Ernest Shackleton’s Antarctic Expeditions, Pt. 1

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry, as folks are probably aware. On March nine of this year, the Falcon's Maritime Heritage Trust announced that the Endurance twenty two expedition had found the wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance in the Wettal Seat in Antarctica. We got tons and tons and tons of notes from listeners about this, and then I was surprised to discover that we didn't already have an episode on Shackleton or on this expedition in which the Endurance was lost. It's kind of about an intersection of things that are a little bit of a running theme in the show. We've got Exploration, We've got a shipwreck. So I decided it was time to fix that, and to fix it twice. Because while Shackleton's expedition aboard the Endurance has become his most well known expedition to Antarctica, it wasn't the only one, and one aspect of the expedition is often overlooked. This turned into a two parter and there's also just there's so much still going on in the world right now that I enjoyed spending my time immersing myself in this dramatic rescue, and I thought other folks might as well. Heads up, though, this is about survival and extreme conditions. And while there is no cannibalism and there's no loss of the entire party as happens in a lot of these other stories, there are some human deaths, and there are a lot of animal deaths, including eating the meat from animals that might be taboo and some cultures. So while I find it to be an overall positive story, there are difficult parts to it, less harrowing than it could be, not entirely void of chagrin, right so. Ernest Henry Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland, on February sevent eighteen seventy four. He was the second of ten children born to Henry and Henrietta letitiaus Sofia Shackleton. Henry Shackleton is often described as a doctor, but when Ernest was born he was a farmer. Then in eighteen seventy nine and eighty, economic factors, poor weather and potato blight sparked a famine in parts of Ireland. This wasn't nearly as deadly or destructive as the Great Famine of the eighteen forties and fifties, which we have covered on the show before, but it did lead to hunger and hardship, and it was after this that Henry Shackleton decided to become a doctor. The Shackleton family moved to Dublin so Henry could study medicine at Trinity College. Then from there they moved to Croydon and then to Sidnham, where Henry established a medical practice. Croydon and Sydnham are both part of Greater London today, and the family home in Sidnham was not far from the Crystal Palace. Everything connects. Ernest's early education involved being taught at home by a governess. Eventually he was enrolled at fir Lodge Preparatory School and then at Dulwich College. He particularly loved reading, and he came in second in English history and literature during his last year at the school, but much to his father's displeasure, he decided to end his education at the age of sixteen and go to see He wanted to join the Royal Navy but he didn't have the money to do that, so he joined the Merchant Marine instead. He didn't give up his love of books, though, he was always known for reading literature and poetry. While at sea. Shackleton worked his way up through the ranks, sailing all over the world, and he earned his certificate as a Master Mariner in April of eighteen ninety eight at the age of twenty four. He also became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London. During the South African War also known as the Second Boer War, he worked as an off around ships that carried mail and packages back and forth between Southampton, England and Cape Town, South Africa. One of those voyages was aboard the Tintadgel Castle, where Shackleton served as third officer, and in March of nineteen hundred he and the ship's surgeon W. McLean published O. H M. S Or How twelve hundred Soldiers Went to Table Bay. This was an account of the voyage and it was Shackleton's first major published work. It was also on this voyage that Shackleton met Lieutenant Cedric Longstaff, whose father was one of the major financial backers of the British National Antarctic Expedition, which was being headed by Captain Robert falcon Scott. This was also called the Discovery Expedition for the ship that carried it, and Shackleton wound up joining the expedition as the Discovery's third lieutenant. For context, this was during the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration that spanned from eight to nineteen twenty two, and during that twenty five year period, eight different countries embarked on sixteen major polar expeditions. This included the Race to the South Pole between rold Amondson and Robert falcon Scott, which was a recent Saturday classic, and that race took place roughly a decade after the Discovery Expedition. Unlike the Age of Discovery roughly five hundred years before, this Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration didn't involve purportedly exploring places that already had an established indigenous population. Although Antarctica was known to the Maori roughly a thousand years before it was known to Europeans, and it may have been visited by Polynesians in about the seventh century. At the same time, though there was a similar sense of scientific inquiry and nationalism and commercialism running all through both of these periods, and both were competitive. The nation's involved all wanted to be the first to discover or achieve something and to plant their flags somewhere new. The public also followed the polar expeditions with intense interest. They were through such remote, inhospitable territory with limited supplies and an even more limited ability to keep in touch with the rest of the world. Everything lent itself to dramatic accounts of tragic losses and heroic rescues and courage under the most arduous and terrifying of circumstances, which people only got to hear about after a team made it back to some semblance of safety, or after another team found what was left of them and came back with their journals and logs. The British National Antarctic Expedition that Shackleton joined in nineteen o one wasn't the first British expedition to the Antarctic. That was the British Antarctic Expedition, which was also known as the Southern Cross Expedition. That expedition had embarked in but the Southern Cross Expedition and was privately financed, while the Discovery expedition was an official British effort that was backed by the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The sense of competition and bragging rights and who got to be first even extended to these two British efforts. The Royal Societies were not all that pleased that a privately financed venture with a largely Norwegian crew under the command of a Norwegian who had settled in Australia had basically scooped them on the way to Antarctica. Aboard the Discovery, Shackleton was in charge of the stores, which he liked, and measuring the density and salinity of seawater samples, which he did not. He also edited and typed a magazine that the crew put together, called South Polar Times, and he saw some tensions aboard the ship. Scott was an officer in the Royal Navy, but Shackleton had come up through the Merchant Navy, joining the Royal Navy Reserve. When he joined the Discovery's crew. A lot of the Royal Navy men looked down on people like Shackleton, and Royal Navy officers usually observed a formality that a lot of the men from the Merchant Navy really didn't was sped into a lot of divisions and stratification, and Shackleton didn't really like that. He and Scott also had different temperaments and approaches, and they butted heads a lot. In spite of those differences, Shackleton was chosen to accompany Scott and zoologist Dr. Edward Wilson on a journey over the Ross ice shelf at the time called the Great Ice Barrier. They were headed south as far as they could go, all the way to the South Pole if possible, but they didn't get nearly as far as they wanted. They had too much gear to carry it all at once, so they had to divide their loads and carry them in a relay. None of them really had any experience handling dogs or sledges, and many of their dogs died or had to be shot. Plus, Scott was really determined to press on, even when they were all sick and obviously running out of food, and Shackleton and Wilson had to really work to convince him to turn back. By the time they got back to base, all three men had scurvy, and Shackleton's condition was bad enough that he was sent home on a supply ship in nineteen o three. Scott dismissed him with a generally favorable note, quote, this gentleman has performed his work in a highly satisfactory manner, but unfortunately his constitution has proved unequal to the rigors of a polar climate. It is with great reluctance that I ordered his return, and trust that it will be made evident that I do so solely on account of his health, and that his future prospects may not suffer. For Shackleton's part, he later maintained that he had not been nearly as sick as Scott had made it sound. So there is some speculation that he was sent home in nineteen o three not because he was seriously ill, but because Scott was tired of dealing with him. We'll get to what Shackleton did after getting home after a quick sponsor break. After getting back to the UK Ernest Shackleton spent some time as a journalist, and he published an account of the voyage. He became secretary of the Scottish Geographical Society, and he ran for parliament. He did not win that election. He also got married to Emily Mary Dorman on April nine of nineteen o four. They eventually went on to have three children, Raymond, Cecily, and Edward, and he started planning and raising money for an expedition to reach both the geographic and magnetic South Poles, which he announced in February of nineteen o seven, and he was not the only person working on an expedition. When Robert Falcon Scott heard about Shackleton's announcement, he got in touch, noting that he also had unannounced plans for the poll. Scott asked Shackleton not to use his base on Ross Island at McMurdo Sound, and the two men had kind of a tedious back and forth about it, with Scott trying to claim the whole sound essentially as his territory and Shackleton arguing that he didn't object to Scott retaining control of the base he had already established, but he couldn't just say that no one else could use the entire sound. By the time Shackleton departed, they hadn't exactly come to an agreement, but Shackleton had agreed to avoid the area if he could. Scott in this whole exchange kind of comes across the saying I licked all of this right, all mine. I peed a circle around Antarctica. You can't go there. So, as with the Southern Cross and Discovery expeditions back in eighteen nineteen o one, there was this sense that Shackleton and Scott were rivals in this instead of each of them organizing expeditions for Britain, that we're all working towards the same goal. And this extended beyond this dispute between the two men themselves. Shackleton's expedition was funded through loans and donations, and it didn't have official backing or funding from the government or the British Admiralty or the Royal Geographic Society. All of those entities were really focused on backing the expedition that Scott was still planning when the Shackleton expedition departed. Shackleton's expedition was also known as the British Antarctic Expedition, and it was called the Nimrod Expedition for the ship they were on. The ship set sail that August after being inspected by King Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra. Shackleton himself was not on board though he and several other members of the expedition stayed behind and wrapped up some loose ends before taking another ship south and meeting up with the Nimrod in New Zealand. They were kind of in a hurry. The reason Shackleton had announced the expedition when he did and set the timeline was out of fear that some other expedition was going to get to the poll first if they didn't so some of their funding and supplies that had to be cobbled together pretty quickly. This meant he had to buy a much smaller, older ship than he really wanted because it was the only one he could afford. The Nimrod was so small that it could not hold their personnel, their gear, and enough call to both power the ship and laugh to the expedition, so another ship had to tow the Nimrod from New Zealand to Antarctica. While some aspects of the expedition seemed kind of thrown together, Shackleton had also taken the time to consult with Norwegian explorers Fritty Off Nonsen and Auto Sufdrop to see what he could learn from their expeditions through the Arctic. He didn't take all of their advice, though, when the Nimrod set sail for Antarctica, it was carrying dogs, sledges, and a prefabricated insulated hut that could be assembled once they arrived, something that freed up a lot of space on board for other materials and equipment. But he also had a dozen Manchurian ponies and a car that was meant to help haul all their gear. Nonsen and sur Drop had advised against both the ponies and the car, but Shackleton had stuck to his plan, arguing that the ponies could haul a lot more than dogs could and that the car had been specially modified for Arctic conditions. Shackleton was not the only person to try to use ponies in Antarctica. That was also part of Scott's expedition that happened later. The Norwegians were always like, I don't know why the Americans think that dogs are not the best way to go. They keep insisting on these ponies. The Nemerod arrived in Antarcticle on January first, nine eight after having stopped in New Zealand, but when they got to Antarctica, many of their potential landing points were blocked by ice. The only place they could find that seemed workable was not far away from Scott's base on Ross Island. Shackleton didn't think he had any other choice but to set up his camp where he could as far away from Scott's bace as he could feasibly get, but Scott really saw this as a betrayal and an attempt to horn in on his expedition. After dropping off the shore party, the Nimrod returned to New Zealand. The shore team spent the last months of the summer establishing a camp, climbing them out Arabis Volcano, taking scientific observations and readings, and generally preparing to ride out the Antarctic winter before departing for the polls. As a note, Antarctica has two seasons, with summer stretching roughly from October to February and winter from March to September. On September, Edgeworth David left for the Magnetic South Pole, and then Shackleton left for the geographic poll on October twenty nine. Shackleton's team took the four surviving ponies because again they had not fared very well and David's team had the car. Both teams struggled. They had to fight against heavy winds on their outbound trip. That's specially modified car worked best on flat ice, but much of the terrain the team needed to cover was not flat, or it was covered in deep snow. Even in the best conditions, it was prone to overheating and breaking down, so David's team could only use it to set supply depots for the return trip, and they had to haul their gear to the pole themselves. And although some expeditions to the Arctic Circle had used ponies successfully, the ones that Shackleton brought to Antarctica did not farewell. As we said. Some had gotten sick or injured while still at sea, or they had to be shot. Early on, on the very first day of their trek to the poll, a pony kicked a member of Shackleton's team in the legs so hard that it exposed bone. The ponies often sank in deep snow up to their bellies. It made it just impossible for them to haul their equipment. Some of them also died after eating volcanic sand, and one died after falling into a crevass. Shackleton's team also ran low on food and so they wound up eating or storing some of the ponies meat, and then as the ponies died, they also ate their leftover fodder. Shackleton made it farther during this expedition than he had during his attempt with Robert Falcon Scott, but on January seven, nine o nine, he and his team turned back after realizing they would run out of food if they kept going. They were about ninety seven nautical miles from the South Pole. On their return trip, they had a hard time finding the supply depots that they had left on the way out. On January, they ran completely out of food, so one of the men went ahead to the next supply depot and returned with some pony meat, and then they all got dysentery after eating it. Meanwhile, David's team successfully reached what they believed to be the magnetic South Pole on January sixteenth of nineteen o nine. They planted a British flag there and they took pictures. Something we know today that they didn't know at the time is that the Earth's magnetic poles moved around due to the changes in the magnetic field. Later on, geologist Douglas Mawson also realized that some old calculations had been off when they had been trying to figure out where they were going, and so what they planted the flag on was more on the outskirts of the magnetic polar region, not like centrally located on the pole. They also dealt with snow, blindness and hunger, and a grueling pace on their return trip. They were trying to get back to the nem Rod in time for it to depart before risking getting frozen in. They succeeded. They were back aboard the Nimrod on February five. As ice and bad weather started to threaten the ship, it had to leave McMurdo Sound to find a safer harbor. But that meant that when Shackleton's team got back to camp on February there was no ship They're waiting to pick them up. To make things worse, in the last days of their return trip, surgeon and cartographer Eric Stewart Marshall had collapsed, so Shackleton and Frank Wilde had left him behind with second in command Jamison Boyd Adams, so they could try to get help from the Nimrod. Shackleton and wild set fire to one of their huts and the crew aboard the Nimrod saw their signal and returned to pick them up. A team went back for Marshall and Adams, and then the Nimrod left with everyone aboard on March four nine. Some of the men were injured or very sick, and they had to leave a bunch of personal items and equipment behind because they were afraid if they took the time to load it on the ship they were going to get stuck there in the ice. But ultimately they had all survived. The team had written and printed copies of a book called Aurora Ostrallis while overwintering in Antarctica. Shackleton, leader, worked with Edward Saunders to write a two volume work, The Heart of the Antarctic. We'll get to the next phase of Shackleton's life. After another quick sponsor break, the Nimerod expedition returned to England in June of nineteen o nine, and Shackleton reunited with his wife. When he was telling her about his decision to turn back rather than pressing on for his goal of the Geographic South Poll, he said, quote, better a living donkey than a dead lion. I love that quote so much. I don't even know what to do with myself. I'm like yeah. Although he hadn't had official funding or backing when he departed for the South Pole, Shackleton was hailed as a hero. When he returned, he was knighted and awarded the Royal Geographic Society Gold Medal, and he received about twenty thousand pounds to help pay off the expedition's debts. Shackleton went on a lecture tour. He talked about the expedition's experiences and discoveries, and he gave away a lot of the money he earned from that. He also used the expedition's fame to raise money for charities. He did things like having the m Rod towed to Temple Pier so that members of the public could tour it, and then he donated the money that they paid to go aboard to hospitals. During this time, rold Amondson's team reached the Geographic South Pole, and at that point Shackleton started thinking about another ambitious plan, the Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition, which would cross the entire Antarctic land mass. He started planning this in n and quickly realized that the crossing would take almost four months at minimum, which meant that there was just no way they could carry everything they would need with them, so he planned for two teams aboard two ships. The Endurance would carry one team to the wet All Sea to trek across Antarctica. The Aurora would carry another team, the Raw Sea Party, to McMurdo Sound. The raw Sea Party, under the command of A. E. McIntosh, would travel inland and place depots every sixty miles to supply the Endurance team for the second half of the journey. Funds for this expedition came from private donors and the British Government and the Royal Geographic Society and Shackleton recruitive Team. A lot of them were people who had been to Antarctica previously, either with him or otherwise. There's a probably apocryphal advertisement that comes up. A lot is part of this effort, but it's fun, so I'm gonna read it. Quote men wanted for hazardous journey, small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, safe return, doubtful, honor and recognition in case of success. I want that to be like every job ad going forward. It isn't a lot of books about like best advertisements, but nobody has been able to track down anywhere that it actually ran. And it's one of those things where the first places that it appears in print that we've been able to find our many years later, mostly in books about advertising. But regardless of all of that, just as he was preparing for departure on June nineteen fourteen, Archduke friends Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenburg were assassinated. Soon Britain was at war, and of course it seemed like this expedition would no longer be a priority. Without talking to anyone about it, including the people financing the expedition, Shackleton offered the Endurance to the British government for the war effort. That offer was declined, and First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, advised Shackleton to continue as planned. The Endurance set sail on August eighth, nineteen fourteen. Shackleton was not on the ship when it left. He once again stayed behind to handle business in Britain and caught up with the Endurance in Buenos Aires. When the Endurance left there for Antarctica. It carried twenty eight people, sixty nine Canadian sledging dogs, and one cat that was Mrs Hippy, who turned out to be male, and that name was given to the cat because he was particularly fond of the ship's carpenter, Harry McNish. Like a lot of other carpenters, he was nicknamed Chippy. One of the twenty eight people was a stowaway that was Percy Blackborow, who had been turned away when he applied for the expedition because of his youth and inexperience. Some of the crew smuggled Blackborow aboard, and although Shackleton was livid when he found out about this, Blackborrow was eventually made the ship steward and apparently did a good job at that. Although Shackleton was to lead the voyage across Antarctica, the ship's captain was Frank Worsley. The team also included a biologist, a meteorologist, a physicist, and a geologist. James Francis Hurley of Australia, known as Frank, was the official photographer and advanced sale of the rights to his work was a source of funding for the expedition. George Marston was the expedition's official artist. They made their way to Antarctica via South Georgia Island in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. South Georgia Island is British Territory and it was home to a Norwegian whaling station at Gritviken. The Endurance arrived at grit Viken in early November of nineteen fourteen, and the sailors there told them that the weather had been unusually wet. That was a signal that the sea ice in Antarctica had not broken up yet. Shackleton had planned to stay at grit Vicken for just a few days to take on food and other supplies, including to live pigs, but he wound up staying until December five, hoping that as the Antarctic summer progressed, the sea ice would break up enough for the ship to pass through. The Endurance got to the edge of the pack ice two days later, and the crew spent the next six weeks trying to make their way through it. The ship was powered by both steam and sails, so if they found a crack in the ice they could try to force their way through it, but this was really slow going and sometimes they had to backtrack entirely as they wound up somewhere that the ice was totally impassable. In January, the Endurance started to get stuck. Men got off the boat and tried to hack away at the pack ice with things like chisels and crowbars, trying to break through enough that the ship's steam power could open a path. Or they would see an open channel of water and try to break away the ice so the ship could just get there. But none of these efforts worked, and as January turned into February, it became clear that they were stuck until the end of winter. Over Wintering on the ship while stuck in the Antarctic pack ice had not been part of the plan, and the ship just wasn't really outfitted for that. Most of the crew quarters were higher up in the decks. They were not insulated enough to make them livable over the winter, so the crew rearranged things to make their situation more comfortable. They cleared out a storage area between the decks and they built these little cubicles to us his sleeping spaces. With a stove running, it was fairly warm, and the crew nicknamed the space the Rits. They also used ice blocks to build houses on the ice for the dogs and the pigs. They nicknamed these dog loose and pigloes. They reallocated the ship's rations to account for all twenty eight men over wintering there, instead of leaving only a smaller party behind. They supplemented their food by hunting things like seals and penguins. They also tried to keep everyone's morale up with things like hockey and soccer games, and reading aloud and putting on plays, just trying to think up ways they could entertain one another. Meteorologist Leonard D. A. Hussey, had a banjo, and he and some of the others made up songs to play on it. They also played with all those dogs and worked with them on sledging, sometimes holding races between the teams. Frank Hurley documented all of this through still images and film. Many of these images still exist day, and they are hauntingly beautiful. Shackleton had tried to prevent the kinds of divisions and hierarchies that he had seen in his first expedition to Antarctica. Everybody worked regardless of what their role was on the expedition and whether that work would normally be part of their job. They had to keep an eye on the ice, including overnight, so if the ice suddenly cracked, they would know what was happening. And he arranged the watch rotation so that as many people as possible, we're getting a good night's sleep, and everyone got a turn keeping watch. When the rations were redivided, they were distributed so that everybody got some of the best food, rather than keeping all the best stuff for the officers. Although Shackleton was focused on keeping everyone's spirits up by July, he also thought the loss of the Endurance was inevitable, saying to Frank Worsley, what the ice gets, the ice keeps. In August, pressure started to lift up huge blocks of ice in the ice pack. The grinding ice flattened to the dog's ice houses. The dogs had to be evacuated back to the ship, and the ice was putting enormous amounts of pressure on the ship itself. Again and again. The team thought that the ice was about to overwhelm the ship and crush it or cause it to capsize. As the weather started to warm and some of the ice started to melt, things were still very treacherous. On October, the ice briefly opened around the Endurance, and it was afloat again, but everything quickly refroze. On October, ice damaged the hull and the ship listed sharply enough that items aboard were thrown into disarray. The crew lashed down everything they could and they tried to move boulders of ice away from the ship with poles. But a day later it looked like the ship might be able to free itself. The pool of open water around it was big enough that they caught a glimpse of a whale down there, but everything around that pool was frozen solid. Shackle to and ordered the boilers to be lit so they could get under way if the ice opened up, and the men started clearing all the ice they could and the debris away from the ship's rudder. Four days they did everything they could to keep the ice clear and be prepared to go at a moment's notice, But then on October, pressure from the ice converged on the ship from three directions. It started taking on water, too much water for the ship's pumps to clear. The men started to remove all the gear and supplies from the ship that they could. As the ship started listing hard to one side, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship. On October, he wrote in his journal, quote, after long months of ceaseless anxiety and strain, after times when hope beat high, and times when the outlook was black, Indeed, the end of the Endurance has come. But though we have been compelled to abandon the ship, which is crushed beyond all hope of ever being righted, we are alive and well, and we have stores and equipment for the task that lies before us. The task is to reach land with all the members of the expedition. It is hard to write what I feel to a sailor, his ship is more than a floating home. And in the Endurance I had centered ambitions, hopes, and desires. Now straining and groaning, her timbers cracking, and her woundscaping, she is slowly giving up her sentient life at the very outset of her career. And that is where we're ending it for today, not the most upbeat place. No. And in uh In working on these two episodes over the course of revisions, I moved this episode break so many different spots. It made, it made its own little journey. Where are we going to break this story? We're gonna break it here with them trapped on the ice. Do you have listener mail to tide us over while we wait to find out what happened? I should um. I'm very excited about this listener mail because it is an update on the Lucy Parsons mural that we talked about in the listener mail segment of our Donia Tulis episode. Listener Catherine had written in talking about a mural and I had not been able to track down uh information about the mural before we got into the studio. So this came to us just this morning on Twitter from Stummiko, who sent us two links to two different Lucy Parsons murals in Chicago. So thank you Sumico for sending this. The one that Catherine was describing at Belmont and Kenzie is by Chema Scandal and was dedicated in And this is uh a mural of Lucy and a pink hat. Her face is like green on one side and a darker pink on the other, and there's a very very colorful kind of swirly background. When I had gone googling to try to figure out out more about this mural and who the artist was, the only result I got about a Lucy Parson's mural in Chicago was for a totally different mural that's sadly no longer exist. That is the one by Mike ellwitts Uh. This was called Teamster Power and it commemorated ups strike and in the mural, which again it's like the whole side of a building. It's very big. Lucy is on one side of it, and Albert is on the other side, and there's a whole lot that happens in the middle. I had incorrectly thought that the picture that Katherine sent was like a crop of a smaller piece of this much bigger mural. It was not. It was a totally different thing. Um. Sadly though that building that it was painted on no longer exists. It has been replaced, so that mural, even though that was the mural I was able to find when trying to answer this question, actually no longer exists. So now we know the mural that Katherine wrote about is by Gemma scandal Um. The are very visually different murals. And I was like, I feel like this has to be a crop of the other one. I'm not sure wearing this picture it would go. Uh. Now I know it's because I was wrong. Thank you against you we go for sending some tweets about that this morning. Uh, thanks to everybody who sends us email. 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