The History of Bread and Ancient Pizza Making | Boring History

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Well, well my tired friends. 
It appears that we have made it 

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to the end of your day so why 
not settle in with me under 

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that, super comfy blanket and 
let's talk about something that 

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you guys will hate me. 
For at bedtime, the history of 

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bread and ancient pizza making. 
I know you're probably thinking 

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you want a snack. 
Well, fight, the urge with a 

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huge gulp of water, just 
learning and snoozing tonight. 

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We will cover everything here 
and before, you know it you'll 

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be out like a light. 
So before we start, if you are 

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new here as the community is 
always growing, feel free to 

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follow. 
Give us a thumbs up and let me 

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know how you're doing down below
in our comment section. 

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Now dim the lights, turn on a 
fan for some noise and let's see

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season together. 
You stand in a valley that will 

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one day be called the Fertile 
Crescent. 

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Though no one has named it yet. 
The year is somewhere around 

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10,000 BC, newer, part of a 
small group learning to notice 

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patterns The wild grass is here,
growth in certain seasons and 

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their seeds are worth the effort
of gathering. 

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You have watched these grasses 
for years now noting, which ones

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taste better and which ones grow
back more. 

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Reliably, the work is tedious in
the way that fundamental 

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discoveries often are You crouch
low in the morning coolness and 

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run your hands along the stalks 
of wild Emma. 

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Wheat. 
The seeds come loose with. 

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Gentle pressure They fall into 
your woven basket with soft. 

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Tapping sounds your back aches 
from the posture, but you have 

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learned that patience. 
Here means eating later, the 

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grains you gather are small and 
irregular. 

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They lack the plump, uniformity 
of wheat. 

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You might recognize from a 
modern Bakery. 

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Each kernel is a tiny package of
potential though. 

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You do not think of it in those 
terms. 

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You think of it as food that 
stores well and does not spoil 

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as quickly as meat or fruit. 
You think of it as insurance 

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against the lean months? 
The wild Emma wheat. 

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You collect has a particular 
quality that makes it both 

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useful and frustrating. 
The seeds cling stubbornly to 

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their chaff. 
A papery outer covering the 

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protected them while growing. 
The grain by beating it or 

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rubbing it between your palms to
separate seed from chuff. 

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The chuff floats away on the 
Wind when you toss the mixture 

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in a shallow basket, this 
winnowing process takes time but

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it produces cleaner grain. 
That stores better. 

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Storage itself, requires care 
and planning. 

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You keep the Grain in large, 
clay vessels sealed with plant 

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fiber plugs. 
Moisture is the enemy. 

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Wet grain Sprouts or molds. 
Both of which make it inedible. 

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You store the vessels and the 
driest part of your dwelling, 

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elevated off the ground, where 
dampness tends to collect. 

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You check them regularly 
sniffing for the musty smell. 

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That indicates problems. 
The grain you say, for planting 

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next, season gets special 
treatment. 

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You select the largest healthier
seeds from the best growing 

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plants. you notice though, you 
cannot articulate why that this 

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selective saving gradually 
changes the grain over dozens of

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harvests, the seeds, become 
slightly larger, the plants like

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more, vigorous Your 
inadvertently domesticating 

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wheat through this process 
though, the concept of 

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domestication does not exist 
yet. 

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Back at your settlement, you 
face the challenge that has 

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puzzled your people for 
Generations. 

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These hard little seeds and 
nearly impossible to eat whole. 

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Your teeth, cannot crack them 
properly, and swallowing them 

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whole offers, no nourishment. 
Someone discovered years ago, 

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that smashing them between 
Stones helps though. 

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The work is exhausting and the 
results are inconsistent. 

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Metal into the Rhythm that your 
grandmother taught you. 

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You place a handful of grains on
a flat grinding stone, and use a

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smaller round Stone to crush 
them. 

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The motion is a gentle rocking. 
Press not a pound pounding 

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shatters, the grains too 
violently and sends them flying.

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The rocking press gradually 
breaks them down into something 

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between meal and flour. 
Sound is a soft scraping crunch 

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almost meditative. 
If you let yourself sink into 

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it, The resulting powder is 
coarse and still contains plenty

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of Hull fragments. 
You blow gently across the 

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surface. 
The lightest chaff lifts away on

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your breath. 
It is not refined by any stretch

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but it is workable. 
You mix it with water in a 

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shallow clay bowl and the 
transformation begins 

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immediately. 
The dry powder drinks, the water

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and becomes a thick sticky pace.
This pace is the ancestor of 

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everything that follows. 
You do not know it yet, but this

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simple mixture of crushed grain 
and water will eventually become

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bread, beer pasta, and yes, even
Pizza crossed. for now, it is 

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just porridge, You eat it with 
your fingers, scraping it from 

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the bowl and thick Globs. 
It tastes earthy and slightly 

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sweet with a texture that sticks
to your teeth. 

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Someone in your group possibly 
driven by boredom or curiosity. 

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Try something different one 
afternoon. 

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Instead of eating the grain 
paste immediately they spread 

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it. 
Thinly on a hot stone that has 

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been sitting near the fire. 
The pace Isles and stiffens 

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within minutes, it transforms 
from sticky mush in to something

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crisp and easy to peel away from
the stone. 

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This is not quite bread, but it 
is no longer porridge either. 

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It is a flatbread though. 
No one will call it that for 

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thousands of years. 
The Taste is different when 

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cooked this way. 
The heat brings out. 

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A nuttiness that the raw Pace 
lacks The Edge is charged 

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slightly. 
Adding a smoky bitterness that 

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balances the grains natural 
sweetness. 

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You can hold it in your hand 
without the stickiness, you can 

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tear it into pieces and share it
more easily. 

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This matters more than you might
expect. 

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Food that can be broken and 
passed around changes, how 

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people gather over the following
Generations, your descendants 

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refine this process. 
They learn that certain grains 

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work better than others. 
Barley becomes a favorite in 

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some regions because it grows 
reliably even in poor soil. 

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Emma wheat wins favor Elsewhere 
for its Superior flavor. 

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Einkorn wheat, one of the 
earliest cultivated grains 

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becomes a staple in areas where 
the growing season is short. 

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The grinding Stones improve too,
someone figures out that a 

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slightly concave grinding 
surface holds the grains better 

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and reduces spillage. 
Someone else discovers that a 

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smoother. 
Pestle Stone creates, finer 

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flour with less effort. 
These Innovations spread slowly 

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through trade and observation, a
traveler sees a better grinding 

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technique in a neighboring 
Valley and carries the knowledge

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home. 
The transition from Gathering 

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wild grains to deliberately 
planting them happen. 

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So gradually that no single 
generation notices the shift You

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save the largest healthiest 
seeds from each Harvest and 

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scatter them in cleared ground 
near Your settlement. 

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Following year, you notice that 
these deliberately planted 

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grains grow more dense than the 
wild. 

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Stan's you repeat the process, 
your children, repeated their 

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children, repeat it by 8,000 BC 
e community's across the Fertile

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Crescent to farming and earnest.
The wild grass is your 

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ancestors. 
Gathered have been transformed 

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through generations of selective
saving and to early domesticated

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varieties. 
The grains are larger now and 

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the stalks hold on to their 
seeds, more firmly making 

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Harvest easier. 
This is not yet, the wheat that 

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will fill Egyptian granaries but
it is heading in that direction.

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The flatbreads you make are 
still simple. 

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You mix ground grain with water,
sometimes adding a bit of salt 

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if you live near the coast or a 
Salt Flat, You press the dough 

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flat with your palms and lay it 
on a heated stone or directly in

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the ashes of a Dying fire. 
The bread Cooks quickly 

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developing a golden brown 
surface with darker spots, where

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it touched the hottest areas. 
You brush off the Ash and eat it

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while it is still warm. 
These breads are doesn't 

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purposes Beyond simply eating. 
You wrap food in them to keep 

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your hands clean. 
You use them to scoop up stews 

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and thick suits letting the 
bread soak up the liquid before 

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eating it. 
When the bread goes stale, you 

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break it into pieces and add it 
back to Suits, or grind it into 

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breadcrumbs for thickening. 
Nothing is wasted. 

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The evening fires in Your 
settlement smell constantly of 

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baking grain. 
The smoke carries a toasted, 

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almost coffee, like a Roma, that
signals home, from a distance. 

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Children learn to make flatbread
as soon as their hands are 

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strong enough to grind grain. 
The work is communal and 

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constant, there is always 
someone grinding. 

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Always someone mixing always 
someone tending a baking stone. 

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The seasons, dictate the rhythm 
of grain work. 

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Spring brings planting a period 
of hard, labor, clear, and 

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ground and sowing seed. 
Some is relatively quiet for 

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grain Farmers filled with 
weeding and watching the stalks 

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grow tall. 
You check the fields regularly 

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for pests or disease though. 
Your options for intervention 

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are limited. 
You can pull obvious weeds and 

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hope for the best regarding 
everything else. 

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Late summer and Early Autumn 
bring harvest the most critical 

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period of the year. 
You must time the Harvest 

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precisely cut to early and the 
grain is not fully mature 

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reducing. 
Your yield wait to long and 

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birds eat your crop or whether 
or not the storks. 

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You watch the grain heads 
carefully waiting for that. 

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Perfect moment when they are 
golden and dry, but before they 

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shot her and drop this seeds, 
the Harvest itself is 

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backbreaking work you use Flint 
bladed, sickles to cut the 

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stalks. 
Close to the ground. 

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The bundles, get tied, and 
carried to a threshing floor, a 

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hard-packed area where you can 
beat the grain to separate seed 

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from stalk. 
Chaff gets winnowed away by 

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tossing it in baskets. 
While the wind blows what 

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remains, is the precious grain? 
That will feed you through 

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winter and spring? 
Winter is for processing, the 

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stored grain into food, you 
grind daily, or every few days 

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producing flour as needed. 
The grinding work helps keep 

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your warm on cold days. 
The physical exertion generating

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heat while your muscles work. 
The rhythm of the grinding stone

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becomes meditative during Long 
Winter. 

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After noon's when outdoor work 
is impossible. 

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You do not think of this as the 
beginning of civilization, but 

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historians will the ability to 
store grain and convert it into 

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stable. 
Portable food allows your 

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community to stay in one place. 
You build more permanent 

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structures because you are not 
following game animals anymore. 

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You develop Pottery because you 
need vessels to store grain. 

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You create granaries because you
have Surplus, all of this traces

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back to those first experiments 
with wild grass seeds and hot 

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stones. 
The flatbreads themselves are 

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deeply personal each family 
develops preferences. 

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Some like their dough wetter 
producing a softer more pliable 

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bread. 
Others prefer it drier creating 

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a cracker like Snap. 
Some mixing wild herbs or seeds 

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for flavor others. 
Keep it plain. 

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These preferences will echo down
through Millennia showing up in 

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the regional bread, traditions 
of Egypt, Greece Rome and 

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eventually the varied flatbreads
of Italy. 

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As you fall asleep tonight in 
your simple dwelling, the smell 

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of that day's baking. 
Still lingers, you can taste the

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faint grittiness of stone ground
Grain on your teeth. your arms 

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ache pleasantly from the 
grinding work tomorrow, you will

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do it all again and the next 
day, and the next Your building 

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something without knowing it, 
your teaching the world, how to 

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eat. 
You find yourself in Egypt. 

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Now around 3,000 BCE. 
The Nile floods with reliable 

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Precision, leaving behind rich, 
black silt. 

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That makes the valley. 
The most productive Farmland. 

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In the known world. 
You're a baker, though. 

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That word does not quite capture
what you do. 

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Your part grain Farmer part 
Miller part experimenter and 

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park Keeper Of Secrets that your
guild guards carefully. 

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The wheat you work, with, has 
evolved considerably from those 

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early Wild Grains. 
Emma wheat, dominates the fields

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here, along with Bali. 
The colonels are plumper and 

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more uniform. 
The yields are astonishing 

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compared to what farmers and 
other regions manage. 

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Single acre along the Nile can 
produce enough grain to feed 

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several families for a year. 
This abundance allows 

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specialization. 
You can focus entirely on 

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turning grain into bread While 
others focus on farming Pottery,

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weaving or Administration. 
Your grinding equipment would 

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Astound your ancestors from the 
turtle Crescent. 

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00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:18,700
Use a large saddle Kern, a 
curved Stone surface that allows

232
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:22,200
you to push and pull a smaller 
Stone across it. 

233
00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:26,300
In smooth efficient Strokes. 
The motion is almost like 

234
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:30,100
rowing, you can grind far more 
grain in an hour than the old 

235
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:32,300
back and forth pounding method 
ever allowed. 

236
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,600
The flower you produces finer 
too, though, still caused by 

237
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,300
modern standards, tiny fragments
of Stone from the grinding 

238
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:44,000
process mixed into the flour, 
which will eventually wear down 

239
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:46,500
the teeth of everyone who eats 
your bread regularly. 

240
00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:51,700
The real Revolution happens by 
accident as most revolutions do.

241
00:13:52,500 --> 00:13:56,000
You mix your flour with water as
usual, adding a bit of salt. 

242
00:13:56,700 --> 00:13:59,200
You intend to bake it 
immediately but something 

243
00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:01,800
distract. 
You Perhaps a neighbor needs 

244
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,400
helps. 
You get called away to assist 

245
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:08,300
with an irrigation dispute? 
Whatever the reason the dough 

246
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:11,100
sits for several hours in a warm
corner of your workspace. 

247
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:15,600
When you return something has 
changed the dough is expanded 

248
00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:19,000
slightly. 
It smells different, not bad but

249
00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:23,300
Tangy and complex You press a 
finger into it and it Springs 

250
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:25,800
back slowly rather than staying 
compressed. 

251
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:29,200
You have no framework for 
understanding fermentation yet. 

252
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:33,400
You do not know about wild yeast
or bacteria, you just know that 

253
00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:34,600
something interesting has 
happened. 

254
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:38,200
You bake it anyway. 
Curious you shape it into a 

255
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,500
round flat Loaf and place it on 
your baking stone. 

256
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:43,400
Has it Cooks. 
It does something no flatbread 

257
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:48,500
has ever done before it rises 
not dramatically but noticeably 

258
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:53,400
The interior develops, an open 
almost sponge like texture 

259
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:55,000
instead of the usual dense 
compression. 

260
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:58,900
When you break it open Steam 
escape from Tiny Pockets. 

261
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:03,200
Throughout the crumb, the bread 
is lighter area and somehow 

262
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:04,400
more. 
Satisfying to eat. 

263
00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:07,200
You have just discovered level 
and breadth though. 

264
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:10,400
You will not call it that you 
will call it the bread that rows

265
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,700
or the puffy bread or something 
equally descriptive. 

266
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:18,600
Immediately try to replicate it.
You mix another batch and let it

267
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:20,600
sit. 
Sometimes it works. 

268
00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:24,700
Sometimes it does not. 
The inconsistency is maddening 

269
00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:26,400
until you figure out the key 
variable. 

270
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:30,000
You need a starter. 
You save a piece of the Risen 

271
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,100
dough before baking it. 
All the next day you mix this 

272
00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:36,400
old dough into your fresh batch.
The results are far more 

273
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:39,200
reliable. 
The dough Rises every time now 

274
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:43,300
though the timing varies with 
temperature and humidity, you've

275
00:15:43,300 --> 00:15:47,100
essentially created a sourdough 
starter that, you have no idea 

276
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,000
that you are cultivating a 
living culture of wild yeast, 

277
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:54,900
and lactobacilli bacteria. 
This discovery spreads through 

278
00:15:54,900 --> 00:15:58,800
the baking community of Egypt 
fast to the new agricultural 

279
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:03,100
techniques usually do. 
Within a generation 11d bread is

280
00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:06,700
the standard in urban areas. 
The rural community is often 

281
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:10,700
stick with traditional flaps for
practical reasons, leavening 

282
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:13,800
requires, time and attention. 
You need to maintain your 

283
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:17,100
starter feeding it regularly 
with fresh flour and water. 

284
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:20,900
You need to plan ahead because 
the dough needs hours to rise. 

285
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:24,900
Flatbread is fast or and simpler
when you need food immediately. 

286
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:30,000
Your bakery like many in Egypt 
becomes a semi-public space, you

287
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:33,100
bake, not just for your family, 
but for Neighbors who bring you 

288
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:36,500
their grain, they pay you in a 
share of the flower or in other 

289
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:39,200
Goods. 
Bread becomes a form of currency

290
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,800
in itself. 
Workers on the pyramids, receive

291
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:45,700
their wages partially, in bread 
rations, the standardized loaves

292
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:47,900
make accounting easier, three 
small. 

293
00:16:47,908 --> 00:16:50,900
Loaves, equal one. 
Large loaf equals half a day's 

294
00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:53,300
wages equals a specific quantity
of beer. 

295
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:57,000
The Egyptians develop an 
impressive, variety of breads, 

296
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:01,700
you make small round loaves for 
personals, you make large 

297
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:04,000
communal loaves meant to be 
broken and shared. 

298
00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:07,800
You make enriched breads with 
honey or animal fat for special 

299
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,800
occasions. 
You make unsalted breads for 

300
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:14,000
religious offerings because salt
is associated with chaos and the

301
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,500
desert. 
You make shape to Breads in the 

302
00:17:16,500 --> 00:17:20,900
forms of animals or spirals for 
festivals your oven has evolved 

303
00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:23,700
too. 
Use a beehive shaped Clay Oven 

304
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:27,800
that retains heat beautifully. 
You build a fire inside it using

305
00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:31,700
dried dung or straw materials 
that burn hot and clean. 

306
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,600
Once the interior is Thoroughly 
heated, you scrape out the coals

307
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:40,400
and Ash The residual heat in the
clay walls, bakes your bread, 

308
00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:44,600
you can fit a dozen loaves in at
once all baking in the ambient 

309
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:48,500
heat without any open flame, the
bread develops, a Golden Krust 

310
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:52,400
and stays moist inside. 
Temperature control becomes an 

311
00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,600
art form. 
You learn to judge the oven's 

312
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:58,000
Heat by how quickly water 
droplets evaporate on the floor 

313
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:02,100
or by holding your hand inside 
for account, too hot and the 

314
00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,400
crust Burns. 
Before the interior, Cooks two, 

315
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:07,200
cool. 
And the bread stays pale and 

316
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,900
dense. perfect, temperature 
produces a crust that crackles 

317
00:18:10,900 --> 00:18:14,600
when you break it and a crumb 
that tears in soft irregular 

318
00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:18,500
layers, The smell of an Egyptian
Bakery is intoxicating. 

319
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,400
Yeast and fermentation creates 
sour funky notes. 

320
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:27,700
Baking grain adds toasted nutty 
layers, honey and Rich breads, 

321
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:31,900
contribute caramel sweetness. 
The combination is complex and 

322
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:35,400
inviting in a way that simple 
flatbread, never quite achieved.

323
00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:39,500
People can smell your bakery 
from streets away the aroma 

324
00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:41,600
signals prosperity and 
civilization. 

325
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:46,300
Egyptian Baker's also innovate 
with grain combination, you mix,

326
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:48,700
Emma wheat, with barley to 
create breads with different 

327
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:52,600
textures and flavors pure Emma. 
Produces a lighter sweeter 

328
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:55,300
bread. 
Pure barley creates a denser. 

329
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,900
Earthier loaf. 
A 50/50 blend offers a middle 

330
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:01,100
ground that many prefer for 
everyday eating. 

331
00:19:01,900 --> 00:19:05,700
You experiment, constantly 
adjusting ratios based on what 

332
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:08,600
the Harvest provides and what 
your customers requests. 

333
00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:11,200
Written records from this 
period. 

334
00:19:11,200 --> 00:19:14,700
Preserved on Papyrus. 
And two walls mentioned bread 

335
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:18,000
obsessively. 
The Egyptian language has over 

336
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,900
40 different words for bread 
types, each specifying, slight, 

337
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:25,100
variations in ingredients shape 
or baking method. 

338
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:29,100
This is not the vocabulary of a 
culture that views bread as mere

339
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:31,500
fuel. 
This is the language of people, 

340
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:35,300
who can consider Bread Central 
to their identity, The dead 

341
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,900
received bread in their tombs 
painted scenes on burial 

342
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:41,000
chamber. 
Walls show the entire bread 

343
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:45,100
making process from harvesting 
grain to grinding flour, to 

344
00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:48,100
shaping loaves. 
The Egyptians believed the 

345
00:19:48,108 --> 00:19:51,200
deceased will need to eat in the
afterlife, and bread is 

346
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,200
essential. 
Some tombs can contain actual 

347
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,800
loaves preserved for thousands 
of years in the dry Desert Air. 

348
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,700
Modern archaeologists of 
recovered these ancient breads 

349
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:04,400
finding them still like to 
Fireball though. 

350
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,700
Thoroughly desiccated. 
You take pride in your craft, 

351
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:11,500
you know, that your skill allows
the scribes to write the 

352
00:20:11,500 --> 00:20:14,800
soldiers to fight and the 
pyramid Builders to hold stone 

353
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,300
blocks. 
You know that without reliable 

354
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,600
bread, production Egyptian 
civilization would collapse 

355
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,600
within weeks. 
Your work is not glamorous but 

356
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:26,800
it's fundamental. 
You're feeding an Empire one 

357
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,900
loaf at a time as the evening 
settles and you Bank, the coals 

358
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,900
in your oven, you reflect on how
far bread has traveled? 

359
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,600
Your ancestors, ate grain Pace. 
Your grandparents Made Simple, 

360
00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:41,200
flatbreads. 
You create risen lows with 

361
00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:45,100
complex flavors and textures, 
your children will inherit these

362
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:47,500
techniques and likely improve on
them. 

363
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:51,100
The journey continues. 
You have moved forward in time 

364
00:20:51,100 --> 00:20:55,500
and westward in geography. 
You stand in Athens around 500 

365
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:58,600
BC, breathing, in the 
distinctive smell of a 

366
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,900
commercial Bakery District. 
The Greeks of inherited 

367
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:05,700
Egyptian, bread, technology, and
refined it with typical Greek, 

368
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:08,300
enthusiasm for specialization 
and quality. 

369
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,300
The Greeks differentiate between
bread makers and bread sellers 

370
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:14,800
between Grain Millers and don't 
need us. 

371
00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:18,700
Each role as a separate 
profession with its own training

372
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:22,100
and social standing. 
You're a Baker's specifically. 

373
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:25,800
Meaning, you focus on the actual
transformation of dough into 

374
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,500
bread rather than the 
Preparatory or sales work. 

375
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:33,400
This division of labor allows 
you to develop genuine expertise

376
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:36,800
in the precise variables that 
affect bread quality. 

377
00:21:37,500 --> 00:21:40,600
Your oven is larger and more 
sophisticated than the Egyptian 

378
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:43,100
models. 
The Greeks have figured out how 

379
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:46,800
to build ovens with a separate 
Firebox allowing continuous 

380
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:51,300
baking with the need to heat 
clear and then use the space. 

381
00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:54,900
You maintain a steady fire in 
the Firebox and the heat 

382
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:56,900
circulates through the baking 
chamber. 

383
00:21:57,800 --> 00:21:59,900
You can load and unload bread 
throughout the day. 

384
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:02,200
Keeping production flowing, the 
Greeks. 

385
00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:06,800
Are obsessed with wheat Purity, 
the whitest finest flour 

386
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:10,800
commands, the highest prices. 
You sift your flour through 

387
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,100
progressively, find a cloth 
screens, separating out the 

388
00:22:14,108 --> 00:22:18,500
brand, and any remaining, Hull 
fragments the resulting white 

389
00:22:18,500 --> 00:22:20,500
flower produces breads with a 
light. 

390
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:24,000
Almost fluffy texture. 
The poori bread made from 

391
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:28,100
unsifted, flour, which is 
darker, denser and more 

392
00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:30,600
nutritious though, no one 
understands nutrition in those 

393
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,200
terms yet. 
They just know that course, 

394
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:36,800
bread is cheaper and filling. 
Greek bread culture includes 

395
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:40,500
both leavened and unleavened 
varieties you make barley cakes 

396
00:22:40,500 --> 00:22:44,300
that are essentially upgraded 
flatbreads popular with soldiers

397
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:48,200
and travelers because they keep 
well and do not require careful 

398
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,900
handling. 
You make wheat breads 11 with 

399
00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:53,800
the sourdough starters that 
every Bakery maintains like 

400
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,400
Precious commodities? 
You make Honey Cakes that blur. 

401
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,700
The line between bread and 
dessert enriched with olive oil 

402
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:02,800
and sweetened with time 
centered, honey. 

403
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:07,200
The social importance of bread 
and grease cannot be overstated.

404
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,900
The gymnasium culture that 
defines Greek male education, 

405
00:23:10,900 --> 00:23:15,300
includes communal meals, where 
bread is Central The symposia 

406
00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:18,100
where philosophers debate and 
drink wine, always include 

407
00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,800
bread. 
Theater audience is eat bread 

408
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,400
during performance is bread is 
not just food. 

409
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:28,600
It is the expected Baseline of 
civilized life To eat only meat 

410
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,300
or vegetables without bread is 
considered barbaric. 

411
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:36,200
Across the Mediterranean now to 
row around 100 BCE. 

412
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:40,600
The Romans have absorbed, Greek 
bread technology and as they do 

413
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,400
with everything. 
Industrialized it. 

414
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:46,200
The city of Rome contains 
hundreds of commercial Bakery. 

415
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,000
Each feeding a neighborhood. 
The government regulates bread, 

416
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:53,900
prices and quality because bread
shortages lead to riots. 

417
00:23:54,700 --> 00:23:57,500
Several Emperors lose power 
because they fail to maintain 

418
00:23:57,500 --> 00:24:00,900
the grain Supply. 
The phrase bread and circuses 

419
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,200
exist for good reason. 
Keep people fed and entertained 

420
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:08,200
and the Empire stays stable. 
Roman bakeries are impressive 

421
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:11,100
operations. 
You work in one that employs 20 

422
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:14,900
people somehow handle the grind,
delivery in storage, some 

423
00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:18,100
operate, the Mills which are now
powered by donkeys, walking in 

424
00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:20,100
circles rather than human 
muscle. 

425
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,400
Some mixed need the massive 
quantities of dough required to 

426
00:24:24,408 --> 00:24:29,000
feed hundreds of people daily. 
Some tend the ovens, some sell 

427
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,200
the finished product. 
You specialize in shaping and 

428
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,100
scoring the loaves. 
A job that requires speed and 

429
00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:37,700
consistency. 
The Romans have developed 

430
00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:41,900
standardized bread, shapes. 
The panis quadratus or Square 

431
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:45,800
bread, is the most common. 
You divide the dough into equal 

432
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:50,600
portions shape each into a round
and then score it deeply with a 

433
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:53,400
cross pattern. 
This allows the bread to be 

434
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:57,200
easily broken into four equal 
pieces, which matters for 

435
00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:01,400
portion control and pricing. 
The scoring also helps the bread

436
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,300
expand properly during baking 
without tearing unpredictably. 

437
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:07,700
Your oven is a technological 
Marvel. 

438
00:25:07,700 --> 00:25:11,100
It is built into the wall of the
bakery with a large opening at 

439
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:12,600
the front and a chimney at the 
back. 

440
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:16,400
Floor is tiled with 
fire-resistant Stone. 

441
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:20,900
The dome-shaped ceiling reflects
heat downward onto the bread. 

442
00:25:20,900 --> 00:25:25,800
You use a long wooden peel to 
slide loaves in and out a 

443
00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:30,800
technique that requires practice
to master Misjudge the angle and

444
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,300
your bread ends up against the 
back wall or folded in half. 

445
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:38,600
The peel itself deserves 
attention, it is a flat, wooden 

446
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:41,700
paddle attached to a long 
handle, allowing you to reach 

447
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:43,900
deep into the oven without 
burning yourself. 

448
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:46,400
The wood must be smoother, 
enough. 

449
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,800
That raw dough does not stick. 
But not so polished that it 

450
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,900
becomes slippery. 
You dust the peel with flour or 

451
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:55,000
fine, cornmeal before placing 
dough on it. 

452
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:59,300
Quick jerking motion slides, the
loaf off onto the oven floor. 

453
00:25:59,300 --> 00:26:03,800
The movement looks simple, but 
takes months to perfect loading.

454
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:05,600
The oven is a choreographed 
dance. 

455
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,700
You arranged loaves in a 
specific pattern that maximizes 

456
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:11,500
space while allowing heat to 
circulate? 

457
00:26:12,300 --> 00:26:16,500
The hottest spots usually toward
the back and sides, get the lows

458
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:20,300
that need the most Browning. 
In enriched breads that burnies 

459
00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:24,200
easily go in cooler areas near 
the front, you keep a mental map

460
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:27,900
of which loaf is where because 
they do not all bake at the same

461
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:30,700
rate. 
Some will be ready to pull in 20

462
00:26:30,700 --> 00:26:32,900
minutes others. 
Need 30 or more. 

463
00:26:33,700 --> 00:26:36,800
The fuel you use, as crucial, 
roam suffers, from Woods, guess 

464
00:26:36,808 --> 00:26:39,600
City, because the surrounding 
forests have been cut down to 

465
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,400
build the city and the Empire's 
ship's. 

466
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:44,700
Firewood is expensive. 
So you burnt alternatives. 

467
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:49,200
Olive pits left over from all 
production, burn hot and steady.

468
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,900
Dried grape Vines from 
winemaking, produce, intense 

469
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:58,500
heat for short periods. 
Charcoal made from wood and 

470
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:02,200
distant forests and transported 
to the city is reserved for the 

471
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,800
hottest baking needs. 
Roman bread includes some 

472
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,400
surprising ingredients by modern
standards, you sometimes add 

473
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:11,800
wine or wine leaves to the dough
for flavor. 

474
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,200
You incorporate cheese into 
certain specialty, breads, 

475
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:18,700
creating something that would 
not be entirely unfamiliar to a 

476
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:21,800
modern Italian. 
You use herbs like a Garner and 

477
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,000
rosemary and breads meant for 
dipping and olive oil. 

478
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,400
These flavor additions are 
subtle, but noticeable. 

479
00:27:29,500 --> 00:27:32,100
The Romans also perfected 
technique that the Egyptian 

480
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:33,900
started but never fully 
explored. 

481
00:27:33,900 --> 00:27:38,200
You enriched dough with olive 
oil and sometimes milk creating 

482
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,700
breads that stay soft for days 
instead of hardening overnight. 

483
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:46,100
This is crucial for military 
supply, Roman soldiers marching 

484
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,000
across Europe, carry bread, that
remains edible for a week. 

485
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,800
If raped properly the oil 
preserves moisture and slows 

486
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:58,100
staling Bread quality becomes a 
status symbol the wealthy eating

487
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:01,900
as red made from the finest, 
sifted, white flour. 

488
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,300
The middle class is eat panis. 
Second area, made from partially

489
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:08,300
sifted flour, with some brown 
remaining. 

490
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:12,600
Pour eat panis. 
Plata a core Stark bread that 

491
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,000
provides maximum calories per 
coin, but little refinement. 

492
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:19,600
You can identify someone's 
social class by watching what 

493
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,900
bread they buy. 
The insulae, the multi-story 

494
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,500
apartment buildings where most 
Romans live, do not have ovens. 

495
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,300
Fire codes, prohibit. 
Open flames in most residential 

496
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,700
units, because Rome burns down 
with depressing, regularity. 

497
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:38,100
This means most Romans depend on
Commercial Bakery. 

498
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:42,100
You are not just a convenient. 
You are a necessity. 

499
00:28:43,300 --> 00:28:46,600
Without bakeries, the city could
not function at its current 

500
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,600
population density. 
Your workday starts Before Dawn.

501
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,400
You arrive when the streets are 
still dark and empty except for 

502
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:57,600
night soil, collectors, and the 
occasional stumbling drunk. 

503
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,900
You stoke, the oven fire and 
check your starter, feeding it 

504
00:29:01,900 --> 00:29:06,300
with fresh flour and water. by 
the time, the sun rises your 

505
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:10,200
first batch of loaves is baking 
The smell draws early. 

506
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:13,800
Customers workers, who grabbed 
bread on their way to the docks 

507
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:16,800
or construction site. 
The rhythm of production 

508
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:21,200
continues all day. 
You shape dough load ovens, pull

509
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:25,400
finished Loaves and start again.
Your hands develop. 

510
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:29,200
Calluses in specific patterns 
from handling the peel and 

511
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:32,800
Scoring the dough. 
Your forearms grow strong from 

512
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,500
the constant needing. 
You can judge dough Readiness by

513
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:39,500
touch alone. 
Knowing exactly when it is 

514
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:43,500
fermented enough. 
And when it is overproofed, The 

515
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:46,500
social role of the bakery 
extends Beyond Simple commas. 

516
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:51,000
People gather here to exchange 
news notice is get posted on 

517
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:53,200
your wall. 
Announcing everything from lost 

518
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:57,000
dogs to upcoming Gladiator, 
games children are sent to buy 

519
00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:58,800
bread and linger to play in the 
street. 

520
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:02,900
Outside, the bakery is a 
neighborhood institution, as 

521
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:04,700
much a community center as a 
business. 

522
00:30:04,700 --> 00:30:09,800
You take Professional Pride, 
inconsistently, your regular 

523
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,500
customers, know what to expect. 
They want the same bread. 

524
00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:15,300
They bought yesterday, and the 
day before. 

525
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:19,900
Inovation is fine for special 
occasions, but Daily Bread 

526
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:23,600
should be reliable, this 
conservative approach to staple 

527
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,700
foods will persist for thousands
of years. 

528
00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:30,500
People want their comfort foods 
to taste like home as your shift

529
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:32,700
ends and you head home through 
Roman Street. 

530
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:35,700
Still warm from the day son, you
pass other Bakery. 

531
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:40,400
Each has its own reputation. 
Some are known for particularly 

532
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,400
soft bread, some for whole grain
options. 

533
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:47,700
Some for the Honey Cakes. 
They make for festivals the 

534
00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:49,700
competition pushes quality 
higher. 

535
00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:54,100
A baker, who produces 
consistently inferior bread goes

536
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:57,200
out of business quickly. 
Tonight, you will sleep with the

537
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:01,300
smell of baking, still clinging 
to your clothes, and hair, your 

538
00:31:01,300 --> 00:31:03,600
dreams, when they come will 
likely involve. 

539
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,400
The rhythmic motions of your 
work You will reach for Phantom 

540
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:09,900
bread Peels and shape invisible 
loaves. 

541
00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:14,200
This is the life you chose or 
that chose you to tomorrow, you 

542
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:18,500
will do it all again, feeding 
Rome onus quadratus at a time. 

543
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:23,500
You stand in Pompey on a warm 
morning in 79 CE, several months

544
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,700
before the Soviets erupts and 
preserves this city and Ash for 

545
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:29,000
two millennia. 
You work in one of the many 

546
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:33,700
commercial bakery that the city.
Pompei is prosperous comfortable

547
00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:37,400
and utterly doomed though you 
have no way of knowing that last

548
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:40,000
part. 
Your bakery is built around a 

549
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:43,400
large Courtyard. 
The grinding room, occupies one 

550
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,300
section where donkeys walking 
Eternal circles, turning. 

551
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:51,400
Massive millstones, the mixing 
in needing area takes up another

552
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:53,900
section. 
The oven dominates, the back 

553
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:56,400
wall. 
A magnificent Dome structure 

554
00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,800
built from volcanic stone that 
holds heat like nothing else. 

555
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,100
Storage rooms for grain and 
flour, fill the remaining space.

556
00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:08,800
The entire operation is designed
for efficiency and volume the 

557
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,500
morning starts with The Familiar
sound of the donkeys. 

558
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:15,000
Beginning their Walk, The Mill 
Stones Rumble and grind. 

559
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,400
Crushing grain into flour with a
sound like distant Thunder. 

560
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:22,200
You've learned to tune out this 
noise but visitors, find it 

561
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:24,700
overwhelming. 
The whole building vibrates 

562
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:28,600
slightly from the constant 
grinding dust hangs in the air, 

563
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:31,900
making the sunlight visible in 
Golden shafts. 

564
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,000
Your dough comes from the 
previous days mixing. 

565
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,500
It is fermented overnight in 
large, clay vessels. 

566
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,900
Developing the complex sour Tang
that Romans prefer. 

567
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:44,400
You turn it out onto the work 
surface. 

568
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:49,100
A smooth stone, slab, Warren 
concave from years of use. 

569
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,800
The dough is sticky and Alive 
bubbling with fermentation, you 

570
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:57,400
flour, your hands and begin 
dividing it into portions each 

571
00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:59,300
portion gets weighed on a 
balance scale. 

572
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:04,500
Consistency matters for pricing 
and for customer Trust. a loaf 

573
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:07,800
that weighs the same as 
yesterday's low cells easily a 

574
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:11,600
loaf that seems smaller even if 
it costs the same generates 

575
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:15,800
complaints, You have learned to 
judge The Weight by feel but you

576
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:17,500
still check each one to be 
certain. 

577
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,800
The shaping is where Artistry 
enters the process. 

578
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:24,500
You cut your hands around each 
portion and rotated against the 

579
00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:27,700
stone creating surface tension. 
That will help the bread. 

580
00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:32,300
Hold its shape during baking. 
Too little tension and the loaf 

581
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:36,600
spreads flat. 
Too much and the surface tears. 

582
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:41,300
You work quickly shaping dozens 
of lows in the time, it takes to

583
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:45,100
describe the process once. 
The motion is intuitive. 

584
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,900
Now, after years of practice, 
your hands know exactly how much

585
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:52,900
pressure to apply and when to 
release You can feel through 

586
00:33:52,900 --> 00:33:56,400
your palms when the dough has 
the right tightness the shape 

587
00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:59,500
drowns, sit on the work surface 
from a moment before you move 

588
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:01,600
them. 
To the proofing boards, they 

589
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:04,500
look almost alive. 
Gently expanding as the 

590
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:07,100
fermentation gases, continue 
working inside. 

591
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,600
Proofing is the waiting period. 
Where shaped lows rise one final

592
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:15,199
time before baking, you place 
them on, wooden boards, dusted 

593
00:34:15,199 --> 00:34:19,400
with flour or in cloth line 
baskets The baskets leave a 

594
00:34:19,408 --> 00:34:23,100
distinctive pattern on the dough
surface circular ridges. 

595
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:26,300
That Mark the bread as having 
been properly proofed Some 

596
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:29,400
customers prefer basket 
proofread for its rustic 

597
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:32,600
appearance. 
Others want smooth sided loaves,

598
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:36,000
you accommodate both 
preferences, the timing of this,

599
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,500
final rise is critical, 
underproofed bread, bakes up 

600
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:43,400
dense and heavy with a tight 
crumb and Little Oven spring. 

601
00:34:44,100 --> 00:34:47,300
Overproof bread collapses in the
oven spreading flat and 

602
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:49,500
developing a course irregular 
texture. 

603
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:53,699
The Sweet Spot is narrow, 
perhaps 20 to 40 minutes, 

604
00:34:53,699 --> 00:34:55,900
depending on temperature and 
dough composition. 

605
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,200
You judge redness by pressing a 
finger gently into the dough. 

606
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:03,900
It should spring back slowly 
leaving a slight indentation. 

607
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:08,400
The scoring comes next. 
You use a sharp blade to cut the

608
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:10,700
traditional cross pattern. 
Deep into each loaf. 

609
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:15,100
The cuts should be decisive and 
clean hesitant soaring. 

610
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,100
Motions deflate the dough and 
produce poor results. 

611
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:21,500
You mark each loaf with a swift 
confidence. 

612
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:25,300
Born from repetition. 
The scored lows go on to wooden 

613
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:27,300
boards to rest briefly before 
baking. 

614
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:31,500
Your oven is already hot. 
You built the fire hours ago, 

615
00:35:31,500 --> 00:35:36,300
feeding it with scrap wood and 
dried Vine cutting The interior 

616
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:39,300
temperature is difficult to 
describe in numbers because 

617
00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:41,900
thermometers will not be 
invented for another 16th 

618
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:44,300
centuries. 
But you know when it is, right. 

619
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:48,300
You can hold your hand inside 
for a counter fully before the 

620
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:51,600
heat becomes unbearable. 
Water sprinkled on the floor. 

621
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,300
Evaporates immediately with a 
sharp hiss. 

622
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:57,300
You load the loaves using a 
long-handled peel. 

623
00:35:57,300 --> 00:35:59,400
Sliding them directly onto the 
stone floor. 

624
00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:02,700
They go in raw and pale within 
minutes. 

625
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:06,200
They begin transforming. 
The heat causes the water in the

626
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,700
dough of vaporize creating steam
that expands the air pockets 

627
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:13,800
left by fermentation. the bread 
Rises dramatically nearly 

628
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:17,400
doubling in volume, the crust 
forms and Browns developing the 

629
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,900
crispy texture and complex 
flavor, that only high heat can 

630
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:24,000
create The smell is 
extraordinary. 

631
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,100
Fresh bread, baking produces 
hundreds of volatile, compounds 

632
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:30,900
each contributing to the overall
aroma. 

633
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:36,200
You detect yeast, toasted grain 
caramelized sugars and something

634
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:39,300
almost nutty from the mayard 
reactions occurring on the 

635
00:36:39,308 --> 00:36:42,100
crossed. 
This is the smell that will make

636
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:44,500
Pompeii and bread famous across 
the Empire. 

637
00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:48,600
This is the smell that will 
still cling to carbonize lows 

638
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:53,300
when archaeologists dig them up,
19 century later Timing. 

639
00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:57,400
The bake is pure Instinct. 
You have no clock no time or no 

640
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,600
temperature, probe, you watch 
the color, develop you, listen 

641
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:04,200
to The Sounds, the bread makes 
as moisture escapes, you smell 

642
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:07,600
the progression from raw dough 
to perfectly baked, to just 

643
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,300
starting to over bake. 
When the moment is right, you 

644
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:14,400
pull the loaves. 
Each one gets a quick inspection

645
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:17,200
for Quality before going into 
the basket for sale. 

646
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:21,300
Finished panis quadratus is 
beautiful in its Simplicity. 

647
00:37:21,300 --> 00:37:24,200
The cross scoring is open during
baking. 

648
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,300
Creating four rounded sections. 
That can be easily broken apart.

649
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:33,100
The crust is deep gold with 
darker spots, where it touched 

650
00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:34,900
the hottest parts of the oven 
floor. 

651
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:37,900
The bottom shows, the 
characteristic pattern of the 

652
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:41,000
stone tiles. 
When you tap the underside, it 

653
00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:44,700
sounds Hollow indicating that. 
The interior is fully cooked and

654
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:48,500
properly are rated breaking a 
loaf reveals the crumb structure

655
00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:52,500
interior's open and irregular 
full of holes. 

656
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:54,400
Were fermentation gases 
expanded. 

657
00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:58,500
The texture is neither dense or 
so Airy that it falls apart. 

658
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:00,900
It tears with a slight 
resistance. 

659
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:03,800
To feel substantial in your 
mouth. 

660
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:07,700
Requirement actual chewing 
rather than dissolving instantly

661
00:38:07,700 --> 00:38:10,300
like cake. 
This is real bread. 

662
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:14,900
Kind that satisfies hunger and 
provides lasting energy. 

663
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:18,700
Your customers start arriving. 
As soon as the first loaves are 

664
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:21,400
ready. 
The bakery sells directly to the

665
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:25,500
public through a wide opening in
the front wall. people line up 

666
00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:30,500
coins in hand, most by one, or 
two loaves, some by four or five

667
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:34,300
feeding large families, or 
hosting guests, Few by the 

668
00:38:34,308 --> 00:38:37,800
previous days bread at a 
discount perfectly fine, for 

669
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:41,800
making Bread, soup or grinding 
into crumbs, the social mixing 

670
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,200
that happens at your counter 
would. 

671
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:47,300
Horrify a risk to crafts. 
Slaves by Bread, alongside free 

672
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:51,700
citizens, women chat, with each 
other, while waiting children 

673
00:38:51,700 --> 00:38:54,800
are sent on errands and must 
navigate The Adult World of 

674
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:58,000
Commerce. 
Everyone needs bread, everyone 

675
00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:01,600
comes to you. 
The bakery is one of the few, 

676
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:04,500
truly Democratic spaces in Roman
society. 

677
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:09,100
You all so fulfill special 
orders wealthy household since 

678
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:12,900
servants to buy bread, made with
finer flour or enriched with oil

679
00:39:12,900 --> 00:39:15,900
and honey. 
These breads cost more and get 

680
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:19,300
priority in the oven, you make 
them in smaller, batches to 

681
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:22,700
avoid mixing up orders. 
Each customer has preferences 

682
00:39:22,700 --> 00:39:26,200
and you track the mentally. 
The Senators household likes 

683
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:29,800
bread with rosemary, the wine 
Merchants family, prefers it 

684
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:32,700
plain the Fuller. 
Who lives two streets over 

685
00:39:32,700 --> 00:39:35,300
always buys four loaves of the 
cheapest bread. 

686
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:38,800
Every morning without fail. 
Midday brings a lull. 

687
00:39:38,808 --> 00:39:42,100
You use this time for 
maintenance, the oven gets swept

688
00:39:42,100 --> 00:39:45,600
out, removing accumulated, Ash, 
the mill stones are checked for 

689
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:47,700
wear, the donkeys are given 
water. 

690
00:39:47,700 --> 00:39:51,800
And a rest, you inspect your 
sourdough starter feeding it 

691
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:55,700
with fresh flour and water. 
This starter is over a decade, 

692
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:58,600
old pass to you. 
By the baker, you Apprentice 

693
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:01,500
under it represents continuity 
and tradition. 

694
00:40:02,500 --> 00:40:05,700
The afternoon, sees another 
baking session, the oven still 

695
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:08,200
hot from the morning requires, 
less fuel to reach, baking 

696
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:12,100
temperature, you load a second 
round of loaves, usually, a 

697
00:40:12,100 --> 00:40:15,300
different mix of types. 
Morning customers want standard 

698
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:18,700
loaves for the day's meals. 
After noon customers are 

699
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:21,900
planning for dinner or tomorrow 
you include more specialty 

700
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:25,600
Breads in the afternoon batch 
these evening approaches you 

701
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,100
start cleaning up the work 
surfaces get scraped down and 

702
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:31,800
white. 
The boss gets that held Rising 

703
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,400
doe. 
Get turned out and shaking 

704
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,300
clean. 
Floor gets sweat, though. 

705
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:39,300
The fine flour dust never fully 
disappears. 

706
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:42,300
Your clothes are permanently 
stained with it. 

707
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:46,500
Your hair has a Perpetual 
dusting of white making you look

708
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,900
older than your years. 
The last customers trickle. 

709
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,000
In just before closing, these 
are often the poorest residents,

710
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:56,800
hoping for end of day discounts,
you sell them, the bread that 

711
00:40:56,800 --> 00:40:59,100
did not move earlier, dropping 
the price slightly. 

712
00:40:59,900 --> 00:41:02,100
It is better to sell it cheaper 
than to have it. 

713
00:41:02,100 --> 00:41:04,700
Go stale. 
Besides these customers will 

714
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:06,800
remember your generosity and 
remain loyal. 

715
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,600
You Bank the fire in the oven, 
covering the coals with Ash to 

716
00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:15,500
preserve them for tomorrow. 
Starting a fire from scratch is 

717
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:20,200
time-consuming and wastes fuel. 
Banked Colace can be revived 

718
00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:22,100
with fresh kindling and a bit of
blowing. 

719
00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:25,800
You secure the grain storage 
against rodents and lock the 

720
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:29,100
front Gates. 
The bakery grows quiet after the

721
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:33,000
constant activity of the day. 
Walking home through Pompey 

722
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,300
streets, you pass other 
businesses closing for the 

723
00:41:35,308 --> 00:41:38,900
night, the fish sauce shop, the 
wine bar, the laundry. 

724
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:42,500
Each establishment is a 
specialized as yours each 

725
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:45,700
focused on doing one thing. 
Well, this is what Roman 

726
00:41:45,700 --> 00:41:47,800
civilization looks like at the 
street level. 

727
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:51,900
This is what disappears when to 
Soviet erupts tonight. 

728
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:54,700
You do not know that in a few 
months, your bakery will be 

729
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:56,600
buried under meters of Ash. 
And pumice. 

730
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,800
You do not know that 
archaeologists will find your 

731
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:02,600
oven nearly intact with 
carbonized loaves. 

732
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:05,200
Still inside. 
You do not know that those 

733
00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:09,200
loaves will become famous 
studded and displayed tangible 

734
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,100
proof of your skill. 
You just know that tomorrow, you

735
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:15,000
will get up before Dawn and do 
it all again. 

736
00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:19,600
Bread, Waits for No One. 
You find yourself in Italy, 

737
00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:23,100
several centuries, later around 
600 CE. 

738
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:26,500
Rome has fallen. 
The Empire is a memory. 

739
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,200
The sophisticated Urban 
infrastructure that supported 

740
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:32,100
professional bakeries as 
collapsed. 

741
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:35,300
You're a peasant farmer in what 
was once a prosperous 

742
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:38,900
agricultural region. 
Now, you grow your own grain and

743
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:41,500
bake your own bread. 
Because there is no one else to 

744
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:44,900
do it for you. 
Protects of survived but the 

745
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:48,700
scale has changed dramatically. 
You do not have access to the 

746
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:51,300
massive Stone Mills at Roman 
Bakery is used. 

747
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:56,800
Instead, you grind by hand using
a saddle, queer, the same 

748
00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:59,800
technology or ancestors use 
thousands of years ago. 

749
00:43:00,700 --> 00:43:04,700
The work is exhausting and 
time-consuming grinding enough 

750
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:07,900
flour for a week's worth of 
bread, takes hours of Labor. 

751
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:11,600
Your oven is smaller and cruder 
than the beautiful Dome 

752
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:15,300
structures of Pompeii. 
Built it yourself from clay and 

753
00:43:15,300 --> 00:43:18,900
stone following instructions 
passed down, orally through your

754
00:43:18,900 --> 00:43:23,800
family, it works, but 
inefficiently Heat escapes 

755
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:26,200
through cracks. 
The floor is uneven causing 

756
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:29,700
bread to bake unpredictably You 
make do because you have no 

757
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:32,900
alternative. 
The grain you grow is mixed. 

758
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:36,500
You plant Emma wheat when you 
can get seed, but often you 

759
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:40,400
settle for barley or even oats 
The Harvest depends on whether 

760
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:44,000
that seems increasingly 
unreliable, drought years mean 

761
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:46,600
hunger. 
Goodyears mean a surplus, you 

762
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,300
can store or trade you have no 
safety. 

763
00:43:49,300 --> 00:43:52,900
Net beyond your own planning and
the dubious generosity of local 

764
00:43:52,900 --> 00:43:55,900
laws. 
Your bread is coarse and dark. 

765
00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:58,400
You cannot afford the time to 
sift flour. 

766
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:01,300
Finally. 
So you use the whole grain brown

767
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:05,300
and all The resulting bread is 
nutritious but dense and heavy, 

768
00:44:05,300 --> 00:44:09,000
it fills the stomach but lacks 
the light texture that Roman 

769
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:10,500
Baker's achieved with white 
flour. 

770
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:13,700
You remember stories, your 
grandfather told about bread 

771
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:17,400
from the old days, you suspect 
the exaggerated but you wish you

772
00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:20,400
could taste it to know for 
certain The brand gives the 

773
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,700
bread a rougher texture that 
takes some getting used to it. 

774
00:44:23,700 --> 00:44:27,500
Scratches slightly going down 
your throat, it's its heavy in 

775
00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:31,200
your belly but it also provides 
bulk that refined flour cannot 

776
00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:34,300
match. 
Single thicks slice, keeps you 

777
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:37,200
full for hours which matters 
when food is scarce? 

778
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:40,500
The whole grain will keeps 
longer without going completely 

779
00:44:40,500 --> 00:44:44,400
stale, white bread would be a 
luxury, you cannot afford even 

780
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:48,200
if you knew how to make it, The 
color of your bread ranges from 

781
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:52,100
gray, brown to almost black, 
depending on what grain you use.

782
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:56,900
Rye bread is the darkest nearly 
black when made from whole grain

783
00:44:56,900 --> 00:45:00,300
Rye flour. 
Barley bread is lighter more of 

784
00:45:00,300 --> 00:45:03,500
a brown gray mixed grain. 
Bread Falls somewhere in between

785
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:07,000
you learn to judge the bread's 
done this by color changes that 

786
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:09,100
are subtle. 
When you start with dark dough, 

787
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:13,000
a few Shades. 
Darker means perfectly baked too

788
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:14,700
much. 
Darker means burned. 

789
00:45:15,500 --> 00:45:19,400
Leavening is hit or miss you 
maintain a starter when you can,

790
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,600
but sometimes you have to let it
die because you cannot spare the

791
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:25,700
flour to feed it. 
Starting a new culture from 

792
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:30,000
scratch requires luck, sometimes
wild yeast, colonizes your 

793
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:32,000
dough. 
Sometimes it does not. 

794
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:36,400
Sometimes what colonizes it 
makes the bread tastes off or 

795
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,800
causes stomach troubles. 
You eat it anyway, because 

796
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:44,100
wasting food is not an option. 
The social role of bread has 

797
00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:47,300
changed. 
In Roman times, bread was 

798
00:45:47,300 --> 00:45:48,800
something you bought from 
professionals. 

799
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:51,200
Now, it is something women make 
at home. 

800
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:54,800
One of countless tasks required.
To keep a household functioning.

801
00:45:55,500 --> 00:45:58,900
Baking happens whenever Fuel and
time, align, not on a daily 

802
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:01,100
schedule. 
You might bake several days 

803
00:46:01,100 --> 00:46:03,900
worth of bread at once. 
Then, eat stale bread for the 

804
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:07,100
rest of the week. 
Fuel is a constant problem. 

805
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:10,600
The forests are recovering. 
Now that Roman demand for wood 

806
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:14,300
has ceased But they belong to 
Lords who guard their Timber 

807
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:17,600
jealously. 
You gather Fallen branches and 

808
00:46:17,600 --> 00:46:20,700
dried grass. 
You burn, straw, and animal 

809
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:25,300
dung, anything that produces 
heat becomes fuel, the bread 

810
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:28,300
often tastes faintly of smoke 
from these less than ideal 

811
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:32,000
burning materials. 
Despite the hardships bread 

812
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,400
remains Central to life. 
You break it with prayers before

813
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:39,100
eating you use it to Mark, 
celebrations and religious 

814
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:41,500
festivals. 
When a child is born. 

815
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:45,700
You bake special bread to give 
thanks when someone dies you 

816
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:47,400
place bread in the grave for 
their Journey. 

817
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:51,500
Bread is still sacred even when 
it is coarse and barely 

818
00:46:51,500 --> 00:46:54,300
palatable. 
The techniques of shaping and 

819
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:58,400
baking have simplified you make 
round loaves because rounds are 

820
00:46:58,408 --> 00:47:02,200
easy and practical you score 
them with a simple cross more 

821
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,300
habit than necessity. 
The bread does not rise 

822
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:07,400
dramatically. 
So the scoring serves little 

823
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:12,100
functional purpose, it is a 
connection to old traditions, a 

824
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:16,200
gesture toward better times. 
Regional variations begin 

825
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:18,200
emerging during the centuries of
isolation. 

826
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:21,700
Different values, develop 
different bread, cultures based 

827
00:47:21,700 --> 00:47:25,400
on what grows, well, locally 
areas with abundant Chestnut 

828
00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:29,600
trees, start incorporating 
Chestnut, flour, creating dense,

829
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:33,500
sweet breads. 
Mountain regions with short 

830
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:35,900
growing Seasons, favor, barley, 
and rye. 

831
00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:40,500
Coastal areas sometimes mix in 
fish meal or seaweed for extra 

832
00:47:40,500 --> 00:47:44,200
nutrition during lean times. 
The absence of professional 

833
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:47,100
Bakers means knowledge, 
transmission becomes informal. 

834
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:50,400
Daughters, learn from mothers. 
Sisters. 

835
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:53,500
Share techniques. 
When a woman marries and moves 

836
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:56,300
to her husband's Village, she 
brings her family's bread 

837
00:47:56,300 --> 00:47:59,200
methods with her. 
Over Generations, these 

838
00:47:59,200 --> 00:48:02,400
techniques blend and evolve in 
ways that would never happen. 

839
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:05,500
In a professional Bakery, where 
methods are standardized? 

840
00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:10,100
You sometimes make flatbreads, 
especially when fuel is scarce. 

841
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:15,000
thin flatbread cooked quickly on
hot stone uses far less heat 

842
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:19,300
than a thick loaf baked in 
another Taste brings back Echoes

843
00:48:19,300 --> 00:48:22,600
of ancient times though. 
You have no way of knowing that 

844
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:26,100
your flatbread is nearly 
identical to what people ate 

845
00:48:26,100 --> 00:48:28,900
8,000 years ago in the Fertile 
Crescent. 

846
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:33,400
You have circled back to the 
beginning, not through choice, 

847
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:37,500
but through necessity. 
Trade begins, recovering slowly.

848
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:41,300
Italian cities that survived, 
the collapse start rebuilding. 

849
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:45,900
Merchants moved between them 
carrying grain and flour along 

850
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:49,000
with other Goods. 
You occasionally, see bread, you

851
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:52,600
did not bake yourself bought in 
the market from someone who 

852
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:55,900
specializes in it again. 
These loaves are better than 

853
00:48:55,900 --> 00:48:58,700
yours, lighter and more 
flavorful. 

854
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:00,700
They also cost more than you 
can. 

855
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:04,000
Usually, afford by 900 CE 
professional. 

856
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:07,600
Bakery is a returning to Italian
cities, the craft knowledge 

857
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:10,400
preserved, through the dark, 
centuries as being formalized 

858
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:14,900
again, gilts formed to control 
quality and training Mills are 

859
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,300
rebuilt some now, powered by 
water wheels rather than 

860
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:19,900
donkeys. 
The infrastructure of bread is 

861
00:49:19,900 --> 00:49:24,000
slowly reconstructing itself. 
The countryside lags behind as 

862
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:27,600
it always does, you can continue
making bread the same way your 

863
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:30,500
grandmother did, which is mostly
the same way her grandmother 

864
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:33,200
did. 
Change comes slowly to rural 

865
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:35,600
areas. 
You have no reason to alter 

866
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,500
methods that work adequately. 
Even if they are not optimal, 

867
00:49:38,500 --> 00:49:42,600
bread is bread, keeps you alive,
that is sufficient. 

868
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:45,400
Yet even in your simple 
Farmhouse. 

869
00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:49,100
You sometimes experiment? 
You try mixing different grains?

870
00:49:49,100 --> 00:49:52,500
You adjust water amounts, you 
vary baking times. 

871
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:57,000
These experiments rarely lead to
dramatic improvements but 

872
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:00,900
occasionally, you stumble onto 
something worth keeping Perhaps 

873
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:03,000
a slightly wetter dough creates 
a softer crumb. 

874
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:05,700
Perhaps a certain herb, improves
the flavor. 

875
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:10,300
The small discoveries accumulate
over time, your children will 

876
00:50:10,300 --> 00:50:12,900
inherit these techniques along 
with your land and tools. 

877
00:50:12,900 --> 00:50:15,900
They will modify them based on 
their own experiences. 

878
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:20,500
Their children will do the same.
This slow generational evolution

879
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,800
of bread making will continue 
for centuries creating the 

880
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:26,800
regional bread Traditions that 
will eventually Define Italian 

881
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,700
cuisine. 
Falling asleep in your small 

882
00:50:29,700 --> 00:50:32,100
house. 
You can smell tomorrow's bread. 

883
00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:35,400
You mix the dough this evening 
and left it to ferment 

884
00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:37,900
overnight. 
In the morning, you will shape 

885
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,300
it and bake it and eat it and 
the cycle will continue. 

886
00:50:42,200 --> 00:50:44,700
This is the Rhythm of Life in 
post, Roman Italy. 

887
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:48,400
This is how bread persists 
through collapse and Chaos. 

888
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:52,400
It's survives because people 
need it and are willing to work 

889
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,400
for it. 
You live in Italy. 

890
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:59,100
In 1300 CE. 
The Renaissance is beginning 

891
00:50:59,100 --> 00:51:00,800
though. 
No one calls it that yet. 

892
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:05,400
Cities are thriving again. 
Trade routes, connect Italy to 

893
00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:09,500
The Wider World new ingredients 
and ideas flow along these 

894
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:13,500
routes arriving in markets and 
eventually finding their way 

895
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:16,600
into bread. 
You're a baker in a mid-sized, 

896
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:19,400
Italian city, perhaps bologna or
Florence. 

897
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:23,300
You operate in a world that 
would be recognizable to a Roman

898
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:26,100
Baker. 
With important differences, The 

899
00:51:26,100 --> 00:51:29,600
Guild system controls who can 
bake professionally and enforces

900
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:32,800
quality standards. 
You can completed a seven year 

901
00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:35,400
apprenticeship before being 
allowed to open your own Bakery.

902
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,200
The training was thorough and 
occasionally brutal, but it gave

903
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:41,300
you skills. 
That would impress any Roman. 

904
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:45,200
Your flower comes from better 
wheat than your ancestors grew. 

905
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:48,900
Centuries of selective breeding 
have produced varieties that 

906
00:51:48,900 --> 00:51:51,200
thrive in Italian soil and 
climate. 

907
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:54,000
The grains are larger and more 
consistent. 

908
00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:58,100
Flour when properly milled, and 
sifted is white enough to 

909
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:00,300
satisfy the wealthy, customers 
who demanded it. 

910
00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:04,300
He also stopped darker flowers 
for those with simpler budgets. 

911
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:07,100
The oven technology has improved
significantly. 

912
00:52:07,100 --> 00:52:10,600
You use a Wood-Fired Brick Oven 
with a dome ceiling and a 

913
00:52:10,608 --> 00:52:12,700
chimney that draws smoke away. 
Efficiently. 

914
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:17,400
The retention of heat is superb.
You can bake multiple batches on

915
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:20,300
a single firing. 
The oven floor is made from 

916
00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:22,700
special, clay tiles that 
distribute heat evenly. 

917
00:52:23,600 --> 00:52:26,400
These ovens are expensive to 
build but lasts for Generations.

918
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:30,400
If maintained properly Your 
bread selection would Astound 

919
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:33,700
earlier Bakers, you make the 
traditional round loaves. 

920
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:37,400
Of course, you also make a long 
gated loaves that fit better in 

921
00:52:37,400 --> 00:52:40,700
certain ovens, you make rolls 
for individual servings. 

922
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:44,300
You make enriched breads with 
eggs and butter for the wealthy,

923
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:48,500
you make for catcher a flatbread
topped with olive oil and salt 

924
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:50,900
that sells well as a snack or 
breakfast food. 

925
00:52:52,100 --> 00:52:55,000
The variety reflects both 
customer demand in your own 

926
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:56,900
creativity within Guild 
restrictions. 

927
00:52:57,800 --> 00:53:00,900
Braided breads, for special 
occasions, require skill to 

928
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:03,900
shape properly. 
Each strand must be of equal 

929
00:53:03,900 --> 00:53:07,200
thickness and the braiding must 
be tight enough to hold during 

930
00:53:07,200 --> 00:53:10,200
baking but not so tight that the
bread cannot expand. 

931
00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:14,400
The Finnish product looks 
impressive, which is exactly the

932
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,600
point. 
Wealthy customers, pay extra for

933
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:19,100
bread that announces their 
status. 

934
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:23,500
Small roles called, Panini. 
Buy some customers a convenient 

935
00:53:23,500 --> 00:53:25,100
for workers who need portable 
food. 

936
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:29,500
You shape them quickly rolling 
each portion of dough into a 

937
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:32,500
ball and letting it proof 
briefly before baking. 

938
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:37,200
They cook faster than large 
loaves which helps during busy 

939
00:53:37,200 --> 00:53:39,300
periods when the oven needs to 
keep producing. 

940
00:53:40,100 --> 00:53:43,900
Some customers request roles 
split and filled with cheese or 

941
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:46,600
preserved Meats creating a meal 
in hand. 

942
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,200
In enriched breads, push the 
boundaries of what constitutes 

943
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:55,800
bread versus what becomes cake. 
You add eggs to the dough which 

944
00:53:55,800 --> 00:53:59,700
creates a tender almost fluffy 
crumb butter or large 

945
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:04,100
contributes richness and helps 
the bread stay soft for days. 

946
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:07,100
Honey or sugar provides 
sweetness. 

947
00:54:07,900 --> 00:54:10,500
These breads are expensive to 
make because the ingredients 

948
00:54:10,500 --> 00:54:14,100
costs of substantially more than
flour water and salt. 

949
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:18,700
You reserve them for festivals 
wedding's and customers willing 

950
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:22,300
to pay premium prices. 
For catcher, deserves special 

951
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:24,800
attention because it represents 
the bridge between ancient 

952
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:28,600
flatbreads and modern Pete. 
Sir, you make it by pressing 

953
00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:32,500
Easter dough, flat dimpling it 
with your fingers, brushing it 

954
00:54:32,508 --> 00:54:35,800
generously with olive oil and 
sprinkling it with core salt. 

955
00:54:36,700 --> 00:54:39,000
Sometimes you add Rosemary or 
other herbs. 

956
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:42,800
Sometimes you press thin slices 
of onion into the surface. 

957
00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:47,200
The result is crispy on the 
bottom soft and oil rich in the 

958
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:50,300
middle and deeply satisfying to 
eat this. 

959
00:54:50,300 --> 00:54:53,900
For catcha is not pizza yet, but
it is getting close. 

960
00:54:53,900 --> 00:54:57,300
The Easter dough provides a 
better base than unleavened 

961
00:54:57,300 --> 00:55:00,600
flatbreads. 
The oil keeps it moist and adds 

962
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:04,100
richness. 
The toppings while simple show 

963
00:55:04,100 --> 00:55:06,700
that people enjoy bread as a 
platform for other flavors. 

964
00:55:07,600 --> 00:55:10,800
The conceptual leap to adding 
cheese and other Toppings is not

965
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:13,100
far off though. 
It will take several more, 

966
00:55:13,100 --> 00:55:16,800
centuries to fully develop. 
Your work day is long, but less 

967
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:18,900
physically brutal than in early 
eras. 

968
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:23,100
You have a princesses to do the 
heavy grinding and needing Mills

969
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:25,300
powered by water wheels. 
Provide flour. 

970
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,900
In quantities that hand, 
grinding could never achieve you

971
00:55:28,900 --> 00:55:32,500
focus on the skilled work of 
fermentation management do 

972
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:36,400
shaping and other tending. 
This is professional baking at a

973
00:55:36,408 --> 00:55:38,800
level of sophistication, not 
seen since Rome. 

974
00:55:39,500 --> 00:55:41,900
The social importance of bread 
has evolved. 

975
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:46,300
It is still a staple but now it 
also serves symbolic roles and 

976
00:55:46,300 --> 00:55:50,400
Christian ritual, The Eucharist 
uses unleavened bread to 

977
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:53,900
represent the body of Christ. 
You make special communion 

978
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:56,600
breads for churches. 
Small Wafers that must be 

979
00:55:56,608 --> 00:55:59,200
perfect in appearance and 
completely uniform. 

980
00:56:00,200 --> 00:56:03,600
This sacred bread represents the
highest level of your craft 

981
00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:06,600
requiring patience and 
reverence. 

982
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:10,400
Secular celebrations also center
around bread. 

983
00:56:11,100 --> 00:56:14,500
Weddings, include special 
breads, often sweetened with 

984
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:18,200
honey and enriched with eggs 
Harvest festivals feature 

985
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:22,100
enormous communal loaves. 
Religious holidays, each have 

986
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:25,300
their traditional bread shapes 
and flavors, you maintain 

987
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:28,600
recipes for dozens of these 
special breads each with 

988
00:56:28,600 --> 00:56:31,400
specific requirements. 
Passed down through the guild. 

989
00:56:32,400 --> 00:56:34,800
Price of bread is regulated by 
the city government. 

990
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:37,800
This is both protective and 
restrictive. 

991
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:40,400
It ensures. 
You cannot be undercut by 

992
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:45,200
unscrupulous competitors willing
to use inferior flour, or short 

993
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:47,700
weight, their lows, it also 
limits your profit. 

994
00:56:47,700 --> 00:56:50,700
Margins, you make a comfortable 
living, but will never become 

995
00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:54,200
wealthy from baking alone. 
The most successful Baker's 

996
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:58,000
diverse in to grain trading or 
Milling. competition among 

997
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:02,000
bakeries is fears, but generally
civil The Guild prohibits 

998
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:03,600
certain types of aggressive 
behavior? 

999
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:06,500
You cannot steal another Baker's
apprentices. 

1000
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:10,200
You cannot spread false rumors 
about competitors quality. 

1001
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,500
You cannot bake outside your 
designated hours which are set 

1002
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,700
to prevent anyone from gaining 
an unfair Advantage by working 

1003
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:21,500
while others sleep. 
These rules create a stable if 

1004
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:25,700
somewhat rigid Market. 
Innovation happens slowly Within

1005
00:57:25,700 --> 00:57:29,400
These constraints you experiment
with new bread, shapes and minor

1006
00:57:29,400 --> 00:57:32,100
flavor variations. 
You try different. 

1007
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:35,700
Hydration levels in your dough, 
you are just fermentation times 

1008
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:37,700
to see how it affects taste and 
texture. 

1009
00:57:38,500 --> 00:57:41,000
These incremental improvements 
add up over time. 

1010
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:44,800
Pushing bread quality steadily 
higher without disrupting the 

1011
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,900
social order. 
Your relationship with Farmers 

1012
00:57:47,900 --> 00:57:51,800
as formalized you can tracked 
with specific Farms to supply 

1013
00:57:51,800 --> 00:57:55,500
grain at agreed upon prices. 
This gives you security of 

1014
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:58,000
supply and gives Farmers a 
guaranteed buyer. 

1015
00:57:58,700 --> 00:58:01,500
The arrangement works. 
Well, when Harvest and normal in

1016
00:58:01,500 --> 00:58:05,000
lean years, it causes tension as
Farmers attempted to sell to the

1017
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:07,000
highest bidder regardless of 
contracts. 

1018
00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:09,500
The Guild helps mediate these 
disputes. 

1019
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:12,800
The Milling process has become a
specialty unto itself. 

1020
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:17,100
Large water-powered Mills on 
Rivers, produce flour for 

1021
00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:20,800
multiple bakeries. 
These Mills can achieve a finest

1022
00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:23,100
of grind. 
That hand-powered saddle werns 

1023
00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:26,500
could never match. 
The resulting white flour makes 

1024
00:58:26,500 --> 00:58:27,500
bread. 
That would have been 

1025
00:58:27,508 --> 00:58:30,200
unimaginably refined to ancient 
Bakers. 

1026
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:34,300
Of course, this refined flour. 
Also removes, most of the 

1027
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:37,800
nutritional value but no one 
understands that connection yet.

1028
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:41,600
You make bread for every social 
class though the types vary 

1029
00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:44,600
widely. 
The eat white bread made from 

1030
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:48,700
highly refined flour, often 
enriched with eggs, milk or 

1031
00:58:48,700 --> 00:58:51,100
butter. 
The middle class is eat whole 

1032
00:58:51,100 --> 00:58:52,600
wheat bread with some bran 
remaining. 

1033
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:56,600
The poori dark bread made from 
barley Rye or mixed grains with 

1034
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:59,500
little refinement. 
You can identify someone's 

1035
00:58:59,500 --> 00:59:01,500
status by what bread they buy 
from you. 

1036
00:59:02,300 --> 00:59:05,700
Health beliefs about bread as 
starting to develop Physicians. 

1037
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:08,500
Recommend white bread for the 
sick because it is considered 

1038
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:12,200
easier to digest. 
Dark bread is a associated with 

1039
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:14,900
strength and endurance, suitable
for Laborers. 

1040
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:18,600
Sweet breads are thought to 
balance melancholic humors. 

1041
00:59:18,600 --> 00:59:23,100
These beliefs have no scientific
basis but they influenced by 

1042
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:25,400
buying patterns and your 
production decisions. 

1043
00:59:26,900 --> 00:59:30,400
As the day ends and you close 
your bakery, you reflect on how 

1044
00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:34,000
the craft has evolved. 
Your Roman predecessors would 

1045
00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:37,900
recognize your basic techniques 
that would be amazed by your 

1046
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:41,600
variety and consistency. 
Your medieval Guild structure 

1047
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:44,300
would puzzle them. 
The social importance of bread 

1048
00:59:44,300 --> 00:59:47,900
has if anything increased? 
You're not just feeding people, 

1049
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:50,400
you're maintaining civilization 
itself. 

1050
00:59:50,400 --> 00:59:53,900
One loaf at a time. 
Tonight, you will sleep soundly.

1051
00:59:53,900 --> 00:59:58,300
Your body tired from honest 
work, Tomorrow will bring the 

1052
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:03,600
same cycle. 
Mix for mint shape, bake, sell 

1053
01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:06,800
repeat. 
This Rhythm has sustained 

1054
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:10,400
Baker's for thousands of years. 
It will sustain Bakers for 

1055
01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:14,900
thousands more, your part of 
something larger than yourself a

1056
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:17,300
chain of Crafts. 
People stretching back to the 

1057
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:22,800
first person who Mixed Grain and
water and discovered bread. 

1058
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,100
You find yourself in Naples 
around 1700 CE. 

1059
01:00:27,100 --> 01:00:30,800
The city is crowded, noisy and 
vibrant. 

1060
01:00:31,600 --> 01:00:34,100
The port brings goods from 
across the Mediterranean and 

1061
01:00:34,100 --> 01:00:37,800
Beyond among these Goods is a 
fruit that arrived from the 

1062
01:00:37,800 --> 01:00:40,900
Americas two centuries ago and 
has now become naturalized in 

1063
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:45,000
southern Italy, You know it as 
the Tomato though, many still 

1064
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:48,700
regard it with suspicion, you're
a street vendor selling food to 

1065
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:51,700
working people who have no time 
or facilities to cook for 

1066
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:54,900
themselves. 
Your specialty is flatbreads, 

1067
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:59,100
prepared, quickly and sold hot. 
The techniques you use, Trace 

1068
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:02,800
back thousands of years, but the
specific combination you are 

1069
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:05,000
developing is new. 
You are though. 

1070
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:07,600
You do not know it helping to 
invent Pizza. 

1071
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:12,200
Your workspace is minimal. 
You have a small wood fired 

1072
01:01:12,200 --> 01:01:14,800
oven. 
Basically, a metal box lined 

1073
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:17,500
with firebrick. 
You have a marble slab for 

1074
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:19,800
working dough. 
You have a few basic 

1075
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:25,500
ingredients, flour, water salt, 
yeast, Olive oil, tomatoes, 

1076
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:29,500
cheese and herbs. from the 
simple components, you create 

1077
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:33,200
food that feeds hundreds of 
people daily The dough is 

1078
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:37,400
similar to do, but you make it 
thinner, you need it until it 

1079
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:41,700
becomes a elastic and smooth. 
You let it rest briefly just 

1080
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:43,300
long enough for the gluten to 
relax. 

1081
01:01:43,300 --> 01:01:46,600
So you can stretch it. 
Then you press it flat with your

1082
01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:48,700
hands working from the center 
outward. 

1083
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:53,200
Leaving a slightly thicker Rim 
around the edge. this Rim will 

1084
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:57,100
puff up during baking creating a
crust to hold on to The 

1085
01:01:57,100 --> 01:01:59,200
stretching technique takes 
practice to master. 

1086
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:02,900
You use your fingertips, to 
press the dough, flat initially,

1087
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:05,300
then switch to pulling and 
rotating it. 

1088
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:09,100
Some vendors toss the dough in 
the air spinning it to stretch 

1089
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:11,000
it evenly through centrifugal 
force. 

1090
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:14,700
This is partly Showmanship 
attract and customers with the 

1091
01:02:14,700 --> 01:02:19,000
spectacle but it also works 
efficiently creating a uniform 

1092
01:02:19,000 --> 01:02:21,200
thickness without overworking 
the dough. 

1093
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:24,400
You have not quite mastered the 
tossing technique yet. 

1094
01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:27,500
Preferring the reliability of 
hand stretching. 

1095
01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:32,000
Thickness matters more than you 
might expect two thick and the 

1096
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:35,500
bottom stays doughy. 
While the top Burns too thin and

1097
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:38,900
the dough tears or becomes 
crackle like the ideal is 

1098
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:42,700
perhaps a quarter inch thick. 
Maybe slightly less At this 

1099
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:45,400
thickness, the doks through 
quickly while still maintaining 

1100
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:49,000
enough structure to support 
toppings and stay pliable enough

1101
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:52,400
to fold for eating to mottos are
the Innovation that changes 

1102
01:02:52,400 --> 01:02:55,600
everything earlier Generations. 
Use them sparingly. 

1103
01:02:55,600 --> 01:02:59,900
If at all, they were considered 
potentially poisonous a 

1104
01:02:59,900 --> 01:03:02,200
reasonable assumption given that
Tomatoes belong to the 

1105
01:03:02,200 --> 01:03:05,400
nightshade family. 
But poverty and hunger broke 

1106
01:03:05,400 --> 01:03:08,500
down those barriers. 
Someone desperate enough tried 

1107
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:12,100
cooking tomatoes and discovered.
They were not only safe but 

1108
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:15,000
delicious. 
You crush fresh tomatoes, and 

1109
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:18,200
cook them, briefly with salt and
olive oil, the heat 

1110
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,200
concentrates, the flavor, and 
kills any harmful bacteria. 

1111
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:25,500
The resulting sources Tangy, 
slightly sweet and deeply 

1112
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:28,200
savory. 
You spread it thinly over your 

1113
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:31,700
flattened dough leaving the rim 
bear the sauce, soaks into the 

1114
01:03:31,700 --> 01:03:33,400
dough slightly flavoring it 
throughout. 

1115
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:37,500
Cheese comes next. 
You use a local cheese that will

1116
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:39,900
eventually be called mozzarella,
though. 

1117
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:41,600
The name is not yet 
standardized. 

1118
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:47,000
It is fresh, soft, and Mild made
from Buffalo milk, or cow's 

1119
01:03:47,000 --> 01:03:48,600
milk. 
Depending on what is available. 

1120
01:03:49,400 --> 01:03:52,000
You tear it into small pieces 
and scatter them across the 

1121
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:55,300
tomato sauce, when baked baked 
the cheese, will melt into 

1122
01:03:55,300 --> 01:03:57,800
creamy pools. 
Sometimes you add other toppings

1123
01:03:57,800 --> 01:04:01,200
and choose a popular and cheap. 
Providing salty. 

1124
01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:04,600
Intensity. 
Garlic cloves, sliced, thin, add

1125
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:07,700
sharpness. 
Fresh basil leaves contribute to

1126
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:09,400
peppery. 
Almost minty note. 

1127
01:04:10,200 --> 01:04:14,000
These are not random choices, 
each topping serves a purpose 

1128
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:17,200
balancing, the acid of the 
tomatoes and the richness of the

1129
01:04:17,200 --> 01:04:21,500
cheese, the baking happens fast.
Your oven is screaming. 

1130
01:04:21,500 --> 01:04:24,500
Hot much hotter than necessary 
for regular bread. 

1131
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:28,700
You slide the prepared flatbread
directly onto the oven floor 

1132
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:32,000
using a long peel. 
The intense heat causes the 

1133
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:34,900
bottom to crisp almost 
immediately the cheese. 

1134
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:39,100
Melts and begins to Brown the 
rim puffs up from the steam 

1135
01:04:39,100 --> 01:04:41,800
generated by the moist dough 
within minutes. 

1136
01:04:41,800 --> 01:04:44,900
It is done. 
The result is unlike anything, 

1137
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:48,700
your ancestors made, it is 
crispy on the bottom, but soft 

1138
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:51,800
in the middle. 
The tomato sauce provides a city

1139
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:54,500
in sweetness. 
The cheese adds richness and 

1140
01:04:54,500 --> 01:04:58,900
salt the herbs contribute 
freshness the whole is greater 

1141
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:02,600
than the summer of its parts. 
This is recognizably pizza 

1142
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:04,700
though. 
It lacks the name and will not 

1143
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:07,200
gain widespread Fame for another
Century or more. 

1144
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:11,200
Your customers are not a risk to
cracked or wealthy merchants 

1145
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:15,200
their Dock Workers. 
Laundry, women street sweepers 

1146
01:05:15,200 --> 01:05:18,700
and day laborers. 
They buy your flatbread because 

1147
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:23,200
it is cheap filling and tasty. 
They eat it while standing 

1148
01:05:23,200 --> 01:05:26,300
often, folding it in half to 
make it easier to handle. 

1149
01:05:27,200 --> 01:05:30,400
Plates are unnecessary. 
The bread is both container and 

1150
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:32,500
meal. 
The eating habits of your 

1151
01:05:32,500 --> 01:05:35,800
customers shape, how you make 
the food, they have, perhaps 10 

1152
01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:37,600
minutes to eat before returning 
to work. 

1153
01:05:37,600 --> 01:05:40,100
They cannot sit at a table with 
utensils. 

1154
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:45,100
They need food that travels well
does not drip excessively and 

1155
01:05:45,100 --> 01:05:48,000
can be consumed with one hand 
while the other stays free for 

1156
01:05:48,000 --> 01:05:51,300
work or balance. 
Your flatbreads meet all these 

1157
01:05:51,300 --> 01:05:54,600
requirements perfectly. 
You watch how people eat your 

1158
01:05:54,600 --> 01:05:58,200
product and adjust accordingly. 
When you notice customers 

1159
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,200
struggling with cheese that 
slides off, you start using 

1160
01:06:01,200 --> 01:06:02,900
firmer cheese. 
That holds better. 

1161
01:06:03,800 --> 01:06:07,400
When tomato sauce, drips and 
stains clothes, you cook it 

1162
01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:10,800
longer to thicken it. 
When the rim gets too puffy and 

1163
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:12,600
customers, discard it as 
wasteful. 

1164
01:06:12,600 --> 01:06:14,800
You make the rim slightly 
thinner. 

1165
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:18,600
Each smaller adjustment improves
the product incrementally. 

1166
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:21,800
The smell of your operation. 
Becomes a landmark. 

1167
01:06:22,700 --> 01:06:25,700
People give directions relative 
to your oven, meet me near the 

1168
01:06:25,708 --> 01:06:29,600
pizza, Cellar on the waterfront.
The bakery is two streets, pass 

1169
01:06:29,600 --> 01:06:33,300
the place with the Tomato smell.
The aroma is distinctive enough.

1170
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:36,400
That even blind residents of the
neighborhood can navigate by it.

1171
01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:40,300
To Muto yeast would smoke and 
melted cheese. 

1172
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:44,000
Create an olfactory signature 
that defines this corner of 

1173
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:48,200
Naples weather effects, your 
business dramatically rainy 

1174
01:06:48,200 --> 01:06:49,900
days. 
See fewer customers because 

1175
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:53,600
workers stay home or eaten 
taverns blazing hot days, 

1176
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,400
increased demand because no one 
wants to stand over a cooking 

1177
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:59,500
fire at home. 
You learn to predict customer 

1178
01:06:59,500 --> 01:07:01,400
flow based on clouds and 
temperature? 

1179
01:07:02,200 --> 01:07:05,900
You adjust your preparation 
accordingly, making more dough 

1180
01:07:05,900 --> 01:07:09,300
before busy periods and scaling 
back when demand will be light. 

1181
01:07:10,100 --> 01:07:11,600
The economics are 
straightforward. 

1182
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,500
Flower is cheap tomatoes and 
season are practically free. 

1183
01:07:15,500 --> 01:07:18,400
Cheese costs more but you use it
sparingly. 

1184
01:07:19,400 --> 01:07:23,200
Fuel is the major expense but 
your oven is efficient and you 

1185
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:25,300
bake continuously during busy 
periods. 

1186
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:29,300
You sell each piece for a few 
coins, making a slim profit on 

1187
01:07:29,300 --> 01:07:33,900
volume. if you sell 100 pieces a
day you earn enough to live on, 

1188
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:38,200
Other vendors, notice your 
success and start copying you? 

1189
01:07:39,100 --> 01:07:42,500
Soon, there are multiple sellers
making similar flaps with tomato

1190
01:07:42,500 --> 01:07:45,400
and cheese. 
Competition drives quality 

1191
01:07:45,400 --> 01:07:48,200
improvements. 
Someone figures out that letting

1192
01:07:48,200 --> 01:07:50,500
the dough ferment longer 
improves the flavor. 

1193
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:54,000
Someone else discovers that a 
wetter dough creates better 

1194
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:56,500
texture. 
These improvements spread 

1195
01:07:56,500 --> 01:07:58,500
quickly through, observation and
imitation. 

1196
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:02,900
The regional variations are 
already appearing in Naples. 

1197
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:06,600
The flatbreads tend to have a 
softer chewier crust because the

1198
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:10,900
local flower has a particular 
protein content in Rome, the 

1199
01:08:10,900 --> 01:08:14,100
style is thinner and crispier in
Sicily. 

1200
01:08:14,100 --> 01:08:17,600
The toppings are more generous 
and the cheeses different each 

1201
01:08:17,600 --> 01:08:20,000
region adapts. 
The basic concept to local 

1202
01:08:20,000 --> 01:08:21,600
tastes and available 
ingredients. 

1203
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:24,399
The wealthy largely ignore this 
food. 

1204
01:08:24,399 --> 01:08:27,600
They have access to elaborate 
meals prepared by professional 

1205
01:08:27,600 --> 01:08:30,600
Cooks street. 
Food is beneath their status. 

1206
01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:35,200
This will change eventually, but
for now, Pizza belongs to the 

1207
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:38,300
poor. 
It is their Innovation, their 

1208
01:08:38,300 --> 01:08:39,800
contribution to culinary 
history. 

1209
01:08:40,800 --> 01:08:43,300
The fact that it will eventually
conquer the world would 

1210
01:08:43,300 --> 01:08:45,600
astonish. 
You, you do not think about 

1211
01:08:45,600 --> 01:08:49,600
Legacy or history, you think 
about fuel costs and customer 

1212
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:51,899
flow. 
And whether the cheese Supply 

1213
01:08:51,899 --> 01:08:55,600
will deliver on time, you think 
about the blister on your hand 

1214
01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:59,399
from the hotel and the akan your
feet from standing all day. 

1215
01:09:00,300 --> 01:09:02,500
You think about feeding your own
family with the money? 

1216
01:09:02,500 --> 01:09:06,899
You earn from feeding strangers.
The techniques you use daily are

1217
01:09:06,899 --> 01:09:09,100
the accumulated wisdom of 10,000
years. 

1218
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:12,300
The grain cultivation from the 
Fertile Crescent. 

1219
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:16,399
The leavening discovered in 
Egypt, the oven technology 

1220
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:20,200
perfected in Rome, the regional 
adaptations developed during the

1221
01:09:20,200 --> 01:09:23,399
medieval period, the tomatoes, 
from the new world. 

1222
01:09:24,500 --> 01:09:26,800
All of these threads come 
together in your hands as you 

1223
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:30,899
stretch dough and spread source 
and slide flatbreads into your 

1224
01:09:30,899 --> 01:09:33,899
roaring oven. 
As evening Falls and you sell 

1225
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:36,500
the last of your inventory, you 
reflect on the day. 

1226
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:40,800
Your hands are stained with 
tomato juice and flour your 

1227
01:09:40,800 --> 01:09:42,800
clothes smell of wood, smoke and
melted cheese. 

1228
01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:46,399
Your cash box contains enough 
coins to buy tomorrow's 

1229
01:09:46,399 --> 01:09:48,000
ingredients and feed your 
family. 

1230
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:52,100
This is good day. 
Anonymous day, you pack up your 

1231
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:54,800
equipment and head home through 
Naples narrow streets. 

1232
01:09:55,900 --> 01:09:59,000
Round you. 
The city continues, its chaotic 

1233
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:03,900
existence Merchants Hawk, Wares.
Musicians play for coins 

1234
01:10:03,900 --> 01:10:08,100
arguments of rocked and 
dissolved, life in all its 

1235
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:12,400
messy, Vitality surrounds, you 
and somewhere in this noise and 

1236
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:17,000
confusion, a new food is being 
born, one flatbread at a time 

1237
01:10:17,008 --> 01:10:20,900
tonight, you will sleep with the
satisfaction of work well done. 

1238
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:25,500
Tomorrow, you'll get up and do 
it all again, your mix dough and

1239
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:28,400
Crush tomatoes and feed the 
working people of Naples. 

1240
01:10:28,400 --> 01:10:31,500
You will not know that two 
centuries from now people around

1241
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:33,600
the world will eat variations of
what you make. 

1242
01:10:34,400 --> 01:10:36,500
You will not know that pizza 
will become one of the most 

1243
01:10:36,500 --> 01:10:39,400
popular foods on Earth. 
You just know that it tastes 

1244
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:44,100
good sells well and lets you 
make a living that is enough. 

1245
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:47,500
The story of bread and pizza 
does not end here. 

1246
01:10:47,500 --> 01:10:51,300
Of course, it continues forward 
into industrial Mills and gas 

1247
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,200
ovens and frozen dough and 
Global chains. 

1248
01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:57,100
But those developments belong to
a different era. 

1249
01:10:57,900 --> 01:11:01,900
But tonight the story rests here
in the warm glow of a wood fired

1250
01:11:01,900 --> 01:11:05,700
oven in Naples with the smell of
tomatoes and cheese filling the 

1251
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:10,000
air and the endless, human need 
for good food being met one meal

1252
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:13,300
at a time. 
Well, my tired dumpling's. 

1253
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:14,900
We have traveled along Road 
tonight. 

1254
01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:19,000
From Wild grasses in ancient 
valleys to wood-fired ovens in 

1255
01:11:19,008 --> 01:11:21,500
Naples. 
Bread has been Humanity's 

1256
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:24,800
constant companion. 
It evolved from simple 

1257
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:29,000
sustenance to cultural 
Touchstone from survival food to

1258
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:33,500
color Pizza, you might order 
tomorrow traces, its lineage 

1259
01:11:33,500 --> 01:11:37,900
back, 10,000 years to someone 
who first thought to grind grain

1260
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:41,400
and mix it with water. 
Every bite contains that 

1261
01:11:41,400 --> 01:11:43,800
history. 
If you know where to look. if 

1262
01:11:43,808 --> 01:11:46,800
this journey through grain and 
others helped you relax tonight,

1263
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:50,100
perhaps leave a like or share 
this with someone who 

1264
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,400
appreciates slow food history. 
No pressure though. 

1265
01:11:53,400 --> 01:11:56,700
Either way, I will be here 
whenever you need a history 

1266
01:11:56,700 --> 01:12:00,700
lesson that doubles as a sleep 
aid until next time sleep well, 

1267
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:09,500
Water has always known how to 
hold us. 

1268
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:13,100
A thousands of years across 
every continent and culture, 

1269
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:16,700
human beings have gathered in 
Steam and warmth to wash away, 

1270
01:12:16,700 --> 01:12:19,200
more than just the dust of the 
day tonight. 

1271
01:12:19,200 --> 01:12:22,000
You will Journey Through the 
world's most cherished bathing 

1272
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:25,200
Traditions from the Birch 
centered heat of Finnish saunas 

1273
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:29,100
to the Mineral Springs of Japan 
discovering how something as 

1274
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:33,000
simple as hot water, became a 
ritual of Community Health and 

1275
01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:35,900
transformational. 
You step into history through a 

1276
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:38,500
cloud of steam. 
The year is a relevant because 

1277
01:12:38,500 --> 01:12:41,500
bathing is timeless. 
Your skin, already knows what 

1278
01:12:41,500 --> 01:12:45,300
your mind is about to learn. 
Every culture that ever learned 

1279
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:49,200
to heat water discovered 
something profound, they found 

1280
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:51,800
that warmth and moisture 
together create a Space Between 

1281
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:55,100
Worlds, not quite home, not 
quite Temple. 

1282
01:12:55,100 --> 01:13:00,600
Something else entirely You will
travel tonight without leaving 

1283
01:13:00,600 --> 01:13:03,700
your place of rest. 
First thing to understand is 

1284
01:13:03,700 --> 01:13:05,900
that bathing has never been just
about getting clean. 

1285
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:08,800
If cleanliness were the only 
goal, a quick rinse would 

1286
01:13:08,808 --> 01:13:12,800
suffice, And humans have always 
wanted more, they wanted the 

1287
01:13:12,800 --> 01:13:15,000
heat to penetrate deep into 
tired muscles. 

1288
01:13:15,000 --> 01:13:17,600
They wanted the steam to open 
Airways and clear. 

1289
01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:20,400
Thoughts they wanted to sit 
beside others and shared 

1290
01:13:20,408 --> 01:13:22,700
vulnerability. 
All of them, equally pink and 

1291
01:13:22,700 --> 01:13:26,200
damp, and human. 
Your journey begins in the north

1292
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:30,200
where Winter Darkness, lasts for
months Finland greets, you with 

1293
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:33,800
cold air and the promise of 
heat, you stand out side, a 

1294
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:36,900
small wooden structure beside a 
lake snow covers everything in 

1295
01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:39,000
sight. 
The temperature hovers around 

1296
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:42,400
negative 15 degrees Celsius 
which means the air bites 

1297
01:13:42,400 --> 01:13:46,300
Exposed Skin Within seconds. 
Your breath forms clouds that 

1298
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:49,300
hang in the Stillness. 
The only sound comes from Ice 

1299
01:13:49,300 --> 01:13:52,600
cracking on the water surface. 
The sauna Building looks humbled

1300
01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:55,800
from outside dark wood. 
Whether by Decades of freezing 

1301
01:13:55,800 --> 01:13:58,500
Winters and brief Summers, a 
metal chimney. 

1302
01:13:58,500 --> 01:14:01,300
Pokes through the roof, 
releasing a thin trail of smoke.

1303
01:14:01,300 --> 01:14:05,400
Into the Twilight know grand 
entrance exist here, just a 

1304
01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:08,200
simple door with a worn handle. 
You open it and enter a small 

1305
01:14:08,208 --> 01:14:10,700
changing room. 
The warmth hits you immediately 

1306
01:14:10,700 --> 01:14:14,800
not the full heat yet just the 
promise of its seeping through 

1307
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:18,000
the inner door. 
You remove your clothes slowly 

1308
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:22,000
folding them on a wooden bench. 
Fins have been doing this for 

1309
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,500
over 2000 years. 
They heated stones and fire pits

1310
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:27,700
long before they had chimneys or
electric heaters. 

1311
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:31,800
Back then smoke filled the 
entire room until the fire died 

1312
01:14:31,800 --> 01:14:34,300
down families would wait for the
smoke to clear. 

1313
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:38,100
Then enter the residual Heat 
this Sauron uses a wood burning 

1314
01:14:38,100 --> 01:14:40,900
stove more traditional More 
Alive. 

1315
01:14:40,900 --> 01:14:44,100
You push through the inner door 
and the heat Embraces. 

1316
01:14:44,100 --> 01:14:47,300
You like a wool blanket. 
The room measures, perhaps three

1317
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:50,700
meters by four meters, wooden 
benches line, two walls in 

1318
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:54,900
tiered levels the higher. 
You sit the hotter, it gets a 

1319
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:58,000
bucket of water, rest beside a 
pile of smooth Stones, heated to

1320
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:01,100
glowing, Birch. 
Branches tied into a bundle Hank

1321
01:15:01,100 --> 01:15:03,300
from a hook. 
You climb to the middle bench, 

1322
01:15:03,300 --> 01:15:06,600
and sit the heat wraps around 
your shoulders and works its way

1323
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:09,700
into your chest. 
Finnish sauna heat runs dry 

1324
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:11,300
compared to other bathing 
Traditions. 

1325
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:14,900
Humidity stays low. 
At first your skin begins to 

1326
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:17,500
warm from the outside in blood 
vessels. 

1327
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:19,900
Near the surface, dilate your 
heart rate. 

1328
01:15:19,900 --> 01:15:23,400
Increases slightly doing the 
gentle work of pumping blood to 

1329
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:27,200
cooling systems that suddenly 
have plenty to do. after a few 

1330
01:15:27,208 --> 01:15:30,800
minutes, you Ladle water onto 
the stones, the water hits with 

1331
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:34,600
a sharp hiss Steam explodes 
upward and spreads across the 

1332
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:36,400
ceiling before descending in 
waves. 

1333
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,600
Now the heat changes character, 
it becomes thick and enveloping,

1334
01:15:40,600 --> 01:15:45,000
your Airways, open the sensation
shifts from dry warmth to moist 

1335
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:48,400
intensity Finns. 
Call this loyally the spirit of 

1336
01:15:48,400 --> 01:15:51,100
the sauna. 
The word carries weight Beyond 

1337
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:54,700
Simple translation, you lean 
back against the warm wood, the 

1338
01:15:54,700 --> 01:15:58,600
Birch planks, feel smooth, under
your skin generations of bodies 

1339
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:02,500
of sat here leaving invisible 
traces, the woods smells faintly

1340
01:16:02,500 --> 01:16:06,100
of resin and heat your breathing
deepens without conscious 

1341
01:16:06,100 --> 01:16:08,700
effort. 
Thoughts that seemed important 5

1342
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:12,100
minutes ago, lose their grip. 
The grip demands presents. 

1343
01:16:12,100 --> 01:16:15,100
You cannot think about 
tomorrow's tasks when your 

1344
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:18,400
entire nervous system focuses on
temperature, regulation time 

1345
01:16:18,400 --> 01:16:21,700
stretches differently and sort 
of heat. 5 minutes might be 10. 

1346
01:16:21,700 --> 01:16:24,900
10 might be 20 the fins, known 
not to rush. 

1347
01:16:24,900 --> 01:16:27,100
They have a saying that in the 
sauna. 

1348
01:16:27,100 --> 01:16:32,300
One must conduct oneself as one 
would in church quietly, respect

1349
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:36,000
for me without hurry. 
The comparison makes sense when 

1350
01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:39,200
you experience the Stillness 
that heat creates you reach for 

1351
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:44,200
the Birch, branches, the Vita 
some call it others, say vasta, 

1352
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:48,800
same object Regional names. 
You dip, the leafy bundle in 

1353
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:51,700
warm water to soften it. 
Then gently strike your skin 

1354
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:55,200
with the branches. 
Not hard enough to hurt, just 

1355
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:59,300
enough to stimulate circulation.
The Birch leaves release their 

1356
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:04,400
scent when crushed, fresh and 
green and somehow ancient, the 

1357
01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:07,600
gentle slapping brings blood to 
the skin surface pink. 

1358
01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:09,900
Patches Blue Cross your 
shoulders and back. 

1359
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:13,500
This practice confused many 
foreigners when they first 

1360
01:17:13,500 --> 01:17:17,200
witnessed it 18th century, 
Travelers wrote alarmed accounts

1361
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:19,300
of fins beating themselves with 
branches. 

1362
01:17:19,300 --> 01:17:22,000
They missed the point entirely, 
the Vita. 

1363
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:24,200
Massage feels more like a 
vigorous rubbing than 

1364
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:26,800
punishment. 
It invigorates rather than 

1365
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:29,500
hinges. 
The leaves stick briefly to damp

1366
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:30,800
skin. 
Before falling away. 

1367
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:34,200
Small fragments, collect on the 
wooden floor, like green, 

1368
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:37,100
confetti. 
Your body begins producing sweat

1369
01:17:37,100 --> 01:17:39,400
in Earnest. 
Now, dropped form, along your 

1370
01:17:39,408 --> 01:17:42,400
hairline and roll down your 
temples more appear on your 

1371
01:17:42,408 --> 01:17:44,300
chest and back, the sauna 
teaches. 

1372
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:45,900
You that humans are mostly 
water. 

1373
01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:48,600
You can lose a liter of fluid in
a single session. 

1374
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:51,400
The fins notary hydrate off 
afterward. 

1375
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:54,400
But for now you simply observe 
the process. 

1376
01:17:54,400 --> 01:17:58,300
Your body cooling itself in the 
most primitive and effective way

1377
01:17:58,300 --> 01:18:01,100
possible, the heat builds to a 
point where stepping outside 

1378
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:03,700
becomes necessary you stand 
carefully. 

1379
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:07,700
Lightheadedness can strike. 
If you rise too quickly, the 

1380
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:10,300
blood vessels in your legs, need
a moment to constrict and send 

1381
01:18:10,308 --> 01:18:13,000
blood back to your brain. 
You make your way to the door 

1382
01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:15,800
and step into the changing room.
Even this intermediate 

1383
01:18:15,800 --> 01:18:18,100
temperature feels cool against 
superheated skin. 

1384
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:20,800
Then you open the outer door and
step into winter. 

1385
01:18:21,700 --> 01:18:25,700
Cold hits like jumping into 
Revelation your skin radiating 

1386
01:18:25,700 --> 01:18:27,600
heat. 
Just seconds ago, suddenly meets

1387
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:31,600
are cold enough to freeze water.
The contrast creates a 

1388
01:18:31,600 --> 01:18:34,000
sensation. 
Unlike anything else, not 

1389
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:35,600
painful. 
Exactly more. 

1390
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:38,900
Like every nerve ending suddenly
waking up and shouting, you walk

1391
01:18:38,900 --> 01:18:41,100
down to the Lake's Edge, where 
someone has cut a hole in the 

1392
01:18:41,100 --> 01:18:44,600
ice, the water appears, black 
and bottomless, you ease in 

1393
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:48,800
quickly, better not to hesitate.
The Lakes I see water makes the 

1394
01:18:48,800 --> 01:18:50,900
sauna heat seem gentle by 
comparison. 

1395
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:55,700
Your body screams brief protests
then adapts blood vessels 

1396
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:58,000
constrict dramatically your 
heart rate. 

1397
01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:01,600
Spike's you stay in perhaps 20 
seconds before, climbing out, 

1398
01:19:02,500 --> 01:19:05,400
Now you understand the whole 
picture, the sauna ritual 

1399
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:08,200
includes this. 
Contrast heat then cold then 

1400
01:19:08,200 --> 01:19:11,600
heat again. 
Finn's, repeat the cycle, three 

1401
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:14,300
or four times in a session, each
round reveals different 

1402
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:16,900
Sensations. 
Your body becomes more efficient

1403
01:19:16,900 --> 01:19:19,800
at the temperature dance. 
The Second Son around feels 

1404
01:19:19,800 --> 01:19:23,200
different from the first hotter 
somehow, but also more 

1405
01:19:23,200 --> 01:19:25,400
manageable, your skin knows what
to expect. 

1406
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:28,900
You return to the changing room 
and wrap yourself in a towel. 

1407
01:19:28,900 --> 01:19:31,600
The warmth radiating from your 
core keeps you comfortable 

1408
01:19:31,600 --> 01:19:35,500
despite wet skin. 
Other sauna users might appear 

1409
01:19:35,500 --> 01:19:37,800
now, in traditional practice, 
families. 

1410
01:19:37,800 --> 01:19:40,400
Bathed together. 
Friends met for weekly sauna 

1411
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:42,700
evenings. 
Business deals were negotiated 

1412
01:19:42,700 --> 01:19:45,700
on those wooden benches. 
Important conversations happened

1413
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:48,500
in the heat where pretense 
melted away along with sweat. 

1414
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,800
But tonight, you experience this
alone, following the ritual at 

1415
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:54,800
your own pace. 
After the final round, you sit 

1416
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:56,200
in the changing room and drink 
water. 

1417
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:59,700
Your skin glows pink muscles 
that felt tight. 

1418
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:01,800
Two hours ago now, hang loose 
and relaxed. 

1419
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:06,200
Fins believe regular saw on a 
used promotes longevity, modern 

1420
01:20:06,200 --> 01:20:07,900
research suggests they might be 
right. 

1421
01:20:08,900 --> 01:20:12,800
Cardiovascular work out from 
heat stress the deep relaxation.

1422
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:17,500
Afterward the social bonds 
formed in shared heat all of it 

1423
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:21,000
contributes to well-being. 
You dress slowly and step back 

1424
01:20:21,000 --> 01:20:24,500
into the winter night, the Stars
overhead shine with unusual 

1425
01:20:24,500 --> 01:20:28,500
Clarity cold, air feels crisp, 
and welcomed after so much heat.

1426
01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:31,300
Your body temperature normalizes
gradually. 

1427
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:33,800
You carry the saunas warmth 
inside. 

1428
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:38,100
You like a secret, the ritual 
complete Halfway Around the 

1429
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:41,400
World, different water weights. 
You find yourself in Japan. 

1430
01:20:41,400 --> 01:20:43,800
Now, approaching an Onsen in the
mountains. 

1431
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:48,200
The word Onsen means hot spring 
Japan sits on volcanic islands, 

1432
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:51,000
which means naturally heated. 
Water bubbles up from deep 

1433
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:52,700
underground. 
In thousands of locations. 

1434
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:55,500
The Japanese have built bathing 
culture around. 

1435
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:59,100
These geothermal gifts for 
centuries Snowfalls lightly as 

1436
01:20:59,100 --> 01:21:00,300
you approach. 
The Rook can. 

1437
01:21:01,300 --> 01:21:03,800
Traditional Inns like this one 
have hosted Travelers for 

1438
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,100
Generations. 
The wooden building with its 

1439
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:08,800
peaked roofs and paper screens. 
Looks like it grew from the 

1440
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:10,900
Mountainside rather than being 
built upon it. 

1441
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:14,900
Warm light glows from Windows 
the smell of mineral water. 

1442
01:21:14,900 --> 01:21:17,600
Hangs in the cold. 
Are you can hear water flowing 

1443
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:20,300
somewhere nearby. 
A host greets, you at the 

1444
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:23,500
entrance with the slight bow, 
you remove your shoes and step 

1445
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:25,900
onto polished. 
Wooden floors, the interior 

1446
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:30,200
continues, the naturalistic wood
and stone and paper, nothing 

1447
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:34,200
synthetic, nothing loud. 
The design invites quiet 

1448
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:37,900
contemplation you receive a 
cotton, Yukata robe and a shown 

1449
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:41,000
to the bathing area, men and 
women use separate facilities in

1450
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:43,600
most Onsen though. 
Some remote Mountain Springs 

1451
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:46,000
offer mixed bathing or private 
family baths. 

1452
01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:49,100
The changing room offers neat, 
wooden lockers and woven 

1453
01:21:49,100 --> 01:21:51,300
baskets. 
You place your clothes in a 

1454
01:21:51,300 --> 01:21:53,400
basket and wrap a small towel, 
around yourself. 

1455
01:21:53,400 --> 01:21:56,400
This modesty towel serves a 
specific purpose. 

1456
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:58,300
You carry it to the bathing 
area. 

1457
01:21:58,300 --> 01:22:01,700
But cannot bring it into the 
actual water that rule matters. 

1458
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:04,700
Deeply and Onsen, etiquette, the
bath must remain pure. 

1459
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,900
No soap, no shampoo, no towels, 
nothing. 

1460
01:22:07,900 --> 01:22:09,900
That might contaminate the 
natural spring water. 

1461
01:22:11,100 --> 01:22:15,400
First, you must wash a row of 
low Force its and wooden stools 

1462
01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:17,900
lines. 
One wall, you sit on a stool and

1463
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:19,600
use a small Basin to rinse 
thoroughly. 

1464
01:22:20,400 --> 01:22:22,800
Soap and shampoo are provided 
here for this preliminary 

1465
01:22:22,800 --> 01:22:25,900
cleaning, the Japanese separated
the concepts of washing and 

1466
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:30,100
bathing centuries ago, washing 
removes, dirt bathing provides 

1467
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:33,700
pleasure, and health. 
Benefits you scrub carefully and

1468
01:22:33,700 --> 01:22:35,600
sharing every trace of soap. 
Rinses away. 

1469
01:22:35,600 --> 01:22:39,100
Before approaching the bath, 
only when completely clean, do 

1470
01:22:39,100 --> 01:22:41,600
you enter the water? 
The Onsen pools before you 

1471
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:45,800
carved from natural rock. 
Steam rises from the surface and

1472
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:48,200
ghostly waves. 
The water appears slightly 

1473
01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:52,200
cloudy from dissolved minerals, 
iron sulfur and other elements 

1474
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:54,800
give each on Senate's, unique 
character and therapeutic 

1475
01:22:54,800 --> 01:22:58,500
properties some Springs. 
Treat, skin conditions, others 

1476
01:22:58,500 --> 01:23:01,400
ease joint pain. 
This one claims to improve 

1477
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:04,800
circulation and reduce fatigue, 
the mineral content varies 

1478
01:23:04,800 --> 01:23:07,300
dramatically between Onsen 
depending on the volcanic 

1479
01:23:07,300 --> 01:23:10,000
source. 
The water's color tells a story.

1480
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:13,900
This particular Onsen shows a 
pale, milky Blue from Sulphur 

1481
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:17,000
content, other Springs, run 
rust, red from iron. 

1482
01:23:17,700 --> 01:23:20,700
Some appear, completely clear, 
despite High mineral, loads the 

1483
01:23:20,700 --> 01:23:24,100
Japanese of classified Onsen, 
water into 10, distinct types 

1484
01:23:24,100 --> 01:23:27,600
based on chemical composition. 
Each type, supposedly offers 

1485
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:31,700
specific health benefits Sulphur
Springs for skin, Iron Springs 

1486
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:35,400
for anemia. 
Sodium chloride Springs from the

1487
01:23:35,400 --> 01:23:38,200
list, continues with ancient 
certainty, you test the 

1488
01:23:38,208 --> 01:23:43,600
temperature with one foot, hot 
deathly hot, Japanese Onsen 

1489
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,800
water, typically runs between 40
and 44 degrees Celsius, much 

1490
01:23:47,800 --> 01:23:49,500
hotter than most western hot 
tubs. 

1491
01:23:49,500 --> 01:23:54,100
The temperature seems impossibly
high at first touch but the 

1492
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:57,400
Japanese of bath in such heat, 
for centuries, their body's 

1493
01:23:57,400 --> 01:24:01,600
adapted, their Customs evolved 
around these temperatures, you 

1494
01:24:01,600 --> 01:24:05,800
ease in gradually, letting your 
body, adjust inch by inch the 

1495
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:09,800
heat, penetrates immediately, 
within seconds your skin turns 

1496
01:24:09,800 --> 01:24:12,900
pink Blood rushes to the surface
In Waves. 

1497
01:24:12,900 --> 01:24:16,300
You can feel moving through your
body, your heart rate increases 

1498
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:20,000
to handle the thermal load. 
The cardiovascular system shifts

1499
01:24:20,000 --> 01:24:23,000
into high gear blood vessels 
near the skin, dilate 

1500
01:24:23,000 --> 01:24:26,700
dramatically the body's cooling 
mechanisms activated at full 

1501
01:24:26,700 --> 01:24:29,900
capacity despite being 
overwhelmed by external Heat. 

1502
01:24:30,600 --> 01:24:33,200
You submerge your shoulders and 
hold still. 

1503
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:37,900
Movement creates waves, that 
water on your face, better to 

1504
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:40,600
remain motionless and let the 
body find equilibrium with the 

1505
01:24:40,600 --> 01:24:44,400
water temperature. 
The initial shock Fade Into deep

1506
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:47,300
warmth. 
The heat works its way past skin

1507
01:24:47,300 --> 01:24:49,700
and fat into muscle tissue 
tension. 

1508
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:51,800
You did not know you carried 
begins releasing. 

1509
01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:56,400
The mineral water feels silky 
against skin slightly slippery. 

1510
01:24:56,400 --> 01:25:00,900
Different from freshwater or 
chlorinated pools, the sulfur 

1511
01:25:00,900 --> 01:25:04,400
content gives the water, a faint
eggy smell at first. 

1512
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:07,400
The odor seemed strong and 
unpleasant within minutes. 

1513
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:10,800
Your nose adapts and the smell 
becomes unnoticeable. 

1514
01:25:10,800 --> 01:25:14,500
The sulfur along with other 
minerals, enters your body 

1515
01:25:14,500 --> 01:25:18,400
through skin pores opened by 
heat. transdermal absorption 

1516
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:22,000
happens, constantly insane 
water, your body takes in 

1517
01:25:22,000 --> 01:25:25,100
calcium, magnesium, sulfur, 
iron, and other elements, 

1518
01:25:25,100 --> 01:25:27,900
whether this provides 
significant health benefits, 

1519
01:25:27,900 --> 01:25:31,400
remains debated, But the 
Japanese believed firmly in 

1520
01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:34,800
Onsen, healing properties. 
You position yourself near where

1521
01:25:34,800 --> 01:25:38,100
hot water enters the pool, the 
inflowing water runs even hotter

1522
01:25:38,100 --> 01:25:41,000
than the main bath, the stone 
Channel, directs the spring 

1523
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:44,300
water into the pool, the current
of incoming water, feels 

1524
01:25:44,300 --> 01:25:47,300
noticeably warmer. 
You can adjust your position to 

1525
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:50,700
find your preferred temperature 
closer to the source provides 

1526
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:53,300
more heat. 
Further away allows slight 

1527
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:56,900
cooling as the water mixes and 
disperses the rock edges of the 

1528
01:25:56,900 --> 01:25:58,600
pool feel rough under your 
hands. 

1529
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:03,200
Natural Stone shaped by water 
and weather over decades moss 

1530
01:26:03,200 --> 01:26:06,600
grows in shaded Corners where 
the rock stays perpetually damp,

1531
01:26:06,600 --> 01:26:09,700
the whole setting attempts to 
preserve or recreate natural. 

1532
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:12,800
Hot spring conditions, even in 
indoor onset, try to maintain 

1533
01:26:12,800 --> 01:26:16,100
connection to Nature through 
Rock, Wood, and careful design. 

1534
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:20,500
The aesthetic matters as much as
the actual minerals, outside 

1535
01:26:20,500 --> 01:26:24,200
snow continues falling, many 
Onsen feature outdoor rotten 

1536
01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:25,700
Bureau pools where you can 
bathe. 

1537
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:28,300
While watching snow accumulate 
on surrounding rocks and pine 

1538
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:30,800
branches. 
The contrast between hot water 

1539
01:26:30,800 --> 01:26:33,100
and cold air creates a dreamlike
some sensational. 

1540
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,500
Steam rises from your shoulders 
into frigid air snowflake's land

1541
01:26:37,500 --> 01:26:40,800
on your damp hair and melt 
instantly, the boundary between 

1542
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:44,400
hot and cold exists, precisely 
at the water line, you settle in

1543
01:26:44,400 --> 01:26:47,600
to Stillness. 
Onsen bathing encourages 

1544
01:26:47,600 --> 01:26:50,700
meditation more than 
conversation while friends might

1545
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:53,200
visit together. 
They often sit in companionable 

1546
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:56,800
silence, the heat makes lengthy 
talking uncomfortable anyway. 

1547
01:26:56,800 --> 01:27:01,300
You focus instead on breathing 
on the sensation of minerals 

1548
01:27:01,300 --> 01:27:05,000
soaking into skin on the distant
sound of water flowing, over 

1549
01:27:05,000 --> 01:27:07,300
rocks. 
The Japanese have specific 

1550
01:27:07,300 --> 01:27:10,900
beliefs about Onsen benefits 
different mineral compositions 

1551
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:14,400
treat different ailments Sulphur
Springs help skin conditions 

1552
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:18,600
iron-rich Waters address anemia 
carbonated Springs improve 

1553
01:27:18,600 --> 01:27:21,200
circulation. 
Acidic Waters can relieve 

1554
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:23,900
chronic digestive issues. 
Some of these claims have 

1555
01:27:23,908 --> 01:27:27,200
scientific backing others rely 
more on tradition and belief. 

1556
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:31,500
But the psychological benefits 
seem undeniable stress melts in 

1557
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:34,300
hot spring water. 
You remain submerged for perhaps

1558
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:36,900
15 minutes. 
Any longer risks overheating 

1559
01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:40,000
your fingers and toes of turned 
pink and wrinkled. 

1560
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:42,300
You ease out of the pool and sit
on the edge. 

1561
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:44,700
Letting cool are lower. 
Your core temperature. 

1562
01:27:45,900 --> 01:27:48,500
After a few minutes, you can 
enter again for another round. 

1563
01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:51,900
Most on send visitors. 
Repeat the cycle several times 

1564
01:27:51,900 --> 01:27:54,300
alternating between soaking and 
Cooling. 

1565
01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:58,300
Protocol matters as much as the 
water you learn to wash 

1566
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:01,300
thoroughly before entering you 
left your towel in the changing 

1567
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:03,100
area. 
You moved quietly and 

1568
01:28:03,100 --> 01:28:05,600
respectfully. 
You did not swim. 

1569
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:08,800
These rules exist, not as 
restrictions, but as collective 

1570
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:11,100
agreements, that preserve the 
experience for everyone. 

1571
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:14,900
When all bathers, follow the 
same Customs, the Onsen remains 

1572
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:17,800
a place of peace. 
Between soaking sessions, you 

1573
01:28:17,808 --> 01:28:21,100
might rest in a tatami room. 
The rear can provide the space 

1574
01:28:21,100 --> 01:28:25,300
for relaxation rely on woven 
mats in your yucata. 

1575
01:28:25,300 --> 01:28:28,000
Feeling the heat slowly 
dissipate from your body. 

1576
01:28:28,800 --> 01:28:31,200
Green tea appears though, you 
did not request it. 

1577
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:34,100
The serving staff move with 
practice quiet. 

1578
01:28:34,100 --> 01:28:36,200
They understand the post on 
state. 

1579
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:40,200
Your muscles have turned to warm
clay thoughts drift, like the 

1580
01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:43,500
stimuli Left Behind Some people 
fall asleep in these moments. 

1581
01:28:43,500 --> 01:28:47,300
The combination of heat, 
mineral, absorption and deep 

1582
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:50,900
relaxation, creates powerful 
drowsiness, the Japanese call 

1583
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,500
this youdao, meaning Boyd 
octopus, you feel boneless and 

1584
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:58,400
peaceful your skin continues 
radiating warmth, even as your 

1585
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:01,800
core temperature normalizes, the
minerals absorbed through your 

1586
01:29:01,800 --> 01:29:05,600
paws will continue working for 
hours He returned to the Onsen. 

1587
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:08,800
Once more before leaving this 
final, soak feels different from

1588
01:29:08,800 --> 01:29:12,800
the first, your body knows what 
to expect the heat penetrates 

1589
01:29:12,800 --> 01:29:16,500
faster and deeper you stay. 
Only 10 minutes this time ending

1590
01:29:16,500 --> 01:29:19,400
before. 
Exhaustion sets in the goal is 

1591
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:23,200
invigoration, not depletion. 
You leave the water glowing and 

1592
01:29:23,200 --> 01:29:27,100
loose limbed in the changing 
room, you dry off slowly, the 

1593
01:29:27,100 --> 01:29:29,300
small towel that traveled with 
you now, does its work. 

1594
01:29:30,000 --> 01:29:32,400
Japanese Onsen towels are 
notably small by Western 

1595
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,300
standards, just large enough for
modesty and drying. 

1596
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:38,000
Nothing, excessive, nothing 
wasteful. 

1597
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:41,000
You dress in your car and make 
your way to your room. 

1598
01:29:41,000 --> 01:29:44,900
Walking carefully on slightly 
unstable, legs sleep will come 

1599
01:29:44,900 --> 01:29:47,900
easily to night. 
The Onsen leaves its Mark in 

1600
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:50,500
relaxed muscles and cleared 
sinuses and skin. 

1601
01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:53,500
That feels somehow renewed the 
minerals continue. 

1602
01:29:53,500 --> 01:29:56,900
Their subtle work, your body 
temperature takes hours to fully

1603
01:29:56,900 --> 01:29:59,600
normalize. 
You drift towards sleep wrapped 

1604
01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:02,900
in residual, warmth dreaming, 
perhaps of snow falling on Hot 

1605
01:30:02,900 --> 01:30:07,600
Springs of steam, Rising into 
Cold Mountain Air, You travel 

1606
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:10,800
backwards through time now, 
ancient Rome appears around you 

1607
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:14,200
specifically. 
The year 115 in the Common Era 

1608
01:30:14,200 --> 01:30:17,600
Emperor, trajan has recently 
completed a magnificent bath 

1609
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:20,900
complex in the heart of Rome, 
the thermi Tyranny, covers, 

1610
01:30:20,900 --> 01:30:25,000
several city, blocks, and serves
thousands of citizens daily, the

1611
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:28,000
approach, as an ordinary Roman 
might carrying a small bag with 

1612
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:31,200
bathing supplies, the exterior. 
Impresses with its Grand 

1613
01:30:31,200 --> 01:30:34,500
architecture, massive columns 
support elaborate freezes 

1614
01:30:34,500 --> 01:30:38,300
depicting gods and athletes. 
Bronze doors tall enough for 

1615
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:40,200
giant stand open welcoming the 
public. 

1616
01:30:41,100 --> 01:30:43,900
Roman understood something. 
Crucial about bathing, they 

1617
01:30:43,900 --> 01:30:46,400
recognized it as a Cornerstone 
of civilization. 

1618
01:30:47,300 --> 01:30:50,400
City without proper baths. 
Was barely a city at all, the 

1619
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:52,600
empire built. 
Bathing, complexes everywhere. 

1620
01:30:52,600 --> 01:30:56,200
It's Legions marched. 
From Britain to Egypt, Roman 

1621
01:30:56,200 --> 01:30:59,900
baths, spread their culture of 
communal washing you pay a small

1622
01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:03,200
entrance fee, the cost amounts 
to less than a loaf of bread, 

1623
01:31:03,200 --> 01:31:07,000
Rome subsidized public bathing 
to ensure even the poorest 

1624
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:08,200
citizens. 
Could participate. 

1625
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:12,100
The Emperors understood that 
providing bars generated loyalty

1626
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,800
and social stability. 
Citizens who bathe together felt

1627
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:18,600
connected to Rome itself. 
The bath complex served as 

1628
01:31:18,608 --> 01:31:23,100
Community Center social club, 
exercise facility and political 

1629
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,800
meeting ground all at once. 
You enter through the apoitu. 

1630
01:31:38,900 --> 01:31:42,200
Nudity and Roman baths generated
less anxiety than it does. 

1631
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:45,200
In many modern cultures bodies 
were simply bodies. 

1632
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:48,900
Everyone had won the social 
hierarchy mattered, more than 

1633
01:31:48,900 --> 01:31:51,500
physical appearance. 
The bathing sequence follows a 

1634
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:54,900
specific path. 
Romans did not simply soak in 

1635
01:31:54,900 --> 01:31:57,000
hot water. 
They engineered an entire 

1636
01:31:57,000 --> 01:32:01,400
thermal experience designed to 
clean invigorate and socialize, 

1637
01:32:02,400 --> 01:32:05,400
You begin in the palestra and 
outdoor Courtyard where men 

1638
01:32:05,400 --> 01:32:08,700
exercise before bathing. 
Wrestling, ballgames, and weight

1639
01:32:08,700 --> 01:32:12,500
lifting, all prepare the body 
for the baths ahead exertion 

1640
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:14,400
opens pause and stimulates 
circulation. 

1641
01:32:15,700 --> 01:32:17,800
After exercise, you proceed to 
the tepidarium. 

1642
01:32:17,800 --> 01:32:21,300
This warm room serves as 
transition between the exercise 

1643
01:32:21,300 --> 01:32:24,500
yard and the hot baths The 
temperature runs comfortably 

1644
01:32:24,500 --> 01:32:27,000
warm but not intents benches 
line. 

1645
01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:30,600
The walls, some bathers sit here
for extended periods talking and

1646
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:33,800
relaxing. 
The Mosaic floor depicts secrets

1647
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:37,000
in intricate detail. 
Light streams through high 

1648
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,000
Windows, Illuminating steam, 
that drifts from the Next Room. 

1649
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:43,800
The caldarium awaits you step 
into genuine Heat. 

1650
01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:48,400
This hot room contains pools of 
steaming water heated by an 

1651
01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:52,100
ingenious system called a hippo 
course. slaves, tend fires in, 

1652
01:32:52,100 --> 01:32:55,300
basement Chambers and the heat 
rises through Hollow spaces 

1653
01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:58,900
beneath the floor and Behind the
Walls, the entire room becomes a

1654
01:32:58,900 --> 01:33:02,000
radiator The floor tiles feel 
too hot for bare feet. 

1655
01:33:02,000 --> 01:33:06,100
So wooden sandals are provided. 
You ease into the hot pool, the 

1656
01:33:06,100 --> 01:33:08,500
water temperature Rivals, 
anything a modern hot tub 

1657
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:12,100
provides the Romans achieve this
without pumps or thermostats. 

1658
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:15,100
Using only fire engineering and 
enslaved labor. 

1659
01:33:15,800 --> 01:33:18,500
The moral cost of Roman luxury 
remains uncomfortable to 

1660
01:33:18,500 --> 01:33:21,300
consider the Magnificent was 
built on suffering. 

1661
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:24,800
But in this moment you 
experience what an ordinary 

1662
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:28,200
Roman citizen experience. 
The heat to loosening muscles 

1663
01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:31,600
worked hard in the exercise yard
other than surround you in the 

1664
01:33:31,600 --> 01:33:34,800
pool conversation. 
Flows freely, business deals are

1665
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:37,600
discussed. 
Gossip is exchanged political 

1666
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:41,400
alliances forming the steam. 
A senator might bathe beside a 

1667
01:33:41,408 --> 01:33:45,100
shopkeeper though, certain areas
of larger bath complexes catered

1668
01:33:45,100 --> 01:33:48,000
to different social classes. 
The caldarium become a 

1669
01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:51,900
democratic space, at least, in 
Theory, naked bodies, obscure 

1670
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:54,700
some social markers, those 
speech patterns and bearing 

1671
01:33:54,700 --> 01:34:00,000
still status After sufficient 
soaking you exit the pool and 

1672
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:01,700
attendant approaches with a 
struggle. 

1673
01:34:02,200 --> 01:34:04,600
The curved bronze tool designed 
for scraping skin. 

1674
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:07,900
The Romans used olive oil 
instead of soap for cleaning. 

1675
01:34:08,700 --> 01:34:11,700
You coat yourself in oil which 
loosens dirt and dead skin. 

1676
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:15,400
Then the attendant uses the 
strigol to scrape away the oil 

1677
01:34:15,400 --> 01:34:18,500
and whatever it is collected. 
The process sounds uncomfortable

1678
01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:20,100
that actually feels 
invigorating. 

1679
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:24,200
Your skin ends up incredibly 
clean and smooth, the 

1680
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:28,300
frigidarium comes next This cold
room features a plunge, pool 

1681
01:34:28,300 --> 01:34:31,300
filled with unheated water after
the intense heat of the 

1682
01:34:31,308 --> 01:34:33,700
caldarium, the cold water, 
shocks your system. 

1683
01:34:33,700 --> 01:34:36,900
The Romans believe this 
temperature contrast promoted 

1684
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:39,600
Health modern research suggests.
They were correct. 

1685
01:34:39,600 --> 01:34:42,800
The alternating hot and cold, 
improves circulation and 

1686
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:45,700
stimulates the immune system you
stay in the cold pool. 

1687
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:47,700
Just long enough to feel 
thoroughly cooled. 

1688
01:34:47,700 --> 01:34:50,100
Then. 
Emerge refreshed the bathing 

1689
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:52,000
circuit complete. 
You might now enjoy other 

1690
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:55,000
amenities. 
Larger bath, complexes included,

1691
01:34:55,000 --> 01:34:58,500
libraries Gardens restaurants 
and even theaters. 

1692
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:02,100
You could spend an entire 
afternoon here, reading Scrolls 

1693
01:35:02,100 --> 01:35:05,500
in the library, walking, through
manicured Garden Gardens or 

1694
01:35:05,500 --> 01:35:08,600
watching performers. 
The bath served as the social 

1695
01:35:08,600 --> 01:35:12,400
Center of Roman Life, Empress 
who built new bath complexes 

1696
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:15,300
brought genuine popularity, some
baths. 

1697
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:18,900
Even offered unusual features, 
the baths of caracalla built a 

1698
01:35:18,900 --> 01:35:22,400
century after trajans included, 
an enormous swimming pool and 

1699
01:35:22,400 --> 01:35:25,100
spaces for ballgames. 
The baths of Diocletian could 

1700
01:35:25,100 --> 01:35:27,400
accommodate 3,000 bathers, 
simultaneously. 

1701
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:31,500
The scale of Roman bathing 
ambition, new few limits, they 

1702
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:34,400
transformed basic hygiene into 
Monumental Civic architecture. 

1703
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:37,900
You wrap yourself in a linen 
cloth and find a quiet corner. 

1704
01:35:38,800 --> 01:35:41,000
The post bath relaxation. 
Might include a massage 

1705
01:35:41,000 --> 01:35:44,700
professional masseurs work in 
small rooms off the main bathing

1706
01:35:44,700 --> 01:35:47,000
areas. 
They use olive oil and strong 

1707
01:35:47,000 --> 01:35:50,600
hands to unlock muscles. 
The combination of heat, cold 

1708
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:53,000
water, scraping and massage 
leaves. 

1709
01:35:53,000 --> 01:35:55,300
You feeling like you have been 
disassembled and rebuilt. 

1710
01:35:56,000 --> 01:35:58,900
Your body moves differently. 
Lighter more fluid. 

1711
01:35:59,800 --> 01:36:01,500
Fluid and drink are available if
you want them. 

1712
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:06,300
Small stalls, sell wine, bread, 
Olive and other snacks, some 

1713
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:09,200
Romans spent, most of the day at
the bars eating multiple Meals 

1714
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:11,700
On Site. 
The social nature of bathing 

1715
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:13,900
encouraged lingering. 
Why rush home? 

1716
01:36:13,900 --> 01:36:16,900
When friends around you and the 
environment provides comfort and

1717
01:36:16,900 --> 01:36:20,100
entertainment, as often known 
Fades toward evening, you 

1718
01:36:20,100 --> 01:36:23,500
finally prepare to leave You 
retrieve your clothes from the 

1719
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:26,800
attendant dress and step back 
into the Roman streets. 

1720
01:36:27,700 --> 01:36:30,300
The bath complex continues 
operating Into the Night. 

1721
01:36:31,000 --> 01:36:33,000
Some sections, remain, open 
around the clock. 

1722
01:36:33,000 --> 01:36:37,300
The wealthy might visit in the 
afternoon when crowds thin Poor 

1723
01:36:37,300 --> 01:36:40,300
come whenever their work allows 
the baths, accommodate, all 

1724
01:36:40,300 --> 01:36:43,900
schedules and all classes. 
At least in principle the legacy

1725
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:46,800
of Roman bathing extends far 
beyond the Empire's collapse. 

1726
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:50,600
When Rome fell, most of its 
elaborate bath, complexes fell 

1727
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:53,400
into ruin. 
But the memory of communal 

1728
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:56,800
bathing persisted the Islamic 
World adopted and adapted. 

1729
01:36:56,800 --> 01:37:00,500
Roman bathing Traditions, 
medieval monsters built bathing 

1730
01:37:00,500 --> 01:37:02,400
for facilities based on Roman 
designs. 

1731
01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:06,800
The concept of the public bath 
never entirely disappeared, even

1732
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:10,200
when the infrastructure crumbled
you carry, the Roman bath 

1733
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:11,600
experience with you through 
time. 

1734
01:37:11,600 --> 01:37:15,600
The understanding that bathing 
can be Civic, ritual that hot 

1735
01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:17,500
water and cold water in 
sequence. 

1736
01:37:17,500 --> 01:37:19,900
Invigorate that communal 
nakedness. 

1737
01:37:19,900 --> 01:37:22,800
Can foster democracy or at least
the appearance of it. 

1738
01:37:23,600 --> 01:37:26,300
The Romans understood something,
modern culture, sometimes 

1739
01:37:26,300 --> 01:37:28,800
forgets. 
Bathing together, builds 

1740
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:32,100
community and ways that 
individual showers never can the

1741
01:37:32,100 --> 01:37:35,400
journey continues Eastwood. 
You arrived in Istanbul during 

1742
01:37:35,400 --> 01:37:38,500
the 16th century when the 
Ottoman Empire has reached, its 

1743
01:37:38,500 --> 01:37:41,400
peak. 
The city contains hundreds of 

1744
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:45,000
hammams public bathhouses that 
evolved from Roman bathing, 

1745
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:47,000
Traditions, filtered through 
Islamic culture. 

1746
01:37:47,000 --> 01:37:50,800
The Hammam combined elements you
recognize from both the Roman 

1747
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:53,600
thermi and influences unique to 
ottoman Society. 

1748
01:37:54,300 --> 01:37:56,700
You approach a neighborhood 
hammer, in the early afternoon, 

1749
01:37:56,700 --> 01:38:00,600
the building announces itself 
through architecture, a large 

1750
01:38:00,600 --> 01:38:03,800
Central Dome, dominates the 
structure with smaller, domes 

1751
01:38:03,800 --> 01:38:07,500
clustered around it. 
These domes contain glass oculi 

1752
01:38:07,500 --> 01:38:10,000
that allow natural light to 
filter into the bathing areas 

1753
01:38:10,000 --> 01:38:11,700
below. 
The effect creates an 

1754
01:38:11,700 --> 01:38:14,200
otherworldly atmosphere where 
light beams pierced steam, 

1755
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:17,200
invisible shafts. 
The entrance separates into two 

1756
01:38:17,200 --> 01:38:20,900
sections men and women use 
different hammers or the same 

1757
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:24,300
ham at different times today, 
you enter the men's section, 

1758
01:38:24,300 --> 01:38:26,700
though. 
The experience in women's hamms.

1759
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:30,300
Follow similar patterns with its
own distinct social dynamics. 

1760
01:38:31,000 --> 01:38:33,500
Women's Hammonds. 
Historically served as important

1761
01:38:33,500 --> 01:38:36,800
social spaces. 
Where marriages were arranged in

1762
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:39,300
community bonds strengthened 
away from male oversight. 

1763
01:38:39,300 --> 01:38:41,700
You pay the entrance fee to the 
attendant. 

1764
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:45,900
The cost includes basic bathing,
privileges additional services, 

1765
01:38:45,900 --> 01:38:49,300
like massage or hair removal. 
Require extra payment, you 

1766
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:52,500
receive a pestemal, a thin 
cotton wrap and a pair of wooden

1767
01:38:52,500 --> 01:38:56,900
clocks. the changing area called
the Kama Kan features, a central

1768
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,300
Fountain and elevated platforms 
where bathers relax before and 

1769
01:39:00,300 --> 01:39:04,000
after bathing, You remove your 
clothes and secure the pesto me 

1770
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:06,700
around your waist. 
The cotton wrap provides minimal

1771
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:10,600
coverage but satisfies modesty 
requirements, Islamic bathing 

1772
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:12,500
culture differs from Roman in 
this regard. 

1773
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:15,800
Complete nudity. 
Generally is avoided the 

1774
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:18,500
pestemal becomes both garment 
and towel throughout the bathing

1775
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:20,700
experience. 
You slip your feet into the 

1776
01:39:20,708 --> 01:39:23,700
wooden clogs which protect 
against hot floors and provide 

1777
01:39:23,700 --> 01:39:26,900
traction on wet marble. 
The first room you enter is the 

1778
01:39:26,900 --> 01:39:31,000
Sogo clerk this tepid room 
serves as a transition space the

1779
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:32,900
temperature runs warm but not 
intense. 

1780
01:39:32,900 --> 01:39:36,700
You sit on marble slabs and 
allow your body to adjust other 

1781
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:39,200
bathes. 
Rest here some arriving from the

1782
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:41,500
hot rooms others preparing to 
enter them. 

1783
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:44,900
The marble feel smooth and 
slightly cool despite the 

1784
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:49,400
ambient warmth The Saga cluck 
teaches patients, our manual 

1785
01:39:49,400 --> 01:39:51,700
cannot be rushed through an 
arched. 

1786
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:54,900
Doorway you enter the harrett. 
The hot room, takes your breath 

1787
01:39:54,900 --> 01:39:57,700
for a moment. 
Heat, and humidity combined into

1788
01:39:57,700 --> 01:40:00,600
a thick atmosphere that wraps 
around you like a damp blanket. 

1789
01:40:00,600 --> 01:40:03,700
The Central Area features a 
large heated marble platform 

1790
01:40:03,700 --> 01:40:07,100
called the gobek which 
translates as belly Stone. 

1791
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:10,800
This elevated slab, radiates 
heat from below where water 

1792
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:14,500
pipes carry Steam and hot water.
You climb onto the gobek Tashi 

1793
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:17,600
and lie down the heated marble 
Works its way into your muscles 

1794
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:20,900
unlike sauna heat that comes 
from the air that go back to how

1795
01:40:20,900 --> 01:40:23,400
she provides direct conductive 
heat through your back and legs.

1796
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:26,900
The sensation differs from 
anything you have experienced so

1797
01:40:26,900 --> 01:40:28,700
far. 
The marble never feels hot 

1798
01:40:28,700 --> 01:40:31,400
enough to burn but maintains 
constant steady heat that 

1799
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:35,100
penetrates deeply Your muscles 
begin to unlock From the Inside 

1800
01:40:35,100 --> 01:40:37,300
Out. 
The direct contact with heated 

1801
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:40,300
Stone creates different 
Sensations than immersion in hot

1802
01:40:40,300 --> 01:40:43,800
water or exposure to hot. 
Are the marble smooth surface, 

1803
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:47,000
holds centuries of History. 
Countless bodies of Lane here 

1804
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:50,500
before you the stone, has 
absorbed the Heat and released 

1805
01:40:50,500 --> 01:40:53,300
it into tired. 
Muscles for Generations, the 

1806
01:40:53,300 --> 01:40:56,600
Goku serves as the heart of the 
Hammam experience everything 

1807
01:40:56,600 --> 01:40:59,400
else leads to or flows from this
Central heated platform. 

1808
01:40:59,400 --> 01:41:03,000
The architecture places, it 
prominently in the center of the

1809
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:06,900
Harris Under the highest point 
of the Dome like filters through

1810
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:10,700
small glass windows in the dome.
Star-shaped openings allow 

1811
01:41:10,700 --> 01:41:13,900
sunlight to penetrate the steam.
The beams of light become 

1812
01:41:13,900 --> 01:41:17,500
visible in the thick humid air. 
Dust and water, vapor make the 

1813
01:41:17,508 --> 01:41:20,000
lights solid and real. 
The effect creates an 

1814
01:41:20,008 --> 01:41:23,800
otherworldly atmosphere, some 
hams use colored glass, that 

1815
01:41:23,800 --> 01:41:26,000
tints, the light, blue, or 
green, or Amber. 

1816
01:41:26,000 --> 01:41:28,900
The colored light transforms the
space into something between 

1817
01:41:28,900 --> 01:41:32,400
bathhouse and Cathedral. 
Around the rooms perimeter 

1818
01:41:32,400 --> 01:41:36,700
individual washing Alcove offer 
privacy each Alcove contains a 

1819
01:41:36,708 --> 01:41:40,300
kerna a small marble base with 
brass, Taps for hot and cold 

1820
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:43,000
water. 
The basins sit at waist height, 

1821
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:46,200
perfectly positioned for 
filling, bowls and cuts. 

1822
01:41:46,900 --> 01:41:49,800
The alcoves provide just enough 
separation for modest washing 

1823
01:41:49,800 --> 01:41:53,100
while remaining part of the 
communal space, you can see 

1824
01:41:53,100 --> 01:41:56,300
other Bayers through the steam. 
You can hear water splashing and

1825
01:41:56,300 --> 01:42:00,000
voices murmuring, but the Alcove
creates a temporary personal 

1826
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:02,800
territory. 
Small marble stools sit in each 

1827
01:42:02,800 --> 01:42:07,400
Alcove you can sit while washing
reducing strain on legs and back

1828
01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:11,400
the stool show where from 
Decades of use, the marble has 

1829
01:42:11,400 --> 01:42:13,700
been polished Smooth by 
countless wet bodies. 

1830
01:42:13,700 --> 01:42:17,400
Everything in the Hammam, feels 
permanent and ancient the 

1831
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:20,500
materials themselves. 
Speak of durability marble, 

1832
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:24,600
brass tile and stone, nothing 
plastic or temporary. 

1833
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:27,600
The Hammond was to last 
generations and has fulfilled 

1834
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:30,500
that promise. 
Some bathers wash themselves in 

1835
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:33,500
these alcoves using the 
traditional method, they feel 

1836
01:42:33,500 --> 01:42:35,900
small, copper bowls called Tas 
from the corner. 

1837
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:38,300
The bowls hold, perhaps a liter 
of water. 

1838
01:42:38,300 --> 01:42:42,000
They pour the water over their 
bodies repeatedly mixing hot and

1839
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:43,800
cold to achieve comfortable 
temperature. 

1840
01:42:43,800 --> 01:42:48,700
The pouring creates a rhythm, 
Phil, poor refill, poor again. 

1841
01:42:49,600 --> 01:42:52,300
The sound of water splashing 
Echoes throughout the hare 

1842
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:55,200
dozens of bathers. 
Pouring water creates a symphony

1843
01:42:55,200 --> 01:42:57,300
of liquid. 
Percussion, the technique 

1844
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:00,800
requires practice to master. 
You must pour with enough Force 

1845
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:03,400
to rinse thoroughly but not 
Splash excessively. 

1846
01:43:03,400 --> 01:43:07,200
You aim the water stream to 
Cascade down your body carrying 

1847
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:11,700
soap and dirt toward the drains.
The floor slope subtly towards 

1848
01:43:11,700 --> 01:43:15,000
Central drainage channels. 
Everything is designed to manage

1849
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:17,400
water flow, nothing pools or 
floods. 

1850
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:21,500
The water moves constantly 
downward and Away others. 

1851
01:43:21,500 --> 01:43:24,600
Wait for the telok a male bath 
attendant who provides washing 

1852
01:43:24,600 --> 01:43:27,500
and massage services. 
The telek represents a 

1853
01:43:27,508 --> 01:43:29,600
professional. 
That has existed for centuries. 

1854
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:32,300
Young men. 
Apprentice under experience 

1855
01:43:32,300 --> 01:43:34,000
telek to learn the proper 
techniques. 

1856
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:36,500
The work requires strength and 
stamina. 

1857
01:43:37,400 --> 01:43:41,100
Hours spent in intense, heat and
humidity constant, bending and 

1858
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:43,400
scrubbing. 
The physical demands are 

1859
01:43:43,400 --> 01:43:45,700
considerable. 
But skilled Telecom, command 

1860
01:43:45,700 --> 01:43:49,900
respect and income. 
Tellic approaches and gestures 

1861
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:51,600
for you to remain on the govic 
Dashi. 

1862
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:54,900
He carries his professional 
Tools in a small basket, the 

1863
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:58,500
case emit, various soaps, and 
towels his movements show 

1864
01:43:58,500 --> 01:44:01,500
practice deficiency. 
He has done this thousands of 

1865
01:44:01,500 --> 01:44:03,900
times, every motion serves a 
purpose. 

1866
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:07,200
No wasted effort. 
He begins by testing the water 

1867
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:09,600
temperature. 
In a nearby kerna adjusting, the

1868
01:44:09,600 --> 01:44:13,500
mix of hot and cold. 
Attendant carries a rough cloth 

1869
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:16,600
mitt called a cares. 
The case is typically made from 

1870
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:18,400
coarse silk or synthetic 
material. 

1871
01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:22,100
The texture feels like very 
rough sandpaper when dry. 

1872
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:26,100
When wet and applied with Vigor.
It removes dead skin with 

1873
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:29,400
remarkable effectiveness. 
Different regions favored 

1874
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:32,200
different Keys materials. 
Some prefer goat hair. 

1875
01:44:32,200 --> 01:44:34,900
Others use hemp. 5/1 the 
roughness. 

1876
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:36,900
Remains constant, regardless of 
material. 

1877
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:40,000
He dips the keys in. 
Hot water to soften it slightly.

1878
01:44:40,000 --> 01:44:43,700
Then he begins scrubbing. 
Your skin with surprising vigor.

1879
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:47,600
Pressure borders on aggressive. 
You want to briefly of skin? 

1880
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:50,600
Can actually withstand such 
treatment, but the telek knows 

1881
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:54,100
exactly how much pressure to 
apply enough to remove dead 

1882
01:44:54,100 --> 01:44:56,600
skin, not enough to damage 
living tissue. 

1883
01:44:58,000 --> 01:45:00,800
The scrubbing technique has been
refined over Generations. 

1884
01:45:01,500 --> 01:45:03,800
The keys. 
He moves in Long, firm strokes. 

1885
01:45:03,800 --> 01:45:05,800
He starts with your back 
working. 

1886
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:09,700
From shoulders down to waste the
rough texture, removes dead skin

1887
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:12,500
cells, dirt, and whatever else 
is accumulated, since your last 

1888
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:15,900
Herman visit gray rolls of dead 
skin begin appearing almost 

1889
01:45:15,900 --> 01:45:18,600
immediately. 
Collect on the marble beneath. 

1890
01:45:18,600 --> 01:45:22,100
You like tiny worms? 
The Visual Evidence of the keys 

1891
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:23,900
is Effectiveness. 
Seems almost shocking. 

1892
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:27,100
How much dead skin can one body 
accumulate? 

1893
01:45:27,100 --> 01:45:30,300
The answer becomes visible in 
the gray rolls accumulating 

1894
01:45:30,300 --> 01:45:32,700
around you. 
The outer layer of skin cells 

1895
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,800
dies and is replaced constantly.
Most of this dead material falls

1896
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:39,300
away, naturally through friction
with clothes, and normal 

1897
01:45:39,300 --> 01:45:41,900
washing. 
But some remains building up 

1898
01:45:41,900 --> 01:45:45,800
gradually The keys removes 
everything in one thorus session

1899
01:45:45,800 --> 01:45:48,900
the scrubbing borders on 
aggressive, but never crosses 

1900
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:52,000
into pain. 
The teller understands the line 

1901
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:55,400
between vigorous and violent, 
his hands move with certain 

1902
01:45:55,400 --> 01:45:57,400
confidence. 
He has learned through 

1903
01:45:57,400 --> 01:46:01,500
experience exactly how much 
pressure each area of the body 

1904
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:04,000
can tolerate. 
The bat can handle more Force 

1905
01:46:04,000 --> 01:46:06,800
than the chest. 
The legs more than the arms, he 

1906
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:09,400
adjusts instinctively after 
thorough scrubbing. 

1907
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:11,900
The telok, produces a large 
linen bag. 

1908
01:46:11,900 --> 01:46:15,800
This is the moment that many 
first-time Hermes is find, most 

1909
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:18,800
memorable. 
The linen bag seems unremarkable

1910
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:22,400
at first, just a square of 
fabric, sewn into a simple pouch

1911
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:24,500
but its purpose soon becomes 
clear. 

1912
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:28,100
The telok, Doenges it into a 
basin of warm water and soap. 

1913
01:46:28,100 --> 01:46:32,000
He plunges it into a basin of 
warm water, then squeezes and 

1914
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,300
works the bag until it produces 
enormous quantities of foam. 

1915
01:46:36,400 --> 01:46:39,200
Traditional Hammam, soap creates
these mountains of bubbles. 

1916
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:42,400
The telok covers you and foam 
from head to toe. 

1917
01:46:43,100 --> 01:46:45,200
A sensation is absurd and 
delightful. 

1918
01:46:45,200 --> 01:46:48,500
You disappear beneath the 
blanket of soap, bubbles the 

1919
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:51,400
telok works the foam into your 
skin with practice deficiency, 

1920
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:55,100
cleaning what the keys he 
exposed, then comes the rinsing 

1921
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:59,200
Bowl after bowl of warm water. 
Cascades over you carrying away 

1922
01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:02,000
the soap. 
The Pelican Shores, every trace 

1923
01:47:02,000 --> 01:47:05,000
of bubbles is removed, the 
marble platform Beneath. 

1924
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:09,200
You channels water toward drains
the whole room functions. 

1925
01:47:09,200 --> 01:47:13,000
As a giant shower, where gravity
and careful design manage water 

1926
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:15,000
flow. 
You emerge from the foam, 

1927
01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:18,700
baptism, feeling profoundly 
clean, The message follows. 

1928
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:22,400
The Telex strong hands work 
through muscles, relaxed by heat

1929
01:47:22,400 --> 01:47:25,900
and scrubbing. 
He pays particular attention to 

1930
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:30,100
shoulders and back areas where 
tension accumulates the message 

1931
01:47:30,100 --> 01:47:32,000
style is practical. 
Rather than gentle. 

1932
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:35,000
He stretches your limbs and 
applies pressure to knotted 

1933
01:47:35,000 --> 01:47:38,200
areas, small pops and cracks 
signal joints releasing. 

1934
01:47:39,400 --> 01:47:42,700
The combination of heat 
cleansing and massage leaves. 

1935
01:47:42,700 --> 01:47:45,500
You feeling like you have shed 
an old skin and grown a new one.

1936
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:48,000
After the massage, your left to 
soak in the heat. 

1937
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:51,600
You remain on the go back Tashi 
or move to the washing our 

1938
01:47:51,600 --> 01:47:53,100
clothes to pour more water over 
yourself. 

1939
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,500
Some bathers spend hours in the 
hararet alternating between the 

1940
01:47:57,500 --> 01:47:59,400
heated marble and the washing 
basins. 

1941
01:47:59,400 --> 01:48:03,900
The thick steam makes time feel 
elastic minute stretch into 

1942
01:48:03,900 --> 01:48:07,400
comfortable Infinity, the heat 
seems to slow everything except 

1943
01:48:07,400 --> 01:48:10,800
your heartbeat which works 
steadily to cool your overheated

1944
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:13,600
body. 
Eventually you Retreat to The 

1945
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:15,700
Saga. 
Clerk the transition room. 

1946
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:18,800
Now, feels almost cold compared 
to the Harrow at, you sit, on 

1947
01:48:18,800 --> 01:48:20,800
the marble slabs and feel your 
core temperature. 

1948
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,600
Gradually normalizing. 
Your skin glows, pink and clean.

1949
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:27,900
Every paw has opened and been 
cleaned and closed again. 

1950
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:31,400
The Telex scrubbing removed 
layers, you did not know 

1951
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:34,400
existed. 
Your body feels lighter as 

1952
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:36,100
though the dirt had actual 
weight. 

1953
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:39,500
You returned to the camera can 
for the final stage. 

1954
01:48:39,500 --> 01:48:42,000
The changing room provides a 
different atmosphere. 

1955
01:48:42,000 --> 01:48:46,000
Now the same fountains still 
flows but you experience it with

1956
01:48:46,000 --> 01:48:48,900
new awareness. 
You wrap yourself in dry towels 

1957
01:48:48,900 --> 01:48:50,700
and recline on the race 
platforms. 

1958
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,100
An attendant might bring tea or 
Sherbert if you request it. 

1959
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:57,300
Most bathers, rest here for 
extended periods. 

1960
01:48:57,300 --> 01:49:01,400
Enjoying the post bath euphoria.
The Hammam serves purposes 

1961
01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:05,800
Beyond hygiene for centuries. 
Ottoman Society used hammams as 

1962
01:49:05,800 --> 01:49:09,300
Community Gathering spaces, men,
discussed business, and politics

1963
01:49:09,300 --> 01:49:12,000
women arranged, marriages, and 
socialized away. 

1964
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:15,500
From male relatives, the Hammam 
became equalizing space where 

1965
01:49:15,500 --> 01:49:18,400
social hierarchies relaxed, 
though, never disappeared 

1966
01:49:18,400 --> 01:49:22,300
entirely a wealthy Merchant and 
a modest Craftsman might bathe 

1967
01:49:22,300 --> 01:49:25,000
side by side. 
Both reduced to pesto, miles, 

1968
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:28,100
and human bodies. 
Turkish bath, culture 

1969
01:49:28,100 --> 01:49:29,700
influenced, the wider Islamic 
world. 

1970
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:33,800
From Morocco to Iran, variations
of the Hammam spread with 

1971
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:37,300
Islamic expansion. 
Each region adapted the basic 

1972
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:39,400
template to local customs and 
architecture. 

1973
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:43,500
But the core elements remained 
the sequence of rooms building 

1974
01:49:43,500 --> 01:49:47,100
from cool to hot. 
Heated marble platform, the 

1975
01:49:47,100 --> 01:49:50,300
vigorous scrubbing, the emphasis
on thorough cleansing rather 

1976
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:53,700
than quick washing you dress 
slowly, your body still 

1977
01:49:53,700 --> 01:49:57,600
radiating, residual heat the 
Hammam experience lingers in 

1978
01:49:57,608 --> 01:50:01,800
Clean Skin and loosened muscles,
outside the Istanbul, Street's 

1979
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,800
bustle with late afternoon 
activity but you carry the 

1980
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:07,700
hammam's peace with the you the 
ritual has reset something 

1981
01:50:07,700 --> 01:50:11,000
fundamental. 
The combination of heat water 

1982
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:14,400
scrubbing, and human touch has 
reminded your body of its 

1983
01:50:14,400 --> 01:50:17,300
capacity for Renewal your 
journey through bathing 

1984
01:50:17,300 --> 01:50:20,900
Traditions continues across 
continents and centuries Korea 

1985
01:50:20,900 --> 01:50:23,100
offers its own variation on 
communal bathing. 

1986
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:26,500
The Jim Jill Bank combines 
elements you recognize from 

1987
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:30,300
other Traditions, but adds 
uniquely Korean features these 

1988
01:50:30,300 --> 01:50:34,000
facilities operate, 24 hours, 
and servers affordable, lodging,

1989
01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:37,400
for travelers, social spaces, 
for families, and wellness 

1990
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:39,400
centers for anyone seeking 
relaxation. 

1991
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:41,500
You enter a modern Soul, Jim 
Jill. 

1992
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:45,400
Bang late at night, The building
Rises several stories, its 

1993
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:49,200
entrance bright with neon signs.
Cost of admission includes 

1994
01:50:49,200 --> 01:50:51,600
access to all facilities for as 
long as you want to stay. 

1995
01:50:52,500 --> 01:50:56,200
Some visitors come for a quick 
soak others spend entire days or

1996
01:50:56,200 --> 01:50:58,400
nights sleeping in designated 
rest areas. 

1997
01:50:58,400 --> 01:51:01,600
You pay at the counter and 
receive a uniform consisting of 

1998
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:04,600
shorts and a t-shirt. 
Along with a locker key worn on 

1999
01:51:04,600 --> 01:51:07,700
your wrist, the facility 
separates into gendered and 

2000
01:51:07,708 --> 01:51:10,300
common areas. 
You head, first to the gender 

2001
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:12,700
specific. 
Bathing area where full nudity 

2002
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:16,400
is expected, the space resembles
a large tiled bathroom with 

2003
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:20,200
multiple pools of varying 
temperatures, hot tubs, cold 

2004
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:23,700
plunge pools and warm soaking 
pools, all offered different 

2005
01:51:23,700 --> 01:51:27,000
experiences. 
Unlike Japanese Onsen with their

2006
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:30,100
natural, mineral water, Jim 
Jill, Bank Pools, use filtered 

2007
01:51:30,100 --> 01:51:33,500
and treated water heated to 
specific temperatures before 

2008
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:35,600
entering any pool. 
You must show a thoroughly 

2009
01:51:35,600 --> 01:51:37,500
Korean. 
Bathing culture takes 

2010
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:40,700
cleanliness, seriously, shower 
stations line, one wall with 

2011
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:44,400
soap shampoo and scrubbing 
implements provided you wash 

2012
01:51:44,400 --> 01:51:47,300
with particular attention to 
detail knowing that shared 

2013
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:52,100
pools, demand scrupulous hygiene
only when completely cleaned you

2014
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:54,800
approach the Baths. 
You start with a warm pool to 

2015
01:51:54,800 --> 01:51:56,900
acclimate. 
The water temperature, runs 

2016
01:51:56,900 --> 01:51:58,400
comfortable rather than 
challenging. 

2017
01:51:58,400 --> 01:52:01,900
You soak for several minutes 
feeling the days, tension? 

2018
01:52:01,900 --> 01:52:05,300
Begin to dissolve other bathers 
occupy the various pools. 

2019
01:52:05,300 --> 01:52:07,000
Some sitting in quiet 
meditation. 

2020
01:52:07,000 --> 01:52:09,200
Others conversing, in low 
voices. 

2021
01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:13,500
The atmosphere feels relaxed and
unhurried the hot pool comes 

2022
01:52:13,500 --> 01:52:15,900
next. 
This water runs significantly 

2023
01:52:15,900 --> 01:52:19,500
hotter than the warm pool. 
You ease in gradually letting 

2024
01:52:19,500 --> 01:52:22,600
your body, adjust the heat, 
wraps around your limbs and 

2025
01:52:22,600 --> 01:52:25,600
works into your core. 
Your heart rating, increases 

2026
01:52:25,600 --> 01:52:29,500
breathing, deepens the Korean 
approach to hot water, differs 

2027
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:33,500
from Japanese Onsen in the 
temperature while hot Railway 

2028
01:52:33,500 --> 01:52:35,900
reaches the extreme levels of 
traditional Onsen. 

2029
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:39,400
The goal is sustainable soaking 
rather than brief intense heat 

2030
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:43,200
exposure after the hot pool. 
You Brave the cold plunge, the 

2031
01:52:43,200 --> 01:52:46,100
water temperature, drops close 
to freezing, you submerge 

2032
01:52:46,100 --> 01:52:50,300
quickly, gasping at the shop, 
the cold grips, your entire body

2033
01:52:50,300 --> 01:52:53,400
in an icy fist. 
You Stay perhaps 30 seconds 

2034
01:52:53,400 --> 01:52:56,300
before climbing out. 
The contrast between hot and 

2035
01:52:56,300 --> 01:53:00,200
cold creates that familiar Rush 
of endorphins your skin tingles 

2036
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:03,100
with heightened sensitivity. 
Many Jim Jill. 

2037
01:53:03,100 --> 01:53:06,600
Bang offer a special scrapping, 
service middle aged women called

2038
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:08,700
demiri provided intense 
exfoliates. 

2039
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:20,200
Treatment borders on aggressive 
gray, rolls of dead skin 

2040
01:53:20,200 --> 01:53:24,000
accumulate in our rinsed away. 
The demiri work with practice 

2041
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:27,200
deficiency. 
Neither gentle nor cruel simply 

2042
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:30,800
thorough after bathing, you 
change into the provided 

2043
01:53:30,800 --> 01:53:34,000
uniform, this marks the 
transition to the common areas, 

2044
01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:36,900
where men and women mingled 
freely, you leave the bathing 

2045
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:39,400
section and enter a large 
communal, space filled with 

2046
01:53:39,408 --> 01:53:43,100
various heated rooms, each 
remains a different temperature.

2047
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:46,500
And atmosphere, The Salt Room 
features walls covered in pink. 

2048
01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:50,000
Himalayan salt, the temperature 
runs warm, but not hot. 

2049
01:53:50,900 --> 01:53:53,700
The salt supposedly provides 
health benefits through negative

2050
01:53:53,700 --> 01:53:56,200
ions and minerals absorbed 
through breath and skin. 

2051
01:53:57,100 --> 01:54:00,000
You sit on heated floor cushions
and lean against salt crystal 

2052
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:02,600
walls. 
The lighting is dim and peaceful

2053
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:05,800
other visitors. 
Read nap or quietly talk. 

2054
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:10,200
The charcoal room, radiates 
intense dry heat the walls and 

2055
01:54:10,208 --> 01:54:13,700
floor contain heated charcoal 
that releases far infrared rays.

2056
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:16,700
The temperature here Rivals are 
finished sauna. 

2057
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:20,700
Black surfaces, absorb and 
radiate heat in steady waves, 

2058
01:54:20,700 --> 01:54:23,300
the air itself, feels thick with
warmth. 

2059
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,800
You find a spot on the heated 
floor and lean against the wall,

2060
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:31,400
the charcoals heat penetrates 
differently than water heat or 

2061
01:54:31,400 --> 01:54:33,900
Steam Heat. 
It goes deeper somehow working 

2062
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:36,800
its way into joints and muscles 
with persistent intensity. 

2063
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:39,400
Sweat begins flowing within 
minutes. 

2064
01:54:39,400 --> 01:54:42,500
Not the light perspiration of 
moderate exercise. 

2065
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:46,300
This is full body sweating that 
soaks your cotton uniform and 

2066
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:48,900
drips from your chin. 
Your hair becomes damp and then 

2067
01:54:48,908 --> 01:54:53,100
wet rivulets run down your spine
the body's cooling system works 

2068
01:54:53,100 --> 01:54:56,200
at maximum capacity. 
You feel your heart beating 

2069
01:54:56,200 --> 01:54:58,400
faster pumping blood to the 
surface? 

2070
01:54:58,400 --> 01:55:02,000
Where evaporation can cool it. 
The sensation borders on 

2071
01:55:02,000 --> 01:55:05,100
overwhelming? 
You stay 15 minutes before the 

2072
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:08,400
heat becomes too much any 
longer, risks, genuine, 

2073
01:55:08,400 --> 01:55:12,000
discomfort or even Danger. 
Charcoal room promises 

2074
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:15,700
detoxification through intense 
sweating, whether the tops in 

2075
01:55:15,708 --> 01:55:18,600
actually leave the body through 
sweat remains scientifically 

2076
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:21,500
debatable. 
But the cycle effect of such 

2077
01:55:21,500 --> 01:55:24,800
profound sweating feels 
cleansing regardless of 

2078
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:29,100
measurable outcomes, you emerge 
drenched and light-headed ready 

2079
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:31,800
for cooling. 
The ice room provides dramatic, 

2080
01:55:31,800 --> 01:55:36,100
contrast the temperature drops. 
Well, below freezing ice covers 

2081
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:39,300
the walls in thick layers, you 
entering your cotton uniform 

2082
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:41,100
which provides minimal 
insulation. 

2083
01:55:41,900 --> 01:55:46,600
The cold hits hard and fast. 
Two minutes, feels like 10, but 

2084
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:49,500
the shock invigorates in ways 
that ordinary cold never could. 

2085
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:52,600
Emerging from the ice room into 
normal room. 

2086
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:54,800
Temperature feels like stepping 
into a warm bath. 

2087
01:55:55,400 --> 01:55:58,900
Other themed rooms offer 
different experiences, an oxygen

2088
01:55:58,900 --> 01:56:00,800
room. 
Pumps enriched air for supposed 

2089
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:04,100
respiratory benefits. 
A yellow clay room maintains 

2090
01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:06,800
moderate heat and uses clay for 
therapeutic purposes. 

2091
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:10,700
A jade room features floors and 
walls of Jade stone. 

2092
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:14,200
Heated to release beneficial 
elements whether these various 

2093
01:56:14,200 --> 01:56:16,600
rooms deliver their promised 
health benefits remains 

2094
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:19,900
debatable But the experience of 
moving between different 

2095
01:56:19,900 --> 01:56:23,600
environments, creates a wellness
Journey regardless of scientific

2096
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:26,300
validity. 
Common area also includes 

2097
01:56:26,300 --> 01:56:30,200
sleeping spaces, large rooms 
with heated floors offer of 

2098
01:56:30,200 --> 01:56:33,100
wooden pillows, visitors, 
stretch out for naps between 

2099
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:37,000
bathing and sauna sessions. 
Some people spend entire nights 

2100
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:39,900
here the Jim Jill banking as 
budget to accommodation 

2101
01:56:39,900 --> 01:56:42,800
families, come from affordable 
weekend outings. 

2102
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:46,000
Couples in Joy date nights that 
cost less than a movie and 

2103
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:48,200
dinner food service operates 
Around the Clock. 

2104
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:52,400
You can order traditional Korean
snacks and meals seek ye as 

2105
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:54,000
sweet. 
Rice drink is particularly 

2106
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:57,100
popular Posta. 
Hard-boiled, eggs, roasted in 

2107
01:56:57,100 --> 01:57:00,400
the sauna rooms offer protein, 
instant noodles satisfy, late 

2108
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:04,600
night hunger, the prices remain 
modest, keeping the entire bang 

2109
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,000
experience accessible to a wide 
economic range. 

2110
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:10,000
You settle into a rest area with
your Seeker. 

2111
01:57:10,000 --> 01:57:13,900
The sweet drink cools, your 
overheated body, Around you 

2112
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:16,100
families. 
Relaxed together, teenagers 

2113
01:57:16,100 --> 01:57:21,000
cluster around phones, elderly 
folks, dose peacefully the Jim 

2114
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:24,300
Gill bang democratizes Wellness 
in ways that expensive Spas 

2115
01:57:24,300 --> 01:57:28,300
never could Everyone pays the 
same modest fee and accesses the

2116
01:57:28,300 --> 01:57:31,000
same facilities. 
Social hierarchies fade in 

2117
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:34,900
matching cotton uniforms, Russia
offers another variation on heat

2118
01:57:34,900 --> 01:57:37,300
and water. 
The Banya resembles a Finnish 

2119
01:57:37,300 --> 01:57:40,800
sauna in its use of dry heat and
steam, but Russian bathing 

2120
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:42,500
culture adds its own distinct 
character. 

2121
01:57:43,500 --> 01:57:46,000
You find yourself in a 
traditional wooden Banya outside

2122
01:57:46,000 --> 01:57:49,900
Moscow on a winter after noon. 
Snow covers the ground in deep 

2123
01:57:49,900 --> 01:57:52,300
drifts. 
The temperature outside hovers 

2124
01:57:52,300 --> 01:57:56,700
around negative 20 Celsius your 
breath crystallizes instantly in

2125
01:57:56,700 --> 01:57:59,700
the air. 
Cold bites at Exposed Skin 

2126
01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:02,600
Within seconds. 
The Banya Building looks similar

2127
01:58:02,600 --> 01:58:06,400
to a Finnish sauna from outside 
Darkwood construction, whether 

2128
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:10,600
by countless Winters Simple 
design that prioritizes function

2129
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:13,600
over decoration. 
Smoke rising from a chimney 

2130
01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:15,200
signals that someone has been 
tending. 

2131
01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:18,700
The fire for hours, the 
preparation for Banya takes time

2132
01:58:18,700 --> 01:58:21,800
and attention the stones. 
Must reach extreme temperatures.

2133
01:58:21,800 --> 01:58:25,800
The wood must be dry and ready. 
Everything must be perfect 

2134
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:28,700
before. 
Bathing begins inside Russian 

2135
01:58:28,700 --> 01:58:32,000
character asserts itself. 
Immediately the heat room called

2136
01:58:32,000 --> 01:58:34,600
the perilla feel similar to a 
Finnish sauna, but the 

2137
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:37,900
atmosphere differs Russians 
approach bathing with a certain 

2138
01:58:37,900 --> 01:58:42,200
Swagger they Embrace extremes 
with pride the hotter the better

2139
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:45,400
becomes a point of Honor 
Enduring intense heat, 

2140
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:47,100
demonstrates, strength, and 
character. 

2141
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:50,600
The perica becomes a testing 
ground as much as a bathing 

2142
01:58:50,600 --> 01:58:55,300
space a large brick stove. 
Dominates one end Pitch as 

2143
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:57,700
Russians call it holds massive 
Stones. 

2144
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:01,400
Heated to extreme temperatures, 
the stove's construction follows

2145
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:03,800
traditional designs perfected 
over centuries. 

2146
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:06,300
It radiates heat in powerful 
ways. 

2147
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:10,200
The platforms line, the walls at
different heights, each level 

2148
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:13,800
offering escalating intensity. 
The highest platform near the 

2149
01:59:13,808 --> 01:59:16,100
ceiling holds heat, that would 
seem unbearable to the 

2150
01:59:16,100 --> 01:59:18,800
uninitiated. 
You climbed to an upper platform

2151
01:59:18,800 --> 01:59:21,900
for maximum heat the air at 
ceiling level Shimmers with 

2152
01:59:21,900 --> 01:59:25,500
intensity looking toward the 
stove creates wavy distortion's 

2153
01:59:25,500 --> 01:59:27,400
like heat rising from Summer 
pavement. 

2154
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:31,600
Your lungs are just to breathing
the scorching are each inhale 

2155
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:34,500
requires slight adjustment 
breathing through your nose, 

2156
01:59:34,500 --> 01:59:37,500
helps filter and cool. 
The air slightly your skin 

2157
01:59:37,500 --> 01:59:39,300
begins to Glow pink within 
moments. 

2158
01:59:40,200 --> 01:59:43,100
A bundle of birch or Oak 
branches called a venik hangs 

2159
01:59:43,100 --> 01:59:45,200
nearby. 
The Russian version of The 

2160
01:59:45,200 --> 01:59:47,000
Finnish Vita, serve similar 
purposes. 

2161
01:59:47,000 --> 01:59:50,100
But with more vigorous 
application, the Venice has been

2162
01:59:50,100 --> 01:59:53,100
soaked in hot water to soften 
the leaves and release aromatic 

2163
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:55,500
oils. 
But Remains the most traditional

2164
01:59:55,500 --> 01:59:59,100
choice though, Oak, eucalyptus, 
and Juniper all have their 

2165
01:59:59,100 --> 02:00:01,400
devotees. 
Each word offers different 

2166
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:04,100
sense, and supposed to benefits 
your companion. 

2167
02:00:04,100 --> 02:00:06,400
Following tradition uses the 
venik on you. 

2168
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:10,300
Not gentle tapping like Finnish 
practice Russian swing, the 

2169
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:14,100
branches with considerable Force
creating gusts of superheated 

2170
02:00:14,100 --> 02:00:17,600
air that envelope, your body. 
The Vanek master of skilled 

2171
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:21,000
makes the branches crack like 
whips, the sound echoes in the 

2172
02:00:21,008 --> 02:00:23,900
small space, the heated air 
pushed by The Swinging. 

2173
02:00:23,900 --> 02:00:27,200
Branches feels even hotter than 
the ambient temperature, your 

2174
02:00:27,200 --> 02:00:30,200
skin receives the full 
treatment, the sensation 

2175
02:00:30,200 --> 02:00:33,900
combined, heat impact and the 
aromatic oils from crushed 

2176
02:00:33,900 --> 02:00:37,100
leaves your back and shoulders. 
Turn bright red under the 

2177
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:39,700
treatment. 
The vigorous massage stimulates 

2178
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:43,000
circulation, dramatically blood 
rushes to the surface. 

2179
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:47,600
Every nerve ending activates the
combination of extreme heat and 

2180
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:50,500
physical stimulation creates 
intensity that borders on 

2181
02:00:50,508 --> 02:00:53,200
transcendent. 
Some Russians describe the 

2182
02:00:53,208 --> 02:00:56,500
experience of spiritual others 
simply call it invigorating. 

2183
02:00:56,500 --> 02:00:59,600
Either way, it demands your 
complete attention. 

2184
02:01:00,600 --> 02:01:04,200
The venik massage continues for 
several minutes, then your 

2185
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:06,300
companion signals that the first
round is complete. 

2186
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:09,000
You climb down from the platform
carefully. 

2187
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:12,200
The Heat and vigorous treatment 
of left you slightly dizzy. 

2188
02:01:12,200 --> 02:01:14,400
You drink water from a wooden 
Ladle. 

2189
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:16,700
The cool liquid feels like 
salvation. 

2190
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:19,500
Your body has lost significant 
fluid through sweating 

2191
02:01:19,500 --> 02:01:23,600
rehydration becomes essential 
Between session's. 

2192
02:01:23,600 --> 02:01:26,900
In the Peril the traditional 
choice is dramatic you step out 

2193
02:01:26,900 --> 02:01:30,500
side and dive into snow. 
Not a cold pool, not a lake, 

2194
02:01:30,508 --> 02:01:34,400
just snow piled, deep beside, 
the Banya entrance, the shock 

2195
02:01:34,400 --> 02:01:36,800
exceeds anything. 
You experience in Finland or 

2196
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:40,500
Korea, your overheated body 
meets snow and the contrast 

2197
02:01:40,500 --> 02:01:42,800
creates a brief moment of 
sensory overload. 

2198
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:46,400
Then you scramble back inside 
skin tingling, with a thousand 

2199
02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:49,700
needles of Sensational, the 
Banya serves social functions 

2200
02:01:49,700 --> 02:01:52,500
similar to other bathing, 
Traditions, friends gather for 

2201
02:01:52,500 --> 02:01:56,100
weekly sessions business, 
associates, meet families Bond. 

2202
02:01:57,100 --> 02:02:00,800
Between rounds of extreme heat 
participants rest, drink tea, 

2203
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:04,400
eat pickles and torque. 
The Banya becomes a space 

2204
02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:08,100
outside normal social rules. 
Nakedness and shared heat. 

2205
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:11,500
Create unexpected honesty. 
Some Russian banners include a 

2206
02:02:11,508 --> 02:02:14,400
bucket of cold water. 
Rigged above the door, pull a 

2207
02:02:14,400 --> 02:02:16,500
rope and gal of iced water 
Cascade overview. 

2208
02:02:16,500 --> 02:02:19,200
The shock provides an 
alternative to snow diving 

2209
02:02:19,200 --> 02:02:21,600
either way. 
The Russian approached to 

2210
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:23,400
temperature contrast makes 
Finnish practice. 

2211
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:26,600
Seem almost gentle Russians 
Embrace extremes. 

2212
02:02:26,600 --> 02:02:28,400
The hotter, the better the 
colder. 

2213
02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:32,400
The better moderation finds no 
home in the Banya rocket brings 

2214
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:35,800
you to yet another Hammond 
variation North African Hammer's

2215
02:02:35,800 --> 02:02:38,400
evolved from the same Roman 
roots as Turkish bars. 

2216
02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:40,200
The developed their own 
character over. 

2217
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:43,200
Centuries you enter a 
traditional Moroccan ham in 

2218
02:02:43,200 --> 02:02:45,600
Marrakesh carrying a small bag 
of supplies. 

2219
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:48,900
Rockin's, bring their own soap 
made from olive oil and black 

2220
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:51,400
olives. 
You carry a Kessler glove for 

2221
02:02:51,408 --> 02:02:54,000
scrubbing and clay for a 
traditional face and body mask 

2222
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:56,500
the Moroccan. 
Hammam, feels more utilitarian 

2223
02:02:56,500 --> 02:02:59,300
in the Turkish ones, the 
architecture serves function 

2224
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:03,000
over Aesthetics tiled rooms with
Dome ceilings and basic 

2225
02:03:03,000 --> 02:03:05,400
lighting. 
The heated rooms maintain warmth

2226
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,200
through simple, furnaces rather 
than elaborate hypocrisy 

2227
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:11,200
systems, the atmosphere 
emphasizes thorough cleansing 

2228
02:03:11,200 --> 02:03:13,000
rather than luxurious 
relaxation. 

2229
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:17,300
You move through increasingly 
warm rooms, the coldest room 

2230
02:03:17,300 --> 02:03:20,600
allows initial acclimation, the 
middle room provides moderate. 

2231
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:23,900
Heat for washing the hottest 
room with its Steam and 

2232
02:03:23,900 --> 02:03:26,600
intensity. 
Prepare skin for scrubbing, the 

2233
02:03:26,600 --> 02:03:29,000
Heat and moisture worked 
together to soften skin and open

2234
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:30,600
pores. 
Scrubbing. 

2235
02:03:30,600 --> 02:03:34,600
Ritual feels more vigorous than 
Turkish practice using the Kessa

2236
02:03:34,600 --> 02:03:38,300
glove, either yourself or an 
attendant scours skin until dead

2237
02:03:38,300 --> 02:03:40,200
cells. 
Roll off, invisible quantities, 

2238
02:03:41,000 --> 02:03:43,800
The process seems almost violent
but leaves skin, incredibly 

2239
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:47,600
smooth, the gloves, rough 
texture makes Turkish Keys, feel

2240
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:50,100
gentle by comparison after 
scrubbing. 

2241
02:03:50,100 --> 02:03:54,300
You apply the clay mask, The 
mineral Rich clay covers Exposed

2242
02:03:54,300 --> 02:03:57,300
Skin in a thick layer. 
You sit in the Steam while the 

2243
02:03:57,300 --> 02:04:01,200
clay dries and draws impurities 
from pause the mask Titans. 

2244
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:04,200
As it dries, creating a 
sensation of your face being 

2245
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:07,600
gently, compressed when rinsed 
away, the clay, takes surface 

2246
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,800
dirt and sebum with it. 
The final stage involves 

2247
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:14,700
traditional black soap made from
olive oil and black olives, this

2248
02:04:14,700 --> 02:04:16,600
soft soap has been used for 
centuries. 

2249
02:04:16,600 --> 02:04:20,300
It lacks the lava of commercial 
soaps, but cleaned effectively 

2250
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:24,200
through oil cleansing. 
You apply it liberally, massage 

2251
02:04:24,200 --> 02:04:26,000
it into skin, then rinse 
thoroughly. 

2252
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:29,800
Your skin emerges clean in ways 
that Western showering never 

2253
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:33,000
achieves. 
Moroccan hammams often feel like

2254
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:36,300
neighborhood living rooms women,
gather for hours of bathing 

2255
02:04:36,300 --> 02:04:39,900
gospel and Community Building 
children, run between rooms, 

2256
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,100
friends, help scrub. 
Each other's backs, the Hammam 

2257
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:45,800
serves a social infrastructure, 
especially in neighborhoods, 

2258
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,100
where many homes, lack, private 
bathing facilities. 

2259
02:04:48,100 --> 02:04:51,500
The communal nature creates 
bonds that privacy focused 

2260
02:04:51,500 --> 02:04:55,100
modern culture, often Lacks. 
Indigenous sweat lodge 

2261
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:59,400
Traditions offer profound 
contrasts Native American Inuit 

2262
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,300
and other indigenous cultures 
develop their own heat base 

2263
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:05,800
purification rituals, while 
specific practices vary among 

2264
02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:08,000
tribes and Nations many share 
common elements. 

2265
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:11,600
You approach a sweat lodge. 
The dome-shaped structure 

2266
02:05:11,600 --> 02:05:14,400
traditionally made from bent 
saplings covered with hides or 

2267
02:05:14,400 --> 02:05:17,700
blankets, the lodge represents, 
the womb of Mother Earth, 

2268
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:20,700
everything about the structure 
and ceremony carries symbolic. 

2269
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:24,800
Meaning the entrance faces East 
to greet, the Rising Sun heated 

2270
02:05:24,800 --> 02:05:28,700
stones, called grandfathers 
transfer heat from sacred fire 

2271
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:32,000
to the lodge interior. 
Water poured on the Stone's 

2272
02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:34,500
creates Steam and releases the 
stone spiritual energy. 

2273
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:38,700
You enter the lodge on hands and
knees the low entrance requires 

2274
02:05:38,700 --> 02:05:42,500
humility. 
Inside Darkness envelops, you 

2275
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:44,700
except for the faint glow of 
heated stones. 

2276
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:48,200
Other participants sit in a 
circle around the stone pit. 

2277
02:05:48,800 --> 02:05:51,800
The lodge leader pours water on 
the stones and steam fills the 

2278
02:05:51,800 --> 02:05:54,500
small space. 
The heat builds quickly to 

2279
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:58,500
intense levels the sweat lodge 
functions as spiritual ceremony.

2280
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:02,500
Not casual bathing prayers, are 
offered songs, are sung. 

2281
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:07,100
The heat purifies, not just the 
body but the spirit four rounds 

2282
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:09,700
of increasing heat represent 
different aspects of life and 

2283
02:06:09,700 --> 02:06:14,100
healing Between rounds the door 
opens briefly allowing cool air 

2284
02:06:14,100 --> 02:06:16,700
to enter. 
But the reprieve lasts only 

2285
02:06:16,700 --> 02:06:19,900
minutes before the next round 
Begins, the intense City 

2286
02:06:19,900 --> 02:06:22,500
exceeds. 
Casual bathing experience is the

2287
02:06:22,500 --> 02:06:26,700
combination of extreme heat 
darkness and spiritual context 

2288
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:30,200
creates an altered state 
participants report Visions, 

2289
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:33,300
emotional releases and profound 
insights. 

2290
02:06:33,300 --> 02:06:37,200
The sweat lodge addresses 
Wellness, holistically, treating

2291
02:06:37,200 --> 02:06:39,300
mind body and spirit as 
inseparable. 

2292
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,800
After the ceremony participants 
emerge Reborn the Heat and 

2293
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:45,800
prayer and darkness strip away 
the layers. 

2294
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:49,700
People carry, they step outside 
feeling lighter clearer, more 

2295
02:06:49,700 --> 02:06:52,800
connected to themselves. 
And the natural world, the sweat

2296
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:55,500
lodge reminds participants of 
their place in the greater web 

2297
02:06:55,500 --> 02:06:58,000
of existence. 
Bathing tradition. 

2298
02:06:58,000 --> 02:06:59,600
You have visited reveals 
culture. 

2299
02:07:00,400 --> 02:07:02,600
Fins value, Simplicity, and 
endurance. 

2300
02:07:02,600 --> 02:07:05,100
The Japanese seek harmony with 
nature. 

2301
02:07:05,100 --> 02:07:07,800
The Romans built monuments to 
Civic life. 

2302
02:07:07,800 --> 02:07:12,400
The Turks refined cleanliness to
an art, the Koreans democratized

2303
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:16,100
Wellness, the Russians embraced 
extremes, the Moroccans 

2304
02:07:16,100 --> 02:07:19,500
maintained ancient practices 
indigenous peoples, honor the 

2305
02:07:19,508 --> 02:07:23,000
sacred, and sweat and prayer, 
but common threads, run through 

2306
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:26,700
all Traditions, he opens the 
body, water cleanses, it 

2307
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:29,500
Community forms around shared 
vulnerability. 

2308
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:32,900
The ritual of bathing marks 
transitions between states, 

2309
02:07:32,900 --> 02:07:38,200
dirty to clean tents to relaxed.
Isolated to Connected profane to

2310
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:40,800
Sacred. 
Every culture that learned to 

2311
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:43,900
heat water discovered, these 
Transformations, you return to 

2312
02:07:43,900 --> 02:07:46,600
the present moment. 
Your journey through bathing 

2313
02:07:46,600 --> 02:07:49,100
Traditions has revealed a 
fundamental human truth. 

2314
02:07:49,100 --> 02:07:53,200
We are bodies that need tending,
we accumulate dust and tension 

2315
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,300
and isolation, we need heat to 
penetrate our armor. 

2316
02:07:56,300 --> 02:07:59,300
We need water to wash away. 
What no longer serves. 

2317
02:07:59,300 --> 02:08:02,200
We need the Presence of others 
to remind us, we belong to 

2318
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:04,600
something larger than our 
individual concerns. 

2319
02:08:05,300 --> 02:08:08,600
Modern Life, often reduces 
bathing to a utilitarian tasks 

2320
02:08:08,600 --> 02:08:12,500
quick showers squeezed between 
appointments functional washing 

2321
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:15,800
without ceremony. 
The efficiency makes sense in a 

2322
02:08:15,800 --> 02:08:18,700
rushed world. 
But something important gets 

2323
02:08:18,700 --> 02:08:21,800
lost when bathing becomes just 
another item on an endless 

2324
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:24,100
checklist. 
The Traditions, you explore 

2325
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:27,600
tonight, understand bathing as 
portal and practice, a way to 

2326
02:08:27,600 --> 02:08:30,800
Mark transitions a method for 
maintaining not just hygiene, 

2327
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:34,100
but Humanity, you need not 
travel to distant countries to 

2328
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:37,500
reclaim this wisdom. 
A bath drawn with care becomes a

2329
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:40,700
ritual hot water run, deep 
enough to submerge shoulders 

2330
02:08:40,700 --> 02:08:44,400
time, set aside without 
interruption even a simple 

2331
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:47,700
shower transforms when 
approached with presence feel. 

2332
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:51,800
The water temperature, notice 
how heat relaxes muscle the 

2333
02:08:51,800 --> 02:08:54,300
smaller tensions can convert 
routine into practice. 

2334
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:58,300
The contrast of temperatures 
serves everyone ending a hot 

2335
02:08:58,308 --> 02:09:00,400
shower with cold water provides 
benefits. 

2336
02:09:00,400 --> 02:09:04,100
Documented by research, the cold
strength and circulation, and 

2337
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:06,900
boosts immunity. 
The fins and Russians and 

2338
02:09:06,900 --> 02:09:09,600
Koreans new this through 
experience Science. 

2339
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:13,000
Now confirms their wisdom, your 
body responds to challenges. 

2340
02:09:14,100 --> 02:09:16,800
The controlled stress of 
temperature variation, makes you

2341
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:20,200
more resilient Community, 
bathing still exists, even in 

2342
02:09:20,200 --> 02:09:23,600
modern isolation. 
Public pools and gyms offer 

2343
02:09:23,600 --> 02:09:27,500
spaces, where body's gather Spar
facilities provide opportunities

2344
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:30,800
for shared heat and water even 
visiting these spaces 

2345
02:09:30,800 --> 02:09:33,400
occasionally reconnects you to 
the ancient practice of bathing 

2346
02:09:33,400 --> 02:09:37,300
together. the reminder that 
bodies are normal that everyone 

2347
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:40,700
has one that basic Humanity, 
transcends individual 

2348
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:44,100
differences, the sensory aspects
of bathing deserve attention 

2349
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:48,500
Smell of Clean Skin. 
The texture of water on closed 

2350
02:09:48,500 --> 02:09:50,800
eyes. 
The sound of droplets falling 

2351
02:09:50,800 --> 02:09:52,900
the taste of Steam on your 
tongue. 

2352
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:55,300
The sight of condensation on 
mirrors. 

2353
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:58,300
Each sense, offers information 
when you pause to notice, 

2354
02:09:59,200 --> 02:10:01,700
Bathing becomes meditation. 
When experience fully. 

2355
02:10:02,300 --> 02:10:05,700
Your skin is your largest organ.
It breathes and absorbs and 

2356
02:10:05,700 --> 02:10:08,200
protects it, deserves care and 
attention. 

2357
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:11,100
Scrubbing, Traditions you 
encountered to night? 

2358
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:15,300
Recognize this dead skin, 
accumulates constantly washing 

2359
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:17,700
removes some but not all 
periodic. 

2360
02:10:17,700 --> 02:10:20,000
Exfoliation, renew Skin's 
ability to function. 

2361
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:23,200
Heat therapy provides benefits 
Beyond relaxation. 

2362
02:10:24,300 --> 02:10:27,000
Regular surname, use correlates 
with reduced cardiovascular 

2363
02:10:27,000 --> 02:10:30,800
disease and improved longevity. 
The mechanism relates to 

2364
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:34,300
cardiovascular conditioning your
heart Works harder in heat. 

2365
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:37,500
Blood vessels dilate and 
constrict in patterns that 

2366
02:10:37,500 --> 02:10:41,100
strengthen their flexibility. 
Mineral water offers specific 

2367
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:44,000
therapeutic. 
Benefits sulfur helps skin 

2368
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:48,100
conditions, magnesium uses 
muscle pain, calcium strengthens

2369
02:10:48,100 --> 02:10:50,500
bones, iron addresses 
deficiency. 

2370
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:54,900
Well, you might not have access 
to Natural Hot Springs, Epsom, 

2371
02:10:54,900 --> 02:10:56,700
salt baths provide, magnesium, 
absorption. 

2372
02:10:56,700 --> 02:10:59,700
The psychological impact of 
bathing, rituals matters. 

2373
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:04,000
Most the physical benefits are 
real and valuable, but the 

2374
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:07,300
mental shift, bathing creates 
might matter more, the ritual 

2375
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:11,500
marks are boundary work ends, 
stress washers away, the body, 

2376
02:11:11,500 --> 02:11:15,100
receives care and attention this
regular practice builds 

2377
02:11:15,100 --> 02:11:17,900
resilience against modern life's
Relentless demands. 

2378
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:20,500
Different seasons call for 
different bathing. 

2379
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:23,500
Practices. 
Winter, invites hot soaks that 

2380
02:11:23,500 --> 02:11:25,400
penetrate cold stiffened, 
muscles. 

2381
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:28,300
Some are suggest cooler water 
and briefer. 

2382
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:31,200
Sessions springing encourages, 
renewal through scrubbing. 

2383
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:35,500
Fall invites reflection in 
Steam, bathing before sleep, 

2384
02:11:35,500 --> 02:11:38,700
serve specific purposes, the 
rise and fall of body 

2385
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:40,600
temperature. 
After a hot bath triggers sleep,

2386
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:44,300
mechanisms your core temperature
drops as you cool signaling that

2387
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:48,000
sleep time approaches the 
relaxation of muscles removed, 

2388
02:11:48,000 --> 02:11:51,200
physical tension, the ritual 
itself becomes a sleep cue. 

2389
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:54,500
You might create your own 
bathing ritual, it need not copy

2390
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:58,100
any traditional exactly take 
elements that resonate, the 

2391
02:11:58,100 --> 02:12:00,500
Finish appreciation for heat and
cold contrast. 

2392
02:12:00,500 --> 02:12:04,000
The Japanese attention to 
thorough, cleaning a Turkish 

2393
02:12:04,000 --> 02:12:07,200
commitment to scrubbing, a 
Korean Embrace of varied 

2394
02:12:07,200 --> 02:12:11,100
experience is a Russian 
willingness to endure the ritual

2395
02:12:11,100 --> 02:12:14,600
might, look simple from outside.
Perhaps you draw a hot bath 

2396
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:17,300
twice a week. 
You add Epsom salt for minerals,

2397
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:19,200
you light a candle for 
atmosphere. 

2398
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:22,500
You submerge completely and 
breathe deeply for 20 minutes. 

2399
02:12:22,500 --> 02:12:26,100
You scrub with a rough cloth. 
You rinse under a cool shower. 

2400
02:12:26,100 --> 02:12:29,800
You dry slowly. 
But those 40 minutes create a 

2401
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:32,600
boundary around your well-being.
They announced that you matter 

2402
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:36,400
that your body deserves tending 
that the Relentless forward 

2403
02:12:36,400 --> 02:12:39,800
motion of Modern Life. 
Can pause the water holds you 

2404
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:41,900
the heat penetrates your 
defenses. 

2405
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:45,000
Bathing connects you to 
ancestors across all cultures. 

2406
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:48,400
They heated water in clay pots 
and stone basins. 

2407
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:50,800
They pulled it over their bodies
and steamed. 

2408
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:54,400
Huts, they gathered beside hot 
springs and built elaborate 

2409
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:56,900
temples around them. 
They understood that, the body 

2410
02:12:56,900 --> 02:12:59,900
is the souls home that this home
requires maintenance. 

2411
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:04,000
The Traditions you visited 
tonight still exist, Finnish, 

2412
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:06,200
saunas, operate everywhere. 
Finns of settled. 

2413
02:13:06,900 --> 02:13:09,700
Japanese Onsen, welcome. 
Visitors throughout the volcanic

2414
02:13:09,700 --> 02:13:12,600
islands, Turkish hammams still 
serve neighborhoods. 

2415
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:15,000
Korean Jim Gill bangs Buzz with 
activity. 

2416
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:19,500
Russian Banias, heat stones in 
Moscow and Brooklyn rockingham's

2417
02:13:19,500 --> 02:13:22,600
continue a ancient practices you
can visit these places if 

2418
02:13:22,600 --> 02:13:25,300
opportunity allows. 
But even without travel you 

2419
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:30,100
carry the lessons heat opens 
water cleanses Community forums 

2420
02:13:30,100 --> 02:13:33,900
in shared vulnerability Ritual 
transforms routine into 

2421
02:13:33,900 --> 02:13:36,400
practice, your body responds to 
attention. 

2422
02:13:37,400 --> 02:13:40,300
Tonight, as you prepare for 
Sleep, consider your own 

2423
02:13:40,300 --> 02:13:42,200
bathing. 
When did it become merely 

2424
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:44,700
functional. 
What might shift if you reclaim 

2425
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:47,900
it, as ritual, how would it feel
to approach your shower or bath 

2426
02:13:47,900 --> 02:13:50,300
with the same reverence of Finn 
brings to the sauna? 

2427
02:13:50,300 --> 02:13:53,000
A Japanese bather brings to the 
Onsen. 

2428
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:55,300
A Turkish visitor brings to the 
Hammam. 

2429
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:59,600
The water is the same. 
The heat is available, only your

2430
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:02,600
attention needs to shift, your 
body has carried, you through 

2431
02:14:02,600 --> 02:14:05,600
another day, it navigated 
challenges and maintained 

2432
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:07,600
functions. 
You never consciously Direct 

2433
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:11,900
Your heart beat without reminder
your lungs, breathed, without 

2434
02:14:11,900 --> 02:14:15,700
instruction your skin protected 
your muscles moved. 

2435
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:19,600
This faithful servant deserves 
more than a quick, rinse, it 

2436
02:14:19,600 --> 02:14:22,600
merits heat and care and the 
acknowledgment that physical 

2437
02:14:22,600 --> 02:14:25,600
form matters. 
The body asks so little really 

2438
02:14:25,600 --> 02:14:29,600
just regular tending, just 
attention and warmth and the 

2439
02:14:29,608 --> 02:14:31,600
occasional luxury of being truly
clean. 

2440
02:14:32,700 --> 02:14:35,900
The ancient Romans believed that
bars preserved civilization 

2441
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:37,900
itself. 
They might have been right. 

2442
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:41,500
When people bathe together, they
remember their common Humanity. 

2443
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:45,500
When individuals bathe mine for 
me, they reconnect with the body

2444
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:48,900
that houses them. 
The practice maintains a thread 

2445
02:14:48,900 --> 02:14:52,800
of Sanity in a world that often 
seems designed to disconnect you

2446
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:56,500
from physical existence. 
The Romans understood that a 

2447
02:14:56,500 --> 02:15:00,000
City without proper bars was 
barely a city at all, the baths 

2448
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,100
became the heart of Civic life, 
you have traveled to night 

2449
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:05,000
through Steam and heat and cold 
water. 

2450
02:15:05,000 --> 02:15:08,600
You witnessed finish endurance 
in the face of winter Darkness. 

2451
02:15:08,600 --> 02:15:12,300
You experience Japanese harmony 
with volcanic gifts from the 

2452
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:14,200
Earth. 
You walked through Roman 

2453
02:15:14,200 --> 02:15:16,100
grandiose on engineering and 
Empire. 

2454
02:15:16,100 --> 02:15:19,900
You felt Turkish thoroughness in
the vigorous scrubbing, the 

2455
02:15:19,900 --> 02:15:22,000
Embraced Korean democracy and 
affordable Wellness. 

2456
02:15:22,000 --> 02:15:24,300
You endured Russian Extremes in 
Birch. 

2457
02:15:24,300 --> 02:15:27,900
Branches and snow you absorbed 
Moroccan tradition passed down. 

2458
02:15:27,900 --> 02:15:31,600
Through generations indigenous 
reverence for the sacred in 

2459
02:15:31,600 --> 02:15:35,200
ordinary sweat. 
The journey ends where it began 

2460
02:15:35,200 --> 02:15:39,300
he rested in your own space your
own time, your own body, the 

2461
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:42,200
Traditions, you visited 
continued Without You Finns, 

2462
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:44,800
will heat their saunas tomorrow 
and dive into frozen lake Lakes.

2463
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:47,600
Japanese bathers. 
Will ease into Mineral Springs 

2464
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:50,900
while snow falls on their 
shoulders, Turkish attendance 

2465
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:53,400
will swing their keys gloves 
with practice vigor. 

2466
02:15:54,000 --> 02:15:56,800
Korean families will gather in 
Jim drill bangs for affordable, 

2467
02:15:56,800 --> 02:16:00,200
wellness and Community Russian 
friends will Brave the snow 

2468
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:03,800
between rounds of intense, heat 
Moroccan neighbors will scrub in

2469
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:06,600
neighborhood. 
Hammams indigenous, ceremonies 

2470
02:16:06,600 --> 02:16:09,600
will honor the grandfathers in 
sweat lodges, the ancient 

2471
02:16:09,600 --> 02:16:13,100
practices persist and evolve and
welcome new, participants every 

2472
02:16:13,100 --> 02:16:16,800
day and perhaps tomorrow. 
Or next week you will draw a 

2473
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:18,900
bath. 
You will pay attention to the 

2474
02:16:18,908 --> 02:16:21,900
waters temperature as it flows 
from the tap, you will notice 

2475
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:25,100
steam rising and collecting on. 
Cool surfaces, you will feel 

2476
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:28,200
heat, penetrating tired muscles 
that have carried you through 

2477
02:16:28,200 --> 02:16:30,300
your days. 
You will remember that this 

2478
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,299
simple act can connects you to 
every culture and every hero 

2479
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:35,600
that understood bathing as more 
than mere washing. 

2480
02:16:36,299 --> 02:16:39,600
You will emerge clean in body, 
and somehow renewed in spirit, 

2481
02:16:39,600 --> 02:16:43,500
the water will drain away. 
Carrying with it, what no longer

2482
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:46,799
serves. 
You will Drive slowly attending 

2483
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:50,100
to skin that now glows pink and 
alive and grateful for the care.

2484
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,000
This is the gift of bathing. 
Traditions, they remind you that

2485
02:16:54,000 --> 02:16:57,600
care of the body is sacred, work
that heated and water together. 

2486
02:16:57,600 --> 02:17:01,200
Create healing that the rituals 
of tending, yourself matter, 

2487
02:17:01,200 --> 02:17:05,000
deeply that your daily shower or
weekly bath can be transformed 

2488
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,100
through simple attention into 
something approaching ceremony. 

2489
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,700
The steam Rises and dissipates. 
The heat Fades but leaves its 

2490
02:17:12,700 --> 02:17:14,799
Mark in relaxed muscles and 
clear Airways. 

2491
02:17:14,799 --> 02:17:18,600
The water drains but leaves you 
cleaner than before the ritual 

2492
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:22,900
ends but its effects linger. 
You carry the experience forward

2493
02:17:22,900 --> 02:17:26,299
into sleep and tomorrow, your 
body remembers being tended, 

2494
02:17:26,299 --> 02:17:30,400
your mind recalls, the pause in 
Relentless Forward Motion, your 

2495
02:17:30,400 --> 02:17:32,600
spirit recognizes that you pause
to honor the home. 

2496
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:35,799
It inhabits sleep comes easily 
after such tending. 

2497
02:17:35,799 --> 02:17:38,700
Your body temperature slowly 
returns to Baseline. 

2498
02:17:38,700 --> 02:17:42,299
After the imagined heat, your 
muscles rest without tension or 

2499
02:17:42,299 --> 02:17:45,799
complaint your breathing deepens
naturally into the rhythm of 

2500
02:17:45,799 --> 02:17:48,600
approaching sleep. 
The images from tonight's 

2501
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:50,799
Journey drift through your mind 
like, Steam. 

2502
02:17:51,700 --> 02:17:55,400
Finish Birch leaves Japanese 
snow falling on Hot Springs. 

2503
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:58,400
Roman marble columns Turkish 
foam. 

2504
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:02,600
Korean ice rooms Russian. 
Snow drifts Moroccan clay, 

2505
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:05,000
Sacred Stones glowing in 
darkness? 

2506
02:18:05,000 --> 02:18:09,799
All of it reducing to Simple. 
Truth water holds, you heat 

2507
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:12,000
opens. 
You Rickshaw reminds you that 

2508
02:18:12,000 --> 02:18:13,500
you matter to be on your 
utility. 

2509
02:18:13,500 --> 02:18:18,600
The body is more than machine. 
It is Temple home, vessel and 

2510
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:21,600
companion. 
It deserves the care that every 

2511
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:24,200
culture across history has 
recognized through their bathing

2512
02:18:24,200 --> 02:18:27,600
traditions. tomorrow's shower or
next week's bath can become 

2513
02:18:27,600 --> 02:18:31,100
practiced rather than sure, the 
water, weights, patient and 

2514
02:18:31,100 --> 02:18:34,100
ready to carry away, what 
burdens you and leave, you 

2515
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:38,299
renewed, the world spins through
Darkness toward Mourning, But 

2516
02:18:38,299 --> 02:18:40,700
for now you rest in the 
knowledge that bathing is 

2517
02:18:40,700 --> 02:18:45,100
ancient wisdom accessible in 
modern times that heat and water

2518
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:47,700
together, create transformation 
of available to anyone with 

2519
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:50,700
access to a tub or shower. 
That the body, you inhabit, 

2520
02:18:50,700 --> 02:18:54,200
merits, attention and care. 
That the simple Act of washing 

2521
02:18:54,200 --> 02:18:57,100
can be elevated through 
Consciousness into something. 

2522
02:18:57,100 --> 02:19:01,799
Approaching sacred, the steam 
clears, the water drains the 

2523
02:19:01,799 --> 02:19:06,299
heat dissipates, you remain 
cleaner and somehow lighter than

2524
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:10,200
before, The Traditions continue 
across oceans and centuries. 

2525
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:15,000
The heat rises the water flows. 
The body's gather or bathe the 

2526
02:19:15,000 --> 02:19:16,900
loan. 
All participating in rituals as 

2527
02:19:16,900 --> 02:19:21,000
old as fire and hot springs, all
discovering that washing becomes

2528
02:19:21,000 --> 02:19:24,000
something more, when approached 
with reverence, or learning what

2529
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:27,000
your body, already knows that 
warmth and water together. 

2530
02:19:27,000 --> 02:19:29,400
Heal, what? 
Daily life tears down that 

2531
02:19:29,400 --> 02:19:32,500
bathing is medicine meditation 
and Remembrance all at once, 

2532
02:19:32,500 --> 02:19:35,200
rest. 
Now, in this knowing that the 

2533
02:19:35,200 --> 02:19:38,600
images of bathing Traditions 
drift into dreams, finish Steam 

2534
02:19:38,600 --> 02:19:43,100
and Japanese snow and Roman 
marble and Turkish foam, and 

2535
02:19:43,100 --> 02:19:47,299
Korean ice and Russian Birch and
Moroccan, clay, and sacred 

2536
02:19:47,299 --> 02:19:50,400
ceremonies all of it. 
Teaching the same lesson take 

2537
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:53,900
care of the body on its needs. 
Create rituals that Mark your 

2538
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:57,400
tending, as important, the world
will demand much from you 

2539
02:19:57,400 --> 02:19:59,800
tomorrow. 
But tonight you have bathed in 

2540
02:19:59,800 --> 02:20:01,800
wisdom gathered across cultures 
and centuries. 

2541
02:20:01,800 --> 02:20:04,800
You have learned that the simple
Act of heating water and 

2542
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:06,700
applying it to skin can be 
practiced. 

2543
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,300
Prayer and profound self-care, 
the water. 

2544
02:20:10,300 --> 02:20:14,100
Remembers every ocean and river,
and rain cloud and hot springs. 

2545
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:16,400
Every heated bath and steaming 
room. 

2546
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:20,100
Every culture that gathered 
around warmth and moisture, the 

2547
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:22,500
water holds, the memory of 
tending and healing and 

2548
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:26,200
transformation. 
You add your own experience to 

2549
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:29,100
this ancient knowledge, the 
water that cleans you tonight 

2550
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:32,500
will evaporate and fall as rain 
and flow to the Sea and Rise 

2551
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:35,500
Again, endless cycle, eternal 
return. 

2552
02:20:35,500 --> 02:20:39,300
The wisdom of bathing flows. 
Onward available to all who 

2553
02:20:39,300 --> 02:20:43,200
pours long enough to notice 
sleep finds you gently, your 

2554
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:47,500
body rests clean and warm your 
mind drifts through Steam and 

2555
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:49,800
memories. 
Your spirit knows, it has been 

2556
02:20:49,808 --> 02:20:52,400
honored through the simple Act 
of bathing approached with 

2557
02:20:52,400 --> 02:20:55,400
attention. 
Tomorrow brings its own demands 

2558
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:58,900
and challenges but tonight you 
rest in the knowledge that care 

2559
02:20:58,900 --> 02:21:02,300
of the body is sacred. 
Work that heat and water create 

2560
02:21:02,300 --> 02:21:05,300
healing that ancient wisdom 
lives in modern showers and 

2561
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:09,500
bathtubs that you matter enough 
to ten the Traditions with 

2562
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:11,300
without you as they have for 
Millennia. 

2563
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:13,500
But you carry them forward now 
too. 

2564
02:21:13,500 --> 02:21:17,200
In your next bath or shower in 
the attention, you bring to 

2565
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:20,600
heating water and cleaning skin 
in the recognition that this 

2566
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:23,200
daily act can be transformed 
through simple Consciousness 

2567
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:26,300
into ritual, that honors the 
body's needs and wisdom. 

2568
02:21:27,200 --> 02:21:30,600
Finns, and Japanese and Romans, 
and Turks, and Koreans, and 

2569
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:33,900
Russians, and Moroccans, and 
Indigenous, people's knew this 

2570
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:36,900
truth. 
Now you know it too the water 

2571
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:41,000
flows on the heat rises the 
body's gather and bathe and 

2572
02:21:41,000 --> 02:21:43,700
emerge renewed. 
The ancient practice continues 

2573
02:21:43,700 --> 02:21:48,100
and you rest clean and warm, and
somehow transformed by the 

2574
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:51,500
simple wisdom of heat and water,
and attentive care. 

2575
02:21:51,500 --> 02:22:02,800
Good night, The year 1765, 
London's docklands, stretch 

2576
02:22:02,800 --> 02:22:04,400
along the Thames. 
Like a living creature that 

2577
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:06,400
breathed with the rhythm of 
tides and trade. 

2578
02:22:07,200 --> 02:22:09,700
You're about to step into a 
world where ships arrived from 

2579
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:13,200
every corner of the globe, Where
the River shapes every hour of 

2580
02:22:13,200 --> 02:22:15,900
the day and where communities 
have built their entire 

2581
02:22:15,900 --> 02:22:19,500
existence around, the slow 
steady pulse of Maritime 

2582
02:22:19,500 --> 02:22:22,400
Commerce. 
You wake Before Dawn in your 

2583
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:26,600
small room above a Chandler shop
on wapping High Street, The 

2584
02:22:26,608 --> 02:22:29,600
darkness outside your window 
holds a peculiar quality of 

2585
02:22:29,600 --> 02:22:31,400
learn to read over years of 
living here. 

2586
02:22:32,100 --> 02:22:34,400
You can tell from the silence 
that the tide is out. 

2587
02:22:35,300 --> 02:22:39,400
The usual creaking of Maude, 
vessels is absent instead there 

2588
02:22:39,400 --> 02:22:42,100
is only the distant call of 
gulls and the soft Whisper of 

2589
02:22:42,108 --> 02:22:43,900
wind moving through. 
Empty rigging. 

2590
02:22:44,500 --> 02:22:46,400
Your bed is narrow, but 
comfortable enough. 

2591
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:49,600
The mattress is stuffed with 
straw that you replace just last

2592
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:52,200
month. 
The blanket covering UK from a 

2593
02:22:52,200 --> 02:22:54,200
merchant ship that arrived from 
the American colonies. 

2594
02:22:54,200 --> 02:22:56,900
Three years ago, it still 
carries a faint smell of 

2595
02:22:56,900 --> 02:23:00,300
tobacco. 
Even after dozens of washing you

2596
02:23:00,300 --> 02:23:03,200
have grown fond of that smell, 
it reminds you of places you 

2597
02:23:03,200 --> 02:23:06,800
will likely never see. 
The room is cold September 

2598
02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:08,800
mornings. 
Carry, a chill that seeps 

2599
02:23:08,800 --> 02:23:10,500
through the gaps, around your 
window frame. 

2600
02:23:10,500 --> 02:23:14,000
You can see your breath forming.
Small clouds in the dim light, 

2601
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:18,400
the floorboards are icy Beneath 
Your Feet as you stand you dress

2602
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:20,300
quickly in the same clothes, you
wear every day. 

2603
02:23:20,300 --> 02:23:24,000
Thick wool and britches a linen 
shirt that has been mended. 

2604
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:27,800
So many times, the original 
fabric is barely visible a 

2605
02:23:27,800 --> 02:23:29,000
waistcoat. 
That once belonged to your 

2606
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:33,100
father, heavy stockings leather 
shoes with wooden soles that 

2607
02:23:33,100 --> 02:23:35,100
clatter pleasingly against 
cobblestones. 

2608
02:23:35,700 --> 02:23:37,700
You make your way down the 
narrow staircase. 

2609
02:23:37,700 --> 02:23:41,900
The steps are worn, smooth in 
the middle, from Decades of feet

2610
02:23:41,900 --> 02:23:45,300
ascending and descending. 
Your hand trails along the wall 

2611
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:47,900
for balance. 
The plaster feels damp under 

2612
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:50,000
your fingertips. 
Everything near the river. 

2613
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:53,700
Holds moisture, you have 
accepted this as a basic fact of

2614
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:57,000
docklands life. 
The street outside is still dark

2615
02:23:57,000 --> 02:23:58,800
as a Lamplighter makes his 
rounds. 

2616
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:02,600
Extinguishing, the oil lamps one
by one, he nods at you. 

2617
02:24:02,600 --> 02:24:05,800
Without speaking, you have seen 
him perform this same tasks 

2618
02:24:05,800 --> 02:24:09,000
every morning for eight years. 
You do not know his name, he 

2619
02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:12,000
does not know yours. 
This seems perfectly acceptable 

2620
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,800
to both of you. 
The cobblestones glean with due,

2621
02:24:14,800 --> 02:24:18,200
your shoes, make sharp sounds 
that Echo between the buildings 

2622
02:24:18,200 --> 02:24:21,400
most of the structures here, 
lean slightly toward the river 

2623
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:23,500
as if drawn by some invisible 
force. 

2624
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:27,200
The buildings are a mix of 
Timber and brick, many have 

2625
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:30,500
shops on the ground floor, and 
living quarters above a few have

2626
02:24:30,500 --> 02:24:33,800
sellers that flood during spring
tides, the owners except this 

2627
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:36,600
with remarkable calm. 
You walk toward the river. 

2628
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:40,300
The air grows thicker with each 
step, Sultan mud combined with 

2629
02:24:40,308 --> 02:24:42,500
wood smoke and tar. 
There is also, the smell of 

2630
02:24:42,500 --> 02:24:45,300
fish, always fish. 
The Thames is full of them. 

2631
02:24:45,300 --> 02:24:48,700
Salmon still swim up. 
River in the Autumn eels, hide 

2632
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,600
in the mud fishermen. 
Sell their catches directly from

2633
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:54,000
boats. 
Moored at the stairs, you reach 

2634
02:24:54,000 --> 02:24:56,300
a set of stone steps leading 
down to the river. 

2635
02:24:56,300 --> 02:25:00,000
The Tide is indeed out. 
The Thames has retreated leaving

2636
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:03,600
behind a wide, expansive mud and
Stones, you can see the hulls of

2637
02:25:03,608 --> 02:25:07,000
ships resting on the riverbed. 
They sit at odd angles, waiting 

2638
02:25:07,000 --> 02:25:09,100
for the water to return and lift
them up right again. 

2639
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,400
This happens twice every day. 
The entire rhythm of docklands 

2640
02:25:13,400 --> 02:25:15,300
work, depends on these title 
movements. 

2641
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:18,300
Few other early rise of gathered
near the water. 

2642
02:25:18,300 --> 02:25:22,100
They stand in small groups, 
studying the sky and the river 

2643
02:25:23,000 --> 02:25:24,600
One man choose on a piece of 
bread. 

2644
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:28,700
Another smoke surprise, the 
tobacco smell mixes with the 

2645
02:25:28,700 --> 02:25:30,800
river scents. 
Someone coughs. 

2646
02:25:31,500 --> 02:25:34,300
The sound carries across the mud
flats and bounces back from the 

2647
02:25:34,300 --> 02:25:37,400
opposite Shore. 
The sky begins to lighten in the

2648
02:25:37,408 --> 02:25:40,500
East, the darkness shifts from 
black to deep blue. 

2649
02:25:40,500 --> 02:25:44,600
Then to pale gray, colors 
emerge, gradually the brown of 

2650
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:46,700
the mud, the green gray of the 
water. 

2651
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,600
The red brick of warehouses the 
white stone of the stairs. 

2652
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:54,100
You watch this transformation 
happen, the same way every 

2653
02:25:54,100 --> 02:25:56,100
morning. 
It never becomes boring. 

2654
02:25:57,100 --> 02:25:58,900
A ship sits anchored in deeper 
water. 

2655
02:25:58,900 --> 02:26:02,400
About 100 yards from Shore. 
You recognize her lines. 

2656
02:26:02,400 --> 02:26:05,700
She is the Mary Catherine, a 
merchant vessel that left 

2657
02:26:05,700 --> 02:26:07,500
London. 
Six months ago Bound for the 

2658
02:26:07,500 --> 02:26:10,400
Caribbean. 
She returned two days ago but 

2659
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:13,700
had to wait for a birth. 
To she will finally unload her 

2660
02:26:13,708 --> 02:26:16,000
cargo. 
You will be part of the crew 

2661
02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:19,100
that empties her hold. 
A ship's rigging stands out 

2662
02:26:19,100 --> 02:26:22,900
against the brightening Sky 
lines and cables create patterns

2663
02:26:22,900 --> 02:26:27,400
that look almost decorative. 
Every rope has a purpose every 

2664
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:30,500
knot performs a specific 
function Sailors, live their 

2665
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:33,400
entire lives, learning these 
systems, you have picked up 

2666
02:26:33,400 --> 02:26:36,500
enough knowledge to understand 
the basics more than that. 

2667
02:26:36,500 --> 02:26:39,500
Seems unnecessary for a dock, 
worker other ships. 

2668
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:42,000
Fill the river. 
Some sighted ankle like the Mary

2669
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:44,600
Catherine. 
Others are more to boys or tied 

2670
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:47,600
directly to walls. 
A few small boats move between 

2671
02:26:47,600 --> 02:26:50,500
the larger vessels. 
These are lighters flat. 

2672
02:26:50,500 --> 02:26:54,300
Bottom craft used to Ferry cargo
from ship to shore When the tide

2673
02:26:54,300 --> 02:26:56,800
is wrong for direct. 
Unloading you have worked on 

2674
02:26:56,800 --> 02:26:59,900
light as many times. 
The work is backbreaking, but 

2675
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:02,300
the pay is slightly better than 
regular doc labor. 

2676
02:27:03,400 --> 02:27:06,800
The First Merchants begin to 
appear, they arrive in sedan 

2677
02:27:06,800 --> 02:27:10,400
chairs or small carriages. 
Their clothing is notably finer 

2678
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:13,900
than yours silk waist coats 
Beaver, hats shoe buckles, that 

2679
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:16,800
catch the growing light. 
They gather in small groups 

2680
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:20,100
Consulting papers, and Ledges, 
their cargo is aboard. 

2681
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:21,400
The ships waiting to be 
unloaded. 

2682
02:27:21,400 --> 02:27:24,200
They want to verify quantities 
and check for damage. 

2683
02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:27,800
This is understandable, fortunes
can disappear between the West 

2684
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:30,900
Indies and London. 
A former New by sight approaches

2685
02:27:30,900 --> 02:27:33,200
the group of workers. 
His name is Thomas Wickham. 

2686
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:35,800
He has been organizing doc labor
for 15 years. 

2687
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:40,200
He knows every ship, every 
Merchant, every type of cargo 

2688
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:42,100
that moves through this section 
of the Thames. 

2689
02:27:42,100 --> 02:27:46,100
He also knows which workers are 
reliable and which ones drink 

2690
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:47,700
their wages before the week is 
out. 

2691
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:52,500
Wickham studies. 
The assembled men is gays passes

2692
02:27:52,500 --> 02:27:55,400
over you and moves on. 
You have been selected for work 

2693
02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:57,100
today without any need for 
Words. 

2694
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:00,700
Others are not, so fortunate. 
Some men are waived away. 

2695
02:28:00,700 --> 02:28:03,400
They turn and trudged back to 
all the streets. 

2696
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:07,400
Hoping to find work elsewhere, 
the docks operate on a brutal 

2697
02:28:07,400 --> 02:28:11,000
Simplicity. 
If you are chosen, you eat if 

2698
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:15,000
you're not, you do not The 
selected workers gather closer 

2699
02:28:15,000 --> 02:28:18,700
to Wickham, he explains the 
day's tasks in a voice roughened

2700
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:22,200
by years of shouting over wind 
and waves, the Mary Catherine 

2701
02:28:22,200 --> 02:28:24,900
will be unloaded starting at 
high tide, that will be around 

2702
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,800
9:00 this morning until then, 
there is other work, barrels 

2703
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:31,200
need to be rolled from a 
warehouse to awaiting cart 

2704
02:28:31,200 --> 02:28:33,400
Timber. 
Needs to be sorted, and stacked 

2705
02:28:33,400 --> 02:28:35,300
ropes need to be coiled and 
stored. 

2706
02:28:35,300 --> 02:28:37,400
The docks never stop moving 
entirely. 

2707
02:28:37,400 --> 02:28:41,300
You're assigned to the barrel 
rolling crew, 6, men working 

2708
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:44,000
together can move remarkable 
amounts of cargo in a few hours.

2709
02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:48,000
The barrels contain sugar from 
Jamaica, each one weighs more 

2710
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:50,200
than you do. 
They are designed to be rolled 

2711
02:28:50,200 --> 02:28:53,700
on their edges by teams working 
in careful coordination, the 

2712
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:57,500
technique looks simple but 
requires practice new workers, 

2713
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:01,000
often lose control of barrels, 
the heavy containers can Crush 

2714
02:29:01,000 --> 02:29:04,600
feet or fingers with ease. 
The warehouse is deer and cool. 

2715
02:29:04,600 --> 02:29:07,400
Inside of barrels are stacked 
three. 

2716
02:29:07,400 --> 02:29:10,000
High along the walls. 
The smell of molasses is 

2717
02:29:10,000 --> 02:29:13,200
overwhelming, sweet and thick, 
and slightly ferment. 

2718
02:29:13,300 --> 02:29:15,900
It Coats the inside of your nose
and throat. 

2719
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:19,100
After an hour of working, in the
warehouse, you will be able to 

2720
02:29:19,100 --> 02:29:20,500
taste sugar for the rest of the 
day. 

2721
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:23,000
The first Barrel is tipped onto 
its Edge. 

2722
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:25,700
You and another worker guide it 
toward the door. 

2723
02:29:25,700 --> 02:29:27,700
The barrel wants to roll too 
quickly. 

2724
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:30,700
You must lean against it using 
your body weight, as a break. 

2725
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:33,600
The rhythm is established 
through long practice. 

2726
02:29:33,600 --> 02:29:37,200
Tip role. 
Stop tip role. 

2727
02:29:37,200 --> 02:29:39,300
Stop. 
Your muscles. 

2728
02:29:39,300 --> 02:29:43,100
Remember the sequence, even when
your mind wanders outside the 

2729
02:29:43,100 --> 02:29:46,200
morning has fully arrived 
sunlight Slants, between 

2730
02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:49,900
buildings and reflects off the 
river, Tide has begun to turn. 

2731
02:29:49,900 --> 02:29:54,100
You can see water creeping back 
up, the mud flats in a few 

2732
02:29:54,108 --> 02:29:55,600
hours. 
The Thames will be high enough 

2733
02:29:55,600 --> 02:29:59,200
for ships to come alongside the 
walls, until then the work 

2734
02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:02,800
continues in the warehouses and 
yards, the barrels are loaded 

2735
02:30:02,800 --> 02:30:04,700
onto a cart pulled by two 
massive horses. 

2736
02:30:04,700 --> 02:30:08,200
The animals stand patiently, 
while workers secure the cargo 

2737
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:11,400
with ropes and chains. 
These horses are accustomed to 

2738
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:13,900
dock work. 
They do not startle at certain 

2739
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:17,400
noises or unexpected movements 
their calm presence is almost 

2740
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:20,000
meditative you pulls to Pat on 
the shoulder. 

2741
02:30:20,800 --> 02:30:23,500
The horses coat is warm and 
slightly damp with sweat. 

2742
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:26,900
By mid-morning your back aches. 
And your hands are raw. 

2743
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:31,500
This is normal, doc work is 
never gentle on the body, but 

2744
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:34,400
you're young enough that 
recovery comes quickly, a night 

2745
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:36,200
of sleep, erases most of the 
pain. 

2746
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:38,600
Older Workers are not so 
fortunate. 

2747
02:30:38,600 --> 02:30:42,100
You have seen men in their 50s. 
Who can barely straighten their 

2748
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:44,800
spine's, the docks consume 
bodies. 

2749
02:30:44,800 --> 02:30:49,300
The way the river consumes would
slowly, but completely The river

2750
02:30:49,300 --> 02:30:52,300
Rises with surprising speed. 
Once the tide commits to coming 

2751
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:56,600
in the mud flats disappear 
beneath brown Water ships that 

2752
02:30:56,600 --> 02:31:00,100
were resting on the bottom begin
to float, they shift and settle 

2753
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:04,200
finding their natural positions 
in the current ropes titen. 

2754
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:08,100
Anchor chains, grow taught The 
entire River seems to wake up 

2755
02:31:08,100 --> 02:31:11,700
and stretch the Mary Catherine 
is Warped toward the wharf, 

2756
02:31:11,700 --> 02:31:15,000
using a system of ropes and 
pulleys Sailors, aboard the ship

2757
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:17,600
work, the Capstone while Dock 
Workers on Shore, Pool guide 

2758
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:21,200
ropes, The Vessel moves sideways
through the water, covering the 

2759
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:24,800
distance inch by inch. 
This process takes nearly an 

2760
02:31:24,800 --> 02:31:27,000
hour. 
Russian would risk damage to the

2761
02:31:27,008 --> 02:31:29,700
ship or The Wharf neither 
outcome would be acceptable. 

2762
02:31:29,700 --> 02:31:32,900
Finally, the Mary Catherine. 
Settles against the war with the

2763
02:31:32,900 --> 02:31:35,400
gentle bump. 
Thick ropes are secured to 

2764
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:36,700
massive iron. 
Bollards. 

2765
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:40,700
The ship is positioned perfectly
for unloading her cargo hatches 

2766
02:31:40,700 --> 02:31:42,900
face. 
The warehouse doors, everything 

2767
02:31:42,900 --> 02:31:45,400
is aligned to make the transfer 
of goods as efficient as 

2768
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:47,600
possible. 
Your part of the crew that will 

2769
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:49,600
enter the hold and pass cargo up
to the deck. 

2770
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:53,100
This is considered desirable 
work, the whole offers 

2771
02:31:53,100 --> 02:31:56,300
protection from weather, the pay
is the same as working on Deck, 

2772
02:31:56,300 --> 02:31:59,800
but the effort is sometimes 
less. you descend a ladder Into 

2773
02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:03,400
Darkness that smells of wood and
spices and something in 

2774
02:32:03,400 --> 02:32:06,900
definitely tropical The hold is 
surprisingly organized. 

2775
02:32:06,900 --> 02:32:10,100
Barrels and crates are secured 
with rope netting. 

2776
02:32:10,100 --> 02:32:13,200
Everything is labeled and 
numbered the ship's manifest 

2777
02:32:13,200 --> 02:32:17,100
lists every item by location. 
This system prevents chaos 

2778
02:32:17,100 --> 02:32:20,600
during unloading without it. 
The process would take weeks and

2779
02:32:20,600 --> 02:32:23,600
days. 
Like filters down through the 

2780
02:32:23,600 --> 02:32:27,600
open hatch above your eyes, are 
just slowly shapes emerge from 

2781
02:32:27,608 --> 02:32:30,100
the darkness, you can make out 
individual barrels. 

2782
02:32:30,100 --> 02:32:33,800
Now, some contain sugar others, 
hold rum, there are crates of 

2783
02:32:33,808 --> 02:32:35,900
indigo dye and bundles of 
mahogany wood. 

2784
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:39,700
The entire economy of Empire is 
packed into this one ship's. 

2785
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:43,600
Hold the work begins, you and 
three other men form a chain. 

2786
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:46,500
The first man, selects a barrel 
and tips it onto its Edge. 

2787
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:50,100
He rolls it to the second man. 
The second man guide it to the 

2788
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:54,100
third, the third man positions 
at beneath the hatch, a ropes 

2789
02:32:54,100 --> 02:32:57,300
sling is lowered from above. 
The barrel is secure and hoisted

2790
02:32:57,300 --> 02:32:59,800
to the deck, the process repeats
endlessly. 

2791
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:03,900
After the first hour, you stop 
thinking about individual 

2792
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:07,800
barrels, the work becomes 
automatic, your body knows what 

2793
02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:09,600
to do with out instruction from 
your mind. 

2794
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:11,900
This allows you to think about 
other things. 

2795
02:33:11,900 --> 02:33:13,900
You wonder what the Caribbean 
islands. 

2796
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:17,700
Look like you imagine palm trees
and white sand beaches these 

2797
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:19,400
images. 
Come from descriptions, you have

2798
02:33:19,408 --> 02:33:22,500
heard in taverns, you have no 
idea if they are accurate. 

2799
02:33:22,500 --> 02:33:26,100
A rats, carries across a beam, 
above your head, then another 

2800
02:33:26,900 --> 02:33:30,400
ship is full of rats. 
They came aboard in some distant

2801
02:33:30,400 --> 02:33:32,300
port and survive the entire 
Voyage. 

2802
02:33:32,300 --> 02:33:35,600
Some will leave the ship here in
London, they will join the 

2803
02:33:35,608 --> 02:33:37,500
existing population of warfare 
Rats. 

2804
02:33:37,500 --> 02:33:39,700
The docks support thousands of 
the creatures. 

2805
02:33:39,700 --> 02:33:41,900
You have long since stopped 
being bothered by their 

2806
02:33:41,900 --> 02:33:43,900
presence. 
The work continues through the 

2807
02:33:43,900 --> 02:33:46,800
morning Barrel after Barrel 
Rises through the hatch and 

2808
02:33:46,800 --> 02:33:49,300
disappears onto the deck. 
Above. 

2809
02:33:49,300 --> 02:33:52,400
You can hear the sounds of cargo
being moved to cross the war for

2810
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:56,300
into the warehouse Wheels rumble
on cobblestones men. 

2811
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,800
Shout instructions, a merchant 
argues about damaged goods. 

2812
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:03,300
His voice carries a tonne of 
theatrical outrage that 

2813
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:05,300
suggests. 
He makes this same complaint at 

2814
02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:08,100
every unloading He pulls to 
drink water. 

2815
02:34:08,100 --> 02:34:11,400
From a leather flask, the water 
tastes of the river because that

2816
02:34:11,400 --> 02:34:14,400
is where it came from. 
Dock Workers, do not question 

2817
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:17,200
the source of their drinking 
water, you have survived this 

2818
02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:21,100
long drinking from the Thames. 
Presumably, you will continue to

2819
02:34:21,100 --> 02:34:24,100
survive the air in. 
The hold grows warm as the day. 

2820
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:27,600
Progresses sunlight, paused 
through the hatch dust. 

2821
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:30,200
Particles dance. 
In the light beam, you can see 

2822
02:34:30,200 --> 02:34:33,800
them swirling and settling. 
Some of the Dust is sugar. 

2823
02:34:34,600 --> 02:34:38,000
Some is sawdust from crates. 
Some is simply the accumulated 

2824
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:42,200
debris of a long ocean voyage. 
By noon, a significant portion 

2825
02:34:42,200 --> 02:34:45,400
of the cargo has been removed. 
The whole looks less crowded. 

2826
02:34:45,400 --> 02:34:49,000
You can move more freely. 
The remaining barrels are deeper

2827
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:50,900
in the ship, requiring more 
effort to reach them. 

2828
02:34:50,900 --> 02:34:54,600
You crawl over stacks of goods. 
Squeezing through narrow gaps, 

2829
02:34:54,600 --> 02:34:58,600
your clothes snag on rough wood,
your knees protest against the 

2830
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:01,400
hard surfaces a bell ring 
somewhere in the distance. 

2831
02:35:01,400 --> 02:35:05,000
This signals the midday break 
Works stops immediately. 

2832
02:35:05,800 --> 02:35:07,900
The men in the whole climb the 
ladder to the deck. 

2833
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:10,300
Fresh air hits your face like a 
blessing. 

2834
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:14,100
After hours in the dim, hold the
brightness of full day is almost

2835
02:35:14,100 --> 02:35:17,500
painful you squint and cover 
your eyes until they adjust. 

2836
02:35:18,400 --> 02:35:22,900
The Wharf is busy with activity.
Cargo is stacked everywhere and 

2837
02:35:22,900 --> 02:35:25,800
careful Arrangements. 
Clarks move among the Goods. 

2838
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:29,400
Checking items against ledgers, 
Merchants inspect their 

2839
02:35:29,400 --> 02:35:31,900
purchases. 
A customs officer watches 

2840
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:34,400
everything with the board 
expression of someone who has 

2841
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:37,000
seen it all before. 
You make your way to a small 

2842
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:38,700
courtyard behind one of the 
warehouses. 

2843
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:42,300
This is where Dock Workers 
gather, during breaks a woman 

2844
02:35:42,300 --> 02:35:45,500
sells meat, pies from a cart, 
the pies cost a penny. 

2845
02:35:45,508 --> 02:35:48,500
Each you buy one and find a 
place to sit on a low wall. 

2846
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:52,100
The pie is hot enough to burn 
your fingers, you juggle it from

2847
02:35:52,100 --> 02:35:54,800
hand to hand while it cools. 
The crust is thick. 

2848
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,400
And greasy, The Filling contains
meat of Uncertain origin. 

2849
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:00,500
It might be pork. 
It might be. 

2850
02:36:00,500 --> 02:36:02,200
Beefed, it might be something 
else. 

2851
02:36:02,200 --> 02:36:05,700
Entirely you do not ask 
questions, the pi fills your 

2852
02:36:05,708 --> 02:36:09,200
stomach and provide energy for 
the afternoon's work that is 

2853
02:36:09,200 --> 02:36:11,700
sufficient. 
Other workers Gather in small 

2854
02:36:11,708 --> 02:36:14,100
groups, some eat some smoke 
pipes. 

2855
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:16,900
A few simply lie on the 
cobblestones and closed their 

2856
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:19,800
eyes. 
The break glass 30 minutes every

2857
02:36:19,800 --> 02:36:22,400
man uses the time. 
According to his own needs, he 

2858
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:26,100
watched the river while you eat.
The Tide is at its peak now. 

2859
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:29,400
Tim's is full of wide and busy 
with traffic. 

2860
02:36:30,300 --> 02:36:34,200
Small boats, Dart between larger
vessels, a naval ship moves, 

2861
02:36:34,200 --> 02:36:36,500
slowly down river heading for 
the sea. 

2862
02:36:36,500 --> 02:36:39,500
Her gun ports are closed. 
But you can see the shapes of 

2863
02:36:39,508 --> 02:36:42,900
cannons behind them. 
The ship represents power that 

2864
02:36:42,900 --> 02:36:45,500
you will never possess. 
This does not bother you 

2865
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:49,000
particularly a merchant ship 
passes close to the wharf. 

2866
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:52,600
You can see Sailors working on 
Deck, they move with practice 

2867
02:36:52,600 --> 02:36:55,600
efficiency, adjusting sales, and
coiling ropes. 

2868
02:36:56,400 --> 02:36:58,900
One man climbs the rigging with 
a remarkable speed. 

2869
02:36:58,900 --> 02:37:02,300
He reaches the top of the master
and purchases there, looking out

2870
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:04,700
over London. 
You wonder what the city looks 

2871
02:37:04,700 --> 02:37:08,500
like from that height. 
The break ends to quickly the 

2872
02:37:08,500 --> 02:37:10,500
foreman calls out and workers 
begin to move. 

2873
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:14,100
You brush Crumbs from your shirt
and prepare to send back in to 

2874
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:16,200
the whole. 
The afternoon will be much like 

2875
02:37:16,200 --> 02:37:19,200
the morning. 
More barrels, more crates, more 

2876
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:21,600
endless repetition, but the work
will end. 

2877
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:24,400
Eventually evening will come, 
you will be paid. 

2878
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:28,100
These facts, make the labor 
bearable, the whole Fields even 

2879
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:31,100
warmer in the afternoon 
sunlight, slanted through the 

2880
02:37:31,100 --> 02:37:34,500
hatch at a different angle. 
Now, the light reveals Corners 

2881
02:37:34,500 --> 02:37:37,700
that were shadowed before you 
discover more cargo tucked into 

2882
02:37:37,700 --> 02:37:42,600
the space is Small crates marked
with careful handwriting bundles

2883
02:37:42,600 --> 02:37:45,500
wrapped in oil cloth. 
Everything is noted on the 

2884
02:37:45,500 --> 02:37:47,900
Manifest. 
Nothing is left to Chance. 

2885
02:37:47,900 --> 02:37:51,400
The rhythm of work. 
Resumes your muscles have 

2886
02:37:51,400 --> 02:37:54,500
loosened during the break. 
The labor feels slightly easier.

2887
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:58,200
Now, you fall into the pattern 
without conscious thought, reach

2888
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:04,700
lift carry roll, secure signal, 
The sequence repeats until it 

2889
02:38:04,708 --> 02:38:06,400
becomes something close to 
meditation. 

2890
02:38:07,400 --> 02:38:10,400
One of the other workers starts 
singing, his voice is rough, but

2891
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,900
tuneful, the song is about a 
sailor's wife. 

2892
02:38:12,900 --> 02:38:15,900
Waiting in Portsmouth other men.
Joining on the chorus. 

2893
02:38:15,900 --> 02:38:18,100
The singing makes the work pass 
more quickly. 

2894
02:38:18,100 --> 02:38:21,200
Music has always served this 
purpose in work that requires 

2895
02:38:21,200 --> 02:38:24,600
coordinated effort. 
Sailors, use shanties field 

2896
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:28,000
workers use Harvest songs Dock 
Workers, use whatever comes to 

2897
02:38:28,000 --> 02:38:32,500
mind a crate breaks open as it 
is being lifted, the contents 

2898
02:38:32,500 --> 02:38:35,900
spill across the deck of the 
hold dozens of small packages 

2899
02:38:35,900 --> 02:38:39,400
wrapped in wax paper, one splits
and reveals coffee beans. 

2900
02:38:39,400 --> 02:38:42,800
The smell is immediate and 
intense, rich and dark and 

2901
02:38:42,800 --> 02:38:45,400
slightly bitter. 
You have tasted coffee exactly 

2902
02:38:45,400 --> 02:38:48,600
once in your life, a merchant 
gave you a cup as payment for 

2903
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:50,700
extra work. 
You remember, the taste clearly 

2904
02:38:50,700 --> 02:38:53,200
strong and strange and oddly 
compelling. 

2905
02:38:54,400 --> 02:38:57,000
The spilled beans are carefully 
collected and returned to the 

2906
02:38:57,000 --> 02:39:00,500
broken crate. 
Nothing is wasted even damaged 

2907
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:02,800
goods have value. 
The crate is marked for the 

2908
02:39:02,800 --> 02:39:05,700
merchants attention. 
He will decide whether to accept

2909
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:08,700
the damage or demand. 
Compensation, these decisions 

2910
02:39:08,700 --> 02:39:12,300
happen, far above your level of 
concern, the work continues, 

2911
02:39:12,300 --> 02:39:15,800
more barrels emerge from the 
depths of the hold, some are 

2912
02:39:15,800 --> 02:39:18,200
marked with symbols. 
You do not recognize these 

2913
02:39:18,200 --> 02:39:20,500
represent, trading companies, or
Merchant houses. 

2914
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,500
Each symbol is a kind of 
language that speaks of 

2915
02:39:23,500 --> 02:39:26,800
ownership and origin. 
You have learned to identify a 

2916
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:29,500
few of the more common marks. 
This knowledge serves, no 

2917
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:34,000
practical purpose, but satisfies
a quiet curiosity, you notice 

2918
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:37,900
that the quality of goods vary 
significantly, Some crates of 

2919
02:39:37,908 --> 02:39:40,700
Beauty made with tight joints 
and smooth surfaces! 

2920
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:43,700
Others are rough assembly that 
barely hold together. 

2921
02:39:44,700 --> 02:39:47,200
Better crates, likely contain 
more valuable cargo. 

2922
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:50,500
Or perhaps they simply had 
better carpenters in their port 

2923
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:52,800
of origin. 
There is no way to know for 

2924
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:56,900
certain a large crate requires. 
Four men to move you position 

2925
02:39:56,900 --> 02:40:00,100
yourself at one corner, and wait
for the count on three. 

2926
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:02,800
You lift together the waiters 
substantial. 

2927
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:05,700
But manageable with proper 
technique, you walk in 

2928
02:40:05,700 --> 02:40:08,500
carefulness and moving the crate
toward the hatch. 

2929
02:40:08,500 --> 02:40:11,300
Communication happens through 
small adjustments. 

2930
02:40:11,300 --> 02:40:13,900
And shared understanding words 
are unnecessary. 

2931
02:40:13,900 --> 02:40:16,700
The greatest secured and hoisted
to the deck. 

2932
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:20,400
You catch a glimpse of Blue Sky 
through the hatch before the 

2933
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:24,100
next load blocks your view. 
That brief moment of open air 

2934
02:40:24,100 --> 02:40:26,800
feels like a gift. 
You realize you've been working 

2935
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:29,200
in the hold for hours without 
seeing the world above. 

2936
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:32,200
Time behaves, strangely and 
enclosed spaces. 

2937
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:36,300
Another worker asks, if you know
what is in the large crate, you 

2938
02:40:36,300 --> 02:40:38,300
do not. 
He suggests, it might be 

2939
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:41,700
Furniture mahogany, chairs or 
tables made in Jamaica for 

2940
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:45,100
wealthy London households. 
This seems plausible the weight 

2941
02:40:45,100 --> 02:40:48,400
and size are appropriate. 
But the Manifest would tell the 

2942
02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:50,700
true story. 
Neither of you can read well 

2943
02:40:50,700 --> 02:40:53,900
enough to check the pile of 
cargo in the whole diminishes 

2944
02:40:53,900 --> 02:40:56,100
steadily. 
Floor space opens up. 

2945
02:40:56,100 --> 02:40:58,300
You can see the curve of the 
ship's Hull. 

2946
02:40:58,300 --> 02:41:00,600
Now, water has seeped in at some
point. 

2947
02:41:00,600 --> 02:41:03,400
During the voyage, the lowest 
point of the whole is damp 

2948
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:07,200
puddles, reflect the light from 
above, your stepping in them 

2949
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:10,700
without thinking wet feet. 
Lead to blisters blisters lead 

2950
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:13,500
to infection. 
These are facts understood by 

2951
02:41:13,500 --> 02:41:16,600
anyone who works with their 
body, a cool comes from above. 

2952
02:41:17,300 --> 02:41:20,100
The foreman wants two men to 
help on Deck you and another 

2953
02:41:20,100 --> 02:41:23,300
worker climb the ladder. 
The change from dim Hall to 

2954
02:41:23,308 --> 02:41:26,600
Bright deck is momentarily. 
Disorienting, you blink and 

2955
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:30,900
squint until your vision adjusts
the rivers before you glittering

2956
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:34,100
and afternoon sun, the site 
never fails to please you 

2957
02:41:34,100 --> 02:41:37,500
despite its familiarity on Deck.
You are directed to help move 

2958
02:41:37,500 --> 02:41:39,200
cargo that has already been 
unloaded. 

2959
02:41:39,800 --> 02:41:42,800
Barrels need to be rolled along 
the Wharf to a warehouse 50 

2960
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:45,100
yards away. 
This is simple work, but 

2961
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:48,500
requires constant attention. 
A runaway Barrel can cause 

2962
02:41:48,508 --> 02:41:51,400
serious damage. 
You have seen men injured by 

2963
02:41:51,400 --> 02:41:54,900
cargo that escaped control the 
memory, keeps you focused. 

2964
02:41:54,900 --> 02:41:58,500
You, establish a rhythm with 
your partner, one barrel at a 

2965
02:41:58,500 --> 02:41:59,700
time. 
Roll it. 

2966
02:41:59,700 --> 02:42:02,400
Carefully along the wooden 
planks of the wharf watch for 

2967
02:42:02,400 --> 02:42:05,400
uneven boards or gaps guide, the
barrel through the warehouse 

2968
02:42:05,400 --> 02:42:09,100
door position, it according to 
the clocks instructions, return 

2969
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:11,900
for the next one, the sequence 
is straightforward, but 

2970
02:42:11,900 --> 02:42:15,200
physically demanding. 
The Wharf is crowded with cargo 

2971
02:42:15,200 --> 02:42:18,600
from multiple ships workers. 
Move between stacks of goods, 

2972
02:42:18,600 --> 02:42:22,100
like streams flowing around 
Stones, everyone knows to watch 

2973
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:25,900
from moving loads and stay clear
of active work areas accidents 

2974
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:27,700
happen. 
When people become careless or 

2975
02:42:27,700 --> 02:42:30,200
distracted. 
The docs have no patience for 

2976
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:33,400
intention between trips. 
You catch fragments of 

2977
02:42:33,400 --> 02:42:37,200
conversation's, merchants 
discussing prices Clarks 

2978
02:42:37,200 --> 02:42:40,700
arguing, about inventory counts.
A ship's Captain complaining 

2979
02:42:40,700 --> 02:42:44,100
about Customs delays. 
The voice is blend into a 

2980
02:42:44,100 --> 02:42:47,000
general background noise, that 
you have learned to filter only 

2981
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:49,300
direct instructions. 
Penetrate your awareness. 

2982
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:52,000
He pulls to rest near a stack of
Timber. 

2983
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:55,000
The wood is freshly cut and 
still smells of sap. 

2984
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:58,600
Someone has carved initials into
one of the planks, the marks are

2985
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:00,600
crude. 
But deliberate you wonder about 

2986
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:04,100
the person who made them. 
Sailor marking time during a 

2987
02:43:04,100 --> 02:43:07,300
long Voyage, perhaps, or a 
sawmill worker, claiming a piece

2988
02:43:07,300 --> 02:43:10,300
of their labor. 
Mystery is small but engaging 

2989
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:13,500
the sun begins, its descent 
toward the Western Horizon, 

2990
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:16,200
Shadows length and across the 
wharf. 

2991
02:43:16,200 --> 02:43:20,000
The quality of light changes 
from harsh, brightener to softer

2992
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:22,300
gold. 
This is your favorite time of 

2993
02:43:22,300 --> 02:43:24,700
day. 
The worst heaters passed but 

2994
02:43:24,700 --> 02:43:27,900
darkness is not yet arrived. 
The world exists in a 

2995
02:43:27,908 --> 02:43:31,400
comfortable in between State. 
The Temps at this hour is a 

2996
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:34,500
spectacle of activity, doesn't 
have vessels crowd. 

2997
02:43:34,500 --> 02:43:38,200
The water between the banks 
Merchant ship's Naval vessels 

2998
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:42,100
fishing boats, where is carrying
passengers from Shore, to Shore,

2999
02:43:42,100 --> 02:43:44,900
barges loaded with coal or grain
or Timber. 

3000
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:48,000
Each Kraft moves with purpose 
through the current and the 

3001
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:51,300
traffic, You watch a weary 
approached the stairs near your 

3002
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:54,400
position, the Waterman handles 
his orders with easy skill. 

3003
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:57,000
Positioning the small boat 
perfectly against the lowest 

3004
02:43:57,000 --> 02:44:00,400
steps. 
To passengers disembark their 

3005
02:44:00,400 --> 02:44:03,300
Gentleman, by their dress. 
They step carefully, keeping 

3006
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:05,000
their shoes. 
Clear of mud and water. 

3007
02:44:05,800 --> 02:44:09,200
The Waterman touches his cap and
pushes off again, rowing toward 

3008
02:44:09,200 --> 02:44:13,000
another customer visible on the 
far Shore, these watermen are a 

3009
02:44:13,000 --> 02:44:15,600
breed apart. 
They spend their entire lives on

3010
02:44:15,600 --> 02:44:17,800
the river. 
They know, every current and 

3011
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:20,800
Eddie, they can read the water. 
Like you read the tide tables 

3012
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:22,300
posted outside the customs 
house. 

3013
02:44:22,300 --> 02:44:25,300
Some watermen inherit their 
trade from fathers and 

3014
02:44:25,300 --> 02:44:28,200
grandfathers others. 
Simply drift into the work 

3015
02:44:28,200 --> 02:44:31,100
because they possess a natural 
affinity for boats and water. 

3016
02:44:32,300 --> 02:44:35,000
Barge loaded with coal passes 
close to the wharf. 

3017
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:38,300
The Vessel sits low in the water
under the weight of its cargo. 

3018
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:42,900
Coal dust covers everything, the
barge manner Gray from head to 

3019
02:44:42,908 --> 02:44:45,500
foot, they will carry this dust 
home with them. 

3020
02:44:45,500 --> 02:44:48,000
Their wives will shake it from 
clothes and find it. 

3021
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:51,600
Embedded in the fabric, coal is 
the price London pays for warmth

3022
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:54,600
and Industry. 
Father upriver, you can see the 

3023
02:44:54,600 --> 02:44:56,400
shapes of cranes and 
construction. 

3024
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,600
New docks are being built to 
handle the increasing volume of 

3025
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:01,600
trade. 
The old keys can no longer 

3026
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:04,700
accommodate all the ships that 
arrived Merchants complain about

3027
02:45:04,708 --> 02:45:06,800
delays. 
The government responds with 

3028
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:09,600
construction projects, this 
pattern has repeated itself. 

3029
02:45:09,600 --> 02:45:13,100
A decades, the work of unloading
the Mary, Catherine continues 

3030
02:45:13,100 --> 02:45:15,500
through the late afternoon. 
The hold is nearly empty. 

3031
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:19,200
Now, only the deepest cargo 
remains these items were loaded 

3032
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:22,100
first and will be removed. 
Last, they have traveled the 

3033
02:45:22,100 --> 02:45:25,700
farthest distance from light and
are you descend once more into 

3034
02:45:25,700 --> 02:45:29,000
the whole finish, the job the 
remaining cargo consists mostly 

3035
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:34,200
of heavy items leding at iron 
bars, dents Hardwoods these 

3036
02:45:34,200 --> 02:45:38,400
materials during the voyage and 
cargo upon arrival, moving them 

3037
02:45:38,400 --> 02:45:40,700
requires Techniques than 
rolling, barrels. 

3038
02:45:40,700 --> 02:45:43,800
You and the other workers use 
rope, slings and careful 

3039
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:46,100
leverage. 
The weight makes every movement 

3040
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:49,800
deliberate, a rat watches. 
You from a corner, the creature 

3041
02:45:49,800 --> 02:45:53,100
is completely unafraid. 
It sits cleaning its whiskers. 

3042
02:45:53,100 --> 02:45:56,000
While you work around it. 
You have developed a grudging 

3043
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:59,100
respect for Wharf rats. 
They are survivors in an 

3044
02:45:59,100 --> 02:46:01,800
environment that shows, no mercy
in this way. 

3045
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:04,800
They are not so different from 
the men who labor on the docks. 

3046
02:46:04,800 --> 02:46:08,100
The last item to emerge from the
hold is a massive wooden crate, 

3047
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:12,100
the Manifest describes it as 
Machinery parts for a mill that 

3048
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:15,100
will process sugar or tobacco, 
or some other Colonial product. 

3049
02:46:16,100 --> 02:46:18,200
The crate is too large to fit 
through the hatch. 

3050
02:46:18,200 --> 02:46:21,300
In one piece, it must be 
partially disassembled on the 

3051
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:23,100
ship and reconstructed on the 
wharf. 

3052
02:46:23,700 --> 02:46:27,300
This adds hours to the job by 
the time, the final piece of 

3053
02:46:27,300 --> 02:46:30,700
secured and hoisted to the deck.
The sun is low in the sky. 

3054
02:46:31,700 --> 02:46:34,900
The work day is ending. 
You climb the ladder. 

3055
02:46:34,900 --> 02:46:38,400
One Last Time grateful to leave 
the hole behind your clothes are

3056
02:46:38,400 --> 02:46:41,100
soaked with sweat. 
Your hands are covered in Grime.

3057
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:44,100
Every muscle in your body aches 
with earned for tea. 

3058
02:46:45,300 --> 02:46:47,300
The foreman pays the workers in 
coins. 

3059
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:50,700
Counted from a leather bag. 
He calls each Man by name and 

3060
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:54,500
hands over the days wages you 
receive your share and count it 

3061
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:56,800
carefully. 
The amount is exactly what was 

3062
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,500
promised Wickham is honest in 
his dealings. 

3063
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:01,900
This is not true of all four 
men. 

3064
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:04,000
You've learned to appreciate 
this quality. 

3065
02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:07,300
The Wharf begins to empty as 
workers dispersed toward their 

3066
02:47:07,300 --> 02:47:10,700
homes or favorite taverns. 
The cargo has been moved into 

3067
02:47:10,700 --> 02:47:14,800
warehouses or loaded onto carts 
for transport into the city, the

3068
02:47:14,800 --> 02:47:16,400
Mary Catherine sits lighter in 
the water. 

3069
02:47:16,400 --> 02:47:21,500
Now, her holds empty tomorrow, 
she will take on new cargo for 

3070
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:24,100
the return Voyage. 
The cycle continues. 

3071
02:47:24,100 --> 02:47:27,900
Endlessly, you walk slowly along
the Waterfront, allowing your 

3072
02:47:27,900 --> 02:47:30,100
body to cool and recover 
evening. 

3073
02:47:30,100 --> 02:47:33,000
Air carries a chill that feels 
Pleasant after the heat of labor

3074
02:47:33,000 --> 02:47:35,400
light. 
Begin to appear in Windows along

3075
02:47:35,400 --> 02:47:39,400
the shore lanterns are lit at 
Tavern doors, the transformation

3076
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:41,900
from day to night. 
Happens gradually, giving 

3077
02:47:41,900 --> 02:47:45,600
everyone time to adjust. 
A group of sailors passes you 

3078
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:48,600
heading toward whopping, 
drinking establishments, they 

3079
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,600
allowed and cheerful flush with 
wages from a completed Voyage. 

3080
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:55,400
Some will spend everything they 
earned in a single night, others

3081
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:57,100
will save a portion for future 
needs. 

3082
02:47:57,900 --> 02:47:59,900
You have seen both approaches 
lead to regret. 

3083
02:48:00,600 --> 02:48:04,300
Moderation seems wise up but is 
rarely practiced the streets 

3084
02:48:04,300 --> 02:48:07,800
grow crowded as more workers 
finish their shifts men's stream

3085
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:10,900
from warehouses and shipyards 
and rope making establishments. 

3086
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:14,200
The days labor is done. 
Now comes the evening's business

3087
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:17,800
of eating and drinking and 
resting the transition happens 

3088
02:48:17,800 --> 02:48:20,800
like clockwork in these 
neighborhoods where work defines

3089
02:48:20,800 --> 02:48:24,100
the Rhythm of Life. 
You stop at a cook shop on 

3090
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:26,700
wapping wall. 
The proprietor is a widow who 

3091
02:48:26,700 --> 02:48:28,500
has run this establishment for 
20 years. 

3092
02:48:28,508 --> 02:48:32,800
She served simple food at fair 
prices, the shop is small and 

3093
02:48:32,800 --> 02:48:36,100
crowded, but clean the smell of 
cooking meat and onions. 

3094
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:38,400
Fills the air. 
Your stomach responds 

3095
02:48:38,400 --> 02:48:42,400
immediately with urgent hunger, 
the order, a bowl of stew and a 

3096
02:48:42,400 --> 02:48:45,400
piece of bread. 
The stew contains beef or mutton

3097
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:48,800
potatoes, carrots, and turnips 
in a rich brown. 

3098
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:52,200
Gravy the bread is yesterday's 
baking, but still good. 

3099
02:48:52,200 --> 02:48:55,600
When dipped in the stew, you eat
standing at a high table near 

3100
02:48:55,600 --> 02:48:57,700
the window. 
This allows you to watch the 

3101
02:48:57,700 --> 02:49:02,000
street while you dine. 
The stew is hot and filling each

3102
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,800
spoonful Taste of long slow 
cooking and generous seasoning. 

3103
02:49:05,800 --> 02:49:10,100
The Widow knows her business. 
She is fed Dock Workers for two 

3104
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:12,100
decades. 
She understands what kind of 

3105
02:49:12,108 --> 02:49:14,500
food restores body's worn down 
by physical labor. 

3106
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:17,700
The meal cost three pants, you 
can consider it money. 

3107
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:19,900
Well, spent other customers come
and go. 

3108
02:49:19,900 --> 02:49:24,000
While you eat some, you 
recognize most of strangers, the

3109
02:49:24,000 --> 02:49:27,500
cook shop serves, anyone who can
pay class and origin, Mata list 

3110
02:49:27,500 --> 02:49:30,000
them coin. 
This Democratic quality is 

3111
02:49:30,008 --> 02:49:33,100
common in docklands. 
Establishments, everyone's money

3112
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:35,100
spends the same through the 
window. 

3113
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:37,800
You watch the street settle into
its evening character. 

3114
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:41,500
Children play games in, the 
fading light, the dog trots 

3115
02:49:41,500 --> 02:49:44,200
passed with clear. 
Purpose, two women stand, 

3116
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:47,200
talking near a doorway. 
One holds a baby on her hip. 

3117
02:49:47,200 --> 02:49:50,400
The child is quiet and wide-eyed
taking in the scene. 

3118
02:49:50,400 --> 02:49:53,700
You finish your stew and place 
the bowl on a shelf for washing.

3119
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:57,100
The walk home takes you through 
familiar streets, you have lived

3120
02:49:57,100 --> 02:49:59,100
in this neighborhood for most of
your adult life. 

3121
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:02,800
You know, every Ally and 
Courtyard, you can navigate and 

3122
02:50:02,800 --> 02:50:06,900
complete darkness if necessary. 
This knowledge provides a sense 

3123
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:09,400
of belonging that you value more
than you often realize. 

3124
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:13,300
A Tavern called the prospect of 
Whitby, stands on your route. 

3125
02:50:13,300 --> 02:50:17,000
The building is old and 
comfortable looking Yellow light

3126
02:50:17,000 --> 02:50:20,500
spills from its Windows voices 
and laughter drift in to the 

3127
02:50:20,500 --> 02:50:24,000
street, your tempted to stop for
a drink, but decide against it, 

3128
02:50:24,000 --> 02:50:27,800
tomorrow is another work day. 
Starting it with a saw head. 

3129
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:32,100
Seems unwise you can continue 
past the Tavon and turn onto a 

3130
02:50:32,100 --> 02:50:34,700
narrower Street. 
The building's here, lean close 

3131
02:50:34,700 --> 02:50:36,600
together. 
Blocking most of the sky 

3132
02:50:36,600 --> 02:50:41,000
laundry, hangs on line stretched
between Windows somewhere, a 

3133
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:45,300
baby cries, a cat yowls. 
These sounds are the Normal 

3134
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:47,200
soundtrack of evening in the 
docklands. 

3135
02:50:47,200 --> 02:50:50,600
Your room above the Chandler. 
Shock is exactly as you left it 

3136
02:50:50,600 --> 02:50:52,900
this morning. 
The bedroom remains unmade. 

3137
02:50:52,900 --> 02:50:56,900
Your spare shirt hangs on a peg.
The small table holds a candle, 

3138
02:50:56,900 --> 02:51:00,400
and a few personal items. 
The space is modest, but it is 

3139
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:02,300
yours. 
Rent is Affordable. 

3140
02:51:02,300 --> 02:51:05,400
The location is convenient. 
You have no complaints. 

3141
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,300
You like the candle and wash 
your hands and face in water 

3142
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:10,600
from a basin. 
The water is cold, but 

3143
02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:12,900
refreshing Grime from the days 
work. 

3144
02:51:12,900 --> 02:51:15,300
Turns it gray. 
You dry yourself with a rough 

3145
02:51:15,300 --> 02:51:17,000
towel and change into your spare
shirt. 

3146
02:51:18,000 --> 02:51:21,200
Clean fabric feels luxurious 
against your skin, you lie on 

3147
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:23,100
the bed without bothering to 
undress further. 

3148
02:51:23,900 --> 02:51:25,900
The mattress receives you with 
familiar Comfort. 

3149
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:28,700
Your body begins to relax muscle
by muscle. 

3150
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:32,500
The aches from labor fade into a
general Pleasant tiredness. 

3151
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:35,600
You watch Candlelight flicker on
the ceiling and allow your 

3152
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:38,300
thoughts to drift. 
Tomorrow will bring more of the 

3153
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:42,900
same more ships to unload more 
cargo to move more hours of 

3154
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:44,800
physical effort. 
In exchange for wages. 

3155
02:51:44,800 --> 02:51:48,400
This predictability is both 
comforting and slightly 

3156
02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:51,100
depressing. 
You wonder sometimes if there 

3157
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:55,100
might be other possibilities but
the docs are what you know, the 

3158
02:51:55,100 --> 02:51:59,100
work is reliable, the pay is 
sufficient change, seems 

3159
02:51:59,100 --> 02:52:02,700
unnecessary and possibly 
dangerous Sleep approaches 

3160
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:05,900
quickly, you blow out the candle
and settle Into Darkness. 

3161
02:52:05,900 --> 02:52:09,000
The sounds of the neighborhood 
continued outside your window. 

3162
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:13,100
Footsteps on cobblestones 
distant voices, The Creeks of 

3163
02:52:13,108 --> 02:52:16,600
ships moving with the tide. 
These noises form a lullaby. 

3164
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:19,600
You've heard every night for 
years, they guide you toward 

3165
02:52:19,600 --> 02:52:21,800
unconsciousness, with gentle 
familiarity. 

3166
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:25,700
The next morning, arrives with 
rain, you wake to the sound of 

3167
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:28,400
water, drumming on roof tiles 
and running down the street in 

3168
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:31,300
small rivers. 
The window glass is streaked and

3169
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,400
blurred The View outside is 
reduced to vague shapes and 

3170
02:52:34,408 --> 02:52:35,900
movement. 
Weather. 

3171
02:52:35,900 --> 02:52:38,400
Like this makes dock work 
miserable but does not stop it. 

3172
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:40,900
You dressing clothes still damp 
from yesterday. 

3173
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:44,000
There is no point where in dry 
things that will be soaked 

3174
02:52:44,000 --> 02:52:45,500
within minutes of stepping 
outside. 

3175
02:52:45,500 --> 02:52:49,500
The dampness is unpleasant but 
tolerable, you have worked in 

3176
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:52,800
far, worse conditions, a warm 
day in pouring rain is 

3177
02:52:52,800 --> 02:52:54,800
preferable to a freezing day in 
anywhere. 

3178
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:58,900
The street is already busy, 
despite the rain workers, move 

3179
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:01,800
with heads down and shoulders 
hunched, no one walks slowly 

3180
02:53:01,800 --> 02:53:05,000
getting wet is inevitable but 
prolonging The Experience 

3181
02:53:05,000 --> 02:53:05,800
serves. 
No purpose. 

3182
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:08,900
You join the flow of bodies 
heading toward the walls. 

3183
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:11,500
Water runs off your hat in 
steady streams. 

3184
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:13,200
The river looks different in 
Rain. 

3185
02:53:13,200 --> 02:53:16,700
The surface is popped and 
rippled by Falling drops, the 

3186
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:21,100
color shifts from brown to gray.
Visibility is reduced ships are 

3187
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:25,300
dang her appear as dark Emerging
from missed the entire scene has

3188
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:27,600
a dreamlike quality. 
That is almost beautiful. 

3189
02:53:28,700 --> 02:53:31,200
The foreman stands under an 
awning protected from the worst 

3190
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:33,600
of the weather. 
He assigned work with the same 

3191
02:53:33,600 --> 02:53:37,600
efficiency as always, rain 
changes, nothing about the basic

3192
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:42,300
organization of Doc labor Ships 
must be unloaded cargo must be 

3193
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:44,600
moved. 
Commerce, cannot wait for 

3194
02:53:44,600 --> 02:53:46,700
Sunshine. 
Your assigned to work in a 

3195
02:53:46,700 --> 02:53:49,700
covered warehouse. 
This is fortunate the day will 

3196
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:52,500
be spent sorting and stacking 
Goods that have already been 

3197
02:53:52,500 --> 02:53:54,900
unloaded. 
The work is still physical, but 

3198
02:53:54,900 --> 02:53:57,900
at least it is dry. 
You offer a silent, thanks to 

3199
02:53:57,900 --> 02:53:59,900
whatever Force to turn in such a
assignments. 

3200
02:53:59,900 --> 02:54:04,000
The warehouse is vast and dim 
rows of barrels and crates 

3201
02:54:04,000 --> 02:54:05,800
stretched toward Shadows at the 
far end. 

3202
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:10,300
The smell is complex sugar, and 
tobacco, and spices, and tar, 

3203
02:54:10,300 --> 02:54:14,200
also rats and damp wood, and 
mold your nose sorts through 

3204
02:54:14,200 --> 02:54:17,300
these scents automatically 
identifying each component 

3205
02:54:17,300 --> 02:54:20,500
without conscious effort. 
You work alongside five other 

3206
02:54:20,500 --> 02:54:24,400
men, the task is to reorganize 
cargo, according to ownership 

3207
02:54:24,400 --> 02:54:27,200
and destination. 
Goods Bound for the same, 

3208
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:28,600
Merchant must be grouped 
together. 

3209
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:32,000
Items heading to the same city 
must be accessible for loading. 

3210
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:35,800
The system requires both 
physical effort, and careful 

3211
02:54:35,800 --> 02:54:39,200
attention to markings. 
And labels, the work proceeds 

3212
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:42,000
with steady efficiency. 
Barrels are rolled into new 

3213
02:54:42,000 --> 02:54:44,700
positions, creates a stacked 
according to size and weight. 

3214
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:47,500
Heavy items. 
Go on the bottom fragile. 

3215
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:49,200
Goods are placed where they will
not be crushed. 

3216
02:54:50,000 --> 02:54:53,300
The logic is simple but the 
execution requires experience 

3217
02:54:53,300 --> 02:54:55,600
outside. 
The rain continues. 

3218
02:54:55,600 --> 02:54:58,500
Without pause water leaks 
through gaps in the roof and 

3219
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:01,400
forms puddles on the floor. 
You step around these pools. 

3220
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:03,700
Instinctively wet. 
Footing is dangerous. 

3221
02:55:03,700 --> 02:55:06,800
When moving heavy loads, a slip 
could result in injury. 

3222
02:55:06,800 --> 02:55:09,100
You have seen men crushed by 
Falling cargo. 

3223
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:13,400
The memory keeps you cautious. 
A mid-morning, a Clark arrives, 

3224
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:16,400
to verify the organization. 
He carries a ledger and walks 

3225
02:55:16,400 --> 02:55:19,200
slowly between the stacks 
checking items against his 

3226
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:21,800
records. 
His clothes are neat and dry. 

3227
02:55:21,800 --> 02:55:25,100
His hands are clean. 
He represents a different kind 

3228
02:55:25,100 --> 02:55:27,700
of dock work. 
One that involves ink and paper 

3229
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:31,300
rather than muscle and sweat. 
You have never envied this role.

3230
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:35,000
The physical satisfaction of 
moving cargo appeals to you more

3231
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:36,400
than the abstract work of 
accounting. 

3232
02:55:37,300 --> 02:55:40,600
The Clark finds several errors, 
Barrels have been placed in the 

3233
02:55:40,600 --> 02:55:43,100
wrong groups. 
Crates are stacked in incorrect 

3234
02:55:43,100 --> 02:55:45,400
order. 
He points these out with patient

3235
02:55:45,400 --> 02:55:47,900
Precision. 
There is no anger in his voice. 

3236
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:51,200
Mistakes are expected. 
Correction is part of the 

3237
02:55:51,200 --> 02:55:53,500
process. 
You and the other workers make 

3238
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:55,300
the necessary adjustments 
without complaint. 

3239
02:55:56,000 --> 02:55:57,900
By noon. 
The warehouse is properly 

3240
02:55:57,900 --> 02:56:00,500
organized. 
The clerk signs off on the work 

3241
02:56:00,500 --> 02:56:03,100
and departs. 
The rain has lessened to a 

3242
02:56:03,100 --> 02:56:05,900
steady drizzle, you step outside
during the break and let the 

3243
02:56:05,900 --> 02:56:08,700
water wash some of the warehouse
dust from your clothes and skin.

3244
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:12,100
The coolness is refreshing. 
After hours, in the clothes are 

3245
02:56:12,100 --> 02:56:15,500
inside you eat bread and cheese 
purchased from a woman who sells

3246
02:56:15,500 --> 02:56:19,800
food from a covered cart Cheese 
is sharp and crumbly the bread 

3247
02:56:19,800 --> 02:56:22,800
is dense and filling you wash it
down with weak beer. 

3248
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:25,700
That tastes faintly of the 
barrel at came from the meal 

3249
02:56:25,700 --> 02:56:27,900
provides energy, without being 
heavy enough to cause 

3250
02:56:27,900 --> 02:56:30,700
drowsiness. 
Other workers gather under any 

3251
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:34,000
available shelter. 
Some smoke, some talk quietly. 

3252
02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:37,200
A few simply stand and stare at 
nothing in particular. 

3253
02:56:38,300 --> 02:56:41,400
The brake offers a chance for 
mine to rest, as well as bodies 

3254
02:56:41,400 --> 02:56:45,500
you appreciate this brief, pause
in the days demands, A ship 

3255
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:47,900
struggles to make its way up 
River against the current and 

3256
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,300
the tide. 
The vessels Sails are reefed 

3257
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:54,000
progresses, slow you watch the 
crew, work the ropes and adjust 

3258
02:56:54,000 --> 02:56:56,600
their position. 
Sailors possess skills, that 

3259
02:56:56,600 --> 02:57:00,200
seem almost magical to you. 
The ability to read wind and 

3260
02:57:00,200 --> 02:57:03,000
water and turn these forces to 
Advantage requires knowledge. 

3261
02:57:03,000 --> 02:57:06,500
You do not possess your content 
to remain on Solid Ground. 

3262
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:10,000
The afternoon brings more 
warehouse work this time. 

3263
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:12,400
You're moving Goods out rather 
than organizing them. 

3264
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,500
A merchant has sold a quantity 
of tobacco to buyers in the 

3265
02:57:15,508 --> 02:57:17,700
city. 
The barrels must be loaded onto 

3266
02:57:17,700 --> 02:57:21,100
carts for transport. 
The work is straightforward, but

3267
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:24,000
requires steady effort. 
You develop a rhythm with the 

3268
02:57:24,000 --> 02:57:26,000
other workers. 
One team tips. 

3269
02:57:26,000 --> 02:57:29,100
Barrels onto their edges and 
other guides them toward the 

3270
02:57:29,100 --> 02:57:31,500
loading area. 
A third, secures them on the 

3271
02:57:31,508 --> 02:57:34,100
carts. 
Process flows smoothly. 

3272
02:57:34,100 --> 02:57:37,400
When everyone understands their 
role, Coordination happens 

3273
02:57:37,400 --> 02:57:40,300
through small gestures and 
occasional brief instructions. 

3274
02:57:40,300 --> 02:57:44,900
The rain finally stops late in 
the afternoon clouds break apart

3275
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:49,500
and reveal patches of blue sky. 
Sunlight appears in slanted, 

3276
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:52,200
beams that illuminate, the dust 
and moisture in the air. 

3277
02:57:53,200 --> 02:57:56,500
The transformation is dramatic, 
the entire docklands seems to 

3278
02:57:56,508 --> 02:58:00,500
brighten, and lift workers moods
improved, noticeably by the end 

3279
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:03,500
of the day, your clothes have 
begun to dry, they feel stiff 

3280
02:58:03,500 --> 02:58:06,100
and uncomfortable but at least 
they are not actively wet. 

3281
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:09,800
You collect your wages and head 
toward home, the streets 

3282
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:11,800
glisten, with puddles and 
running water. 

3283
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:15,700
The cobblestones of being washed
clean, everything looks fresher 

3284
02:58:15,700 --> 02:58:19,400
and newer tonight you decide to 
stop at the prospect of Whitby. 

3285
02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:22,800
The rain has left you feeling 
like you deserve some small 

3286
02:58:22,800 --> 02:58:25,100
comfort. 
A drink or two, seems 

3287
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:27,900
appropriate? 
You push open the tavern door 

3288
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:31,600
and step into warmth the noise 
and the smell of Pipe smoke and 

3289
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:34,600
Spilled beer. 
The prospect is crowded as 

3290
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:38,100
always workers from the docks. 
Fill the common room, they lean 

3291
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,100
against the bar or sit at Rough 
wooden tables conversations. 

3292
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,900
Blend into a general Roar of 
voices laughter, erupts from a 

3293
02:58:44,908 --> 02:58:48,200
corner where someone has told a 
joke, the atmosphere is cheerful

3294
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:50,600
and relaxed. 
You find a space at the bar and 

3295
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:53,300
order a rail. 
The barkeep draws it from a 

3296
02:58:53,300 --> 02:58:55,800
wooden cask and slides the 
tanker cross the wet surface. 

3297
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:59,200
You pay with a coin and receive 
change that you pocket without 

3298
02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:01,700
counting. 
The ale is dark and slightly 

3299
02:59:01,700 --> 02:59:03,900
sweet. 
The first swallow Goes Down, 

3300
02:59:03,900 --> 02:59:06,800
Smooth and pleasant you turn to 
survey the room. 

3301
02:59:06,800 --> 02:59:10,800
Many phases are familiar. 
You not at many recognized they 

3302
02:59:10,800 --> 02:59:13,700
nod back. 
These acknowledgments constitute

3303
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:16,500
the full extent of social 
interaction from most Dock. 

3304
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:18,800
Workers deeper friendships are 
rare. 

3305
02:59:18,800 --> 02:59:23,100
The work is too transient men. 
Come and go ships, arrive and 

3306
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:26,000
depart connections, remain 
shallow and practical. 

3307
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:29,300
Sailor sits alone at nearby 
table. 

3308
02:59:29,300 --> 02:59:33,400
He is old for his trade. 
Perhaps 50, his face is whether 

3309
02:59:33,400 --> 02:59:37,300
to the color and texture of old 
leather He drinks steadily and 

3310
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:40,600
stares at nothing. 
You wonder what Memories occupy,

3311
02:59:40,600 --> 02:59:46,500
his thoughts Decades of voyages,
storms, and calms ports, visited

3312
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:49,900
in every corner of the world. 
The life of a sailor. 

3313
02:59:49,900 --> 02:59:53,100
Seems both thrilling and 
exhausting two men, near the 

3314
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,900
fire engaged in allowed 
discussion about wages one, 

3315
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:57,300
argues that doc workers are 
underpaid. 

3316
02:59:57,308 --> 03:00:00,600
The other insists that the work 
is unskilled and therefore 

3317
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:04,200
properly, compensated, neither 
seems interested in the other's 

3318
03:00:04,200 --> 03:00:07,200
perspective, the argument serves
mainly as entertainment for 

3319
03:00:07,200 --> 03:00:10,000
listeners, you finish your first
sale and consider ordering 

3320
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:13,000
another, the Temptation is 
strong, the tavern is 

3321
03:00:13,000 --> 03:00:16,000
comfortable, the beer is good, 
but tomorrow will come. 

3322
03:00:16,000 --> 03:00:20,100
Whether you are ready or not. 
Clear head seems wise at the 

3323
03:00:20,108 --> 03:00:23,100
temporary pleasure. 
You decide to leave after this 

3324
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:26,600
drink the door opens and a group
of new arrivals enters. 

3325
03:00:26,600 --> 03:00:28,800
They bring cold air and Noise 
with them. 

3326
03:00:28,800 --> 03:00:31,500
One man calls out a greeting, to
the rumor at large. 

3327
03:00:31,500 --> 03:00:35,100
Several people responded the new
group pushes toward the bar, 

3328
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:38,200
creating a crush of bodies. 
You take this as a sign to 

3329
03:00:38,200 --> 03:00:40,100
depart. 
Outside. 

3330
03:00:40,100 --> 03:00:42,400
The evening is settled in to 
full Darkness. 

3331
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:44,800
Stars are visible between the 
clouds. 

3332
03:00:44,800 --> 03:00:46,900
The air smells clean after the 
rain. 

3333
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:49,800
You walk slowly enjoying the 
quiet. 

3334
03:00:49,800 --> 03:00:53,400
After the taverns noise, your 
route takes you past dark and 

3335
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:57,400
shops and lit Windows behind the
glass families, gather for 

3336
03:00:57,400 --> 03:01:00,000
evening meals, or settle into 
their own evening. 

3337
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:03,500
Rituals, he passed a small 
Church set back from the street.

3338
03:01:04,400 --> 03:01:07,400
The building is old probably 
dating from before the great 

3339
03:01:07,400 --> 03:01:11,000
fire stone walls, narrow windows
and modest Bell Tower. 

3340
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:14,300
The church serves the docklands 
community, but you have never 

3341
03:01:14,300 --> 03:01:18,000
attended Services, religion 
seems disconnected from the 

3342
03:01:18,000 --> 03:01:19,800
Practical concerns of your daily
life. 

3343
03:01:20,700 --> 03:01:24,100
A Watchman makes his rounds 
calling out the our his voice 

3344
03:01:24,100 --> 03:01:27,500
Echoes between buildings, the 
cries, both reassuring and 

3345
03:01:27,500 --> 03:01:31,400
slightly Melancholy, it marks 
time, passing and remind 

3346
03:01:31,400 --> 03:01:34,300
everyone that the night grows 
deeper, you have heard this 

3347
03:01:34,300 --> 03:01:36,600
call. 
Every evening for years, it has 

3348
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:38,300
become part of the texture of 
life here. 

3349
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:40,900
You reach your lodging and climb
the stairs. 

3350
03:01:40,900 --> 03:01:44,700
The room is cold, but dry. 
You light, a candle and prepare 

3351
03:01:44,700 --> 03:01:46,800
for bed. 
Tomorrow, you will wake early 

3352
03:01:46,800 --> 03:01:49,700
and repeat today's pattern. 
This certainly is comforting in 

3353
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:52,800
its way. 
You know what to expect the work

3354
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:55,700
is hard, but for familiar the 
wages are adequate. 

3355
03:01:55,700 --> 03:01:58,000
Life continues in its 
established. 

3356
03:01:58,000 --> 03:02:01,600
Groove Sunday, arrives with 
bells churches throughout the 

3357
03:02:01,608 --> 03:02:05,200
docklands ring, their calls to 
worship The Sounds layer over 

3358
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:09,400
each other, creating a Cascade 
of notes that fills the air, you

3359
03:02:09,400 --> 03:02:11,400
lie in bed. 
Listening, the bells are 

3360
03:02:11,400 --> 03:02:14,100
Pleasant, even though you have 
no intention of answering their 

3361
03:02:14,100 --> 03:02:16,600
Summer's Sundays different from 
other days. 

3362
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:21,300
Work stops the docks for quiet 
ships remain at anchor or tied 

3363
03:02:21,300 --> 03:02:23,400
to walls. 
No cargo moves. 

3364
03:02:23,400 --> 03:02:26,200
No Merchant. 
Shout instructions, the entire 

3365
03:02:26,200 --> 03:02:28,100
neighborhood shifts into a 
slower Rhythm. 

3366
03:02:28,100 --> 03:02:32,100
Even the river seems to rest You
rise late and dressed slowly? 

3367
03:02:32,100 --> 03:02:35,100
There is no hurry, the day 
belongs to you. 

3368
03:02:35,900 --> 03:02:38,900
This freedom feels almost 
unfamiliar after six days of 

3369
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:42,300
structured labor, you descend to
the street and find it nearly 

3370
03:02:42,300 --> 03:02:44,700
empty. 
Most people are either in church

3371
03:02:44,700 --> 03:02:47,100
or still in bed. 
You walk without particular 

3372
03:02:47,100 --> 03:02:51,700
destination, the morning is cool
and clear sunlight Slants 

3373
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:53,600
between buildings and reflects 
off Windows. 

3374
03:02:53,600 --> 03:02:57,200
You notice details that escaped 
your attention during the work 

3375
03:02:57,200 --> 03:03:00,300
week, a door, painted, an 
unusual shade of blue. 

3376
03:03:01,100 --> 03:03:04,400
Flowers growing in a window box,
a cat sleeping on a warm 

3377
03:03:04,400 --> 03:03:08,300
doorstep the river draws you. 
As always, you make your way to 

3378
03:03:08,300 --> 03:03:11,000
the Waterfront and find a spot 
to sit on the stone stairs. 

3379
03:03:11,000 --> 03:03:14,600
The Tide is low mud flat 
stretched toward the channel. 

3380
03:03:15,400 --> 03:03:18,100
A few goals, pick through the 
exposed settlement searching for

3381
03:03:18,100 --> 03:03:22,800
food, their cries carry across 
the open space ship, sit at odd 

3382
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:25,700
angles on the riverbed without 
water to support them. 

3383
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:27,500
Their true shapes become 
visible. 

3384
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:30,800
The curves of hulls, the 
thickness of planking. 

3385
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:33,600
The massive anchors that 
normally hang invisible beneath 

3386
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:35,800
the surface. 
You study these details with 

3387
03:03:35,800 --> 03:03:39,700
interest ships are such familiar
objects that you rarely look at 

3388
03:03:39,700 --> 03:03:42,600
them closely. 
Small boat crosses the river, 

3389
03:03:42,600 --> 03:03:44,700
the Waterman rose with steady 
Strokes. 

3390
03:03:44,700 --> 03:03:47,600
His passenger appears to be a 
gentleman heading somewhere for 

3391
03:03:47,600 --> 03:03:50,700
Sunday visits the boats. 
Wait creates ripples that spread

3392
03:03:50,700 --> 03:03:53,200
and fade. 
The water is calm today. 

3393
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:55,200
No wind disturbs. 
The surface. 

3394
03:03:55,200 --> 03:03:58,000
You remain on the stairs for an 
hour simply watching. 

3395
03:03:59,400 --> 03:04:02,600
This kind of unstructured. 
Time is rare in your life, you 

3396
03:04:02,600 --> 03:04:06,700
have no plans, no obligations, 
no one expects anything from 

3397
03:04:06,700 --> 03:04:09,100
you. 
The freedom is both Pleasant and

3398
03:04:09,100 --> 03:04:11,900
slightly uncomfortable. 
You're a custom to have your 

3399
03:04:11,900 --> 03:04:15,200
hours defined by work. 
Eventually hunger drives you to 

3400
03:04:15,200 --> 03:04:17,200
move. 
You walk to a bakery that opens 

3401
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:19,700
on Sunday mornings. 
The shop is small and the 

3402
03:04:19,700 --> 03:04:21,700
selection is limited, but the 
bread is fresh. 

3403
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:25,100
You buy a loaf and eat it. 
While walking, the crust is 

3404
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:28,700
crisp and the inside is soft and
still warm from the oven you 

3405
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:31,500
wander through neighborhoods. 
You do not normally visit the 

3406
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:34,000
streets are similar to your own,
but different in small ways. 

3407
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:38,300
To shops different churches, 
different phases in the windows,

3408
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:42,200
London is vast even limiting 
yourself to the docklands. 

3409
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:44,000
You could walk for hours and 
never cover. 

3410
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:46,300
All the streets and allies by 
midday. 

3411
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:49,500
You find yourself near Shadwell.
This area is rougher than 

3412
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:51,500
whopping. 
The building's are older and 

3413
03:04:51,500 --> 03:04:53,900
more decrepit. 
The people look harder. 

3414
03:04:53,900 --> 03:04:57,400
You do not feel unsafe exactly, 
but you are aware of being 

3415
03:04:57,400 --> 03:05:01,100
outside your familiar territory.
Turn back toward more known 

3416
03:05:01,100 --> 03:05:03,400
streets. 
A group of children, play some 

3417
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:06,600
game involving a ball and 
sticks, they run and Shout with 

3418
03:05:06,600 --> 03:05:09,700
Boundless Energy. 
That laughter is pure and 

3419
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:12,100
unselfconscious. 
You watch them for a moment, 

3420
03:05:12,108 --> 03:05:15,800
remembering your own childhood. 
Those years seemed impossibly 

3421
03:05:15,800 --> 03:05:17,900
distant. 
Now, you are a different person 

3422
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:21,500
then. 
The afternoon passes in gentle 

3423
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:24,600
wandering, you stop at a 
churchyard and sit on a bench 

3424
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:29,000
among the gravestones the dead. 
Rest Beneath Your Feet, their 

3425
03:05:29,000 --> 03:05:33,300
Stones record brief facts names 
and dates occasionally, a 

3426
03:05:33,300 --> 03:05:36,700
professional or an achievement 
most athered and hard to read 

3427
03:05:36,700 --> 03:05:39,900
time erases. 
Everything of eventually you 

3428
03:05:39,900 --> 03:05:41,300
think about your own eventual 
death? 

3429
03:05:41,300 --> 03:05:44,000
It will come someday. 
Perhaps in many years. 

3430
03:05:44,000 --> 03:05:48,200
Perhaps tomorrow. 
Dock work is dangerous accidents

3431
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:50,700
happen. 
You try not to dwell on this but

3432
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:52,500
it is impossible to ignore 
completely. 

3433
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:57,400
Life feels fragile in moments 
like this, the sun begins its 

3434
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,500
descent toward evening, you rise
from the bench and make your way

3435
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:03,900
home the streets of busier. 
Now church services of ended 

3436
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:06,400
families. 
Walk together children, run 

3437
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,000
ahead of parents the 
neighborhood returns to its 

3438
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:11,300
normal animation. 
You spend the evening in your 

3439
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:12,900
room. 
You have a book that you read 

3440
03:06:12,900 --> 03:06:16,700
occasionally The pages are worn 
and The Binding is loose, but 

3441
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:20,300
the story still hold interest. 
Tonight, you read about travels 

3442
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:23,200
in foreign lands, the 
descriptions transport you 

3443
03:06:23,200 --> 03:06:25,400
temporarily from your small room
to places. 

3444
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:28,900
You will never actually visit 
Darkness Falls and you light 

3445
03:06:28,900 --> 03:06:32,000
your candle. 
Flame creates Shadows that dance

3446
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,600
on the walls. 
You can continue reading until 

3447
03:06:34,600 --> 03:06:38,300
your eyes, grow tired, then you 
mark your place and set the book

3448
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:40,700
aside. 
Tomorrow begins another week. 

3449
03:06:40,700 --> 03:06:43,700
The pattern will resume. 
You are ready for it. 

3450
03:06:44,400 --> 03:06:48,500
Autumn deepens as weaks pass the
air grows colder mornings 

3451
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:51,600
require thicker clothing? 
Your breath becomes visible. 

3452
03:06:51,600 --> 03:06:55,700
When you step outside the change
happens gradually but inevitably

3453
03:06:55,700 --> 03:06:59,100
Summer is gone. 
Winter, approaches the river 

3454
03:06:59,100 --> 03:07:02,300
changes with the seasons. 
Autumn brings higher tides and 

3455
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:04,700
stronger. 
Currents ships must be more 

3456
03:07:04,700 --> 03:07:07,100
carefully. 
Moored cargo must be protected 

3457
03:07:07,100 --> 03:07:09,900
from increasing rain. 
The work adjusts to accommodate 

3458
03:07:09,900 --> 03:07:12,700
these conditions. 
You wear an oil skin coat during

3459
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:16,300
wet weather, your fingers grow 
numb, but you keep working trade

3460
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:19,200
patterns shift with the calendar
ships that carried summer 

3461
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:21,300
fruits, and perishables. 
Now, bring preserved Goods, 

3462
03:07:21,300 --> 03:07:25,700
barrels of salted fish, crates 
of dried fruit sacks of grain, 

3463
03:07:25,700 --> 03:07:29,200
the cargo reflects what can 
survive long, ocean voyages, and

3464
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:31,300
Colder Weather. 
You notice the merchants 

3465
03:07:31,300 --> 03:07:34,800
changing their focus. 
Winter is coming demand for coal

3466
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:38,000
increases ships are from 
Newcastle, loaded with black 

3467
03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:41,000
fuel, the unloading of coal is 
brutal work. 

3468
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:44,900
The dust gets everywhere. 
Your skin turns gray your lungs 

3469
03:07:44,900 --> 03:07:47,200
feel heavy, but the pay is 
slightly higher. 

3470
03:07:47,200 --> 03:07:49,500
This makes the discomfort 
acceptable. 

3471
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:53,300
One morning, you arrive at the 
Docks to find ice forming along 

3472
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:56,900
the river edges, thin sheets 
that crack under the slightest 

3473
03:07:56,900 --> 03:07:59,400
pressure. 
The ice is beautiful in its way,

3474
03:07:59,400 --> 03:08:03,700
it catches the early light and 
sparkles, but it also signals 

3475
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,100
harder times ahead. 
Severe Winters can freeze the 

3476
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:10,200
Thames solid when that happens. 
Work stops completely. 

3477
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:14,700
Form an assigns you to a crew 
loading Timber onto a ship Bound

3478
03:08:14,700 --> 03:08:17,500
for Portugal. 
The wood comes from forest far 

3479
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:19,800
to the North. 
It has traveled by river and 

3480
03:08:19,800 --> 03:08:23,100
Canal to reach London. 
Now it will cross the ocean to 

3481
03:08:23,100 --> 03:08:25,800
build houses or ships or 
Furniture in warmer climates. 

3482
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:29,400
You find this movement of 
materials endlessly fascinating.

3483
03:08:30,200 --> 03:08:33,100
The timber is heavy and awkward 
to handle each plank. 

3484
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:35,800
Must be carried by two men, you 
walk in careful. 

3485
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:38,900
Synchronization with your 
partner, the wood presses into 

3486
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:41,500
your shoulder Splinter's. 
Catch in your clothes. 

3487
03:08:41,500 --> 03:08:44,900
By the end of the day, you will 
be covered in sawdust and tree 

3488
03:08:44,900 --> 03:08:46,900
sap. 
The work continues through 

3489
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:50,900
November and into December days.
Grocery shorter, you arrive at 

3490
03:08:50,908 --> 03:08:54,200
the docks in darkness and 
leaving Darkness the middle 

3491
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:56,200
hours of daylight to consumed by
labor. 

3492
03:08:56,200 --> 03:09:00,300
You rarely see the son except on
Sundays winter brings different 

3493
03:09:00,300 --> 03:09:04,800
challenges, cold makes fingers 
clumsy ropes become stiff, and 

3494
03:09:04,800 --> 03:09:08,600
difficult to handle metal tools 
feel like ice against bear skin.

3495
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:12,100
You learn to work wearing gloves
despite the gloss of dexterity 

3496
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:16,100
Frostbite is a real danger. 
The neighborhood takes on a 

3497
03:09:16,100 --> 03:09:19,100
different character in Winter 
smoke, from countless fires, 

3498
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:21,500
fills the air, the smell of 
burning. 

3499
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:26,400
Coal becomes constant Windows 
Frost over at night water in 

3500
03:09:26,400 --> 03:09:29,200
basins freezes. 
You wake some mornings to find 

3501
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:32,900
ice, formed on the inside of 
your window, food changes with 

3502
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:36,300
the season, fresh vegetables, 
disappear meals, consist of 

3503
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:39,400
bread and preserved, meats and 
root vegetables, stored from the

3504
03:09:39,400 --> 03:09:42,700
Harvest. 
The monotony becomes wearing you

3505
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:45,900
dream, sometimes of Summer, 
fruits, apples and cherries and 

3506
03:09:45,900 --> 03:09:48,600
strawberries. 
These fantasies are pointless, 

3507
03:09:48,600 --> 03:09:51,100
but persistent Christmas 
approaches. 

3508
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:53,000
The docks will close for a few 
days. 

3509
03:09:53,000 --> 03:09:55,900
This annual pause is both 
welcome and worrying. 

3510
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:58,200
Welcome? 
Because your body desperately 

3511
03:09:58,200 --> 03:10:01,400
needs rest. 
Worrying because the lost wages,

3512
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:04,000
create hardship. 
You have saved a small amount 

3513
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:07,000
but it will not last long. 
The neighborhood prepares for 

3514
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:10,500
the Holiday, Inn modest ways, 
some houses, display Greenery in

3515
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,100
Windows, a few shops, offer 
special Goods. 

3516
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:17,100
The general atmosphere becomes 
slightly more cheerful people 

3517
03:10:17,100 --> 03:10:20,500
exchanged, greetings more 
freely, The hardness of daily 

3518
03:10:20,500 --> 03:10:21,100
life. 
Softens. 

3519
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:23,500
Just a bit. 
You receive your last wages 

3520
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:26,100
before the holiday. 
The foreman, wishes everyone. 

3521
03:10:26,100 --> 03:10:28,800
Well you thank him and head 
towards the shops. 

3522
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:30,900
You need to purchase supplies to
carry you. 

3523
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:34,300
Through the idle days. 
Bread cheese, a small piece of 

3524
03:10:34,308 --> 03:10:37,200
salted. 
Pork candles the coins 

3525
03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:39,600
disappear. 
Quickly on Christmas Eve, the 

3526
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:42,100
taverns are packed. 
You stop at the Prospect and 

3527
03:10:42,100 --> 03:10:43,800
find barely enough. 
Room to stand. 

3528
03:10:43,800 --> 03:10:47,500
The noise is tremendous, 
everyone talks and laughs at 

3529
03:10:47,500 --> 03:10:49,300
once. 
The bar keeps struggles to keep 

3530
03:10:49,308 --> 03:10:51,600
up with orders. 
You drink your rail quickly, and

3531
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:54,000
leave. 
The crowd is too much after a 

3532
03:10:54,000 --> 03:10:57,300
long day. 
Outside snow begins to fall 

3533
03:10:57,300 --> 03:11:00,000
small flakes, drift down through
the darkness. 

3534
03:11:00,000 --> 03:11:02,700
They melt when they hit the 
ground, but keep coming. 

3535
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:06,500
By morning, there might be 
accumulation, the prospect of a 

3536
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:08,600
white Christmas. 
Pleases you in some Childish 

3537
03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:12,500
way, you cannot quite explain. 
The Climb to your room and watch

3538
03:11:12,500 --> 03:11:16,000
the snow through your window. 
The flakes swirl and dance in 

3539
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:19,200
the Lamplight from the street. 
The scene has a magical quality 

3540
03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:22,300
that makes you forget briefly 
about cold and work and worry. 

3541
03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:27,300
You stand there for a long time,
simply observing January brings,

3542
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:31,600
the hardest cold, the temps 
freezes in places ice forms, 

3543
03:11:31,600 --> 03:11:34,300
along the shores and extends 
toward the center of the river. 

3544
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:38,900
Ships, become trapped captains. 
Wait, anxiously for a Thor that 

3545
03:11:38,900 --> 03:11:42,600
allows them to move the entire 
Port slows to a fraction of its 

3546
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:46,700
normal activity. 
Work becomes scarce, the foreman

3547
03:11:46,700 --> 03:11:50,300
has less to assign each day. 
Some mornings, you're not chosen

3548
03:11:50,300 --> 03:11:53,800
you return to your room and try 
to make your saved coins last. 

3549
03:11:53,800 --> 03:11:58,200
These idle days are frustrating,
your body wants activity, your 

3550
03:11:58,200 --> 03:12:01,900
mind needs occupation, Sitting 
in a cold room with nothing to 

3551
03:12:01,900 --> 03:12:03,500
do breeds dark. 
Thoughts. 

3552
03:12:04,200 --> 03:12:05,800
You walk the neighborhood to 
pass time. 

3553
03:12:05,800 --> 03:12:08,100
Other unemployed workers do the 
same. 

3554
03:12:08,108 --> 03:12:10,900
You see the same faces day after
day. 

3555
03:12:10,900 --> 03:12:15,100
No one speaks much. 
What is there to say Everyone 

3556
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:18,600
faces the same situation 
complaining so serves no 

3557
03:12:18,600 --> 03:12:21,200
purpose. 
The cold penetrate, everything 

3558
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:23,100
your room. 
Never feels warm. 

3559
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:25,000
Despite the small fire. 
You allow yourself. 

3560
03:12:25,000 --> 03:12:28,300
You are all your clothes at. 
Once you sleep under every 

3561
03:12:28,300 --> 03:12:32,400
blanket, you own Still the chill
finds waste through you. 

3562
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:35,300
Notice people, beginning to 
look, thinner meals, become 

3563
03:12:35,300 --> 03:12:39,000
smaller, the pinch of winter. 
Hunger sets in you reduce your 

3564
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:40,800
own food consumption to make 
supplies. 

3565
03:12:40,800 --> 03:12:44,700
Last, a heel of bread for 
breakfast week, soup for dinner.

3566
03:12:44,700 --> 03:12:48,500
Nothing else your stomach 
complains but you ignore it. 

3567
03:12:49,200 --> 03:12:51,100
Some relief comes from 
unexpected sources. 

3568
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:54,800
A church opens its doors to 
provide warm space during 

3569
03:12:54,800 --> 03:12:57,500
daylight hours. 
You go there, not for religion, 

3570
03:12:57,500 --> 03:13:01,200
but for heat, You sit in a Pew 
and let your body absorb warmth 

3571
03:13:01,200 --> 03:13:04,500
from are heated by the mass of 
other bodies, no one bothers 

3572
03:13:04,500 --> 03:13:06,400
you. 
The church asks nothing in 

3573
03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:08,700
return. 
For this shelter, a merchant 

3574
03:13:08,700 --> 03:13:10,500
unexpectedly higher workers to 
clear. 

3575
03:13:10,500 --> 03:13:13,100
Snow, from his Warehouse roof, 
you are selected. 

3576
03:13:13,100 --> 03:13:17,100
The work is cold and dangerous, 
but you are grateful for it, the

3577
03:13:17,100 --> 03:13:20,600
wages by food and fuel. 
That night, you eat a proper 

3578
03:13:20,600 --> 03:13:22,400
meal and sleep beside a decent 
fire. 

3579
03:13:22,400 --> 03:13:26,900
These simple Comforts feel like 
luxury February arrives with 

3580
03:13:26,900 --> 03:13:29,800
slightly longer days. 
Sun shows itself. 

3581
03:13:29,800 --> 03:13:34,100
More often you feel your spirits
lift incrementally The worst of 

3582
03:13:34,100 --> 03:13:38,000
winter may be passed, this hope 
is fragile, but real, you hold 

3583
03:13:38,000 --> 03:13:41,000
on to it, the ice on the Thames 
begins to break up. 

3584
03:13:41,000 --> 03:13:44,800
You watch from the Waterfront as
huge chunks float, Downstream 

3585
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:47,900
the sound of grinding, ice 
carries across the water. 

3586
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:50,800
Ships. 
Prepare to move again the port 

3587
03:13:50,800 --> 03:13:55,200
is waking from its frozen sleep.
Work resumes, gradually first 

3588
03:13:55,200 --> 03:13:57,800
day here in there. 
Then several days in a row. 

3589
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:00,300
Finally, the full Rhythm 
returns. 

3590
03:14:00,300 --> 03:14:02,900
You fall back into the pattern 
with relief. 

3591
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:06,000
The predictable exhaustion of 
Labor is preferable to the 

3592
03:14:06,008 --> 03:14:09,500
uncertain anxiety of idleness. 
Spring approaches slowly. 

3593
03:14:10,300 --> 03:14:13,600
You see the first signs in late 
March buds on trees? 

3594
03:14:13,600 --> 03:14:17,900
Earlier sunrises, a gentleness 
in the air that promises warmth 

3595
03:14:17,900 --> 03:14:21,400
to come these changes register 
in your body as much as your 

3596
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:24,100
mind. 
You feel stronger, more hopeful 

3597
03:14:24,100 --> 03:14:28,600
ready for the years renewal. 
The docs return to full activity

3598
03:14:28,600 --> 03:14:30,900
ships that were delayed by 
winter weather. 

3599
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:34,300
Now arrived in clusters, the 
Wolves overflow with cargo. 

3600
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:36,300
You work long hours to handle 
the backlog. 

3601
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:39,600
The extra wages are welcome. 
You can rebuild your depleted 

3602
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:42,700
savings. 
One morning, you notice flowers,

3603
03:14:42,700 --> 03:14:46,300
blooming in a window box yellow 
and purple, write against the 

3604
03:14:46,300 --> 03:14:49,400
grace of the building. 
The site stops you for a moment.

3605
03:14:49,408 --> 03:14:52,600
Beauty is rare enough in the 
docklands, that it deserves 

3606
03:14:52,600 --> 03:14:55,700
acknowledgment, you can continue
walking that the image stays 

3607
03:14:55,700 --> 03:14:58,500
with you through the day. 
Life, settles back into its 

3608
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:03,100
established pattern work, six 
days, rest, 1 day, earn wages, 

3609
03:15:03,100 --> 03:15:06,000
spend them on Necessities, 
repeat endlessly. 

3610
03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:08,900
The cycle is neither good nor 
bad. 

3611
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:14,000
Simply is you have made peace 
with this reality summer returns

3612
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:16,200
and with it. 
The full intensity of Doc work 

3613
03:15:16,200 --> 03:15:20,500
long, hot days ships arriving 
from every direction. 

3614
03:15:21,400 --> 03:15:24,200
Cargo that must be moved 
regardless of heat or humidity. 

3615
03:15:24,200 --> 03:15:28,300
You sweat through your clothes 
before mid-morning by evening 

3616
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:30,800
you are coated in dust and grime
and salt. 

3617
03:15:31,500 --> 03:15:32,900
The river smells stronger in 
summer. 

3618
03:15:32,900 --> 03:15:36,600
Low, tides expose, more mud, the
organic decay of marine life 

3619
03:15:36,600 --> 03:15:39,400
perfumes, the air. 
You have grown so accustomed to 

3620
03:15:39,408 --> 03:15:41,100
this scent. 
That you barely notice it. 

3621
03:15:41,100 --> 03:15:44,500
Visitors to the docklands. 
Often comment on the smell. 

3622
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:47,000
You wonder what they find. 
So remarkable. 

3623
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:50,800
Trade booms during the warm 
months, the colonies, send their

3624
03:15:50,800 --> 03:15:55,500
harvests sugar and tobacco and 
cotton rice and indigo mahogany.

3625
03:15:55,500 --> 03:15:59,000
And other exotic Woods ships 
returned to the Caribbean or the

3626
03:15:59,008 --> 03:16:02,100
Americas loaded with 
manufactured goods, cloth and 

3627
03:16:02,100 --> 03:16:04,600
tools. 
And Ceramics, The Exchange never

3628
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:06,500
stops. 
You have been working the docks 

3629
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,600
for years now, the labor has 
shaped your body, your shoulders

3630
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:12,800
abroad from carrying your back 
is strong from lifting. 

3631
03:16:12,800 --> 03:16:15,100
Your hands are calloused and 
scarred. 

3632
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:19,100
These physical changes are 
Badges of your trade, you wear 

3633
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:22,100
them without shame. 
One after noon, a young man 

3634
03:16:22,100 --> 03:16:24,800
appears among the workers 
seeking employment, he is 

3635
03:16:24,800 --> 03:16:27,800
perhaps 16. 
His clothes are too clean. 

3636
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:32,200
His hands are soft, he looks 
frightened and determined in 

3637
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:34,400
equal measure. 
You remember being that young 

3638
03:16:34,400 --> 03:16:36,900
man once the memory is distant, 
but clear. 

3639
03:16:37,800 --> 03:16:40,800
The foreman assigns, the boy to 
work with your crew, you show 

3640
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:44,400
him how to roll a barrel how to 
read markings how to move heavy.

3641
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:49,000
Loads safely, he learns quickly 
By the end of the day, he is 

3642
03:16:49,000 --> 03:16:50,700
exhausted at his earned his 
wages. 

3643
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,600
You feel an unexpected pride in 
his success. 

3644
03:16:53,600 --> 03:16:59,100
The seasons turn Autumn arrives.
Again, the cycle continues, we 

3645
03:16:59,100 --> 03:17:02,000
Mark Time by The Changing 
quality of light and the types 

3646
03:17:02,000 --> 03:17:03,700
of cargo moving through the 
port. 

3647
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:07,300
This is your calendar. 
It needs no written dates or 

3648
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:10,800
official months one Sunday. 
You return to the stairs where 

3649
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:13,400
you sat a year ago, the tide is 
lower again. 

3650
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:16,600
The same mud flats are exposed 
gulls. 

3651
03:17:16,600 --> 03:17:19,900
Still search for food ships, 
still rested, odd angles on the 

3652
03:17:19,900 --> 03:17:22,300
riverbed. 
Nothing has changed, and 

3653
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:25,600
everything has changed you. 
Think about the year that has 

3654
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:30,600
passed the work performed, the 
wages earned and spent the small

3655
03:17:30,600 --> 03:17:34,100
moments of pleasure, and long 
stretches of simple endurance. 

3656
03:17:34,100 --> 03:17:36,900
What does it all amount to you 
have? 

3657
03:17:36,900 --> 03:17:40,000
No answers. 
There is no answer, but sitting 

3658
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,100
here in Autumn sunlight 
watching. 

3659
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:45,400
The river flow towards the sea. 
You feel something close to 

3660
03:17:45,400 --> 03:17:48,600
contentment. 
Your life is modest but it is 

3661
03:17:48,600 --> 03:17:51,200
yours. 
You have work, you have shelter,

3662
03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:53,100
you have enough to eat most 
days. 

3663
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:57,100
These things are not guaranteed 
to everyone, you're fortunate in

3664
03:17:57,100 --> 03:18:00,900
your way. 
The tide begins to turn water. 

3665
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:03,900
Creeps back up. 
The mud flats ships, start to 

3666
03:18:03,900 --> 03:18:08,300
float the river fills and Rises 
this transformation happens 

3667
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:10,700
twice every day. 
It will continue happening. 

3668
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,500
Long, after your gone, the 
thought is both humbling. 

3669
03:18:13,500 --> 03:18:16,500
And strangely comforting you 
rise from the stairs. 

3670
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:18,700
And begin walking home. 
The Familiar streets. 

3671
03:18:18,700 --> 03:18:21,600
Receive you Windows glow with 
lamp light. 

3672
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:25,300
As evening, approaches smoke, 
rises from chimneys, the 

3673
03:18:25,300 --> 03:18:27,700
neighborhood, settles into its 
evening routines. 

3674
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:31,000
You are part of this place? 
It is part of you. 

3675
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:35,000
Your room Waits above the 
Chandler shop, the bed, with its

3676
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:38,300
tobacco centered blanket. 
The table with its candle and 

3677
03:18:38,300 --> 03:18:41,200
few possessions the window 
looking out over the street. 

3678
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:45,200
This small space has sheltered 
you through seasons and years. 

3679
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:48,500
It is enough. 
You like the candle and sit for 

3680
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:49,900
a while. 
Thinking about nothing in 

3681
03:18:49,900 --> 03:18:52,300
particular. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

3682
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:55,200
of work. 
Ship's will arrive, cargo will 

3683
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:57,400
be moved. 
The docks will hum with 

3684
03:18:57,400 --> 03:18:59,100
activity. 
You will be there. 

3685
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,700
Doing your part, earning your 
keep living your life. 

3686
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:06,900
The candle flame flickers 
Shadows, move on the walls 

3687
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:09,400
outside the sounds of the 
neighborhood. 

3688
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:14,300
Continued footsteps voices, 
Distant Bells, The Creeks of 

3689
03:19:14,308 --> 03:19:16,700
ships, the Eternal presence of 
the river. 

3690
03:19:16,700 --> 03:19:19,800
These sounds form, the backdrop 
of your existence. 

3691
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:23,000
They are as familiar as your own
breathing, you blow out the 

3692
03:19:23,008 --> 03:19:27,100
candle and settle into bed. 
Darkness fills the room, your 

3693
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:31,800
body relaxes muscle by muscle. 
The day releases its hold sleep 

3694
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:35,200
approaches with gentle 
inevitability tomorrow Waits. 

3695
03:19:35,200 --> 03:19:38,800
But for now, there is only this 
moment, this breath, this 

3696
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:42,100
heartbeat, this simple piece at 
the end of another day. 

3697
03:19:42,100 --> 03:19:45,200
In London's docklands, the tide 
turns again Somewhere in the 

3698
03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:48,700
Night water rises and Falls. 
According to ancient rhythms, 

3699
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:52,000
the moon pulls at the ocean. 
The ocean pushes at the river, 

3700
03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:55,500
the river flows, past your 
window, while you sleep and in 

3701
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:59,400
the morning, when light returns 
everything will Begin Again, the

3702
03:19:59,400 --> 03:20:03,300
work the wages, the endless 
cycle of Commerce and survival, 

3703
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:06,600
this is your life. 
This has always been your life. 

3704
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:09,900
And for now in this moment 
before sleep claims, you 

3705
03:20:09,900 --> 03:20:20,400
completely that is enough 
Imagine nothing not Darkness 

3706
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:24,400
Darkness requires something to 
be dark, not silent. 

3707
03:20:24,400 --> 03:20:30,100
Silence require space for sound 
to not fill just Nothing. 

3708
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:35,700
And then approximately 4.6 
billion years ago, in a rather 

3709
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:38,800
ordinary corner of an 
unremarkable Galaxy a cloud of 

3710
03:20:38,808 --> 03:20:41,500
dust and gas decided to do 
something interesting. 

3711
03:20:41,500 --> 03:20:45,300
This wasn't a dramatic moment 
with Cosmic fireworks and 

3712
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:48,900
Celestial Fanfare. 
It was more like watching cream 

3713
03:20:48,900 --> 03:20:53,000
slowly swirl into coffee except 
the coffee was hydrogen and 

3714
03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:55,800
helium. 
The cream was various elements 

3715
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:59,700
forged in the bellies of dead 
stars and the whole thing was 

3716
03:20:59,700 --> 03:21:02,300
happening in the absolute zero 
of space. 

3717
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:07,200
Cloud began to collapse under 
its own gravity, spinning faster

3718
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:10,600
as it contracted the way an ice 
skater spins faster. 

3719
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:13,800
When pulling in their arms at 
the center of this spinning. 

3720
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:17,800
Cloud material, accumulated and 
compressed until the pressure, 

3721
03:21:17,800 --> 03:21:21,300
and temperature became so 
intense that hydrogen atoms 

3722
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:25,800
began fusing into helium. 
Hassan flickered to life. 

3723
03:21:26,500 --> 03:21:30,200
Not with a bang but with a 
gradual brightening like someone

3724
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:32,600
slowly turning up. 
A dimmer switch over the course 

3725
03:21:32,600 --> 03:21:36,100
of several million years around 
this newborn star. 

3726
03:21:36,100 --> 03:21:38,700
The remaining dust and gas 
continued to orbit. 

3727
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:42,600
Occasionally bumping into other 
particles sticking together 

3728
03:21:42,600 --> 03:21:45,200
through simple physics and 
patient accumulation. 

3729
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:50,200
These Cosmic dust bunnies grew 
larger their gravity pulling in 

3730
03:21:50,200 --> 03:21:53,400
a more material creating bodies 
that would eventually become 

3731
03:21:53,400 --> 03:21:56,400
planets. 
This process was less like 

3732
03:21:56,400 --> 03:22:01,300
construction and more like, very
slow, very violent pottery. 

3733
03:22:02,000 --> 03:22:06,300
With collisions serving as The 
Potters wheel about 4.54 billion

3734
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:09,000
years ago. 
Give or take 50 million years 

3735
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:12,400
because geological dating isn't 
an exact science at these 

3736
03:22:12,400 --> 03:22:15,300
scales. 
One of these protoplanets had 

3737
03:22:15,300 --> 03:22:17,300
grown large enough to Warrant 
its own name. 

3738
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:20,500
We call it Earth though. 
It bore absolutely, no 

3739
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:22,600
resemblance to the planet you're
sitting on right now. 

3740
03:22:23,700 --> 03:22:25,900
Imagine taking everything lovely
about Earth. 

3741
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:29,400
The blue Ocean's, green forests,
and breathable atmosphere. 

3742
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,200
And replacing it with a ball of 
molten rocks spinning through 

3743
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:36,500
the void like an angry Ember, 
the young Earth was hot. 

3744
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:42,400
Not summer off to noon, hot, not
even surface of the Sun hot, but

3745
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:45,100
hot enough to melt rock, which 
is saying something. 

3746
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:49,000
Surface was covered in magma 
Ocean's. 

3747
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:53,100
Vast expanses of liquid rock. 
That glowed, red and orange. 

3748
03:22:53,100 --> 03:22:56,300
Like some hellish lava lamp 
stretching from Horizon to 

3749
03:22:56,300 --> 03:22:59,500
Horizon. 
The atmosphere such as it was 

3750
03:22:59,500 --> 03:23:03,300
consisted primarily of 
vaporized, rock some hydrogen 

3751
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:05,700
and various gases. 
That would have been immediately

3752
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:09,900
fatal to any living thing. 
Had any living things existed to

3753
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:12,600
be killed by them. 
This was a period of intense 

3754
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:16,600
bombardment when asteroids and 
comets pelted, the young planet 

3755
03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:21,300
with the regularity of rain, 
each impact added Mass heat and 

3756
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:23,900
occasionally interesting new 
chemical compounds. 

3757
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:28,000
The larger impacts were 
spectacular events that would 

3758
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:31,500
have vaporized entire ocean. 
If ocean had existed, 

3759
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,600
Fortunately, no one was around 
to worry about property values. 

3760
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:39,000
Then roughly 4.5 billion years 
ago. 

3761
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:43,500
Something significant happened. 
Another protoplanet about the 

3762
03:23:43,500 --> 03:23:46,900
size of Mars was traveling on an
orbital path that intersected 

3763
03:23:46,900 --> 03:23:49,400
with Earth's. 
The Collision that followed was 

3764
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:52,400
by any measure the most 
important traffic accident in 

3765
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:56,400
planetary history. the impact 
was so catastrophic that it 

3766
03:23:56,400 --> 03:24:00,000
vaporized the impactor and 
ejected enormous amounts of 

3767
03:24:00,008 --> 03:24:03,600
material, from both bodies in to
orbit, around Earth, this 

3768
03:24:03,600 --> 03:24:06,900
debris, ring spinning around the
traumatized Planet gradually 

3769
03:24:06,900 --> 03:24:10,100
coalesced into our moon Over 
millions of years. 

3770
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:12,900
Countless particles came 
together through the same 

3771
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:16,300
patient gravitational processes 
that had formed Earth itself. 

3772
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:20,000
Creating a companion that would 
profoundly influence life on 

3773
03:24:20,008 --> 03:24:22,400
Earth in ways. 
Neither body could have 

3774
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:26,800
anticipated the moon's formation
had another crucial effect, it 

3775
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:31,100
stabilized, earth rotation, 
Without this Celestial companion

3776
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:34,200
earthward wobble chaotically on 
its axis. 

3777
03:24:34,200 --> 03:24:37,900
Like a spinning, top losing 
momentum, making consistent, 

3778
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:39,700
climate patterns, nearly 
impossible. 

3779
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:43,100
The moon through its 
gravitational influence, gave 

3780
03:24:43,100 --> 03:24:45,600
her the steady rotation that 
would eventually allow for 

3781
03:24:45,600 --> 03:24:49,200
predictable seasons though it 
would be billions of years 

3782
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:53,100
before anything existed to 
appreciate spring or Autumn has 

3783
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:56,000
the bombardment gradually 
decreased and the surface began 

3784
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:59,300
to cool the character of earth 
started to change. 

3785
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:04,300
Instead of a uniforms fear of 
molten rock differentiation 

3786
03:25:04,300 --> 03:25:07,900
began to occur. 
Heavier elements like iron and 

3787
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:12,400
nickel sank toward the center 
creating Earth's dents core. 

3788
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:15,500
Lighter materials Rose towards 
the surface. 

3789
03:25:15,500 --> 03:25:19,100
Forming the beginning of what 
would eventually become the 

3790
03:25:19,100 --> 03:25:22,200
crossed. 
It was like watching a cosmic 

3791
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:26,600
separation similar to oil and 
vinegar settling in salad 

3792
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:29,700
dressing except on a planetary 
scale and over millions of 

3793
03:25:29,700 --> 03:25:32,400
years. 
The cooling continued the 

3794
03:25:32,400 --> 03:25:35,000
cooling is relative when 
discussing something that starts

3795
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:38,300
as molten rock. 
The surface temperature dropped 

3796
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:41,300
below the melting point of 
various minerals, allowing the 

3797
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:46,600
first solid crust to form. 
This crust was thin unstable and

3798
03:25:46,600 --> 03:25:49,400
constantly recycled by the 
convection currents in the 

3799
03:25:49,400 --> 03:25:51,900
mantle below. 
But it represented something, 

3800
03:25:51,900 --> 03:25:56,500
genuinely new Solid Ground. 
Yet the planet remained 

3801
03:25:56,500 --> 03:26:00,700
profoundly inhospitable, The 
atmosphere was thick with carbon

3802
03:26:00,700 --> 03:26:04,800
dioxide and water vapor creating
a greenhouse effect that kept 

3803
03:26:04,800 --> 03:26:07,100
surface temperatures at levels. 
That would have felt 

3804
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:09,700
comfortable. 
Only to the molten rock that 

3805
03:26:09,700 --> 03:26:12,300
still occasionally breached the 
surface through volcanic 

3806
03:26:12,300 --> 03:26:16,500
activity, Lightning storms of 
incredible violence. 

3807
03:26:16,500 --> 03:26:20,400
Split the sky caused by the 
interaction of volcanic, gases 

3808
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:24,900
and Atmospheric turbulence. 
The landscape was Barron dark 

3809
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:28,000
and dotted with active 
volcanoes, that regularly 

3810
03:26:28,000 --> 03:26:30,800
resurfaced, the thin crossed 
with fresh lava. 

3811
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:33,400
But within this violence, 
something remarkable was 

3812
03:26:33,400 --> 03:26:36,700
occurring, the volcanic activity
that made the surface. 

3813
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:40,200
So hostile was also releasing 
water vapor that had been locked

3814
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:43,700
in the planets, interior. 
This water vapor Rose into the 

3815
03:26:43,708 --> 03:26:46,500
atmosphere, gradually 
accumulating until the 

3816
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:50,400
atmosphere became saturated with
it, like a sponge that can hold 

3817
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:53,400
no more liquid. 
The stage was being set for the 

3818
03:26:53,400 --> 03:26:56,200
next great transformation 
though, it would require 

3819
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,100
patience. 
The kind of patients, that only 

3820
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:02,500
geology possesses picture. 
The moment when Earth's 

3821
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:05,100
atmosphere, finally cooled 
enough for something magical to 

3822
03:27:05,100 --> 03:27:07,900
happen. 
After millions of years of 

3823
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:11,300
accumulation, the water vapor in
the atmosphere, reached a 

3824
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:14,300
critical threshold. 
For the first time in planetary 

3825
03:27:14,300 --> 03:27:17,600
history, the surface temperature
dropped below the boiling point 

3826
03:27:17,600 --> 03:27:19,200
of water at atmospheric 
pressure. 

3827
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:23,100
What happened? 
Next was quite literally, the 

3828
03:27:23,100 --> 03:27:27,000
longest range storm in Earth's 
history, it rained, and it 

3829
03:27:27,000 --> 03:27:30,700
rained, and it rained some more,
this wasn't a spring shower, or 

3830
03:27:30,708 --> 03:27:34,300
even a monsoon season. 
This was a reign of event that 

3831
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:38,000
lasted and here's where geology 
sentence of time becomes almost 

3832
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:41,000
comical. 
Possibly thousands of years. 

3833
03:27:42,100 --> 03:27:44,800
Imagine setting your watch for 
the beginning of recorded human 

3834
03:27:44,800 --> 03:27:47,400
history and watching it rain 
constantly until today. 

3835
03:27:47,400 --> 03:27:49,800
That gives you a sense of the 
scale. 

3836
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:52,400
We're discussing. 
The water fell on rocks. 

3837
03:27:52,400 --> 03:27:55,400
So hot in instantly vaporize 
shooting back into the 

3838
03:27:55,400 --> 03:27:58,500
atmosphere as Steam. 
But each time this happened, the

3839
03:27:58,500 --> 03:28:02,800
rock called slightly Eventually 
after countless cycles of rain 

3840
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:06,800
evaporation and more rain the 
surface temperature dropped 

3841
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:08,200
enough for water to remain 
liquid. 

3842
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:13,400
The first puddles formed, then 
pools, then seize and finally 

3843
03:28:13,400 --> 03:28:16,500
vast oceans that covered much of
the planet's surface. 

3844
03:28:16,500 --> 03:28:20,300
These early oceans were nothing 
like the sparkling Blue Waters. 

3845
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:23,000
You might visit on vacation, 
they were hot. 

3846
03:28:23,700 --> 03:28:25,300
Perhaps close to the boiling 
point. 

3847
03:28:25,300 --> 03:28:29,600
In many places, they were acidic
and rich in dissolved minerals 

3848
03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:31,700
and gases from volcanic 
activity. 

3849
03:28:32,800 --> 03:28:35,900
The water was likely greenish 
brown or Gray colored by 

3850
03:28:35,908 --> 03:28:40,400
dissolved iron and other metals.
If you could somehow have stood 

3851
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,700
on the shore of this primordial 
ocean, he would have seen a 

3852
03:28:43,700 --> 03:28:45,800
scene from a science fiction 
nightmare. 

3853
03:28:46,800 --> 03:28:50,600
Deeming water's under a thick 
orange, gray atmosphere with 

3854
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:54,300
volcanic islands, dotting The 
Horizon, and lightning 

3855
03:28:54,300 --> 03:28:56,500
constantly, Illuminating the 
clouds. 

3856
03:28:56,500 --> 03:29:00,100
Yet these hostile Waters were 
paradoxically preparing to 

3857
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:02,000
become the birthplace of all 
life on Earth. 

3858
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:06,400
The ocean served as a vast 
chemical laboratory mixing 

3859
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:09,200
minerals from the rocks with 
gases from the atmosphere and 

3860
03:29:09,200 --> 03:29:13,400
energy from volcanic vents 
lightning, and the fierce 

3861
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:16,400
ultraviolet radiation that 
penetrated the early atmosphere.

3862
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:20,900
In tide pools, are near 
hydrothermal vents complex. 

3863
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:25,100
Chemical reactions began to 
occur, the earlier had no oxygen

3864
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:28,000
in its atmosphere. 
At least not molecular oxygen as

3865
03:29:28,000 --> 03:29:30,800
we know it. 
This would have been immediately

3866
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,400
fatal to most modern organisms, 
but it created perfect 

3867
03:29:34,400 --> 03:29:37,300
conditions for the chemistry 
that would eventually lead to 

3868
03:29:37,300 --> 03:29:40,700
life. 
Without oxygen to break down 

3869
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:44,000
organic molecules complex carbon
compounds. 

3870
03:29:44,000 --> 03:29:47,000
Could accumulate and interact in
ways that wouldn't be possible 

3871
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:50,100
in today's oxidizing atmosphere 
water itself. 

3872
03:29:50,100 --> 03:29:54,700
Was The crucial ingredient water
is an extraordinary solvent 

3873
03:29:54,700 --> 03:29:58,800
capable of dissolving and 
transporting a remarkable range 

3874
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:02,700
of chemical compounds. 
It facilitates reactions, that 

3875
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:06,000
would be impossible in dry 
conditions, its unique 

3876
03:30:06,000 --> 03:30:09,500
properties. 
Expanding when Frozen having 

3877
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:13,300
high surface tension, being most
dense at four degrees Celsius 

3878
03:30:13,300 --> 03:30:17,800
rather than its freezing point. 
Would prove a sensual for life, 

3879
03:30:17,800 --> 03:30:20,000
though. 
This wooden become apparent for 

3880
03:30:20,000 --> 03:30:24,100
hundreds of millions of years, 
the formation of stable Ocean's,

3881
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:25,500
marked another crucial 
development. 

3882
03:30:26,300 --> 03:30:30,300
The water cycle. 
Water evaporated from the oceans

3883
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:34,700
formed clouds, fellas rain on 
the continents and flowed back 

3884
03:30:34,700 --> 03:30:36,800
to the Seas through rivers and 
streams. 

3885
03:30:37,600 --> 03:30:40,000
This cycle would eventually 
become one of Earth's. 

3886
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:43,900
Most important processes for 
Distributing heat shaping the 

3887
03:30:43,900 --> 03:30:47,300
landscape and creating diverse 
environments where life could 

3888
03:30:47,300 --> 03:30:49,800
Thrive. 
But the early Earth surface was 

3889
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:51,700
still dramatically different 
from today. 

3890
03:30:52,500 --> 03:30:55,900
There were no continents, as we 
understand them know, vast land 

3891
03:30:55,900 --> 03:31:00,400
masses with diverse geography in
Stead, volcanic islands and 

3892
03:31:00,400 --> 03:31:03,400
small Proto continents. 
Roosevelt, the ocean surface, 

3893
03:31:03,400 --> 03:31:08,000
constantly, being reshaped by 
ongoing volcanic activity and 

3894
03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:10,200
the earliest forms of plate 
tectonics. 

3895
03:31:10,900 --> 03:31:14,500
These land masses were Barren, 
Rock, weathering, slowly under 

3896
03:31:14,500 --> 03:31:18,000
the assault of acidic Reign and 
being ground down by the 

3897
03:31:18,000 --> 03:31:20,500
mechanical action of waves and 
temperature changes. 

3898
03:31:20,500 --> 03:31:23,700
This weathering process was 
crucial for what came next. 

3899
03:31:24,600 --> 03:31:27,100
As rocks broke down. 
They released minerals into the 

3900
03:31:27,100 --> 03:31:30,700
ocean's in riching the chemical 
soup that filled Earth sees. 

3901
03:31:31,700 --> 03:31:35,100
Essential Elements like 
phosphorus sulfur and various 

3902
03:31:35,100 --> 03:31:38,600
Trace Metals, dissolved into the
water, creating the diverse 

3903
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:41,900
chemical environment that life 
would eventually, require the 

3904
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:45,300
seafloor during this period was 
a landscape of extremes. 

3905
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:48,400
Hydrothermal vents punctured. 
The ocean floor. 

3906
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:52,400
Releasing superheated water rich
in dissolved, minerals and 

3907
03:31:52,400 --> 03:31:55,900
gases. 
Around these vents, chemical 

3908
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:59,200
gradients created zones where 
different reactions could occur.

3909
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:03,400
Some scientists believe these 
vents where hot mineral-rich 

3910
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:07,900
water mixed with cooler seawater
may have provided the energy and

3911
03:32:07,900 --> 03:32:10,600
chemical conditions necessary 
for the first living things to 

3912
03:32:10,600 --> 03:32:12,900
emerge. 
The atmosphere was gradually 

3913
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:16,700
changing as well, as carbon 
dioxide dissolved in the oceans 

3914
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:19,000
and reacted with minerals to 
form carbonate. 

3915
03:32:19,000 --> 03:32:23,100
Rocks atmospheric, CO2 levels, 
slowly decreased. 

3916
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:26,600
This gradually reduce the 
greenhouse effect, allowing 

3917
03:32:26,600 --> 03:32:30,400
temperatures to cool further, It
was a negative feedback loop 

3918
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:32,800
that would have eventually help 
stabilize Earth's climate. 

3919
03:32:33,600 --> 03:32:37,200
Though eventually means over 
100s of millions of years during

3920
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:40,100
this era, the moon was much 
closer to Earth than it is 

3921
03:32:40,100 --> 03:32:42,800
today, perhaps half its current 
distance. 

3922
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:47,400
This proximity created tides of 
almost unimaginable power. 

3923
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:50,600
Twice daily. 
The ocean would Surge and 

3924
03:32:50,600 --> 03:32:53,700
Retreat to cross vast stretches 
of Shoreline driven by 

3925
03:32:53,700 --> 03:32:57,200
gravitational forces fast 
stronger than today's tides. 

3926
03:32:57,900 --> 03:33:01,400
These powerful Tides created 
Dynamic transitional zones 

3927
03:33:01,400 --> 03:33:05,400
between ocean and land 
environments, where water air 

3928
03:33:05,400 --> 03:33:08,800
and rock constantly interacted. 
These titles zones, may have 

3929
03:33:08,800 --> 03:33:10,800
been Crucible for early chemical
evolution. 

3930
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:14,800
The repeated cycles of wetting 
and drying and heating and 

3931
03:33:14,800 --> 03:33:18,400
cooling created conditions, 
where complex molecules could 

3932
03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:22,700
form concentrate and interact in
ways that might not occur in 

3933
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:26,200
Open Water. 
In the pools left behind by 

3934
03:33:26,200 --> 03:33:29,900
retreating Tides organic 
compounds, could accumulate and 

3935
03:33:29,900 --> 03:33:32,100
undergo reactions driven by 
sunlight. 

3936
03:33:32,800 --> 03:33:36,100
Heat from nearby volcanic 
activity and the simple 

3937
03:33:36,100 --> 03:33:38,400
mechanics of evaporation and 
concentration. 

3938
03:33:38,400 --> 03:33:43,700
The stage was set Earth. 
Now, had stable Ocean's a 

3939
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:48,000
recycling water cycle, diverse 
chemical environments and energy

3940
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:51,900
sources ranging from volcanic 
heat to ultra-violet radiation. 

3941
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:57,100
In the cosmic sense, the planet 
was ready for its most important

3942
03:33:57,100 --> 03:34:00,300
transition. 
From a world of chemistry to a 

3943
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:03,200
world of biology though. 
No one was waiting and nothing 

3944
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:05,800
was planned. 
The conditions were right for 

3945
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:09,300
something unprecedented in the 
known universe, the emergence of

3946
03:34:09,300 --> 03:34:12,900
Life somewhere around 3.8 to 4 
billion years ago. 

3947
03:34:13,900 --> 03:34:17,100
Please forgive the imprecision, 
but we're trying to date events 

3948
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:19,200
that left. 
Barely a chemical whisper in the

3949
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:21,700
Rocks. 
Something extraordinary happened

3950
03:34:21,700 --> 03:34:26,200
in some warm pool or near some 
hydrothermal vent or in some 

3951
03:34:26,208 --> 03:34:29,200
other environment we might never
definitively identify. 

3952
03:34:30,100 --> 03:34:33,400
Chemistry became biology. 
We need to be honest here. 

3953
03:34:33,400 --> 03:34:35,600
We don't know exactly how this 
happened. 

3954
03:34:36,300 --> 03:34:38,700
Scientists have proposed various
scenarios. 

3955
03:34:38,700 --> 03:34:43,700
The primordial soup hypothesis. 
The metabolism first Theory and 

3956
03:34:43,700 --> 03:34:47,600
the RNA World concept. 
But the truth is that the origin

3957
03:34:47,600 --> 03:34:50,400
of Life remains, one of 
science's Most Fascinating on 

3958
03:34:50,400 --> 03:34:53,900
solved Mysteries. 
What we do know is that at some 

3959
03:34:53,900 --> 03:34:56,900
point chemical systems began to 
do something they hadn't done 

3960
03:34:56,900 --> 03:35:01,300
before, they began to reproduce 
themselves, imagine the first 

3961
03:35:01,300 --> 03:35:04,800
living thing, if we can even 
call it that, It wasn't to sell 

3962
03:35:04,800 --> 03:35:08,100
as we'd recognize one to day 
with all the complex Machinery, 

3963
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:10,800
that even the simplest modern 
bacteria possess. 

3964
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:14,700
It was probably something much 
simpler perhaps just a 

3965
03:35:14,700 --> 03:35:18,700
self-replicating molecule in 
closed in some kind of membrane 

3966
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:20,600
that separated it from its 
environment. 

3967
03:35:22,100 --> 03:35:25,400
This humble beginning. 
This first tentative, step from 

3968
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:29,300
chemistry to biology was 
arguably the most important 

3969
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:32,800
moment in Earth's history. 
These first life forms, whatever

3970
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:36,200
they were, would have been 
extraordinarily simple by modern

3971
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:38,900
standards. 
They didn't photosynthesize 

3972
03:35:38,900 --> 03:35:42,300
didn't respite oxygen, which 
didn't exist in the atmosphere. 

3973
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:46,000
Anyway, and probably didn't do 
much of anything except the bare

3974
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:48,600
minimum required to maintain 
their existence and occasionally

3975
03:35:48,600 --> 03:35:51,400
reproduce. 
Yet they possess something that 

3976
03:35:51,400 --> 03:35:55,000
no mere chemical. 
Reaction has the ability to pass

3977
03:35:55,000 --> 03:35:59,400
information to their descendants
life even in its most primitive 

3978
03:35:59,400 --> 03:36:03,600
form involves information. 
The first living things carried 

3979
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:07,800
instructions, probably in the 
form of RNA or something RNA. 

3980
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:10,500
Like that determined their 
structure and function. 

3981
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,700
When they reproduced, they 
copied these instructions and 

3982
03:36:14,700 --> 03:36:17,400
occasionally the copying process
introduced errors. 

3983
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:22,000
Most errors were harmful causing
The Offspring to function poorly

3984
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:25,300
or not at all. 
But occasionally purely by 

3985
03:36:25,300 --> 03:36:28,600
chance, an era would produce 
something that worked slightly 

3986
03:36:28,600 --> 03:36:30,700
better under the existing 
conditions. 

3987
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:36,100
This is evolution in its purest 
form random variation combined 

3988
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:40,000
with non-random selection, the 
organisms that functioned better

3989
03:36:40,000 --> 03:36:43,000
in their environment were more 
likely to survive and reproduce 

3990
03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:46,200
passing their advantageous 
characteristics to their 

3991
03:36:46,200 --> 03:36:50,300
descendants Over millions of 
years, this simple process would

3992
03:36:50,300 --> 03:36:54,500
transform simple replicating 
molecules into the astonishing 

3993
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:57,300
diversity of life. 
We see today, the early 

3994
03:36:57,300 --> 03:37:00,600
biosphere, if we can call it 
that was entirely microbial. 

3995
03:37:01,500 --> 03:37:04,300
For more than a billion years, 
Earth was a planet of 

3996
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:08,300
microscopic organisms living in 
the oceans, in rocks, and 

3997
03:37:08,300 --> 03:37:11,100
possibly in the thin film of 
moisture that occasionally 

3998
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:14,400
covered Lancers. 
These organisms were all 

3999
03:37:14,408 --> 03:37:18,100
prokaryotes cells without a 
nucleus, or other membrane-bound

4000
03:37:18,100 --> 03:37:21,900
organelles, they were simpler 
than any modern sell yet. 

4001
03:37:21,900 --> 03:37:25,500
They were alive metabolizing 
reproducing and slowly 

4002
03:37:25,500 --> 03:37:29,400
imperceptibly changing these 
early microbes developed various

4003
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:33,400
strategies for obtaining energy.
Some probably fed on organic 

4004
03:37:33,400 --> 03:37:36,500
molecules that form through 
non-biological chemical 

4005
03:37:36,500 --> 03:37:39,500
reactions. 
Others might have used chemical 

4006
03:37:39,500 --> 03:37:42,800
gradients around hydrothermal 
vents to power their metabolism.

4007
03:37:43,800 --> 03:37:45,600
Still others. 
Develop the ability to use 

4008
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:48,200
sunlight to drive. 
Chemical reactions though. 

4009
03:37:48,200 --> 03:37:50,400
These early forms of 
photosynthesis were quite 

4010
03:37:50,400 --> 03:37:53,000
different from the oxygen 
producing version with familiar.

4011
03:37:53,000 --> 03:37:56,400
With today, the ocean during 
this era would have looked alien

4012
03:37:56,400 --> 03:37:59,800
to modernize the water, had a 
distinctly different color. 

4013
03:38:00,600 --> 03:38:04,100
Perhaps greenish, Brown from 
dissolved iron ore tinged with 

4014
03:38:04,108 --> 03:38:06,400
other colors from various 
dissolved minerals. 

4015
03:38:07,300 --> 03:38:10,700
The atmosphere above was still 
dominated by carbon dioxide 

4016
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:14,100
nitrogen and water vapor with 
little or no oxygen. 

4017
03:38:15,100 --> 03:38:18,400
Ultraviolet radiation from the 
Sun, Beat Down on the surface 

4018
03:38:18,400 --> 03:38:21,400
with an intensity. 
That would be lethal to most 

4019
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:24,500
modern organisms. 
Since there was no ozone layer 

4020
03:38:24,500 --> 03:38:27,900
to filter it out yet, life 
persisted and gradually became 

4021
03:38:27,900 --> 03:38:31,700
more sophisticated. 
Somewhere around 3.5 billion 

4022
03:38:31,700 --> 03:38:34,700
years ago, microbes began 
building structures called 

4023
03:38:34,700 --> 03:38:40,300
strata lights, layered mounds of
sediment and microbial mats, but

4024
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:43,100
we can still see fossilized in 
rocks of appropriate age. 

4025
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:47,200
These dramatic lights among our 
best evidence for early life 

4026
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:51,700
preserved, communities of 
microorganisms that grew died 

4027
03:38:51,700 --> 03:38:53,500
and were covered by set of 
sediment. 

4028
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:57,400
Only to be colonized by new 
generations of microbes, that 

4029
03:38:57,400 --> 03:39:00,700
repeated the process. 
If you'd visited a strata like, 

4030
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:05,100
covered Shore 3.5 billion years 
ago, you might have seen low 

4031
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:07,400
rounded. 
Mounds rising from the shallow 

4032
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:09,500
water. 
Their surfaces covered with a 

4033
03:39:09,500 --> 03:39:13,700
greenish or brownish slime. 
Maps of microbes living in 

4034
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,500
communities. 
Each species, occupying, its 

4035
03:39:16,500 --> 03:39:20,500
preferred depth based on its 
tolerance for light oxygen and 

4036
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:24,300
various chemical compounds. 
These were Earth's first, 

4037
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:28,500
ecosystems communities of 
organisms, interacting with each

4038
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:32,300
other and their environment in 
ways that transformed both the 

4039
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:35,000
development of photosynthesis 
was a crucial Milestone. 

4040
03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:38,900
Though, it happened gradually 
and in stages Early 

4041
03:39:38,900 --> 03:39:42,100
photosynthetic. 
Organisms used hydrogen sulfide 

4042
03:39:42,100 --> 03:39:44,500
or other compounds as an 
electron Source rather than 

4043
03:39:44,500 --> 03:39:47,200
water? 
They produce sulfur or other 

4044
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:51,100
byproducts rather than oxygen? 
These organisms could Harvest 

4045
03:39:51,100 --> 03:39:55,300
energy from sunlight, using it 
convert carbon dioxide into 

4046
03:39:55,300 --> 03:39:58,500
organic compounds. 
It was a neat trick that gave 

4047
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:02,500
photosynthetic organisms a 
significant advantage over those

4048
03:40:02,500 --> 03:40:06,700
that relied on chemical energy 
sources but then probably around

4049
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:11,400
2.7 to 2.5 billion years ago. 
Something revolutionary 

4050
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:15,100
occurred. 
Some microbes probably ancestors

4051
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:19,200
of modern cyanobacteria evolved,
the ability to use water as an 

4052
03:40:19,200 --> 03:40:20,600
electron source for 
photosynthesis. 

4053
03:40:22,100 --> 03:40:26,200
This was a genuine Innovation 
because water is abundant unlike

4054
03:40:26,200 --> 03:40:29,300
hydrogen sulfide which is 
limited to specific 

4055
03:40:29,300 --> 03:40:32,400
environments. 
Like hydrothermal vents, there 

4056
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:35,700
was just one small problem with 
this new form of photosynthesis.

4057
03:40:35,700 --> 03:40:38,400
It produced oxygen as a waste 
product. 

4058
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:42,100
Oxygen is wonderful stuff. 
If you're an organism that has 

4059
03:40:42,100 --> 03:40:45,900
evolved to use it, It's 
extraordinarily reactive which 

4060
03:40:45,900 --> 03:40:48,800
makes it perfect for extracting 
energy from food molecules 

4061
03:40:48,800 --> 03:40:53,800
efficiently, aerobic metabolism,
respiration, using oxygen yields

4062
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:57,000
far, more energy per glucose 
molecule than any form of 

4063
03:40:57,000 --> 03:40:59,700
anaerobic metabolism. 
It's the difference between 

4064
03:40:59,700 --> 03:41:03,500
getting 15 miles per gallon and 
getting 50. 

4065
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:06,700
But oxygen is terrible stuff. 
If you're an organism that 

4066
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:10,900
evolved in an oxygen-free world,
the same reactivity that makes 

4067
03:41:10,900 --> 03:41:14,200
oxygen useful for energy 
production also makes it 

4068
03:41:14,200 --> 03:41:17,700
dangerous. 
Oxygen attacks organic molecules

4069
03:41:17,700 --> 03:41:22,600
breaking them down causing what 
we now recognize as oxidative 

4070
03:41:22,600 --> 03:41:25,800
stress. 
To the microbes that live for 

4071
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:29,000
billions of years. 
In an oxygen-free world, the 

4072
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:31,300
appearance of oxygen in their 
environment was something 

4073
03:41:31,300 --> 03:41:35,900
between a catastrophe and an 
apocalypse as oxygen producing 

4074
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:38,500
cyanobacteria spread across the 
ocean's. 

4075
03:41:38,500 --> 03:41:41,100
They began pumping oxygen into 
the water. 

4076
03:41:42,200 --> 03:41:46,700
Initially this oxygen reacted 
with dissolved, ion forming rust

4077
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:50,200
that precipitated out of the 
water and sank to the ocean 

4078
03:41:50,200 --> 03:41:53,800
floor. 
Today, we mine these ancient 

4079
03:41:53,800 --> 03:41:57,400
deposits as banded. 
Iron formations alternating 

4080
03:41:57,400 --> 03:42:00,300
layers of iron oxide and other 
sediments that record the 

4081
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:03,100
gradually increasing oxygen 
levels in Earth's oceans. 

4082
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:07,400
Their basically fossil rust and 
they represent one of the 

4083
03:42:07,400 --> 03:42:09,200
largest ore deposits on the 
planet. 

4084
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:12,700
This process continued for 
hundreds of millions of years, 

4085
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:16,600
the ocean's accumulated oxygen 
while the atmosphere remained 

4086
03:42:16,600 --> 03:42:20,400
relatively oxygen free because 
any Oxygen that reached the 

4087
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,100
atmosphere quickly reacted with 
methane and other gases. 

4088
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:27,500
But eventually around 2.4 
billion years ago, the sinks 

4089
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:31,400
foxygen became saturated. 
The iron in the ocean's had all 

4090
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:36,300
rusted, the atmospheric methane 
had all oxidized and oxygen 

4091
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:38,600
began to accumulate in the 
atmosphere itself. 

4092
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:42,600
This event called the Great 
oxidation of end was possibly 

4093
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,400
the most dramatic, change in 
Earth's environments since the 

4094
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:47,400
planet formed. 
It was all. 

4095
03:42:47,400 --> 03:42:51,300
So from the perspective of most 
existing life forms, a massive 

4096
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:55,100
Extinction of event organisms 
that could not tolerate oxygen, 

4097
03:42:55,100 --> 03:42:58,700
retreated to oxygen-free 
environments, deep set of 

4098
03:42:58,708 --> 03:43:02,700
sediments hydrothermal vents and
the guts of other organisms. 

4099
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:07,400
Many probably went extinct 
entirely, but the appearance of 

4100
03:43:07,400 --> 03:43:11,100
oxygen also created 
opportunities, some organisms 

4101
03:43:11,100 --> 03:43:15,300
evolved ways to tolerate oxygen.
Few even learn to use, it 

4102
03:43:15,300 --> 03:43:19,200
developing aerobic metabolism, 
that could extract far more 

4103
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:22,200
energy from food molecules than 
their anaerobic cousins. 

4104
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:26,600
These oxygen using organisms, 
had a significant Advantage, 

4105
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:30,700
more energy meant they could 
grow faster reproduce more 

4106
03:43:30,700 --> 03:43:33,400
quickly and colonize more 
environments. 

4107
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:38,000
The accumulation of oxygen had, 
another profound effect, Created

4108
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:42,200
the ozone layer, ozone. 034 
forms when ultraviolet, 

4109
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:47,000
radiation, splits oxygen 
molecules, O2 and the resulting 

4110
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:51,400
free oxygen atoms combined with 
other oxygen molecules. this 

4111
03:43:51,400 --> 03:43:54,900
ozone, concentrated in the upper
atmosphere where it absorbed 

4112
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:58,000
ultra violet radiation that have
previously reached Earth's 

4113
03:43:58,000 --> 03:44:00,800
surface, the ozone layer. 
Effectively gave her the 

4114
03:44:00,808 --> 03:44:04,300
sunscreen protecting surface 
dwelling organisms from the 

4115
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:06,800
genetic damage caused by intense
UV radiation. 

4116
03:44:06,800 --> 03:44:11,700
But then something strange 
happened, Around 2.4 billion 

4117
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:15,500
years ago, shortly after oxygen 
began accumulating in the 

4118
03:44:15,500 --> 03:44:19,000
atmosphere Earth experience, 
what geologists call the 

4119
03:44:19,000 --> 03:44:24,500
heronian glaciation. 
First and possibly longest of 

4120
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:29,200
several snowball Earth events. 
For hundreds of millions of 

4121
03:44:29,200 --> 03:44:32,300
years, ice may have covered. 
Most are all of Earth's surface 

4122
03:44:32,300 --> 03:44:35,300
from pole to pole, extending, 
even to the equator. 

4123
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:38,000
How does a planet that had been 
warm enough for liquid? 

4124
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:41,600
Oceans suddenly free solid. 
The culprit was probably the 

4125
03:44:41,600 --> 03:44:45,600
great oxidation event itself, 
remember all that methane in the

4126
03:44:45,608 --> 03:44:48,800
atmosphere methane is a powerful
greenhouse gas. 

4127
03:44:48,800 --> 03:44:53,300
When oxygen reacted with an 
removed atmospheric methane, it 

4128
03:44:53,300 --> 03:44:56,600
dramatically reduced the 
greenhouse effect Without 

4129
03:44:56,600 --> 03:45:00,200
methane, trapping Heat. 
As temperature, plummeted the 

4130
03:45:00,200 --> 03:45:02,600
transition to an ice-covered 
World properly happened 

4131
03:45:02,600 --> 03:45:06,200
gradually, but it was driven by 
a powerful positive feedback 

4132
03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:09,300
loop. 
As ice and snow covered more of 

4133
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:12,100
Earth's surface. 
They reflected more sunlight 

4134
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:15,500
back into space. 
This cooling led to more ice 

4135
03:45:15,500 --> 03:45:19,500
formation, which reflected more 
sunlight leading to more Cooling

4136
03:45:19,500 --> 03:45:24,600
and so on eventually Earth may 
have become completely Frozen a 

4137
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:28,500
giant Cosmic snowball orbiting, 
the Sun, you might reasonably 

4138
03:45:28,500 --> 03:45:30,800
ask, how life survived this deep
freeze. 

4139
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:33,700
The answer involves a 
combination of refuge and 

4140
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:36,600
remarkable microbial, resilience
life. 

4141
03:45:36,600 --> 03:45:40,300
Probably persisted near 
hydrothermal vents in volcanic 

4142
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:43,800
hot springs and possibly in 
pockets of liquid, water under 

4143
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:47,000
the ice. 
Microbes can survive remarkably 

4144
03:45:47,000 --> 03:45:50,600
hostile conditions when they 
need to entering dormant States 

4145
03:45:50,600 --> 03:45:54,400
and waiting out unfavorable 
periods, the end of snowball 

4146
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:58,300
Earth required, another feedback
mechanism, volcanic activity, 

4147
03:45:58,300 --> 03:46:02,200
continued even under the ice 
steadily pumping carbon dioxide 

4148
03:46:02,200 --> 03:46:05,600
into the atmosphere. 
Normally this CO2 would be 

4149
03:46:05,600 --> 03:46:08,600
removed by weathering of rocks 
and dissolved in the oceans. 

4150
03:46:09,600 --> 03:46:13,100
But with Earth's surface Frozen,
these processes essentially 

4151
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:16,800
stopped. 
CO2 accumulated for millions of 

4152
03:46:16,800 --> 03:46:19,500
years until the greenhouse 
effect became strong enough to 

4153
03:46:19,500 --> 03:46:21,400
begin. 
Melting the ice once. 

4154
03:46:21,400 --> 03:46:24,600
Melting started the same 
feedback loop that had Frozen 

4155
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:26,100
the planet. 
Now worked in reverse. 

4156
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:30,100
Less ice meant, less reflection 
of sunlight, which meant 

4157
03:46:30,100 --> 03:46:34,700
warming, which meant more 
melting, and so on. the 

4158
03:46:34,700 --> 03:46:38,000
transition from snowball Earth 
to Greenhouse conditions might 

4159
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:40,900
have been relatively rapid 
perhaps only a few thousand 

4160
03:46:40,900 --> 03:46:45,100
years which is the blink of an 
eye in geological terms, when 

4161
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:48,700
the ice melted it revealed a 
planet transformed The long 

4162
03:46:48,700 --> 03:46:51,800
freeze had been a severe test 
and many lineages, probably 

4163
03:46:51,800 --> 03:46:55,000
didn't survive. 
But those that did emerge into a

4164
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:59,200
world with new possibilities. 
Stage was being set for the next

4165
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:04,700
great evolutionary innovation. 
The complex sell for more than 2

4166
03:47:04,700 --> 03:47:07,700
billion years after life. 
First appeared, Earth, remained 

4167
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:11,200
a planet of prokaryotes, simple 
cells, without internal 

4168
03:47:11,200 --> 03:47:14,800
membrane-bound structures, these
cells accomplished remarkable, 

4169
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:18,400
things developing 
photosynthesis, nitrogen 

4170
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:20,900
fixation and various forms of 
metabolism. 

4171
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:24,500
But they remained fundamentally 
simple in their architecture. 

4172
03:47:24,500 --> 03:47:28,200
Then somewhere around 2, billion
years ago, something 

4173
03:47:28,200 --> 03:47:32,400
unprecedented happened a larger,
prokaryote engulfed, a smaller 

4174
03:47:32,400 --> 03:47:37,000
one, perhaps intending to digest
it for food but instead of being

4175
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:40,100
digested the smaller cells 
survived inside the larger one. 

4176
03:47:41,100 --> 03:47:43,900
Two cells began a partnership 
that would transform life on 

4177
03:47:43,900 --> 03:47:45,900
Earth. 
This process called 

4178
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:51,200
endosymbiosis, created the first
eukaryotic cells cells with a 

4179
03:47:51,200 --> 03:47:55,600
nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles the engulfed cell, we

4180
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:58,700
became the mighty Condren, the 
PowerHouse of the cell 

4181
03:47:58,700 --> 03:48:01,000
responsible for aerobic 
respiration. 

4182
03:48:02,300 --> 03:48:05,300
This partnership was 
spectacularly successful because

4183
03:48:05,300 --> 03:48:08,200
it combined the larger cells 
ability to move and acquire 

4184
03:48:08,200 --> 03:48:11,800
Resources with the smallest 
cells of efficient, oxygen-based

4185
03:48:11,800 --> 03:48:15,400
metabolism later. 
Some of these early UK's in 

4186
03:48:15,400 --> 03:48:18,900
golfed photosynthetic 
cyanobacteria, which became 

4187
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:23,000
Clara Plus, The second end of 
symbiotic event, created the 

4188
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:27,400
first algae and eventually led 
to all photosynthetic eukaryotes

4189
03:48:27,400 --> 03:48:30,800
including the plants that would 
eventually colonize land. 

4190
03:48:30,800 --> 03:48:34,300
The eukaryotic cell was like 
upgrading from a studio 

4191
03:48:34,300 --> 03:48:37,400
apartment to a mansion with 
multiple specialized rooms 

4192
03:48:37,400 --> 03:48:41,500
mitochondria, handled energy, 
production, the nucleus 

4193
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:44,500
protected genetic material, and 
controlled gene expression. 

4194
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:48,000
Various other organelles 
specialized in protein 

4195
03:48:48,000 --> 03:48:51,200
synthesis, waste processing and 
other functions. 

4196
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:55,200
This specialization allowed, you
carry outs to become much more 

4197
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:57,600
complex than their prokaryotic 
ancestors. 

4198
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:00,900
With this new complexity came, 
new possibilities. 

4199
03:49:00,900 --> 03:49:05,100
Eukaryotic cells could be 
larger, sometimes much larger 

4200
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:08,900
than prokaryotes, they could 
develop new structures and 

4201
03:49:08,900 --> 03:49:12,600
capabilities and crucially they 
could have eventually do 

4202
03:49:12,600 --> 03:49:15,800
something precarious. 
Couldn't they could aggregate 

4203
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:18,900
into multi-cellular organisms 
were different cells, 

4204
03:49:18,900 --> 03:49:20,400
specialized in different 
functions. 

4205
03:49:20,400 --> 03:49:24,200
The first multi-cellular 
eukaryotes probably appeared 

4206
03:49:24,200 --> 03:49:28,300
around 1.5 to 2 billion years 
ago though the exact timing is 

4207
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,200
debated. 
These early multicellular forms 

4208
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:34,800
were simple but just clusters of
similar cells that offered 

4209
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:38,000
advantages like increased size 
and some protection from 

4210
03:49:38,000 --> 03:49:41,800
predators but they represented a
new strategy for life. 

4211
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:45,400
One that would eventually lead 
to all the complex organisms. 

4212
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:48,600
We see today. 
For a long time, possibly a 

4213
03:49:48,600 --> 03:49:52,100
billion years or more these are 
early multi-cellular organisms, 

4214
03:49:52,100 --> 03:49:56,400
remained relatively simple, Life
during this era sometimes called

4215
03:49:56,400 --> 03:49:59,900
the boring billion proceeded 
without dramatic changes. 

4216
03:50:00,700 --> 03:50:04,700
Dramatized still dominated 
Coastal environments, the oceans

4217
03:50:04,700 --> 03:50:07,600
contained, various prokaryotes 
and simple eukaryotes. 

4218
03:50:08,500 --> 03:50:12,400
Life existed vaulted and 
diversified but nothing 

4219
03:50:12,400 --> 03:50:14,300
particularly revolutionary was 
happening. 

4220
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:21,200
Then around 720 to 635 million 
years ago, Earth experienced 

4221
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:25,600
another series of snowball Earth
events, the sturdy in and Merino

4222
03:50:25,600 --> 03:50:29,300
and glaciation. 
Once again, ice may have covered

4223
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:31,500
most or all of the planet's 
surface. 

4224
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:35,100
These freezers were severe 
enough that geologists find 

4225
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:39,400
evidence of glacial deposits at 
Tropical latitudes, suggesting 

4226
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:42,200
ice existed. 
Even at the equator, these 

4227
03:50:42,200 --> 03:50:45,000
dramatic climates, swings may 
have driven evolutionary 

4228
03:50:45,000 --> 03:50:47,800
Innovation by creating extreme 
selective pressure. 

4229
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:50,700
Organisms. 
That could survive rapid 

4230
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:55,000
environmental changes that had 
flexible metabolisms or that 

4231
03:50:55,008 --> 03:50:58,900
could enter dormant States had 
better survival odds. when the 

4232
03:50:58,908 --> 03:51:02,400
ice finally melted as it always 
did, thanks to the buildup of 

4233
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:06,100
volcanic CO2, life, rebounded, 
into a world of New 

4234
03:51:06,100 --> 03:51:09,900
Opportunities, and then almost 
immediately after the last 

4235
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:13,300
snowball Earth event, something 
remarkable appeared in the 

4236
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:18,700
fossil record the ediacaran 
biota Named after the Ed Acura 

4237
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:22,100
Hills in Australia where they 
were first discovered, these 

4238
03:51:22,100 --> 03:51:26,500
organisms were Earth's, first 
large complex multi-cellular 

4239
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:29,000
creatures. 
The Eddie and organisms were 

4240
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:33,300
strange by modern standards many
resembled quilted air mattresses

4241
03:51:33,300 --> 03:51:36,100
with body's divided into 
repeated segments. 

4242
03:51:37,000 --> 03:51:40,800
Some look like France others 
like discs and still others. 

4243
03:51:40,800 --> 03:51:45,500
Like three-sided Frisbees. 
Most were soft-bodied, lacking 

4244
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:48,600
the hard, shells or skeletons? 
That would become common later, 

4245
03:51:48,600 --> 03:51:52,300
they lived on, or in the sea 
floor, possibly feeding by 

4246
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:55,400
absorbing nutrients from the 
water, or perhaps hosting 

4247
03:51:55,400 --> 03:51:59,000
photosynthetic symbionts for 
about 40 million years. 

4248
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:02,600
These odd creatures dominated. 
The sea floor, representing 

4249
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:06,300
Earth's, first experiment with 
large complex body forms. 

4250
03:52:06,300 --> 03:52:10,400
They ranged in size from a few 
centimeters to over a metre in 

4251
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:12,100
length. 
Absolutely. 

4252
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:16,000
Enormous compared to anything 
that had existed before then 

4253
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:21,000
around 541 million years ago, 
most dxr and organisms 

4254
03:52:21,000 --> 03:52:24,300
disappeared from the fossil 
record, What caused their 

4255
03:52:24,300 --> 03:52:26,900
decline? 
The answer may be related to the

4256
03:52:26,908 --> 03:52:29,000
next great revolution in the 
history of life. 

4257
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:32,800
Cambrian explosion. 
If you could take a time machine

4258
03:52:32,800 --> 03:52:37,300
back to the early Cambrian 
Period about 5441 million years 

4259
03:52:37,300 --> 03:52:40,700
ago, and put on a diving suit to
explore the sea floor. 

4260
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:44,200
You'd witness one of the most 
spectacular displays of 

4261
03:52:44,208 --> 03:52:46,400
evolutionary innovation in 
Earth's history. 

4262
03:52:47,500 --> 03:52:52,200
Within a relatively brief 
periods. 20 to 25 million years 

4263
03:52:52,200 --> 03:52:56,600
which is briefed by geological 
standards life at exploded. 

4264
03:52:56,600 --> 03:52:59,100
Into a bewildering array of new 
forms. 

4265
03:52:59,100 --> 03:53:02,700
Many of them completely, unlike 
anything that had existed 

4266
03:53:02,700 --> 03:53:06,700
before, this was the Cambrian 
explosion and it marked the 

4267
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:09,300
appearance of almost all the 
major animal filer. 

4268
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:14,000
We see today, Arthropods 
mollusks, a kind of derms 

4269
03:53:14,000 --> 03:53:17,700
chordates and worms of various 
sorts all appeared in the 

4270
03:53:17,708 --> 03:53:20,500
Cambrian Seas within a 
relatively short time window. 

4271
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:23,800
It was as if life had been 
experimenting for billions of 

4272
03:53:23,800 --> 03:53:28,000
years and suddenly decided to 
try every possible body plan all

4273
03:53:28,000 --> 03:53:30,600
at once. 
What triggered this explosion of

4274
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:34,700
diversity, the answer, probably 
involves multiple factors coming

4275
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:37,500
together. 
Oxygen levels had risen to the 

4276
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:40,300
point where active mobile 
animals could be supported. 

4277
03:53:41,000 --> 03:53:44,100
The evolution of predation 
created an evolutionary arms 

4278
03:53:44,100 --> 03:53:47,500
race where, prey animals, 
evolved defenses, and predators 

4279
03:53:47,500 --> 03:53:49,700
evolved ways to overcome those 
defense's. 

4280
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:57,200
The development of hard Parts, 
shells, spines teeth, provided 

4281
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:01,000
both protection, and new tools. 
While also making animals much 

4282
03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:04,300
more likely to fossilize giving 
us a better fossil record. 

4283
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:08,800
The Cambrian sees were dominated
by arthropods particularly trial

4284
03:54:08,800 --> 03:54:11,500
bites. 
These creatures distant 

4285
03:54:11,500 --> 03:54:15,100
relatives of modern, insects and
Crustaceans had segmented, 

4286
03:54:15,100 --> 03:54:19,000
bodies, jointed, legs and hard 
exoskeletons. 

4287
03:54:19,900 --> 03:54:22,800
It could walk along the sea 
floor, swim in the water column 

4288
03:54:22,800 --> 03:54:25,000
and filter feed or hunt for 
food. 

4289
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:30,700
Trilobites were spectacularly 
successful diversifying into 

4290
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:34,200
thousands of species that 
occupied almost every marine 

4291
03:54:34,200 --> 03:54:37,800
environment but the Cambrian 
Seas also hosted stranger 

4292
03:54:37,800 --> 03:54:41,200
creatures. 
Anomalocaris, whose name means 

4293
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:44,400
abnormal shrimp. 
Was one of the Cambrian top 

4294
03:54:44,400 --> 03:54:48,500
predators with grasping 
appendages for catching prey and

4295
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:50,500
a circular mouth lined with 
plates. 

4296
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:55,600
Upper Binya had five eyes and a 
proboscis with a grasping tip 

4297
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:57,500
that it used to catch smaller 
animals. 

4298
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:01,400
Hallucigenia was so bizarre. 
When first discovered that 

4299
03:55:01,400 --> 03:55:04,800
paleontologist couldn't tell 
which end was the head or which 

4300
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:08,600
side was up, it had spines on 
one side and legs on the other. 

4301
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:12,400
These weird Cambrian creatures 
lived, in a world that was alien

4302
03:55:12,400 --> 03:55:15,800
by modern standards. 
The continents were Barren Rock,

4303
03:55:15,800 --> 03:55:18,900
not a single plant or animal. 
Lived on land yet. 

4304
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:22,900
The ocean's were rich with life.
The different from today's 

4305
03:55:22,900 --> 03:55:25,000
Ocean's. 
There were no fish yet. 

4306
03:55:25,000 --> 03:55:29,100
No sharks, no ways. 
The largest Predators were 

4307
03:55:29,100 --> 03:55:32,700
arthropods and odd creatures. 
Like, anomalocaris, but among 

4308
03:55:32,700 --> 03:55:35,600
the many strange creatures of 
the Cambrian one group would 

4309
03:55:35,600 --> 03:55:39,600
prove, particularly significant 
The core dates animals with a 

4310
03:55:39,608 --> 03:55:43,500
stiffening rod. 
Notre chord running down their 

4311
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:46,400
backs. 
Early chordates like pikaia. 

4312
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:50,300
And I quit this with small 
fish-like creatures that swam 

4313
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:53,800
through the Cambrian Seas. 
They weren't impressive compared

4314
03:55:53,800 --> 03:55:57,200
to the armored trilobites. 
All the grass being anomaly 

4315
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:00,500
carriages, Yet They Carried 
within their body plan. 

4316
03:56:00,500 --> 03:56:03,100
The basic architecture that 
would eventually give rise to 

4317
03:56:03,100 --> 03:56:07,800
fish and Vivians. 
Reptiles birds mammals and 

4318
03:56:07,800 --> 03:56:11,400
eventually you the Cambrian 
Period established patterns that

4319
03:56:11,400 --> 03:56:13,600
would shape life for the next 
half billion years. 

4320
03:56:14,700 --> 03:56:17,700
Predator, prey relationships, 
drove evolutionary, Innovation, 

4321
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:21,400
hard part became the norm 
providing protection and 

4322
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:25,000
structure. 
Animals developed increasingly 

4323
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:29,700
sophisticated sensory systems 
eyes became common allowing 

4324
03:56:29,700 --> 03:56:33,000
creatures to see their prey or 
spot Predators from a distance. 

4325
03:56:34,000 --> 03:56:37,100
The basic body plans of modern 
animals were established 

4326
03:56:37,100 --> 03:56:40,900
creating templates, that would 
be modified and adapted for 

4327
03:56:40,900 --> 03:56:44,500
countless different environments
as the Cambrian gave way to the 

4328
03:56:44,508 --> 03:56:48,900
order Vision period around 485 
million years ago, life 

4329
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:53,000
continued to diversify. 
The first true fish appeared, 

4330
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:57,000
jawless creatures that filtered 
food from the water or scraped 

4331
03:56:57,000 --> 03:57:00,800
it off rocks. 
Ethyl, pods relatives of modern 

4332
03:57:00,800 --> 03:57:05,200
squid and octopuses evolved into
efficient, Predators some with 

4333
03:57:05,200 --> 03:57:10,000
straight shells meters long. 
Reefs built by various organisms

4334
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:14,400
began to dominate shallow Seas, 
creating complex, habitats that 

4335
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,900
supported diverse communities, 
but life remained entirely 

4336
03:57:17,900 --> 03:57:20,700
aquatic. 
The land was still Barren 

4337
03:57:20,700 --> 03:57:23,700
waiting for the organisms. 
That would eventually colonize 

4338
03:57:23,700 --> 03:57:26,800
it. 
That transition was coming, but 

4339
03:57:26,800 --> 03:57:29,800
it would require some of the 
most dramatic adaptations in the

4340
03:57:29,800 --> 03:57:32,300
history of Life. 
Stand on a silurian. 

4341
03:57:32,300 --> 03:57:36,500
Sea shore around 440 million 
years ago and you'd see a stark 

4342
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:39,700
contrast between two worlds. 
Behind you. 

4343
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:42,200
The ocean teemed. 
With life fish. 

4344
03:57:42,200 --> 03:57:46,500
Arthropods mollusks. 
In a Keno Dirhams all going 

4345
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:47,700
about their business in the 
water. 

4346
03:57:48,800 --> 03:57:53,300
Before you stretch the land 
Rocky, Baron liefeld the most 

4347
03:57:53,300 --> 03:57:57,100
advanced terrestrial, ecosystem,
consisted of microbial, mats in 

4348
03:57:57,100 --> 03:57:59,600
wet areas. 
And possibly some like of 

4349
03:57:59,600 --> 03:58:04,000
beginning to colonize the rocks.
There were no trees, no grass, 

4350
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,700
no flowers. 
No insects, no birds. 

4351
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:12,200
And no mammals just bare rock. 
Weathering Under the Sun but in 

4352
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:15,700
the shallow Waters and tidal 
zones, something revolutionary 

4353
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:18,700
was beginning. 
Plants descended from green 

4354
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:21,300
algae, was starting to venture 
onto land. 

4355
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:25,200
This wasn't a sudden Conquest, 
but a gradual process that 

4356
03:58:25,200 --> 03:58:30,200
probably took millions of years.
First land plants were tiny 

4357
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:34,100
perhaps only a few centimeters 
tall and they required very 

4358
03:58:34,100 --> 03:58:38,400
moist conditions. 
They had no true Roots leaves or

4359
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:40,500
stems as we'd recognize them 
today. 

4360
03:58:40,500 --> 03:58:44,200
Just simple structures. 
That barely qualified as plants.

4361
03:58:44,900 --> 03:58:46,900
Challenge of living on land was 
immense. 

4362
03:58:47,800 --> 03:58:51,000
In the water organisms are 
supported by buoyant sea, 

4363
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:54,600
surrounded by moisture and 
protected from temperature 

4364
03:58:54,600 --> 03:58:57,200
extremes. 
On land, gravity. 

4365
03:58:57,200 --> 03:59:01,400
Pulls harder the areas, dry 
temperatures, fluctuate, wildly 

4366
03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:04,100
and UV radiation is more 
intense. 

4367
03:59:05,100 --> 03:59:08,300
To survive on land organisms 
needed to solve all these 

4368
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,100
problems. 
Simultaneously early land plants

4369
03:59:11,100 --> 03:59:13,100
developed, several crucial 
Innovations. 

4370
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:16,800
They evolved a waxy coating 
called a cuticle to prevent 

4371
03:59:16,800 --> 03:59:19,900
water loss. 
The developed simple conducting 

4372
03:59:19,900 --> 03:59:23,000
tissues to transport water from 
the ground to their growing 

4373
03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:25,600
tips. 
They formed associations with 

4374
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:29,300
fungi that help them extract 
nutrients from the thin soils 

4375
03:59:29,300 --> 03:59:33,100
developing on weathered rock. 
These plant fungal Partnerships 

4376
03:59:33,100 --> 03:59:37,600
called mycorrhizae was so 
successful that they persist in 

4377
03:59:37,600 --> 03:59:42,800
most modern plants today by the 
devonian period around 420 

4378
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:45,600
million years ago. 
Land plants are Diversified 

4379
03:59:45,600 --> 03:59:49,300
dramatically some developed true
roots that could penetrate 

4380
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:53,100
deeper into the soil anchoring 
larger plants and accessing more

4381
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:56,600
water. 
Others evolved vascular tissue. 

4382
03:59:57,500 --> 04:00:01,000
Specialized cells conducting 
water and nutrients that allowed

4383
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:04,800
them to grow taller. 
The race for sunlight had begun 

4384
04:00:04,800 --> 04:00:07,300
and plants responded by reaching
upward. 

4385
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:10,200
The first forests appeared 
during the middle devonian 

4386
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:13,000
though, they would have looked 
alien to modernize. 

4387
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:17,800
They were dominated by treesize 
Club, mosses, horsetails, and 

4388
04:00:17,808 --> 04:00:21,100
ferns groups that today are 
mostly small plants. 

4389
04:00:22,000 --> 04:00:24,300
These are early trees, could 
reach Heights of over, 30 

4390
04:00:24,300 --> 04:00:28,300
meters, creating the first 
complex terrestrial, ecosystems 

4391
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:32,200
their Roots, broke up, Rock, 
accelerating weathering, and 

4392
04:00:32,200 --> 04:00:36,000
soil formation. 
When they died and fell, they 

4393
04:00:36,000 --> 04:00:39,600
created habitats, for other 
organisms, life was transforming

4394
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:43,100
the landscape but plants didn't 
colonize land alone. 

4395
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,200
They were followed or perhaps 
accompanied by animals. 

4396
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,100
The first terrestrial animals 
were probably arthropods 

4397
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:54,200
millipedes and centipedes and 
possibly earlier arachnids. 

4398
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:58,900
These creatures likely began as 
Coastal or semiaquatic organisms

4399
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:01,200
that gradually adapted to 
terrestrial life. 

4400
04:01:02,000 --> 04:01:03,700
They had advantages for land 
living. 

4401
04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:07,600
Their exoskeletons, provided 
structural support, and 

4402
04:01:07,600 --> 04:01:10,800
protection from drying and their
jointed legs worked. 

4403
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:14,300
Well for walking on a regular 
surfaces by the late devonian 

4404
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:19,100
around 375 million years ago, 
insects had appeared and were 

4405
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:23,300
beginning to diversify. 
Some of old Wing's becoming the 

4406
04:01:23,300 --> 04:01:25,600
first animals capable of powered
flight. 

4407
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:29,600
This Innovation opened New 
Dimensions of terrestrial space.

4408
04:01:29,600 --> 04:01:34,700
Allowing insects to disperse. 
Widely Escape predators and 

4409
04:01:34,700 --> 04:01:38,600
eventually pollinate plants, but
the most dramatic transition to 

4410
04:01:38,600 --> 04:01:40,600
land was being made by a group 
of fish. 

4411
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:44,100
In the shallow Waters and swamps
of the devonian. 

4412
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:49,100
Some fish had evolved muscular 
Lopez that could support their 

4413
04:01:49,100 --> 04:01:52,000
weight and lungs that could 
extract oxygen from Air. 

4414
04:01:52,900 --> 04:01:56,000
These lobe-finned fish could 
hold themselves out of the water

4415
04:01:56,000 --> 04:01:58,600
and move across land, possibly 
to reach new. 

4416
04:01:58,600 --> 04:02:02,300
Water bodies or Escape Predators
creatures like Tic, Turlock. 

4417
04:02:02,300 --> 04:02:05,500
Represented an intermediate 
stage between fish and tetrapods

4418
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:09,600
four-legged vertebrates. 
They had fins with bones that 

4419
04:02:09,600 --> 04:02:12,700
corresponded to our upper arm 
forearm and something resembling

4420
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:16,100
a wrist. 
They had lungs and gills, a flat

4421
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:18,300
head that could support. 
The weight went out of water and

4422
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:21,800
flexible neck. 
Tiktok could do push-ups with 

4423
04:02:21,800 --> 04:02:24,800
its front fins. 
Lifting its head above water to 

4424
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:27,600
breathe air or look around over 
millions of years. 

4425
04:02:27,600 --> 04:02:31,700
These fish like creatures gave 
rise to true tetrapods Animals 

4426
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:36,000
with four limbs rather than 
Finns early tetrapods like a 

4427
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:39,200
Cantor Steiger, still spent most
of their time in water, but they

4428
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:43,000
had digits fingers and toes 
rather than Finn rays. 

4429
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:46,500
They represented a commitment to
the new lifestyle that land 

4430
04:02:46,500 --> 04:02:50,000
offered even though they were 
yet fully dressed Real by the 

4431
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:54,700
Carboniferous period around 350 
million years ago tetrapods had 

4432
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:59,500
fully transitioned to land And 
fibs diversifying into numerous 

4433
04:02:59,500 --> 04:03:03,400
forms from small salamander like
creatures to massive beasts. 

4434
04:03:03,400 --> 04:03:06,900
Several meters long. 
These early amphibians still 

4435
04:03:06,900 --> 04:03:11,200
required water for reproduction,
the eggs had no shell and would 

4436
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:14,600
dry out in air, but they could 
live entirely on land as adults.

4437
04:03:14,600 --> 04:03:17,600
The Carboniferous world would 
have been a strange place to 

4438
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:20,400
visit. 
Forests were dominated by 

4439
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:22,600
enormous Club mosses and 
horsetails. 

4440
04:03:22,600 --> 04:03:26,100
Creating swampy environments 
where dead plant material 

4441
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:28,500
accumulated faster than it could
decay. 

4442
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:31,800
This plant material would 
eventually become the cold 

4443
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:34,100
deposits. 
That gave the Carboniferous, its

4444
04:03:34,100 --> 04:03:37,900
name and powered, the Industrial
Revolution hundreds of millions 

4445
04:03:37,900 --> 04:03:41,700
of years later insects thrived 
in these forests growing to 

4446
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:43,700
sizes that seem impossible to 
today. 

4447
04:03:44,500 --> 04:03:49,000
Dragonflies with wingspans of 70
centimeters about the size of a 

4448
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,600
hawk hundred smaller insects 
through the forest, canopy 

4449
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:56,100
millipedes over two meters. 
Long crawled through the leaf 

4450
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:59,000
litter. 
The high oxygen content of the 

4451
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:03,000
Carboniferous atmosphere. 
Perhaps 35% compared to today's 

4452
04:04:03,000 --> 04:04:07,000
21% allowed, these arthropods to
reach sizes that their 

4453
04:04:07,000 --> 04:04:09,800
respiratory systems couldn't 
support in today's atmosphere, 

4454
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:12,700
but the most significant 
evolutionary innovation of this 

4455
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,500
era was happening quietly among 
certain amphibians. 

4456
04:04:16,300 --> 04:04:20,100
Some lineages were developing 
eggs with shells eggs, that 

4457
04:04:20,100 --> 04:04:22,200
could be laid on land rather 
than in water. 

4458
04:04:23,000 --> 04:04:27,100
This amniotic egg with its 
protective shell and internal 

4459
04:04:27,100 --> 04:04:31,000
membrane freed vertebrates from 
their dependence on water for 

4460
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:33,900
reproduction. 
The animals that develop this 

4461
04:04:33,900 --> 04:04:37,900
Innovation would give rise to 
all reptiles birds and mammals 

4462
04:04:37,900 --> 04:04:41,000
as the Carboniferous. 
Gave way to the Permian period 

4463
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:45,200
around 299 million years ago, 
Earth entered a new phase. 

4464
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:49,200
The continents which have been 
scattered during early periods, 

4465
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:52,800
were gradually colliding to form
a supercontinent called Pangea, 

4466
04:04:52,800 --> 04:04:58,300
Greek for all Earth. 
This massive land mass stretched

4467
04:04:58,300 --> 04:05:01,000
from pole to pole surrounded by 
a single vast. 

4468
04:05:01,000 --> 04:05:05,100
Ocean called panthera, the 
formation of Pangea had profound

4469
04:05:05,100 --> 04:05:08,600
effects on climate and life. 
With one giant continent. 

4470
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:11,000
The interior regions Were Far 
From Any ocean. 

4471
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:15,200
Creating extensive deserts with 
extreme temperature, ranges, 

4472
04:05:16,100 --> 04:05:19,600
Coastal regions, experienced 
Monsoon patterns with wet and 

4473
04:05:19,600 --> 04:05:21,800
dry seasons of unusual, 
intensity. 

4474
04:05:22,900 --> 04:05:25,600
Climate overall was becoming 
drier and more seasonal. 

4475
04:05:25,600 --> 04:05:30,300
Amniotes animals with shelled, 
eggs Diversified into two main 

4476
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:34,300
groups. the synapsids, which 
would eventually give rise to 

4477
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:37,500
mammals, became the dominant 
large land animals of the 

4478
04:05:37,500 --> 04:05:43,000
Permian, Many were spectacular, 
creatures dimetrodon, often 

4479
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:46,900
mistakenly called a dinosaur, 
had a huge sale on its back, 

4480
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:49,300
that probably helped regulate 
its body temperature. 

4481
04:05:49,300 --> 04:05:52,700
Their absence evolved 
increasingly mammal-like 

4482
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:56,300
features, including 
differentiated teeth more 

4483
04:05:56,300 --> 04:05:59,600
efficient, Locomotion, and 
possibly even whiskers and body 

4484
04:05:59,600 --> 04:06:02,300
hair in some species. 
The other major group, The 

4485
04:06:02,300 --> 04:06:05,900
sauropsids included, all modern 
reptiles, and would eventually 

4486
04:06:05,900 --> 04:06:07,700
give rise to dinosaurs and 
birds. 

4487
04:06:08,600 --> 04:06:11,300
These creatures were exploring 
different solutions to the 

4488
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:14,600
challenges of terrestrial life, 
particularly the problem of 

4489
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:17,400
regulating body temperature, 
without the constant presence of

4490
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:21,400
water for cooling. 
But then 2502 million years ago,

4491
04:06:21,400 --> 04:06:25,200
Earth experienced the most 
catastrophic Extinction of event

4492
04:06:25,200 --> 04:06:28,600
in its history. 
The Permian Triassic Extinction,

4493
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:30,900
sometimes called the Great 
dying. 

4494
04:06:31,600 --> 04:06:34,400
Over appeared that might have 
lasted from 10 of thousands to 

4495
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:38,500
hundreds of thousands of years 
approximately 96% of all marine 

4496
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:41,600
species and 70% of terrestrial. 
Vertebrates, species went 

4497
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,100
extinct. 
The calls of this Extinction is 

4498
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:47,900
still debated, that the leading 
suspect is massive volcanic 

4499
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:51,600
eruptions in Siberia that 
released enormous quantities of 

4500
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:54,800
lava and gases. 
These eruptions created, the 

4501
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:59,100
Siberian traps vast fields of 
Basalt that still cover much of 

4502
04:06:59,100 --> 04:07:02,600
Siberia today. 
The volcanic activity released 

4503
04:07:02,600 --> 04:07:06,000
carbon dioxide and other gases 
that warm the planet 

4504
04:07:06,000 --> 04:07:09,500
dramatically. 
Ocean temperatures Rose and the 

4505
04:07:09,508 --> 04:07:13,200
warmer water could not hold as 
much dissolved oxygen, creating 

4506
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:18,000
vast dead zones. 
Sid rain fell on land and ocean 

4507
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:20,700
alike. 
It was a planetary disaster that

4508
04:07:20,700 --> 04:07:23,700
came closer than any other event
to wiping out complex life 

4509
04:07:23,700 --> 04:07:28,300
entirely yet life persisted In 
the aftermath of the Permian 

4510
04:07:28,300 --> 04:07:30,900
Extinction. 
Surviving species rapidly 

4511
04:07:30,900 --> 04:07:34,400
Diversified to fill the 
ecological roles left empty by 

4512
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:38,500
the mass die-off. the Triassic 
period that followed was a time 

4513
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:41,800
of recovery in Innovation when 
many modern groups first 

4514
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:45,200
appeared among the survivors, 
were the ancestors of dinosaurs 

4515
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:49,300
a group of archosaurs ruling 
reptiles that had been 

4516
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:53,200
relatively minor players in 
Permian, ecosystems In the 

4517
04:07:53,200 --> 04:07:56,200
Triassic, these creatures began 
to evolve some remarkable 

4518
04:07:56,200 --> 04:07:59,900
features they developed an 
upright posture with Lakes 

4519
04:07:59,900 --> 04:08:02,500
directly under their bodies 
rather than sprawling to the 

4520
04:08:02,500 --> 04:08:06,500
side's like early reptiles. 
This more efficient Locomotion 

4521
04:08:06,500 --> 04:08:09,800
allowed them to be more active 
and cover more ground with less 

4522
04:08:09,800 --> 04:08:13,800
energy by the late Triassic. 
The first true dinosaurs had 

4523
04:08:13,800 --> 04:08:17,300
appeared relatively small 
bipedal creatures. 

4524
04:08:17,300 --> 04:08:20,200
That ran on their hind legs, 
They weren't immediately 

4525
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:22,800
dominant. 
They shared the landscape with 

4526
04:08:22,800 --> 04:08:27,000
various other reptiles early, 
crocodile relatives, and large, 

4527
04:08:27,000 --> 04:08:30,400
amphibians that they were 
successful enough to survive the

4528
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:33,200
next catastrophe. 
At the end of the Triassic 

4529
04:08:33,200 --> 04:08:37,800
around. 201 million years ago, 
another mass extinction of event

4530
04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:41,800
probably caused by more massive,
volcanic, eruptions eliminated. 

4531
04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:44,500
Many of the groups that had been
competing with Dinosaurs. 

4532
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:48,900
The dinosaurs survived and in 
the Jurassic period that 

4533
04:08:48,900 --> 04:08:53,300
followed it exploded into 
remarkable diversity, the 

4534
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:57,700
Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods
to iron to 66 million years ago 

4535
04:08:57,700 --> 04:09:01,500
were the age of dinosaurs. 
These creatures came to dominate

4536
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:05,400
terrestrial ecosystems in ways. 
No group had before or has since

4537
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:10,700
they ranged in size from chicken
size, predators to the largest 

4538
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:14,700
land animals that ever lived. 
Surah pods like Argentino Soros.

4539
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:18,200
That may have waited over 70 
tons the equivalent of about 12 

4540
04:09:18,200 --> 04:09:22,400
elephants, dinosaurs evolved in 
to every conceivable ecological 

4541
04:09:22,400 --> 04:09:24,600
role. 
They were predators, like, 

4542
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:28,000
Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, 
Rex herbivores, like 

4543
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:33,100
stegosaurus, and Triceratops 
omnivores, insectivores, and 

4544
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:36,600
possibly even some that fed 
primarily on fish or carrion. 

4545
04:09:37,400 --> 04:09:39,900
Some ran on two legs, others on 
four. 

4546
04:09:40,600 --> 04:09:44,700
Some were armed with plates and 
spikes, others, relied on speed 

4547
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,500
or size for defense. 
Some were solitary. 

4548
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:49,200
Others lived. 
In herds. 

4549
04:09:49,800 --> 04:09:52,700
They adapted to environments 
ranging from Polar Forest to 

4550
04:09:52,708 --> 04:09:55,700
deserts to swamps. 
But dinosaurs were the only 

4551
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:57,400
remarkable creatures of this 
era. 

4552
04:09:57,400 --> 04:10:01,800
In the Jurassic one group of 
small feather, dinosaurs evolved

4553
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:04,700
the ability to fly, giving rise 
to birds. 

4554
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:08,700
First birds like Archaeopteryx 
retained. 

4555
04:10:08,700 --> 04:10:13,100
Many dinosaurs in features 
teeth, bony Tails, clawed 

4556
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:16,900
fingers, but they could fly 
opening new ecological 

4557
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:20,900
opportunities in the ocean's 
reptiles had returned to Aquatic

4558
04:10:20,900 --> 04:10:23,400
Life. 
If thesaurus shaped like 

4559
04:10:23,408 --> 04:10:26,800
dolphins, were fast swimming. 
Predators that gave birth to 

4560
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:29,900
live young in the water. 
Please see a saws with their 

4561
04:10:29,900 --> 04:10:33,300
long necks and flippers hunting 
fish and Squid. 

4562
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:36,500
Mosasaurs which appeared in the 
Cretaceous? 

4563
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:39,900
Grew to lengths of over 15 
meters and were apex. 

4564
04:10:39,900 --> 04:10:44,200
Predators of the Seas. 
Meanwhile, mammals descendants 

4565
04:10:44,200 --> 04:10:47,000
of those mammal-like. 
Synapsids from the Permian, were

4566
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:50,300
present throughout the Mesozoic 
Era, but remained relatively 

4567
04:10:50,300 --> 04:10:55,000
small and mostly nocturnal. 
They had evolved fur, warm 

4568
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:59,100
blooded sophisticated teeth, but
they couldn't compete with 

4569
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:01,900
Dinosaurs for the dominant 
ecological roles. 

4570
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:07,200
For over 150 million years 
mammals remained in the shadows 

4571
04:11:07,200 --> 04:11:11,500
living in the margins of a 
world, ruled by reptiles the 

4572
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:14,500
flowering. 
Plants Andro, sperms appeared in

4573
04:11:14,508 --> 04:11:18,300
the Cretaceous around 130 
million years ago and quickly 

4574
04:11:18,300 --> 04:11:21,800
became the dominant land plants.
These plants have evolved, 

4575
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:25,600
flowers and fruits structures 
designed to attract pollinators 

4576
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:28,600
and Seed dispersers. 
The partnership between 

4577
04:11:28,600 --> 04:11:31,900
flowering plants and insects and
eventually birds. 

4578
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:35,100
And mammals created new 
complexity in terrestrial, 

4579
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:40,100
ecosystems butterflies and bees 
evolved to pollinate specific 

4580
04:11:40,100 --> 04:11:44,500
flowers trees, evolved fruits to
entice, animals to disperse 

4581
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:47,700
their seeds by the late 
Cretaceous Earth's. 

4582
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:51,000
Ecosystems had reached a level 
of complexity comparable to 

4583
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:56,200
todays It would diverse forests,
grasslands wetlands and deserts.

4584
04:11:57,000 --> 04:12:00,600
Food webs were intricate with 
multiple trophic levels and 

4585
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:02,800
specialized relationships 
between species. 

4586
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:07,300
The planet was teeming with 
life, from microscopic Plankton 

4587
04:12:07,300 --> 04:12:11,500
to enormous dinosaurs from 
flowering plants to social 

4588
04:12:11,500 --> 04:12:14,800
insects and then 66 million 
years ago. 

4589
04:12:14,800 --> 04:12:18,300
Something fell from the sky. 
Imagine being in what's now the 

4590
04:12:18,300 --> 04:12:22,700
Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico on a
day. 66 million years ago. 

4591
04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:27,100
Morning is warm and humid 
typical for this tropical 

4592
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:30,600
coastline. 
In the Inland forests dinosaurs 

4593
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:33,400
are going about their daily 
business herbivores. 

4594
04:12:33,400 --> 04:12:36,400
Browsing small, Predators 
hunting, and birds, singing from

4595
04:12:36,400 --> 04:12:41,000
the trees, then moving at about 
20 kilometers per second faster 

4596
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:42,200
than you could track with your 
eyes. 

4597
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:45,400
If you could see it coming, a 
rock about 10 kilometers in 

4598
04:12:45,408 --> 04:12:49,300
diameter enters the atmosphere. 
The air in front of it, can't 

4599
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:52,800
get out of the way, fast enough.
So it compresses and heats to 

4600
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:54,900
temperatures hotter than the 
surface of the Sun. 

4601
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:59,100
The asteroid technically it 
might have been a comet but will

4602
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,000
call it an asteroid. 
His briefly surrounded by a 

4603
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:05,600
bubble of superheated gas that 
radiates enough them and energy 

4604
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:09,200
to ignite forests hundreds of 
kilometers away the impact 

4605
04:13:09,200 --> 04:13:11,300
itself. 
Releases energy equivalent to 

4606
04:13:11,300 --> 04:13:15,200
about 10 billion Hiroshima. 
Bombs, the asteroid vaporizes. 

4607
04:13:15,200 --> 04:13:18,300
Incidentally along with a vast 
amount of the Earth's crust. 

4608
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:23,300
A crater on 150 kilometers in 
diameter forms in seconds. 

4609
04:13:23,300 --> 04:13:27,200
Rock liquefied by the impact 
splashes upward in a ring 

4610
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:30,700
creating mountains in minutes. 
Shock waves race through the 

4611
04:13:30,700 --> 04:13:32,800
Earth's crust, like ripples in a
pond. 

4612
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:36,400
Except these ripples are 
earthquakes of magnitude 11 or 

4613
04:13:36,400 --> 04:13:39,900
higher far beyond anything and 
recorded human history. 

4614
04:13:39,900 --> 04:13:43,500
The debris from the impact 
vaporized Rock, bits of 

4615
04:13:43,508 --> 04:13:46,800
asteroid, fragments of crust, 
shoots upward into the 

4616
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:50,500
atmosphere and Beyond. 
Some material reaches escape, 

4617
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:52,500
velocity, and actually leaves 
Earth entirely. 

4618
04:13:53,400 --> 04:13:56,500
Other material falls back 
re-entering, the atmosphere all 

4619
04:13:56,500 --> 04:14:00,100
over the planet. 
As this material re-enters at 

4620
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:02,700
Hypersonic. 
Speeds it heats, the atmosphere 

4621
04:14:02,700 --> 04:14:07,300
to other than like temperatures.
Forests across the planet burst 

4622
04:14:07,300 --> 04:14:11,900
into flame animals without 
shelter a literally baked alive 

4623
04:14:11,900 --> 04:14:15,700
within minutes of the impact. 
Huge tsunamis Race Across the 

4624
04:14:15,700 --> 04:14:18,300
ocean's. 
Some perhaps hundreds of meters 

4625
04:14:18,300 --> 04:14:22,000
high obliterating, Coastal 
ecosystems around the Gulf of 

4626
04:14:22,008 --> 04:14:25,700
Mexico and Beyond. 
Sutton from the burning forests 

4627
04:14:25,700 --> 04:14:29,400
mixes, with dust from the 
impact, creating a thick shroud 

4628
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,500
that blocks sunlight 
temperatures plummet as the 

4629
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:34,600
planet is plunged into an impact
winter. 

4630
04:14:34,600 --> 04:14:38,700
That could last months, or years
photosynthesis, essentially 

4631
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:42,700
stops plants die from lack of 
sunlight herbivores. 

4632
04:14:42,700 --> 04:14:45,900
Die from lack of plants, 
carnivals die, from lack of 

4633
04:14:45,900 --> 04:14:48,800
prey. 
The food chain supporting 

4634
04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:53,300
complex, ecosystems collapse, 
like dominoes. in the oceans, 

4635
04:14:53,300 --> 04:14:57,000
Plankton the base of marine 
food, webs die, in massive 

4636
04:14:57,000 --> 04:15:00,900
numbers, causing cascading 
extinctions up the food chain, 

4637
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:04,100
the extinction event that 
followed was the fifth, major 

4638
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:07,400
mass extinction in Earth's 
history and the one that finally

4639
04:15:07,400 --> 04:15:11,700
ended the age of dinosaurs 
Non-avian dinosaurs, which had 

4640
04:15:11,700 --> 04:15:15,100
ruled terrestrial ecosystems for
over 150 million years. 

4641
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:20,200
Completely disappeared. 
So did pterosaurs the flying 

4642
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:24,400
reptiles that had dominated the 
skies marine reptiles like, 

4643
04:15:24,400 --> 04:15:28,300
Moses saws and plesiosaurs 
vanished from the ocean's in 

4644
04:15:28,300 --> 04:15:32,200
total about 75% of all species, 
went extinct. 

4645
04:15:33,000 --> 04:15:37,400
Some creatures survived Birds. 
Technically flying dinosaurs. 

4646
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:40,400
Made it through though. 
Many lineages were lost. 

4647
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:45,400
Mammal survived probably because
they were small, eight diverse 

4648
04:15:45,400 --> 04:15:49,000
foods and many lived in Burrows 
that provided shelter from the 

4649
04:15:49,000 --> 04:15:53,300
immediate effects of the impact.
Crocodiles and turtles survived 

4650
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:56,500
possibly because they could go 
long periods without food. 

4651
04:15:57,500 --> 04:16:01,600
Snakes survived, many groups of 
fish made it through in, the 

4652
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:05,300
aftermath the planet was a 
devastated place, the forest 

4653
04:16:05,300 --> 04:16:09,000
were gone by vast expanses of 
dead trees and Ash. 

4654
04:16:09,000 --> 04:16:11,200
The oceans were depleted of 
life. 

4655
04:16:12,000 --> 04:16:14,800
The survivors found themselves 
in a world with empty 

4656
04:16:14,800 --> 04:16:17,100
ecological, niches and reduced 
competition. 

4657
04:16:18,200 --> 04:16:20,500
Evolution as it always does 
began to fill. 

4658
04:16:20,500 --> 04:16:25,100
The gaps mammals which had spent
150 million years of small, 

4659
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,900
nocturnal creatures, suddenly 
had opportunities, they'd never 

4660
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:32,400
had before. 
Within a few million years of 

4661
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:36,300
blink of an eye in geological 
time they had Diversified into 

4662
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:40,100
hundreds of new forms. 
Some remained small but others 

4663
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:43,300
grew, larger filling the 
ecological roles, previously 

4664
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:47,400
occupied by dinosaurs by 50 
million years ago, mammals had 

4665
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:49,500
become the dominant large 
animals on land. 

4666
04:16:49,500 --> 04:16:54,200
There were massive herbivores, 
and predators and creatures 

4667
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,300
adapted. 
For every environment from 

4668
04:16:56,300 --> 04:17:00,600
deserts to Forest Ocean's. 
Some mammals even returned to 

4669
04:17:00,600 --> 04:17:03,000
the Sea. 
Giving rise to whales and 

4670
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:05,900
dolphins. 
Others took to the are evolving 

4671
04:17:05,900 --> 04:17:09,000
into bats. 
The age of mammals had begun as 

4672
04:17:09,000 --> 04:17:11,900
mammals Diversified throughout 
the cenozoic era. 

4673
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:15,800
One particular group, The 
primates was evolving in ways 

4674
04:17:15,800 --> 04:17:17,500
that would eventually change the
planet. 

4675
04:17:17,500 --> 04:17:20,900
As profoundly as the evolution 
of photosynthesis, all the 

4676
04:17:20,900 --> 04:17:25,000
colonization of land early 
primates were small tree 

4677
04:17:25,000 --> 04:17:28,400
dwelling creatures that appeared
around. 55 million years ago, 

4678
04:17:28,400 --> 04:17:33,000
they had grasping hands and feet
forward facing eyes for depth 

4679
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:36,600
perception, and relatively large
brains for their body size. 

4680
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:40,100
These features help them 
navigate the three-dimensional 

4681
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:41,800
environment of the forest 
canopy. 

4682
04:17:42,800 --> 04:17:47,400
Over millions of years primates 
Diversified into lemurs monkeys 

4683
04:17:47,400 --> 04:17:51,700
and apes around. 7 million years
ago in Africa, something 

4684
04:17:51,700 --> 04:17:53,700
significant happened in the ape 
lineage. 

4685
04:17:54,600 --> 04:17:57,300
Some Apes began spending more 
time on the ground and walking 

4686
04:17:57,300 --> 04:18:00,900
upright on two legs. 
This bipedalism freed their 

4687
04:18:00,900 --> 04:18:03,100
hands for carrying objects and 
using tools. 

4688
04:18:03,100 --> 04:18:06,800
It also changed their anatomy in
ways that would prove crucial 

4689
04:18:06,800 --> 04:18:11,200
their pelvis shifted to support.
Upright walking their spine 

4690
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:15,500
curved in an S shape, and their 
skull balance directly on top of

4691
04:18:15,500 --> 04:18:17,400
their spine, rather than jutting
forward. 

4692
04:18:17,400 --> 04:18:20,400
These early hominins are human 
ancestors. 

4693
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:23,000
Weren't dramatically different 
from other Apes. 

4694
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:26,800
Initially, they had brains about
the size of modern chimpanzees 

4695
04:18:26,800 --> 04:18:30,100
and probably lived in small 
social groups in Woodland and 

4696
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:33,800
Savannah environments. 
But they were starting down a 

4697
04:18:33,800 --> 04:18:36,400
path that would lead to 
something unprecedented over the

4698
04:18:36,400 --> 04:18:38,700
next. 
Several million years, various 

4699
04:18:38,700 --> 04:18:42,200
hominin species appeared 
experimented with different 

4700
04:18:42,200 --> 04:18:45,400
strategies for survival and 
mostly went extinct. 

4701
04:18:46,200 --> 04:18:50,800
Australopithecus, afferents the 
species that includes the Famous

4702
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:54,100
Fossil. 
Lucy walked upright, but still 

4703
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:56,500
climb trees, and had a 
relatively small brain. 

4704
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:00,500
Parents species, had massive 
Jaws for processing. 

4705
04:19:00,500 --> 04:19:04,300
Tough plant material. 
Various species of early homo 

4706
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:07,300
began making more sophisticated,
stone tools, and eating more 

4707
04:19:07,300 --> 04:19:11,300
meat around. 2 million years 
ago, one lineage are direct 

4708
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:15,900
ancestors began evolving larger 
brains This required, 

4709
04:19:15,900 --> 04:19:19,300
significant energy investment, 
brains are metabolically, 

4710
04:19:19,300 --> 04:19:24,700
expensive and created a problem.
Infants needed to be born in 

4711
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,200
their development, because their
large heads wouldn't fit through

4712
04:19:27,200 --> 04:19:29,000
the birth canal. 
If they waited much longer, 

4713
04:19:30,300 --> 04:19:33,300
Human infants are remarkably 
helpless compared to other 

4714
04:19:33,300 --> 04:19:36,500
mammals requiring extended 
parental care. 

4715
04:19:37,400 --> 04:19:39,700
This helplessness may have 
driven increase social 

4716
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:43,200
cooperation and learning 
creating a feedback loop where 

4717
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:46,300
social species with big brains 
had more successful Offspring 

4718
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:49,300
leading to even more. 
So social species with even 

4719
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:52,600
bigger brains by 300,000 years 
ago. 

4720
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:57,400
Homo sapiens modern humans 
anatomically indistinguishable 

4721
04:19:57,400 --> 04:20:02,400
from you that appeared in Africa
We weren't alone several other 

4722
04:20:02,400 --> 04:20:06,800
human species existed, including
neanderthals in Europe and 

4723
04:20:06,800 --> 04:20:10,100
Dennis overlands in Asia. 
These are the species were 

4724
04:20:10,100 --> 04:20:14,400
intelligent used tools had 
culture and art and probably had

4725
04:20:14,400 --> 04:20:17,300
language. 
For reasons still debated. 

4726
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:21,500
They eventually went extinct 
leaving Homo sapiens, as the 

4727
04:20:21,500 --> 04:20:25,400
only surviving human species 
around 70,000 years ago. 

4728
04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:29,400
Modern humans began migrating 
Out of Africa, spreading across 

4729
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:33,900
Asia, Europe, Australia, and 
eventually, the Americas they 

4730
04:20:33,900 --> 04:20:37,700
adapted every environment from 
Arctic tundra to tropical 

4731
04:20:37,700 --> 04:20:42,800
rainforests from deserts to 
Ireland's. unlike other animals 

4732
04:20:42,800 --> 04:20:45,900
that adapt to new environments 
through biological evolution 

4733
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:50,900
humans adapted, largely through,
cultural Evolution, learning new

4734
04:20:50,900 --> 04:20:54,200
skills, inventing new 
technologies, and passing 

4735
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:58,500
knowledge between Generations 
about 12,000 years ago, humans 

4736
04:20:58,500 --> 04:21:02,400
began, domesticating plants and 
animals, inventing agriculture, 

4737
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:06,200
This was a turning point in 
human history and Earth's 

4738
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:08,400
history. 
Farming allowed humans to 

4739
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:12,100
produce more food support, 
larger populations and create 

4740
04:21:12,100 --> 04:21:16,300
permanent settlements. 
But it also tied human societies

4741
04:21:16,300 --> 04:21:20,800
to particular pieces of land. 
Created social hierarchies and 

4742
04:21:20,800 --> 04:21:23,800
began the process of 
transforming natural landscapes 

4743
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:28,000
in agricultural. 
Onesies appeared civilizations, 

4744
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:33,200
Rose and fell and Technologies. 
Advanced Humans began changing 

4745
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:36,200
the planet, at scales, that 
would have been unimaginable to 

4746
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:39,100
their ancestors. 
They cleared forests for 

4747
04:21:39,100 --> 04:21:43,800
agriculture, we directed Rivers 
built massive structures and 

4748
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:46,200
eventually began burning fossil 
fuels. 

4749
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:50,200
Those ancient Carboniferous 
forests transformed by heat and 

4750
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:53,300
pressure into coal oil and gas 
today. 

4751
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:57,000
Earth's surface has been 
profoundly reshaped by human 

4752
04:21:57,000 --> 04:22:00,700
activity. 
We've converted about 40% of the

4753
04:22:00,700 --> 04:22:04,700
planet's ice-free land to 
agriculture, we've built cities 

4754
04:22:04,700 --> 04:22:08,600
that house billions of people. 
We've driven many species to 

4755
04:22:08,600 --> 04:22:11,900
Extinction while deliberately 
spreading others around the 

4756
04:22:11,900 --> 04:22:14,600
world. 
We've altered the chemistry of 

4757
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:18,900
the atmosphere by burning fossil
fuels, increasing carbon dioxide

4758
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:21,500
levels to Heights. 
Not seen for millions of years. 

4759
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:24,900
Yet, Earth remains fundamentally
a living planet. 

4760
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:29,800
The ocean still Teem with life, 
from microscopic Plankton to 

4761
04:22:29,800 --> 04:22:32,900
enormous. 
Whales forests still grow, 

4762
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:37,700
photosynthesizing and producing 
oxygen microbes still process 

4763
04:22:37,700 --> 04:22:39,800
nutrients, and decompose dead 
material. 

4764
04:22:41,500 --> 04:22:45,400
The rock cycle continues slowly 
button next, ribbly recycling 

4765
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:47,300
Earth's crust. 
Plate. 

4766
04:22:47,300 --> 04:22:51,600
Tectonics still move continents.
Build a mountains and create new

4767
04:22:51,600 --> 04:22:54,800
oceanic crust. 
If you could somehow see Earth 

4768
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:58,700
from space right now, you'd see 
the same basic features that 

4769
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:01,400
have characterized the planet 
for hundreds of millions of 

4770
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:06,000
years, blue Ocean's white clouds
and Greenland masses. 

4771
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:09,500
The difference is from the 
Cretaceous or Jurassic would be 

4772
04:23:09,508 --> 04:23:13,100
subtle from orbit, different 
configurations of continents, 

4773
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:17,900
different patterns of vegetation
that still recognizably Earth 

4774
04:23:17,900 --> 04:23:20,000
yet. 
The planet is constantly 

4775
04:23:20,000 --> 04:23:22,400
changing. 
As it always has. 

4776
04:23:23,300 --> 04:23:27,800
Climate shifts, continents drift
and species evolved and go 

4777
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:30,500
extinct. 
The Earth you're sitting on 

4778
04:23:30,508 --> 04:23:34,100
right now is not the same as the
Earth of a million years ago or 

4779
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,000
a million years. 
Hence, Change is the only 

4780
04:23:37,000 --> 04:23:38,700
constant in Earth's long 
history. 

4781
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:41,800
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider the extraordinary 

4782
04:23:41,800 --> 04:23:44,300
Journey. 
We've traced tonight. from a 

4783
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:48,100
molten ball of rock to a living 
planet teeming with complexity, 

4784
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:52,700
Four and a half billion years is
a span of time that defies human

4785
04:23:52,700 --> 04:23:56,000
comprehension. 
If Earth's entire history were 

4786
04:23:56,000 --> 04:23:59,500
compressed into a single year 
with Earth forming on January 

4787
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:03,500
1st, the first life would appear
in February but complex animals 

4788
04:24:03,500 --> 04:24:04,900
wouldn't show up until 
mid-november. 

4789
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:13,600
Of human history from the first 
civilizations to today, would 

4790
04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:16,500
occur in the last few minutes 
before midnight on December 

4791
04:24:16,500 --> 04:24:19,100
31st. 
This perspective can make our 

4792
04:24:19,100 --> 04:24:22,200
individual lives seem 
insignificant, but perhaps 

4793
04:24:22,200 --> 04:24:25,300
that's not quite right. 
Every atom in your body was 

4794
04:24:25,300 --> 04:24:28,500
forged in the heart of a star or
in the violent Collision of the 

4795
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:32,100
neutron stars. 
The calcium in your bones, the 

4796
04:24:32,100 --> 04:24:34,000
iron in your blood and the 
oxygen. 

4797
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:37,500
You breathe all have Cosmic 
Origins, stretching back 

4798
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:40,900
billions of years. 
You're quite literally made of 

4799
04:24:40,908 --> 04:24:44,500
Stardust assembled through 
processes that have taken the 

4800
04:24:44,500 --> 04:24:48,900
entire age of the universe to 
unfold the water you drank today

4801
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:52,300
might have fallen as rain on 
Jurassic dinosaurs flowed 

4802
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:55,000
through Carboniferous forests or
existed. 

4803
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:58,400
In the first oceans that formed 
when Earth's surface cooled. 

4804
04:24:59,200 --> 04:25:03,400
Water cycles through Earth 
Systems evaporating condensing 

4805
04:25:03,400 --> 04:25:06,200
and flowing, being recycled 
endlessly. 

4806
04:25:07,300 --> 04:25:10,400
Every class of water contains 
molecules that have been part of

4807
04:25:10,408 --> 04:25:12,800
countless living things 
throughout Earth's history. 

4808
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:16,200
The air you breathe, is the 
product of billions of years of 

4809
04:25:16,200 --> 04:25:18,400
biological and geological 
processes. 

4810
04:25:18,400 --> 04:25:22,600
The nitrogen came from volcanic 
out, gasping, and Cosmic dust 

4811
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:26,800
The oxygen was produced by 
cyanobacteria and plants over 

4812
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:30,000
billions of years. 
The trace of carbon dioxide 

4813
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:33,300
connects you to every plant 
currently photosynthesizing 

4814
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:36,700
every animal, currently 
breathing every volcano, 

4815
04:25:36,700 --> 04:25:40,600
currently erupting, and every 
vehicle currently running you 

4816
04:25:40,600 --> 04:25:43,600
exist because of an unbroken 
chain of survival and 

4817
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:46,700
reproduction stretching back. 
These first replicating 

4818
04:25:46,700 --> 04:25:50,800
molecules in Earth's primordial 
Ocean's. every one of your 

4819
04:25:50,808 --> 04:25:55,000
ancestors from bacteria to fish 
to mammals to primates 

4820
04:25:55,000 --> 04:25:59,500
successfully survived long 
enough to reproduce, You are the

4821
04:25:59,500 --> 04:26:02,200
product of 4 billion years of 
evolutionary success. 

4822
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:06,400
The latest chapter in The 
Greatest Story Ever Told, but 

4823
04:26:06,400 --> 04:26:08,700
you're also part of something 
larger than your individual 

4824
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:11,200
Story. 
You're a temporary arrangement 

4825
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:14,200
of atoms that Earth has 
assembled atoms, that will 

4826
04:26:14,200 --> 04:26:16,400
eventually return to the 
planet's Cycles. 

4827
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:19,000
When you die. 
Your body will decompose 

4828
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:22,000
releasing nutrients. 
That will be taken up by plants 

4829
04:26:22,000 --> 04:26:25,600
and microbes continuing the 
great recycling that has 

4830
04:26:25,600 --> 04:26:27,600
characterized Earth for billions
of years. 

4831
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:32,000
Nothing is truly lost. 
Everything is transformed and 

4832
04:26:32,000 --> 04:26:34,800
reused this perspective on deep 
time. 

4833
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:38,200
Can be oddly comforting. 
Your worries and stresses the 

4834
04:26:38,200 --> 04:26:40,900
things that keep you awake at 
night, a real, and valid in the 

4835
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:43,400
moment. 
But they're also temporary 

4836
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,900
fleeting concerned in the 
vastness of geological time 

4837
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:52,400
mountains, rise and erode 
Ocean's open and close and 

4838
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:56,300
continents drift, life, 
persists, adapts and changes. 

4839
04:26:56,300 --> 04:26:59,900
Earth endures. 
The planet beneath you a 

4840
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:02,200
survived asteroid impacts 
volcanic. 

4841
04:27:02,200 --> 04:27:05,600
Super eruptions. 
Snowball glaciations and mass 

4842
04:27:05,600 --> 04:27:08,600
extinctions. 
It has transformed from a 

4843
04:27:08,600 --> 04:27:11,800
lifeless ball of rock to a world
where microscopic organisms can 

4844
04:27:11,800 --> 04:27:16,000
evolve over billions of years 
into creatures capable of 

4845
04:27:16,000 --> 04:27:18,300
understanding their all 
evolutionary history. 

4846
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:22,900
That's perhaps the most 
remarkable thing of all that the

4847
04:27:22,908 --> 04:27:26,600
Universe can through processes 
were still working to understand

4848
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:30,600
create entities capable of 
contemplating the universe 

4849
04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:32,200
itself. 
Tomorrow morning. 

4850
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:34,800
When you wake up, you'll be one 
day older. 

4851
04:27:35,600 --> 04:27:38,900
But Earth will be older by a Day
Too a day in which is 

4852
04:27:38,900 --> 04:27:41,400
continents. 
Will have drifted fractions of a

4853
04:27:41,400 --> 04:27:44,600
millimeter a day in which 
millions of organisms will have 

4854
04:27:44,600 --> 04:27:49,300
been born and died a day in 
which rocked and soil formed and

4855
04:27:49,300 --> 04:27:52,700
water cycles and life continued.
You're a participant in this 

4856
04:27:52,700 --> 04:27:56,400
ongoing story contributing your 
own small chapter to Earth's 

4857
04:27:56,400 --> 04:27:59,400
biography. 
The choice is you make the 

4858
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:03,300
things you create and the people
you influence all become part of

4859
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:07,400
the planet's history. 
However, briefly You're not just

4860
04:28:07,400 --> 04:28:09,700
living on Earth. 
Your part of Earth. 

4861
04:28:10,300 --> 04:28:13,100
Temporary expression of the 
planets capacity to organize 

4862
04:28:13,100 --> 04:28:18,000
matter, into self-aware, forms 
sleep now and dream of deep 

4863
04:28:18,000 --> 04:28:20,900
time. 
If you wish Dream of ancient 

4864
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:24,700
oceans and Cambrian. 
Seas of forests, that became 

4865
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:30,100
coal of continents drifting like
slow ships on the mantle Dream 

4866
04:28:30,100 --> 04:28:32,600
of your ancestors, stretching 
back through mammals and 

4867
04:28:32,608 --> 04:28:36,300
reptiles and fish. 
And simple cells to the very 

4868
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:40,000
beginning of life itself. 
Dream of a planet that has been 

4869
04:28:40,008 --> 04:28:45,600
patient for 4.5 billion years 
slowly, becoming a world where 

4870
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:48,000
creatures like, you could exist 
to tell its story. 

4871
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:51,300
And when you wake tomorrow, 
remember that you're living on 

4872
04:28:51,300 --> 04:28:55,000
the surface of a living planet, 
one day in a story that began 

4873
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,800
billions of years ago and will 
continue long after your gone. 

4874
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:02,300
That's not diminishing, its 
connecting. 

4875
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:07,600
Your part of something, vast and
ancient and ongoing a 

4876
04:29:07,600 --> 04:29:09,100
participant in the grandest 
story. 

4877
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:12,200
Ever told rest, well, child of 
Stardust. 

4878
04:29:13,200 --> 04:29:15,800
Sender to the first replicating 
molecule's. 

4879
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,800
Beneficiary of four billion 
years of evolution. 

4880
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:23,400
Earth will still be here when 
you wake continuing its slow 

4881
04:29:23,400 --> 04:29:26,600
dance through space. 
Carrying you and billions of 

4882
04:29:26,608 --> 04:29:29,800
other organisms through another 
day of the longest Story Ever 

4883
04:29:29,800 --> 04:29:37,000
Told. 
Welcome to a Time long before 

4884
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:40,500
writing. 
Before cities before the named 

4885
04:29:40,500 --> 04:29:43,500
ages of History. 
You're stepping into a world 

4886
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:47,200
shaped by sunlight and Seasons 
where routines are older than 

4887
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:49,600
memory. 
And the land itself is your 

4888
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:53,100
calendar. 
Here in these quiet Millennia 

4889
04:29:53,100 --> 04:29:56,800
daily life unfolds in patterns. 
So familiar, they feel like 

4890
04:29:56,800 --> 04:30:00,600
breathing You wake us light 
filters through the shelter 

4891
04:30:00,600 --> 04:30:04,700
opening, the air is cool but 
softening others are already 

4892
04:30:04,700 --> 04:30:08,400
stirring, adjusting coverings 
and checking baskets from 

4893
04:30:08,400 --> 04:30:11,500
yesterday. 
No one announces plans. 

4894
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,400
Everyone already knows what the 
day requires. 

4895
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:18,400
You reach for your Gathering bag
woven from plant fibers. 

4896
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:23,200
Your hands know, intimately, The
weight of it across your 

4897
04:30:23,200 --> 04:30:26,900
shoulder, feels correct. 
Your feet, understand the path, 

4898
04:30:26,900 --> 04:30:30,600
before you choose it. this route
has been walked for Generations,

4899
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:34,300
once Smooth by countless 
footsteps moving towards the 

4900
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:38,600
same resources, The ground tells
you what season this is. 

4901
04:30:39,500 --> 04:30:43,700
Certain plants have vanished. 
Others are everywhere, you do 

4902
04:30:43,700 --> 04:30:47,300
not need to search for what 
grows where your memory holds 

4903
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:49,500
Maps more detail than any 
drawing. 

4904
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:53,000
Could capture that cluster of 
roots near the flats Stone. 

4905
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:55,800
Those berry bushes pass the 
fallen tree. 

4906
04:30:55,800 --> 04:31:01,200
The nut trees on the slope where
Morning Sun arrives first You 

4907
04:31:01,200 --> 04:31:05,700
walk with two others sometimes 
three. occasionally alone though

4908
04:31:05,700 --> 04:31:09,200
rarely Gathering is 
companionable work. 

4909
04:31:09,900 --> 04:31:13,300
You move at the same Pace 
pausing when someone pauses 

4910
04:31:13,300 --> 04:31:17,200
bending, when someone bends 
conversation happens in 

4911
04:31:17,200 --> 04:31:21,300
comfortable stretches and 
silences, no one feels obligated

4912
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:25,600
to fill every moment with words.
The first stop is a patch of 

4913
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:27,400
greens. 
You have harvested from since 

4914
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:31,600
childhood, your hands move 
through the leaves selecting 

4915
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:36,400
without conscious thought to 
Young Too Tough too damaged. 

4916
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:38,500
Your fingers find the right 
ones. 

4917
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:43,300
Automatically you learned this 
by watching others by trying and

4918
04:31:43,300 --> 04:31:47,000
by correcting yourself season 
after season until it became 

4919
04:31:47,000 --> 04:31:50,300
instinct. 
Everything you gather serves 

4920
04:31:50,300 --> 04:31:54,000
multiple purposes. 
These leaves can be eaten now or

4921
04:31:54,000 --> 04:31:57,500
dried for later. 
Stems can be twisted into 

4922
04:31:57,500 --> 04:32:00,400
cordage. 
Nothing is only one thing. 

4923
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:05,400
Your basket fills slowly. 
steadily with a mixture 

4924
04:32:05,400 --> 04:32:08,500
determined by availability and 
familiarity rather than 

4925
04:32:08,500 --> 04:32:13,100
preference you cross a stream at
the shallow place the stones 

4926
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,500
beneath the water are 
positioned, just so placed by 

4927
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:20,800
hands or revealed by current 
Either way, they have been there

4928
04:32:20,800 --> 04:32:25,400
longer than you have been alive.
The Crossing is routine, your 

4929
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:27,400
feet nowhere to step without 
looking down. 

4930
04:32:28,300 --> 04:32:30,900
Past the stream, the landscape 
shifts. 

4931
04:32:31,600 --> 04:32:34,800
Different plants, grow here. 
Different materials can be found

4932
04:32:34,800 --> 04:32:38,900
you adjust your attention. 
Accordingly, this is birch bark 

4933
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:41,500
territory. 
This is where clay deposits 

4934
04:32:41,500 --> 04:32:44,500
appear after rain. 
This is where certain medicinal 

4935
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:46,400
plants, cluster near damp 
ground. 

4936
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:50,500
Time moves differently during 
Gathering, you do not count 

4937
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:55,400
hours, you notice light, instead
the Sun reaches a certain angle,

4938
04:32:55,400 --> 04:32:59,500
Shadows Fall, a certain way, 
your body recognizes these 

4939
04:32:59,500 --> 04:33:02,800
markers without naming them when
your basket feels heavier 

4940
04:33:02,800 --> 04:33:04,400
enough. 
When the light suggests midday 

4941
04:33:04,400 --> 04:33:08,000
approaching you turn back. 
The return Journey follows the 

4942
04:33:08,000 --> 04:33:10,700
same path. 
Your feet find the stream 

4943
04:33:10,700 --> 04:33:13,500
crossing without hesitation you 
pause. 

4944
04:33:13,500 --> 04:33:17,599
Where you always pause at a spot
where the view opens. 

4945
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,400
And you can see the smoke from 
campfires rising in the 

4946
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:23,599
distance. 
This pause is not necessary but 

4947
04:33:23,599 --> 04:33:26,900
it is customary. 
A moment to shift the baskets 

4948
04:33:26,900 --> 04:33:30,599
weight to look toward home to 
let your mind settle into the 

4949
04:33:30,599 --> 04:33:33,200
transition from Gathering mode 
to returning mode. 

4950
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:36,200
Others are arriving from 
different directions. 

4951
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:39,800
Someone brings fish caught in, 
the shallows someone else, 

4952
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:43,000
carries an arm load of Woody, 
stems for basket repairs. 

4953
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:47,599
Few children trail behind their 
adults, holding smaller versions

4954
04:33:47,599 --> 04:33:50,400
of everything. 
The Gathering bags are lighter 

4955
04:33:50,400 --> 04:33:53,099
but they are learning the 
routes, the timing and the 

4956
04:33:53,099 --> 04:33:57,900
plants you set your basket down 
in the usual spot. the contents 

4957
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:01,900
will be sorted, communally What 
you gathered is not solely yours

4958
04:34:01,900 --> 04:34:04,400
or others gather is not solely 
theirs. 

4959
04:34:04,400 --> 04:34:08,599
Everything becomes a shared 
resource distributed according 

4960
04:34:08,599 --> 04:34:11,500
to need and custom rather than 
individual claim. 

4961
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:16,200
Some of the greens will be eaten
today, some will be on flat 

4962
04:34:16,200 --> 04:34:19,599
stones to dry in the Sun. 
The process requires no 

4963
04:34:19,599 --> 04:34:21,800
discussion. 
Everyone knows what happens 

4964
04:34:21,800 --> 04:34:23,599
next? 
Your hands. 

4965
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:27,200
Join others in the Sorting the 
spreading and the gentle 

4966
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:29,200
handling of what the land is 
provided. 

4967
04:34:30,300 --> 04:34:34,300
Gathering happened every day. 
That weather permits some days, 

4968
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:39,300
yield a Somedays. 
Yield less neither causes alarm.

4969
04:34:39,300 --> 04:34:42,500
The rhythms of availability are 
deeply understood. 

4970
04:34:43,400 --> 04:34:45,800
Scarcity. 
And one area means abundant and 

4971
04:34:45,800 --> 04:34:49,200
another Scarcity. 
This month means abundance next 

4972
04:34:49,200 --> 04:34:51,900
month. 
The land Cycles through its 

4973
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:54,300
offerings and you cycle through 
the land. 

4974
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:59,000
Your knowledge of plants 
extends, Beyond food. 

4975
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:03,500
You recognize which leaves 
soothe skin irritation, which 

4976
04:35:03,500 --> 04:35:08,599
Roots settle stomach discomfort 
which bark can be tuned to ease 

4977
04:35:08,599 --> 04:35:11,000
minor pain. 
This knowledge lives in your 

4978
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:13,300
hands and memory rather than in 
words. 

4979
04:35:13,300 --> 04:35:16,500
You learned it the same way you 
learned everything else through 

4980
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:20,900
observation and repetition 
Gathering is not dramatic work. 

4981
04:35:20,900 --> 04:35:24,800
It does not provide stories of 
narrow escapes, or sudden, 

4982
04:35:24,800 --> 04:35:29,099
discoveries. 
It is quiet steady and deeply 

4983
04:35:29,099 --> 04:35:32,099
familiar. 
Your body moves through it with 

4984
04:35:32,099 --> 04:35:37,500
the ease of long practice your 
mind wanders, sometimes returns 

4985
04:35:37,500 --> 04:35:41,099
sometimes and needs no 
particular Focus to accomplish 

4986
04:35:41,099 --> 04:35:44,400
what needs accomplishing. 
The landscape you move through 

4987
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:48,200
is not Wilderness to you. 
It is home with the specificity 

4988
04:35:48,200 --> 04:35:51,599
of long, acquaintance. 
Every Landmark means something. 

4989
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,700
That Boulder marks the boundary 
between two types of terrain. 

4990
04:35:56,500 --> 04:35:59,400
That distinctive tree indicates 
the turn off to the clay 

4991
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,599
deposits that rise. 
In the land means your halfway 

4992
04:36:02,599 --> 04:36:04,800
between camp and the far 
Gathering Grounds. 

4993
04:36:05,599 --> 04:36:08,300
You return to these places again
and again across years. 

4994
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:12,700
Seasons change, what grows? 
But the land itself remains 

4995
04:36:12,700 --> 04:36:16,500
steady the same rocks, the same 
water sources. 

4996
04:36:16,500 --> 04:36:19,900
The same Roots worn Smooth by 
footsteps. 

4997
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:23,200
This repetition creates a deep 
sense of security. 

4998
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:26,599
You are never lost because 
everywhere is known. 

4999
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:29,500
Children learn Gathering by 
being present. 

5000
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:32,000
No one teaches in the formal 
sense. 

5001
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:36,400
Instead children watch imitate, 
try and adjust. 

5002
04:36:37,300 --> 04:36:40,200
They pick the wrong plants. 
Sometimes their baskets remain 

5003
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:43,700
light gradually over Year's 
their hands, learn what your 

5004
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:47,700
hands know. the knowledge 
transfers through proximity and 

5005
04:36:47,700 --> 04:36:52,800
time rather than instruction, As
the sun moves, past midday 

5006
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:57,500
Gathering slows people drift 
back to camp in loose clusters. 

5007
04:36:57,500 --> 04:37:02,200
The work is not finished in the 
sense of completion. simply 

5008
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:05,900
pauses until tomorrow when it 
will resume exactly as it has 

5009
04:37:05,900 --> 04:37:09,900
today as it did yesterday, and 
as it will continue for as long 

5010
04:37:09,900 --> 04:37:13,599
as Seasons turn and plants grow 
and hands, remember what to 

5011
04:37:13,599 --> 04:37:17,599
gather In the afternoon you 
settle into work. 

5012
04:37:17,599 --> 04:37:19,800
That requires less movement and 
more patients. 

5013
04:37:19,800 --> 04:37:23,200
Your hands are already reaching 
for the basket that needs 

5014
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:26,200
attention. 
It's Rim has loosened, the 

5015
04:37:26,200 --> 04:37:28,099
weaving has gaps were it should 
be tight. 

5016
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:32,099
This happens regularly. 
Everything made eventually needs

5017
04:37:32,099 --> 04:37:35,200
remaking. 
You sit on the ground in a spot 

5018
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:39,200
where light falls well. 
Others sit nearby each focused 

5019
04:37:39,200 --> 04:37:42,300
on their own repairs. 
Someone is smoothing a wooden 

5020
04:37:42,308 --> 04:37:44,900
digging tool. 
Someone else is reworking. 

5021
04:37:44,900 --> 04:37:48,500
Cordage that is frayed. 
The atmosphere is quietly 

5022
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,300
industrious. 
People work steadily without 

5023
04:37:51,300 --> 04:37:54,599
hurry repairing. 
A basket means understanding how

5024
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:56,599
it was. 
Made your fingers. 

5025
04:37:56,599 --> 04:38:00,400
Trace the weaving pattern 
reading it like language over 

5026
04:38:00,400 --> 04:38:05,599
under around through The pattern
has been the same for longer 

5027
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:08,000
than memory. 
You learned it by watching your 

5028
04:38:08,000 --> 04:38:11,200
Mother's Hands just as she 
learned by watching her mother's

5029
04:38:11,200 --> 04:38:13,599
hands. 
The knowledge lives in muscle 

5030
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,500
memory. 
Now Break the damaged fibers 

5031
04:38:16,500 --> 04:38:20,000
carefully noting is discarded. 
That can be saved. 

5032
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:22,599
Even worn pieces might be 
useful. 

5033
04:38:22,599 --> 04:38:25,900
Elsewhere, waste is not a 
concept that exists here. 

5034
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,900
Everything serves until it, 
truly cannot serve anymore and 

5035
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:32,200
even then it's materials often 
become something else. 

5036
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:35,700
New fibers have been soaking in 
water since morning. 

5037
04:38:35,700 --> 04:38:39,500
They need to be pliable your 
hands, test their flexibility 

5038
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:44,000
knowing exactly how much give 
the material should have two dry

5039
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:47,000
and it will crack two wet and it
will stretch in correctly. 

5040
04:38:48,300 --> 04:38:51,400
The proper stage is something 
you recognize by feel. 

5041
04:38:52,400 --> 04:38:55,599
Reweaving requires complete 
attention but not tense 

5042
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,400
concentration. 
Your hands know what to do. 

5043
04:38:58,400 --> 04:39:03,700
They have done this many times. 
The work becomes meditative over

5044
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:08,700
under around through The rhythm 
is soothing. 

5045
04:39:09,400 --> 04:39:12,400
Your mind can wander while your 
hands continue accurately. 

5046
04:39:13,300 --> 04:39:15,599
Nearby. 
Someone is working on a hide, 

5047
04:39:15,599 --> 04:39:17,500
scraping it smooth with a stone 
tool. 

5048
04:39:17,500 --> 04:39:21,900
The sound is steady and 
repetitive Scraping highs takes 

5049
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:25,000
hours sometimes days depending 
on size and thickness. 

5050
04:39:26,099 --> 04:39:30,000
No one works on a continuously. 
Instead people work in shifts, 

5051
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:33,500
picking it up with their hands. 
Need a break from other tasks 

5052
04:39:33,500 --> 04:39:34,900
and setting it down when there 
are arms. 

5053
04:39:34,900 --> 04:39:39,100
Higher, another person is 
repairing a garment seam has 

5054
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:42,800
split the original Sinister 
stitching as warned through, 

5055
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:46,500
they are using an all made from 
bone, creating new holes, 

5056
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:50,700
threading, new sinew, and 
pulling everything snug The 

5057
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:53,000
repair will be visible if you 
look closely, but visibility 

5058
04:39:53,000 --> 04:39:55,600
does not matter. 
Function matters. 

5059
04:39:56,500 --> 04:39:59,700
Clothes are not replaced off. 
Often making new garments 

5060
04:39:59,700 --> 04:40:02,100
require substantial time and 
materials. 

5061
04:40:02,100 --> 04:40:08,000
Instead everything is repairs, 
adjusted repaired again passed 

5062
04:40:08,000 --> 04:40:12,200
to someone else and repair. 
Once more, A single hide garment

5063
04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:14,700
might be worn by three different
people across many years 

5064
04:40:14,700 --> 04:40:18,100
accumulating patches and 
alterations that tell its 

5065
04:40:18,100 --> 04:40:20,900
history. 
You finish the basket rim and 

5066
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:24,500
begin tightening the body weave.
Your fingers work systematically

5067
04:40:24,500 --> 04:40:28,700
section by section, finding 
loose spots and correcting them.

5068
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:32,900
This is satisfying work. 
You can see Improvement as you 

5069
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:35,800
progress. 
The basket becomes sturdy again 

5070
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:40,700
trustworthy again and ready for 
tomorrow's Gathering. tools 

5071
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:44,400
receive similar attention, 
digging sticks, where down and 

5072
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:49,000
must be resharp and or replaced 
Grinding Stones, develop Groves 

5073
04:40:49,000 --> 04:40:54,000
from use and need resurfacing. 
Scrapers become dull and require

5074
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:58,200
adrenal, everything wears, 
everything needs maintenance. 

5075
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:02,500
The maintenance is not viewed. 
As an interruption it is simply 

5076
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:05,900
part of us. 
Making and repairing exist on 

5077
04:41:05,900 --> 04:41:08,200
the same. 
Continuum, you do not make 

5078
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:10,900
something expecting it to last 
forever unchanged. 

5079
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:13,700
You make something expecting to 
care for it? 

5080
04:41:13,700 --> 04:41:16,500
Adjust it and eventually remake 
it. 

5081
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:21,000
Some repairs happen immediately.
When damage occurs others, 

5082
04:41:21,000 --> 04:41:24,400
accumulate until you have time 
there is always a pile of items 

5083
04:41:24,400 --> 04:41:27,700
awaiting attention. 
No one feels behind or anxious 

5084
04:41:27,700 --> 04:41:31,300
about this pile, it represents 
ongoing life rather than 

5085
04:41:31,300 --> 04:41:34,500
incomplete tasks. 
As long as people use objects 

5086
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:38,100
objects will need repair 
Children, participate. 

5087
04:41:38,100 --> 04:41:41,600
According to Ability young ones,
hold material steady. 

5088
04:41:42,400 --> 04:41:44,900
Slightly older ones, practice 
simple weaving on their own 

5089
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:47,600
small projects, they make 
mistakes frequently. 

5090
04:41:49,100 --> 04:41:51,600
The mistakes are gently 
corrected or left to be 

5091
04:41:51,608 --> 04:41:55,200
discovered through use. 
Learning Happens through doing 

5092
04:41:55,200 --> 04:41:57,900
rather than through extensive 
verbal instruction. 

5093
04:41:58,900 --> 04:42:02,200
You watch a child working on 
cordage Twisting fibers 

5094
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,100
together. 
The twist is inconsistent. 

5095
04:42:05,100 --> 04:42:08,300
Some sections are too loose, 
some too tight. 

5096
04:42:08,300 --> 04:42:10,600
You do not point this out 
immediately. 

5097
04:42:10,600 --> 04:42:14,500
Instead you work on your own 
cordage nearby. 

5098
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:18,100
Your hands, moving in the 
correct Rhythm where the child 

5099
04:42:18,100 --> 04:42:22,400
can observe after a while the 
child's hands begin adjusting 

5100
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:24,700
naturally, finding better 
rhythm. 

5101
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:28,300
Materials for making and 
repairing are gathered 

5102
04:42:28,300 --> 04:42:31,300
continuously. 
You cannot collect plant fibers 

5103
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:35,300
only when you need plant fibers,
instead you collect them when 

5104
04:42:35,308 --> 04:42:38,700
they are available process. 
Them when there is time and 

5105
04:42:38,700 --> 04:42:42,400
store them for eventual, use 
this requires thinking ahead 

5106
04:42:42,400 --> 04:42:46,100
across Seasons, remembering what
will be needed when storage 

5107
04:42:46,100 --> 04:42:50,300
itself requires maintenance 
Drive, materials must stay dry, 

5108
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:54,000
certain items need to be kept 
away from certain other items, 

5109
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:58,800
stone tools, organized by use 
plant materials are organized by

5110
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:01,700
type. 
Everything has a place not 

5111
04:43:01,700 --> 04:43:05,000
because of rigid rules but 
because efficiently emerges 

5112
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:09,200
naturally from repetition As 
afternoons stretches toward 

5113
04:43:09,200 --> 04:43:11,600
evening. 
The pace of repair work does not

5114
04:43:11,600 --> 04:43:13,500
change. 
There is no hurry. 

5115
04:43:13,500 --> 04:43:17,300
These tasks will either be 
completed today or continue to 

5116
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:20,000
tomorrow. 
Stopping Midway through a repair

5117
04:43:20,000 --> 04:43:23,100
is perfectly normal. 
You set the basket aside, when 

5118
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:24,700
your hands tell you, they have 
worked enough. 

5119
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:28,100
Someone else might pick it up 
later, or you might return to it

5120
04:43:28,100 --> 04:43:30,700
tomorrow. 
The work creates a rhythm that 

5121
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:34,000
structures the day. 
Gathering happens in the morning

5122
04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:37,500
when energy is higher and light 
is better repair. 

5123
04:43:37,500 --> 04:43:40,500
Work happens in the afternoon 
when sitting feels natural and 

5124
04:43:40,500 --> 04:43:43,900
detail Works suits the softer 
light, this pattern is not 

5125
04:43:43,900 --> 04:43:48,100
scheduled, it's simply emerges 
from the natural flow of energy 

5126
04:43:48,100 --> 04:43:51,700
and need People develop 
Specialties through preference 

5127
04:43:51,700 --> 04:43:55,400
and aptitude someone has 
particularly skilled hands for 

5128
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:58,200
fine weaving. 
Someone else has strength. 

5129
04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:02,200
Well, suited for hedis scraping 
But specialization is never 

5130
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:04,900
absolute. 
Everyone can do, most things 

5131
04:44:04,900 --> 04:44:07,600
adequately. 
Specialization is about what you

5132
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:09,600
do. 
Most often, not what you do 

5133
04:44:09,600 --> 04:44:13,800
exclusively. 
You finish tightening the basket

5134
04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:17,000
and test its strength. 
Your hands pull at The Rim, 

5135
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:19,800
checking for weak spots, finding
none. 

5136
04:44:19,800 --> 04:44:23,600
You set it with the other 
completed items tomorrow it will

5137
04:44:23,600 --> 04:44:26,700
return to Gathering Duty 
eventually it will need repair 

5138
04:44:26,700 --> 04:44:30,400
again. 
This cycle is comforting in its 

5139
04:44:30,400 --> 04:44:34,000
predictability making and 
repairing and create continuity 

5140
04:44:34,000 --> 04:44:38,000
between past and future. 
The basket you repair to day was

5141
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,100
made by hand using techniques 
passed down across Generations. 

5142
04:44:42,400 --> 04:44:44,000
The repairs. 
You may make will extend its 

5143
04:44:44,000 --> 04:44:47,600
usefulness into future Seasons. 
You're a link in an unbroken 

5144
04:44:47,600 --> 04:44:52,000
chain of making maintaining, and
remaking Children are always 

5145
04:44:52,000 --> 04:44:54,300
nearby. 
Not watched in the sense of 

5146
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:56,700
careful monitoring. 
But present in the sense of 

5147
04:44:56,700 --> 04:45:00,500
natural inclusion, a toddler 
sits next to someone grinding 

5148
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:04,100
seeds reaching occasionally to 
touch the smooth Stone. 

5149
04:45:05,300 --> 04:45:08,300
An older child carries water in 
a small container practicing 

5150
04:45:08,300 --> 04:45:11,700
balance. 
No, single person, is designated

5151
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:17,000
as a childminder instead, 
everyone participates whoever is

5152
04:45:17,000 --> 04:45:21,400
near East responds to needs. 
Whoever has free hands, picks up

5153
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:24,600
a fussy infant. 
This distribution of care. 

5154
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:27,900
Means children interact with 
many adults throughout each day,

5155
04:45:27,900 --> 04:45:31,000
learning different styles of 
attention and comfort. 

5156
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:35,100
An infant cries and his past to 
someone whose lap is available. 

5157
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:38,000
That person. 
Settles the infant against their

5158
04:45:38,000 --> 04:45:41,900
chest rocking slightly while 
continuing to work on cordage, 

5159
04:45:41,900 --> 04:45:45,700
with one hand, the infant 
choirs, not necessarily because 

5160
04:45:45,700 --> 04:45:49,400
of anything specific but because
being held his familiar and 

5161
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:53,400
holding while working is normal,
Young children move freely 

5162
04:45:53,400 --> 04:45:56,800
between adults, they lean 
against some one, then move to 

5163
04:45:56,800 --> 04:46:00,700
someone else, then return to the
first person, no one shoes. 

5164
04:46:00,700 --> 04:46:03,000
The way unless their hands are 
occupied with something 

5165
04:46:03,000 --> 04:46:07,100
genuinely dangerous. 
Otherwise children drape to 

5166
04:46:07,100 --> 04:46:09,800
cross lapse or pressed against 
sides are simply part of the 

5167
04:46:09,808 --> 04:46:12,500
environment. 
Older children watch younger 

5168
04:46:12,500 --> 04:46:14,200
ones but not as a formal 
assignment. 

5169
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:18,200
They play nearby and their play 
naturally includes the smaller 

5170
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:22,200
children. when a total of 
wanders toward the fire, an 

5171
04:46:22,200 --> 04:46:25,700
older child redirects them, 
gently When a young one Falls, 

5172
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:27,400
whoever is closest helps them 
up. 

5173
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:32,200
Care happens through proximity, 
rather than designation, nursing

5174
04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:34,300
happens whenever an infant shows
hunger. 

5175
04:46:35,300 --> 04:46:38,100
The mother pauses, whatever 
she's doing, settles the infant 

5176
04:46:38,100 --> 04:46:42,100
to breast and often continues 
her task one handed or simply 

5177
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:44,900
rests. 
Other people work around her. 

5178
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:49,700
No one comments feeding is as 
ordinary as breathing Multiple 

5179
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:52,100
infants might be nursing 
simultaneously as different 

5180
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,100
mothers, sit near each other 
talking quietly, while their 

5181
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:58,000
babies feed. 
Sometimes a mother nurse is 

5182
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:01,300
someone else's infant if that 
child is fussy and their own 

5183
04:47:01,308 --> 04:47:04,500
mother is occupied. 
Milk is shared resource like 

5184
04:47:04,500 --> 04:47:07,300
everything else. 
Children, learn by watching. 

5185
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:11,000
They observe hide scraping and 
eventually pick up a scraper. 

5186
04:47:11,000 --> 04:47:13,800
They watch basket. 
Weaving and begin playing with 

5187
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:16,900
fibers. 
There early attempts are clumsy 

5188
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:20,100
and usually unsuccessful. 
No one corrects them unless 

5189
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:21,400
they're about to hurt 
themselves. 

5190
04:47:21,400 --> 04:47:26,200
Instead, they keep trying their 
hands slowly learning what they 

5191
04:47:26,200 --> 04:47:30,000
have observed. 
Small child Shadows you during 

5192
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:32,300
Gathering carrying their own 
tiny basket. 

5193
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:36,600
They pick random plants. 
Not yet, discriminating between 

5194
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:39,100
useful and useless. 
You let them pick. 

5195
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:41,500
Occasionally, you show them 
something specific. 

5196
04:47:41,500 --> 04:47:45,400
Not through words, but by 
picking it yourself, examining 

5197
04:47:45,400 --> 04:47:48,000
it and placing it deliberately 
in your basket. 

5198
04:47:48,700 --> 04:47:52,400
They notice sometimes they 
imitate sometimes they do not 

5199
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:56,600
either is acceptable. 
Children's work gradually 

5200
04:47:56,600 --> 04:47:59,900
becomes real work. 
A 6 year old carries water that 

5201
04:47:59,900 --> 04:48:03,900
adults actually use an 8 year 
old weaves cordage that actually

5202
04:48:03,900 --> 04:48:06,900
holds things. 
A 10 year old gathers plants 

5203
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:10,300
that actually feed people. 
There is no ceremony marking 

5204
04:48:10,300 --> 04:48:14,700
these transitions capability 
emerges through practice and 

5205
04:48:14,700 --> 04:48:17,400
practice is simply what children
do while being present. 

5206
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:22,700
Discipline is gentle and 
infrequent most boundaries are 

5207
04:48:22,700 --> 04:48:25,400
maintained through redirect 
Direction rather than scolding. 

5208
04:48:26,400 --> 04:48:28,600
Child, reaching for something. 
Sharp is handed. 

5209
04:48:28,600 --> 04:48:32,000
Something else to hold? 
A child running too close to the

5210
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:34,200
fire is quietly. 
Moved farther away. 

5211
04:48:34,200 --> 04:48:38,500
Serious misbehavior is rare. 
Perhaps because children are so 

5212
04:48:38,508 --> 04:48:42,100
consistently included that they 
have little reason to seek 

5213
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:46,600
attention through disruption. 
When correction is necessary, it

5214
04:48:46,600 --> 04:48:49,600
comes from whoever Witnesses, 
the behavior rather than waiting

5215
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:52,700
for a parent. 
This means children, learn the 

5216
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:55,300
expectations are communal, 
rather than individual. 

5217
04:48:56,000 --> 04:48:59,900
Every adult has some Authority. 
Every adult also has some 

5218
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:03,900
responsibility to guide. 
Older children mind younger ones

5219
04:49:03,900 --> 04:49:07,400
during Camp moves. 
The 12 year old might carry a 

5220
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,500
toddler on their hip while 
adults carry heavier, loads. 

5221
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:15,000
The older child is not burdened.
This is simply what older 

5222
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:17,500
children do? 
They remember being carried 

5223
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:20,200
themselves and they will 
eventually watch their own 

5224
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:21,700
children? 
Be carried by the next 

5225
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:23,000
generation of the older 
children. 

5226
04:49:24,100 --> 04:49:27,400
Play happens constantly but is 
rarely separate from work. 

5227
04:49:28,200 --> 04:49:31,400
Children play at grinding seeds,
while seated next to adults who 

5228
04:49:31,400 --> 04:49:34,600
are actually grinding seeds. 
They play at hunting with small 

5229
04:49:34,600 --> 04:49:38,100
sticks while adults, prepare 
real hunting tools players, 

5230
04:49:38,100 --> 04:49:42,900
practice and practice is play 
The boundary between the two is 

5231
04:49:42,900 --> 04:49:45,500
barely visible children are 
rarely bored. 

5232
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:49,200
There is always something to 
watch something to try and 

5233
04:49:49,200 --> 04:49:52,600
someone to follow. 
The richness of daily life 

5234
04:49:52,600 --> 04:49:56,400
provides constantly engagement. 
They do not need organized 

5235
04:49:56,400 --> 04:49:59,100
activities because unorganized 
life is already full. 

5236
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:03,400
Crying children are comforted 
but not with urgency or alive. 

5237
04:50:04,100 --> 04:50:07,500
Someone Picks Them Up, checks 
for obvious problems offers 

5238
04:50:07,500 --> 04:50:10,200
breast milk or water or simply 
holds them. 

5239
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:13,800
If the crime continues, they are
passed to someone else. 

5240
04:50:14,700 --> 04:50:18,400
Eventually the child Settles. 
Sometimes crying has a clear 

5241
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:23,300
cause sometimes it does not. 
Either way, the response is calm

5242
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:25,500
presence rather than anxious 
fixing. 

5243
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:28,000
Children, sleep. 
When they are tired. 

5244
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:30,700
Sometimes this happens at odd 
times. 

5245
04:50:31,500 --> 04:50:33,900
A child might curl up in 
afternoon sunlight While others 

5246
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:37,300
continue working around them. 
No one moves them to a specific 

5247
04:50:37,300 --> 04:50:39,400
sleeping area and less evening 
as arrived. 

5248
04:50:40,000 --> 04:50:42,300
Sleep is allowed to happen 
naturally, rather than being 

5249
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:45,500
scheduled. 
Nighttime care is distributed 

5250
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:48,500
just like daytime care when an 
infant Waits. 

5251
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:50,800
Whoever is sleeping near us 
responds. 

5252
04:50:50,800 --> 04:50:52,900
Some times. 
This is the mother. 

5253
04:50:52,900 --> 04:50:54,900
Sometimes it is. 
Someone else. 

5254
04:50:55,700 --> 04:50:59,700
The infant is nurse or rocked or
simply held until sleep returns,

5255
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:03,900
then that person settles back 
into their own sleep as 

5256
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:06,100
children. 
Grow older, they begin, taking 

5257
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:09,700
on care giving themselves. 
A five-year-old, might hand a 

5258
04:51:09,700 --> 04:51:12,000
toy to a fussy toddler. 
A seven-year-old. 

5259
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:13,700
Might fetch water for a tired. 
Young? 

5260
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:16,600
A child. 
These actions are not praised 

5261
04:51:16,600 --> 04:51:19,400
extensively. 
They are simply noticed and 

5262
04:51:19,400 --> 04:51:22,100
appreciated as part of what 
people do for each other. 

5263
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:26,200
Children, learn emotional 
regulation through observation. 

5264
04:51:26,900 --> 04:51:29,900
They see adults remain calm 
during small frustrations. 

5265
04:51:29,900 --> 04:51:33,400
They watch people share limited 
resources, without conflict. 

5266
04:51:33,400 --> 04:51:36,700
They notice how disagreements 
are resolved through, quiet 

5267
04:51:36,700 --> 04:51:40,900
discussion, rather than raise 
voices, These patterns become 

5268
04:51:40,900 --> 04:51:44,100
their own patterns. 
The result is children who are 

5269
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:48,400
deeply integrated into daily 
life, rather than separated into

5270
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:51,400
a child world. 
They know what adults do because

5271
04:51:51,400 --> 04:51:54,900
they watch adults doing it. 
They learn what adults know 

5272
04:51:54,900 --> 04:51:57,500
because they absorb it through 
constant proximity. 

5273
04:51:58,800 --> 04:52:02,400
Teaching happens continuously 
without being called teaching. 

5274
04:52:03,300 --> 04:52:07,100
Rest is not earned. 
It is not a reward for work 

5275
04:52:07,100 --> 04:52:11,000
completed, it simply arrives 
throughout the day and natural 

5276
04:52:11,000 --> 04:52:14,000
punctuation between activities. 
You sit. 

5277
04:52:14,000 --> 04:52:18,200
When sitting feels right? 
You stand, when standing becomes

5278
04:52:18,200 --> 04:52:23,000
more comfortable than sitting, 
Midday often brings a collective

5279
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:26,300
pause, the sun is high and hot 
energy. 

5280
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,200
Naturally. 
Dips people drift toward shade 

5281
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:33,400
and settle there some clothes 
their eyes, some simply stare at

5282
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:36,800
nothing in particular, no one 
apologizes for resting or 

5283
04:52:36,800 --> 04:52:40,200
explains why they need it. 
You lower yourself to the ground

5284
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:44,200
and lean against a convenient, 
rock your body, relaxes section 

5285
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:49,900
by section, shoulders, drop jaw,
loosens hands unfold from 

5286
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:53,400
whatever shape worker required. 
This unwinding happens 

5287
04:52:53,400 --> 04:52:55,200
automatically when you stop 
moving. 

5288
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:59,400
Others, rest nearby. 
Someone is lying flat on their 

5289
04:52:59,400 --> 04:53:01,900
back. 
Eyes closed breathing deeply. 

5290
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:06,400
Someone else sits with knees 
drawn up, chin resting on folded

5291
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:10,000
arms. 
A few people talk quietly, their

5292
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:13,700
voice is soft and unhurried. 
The content of conversation does

5293
04:53:13,700 --> 04:53:16,400
not matter. 
Much, the companionship is what 

5294
04:53:16,400 --> 04:53:19,300
matters. 
Children rest too though, their 

5295
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:23,300
rest looks different. 
They sprawl in heaps, limbs 

5296
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:26,600
Tangled together still touching 
even in sleep. 

5297
04:53:28,000 --> 04:53:32,400
Occasionally one weeks, blinks 
shifts position and returns to 

5298
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:35,500
dozing. 
They seem to drop into sleep and

5299
04:53:35,500 --> 04:53:39,500
emerge from it with equal ease. 
Rest during the day, feels 

5300
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:44,100
different from sleep at night. 
It is lighter briefer, and less 

5301
04:53:44,100 --> 04:53:48,300
complete, you remain partly 
aware of your surrounding, if 

5302
04:53:48,300 --> 04:53:51,400
something required your 
attention, you would notice, but

5303
04:53:51,400 --> 04:53:54,800
nothing requires your attention.
So you float in the pleasant 

5304
04:53:54,800 --> 04:53:56,800
space between waking and 
sleeping. 

5305
04:53:57,900 --> 04:54:00,200
Time passes. 
Unmeasured. 

5306
04:54:00,900 --> 04:54:03,700
You do not know if you've been 
resting for moments or much 

5307
04:54:03,700 --> 04:54:07,900
longer, it does not matter when 
your body feels ready to resume 

5308
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:13,900
activity, you will move. until 
then, you remain still The shade

5309
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:16,500
you sit in shifts gradually as 
the sun moves. 

5310
04:54:16,500 --> 04:54:19,200
Eventually the warmth finds you 
again. 

5311
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:22,600
That warmth is part of what 
prompts you back into motion. 

5312
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:27,100
Not uncomfortably hot, but warm 
enough to make sitting less 

5313
04:54:27,108 --> 04:54:31,300
appealing than standing. 
You rise slowly no sudden 

5314
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:33,900
movements. 
Your body needs time to 

5315
04:54:33,900 --> 04:54:35,900
transition from rest to 
activity. 

5316
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:39,900
Others are all. 
So, stirring stretching and 

5317
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:43,400
looking around, as if 
remembering where they are, no 

5318
04:54:43,400 --> 04:54:47,900
one rushes this process. 
Evening brings another rest with

5319
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:51,000
him. 
After the main meal after food, 

5320
04:54:51,000 --> 04:54:53,800
preparation is complete people, 
settle around the fire. 

5321
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:57,300
This is not sleeping, but a 
quieter version of waking 

5322
04:54:57,300 --> 04:55:01,700
postures and movements. 
Become minimal conversation 

5323
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:05,800
continues, but gross simpler and
more repetitive You sit with 

5324
04:55:05,800 --> 04:55:09,100
your back against someone else. 
This is comfortable for both of 

5325
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:11,200
you. 
Their breathing is steady behind

5326
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:13,300
you. 
Your breathing matches, theirs, 

5327
04:55:13,300 --> 04:55:16,500
without conscious effort. 
Pad breathing happens 

5328
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:20,900
automatically, when people rest 
together, the fire is Hypnotic 

5329
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:24,700
Flames moving patterns that your
eyes follow without purpose. 

5330
04:55:24,700 --> 04:55:28,500
You're not thinking about the 
fire or analyzing Its Behavior, 

5331
04:55:28,500 --> 04:55:32,600
You're simply watching because 
watching is restful, someone is 

5332
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:37,500
working on a small repair nearby
but slowly with long pauses 

5333
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:43,700
between actions their hands move
then, stop move, then stop. 

5334
04:55:44,900 --> 04:55:47,700
The work provides something to 
do with hands that want gentle 

5335
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:50,400
activity without providing 
enough challenge to interrupt 

5336
04:55:50,400 --> 04:55:53,600
the restful mood. 
Children acquire to now but not 

5337
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:57,600
necessarily asleep, they sit 
close to adults leaning heavily 

5338
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:01,700
their eyes, half closed, some 
are still playing but their play

5339
04:56:01,700 --> 04:56:04,300
has slowed to a drowsy version 
of daytime energy. 

5340
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:09,500
If push small objects around 
building and uni Arrangements. 

5341
04:56:10,700 --> 04:56:13,400
Rest is permitted to last as 
long as it lasts. 

5342
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:17,800
There is no pressure to resume 
activity, work that remains 

5343
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:20,000
undone will still be there 
tomorrow. 

5344
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:24,000
This moment is for sitting for 
warm proximity. 

5345
04:56:25,100 --> 04:56:27,300
Thoughts that drift rather than 
Focus. 

5346
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:31,700
Sometimes rest includes 
drowsing, while sitting upright.

5347
04:56:32,400 --> 04:56:36,000
Your eyes closed, your head 
might not forward and then jerk 

5348
04:56:36,000 --> 04:56:38,500
back. 
This after sleep is perfectly 

5349
04:56:38,500 --> 04:56:40,900
acceptable. 
No one Minds. 

5350
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:43,700
No one wakes. 
You unless something genuinely 

5351
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:47,800
needs your attention. 
The transition from evening rest

5352
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:51,200
to nighttime, sleep is gradual 
and blurry. 

5353
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:55,300
At some point you realize you're
more asleep than awake. 

5354
04:56:56,000 --> 04:56:59,000
You shift into a lying position 
without fully waking. 

5355
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:02,900
Someone pulls a hide over you or
perhaps you do it yourself. 

5356
04:57:04,100 --> 04:57:08,500
Either way, the action is 
automatic. rest happens in 

5357
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:12,000
layers, throughout each day, 
brief pauses, during work 

5358
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:17,200
longer, midday settling extended
evening unwinding These layers 

5359
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:19,500
create a rhythm that prevents 
exhaustion. 

5360
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:23,400
You never push Beyond tired 
because rest arrives before you 

5361
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:25,800
reach that point. 
Physical comfort. 

5362
04:57:26,800 --> 04:57:30,300
During rest is simple and 
sufficient. the ground is 

5363
04:57:30,300 --> 04:57:33,900
familiar, beneath you the air 
temperature is manageable, you 

5364
04:57:33,900 --> 04:57:36,200
have something to lean against 
and something to cover yourself 

5365
04:57:36,200 --> 04:57:41,200
with these Basics are in enough.
No one rests in isolation unless

5366
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:45,000
they choose to even when resting
apart from the main group you 

5367
04:57:45,000 --> 04:57:48,700
remain within Sight and Sound 
Solitude is possible, but not 

5368
04:57:48,700 --> 04:57:51,600
the default. 
Cox is comforting. 

5369
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:55,300
The presence of others creates 
security that allows deeper 

5370
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:59,300
rest. 
When you wake from rest, where 

5371
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:03,800
the brief or extended you wake 
without a gender, there is no 

5372
04:58:03,800 --> 04:58:07,300
list of tasks waiting. 
There are simply the next thing,

5373
04:58:07,300 --> 04:58:11,400
whatever that might be Perhaps 
Gathering perhaps repair work, 

5374
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:15,500
perhaps more rest the date 
unfolds according to need an 

5375
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:19,200
energy rather than plan. 
Food preparation, begins with 

5376
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:20,400
sorting. 
What has been gathered? 

5377
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:24,800
Plant material spread across a 
flat area, hands move through 

5378
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:29,800
them, grouping by type leaves 
here, Roots their seeds and a 

5379
04:58:29,800 --> 04:58:32,100
separate pile. 
The Sorting requires no 

5380
04:58:32,100 --> 04:58:34,800
discussion. 
Everyone knows what goes where. 

5381
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:38,900
You sit near the Sorting area 
and begin processing greens. 

5382
04:58:38,900 --> 04:58:43,000
Some leaves need stems removed, 
some need washing in the Stream.

5383
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:46,800
Your hands work. 
Steadily accumulating, a pile of

5384
04:58:46,808 --> 04:58:48,500
prepared. 
Leeves that someone else will 

5385
04:58:48,500 --> 04:58:51,200
eventually collect. 
Nearby. 

5386
04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:53,700
Someone is grinding seeds 
between two stones. 

5387
04:58:53,700 --> 04:58:58,000
The grinding creates a rhythmic 
sound Stone sliding against 

5388
04:58:58,000 --> 04:59:01,700
Stone in repeated Strokes. 
The motion looks simple, but 

5389
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:05,400
requires specific pressure and 
angle too much force, cracks. 

5390
04:59:05,400 --> 04:59:09,000
The stones too little leaves 
seeds, only partially ground. 

5391
04:59:10,200 --> 04:59:13,000
Another person is digging a pit 
in the earth near the fire. 

5392
04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:17,400
This pit will hold food for slow
cooking packed with hot stones 

5393
04:59:17,400 --> 04:59:19,000
and covered with leaves and 
dirt. 

5394
04:59:19,800 --> 04:59:21,700
The method is ancient and 
reliable. 

5395
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:25,200
Food Cooks, this wave becomes 
tender without constant 

5396
04:59:25,200 --> 04:59:27,900
attention. 
You move from greens to root 

5397
04:59:27,900 --> 04:59:30,700
vegetables. 
These need scraping rather than 

5398
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:34,800
washing, your scraping tool is a
flat stone with a sharp edge. 

5399
04:59:34,800 --> 04:59:39,700
One smooth from use, the motion 
is repetitive, and soothing 

5400
04:59:39,700 --> 04:59:45,500
scrape turn. 
Scrape turn, The pile of cleaned

5401
04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:49,000
Roots, grow slowly children. 
Help according to their ability,

5402
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:52,600
a young one carries cleaned 
items from your pile to the 

5403
04:59:52,600 --> 04:59:55,400
cooking area. 
Their trips are frequent because

5404
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:57,400
they can only carry a small 
amount each time. 

5405
04:59:57,400 --> 05:00:01,500
This does not frustrate anyone. 
The help is useful. 

5406
05:00:01,500 --> 05:00:06,100
Even if inefficient Food 
preparation is communal but not 

5407
05:00:06,100 --> 05:00:08,600
coordinated. 
Everyone works on. 

5408
05:00:08,600 --> 05:00:12,300
Whichever task needs doing. 
When something is finished, you 

5409
05:00:12,300 --> 05:00:15,300
move to something else. 
When you grow tired of one 

5410
05:00:15,300 --> 05:00:18,200
motion, you switch to a 
different task that uses 

5411
05:00:18,200 --> 05:00:21,400
different muscles. 
Someone is tending, the fire 

5412
05:00:21,400 --> 05:00:23,200
adding wood to maintain steady 
Heat. 

5413
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:26,400
Fire tending is continuous work 
during food. 

5414
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:30,200
Preparation too hot and food 
Burns too. 

5415
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:35,100
Cool and food remains Raw. 
The person tending has done 

5416
05:00:35,100 --> 05:00:36,900
this. 
Countless times and reads the 

5417
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:40,500
fire automatically. 
Water is carried from the stream

5418
05:00:40,500 --> 05:00:44,400
in multiple trips. 
Some water is for drinking some 

5419
05:00:44,400 --> 05:00:49,100
for washing, some for cooking. 
The carrying happens throughout 

5420
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:52,400
the afternoon, whenever someone 
is walking toward the stream 

5421
05:00:52,400 --> 05:00:55,600
anyway. 
No single person makes all the 

5422
05:00:55,600 --> 05:00:58,900
trips. 
Instead everyone brings water. 

5423
05:00:58,900 --> 05:01:02,600
When they pass by you begin, 
wrapping certain items in leaves

5424
05:01:02,600 --> 05:01:05,700
for cooking. 
The wrapping technique protects 

5425
05:01:05,700 --> 05:01:09,000
delicate food from direct heat 
while allowing steam to cook, it

5426
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:12,000
thoroughly. 
Your hands know exactly how much

5427
05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:16,300
Leaf to use how tightly to wrap 
and how to secure the bundle 

5428
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:19,800
with plant fiber. 
Fish brought back earlier are 

5429
05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:22,300
being cleaned. 
This happens away from the main 

5430
05:01:22,300 --> 05:01:25,400
preparation area. 
The person cleaning Works 

5431
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:29,000
efficiently separating edible 
parts from waste. 

5432
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:31,800
The waste will be carried away 
from Camp later. 

5433
05:01:31,800 --> 05:01:34,900
Nothing is left to attract 
unwanted attention. 

5434
05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:39,500
Herbs and flavoring plants are 
added to some preparations. 

5435
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:42,900
Not everything receives. 
This treatment some food is 

5436
05:01:42,900 --> 05:01:45,500
eaten. 
Plain the additions are subtle 

5437
05:01:45,500 --> 05:01:48,800
enhancing, rather than 
dominating you have learned 

5438
05:01:48,800 --> 05:01:51,500
which plants pair well with 
which foods through years of 

5439
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:55,700
tasting and adjusting as pieces 
are prepared, they began 

5440
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:59,100
collecting near the fire. 
Someone is organizing them into 

5441
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:02,000
rough groups. 
Food that cooks quickly goes in 

5442
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:03,800
one spot. 
Food. 

5443
05:02:03,800 --> 05:02:05,800
Required longer cooking. 
Goes elsewhere. 

5444
05:02:06,600 --> 05:02:09,500
This organization happens 
naturally through experience 

5445
05:02:09,500 --> 05:02:13,500
rather than explicit planning. 
The pit is ready and line with 

5446
05:02:13,500 --> 05:02:16,600
hot stones. 
Food is layered in carefully. 

5447
05:02:16,600 --> 05:02:21,400
Dents are to go on the bottom 
lighter items on top leaves, 

5448
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:24,000
cover everything, dirty seals, 
the pit. 

5449
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:27,400
The food will cook slowly for 
several hours while everyone 

5450
05:02:27,400 --> 05:02:31,100
continues other activities, 
other items, cook more directly.

5451
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:34,600
Flat Stones heated in the fire 
become cooking. 

5452
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:38,700
Surfaces you place thin slices 
of root vegetables on a hot 

5453
05:02:38,700 --> 05:02:40,600
stone and watch them cook 
rapidly. 

5454
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:44,600
Slices need turning. 
Once timing is judged by 

5455
05:02:44,608 --> 05:02:47,000
appearance and smell rather than
measurement. 

5456
05:02:48,000 --> 05:02:49,600
Some food is eaten without 
cooking. 

5457
05:02:49,600 --> 05:02:52,700
Fresh greens are divided and 
passed around. 

5458
05:02:53,600 --> 05:02:57,100
People eat while continuing to 
work, the greens, provide 

5459
05:02:57,100 --> 05:02:59,600
immediate energy, without 
waiting for cooked food to be 

5460
05:02:59,608 --> 05:03:01,800
ready. 
The main meal will happen later 

5461
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:05,600
when the pit is opened until 
then, people nibble on, whatever

5462
05:03:05,600 --> 05:03:10,200
is available, a handful of nuts.
Some dried fruit left over items

5463
05:03:10,200 --> 05:03:13,600
from yesterday eating happened 
gradually throughout the 

5464
05:03:13,600 --> 05:03:17,500
afternoon, he moved to help with
liquid preparation, certainly 

5465
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:21,300
steeped in hot water, create a 
warm during the drink is not 

5466
05:03:21,300 --> 05:03:24,900
sweet or strongly flavored. 
It is simply warm and slightly 

5467
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:28,500
bitter Pleasant on the throat. 
Someone is carefully dropping 

5468
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:32,000
heated stones into a bark 
container of water, bringing it 

5469
05:03:32,000 --> 05:03:34,100
to a simmer. 
The leaves go in. 

5470
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:37,500
Once the water is hot enough, 
they need time to release their 

5471
05:03:37,500 --> 05:03:40,000
essence. 
You watch the water change color

5472
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:44,800
slightly from clear to faintly 
browse the smell is subtle and 

5473
05:03:44,800 --> 05:03:47,400
earthy. 
When the drink is ready, it will

5474
05:03:47,408 --> 05:03:49,200
be shared among everyone 
present. 

5475
05:03:50,200 --> 05:03:52,100
Food. 
Preparation creates a different 

5476
05:03:52,100 --> 05:03:55,900
atmosphere than other work. 
There is anticipation built into

5477
05:03:55,900 --> 05:03:58,000
it. 
You're making something that 

5478
05:03:58,000 --> 05:04:01,400
will soon be consumed. 
The work leads to immediate 

5479
05:04:01,400 --> 05:04:04,700
satisfaction rather than 
creating objects that will be 

5480
05:04:04,700 --> 05:04:08,400
used repeatedly over time. 
Children are particularly 

5481
05:04:08,400 --> 05:04:12,800
interested in food preparation. 
They watch closely sometimes 

5482
05:04:12,800 --> 05:04:14,800
reaching to touch what you are 
working on. 

5483
05:04:15,500 --> 05:04:19,000
You let them handle safe items, 
they copy your motions, with 

5484
05:04:19,000 --> 05:04:22,300
their own small pieces of food, 
their preparations are clumsy, 

5485
05:04:22,300 --> 05:04:25,800
but genuine as the afternoon 
length and the pace of 

5486
05:04:25,800 --> 05:04:30,300
preparation slows, most workers 
complete now is mainly, a matter

5487
05:04:30,300 --> 05:04:31,600
of waiting for cooking to 
finish. 

5488
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:35,700
People remain near the fire 
attending it occasionally but 

5489
05:04:35,700 --> 05:04:38,600
mostly just present while the 
food transforms from raw to 

5490
05:04:38,600 --> 05:04:40,900
ready. 
The opening of The Cooking. 

5491
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:44,600
Pit is a collective moment. 
Someone pulls back the dirt and 

5492
05:04:44,600 --> 05:04:47,700
leaves releasing Steam and a 
rich smell. 

5493
05:04:48,700 --> 05:04:52,600
The food inside is tender and 
thoroughly cooked, people gather

5494
05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:56,100
closer drawn by the scent and 
the promise of shared eating 

5495
05:04:56,100 --> 05:04:59,600
food is removed, from the pit 
carefully to avoid Burns. 

5496
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:03,100
It is divided onto flat surfaces
for distribution. 

5497
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:05,500
The division is not 
mathematical. 

5498
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:09,200
Some people receive more because
they are larger or hungrier. 

5499
05:05:09,900 --> 05:05:13,500
Some receive less because they 
are smaller or already Satisfied

5500
05:05:13,500 --> 05:05:17,400
by early and nibbling. 
The distribution feels Fair 

5501
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:20,900
through custom, rather than 
measurement. you eat sitting 

5502
05:05:20,900 --> 05:05:24,600
down using your fingers and 
occasionally a flat piece of 

5503
05:05:24,608 --> 05:05:29,500
wood as a scoop, The eating is 
not rushed you chew thoroughly 

5504
05:05:29,500 --> 05:05:32,800
and rest between bites 
conversation happens around 

5505
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:36,400
eating rather than during it. 
People's attention is on the 

5506
05:05:36,400 --> 05:05:39,400
food and the warmth and the 
satisfaction of hunger becoming 

5507
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:42,200
fullness. 
Clean up begins while some 

5508
05:05:42,200 --> 05:05:45,400
people are still eating someone 
carry scraps away from the 

5509
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:48,200
immediate area. 
Someone else rinse, his sticky 

5510
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:51,000
items in the Stream. 
The cleanup is minimal because 

5511
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:54,200
the preparation was simple. 
There are no complex dishes or 

5512
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:58,400
elaborate tools to wash. 
As eating wins down, people, 

5513
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:03,000
dispersed gradually some return 
to repair work some settlement 

5514
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:05,800
evening, rest. 
Some tend to children who have 

5515
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:10,000
grown drowsy after their meal, 
The transition from eating to 

5516
05:06:10,000 --> 05:06:12,800
other activities, is smooth and 
unhurried. 

5517
05:06:13,500 --> 05:06:16,400
Food, preparation and eating 
have structured, this portion of

5518
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:20,100
the day. 
The work provided Focus the meal

5519
05:06:20,100 --> 05:06:25,500
provided satisfaction. now with 
both complete the evening can 

5520
05:06:25,500 --> 05:06:30,600
unfold into quieter rhythms as 
light Fades, the fire becomes 

5521
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:34,900
Central Not for warmth alone 
though warmth matters. 

5522
05:06:34,900 --> 05:06:38,500
The fire is a focal point. 
A reason for people to gather 

5523
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:42,200
and a source of gentle activity 
that is not demand much energy. 

5524
05:06:42,200 --> 05:06:45,300
You settle near the fire but not
too close. 

5525
05:06:46,100 --> 05:06:48,000
The heat is Pleasant at this 
distance. 

5526
05:06:48,000 --> 05:06:51,900
Closer would be uncomfortable. 
Father would lose the benefit. 

5527
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:55,200
Everyone finds their preferred 
distance naturally, through 

5528
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:58,300
small adjustments. 
Fires been burning since 

5529
05:06:58,300 --> 05:07:01,400
morning, tended continuously but
without fuss. 

5530
05:07:01,400 --> 05:07:05,900
Now in the evening it receives 
more attention, someone adds 

5531
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:09,100
would deliberately placing 
pieces to create steady heat 

5532
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:13,400
rather than dramatic Flames. 
The goal is duration, rather 

5533
05:07:13,400 --> 05:07:17,100
than spectacle, others arrange 
themselves around the fire in a 

5534
05:07:17,108 --> 05:07:21,400
loose Circle, some sit directly 
on the ground, some use hide or 

5535
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:24,500
woven mats for slight 
cushioning, a few lean against 

5536
05:07:24,500 --> 05:07:27,400
rocks or logs, that have become 
familiar seating over time. 

5537
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:31,900
The arrangement is casual but 
stable people return to the same

5538
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:34,900
spots evening. 
After evil evening children are 

5539
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:37,500
still awake but moving, slow 
this day. 

5540
05:07:37,500 --> 05:07:40,400
Close to adults sometimes 
sitting between knees, sometimes

5541
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:44,300
sprawling across. 
They're play continues but has 

5542
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:47,000
become quieter. 
They push small objects around 

5543
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:49,100
in the dirt creating temporary 
patterns. 

5544
05:07:49,100 --> 05:07:53,000
They will abandon before sleep. 
You hold your hands toward the 

5545
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:55,100
fire. 
Feeling the heat on your palms. 

5546
05:07:55,100 --> 05:07:59,600
The sensation is pleasant and 
slightly hypnotic Your eyes 

5547
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:01,500
follow the Flames Without Really
seeing them. 

5548
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:04,800
This is the kind of watching 
that requires no thought. 

5549
05:08:05,700 --> 05:08:07,700
Someone is working on a small 
task. 

5550
05:08:07,700 --> 05:08:10,700
Something that can be done with 
minimal light. 

5551
05:08:11,400 --> 05:08:14,500
They are not hurrying. 
Their hands move occasionally, 

5552
05:08:14,500 --> 05:08:16,900
then pause while they stare into
the fire. 

5553
05:08:17,800 --> 05:08:20,200
Pauses grow longer as evening 
deepens. 

5554
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:24,900
Eventually, the work will be set
aside entirely. the smoke Rises 

5555
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:30,100
steadily creating a column that 
disperses Into Darkness of the 

5556
05:08:30,100 --> 05:08:34,400
smell is Woody and familiar. 
The smoke smell is so constant 

5557
05:08:34,400 --> 05:08:36,000
that you barely notice it 
anymore. 

5558
05:08:36,000 --> 05:08:39,000
It is simply what are smells 
like here? 

5559
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:42,000
Sounds from Beyond the fire and 
muted. 

5560
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:44,900
The darkness holds the day. 
Sounds at a distance. 

5561
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:49,300
You can hear small, rustlings 
occasional bird calls settling 

5562
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:52,200
into night and The Whisper Of 
Wind Through grasses. 

5563
05:08:52,200 --> 05:08:55,800
These sounds are a backdrop 
rather than an interruption. 

5564
05:08:56,900 --> 05:08:59,500
Conversation around the fire is 
sporadic. 

5565
05:08:59,500 --> 05:09:01,700
Someone comments on tomorrow's 
weather. 

5566
05:09:02,400 --> 05:09:04,600
Someone else mentions a tool 
that needs repair. 

5567
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:08,400
The comments do not build into 
extended discussion. 

5568
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:12,800
They are simply thought spoken 
aloud acknowledged with nods or 

5569
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:17,400
brief responses. child asks, a 
question about something they 

5570
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:21,800
saw during the day and adult 
answers simply The explanation 

5571
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:25,000
is brief and factual. 
There is no elaboration beyond 

5572
05:09:25,000 --> 05:09:28,800
what the child actually asked. 
Explanations here are direct 

5573
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:32,600
rather than expanded. 
Someone begins a quiet song. 

5574
05:09:33,500 --> 05:09:36,800
Not performance singing, But the
kind of singing that happens 

5575
05:09:36,800 --> 05:09:40,300
without self-consciousness. 
Others, join gradually. 

5576
05:09:40,300 --> 05:09:42,300
Their voice is blending without 
effort. 

5577
05:09:43,100 --> 05:09:47,300
The song has no clear beginning 
or end, it continues until it 

5578
05:09:47,300 --> 05:09:49,300
stops. 
Whenever that happens to be 

5579
05:09:50,300 --> 05:09:52,100
You're not singing, But you 
listen. 

5580
05:09:52,900 --> 05:09:57,600
The melody is ancient and 
simple, everyone knows it. the 

5581
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:02,600
words, if there are words a more
sound than meaning, The song is 

5582
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:06,200
another form of fire watching, 
something to do, that requires 

5583
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:10,500
no particular Focus. 
A baby fusses and is lifted to a

5584
05:10:10,500 --> 05:10:13,100
shoulder. 
The person holding them sway 

5585
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:16,700
slightly while remaining seated.
The motion is minimal but 

5586
05:10:16,700 --> 05:10:21,500
effective, the baby quiets and 
returns to dozing head heavier, 

5587
05:10:21,500 --> 05:10:24,400
against the holder's chest. 
Fire Burns, lower. 

5588
05:10:25,100 --> 05:10:29,000
Someone adds more would the 
action is automatic noticed but 

5589
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:32,400
unremarkable. 
Fire will continue through most 

5590
05:10:32,400 --> 05:10:36,500
of the night, kept alive, with 
periodic additions, but allowed 

5591
05:10:36,500 --> 05:10:41,100
to diminish to coals by morning.
As Darkness deepens, people 

5592
05:10:41,100 --> 05:10:43,200
begin shifting into sleeping 
positions. 

5593
05:10:44,000 --> 05:10:47,000
Some move away from the fire to 
their usual sleeping spots. 

5594
05:10:47,700 --> 05:10:51,000
Others remain where they are. 
Simply lying down and pulling 

5595
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:54,200
highs over themselves. 
The transition from waking to 

5596
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:58,400
sleeping as gradual, children 
are already mostly asleep, their

5597
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:03,600
moved, gently carried or guided 
to sleeping areas Some protests 

5598
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:07,300
mildly, but settle quickly, 
there was resistance is minimal 

5599
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:09,700
more reflects than genuine 
objection. 

5600
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:14,700
You remained by the fire a while
longer, your body is not quite 

5601
05:11:14,700 --> 05:11:17,700
ready for sleep, your 
comfortable in this in between 

5602
05:11:17,700 --> 05:11:22,200
state two relaxed for activity, 
but not yet drowsy enough for 

5603
05:11:22,200 --> 05:11:25,900
lying down. 
Fire makes small sounds as it 

5604
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:30,600
burns wood pops occasionally. 
Flames whisper. 

5605
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:34,000
These sounds are comforting in 
their regularity. 

5606
05:11:34,900 --> 05:11:39,600
Fire is almost alive in its 
constancy always present always 

5607
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:42,300
requiring some attention but 
never demanding. 

5608
05:11:43,400 --> 05:11:45,500
Around the fire. 
People are mostly still. 

5609
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:49,700
Now breathing has slowed and 
deepened someone shifts 

5610
05:11:49,700 --> 05:11:52,200
position, pulling their covering
more securely. 

5611
05:11:52,200 --> 05:11:55,400
Someone else is still sitting 
upright, but with eyes closed 

5612
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:58,100
heading forward. 
Then jerking back in the rhythm 

5613
05:11:58,100 --> 05:12:01,900
of near sleep. 
You finally lie down adjusting 

5614
05:12:01,900 --> 05:12:03,800
your position until Comfort 
finds you. 

5615
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:08,200
The ground beneath his familiar,
your body knows how to arrange 

5616
05:12:08,200 --> 05:12:11,900
itself on this surface. 
A hide covers, you heavy enough 

5617
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:14,500
to feel secure, but not so heavy
as to be oppressive. 

5618
05:12:15,200 --> 05:12:18,700
The fire is still visible from 
where you lie, you watch the 

5619
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:22,400
Flames through half-closed eyes.
They move in patterns that are 

5620
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:25,300
never quite the same, but always
similar your mind. 

5621
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:27,500
Follows the patterns, without 
analyzing them. 

5622
05:12:27,500 --> 05:12:32,600
Sleep begins to arrive in waves,
he noticed yourself drifting and

5623
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:35,000
pulling back slightly, then 
drifting again. 

5624
05:12:36,300 --> 05:12:39,200
This gentle oscillation 
continues for some time. 

5625
05:12:39,900 --> 05:12:42,600
There is no moment when you can 
say, you are definitively 

5626
05:12:42,600 --> 05:12:46,700
asleep, instead, you gradually 
become more asleep than awake. 

5627
05:12:47,300 --> 05:12:49,600
The last thing you are aware of 
is warmth. 

5628
05:12:50,300 --> 05:12:55,400
Warmth from the fire warmth from
the hide warmth from bodies 

5629
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:59,800
sleeping nearby, the warmth is 
complete and encompassing. 

5630
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:04,300
It is the feeling of security of
being exactly, where you belong 

5631
05:13:04,300 --> 05:13:07,300
of another day reaching, its 
natural conclusion. 

5632
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:10,700
Knight does not mean complete 
sleep. 

5633
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:15,200
You wake periodically briefly 
aware of darkness and the 

5634
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:18,900
continued presence of the fire. 
Now reduced to glowing coals 

5635
05:13:19,700 --> 05:13:22,900
Someone is tending. 
It quietly adding small pieces 

5636
05:13:22,900 --> 05:13:27,600
of wood, the motion is practiced
and nearly silent you drift back

5637
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:29,400
towards sleep, without fully 
waking. 

5638
05:13:30,200 --> 05:13:34,100
This shallow waking is normal, 
no one sleeps continuously 

5639
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:38,000
through the entire night. 
Instead sleep, comes in layers, 

5640
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:41,100
deep stretches broken by brief 
surfacing. 

5641
05:13:41,100 --> 05:13:46,300
An infant cries somewhere in the
Darkness, Sound is not alarming,

5642
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:50,800
just a signal of need. 
Hear someone moving the soft 

5643
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:55,000
Russell of hides being pushed 
aside, quiet murmuring as the 

5644
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:57,200
infant is lifted and settled to 
breast. 

5645
05:13:58,100 --> 05:14:03,100
The crying stops the night 
resumes its quiet, you're aware 

5646
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:07,000
of other wakings around you. 
Someone Rises to urinate outside

5647
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:10,100
the immediately, sleeping area. 
Their movements are careful and 

5648
05:14:10,108 --> 05:14:12,100
quiet, trying not to disturb 
others. 

5649
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:16,100
They returned shortly and 
resettle themselves a child 

5650
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:19,200
whimper Softly. 
You're not the closest person, 

5651
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:23,100
so you remain still? 
Someone near a reaches out, 

5652
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:24,800
placing a hand on the child's 
back. 

5653
05:14:25,600 --> 05:14:29,200
The whimpering subsides the 
child, shifts closer to the 

5654
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:31,400
comforting hand and returns to 
deeper sleep. 

5655
05:14:32,400 --> 05:14:36,200
The night is not silent. 
Small sounds continue. 

5656
05:14:36,200 --> 05:14:40,800
Wind moving through nearby 
vegetation, the occasional crack

5657
05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:45,600
of a burning log settling in the
fire, Breathing all around you a

5658
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:47,200
collective. 
Rhythm of people sleeping. 

5659
05:14:48,100 --> 05:14:51,500
You become aware of cold on your
shoulder where your Hyde is 

5660
05:14:51,500 --> 05:14:53,500
shifted. 
Still mostly asleep. 

5661
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:55,700
You adjust the covering without 
opening your eyes. 

5662
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:59,300
Your hands know where the hide 
is, and how to pull it back into

5663
05:14:59,300 --> 05:15:02,200
place. 
Cold recedes and you sink back 

5664
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:04,700
into sleep. 
Time during the night is 

5665
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:08,600
unmeasured and elastic, you have
no idea if you have been asleep 

5666
05:15:08,600 --> 05:15:13,000
for a short while or many hours.
The darkness gives no indication

5667
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:17,700
you wake, notice the darkness 
and return to sleep. 

5668
05:15:18,500 --> 05:15:20,200
This cycle repeats several 
times. 

5669
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:23,500
At some point, you wake more 
fully needing to move. 

5670
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:26,500
Your body is stiff from lying in
one position. 

5671
05:15:27,300 --> 05:15:30,800
You shift carefully trying not 
to disturb the person sleeping 

5672
05:15:30,800 --> 05:15:33,900
pressed against your back, they 
murmur but do not wait. 

5673
05:15:33,900 --> 05:15:38,500
You find a new position and Wait
for Sleep to return the fire 

5674
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:41,200
needs tending. 
Again, You're awake enough to 

5675
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:44,100
notice this. 
Someone else notices too and 

5676
05:15:44,100 --> 05:15:46,400
Rises to add wood. 
The Flames. 

5677
05:15:46,400 --> 05:15:49,800
Increased slightly sending 
flickering light across sleeping

5678
05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:53,000
forms. 
Is a peaceful and slack and 

5679
05:15:53,000 --> 05:15:57,100
sleep, unguarded and soft. 
Child, wakes and calls out 

5680
05:15:57,100 --> 05:16:00,000
quietly, not distressed, but 
seeking reassurance. 

5681
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:02,600
Someone responds with a low 
voice. 

5682
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:07,300
Confirming presents. 
The child settles without 

5683
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:10,600
needing to be held, simply 
knowing someone is awake and 

5684
05:16:10,600 --> 05:16:14,200
aware as sufficient. 
You notice the stars are visible

5685
05:16:14,200 --> 05:16:16,000
through gaps in the shelter 
structure. 

5686
05:16:16,000 --> 05:16:20,100
They are bright and numerous 
scattered across the darkness 

5687
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:22,800
above you. 
Watch them briefly, not thinking

5688
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:24,300
about what they are or what they
mean. 

5689
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:27,900
They are simply their constant 
points of light in the moving. 

5690
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:32,200
Darkness. 
Another infant wakes and needs 

5691
05:16:32,200 --> 05:16:35,300
feeding this time. 
It is you, who is nearest? 

5692
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:37,900
You reach for the infant in the 
darkness. 

5693
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:42,200
Guided by sound rather than 
sight, your hands know the shape

5694
05:16:42,200 --> 05:16:45,600
and weight of an infant. 
You settle them against you, and

5695
05:16:45,600 --> 05:16:48,400
they latch quickly, nursing with
quiet urgency. 

5696
05:16:48,400 --> 05:16:52,500
The nursing is peaceful. 
You remain in a half dozing 

5697
05:16:52,500 --> 05:16:56,500
State while the infant feeds, 
Your body knows how to sustain 

5698
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:58,500
this activity while your mind 
rests. 

5699
05:16:59,300 --> 05:17:02,200
When the infant finishes and 
becomes heavy with sleep, you 

5700
05:17:02,200 --> 05:17:04,500
shift them gently back to where 
they were sleeping. 

5701
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:10,300
Night care is never urgent. 
Or frantic needs a meaty calmly 

5702
05:17:10,300 --> 05:17:12,900
crying as comforted without 
alarm. 

5703
05:17:12,900 --> 05:17:17,500
Everyone understands that night 
waking a part of the Rhythm, no 

5704
05:17:17,500 --> 05:17:21,500
one expects unbroken sleep. 
The expectation is simply that 

5705
05:17:21,500 --> 05:17:24,700
needs will be noticed, and 
answered as the night progresses

5706
05:17:24,700 --> 05:17:26,600
the intervals of Deep Sleep grow
longer. 

5707
05:17:27,400 --> 05:17:29,200
The brief wakings. 
Become less frequent. 

5708
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,300
Your body has adjusted to a more
restful State. 

5709
05:17:32,300 --> 05:17:35,900
The initial frequent position 
changes settle into longer 

5710
05:17:35,900 --> 05:17:39,000
periods of Stillness. 
Eventually you notice the 

5711
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:42,500
darkness changing not lighter, 
yet but less complete. 

5712
05:17:43,400 --> 05:17:46,100
Quality of Blackness shifts 
towards something that will 

5713
05:17:46,100 --> 05:17:49,500
become Dawn. 
This changes subtle and gradual.

5714
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:52,900
You notice it more through a 
feeling than through anything 

5715
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:56,200
visible. 
Birds begin calling before True 

5716
05:17:56,200 --> 05:18:00,600
Light arrives, their songs 
starts singly One Voice, then 

5717
05:18:00,600 --> 05:18:04,100
another answering soon. 
The calls over lap and multiply 

5718
05:18:04,100 --> 05:18:09,300
this bird chorus is as reliable 
as any timekeeper when it begins

5719
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:12,600
Dawn is approaching. 
You do not rise immediately. 

5720
05:18:12,600 --> 05:18:17,300
When you wake to Birdsong, you 
lice still listening letting 

5721
05:18:17,300 --> 05:18:20,500
your body complete its 
transition from sleep to waking.

5722
05:18:21,400 --> 05:18:23,400
Around you. 
Others are doing the same. 

5723
05:18:23,400 --> 05:18:27,200
Some are still deeply asleep, 
some are awake, but resting 

5724
05:18:27,200 --> 05:18:30,200
quietly. 
Some are beginning to stir and 

5725
05:18:30,200 --> 05:18:33,400
stretch. 
A child Waits and immediately 

5726
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:36,400
starts talking. 
Their voice loud in the quiet 

5727
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:39,900
morning. 
Someone shushes them, gently not

5728
05:18:39,900 --> 05:18:43,300
scolding but simply indicating 
that quiet is still preferred. 

5729
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:48,000
The child complies their voice 
dropping to a Whispers, they 

5730
05:18:48,008 --> 05:18:50,200
continue, whatever thought they 
were expressing. 

5731
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:54,100
The fire is very low, now, 
mostly coals. 

5732
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:57,700
Someone is building it up for 
the day adding kindling. 

5733
05:18:57,700 --> 05:19:02,700
First, then larger pieces as the
flame catches, the fires Revival

5734
05:19:02,700 --> 05:19:04,500
signals, the true beginning of 
the day. 

5735
05:19:05,300 --> 05:19:08,000
Once it is burning. 
Well people will rise and begin 

5736
05:19:08,000 --> 05:19:11,000
their routines. 
You push your hide aside and sit

5737
05:19:11,000 --> 05:19:13,900
up slowly. 
Your body is stiff from sleeping

5738
05:19:13,900 --> 05:19:17,000
on the ground. 
You stretch carefully, working 

5739
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:18,900
out the tightness, in your back 
and shoulders. 

5740
05:19:18,900 --> 05:19:23,100
Others are doing the same moving
through their personal waking 

5741
05:19:23,100 --> 05:19:27,100
rituals. 
The night has passed in its 

5742
05:19:27,100 --> 05:19:32,500
usual way broken but restful 
punctuated by small needs met 

5743
05:19:32,500 --> 05:19:35,600
with Karma responses. 
Now, as light begins to filter 

5744
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:37,800
into the world, the day is ready
to begin again. 

5745
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:42,200
The sun rises again, as it 
always does, the patterns, begin

5746
05:19:42,200 --> 05:19:48,600
a new Gathering making caring 
resting eating tending sleeping.

5747
05:19:49,500 --> 05:19:52,800
These rhythms have no origin. 
You could name, they existed 

5748
05:19:52,800 --> 05:19:54,900
before you and will exist after 
you. 

5749
05:19:55,700 --> 05:19:58,500
You were taught these patterns 
by watching the people who came 

5750
05:19:58,500 --> 05:20:01,900
before you're teaching them. 
Now, to the people who come 

5751
05:20:01,900 --> 05:20:04,400
after the teaching is not 
formal. 

5752
05:20:04,400 --> 05:20:08,700
It is simply present, simply the
living of days and established 

5753
05:20:08,700 --> 05:20:11,300
ways. 
Nothing is written down. 

5754
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,400
There are no records or 
instructions, knowledge lives in

5755
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:18,600
hands and bodies and the shared 
memory of the group. 

5756
05:20:19,800 --> 05:20:23,400
What needs to be known is known 
through doing through 

5757
05:20:23,400 --> 05:20:26,800
repetition, and through the 
accumulated experience of 

5758
05:20:26,800 --> 05:20:31,500
countless days. 
The tools you use were shaped 

5759
05:20:31,500 --> 05:20:33,400
using techniques older than 
language. 

5760
05:20:34,300 --> 05:20:37,400
The foods you prepare have been 
prepared this same way for 

5761
05:20:37,400 --> 05:20:39,700
longer than counting allows, the
root. 

5762
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:42,300
You walk were established by 
people whose names are 

5763
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:46,000
completely forgotten. 
This deep history is invisible 

5764
05:20:46,000 --> 05:20:49,000
in daily life. 
You do not think about the age 

5765
05:20:49,000 --> 05:20:51,800
of your practice's, you simply 
practice them. 

5766
05:20:53,300 --> 05:20:57,200
The continuity is unconscious 
maintained through habit rather 

5767
05:20:57,200 --> 05:21:00,400
than intention. 
Children growing up here will 

5768
05:21:00,400 --> 05:21:03,100
know what, you know. 
Not because you will sit them 

5769
05:21:03,100 --> 05:21:06,600
down and explain but because 
they will live alongside you 

5770
05:21:06,600 --> 05:21:10,000
watching and trying and 
gradually becoming capable. 

5771
05:21:10,800 --> 05:21:12,400
Their children will learn the 
same way. 

5772
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:16,300
The chain remains unbroken 
through proximity and time. 

5773
05:21:16,300 --> 05:21:19,000
The landscape itself holds 
memory. 

5774
05:21:19,000 --> 05:21:21,800
This Gathering ground has been 
used for Generations. 

5775
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:26,500
The paths are worn deep not by 
any individual footfall, but by 

5776
05:21:26,500 --> 05:21:29,400
the accumulation of all 
footfalls across time. 

5777
05:21:30,300 --> 05:21:33,500
You walk where countless others 
walked before though you never 

5778
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:36,400
knew them. 
Certain places have stories 

5779
05:21:36,400 --> 05:21:38,100
though. 
The stories are simple. 

5780
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:40,900
This is where the fish are. 
Always plentiful. 

5781
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:42,900
This is where good clay can be 
found. 

5782
05:21:42,900 --> 05:21:47,400
This is where storms are easier 
to Shelter From the stories are 

5783
05:21:47,400 --> 05:21:49,400
practical knowledge to 
narrative. 

5784
05:21:50,400 --> 05:21:51,800
You do not wonder about the 
future. 

5785
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:54,100
The future will be similar to 
now. 

5786
05:21:55,000 --> 05:21:58,300
Seasons will cycle plants, will 
grow and be gather. 

5787
05:21:58,300 --> 05:22:00,600
Children will be born and 
raised. 

5788
05:22:00,600 --> 05:22:03,800
People will work and rest and 
care for each other. 

5789
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:08,200
This continuity is so reliable. 
It requires no contemplation 

5790
05:22:08,200 --> 05:22:12,900
change happens. 
But slowly, so slowly as to be 

5791
05:22:12,900 --> 05:22:16,300
nearly invisible, a slightly 
different technique for basket 

5792
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:19,100
weaving. 
A new food source was discovered

5793
05:22:19,100 --> 05:22:22,700
and Incorporated small 
adjustments, accumulate across 

5794
05:22:22,700 --> 05:22:26,000
Generations but never disrupt 
the fundamental patterns. 

5795
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:29,900
You are simultaneously 
insignificant and essential 

5796
05:22:29,900 --> 05:22:34,200
insignificant because you are 
one person in an endless chain, 

5797
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:37,700
your individual life, a brief 
moment in a much longer story. 

5798
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:41,800
Essential because the chain 
depends on each link. 

5799
05:22:42,500 --> 05:22:45,300
Without you the knowledge, you 
carry would not pass forward. 

5800
05:22:46,100 --> 05:22:48,400
The work you do today will need 
doing again. 

5801
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:51,200
Tomorrow, this could feel futile
but does not. 

5802
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:55,700
The repetition is the point. 
Each day's Gathering feeds to 

5803
05:22:55,700 --> 05:22:58,700
today's people. 
Each day's repairs, maintain 

5804
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:03,200
today's tools, the work is 
complete in itself not building 

5805
05:23:03,200 --> 05:23:07,300
towards some distant goal. 
You experience satisfaction in 

5806
05:23:07,300 --> 05:23:12,100
the immediate and the tangible a
baskets successfully repairs a 

5807
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:17,200
child, soothe to sleep a meal. 
Shared the small completion of 

5808
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:20,900
what life is made of there is no
larger narrative required. 

5809
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:24,900
Evening arrives. 
Again, you return to the fire. 

5810
05:23:26,400 --> 05:23:28,500
The Flames are as hypnotic as 
always. 

5811
05:23:29,400 --> 05:23:32,900
People settle around you and 
familiar positions, children 

5812
05:23:32,900 --> 05:23:35,500
lean heavily their eyes. 
Already closing. 

5813
05:23:36,300 --> 05:23:40,400
The day ends as Days End quietly
and without ceremony. 

5814
05:23:41,100 --> 05:23:43,100
You lie down in your usual 
place. 

5815
05:23:43,100 --> 05:23:46,900
The hide covers you the ground 
beneath is known and 

5816
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:49,400
comfortable. 
Your body arranges itself 

5817
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:53,300
automatically Sleep begins. 
Its gentle approach. 

5818
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:55,500
Tomorrow will bring Gathering 
again. 

5819
05:23:56,200 --> 05:24:00,300
The same plants in the same 
place is changed only by season,

5820
05:24:00,300 --> 05:24:03,400
your hands will move through 
familiar emotions. 

5821
05:24:03,400 --> 05:24:06,000
Your feet will walk familiar 
paths. 

5822
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:10,200
This repetition is not a burden.
It is structure. 

5823
05:24:10,200 --> 05:24:14,100
It is security. 
It is the Deep continuity that 

5824
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:17,300
connects you to all who came 
before and all who will come 

5825
05:24:17,300 --> 05:24:20,600
after. 
The story has no ending. 

5826
05:24:21,300 --> 05:24:23,700
Because it is not a story in the
traditional sense. 

5827
05:24:24,500 --> 05:24:28,800
It is simply life continuing. 
As it has continued one day 

5828
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:32,000
following another in patterns 
worn Smooth by time. 

5829
05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:37,100
Fire Burns, low. 
Breathing around, you deepens 

5830
05:24:37,100 --> 05:24:39,200
into sleep. 
The night. 

5831
05:24:39,200 --> 05:24:42,700
Settles over everything, warm 
and dark and safe. 

5832
05:24:42,700 --> 05:24:45,300
You're exactly where you have 
always been. 

5833
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:49,800
You're doing exactly what is 
always been done in this deep. 

5834
05:24:49,800 --> 05:24:54,800
Sameness there is profound, 
peace, your eyes, close your 

5835
05:24:54,800 --> 05:24:59,000
breathing slows the day releases
you into sleep tomorrow. 

5836
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,400
When light returns, you will 
wake, and begin again. 

5837
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:08,100
This cycle will continue the 
pattern will hold the quiet. 

5838
05:25:08,100 --> 05:25:11,600
Continuity, will, remain 
unbroken carrying forward into a

5839
05:25:11,608 --> 05:25:14,900
future that looks remarkably. 
Like the past which looks 

5840
05:25:14,900 --> 05:25:18,600
remarkably like now. 
And in that endless, gentle 

5841
05:25:18,600 --> 05:25:23,400
repetition Humanity as always 
found its Rhythm its meaning and

5842
05:25:23,400 --> 05:25:33,200
its rest. 
Amelia Earhart's Legacy often 

5843
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:38,400
flashes by as a Brisk summary 
old pilot lost at sea yet behind

5844
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:42,200
that outline sits a life shaped 
by tumult, Restless curiosity. 

5845
05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:46,100
And unorthodox choices. 
Long before she took the pilots 

5846
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:48,200
seat. 
She navigated as a zigzag 

5847
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:50,400
childhood molded by her father's
struggles. 

5848
05:25:50,400 --> 05:25:54,100
Her own Fierce Independence and 
an unrelenting search for 

5849
05:25:54,100 --> 05:25:56,000
something that matched her 
hunger for exploration. 

5850
05:25:57,400 --> 05:26:00,000
Born in 1897. 
Amelia Mary. 

5851
05:26:00,000 --> 05:26:03,000
Earhart arrived during an age of
Rapid technological shifts 

5852
05:26:03,000 --> 05:26:06,300
horses, giving away to 
automobiles, electric lights, 

5853
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,800
replacing oil, lamps, whilst 
Society, clung to rigid, ideas 

5854
05:26:09,800 --> 05:26:12,800
about women's roles. 
She already sent the convention 

5855
05:26:12,800 --> 05:26:17,100
would never satisfy her her 
father, Edwin faced, recurring 

5856
05:26:17,100 --> 05:26:20,100
employment issues and a battle 
with alcoholism pushing the 

5857
05:26:20,100 --> 05:26:22,900
family from one Midwestern town,
to another her mother. 

5858
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:26,200
Amy tried to soften these 
disruptions but instability 

5859
05:26:26,200 --> 05:26:30,300
became a constant companion even
as a child, Amelia bristled at 

5860
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:33,200
traditional expectations for 
girls, she climbed trees 

5861
05:26:33,200 --> 05:26:36,500
collected, insects and roamed 
outside with an irrepressible 

5862
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:39,500
sense of adventure. 
Some saw the behaviors of 

5863
05:26:39,500 --> 05:26:44,700
etiquette immediate viewed as 
following her instincts 1908, 

5864
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:49,300
her father took her to an air 
show in Des Moines At first, she

5865
05:26:49,300 --> 05:26:50,500
wasn't enthralled by the 
airport. 

5866
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:53,500
Spectacle she gravitated more 
toward mechanical toys on 

5867
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:57,600
display yet the memory of Ricky 
Hefty planes overhead, planted a

5868
05:26:57,600 --> 05:27:01,100
subtle seed machines capable of 
transcending every day, 

5869
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:04,900
boundaries financial and 
personal troubles, deepened and 

5870
05:27:04,900 --> 05:27:07,600
Amelia and her sister Muriel 
moved to Chicago to live with 

5871
05:27:07,600 --> 05:27:10,600
friends. 
There Amelia saw the gap between

5872
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,800
her Restless mind and the rigid 
structures of typical schooling.

5873
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:18,100
She was competent in her 
classes, but captivated by seven

5874
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:21,300
science labs, and sports Fields 
places where she could 

5875
05:27:21,300 --> 05:27:24,900
experiment physically and 
mentally Upon finishing high 

5876
05:27:24,900 --> 05:27:27,200
school. 
She worked as a nurse's aide in 

5877
05:27:27,200 --> 05:27:30,000
Toronto during World War 1 
tending to wounded soldiers, 

5878
05:27:30,000 --> 05:27:33,700
this glimpse of wartime grit and
sacrifice, gave her a new 

5879
05:27:33,708 --> 05:27:36,700
perspective on Courage. 
She encountered Airmen, who 

5880
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:40,500
spoke of the sky as a place of 
both danger and Liberation an 

5881
05:27:40,500 --> 05:27:43,500
idea that lingered in the back 
of her mind, after the war 

5882
05:27:43,500 --> 05:27:47,000
Amelia briefly studied at 
Columbia University flirting, 

5883
05:27:47,000 --> 05:27:50,100
with a path in medicine. 
But she felt caged by the 

5884
05:27:50,100 --> 05:27:53,300
academic routine. 
She yearned for movement for 

5885
05:27:53,300 --> 05:27:57,100
experiences that unsettled her 
comfort zone, all of this set 

5886
05:27:57,100 --> 05:28:01,200
the stage for 1920 when she took
a short ride, in an open cockpit

5887
05:28:01,200 --> 05:28:03,100
plane over Long Beach, 
California. 

5888
05:28:04,100 --> 05:28:07,500
Frigid wind slap her face, the 
engines Roar, rattled her bones,

5889
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:10,100
it wasn't glamorous, but it was 
real. 

5890
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:13,800
She stepped off convinced, she 
had to learn to fly a family 

5891
05:28:13,800 --> 05:28:17,700
unsettled by her father's 
ongoing issues, wasn't in a 

5892
05:28:17,700 --> 05:28:21,300
position to finance her 
Ambitions, unfazed, Amelia took 

5893
05:28:21,300 --> 05:28:25,200
odd jobs photographer truck 
driver stenographer, scraping 

5894
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:27,600
together. 
The money for flight lessons in 

5895
05:28:27,600 --> 05:28:30,000
1921. 
She found a female instructor 

5896
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:34,600
net, a snook which was itself. 
A rare Rarity Amelia's Desi to 

5897
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:37,800
your fly was not some fleeting 
thrill, it became the single 

5898
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:41,400
driving force of her daily life.
She would bicycle to the 

5899
05:28:41,408 --> 05:28:44,700
Airfield at to Dawn, face grimey
hangers, and endure. 

5900
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:47,400
The skepticism of onlookers who 
saw flying as the realm of men 

5901
05:28:47,400 --> 05:28:54,000
or at best a passing novelty for
daring women, By 1922 Emilio 

5902
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:57,700
saved enough to buy a used 
kinner esta by plane painted 

5903
05:28:57,700 --> 05:28:59,900
bright yellow. 
She called it the canary. 

5904
05:29:00,700 --> 05:29:04,300
He practiced takeoffs and 
landings until her hands, ached 

5905
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:08,000
pushing the limits of that, 
Ricky craft, she felt more alive

5906
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:12,000
Aloft than anywhere else. 
The year. 1923 brought her 

5907
05:29:12,000 --> 05:29:15,500
pilot's license from the fair. 
Do I see your International? 

5908
05:29:15,500 --> 05:29:18,200
That piece of paper? 
Symbolized not merely 

5909
05:29:18,200 --> 05:29:21,100
achievement, but independence 
from the confining norm she had 

5910
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:25,100
chafed against his childhood. 
During these early chapters are,

5911
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:27,600
heart was still something of an 
unknown in public life. 

5912
05:29:28,400 --> 05:29:32,100
Yet her determination was on way
of people around her noted, a 

5913
05:29:32,100 --> 05:29:34,500
quiet resolve rather than a 
trumpeted sense of ambition. 

5914
05:29:34,500 --> 05:29:45,600
She was also a tireless 
self-proteins and persistent 

5915
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:49,400
gender barriers but that 
persistent spark refused to dim 

5916
05:29:49,400 --> 05:29:53,400
in these formative years. 
Amelia Earhart discovered the 

5917
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:56,700
two threads that were defined 
her life, the power of flight to

5918
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,400
break social boundaries and the 
will to confront whatever 

5919
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:02,600
hurdles appeared. 
She was no stranger to prepare 

5920
05:30:02,600 --> 05:30:04,800
this landing's, literal or 
metaphorical. 

5921
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:09,400
Each forced Landing taught her a
new lesson about survival. 

5922
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:13,100
And each time she took off the 
game, he is she inched closer to

5923
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:15,300
rewriting? 
What the world expected from a 

5924
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:16,700
woman who refused to stay 
grounded? 

5925
05:30:16,700 --> 05:30:22,300
She refused to accept limits. 
Amelia's Aviation career pivoted

5926
05:30:22,300 --> 05:30:26,300
in 1928 though she'd set a 
women's altitude record, she was

5927
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:29,500
not widely known. 
That changed when publisher 

5928
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:32,400
George Putnam invited her on 
transatlantic flight? 

5929
05:30:32,400 --> 05:30:36,200
Not as a pilot but as a 
passenger to record flight data,

5930
05:30:37,200 --> 05:30:39,900
Many doubted a woman could 
duplicate Charles Lindbergh's 

5931
05:30:39,900 --> 05:30:42,400
feet. 
She saw the publicity potential 

5932
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:46,200
despite the limited role. 
The Fokker friendship left, 

5933
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:49,900
Trapper sea, Harbour 
Newfoundland and June 1928, 

5934
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:54,600
Pilots Wilma, stultz and Lewis 
Gordon flew the plane Amelia sat

5935
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:59,200
in the cabin both thrilled and 
frustrated after 20 hours, they 

5936
05:30:59,200 --> 05:31:03,400
landed in Wales. 
Lady Lindy, the Press crowd, 

5937
05:31:03,400 --> 05:31:05,200
nickname. 
She disliked. 

5938
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:09,400
She was proud, but uneasy She 
hadn't actually piloted the 

5939
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:11,600
plane. 
Still, she harnessed the 

5940
05:31:11,600 --> 05:31:15,800
attention working with Putnam, 
who came her husband Emilia 

5941
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:18,400
realized Fame, could Spotlight 
women's capabilities. 

5942
05:31:18,400 --> 05:31:22,300
She gave talks wrote articles 
and pushed against the belief 

5943
05:31:22,300 --> 05:31:26,000
that women belonged in narrow 
roles She argued that anyone 

5944
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:28,800
willing to face Aviation hazards
was qualified for other fields 

5945
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:32,300
as well. 
Flying then was perilous planes,

5946
05:31:32,300 --> 05:31:35,600
were primitive, navigation, 
uncertain, crashes, frequent 

5947
05:31:35,600 --> 05:31:38,500
men, monopolize, the field due 
to entrenched power. 

5948
05:31:38,500 --> 05:31:43,700
Not Superior skill. 
Amelia often overlooked lean 

5949
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:47,200
tips from male aviators proving 
a depth at turning knowledge 

5950
05:31:47,200 --> 05:31:49,800
into action. 
By 1930. 

5951
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:52,800
She was setting speed records 
knowing such achievements. 

5952
05:31:52,800 --> 05:31:58,500
True sponsors Financial backing 
kept in the air in 1932 five 

5953
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,800
years after Linberg solo 
Crossing, Amelia tackled it at 

5954
05:32:01,800 --> 05:32:03,600
the Atlantic alone, she left 
Harbor. 

5955
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:07,600
Grace Newfoundland aiming for 
Paris storms and mechanical 

5956
05:32:07,600 --> 05:32:10,700
troubles, forced her to land 
near London, Dairy, Northern 

5957
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:14,000
Ireland, she still became the 
first woman to fly solo across 

5958
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:18,100
the Atlantic, a 14-hour deal 
included, icy winds and failing 

5959
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:20,500
instruments, exhausted upon 
Landing. 

5960
05:32:20,500 --> 05:32:23,800
She casually mentioned, wanting 
hot chocolate and offhand 

5961
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:25,300
remarked that in dear to 
Millions. 

5962
05:32:26,100 --> 05:32:28,500
Suddenly Queen of the air was 
everywhere. 

5963
05:32:29,300 --> 05:32:32,800
She tolerated the hype referring
to focus on a cause through 

5964
05:32:32,800 --> 05:32:36,900
speaking tours books, founding 
the 99s, she fought for female 

5965
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:39,300
Pilots rights and pushed 
Airlines to hire women. 

5966
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:42,600
She was firm yet. 
Courteous insisting that if she 

5967
05:32:42,600 --> 05:32:45,500
could manage transatlantic 
flight, other barriers should 

5968
05:32:45,500 --> 05:32:47,800
fall. 
Her efforts, targeted 

5969
05:32:47,800 --> 05:32:51,100
institutions, and attitudes. 
She recognized the power of 

5970
05:32:51,108 --> 05:32:55,500
formal networks, like the 99s 
giving women pilots a unified 

5971
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:59,400
voice, her personal Fame 
provided opportunities, which 

5972
05:32:59,400 --> 05:33:01,800
utilized to exert, pressure on 
flight schools. 

5973
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:05,400
And manufacturers beneath the 
public Persona, she was already 

5974
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:08,300
planning bigger. 
Horizons around the world flight

5975
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,200
which could further shatter 
doubts about women's roles in 

5976
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:14,000
aviation. 
Well though cameras captured her

5977
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:17,800
calm confidence, Amelia dealt 
with real danger in the skies 

5978
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:19,500
and Relentless scrutiny on the 
ground. 

5979
05:33:20,500 --> 05:33:23,700
She paid no mind to Skeptics 
focusing instead on fuel 

5980
05:33:23,700 --> 05:33:27,000
capacity root planing and 
advancing aircraft design 

5981
05:33:27,000 --> 05:33:30,200
celebrity wasn't her end game. 
It was a tool to prove that 

5982
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:34,000
women had the skillet and 
Imagination to lead in any 

5983
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:36,700
domain. 
By the early 1930s. 

5984
05:33:36,700 --> 05:33:41,000
She had evolved from an obscure 
pilot to a global symbol showing

5985
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:42,700
that records. 
Were mere stunts. 

5986
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:46,300
The gateways to progress. 
Every new achievement under 

5987
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:48,700
scored her core belief. 
That barriers were Illusions 

5988
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:52,700
banking to be dismantled, and 
the more she accomplished, the 

5989
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,600
more the world saw her courage 
is a call for transformational 

5990
05:33:55,600 --> 05:33:59,600
each success, hinted that she 
and all women were only 

5991
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:01,300
beginning to test the limits of 
possibility. 

5992
05:34:02,600 --> 05:34:05,300
Schedule became relentless. 
She juggled flying 

5993
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:08,900
demonstrations interviews and 
writing commitments that funded 

5994
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:12,200
her daring Pursuits. 
She understood the power of mass

5995
05:34:12,200 --> 05:34:13,900
media. 
It was careful to remain 

5996
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:17,400
authentic when reporters pressed
first Sensational stories. 

5997
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:21,700
She gently steered conversations
toward practical issues, like 

5998
05:34:21,700 --> 05:34:25,000
improving airplane technology, 
and securing better training 

5999
05:34:25,000 --> 05:34:27,700
opportunities for women. 
At the same time. 

6000
05:34:27,700 --> 05:34:31,100
She refused to be pigeonholed as
merely a women's champion. 

6001
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:34,700
She emphasized that Aviation 
itself was a realm of innovation

6002
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:38,700
for everyone with Charles 
Lindbergh Wiley Post and other 

6003
05:34:38,700 --> 05:34:41,500
leading aviators. 
She discussed breakthroughs in 

6004
05:34:41,500 --> 05:34:44,600
navigation systems where the 
tracking and safety procedures 

6005
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:48,300
her goal was to be taken. 
Seriously, not just as a 

6006
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:50,900
symbolic figure, but as a 
knowledgeable pilot shaping, the

6007
05:34:50,900 --> 05:34:54,400
future of flight. 
Behind the scenes, she dealt 

6008
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,500
with exhaustion and the weight 
of expectations friends 

6009
05:34:57,500 --> 05:34:59,200
recalled. 
Her bouts of insomnia and 

6010
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:03,800
anxiety, masked by her poised 
exterior, despite these strains,

6011
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:06,800
she pressed on, she convinced 
that flying offered a blueprint 

6012
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:10,800
for a more open-minded Society. 
Each record set was more than a 

6013
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:14,000
personal Triumph, it was a 
collective push forward She 

6014
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:16,500
often remarked that real change 
demanded more than a single 

6015
05:35:16,500 --> 05:35:19,400
feet. 
It required sustained resolve 

6016
05:35:19,400 --> 05:35:23,500
aviation in her view was the 
symbol of what Humanity could 

6017
05:35:23,500 --> 05:35:25,400
accomplish. 
After abandoning outdated 

6018
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:29,500
prejudices. 
By the mid-1930s, Amelia Earhart

6019
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:33,500
balanced record setting flights 
a role as aviation's public face

6020
05:35:33,500 --> 05:35:37,400
advocacy for women and musingly 
fashion Consulting. 

6021
05:35:38,400 --> 05:35:39,800
Her relationship with George 
Putnam. 

6022
05:35:39,800 --> 05:35:42,700
Continued to evolve, though. 
He came from a publishing 

6023
05:35:42,700 --> 05:35:45,200
background. 
He believed Amelia could be a 

6024
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:48,100
aviation's brightest star and 
negotiated deals to fund her 

6025
05:35:48,100 --> 05:35:50,400
Ambitions. 
They respected each other's 

6026
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:54,600
autonomy even after marrying, a 
stance that defied social norms.

6027
05:35:55,400 --> 05:35:58,100
She refused to adopt his surname
or confine herself to 

6028
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:01,700
traditional wifely. 
Rolls, a choice that Drew gossip

6029
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:05,500
but matched her insistence, on 
individuality putnam's PR skill.

6030
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:09,100
Brought in dorsum offers from 
luggage to sportswear, but 

6031
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:12,400
Amelia State selective wanting 
authenticity over empty 

6032
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:15,100
promotion. 
She used her public profile to 

6033
05:36:15,100 --> 05:36:18,300
push improvements and flight 
infrastructure at a runways 

6034
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:22,400
weather stations and aircraft 
maintenance far from Glory 

6035
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:24,400
hunting. 
She believed proper resources, 

6036
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:26,300
would make Aviation safer and 
more accessible. 

6037
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:30,400
She also mentored younger Pilots
sharing the lesson that 

6038
05:36:30,400 --> 05:36:34,000
technique not Brevard saved 
lives in the sky. 

6039
05:36:34,800 --> 05:36:38,300
In that vein, she helped design 
practical, clothing for female 

6040
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:41,700
aviators, garments with 
functional pockets and flexible 

6041
05:36:41,700 --> 05:36:44,900
cuts to accommodate cockpit 
constraints critics called it 

6042
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:47,600
frivolous. 
But Amelia Soros is another step

6043
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:49,600
toward normalizing women in the 
pilot seat. 

6044
05:36:49,600 --> 05:36:53,800
If Society expected women to 
excel anywhere, why not equip 

6045
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:57,900
them accordingly. 
By 1935, she had flown solo from

6046
05:36:57,900 --> 05:37:00,900
Honolulu to Auckland and from 
Los Angeles to Mexico City, 

6047
05:37:00,900 --> 05:37:03,400
these Feats. 
Showcased her Mastery of 

6048
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:06,700
long-distance navigation when 
tools were rudimentary, She 

6049
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:10,300
studied weather charts and honed
radio Direction finding knowing 

6050
05:37:10,300 --> 05:37:12,400
that minor miscalculation could 
be fatal. 

6051
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:16,400
Each successful bigger dream to 
circle the globe. 

6052
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:19,700
This round the world quest 
wasn't mere personal ambition. 

6053
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:22,900
Amelion. 
Visioned it as a demonstration 

6054
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:26,700
of evolving aviation technology 
and a chance to gather data for 

6055
05:37:26,700 --> 05:37:29,800
future commercial routes. 
With the world growing more 

6056
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:32,100
interconnected. 
She believed, such a flight 

6057
05:37:32,100 --> 05:37:35,600
could Blaze Trails for Global 
air travel yet the Endeavor 

6058
05:37:35,600 --> 05:37:37,800
demanded a formidable, airplane,
and a solid team. 

6059
05:37:38,900 --> 05:37:42,500
The Lockheed model, 10 Electra a
twin-engine craft with the 

6060
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:46,700
necessary range came into play. 
In this situation back partly by

6061
05:37:46,700 --> 05:37:50,300
Purdue University where she 
advised female students on 

6062
05:37:50,300 --> 05:37:54,000
Career paths, Emilio, Acquired, 
and modified the plane, adding 

6063
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:56,100
fuel tanks and sharing, 
unnecessary weight. 

6064
05:37:56,900 --> 05:38:00,200
She invited Fred Noonan an 
expert Navigator, familiar with 

6065
05:38:00,200 --> 05:38:04,200
Pacific routes to join her. 
The plan covered nearly 29,000 

6066
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:07,500
miles across multiple 
continents, each stop required, 

6067
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:10,700
intricate coordination, 
arranging fuel caches in remote 

6068
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:14,100
airstrips securing radio 
frequencies and ensuring local 

6069
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:17,000
permissions. 
Press buzzed incessantly about 

6070
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:21,200
her root and her gear public 
Fascination sword that Emilia 

6071
05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:24,400
kept her Poise recognizing that 
no amount of planning could 

6072
05:38:24,400 --> 05:38:27,200
guarantee success against the 
capriciousness of weather and 

6073
05:38:27,200 --> 05:38:30,100
machinery. 
Though, Carmen interviews, she 

6074
05:38:30,100 --> 05:38:33,700
privately weighed the risks. 
Storms mechanical failure, 

6075
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:37,100
Halls, human errors, any could 
derail the flight. 

6076
05:38:38,000 --> 05:38:40,700
Yet, she was no stranger to 
Danger having built her career 

6077
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:43,000
on the thin line between 
ambition and peril. 

6078
05:38:43,900 --> 05:38:46,000
He saw risk as part of forging 
New Paths. 

6079
05:38:46,000 --> 05:38:49,300
Echoing her life long stance. 
Progress often demanded 

6080
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,200
boldness. 
Her entire adult life had been a

6081
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:54,900
testament to stepping into 
Uncharted Territory with a 

6082
05:38:54,900 --> 05:38:58,200
challenging social norms or 
expanding the very Frontiers of 

6083
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:01,900
Flight. 
In early 1937 her first attempt 

6084
05:39:01,900 --> 05:39:04,500
at the round-the-world flight, 
suffered a crash in Hawaii, 

6085
05:39:04,500 --> 05:39:08,400
damaging the Electra undaunted, 
she would grouped prepared the 

6086
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:12,500
plane and adjusted her route. 
Determination was her Hallmark a

6087
05:39:12,500 --> 05:39:16,100
blend of practicality and daring
as she finalized her second 

6088
05:39:16,100 --> 05:39:18,200
attempt. 
She noted in public statements 

6089
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:20,500
that records and accolades 
weren't her primary aim. 

6090
05:39:20,500 --> 05:39:24,300
She wanted real data on Roots, 
fueling strategies and 

6091
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:26,900
navigational tactics. 
The flight would offer 

6092
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:29,800
invaluable insights for the 
commercial airlines that would 

6093
05:39:29,800 --> 05:39:30,800
soon cross. 
Oceans. 

6094
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:35,000
Routinely That stance. 
Embodied Amelia's broader 

6095
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:37,600
philosophy. 
Which high-profile flight was 

6096
05:39:37,600 --> 05:39:40,500
less about personal Conquest 
than about broadening Horizons 

6097
05:39:40,500 --> 05:39:43,700
for everyone. 
She had devoted years to proving

6098
05:39:43,700 --> 05:39:46,400
that women were fully capable, 
but she also believed that 

6099
05:39:46,400 --> 05:39:48,700
Aviation itself was the wave of 
the future. 

6100
05:39:48,700 --> 05:39:52,400
In bridging these perspectives, 
she became an avatar of 

6101
05:39:52,408 --> 05:39:55,500
possibility, a living emblem of 
how one individuals 

6102
05:39:55,500 --> 05:39:57,900
determination could shift 
cultural assumptions. 

6103
05:39:57,900 --> 05:40:01,100
And now he's for her Greatest 
Adventure. 

6104
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:03,700
Yet Amelia was ready to test the
limits. 

6105
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:08,500
Again a risk Laden gamble that 
might cement her reputation or 

6106
05:40:08,500 --> 05:40:11,800
cast it into haunting on 
certainly her calm Outlook 

6107
05:40:11,800 --> 05:40:14,100
belied the sheer complexity of 
her planes. 

6108
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:17,000
She understood that failure 
would breed critics, who 

6109
05:40:17,000 --> 05:40:19,000
believed women had no place in 
Xtreme. 

6110
05:40:19,000 --> 05:40:23,400
Aviation yet she moved forward 
convinced that taking flight for

6111
05:40:23,400 --> 05:40:25,800
knowledge and progress was worth
every risk. 

6112
05:40:26,600 --> 05:40:30,000
Amelia's view flying wasn't. 
Just her Destiny, it was a 

6113
05:40:30,000 --> 05:40:32,200
collective Awakening and 
societal evolution. 

6114
05:40:33,000 --> 05:40:35,500
Amelia Earhart's second 
round-the-world attempt to 

6115
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:40,200
launched on May the 21st 1937 
from Oakland California this 

6116
05:40:40,200 --> 05:40:42,300
time. 
She and Fred Noonan flew. 

6117
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:44,800
Eastward hopping between 
continents with the Lockheed 

6118
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:48,300
Electra. 
The trip started smoothly moving

6119
05:40:48,300 --> 05:40:51,300
from Miami through Central and 
South America, then across the 

6120
05:40:51,300 --> 05:40:54,300
Atlantic into Africa. 
Each stop brought fresh 

6121
05:40:54,300 --> 05:40:58,300
refueling challenges mechanical,
checks, and updated weather 

6122
05:40:58,300 --> 05:41:02,700
data, but Amelia maintained her 
signature resolve By June, they 

6123
05:41:02,700 --> 05:41:05,200
traversed, Africa. 
And the Middle East arriving in 

6124
05:41:05,200 --> 05:41:08,600
India, made Monsoon rains, a 
pressed onto South East. 

6125
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:12,000
Asia Landing in locales like 
Rangoon and Singapore places. 

6126
05:41:12,000 --> 05:41:16,300
Few Americans had seen Amelia's 
dispatches, noted extreme heat 

6127
05:41:16,300 --> 05:41:19,900
erratic wind currents and the 
rigorous demands of accurate 

6128
05:41:19,900 --> 05:41:23,100
navigation. 
Fred Noonan's precise staff 

6129
05:41:23,100 --> 05:41:26,200
fixes ensured they stayed on 
course, despite unpredictable 

6130
05:41:26,200 --> 05:41:28,800
Skies. 
Eventually, they reached New 

6131
05:41:28,800 --> 05:41:30,800
Guinea with about 7,000 miles to
go. 

6132
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:33,000
The next Lake game for Howland 
Island. 

6133
05:41:33,000 --> 05:41:37,200
A tiny Speck in the Pacific US 
Coast Guard Cutter, Tasker would

6134
05:41:37,200 --> 05:41:40,400
guide the Via radio, finding 
such a miniscule, Island 

6135
05:41:40,400 --> 05:41:44,800
required near perfect navigation
and clear whether On July 2nd, 

6136
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:49,600
1937, they departed lay in the 
pre-dawn darkness loaded with 

6137
05:41:49,600 --> 05:41:53,100
fuel for roughly 20 hours, a 
loft, a transmitted periodic 

6138
05:41:53,100 --> 05:41:57,400
position reports, at first 
signals were clear, then 

6139
05:41:57,400 --> 05:42:00,400
Amelia's messages hinted at 
difficulty pinpointing Howland 

6140
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:04,000
overcast conditions, likely 
obstructed Newnan Celestial 

6141
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:07,400
fixes radio contact with the 
atasco became sporadic. 

6142
05:42:07,400 --> 05:42:10,300
Some messages were garbled, 
others in complete. 

6143
05:42:10,300 --> 05:42:14,000
She mentioned low fuel and an 
inability to spot the island 

6144
05:42:14,000 --> 05:42:19,600
their final known transmission. 
We are online 157 through 307, 

6145
05:42:19,600 --> 05:42:23,200
running North, and South. 
Then silents. 

6146
05:42:24,700 --> 05:42:26,800
The attacker initiated a massive
search. 

6147
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:31,700
Scouring open ocean for any sign
of the Electra naval ships 

6148
05:42:31,700 --> 05:42:35,700
joined searching nearby Waters 
and atolls no wreckage surface. 

6149
05:42:36,700 --> 05:42:38,700
Weeks passed and official 
efforts. 

6150
05:42:38,700 --> 05:42:42,600
Wound down public. 
Disbelief was immediate George 

6151
05:42:42,600 --> 05:42:47,000
Putnam Finance. 
Private searches clinging to 

6152
05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:49,700
hope that Amelia Noonan might be
stranded or rescued. 

6153
05:42:49,700 --> 05:42:54,600
Rumors swirled capture by 
Foreign forces, survival under 

6154
05:42:54,600 --> 05:42:58,100
new identities, or mechanical 
failure, leading to a fatal 

6155
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:01,300
crash. 
Eventually, prevailing theories 

6156
05:43:01,300 --> 05:43:03,800
pointed to fuel exhaustion. 
In a crash at sea. 

6157
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:08,100
Howland Island had proved 
elusive even to Skilled aviators

6158
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:12,300
for admirers worldwide. 
A disappearance, felt unreal, 

6159
05:43:12,300 --> 05:43:15,900
she'd seemed Unstoppable, a 
figure, who pushed boundaries 

6160
05:43:15,900 --> 05:43:20,000
without fear Now the iconic 
pilot vanished into the 

6161
05:43:20,000 --> 05:43:24,400
Pacific's expanse, her lost 
struck, a nerve amplifying the 

6162
05:43:24,408 --> 05:43:26,600
emotional investment. 
Many had in her journey. 

6163
05:43:27,500 --> 05:43:30,900
Yet, as shock turned to grief, 
her achievements took on a 

6164
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:33,300
different Hue. 
No longer just records, but 

6165
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:38,400
Testaments to a bold spirit. 
Fills newsreels and reprints of 

6166
05:43:38,408 --> 05:43:40,300
her articles kept her story 
alive. 

6167
05:43:41,100 --> 05:43:44,300
School children learned of her 
Feats and future women pilots 

6168
05:43:44,300 --> 05:43:48,200
cited her as inspiration. 
The final flight overshadowed 

6169
05:43:48,200 --> 05:43:51,100
the rest of her life, but it 
also Caster as a perennial 

6170
05:43:51,100 --> 05:43:53,500
question, mark, fueling endless 
conjecture. 

6171
05:43:54,400 --> 05:43:56,300
Some insisted she was alive 
somewhere. 

6172
05:43:56,300 --> 05:44:00,000
Others believe the crash was 
certain uncovered no physical 

6173
05:44:00,000 --> 05:44:02,600
proof. 
Still others proposed exotic. 

6174
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:05,100
Scenarios each more elaborate 
than the last. 

6175
05:44:05,100 --> 05:44:09,600
None provided to evidence 
ultimately, most accepted that 

6176
05:44:09,600 --> 05:44:12,900
she and Noonan perished at Sea 
undone by the navigational 

6177
05:44:12,900 --> 05:44:15,700
complications, Changing Winds or
plain bad luck. 

6178
05:44:16,500 --> 05:44:19,200
Yet Amelia's Legacy was 
strangely enhanced by the 

6179
05:44:19,200 --> 05:44:21,800
mystery. 
She had championed possibility, 

6180
05:44:21,800 --> 05:44:25,700
and the idea that she might be 
out there unfound kept that 

6181
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:28,100
possibility alive in people's 
minds. 

6182
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:31,900
The line between myth and 
history blurred she had become 

6183
05:44:31,900 --> 05:44:34,100
more than a pilot. 
She was an avatar of human 

6184
05:44:34,100 --> 05:44:37,700
daring, a story infused with 
both Triumph and tragedy. 

6185
05:44:37,700 --> 05:44:41,800
If anything, the unsolved nature
of her final voyage cemented her

6186
05:44:41,800 --> 05:44:45,700
place in public consciousness. 
Institutions named in her on a 

6187
05:44:45,700 --> 05:44:48,300
sprang up. 
Researchers kept pursuing leads 

6188
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:50,800
on remote Islands. 
Pointing to Castaway remains or 

6189
05:44:50,808 --> 05:44:54,200
scattered debris. 
Each new fragment reigniting 

6190
05:44:54,200 --> 05:44:57,400
debates. 
A Fascination, endured Crossing 

6191
05:44:57,400 --> 05:45:01,100
generations, and continents in 
the wake of her loss, the 

6192
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:03,500
aviation Community pushed for 
better, safety measures, 

6193
05:45:03,500 --> 05:45:07,400
improved radio, technology, and 
refined navigation techniques. 

6194
05:45:08,200 --> 05:45:10,500
Governments funded more 
comprehensive maps and placed 

6195
05:45:10,500 --> 05:45:14,400
greater emphasis on weather 
forcasting, ironically Amelia's 

6196
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:16,900
demise accelerated. 
The very reformed she had long 

6197
05:45:16,908 --> 05:45:19,800
advocated He could have 
witnessed the progress. 

6198
05:45:19,800 --> 05:45:23,000
She might have nodded quietly 
pleased that even in absence. 

6199
05:45:24,200 --> 05:45:27,900
She was moving Aviation forward.
And so, the world mourned 

6200
05:45:27,900 --> 05:45:31,000
searched and eventually accepted
his heartbreak. 

6201
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:36,700
Amelia Earhart, who smiling face
at a donned magazines and whose 

6202
05:45:36,700 --> 05:45:39,400
gritty determination broke. 
Barriers was gone. 

6203
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:43,400
But rather than diminishing, her
impact her disappearance etched 

6204
05:45:43,400 --> 05:45:44,700
her into the global 
consciousness. 

6205
05:45:45,600 --> 05:45:48,500
Hers became a story of 
possibility, cut short, yet. 

6206
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:52,900
Also Eternal a reflection of How
High Humanity can climb and how 

6207
05:45:52,900 --> 05:45:55,600
unforgiving the frontier can be 
undeniably. 

6208
05:45:56,800 --> 05:45:59,100
In the immediate aftermath of 
Amelia Earhart's. 

6209
05:45:59,100 --> 05:46:01,700
Disappearance. 
The public learned, the scope of

6210
05:46:01,700 --> 05:46:04,700
the desperate, search underway, 
the Coast Guard Cutter. 

6211
05:46:04,700 --> 05:46:07,300
A pescara had already been 
calming the waters around 

6212
05:46:07,300 --> 05:46:09,900
Howland Island at the US Navy 
soon. 

6213
05:46:09,900 --> 05:46:13,300
Mobilized launching one of the 
most extensive rescue efforts in

6214
05:46:13,308 --> 05:46:17,300
peace time history over several 
weeks ships and airplanes found 

6215
05:46:17,300 --> 05:46:20,400
out across the Central Pacific 
scanning for any sign of 

6216
05:46:20,408 --> 05:46:23,800
wreckage or survivors, military,
personnel, interviewed Islanders

6217
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:27,400
contacted passing vessels and 
monitored all radio frequencies 

6218
05:46:27,400 --> 05:46:29,200
for racing signals. 
That might lead them to the 

6219
05:46:29,200 --> 05:46:32,400
missing plane, George Putnam 
distraught, but Resolute 

6220
05:46:32,400 --> 05:46:34,500
organized. 
Private Expeditions of years 

6221
05:46:34,500 --> 05:46:39,400
owned personal funds in search 
craft offering rewards for 

6222
05:46:39,400 --> 05:46:43,500
credible information messages, 
from Sidekicks adventurers and 

6223
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:45,300
self-appointed. 
Investigators flooded his 

6224
05:46:45,300 --> 05:46:48,100
office, though, many leads were 
far fetched. 

6225
05:46:48,100 --> 05:46:51,600
Putnam refused to dismiss them 
outright afraid of missing any 

6226
05:46:51,600 --> 05:46:53,200
clue. 
That might point to Amelia's 

6227
05:46:53,200 --> 05:46:55,600
location. 
A handful of newspapers 

6228
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:57,800
criticized. 
The urgency questioning the 

6229
05:46:57,800 --> 05:47:00,600
expense at a time when Global 
tensions were on the rise. 

6230
05:47:00,600 --> 05:47:04,500
Still for countless admirers 
worldwide, the operation was a 

6231
05:47:04,500 --> 05:47:07,300
moral duty, someone as 
groundbreaking as Amelia, should

6232
05:47:07,300 --> 05:47:11,000
not simply vanish without every 
effort to locate her rumors 

6233
05:47:11,000 --> 05:47:14,400
bloomed early on some claim she 
had been spotted in distant 

6234
05:47:14,400 --> 05:47:17,000
ports. 
Fueling speculation of a forced 

6235
05:47:17,000 --> 05:47:19,600
Landing followed by rescue under
mysterious circumstances. 

6236
05:47:19,600 --> 05:47:23,100
Others pointed to unconfirmed 
transmission that briefly 

6237
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:25,100
crackled over shortwave radios 
in the days. 

6238
05:47:25,100 --> 05:47:28,300
Following her disappearance 
could it be Amelia calling for 

6239
05:47:28,300 --> 05:47:32,300
help Enthusiast hung on each 
scrap of reported signal though.

6240
05:47:32,300 --> 05:47:36,000
None were convincingly traced to
the missing Electra The mass of 

6241
05:47:36,000 --> 05:47:39,400
conflicting stories stoked to 
Media Friendzy with headlines 

6242
05:47:39,400 --> 05:47:42,800
proclaiming everything from 
miraculous survival to Sinister 

6243
05:47:42,800 --> 05:47:47,100
conspiracies in official 
circles, however, evidence began

6244
05:47:47,100 --> 05:47:51,000
to narrow reports from the 
Attica indicated, that Amelia's 

6245
05:47:51,000 --> 05:47:54,700
last radio messages had grown 
increasingly urgent low on fuel 

6246
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:58,700
uncertain of her coordinates. 
She was racing Against Time in a

6247
05:47:58,700 --> 05:48:01,400
vast expanse of ocean. 
Naval commanders. 

6248
05:48:01,400 --> 05:48:04,400
A moved by her bravery. 
Understood the Grimaldi. 

6249
05:48:05,200 --> 05:48:07,600
Even if are heart and Newnan had
survived, a water landing 

6250
05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:10,900
floating in the Pacific's, 
punishing heat without an 

6251
05:48:10,900 --> 05:48:13,700
adequate raft or supplies would 
be a daunting ordeal. 

6252
05:48:14,400 --> 05:48:16,800
Within a month, the military 
scaled back the large-scale 

6253
05:48:16,800 --> 05:48:20,300
search having spent millions of 
dollars and covered an enormous 

6254
05:48:20,300 --> 05:48:22,500
swath of the Pacific. 
They found no trace of the 

6255
05:48:22,508 --> 05:48:25,700
Electra while certain remote 
atolls and reefs remained 

6256
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:29,100
unexamined the probability of 
finding survivors dwindled by 

6257
05:48:29,100 --> 05:48:31,800
the day. 
Public statements struck a 

6258
05:48:31,800 --> 05:48:33,800
balance between honoring 
Amelia's accomplishments and 

6259
05:48:33,800 --> 05:48:36,200
reconciling with the 
increasingly likely outcome. 

6260
05:48:36,200 --> 05:48:39,800
George Putnam refused to give up
for many months. 

6261
05:48:39,800 --> 05:48:42,800
He funded private efforts to 
investigate scattered leads. 

6262
05:48:42,800 --> 05:48:45,600
Small vessels. 
Sailed to the forgotten Islands 

6263
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,200
examining debris. 
That never matched Amelia's 

6264
05:48:48,200 --> 05:48:50,600
plane. 
Tire tracks in the sand bits of 

6265
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:53,900
metal, and rumors of Castaways 
all turned out to be dead ends 

6266
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:58,100
or unrelated artifacts. 
As the search continued public 

6267
05:48:58,100 --> 05:48:59,900
opinion. 
Split between mournful 

6268
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:03,600
acceptance and stubborn hope. 
The iconic pilot had carried. 

6269
05:49:03,600 --> 05:49:06,400
The aspirations of countless 
fans who believed she symbolized

6270
05:49:06,400 --> 05:49:09,700
Limitless possibility. 
Now, they wrestled with her 

6271
05:49:09,700 --> 05:49:12,400
apparent demise. 
At the same time, her 

6272
05:49:12,400 --> 05:49:14,500
disappearance captured the 
imagination of those who 

6273
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:18,100
preferred a more dramatic 
explanation could foreign powers

6274
05:49:18,100 --> 05:49:21,400
have seized her suspecting 
Espionage, could she have 

6275
05:49:21,400 --> 05:49:25,500
orchestrated a disappearance to 
evade recognition each guest, no

6276
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,600
matter how Wild found at least a
small chorus of Believers? 

6277
05:49:28,600 --> 05:49:32,800
Meanwhile tributes poured in 
from every corner schools, held 

6278
05:49:32,800 --> 05:49:36,000
ceremonies newspapers published 
retrospectives and radio 

6279
05:49:36,000 --> 05:49:39,100
stations aired stories of her 
earlier, triumphs letters, 

6280
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:42,300
expressing admiration flooded, 
the offices of Aviation clubs, 

6281
05:49:42,300 --> 05:49:45,100
numerous individuals, 
highlighted Amelia's 

6282
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:46,700
contribution to Paving the way 
for women. 

6283
05:49:47,700 --> 05:49:51,000
She could challenge the skies, 
they reasoned then others could 

6284
05:49:51,000 --> 05:49:52,900
challenge in trench, social 
barriers. 

6285
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:58,200
Politicians 2 invoke her Legacy 
in calls for expanded, roles for

6286
05:49:58,200 --> 05:50:01,300
women in the workforce, hoping 
to harness The public's 

6287
05:50:01,300 --> 05:50:02,800
admiration for her 
accomplishments. 

6288
05:50:03,600 --> 05:50:07,800
Like early 1938 the official 
verdict leaned heavily toward a 

6289
05:50:07,800 --> 05:50:09,900
crash at Sea within another 
year. 

6290
05:50:09,900 --> 05:50:12,800
Amelia Earhart would be declared
legally dead. 

6291
05:50:12,800 --> 05:50:16,900
George Putnam exhausted and 
grieving continued to write 

6292
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:19,800
about her life insurance. 
Her name stayed in the public 

6293
05:50:19,800 --> 05:50:23,600
consciousness Having traveled 
alongside her in countless ways.

6294
05:50:23,600 --> 05:50:26,000
He refused to let a silent ocean
claim. 

6295
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:30,000
The last word on her story, 
photographs of Amelia smiling in

6296
05:50:30,000 --> 05:50:32,900
front of her plane goggles 
perched on her forehead, 

6297
05:50:32,900 --> 05:50:36,600
remained pinned to his walls 
reminders that her spirit 

6298
05:50:36,600 --> 05:50:40,200
daring, and unbreakable 
transcended whatever fate to 

6299
05:50:40,200 --> 05:50:44,000
fall in her in the public eye. 
She had already entered a realm 

6300
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:45,500
where myth and memory 
intertwined. 

6301
05:50:46,600 --> 05:50:49,700
In the years, after Amelia 
Earhart's disappearance her 

6302
05:50:49,700 --> 05:50:52,800
story wove itself. 
Deeply into the culture, shaping

6303
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:56,000
discussions of exploration, 
gender roles, and national 

6304
05:50:56,000 --> 05:50:59,400
identity, while the global press
initially focused on the 

6305
05:50:59,400 --> 05:51:02,600
southern void, left by her 
Vanishing, Attention soon 

6306
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:04,800
shifted toward analyzing what 
she had embodied. 

6307
05:51:05,500 --> 05:51:08,200
She had shown that an American 
woman could stand shoulder to 

6308
05:51:08,200 --> 05:51:11,400
shoulder with prominent male 
aviators, forging a path in a 

6309
05:51:11,400 --> 05:51:14,800
field, still dominated by men. 
her example, lingard in the 

6310
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:17,100
minds of young women 
contemplating Fields, 

6311
05:51:17,100 --> 05:51:20,300
traditionally closed to the not 
just in aviation, but in 

6312
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:24,200
science, technology, the 
Institutions. 

6313
05:51:24,200 --> 05:51:28,000
Bearing her name's. 
Sprang up elementary schools in 

6314
05:51:28,000 --> 05:51:31,700
the United States adopted the 
moniker Earhart to honor her 

6315
05:51:31,708 --> 05:51:34,600
daring spirit. 
Scholarships were established to

6316
05:51:34,600 --> 05:51:37,800
support aspiring women. 
Pilots sometimes endowed by 

6317
05:51:37,808 --> 05:51:40,600
contributors who had followed 
her final flight with baited 

6318
05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:42,900
breath. 
Though, these gestures varied in

6319
05:51:42,900 --> 05:51:46,900
size and scope each underscored 
a collective drive to keep her 

6320
05:51:46,900 --> 05:51:50,500
influence alive. 
The 99s, the organization for 

6321
05:51:50,500 --> 05:51:54,400
female Pilots that Emilio had 
helped found Continued to 

6322
05:51:54,400 --> 05:51:57,500
recruit social conditioning to 
recruit members nurturing. 

6323
05:51:57,500 --> 05:52:01,300
A new generation unafraid to 
push boundaries Beyond formal. 

6324
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:04,600
Commemorations Earhart's 
disappearance fueled research 

6325
05:52:04,600 --> 05:52:08,200
aimed at preventing similar. 
Tragedies early radio equipment 

6326
05:52:08,200 --> 05:52:13,100
had proven unreliable host 1937 
advances focused on refining 

6327
05:52:13,100 --> 05:52:16,600
both hardware and communication.
Protocols governments funded 

6328
05:52:16,600 --> 05:52:19,400
studies of weather, patterns 
leading to better forecasting. 

6329
05:52:20,400 --> 05:52:22,900
Aviation experts develop more 
rigorous standards for 

6330
05:52:22,900 --> 05:52:26,300
navigation, ensuring that 
future, Pilots received Advanced

6331
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:30,700
Training and Celestial fixes and
radio Direction finding some 

6332
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:33,400
historians argue that the 
spotlight on Amelia's. 

6333
05:52:33,400 --> 05:52:35,100
Disappearance hasten. 
These improvements. 

6334
05:52:35,100 --> 05:52:39,100
Whether intentionally or not she
prompted and acceleration of 

6335
05:52:39,100 --> 05:52:42,500
aeronautical progress. 
Meanwhile, the theories about 

6336
05:52:42,500 --> 05:52:45,100
her fate refused to fade 
self-style. 

6337
05:52:45,100 --> 05:52:49,000
Detectives scoured, archival 
records analyzing ship logs and 

6338
05:52:49,000 --> 05:52:53,000
rumored cycling's the late 
1940s, a handful of American 

6339
05:52:53,000 --> 05:52:56,400
servicemen, stationed in the 
Pacific heard, local Tales of a 

6340
05:52:56,400 --> 05:52:58,400
foreign pilot, washing ashore 
years early. 

6341
05:52:59,100 --> 05:53:02,500
Sparring renewed hunts for 
evidence occasionally fragments 

6342
05:53:02,500 --> 05:53:05,200
of aluminum or skeletons. 
Found on remote atolls were 

6343
05:53:05,200 --> 05:53:07,500
touted as proof of their hearts 
final resting place. 

6344
05:53:08,500 --> 05:53:11,100
Yet attempts to link such 
discoveries conclusively, to 

6345
05:53:11,100 --> 05:53:14,000
Amelia, or Fred. 
Noonan always felt super short. 

6346
05:53:15,500 --> 05:53:17,900
With each new claim came, 
another wave of media coverage, 

6347
05:53:17,900 --> 05:53:21,100
keeping the question of her end 
alive in the public. 

6348
05:53:21,100 --> 05:53:25,600
Mind, hop culture seized on the 
mystery, weaving it into novels 

6349
05:53:25,600 --> 05:53:27,200
films and radio. 
Dramas. 

6350
05:53:27,200 --> 05:53:30,600
Some portrayed her as a spy 
captured by hostile forces. 

6351
05:53:30,600 --> 05:53:33,300
Others imagined, her 
deliberately disappearing to 

6352
05:53:33,300 --> 05:53:37,000
live in peace. these fictional 
takes occasionally, drew the ire

6353
05:53:37,000 --> 05:53:40,000
of those who believe they 
trivialized her Legacy yet, they

6354
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:42,900
also brought her name before 
audience's that might not 

6355
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:46,200
otherwise have pondered the 
achievements of a woman pilot in

6356
05:53:46,200 --> 05:53:50,100
the 1930s The image Grace 
magazine covers well, into the 

6357
05:53:50,100 --> 05:53:52,900
1950s, often paired with 
captions. 

6358
05:53:52,900 --> 05:53:56,400
Urging readers to remember her 
pioneering flights, rather than 

6359
05:53:56,400 --> 05:54:00,500
fixating solely on the unknown 
for women determined to forge 

6360
05:54:00,500 --> 05:54:03,400
their own paths. 
Amelia's tale carried, a 

6361
05:54:03,400 --> 05:54:06,800
particular resonance. 
During World War Two thousands 

6362
05:54:06,800 --> 05:54:09,000
of women trained as pilots in 
programs like that. 

6363
05:54:09,000 --> 05:54:13,400
Women Air Force service Pilots 
although she was no longer 

6364
05:54:13,400 --> 05:54:16,300
around to witness it her example
at laid crucial groundwork 

6365
05:54:17,300 --> 05:54:20,200
Veterans of those programs cited
her, as a reason they believed, 

6366
05:54:20,200 --> 05:54:23,800
Aviation could be for them too. 
They viewed her last flight as 

6367
05:54:23,800 --> 05:54:26,800
the ultimate expression of her 
courage, continuing until the 

6368
05:54:26,800 --> 05:54:30,200
sky itself refused her. 
Any further critics, sometimes 

6369
05:54:30,200 --> 05:54:33,000
questioned whether her Fame 
overshadowed the contributions 

6370
05:54:33,000 --> 05:54:34,900
of less heralded female 
aviators. 

6371
05:54:34,900 --> 05:54:38,700
Indeed, Earhart's photogenic 
presence and collaboration with 

6372
05:54:38,700 --> 05:54:42,300
George putnam's media. 
Machine set her apart, but many 

6373
05:54:42,300 --> 05:54:45,200
recognized that she had used her
visibility to Champion broader 

6374
05:54:45,200 --> 05:54:47,900
goals. 
He consistently advocated for 

6375
05:54:47,900 --> 05:54:49,500
other women. 
Flyers and used press 

6376
05:54:49,500 --> 05:54:52,200
opportunities to highlight the 
achievements of colleague, who 

6377
05:54:52,200 --> 05:54:55,100
lacked her public platform. 
If she stood alone in the 

6378
05:54:55,100 --> 05:54:58,500
spotlight She also attempted to 
shine it on everyone else, 

6379
05:54:58,500 --> 05:55:00,900
struggling for legitimacy. 
In aviation's ranks. 

6380
05:55:01,800 --> 05:55:04,200
By the mid-20th century are 
Hart's. 

6381
05:55:04,200 --> 05:55:08,100
Name had become shorthand for 
unbounded aspiration newspapers,

6382
05:55:08,100 --> 05:55:12,100
like in daring explorers to 
Modern Amelia Earhart's. 

6383
05:55:13,100 --> 05:55:16,400
Corporation cited, her spirit in
ad campaigns about pushing past 

6384
05:55:16,400 --> 05:55:19,900
limitations, yet behind the 
commercial rebranding of riding 

6385
05:55:19,900 --> 05:55:21,800
truth. 
She had effectively proven that 

6386
05:55:21,800 --> 05:55:24,000
gender need not be an impediment
to ambition. 

6387
05:55:25,100 --> 05:55:28,400
Even decades later that message 
helped profound significance. 

6388
05:55:29,300 --> 05:55:31,700
For every skeptical, remark 
about knowing your place, 

6389
05:55:31,700 --> 05:55:36,000
Earhart's memory offered a 
counterargument that risks were 

6390
05:55:36,000 --> 05:55:38,000
there to be taken from tears to 
be tested. 

6391
05:55:38,000 --> 05:55:41,400
And that sometimes only the Bold
see how far they can really go. 

6392
05:55:42,400 --> 05:55:46,300
Today, the name Amelia Earhart, 
conjures images of resilience 

6393
05:55:46,300 --> 05:55:49,400
and intrigue. 
Countless books, documentaries 

6394
05:55:49,400 --> 05:55:51,700
and academic. 
Analyzes have attempted to 

6395
05:55:51,700 --> 05:55:53,700
decipher character and 
significance. 

6396
05:55:54,600 --> 05:55:56,600
Perhaps that is the ultimate 
measure of her impact. 

6397
05:55:57,500 --> 05:56:00,500
She remains relevant long after 
her planes, final tragic flight.

6398
05:56:00,500 --> 05:56:03,500
In a world that has seen 
astronauts circling the earth 

6399
05:56:03,500 --> 05:56:06,700
and Rovers, traversing Mars. 
Her achievements might look 

6400
05:56:06,700 --> 05:56:11,400
modest on paper, Context is 
everything in her era. 

6401
05:56:11,400 --> 05:56:14,400
Crossing an ocean by are, was a 
feat teetering on the verge of 

6402
05:56:14,408 --> 05:56:17,600
impossibility. 
Specially for a woman barred 

6403
05:56:17,600 --> 05:56:20,300
from many of the support systems
offered to male peers. 

6404
05:56:21,200 --> 05:56:24,500
Her influence extends, well, 
beyond Aviation modern 

6405
05:56:24,500 --> 05:56:27,300
discussion of women's 
leadership, work-life, balance 

6406
05:56:27,300 --> 05:56:30,700
and personal autonomy, still 
reference are Hearts refusal to 

6407
05:56:30,700 --> 05:56:34,100
bow out convention. 
The fourth right way, she lived 

6408
05:56:34,100 --> 05:56:37,800
maintaining her separate 
finances after marriage decline 

6409
05:56:37,800 --> 05:56:41,300
in to adopt a husband's name and
refusing to drop her career. 

6410
05:56:41,300 --> 05:56:44,200
Resonates with individuals who 
chase under traditional 

6411
05:56:44,200 --> 05:56:46,700
expectations. 
She showed that it was possible 

6412
05:56:46,700 --> 05:56:51,200
to be both admired and outspoken
both, widely loved and awarded 

6413
05:56:51,200 --> 05:56:54,100
independent. 
This combination of traits keeps

6414
05:56:54,100 --> 05:56:57,700
her relevant in each new wave of
feminism, even as cultural norms

6415
05:56:57,700 --> 05:57:00,700
continue to shift. 
Then there is the simple matter 

6416
05:57:00,700 --> 05:57:03,000
of mystery. 
Human beings are drawn to 

6417
05:57:03,008 --> 05:57:05,800
stories with open endings and 
Amelia's. 

6418
05:57:05,800 --> 05:57:10,200
Disappearance leaves avoid that 
speculation rushes to fill. 

6419
05:57:11,100 --> 05:57:15,200
Expedition still venture to 
distant Pacific Islands, sifting

6420
05:57:15,200 --> 05:57:17,700
through to try to search of 
conclusive answers. 

6421
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:22,100
High-tech scanners DNA, testing 
and underwater drones have all 

6422
05:57:22,100 --> 05:57:24,800
been employed in attempts to 
find the Electra, or discover 

6423
05:57:24,800 --> 05:57:28,400
her remains each new rumor or 
photographs Sparks interest. 

6424
05:57:28,400 --> 05:57:31,900
However, fleeting in the notion 
that a solution to the riddle is

6425
05:57:31,900 --> 05:57:35,400
just around the corner that 
Quest has persisted for nearly a

6426
05:57:35,400 --> 05:57:37,400
century. 
A testament to her lasting. 

6427
05:57:37,400 --> 05:57:40,100
Hold on people's imaginations in
many ways. 

6428
05:57:40,100 --> 05:57:43,400
The romance of Amelia, Earhart, 
story lies in its human 

6429
05:57:43,400 --> 05:57:46,000
Dimension. 
She was fallible, prone to 

6430
05:57:46,000 --> 05:57:49,300
anxiety, and physical exhaustion
yet, outwardly composed. 

6431
05:57:50,100 --> 05:57:52,600
She made daring choices while 
maintaining a certain down to 

6432
05:57:52,600 --> 05:57:56,400
earth, practicality a writings 
reveal a person, keenly aware of

6433
05:57:56,400 --> 05:58:00,900
mortality, yet unwilling to let 
fear dictate her trajectory that

6434
05:58:00,900 --> 05:58:05,000
balance of measured caution and 
determined optimism gives her 

6435
05:58:05,000 --> 05:58:09,200
Legend a credible warmth She did
not seek to become a myth, she 

6436
05:58:09,200 --> 05:58:13,100
sought to become a better pilot 
and in doing so helped recast 

6437
05:58:13,100 --> 05:58:14,700
the boundaries for what women 
could do. 

6438
05:58:15,500 --> 05:58:18,200
Time has a way of distilling, a 
person's accomplishments until 

6439
05:58:18,200 --> 05:58:19,900
only the major highlights 
remain. 

6440
05:58:20,700 --> 05:58:23,300
In Earhart's case those 
highlights aluminous enough. 

6441
05:58:23,300 --> 05:58:26,900
The first woman to cross the 
Atlantic by are a Fearless 

6442
05:58:26,900 --> 05:58:30,300
record breaker, The Voice 
championing women's legitimacy 

6443
05:58:30,300 --> 05:58:33,900
in aviation and the architect of
a near world's circling Journey 

6444
05:58:33,900 --> 05:58:38,100
that ended all too soon. 
Yet her true gift to posterity, 

6445
05:58:38,100 --> 05:58:40,400
is the blueprint she left for 
challenging expectations. 

6446
05:58:40,400 --> 05:58:44,700
Every time someone questioned, 
the status quo, every time a 

6447
05:58:44,700 --> 05:58:46,500
woman pursues, a field that 
wants excluded. 

6448
05:58:46,500 --> 05:58:51,600
Her a sliver of Amelia Spirit, 
resonates though, formal statues

6449
05:58:51,600 --> 05:58:54,200
and memorials exist. 
Perhaps the most fitting, 

6450
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:58,500
tribute lies in the intangible. 
Her Legacy thrives in the 

6451
05:58:58,500 --> 05:59:01,500
collective consciousness. 
Crossing Borders and cultures. 

6452
05:59:02,500 --> 05:59:04,500
Schoolchildren undertake 
projects on her life. 

6453
05:59:05,200 --> 05:59:08,500
Discovering that bravely and 
curiosity can upend establish 

6454
05:59:08,500 --> 05:59:11,900
Norms non-profit groups 
continued awarding Scholarships 

6455
05:59:11,900 --> 05:59:14,500
in her name. 
Ensuring that girls from Modest,

6456
05:59:14,500 --> 05:59:18,200
backgrounds can earn their wings
Engineers astronauts and even 

6457
05:59:18,200 --> 05:59:21,400
entrepreneurs site. 
As an influencer exemplifying 

6458
05:59:21,400 --> 05:59:25,100
self-reliance and bold vision, 
Critics might argue that the 

6459
05:59:25,100 --> 05:59:29,200
aura surrounding Amelia Earhart,
romanticizes risk-taking indeed.

6460
05:59:29,200 --> 05:59:32,700
She faced criticisms in her 
lifetime for the dangerous she 

6461
05:59:32,700 --> 05:59:35,600
accepted. 
But her approach grounded in 

6462
05:59:35,600 --> 05:59:39,200
rigorous practice and serious, 
study suggests, she treated risk

6463
05:59:39,200 --> 05:59:42,600
as a necessary ingredient in 
progress, not a reckless thrill,

6464
05:59:42,600 --> 05:59:44,900
the spirit that drove her 
planes. 

6465
05:59:44,900 --> 05:59:46,600
Into the sky, Was the Same 
Spirit. 

6466
05:59:46,600 --> 05:59:50,200
That drives any Pioneer. 
An abiding desire to see what 

6467
05:59:50,200 --> 05:59:54,200
lies Beyond the Horizon. 
As we consider her today, we 

6468
05:59:54,200 --> 05:59:57,200
find that her story is less 
about flight that about 

6469
05:59:57,200 --> 06:00:00,400
transcending limitations. 
She didn't merely fly, she 

6470
06:00:00,400 --> 06:00:03,400
challenged the gravitational 
pull of societies assumptions. 

6471
06:00:04,100 --> 06:00:07,800
That she vanished while pursuing
her grandest ambition, adds a 

6472
06:00:07,800 --> 06:00:10,200
paradoxical layer of both sorrow
and admiration. 

6473
06:00:10,200 --> 06:00:15,100
Yet her final lesson endures. 
Uncharted Territory remains 

6474
06:00:15,100 --> 06:00:17,200
waiting. 
For those who dare to step off 

6475
06:00:17,200 --> 06:00:19,800
the map. 
In that sense, she is still a 

6476
06:00:19,800 --> 06:00:22,800
loft guiding those who look 
skyward with the dreams of 

6477
06:00:22,808 --> 06:00:26,500
possibility and a steadfast 
refusal to accept the confines 

6478
06:00:26,500 --> 06:00:27,400
of others of drawn.