. 
Tended, to be more structured 

4287
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:54,100
than Egyptian fashion. 
Lots of layering Fringe and 

4288
03:48:54,108 --> 03:48:56,900
geometric designs that would 
look perfectly at home in a 

4289
03:48:56,900 --> 03:48:59,500
modern art museum. 
The Mesopotamians also gave us 

4290
03:48:59,508 --> 03:49:02,900
one of Fashion's most enduring 
Concepts the idea that your 

4291
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:06,400
clothes should match your job. 
Priests were certain Styles. 

4292
03:49:06,400 --> 03:49:10,000
Rulers were others, Merchants 
have their look and Farmers had 

4293
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:11,900
theirs. 
It was the beginning of dress 

4294
03:49:11,900 --> 03:49:14,200
codes though. 
Thankfully more colorful than 

4295
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:17,300
most modern officers attire, 
ancient Greece, brought a 

4296
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:20,400
completely different aesthetic 
to the table, where Egyptians 

4297
03:49:20,400 --> 03:49:23,300
loved structure and 
Mesopotamians loved complexity. 

4298
03:49:23,300 --> 03:49:26,300
The Greeks fell in love with 
Simplicity, and the beauty of 

4299
03:49:26,300 --> 03:49:29,200
draped fabric. 
The Titan and hematian, were not

4300
03:49:29,200 --> 03:49:31,200
really so many garments in the 
way we think of clothes. 

4301
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:33,600
Today. 
They were essentially rectangles

4302
03:49:33,600 --> 03:49:36,100
of fabric draped and pinned and 
elegant ways. 

4303
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:40,100
Greek fashion was remarkably 
Democratic, at least in terms of

4304
03:49:40,100 --> 03:49:43,300
basic construction, rich and 
poor were essentially the same 

4305
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:45,300
Styles. 
The difference was in the 

4306
03:49:45,300 --> 03:49:47,800
quality of the fabric and the 
finest of the weave. 

4307
03:49:47,800 --> 03:49:50,800
A wealthy Greek might wear a 
chiton made of the finest 

4308
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:53,600
imported silk. 
While a farmer wore one made of 

4309
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:56,000
rough wool, but the basic shape 
was the same. 

4310
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:59,200
The Romans never wants to let 
the Greeks out do them in 

4311
03:49:59,208 --> 03:50:03,100
anything took Greek fashion and 
made it more Roman which is to 

4312
03:50:03,100 --> 03:50:07,500
say more elaborate more colorful
and with better marketing, the 

4313
03:50:07,500 --> 03:50:09,700
toga became the ultimate status 
symbol there. 

4314
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:12,200
Anyone whose ever tried to wear 
a bed sheet as clothing can 

4315
03:50:12,200 --> 03:50:14,700
appreciate what a feat? 
It was to wear one with dignity,

4316
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:18,000
Roman fashion gave us the 
concept of seasonal collections 

4317
03:50:18,000 --> 03:50:20,100
though. 
They didn't call them that they 

4318
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:22,200
had different weights and 
styles, for different times of 

4319
03:50:22,200 --> 03:50:25,100
year different colors for 
different occasions and an 

4320
03:50:25,100 --> 03:50:28,200
elaborate system of accessories 
that could take hours to put on 

4321
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:31,900
properly, getting dressed as a 
wealthy Roman was Basically, a 

4322
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:34,400
full-time job. 
But perhaps the most important 

4323
03:50:34,400 --> 03:50:37,600
contribution of these ancient 
civilizations was the idea that 

4324
03:50:37,600 --> 03:50:39,700
clothing could be beautiful for 
its own sake. 

4325
03:50:39,700 --> 03:50:42,400
They didn't just have to keep 
you warm or cool or modest. 

4326
03:50:42,400 --> 03:50:45,300
It could be art that you wore. 
This was the beginning of 

4327
03:50:45,300 --> 03:50:48,500
fashion as we know it today. 
The moment when humans looked at

4328
03:50:48,508 --> 03:50:51,400
perfectly functional clothing 
and asked but his is it 

4329
03:50:51,408 --> 03:50:54,000
fabulous? 
You think getting dressed for 

4330
03:50:54,000 --> 03:50:55,000
work? 
Is complicated. 

4331
03:50:55,000 --> 03:50:58,500
Now, be grateful. 
You won't born into medieval 

4332
03:50:58,500 --> 03:51:01,500
nobility, the Middle Ages, 
turned clothing into something 

4333
03:51:01,500 --> 03:51:04,600
resembling, an engineering 
project complete with structural

4334
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:08,200
supports complex, layering 
systems and enough fabric to 

4335
03:51:08,200 --> 03:51:11,500
upholster, a small Castle. 
The medieval period began around

4336
03:51:11,500 --> 03:51:14,100
500 CE with what you might 
charitably. 

4337
03:51:14,100 --> 03:51:18,100
Call Simple clothing. 
After the fall of Rome, fashion 

4338
03:51:18,100 --> 03:51:21,900
became much, more practical. 
People wore basic tunics, simple

4339
03:51:21,900 --> 03:51:24,700
dresses and sturdy. 
Cloaks, it was the clothing 

4340
03:51:24,700 --> 03:51:28,200
equivalent of comfort food, 
nothing fancy but it got the job

4341
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:30,100
done. 
But as the century has 

4342
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:33,300
progressed and Society became 
more structured clothing, became

4343
03:51:33,300 --> 03:51:36,500
more structured too, by the high
Middle Ages getting dressed, 

4344
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:40,400
especially if you were wealthy 
required assistance planning and

4345
03:51:40,400 --> 03:51:42,000
occasionally architectural 
knowledge. 

4346
03:51:42,000 --> 03:51:44,800
Let's start with the 
undergarments because medieval 

4347
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:47,300
people were surprisingly, 
sophisticated about what went 

4348
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,300
underneath. 
Women wore linen shimmies that 

4349
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:53,000
served as both underwear and 
protection for their expensive, 

4350
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:55,800
outer garments. 
Men more Brays which were 

4351
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:57,700
essentially linen shorts tied at
the waist. 

4352
03:51:58,600 --> 03:52:01,200
These weren't just practical. 
They were essential because 

4353
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:02,900
medieval wool could be 
remarkably. 

4354
03:52:02,900 --> 03:52:06,100
Itchy the layering system that 
developed during this period was

4355
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:09,700
like, wearing your entire closet
at once women might wear a 

4356
03:52:09,700 --> 03:52:14,000
chemise, then a tunic, then a 
circuit, then a cloak each layer

4357
03:52:14,000 --> 03:52:17,400
serving, a specific purpose, it 
was practical for the climate 

4358
03:52:17,400 --> 03:52:20,500
certainly, but it also created 
endless opportunities for 

4359
03:52:20,500 --> 03:52:24,400
showing off different Fabrics, 
colors and trims medieval 

4360
03:52:24,400 --> 03:52:27,300
fashion gave us some of the most
impractical but gorgeous 

4361
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:31,100
clothing Innovations in history.
Take the head in those tall 

4362
03:52:31,100 --> 03:52:34,000
pointed headdresses that look 
like traffic cones decorated By 

4363
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:36,600
Angels. 
They could be several feet tall 

4364
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:38,800
and required careful navigation,
through doorways. 

4365
03:52:38,800 --> 03:52:42,600
Imagine trying to get into a car
while wearing one actually, 

4366
03:52:42,600 --> 03:52:44,400
don't imagine that. 
It's too disturbing. 

4367
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:48,600
The wealthy medieval, Europeans 
were obsessed with sleeves, not 

4368
03:52:48,600 --> 03:52:51,000
just any sleeves but sleeves 
that defied logic and 

4369
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:53,500
occasionally gravity. 
Some was so long. 

4370
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,000
They dragged on the ground, 
others were so wide. 

4371
03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:59,100
You could hide a small child in 
the That were detachable 

4372
03:52:59,100 --> 03:53:02,700
sleeves, slashed sleeves that 
showed contrasting fabric 

4373
03:53:02,700 --> 03:53:05,800
underneath and sleeves with so 
many buttons that getting 

4374
03:53:05,800 --> 03:53:08,000
dressed must have felt like 
assembling Furniture. 

4375
03:53:08,000 --> 03:53:10,500
But here's what's really 
interesting about medieval 

4376
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:13,000
fashion. 
It was incredibly regulated 

4377
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:16,600
sumptuary laws dictated who 
could wear what colors which 

4378
03:53:16,600 --> 03:53:20,800
Fabrics, how much fur, even how 
long your shoes could be, purple

4379
03:53:20,800 --> 03:53:23,900
was reserved for royalty. 
Certain Furs were forbidden to 

4380
03:53:23,908 --> 03:53:27,100
Merchants and the length of your
pointed shoes was directly 

4381
03:53:27,100 --> 03:53:30,300
proportional to your social 
status these laws existed, 

4382
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:33,700
partly for economic reasons, 
keeping people from bankrupting 

4383
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:37,000
themselves on clothing but 
mostly to maintain social order.

4384
03:53:37,800 --> 03:53:41,200
Your outfit was essentially your
ID card, announcing your place 

4385
03:53:41,200 --> 03:53:44,000
in society to everyone. 
You met, it was like, wearing 

4386
03:53:44,000 --> 03:53:46,000
your LinkedIn profile except 
more colorful. 

4387
03:53:46,000 --> 03:53:49,500
And with better accessories, the
medieval period gave us some of 

4388
03:53:49,508 --> 03:53:52,300
Fashion's most enduring 
Mysteries, like the coat Hardy, 

4389
03:53:52,300 --> 03:53:55,200
which fashioned historians still
can't quite figure out how to 

4390
03:53:55,208 --> 03:53:57,800
put on the instructions have 
been lost to time. 

4391
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:01,000
Leaving modern costume designers
to basically guess how these 

4392
03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:03,700
garments worked. 
It's like, finding a recipe that

4393
03:54:03,700 --> 03:54:07,800
just says assembling ingredients
fashionably Trade during this 

4394
03:54:07,800 --> 03:54:10,700
period brought new fabrics and 
ideas from across the known 

4395
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,000
World silk from Asia fine walls 
from England. 

4396
03:54:14,000 --> 03:54:18,300
Exotic dies from everywhere in 
between medieval fashion was 

4397
03:54:18,300 --> 03:54:21,100
surprisingly International 
though, it traveled at the speed

4398
03:54:21,100 --> 03:54:23,600
of horses and sailing ships 
rather than social media. 

4399
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:26,600
By the end of the Middle Ages 
clothing. 

4400
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:28,300
Had become incredibly 
sophisticated. 

4401
03:54:28,300 --> 03:54:32,000
The fit was precise. 
The construction was complex in 

4402
03:54:32,000 --> 03:54:33,500
the social meanings were 
elaborate. 

4403
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:36,100
It was the foundation for 
everything that would come next.

4404
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:39,800
Oh, thankfully later periods 
would be less interested in 

4405
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:42,300
requiring engineering degrees to
get dressed in the morning. 

4406
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:45,100
The Renaissance didn't just give
us incredible art, 

4407
03:54:45,100 --> 03:54:47,900
groundbreaking science and 
revolutionary literature. 

4408
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:51,100
It also gave us the idea that 
getting dressed in the morning, 

4409
03:54:51,100 --> 03:54:55,300
should be a creative act, worthy
of Michelangelo himself starting

4410
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:58,200
around the 14th century in Italy
and spreading across Europe. 

4411
03:54:58,200 --> 03:55:00,800
Like the world's most 
fashionable virus the 

4412
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:04,100
Renaissance brought a completely
new attitude to clothing where 

4413
03:55:04,100 --> 03:55:07,000
medieval fashion had been about 
showing your place in the rigid 

4414
03:55:07,000 --> 03:55:09,800
social hierarchy. 
Renaissance fashion was about 

4415
03:55:09,800 --> 03:55:13,100
showing your wealth, your taste,
your educational, and your 

4416
03:55:13,100 --> 03:55:15,500
ability to afford really 
excellent tailors. 

4417
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:18,900
The Italians led the charge as 
they did with most Renaissance 

4418
03:55:18,900 --> 03:55:21,500
Innovations. 
Italian city-states, like, 

4419
03:55:21,500 --> 03:55:24,700
Florence and Venice became 
fashion capitals producing 

4420
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:26,700
silks. 
So luxurious that other 

4421
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:29,900
Europeans would travel hundreds 
of miles, just to shop Italian 

4422
03:55:29,900 --> 03:55:31,600
fashion. 
During this period was like 

4423
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,900
wearing liquid sunlight, 
everything flowing gleaming and 

4424
03:55:34,900 --> 03:55:38,600
ridiculously beautiful. 
But it was the invention of new 

4425
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:41,700
tailoring techniques that really
revolutionized Renaissance 

4426
03:55:41,700 --> 03:55:43,600
clothing. 
Medieval garments had been 

4427
03:55:43,608 --> 03:55:47,100
relatively loose and flowing 
Renaissance fashion introduced 

4428
03:55:47,100 --> 03:55:49,700
the Revolutionary concept of 
clothes that actually fit your 

4429
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:51,600
body. 
This required much more 

4430
03:55:51,600 --> 03:55:55,300
sophisticated pattern, making 
cutting and sewing the century. 

4431
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:57,800
It required the invention of 
tailoring as we know it today, 

4432
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:01,000
the doublet became the 
foundation of men's fashion and 

4433
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:03,600
it was a masterpiece of 
engineering disgust as clothing.

4434
03:56:03,600 --> 03:56:07,300
A good Dublin, required dozens 
of pieces careful padding to 

4435
03:56:07,308 --> 03:56:10,800
create the ideal masculine 
silhouette and enough buttons to

4436
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:14,300
keep a small Factory in business
men's legs were covered in hose 

4437
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:17,400
that fit like a second skin, 
which meant Renaissance men were

4438
03:56:17,400 --> 03:56:19,600
probably in better shape than 
most modern gym. 

4439
03:56:19,600 --> 03:56:23,000
Enthusiasts simply out of 
necessity women's fashion. 

4440
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:24,900
During the Renaissance, was 
equally complex. 

4441
03:56:24,900 --> 03:56:28,500
But in different ways, the gowns
required internal structures 

4442
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:31,700
that were basically wearable 
architecture, farthingale's 

4443
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:34,600
created bell shaped skirts, that
could span several feet in 

4444
03:56:34,608 --> 03:56:38,100
diameter corsets shape the Torso
in the National silhouette, 

4445
03:56:38,100 --> 03:56:41,000
Ruffs the face like fabric 
flowers. 

4446
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:44,700
Getting dressed was like putting
on a building but here's what's 

4447
03:56:44,700 --> 03:56:46,700
really remarkable about 
Renaissance fashion. 

4448
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:50,900
The sheer creativity and 
Artistry involved Fabrics were 

4449
03:56:50,900 --> 03:56:54,000
works of art in themselves 
briques with gold thread. 

4450
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,600
Velvets with cut patterns silks 
with intricate designs. 

4451
03:56:57,600 --> 03:57:01,400
Garments were slashed to show, 
contrasting Fabrics underneath, 

4452
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:05,700
creating patterns that change 
does the wearer moved It was 

4453
03:57:05,708 --> 03:57:08,700
like wearing a kaleidoscope. 
The Renaissance also gave us 

4454
03:57:08,700 --> 03:57:10,700
Fashion's relationship with 
celebrity culture. 

4455
03:57:10,700 --> 03:57:15,000
What the nobility War mattered 
enormously a news of the latest 

4456
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:18,000
Court fashion spread across 
Europe, through detailed letters

4457
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:20,900
and prints. 
When Henry, the 8th decided to 

4458
03:57:20,900 --> 03:57:24,400
favor, a particular style of hat
hat, makers, across England 

4459
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:27,300
suddenly got very busy. 
It was the 16th century 

4460
03:57:27,300 --> 03:57:29,400
equivalent of a red carpet 
fashion moment. 

4461
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:31,900
Going viral. 
Color became incredibly 

4462
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:35,000
important during this period 
partly because new dies and 

4463
03:57:35,000 --> 03:57:38,100
techniques, made a wide range of
colors available but also 

4464
03:57:38,100 --> 03:57:42,000
because different colors carried
complex meanings, read suggested

4465
03:57:42,000 --> 03:57:45,900
wealth and power blue was 
associated with loyalty and 

4466
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:48,500
virtue. 
Black became fashionable as the 

4467
03:57:48,500 --> 03:57:51,200
ultimate luxury color because it
was incredibly difficult to 

4468
03:57:51,200 --> 03:57:56,200
achieve a deep rich black that 
wouldn't fade the Renaissance. 

4469
03:57:56,200 --> 03:57:58,900
Also saw the rise of fashion as 
an international language 

4470
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:01,500
Styles. 
Spread from court to court 

4471
03:58:01,500 --> 03:58:05,500
country to Country, creating the
first truly, European fashion 

4472
03:58:05,500 --> 03:58:08,500
trends address style that 
started in the Spanish Court, 

4473
03:58:08,500 --> 03:58:10,600
might appear in modified form in
the French Court. 

4474
03:58:10,600 --> 03:58:13,100
Six months later. 
Then in Florence English 

4475
03:58:13,100 --> 03:58:16,300
fashion, The Following Season, 
perhaps most importantly, the 

4476
03:58:16,300 --> 03:58:18,700
Renaissance established, the 
idea that fashion could be an 

4477
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:21,300
art form. 
Self clothing, wasn't just 

4478
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:22,900
functional or even just 
beautiful. 

4479
03:58:22,900 --> 03:58:27,000
It could be creative innovative.
Expressive it could make 

4480
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:30,500
statements about the wearer's 
values, education and aesthetic 

4481
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:33,300
sensibilities. 
This period laid, the groundwork

4482
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:35,400
for everything that would follow
in fashion history. 

4483
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:39,900
The concept of seasonal changes,
the importance of fit, the role 

4484
03:58:39,900 --> 03:58:43,100
of celebrity influence, the 
internationalization of style. 

4485
03:58:43,100 --> 03:58:46,000
All of these started during the 
Renaissance when Europeans 

4486
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:48,600
decided that life was too short 
for boring clothes. 

4487
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:52,800
As we move into the 1600s and 
1700s fashion entered. 

4488
03:58:52,800 --> 03:58:55,100
What we might call its more is 
more phase. 

4489
03:58:55,100 --> 03:58:58,700
If Renaissance clothing was like
wearing art, Brock and Rico 

4490
03:58:58,700 --> 03:59:01,900
fashion was like, wearing an 
entire Art Museum complete with 

4491
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:05,500
guided tours and gift shop. 
The 17th century started with 

4492
03:59:05,500 --> 03:59:08,400
what fashion historians. 
Politely call elaborate 

4493
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:10,600
clothing. 
Which anyone with modern 

4494
03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:13,300
sensibilities would recognize as
completely over the top. 

4495
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:15,900
Men were doublets with so much 
padding. 

4496
03:59:15,900 --> 03:59:18,800
They looked like they were 
wearing life preservers Women's 

4497
03:59:18,800 --> 03:59:21,800
skirts became so wide that 
doorways had to be navigated 

4498
03:59:21,800 --> 03:59:24,200
sideways. 
It was the period when fashion 

4499
03:59:24,200 --> 03:59:26,700
designers, apparently looked at 
practical clothing and asked. 

4500
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:30,900
How can we make this much more 
complicated, the court of Louis?

4501
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:33,500
The 14th of Versailles became 
the epicenter of European 

4502
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:36,100
fashion and Lewis took the job 
seriously. 

4503
03:59:36,100 --> 03:59:39,800
He understood that fashion was 
politics and he used clothing as

4504
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:42,500
a tool of power. 
The more elaborate and 

4505
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:45,600
expensive, your outfit, the 
higher your status at court, it 

4506
03:59:45,600 --> 03:59:49,900
was like a very expensive, very 
beautiful arms race, except of 

4507
03:59:49,900 --> 03:59:51,700
weapons. 
People were competing with 

4508
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:55,400
embroidered silk and precious 
gems men's fashion during this 

4509
03:59:55,400 --> 03:59:57,900
period was particularly 
fascinating because it was so 

4510
03:59:57,900 --> 04:00:02,200
unapologetically decorative men 
will silk stockings high heeled 

4511
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:04,400
shoes. 
Yes, high heels were originally 

4512
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:08,000
for men, elaborate wigs and 
enough lace to stock a bridal 

4513
04:00:08,000 --> 04:00:11,200
shop, the modern idea that men's
clothing should be simple, and 

4514
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:14,700
understated would have battled a
17th century gentleman who saw 

4515
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:16,900
his outfit as a canvas for 
artistic expression. 

4516
04:00:18,000 --> 04:00:21,400
The Perry wig or powdered wig 
became the ultimate status 

4517
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,000
symbol for men, these weren't 
just hairpieces. 

4518
04:00:24,000 --> 04:00:27,100
They were architectural Marvels 
that could cost as much as a 

4519
04:00:27,100 --> 04:00:30,000
house and required daily 
maintenance by skilled 

4520
04:00:30,000 --> 04:00:32,500
professionals. 
Wealthy men would own multiple 

4521
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:35,700
wigs for different occasions, 
like a very expensive hat 

4522
04:00:35,700 --> 04:00:38,000
collection that happened to be 
made of human hair. 

4523
04:00:39,200 --> 04:00:42,100
Women's fashion reached new 
heights of complexity during the

4524
04:00:42,100 --> 04:00:45,900
RICO period of the 18th century.
The panniers side Hoops that 

4525
04:00:45,900 --> 04:00:49,600
made skirts extend horizontally 
created Silhouettes, so wide 

4526
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:51,600
that two women could not walk 
through a doorway at the same 

4527
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:55,000
time, caught dresses required. 
So much fabric that they were 

4528
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:58,000
essentially wearable buildings 
complete with Structural 

4529
04:00:58,000 --> 04:00:59,800
Engineering to keep everything 
upright. 

4530
04:01:00,600 --> 04:01:04,200
But the real showstopper was the
hair 18th century hairstyling 

4531
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:07,000
was like topri gardening except 
on people's heads. 

4532
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:11,000
Women's hairstyles could be 
several feet tall decorated with

4533
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:13,900
ribbons flowers. 
Feathers and sometimes entire 

4534
04:01:13,900 --> 04:01:16,600
miniature scenes. 
There are historical accounts of

4535
04:01:16,600 --> 04:01:19,900
hairstyles that included model, 
ships, miniature Gardens and 

4536
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:23,600
even small cages with live. 
Birds the Cosmetics of this 

4537
04:01:23,600 --> 04:01:26,900
period, were equally dramatic, 
both men and women wore white 

4538
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:29,800
face powder made from lead, 
which was probably not great for

4539
04:01:29,800 --> 04:01:32,800
their health, right. 
Red Rouge and Beauty, patches 

4540
04:01:32,800 --> 04:01:36,700
small pieces of silk, or velvet 
cut into shape, like, stars or 

4541
04:01:36,708 --> 04:01:40,500
crescents and glued to the face.
It was like wearing stickers of 

4542
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:42,300
stickers, were considered the 
height of sophistication. 

4543
04:01:42,300 --> 04:01:45,900
The 18th century also saw the 
rise of fashion magazines and 

4544
04:01:45,900 --> 04:01:48,500
fashion dolls. 
Small dolls dressed in the 

4545
04:01:48,500 --> 04:01:51,000
latest styles that were sent 
between fashion capitals to 

4546
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:53,600
spread new trends. 
These were the ancestors of 

4547
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:56,600
modern fashion photography and 
social media influences. 

4548
04:01:56,600 --> 04:01:59,700
Though considerably smaller and 
requiring more delicate, 

4549
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:02,200
shipping Arrangements. 
Perhaps the most interesting 

4550
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:05,300
aspect of the 18th century 
fashion was how it reflected the

4551
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:07,600
philosophy of the time, the 
elaborate deck. 

4552
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:11,100
The emphasis on artificial over 
nature, the celebration of 

4553
04:02:11,100 --> 04:02:14,900
luxury and refinement, all of 
this reflected in lighting and 

4554
04:02:14,900 --> 04:02:18,200
ideas about civilization 
progress, and the power of 

4555
04:02:18,200 --> 04:02:19,900
human. 
Creativity to improve upon 

4556
04:02:19,900 --> 04:02:22,100
nature. 
Of course, all this fashion came

4557
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:24,200
with a price, both literally and
figuratively. 

4558
04:02:25,300 --> 04:02:27,800
The cost of maintaining an 18th 
century wardrobe was 

4559
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:30,700
astronomical and the time 
required for dressing and 

4560
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:33,500
grooming could take hours 
wealthy people, essentially 

4561
04:02:33,500 --> 04:02:35,600
needed staff just to get dressed
in the morning. 

4562
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:38,900
By the end of the 18th century. 
This elaborate system was 

4563
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:42,100
beginning to crack the French 
Revolution, put a sudden and 

4564
04:02:42,108 --> 04:02:44,500
violent end to the most extreme 
Court Fashions. 

4565
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:47,600
And a new philosophy was 
emerging that valued Simplicity,

4566
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,500
naturalness and practicality 
over elaborate artifice. 

4567
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,900
But before we move on to that 
revolutionary change, take a 

4568
04:02:53,900 --> 04:02:56,800
moment to appreciate the sheer 
or dacy of the 18th century 

4569
04:02:56,800 --> 04:02:58,900
fashion. 
It was clothing that announced 

4570
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:02,300
loudly and proudly that the war 
had so much money and Leisure 

4571
04:03:02,300 --> 04:03:04,900
Time that they could afford to 
dress like a walking work of 

4572
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:07,600
art, even if it meant, they 
couldn't sit down properly or 

4573
04:03:07,600 --> 04:03:10,400
fit through doorways. 
The late, 18th and early. 19th 

4574
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:12,800
century, is brought political 
revolution across Europe and 

4575
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:15,400
America and fashion, 
revolution's, followed close 

4576
04:03:15,400 --> 04:03:17,500
behind. 
It was the period when people 

4577
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:19,500
looked at those elaborate 18th 
century Court. 

4578
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:22,800
Costumes and said, you know 
what, maybe wearing a small 

4579
04:03:22,800 --> 04:03:24,800
building on my head isn't the 
best way to show. 

4580
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:29,200
I'm in, touch with the people. 
The French Revolution of 1789 

4581
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:32,800
didn't just change government. 
It completely transformed. 

4582
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:35,600
What people wore, it was the 
ultimate fashion do-over 

4583
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:38,100
motivated by actual fear for 
your life. 

4584
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,100
The revolutionary period 
introduced, what we might call 

4585
04:03:41,100 --> 04:03:44,900
democracy dress, simpler more 
practical clothing that 

4586
04:03:44,900 --> 04:03:47,700
suggested, you are a 
hard-working citizen rather than

4587
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:51,300
a parasitic Aristocrat. 
The song culotte literally, 

4588
04:03:51,300 --> 04:03:54,800
without knee breeches, got their
name from rejecting, the silk 

4589
04:03:54,800 --> 04:03:57,600
knee breeches worn, by the upper
classes in favor of practical 

4590
04:03:57,600 --> 04:03:59,800
long trousers. 
It was the first time in 

4591
04:03:59,800 --> 04:04:02,400
European history that pants 
became a political statement. 

4592
04:04:02,400 --> 04:04:06,200
Women's fashion underwent in 
equally dramatic transformation.

4593
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:08,900
The Enormous panniers and 
elaborate hairstyles 

4594
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:11,200
disappeared. 
Almost overnight replaced by 

4595
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:14,000
simple white muslin. 
Dresses inspired by classical 

4596
04:04:14,000 --> 04:04:17,200
Greek and Roman clothing. 
The Empire waistline, which sat 

4597
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:20,100
just below the bust. 
Became fashionable creating a 

4598
04:04:20,100 --> 04:04:21,900
silhouette. 
That was both elegant and 

4599
04:04:21,900 --> 04:04:24,700
practical. 
This neoclassical style wasn't 

4600
04:04:24,700 --> 04:04:27,300
just about looking good. 
It was about embodying, 

4601
04:04:27,300 --> 04:04:30,600
Enlightenment values. 
The simple flowing lines were 

4602
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:34,300
supposed to suggest virtue 
reason and natural beauty 

4603
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:37,300
everything, the old aristocratic
style was not. 

4604
04:04:37,300 --> 04:04:40,800
It was like, wearing your 
political philosophy, Napoleon 

4605
04:04:40,800 --> 04:04:44,100
Bonaparte, never want to miss an
opportunity for drama turned 

4606
04:04:44,100 --> 04:04:46,200
fashion into a tool of Empire 
Building. 

4607
04:04:47,100 --> 04:04:49,800
He established a court at the 
twillery that was almost as 

4608
04:04:49,800 --> 04:04:51,400
elaborate as the old Royal 
Court. 

4609
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:54,900
But with better marketing, 
Napoleonic fashion was designed 

4610
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:56,800
to suggest both luxury and 
Military. 

4611
04:04:56,800 --> 04:04:59,700
Efficiency. 
Think Roman Emperor meets modern

4612
04:04:59,700 --> 04:05:03,000
General, the Empire period gave 
us some of Fashions. 

4613
04:05:03,000 --> 04:05:06,400
Most enduring Silhouettes, the 
highways to dress became a 

4614
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:09,500
classic that would return again 
and again in later decades the 

4615
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:12,400
military influence in men's 
fashion, all those brass 

4616
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:16,200
buttons, frogging and structured
shoulders established a template

4617
04:05:16,200 --> 04:05:19,400
for masculine dress that we 
still see today in everything 

4618
04:05:19,400 --> 04:05:21,800
from military, uniforms to 
business suits. 

4619
04:05:21,800 --> 04:05:24,900
But perhaps the most interesting
development of this period was 

4620
04:05:24,900 --> 04:05:27,000
how fashioned became 
International in. 

4621
04:05:27,400 --> 04:05:31,300
A completely new way, Napoleon's
conquests spread French fashion,

4622
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:34,600
across Europe, but also brought 
new influences back to Paris, 

4623
04:05:34,600 --> 04:05:38,600
Spanish tears. 
Russian, Furs Egyptian, motifs, 

4624
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:43,100
after Napoleon's campaigns their
European fashion became a fusion

4625
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:46,900
Cuisine of style from a cross 
the continent and Beyond The 

4626
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:49,500
Industrial Revolution was 
beginning to change how clothes 

4627
04:05:49,500 --> 04:05:53,100
were made to While most garments
were still hand-sewn new 

4628
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:55,400
machines, could produce Fabrics,
faster and more cheaply than 

4629
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:58,900
ever before, cotton in 
particular, became much more 

4630
04:05:58,900 --> 04:06:02,000
affordable and available 
democratizing fashion in ways 

4631
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:04,200
that would have been impossible 
in earlier centuries. 

4632
04:06:05,000 --> 04:06:08,000
This period also saw the rise of
the fashion press as we know it 

4633
04:06:08,000 --> 04:06:10,700
today, fashion magazines like 
Journal de. 

4634
04:06:10,700 --> 04:06:14,100
Damn it in mods provided detail 
illustrations and descriptions 

4635
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:17,700
of the latest Styles spreading 
fashion trends faster than ever 

4636
04:06:17,700 --> 04:06:19,800
before. 
It was the beginning of fashion 

4637
04:06:19,800 --> 04:06:23,108
media, though, their Instagram 
followers were measured in 1 0 

4638
04:06:23,116 --> 04:06:41,000
0. 
Sleeves got bigger, skirts, got 

4639
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:43,200
Fuller and everything got more 
decorative. 

4640
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:48,000
By the 1820s and 1830s, women's 
fashion had swung back toward 

4641
04:06:48,000 --> 04:06:52,400
complexity though, in new ways. 
Crinoline the structured 

4642
04:06:52,400 --> 04:06:55,300
underskirt the created a 
bell-shaped silhouette was the 

4643
04:06:55,300 --> 04:06:58,800
great innovation of the period. 
It was like wearing a small tent

4644
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:02,100
but an incredibly fashionable 
tent that allowed women to move 

4645
04:07:02,100 --> 04:07:04,700
more freely than the restrictive
clothing of earlier periods, 

4646
04:07:04,700 --> 04:07:07,500
this revolutionary period 
established, many of the 

4647
04:07:07,500 --> 04:07:09,800
principles that would guide 
fashion for the next Century. 

4648
04:07:09,800 --> 04:07:13,900
The idea that clothing should 
reflect contemporary values that

4649
04:07:13,900 --> 04:07:17,100
fashion could be both, beautiful
and practical and that style 

4650
04:07:17,100 --> 04:07:20,200
should be accessible to more 
than just the wealthy Elite. 

4651
04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:23,200
It was the beginning of modern 
fashion as we know it today. 

4652
04:07:23,200 --> 04:07:25,900
Even if the clothes themselves 
look, pretty foreign to 

4653
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:31,300
modernize the Victorian era. 
Roughly 1837 to 1901 was like 

4654
04:07:31,300 --> 04:07:34,400
Fashion's adolescent phase. 
Everything was dramatic 

4655
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:38,200
complicated and slightly 
embarrassing and retrospect, but

4656
04:07:38,200 --> 04:07:41,500
also kind of impressive in its 
sheer ambition, Queen Victoria's

4657
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,500
reign coincided with the 
Industrial Revolution, hit its 

4658
04:07:44,500 --> 04:07:48,300
stride which meant that for the 
first time in human history the 

4659
04:07:48,300 --> 04:07:50,900
middle class could afford to 
dress almost as elaborately. 

4660
04:07:51,000 --> 04:07:53,800
As the wealthy, this was 
wonderful news for textile 

4661
04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:57,400
manufacturers and absolutely 
terrible news for anyone who 

4662
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:01,100
valued Simplicity and clothing. 
The Victorian silhouette for 

4663
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:03,600
women was essentially an 
exercise in architectural 

4664
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:05,600
engineering. 
The goal was to create an 

4665
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:08,600
hourglass figure, so dramatic 
that it defied Anatomy. 

4666
04:08:08,600 --> 04:08:11,900
This required corsets, that 
could literally reshape the 

4667
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:14,900
human torso bustles. 
That could support several yards

4668
04:08:14,900 --> 04:08:17,000
of fabric and an undergarment 
system. 

4669
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:20,300
So complex, it came with its own
instruction manual, the 

4670
04:08:20,300 --> 04:08:23,000
crinoline reached its peak 
During the period creating 

4671
04:08:23,000 --> 04:08:25,500
skirts that could measure up to 
six feet in diameter. 

4672
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:29,200
Imagine trying to navigate a 
Victorian parlor. 

4673
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:33,000
Where was essentially a fabric 
geodesic, dome around your waist

4674
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:36,600
doorways, became tactical 
challenges sitting required, 

4675
04:08:36,600 --> 04:08:39,200
careful planning. 
Into a carriage was like, 

4676
04:08:39,200 --> 04:08:42,200
solving a geometry problem. 
And here's what is really 

4677
04:08:42,208 --> 04:08:43,900
remarkable about Victorian 
fashion. 

4678
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:47,800
The sheer amount of work that 
went into every garment, a 

4679
04:08:47,800 --> 04:08:50,700
typical Victorian dress might 
have hundreds of buttons, miles 

4680
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:54,600
of trim, intricate pleating, 
elaborate embroidery and enough 

4681
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:56,300
fabric to upholster several 
chairs. 

4682
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,500
Each dress was essentially a 
masterpiece of textile 

4683
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:02,400
craftsmanship, even if the 
overall effect was sometimes 

4684
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:05,600
like wearing a curtain from a 
very expensive hotel, men's 

4685
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:08,600
fashion during the Victorian era
was more restrained but equally 

4686
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:11,600
complex in his own way, the 
modern business suit was 

4687
04:09:11,600 --> 04:09:13,800
invented during this period over
Victorian. 

4688
04:09:13,800 --> 04:09:16,000
Men's suits, had more pieces 
than a Swiss watch. 

4689
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:18,500
There were different coats for 
different times of day, 

4690
04:09:18,500 --> 04:09:21,600
different trials, for different 
occasions and enough accessories

4691
04:09:21,600 --> 04:09:25,000
to stock a small store. 
The Victorian obsession with 

4692
04:09:25,000 --> 04:09:27,100
propriety meant that clothing, 
had to cover everything. 

4693
04:09:27,100 --> 04:09:30,500
Women's dresses had sleeves that
covered the arms, completely 

4694
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:34,200
skirts that touched the ground 
necklines that barely showed the

4695
04:09:34,208 --> 04:09:36,900
collarbone, the amount of Skin 
showing in proper. 

4696
04:09:36,900 --> 04:09:39,700
Victorian dress was roughly 
equivalent to what you might see

4697
04:09:39,700 --> 04:09:42,700
in a modern business meeting 
except with more Fabric and 

4698
04:09:42,708 --> 04:09:45,500
better posture but the 
victorians also invented the 

4699
04:09:45,500 --> 04:09:48,100
concept of specialized clothing 
for specific activities. 

4700
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:52,300
Before this period, you 
basically had every day clothes 

4701
04:09:52,300 --> 04:09:55,700
and fancy clothes the victorians
created riding habits for 

4702
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:58,900
horseback riding walking 
dresses, for afternoon strolls 

4703
04:09:58,900 --> 04:10:02,600
Teague, gowns for informal, 
entertaining, and ball gowns for

4704
04:10:02,600 --> 04:10:05,400
formal occasions. 
They essentially invented the 

4705
04:10:05,400 --> 04:10:07,800
modern concept of having 
different outfits for different 

4706
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:10,800
parts of your life. 
The Industrial Revolution made 

4707
04:10:10,800 --> 04:10:14,900
all of this possible by creating
new Fabrics, new dies and new 

4708
04:10:14,900 --> 04:10:18,300
manufacturing techniques. 
Anneline dies, produced colors 

4709
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:20,800
that were brighter and more 
stable than anything previously 

4710
04:10:20,800 --> 04:10:23,800
available. 
Sewing machine invented in the 

4711
04:10:23,808 --> 04:10:26,800
1840s revolutionized garment 
construction. 

4712
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:29,800
Ready to wear clothing? 
Began to appear in stores, 

4713
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:31,900
though? 
It was still considered inferior

4714
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:34,700
to custom-made garments 
Children's Fashion, during the 

4715
04:10:34,700 --> 04:10:37,400
Victorian era, deserve, special 
mention, because it was 

4716
04:10:37,400 --> 04:10:40,100
particularly elaborate and often
fairly impractical. 

4717
04:10:40,100 --> 04:10:43,400
Victorian children were 
essentially dressed as mixture. 

4718
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:46,400
Adults complete with all the 
restrictive undergarments, and 

4719
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,600
complex layering systems little 
girls will corsets. 

4720
04:10:49,600 --> 04:10:53,000
Little boys, were elaborate 
suits with knee breeches, and 

4721
04:10:53,000 --> 04:10:55,200
everyone wore clothing. 
That would make modern parents 

4722
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:58,200
weep at the laundry. 
Implications, the Victorian era 

4723
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:00,200
gave us the concept of mourning 
dress. 

4724
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:03,200
Elaborate rules about what to 
wear and for how long after 

4725
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:06,200
someone died. 
Queen Victoria herself after the

4726
04:11:06,200 --> 04:11:09,800
death of Prince Albert, 1861 
warning dress for the rest of 

4727
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:11,900
her life, which was another 40 
years. 

4728
04:11:11,900 --> 04:11:14,500
The fashion industry, 
essentially created a whole 

4729
04:11:14,508 --> 04:11:17,900
subcategory of clothing for 
grief, complete with degrees of 

4730
04:11:17,900 --> 04:11:19,700
mourning. 
That determined how much black 

4731
04:11:19,700 --> 04:11:21,800
you had to wear. 
And when you could start adding 

4732
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:23,300
other Colors back into your 
wardrobe. 

4733
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:26,500
By the end of the Victorian era,
fashion had reached a level of 

4734
04:11:26,508 --> 04:11:28,300
complexity that was becoming 
unsustainable. 

4735
04:11:29,300 --> 04:11:32,600
Getting dressed took hours 
maintaining a proper wardrobe 

4736
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:36,000
required significant staff. 
The physical restrictions of the

4737
04:11:36,000 --> 04:11:38,400
clothing were beginning to 
conflict with new ideas about 

4738
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:42,000
women's roles and activities. 
The stage was set for a fashion 

4739
04:11:42,000 --> 04:11:44,600
Revolution, that would sweep 
away, much of this elaborate 

4740
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:47,600
system, and replace it with 
something more practical more, 

4741
04:11:47,600 --> 04:11:50,700
modern and significantly easier 
to put on in the morning. 

4742
04:11:50,700 --> 04:11:53,800
But before that happened, the 
Victorian era gave us some of 

4743
04:11:53,808 --> 04:11:56,300
Fashion's most memorable and 
most photographed moments. 

4744
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:58,900
Even if many of those 
photographs required, the 

4745
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:03,100
subjects to stand very still for
very long periods of time as the

4746
04:12:03,100 --> 04:12:06,100
19th century, Drew to a close 
and the 20th century began. 

4747
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:09,600
Fashion, underwent, one of its 
most dramatic Transformations. 

4748
04:12:09,600 --> 04:12:13,000
It was as if the entire industry
looked at Victoria and clothing 

4749
04:12:13,000 --> 04:12:16,500
and collectively asked, but what
if we could actually move while 

4750
04:12:16,500 --> 04:12:20,200
wearing our clothes? 
The changes began gradually in 

4751
04:12:20,200 --> 04:12:22,700
the 1890s with what was called, 
the new woman movement. 

4752
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:25,000
These were women who wanted to 
ride bicycles. 

4753
04:12:25,000 --> 04:12:28,500
Play tennis work outside the 
home, and generally participate,

4754
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:31,200
in life without requiring 
architectural, support garments,

4755
04:12:31,200 --> 04:12:34,600
the fashion industry, sensing an
opportunity began, creating 

4756
04:12:34,600 --> 04:12:37,100
clothes that acknowledged that 
women might want to use their 

4757
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:39,400
bodies for something other than 
standing gracefully. 

4758
04:12:39,400 --> 04:12:42,400
And parlors the s-curve corset 
became popular in the early 

4759
04:12:42,400 --> 04:12:46,100
1900s which created a silhouette
that thrust, the chest forward 

4760
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:49,000
and the hips back while this 
might not sound like progress, 

4761
04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:52,000
it actually represented a move 
away from the Titleist 

4762
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:55,700
restriction of the Victorian era
it was like Fashion's version of

4763
04:12:55,708 --> 04:12:58,000
glass nosed. 
The gradual loosening of 

4764
04:12:58,008 --> 04:13:01,500
restrictions Paul Poirier. 
A French designer became the 

4765
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,800
revolutionary leader of fashion 
Liberation in 1906. 

4766
04:13:04,800 --> 04:13:08,200
He introduced designs that 
completely eliminated the corset

4767
04:13:08,200 --> 04:13:10,200
replacing. 
The structured, Victorian 

4768
04:13:10,200 --> 04:13:12,900
silhouette with flowing column 
and addresses and fired by 

4769
04:13:12,900 --> 04:13:15,800
anciently Orient. 
It was as if he took a pair of 

4770
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,100
scissors to 100 Years of fashion
tradition and said Let's start 

4771
04:13:19,100 --> 04:13:22,900
over quarries, designs were 
Radical for their time, high 

4772
04:13:22,900 --> 04:13:25,400
waist lines, narrow, skirts, and
no corsets. 

4773
04:13:25,400 --> 04:13:28,800
Women could actually breathe 
while wearing them, which was a 

4774
04:13:28,800 --> 04:13:30,400
refreshing change from Victorian
dress. 

4775
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:34,500
His Oriental inspired designs 
with their Rich colors and 

4776
04:13:34,508 --> 04:13:38,300
exotic patterns introduced 
European women to a completely 

4777
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:42,100
different aesthetic philosophy. 
The hobble skirt, one of priors 

4778
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:45,200
most famous Innovations was both
liberating and restricting at 

4779
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:48,300
the same time while it freed 
women from corsets and 

4780
04:13:48,300 --> 04:13:50,600
crinolines. 
It was so narrow at the ankles 

4781
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:52,900
that walking required. 
Small, careful steps. 

4782
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:55,600
It was like trading one set of 
restrictions for another. 

4783
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:58,000
But at least the new 
restrictions didn't require 

4784
04:13:58,000 --> 04:14:01,900
Structural Engineering. 
World War One accelerated, these

4785
04:14:01,900 --> 04:14:05,300
fashion changes dramatically 
with men away at War and women 

4786
04:14:05,300 --> 04:14:07,400
entering the workforce. 
In unprecedented numbers. 

4787
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:10,800
Practical clothing became a 
necessity rather than a choice. 

4788
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:14,100
The elaborate time-consuming 
dress of the pre-war period was 

4789
04:14:14,100 --> 04:14:17,300
simply incompatible with working
in factories driving, 

4790
04:14:17,300 --> 04:14:20,900
ambulance's, or managing 
businesses, hemline began to 

4791
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:24,600
rise first, just enough to show 
the ankle then gradually higher.

4792
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:27,600
This might seem like a small 
change, but it was 

4793
04:14:27,608 --> 04:14:30,600
revolutionary. 
For the first time in Western 

4794
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:32,900
fashion. 
Since ancient Greece, women's 

4795
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:36,800
legs became visible in public. 
It was a seismic shift in social

4796
04:14:36,800 --> 04:14:39,000
norms disguised as a fashion 
trend. 

4797
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:41,700
The war also changed men's 
fashion though. 

4798
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:44,900
More subtly military uniforms 
influenced civilian clothing 

4799
04:14:44,900 --> 04:14:47,600
making men's suits more 
structured and functional. 

4800
04:14:47,600 --> 04:14:50,700
The three-piece suit became 
standardized during this period 

4801
04:14:50,700 --> 04:14:53,400
establishing a template for 
men's business dress. 

4802
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:56,900
That would last for decades hair
became shorter and simpler. 

4803
04:14:56,900 --> 04:15:00,200
The elaborate hairstyles of the 
Victorian era which required 

4804
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:03,300
hours of Maintenance and 
multiple hair pieces were placed

4805
04:15:03,300 --> 04:15:06,500
by more manageable Styles. 
This was partly practical. 

4806
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:09,100
Shorter hair was easier to 
maintain while working in 

4807
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,200
factories or hospitals, but it 
was also symbolic of women's 

4808
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:15,300
changing roles in society. 
The introduction of new 

4809
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:18,600
synthetic fabrics during this 
period, also revolutionized, 

4810
04:15:18,600 --> 04:15:21,700
what people could wear. 
On the first commercial 

4811
04:15:21,700 --> 04:15:25,300
successful, synthetic fiber was 
developed in the early 1900s 

4812
04:15:25,300 --> 04:15:29,300
while it wasn't perfectly rayon.
Had a tendency to shrink 

4813
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:32,100
dramatically when washed it. 
Offered an affordable 

4814
04:15:32,100 --> 04:15:35,300
alternative to Silk and opened 
up new possibilities for garment

4815
04:15:35,300 --> 04:15:39,300
design by 1910 fashion magazines
were already predicting that. 

4816
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:41,300
The new century would bring 
clothing that was more 

4817
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:44,500
practical, more comfortable, 
more suited to active 

4818
04:15:44,500 --> 04:15:46,900
Lifestyles. 
They had no idea how, right? 

4819
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:50,400
They were or how dramatically 
the next decade would accelerate

4820
04:15:50,400 --> 04:15:53,700
these changes. 
The period just before World War

4821
04:15:53,700 --> 04:15:56,300
One represented, a fascinating 
transition moment. 

4822
04:15:56,300 --> 04:15:59,200
In fashion history, you could 
see both the Old and the new 

4823
04:15:59,200 --> 04:16:02,900
existing simultaneously 
elaborate Edwardian gowns 

4824
04:16:02,900 --> 04:16:06,600
sharing space with Paris, 
revolutionary designs, corseted 

4825
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:09,400
ladies, walking alongside the 
first women to embrace the new 

4826
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:12,200
natural silhouette. 
It was like watching fashion, 

4827
04:16:12,200 --> 04:16:16,200
hold its breath, before taking a
giant leap into modernity, the 

4828
04:16:16,200 --> 04:16:17,900
restrictive. 
Elaborate clothing of the past 

4829
04:16:17,900 --> 04:16:21,500
was still beautiful, still 
masterfully crafted, but it was 

4830
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:24,400
beginning to look like a museum 
piece even as people were still 

4831
04:16:24,400 --> 04:16:27,200
wearing it. 
If the 1910s were about gradual 

4832
04:16:27,200 --> 04:16:30,800
Liberation, the 1920s were about
fashion, doing the Charleston 

4833
04:16:30,800 --> 04:16:34,400
while wearing a headband and 
shouting Freedom at the Pivot's 

4834
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:36,400
lungs. 
The decade didn't just change 

4835
04:16:36,400 --> 04:16:39,700
what people wore, it, completely
revolutionized, the relationship

4836
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:43,800
between clothing and identity. 
The flapper dress was the decade

4837
04:16:43,800 --> 04:16:46,700
signature achievement and it was
basically everything. 

4838
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:50,900
Victorian clothing wasn't short 
straight and shockingly simple, 

4839
04:16:50,900 --> 04:16:54,000
it hung Loosely from the 
shoulders and ended daringly at 

4840
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:57,108
the knee, or even higher. 
Victorian ladies would have 

4841
04:16:57,116 --> 04:16:59,800
needed smelling salts, just 
looking at it which was 

4842
04:16:59,800 --> 04:17:02,700
precisely the point. 
What made the flapper dress, so 

4843
04:17:02,700 --> 04:17:05,800
revolutionary wasn't just how it
looked but what it allowed women

4844
04:17:05,800 --> 04:17:09,900
to do, you could dance in it 
really dance with energetic, 

4845
04:17:09,900 --> 04:17:13,000
movements and Spins. 
You could drive a car without 

4846
04:17:13,000 --> 04:17:14,500
your skirt, getting caught in 
the door. 

4847
04:17:14,500 --> 04:17:16,400
You could cross your legs, while
sitting. 

4848
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:20,000
These might seem like small 
freedoms but they represented a 

4849
04:17:20,008 --> 04:17:22,500
complete transformation in how 
women could move through the 

4850
04:17:22,500 --> 04:17:25,200
world. 
The dropped waist line of 1920s,

4851
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:27,200
dresses, created, a completely 
new silhouette. 

4852
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:29,900
The deemphasized, the female 
form in ways that would have 

4853
04:17:29,908 --> 04:17:33,200
shocked previous generations 
were, Victorian fashion had been

4854
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:35,500
obsessed with creating an 
exaggerated hourglass. 

4855
04:17:35,500 --> 04:17:39,700
Figure 1920s fashion, 
celebrated, a more boyish 

4856
04:17:39,700 --> 04:17:42,300
androgynous. 
Look It was as if fashioned 

4857
04:17:42,300 --> 04:17:44,800
decided that women's bodies 
didn't need to be architectural 

4858
04:17:44,800 --> 04:17:47,200
projects. 
After all hair, got even shorter

4859
04:17:47,200 --> 04:17:50,400
with the Bobcat, which calls 
genuine social controversy. 

4860
04:17:50,400 --> 04:17:53,800
Women were literally receiving 
death threats for cutting their 

4861
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:57,200
hair short. 
And imagine that getting violent

4862
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:00,400
male because of your hair cut, 
but the Bob was more than just a

4863
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:02,200
hairstyle. 
It was a declaration of 

4864
04:18:02,208 --> 04:18:04,900
independence from the 
time-consuming beauty, routines,

4865
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:07,900
that had kept women Tethered to 
their vanity tables for hours 

4866
04:18:07,900 --> 04:18:10,700
each day. 
Men's fashion during the 1920s 

4867
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:14,000
became more relaxed and varied 
though, it was still more formal

4868
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:15,500
than what we considered a normal
today. 

4869
04:18:16,500 --> 04:18:19,500
The three piece suit remained 
standard, but new fabrics and 

4870
04:18:19,500 --> 04:18:22,700
cuts made it more comfortable 
and practical plus Force for 

4871
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:25,800
golf sweater vests for casual 
wear, and the introduction of 

4872
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,300
sportswear began to give men 
more options for different 

4873
04:18:28,300 --> 04:18:31,600
occasions. 
The 1920s, also saw the rise of 

4874
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:35,200
ready-to-wear fashion becoming 
truly mainstream department 

4875
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:38,300
stores expanded their clothing 
sections and for the first time 

4876
04:18:38,300 --> 04:18:40,800
middle-class people could buy 
fashionable clothing off the 

4877
04:18:40,808 --> 04:18:43,300
rack rather than having 
everything custom made. 

4878
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:46,400
It was the democratization of 
fashion though. 

4879
04:18:46,400 --> 04:18:49,000
The truly wealthy still 
preferred, their bespoke tailors

4880
04:18:49,000 --> 04:18:52,600
cocoa Chanel emerged as one of 
the Decades most influential 

4881
04:18:52,600 --> 04:18:55,400
designers and her philosophy was
revolutionary. 

4882
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:59,400
Fashion should be comfortable 
practical and elegant all at the

4883
04:18:59,400 --> 04:19:03,800
same time, she introduced the 
concept of casual Chic, the idea

4884
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:05,600
that you could look 
sophisticated while wearing 

4885
04:19:05,600 --> 04:19:09,500
simple well-cut clothing, a 
little black dress introduced in

4886
04:19:09,508 --> 04:19:12,300
1926 was like Fashion's version 
of the Model. 

4887
04:19:12,300 --> 04:19:16,200
T Ford simple, elegant. 
And versatile enough to be 

4888
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:17,700
appropriate for almost any 
occasion. 

4889
04:19:18,900 --> 04:19:22,100
Chanel also, liberated women 
from the tyranny of decorative 

4890
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:24,400
accessories. 
Where Victorian fashion had 

4891
04:19:24,400 --> 04:19:26,800
required. 
Elaborate jewelry hair ornaments

4892
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:30,400
and trim Chanel's designs were 
based on the radical idea that 

4893
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:33,900
sometimes less really was more. 
She made Simplicity 

4894
04:19:33,900 --> 04:19:37,200
sophisticated, which was perhaps
the decades greatest fashion 

4895
04:19:37,200 --> 04:19:39,800
Innovation. 
The influence of jazz music on 

4896
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:41,300
fashion. 
Can't be overstated. 

4897
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:44,800
The energetic improvisational 
nature of jazz translated 

4898
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:46,900
directly into clothing that 
moved with the body. 

4899
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:51,000
Sparkled under dance hall lights
and celebrated individual 

4900
04:19:51,000 --> 04:19:54,500
expression, over Conformity. 
Fashion became performative in a

4901
04:19:54,508 --> 04:19:57,400
completely new way. 
Clothes were designed to look 

4902
04:19:57,400 --> 04:20:01,400
good in motion, not just 
informal portraits evening, wear

4903
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:04,800
during the 1920s was 
particularly spectacular beaded 

4904
04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:07,800
dresses, that caught and 
reflected light Fringe that 

4905
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:10,700
moved with every step and 
metallic Fabrics. 

4906
04:20:10,700 --> 04:20:12,900
That turned the wearer into a 
walking disco ball. 

4907
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:15,500
It was fashioned designed for 
artificial lighting and 

4908
04:20:15,500 --> 04:20:18,500
energetic dancing. 
The first truly modern party 

4909
04:20:18,500 --> 04:20:21,500
clothes. 
The decade the concept of 

4910
04:20:21,500 --> 04:20:23,200
fashion Seasons. 
As we know them today. 

4911
04:20:23,200 --> 04:20:26,500
Magazine's began showing spring 
Collections and fall 

4912
04:20:26,500 --> 04:20:28,700
Collections. 
And the idea that your wardrobe 

4913
04:20:28,700 --> 04:20:31,400
should change with the calendar 
came in trenched. 

4914
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:34,300
It was the beginning of planned,
obsolescence and fashion. 

4915
04:20:34,300 --> 04:20:37,600
The idea that last season's 
clothes Were Somehow inadequate 

4916
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:42,300
for this season's activities. 
By the end of the 1920s, fashion

4917
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:45,600
had been completely transformed.
The elaborate restrictive 

4918
04:20:45,600 --> 04:20:48,400
clothing of the Victorian era, 
looked as foreign as medieval 

4919
04:20:48,400 --> 04:20:51,200
armor Women had gained the 
freedom to move. 

4920
04:20:51,200 --> 04:20:54,600
Dance work and play in ways that
their grandmothers never could 

4921
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:57,000
have imagined. 
But the party couldn't last 

4922
04:20:57,000 --> 04:20:59,600
forever. 
The stock market crash of 1929 

4923
04:20:59,600 --> 04:21:03,700
was about to change everything. 
Including what people wore and 

4924
04:21:03,700 --> 04:21:07,300
how they thought about fashion 
The Carefree extravagance of the

4925
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:11,300
1920s was about to run headlong 
into the Practical realities of 

4926
04:21:11,300 --> 04:21:13,900
economic depression. 
The Great Depression hit 

4927
04:21:13,900 --> 04:21:16,500
fashion, like a bucket of cold 
water thrown on a very 

4928
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:19,800
fashionable party. 
Suddenly the Carefree 

4929
04:21:19,800 --> 04:21:23,500
extravagant of the 1920s, seemed
not just outdated, but almost 

4930
04:21:23,500 --> 04:21:26,700
offensive, the new motto became 
make it last. 

4931
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,100
Make it count and make it work 
for everything. 

4932
04:21:29,100 --> 04:21:32,900
The 1930s are shared in what we 
might call Elegant practicality.

4933
04:21:33,700 --> 04:21:35,200
Designers had to create 
clothing. 

4934
04:21:35,200 --> 04:21:37,700
That was beautiful enough to 
maintain morale during difficult

4935
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:40,800
times but practical enough to be
worn for years without 

4936
04:21:40,800 --> 04:21:43,000
replacement. 
It was like, solving a very 

4937
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:45,900
sophisticated math problem, 
where the variables were styled 

4938
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:49,700
durability and budget, Henley's 
dropped back down to mid calf, 

4939
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:52,900
partly for modesty, but mostly 
because longer skirts, meant 

4940
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:55,500
more fabric, which meant the 
Garment would last longer and 

4941
04:21:55,500 --> 04:21:58,600
provide better value the 
silhouette became more fitted 

4942
04:21:58,600 --> 04:22:01,000
and feminine again. 
But in a sleeker more 

4943
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:04,200
streamlined way than the 
Victorian era, it was as if 

4944
04:22:04,208 --> 04:22:06,500
fashion had learned to be 
curvaceous without being 

4945
04:22:06,500 --> 04:22:08,700
cumbersome. 
The bias cut became the 

4946
04:22:08,700 --> 04:22:10,200
signature technique of the 
decade. 

4947
04:22:10,200 --> 04:22:14,200
Thanks largely to design a 
Madeline on a cutting fabric, on

4948
04:22:14,200 --> 04:22:17,100
the bias and 45 degree angle to 
the grain. 

4949
04:22:17,100 --> 04:22:20,300
Created garments that draped 
beautifully and moved with the 

4950
04:22:20,300 --> 04:22:23,700
body using the Fabrics natural 
stretch rather than fighting 

4951
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:25,900
against it. 
It was an ingenious solution 

4952
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:28,600
that created elegant figure, 
flattering clothes without 

4953
04:22:28,600 --> 04:22:30,800
requiring, elaborate 
construction or expensive, 

4954
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:33,600
materials Hollywood became a 
major influence on. 

4955
04:22:33,900 --> 04:22:37,300
During this period partly 
because movies provided an 

4956
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:40,700
escape from economic hardship, 
but also because film stars have

4957
04:22:40,700 --> 04:22:43,100
the resources to wear beautiful 
clothes where most people 

4958
04:22:43,100 --> 04:22:46,300
couldn't afford them magazines, 
featured pages of Hollywood 

4959
04:22:46,300 --> 04:22:49,500
style on a depression budget 
showing readers how to achieve 

4960
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:51,800
movie star glamour with 
Ingenuity and Thrift. 

4961
04:22:51,800 --> 04:22:56,600
The concept of separates became 
popular during the 1930s blouses

4962
04:22:56,600 --> 04:22:59,300
skirts and jackets that could be
mixed and matched to create 

4963
04:22:59,308 --> 04:23:00,900
different outfits from fewer 
pieces. 

4964
04:23:00,900 --> 04:23:04,600
It was the beginning of the 
modern concept of a wardrobe as 

4965
04:23:04,600 --> 04:23:07,300
a coordinated system, rather 
than a collection of individual 

4966
04:23:07,300 --> 04:23:11,000
dresses, you could buy one skirt
and three blouses and suddenly 

4967
04:23:11,000 --> 04:23:13,800
have multiple outfits, which was
revolutionary for people on 

4968
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:16,700
tight budgets. 
They were became more casual and

4969
04:23:16,700 --> 04:23:20,600
practical Shirley dresses, 
essentially button up shirts, 

4970
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:24,000
extended in to dress length 
became a staple because they 

4971
04:23:24,000 --> 04:23:27,100
were comfortable easy to 
launcher and appropriate for 

4972
04:23:27,100 --> 04:23:29,100
both work and Casual social 
occasions. 

4973
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:32,300
It was clothing designed for 
real life, rather than for 

4974
04:23:32,300 --> 04:23:35,700
making fashion statements. 
Then came World War 2 and 

4975
04:23:35,700 --> 04:23:37,700
fashioned face challenges that 
made the depression. 

4976
04:23:37,700 --> 04:23:39,500
Look like a minor budget 
adjustment. 

4977
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:43,700
Rationing affected everything 
fabric leather metal for buttons

4978
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:47,500
and zippers even elastic. the 
fashion industry had to 

4979
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:50,300
completely reimagine, what 
clothing could be when you 

4980
04:23:50,300 --> 04:23:53,300
couldn't get the materials, you 
needed the utility clothing 

4981
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:56,000
program in Britain and similar 
initiatives, and other countries

4982
04:23:56,000 --> 04:23:59,700
created standardized designs 
that used a minimal materials, 

4983
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:02,800
while still being attractive and
functional, it was fashioned by 

4984
04:24:02,808 --> 04:24:06,600
committee designed by government
regulations, but somehow, it 

4985
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:10,300
worked Clothes were simple 
well-cut and practical. 

4986
04:24:10,300 --> 04:24:14,400
The fashion equivalent of 
wartime efficiency Hemmings rose

4987
04:24:14,400 --> 04:24:17,500
again during the war, but this 
time it wasn't about Freedom or 

4988
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:19,400
Rebellion. 
It was about fabric 

4989
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:22,700
conservation. 
Every inch of fabric saved was 

4990
04:24:22,700 --> 04:24:26,000
fabric, that could be used for 
military purposes, women skirts,

4991
04:24:26,000 --> 04:24:29,600
became shorter and narrower not 
as a fashion statement but as a 

4992
04:24:29,600 --> 04:24:33,800
patriotic Duty the make do and 
Men philosophy became a virtue 

4993
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:36,400
rather than a necessity fashion 
magazines. 

4994
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,700
Published articles on how to 
refresh clothes, how to make 

4995
04:24:39,700 --> 04:24:42,500
children clothes from adult 
garments that were too warn to 

4996
04:24:42,500 --> 04:24:45,100
repair and how to create 
accessories from household 

4997
04:24:45,100 --> 04:24:48,700
items, creativity became more 
valuable than money and fashion,

4998
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:50,400
for perps the first time in 
history. 

4999
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:54,400
Women entering the workforce in 
unprecedented numbers needed 

5000
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:56,300
clothes. 
That could handle factory work 

5001
04:24:56,300 --> 04:24:58,900
driving trucks and operating 
Machinery. 

5002
04:24:58,900 --> 04:25:02,000
This led to the widespread 
adoption of trousers for women, 

5003
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,700
not as a fashion choice, but as 
a practical necessity Rosie, the

5004
04:25:05,700 --> 04:25:09,300
riveters uniform of practical 
pants and sensible shirts became

5005
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:11,600
an icon. 
Not just a women's capabilities,

5006
04:25:11,600 --> 04:25:14,900
but a Fashions ability to adapt 
to changing social needs. 

5007
04:25:15,700 --> 04:25:18,500
Men's fashion was similarly 
affected by wartime needs. 

5008
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:21,500
Civilian. 
Suits were simplified no trials 

5009
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,500
are cuffs fewer Pockets narrower
lapels to conserve fabric. 

5010
04:25:25,400 --> 04:25:29,300
The victory suit became a symbol
of patriotic sacrifice proving 

5011
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:31,900
that even fashion could 
contribute to the war effort. 

5012
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:34,800
But perhaps the most important 
development of this period was 

5013
04:25:34,800 --> 04:25:36,800
the cycle role that fashion 
played. 

5014
04:25:37,500 --> 04:25:40,200
During the darkest times of 
economic depression and global 

5015
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:42,300
war. 
People still cared about looking

5016
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:46,300
good fashion, became a form of 
resistance against despair, a 

5017
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:48,800
way of maintaining dignity and 
hope when everything else was 

5018
04:25:48,800 --> 04:25:52,300
falling apart. 
The period saw the rise of 

5019
04:25:52,300 --> 04:25:55,200
American fashion as a force in 
dependent of European influence 

5020
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:58,500
with Paris under German 
occupation, and American 

5021
04:25:58,500 --> 04:26:01,100
designers had to develop their 
own aesthetic rather than 

5022
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:04,200
copying French Couture. 
This led to a distinctly 

5023
04:26:04,200 --> 04:26:07,800
American style that was more 
practical, more casual more 

5024
04:26:07,800 --> 04:26:10,800
democratic than traditional, 
European fashion by the 

5025
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:14,900
mid-1940s fashion had been 
tested by economic catastrophe 

5026
04:26:14,900 --> 04:26:17,800
and global war. 
And it survived by becoming more

5027
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:21,500
practical, more creative and 
more attuned to real people's 

5028
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:23,500
needs. 
The stage was set for the 

5029
04:26:23,500 --> 04:26:27,100
postwar fashion explosion that 
Celebrate both the return of 

5030
04:26:27,100 --> 04:26:30,900
prosperity and the lessons 
learned during the lean years in

5031
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:33,700
1947. 
After years of fabric rationing 

5032
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:37,500
utility clothing and making do 
with less Christian Dior 

5033
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:41,100
unveiled, his new look and 
fashion essentially fainted from

5034
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:43,600
sheer relief here. 
Finally was clothing, that 

5035
04:26:43,600 --> 04:26:46,700
celebrated abundance femininity 
and the return of peacetime 

5036
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:48,900
Prosperity. 
The new look was everything 

5037
04:26:48,900 --> 04:26:52,400
wartime fashion wasn't. 
Full skirts that used yards and 

5038
04:26:52,408 --> 04:26:55,400
yards of fabric tiny cinched 
waists that required 

5039
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:57,800
foundational undergarments and a
silhouette. 

5040
04:26:57,800 --> 04:26:59,900
That was unabashedly feminine 
and decorative. 

5041
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:03,100
There was like fashion had been 
holding its breath for six years

5042
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:05,900
and finally exhaled in a whoosh 
of silken. 

5043
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:09,900
The reaction was immediate and 
intense women who had spent 

5044
04:27:09,900 --> 04:27:13,500
years in Practical, simplified 
clothing fell in love with the 

5045
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:16,900
Romantic feminine of duels 
designs but there was also 

5046
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:20,800
controversy critics argued that 
the new look was a step backward

5047
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:23,400
for women's Liberation. 
Forcing them back into 

5048
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:26,400
restrictive impractical 
clothing, just when they had 

5049
04:27:26,400 --> 04:27:27,700
proven. 
They could do anything. 

5050
04:27:27,700 --> 04:27:30,700
Men could do, but the new looks 
succeeded, because it wasn't 

5051
04:27:30,700 --> 04:27:33,600
really about going backward. 
It was about having choices 

5052
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,600
again, after years of being told
what they couldn't wear due to 

5053
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:39,200
rationing and wartime 
restrictions, women could choose

5054
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:42,800
to wear full skirts and fitted. 
Bodices, if they wanted to the 

5055
04:27:42,800 --> 04:27:46,500
keyword was choose, the 1950s 
became the decade of the 

5056
04:27:46,500 --> 04:27:49,600
Suburban dream and fashion, 
reflected this new lifestyle 

5057
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:53,200
day, where was Vertical, but 
pretty Shirtwaist dresses. 

5058
04:27:53,200 --> 04:27:56,000
Cardigans and circle skirts that
were perfect for driving to the 

5059
04:27:56,008 --> 04:27:58,700
grocery store. 
Hosting coffee mornings and 

5060
04:27:58,700 --> 04:28:00,400
chasing children around 
backyards. 

5061
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:04,700
It was domestic fashion but 
domestic with style evening 

5062
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:08,800
wear, during the 1950s was Pure 
Fantasy ball gowns with massive 

5063
04:28:08,800 --> 04:28:11,600
skirts that required crinolines 
or even small Hoops. 

5064
04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:15,800
Fitted bodices that showed off 
tiny waists and enough fabric to

5065
04:28:15,800 --> 04:28:18,800
upholster, a sofa. 
It was clothing designed for a 

5066
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:21,200
society that wanted to celebrate
prosperity and femininity. 

5067
04:28:21,200 --> 04:28:24,800
After years of austerity, the 
concept of teenage fashion 

5068
04:28:24,800 --> 04:28:27,500
emerged during this decade 
driven by post-war prosperity. 

5069
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:30,400
And the new phenomenal of 
teenagers have their own 

5070
04:28:30,400 --> 04:28:32,900
spending money. 
For the first time, in fashion 

5071
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:34,600
history. 
Young people have their own 

5072
04:28:34,600 --> 04:28:37,700
distinct style rather than just 
wearing simplified versions of 

5073
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:41,400
adult clothing. 
Poodle skirts, saddle shoes and 

5074
04:28:41,400 --> 04:28:43,500
let us sweaters. 
Became the uniform of American 

5075
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:46,400
Youth men's fashion. 
During the 1950s was 

5076
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:49,200
characterized by what we might 
call confident conformity. 

5077
04:28:50,200 --> 04:28:52,800
The gray flannel suit became the
uniform of the Suburban 

5078
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:55,800
businessman, but it was worn 
with a confidence that reflected

5079
04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:58,400
postwar optimism. 
Casual wear became more 

5080
04:28:58,400 --> 04:29:00,900
important to supper's. 
Created more opportunities for 

5081
04:29:00,900 --> 04:29:04,600
relaxed socializing, barbecues 
lawn parties and family 

5082
04:29:04,600 --> 04:29:06,000
gatherings that required 
clothing. 

5083
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:09,800
That was nice but not formal the
influence of Hollywood continued

5084
04:29:09,800 --> 04:29:12,600
to grow during this period. 
That now it was supplemented by 

5085
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:16,300
the new medium of television. 
Fashion became more immediately 

5086
04:29:16,300 --> 04:29:18,500
accessible. 
As people could see the latest 

5087
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:22,400
Styles every week in their 
living rooms TV stars influenced

5088
04:29:22,400 --> 04:29:24,200
fashion. 
In ways that movie stars, never 

5089
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:26,800
could, because they appeared 
more regularly and seemed more 

5090
04:29:26,800 --> 04:29:30,200
accessible ready to wear fashion
came into its own during the 

5091
04:29:30,200 --> 04:29:33,400
1950s department, stores 
expanded, their fashion 

5092
04:29:33,400 --> 04:29:35,600
offerings, and the quality of 
mass-produced. 

5093
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:37,900
Clothing. 
Improved dramatically for the 

5094
04:29:37,900 --> 04:29:39,800
first time. 
You could buy clothes off the 

5095
04:29:39,800 --> 04:29:42,800
rack that were almost as well 
made as custom garments and 

5096
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:46,400
significantly less expensive. 
The decade also saw the 

5097
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:48,200
beginning of Fashion's 
relationship with technology, 

5098
04:29:48,200 --> 04:29:52,500
new synthetic fabrics like nylon
polyester and acrylic offered 

5099
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:55,600
properties that natural fibers 
could not match wrinkle 

5100
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:57,600
resistance, easy care, and 
durability. 

5101
04:29:57,600 --> 04:30:01,200
The Washington way, garment 
became the Holy Grail of 1950s, 

5102
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:04,100
fashion, promising, busy 
housewives, that they could look

5103
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:06,300
good without spending hours on 
clothing maintenance. 

5104
04:30:07,400 --> 04:30:09,700
Youth church began to challenge 
the adult fashion establishment 

5105
04:30:09,700 --> 04:30:12,400
during this period. 
The grease of style for young 

5106
04:30:12,400 --> 04:30:14,400
men, leather jackets, white 
t-shirts. 

5107
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:17,700
And jeans was specifically 
designed to shock adults and 

5108
04:30:17,700 --> 04:30:19,500
declare independence from their 
values. 

5109
04:30:19,500 --> 04:30:22,700
It was the beginning of fashion 
as generational Rebellion. 

5110
04:30:22,700 --> 04:30:25,700
A theme that would become 
Central to fashion for decades 

5111
04:30:25,700 --> 04:30:29,700
to come By the end of the 1950s 
fashion had established. 

5112
04:30:29,700 --> 04:30:32,800
Many of the patterns that would 
define modern clothing, the 

5113
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:36,600
importance of Youth markets, the
role of celebrity influence, the

5114
04:30:36,600 --> 04:30:40,400
democratization of style through
ready to wear and the constant 

5115
04:30:40,400 --> 04:30:42,700
tension between practicality and
fantasy. 

5116
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:46,000
All of these became permanent 
features of the fashion 

5117
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:49,900
landscape but beneath the 
surface of 1950s Conformity and 

5118
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:53,400
prosperity changes were Brewing.
The Civil Rights Movement was 

5119
04:30:53,400 --> 04:30:56,000
gaining momentum. 
Women were beginning to question

5120
04:30:56,000 --> 04:30:58,700
their prescribed roles. 
Young people were starting to 

5121
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:01,000
challenge authority in ways that
their clothing choices 

5122
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,300
reflected, the stage was set for
the fashion revolution of the 

5123
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:09,600
1960s 1960s didn't just change 
fashion, it grabbed fashioned by

5124
04:31:09,608 --> 04:31:12,500
the shoulders. 
Spun it around three times and 

5125
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:14,200
sent it dancing off in 
Direction's. 

5126
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:18,000
Nobody had ever imagined it was 
the decade when fashion stopped 

5127
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:20,500
being something that happened to
you and became something. 

5128
04:31:20,500 --> 04:31:24,100
You used to express exactly who 
you were or at least who you 

5129
04:31:24,100 --> 04:31:28,200
wanted to be. 
The decade started in enough. 

5130
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,300
Jackie Kennedy became first lady
in 1961. 

5131
04:31:31,300 --> 04:31:34,700
And her elegant, sophisticated 
style set, the tone for early 

5132
04:31:34,700 --> 04:31:39,000
1960s fashion. 
The pillbox hat, A-line, dresses

5133
04:31:39,000 --> 04:31:41,700
and understated. 
Elegance of the Jackie look 

5134
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:45,300
represented, a refined evolution
of 1950 style. 

5135
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:48,200
It was fashioned for grownups 
who wanted to look modern but 

5136
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:51,000
not revolutionary. 
Then came the youth explosion 

5137
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:54,500
the Baby Boomers were reaching 
their teens and twenties, and 

5138
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:57,800
they had money attitudes and 
absolutely no interest in 

5139
04:31:57,800 --> 04:32:01,000
dressing, like, their parents 
Fashions, suddenly had to serve 

5140
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:04,000
two completely different 
markets, the adults, who wanted 

5141
04:32:04,000 --> 04:32:06,800
sophisticated elegance and the 
young people who wanted 

5142
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:10,300
something entirely new Mary 
Quantum London created the mini 

5143
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:13,900
skirt around 1965 and it was 
like dropping a fashion bomb 

5144
04:32:13,900 --> 04:32:15,900
hemline that had been creeping 
up. 

5145
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:18,700
Gradually throughout the early 
1960s, suddenly jumped to 

5146
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:23,100
mid-thigh creating a silhouette 
that was shocking liberating and

5147
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:25,400
completely different from 
anything women had warned 

5148
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:28,008
before. 
It wasn't just shorted, it was a

5149
04:32:28,016 --> 04:32:30,600
completely different philosophy 
of what women's clothing could 

5150
04:32:30,600 --> 04:32:33,200
be. 
The mini skirt represented more 

5151
04:32:33,200 --> 04:32:36,000
than just a fashion Choice. 
It was a declaration of 

5152
04:32:36,000 --> 04:32:38,600
independence. 
Young women were rejecting the 

5153
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:41,800
idea that their clothing should 
be modest practical and approved

5154
04:32:41,800 --> 04:32:44,100
by their Elders. 
They wanted fashion, that was 

5155
04:32:44,100 --> 04:32:47,800
fun, sexy and expressive of 
their own values rather than 

5156
04:32:47,800 --> 04:32:51,000
society's expectations. 
London, became the fashion 

5157
04:32:51,000 --> 04:32:52,700
capital of the world for young 
people. 

5158
04:32:52,700 --> 04:32:57,200
Overtaking Paris for the first 
time in centuries, carnaby 

5159
04:32:57,200 --> 04:32:59,900
Street, and the King's Road 
became pilgrimage destinations 

5160
04:32:59,900 --> 04:33:01,700
for anyone who wanted to be 
fashionable. 

5161
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:06,200
British designers like Mary Kant
Twiggy, who was both model and 

5162
04:33:06,200 --> 04:33:09,400
designer, and later Zandra 
Rhodes created a distinctly 

5163
04:33:09,400 --> 04:33:11,000
British aesthetic. 
That was playful. 

5164
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:14,800
The Reverend and completely 
modern, the shift dress, became 

5165
04:33:14,800 --> 04:33:19,099
the decades signature garment, 
simple straight, and perfect for

5166
04:33:19,099 --> 04:33:21,000
showing off legs in the new 
shorter lengths. 

5167
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:23,000
It was the opposite of the 
fitted. 

5168
04:33:23,000 --> 04:33:27,099
Structured dresses of the 1950s 
where 1950s fashion had 

5169
04:33:27,099 --> 04:33:30,599
emphasized, the waist and hips 
1960s fashion ignored 

5170
04:33:30,599 --> 04:33:33,099
traditional body. 
Shaping altogether in favor of a

5171
04:33:33,099 --> 04:33:36,099
more geometric architectural 
approach mod fashion. 

5172
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:40,000
Brought us geometric patterns, 
bold colors, and a futuristic 

5173
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:42,900
aesthetic that seemed to come 
from another planet apart 

5174
04:33:42,900 --> 04:33:45,900
patterns that created optical 
illusions when the Wareham 

5175
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:49,500
moved, space-age, silver and 
white Colour, schemes and 

5176
04:33:49,500 --> 04:33:51,900
designs that look like they 
belonged in a science fiction 

5177
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:55,300
movie, fashion became 
experimental in ways, it had 

5178
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:58,500
never been before the influence 
of youth culture created 

5179
04:33:58,500 --> 04:34:00,099
entirely new categories of 
clothing. 

5180
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:04,500
The poor boy sweater go. 
Go boots and peasant dresses 

5181
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:07,700
were all designed specifically 
for young people rather than 

5182
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:09,800
being adaptations of adult 
Styles. 

5183
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:12,800
It was the first time in fashion
history that adults started. 

5184
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:15,300
Copying young People's Clothing 
rather than the other way 

5185
04:34:15,300 --> 04:34:18,200
around. 
Men's fashion underwent its own 

5186
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,900
Revolution, during the 1960s, 
the conservative business suit 

5187
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:25,099
remained standard for work, but 
casual wear became much more 

5188
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:28,000
adventurous. 
Peacock, Revolution brought, 

5189
04:34:28,000 --> 04:34:32,000
bright colors, bold patterns and
more fitted Silhouettes to Men's

5190
04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:35,800
Clothing, hair got longer pants,
got Tighter and for the first 

5191
04:34:35,800 --> 04:34:39,400
time since the 18th Century 
men's fashion became unabashedly

5192
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:42,200
decorative. 
The hippie movement that emerged

5193
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:45,300
in the mid to late 1960s, 
brought yet another fashion 

5194
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:49,000
Revolution, where mod fashion 
had been about the future hippie

5195
04:34:49,000 --> 04:34:51,900
fashion, looked to the past and 
other cultures for inspiration, 

5196
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:56,400
Indian Prince peasant, dresses 
Fringe, embroidery and natural 

5197
04:34:56,400 --> 04:34:58,500
Fabrics. 
Created a Bohemian aesthetic 

5198
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:01,700
that rejected both mainstream 
fashion and the space age 

5199
04:35:01,700 --> 04:35:05,000
futurism of mod style. 
Hippie fashion also introduced 

5200
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:08,000
the concept of vintage and 
second-hand clothing, as fashion

5201
04:35:08,000 --> 04:35:11,300
choices rather than economic 
Necessities shopping at thrift 

5202
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:13,099
stores and wearing. 
Your grandmother's clothes 

5203
04:35:13,099 --> 04:35:16,200
became ways of rejecting 
consumer culture, while creating

5204
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:19,200
individual style. 
It was fashion as philosophy, 

5205
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:22,400
not just appearance. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

5206
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,700
fashion as political statement, 
the miniskirt was feminist for 

5207
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:27,800
some women and anti-feminist for
others. 

5208
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:31,700
Long hair on men was a rejection
of military and corporate values

5209
04:35:31,700 --> 04:35:35,099
to shiki's an afros became 
expressions of black pride, and 

5210
04:35:35,099 --> 04:35:38,000
cultural identity. 
What you wore became a way of 

5211
04:35:38,000 --> 04:35:41,800
announcing your politics to the 
world unisex fashion, emerged as

5212
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:44,800
gender roles began to be 
questioned the same jeans 

5213
04:35:44,800 --> 04:35:47,500
t-shirts and work shirts. 
Could be worn by men or women 

5214
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:50,500
creating a shared fashion 
vocabulary that had never 

5215
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:52,900
existed before. 
It was the beginning of the 

5216
04:35:52,900 --> 04:35:55,700
breakdown of strict, gender 
distinctions in clothing that 

5217
04:35:55,700 --> 04:36:00,200
continues today by 1970 fashion 
had been completely transformed.

5218
04:36:00,200 --> 04:36:03,400
The idea that there was one 
correct way to dress for your 

5219
04:36:03,400 --> 04:36:05,200
age class and gender had been 
shattered. 

5220
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:09,000
Personal expression had become 
more important than social 

5221
04:36:09,000 --> 04:36:11,800
Conformity. 
Fashion had become Democratic 

5222
04:36:11,800 --> 04:36:14,800
diverse, and individual in ways 
that would have been impossible.

5223
04:36:14,800 --> 04:36:18,800
Just 10 years earlier, If the 
1960s had been about breaking 

5224
04:36:18,800 --> 04:36:23,000
the rules, the 1970s were about 
celebrating the fact that there 

5225
04:36:23,000 --> 04:36:25,500
were no rules left to break 
fashion entered. 

5226
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:29,599
Its most experimental diverse. 
And frankly, weird decade where 

5227
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:32,900
you could dress like a Victorian
Gothic romantic the disco 

5228
04:36:32,900 --> 04:36:35,500
dancing queen or a back to the 
land hippie. 

5229
04:36:35,500 --> 04:36:37,700
And all three looks were equally
fashionable. 

5230
04:36:37,700 --> 04:36:41,700
The decade started with hippie 
fashion, still going strong, but

5231
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:44,200
it quickly evolved into 
something more sophisticated and

5232
04:36:44,200 --> 04:36:46,500
wearable. 
The peasant dress became the 

5233
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:50,500
maxi dress flowing and romantic 
but made in beautiful fabrics 

5234
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:52,900
and elegant cuts. 
It was hippie philosophy, 

5235
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:57,000
dressed up for dinner parties, 
Bohemian style during the 1970s 

5236
04:36:57,000 --> 04:37:00,400
wasn't just about rejecting 
mainstream fashion, it was about

5237
04:37:00,400 --> 04:37:04,300
creating an entirely alternative
aesthetic flowing, Fabrics 

5238
04:37:04,300 --> 04:37:07,500
earthtones. 
Natural fibers and handcrafted 

5239
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:09,500
details. 
Created a look that celebrated 

5240
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:11,800
individuality and artistic 
Sensibility. 

5241
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:15,500
It was fashioned for people who 
saw themselves as creative, 

5242
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:19,599
Souls rather than consumers. 
But the 1970s also gave us disco

5243
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:24,800
fashion, which was Bohemians 
glittery, party-loving Metallics

5244
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:28,700
sequins tight pants and shirts 
with enormous collars. 

5245
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:31,700
Created a look, that was 
specifically designed for 

5246
04:37:31,700 --> 04:37:34,900
dancing under flashing lights, 
disco fashion was about 

5247
04:37:34,900 --> 04:37:37,800
transformation. 
Putting on your sparkly clothes 

5248
04:37:37,800 --> 04:37:41,099
and becoming someone more 
glamorous, more exciting more 

5249
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:43,900
alive. 
The decade Silhouettes were 

5250
04:37:43,900 --> 04:37:45,400
revolutionary in their 
diversity. 

5251
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:47,500
You could wear a flowing maxi 
dress. 

5252
04:37:47,500 --> 04:37:49,900
That covered you from neck to 
ankle or short. 

5253
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:53,700
So short, they were barely there
or anything in between fashion 

5254
04:37:53,700 --> 04:37:56,200
had finally accepted that 
different people wanted to show 

5255
04:37:56,200 --> 04:37:58,700
different amounts of skin and 
that was perfectly fine. 

5256
04:37:59,500 --> 04:38:02,000
Platform shoes became the 
decades, most distinctive 

5257
04:38:02,000 --> 04:38:04,599
accessory and they were 
essentially architectural for 

5258
04:38:04,599 --> 04:38:07,000
your feet. 
Some platforms were six inches 

5259
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:10,200
high or more turning walking 
into a performance art piece and

5260
04:38:10,200 --> 04:38:12,900
making everyone several inches 
taller than nature intended. 

5261
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,300
They were in Practical 
occasionally, dangerous and 

5262
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:19,599
absolutely fabulous. 
The influence of different 

5263
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:22,500
decades became a major theme in 
the 1970s fashion. 

5264
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:27,599
There was a Revival of 1930s and
1940s Styles, flowing dresses 

5265
04:38:27,599 --> 04:38:31,300
dramatic, shoulders, and vintage
glamour, but there was all a 

5266
04:38:31,300 --> 04:38:34,900
fascination with the Victorian 
era High necklines long sleeves 

5267
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:38,300
and romantic details. 
Fashion became historical 

5268
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:41,300
drawing inspiration from the 
past while creating something 

5269
04:38:41,300 --> 04:38:45,700
entirely new Punk fashion. 
Emerged in the mid-1970s as a 

5270
04:38:45,700 --> 04:38:48,400
deliberate rejection of both 
mainstream fashion and hippie 

5271
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:52,300
idealism, ripped clothes, safety
pins, aggressive makeup and 

5272
04:38:52,300 --> 04:38:55,200
deliberately ugly combinations 
created a look that was designed

5273
04:38:55,200 --> 04:38:58,599
to shock and challenge. 
Punk fashion was about anger, 

5274
04:38:58,599 --> 04:39:01,900
rebellion and the rejection of 
beauty as a social value. 

5275
04:39:02,599 --> 04:39:05,099
But Punk was also incredibly 
creative and influential. 

5276
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:08,599
The DIY aesthetic. 
Making your own clothes, 

5277
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,200
customizing, store-bought items 
and creating unique, looks from 

5278
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:14,200
whatever materials you could 
find in. 

5279
04:39:14,500 --> 04:39:16,300
New ideas about what fashion 
could be. 

5280
04:39:16,300 --> 04:39:19,900
It didn't have to be expensive 
professionally made or even 

5281
04:39:19,900 --> 04:39:23,000
particularly attractive. 
It just had to express something

5282
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:26,400
authentic, about the personal 
wearing it men's fashion, during

5283
04:39:26,400 --> 04:39:28,900
the 1970s became more 
adventurous than it had. 

5284
04:39:28,900 --> 04:39:32,800
Been since the 18th century wide
lapels bright colors, bold 

5285
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:35,400
patterns and fitted Silhouettes,
created a look that was 

5286
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:38,500
unabashedly decorative. 
The three piece suit, remained 

5287
04:39:38,500 --> 04:39:41,300
standard for business, but 
casual wear became an 

5288
04:39:41,300 --> 04:39:43,900
opportunity for self-expression 
rather than conformity. 

5289
04:39:45,200 --> 04:39:48,300
The decade also saw the rise of 
designer jeans as a fashion 

5290
04:39:48,300 --> 04:39:50,500
category. 
What had been basic, Workwear 

5291
04:39:50,500 --> 04:39:53,200
became a luxury item with 
different brands, offering 

5292
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:55,500
different cuts washers, and 
styling details. 

5293
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:58,500
It was the democratization of 
fashion through denim. 

5294
04:39:58,500 --> 04:40:02,000
Everyone could afford jeans but 
designer jeans, offered a way to

5295
04:40:02,008 --> 04:40:03,900
be fashionable. 
Within that Democratic framework

5296
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:08,500
athletic wear began to influence
fashion during the 1970s driven 

5297
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:12,500
by new interest in fitness and 
health jogging suits, tennis 

5298
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:16,000
dresses and exercise, clothes 
began appearing in non-athletic 

5299
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:19,200
contexts, it was the beginning 
of the athleisure trend that 

5300
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:21,700
would eventually take over 
casual fashion, completely. 

5301
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,100
The concept of life style 
dressing became important during

5302
04:40:25,100 --> 04:40:28,300
this decade, instead of having 
one fashion identity, people 

5303
04:40:28,300 --> 04:40:32,100
could dress like Surfers 
Executives artists or athletes 

5304
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:35,800
depending on their mood or the 
occasion. fashion became fluid 

5305
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:39,200
and situational rather than 
fixed and Higher archaeal by the

5306
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:43,100
end of the 1970s fashion had 
become incredibly diverse and 

5307
04:40:43,100 --> 04:40:47,000
individualistic, The idea that 
everyone should dress alike had 

5308
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:50,100
been completely abandoned in 
favor of a philosophy that 

5309
04:40:50,100 --> 04:40:53,700
celebrated personal expression 
and cultural diversity, set the 

5310
04:40:53,708 --> 04:40:57,300
stage for the 1980s, which would
take this individualism and turn

5311
04:40:57,300 --> 04:41:00,900
it into performance art. the 
1980s looked at fashion and 

5312
04:41:00,908 --> 04:41:04,900
said, you know what, this needs 
more of everything, more color, 

5313
04:41:04,900 --> 04:41:10,300
more texture, more volume, more 
accessories, more attitude, It 

5314
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:13,300
was the decade when subtlety 
went into hiding and didn't 

5315
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:17,000
emerge until sometime in the 
mid-1990s power dressing. 

5316
04:41:17,000 --> 04:41:20,500
Became the decade signature 
concept driven by women entering

5317
04:41:20,500 --> 04:41:22,800
corporate environments in 
unprecedented numbers. 

5318
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:26,200
The power suit with massive 
shoulder pads that could double 

5319
04:41:26,200 --> 04:41:28,500
as small. 
Aircraft Wings was designed to 

5320
04:41:28,500 --> 04:41:30,200
help women compete in 
male-dominated. 

5321
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:33,200
Workplaces by literally making 
them look bigger and more 

5322
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:35,800
imposing. 
It was fashion as armor designed

5323
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:38,900
for corporate Warfare. 
The shoulder pads of the 1980s 

5324
04:41:38,900 --> 04:41:42,000
deserve their own chapter and 
fashion history, starting as 

5325
04:41:42,000 --> 04:41:44,500
modest editions to create a more
structured silhouette. 

5326
04:41:44,500 --> 04:41:47,700
They grew throughout the decade 
until they reached proportions 

5327
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:51,100
that challenge doorway 
architecture, by the late 1980s 

5328
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:54,000
shoulder pads of become so 
enormous that they looked like 

5329
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:56,700
fashioned interpretation of 
American football gear. 

5330
04:41:57,600 --> 04:42:00,200
Power addressing wasn't just 
about looking tough, it was 

5331
04:42:00,208 --> 04:42:04,200
about looking expensive, the 
1980s celebrated wealth in ways 

5332
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:06,500
that previous decades had 
considered vulgar. 

5333
04:42:07,400 --> 04:42:10,900
Designer labels became status 
symbols warned prominently on 

5334
04:42:10,900 --> 04:42:13,800
the outside of clothing rather 
than hidden discreetly inside. 

5335
04:42:13,800 --> 04:42:17,100
It was the decade when fashion 
became about broadcasting your 

5336
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:19,300
success to anyone within visual 
range. 

5337
04:42:20,000 --> 04:42:23,100
The influence of Television 
particularly shows like Dynasty 

5338
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:25,500
and Dallas created a fashion 
aesthetic. 

5339
04:42:25,500 --> 04:42:28,300
That was Pure Fantasy evening, 
wear featured, massive, 

5340
04:42:28,300 --> 04:42:32,300
quantities of sequins beads and 
metallic Fabrics hair got bigger

5341
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:34,400
jewelry. 
Got more elaborate and make up 

5342
04:42:34,408 --> 04:42:36,900
became more dramatic. 
It was fashioned designed to be 

5343
04:42:36,900 --> 04:42:39,800
seen from the back row of a 
theater except people wore it to

5344
04:42:39,808 --> 04:42:42,800
dinner. 
Casual wear during the 1980s was

5345
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:46,900
equally excessive athletic wear 
became Street fashion but not 

5346
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:49,300
the simple athletic wear of 
previous decades. 

5347
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:52,700
This was athletic wear designed 
by fashion designers who 

5348
04:42:52,700 --> 04:42:55,300
apparently thought that exercise
clothes should be suitable for 

5349
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:59,500
Las Vegas showrooms, neon 
colors, metallic fabrics, and 

5350
04:42:59,500 --> 04:43:02,400
geometric patterns created work 
out clothes, that were more 

5351
04:43:02,400 --> 04:43:05,100
about making fashion statements 
than actual working out. 

5352
04:43:06,400 --> 04:43:09,600
The decade also saw the rise of 
Youth fashion as a commercial 

5353
04:43:09,600 --> 04:43:13,800
Force, independent of adult 
fashion, MTV launched, in 1981. 

5354
04:43:13,800 --> 04:43:16,500
And suddenly, young people had a
visual reference for how 

5355
04:43:16,500 --> 04:43:20,900
musicians dressed fashion became
faster or immediate and more 

5356
04:43:20,900 --> 04:43:23,800
tied to popular culture than 
ever before, what you wore 

5357
04:43:23,800 --> 04:43:26,600
became a way of showing which 
bands you liked which movies 

5358
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:28,700
you'd seen in, which cultural 
tribes. 

5359
04:43:28,700 --> 04:43:32,300
You belong to punk, fashion 
evolved during the 1980s into 

5360
04:43:32,300 --> 04:43:35,800
New Wave style which took punks 
rebellious aesthetic and made it

5361
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:37,400
more wearable and commercially 
viable. 

5362
04:43:37,400 --> 04:43:40,700
The result was fashion that was 
edgy and artistic but didn't 

5363
04:43:40,700 --> 04:43:43,000
require safety pins or 
deliberate ugliness. 

5364
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:47,000
It was Rebellion with better 
production values, the preppy 

5365
04:43:47,000 --> 04:43:50,200
look also became fashionable 
during the 1980s driven partly 

5366
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:53,700
by Nostalgia for simpler times 
and partly by the popularity of 

5367
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:57,000
films like The Breakfast Club. 
Preppy fashion represented, 

5368
04:43:57,000 --> 04:44:00,400
security tradition and belonging
to established social 

5369
04:44:00,400 --> 04:44:03,600
institutions, everything that 
Punk and New Wave fashion 

5370
04:44:03,600 --> 04:44:05,800
rejected. 
But perhaps the most interesting

5371
04:44:05,800 --> 04:44:10,100
aspect of 1980s fashion was how 
it embraced artificial materials

5372
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:14,300
and construction synthetic 
fabrics, structured Silhouettes 

5373
04:44:14,300 --> 04:44:17,400
and obviously, manufactured 
looks became desirable rather 

5374
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:20,000
than apologetic. 
It was the first decade when 

5375
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:22,800
fashion, celebrated the fact 
that clothes were human made 

5376
04:44:22,800 --> 04:44:25,300
rather than trying to mimic 
natural forms and materials. 

5377
04:44:25,300 --> 04:44:29,000
Here became a fashion accessory 
in its own right during the 

5378
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:32,000
1980s, the bigger, the more, 
elaborate the better. 

5379
04:44:32,900 --> 04:44:35,800
Hairspray became an essential 
fashion tool, and hairstyles 

5380
04:44:35,800 --> 04:44:38,400
required architecture and 
engineering to maintain their 

5381
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:40,900
structural Integrity. 
It was like, wearing sculpture 

5382
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:43,200
on your head, except the 
sculpture was made of your own 

5383
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:45,700
hair and industrial strength, 
styling products. 

5384
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:48,600
Color during the 1980s was 
intense. 

5385
04:44:48,600 --> 04:44:52,600
And often clashing, electric 
blue, hot, pink acid, green, and

5386
04:44:52,600 --> 04:44:55,200
metallic silver were combined in
ways that would have been 

5387
04:44:55,200 --> 04:44:58,400
considered garish in any other 
decade fashion, became 

5388
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:01,300
fluorescent, glittery, and 
deliberately artificial. 

5389
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:04,600
It was like wearing a neon sign 
which was exactly the point. 

5390
04:45:05,400 --> 04:45:07,400
The decade. 
Also introduced the concept of 

5391
04:45:07,400 --> 04:45:11,700
mix and match dressing taken to 
extreme different patterns, 

5392
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:14,400
textures and colors were 
combined in ways that created 

5393
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:18,200
visual chaos, but somehow worked
because everyone was doing it. 

5394
04:45:18,200 --> 04:45:21,600
It was fashioned democracy 
through excess if everyone was 

5395
04:45:21,600 --> 04:45:24,300
wearing too much of everything. 
That no one looked out of place 

5396
04:45:24,300 --> 04:45:28,500
by 1990 fashion had reached such
Heights of excess that the only 

5397
04:45:28,500 --> 04:45:31,000
possible response was a complete
reaction in the opposite 

5398
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:33,800
direction. 
The 1980s had been so much about

5399
04:45:33,800 --> 04:45:37,600
more that the 1990s were 
inevitably be about less. 

5400
04:45:38,500 --> 04:45:41,300
But before that happened, the 
1980s had established. 

5401
04:45:41,300 --> 04:45:44,100
Some important principles 
fashion could be fun 

5402
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:47,700
experimental and completely 
divorced from practical 

5403
04:45:47,700 --> 04:45:50,700
considerations while still being
socially acceptable and 

5404
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:54,200
commercially successful as the 
1990s donned fashion. 

5405
04:45:54,200 --> 04:45:57,300
Looked at the excess of the 
1980s and said, you know what, 

5406
04:45:57,300 --> 04:46:00,800
maybe we went a little overboard
with those shoulder pads, the 

5407
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,800
decade began with what fashion 
historians, call the minimalist 

5408
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:07,500
reaction, A complete swing away 
from the more is more philosophy

5409
04:46:07,500 --> 04:46:09,400
that had dominated the previous 
decade. 

5410
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:12,500
Calvin Klein became the poster 
child for this new minimalism 

5411
04:46:12,500 --> 04:46:16,100
creating clothes that were clean
simple and almost architectural 

5412
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:19,700
in their purity. 
His designs celebrated negative 

5413
04:46:19,700 --> 04:46:23,600
space Newton colors and the 
beauty of perfect proportions. 

5414
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:27,500
It was fashion that whispered 
rather than shouted and after a 

5415
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:32,600
decade of shouting Whispering 
revolutionary But the 1990s 

5416
04:46:32,600 --> 04:46:35,200
quickly proved that it wasn't 
going to settle for just one 

5417
04:46:35,200 --> 04:46:38,200
fashion philosophy. 
Grunge fashion emerged from the 

5418
04:46:38,200 --> 04:46:41,700
Pacific Northwest music scene. 
Bringing thrift store Aesthetics

5419
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:45,000
into mainstream fashion flannel 
shirts, ripped jeans. 

5420
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:48,000
And the deliberate anti-fashion 
aesthetic of bands like Nirvana 

5421
04:46:48,000 --> 04:46:52,100
created a look, that celebrated 
not caring about fashion, which 

5422
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,500
paradoxically became a major 
fashion trend, Marc, Ecko 

5423
04:46:55,500 --> 04:46:59,200
Calvin, Klein and other 
designers took grunge influences

5424
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:02,000
and refined them into something.
More wearable for people who 

5425
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:04,500
wanted to look, casually 
rebellious without actually 

5426
04:47:04,500 --> 04:47:07,600
shopping at thrift stores, it 
was Rebellion with better fit 

5427
04:47:07,600 --> 04:47:11,300
and higher quality Fabrics, the 
gentrification of anti-fashion. 

5428
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:14,900
The decade also saw the rise of 
streetwear as a legitimate 

5429
04:47:14,900 --> 04:47:17,900
fashion category, what people 
actually wore on the street 

5430
04:47:17,900 --> 04:47:22,400
sneakers hoodies, baseball caps 
and athletic wear became 

5431
04:47:22,400 --> 04:47:26,100
influences on high fashion 
rather than just copying High 

5432
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:28,300
fashion. 
It was the democratization of 

5433
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:30,700
fashion influencer flowing from 
the bottom up, rather than 

5434
04:47:30,700 --> 04:47:34,200
trickling down from the top hit,
pop culture became a major 

5435
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:37,500
influence on mainstream fashion 
during the 1990s, bringing 

5436
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:41,200
oversized clothing athletic wear
and bold logos into General 

5437
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:43,900
fashionable Consciousness. 
The Aesthetics celebrated 

5438
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:47,000
Comfort movement and cultural 
identity in ways that 

5439
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:48,800
traditional fashion had never 
considered. 

5440
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:52,400
Fashion that acknowledge that 
people wanted to look good while

5441
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:55,400
actually living their lives. 
The supermodel phenomenon 

5442
04:47:55,400 --> 04:47:58,500
reached its peak during the 
1990s, creating fashion 

5443
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:01,400
celebrities, who are famous for 
wearing clothes rather than for 

5444
04:48:01,400 --> 04:48:04,800
any other Talent models like 
Naomi Campbell Cindy, Crawford 

5445
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:08,500
and Kate Moss became household 
names and their personal styles 

5446
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:10,600
influenced fashion. 
As much as the designers they 

5447
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:14,100
wore Technology began to 
influence fashion in new ways 

5448
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:17,700
during the 1990s, new synthetic 
fabrics, offered performance 

5449
04:48:17,700 --> 04:48:20,000
characteristics that had never 
been available before. 

5450
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:23,800
Moisture wicking UV, protection 
and temperature regulation, 

5451
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:26,900
fashion began to acknowledge 
that clothes could be both 

5452
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:29,900
beautiful and functional in ways
that previous generations, had 

5453
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:33,200
never imagined the internet 
emerged as a fashion force, 

5454
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:36,700
during the mid to late 1990s, 
though, its full impact wouldn't

5455
04:48:36,700 --> 04:48:39,900
be felt until the following 
decade online, shopping began to

5456
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:42,900
change how people bought clothes
and fashion websites started. 

5457
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:46,900
In influence how people thought 
about style and trends As we 

5458
04:48:46,908 --> 04:48:50,500
moved into the 2000s, fashion 
became increasingly fast-paced 

5459
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:52,800
and diverse. 
The concept of seasonal 

5460
04:48:52,800 --> 04:48:55,400
collections began to break down 
as designers offered more 

5461
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:57,600
frequent releases fast fashion 
retailers. 

5462
04:48:57,600 --> 04:49:00,200
Could take a trend from the 
runway to the store in weeks 

5463
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:02,800
rather than months democratizing
fashion. 

5464
04:49:02,800 --> 04:49:05,600
But also accelerating its Pace 
in ways that were sometimes, 

5465
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,500
overwhelming, the 2000s brought 
their own aesthetic revolutions.

5466
04:49:09,500 --> 04:49:12,900
The rise of Casual Friday that 
gradually expanded to Casual 

5467
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:16,200
every day the influence of 
reality television on fashion 

5468
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:19,300
and the beginning of social 
media's impact on how people 

5469
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:23,000
thought about personal style, 
looking back over this entire 

5470
04:49:23,000 --> 04:49:25,800
Journey from animal skins to 
Instagram, worthy outfits. 

5471
04:49:25,800 --> 04:49:29,100
What's remarkable is how 
consistent certain human 

5472
04:49:29,100 --> 04:49:32,200
impulses have remained. 
People have always wanted to 

5473
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:36,000
look good Express their identity
through their appearance and use

5474
04:49:36,000 --> 04:49:39,500
clothing, to navigate social 
situations, the materials 

5475
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:42,300
technique and social contexts of
changed dramatically. 

5476
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:46,800
Fundamental human relationship, 
with clothing has remained. 

5477
04:49:46,800 --> 04:49:50,300
Surprisingly constant, fashion 
has always been about solving 

5478
04:49:50,300 --> 04:49:53,500
problems protection from the 
elements, social signaling 

5479
04:49:53,500 --> 04:49:58,000
personal expression and The 
solutions have evolved from 

5480
04:49:58,008 --> 04:50:01,100
Mammoth hides to moisture 
wicking synthetics, but the 

5481
04:50:01,100 --> 04:50:03,700
problems have remained 
recognizably human throughout 

5482
04:50:03,700 --> 04:50:06,000
history. 
So here you are at the end of 

5483
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:08,800
this journey, through fashion 
history, probably wearing the 

5484
04:50:08,808 --> 04:50:12,900
culmination of 170,000 years of 
human creativity and Ingenuity 

5485
04:50:12,900 --> 04:50:16,700
that comfortable t-shirt. 
You're wearing it represents the

5486
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:18,100
development of cotton 
cultivation. 

5487
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:21,900
Textile manufacturing, the 
invention of knitting machines 

5488
04:50:21,900 --> 04:50:25,800
the creation of synthetic dies 
and centuries of refinement in 

5489
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:28,400
garment construction, those 
jeans you might have on 

5490
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:30,000
represent the California, Gold 
Rush. 

5491
04:50:30,000 --> 04:50:33,900
The needs of working people for 
durable clothing the influence 

5492
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:36,800
of American casual culture on 
global fashion and the 

5493
04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:39,400
transformation of work in to 
fashion statements. 

5494
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:41,500
Even your socks. 
Yes. 

5495
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:46,300
Your socks represent Innovations
in knitting synthetic fibers and

5496
04:50:46,300 --> 04:50:48,000
foot comfort. 
That would have amazed at our 

5497
04:50:48,008 --> 04:50:50,200
ancestors. 
The amazing thing is that you 

5498
04:50:50,200 --> 04:50:53,100
got dressed this morning in 
about 10 minutes, choosing from 

5499
04:50:53,100 --> 04:50:56,300
options that represent the best 
of human textile technology. 

5500
04:50:56,300 --> 04:50:59,700
And Design and you probably 
didn't think about any of this 

5501
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:02,400
history, you just wanted to put 
on something comfortable 

5502
04:51:02,400 --> 04:51:05,800
appropriate for your day and 
maybe something that made you 

5503
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:08,600
feel like yourself. 
That's the real Triumph of 

5504
04:51:08,600 --> 04:51:11,100
fashion history, not the 
elaborate Court dress or the 

5505
04:51:11,100 --> 04:51:14,400
Revolutionary designs but the 
fact that good clothing has 

5506
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:17,600
become so accessible and 
unremarkable that we take it for

5507
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:20,000
granted. 
Your closet contains options 

5508
04:51:20,000 --> 04:51:22,300
that would have been 
unimaginable luxuries to most 

5509
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:26,100
humans throughout history. 
Fabrics that are soft durable 

5510
04:51:26,100 --> 04:51:29,700
and easy to care for colors that
won't fade after one washing 

5511
04:51:29,700 --> 04:51:33,000
clothes that fit your body and 
your lifestyle, seasonal 

5512
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:35,900
options, that keep you 
comfortable in any, whether the 

5513
04:51:35,900 --> 04:51:38,100
freedom to choose clothing that 
expresses your personality 

5514
04:51:38,100 --> 04:51:42,200
rather than just your social 
class or economic status even 

5515
04:51:42,200 --> 04:51:44,700
your most casual outfit 
represents solutions to problems

5516
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:46,600
that occupied human Minds for 
millennia. 

5517
04:51:47,300 --> 04:51:49,100
How do you create fabric that 
breathes? 

5518
04:51:49,100 --> 04:51:52,200
But also protects, how do you 
make colors that last? 

5519
04:51:52,200 --> 04:51:55,200
How do you construct garments 
that move with the body without 

5520
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:58,000
falling apart? 
How do you mass-produce clothing

5521
04:51:58,000 --> 04:52:00,400
while maintaining quality and 
individual Choice? 

5522
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:03,600
The fashion industry today 
grapples with new Challengers 

5523
04:52:03,600 --> 04:52:05,500
that are ancestors, never had to
consider. 

5524
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:10,700
Environmental sustainability, 
ethical manufacturing, the pace 

5525
04:52:10,700 --> 04:52:13,700
of trend cycles and the 
psychological effects of 

5526
04:52:13,700 --> 04:52:16,500
constant fashion messaging 
through social media. 

5527
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:19,400
But these are the kinds of 
problems that come with success,

5528
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,100
not failure. 
As you drift off to sleep 

5529
04:52:22,100 --> 04:52:26,300
tonight in your comfortable 
pajamas which by the way, are a 

5530
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:28,900
relatively recent invention that
would have puzzled medieval 

5531
04:52:28,900 --> 04:52:31,600
people who slept in their day 
clothes or Nothing at All. 

5532
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:35,500
Your participating in the latest
chapter of this ongoing. 

5533
04:52:35,500 --> 04:52:39,800
Human story fashion, continues 
to evolve, sustainable materials

5534
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:42,100
are being developed from 
everything from mushroom, roots 

5535
04:52:42,100 --> 04:52:45,800
to recycled ocean, plastic, 
Smart Fabrics can monitor your 

5536
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:49,100
health regulate your temperature
or even charge your phone? 

5537
04:52:49,100 --> 04:52:52,500
3D printing is beginning to 
create custom fitted garments. 

5538
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:55,700
Virtual reality is changing how 
we shop for clothes. 

5539
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:59,200
The same human creativity that 
turned animal skins into oat 

5540
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:02,100
Couture continues to push 
fashioned into his territories. 

5541
04:53:02,100 --> 04:53:05,300
We can barely imagine, but 
whatever comes next in fashion, 

5542
04:53:05,300 --> 04:53:08,800
it will still be serving those 
same basic human needs that 

5543
04:53:08,800 --> 04:53:11,300
drove our ancestors to start 
wearing clothes in the first 

5544
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:16,600
place protection, Comfort 
Beauty, and the Eternal desire 

5545
04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:19,500
to wake up in the morning and 
put on something, that makes us 

5546
04:53:19,500 --> 04:53:23,300
feel like the best version of 
ourselves sweet dreams, and may 

5547
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:25,100
you always have something 
wonderful to wear. 

5548
04:53:32,000 --> 04:53:35,600
I remember the day I first came 
to court a half-starved gesture 

5549
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:38,400
with bells on my hat jangling 
and Dread in my belly. 

5550
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:43,000
The royal castle loomed ahead. 
All Greystone walls and towering

5551
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:44,600
battlements against a cloudy 
skull. 

5552
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:48,500
My heart thudded, as I passed 
beneath the iron Port callus. 

5553
04:53:49,300 --> 04:53:51,700
A pair of guards snickered at 
the sight of me and my thread 

5554
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,000
bear. 
Motley, I clutched my Loot and 

5555
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:57,000
fools bauble tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

5556
04:53:57,000 --> 04:54:00,000
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flickered on 

5557
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:03,600
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

5558
04:54:03,600 --> 04:54:07,000
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

5559
04:54:07,000 --> 04:54:08,400
smoke spice. 
Why? 

5560
04:54:08,400 --> 04:54:11,000
And a hint of something fouled 
from The Stables. 

5561
04:54:12,100 --> 04:54:15,100
I followed a steward in to the 
enormous Hall, my shoes scuffing

5562
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:18,500
over Russia's stream on the 
floor at the far end on a raise 

5563
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:22,400
dayus sat King, Edward of 
England, my new master He wore a

5564
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:24,000
fur-lined mantle and no Crown 
yet. 

5565
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:27,400
He radiated Authority. 
He fixed his King gray eyes on 

5566
04:54:27,400 --> 04:54:30,300
me as the courtiers announced me
as the evening's entertainment. 

5567
04:54:30,300 --> 04:54:34,500
Every gays in the hall turned my
way, I felt naked despite my 

5568
04:54:34,500 --> 04:54:39,200
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 
I swept a deep bow arms, blade, 

5569
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:42,800
comically, nearly losing my 
balance for affect a few 

5570
04:54:42,808 --> 04:54:44,000
Chuckles. 
Broke, the silence. 

5571
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:48,300
Welcome full called the king his
voice, echoing off, the rafters,

5572
04:54:48,300 --> 04:54:52,100
what do they call you? 
Tom your majesty Tom full. 

5573
04:54:52,100 --> 04:54:55,400
I answered brightly hiding my 
nerves under a grin in truth. 

5574
04:54:55,400 --> 04:54:59,200
My Christian name was William 
but a new life, warrant a new 

5575
04:54:59,208 --> 04:55:01,400
name. 
My answer earned an approving 

5576
04:55:01,400 --> 04:55:02,900
smirk. 
Very well. 

5577
04:55:02,900 --> 04:55:05,900
Tom there to see if your humor 
is a sharp as your tongue is 

5578
04:55:05,908 --> 04:55:08,800
quick said King. 
Edward, he gestured for me to 

5579
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:11,700
begin. 
I started with Auntie tune on my

5580
04:55:11,708 --> 04:55:15,800
looting Tavern, song about a 
Tipsy fryer losing his robe to 

5581
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:19,700
the wind, my fingers trembled on
the strings but the melody came 

5582
04:55:19,700 --> 04:55:22,700
out Mary and bright laughter 
rows from the tables at the 

5583
04:55:22,708 --> 04:55:25,700
choruses. 
Naughty twist, emboldened, I 

5584
04:55:25,700 --> 04:55:29,100
launched into a comic tale. 
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle

5585
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:33,300
life, a joke about the cook over
salting the stew, equip about a 

5586
04:55:33,300 --> 04:55:37,500
knight's rusted armor, creaking 
like an old ox According to Ford

5587
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:39,600
and even the queen hit a smile 
behind her hand. 

5588
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:43,700
Warm relief spread through my 
chest, they were laughing. 

5589
04:55:44,900 --> 04:55:47,900
Finally, I decided to make a 
bold joke aimed at the most 

5590
04:55:47,900 --> 04:55:51,500
significant Target. 
Balancing on one leg in an 

5591
04:55:51,500 --> 04:55:53,600
exaggerated pose. 
I lowered my voice 

5592
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:57,600
conspiratorially Lords and 
Ladies I announced I've heard a 

5593
04:55:57,600 --> 04:55:59,300
wondrous secret about our 
sovereign. 

5594
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:02,900
A hush fell. 
I flashed an impish grin at King

5595
04:56:02,900 --> 04:56:05,500
Edward. 
It said his majesty has a unique

5596
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:06,900
blessing from Saint Peter 
himself. 

5597
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:10,300
Only the king can sit on his 
throne and make the Angels Sing 

5598
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:12,900
especially after his enjoyed a 
Hearty dinner. 

5599
04:56:13,900 --> 04:56:17,400
I patted my backside and widened
my eyes innocently for a 

5600
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,900
heartbeat silence. 
Some Lords look scandalized that

5601
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:24,600
I joked about the king's Royal 
behind the king's eyebrow arched

5602
04:56:24,600 --> 04:56:28,400
by pulse pounded had. 
I gone too far then King. 

5603
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:31,600
Edward threw back his head and 
laughed a deep roaring laugh 

5604
04:56:31,600 --> 04:56:34,700
that shattered the tension the 
court followed suit laughed 

5605
04:56:34,700 --> 04:56:37,800
after Rippling through the hall.
The King mimicked sternness by 

5606
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:41,400
waving a finger at me. mind your
cheek knave, or I'll have you 

5607
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:45,200
whipped for impudence, he said, 
still chuckling I dropped my 

5608
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:48,700
knee's in a mock pleading, bow, 
Mercy or Majesty. 

5609
04:56:48,700 --> 04:56:50,900
I only speak gospel truth in 
your praise. 

5610
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:53,000
I replied with an overly Pious 
tone. 

5611
04:56:53,700 --> 04:56:56,900
The king laughed again and gave 
a dismissive way of signaling. 

5612
04:56:56,900 --> 04:57:00,900
My performance was over. 
As I backed away, trembling with

5613
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:04,700
relief, a servant press to 
Silver Coin, into my palm, a 

5614
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:08,200
reward from the king, I bowed 
One Last Time, cheeks flushed 

5615
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:12,500
and retreated to the edge of the
hall by debut had been a success

5616
04:57:12,500 --> 04:57:14,900
that night. 
The steward showed me to a small

5617
04:57:14,900 --> 04:57:18,000
chamber in the Castle's upper 
kitchens simple but mine alone. 

5618
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:21,700
A collapsed onto the 
straw-filled bed exhausted but 

5619
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:25,200
exhilarated had arrived with 
nothing but my wits and earned 

5620
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:27,900
not only coin but also a place 
in the king's household. 

5621
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:32,200
I was no longer a Wandering 
Vagabond, I was the king's fool.

5622
04:57:32,900 --> 04:57:36,400
As I stared up at the ceiling, I
allowed myself a grin tomorrow. 

5623
04:57:36,400 --> 04:57:39,800
In each day that followed I 
would balance between humor and 

5624
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:44,000
power and a quart of Lords. 
And Ladies, I a mere full had 

5625
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:47,400
found a foothold by Autumn of 
that year had become a familiar 

5626
04:57:47,400 --> 04:57:50,200
part of Court life. 
Ever-ready with a quick to lift 

5627
04:57:50,200 --> 04:57:53,600
a mood. 
On one crisp evening at a 

5628
04:57:53,600 --> 04:57:55,900
harvest Feast. 
The Great Hall hosted. 

5629
04:57:55,900 --> 04:57:59,600
A Grand Banquet after a long day
of festivities, The Trestle 

5630
04:57:59,600 --> 04:58:02,400
tables grown with roasted bore 
and spice Dale. 

5631
04:58:03,100 --> 04:58:06,000
I flitted around refilling 
drinks and tossing, one line as 

5632
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:10,000
most laughed kindly. 
But sir, Roger a Burley Barren 

5633
04:58:10,000 --> 04:58:12,600
with a Perpetual scale decided 
to Sport with me. 

5634
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:16,500
Hoe their full. 
He bellowed feigning joviality. 

5635
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:18,200
We hear you. 
Juggle anything. 

5636
04:58:18,200 --> 04:58:20,700
Try these. 
He suddenly hurled two oranges 

5637
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:24,200
at me, the first, I attached out
of the air, but the second 

5638
04:58:24,200 --> 04:58:26,700
struck my cheek sharply before 
splattering on the floor. 

5639
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:30,000
Laughed. 
After a erupted pain, fled in my

5640
04:58:30,000 --> 04:58:32,900
cheek and my face burned as 
Nobles howled at my expense. 

5641
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:36,500
For an instant, I nearly flung, 
the remaining oranges him. 

5642
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,800
I imagined it smacking that 
red-faced oath but a full 

5643
04:58:39,808 --> 04:58:44,400
survives on wit not Wrath. 
I grinned foolishly and juggled 

5644
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:46,900
the loan orange as if nothing 
were amiss many. 

5645
04:58:46,900 --> 04:58:48,900
Thanks my lord for the extra 
supper. 

5646
04:58:48,900 --> 04:58:51,800
I quipped pretending to bite 
into the fruit before nearly 

5647
04:58:51,800 --> 04:58:54,100
dropping it in an exaggerated 
fumble. 

5648
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:57,900
The onlookers laughed and you 
this time with me, rather than 

5649
04:58:57,900 --> 04:59:01,800
me even sir, Roger satisfied 
that I had accepted the mockery 

5650
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:05,500
gave a reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand Bao, swallowing 

5651
04:59:05,500 --> 04:59:08,200
my wounded Pride. 
When I rested a glance up at 

5652
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:10,700
King Edward, he was watching me 
with a faint smirk. 

5653
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:15,700
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

5654
04:59:15,700 --> 04:59:18,900
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

5655
04:59:19,700 --> 04:59:21,500
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

5656
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:25,700
I entered to find King, Edward 
Alone by the half gazing at the 

5657
04:59:25,708 --> 04:59:29,700
letters, spread on a table. 
His crown sat off to the side as

5658
04:59:29,700 --> 04:59:32,000
if he even gold and jewels grew 
heavy for him tonight. 

5659
04:59:33,100 --> 04:59:36,600
Tom, come here a moment. 
He said this was no Summer's for

5660
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:38,700
entertainment. 
His tone was pensive. 

5661
04:59:39,600 --> 04:59:43,200
The king rubbed a hand over his 
brow news from the shires in 

5662
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:45,700
muttered, poor harvests and 
empty. 

5663
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:50,700
Storehouses, yet my Lord's 
demand their taxes in full Side 

5664
04:59:50,700 --> 04:59:53,500
and glanced at me. 
Do you have a zest for that? 

5665
04:59:54,400 --> 04:59:57,200
His question was Earnest, not a 
command for a silly face or 

5666
04:59:57,200 --> 05:00:01,300
song. 
I took a breath. sire, if I may 

5667
05:00:01,300 --> 05:00:05,100
spin a small Fable, sometimes 
answers slink out better in 

5668
05:00:05,100 --> 05:00:09,600
story form, That is not. 
I spoke softly I told of a 

5669
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:12,600
farmer who had a skinny mule 
that pulled his plow when 

5670
05:00:12,600 --> 05:00:16,000
drought with the crops. 
The farmer threatened to whip 

5671
05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:19,400
the mule to make it work harder,
but the Beast begged for a bit 

5672
05:00:19,400 --> 05:00:21,300
more feed. 
So he'd have strength to pull 

5673
05:00:21,300 --> 05:00:25,300
the farmer relented and fed. 
The mule extra grain comes 

5674
05:00:25,300 --> 05:00:28,400
spring, they tilled enough land 
to survive and even Thrive when 

5675
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:31,600
range returned, As I finish, I 
stole a sidelong. 

5676
05:00:31,600 --> 05:00:34,500
Look at King, Edward, he stared 
out the window stroking. 

5677
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:37,400
His beard from a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

5678
05:00:37,400 --> 05:00:41,700
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle clever, 

5679
05:00:41,700 --> 05:00:44,900
mule, he mused clever enough to 
get his belly full. 

5680
05:00:46,400 --> 05:00:49,200
I bowed my head relieved meals. 
Often. 

5681
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:52,800
Do your majesty? 
When they Brave and rhyme, I 

5682
05:00:52,800 --> 05:00:55,600
said, with the jingle of my cat 
bell, he turned to face me. 

5683
05:00:55,600 --> 05:00:57,700
And I saw a trace of admiration 
in his worn eyes. 

5684
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:01,800
You have a sharp, a width, and 
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom

5685
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,800
in nonsense. 
I felt a warmth in my chest 

5686
05:01:04,800 --> 05:01:09,000
however I responded lightly 
saying, ah, it's but a Fool's 

5687
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:12,200
simple Fable sire King, Edward 
managed, a slight smile. 

5688
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:16,500
On the contrary, I will consider
what you have implied. 

5689
05:01:17,300 --> 05:01:20,200
He clapped a hand on my 
shoulder, the gesture of trust 

5690
05:01:20,200 --> 05:01:24,500
and thanks, that will be all get
some rest about deeply good 

5691
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:26,500
night. 
Your majesty before departing, I

5692
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:29,000
turned back with the cheeky bow 
and don't forget to feed your 

5693
05:01:29,008 --> 05:01:32,000
mule sire. 
I said, King Edward barked, a 

5694
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:35,700
brief laugh and waved me away I 
slipped out with a grin walking 

5695
05:01:35,700 --> 05:01:38,600
back to my quarters through the 
dim corridors, I felt nearly 

5696
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:41,500
weightless tonight. 
I had stepped Beyond mirror 

5697
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:44,800
Entertainer. 
I had in my small way shape, the

5698
05:01:44,800 --> 05:01:47,600
king's thoughts, it was 
exhilarating and a little 

5699
05:01:47,608 --> 05:01:50,700
terrifying. 
A Fool's jingling cap, I 

5700
05:01:50,708 --> 05:01:53,800
realized could carry surprising 
influence if I used my whip 

5701
05:01:53,800 --> 05:01:56,400
wisely. 
Although favor can change 

5702
05:01:56,400 --> 05:01:59,300
quickly for the time, being the 
king, relied on the Hidden 

5703
05:01:59,300 --> 05:02:02,300
Truths within my pranks. 
Winter brought hardship, and 

5704
05:02:02,300 --> 05:02:05,800
unrest, a poor harvest left. 
Many starving and Whispers of 

5705
05:02:05,800 --> 05:02:08,800
Rebel can drifted into court, 
King Edwards Tempo. 

5706
05:02:08,800 --> 05:02:13,000
Once jovial, in my company, grew
brittle, as dried kindling more 

5707
05:02:13,000 --> 05:02:15,900
often, I saw him frown at 
reports from his Barons, grain 

5708
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:20,300
rioting in the Royal forests, a 
distant Village refusing to pay 

5709
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:24,400
tithes Fear and anger, coiled 
around the court like smoke. 

5710
05:02:25,200 --> 05:02:28,300
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

5711
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:30,800
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the hall,

5712
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:34,600
Bell's quiet, since the tension 
one by one prisoners were 

5713
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:37,600
brought Before the Throne. 
The gaunt farmer who had slain a

5714
05:02:37,600 --> 05:02:40,700
deer on Crown Land begged Mercy 
claiming it was to feed his 

5715
05:02:40,700 --> 05:02:42,400
Starving Children. 
Next. 

5716
05:02:42,400 --> 05:02:44,600
A ragged group of villagers 
accused of sparking. 

5717
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:46,900
A food riot in the north were 
Dragged In Chains. 

5718
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:50,000
My stomach tightened at their 
Hollow cheeks and terrified 

5719
05:02:50,000 --> 05:02:52,400
eyes. 
The Barons and courtiers looked 

5720
05:02:52,400 --> 05:02:55,700
on with hard disapproval. 
So, Warwick the king, Stern face

5721
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:58,800
advisor, urged severity. 
An example must be made your 

5722
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:00,900
majesty. 
He declared loud enough for all 

5723
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:03,600
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers
and famine. 

5724
05:03:03,600 --> 05:03:06,700
Would only breed chaos. 
Show them the cost of defiance. 

5725
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:11,400
I watched King Edward's face as 
War explode a muscle in his jaw 

5726
05:03:11,400 --> 05:03:13,800
twitched the king's eyes 
usually. 

5727
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:17,200
So keen and Alive were clouded 
with worried, he would rather 

5728
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:19,900
not seem weak. 
The farmer was up first for 

5729
05:03:19,900 --> 05:03:23,100
judgment King Edward announced 
that the farmer would receive a 

5730
05:03:23,100 --> 05:03:26,600
public as punishment. 
Poor man broke down in tears 

5731
05:03:26,600 --> 05:03:28,700
grateful that he had avoided The
Noose. 

5732
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:31,700
I let out a breath. 
I hadn't realized I was holding.

5733
05:03:32,600 --> 05:03:35,500
But then came the villagers a 
guard read out their crime 

5734
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:37,700
leading. 
A mob to raid a granary owned by

5735
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,400
the crown an old woman among 
them cried out. 

5736
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:43,500
We only took the grain because 
our children were dying. 

5737
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:47,900
Her voice echoed in the hall. 
So Warwick shook his head and 

5738
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:50,800
disgust, the courtiers murmured,
angrily about treason and 

5739
05:03:50,808 --> 05:03:53,500
thievery. 
I bit my tongue, a 1,000 

5740
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:56,600
thoughts, clashing, in my mind, 
these folk had broken the law. 

5741
05:03:56,600 --> 05:03:58,100
Yes. 
But out of desperation. 

5742
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:02,200
I glanced toward the King 
Edward's face hardened. 

5743
05:04:02,200 --> 05:04:05,600
As he prepared to deliver his 
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 

5744
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:09,000
You shall he began like likely 
meaning to condemn them to the 

5745
05:04:09,000 --> 05:04:11,800
dungeons or worse? 
But before I knew what I was 

5746
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:15,300
doing, I stepped forward, my 
heart thundered in my chest but 

5747
05:04:15,300 --> 05:04:17,900
I couldn't stay silent. 
Perhaps. 

5748
05:04:17,900 --> 05:04:21,200
I spent too long weaving truth 
into jests the truth now came 

5749
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:23,900
out bear and unadorned Your 
majesty. 

5750
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:27,200
I interjected and allowed and 
clear voice to ask if I might 

5751
05:04:27,200 --> 05:04:30,200
offer a Fool's perspective. 
Shocked. 

5752
05:04:30,200 --> 05:04:32,900
Hush fell wanted. 
Not interrupt the king at 

5753
05:04:32,900 --> 05:04:34,400
trials. 
Certainly not a full. 

5754
05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:37,000
I didn't really heard so, 
Warwick's of annoyance. 

5755
05:04:37,800 --> 05:04:40,400
King Edward turned, his cold 
Gaze on me more startled. 

5756
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:44,300
When furious at least, yet I 
swallowed hard, there was no 

5757
05:04:44,300 --> 05:04:47,700
turning back. 
I adopted a deliberately like 

5758
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:49,600
tone though. 
My pulse pounded in my ears. 

5759
05:04:49,600 --> 05:04:52,600
These poor souls stand accused 
of stealing bread. 

5760
05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:55,900
I said gesturing to the 
trembling Villages and truly 

5761
05:04:55,900 --> 05:05:00,300
that is no jesting matter. 
But I wonder sire, if a father 

5762
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:03,700
is to be whipped for feeding his
children, Venison and mothers 

5763
05:05:03,700 --> 05:05:06,200
are to be cast in dungeons for 
snatching a few loaves. 

5764
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:10,100
I forced a thin smile. 
Perhaps, you're humble. 

5765
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:12,200
Full should be punished as well 
for. 

5766
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:14,400
I've been stealing, your 
valuable are all these years 

5767
05:05:14,400 --> 05:05:18,400
without paying coin for it. 
Few nervous titers came from the

5768
05:05:18,400 --> 05:05:21,300
back of the hall. 
Then died immediately the king's

5769
05:05:21,300 --> 05:05:24,700
eyes, narrowed, I pressed on my 
voice gaining A desperate 

5770
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:26,900
strength. 
Only a fool would make light of 

5771
05:05:26,908 --> 05:05:29,100
hunger. 
My Lord, I speak not to mock 

5772
05:05:29,100 --> 05:05:32,500
your justice, but to beseech, 
your mercy starvation makes 

5773
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:36,800
fools of us all I bowed low my 
head bent so I couldn't see his 

5774
05:05:36,800 --> 05:05:38,900
reaction. 
My hands were shaking. 

5775
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:41,400
No one else dared. 
Breathe. 

5776
05:05:42,100 --> 05:05:43,400
For a heartbeat. 
There was silence. 

5777
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,100
So deep I heard the distant drip
of wax from a candle. 

5778
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:50,800
Then in enough King Edward said 
quietly, the word fell like an 

5779
05:05:50,800 --> 05:05:53,100
axe. 
I looked up his face was flushed

5780
05:05:53,100 --> 05:05:55,800
not with myth but with anger 
I'll hear no more. 

5781
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:00,200
He stood from the throne and in 
that moment, he loomed larger 

5782
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:04,600
than I'd ever seen him. 
Who is King here youthful? 

5783
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:09,000
His voice was deceptively, soft 
quivering with restrained, rage.

5784
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:13,600
Do you presume to lecture me on 
duty and mercy dressed in Motley

5785
05:06:13,600 --> 05:06:17,100
and bells? 
Every utterance from his lips 

5786
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:18,900
felt like a boulder hurled 
towards my head. 

5787
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:23,100
I opened my mouth to stammer and
apology but he silenced me with 

5788
05:06:23,100 --> 05:06:25,900
a glare. 
Take him the king's snapped to 

5789
05:06:25,900 --> 05:06:29,100
his guards. 
In an instant rough hand sees my

5790
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:31,400
arms. 
I belt it cap, tumbled to the 

5791
05:06:31,400 --> 05:06:32,900
floor as a guard yanked, me 
backward. 

5792
05:06:32,900 --> 05:06:36,600
I heard a few gasps among the 
courtiers lady Margaery covered 

5793
05:06:36,600 --> 05:06:39,500
her mouth in dismay. 
So Warwick simply watched with a

5794
05:06:39,500 --> 05:06:42,600
thin smile. 
Like caps little bells jangled 

5795
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:45,700
on the Stone's a faint jingling.
That seemed to underline my 

5796
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:48,200
folly. 
King Edwards voice echoed in the

5797
05:06:48,200 --> 05:06:51,900
rafters, cold and formal for his
disruption and insolence, let 

5798
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:53,800
the Kings fall receive the same 
punishment. 

5799
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:57,400
He pitted he should receive 20 
lashes before the court at dawn.

5800
05:06:58,200 --> 05:07:01,700
Tear a washed over me, 20 
lashes, my knees. 

5801
05:07:01,700 --> 05:07:04,500
Nearly buckled. 
I wanted to bake for forgiveness

5802
05:07:04,500 --> 05:07:06,300
to plead that. 
I don't only spoke out of 

5803
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:08,800
concern, but I tongue felt 
paralyzed. 

5804
05:07:08,800 --> 05:07:11,800
Two guards dragged me from the 
hall as the king's attention 

5805
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:15,100
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

5806
05:07:15,100 --> 05:07:18,600
hold me away, none dead to 
object, or even meet my eyes. 

5807
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:22,500
He threw me into a drafty 
anti-chamber, where I collapsed 

5808
05:07:22,500 --> 05:07:24,900
to the floor. 
My back pressed against Cold 

5809
05:07:24,900 --> 05:07:27,300
Stone. 
As I tried to catch my breath, I

5810
05:07:27,300 --> 05:07:29,700
tasted blood and must have 
bitten my tongue without 

5811
05:07:29,700 --> 05:07:32,400
noticing. 
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 

5812
05:07:32,400 --> 05:07:34,900
forced their way out and rolled 
down my cheeks. 

5813
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:37,900
Full full, full, I cursed myself
silently. 

5814
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:41,000
What did I done? 
I had wanted to save a few 

5815
05:07:41,008 --> 05:07:45,400
peasants from the Kings Roth. 
Instead I had only intensified 

5816
05:07:45,400 --> 05:07:47,700
the king's wrath and burned 
myself in the process. 

5817
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:51,300
In my mind, I saw the king's 
face again, in raged and 

5818
05:07:51,300 --> 05:07:54,900
unyielding, that image stabbed 
at my heart more sharply than 

5819
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:57,100
any whip. 
Could not long ago. 

5820
05:07:57,100 --> 05:08:00,000
I had sat by that same man's 
half trading, fables and easing 

5821
05:08:00,000 --> 05:08:02,100
his burden's. 
Now, he looked at me as just 

5822
05:08:02,100 --> 05:08:04,900
another disobedient subject. 
Toward midnight. 

5823
05:08:04,900 --> 05:08:07,900
The guards came to escort me to 
the pillar in the courtyard. 

5824
05:08:07,900 --> 05:08:09,900
The sentence was to be carried 
out. 

5825
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:13,100
At first light, they locked my 
wrists and neck in the wooden 

5826
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:15,700
stocks. 
I stood hunched in that cruel 

5827
05:08:15,700 --> 05:08:18,800
device for Endless hours 
shivering in the winter cold 

5828
05:08:18,800 --> 05:08:22,700
alone under the stars, snow 
began to fall thin icy flakes 

5829
05:08:22,700 --> 05:08:26,100
catching in my hair. 
The pain had not yet begun but a

5830
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:28,300
dread deeper than any wound Nord
at me. 

5831
05:08:29,100 --> 05:08:32,500
As Darkness deepened alone, 
figure approached through the 

5832
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:35,700
torch-lit yard. 
I squinted through Frozen lashes

5833
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:39,200
to see Master Robert, the king's
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak

5834
05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:42,000
Without a word. 
He draped it over my shoulders. 

5835
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:44,300
His eyes were sad as he met my 
gaze. 

5836
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:48,100
You were Brave Tom? 
He whispered just loud enough 

5837
05:08:48,100 --> 05:08:50,700
for me to hear. 
He was indeed Brave. 

5838
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:53,600
If not a little foolish. 
A bitter laugh. 

5839
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:55,300
Escaped me. 
What other thing could I be? 

5840
05:08:56,100 --> 05:08:58,700
He shook his head and pressed a 
small flask of Al to my lips 

5841
05:08:58,700 --> 05:09:01,700
greatly, I drank a burning 
mouthful, that chased some of 

5842
05:09:01,708 --> 05:09:04,900
the Chill from my bones. 
Is his majesty. 

5843
05:09:04,900 --> 05:09:08,500
I croaked my throat raw from the
cold night air as I struggled to

5844
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:11,800
hold back. 
Sobs Master Roberts side, he was

5845
05:09:11,808 --> 05:09:14,700
alone in his Chambers. 
He's unlikely to change his mind

5846
05:09:14,700 --> 05:09:16,300
by morning. 
I am sorry. 

5847
05:09:16,300 --> 05:09:20,700
He hesitated some of us perceive
the truth in your words, but the

5848
05:09:20,700 --> 05:09:26,100
king He's under enormous strain.
I nodded as best I could with my

5849
05:09:26,100 --> 05:09:29,100
neck trapped. 
Tier slip down my face hot 

5850
05:09:29,100 --> 05:09:32,100
against my numb skin. 
Thank you, I managed to whisper 

5851
05:09:32,100 --> 05:09:35,000
the Chamberlain. 
Squeezed my shoulder, gently and

5852
05:09:35,000 --> 05:09:37,700
departed, leaving the cloak as 
my own Comfort. 

5853
05:09:37,700 --> 05:09:41,900
I spent the remaining hours and 
Silent prayer prayer that the 

5854
05:09:41,900 --> 05:09:45,900
king's heart would soften that 
Dawn would never come and that I

5855
05:09:45,900 --> 05:09:47,300
might endure. 
What was to come? 

5856
05:09:48,400 --> 05:09:51,700
I was not a warrior or a martyr.
Just a Fool who had flown too 

5857
05:09:51,700 --> 05:09:54,300
close to the Sun. 
The strange Freedom I'd had to 

5858
05:09:54,300 --> 05:09:55,900
speak. 
Truth had shown its price. 

5859
05:09:56,900 --> 05:10:00,600
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 
I bit down on a leather strap to

5860
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:03,100
keep from screaming as each lash
tour across my back. 

5861
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:05,900
Fiery pain exploded with every 
stroke. 

5862
05:10:07,100 --> 05:10:10,900
By the 10th, blow my vision. 
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp

5863
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:13,400
in the restraints. 
Unable to stand, I didn't really

5864
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:15,600
heard an official read out my 
crime of incidence to the 

5865
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:18,500
gathered courtiers as the 
punishment was delivered, as if 

5866
05:10:18,500 --> 05:10:21,400
it was some theater. 
And I was the main spectacle 

5867
05:10:21,400 --> 05:10:24,800
when it was mercifully over, 
they released the pillars lock 

5868
05:10:24,800 --> 05:10:28,600
and I crumpled to the snow, the 
world spun for a moment, as I 

5869
05:10:28,600 --> 05:10:31,700
lay there with my cheek against 
the white to trampled ground. 

5870
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:35,100
I could hear distant Applause 
from one or two Nobles. 

5871
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:39,600
An ugly mockery warm blood 
trickled under my shirt. 

5872
05:10:40,400 --> 05:10:42,600
Two guards, lifted me to my feet
and carried me away. 

5873
05:10:42,600 --> 05:10:45,500
As if I were worthless trash, I 
drifted In and Out Of 

5874
05:10:45,508 --> 05:10:49,400
Consciousness, once through a 
blur of tears, I thought I saw 

5875
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:51,200
the king watching from a high 
window. 

5876
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:53,500
I couldn't discern his 
expression. 

5877
05:10:53,500 --> 05:10:56,600
They dumped me in my little 
chamber and left without a word.

5878
05:10:57,400 --> 05:10:59,900
I don't know how long I remained
motionless on the floor, curled 

5879
05:10:59,900 --> 05:11:02,200
up. 
And gasping, eventually, a kind 

5880
05:11:02,200 --> 05:11:03,700
made server and slipped in and 
ended. 

5881
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:07,000
My wounds with vinegar and clean
bandages, cluckin softly and 

5882
05:11:07,000 --> 05:11:09,100
pity. 
I thanked her in a hoarse 

5883
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:12,100
whisper by Nightfall. 
I could at least sit upright on 

5884
05:11:12,100 --> 05:11:15,400
my straw caught every movement 
sent bolts of Agony through my 

5885
05:11:15,400 --> 05:11:18,200
welded back. 
Stared at the dark ceiling 

5886
05:11:18,200 --> 05:11:21,200
Hollow and heartsick. 
A full I had been indeed 

5887
05:11:21,200 --> 05:11:23,900
thinking I could speak for the 
week and not be struck down. 

5888
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:28,000
As the castle around me bustled 
with the evening supper and 

5889
05:11:28,000 --> 05:11:31,900
song, I lay in silence tasting, 
bitterness like bile. 

5890
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:36,600
I did not know what hurt more. 
Fiery stripes across my back. 

5891
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:40,300
All the cold distance that now 
yawned between me and the king. 

5892
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:44,600
I had thought perhaps foolishly 
was my friend after a week Under

5893
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:47,700
Siege with little progress. 
The king decided to send a 

5894
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:50,900
message of surrender terms to do
Jeffrey to my surprise. 

5895
05:11:50,900 --> 05:11:54,000
He chose me as the envoy, 
perhaps, he chose me as the 

5896
05:11:54,000 --> 05:11:56,900
envoy as a form of punishment or
perhaps he believes that having 

5897
05:11:56,900 --> 05:11:59,100
a full present would emphasize 
his contempt. 

5898
05:12:00,000 --> 05:12:02,900
Either way, I found myself 
standing before the king in his 

5899
05:12:02,900 --> 05:12:04,900
Pavilion, as he thrust to 
sealed. 

5900
05:12:04,900 --> 05:12:08,300
Parchment in to my hand carry 
out, surrender offered to Duke 

5901
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:11,500
Jeffries gate, you silver 
tongue, perhaps, you can 

5902
05:12:11,500 --> 05:12:16,100
persuade him with CJ's cannot he
said coolie His Knights smirked,

5903
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:19,600
we all knew this area and 
carried risk, a rebel might 

5904
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:22,200
easily kill the king's fool as a
mockery of the message. 

5905
05:12:23,000 --> 05:12:25,600
I realized King Edward was 
effectively sending me as a 

5906
05:12:25,608 --> 05:12:29,700
disposable Herald. 
Still, I mustered, my courage. 

5907
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:33,100
This was the first Duty he had 
given me since my disgrace. 

5908
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:37,300
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 
could begin to mend the rift. 

5909
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:41,200
As you command sire. 
I said, quietly. 

5910
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,100
Soon after I rode out under a 
truce flag, replacing my Motley 

5911
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:48,400
with a simple tunic adorned with
the Royal Arms. 

5912
05:12:48,400 --> 05:12:51,800
A pair of trumpeters, accompany 
partway and sounded a call 

5913
05:12:51,800 --> 05:12:55,100
before falling back alone. 
I approached the Castle's gate 

5914
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:57,800
across a field littered with 
broken arrows, my spine, 

5915
05:12:57,800 --> 05:13:01,700
prickled expecting at any moment
to hear the Sinister twang of a 

5916
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:03,800
bowstring and feel an arrow 
between my shoulders. 

5917
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:08,300
But none came instead, a knot of
the Duke soldiers, emerged a 

5918
05:13:08,300 --> 05:13:12,100
topped, the battlements 
crossbows trained on me, I come 

5919
05:13:12,100 --> 05:13:13,500
bearing a message from King 
Edward. 

5920
05:13:13,500 --> 05:13:16,300
I shouted up in a steady of 
voice as I could manage. 

5921
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:20,600
Eventually, the iron pot color 
is creaked upward just enough 

5922
05:13:20,600 --> 05:13:22,800
for a handful of armored men to 
drag me inside. 

5923
05:13:22,800 --> 05:13:26,900
I was roughly searched and 
relived of my small dagger Mora 

5924
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:29,100
tool than a weapon. 
Then they shoved me into a 

5925
05:13:29,100 --> 05:13:31,000
torch-lit. 
Great hall where Duke Jeffrey 

5926
05:13:31,000 --> 05:13:33,700
himself awaited. 
He was a formidable figure in 

5927
05:13:33,700 --> 05:13:37,300
steel plate and a crimson cloak.
A middle-aged man with a scarred

5928
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:40,600
brow and weary eyes. 
So he said his voice. 

5929
05:13:40,600 --> 05:13:43,700
Echoing off the stone walls 
Edward since his full to parley.

5930
05:13:44,400 --> 05:13:48,100
Is so short of loyal Knights 
Snickers echoed from the Duke's 

5931
05:13:48,100 --> 05:13:50,700
men around me. 
Straight into my full height. 

5932
05:13:50,700 --> 05:13:53,800
Trying not to let my knees. 
Quake loyal. 

5933
05:13:53,800 --> 05:13:55,900
Knights are too valuable to risk
on Duke Jeffrey. 

5934
05:13:55,900 --> 05:13:58,000
I replied before thinking better
of it. 

5935
05:13:59,000 --> 05:14:02,500
My old reflex for wit had 
slipped out some of the Rebel 

5936
05:14:02,500 --> 05:14:05,100
soldiers bristled but the Duke 
barked a short laugh. 

5937
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:09,000
Hand me the message full, he 
said, I presented the parchment 

5938
05:14:09,000 --> 05:14:11,400
with a slight bow. 
As he read the Kings offer, 

5939
05:14:11,400 --> 05:14:13,700
amnesty and exchange for 
immediate surrender. 

5940
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:17,700
His face showed no flicker of 
concession when he finished, he 

5941
05:14:17,700 --> 05:14:21,100
scoffed. 
Empty promises did Edward think 

5942
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:23,100
of a few pardoning words would 
make me kneel. 

5943
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:25,800
He must consider me more foolish
than you. 

5944
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:30,000
Tense silence fell. 
I realized all eyes were on me 

5945
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:33,400
awaiting a response. 
If I returned empty-handed and 

5946
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:38,200
tongue-tied, I don't only scorn.
So drawing a shaky breath, I 

5947
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:41,100
addressed the Duke. 
His majesty desires, no more. 

5948
05:14:41,100 --> 05:14:43,900
Bloodshed, he offers you a 
chance to retain your lands and 

5949
05:14:43,900 --> 05:14:47,000
honor your grace. 
I implore you to think of the 

5950
05:14:47,000 --> 05:14:49,200
kingdom and your men who have 
families waiting for them. 

5951
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:52,900
My voice echoed in the hall. 
It was a bold speed from my 

5952
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:56,100
station, but I spoke with 
genuine pleading, I had seen 

5953
05:14:56,100 --> 05:14:59,200
enough suffering. 
Duke Jeffrey regarded, me with a

5954
05:14:59,208 --> 05:15:01,800
faintly surprised expression. 
He spoke earnestly. 

5955
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:04,800
As if you were a fool, he sighed
deeply. 

5956
05:15:04,808 --> 05:15:07,700
And for a moment, I thought I 
saw sorrow in his eyes. 

5957
05:15:08,600 --> 05:15:10,800
You are young. 
You do not know Edward as I do 

5958
05:15:10,808 --> 05:15:13,000
he keeps his promises only while
it suits him. 

5959
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:15,900
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 
March will not yield to pretty 

5960
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:19,000
words and Hollow clemency we 
will meet on the field and 

5961
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:20,400
settle our differences with 
steel. 

5962
05:15:21,500 --> 05:15:24,800
My heart sank. 
Is that your final answer? 

5963
05:15:24,800 --> 05:15:29,000
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 
He said, then he leaned forward 

5964
05:15:29,000 --> 05:15:32,500
and added in a low growl, tell 
Edward that by weeks, and I 

5965
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:35,600
shall sit on his throne or die. 
In the attempt, I bowed 

5966
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:39,500
understanding the Pali was over.
But as I turned to leave one of 

5967
05:15:39,508 --> 05:15:41,700
the Duke's Captain, stepped 
forward with a hand on his 

5968
05:15:41,700 --> 05:15:44,000
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 
grin. 

5969
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:49,500
Duke Jeffrey waved at hand, 
dismissively know, he's, but a 

5970
05:15:49,500 --> 05:15:52,900
messenger and an honest one at 
that, let him return unharmed. 

5971
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:55,500
We are not the Savages that 
Edward would clay. 

5972
05:15:56,600 --> 05:16:00,000
He looked at me, go full, thank 
whatever. 

5973
05:16:00,000 --> 05:16:02,800
God you pray to that, I am not 
in the mood to play games with a

5974
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,600
gesture today, they escorted me 
back to the gate. 

5975
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:08,100
Felt the glare of archers on my 
back. 

5976
05:16:08,100 --> 05:16:11,000
As I walked out, refusing to 
break into a run. 

5977
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:14,300
They shoved me out and slammed 
the pork colors behind me. 

5978
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:17,800
Weak need with relief. 
I walked back to our lines. 

5979
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:21,400
Facing the rebel Lord had been 
terrifying but at least I 

5980
05:16:21,400 --> 05:16:24,600
survived unscathed. 
Back in King Edwards Camp, I 

5981
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,900
delivered Duke Jeffries reply to
King Edward and his Council. 

5982
05:16:28,500 --> 05:16:32,000
The Kings faced Titan at the 
Dukes Defiance, he said nothing 

5983
05:16:32,000 --> 05:16:33,900
to me, except a Curt nod of 
dismissal. 

5984
05:16:33,900 --> 05:16:36,500
It was as if I were, truly 
nothing more than a talking 

5985
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:41,000
letter. that night, I sat by the
campfires watching, armored men,

5986
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,000
hurry about shop, opening 
swords, and Whispering prayers 

5987
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:47,500
and murmuring about illumines 
Blood would begin to Flow by 

5988
05:16:47,500 --> 05:16:50,000
Dawn. 
I felt utterly small beneath the

5989
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:53,900
vast, dark sky, once a Fool's 
quick-witted in the king's hall.

5990
05:16:53,900 --> 05:16:56,500
Now it meant nothing on the eve 
of Slaughter. 

5991
05:16:56,500 --> 05:17:00,000
I realized I was witnessing the 
gears of History turning in 

5992
05:17:00,000 --> 05:17:04,300
different to one humble gesture.
In the flicker of the firelight,

5993
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:06,900
I caught sight of king, Edward 
standing with his generals 

5994
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:09,800
Resolute and Grim, her 
remembered when he used to smile

5995
05:17:09,800 --> 05:17:12,700
at my Antics. 
But that was before famine 

5996
05:17:12,700 --> 05:17:18,000
rebellion and my own over bold 
tongue had come between us now, 

5997
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:21,900
I was just another soul in his 
train useful, only for the odd 

5998
05:17:21,900 --> 05:17:25,500
and has trumpet sounded though 
and mournful in the darkness. 

5999
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:28,000
I wrap my cloak. 
Titan tried to steal a few hours

6000
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:31,100
of sleep, on the cold. 
Ground tomorrow's battle would 

6001
05:17:31,100 --> 05:17:34,600
decide the fate of the Kingdom. 
Do nothing but witness it. 

6002
05:17:34,600 --> 05:17:37,700
A full on the sidelines of 
Kings, hoping to survive the 

6003
05:17:37,700 --> 05:17:42,200
coming Dawn, at Dawn, King 
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 

6004
05:17:42,200 --> 05:17:44,600
Jeffries rebels in a cacophony 
of Steel. 

6005
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:49,100
And screams suddenly I saw King 
Edward unhorsed, his white 

6006
05:17:49,100 --> 05:17:51,800
charger had been felled under 
their hymn In The King was on 

6007
05:17:51,800 --> 05:17:54,500
foot fighting off Rebel soldiers
who pressed in around him. 

6008
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:58,500
My heart pounded in my chest, 
the knights who should have been

6009
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:02,000
by his side dispersed leaving, 
only me close enough to assist 

6010
05:18:02,000 --> 05:18:05,300
him in that moment without 
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 

6011
05:18:05,300 --> 05:18:07,800
spear from the churned mud and 
ran towards the king. 

6012
05:18:07,800 --> 05:18:11,600
The sight of a Motley clad 
Fool's sprinting into the thick 

6013
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:15,000
of battle stunned. 
Both friends and foes alike, one

6014
05:18:15,000 --> 05:18:17,100
Rebel night, charged the king 
from behind. 

6015
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:20,600
I held myself with all my might 
by sheer luck. 

6016
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:23,800
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

6017
05:18:24,600 --> 05:18:27,000
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me. 

6018
05:18:27,000 --> 05:18:30,400
Mud splattered and wild-eyed 
standing over the night. 

6019
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:34,500
I'd felt for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

6020
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:37,800
lunged at the King, Edward 
parried and together we stood 

6021
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:41,700
back to back Sovereign and 
fallen and unlikely circle of 

6022
05:18:41,700 --> 05:18:44,900
Defense. 
A brandished the spear wildly 

6023
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:49,200
screaming in Terror than Fury. 
In that moment, a surge of Royal

6024
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:51,900
Knights plowed into the melee 
driving the rebels back. 

6025
05:18:52,700 --> 05:18:55,200
As the enemy fell into confusion
and began to retreat. 

6026
05:18:55,200 --> 05:18:57,300
We pulled the king onto a fresh 
horse. 

6027
05:18:58,800 --> 05:19:02,500
The battle soon turned in our 
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 

6028
05:19:02,500 --> 05:19:03,700
under the onslaught of the 
Kings. 

6029
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:08,100
Rallied forces by noon, it was 
over the rebels threw down arms 

6030
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:11,600
or fled Victory belonged to King
Edward, but it came at a 

6031
05:19:11,600 --> 05:19:14,800
terrible cost body's carpeted, 
the field and the cries of the 

6032
05:19:14,808 --> 05:19:17,600
Wounded echoed in the Smoky air 
in the aftermath. 

6033
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:19,800
I slumped exhausted on a fallen 
log. 

6034
05:19:19,800 --> 05:19:22,200
I hands. 
Still trembling from adrenaline 

6035
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:26,000
Blood spattered. 
My once colorful attire, some of

6036
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:29,500
it from a shallow cut on my arm.
As the king moved among the 

6037
05:19:29,508 --> 05:19:32,800
living and dead tending to the 
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 

6038
05:19:32,800 --> 05:19:35,200
over the Carnage, I watched in a
day's. 

6039
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:38,400
When at last the king approached
me, I struggled to my feet and 

6040
05:19:38,400 --> 05:19:41,700
bowed on steadily. 
I expected perhaps a reprimand 

6041
05:19:41,700 --> 05:19:45,100
for plunging into the fight. 
Unbidden instead King Edward 

6042
05:19:45,100 --> 05:19:47,900
dismounted and stepped forward. 
For a long moment. 

6043
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:51,800
He simply regarded me taking in 
the spear still clenched in my 

6044
05:19:51,800 --> 05:19:55,200
hand and the drying blood on my 
cheek, then to my shock, he 

6045
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:57,000
melts slightly and placed her 
hand on my shoulder. 

6046
05:19:57,800 --> 05:19:59,700
You saved my life. 
Today he said quietly. 

6047
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:01,800
There was an openness in his 
face. 

6048
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:03,900
I'd not seen since my earliest 
days at court. 

6049
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,700
Full or not Tom you have the 
heart of a true friend Sia I 

6050
05:20:07,700 --> 05:20:10,000
only did. 
What anyone would I stammered 

6051
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:13,900
suddenly choking up? 
He shook his head and turned to 

6052
05:20:13,900 --> 05:20:16,500
the Lord's gathering around in a
clear voice. 

6053
05:20:16,500 --> 05:20:19,000
He proclaimed that my bravery 
had saved him and would not be 

6054
05:20:19,000 --> 05:20:22,200
forgotten. 
My cheeks burned with humble 

6055
05:20:22,200 --> 05:20:24,000
Pride, as Nobles, who once 
smeared. 

6056
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:27,100
Now, inclined their heads to me,
I understood that my return to 

6057
05:20:27,108 --> 05:20:30,200
the king's favor, was not due to
humor, but rather to my 

6058
05:20:30,200 --> 05:20:34,000
unwavering loyalty during 
crucial moments, That evening we

6059
05:20:34,000 --> 05:20:37,600
shared a quiet Victory meal in 
Camp late that night as I sat by

6060
05:20:37,600 --> 05:20:38,400
the dying. 
Fire. 

6061
05:20:38,400 --> 05:20:41,500
King, Edward draped, his own 
fur, cloak around my shoulders. 

6062
05:20:41,500 --> 05:20:44,100
You'll catch your death in this 
chill. 

6063
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:46,600
Tom. 
He said softly side by side 

6064
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:49,600
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 
a comfortable silence. 

6065
05:20:50,700 --> 05:20:53,700
After a long pause, he murdered 
so much lost. 

6066
05:20:53,700 --> 05:20:55,600
Will God forgive me for this 
day. 

6067
05:20:57,300 --> 05:21:01,000
In that moment, he was not a 
mighty king but a weary man I 

6068
05:21:01,000 --> 05:21:03,600
Found the courage to answer 
gently that he had done his duty

6069
05:21:03,600 --> 05:21:07,100
and even shown Mercy. 
If a king can be merciful I said

6070
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:11,400
surely God can too He managed to
warn smile and grip my arm. 

6071
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:14,700
Thank you. 
Tommy whispered, by the time I 

6072
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:17,600
crawled into my small tent, I 
felt lighter than I had in a 

6073
05:21:17,600 --> 05:21:21,100
long while the gulf between the 
king and his full had closed in 

6074
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:23,800
The Crucible of war. 
And with it came A Renewed 

6075
05:21:23,800 --> 05:21:25,900
trust. 
I dare to hope that better days.

6076
05:21:25,900 --> 05:21:29,400
Lay ahead when I might serve him
with both wit and devotion, as I

6077
05:21:29,408 --> 05:21:33,500
once did for a brief golden time
after the battle life at court 

6078
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:36,900
was kinder to me, King Edward, 
kept me close and though, I 

6079
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:40,300
still dont caps and bells to 
amuse him, I also became 

6080
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:43,100
something of a confidant again. 
I even offered the king and 

6081
05:21:43,100 --> 05:21:45,300
occasional candid observation to
Aid, his rule. 

6082
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:48,900
The memory of my past, a strange
management faded like a terrible

6083
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:54,200
dream but fortunes we will never
stops turning some years later a

6084
05:21:54,200 --> 05:21:56,800
harsh winter illness, swept 
through the land, the illness 

6085
05:21:56,800 --> 05:21:59,800
affected, both the upper and 
lower classes equally King 

6086
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:02,600
Edward vigorous. 
In battle succumbed in his bed 

6087
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:06,000
chamber after a week of fever. 
I started his bedside near the 

6088
05:22:06,000 --> 05:22:08,000
end, holding his hand as the 
fever. 

6089
05:22:08,000 --> 05:22:11,100
Took him on a frigid February 
night when he breathed his last.

6090
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:15,800
I lost not only my king, but 
also my truest friend, the court

6091
05:22:15,800 --> 05:22:18,300
mourned. 
And then the power shifted, King

6092
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:21,300
Edwards Air was a boy of 12, so 
a council of Regents took 

6093
05:22:21,300 --> 05:22:25,100
control Almost overnight, the 
atmosphere at court changed. 

6094
05:22:25,100 --> 05:22:29,200
The new rulers had little use 
for the Old Kings full to them. 

6095
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:33,000
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 
at best irrelevant at worst a 

6096
05:22:33,000 --> 05:22:35,900
nuisance with too many of the 
late King's confidences in the 

6097
05:22:35,908 --> 05:22:37,500
weeks. 
After the funeral I became 

6098
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:41,500
increasingly unwelcome the boy 
King Guided by Stern advisors. 

6099
05:22:41,500 --> 05:22:44,900
Showed no interest in my Antics.
I used to sit near the throne 

6100
05:22:44,900 --> 05:22:47,800
but now I found myself standing 
at the back of the hall. 

6101
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:52,000
One gray morning, I was summoned
before Lord Warwick the very 

6102
05:22:52,000 --> 05:22:54,300
adviser who had urge my flogging
years ago. 

6103
05:22:54,300 --> 05:22:57,600
And now one of the princes 
Regents, he regarded me with 

6104
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:01,500
cold disdain The crown has 
decided your services are no 

6105
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:04,700
longer required. 
He said flatly, he pushed across

6106
05:23:04,700 --> 05:23:06,300
the table, a small purse of 
coins. 

6107
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:09,700
Perhaps, as a gesture of 
compensation, you're to leave 

6108
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:14,700
the palace by sundown. 
I felt a Pang of disbelief, I 

6109
05:23:14,700 --> 05:23:18,300
dare to ask if I had a fence or 
could make amends but warwicks 

6110
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:21,700
silence me with a glare. 
The young king was too busy to 

6111
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:24,900
indulge a Fool's. 
Prattville, he said they didn't 

6112
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:26,400
require a gesture to interrupt 
them. 

6113
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:30,600
For an instant anger flared. 
I had bled for this Kingdom in 

6114
05:23:30,600 --> 05:23:33,800
the late King valued me, but one
look at Warwick's face, told me 

6115
05:23:33,800 --> 05:23:37,600
protest was futile. 
These men saw only a clown, not 

6116
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:40,200
a counselor. 
I took the leather purse with 

6117
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:44,300
trembling fingers, it felt 
pitifully, light about my head. 

6118
05:23:45,100 --> 05:23:48,200
As you command my Lord, I 
murmured there was nothing else 

6119
05:23:48,200 --> 05:23:51,000
to do to resist. 
Would mean imprisonment or 

6120
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:55,400
worse. that afternoon, I packed 
my Scamp belongings, a few 

6121
05:23:55,408 --> 05:23:58,700
Warren, Motley tunics, my Loot 
and the Gilded wooden full 

6122
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:01,700
scepter King Edward, had once 
given me as a jesting staff of 

6123
05:24:01,700 --> 05:24:04,800
office Not one familiar face 
came to wish me. 

6124
05:24:04,800 --> 05:24:08,500
Well, any who might have were 
gone or afraid to show kindness 

6125
05:24:08,500 --> 05:24:11,900
to a dismissed full. 
I walked out of the palace gates

6126
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:14,400
at Twilight. 
A solitary figure for the first 

6127
05:24:14,400 --> 05:24:18,200
time in years, regards hardly 
glanced at me as I passed under 

6128
05:24:18,200 --> 05:24:20,300
the pork Palace where I had 
first entered. 

6129
05:24:20,300 --> 05:24:22,700
So many years ago, a frightened 
youth. 

6130
05:24:22,700 --> 05:24:26,800
Eager to entertain a king. 
How different that departure was

6131
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:29,300
now older. 
Wiser and bearing the weight of 

6132
05:24:29,300 --> 05:24:32,800
Sorrows and joys alike. 
As I left the Royal Court behind

6133
05:24:32,800 --> 05:24:36,300
I paused on a hill. 
Overlooking the capital, the sun

6134
05:24:36,300 --> 05:24:39,400
was sinking in a cold purple sky
in the distance. 

6135
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:42,800
The towers of the castle, caught
the last Light standing in the 

6136
05:24:42,808 --> 05:24:45,000
same spot on happier days 
alongside King. 

6137
05:24:45,000 --> 05:24:49,000
Edward, I recalled listening to 
him, confide his worries, I 

6138
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:52,100
remembered our laughter, our 
battles of wit, and even our 

6139
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,100
moments of anger, Sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

6140
05:24:55,900 --> 05:24:59,000
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

6141
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,100
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

6142
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:06,600
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

6143
05:25:07,300 --> 05:25:10,300
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

6144
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:12,000
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

6145
05:25:12,000 --> 05:25:15,600
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

6146
05:25:15,600 --> 05:25:18,400
king might face for months. 
I roamed through Villages and 

6147
05:25:18,400 --> 05:25:21,800
Market towns for free and 
without a master initially, the 

6148
05:25:21,800 --> 05:25:25,000
freedom felt jarring. 
I could go anywhere say 

6149
05:25:25,000 --> 05:25:25,900
anything. 
Yeah. 

6150
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:29,400
Who cared now, for the words of 
a king's fool, I earned my 

6151
05:25:29,408 --> 05:25:32,000
supper by telling stories or 
juggling in Tavern yards, 

6152
05:25:32,000 --> 05:25:35,100
performing not for Nobles, but 
for farmers and fishermen. 

6153
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:37,800
Some nights. 
I stepped in a hay loft or under

6154
05:25:37,800 --> 05:25:40,300
the Open Sky, my joints ached 
more than they used to. 

6155
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:43,200
And the laughter, of course, 
villagers was a poor, substitute

6156
05:25:43,200 --> 05:25:45,200
for the attentive hush of a 
Royal Court. 

6157
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:48,900
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

6158
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:51,600
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half. 

6159
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:54,800
A narrated humorous stories 
about court life, taking care, 

6160
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:58,200
not to mention specific names 
and managed to elicit a few 

6161
05:25:58,200 --> 05:26:01,900
Chuckles from the audience. 
Afterward, as the Patron's 

6162
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:06,100
drifted off, the inky pressed 
into my hand, pity or pavement. 

6163
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:11,000
Both and asked, will you truly 
the king's full once? 

6164
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:16,900
I nodded with a faint smile. 
I was I replied, he shook his 

6165
05:26:16,900 --> 05:26:19,900
head in Wonder and went to lock 
up leaving me alone with the 

6166
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:23,300
dying fire. 
I sat there long after the last 

6167
05:26:23,300 --> 05:26:26,200
Embers crumbled, nursing the ale
in my memories. 

6168
05:26:26,200 --> 05:26:31,200
Yes, I had been the king's fool.
I had lived in a castle one 

6169
05:26:31,200 --> 05:26:35,300
silks, however, patched dined on
Venison and custard and traded 

6170
05:26:35,300 --> 05:26:39,400
wits with powerful men. 
I had experienced both highs and

6171
05:26:39,400 --> 05:26:42,200
lows now, I was no one of 
importance. 

6172
05:26:43,000 --> 05:26:46,300
Despite feeling unimportant, I 
still sensed the same heart 

6173
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:49,600
beating in my chest and 
maintained the same Keen Eye for

6174
05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:52,900
absurdity in the world. 
In the Silence of that Taft and 

6175
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:56,300
I realized that in my own way, I
still carried the truth. 

6176
05:26:56,300 --> 05:26:59,400
Speakers torch. 
I could now speak freely about 

6177
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:02,000
the Lords of vanity. 
The pause plight and other 

6178
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:04,700
Palace Secrets the strange 
privilege. 

6179
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:08,400
I want held to speak truth to 
power had come in enormous risk.

6180
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:10,800
Now, I held a different sort of 
freedom. 

6181
05:27:10,800 --> 05:27:14,700
I could speak truth openly but 
Power no longer heeded. 

6182
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:18,100
It was a lonely, Freedom strip 
of the glamour that once gave my

6183
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:20,400
words. 
Wait, I drained my ale and 

6184
05:27:20,408 --> 05:27:21,900
stepped outside into the crisp 
night. 

6185
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:24,400
Thin sliver of moon hung 
overhead. 

6186
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:28,000
The Village was dark and 
sleeping only the distant bark 

6187
05:27:28,000 --> 05:27:31,100
of a dog and the rustle of 
trees, kept me company pulling 

6188
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:33,800
my threadbare cloak around my 
shoulders, I walked down the 

6189
05:27:33,800 --> 05:27:37,000
empty Lane toward the unstable 
loft, where a pile of straw, 

6190
05:27:37,000 --> 05:27:41,300
waited as my bed, overhead, 
countless Stars glittered the 

6191
05:27:41,300 --> 05:27:44,100
same stars are used to Gazette 
from the castle, parapets and 

6192
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:46,800
King Edwards day. 
How many times did I stood by 

6193
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:50,100
his side after a feast pointing 
out a constellation or making a 

6194
05:27:50,100 --> 05:27:52,200
wish? 
I closed my eyes and could 

6195
05:27:52,200 --> 05:27:56,200
almost hear the king's Rich 
laugh beside me and ache swelled

6196
05:27:56,200 --> 05:27:59,100
in my throat parts, sorrow 
Parts, sweet reminiscent. 

6197
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:01,900
Ah Edward I'm mermaid to the 
sky. 

6198
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:05,300
They took your full away but 
they'll never quite rid me of 

6199
05:28:05,308 --> 05:28:07,500
you. 
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 

6200
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:10,900
to say, but then foolishness had
always been my trade. 

6201
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:15,800
I climbed into the Loft and laid
down on the straw through a gap 

6202
05:28:15,800 --> 05:28:18,200
in the roof. 
I could see a splash of stars. 

6203
05:28:18,200 --> 05:28:21,000
I thought of the people. 
I had been the eager young 

6204
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:23,200
gesture. 
The broken wretch in the stocks,

6205
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:24,700
the unlikely hero on the 
battlefield. 

6206
05:28:24,700 --> 05:28:27,500
The Trusted friend. 
And now the Vagabond 

6207
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:29,800
Storyteller, which was the real 
me. 

6208
05:28:30,700 --> 05:28:32,700
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 
none. 

6209
05:28:34,200 --> 05:28:36,100
As I drifted to sleep, I found 
myself. 

6210
05:28:36,100 --> 05:28:39,300
Smiling in the dark, I had 
played my part in the grand, 

6211
05:28:39,300 --> 05:28:42,400
pageant of kings and clowns, and
though, my costume was torn. 

6212
05:28:42,400 --> 05:28:45,600
And my stage now, humble in, I 
still had my wits, my memories, 

6213
05:28:45,600 --> 05:28:48,100
and my voice in the morning. 
I would move on to the next 

6214
05:28:48,108 --> 05:28:51,200
Village and the next crowd. 
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe

6215
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:54,600
I'd make them think either way, 
the spirit of the Kings full 

6216
05:28:54,600 --> 05:28:57,500
lived on as long as I drew 
breath, whatever tomorrow 

6217
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,800
brings, I will meet it, as I 
always have with a jest on my 

6218
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:11,400
tongue, a tear in my eye and 
hope in my Foolish Heart. so, 

6219
05:29:11,400 --> 05:29:16,400
Legacy of Flashes by, as a Brisk
summary, bold pilot lost at sea 

6220
05:29:16,400 --> 05:29:20,600
yet behind that outline sits a 
life shaped by tumult, Restless 

6221
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:22,900
curiosity. 
And unorthodox choices. 

6222
05:29:22,900 --> 05:29:25,200
Long before she took the pilots 
seat. 

6223
05:29:25,200 --> 05:29:28,700
She navigated as a zigzag 
childhood molded by her father's

6224
05:29:28,700 --> 05:29:31,800
struggles. 
Her own Fierce Independence and 

6225
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:34,000
an unrelenting search for 
something that matched her 

6226
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:37,500
hunger for exploration. 
Born in 1897. 

6227
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,400
Amelia Mary. 
Earhart arrived during an age of

6228
05:29:40,408 --> 05:29:43,500
Rapid technological shifts 
horses, giving away to 

6229
05:29:43,500 --> 05:29:47,500
automobiles, electric lights, 
replacing oil, lamps whilst 

6230
05:29:47,500 --> 05:29:49,700
Society, clung to rigid, ideas 
about women's roles. 

6231
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:52,500
She already sensed that 
convention would never satisfy 

6232
05:29:52,500 --> 05:29:55,700
her. 
Her father, Edwin faced, 

6233
05:29:55,700 --> 05:29:58,800
recurring employment issues and 
a battle with alcoholism pushing

6234
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:01,800
the family from one Midwestern 
town, to another her mother. 

6235
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:05,100
Amy tried to soften these 
disruptions but instability 

6236
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:08,900
became a constant companion even
as a child, Amelia bristled at 

6237
05:30:08,900 --> 05:30:12,000
traditional expectations for 
girls, she climbed trees 

6238
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,300
collected, insects and roamed 
outside with an irrepressible 

6239
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,300
sense of adventure. 
Some saw the behavior as a lack 

6240
05:30:18,300 --> 05:30:21,600
of etiquette immediately viewed 
as following her instincts. 

6241
05:30:22,700 --> 05:30:25,400
9908. 
Her father, took her to an air 

6242
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:29,100
show in Des Moines At first, she
wasn't enthralled by the 

6243
05:30:29,100 --> 05:30:31,400
Airborne spectacle, she 
gravitated more toward 

6244
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:35,000
mechanical toys on display. 
Yet the memory of Ricky Hefty 

6245
05:30:35,000 --> 05:30:38,800
planes overhead, planted a 
subtle seed machines capable of 

6246
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:42,100
transcending every day, 
boundaries financial and 

6247
05:30:42,100 --> 05:30:45,000
personal troubles, deepened and 
Amelia and her sister Muriel 

6248
05:30:45,000 --> 05:30:46,800
moved to Chicago to live with 
friends. 

6249
05:30:46,800 --> 05:30:51,200
There Amelia saw the gap between
her Restless mind and the rigid 

6250
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:54,600
structures of typical schooling.
She was competent in her 

6251
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:58,200
classes, but captivated by 
sevens science, labs, and sports

6252
05:30:58,200 --> 05:31:01,700
Fields places where she could 
experiment physically and 

6253
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:04,000
mentally. 
Upon finishing high school. 

6254
05:31:04,000 --> 05:31:07,300
She worked as a nurse's aide in 
Toronto during World War 1 

6255
05:31:07,300 --> 05:31:11,400
tending to wounded soldiers, 
this glimpse of wartime grit and

6256
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:13,700
sacrifice, gave her a new 
perspective on Courage. 

6257
05:31:13,700 --> 05:31:16,900
She encountered Airmen, who 
spoke of the sky as a place of 

6258
05:31:16,900 --> 05:31:20,400
both danger and Liberation an 
idea that lingered in the back 

6259
05:31:20,400 --> 05:31:24,000
of her mind, after the war 
Amelia briefly studied at 

6260
05:31:24,000 --> 05:31:26,900
Columbia University flirting, 
with a path in medicine. 

6261
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:29,700
But she felt caged by the 
academic routine. 

6262
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:33,800
She yearned for movement for 
experiences that unsettled her 

6263
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:38,400
comfort zone, all of this set 
the stage for 1920 when she took

6264
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:41,000
a short ride, in an open cockpit
plane over Long Beach, 

6265
05:31:41,000 --> 05:31:45,000
California. 
Frigid wind slap her face, the 

6266
05:31:45,000 --> 05:31:48,600
engines Roar, rattled her bones,
it wasn't glamorous, but it was 

6267
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:50,700
real. 
She stepped off convinced, she 

6268
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:54,500
had to learn to fly her family, 
unsettled by her father's 

6269
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:57,900
ongoing issues, wasn't in a 
position to find her Ambitions. 

6270
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:02,700
Unfazed, Amelia took odd jobs 
photographer truck driver 

6271
05:32:02,700 --> 05:32:06,400
stenographer, scraping together 
the money for flight lessons in 

6272
05:32:06,400 --> 05:32:08,800
1921. 
She found a female instructor 

6273
05:32:08,800 --> 05:32:13,300
net, a snook which was itself. 
A rare Rarity Amelia's Desi. 

6274
05:32:13,300 --> 05:32:15,300
A fly was not some fleeting 
thrill. 

6275
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:18,600
It became the single driving 
force of her daily life. 

6276
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,400
She would bicycle to the 
Airfield at to Dawn, face grimey

6277
05:32:22,400 --> 05:32:24,900
hangers, and endure. 
The skepticism of onlookers who 

6278
05:32:24,900 --> 05:32:28,800
saw flying as the realm of men 
or at best a passing novelty for

6279
05:32:28,800 --> 05:32:34,200
daring women, By 1922 Amelia 
saved enough to buy a used. 

6280
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:38,100
Kinner are to buy plain painted,
bright yellow, she called it the

6281
05:32:38,100 --> 05:32:40,900
canary. 
She practiced takeoffs and 

6282
05:32:40,900 --> 05:32:44,600
landings until her hands, ached 
pushing the limits of that, 

6283
05:32:44,600 --> 05:32:48,100
Ricky craft, she felt more alive
Aloft than anywhere else. 

6284
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:52,900
The year 1923 brought her 
pilot's license from the Fedora 

6285
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:56,100
aeronautique International that 
piece of paper. 

6286
05:32:56,100 --> 05:32:58,500
Symbolized not merely 
achievement, but independence 

6287
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:01,200
from the confining Norms. 
She had to get since childhood. 

6288
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:05,200
During these early chapters are,
heart was still something of an 

6289
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:08,300
unknown in public life. 
Yet her determination was 

6290
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,700
unwavering people around her 
noted, a quiet resolve rather 

6291
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:13,300
than a trumpeted sense of 
ambition. 

6292
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:16,600
She was also a tireless self 
promoter when necessary 

6293
05:33:16,600 --> 05:33:21,200
skillfully networking to support
her dream, even their adversity,

6294
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:24,000
followed her money, woes 
mechanical breakdowns, and 

6295
05:33:24,000 --> 05:33:28,000
persistent gender barriers, but 
that persistent spark refused to

6296
05:33:28,000 --> 05:33:32,300
dim in these formative years. 
Amelia Earhart discovered the 

6297
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:35,500
two threads that were defined 
her life, the power of flight to

6298
05:33:35,500 --> 05:33:38,800
break social boundaries and the 
wilt confront whatever hurdles 

6299
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:41,100
appeared. 
She was no stranger to 

6300
05:33:41,100 --> 05:33:43,800
precarious Landings literal or 
metaphorical. 

6301
05:33:44,800 --> 05:33:49,100
Each forced Landing taught her a
new lesson about survival and 

6302
05:33:49,100 --> 05:33:52,400
each time she took off a game. 
She inched closer to rewriting. 

6303
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:55,200
What the world expected from a 
woman who refused to stay 

6304
05:33:55,200 --> 05:33:58,000
grounded. 
She refused to accept limits. 

6305
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:03,500
Amelia's Aviation career pivoted
in 1928 though she'd set a 

6306
05:34:03,500 --> 05:34:07,500
women's altitude record, she was
not widely known. that changed 

6307
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:11,000
when publisher George Putnam 
invited her on the transatlantic

6308
05:34:11,000 --> 05:34:15,100
flight, not as a pilot but as a 
passenger to record flight data,

6309
05:34:16,100 --> 05:34:18,700
Many doubted a woman could 
duplicate Charles Lindbergh's 

6310
05:34:18,700 --> 05:34:21,200
feet. 
She saw the publicity potential 

6311
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:25,600
despite the limited role. 
The Fokker friendship Lefty, 

6312
05:34:25,600 --> 05:34:30,600
Harbour Newfoundland and June 
1928, Pilots Wilma, stalks and 

6313
05:34:30,600 --> 05:34:34,500
Lewis Gordon flew the plane 
Amelia sat in the cabin both 

6314
05:34:34,500 --> 05:34:38,900
thrilled and frustrated after 20
hours, they landed in Wales. 

6315
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:45,100
lady, Lin D the Press crowd, 
nickname, she disliked she was 

6316
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:48,600
proud, but uneasy She hadn't 
actually piloted the plane. 

6317
05:34:49,400 --> 05:34:52,500
Still, she harnessed the 
attention working with partner, 

6318
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:56,200
who became her, husband Emilia 
realized Fame, could Spotlight 

6319
05:34:56,200 --> 05:34:59,500
women's capabilities. 
She gave talks wrote articles 

6320
05:34:59,500 --> 05:35:02,500
and pushed against the belief 
that women belonged in narrow 

6321
05:35:02,500 --> 05:35:05,100
roles. 
She argued that anyone willing 

6322
05:35:05,100 --> 05:35:07,800
to face aviation's hazards was 
qualified for other fields as 

6323
05:35:07,800 --> 05:35:11,100
well. 
Flying then was perilous planes,

6324
05:35:11,100 --> 05:35:14,500
were primitive, navigation, 
uncertain, crashes, frequent 

6325
05:35:14,500 --> 05:35:18,000
men, monopolize, the field due 
to entrenched power, not 

6326
05:35:18,000 --> 05:35:22,600
Superior skill. 
Amelia often overlooked clean 

6327
05:35:22,600 --> 05:35:26,000
tips from male aviators proving 
a Adept at turning knowledge 

6328
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:28,600
into action. 
By 1930. 

6329
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:31,900
She was setting speed records 
knowing such achievements, Drew 

6330
05:35:31,900 --> 05:35:37,400
sponsors Financial backing 
capture in the air in 1932 five 

6331
05:35:37,400 --> 05:35:40,700
years after Lindbergh solo 
Crossing, Amelia tackled it at 

6332
05:35:40,700 --> 05:35:43,200
the Atlantic alone, she left 
Harbor, Grace Newfoundland 

6333
05:35:43,200 --> 05:35:47,300
aiming, for Paris storms, and 
mechanical troubles, forced 

6334
05:35:47,300 --> 05:35:51,000
Hertz land near London, Dairy, 
Northern Ireland, she still 

6335
05:35:51,000 --> 05:35:54,400
became the first woman to fly 
solo across the Atlantic, a 

6336
05:35:54,400 --> 05:35:57,600
14-hour deal included, icy winds
and failing instruments, 

6337
05:35:57,600 --> 05:36:01,100
exhausted upon Landing. 
She casually mentioned, wanting 

6338
05:36:01,100 --> 05:36:03,600
hot chocolate and offhand 
remarked that in Deer. 

6339
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:06,900
Had a Millions. 
Suddenly Queen of the air was 

6340
05:36:06,900 --> 05:36:09,400
everywhere. 
She tolerated the hype 

6341
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:13,400
preferring to focus on her cause
through speaking tours books and

6342
05:36:13,400 --> 05:36:16,800
founding the 1990s, she fought 
for female Pilots rights and 

6343
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:21,100
pushed Airlines to hire women. 
She was firm Yeti's insisting 

6344
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:22,000
that. 
If you could manage 

6345
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:24,700
transatlantic flight, other 
barriers should fall. 

6346
05:36:25,600 --> 05:36:28,100
Her efforts, targeted 
institutions, and attitudes. 

6347
05:36:28,100 --> 05:36:32,000
She recognized the power of 
formal networks, like the 99s 

6348
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:36,500
giving women pilots a unified 
voice, her personal Fame 

6349
05:36:36,500 --> 05:36:39,900
provided opportunities, which 
utilized to exert, pressure on 

6350
05:36:39,900 --> 05:36:42,600
flight schools. 
And manufacturers beneath the 

6351
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:45,100
public Persona, she was already 
planning bigger. 

6352
05:36:45,100 --> 05:36:48,700
Horizons around the world flight
which could further shatter 

6353
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:50,600
doubts about women's roles in 
aviation. 

6354
05:36:51,600 --> 05:36:55,100
Well though cameras captured her
calm confidence, Amelia dealt 

6355
05:36:55,100 --> 05:36:58,100
with real danger in the skies 
and Relentless scrutiny on the 

6356
05:36:58,100 --> 05:37:00,900
ground. 
She paid no mind to Skeptics 

6357
05:37:00,900 --> 05:37:04,600
focusing instead on fuel 
capacity, route planning and 

6358
05:37:04,600 --> 05:37:07,900
advancing aircraft design 
celebrity wasn't her end game. 

6359
05:37:07,900 --> 05:37:11,500
It was a tool to prove that 
women had the skillet and 

6360
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:13,200
Imagination to lead in any 
domain. 

6361
05:37:14,300 --> 05:37:17,600
By the early 1930s. 
She had evolved from an obscure 

6362
05:37:17,600 --> 05:37:21,600
pilot to a global symbol showing
that records were mere stunts. 

6363
05:37:21,600 --> 05:37:25,600
But gateways to progress, every 
new achievement under scored her

6364
05:37:25,600 --> 05:37:28,500
core belief, that barriers were 
Illusions, begging to be 

6365
05:37:28,500 --> 05:37:32,100
dismantled, and the more she 
accomplished, the more the world

6366
05:37:32,100 --> 05:37:35,700
saw her courage, as a call for 
transformation, each success, 

6367
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:39,400
hinted that she and all women 
were only beginning to test the 

6368
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:43,800
limits of possibility, Schedule 
became Relentless she juggled 

6369
05:37:43,800 --> 05:37:47,200
flying demonstrations interviews
and writing commitments that 

6370
05:37:47,200 --> 05:37:51,100
funded her daring Pursuits. 
She understood the power of mass

6371
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:54,800
media yet was careful to remain 
authentic when reporters pressed

6372
05:37:54,800 --> 05:37:58,600
first Sensational stories. 
She gently steered conversations

6373
05:37:58,600 --> 05:38:02,400
toward practical issues, like, 
in proving airplane, technology 

6374
05:38:02,400 --> 05:38:05,000
and securing better training 
opportunities for women. 

6375
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:08,100
At the same time. 
She refused to be pigeonholed as

6376
05:38:08,108 --> 05:38:11,900
merely a women's champion. 
She emphasized that Aviation 

6377
05:38:11,900 --> 05:38:14,300
itself was a realm of innovation
for everyone. 

6378
05:38:15,000 --> 05:38:18,700
With Charles Lindbergh Wiley 
Post and other leading aviators.

6379
05:38:18,700 --> 05:38:21,800
She discussed breakthroughs and 
navigation systems where the 

6380
05:38:21,808 --> 05:38:25,200
tracking and safety procedures 
her goal was to be taken. 

6381
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,300
Seriously, not just as a 
symbolic figure, but as a 

6382
05:38:28,300 --> 05:38:30,500
knowledgeable pilot shaping, the
future of flight. 

6383
05:38:31,500 --> 05:38:34,400
Behind the scenes, she dealt 
with exhaustion and the weight 

6384
05:38:34,400 --> 05:38:36,700
of expectations friends 
recalled. 

6385
05:38:36,700 --> 05:38:40,300
Her bouts of insomnia and 
anxiety, masked by her Poise 

6386
05:38:40,300 --> 05:38:44,500
exterior, despite these strains,
she pressed on convinced that 

6387
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,100
flying offered a blueprint for a
more open-minded Society. 

6388
05:38:47,100 --> 05:38:50,800
Each record set was more than a 
personal Triumph, it was a 

6389
05:38:50,800 --> 05:38:54,200
collective push forward She 
often remarked that real change 

6390
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:55,800
demanded more than a single 
feet. 

6391
05:38:55,800 --> 05:39:00,500
It required sustained resolve 
aviation in her view was the 

6392
05:39:00,500 --> 05:39:02,900
symbol of what Humanity could 
accomplish. 

6393
05:39:02,900 --> 05:39:04,900
After abandoning outdated 
prejudices. 

6394
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:10,000
By the mid-1930s, Amelia Earhart
balanced record setting, flights

6395
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:15,100
a role as aviation's public face
advocacy for women and musically

6396
05:39:15,100 --> 05:39:18,400
fashion Consulting. 
Her relationship with George 

6397
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:20,600
Putnam. 
Continued to evolve, though. 

6398
05:39:20,600 --> 05:39:23,500
He came from a publishing 
background, he believed Emilia 

6399
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:26,600
could be a aviation's brightest 
star in the negotiated deals to 

6400
05:39:26,600 --> 05:39:29,300
fund her Ambitions. 
They respected each other's 

6401
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:31,200
autonomy. 
Even after marrying. 

6402
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:33,500
A stance that defied social 
norms. 

6403
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:37,000
She refused to adopt his surname
or confine herself to 

6404
05:39:37,000 --> 05:39:40,600
traditional wifely. 
Rolls, a choice that Drew gossip

6405
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:44,300
but matched her insistence, on 
individuality putnam's PR skill.

6406
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:48,000
Brought in dorsum offers from 
luggage to sportswear, but 

6407
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:51,300
Amelia stayed selective wanting 
authenticity over empty 

6408
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:53,900
promotion. 
She used her public profile to 

6409
05:39:53,900 --> 05:39:57,200
push improvements and flight. 
Infrastructure better runways 

6410
05:39:57,200 --> 05:40:01,300
weather stations and aircraft 
maintenance far from Glory 

6411
05:40:01,300 --> 05:40:03,300
hunting. 
She believed proper resources, 

6412
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:05,200
would make Aviation safer and 
more accessible. 

6413
05:40:06,100 --> 05:40:09,200
She also mentored younger Pilots
sharing the lesson that 

6414
05:40:09,200 --> 05:40:12,900
technique not bravado saved 
lives in the sky. 

6415
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:17,200
In that vein, she helped design 
practical, clothing for female 

6416
05:40:17,200 --> 05:40:20,500
aviators, garments with 
functional pockets and flexible 

6417
05:40:20,500 --> 05:40:23,800
cuts to accommodate cockpit 
constraints critics called it 

6418
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:26,100
frivolous. 
But Amelia saw, it is another 

6419
05:40:26,100 --> 05:40:28,400
step toward normalizing women in
the pilot seat. 

6420
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:32,600
If Society expected women to 
excel anywhere, why not equip 

6421
05:40:32,600 --> 05:40:36,800
them accordingly. 
By 1935, she had flown solo from

6422
05:40:36,800 --> 05:40:39,700
Honolulu to Auckland and from 
Los Angeles to Mexico City. 

6423
05:40:40,500 --> 05:40:42,800
These features, showcased her 
Mastery of long-distance 

6424
05:40:42,800 --> 05:40:44,500
navigation. 
When tools were rudimentary. 

6425
05:40:45,500 --> 05:40:48,200
She studied weather charts and 
honed radio Direction, finding 

6426
05:40:48,200 --> 05:40:51,300
knowing that mine are missed. 
Calculations, could be fatal 

6427
05:40:51,300 --> 05:40:55,200
each successful, the bigger 
dream to circle the globe. 

6428
05:40:55,200 --> 05:40:58,600
This round, the world quest Was 
Not Mere personal ambition. 

6429
05:40:59,400 --> 05:41:02,600
Amelia envisioned it as a 
demonstration of evolving, 

6430
05:41:02,600 --> 05:41:05,900
aviation technology and a chance
to gather data for future 

6431
05:41:05,900 --> 05:41:08,600
commercial routes. 
With the world growing more 

6432
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:11,100
interconnected. 
She believed such a flight could

6433
05:41:11,100 --> 05:41:14,700
Blaze Trails for Global air 
travel yet the Endeavor demanded

6434
05:41:14,700 --> 05:41:16,700
a formidable, airplane, and a 
solid team. 

6435
05:41:17,700 --> 05:41:21,300
The Lockheed model 10 e Electra 
a twin-engine crafts with the 

6436
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:25,500
necessary range came into play. 
In this situation back partly by

6437
05:41:25,500 --> 05:41:29,200
Purdue University where she 
advised female students on 

6438
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:32,900
Career paths, Amelia required 
and modified the plane, adding 

6439
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:35,000
fuel tanks and shedding, 
unnecessary weight. 

6440
05:41:35,800 --> 05:41:39,000
She invited Fred Noonan an 
expert Navigator, familiar with 

6441
05:41:39,000 --> 05:41:43,100
Pacific routes to join her. 
The plan covered nearly 29,000 

6442
05:41:43,100 --> 05:41:46,400
miles across multiple 
continents, each stop required 

6443
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:49,500
intricate coordination, 
arranging fuel Cashes in remote 

6444
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:53,000
airstrips securing, radio 
frequencies and ensuring local 

6445
05:41:53,000 --> 05:41:55,500
permissions. 
The Press buzzed incessantly 

6446
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:58,100
about her root and her gear 
public Fascination. 

6447
05:41:58,100 --> 05:42:02,700
Sawed the Amelia kept her Poise 
recognizing that no amount of 

6448
05:42:02,700 --> 05:42:05,500
planning could guarantee success
against the capriciousness of 

6449
05:42:05,500 --> 05:42:09,000
weather and machinery. 
Though in interviews should 

6450
05:42:09,000 --> 05:42:12,500
privately weighed the risks. 
Storms mechanical failure, 

6451
05:42:12,500 --> 05:42:16,000
Halls, human errors, any could 
derail the flight. 

6452
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:19,900
Yet she was no stranger to 
Danger have her career on the 

6453
05:42:19,900 --> 05:42:21,900
thin line between ambition and 
peril. 

6454
05:42:22,800 --> 05:42:24,900
He saw risk as part of forging 
New Paths. 

6455
05:42:24,900 --> 05:42:28,200
Echoing her lifelong Stars, 
progress, often demanded 

6456
05:42:28,200 --> 05:42:30,700
boldness. 
Her entire adult life had been a

6457
05:42:30,708 --> 05:42:33,500
testament to stepping into 
Uncharted Territory for the 

6458
05:42:33,508 --> 05:42:37,100
challenging social norms or 
expanding the very Frontiers of 

6459
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:40,800
Flight. 
In early 1937 her first attempt 

6460
05:42:40,800 --> 05:42:43,300
at the round-the-world flight, 
suffered a crash in Hawaii 

6461
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:47,400
damaging the Electra undaunted 
she regrouped prepared the plane

6462
05:42:47,400 --> 05:42:51,500
and adjusted her route. 
Determination was her Hallmark a

6463
05:42:51,500 --> 05:42:54,900
blend of practicality and daring
as she finalized her second 

6464
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:57,000
attempt. 
She noted in public statements 

6465
05:42:57,000 --> 05:42:59,300
that records and accolades 
weren't her primary aim. 

6466
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:03,200
She wanted real data on Roots, 
fueling strategies and 

6467
05:43:03,200 --> 05:43:05,700
navigational tactics. 
The flight would offer 

6468
05:43:05,700 --> 05:43:08,700
invaluable insights for the 
commercial airline that would 

6469
05:43:08,700 --> 05:43:09,600
soon. 
Cross oceans. 

6470
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:13,600
Routinely That stance. 
Embodied Amelia's. 

6471
05:43:13,600 --> 05:43:16,400
Broader philosophy. 
Each high-profile flight was 

6472
05:43:16,400 --> 05:43:19,400
less about personal Conquest 
than about broadening Horizons 

6473
05:43:19,400 --> 05:43:22,600
for everyone. 
She had devoted years to proving

6474
05:43:22,600 --> 05:43:25,300
that women were fully capable, 
but she also believed that 

6475
05:43:25,300 --> 05:43:27,600
Aviation itself was the wave of 
the future. 

6476
05:43:27,600 --> 05:43:31,300
In bridging, these perspectives,
she became an avatar of 

6477
05:43:31,300 --> 05:43:34,400
possibility, a living emblem of 
how one individuals 

6478
05:43:34,400 --> 05:43:37,800
determination could shift 
cultural assumptions and now 

6479
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:41,400
poised for her Greatest 
Adventure yet, and Amelia was 

6480
05:43:41,400 --> 05:43:45,200
ready to test the limits again. 
A risk-laden gamble that might 

6481
05:43:45,200 --> 05:43:49,100
cement her reputation or casted 
it in to haunting uncertainly. 

6482
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:53,000
Her caramel Outlook belied the 
sheer complexity of her planes. 

6483
05:43:53,000 --> 05:43:55,900
She understood that failure 
would breed critics, who 

6484
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,100
believed women had no place in 
extreme Aviation yet. 

6485
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,800
She moved forward convinced that
taking flight for knowledge and 

6486
05:44:02,800 --> 05:44:07,400
progress was worth every risk. 
And Amelia's view flying wasn't 

6487
05:44:07,400 --> 05:44:10,000
just her Destiny, it was a 
collective Awakening and 

6488
05:44:10,000 --> 05:44:13,000
societal Evolution Amelia 
Earhart's. 

6489
05:44:13,000 --> 05:44:16,500
Second round-the-world attempt 
launched on May the 21st 1937 

6490
05:44:16,500 --> 05:44:19,400
from Oakland California this 
time. 

6491
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:22,300
She and Fred Noonan flew 
Eastwood hopping between 

6492
05:44:22,300 --> 05:44:23,900
continents with the Lockheed 
Electra. 

6493
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:28,700
The trip started smoothly moving
from Miami through Central and 

6494
05:44:28,700 --> 05:44:31,200
South America, then across the 
Atlantic into Africa. 

6495
05:44:31,200 --> 05:44:35,500
Each stop brought fresh 
refueling challenges mechanical,

6496
05:44:35,500 --> 05:44:38,900
checks, and updated weather 
data, but Amelia maintained her 

6497
05:44:38,900 --> 05:44:43,100
signature resolve By June they 
traversed Africa and the Middle 

6498
05:44:43,100 --> 05:44:46,900
East arriving in India, mid 
Monsoon rains, a pressed onto 

6499
05:44:46,900 --> 05:44:49,000
South East. 
Asia Landing in locales like 

6500
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:53,600
Rangoon and Singapore places. 
Few Americans had seen Amelia's 

6501
05:44:53,600 --> 05:44:57,400
dispatchers, noted extreme heat 
erratic wind currents and the 

6502
05:44:57,408 --> 05:44:59,200
rigorous demands of accurate 
navigation. 

6503
05:45:00,500 --> 05:45:03,700
Fred Noonan's precise staff 
fixes in, they stayed on course,

6504
05:45:03,700 --> 05:45:07,500
despite unpredictable Skies. 
Eventually, they reached New 

6505
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:09,600
Guinea with about 7,000 miles to
go. 

6506
05:45:09,600 --> 05:45:11,700
The next Lake game for Howland 
Island. 

6507
05:45:11,700 --> 05:45:15,400
A tiny Speck in the Pacific US 
Coast Guard Cutter. 

6508
05:45:15,400 --> 05:45:18,800
Tasker would guide them via 
radio, finding such a miniscule,

6509
05:45:18,800 --> 05:45:23,000
Island required near perfect 
navigation and clear whether On 

6510
05:45:23,000 --> 05:45:28,400
July 2nd 1937, they departed lay
in the pre-dawn darkness loaded 

6511
05:45:28,400 --> 05:45:30,500
with fuel for roughly 20 hours, 
a loft. 

6512
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:34,000
They transmitted periodic 
position reports at first 

6513
05:45:34,000 --> 05:45:37,600
signals were clear. 
Then Amelia's messages hinted at

6514
05:45:37,608 --> 05:45:41,200
difficulty pinpointing Howland 
overcast conditions, likely 

6515
05:45:41,200 --> 05:45:44,900
obstructed Newnan Celestial 
fixes radio contact with the 

6516
05:45:44,900 --> 05:45:48,100
atasco became sporadic. 
Some messages were garbled, 

6517
05:45:48,100 --> 05:45:51,400
others in complete. 
She mentioned low fuel and an 

6518
05:45:51,400 --> 05:45:54,700
inability to spot the island. 
Their final known transmission. 

6519
05:45:54,700 --> 05:45:59,700
We are online 157, 337 running 
North and South. 

6520
05:46:01,200 --> 05:46:05,700
Then silence the attacker 
initiated a massive search 

6521
05:46:05,700 --> 05:46:08,600
scouring. 
Open ocean for any sign of the 

6522
05:46:08,600 --> 05:46:12,700
Electra naval ships joined 
searching nearby Waters and 

6523
05:46:12,700 --> 05:46:17,300
atolls no wreckage surface. 
Weeks passed and official 

6524
05:46:17,300 --> 05:46:19,300
efforts. 
Wound down public. 

6525
05:46:19,300 --> 05:46:22,500
Disbelief was immediate George 
Putnam fired. 

6526
05:46:22,500 --> 05:46:26,700
So Finance to private searches 
clinging, to hope that Amelia 

6527
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:28,500
Noonan might be stranded or 
rescued. 

6528
05:46:28,500 --> 05:46:33,500
Rumors swirled capture by 
Foreign forces, survival under 

6529
05:46:33,500 --> 05:46:36,900
new identities, or mechanical 
failure, leading to a fatal 

6530
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:40,100
crash. 
Eventually, prevailing theories 

6531
05:46:40,100 --> 05:46:42,600
pointed to fuel exhaustion and a
crash at sea. 

6532
05:46:43,200 --> 05:46:47,000
Howland Island had proved 
elusive even to Skilled aviators

6533
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:51,100
for admirers worldwide. 
Her disappearance felt unreal. 

6534
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:54,700
Seemed Unstoppable. 
A figure who pushed boundaries 

6535
05:46:54,700 --> 05:46:58,500
without fear. 
Now the iconic pilot vanished 

6536
05:46:58,500 --> 05:47:02,000
into the Pacific's expanse. 
Her loss struck a nerve 

6537
05:47:02,008 --> 05:47:04,100
amplifying the emotional 
investment. 

6538
05:47:04,100 --> 05:47:07,900
Many had in her journey. 
Yet as shocked turned to grief, 

6539
05:47:07,900 --> 05:47:10,400
her achievements took on a 
different Hue. 

6540
05:47:10,400 --> 05:47:13,600
No longer just records, but 
Testaments to a bold spirit. 

6541
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:18,700
Fills newsreels and reprints of 
her articles kept her story 

6542
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:21,100
alive. 
School children learned of her 

6543
05:47:21,100 --> 05:47:23,600
Feats and future women pilots 
cited. 

6544
05:47:23,600 --> 05:47:27,400
Her as inspirational A final 
flight overshadowed the rest of 

6545
05:47:27,400 --> 05:47:30,600
her life, but it also cast her 
as a perennial question mark. 

6546
05:47:30,600 --> 05:47:34,700
If fueling endless conjecture, 
some insisted she was alive 

6547
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:36,900
somewhere. 
Others believed the crash was 

6548
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:39,300
certain but uncovered no 
physical proof. 

6549
05:47:40,000 --> 05:47:43,400
Still others proposed exotic. 
Scenarios each more elaborate 

6550
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:45,800
than the last. 
None provided to finish 

6551
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:48,400
evidence. 
Ultimately, most accepted that 

6552
05:47:48,400 --> 05:47:51,700
she and Noonan perished at Sea 
undone by the navigational 

6553
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:54,600
complications, Changing Winds or
plain bad luck. 

6554
05:47:55,400 --> 05:47:58,000
Yet Amelia's Legacy was 
strangely enhanced by the 

6555
05:47:58,000 --> 05:48:00,700
mystery. 
She had championed possibility, 

6556
05:48:00,700 --> 05:48:04,600
and the idea that she might be 
out there unfound kept that 

6557
05:48:04,600 --> 05:48:07,000
possibility alive in people's 
minds. 

6558
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:10,800
The line between myth and 
history blurred she had become 

6559
05:48:10,800 --> 05:48:13,000
more than a pilot. 
She was an avatar of human 

6560
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:16,500
daring, a story infused with 
both Triumph and tragedy. 

6561
05:48:16,500 --> 05:48:20,600
If anything, the unsolved nature
of her final voyage cemented her

6562
05:48:20,600 --> 05:48:24,600
place in public consciousness. 
Institutions named in her on a 

6563
05:48:24,600 --> 05:48:27,100
sprang up. 
Researchers kept pursuing leads 

6564
05:48:27,100 --> 05:48:29,700
on remote Islands. 
Pointing to Castaway remains or 

6565
05:48:29,700 --> 05:48:33,000
scattered debris. 
Each new fragment reigniting 

6566
05:48:33,000 --> 05:48:35,500
debates. 
The fascination, endured 

6567
05:48:35,500 --> 05:48:39,000
Crossing generations, and 
continents in the wake of her 

6568
05:48:39,000 --> 05:48:41,900
loss, the aviation Community 
pushed for better, safety 

6569
05:48:41,900 --> 05:48:45,300
measures, improved radio, 
technology, and refined 

6570
05:48:45,300 --> 05:48:48,000
navigation techniques. 
Governments funded more 

6571
05:48:48,000 --> 05:48:50,700
comprehensive maps and placed 
greater emphasis on weather for 

6572
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:53,500
casting. 
Ironically Amelia's demise 

6573
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:56,100
accelerated, the very reformed 
she'd long advocated. 

6574
05:48:56,100 --> 05:48:59,900
If she could have witnessed the 
progress, she might have nodded 

6575
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:02,000
quietly pleased that even in 
absence. 

6576
05:49:03,100 --> 05:49:06,700
She was moving Aviation forward.
And so, the world mourned 

6577
05:49:06,700 --> 05:49:09,900
searched and eventually accepted
his heartbreak. 

6578
05:49:11,000 --> 05:49:15,600
Amelia Earhart, who smiling face
at a donned magazines and whose 

6579
05:49:15,600 --> 05:49:18,200
gritty determination broke. 
Barriers was gone. 

6580
05:49:18,200 --> 05:49:22,200
But rather than diminishing, her
impact her disappearance etched 

6581
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:23,500
her into the global 
consciousness. 

6582
05:49:24,400 --> 05:49:27,400
Hers became a story of 
possibility, cut short, yet. 

6583
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:31,700
Also Eternal a reflection of How
High Humanity can climb and how 

6584
05:49:31,700 --> 05:49:34,400
unforgiving the frontier can be 
undeniably. 

6585
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:37,900
In the immediate aftermath of 
Amelia Earhart's. 

6586
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:40,600
Disappearance. 
The public learned, the scope of

6587
05:49:40,600 --> 05:49:44,400
the desperate, search underway, 
the Coast Guard Cutter, a tasker

6588
05:49:44,400 --> 05:49:46,900
had already been combing. 
The waters around Howland Island

6589
05:49:46,900 --> 05:49:50,600
that the US Navy soon. 
Mobilized launching one of the 

6590
05:49:50,600 --> 05:49:54,300
most extensive rescue efforts in
peace time history over several 

6591
05:49:54,300 --> 05:49:57,500
weeks ships and airplanes found 
out across the Central Pacific 

6592
05:49:57,500 --> 05:50:01,200
scanning for any sign of 
wreckage or survivors, military,

6593
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:04,600
personnel, interviewed Islanders
contacted passing vessels and 

6594
05:50:04,600 --> 05:50:07,400
monitored all radio frequencies 
for stray signals, that might 

6595
05:50:07,400 --> 05:50:10,800
lead them to the missing plane, 
George Putnam destroyed, but 

6596
05:50:10,800 --> 05:50:13,700
Resolute, organized, private 
Expeditions of years old, 

6597
05:50:13,700 --> 05:50:18,100
personal funds into hiring 
search craft offering rewards 

6598
05:50:18,100 --> 05:50:21,000
for credible, information 
messages, from Sidekicks 

6599
05:50:21,000 --> 05:50:24,200
adventurers and self-appointed. 
Investigators flooded his 

6600
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:27,000
office, though, many leads were 
far fetched. 

6601
05:50:27,000 --> 05:50:30,500
Putnam refused to dismiss them 
outright afraid of missing any 

6602
05:50:30,500 --> 05:50:32,100
clue. 
That might point to Amelia's 

6603
05:50:32,100 --> 05:50:34,500
location. 
A handful of newspapers 

6604
05:50:34,500 --> 05:50:36,700
criticized. 
The urgency questioning the 

6605
05:50:36,700 --> 05:50:39,400
expense at a time when Global 
tensions were on the rise. 

6606
05:50:39,400 --> 05:50:43,400
Still for countless admirers 
worldwide, the operation was a 

6607
05:50:43,400 --> 05:50:46,100
moral duty, someone as 
groundbreaking as Amelia, should

6608
05:50:46,100 --> 05:50:49,800
not simply vanish without every 
effort to locate her rumors 

6609
05:50:49,800 --> 05:50:53,200
bloomed early on some claim she 
had been spotted in distant 

6610
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:55,800
ports. 
Fueling speculation of a forced 

6611
05:50:55,800 --> 05:50:58,500
Landing followed by rescue under
mysterious circumstances. 

6612
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:02,000
Others pointed to unconfirmed 
transmission that briefly 

6613
05:51:02,000 --> 05:51:04,000
crackled over shortwave radios 
in the days. 

6614
05:51:04,000 --> 05:51:07,200
Following her disappearance 
could it be Amelia calling for 

6615
05:51:07,200 --> 05:51:11,100
help Enthusiast hung on each 
scrap of reported signal though.

6616
05:51:11,100 --> 05:51:14,800
None were convincingly traced to
the missing Electra The mass of 

6617
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:18,300
conflicting stories Stoke to 
Media Friendzy with headlines 

6618
05:51:18,300 --> 05:51:21,700
proclaiming everything from 
miraculous survival to Sinister 

6619
05:51:21,700 --> 05:51:26,000
conspiracies in official 
circles, however, evidence began

6620
05:51:26,000 --> 05:51:29,800
to narrow reports from the 
Attica indicated, that Amelia's 

6621
05:51:29,800 --> 05:51:33,600
last radio messages had grown 
increasingly urgent low on fuel 

6622
05:51:33,600 --> 05:51:37,600
uncertain of her coordinates. 
She was racing Against Time in a

6623
05:51:37,600 --> 05:51:40,200
vast expanse of ocean. 
Naval commanders. 

6624
05:51:40,200 --> 05:51:43,300
A moved by her bravery. 
Understood the Grimaldi. 

6625
05:51:44,000 --> 05:51:46,500
Even if are Horton, Newnan had 
survived a water landing 

6626
05:51:46,500 --> 05:51:49,700
floating in the Pacific's, 
punishing heat without an 

6627
05:51:49,700 --> 05:51:52,600
adequate raft or supplies would 
be a daunting ordeal. 

6628
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:55,700
Within a month, the military 
scale back the large-scale 

6629
05:51:55,700 --> 05:51:59,200
search having spent millions of 
dollars and covered an enormous 

6630
05:51:59,200 --> 05:52:01,300
swath of the Pacific. 
They found no trace of the 

6631
05:52:01,308 --> 05:52:04,500
Electra while certain remote 
atolls and reefs remained 

6632
05:52:04,500 --> 05:52:08,000
unexamined the probability of 
finding survivors dwindled by 

6633
05:52:08,000 --> 05:52:10,700
the day. 
Public statements struck a 

6634
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:12,700
balance between honoring 
Amelia's accomplishments and 

6635
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,100
reconciling with the 
increasingly likely outcome. 

6636
05:52:15,700 --> 05:52:18,600
George Putnam refused to give up
for many months. 

6637
05:52:18,600 --> 05:52:21,600
He funded private efforts to 
investigate scattered leads. 

6638
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:24,400
Small vessels. 
Sailed to the forgotten Islands 

6639
05:52:24,400 --> 05:52:27,100
examining debris, that never 
matched Amelia's. 

6640
05:52:27,100 --> 05:52:30,700
Plane tire tracks in the sand 
bits of metal, and rumors of 

6641
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:33,600
Castaways all turned out to be 
dead ends or unrelated 

6642
05:52:33,600 --> 05:52:37,000
artifacts. 
As the search continued public 

6643
05:52:37,000 --> 05:52:38,700
opinion. 
Split between mournful 

6644
05:52:38,700 --> 05:52:42,500
acceptance and stubborn hope. 
The iconic pilot had carried. 

6645
05:52:42,500 --> 05:52:45,200
The aspirations of countless 
fans who believed she symbolized

6646
05:52:45,200 --> 05:52:48,500
Limitless possibility. 
Now, they wrestled with her 

6647
05:52:48,500 --> 05:52:51,300
apparent demise. 
At the same time, her 

6648
05:52:51,300 --> 05:52:53,300
disappearance captured the 
imagination of those who 

6649
05:52:53,300 --> 05:52:56,900
preferred a more dramatic 
explanation could foreign powers

6650
05:52:56,900 --> 05:53:00,200
have seized her suspecting 
Espionage, could she have 

6651
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:04,400
orchestrated a disappearance to 
evade recognition each guest, no

6652
05:53:04,400 --> 05:53:07,500
matter how Wild found at least a
small chorus of Believers? 

6653
05:53:07,500 --> 05:53:11,600
Meanwhile tributes poured in 
from every corner schools, held 

6654
05:53:11,600 --> 05:53:14,900
ceremonies newspapers, published
retrospectives and radio 

6655
05:53:14,900 --> 05:53:17,900
stations aired stories of her 
earlier, triumphs letters, 

6656
05:53:17,900 --> 05:53:21,100
expressing admiration flooded, 
the offices of Aviation clubs, 

6657
05:53:21,100 --> 05:53:23,800
numerous individuals, 
highlighted Amelia's 

6658
05:53:23,800 --> 05:53:27,100
contribution to Paving the way 
for women if she could challenge

6659
05:53:27,100 --> 05:53:30,600
the skies, they reasoned. 
Then others could challenge in 

6660
05:53:30,600 --> 05:53:35,100
trench, social barriers. 
Politicians 2 invoke her Legacy 

6661
05:53:35,100 --> 05:53:39,000
in calls for expanded, roles for
women in the workforce, hoping 

6662
05:53:39,000 --> 05:53:40,900
to harness The public's 
admiration for her 

6663
05:53:40,900 --> 05:53:44,900
accomplishments. 
By early 1938, the official 

6664
05:53:44,900 --> 05:53:48,500
verdict leaned heavily toward a 
crash at Sea within another 

6665
05:53:48,500 --> 05:53:51,000
year. 
Amelia Earhart would be declared

6666
05:53:51,000 --> 05:53:54,000
legally dead. 
George Putnam exhausted and 

6667
05:53:54,000 --> 05:53:57,400
grieving continued to write 
about her life and showing her 

6668
05:53:57,400 --> 05:53:59,000
name stayed in the public 
consciousness. 

6669
05:54:00,100 --> 05:54:02,400
Having traveled alongside her in
countless ways. 

6670
05:54:02,400 --> 05:54:04,900
He refused to let a silent ocean
claim. 

6671
05:54:04,900 --> 05:54:08,900
The last word on her story, 
photographs of Amelia smiling in

6672
05:54:08,900 --> 05:54:11,700
front of her plane goggles 
perched on her forehead, 

6673
05:54:11,700 --> 05:54:15,400
remained pinned to his walls 
reminders that her spirit 

6674
05:54:15,400 --> 05:54:19,300
daring, and unbreakable 
transcended, whatever fate had 

6675
05:54:19,300 --> 05:54:21,200
before and her in the public 
eye. 

6676
05:54:21,200 --> 05:54:23,600
She had already entered a realm 
where myth and memory 

6677
05:54:23,600 --> 05:54:29,000
intertwined. in the years, after
Amelia Earhart's disappearance a

6678
05:54:29,000 --> 05:54:32,200
story, wove itself, deeply into 
the culture, shaping discussions

6679
05:54:32,200 --> 05:54:36,500
of exploration, gender roles, 
and national identity, while the

6680
05:54:36,500 --> 05:54:39,300
global press initially focused 
on the southern void, left by 

6681
05:54:39,300 --> 05:54:43,000
her Vanishing, Attention soon 
shifted toward analyzing what 

6682
05:54:43,000 --> 05:54:45,400
she had embodied. 
She had shown that an American 

6683
05:54:45,400 --> 05:54:48,300
woman could stand shoulder to 
shoulder with prominent male 

6684
05:54:48,300 --> 05:54:51,600
aviators, forging a path in a 
field, still dominated by men. 

6685
05:54:52,500 --> 05:54:54,600
her example, lingard in the 
minds of young women 

6686
05:54:54,600 --> 05:54:57,100
contemplating Fields, 
traditionally closed to them, 

6687
05:54:57,100 --> 05:55:01,500
not just in aviation, but in 
science, technology Beyond, 

6688
05:55:02,300 --> 05:55:03,700
Constitution's, bearing her 
name. 

6689
05:55:04,700 --> 05:55:08,400
Sprang up elementary schools in 
the United States adopted the 

6690
05:55:08,400 --> 05:55:11,200
moniker Earhart to honor her 
daring spirit. 

6691
05:55:12,100 --> 05:55:14,600
Scholarships were established to
support aspiring women. 

6692
05:55:14,600 --> 05:55:17,900
Pilots sometimes endowed by 
contributors who had followed 

6693
05:55:17,900 --> 05:55:19,600
her final flight with baited 
breath. 

6694
05:55:20,300 --> 05:55:24,300
Though, these gestures varied in
size and scope each underscored 

6695
05:55:24,300 --> 05:55:26,700
a collective drive to keep her 
influence alive. 

6696
05:55:26,700 --> 05:55:31,200
The 99s, the organization for 
female Pilots that Emilio had 

6697
05:55:31,200 --> 05:55:34,900
helped found Continued to 
recruit recipient into recruit 

6698
05:55:34,900 --> 05:55:38,100
members nurturing, a new 
generation unafraid to push 

6699
05:55:38,100 --> 05:55:41,900
boundaries Beyond formal. 
Commemorations Earhart's 

6700
05:55:41,900 --> 05:55:44,800
disappearance fuel research 
aimed at preventing similar. 

6701
05:55:44,800 --> 05:55:50,300
Tragedies, early radio equipment
had proven unreliable post 1937 

6702
05:55:50,300 --> 05:55:53,300
advance's focused on refining, 
both hardware and communication.

6703
05:55:53,300 --> 05:55:56,800
Protocols governments funded 
studies of weather, patterns 

6704
05:55:56,800 --> 05:56:00,800
leading to better forecasting 
Aviation experts develop more 

6705
05:56:00,800 --> 05:56:03,400
rigorous standards for 
navigation, ensuring that 

6706
05:56:03,408 --> 05:56:05,200
future. 
Pilots received Advanced 

6707
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:09,900
Training in Celestial fixes and 
radio Direction finding Some 

6708
05:56:09,900 --> 05:56:12,300
historians argue that the 
spotlight on Amelia's, 

6709
05:56:12,300 --> 05:56:14,600
disappearance hastened, these 
improvements whether 

6710
05:56:14,600 --> 05:56:18,000
intentionally or not she 
prompted an acceleration of 

6711
05:56:18,000 --> 05:56:21,300
aeronautical progress. 
Meanwhile, the theories about 

6712
05:56:21,300 --> 05:56:25,200
her fate refused to fade 
self-style, detectives scoured, 

6713
05:56:25,200 --> 05:56:29,400
archival records analyzing ship 
logs and rumored sightings in 

6714
05:56:29,400 --> 05:56:32,600
the late 1940s. 
A handful of American servicemen

6715
05:56:32,600 --> 05:56:36,000
stationed in the Pacific heard, 
local Tales of a foreign pilot 

6716
05:56:36,000 --> 05:56:39,200
washing ashore years earlier. 
Spurring renewed hunts for 

6717
05:56:39,200 --> 05:56:42,500
evidence occasionally fragments 
of aluminum or skeletons. 

6718
05:56:42,500 --> 05:56:45,300
Found on remote atolls were 
touted as proof of their hearts 

6719
05:56:45,300 --> 05:56:48,500
final resting place. 
Yet attempts to link such 

6720
05:56:48,500 --> 05:56:51,600
discoveries conclusively, to 
Amelia off, Fred, Noonan always,

6721
05:56:51,600 --> 05:56:55,500
felt should doctor short. 
With each new claim came, 

6722
05:56:55,500 --> 05:56:58,800
another wave of media coverage, 
keeping the question of her end 

6723
05:56:58,800 --> 05:57:00,000
alive. 
In the public. 

6724
05:57:00,000 --> 05:57:04,500
Mind pop culture seized on the 
mystery, weaving it into novels 

6725
05:57:04,500 --> 05:57:06,000
films and radio. 
Dramas. 

6726
05:57:06,000 --> 05:57:09,400
Some portrayed her as a spy 
captured by hostile forces 

6727
05:57:09,400 --> 05:57:12,700
others in her deliberately 
disappearing to live in peace. 

6728
05:57:13,700 --> 05:57:15,900
These fictional takes 
occasionally, drew the ire of 

6729
05:57:15,900 --> 05:57:18,800
those who believe they 
trivialize her Legacy yet. 

6730
05:57:18,800 --> 05:57:20,900
They also brought her name 
before audiences. 

6731
05:57:20,900 --> 05:57:23,000
That might not. 
Otherwise have pondered the 

6732
05:57:23,008 --> 05:57:27,900
achievements of a woman pilot in
the 1930s The image graced 

6733
05:57:27,900 --> 05:57:31,300
magazine covers well into the 
1950s often paired with 

6734
05:57:31,300 --> 05:57:33,500
captions. 
Urging readers, to remember her 

6735
05:57:33,500 --> 05:57:37,200
pioneering flights, rather than 
fixating solely on the unknown. 

6736
05:57:37,800 --> 05:57:40,200
For women determined to forge 
their own paths. 

6737
05:57:40,200 --> 05:57:43,100
Amelia's tale carried. 
A particular resonance. 

6738
05:57:44,100 --> 05:57:47,000
During World War Two thousands 
of women trained as pilots in 

6739
05:57:47,000 --> 05:57:49,700
programs. 
Like the women Air Force service

6740
05:57:49,700 --> 05:57:53,700
Pilots Ross, although she was no
longer around to witness it, her

6741
05:57:53,700 --> 05:57:56,900
example had laid, crucial 
groundwork Veterans of those 

6742
05:57:56,900 --> 05:58:00,000
programs cited her, as a reason 
they believed, Aviation could be

6743
05:58:00,000 --> 05:58:02,600
for them, too. 
They viewed her last flight as 

6744
05:58:02,600 --> 05:58:05,700
the ultimate expression of her 
courage, continuing until the 

6745
05:58:05,700 --> 05:58:09,000
sky itself, refused her any 
further critic, sometimes 

6746
05:58:09,000 --> 05:58:11,900
question, and whether her Fame, 
overshadowed the contribution of

6747
05:58:11,900 --> 05:58:16,300
less heralded, female aviators. 
Indeed Earhart's photogenic 

6748
05:58:16,300 --> 05:58:19,200
presents and collaboration with 
George buckland's media machine,

6749
05:58:19,200 --> 05:58:22,500
set her apart, but many 
recognized that she had used her

6750
05:58:22,500 --> 05:58:24,400
visibility to Champion broader 
goals. 

6751
05:58:25,300 --> 05:58:28,000
She consistently advocated for 
other women, flyers and used 

6752
05:58:28,008 --> 05:58:30,900
press opportunities to highlight
the achievements of colleague, 

6753
05:58:30,900 --> 05:58:34,000
who lacked her public platform. 
If she stood alone in the 

6754
05:58:34,000 --> 05:58:37,400
spotlight She also attempted to 
shine it on everyone else, 

6755
05:58:37,400 --> 05:58:39,700
struggling for legitimacy. 
In aviation's ranks. 

6756
05:58:40,600 --> 05:58:43,700
By the mid-20th century. 
Earhart's name had become 

6757
05:58:43,700 --> 05:58:47,200
shorthand for unbounded 
aspiration newspapers, like 

6758
05:58:47,200 --> 05:58:51,000
endearing explorers to Modern 
Amelia Earhart's. 

6759
05:58:52,000 --> 05:58:55,400
Corporation cited, her spirit in
ad campaigns about pushing past 

6760
05:58:55,400 --> 05:58:58,300
limitations, yet behind the 
commercial rebranding Lanham 

6761
05:58:58,300 --> 05:59:00,700
biding truth. 
She had effectively proven that 

6762
05:59:00,700 --> 05:59:02,900
gender need not be an impediment
to ambition. 

6763
05:59:03,900 --> 05:59:07,200
Even decades later that message 
held profound significance. 

6764
05:59:08,200 --> 05:59:10,500
For every skeptical, remark 
about, knowing your place, 

6765
05:59:10,500 --> 05:59:13,100
Earhart's memory, offered a 
counter argument. 

6766
05:59:13,100 --> 05:59:16,800
That risks were there to be 
taken from tears to be tested. 

6767
05:59:16,800 --> 05:59:20,300
And that sometimes only the Bold
see how far they can really go. 

6768
05:59:21,300 --> 05:59:25,000
Today, the name Amelia Earhart, 
conjures images of resilience 

6769
05:59:25,000 --> 05:59:28,300
and intrigue. 
Countless books, documentaries 

6770
05:59:28,300 --> 05:59:30,500
and academic. 
Analyzes have attempted to 

6771
05:59:30,500 --> 05:59:32,500
decipher for her character and 
significance. 

6772
05:59:33,500 --> 05:59:35,400
Perhaps that is the ultimate 
measure of her impact. 

6773
05:59:36,400 --> 05:59:39,300
She remains relevant long after 
her plane's final tragic flight 

6774
05:59:39,300 --> 05:59:42,400
in a world that has seen 
astronauts circling the earth 

6775
05:59:42,400 --> 05:59:46,000
and Rovers, traversing Mars, her
achievements might look modest 

6776
05:59:46,000 --> 05:59:50,900
on paper, it context is 
everything in her era, Crossing 

6777
05:59:50,900 --> 05:59:53,300
an ocean by are, was a feat 
teetering, on the verge of 

6778
05:59:53,308 --> 05:59:56,600
impossibility. 
Specially for a woman barred 

6779
05:59:56,600 --> 05:59:59,300
from many of the support systems
offered to male peers. 

6780
06:00:00,000 --> 06:00:03,400
Her influence extends, well, 
beyond Aviation, modern 

6781
06:00:03,400 --> 06:00:06,300
discussions of women's 
leadership work-life, balance. 

6782
06:00:06,300 --> 06:00:09,600
And personal autonomy, still 
reference Earhart's refusal to 

6783
06:00:09,600 --> 06:00:13,000
bow to Convention. 
The forthright way, she lived 

6784
06:00:13,000 --> 06:00:15,000
maintaining her separate 
finances. 

6785
06:00:15,000 --> 06:00:18,700
After marriage, declining to 
adopt a husband's surname and 

6786
06:00:18,700 --> 06:00:22,100
refusing to drop her career, 
resonates with individuals who 

6787
06:00:22,100 --> 06:00:25,100
chase under traditional 
expectations, she showed that it

6788
06:00:25,100 --> 06:00:28,500
was possible to be both admired 
and outspoken, both, widely 

6789
06:00:28,500 --> 06:00:30,700
loved and unabashedly 
independent. 

6790
06:00:31,400 --> 06:00:34,300
This combination of traits keeps
her relevant in each new wave of

6791
06:00:34,308 --> 06:00:37,300
feminism, even as cultural norms
continue to shift. 

6792
06:00:38,400 --> 06:00:40,000
Then there is the simple matter 
of mystery. 

6793
06:00:40,000 --> 06:00:44,000
Human beings are drawn to 
stories with open endings and 

6794
06:00:44,000 --> 06:00:45,300
Amelia's. 
Disappearance leaves. 

6795
06:00:45,300 --> 06:00:48,900
Avoid this speculation rushes to
fill. 

6796
06:00:49,900 --> 06:00:53,000
Expeditions still venture to 
distant Pacific Islands. 

6797
06:00:53,000 --> 06:00:57,700
Sifting through to try to search
of conclusive answers, Hi-Tech, 

6798
06:00:57,700 --> 06:01:01,000
scanners DNA, testing and 
underwater drones have all been 

6799
06:01:01,000 --> 06:01:04,400
employed in attempts to find the
Electra, or discover her remains

6800
06:01:04,400 --> 06:01:07,200
each new rumor or photographs 
Sparks interest. 

6801
06:01:07,200 --> 06:01:10,800
However, fleeting in the notion 
that a solution to the riddle is

6802
06:01:10,800 --> 06:01:14,300
just around the corner that 
Quest has persisted for nearly a

6803
06:01:14,300 --> 06:01:16,700
century. 
Testament to her lasting, hold 

6804
06:01:16,700 --> 06:01:19,000
on people's imaginations in many
ways. 

6805
06:01:19,000 --> 06:01:22,300
The romance of Amelia Earhart's 
story lies in its human 

6806
06:01:22,300 --> 06:01:24,800
Dimension. 
She was fallible, prone to 

6807
06:01:24,808 --> 06:01:28,200
anxiety, and physical exhaustion
yet, outwardly composed. 

6808
06:01:28,200 --> 06:01:31,100
She made daring choices while 
maintaining a certain 

6809
06:01:31,100 --> 06:01:34,500
down-to-earth practicality. 
Her writings reveal a person. 

6810
06:01:34,500 --> 06:01:38,100
Keenly aware of mortality, yet 
unwilling to let fear dictate 

6811
06:01:38,100 --> 06:01:42,400
her trajectory That balance of 
measured caution and determined 

6812
06:01:42,400 --> 06:01:45,300
optimism, gives her Legend a 
credible warmth. 

6813
06:01:45,900 --> 06:01:48,800
She did not seek to become a 
myth, she sought to become a 

6814
06:01:48,800 --> 06:01:52,600
better pilot and in doing so 
helped recast the boundaries for

6815
06:01:52,600 --> 06:01:55,900
what women could do. 
Time has a way of distilling, a 

6816
06:01:55,900 --> 06:01:58,100
person's accomplishments until 
only the major highlights 

6817
06:01:58,100 --> 06:02:00,800
remain. 
In are Hart's case those 

6818
06:02:00,800 --> 06:02:03,500
highlights illuminous enough. 
The first woman to cross the 

6819
06:02:03,500 --> 06:02:07,400
Atlantic, by are a Fearless 
record breaker, The Voice 

6820
06:02:07,408 --> 06:02:11,300
championing women's legitimacy 
in aviation and the architect of

6821
06:02:11,300 --> 06:02:14,400
a near world's circling Journey 
that ended all too soon. 

6822
06:02:15,500 --> 06:02:18,300
Yet her true gift to posterity, 
is the blueprint she left for 

6823
06:02:18,300 --> 06:02:21,700
challenging expectations, every 
time someone questioned, the 

6824
06:02:21,700 --> 06:02:24,800
status quo, every time a woman 
pursues, a field that wants 

6825
06:02:24,800 --> 06:02:27,800
excluded. 
Her a sliver of Amelia Spirit, 

6826
06:02:27,800 --> 06:02:32,600
resonates the formal statues and
memorials exist, perhaps the 

6827
06:02:32,600 --> 06:02:34,500
most fitting, tribute lies in 
the intangible. 

6828
06:02:35,900 --> 06:02:38,100
Her Legacy thrives in the 
collective consciousness. 

6829
06:02:39,600 --> 06:02:42,500
Borders and cultures. 
Schoolchildren undertake 

6830
06:02:42,500 --> 06:02:45,500
projects on her life. 
Discovering that bravery and 

6831
06:02:45,500 --> 06:02:49,400
curiosity can upend established,
Norms, non-profit, groups 

6832
06:02:49,400 --> 06:02:51,400
continued awarding Scholarships 
in her name. 

6833
06:02:51,400 --> 06:02:54,600
Ensuring that girls from Modest,
backgrounds can earn their wings

6834
06:02:54,600 --> 06:02:58,500
Engineers astronauts and even 
entrepreneurs like terrorism 

6835
06:02:58,500 --> 06:03:01,800
influence, exemplifying 
self-reliance and bold vision. 

6836
06:03:02,700 --> 06:03:05,500
Critics might argue that the 
aura surrounding Amelia Earhart,

6837
06:03:05,500 --> 06:03:10,200
romanticizes risk-taking indeed.
She faced criticisms in her life

6838
06:03:10,200 --> 06:03:14,400
time for the dangerous accepted,
but her approach grounded in 

6839
06:03:14,400 --> 06:03:18,000
rigorous practice and serious, 
study suggests, she treated risk

6840
06:03:18,000 --> 06:03:21,400
as a necessary ingredient in 
progress, not a reckless thrill,

6841
06:03:21,400 --> 06:03:25,100
the spirit that drove her Plains
into the sky, Was the Same 

6842
06:03:25,100 --> 06:03:29,000
Spirit that drives any Pioneer. 
An abiding desire to see what 

6843
06:03:29,000 --> 06:03:33,000
lies Beyond the Horizon. 
As we consider her today, we 

6844
06:03:33,000 --> 06:03:36,000
find that her story is less 
about flight than about 

6845
06:03:36,000 --> 06:03:39,000
transcending limitations. 
She didn't mean, merely fly. 

6846
06:03:39,000 --> 06:03:42,200
She challenged the gravitational
pull of societies assumptions 

6847
06:03:42,900 --> 06:03:46,800
But she vanished while pursuing 
her grandest ambition, adds a 

6848
06:03:46,800 --> 06:03:49,100
paradoxical layer of both sorrow
and admiration. 

6849
06:03:49,100 --> 06:03:54,000
Yet, her final lesson endures. 
Uncharted Territory remains 

6850
06:03:54,000 --> 06:03:56,100
waiting. 
For those who dare to step off 

6851
06:03:56,100 --> 06:03:58,700
the map. 
In that sense, she is still a 

6852
06:03:58,700 --> 06:04:02,100
loft guiding those who look 
skyward with the dreams of 

6853
06:04:02,100 --> 06:04:05,400
possibility and a steadfast 
refusal to accept the confines 

6854
06:04:05,400 --> 06:04:06,300
others of drawn.