What Life Was Really Like in the Forgotten Mines of Wales | Boring History

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Hey, everyone tonight. 
We're traveling to The Valleys 

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of Wales where the Earth held 
Secrets, written in seams of 

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coal and generations of people 
built lives in the shadow of 

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slag, heaps and pit wheels. 
This is a story about ordinary 

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people, doing extraordinary 
things in the darkness, beneath 

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the hills and how their world. 
Now mostly forgotten shaped the 

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modern age in ways, you probably
never considered. 

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So as we ease in take a moment, 
to drop a like and let me know 

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where you're tuning in from, and
what time it is for you. 

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Now, let's dive in, shall we? 
Close your eyes for a moment and

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imagine whales before the mines 
came. 

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Picture Rolling Green Valley is 
carpeted with Bracken and 

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Heather, where sheep wandered, 
freely across hillsides. 

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That had known nothing but 
farming. 

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For thousands of years streams, 
ran clear over Grace Jones and 

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the air smelled of rain and wild
grass the people who lived here 

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spoke Welsh and wilting voices, 
tended, small plots of land and 

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probably never imagined that 
beneath their feet. 

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Lay enough, coal to heat half of
Britain and Power in Industrial 

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Revolution. 
The landscape of South Wales is 

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the kind of place that poets 
write about and their feeling 

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particularly moved by Nature's 
architecture. 

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Steep-sided valleys carved by 
ancient Rivers create natural 

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corridors between mountains that
aren't quite dramatic enough to 

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be Alps, but a far more imposing
than your average Hill. 

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The Welsh called these valleys 
stuwe. 

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And if you've never heard that 
word pronounced properly, you're

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missing out on one of the 
languages. 

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Most satisfying sounds it rhymes
with boom, but starts with a 

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soft almost musical consonant 
that exists. 

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Nowhere in English. 
In these valleys, the geology 

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had been doing something 
interesting for about 300 

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million years during the 
Carboniferous period. 

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When the planet was busy growing
enormous firms, and dragonflies 

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the size of Seagulls layer upon 
layer of vegetation, had grown 

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died and been compressed under 
the weight of time and sediment 

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into coal. 
Different types too and 

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anthracite in some places. 
But humanists coal in others, 

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each with its own properties and
uses. 

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It was like the Earth had been 
running a very slow Bakery, 

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turning organic matter into the 
fossil fuel. 

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That would eventually power 
steam engines, warm homes and 

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change the trajectory of human 
civilization. 

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A century, as people knew the 
coal was their small-scale 

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mining had occurred since Roman 
times. 

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When someone figure out that 
these black rocks, burned 

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longer, and hotter than wood, 
Medieval monks worked shallow 

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pits to heat their monasteries 
and Farmers. 

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Occasionally dug coal from 
outcrops along Riverbanks when 

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they needed extra fuel for 
winter. 

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But these were modest 
operations. a few people with 

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pics and baskets taking what 
they needed and nothing more 

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then came the 18th century and 
with it, the realization that 

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coal wasn't just useful for 
keeping warm, it could power 

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engines, it could smell iron, it
could drive Machinery that would

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transform manufacturing from a 
cottage industry into an 

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industrial juggernaut suddenly 
everyone wanted coal and Wales 

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discovered it was sitting on one
of the richest deposits in the 

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world. 
The transformation happened 

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gradually at first like Dawn 
creeping over those Welsh. 

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Hillside's Orlando would notice 
coal seams on his property and 

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hire a few men to dig. 
Those men would need places to 

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live. 
So Cottages appeared, The 

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Cottages needed shops, which 
needed rows, which needed more 

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workers success, breaded 
expansion, once Small Mine 

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became two, then five, then 20, 
The peaceful farming, valleys 

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began to change acquiring a new 
landscape written in industrial 

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structures pit heads with their 
distinctive wheel mechanisms 

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railroad tracks, making along 
Valley floors and eventually the

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slag heaps that would become as 
much a part of Welsh identity as

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the mountains themselves. 
By the early 1800s, the mining 

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industry was picking up serious 
momentum. 

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Attracting workers from across 
Wales and Beyond English 

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laborers. 
Came seeking better wages than 

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agriculture. 
Could provide. 

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Irish families arrived during 
the Potato Famine. 

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Desperate for any work that 
would feed their children. 

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The Welsh valleys became a 
Melting Pot of accents and 

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traditions all United by the 
common purpose of extracting 

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coal from The Reluctant Earth. 
The coal owners mostly English 

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Aristocrats and Wealthy. 
Industrialists saw the mines as 

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Investments, that would make 
them staggeringly rich and they 

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were right. 
The workers saw them as 

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opportunities for steady 
employment, which was more than 

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most could expect from farming. 
Everyone else saw, smoke rising 

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from valleys that had been clear
for Millennia and wondered what 

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all this change. 
Would mean. 

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What it meant ultimately was 
that these valleys would become 

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the engine room of the British 
Empire. 

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The coal pulled from Welsh Minds
would fuel the ships of the 

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royal Navy power, the factories 
of the Industrial Revolution and

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heat the homes of Victorian. 
London, The Men Who extracted it

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would create communities with 
their own culture, their own 

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struggles and their own kind of 
dignity. 

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Forged in conditions that would 
horrify modern safety 

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inspectors, but we're getting 
ahead of ourselves. 

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First, you need to understand 
what it actually meant to work 

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in these mines, not the 
romanticized version from period

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dramas. 
But the real gritty sometimes 

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absurd reality of spending your 
days underground in pursuit of 

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fossilized ferns. 
Imagine your morning, commute 

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involves getting into a metal 
cage with 20 other people and 

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dropping into the Earth at 
speeds that make your stomach 

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float into your throat. 
That was a Welsh Coal Miner's, 

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typical Tuesday and they did it 
before they'd had breakfast. 

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Most miners, lived within 
walking distance of their pit. 

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Usually because their houses had
been built specifically for Mine

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Workers and couldn't really be 
described as located near the 

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mine. 
So much as arranged around it 

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like reluctant satellite. 
The pit whistle, would sound 

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around 5 in the morning. 
Annoys that neighbors described 

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as somewhere between a train 
horn and a Banshee having a 

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particularly bad day. 
You'd pull on your workloads 

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which never really got clean 
because coal dust has a way of 

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becoming part of the fabric at a
molecular level and head to the 

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pit head. 
The pit head was the mines front

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door, though calling it. 
That makes it sound much more 

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welcoming than it. 
Actually was picture a tower 

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structure, supporting a massive 
wheel called a winding wheel. 

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That looks like a ferris wheel 
designed by someone who hated 

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fun. 
Steel cables wrapped around this

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wheel, connecting to the cage 
that would transport you and 

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your colleagues down the shaft. 
Modern elevators. 

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Have safety features. 
Emergency brakes and calming 

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music. 
Mining cages had a gate and a 

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rope. 
Before descending, you'd collect

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your lamp initially can handle's
later, oil lamps, and eventually

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the famous Davey lamp with his 
wire mesh safety screen, 

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designed to prevent methane 
explosions. 

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The daily lamp is celebrated, as
a Brilliant Invention that saved

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countless lives, which it did 
though. 

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Mine as noted that it also gave 
off about as much light as a 

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particularly ambitious Firefly. 
Working by Davy lamp meant. 

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You could see approximately two 
feet in front of your face, 

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which was just enough to 
appreciate the claustrophobia 

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but not enough to see what you 
might trip over. 

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The Descent into the mine, was 
an experience that never became 

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routine, no matter how many 
times you did it. 

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Cage would Lurch then begin 
dropping at speeds. 

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That made plummeting feel like 
an accurate verb. 

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Darkness swallowed, you almost 
immediately as you left the 

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surface World Behind The 
temperature changed, first the 

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shaft, bringing a damp coolness 
that contrasted sharply with 

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whatever you'd left above. 
Then came the sounds, the Creak 

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and groan of cables, the rush of
air the occasional drip of water

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from Shaft walls and the 
breathing of the men packed 

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around you. 
Most of whom had learned that 

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talking during descent was 
pointless because nobody could 

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hear anything anyway. 
Depths varied depending on the 

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mine, and the cold seemed being 
worked. 

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Some mines, went down a few 
feet, others, descended over 

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1,000 feet into the Earth. 
To put that in perspective, 

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that's deeper than the Eiffel 
Tower is tall, except your going

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in the wrong direction and this 
significantly more chance of the

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ceiling falling on your head. 
When the cage finally stopped at

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the pit, bottom miners 
appreciated the drivers, who 

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managed smooth stops rather than
the ones who seem to think they 

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were competing in, some kind of 
aggressive elevator Olympics. 

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You'd step out into a different 
world. 

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The pit bottom was usually the 
widest part of the underground, 

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Network a junction where 
multiple tunnels branched off 

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toward different coal faces 
here, you might find stables for

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the pit ponies storage areas for
equipment and the general 

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organized chaos of men. 
Sorting themselves into work 

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Crews and heading off to their 
assigned sections. 

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The walk from the pit bottom to 
your actual work area could take

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anywhere from a few minutes to 
over an hour. 

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Depending on how far the mine 
had expanded. 

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These weren't Pleasant strolls 
through well-maintained, 

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corridors mining tunnels or 
roadways as they were called but

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typically just tall enough for a
man to walk stooped over and 

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just wide enough for coal trucks
to pass through. 

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Water dripped constantly from 
roofs pooling in depressions, 

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and ensuring that your feet 
would be wet within the first 

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five minutes of your shift. 
The air quality range from 

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breathable, but musty near the 
shaft to suit like with cold 

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dust deeper in the workings. 
Props would not support beams 

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held up the roof at regular 
intervals though. 

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Regular is doing a lot of work 
in that sentence. 

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Props were insuring against the 
millions of tons of rock. 

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That would very much like to 
obey gravity and fill in the 

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space suit created by removing 
coal. 

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You learned to read the language
of creaking, wooden shifting, 

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Stone, developing an almost 
Supernatural scent for when a 

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roof was feeling unstable. 
Miners would tap props with 

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their hammers as they walked 
listening for the solid thunk 

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that the wood was still doing 
its job versus the hollow sound 

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that meant you should probably 
walk faster. 

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Your destination was the coal 
face. 

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The wall of coal where the 
actual mining happened. 

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This was where the days, real 
work, began, and where you'd 

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spend the next 8 to 12 hours in 
conditions that would make a 

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modern health and safety 
inspector weep into their 

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clipboard. 
Coal doesn't give itself up 

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willingly. 
It sits and seems geological 

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layers that might be anywhere 
from a few inches to several 

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feet thick surrounded by harder 
rock that has no intention of 

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making your job easy. 
Getting the coal out required, a

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combination of skills, 
strengths, and a casual 

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disregard for personal safety. 
That would be remarkable if it 

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wasn't so necessary. 
The coal face itself was 

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typically a wall of black 
mineral gleaming Darlene 

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Lamplight running along the seam
for as far as the mine had been 

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worked. 
Seam, Heights, varied 

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dramatically. 
Some lucky. 

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Mine's worked seems tall enough 
to stand in which must have felt

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like luxury. 
Others worked in seams as low as

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18 inches, which meant spending 
your entire shift, lying on your

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side, swinging a pickaxe and 
spaces that would make a sardine

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can feel spacious. 
The basic technique hadn't 

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changed much since Medieval 
Times you undercut, the cold 

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seen weakening it then brought 
it down in manageable chunks. 

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Undercutting meant lying on your
side or back at the very bottom 

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of the scene using a small 
pickaxe to hack away at the 

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Kohl's base. 
This created a gap. 

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Usually about three feet deep. 
That undermine the coal above, 

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it was exhausting cramped work. 
That left your shoulders 

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screaming and your back 
promising to never forgive you. 

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once undercut the coal needed to
be brought down, In earlier 

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periods this meant using wedges 
and sledgehammers to crack the 

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weakened, coal and pry, it loose
in chunks. 

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Later explosives entered the 
picture, which was either a 

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great Innovation, or a terrible 
idea, depending on who you asked

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and whether the blast had just 
gone correctly. 

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Controlled explosions in 
confined, underground spaces 

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surrounded by flammable gas and 
supported by wooden props. 

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What could possibly go wrong? 
Actually quite a lot. 

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The miners became remarkably 
skilled at blast. 

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Work Shot Firearms Specialists 
and explosives would drill holes

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in the coal face using hand 
powered drills. 

231
00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,700
That required one man. 
To hold the drill, while another

232
00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:02,600
swung a sledgehammer to drive it
forward. 

233
00:12:03,500 --> 00:12:07,100
This was partnership work of the
highest order, requiring, trust 

234
00:12:07,100 --> 00:12:10,100
that your colleague, wouldn't 
miss and turn your hands into 

235
00:12:10,100 --> 00:12:11,800
something, resembling tenderized
beef. 

236
00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:15,500
Once the holes were drilled 
they'd be packed with explosives

237
00:12:15,500 --> 00:12:18,100
and fuses. 
Everyone would Retreat to a safe

238
00:12:18,108 --> 00:12:21,300
distance and the shot fire would
like the fuses and hope his 

239
00:12:21,300 --> 00:12:24,800
calculations were correct. 
The blast would crack the coal, 

240
00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:27,600
bringing it down in pieces, that
range from manageable chunks to 

241
00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:29,600
slabs, that required, several 
men to shift. 

242
00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,600
This coal then needed to be 
loaded into trucks, initially 

243
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,100
wooden carts, pushed by hand 
later metal. 

244
00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:39,800
Trams pulled by ponies or small 
underground locomotives the 

245
00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:43,100
loading was done by the same men
who cut the coal using shovels 

246
00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:45,600
and physical effort that would 
make modern gym workouts. 

247
00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,000
Look, gentle, here's something 
that might surprise you miners, 

248
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,300
were typically paid based on how
much coal they produced not how 

249
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:55,300
many hours they worked. 
This piece Works system, meant 

250
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:57,100
your earnings depended entirely 
on the amount. 

251
00:12:57,100 --> 00:12:59,200
You could cut blast and load in 
a shift. 

252
00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:03,300
It created intense motivation to
work quickly, but also meant the

253
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:07,900
difficult geological conditions,
hard coal, wet faces, unstable, 

254
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:10,600
roofs, directly, affected your 
family's income. 

255
00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:13,600
If you spent half your shift, 
dealing with the roof Falls in 

256
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:15,900
stead of cutting Cole, you made 
half the money. 

257
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:19,700
The physical toll of this work 
is hard to overstate from the 

258
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:22,900
comfort of your bed. 
Imagine swinging a pickaxe while

259
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:24,600
laying on your side for hours at
a Time. 

260
00:13:24,608 --> 00:13:27,900
Imagine breathing, air thick 
with cold dust that turned your 

261
00:13:27,900 --> 00:13:31,400
snot black and made every cough 
sound like, you were bringing up

262
00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:35,500
something solid. imagine working
in temperatures that could range

263
00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:38,700
from near freezing in wet 
sections, to sweltering heat 

264
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:42,400
near the deeper phases where the
Earth's natural warmth combined 

265
00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:46,200
with human exertion created 
conditions like a sauna designed

266
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:50,200
by someone who hated you Your 
body adapted or it broke. 

267
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:54,200
Mine has developed distinctive 
physiques, powerful, shoulders, 

268
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:56,800
and arms from swinging picks and
shoveling coal. 

269
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:00,000
But often crooked Backs from 
working stooped or kneeling. 

270
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:03,100
The hands became callous to the 
point where they could handle 

271
00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:05,400
rough coal and splintered props 
without flinching. 

272
00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:09,100
Their lungs accumulated, cold 
dust with every shift. 

273
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:12,800
Process that would eventually 
catch up with them, but seemed 

274
00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:15,800
acceptable, when you had a 
family to feed, the danger was 

275
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:20,100
constant and varied roof Falls 
could crush you instantly or 

276
00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:23,900
trap you under tons of rock. 
Gas explosions could race 

277
00:14:23,900 --> 00:14:27,300
through the mine faster than you
could run the flame front 

278
00:14:27,300 --> 00:14:30,800
turning anyone in its path into 
a casualty before they even 

279
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:33,800
understood what was happening. 
Flooding from underground. 

280
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,200
Water sources could drown entire
work Crews. 

281
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,800
And then there were the smaller,
everyday, hazards crushed 

282
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:44,000
fingers from mishandled tools 
laceration from sharp, coal 

283
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:47,500
faces, burns from lamps and the 
omnipresent risk of Simply 

284
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:50,200
tripping over something in the 
dark and breaking a bone in a 

285
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,700
place where medical help was 
hundreds of feet above you. 

286
00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:55,700
Yet. 
The men kept going back shift 

287
00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:59,700
after shift year after year. 
Partly because they had no 

288
00:14:59,700 --> 00:15:03,000
choice mining was the only real 
employment of available in 

289
00:15:03,008 --> 00:15:05,300
these. 
Valleys, but also because there 

290
00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:09,200
was a kind of pride in the work,
a Craftsman satisfaction in 

291
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:11,000
cutting, a clean face or setting
props. 

292
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,600
That would Hold Steady. 
You were part of a crew and the 

293
00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:18,000
bonds formed by shared danger 
and shared labor created 

294
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,500
communities underground that 
were in their own way as 

295
00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:25,500
important as the ones above. 
Coalface was where the dramatic 

296
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:28,300
work happened. 
But a mine was really a complex 

297
00:15:28,308 --> 00:15:31,800
ecosystem, requiring dozens of 
specialized jobs to function. 

298
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:36,200
Walking through an active mine 
in, its Heyday was like touring 

299
00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:39,400
a small underground city 
complete with Transportation 

300
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:43,600
networks, Workforce hierarchies,
and its own peculiar culture. 

301
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:47,200
Perhaps the most beloved members
of this Subterranean Community 

302
00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,200
with a pit ponies. 
These were your typical farm 

303
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,000
horses, they were compact 
sturdy, animals specifically 

304
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:55,100
bred or selected for underground
work. 

305
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:58,900
Shetland Ponies were favorites 
because their small size allowed

306
00:15:58,900 --> 00:16:01,700
them to work in lower passages 
while their strength was 

307
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:05,500
remarkable for their statue. 
These ponies hold Cole trams 

308
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:08,800
from the face to the pit bottom 
navigating the Maze of tunnels 

309
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,200
with intelligent. 
That regularly amazed, The Men 

310
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:13,800
Who worked with them, The ponies
lived underground. 

311
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:17,400
Sometimes for months at a time. 
They had stables at the pit. 

312
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:20,500
Bottom actual underground 
Stables with stalls, hay and 

313
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:23,200
water. 
These new The Roots better than 

314
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:26,200
many human workers and would 
automatically stop at passing 

315
00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:28,000
places. 
When meeting oncoming traffic, 

316
00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:31,700
Some miners swore, the ponies 
could sense dangerous gas before

317
00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:34,500
the safety lamps detected, it 
and would refuse to enter 

318
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:37,800
certain areas when conditions 
were risky, whether this was 

319
00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:40,700
true or simply the horses, 
objecting to poor air, quality 

320
00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:44,100
is debatable but miners learned 
to trust, their ponies judgment,

321
00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:47,800
the bond between a minor and His
Pony was often closer than many 

322
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:51,000
human relationships. 
You spent hours every day 

323
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,700
working alongside this animal in
darkness and danger. 

324
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,600
You depended on each other. 
The pony has received names 

325
00:16:57,600 --> 00:16:59,200
personalities and a level of 
care. 

326
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,200
That might have seemed excessive
except that your productivity 

327
00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:06,700
and possibly your life depended 
on the When Ponys were brought 

328
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:09,300
to the surface, usually during 
the annual break. 

329
00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:12,000
When mine's shut down from 
maintenance, they'd apparently 

330
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,099
be startled by daylight. 
Have lived so long in Lamplight.

331
00:17:15,099 --> 00:17:20,000
That the sun seemed impossibly 
bright then there were the boys 

332
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,099
mining employed children as 
young as five or six in the 

333
00:17:23,099 --> 00:17:26,200
early days the reformers 
gradually raised minimum ages as

334
00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:30,000
the 19th century progressed 
These weren't children doing 

335
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,100
light tasks. 
They had specific essential jobs

336
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:37,000
in the mines operation. 
The youngest boys often worked 

337
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,500
as Trappers sitting alone in the
darkness, operating ventilation 

338
00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:43,000
doors. 
When a cold tram approached the 

339
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,200
boy would open his door. 
Let it pass, then close it 

340
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:46,900
again. 
To maintain the mind's airflow 

341
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:49,900
hour. 
After hour in darkness broken 

342
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:53,400
only by a small lamp usually 
sitting on a pile of coal or a 

343
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:55,500
makeshift seat waiting for the 
next tram. 

344
00:17:56,300 --> 00:17:59,700
Try to imagine being seven years
old sitting alone in Pitch 

345
00:17:59,700 --> 00:18:02,500
Darkness, hundreds of feet 
underground with only the 

346
00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:05,000
occasional Rumble of approaching
cold trucks, to break the 

347
00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:07,300
silence. 
Isolation must have been 

348
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:10,100
profound and the Darkness 
absolute when your lamp needed 

349
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:12,600
refilling. 
Some boys, sang to themselves or

350
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:16,100
talk to imaginary companions or 
simply endured with the stoicism

351
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:18,000
that poverty and necessity teach
early. 

352
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,300
Older boys. 
Graduated to more active roles, 

353
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:25,100
they'd become door boys, who 
accompanied the pony or helpers,

354
00:18:25,100 --> 00:18:28,200
who assisted the coal cutters. 
By their early teens. 

355
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,300
They'd be learning the actual 
craft of mining. 

356
00:18:30,300 --> 00:18:33,000
How to read, coals set, props, 
and handle explosives. 

357
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:36,500
This was the education system in
mining communities. 

358
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:39,400
You learned reading and 
arithmetic at Sunday, school, 

359
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,200
and you learned your trade in 
the pit. 

360
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:45,100
The underground World also 
included Specialists whose jobs 

361
00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,800
required particular skills, 
repairers, maintain the roadways

362
00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:52,000
replacing damaged props and 
keeping the tunnels safe. 

363
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:55,700
Shot fire is handled the 
explosives, work, a position of 

364
00:18:55,700 --> 00:18:59,400
considerable responsibility, and
slightly better pay Engineers, 

365
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:02,500
maintain the Machinery, keeping 
pumps running and ensuring 

366
00:19:02,500 --> 00:19:04,300
ventilation fans operated 
correctly. 

367
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,600
Each person had their role in 
the complex choreography, that 

368
00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,400
was a working. 
Mine communication underground 

369
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,700
happened through a combination 
of shouting signal systems and 

370
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:16,400
pure intuition developed over 
years of working together. 

371
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,900
For electrical signal systems 
messages travel through chains 

372
00:19:20,900 --> 00:19:23,000
of workers shouting to each 
other, through the darkness 

373
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,600
information to grading like a 
particularly high stakes game of

374
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,500
telephone. 
Later Bell signals allowed 

375
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:31,700
communication between the 
Surface and pit bottom. 

376
00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:35,900
One Bell might mean ready to 
descend to Bells ready to ascend

377
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:38,900
and various other combinations. 
Conveying different messages, 

378
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:42,800
get the signals wrong and you 
might send an empty cage up 

379
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,200
while leaving men, waiting below
or worse. 

380
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:50,000
The mine had its own time sense 
divorced from the surface world.

381
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,400
Down in the darkness. 
You couldn't tell if it was 

382
00:19:53,408 --> 00:19:57,000
morning or evening, summer, or 
winter, your shift was measured 

383
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,300
by the work done rather than the
passage of hours. 

384
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:02,400
Some men claimed. 
They could feel time passing 

385
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,400
through the quality of the air 
or the behavior of the ponies 

386
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,500
developing almost Supernatural 
awareness of the shifts 

387
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:10,800
progress. 
Others simply worked until 

388
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:12,600
someone came to tell them. 
It was time to head. 

389
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,400
Back to the cage, meal breaks 
happened at the face. 

390
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,900
With men sitting on coal piles, 
eating bread and cheese that had

391
00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:22,300
acquired a distinctive gritty 
texture from the coal dust that 

392
00:20:22,308 --> 00:20:25,300
coated everything. 
Water, tasted faintly of 

393
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:27,700
minerals and whatever the pipes 
had picked up on their Journey 

394
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:30,600
Underground. 
Some mines allowed tea cans that

395
00:20:30,608 --> 00:20:32,700
could be warmed on small fires, 
though. 

396
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:35,800
Open Flames were prohibited in 
most sections due to gas risks. 

397
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:40,400
The food, never tasted quite 
right colder and to everything 

398
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,300
but it provided the calories 
needed for the extraordinary 

399
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:46,200
physical exertion. 
The culture that developed 

400
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:50,000
underground was distinctive and 
powerful men learned to trust 

401
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,900
each other completely because 
their lives literally depended 

402
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:55,200
on it. 
If someone called out a warning 

403
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,200
about a bad roof or dangerous 
gas, you didn't debate you 

404
00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:01,000
moved. 
This created bonds that extended

405
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,700
beyond the pit forming the 
foundation for the tight. 

406
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:05,400
Knit mining communities above 
ground. 

407
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:09,300
The Men Who dissented together 
work together and survived 

408
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:11,700
together became Brothers in ways
that transcended normal 

409
00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:14,100
friendship. 
When the cage finally, brought 

410
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:17,100
you back to the surface at 
shift, end you'd emerging into 

411
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:19,100
what ever the weather Wales was 
offering that day. 

412
00:21:19,100 --> 00:21:23,400
Usually rain sometimes fog, 
occasionally, actual Sunshine 

413
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:27,000
that made everyone slightly 
suspicious Your eyes would need 

414
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,000
several minutes to adjust to 
natural light. 

415
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:32,100
After hours, in the dimness, 
your ears would ring with the 

416
00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:33,700
sudden. 
Absence of the constant 

417
00:21:33,700 --> 00:21:37,300
underground noise and your lungs
would appreciate are that didn't

418
00:21:37,300 --> 00:21:40,100
have a texture. 
The mining communities that grew

419
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:42,700
up around the pits were unlike 
anything that had existed in 

420
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:45,700
Wales before. 
Previously Welsh, valleys had 

421
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:49,200
been places of scattered farms 
and small villages mining 

422
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,100
created industrial towns, almost
overnight with rows of terraced 

423
00:21:53,100 --> 00:21:56,400
houses marching up hillsides in 
neat lines that showed all the 

424
00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:58,300
imagination of someone arranging
dominoes. 

425
00:21:58,300 --> 00:22:01,600
These were planned communities 
with parks and public spaces. 

426
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:04,800
They were Housing Solutions 
designed to pack maximum workers

427
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,100
into minimum space as close to 
the pit as physically possible. 

428
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:11,400
The house's themselves were 
remarkably similar across 

429
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:14,300
different mining. 
Valleys two up, two down was the

430
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:18,000
standard layout, two rooms down,
stairs, two bedrooms up stairs, 

431
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,400
a small yard, Outback and walls 
thin enough that you knew 

432
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:24,700
entirely too much about your 
neighbor's, personal lives, the 

433
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:27,700
front door opened directly onto 
the street, which meant coal 

434
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:30,800
dust mud and whatever the 
weather was doing came straight 

435
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:33,200
into your front room. 
No entrance Halls. 

436
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:37,400
No mudrooms. 
Just immediate Domesticity These

437
00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:39,800
houses were typically owned by 
the mining company and rented to

438
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:42,100
workers. 
Which created an interesting 

439
00:22:42,100 --> 00:22:44,800
power Dynamic, where your 
employer was also your landlord.

440
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,300
Get fired from the pit and you'd
lose both your income and your 

441
00:22:48,308 --> 00:22:51,400
home simultaneously. 
This Arrangement wasn't designed

442
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:55,300
for worker, welfare so much as 
company convenience ensuring a 

443
00:22:55,300 --> 00:22:58,300
captive Workforce, who couldn't 
easily move to seek better wages

444
00:22:58,300 --> 00:23:01,500
elsewhere. 
Life in these mining towns 

445
00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:05,100
revolved around the pit schedule
when the day shift ended streets

446
00:23:05,100 --> 00:23:07,800
would suddenly fill with men, in
black and work clothes heading 

447
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,800
home, for a Washington dinner. 
The night shift would pass them 

448
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:12,800
going. 
The opposite direction creating 

449
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,100
a twice daily tidal exchange of 
workers. 

450
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:18,800
Women timed their household 
tasks, around these rhythms 

451
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:22,500
water needed to be heated for 
washing meals needed to be ready

452
00:23:22,500 --> 00:23:25,300
when men returned and laundry. 
Had to be done when it wouldn't 

453
00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:29,100
be coated in fresh colder dust 
The washing of a minor 

454
00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:30,500
presented. 
Its own challenges. 

455
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:33,900
The four pit head bars became 
common in the early 20th. 

456
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:37,600
Century men came home, covered 
head to foot and cold dust and 

457
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,000
had to wash in the house. 
This tiplee meant to zinc tub, 

458
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:43,900
placed in front of the kitchen 
fire filled with water heated on

459
00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:46,500
the stove. 
The Miner would strip down and 

460
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:50,100
scrub away the days accumulation
while family members politely 

461
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:54,400
ignored his nakedness or helped 
scrub his back, The water would 

462
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,400
turn black immediately and the 
process would need multiple 

463
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,300
rinses to actually get clean. 
Some Coal dust. 

464
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:04,200
However never came out. 
It worked its way into skin 

465
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,900
pores, creating permanent blue 
scars, called cold tattoos, 

466
00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:12,100
where Cuts had healed with dust 
embedded in them, Older miners 

467
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,300
accumulated, these marks like 
some kind of industrial tribal 

468
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:17,600
scarification. 
Each one, a story of a 

469
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:19,700
particular accident or incident 
Underground. 

470
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,300
A hands, remained perpetually 
stained in the creases. 

471
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:26,900
No amount of scrubbing able to 
remove coal that had become part

472
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:29,700
of their flesh. 
Women in mining communities 

473
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:31,900
work. 
Just as hard as the men though, 

474
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:34,300
their labor was unpaid and 
largely invisible to the 

475
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:37,400
historical record. 
Running a household on a Minor's

476
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:39,800
wages, required skills. 
That would impress a modern 

477
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,900
efficiency expert. 
He had to make limited money 

478
00:24:42,900 --> 00:24:46,200
stretched to feed a family. 
Keep everyone closed despite the

479
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:47,800
destructive nature of mining 
work. 

480
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:51,100
Maintain a house that was under 
constant assault from cold dust 

481
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:55,500
and somehow Creator invent that 
provided relief from the harsh 

482
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,700
conditions of pit work. 
Laundry was a particular 

483
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:01,000
Challenge. 
Mining clothes needed to be 

484
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,100
washed constantly but never 
really got clean. 

485
00:25:04,100 --> 00:25:07,300
The Standard Process involves 
soaking, boiling scrubbing with 

486
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:10,900
lye soap that was harsh enough 
to remove coal, but also skin 

487
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:14,800
multiple rinses and eventual 
acceptance that your husband's 

488
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,400
work clothes would always be 
slightly Gray Wash day, 

489
00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:20,900
typically happen. 
Once a week involving enough, 

490
00:25:20,900 --> 00:25:23,200
physical effort to qualify as a 
serious workout. 

491
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,500
Hauling water heating. 
It lifting wet clothes, ringing 

492
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:29,100
hanging. 
And repeating food was practical

493
00:25:29,100 --> 00:25:32,500
and calorie-dense Mining work. 
Burned, enormous amounts of 

494
00:25:32,508 --> 00:25:34,400
energy. 
So meals needed to be 

495
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,500
substantial breakfast, might be 
porridge or bread with dripping.

496
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,500
the main meal, taking off to the
shift, with typically involve 

497
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,500
potatoes, maybe some bacon or 
cheap cuts of meat bread and 

498
00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:49,300
strong tea, Vegetables came from
the small garden plot behind the

499
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:51,100
house. 
If you were lucky enough to have

500
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:54,300
one and the time to maintain it,
the diet wasn't particularly 

501
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:57,700
varied, but it kept working men 
functional which was the primary

502
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:00,400
requirement. 
The town itself would have a few

503
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:04,100
key institutions, the chapel or 
church stood at the center of 

504
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:08,000
community life, providing not 
just religious services but also

505
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,600
social organization education 
and a moral framework. 

506
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,500
Chapels, were often the grandest
building in mining towns. 

507
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:18,200
There are architecture 
suggesting that while houses 

508
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:21,200
could be basic places of worship
deserved investment. 

509
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:24,700
The Welsh Love Of Music found 
particular expression. 

510
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:27,600
In Chapel choirs where miners, 
who spent their days in 

511
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,300
industrial noise, created, 
harmonies that could raise the 

512
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:33,600
hair on your neck. 
Shops lined, the main streets. 

513
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:36,300
Grocers butchers Bakers and 
General Stores. 

514
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:39,900
Many operated on Credit Systems 
because mine were paid 

515
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:43,600
fortnightly and families needed 
to eat in between The 

516
00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:45,900
shopkeepers Ledger was 
essentially the community's 

517
00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:49,100
credit score tracking who owed 
what and allowing families to 

518
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:52,500
survive the gap between wages. 
This credit came at a price. 

519
00:26:52,508 --> 00:26:56,000
Of course interest charges that 
meant buying on credit, always 

520
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,400
cost, more than paying cash. 
The pub served as the men's 

521
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,800
social space. 
The place where you could relax 

522
00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:03,900
after a shift with a pint and 
companionship. 

523
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:07,900
Mining was hard, on bodies and 
minds and alcohol. 

524
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:10,500
Provided temporary relief from 
both physical pain and 

525
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:13,600
psychological stress. 
Some men drank moderately, 

526
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:17,100
others fell into patterns of 
heavy, drinking that consumed 

527
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:19,200
wages and created Family 
hardships. 

528
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:22,800
The temperance movement had 
strong support in mining areas, 

529
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:25,500
though, at Fortune uphill battle
against the combination of 

530
00:27:25,500 --> 00:27:29,700
physical pain, cycle, stress and
social tradition that made the 

531
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:31,500
pub Central to male Community 
light. 

532
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:35,800
Education was valued, but 
limited elementary, schools 

533
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,900
taught basic literacy, and 
numeracy enough to read the 

534
00:27:38,900 --> 00:27:42,000
Bible, and do practical 
calculations beyond that. 

535
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:45,400
Continued, education required 
either exceptional, talent, that

536
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,100
earned scholarships or family 
wealth that most miners didn't 

537
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:50,700
possess. 
Children typically left school 

538
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:54,300
at 12 or 13 to Begin work, 
either in the pit or in other 

539
00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:56,000
jobs that help support the 
family economy. 

540
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:59,200
Now, we come to the harder parts
of this story though. 

541
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,800
We'll walk through them. 
Gently understanding what mining

542
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,600
communities endured requires 
acknowledging, both the 

543
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:09,200
spectacular disasters that made 
headlines and the grinding 

544
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:11,800
everyday hardships that broke 
people slowly rather than 

545
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:16,100
suddenly Mining accidents were 
horrified when common small 

546
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:20,200
incidents happen and constantly 
crushed fingers, minor burns, 

547
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,200
cuts and bruises. 
He's rarely made it into 

548
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,600
official records because men 
would typically bind up the 

549
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,100
injury and keep working. 
Losing a shifts, pay was often 

550
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:31,600
more threatening than a damaged 
town and more. 

551
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:35,400
Serious injuries meant time off 
work which meant no income which

552
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,700
meant family hardship. 
Then there were the disasters, 

553
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:42,800
mine explosions killed dozens or
hundreds at once usually caused 

554
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:46,100
by methane gas accumulating in 
poorly ventilated areas and 

555
00:28:46,100 --> 00:28:49,600
igniting from a lamp a spark or 
the explosion itself. 

556
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:52,900
Creating more explosions. 
These catastrophes were 

557
00:28:52,900 --> 00:28:54,900
devastate entire communities 
overnight. 

558
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:58,800
One Moment Men were working 
normally underground, the next 

559
00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:01,700
families were gathering at the 
pit head waiting for news. 

560
00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:04,800
Knowing from the smoke and Chaos
that many wouldn't be coming 

561
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,000
home. 
Roof Falls claimed lives 

562
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:10,500
regularly suddenly, and without 
warning, One minute, you're 

563
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,100
working the coal face, the next 
tons of rock of crushed you, or 

564
00:29:14,100 --> 00:29:16,900
trapped you in darkness. 
While the lamp burns down and 

565
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:19,800
are Runs Out. 
Rescue efforts were heroic, but 

566
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,600
often few tile moving the Fallen
Rock required time and equipment

567
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,100
and trapped men, rarely had 
enough of either. 

568
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,800
Water in Russia's could flood 
entire sections of the mine in 

569
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:32,800
minutes, underground, water, 
sources were unpredictable. 

570
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,400
And sometimes mining work would 
inadvertently breach barriers 

571
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,800
holding back underground, lakes 
or streams. 

572
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:42,900
The water would pour in with 
tremendous Force drowning, 

573
00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:45,600
anyone who couldn't reach higher
ground or the shaft quickly 

574
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:49,100
enough, The aftermath of 
disasters, followed predictable 

575
00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:52,200
tragic patterns, a company would
Express regret. 

576
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:55,800
While denying responsibility 
funerals would be held for those

577
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:59,200
whose bodies could be recovered.
Families would be left without 

578
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,800
income often without housing 
since they lived in 

579
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:06,000
company-owned homes inquests 
would be held recommendations 

580
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,700
made and usually nothing 
fundamental would change. 

581
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:12,700
But the slow disasters were 
equally devastating in their own

582
00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:16,300
way. 
Pneumoconiosis called Black Lung

583
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:20,500
was the miners disease caused by
Decades of breathing cold dust 

584
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:23,900
that accumulated in lungs, until
breathing became increasingly 

585
00:30:23,900 --> 00:30:28,000
difficult There was no cure, no 
treatment, just a gradual 

586
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:31,200
decline where every breath 
became work and the former 

587
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,200
strong man became a wheezing 
invalid who couldn't walk up the

588
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:36,100
stairs without stopping to catch
his breath. 

589
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:40,000
The progression was cruel in its
predictability first. 

590
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,800
You'd notice, you couldn't quite
keep up with the younger men 

591
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,500
anymore, then climbing, Hills 
became difficult, eventually 

592
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:49,500
breathing, became the main 
activity of your day, each 

593
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:52,100
breath a conscious effort, 
rather than an automatic 

594
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:55,000
background function, Men in 
their 50s. 

595
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,400
Looked 80 worn out from inside 
by the cold they'd spent their 

596
00:30:58,408 --> 00:31:01,200
lives. 
Extracting injuries accumulated 

597
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,300
over careers. 
Bad backs from years of working 

598
00:31:04,300 --> 00:31:07,800
stooped, damaged, knees from 
kneeling on hard coal and rock 

599
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:11,300
shoulders that ached in wet 
weather from swinging picks 

600
00:31:11,300 --> 00:31:14,800
thousands of times per shift, 
hearing loss from working in 

601
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,500
constant noise. 
These weren't dramatic injuries 

602
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:20,400
but the physical cost of Decades
of doing brutally hard. 

603
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:24,600
Work in terrible conditions, the
cycle is harder to document 

604
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:27,900
because mental health wasn't a 
concept that mining communities 

605
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:30,500
had language for, but it was 
real nonetheless. 

606
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:33,600
Men who survived disaster as 
often showed. 

607
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:38,200
What we'd now recognized as 
PTSD, nightmares, anxiety, and 

608
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:39,700
inability to return on 
Underground. 

609
00:31:40,700 --> 00:31:44,100
The constant awareness of danger
created stress that some managed

610
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:46,800
and others didn't. 
The combination of dangerous 

611
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,900
work Financial insecurity, 
physical pain, and limited 

612
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:52,700
options for change Wade on 
people. 

613
00:31:52,700 --> 00:31:55,300
In ways that expressed 
themselves through irritability,

614
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:59,600
depression or drinking. 
Family Life under these 

615
00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:02,900
pressures required remarkable, 
resilience women manage 

616
00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:05,300
households. 
Knowing their husbands might not

617
00:32:05,300 --> 00:32:08,300
come home from their shifts, 
Children grew up understanding 

618
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:11,600
that their fathers were 
constantly at risk. the 

619
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,700
communities developed coping 
mechanisms neighbors, helping 

620
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:18,400
each other, the chapel providing
comfort and shared experience 

621
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:22,600
creating understanding Stress 
was real and constant. 

622
00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:26,700
Economic hardship was the 
backdrop to everything, mining 

623
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,400
wages were better than farm 
work, but never enough to build 

624
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,400
security. 
A Minor's Widow often faced 

625
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:35,300
immediate poverty unless she 
could find work or had grown 

626
00:32:35,300 --> 00:32:38,200
children to support her. 
Illness or injury meant 

627
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:41,100
financial disaster. 
There were no safety nets. 

628
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:44,800
No insurance, no, welfare state.
Just charity. 

629
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,100
That was never sufficient and 
Community. 

630
00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:49,000
Support that was generous, but 
limited. 

631
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:53,100
Yet through all this hardship, 
the community's endured they 

632
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:56,600
created culture, despite poverty
the male voice choirs that made 

633
00:32:56,600 --> 00:33:00,100
Welsh mining famous the breast 
bands that practiced in drafty 

634
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:02,700
halls and the poetry and 
literature that emerged from 

635
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:06,000
these valleys. 
They built institutions trade 

636
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:09,500
unions, that fought for better 
conditions Cooperative societies

637
00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:13,000
that provided affordable Goods, 
an educational institutes, that 

638
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,700
offered learning opportunities. 
The persons wasn't some romantic

639
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:20,100
quality to be admired, from a 
distance, it was necessity given

640
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:24,200
form the stubborn refusal to be 
destroyed by circumstances that 

641
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,600
were genuinely destructive. 
Kept going because the 

642
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:30,500
alternative was Unthinkable. 
You sent your children down the 

643
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:33,900
pit because they needed to eat. 
You went back underground after 

644
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:37,300
disasters because your family 
needed the income, you built a 

645
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:39,900
life in the cracks between 
hardship, because humans are 

646
00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:44,000
remarkably good at doing exactly
that the decline of Welsh coal 

647
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:45,100
mining. 
Didn't happen overnight. 

648
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,700
It was a slow process like 
watching a sunset that takes 

649
00:33:48,700 --> 00:33:51,900
decades instead of minutes 
beautiful in its own way, but 

650
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:55,300
marking the end of an era. 
The first hints came after World

651
00:33:55,300 --> 00:33:58,100
War One, when foreign 
competition began undercutting, 

652
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:01,300
Welsh coal prices, other 
countries had developed their 

653
00:34:01,300 --> 00:34:03,100
own mining Industries and 
shipping. 

654
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:06,100
Coal cross ocean became less 
economical than burning local 

655
00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:09,600
supplies. 
The British Market remained but 

656
00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:11,900
it was shrinking. 
As oil, began replacing coal for

657
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:14,699
some purposes. 
Diesel locomotives were more 

658
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:17,600
efficient than steam. 
Oil heating was cleaner than 

659
00:34:17,608 --> 00:34:19,800
coal. 
The world was changing its 

660
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,300
energy sources and coal was 
slowly becoming yesterday's 

661
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:24,500
fuel. 
The Great Depression. 

662
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,900
Hit mining communities with 
particular brutality, when 

663
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:30,300
Industries cut production, they 
needed less coal. 

664
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:32,600
Mine has closed or reduced 
shifts. 

665
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:35,300
Men, who'd work their entire 
lives underground. 

666
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:38,100
Found themselves, unemployed 
with no other skills and no 

667
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:40,900
other opportunities in towns. 
Built entirely around mining. 

668
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:46,400
The Dole unemployment benefit 
kept families from starvation, 

669
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:50,300
but not from poverty, and the 
psychological impact of idleness

670
00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:52,300
and communities where identity 
was built around. 

671
00:34:52,308 --> 00:34:55,900
Work was devastating World War 2
brought temporary. 

672
00:34:55,900 --> 00:34:58,300
Revival. 
Cole was essential for the war 

673
00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:00,800
effort and mind operated at full
capacity. 

674
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:05,400
Men too old for military service
worked double shifts, the 

675
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,900
industry remembered its 
importance and workers 

676
00:35:07,900 --> 00:35:11,800
remembered steady employment but
it was a reprieve rather than a 

677
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:13,800
reversal. 
The economy running on wartime 

678
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:18,200
needs that would end with peace.
Nationalization in 1947 brought 

679
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,600
the Mind under government 
control, creating the national 

680
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:23,000
coal board. 
Miners hoped, this would mean 

681
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:24,900
better conditions and more 
secure employment. 

682
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:29,200
In some ways, it did safety 
improved wages, became more 

683
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:31,600
standardized and benefits were 
introduced. 

684
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,200
But nationalization could not 
solve the fundamental problem, 

685
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:39,000
the world needed, less coal. 
And Welsh, coal was becoming 

686
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:43,100
expensive to extract compared to
other sources, the 1950s and 

687
00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:47,200
60s, saw systematic closures 
Minds that had employed hundreds

688
00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:49,700
closed permanently. 
Their pit Will stopping for the 

689
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:53,300
last time community's that had 
existed for Generations faced 

690
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,800
existential questions. 
What happens to a mining town 

691
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,600
when the mine closest? 
Where do people go on? 

692
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:01,800
The only skill, they have is 
extracting coal that nobody 

693
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:06,000
wants anymore. some families 
moved to England seeking work in

694
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,600
factories or construction others
stayed clinging to familiar 

695
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:13,200
places even as employment 
vanished, the young left in 

696
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,200
disproportionate numbers 
draining valleys of energy and 

697
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:19,100
Future. 
Villages became places where old

698
00:36:19,100 --> 00:36:21,900
miners retired and died while 
their children built lives. 

699
00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:25,600
Elsewhere. 
The strikes of the 1980s were a 

700
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:28,700
last desperate attempt to save 
an industry that economics had 

701
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:33,200
already condemned. 
The 1984 to 85 strike lasted a 

702
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:36,000
year, pitting miners against a 
government determined to reduce 

703
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,700
co-dependency. 
It was brutal, bitter, and 

704
00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:43,100
ultimately unsuccessful. 
Community's tore themselves 

705
00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:45,100
apart over, whether to strike or
work. 

706
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,300
Family survived on charity and 
determination and in the end, 

707
00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,400
the Mind closed anyway, walking 
through a Welsh Valley. 

708
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:54,700
Today, you can still read the 
history written in the 

709
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:57,400
landscape. 
The terrorist houses remain, 

710
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,500
though, many are now hollered a 
Cottages or have been renovated 

711
00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:04,100
beyond recognition. 
Chapel building Stan converted 

712
00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:07,400
to apartments or community 
centers their singing replaced 

713
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:10,800
by silents. 
The pit heads are gone, their 

714
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,100
site's reclaimed by grass and 
trees or marked by memorials. 

715
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:17,700
The slag heaps have been 
landscaped into gentle Hills. 

716
00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:20,900
Their sharp angles softened by 
Decades of erosion and 

717
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:24,700
deliberate reshaping The last 
deep mine in Wales closed in 

718
00:37:24,700 --> 00:37:27,900
2008 Tower. 
Colour had been saved by 

719
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:29,400
workers. 
Who bought it themselves in the 

720
00:37:29,408 --> 00:37:32,900
1990s operating it as a 
Cooperative that proved mining 

721
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:34,800
could still work if workers 
controlled it. 

722
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,900
When coal quality declined and 
reserves depleted, they closed 

723
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:41,200
it voluntarily. 
Rather than waiting for economic

724
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:42,800
forces to make the decision for 
them. 

725
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:46,700
It was an ending that somehow 
maintained dignity with workers 

726
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:49,500
choosing to close their own 
mind, rather than having it shut

727
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:53,600
down by external decree. 
The end of coal mining in Wales 

728
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:56,700
Mark, the conclusion of an era 
that had lasted roughly 200 

729
00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:58,900
years. 
Two centuries, during which 

730
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:00,300
these valleys had been 
transformed. 

731
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:03,600
From farming country to 
Industrial, powerhouses and back

732
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,000
to something else, entirely 
Community searching for new 

733
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,100
identities while honoring, the 
extraordinary history that had 

734
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:13,300
shaped them. 
The transitional wasn't smooth 

735
00:38:13,300 --> 00:38:16,300
mining town struggled with 
unemployment rates that would 

736
00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:19,200
shock economists. 
Young people left because there 

737
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:22,900
were no jobs creating aging 
populations in community's for 

738
00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:25,900
young families. 
The social fabric that mining 

739
00:38:25,900 --> 00:38:29,800
had created the solidarity, the 
shared purpose, the Titanic 

740
00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:33,200
neighborhoods began to fray when
the industry that had woven it 

741
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:36,400
together disappeared. 
Some valleys found new purposes 

742
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,900
tourism discovered that the 
industrial Heritage people had 

743
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,100
lived with daily was actually 
fascinating to Outsiders. 

744
00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:47,500
Former Minds became museums 
where guides often former miners

745
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,200
themselves. 
LED visitors through preserved 

746
00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:53,500
workings explaining how the job 
was done and what life was like 

747
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:57,400
Underground There's something 
both touching and slightly odd 

748
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:00,600
about paying to experience a 
sample of work that people had 

749
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:03,500
once been paid to do and her 
desperately hoped their children

750
00:39:03,500 --> 00:39:06,800
would not have to follow them 
into regeneration, projects 

751
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:10,600
attempted to diversify local 
economies, Light Industry, call 

752
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:14,300
centers tourism and service 
jobs, replaced heavy industry. 

753
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:18,400
The work was safer cleaner and 
generally better for your health

754
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:22,000
but it paid less and lacked the 
identity and solidarity that 

755
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:25,000
mining had provided. 
You can work in a call center 

756
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:28,200
for 20 years without developing 
the same sentence of craft and 

757
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,300
Community. 
The two years underground 

758
00:39:30,300 --> 00:39:32,800
created. 
The physical landscape, 

759
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:36,500
underwent, dramatic 
transformation, those slag heaps

760
00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:39,400
that are dominated valleyside 
for Generations, were slowly 

761
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:42,900
removed or reshaped. 
Rivers that had run black with 

762
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:46,200
cold dust for a century started 
running, clear again, air 

763
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:48,600
quality improved to the point 
where you could hang white 

764
00:39:48,600 --> 00:39:51,600
laundry outside without it 
turning gray nature. 

765
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,000
Reclaimed space is that industry
had dominated and The Valleys 

766
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,500
began to look more like they had
before coals was discovered, but

767
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:01,400
removing the physical traces of 
mining couldn't erase the 

768
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,600
cultural Legacy. 
Communities that mine and 

769
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,100
created had developed 
distinctive identities that 

770
00:40:07,100 --> 00:40:10,500
persisted even after the 
industry vanished, the emphasis 

771
00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:13,300
on education and 
self-improvement the tradition 

772
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:16,200
of mutual Aid and Collective 
action and the cultural 

773
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:18,800
institutions like choirs and 
Brass bands. 

774
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:21,800
He survived the closure of the 
pits because they'd become 

775
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:25,500
embedded in community identity, 
as you lie there in Comfort, 

776
00:40:25,500 --> 00:40:28,900
warm and safe. 
It's worth reflecting on what 

777
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:31,000
those forgotten minds of whales 
actually meant. 

778
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,600
Not just to the people who 
worked them but to the modern 

779
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,900
world, you inhabit. 
The coal pulled from Welsh 

780
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:41,200
valleys powered the Industrial 
Revolution that created modern 

781
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:45,000
civilization, the ships that 
connected the British Empire ran

782
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:47,800
on Welsh coal. 
The factory that mass produced 

783
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:50,700
Goods, making them affordable 
for ordinary people for the 

784
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:53,500
first time in history were 
powered by Welsh coal. 

785
00:40:54,300 --> 00:40:57,600
The trains that revolutionized 
Transportation the heating 

786
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,700
systems that made homes 
comfortable, and the steel mills

787
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:02,700
that provided material for 
Bridges and buildings. 

788
00:41:02,700 --> 00:41:06,400
All of these dependent on coal 
and much of that coal came from 

789
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,200
Wales. 
This means that Welsh miners, 

790
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:12,500
toying in darkness and danger 
for wages that barely covered 

791
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:15,600
rent and food were inadvertently
building the modern world. 

792
00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,700
Every technological advancement 
of the Industrial Age rested on 

793
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:22,700
a foundation of fossil fuel 
energy and someone had to 

794
00:41:22,708 --> 00:41:24,500
extract that energy from 
underground. 

795
00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:27,400
The miners who did this work 
weren't thinking about 

796
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,300
historical significance. 
They were thinking about feeding

797
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:33,300
their families but their labor 
literally powered the 

798
00:41:33,300 --> 00:41:35,100
transformation of human 
civilization. 

799
00:41:35,100 --> 00:41:38,500
The labor movement that created 
workers rights across the 

800
00:41:38,500 --> 00:41:41,800
industrialized world found, some
of its strongest expression. 

801
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:45,500
In Welsh mining communities. 
The unions that fought for safer

802
00:41:45,500 --> 00:41:48,400
conditions. 
Better pay reasonable hours and 

803
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,200
basic dignity established 
precedence that benefitted 

804
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:55,000
workers in every industry. 
When coal miners struck for 

805
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,700
better conditions, they were 
advancing causes that would 

806
00:41:57,700 --> 00:41:59,300
eventually Benefit office 
workers. 

807
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:02,400
Who'd never seen a mine, the 
concept that workers deserve 

808
00:42:02,400 --> 00:42:05,400
protection from dangerous 
conditions that employers had 

809
00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:08,400
responsibility for workplace 
safety and that communities 

810
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:11,700
deserved compensation. 
When industry harmed them, these

811
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:13,700
ideas were forged in mining 
communities. 

812
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:18,000
Often in response to disasters, 
that killed doesn't the 

813
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,000
regulations that protect modern 
workers exists partly because 

814
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,500
mine is died, when those 
regulations didn't exist and 

815
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:27,000
their communities refuse to 
accept such deaths were 

816
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:29,700
inevitable. 
The cultural contributions of 

817
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:32,700
Welsh mining communities in 
richt British and World culture 

818
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:36,300
in ways often overlooked The 
Male Voice Choir tradition, that

819
00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:39,000
spread globally had its 
strongest expression in mining 

820
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:42,000
valleys where men who spent 
their days in industrial noise, 

821
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,600
created beauty through Harmony. 
The literature that emerged from

822
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:50,300
these communities poetry Memoir 
fiction provided working-class 

823
00:42:50,300 --> 00:42:53,000
perspectives that challenged 
middle-class assumptions about 

824
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:55,200
what constituted worthy subjects
for art. 

825
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,100
Welsh mining communities also, 
demonstrated something important

826
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:01,600
about human resilience and 
Community solidarity. 

827
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:05,100
They showed that people could 
build meaningful lives under 

828
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:08,500
objectively terrible conditions,
that communities, could develop 

829
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:11,800
Rich, cultures, despite poverty,
and that dignity wasn't 

830
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,600
dependent on material comfort. 
This isn't to romanticize 

831
00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:18,000
hardship. 
The conditions were genuinely 

832
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:21,500
awful and nobody should have had
to endure them, but rather to 

833
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,600
acknowledge the remarkable human
capacity to create meaning and 

834
00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:26,800
Community even in difficult 
circumstances. 

835
00:43:28,700 --> 00:43:30,600
The environmental Legacy is more
complicated. 

836
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:34,900
Coal mining damaged the 
landscape extensively polluted 

837
00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:38,800
waterways and contributed to air
pollution that harmed Health 

838
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:42,600
across industrial regions. 
The carbon emissions from 

839
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:45,500
burning, Welsh coal contributed 
to climate change that were now 

840
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:49,000
struggling to address. 
The environmental restoration of

841
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:53,000
former mining areas has been 
expensive and ongoing attempting

842
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:55,700
to repair damage that 
accumulated over two centuries 

843
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:58,100
of intensive. 
Extraction yet the energy 

844
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:01,600
transition we're currently 
experiencing moving from fossil 

845
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:05,000
fuels to renewable sources 
Builds on Lessons Learned From 

846
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:08,000
the coal era. 
We understand now that energy 

847
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,800
extraction has environmental 
costs, that must be considered. 

848
00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:15,500
We recognize that communities 
build around single Industries a

849
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:18,100
vulnerable. 
When that industry declines, we 

850
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:21,100
know that workers displaced by 
economic change deserves support

851
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:23,800
and retraining rather than 
abandonment. 

852
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:26,900
These lessons came partly from 
watching what happened. 

853
00:44:26,900 --> 00:44:30,400
When coal mining ended the 
museums and heritage site that 

854
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:32,700
preserve mining history. 
Serve an important function 

855
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:36,700
Beyond tourism, they ensure that
future Generations understand 

856
00:44:36,700 --> 00:44:39,900
where their comfortable 
technological lives came from, 

857
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:44,200
it's easy to take electricity 
Heating and manufactured goods 

858
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:47,300
for granted without considering 
the human cost that made them 

859
00:44:47,300 --> 00:44:50,100
possible. 
Seeing an actual coal face 

860
00:44:50,100 --> 00:44:52,700
understanding what working 
underground meant. 

861
00:44:52,700 --> 00:44:56,300
And recognizing the sacrifices 
made by people whose names are 

862
00:44:56,300 --> 00:44:59,100
mostly forgotten. 
This provides perspective, that 

863
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:02,500
pure Prosperity, can't teach In 
Wales itself. 

864
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:06,600
Mining identity remains powerful
even among people too young to 

865
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:10,100
have ever worked Underground. 
The values that mining 

866
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,100
communities developed 
solidarity, Mutual support, 

867
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:16,600
education and cultural 
expression, continue to shape 

868
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:20,300
these regions the political 
culture of Welsh valleys with 

869
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:22,400
its strong support for 
Collective action and social 

870
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,500
welfare, reflects Lessons 
Learned, when communities 

871
00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:27,900
discovered, that individuals 
couldn't survive without 

872
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:31,100
Community Support. 
The descendants of miners live 

873
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:33,700
across the world. 
Now, carrying family, history of

874
00:45:33,700 --> 00:45:36,400
underground, work to places far 
from Welsh valleys. 

875
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,900
These stories passed down 
through generations. 

876
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,000
Keep alive. 
The memory of what previous 

877
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:45,000
generations and geared. 
Your colleague whose grandfather

878
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:48,200
was a Welsh minor your friend 
whose great, aunt emigrated from

879
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:51,200
a mining town and the person you
met who casually mention their 

880
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:54,200
families, mining background 
their carrying pieces of this 

881
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:56,800
history forward. 
Perhaps most importantly, the 

882
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,900
mining Area Teachers us about 
the human cost of the energy and

883
00:45:59,900 --> 00:46:02,500
materials that modern 
civilization requires. 

884
00:46:02,500 --> 00:46:05,800
We still need energy. 
We still need raw materials, 

885
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:09,600
someone somewhere is still doing
difficult, dangerous work to 

886
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,400
extract. 
What we consume casually The 

887
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,600
working conditions have improved
in developed Nations partly due 

888
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:17,300
to Lessons Learned From mining 
history. 

889
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:21,000
But the fundamental truth 
remains are comfortable lives 

890
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:24,000
rest on labor that most of us 
never see and rarely consider. 

891
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:27,700
History written in Broad Strokes
can miss the texture of actual 

892
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,600
Human Experience. 
So, let's slow down and 

893
00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:32,100
consider. 
What all this meant at the 

894
00:46:32,108 --> 00:46:35,000
individual level, through the 
kinds of stories that former 

895
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,200
Miners, and their families 
shared when they talked about 

896
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:39,700
their lives. 
Imagine being eight years old, 

897
00:46:39,700 --> 00:46:43,700
starting work, as a Trapper boy,
you'd wake Before Dawn, eat 

898
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:45,400
whatever breakfast, your family 
could afford. 

899
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:49,100
And walked to the pit with your 
father, or older brothers, The 

900
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:52,300
Descent Into Darkness would 
terrify you initially the 

901
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,800
dropping sensation, the 
Blackness and The Damp smell of 

902
00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:59,700
underground. 
Space is children adapt and 

903
00:46:59,700 --> 00:47:01,800
within weeks, this journey would
become routine. 

904
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,300
Your job station would be a 
ventilation door somewhere in 

905
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:08,400
the mines Network. 
You'd sit on a small wooden seat

906
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,500
or pile of coal, holding a 
string attached to the door. 

907
00:47:12,500 --> 00:47:15,000
When you heard a cold tram 
approaching and you learned to 

908
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:16,300
distinguish the sound of 
different. 

909
00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:18,600
Trams different ponies and 
different drivers. 

910
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:20,700
You'd pull the string to open 
the door. 

911
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:24,200
Tram would pass through nude, 
closed the door to maintain 

912
00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:27,800
airflow. 
Then silence would return and 

913
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:30,800
you'd sit alone in darkness. 
Lit, only by your small lamp 

914
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:34,700
waiting for the next tram. 
Hour after hour, in silence, 

915
00:47:34,700 --> 00:47:39,000
broken only by distant sounds of
mining work, dripping water, and

916
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,700
the occasional scurrying of rats
that lived Underground. 

917
00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:45,200
You couldn't read because the 
light was too poor and you 

918
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:48,000
probably couldn't read anyway. 
You couldn't move around because

919
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:49,500
you needed to stay at your 
station. 

920
00:47:49,500 --> 00:47:52,500
You just sat and waited and 
tried not to think about the 

921
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:55,700
tons of rock above your head, or
the darkness that pressed in, 

922
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:58,700
from all sides. 
Some boys handled this Solitude 

923
00:47:58,700 --> 00:48:02,500
better than others, some saying 
quietly to the selves or talk to

924
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:06,000
imaginary friends, or simply 
develop the capacity to sit with

925
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:09,600
their own thoughts, for 12 hours
as a distraction, others found 

926
00:48:09,600 --> 00:48:12,700
it psychologically, damaging 
developing fears that would last

927
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:15,700
their entire lives But all of 
them did it because their 

928
00:48:15,700 --> 00:48:18,900
families needed the income, an 8
year olds, didn't really get a 

929
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,500
choice of employment. 
Now, imagine being a young 

930
00:48:21,500 --> 00:48:24,700
woman, married to a minor every 
time, your husband, descended 

931
00:48:24,700 --> 00:48:27,600
into the pit, you'd have to make
peace with the possibility that 

932
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,400
he might not return. 
You'd listen for the pit whistle

933
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:33,000
that signaled accidents. 
Knowing that, it's particular 

934
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:35,100
pattern would tell you, whether 
to worry or to panic. 

935
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:37,800
When disaster struck other 
families. 

936
00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:41,500
You'd attend funerals, while 
thinking that could have been us

937
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:44,100
because it could have been. 
And the only thing separating 

938
00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:46,600
your intact family from The 
Grieving Widow down, the street 

939
00:48:46,608 --> 00:48:49,300
was pure luck. 
Your daily work would be 

940
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:53,200
constant and exhausting washing 
cooking cleaning and maintaining

941
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:56,200
the house, against the constant 
assault of coal dust. 

942
00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:59,800
Managing the family budget with 
the Precision of an accountant, 

943
00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:03,500
making every penny count because
there weren't any extra caring 

944
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:05,800
for children. 
While also in many cases taking 

945
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:08,800
in lodges or doing laundry for 
other families to earn extra 

946
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:11,500
income. 
Running a mining household was a

947
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:14,800
full-time job that paid nothing,
but was absolutely essential to 

948
00:49:14,800 --> 00:49:17,600
family survival. 
You developed strategies and 

949
00:49:17,608 --> 00:49:19,200
skills. 
That would impress, modern 

950
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:22,200
efficiency, experts. 
You'd know how to make a small 

951
00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:25,800
amount of meat feed six people 
like combining it with potatoes 

952
00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:28,200
and vegetables. 
You'd Master the art of 

953
00:49:28,208 --> 00:49:30,900
repairing clothes so extensively
that they could be passed down 

954
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:34,000
through multiple children. 
You'd create cleaning schedules 

955
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:37,200
that minimize dust accumulation 
and made the most of available 

956
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:40,300
water and fuel. you'd become an 
expert at reading, your 

957
00:49:40,300 --> 00:49:42,900
husband's mood and health 
knowing when he was simply 

958
00:49:42,900 --> 00:49:46,700
tired, versus genuinely ill, and
when he needed space for his 

959
00:49:46,700 --> 00:49:49,900
comfort, Or imagine being a 
minor in your Prime. 

960
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:54,200
So 35 years old with 20 years of
underground experience You'd 

961
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:57,800
have developed a sophisticated 
understanding of coal, Rock, and

962
00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:00,600
Mining engineering, that was 
partly taught and partly 

963
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:03,200
intuitive. 
You'd know how to read subtle 

964
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:05,300
signs in the coal face that 
indicated. 

965
00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:06,900
What would happen when you 
undercut it? 

966
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:10,700
You'd understand roof stability 
from the sound of creaking props

967
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:14,000
and the feel of air pressure 
changes, you'd have learned 

968
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:17,100
through experience where gas 
tended to accumulate and how to 

969
00:50:17,100 --> 00:50:19,300
recognize danger before it 
became disaster. 

970
00:50:19,300 --> 00:50:21,600
Your body would be a map of your
career. 

971
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:26,000
Scars from various accidents, 
cold tattoos, from healed cuts 

972
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:29,200
and the distinctive miners 
physique of powerful, shoulders,

973
00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:32,400
and arms combined with a back. 
That was starting to curve from 

974
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:36,000
years of stooped work. 
Your hands would be calloused to

975
00:50:36,008 --> 00:50:39,800
the point of being almost level,
like able to handle rough coal 

976
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:41,900
and splintered wood without much
discomfort. 

977
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,700
Your lungs would have started 
accumulating the coldest that 

978
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:49,100
would eventually. 
Cause problems though at 35, you

979
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:51,500
probably wouldn't notice 
symptoms, yet you'd have a 

980
00:50:51,508 --> 00:50:54,000
position in the underground 
social hierarchy, based on 

981
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:56,200
skill, experience and 
personality. 

982
00:50:57,100 --> 00:51:00,200
The best coal Cutters were 
respected for their craft shot 

983
00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:02,700
fires, who were reliable and 
safe earn trust. 

984
00:51:03,700 --> 00:51:06,400
Men who panicked in emergencies 
or couldn't be counted on to 

985
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:08,900
pull their weight. 
In difficult, conditions would 

986
00:51:08,900 --> 00:51:11,700
find themselves. 
Subtly marginalized, the 

987
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:14,900
underground world had its own 
social rules and reputation 

988
00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:17,200
mattered intensely in a place 
where lives depended on 

989
00:51:17,200 --> 00:51:20,000
teamwork. 
Your relationship with the mine 

990
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,200
itself would be complex. 
You'd hate the danger the 

991
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:24,800
discomfort and the toll it took 
on your body. 

992
00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:27,800
But you'd also feel a 
Craftsman's pride in doing 

993
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:30,800
difficult work. 
Well, There was satisfaction in 

994
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:34,400
cutting a clean face and setting
props that would hold and in 

995
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:36,500
knowing you could handle 
conditions, that would defeat 

996
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:38,100
someone with less skill and 
experience. 

997
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:41,100
The mine was your adversary in 
your livelihood. 

998
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:44,000
The thing you struggled against 
daily and the thing that gave 

999
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:47,400
your life structure and purpose,
As we near the end of our 

1000
00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:50,000
journey through Welsh mining 
history, it's time to draw 

1001
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:51,800
together. 
The threads and understand how 

1002
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:54,500
this vanished worlds, still 
touches the present in ways, 

1003
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:57,900
both obvious and subtle. 
The physical landscape of 

1004
00:51:57,900 --> 00:52:01,300
whales, still Bears mining 
signature, even where active 

1005
00:52:01,300 --> 00:52:04,400
restoration has occurred those 
Valley towns with their 

1006
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:07,700
terrorist houses. 
Remain adapted to new purposes, 

1007
00:52:07,700 --> 00:52:11,700
but unmistakable in their 
Origins, the Chapel's often the 

1008
00:52:11,700 --> 00:52:14,100
most beautiful buildings in 
these communities stand as 

1009
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:16,900
reminders of the spiritual life 
that sustained people through 

1010
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:19,900
industrial hardship. 
The rivers run clear. 

1011
00:52:19,900 --> 00:52:23,500
Now, but their Banks still, 
sometimes reveal cold fragments 

1012
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:27,600
that escaped from Works closed 
decades ago. walk through a 

1013
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:30,400
former mining value on a quiet 
day and you might notice 

1014
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:34,000
something interesting about the 
topography The hillside have a 

1015
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:37,200
particular slope where slag 
heaps once stood now, softened 

1016
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:39,700
by grass and Thyme, but still 
distinctively, not quite 

1017
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:42,300
natural. 
The flat areas near Valley 

1018
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:45,600
floors show where Railway 
sidings once ran their tracks 

1019
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:48,200
long removed but the ground 
still bearing, the compressed 

1020
00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:51,800
memory of heavy, use the 
landscape remembers even when 

1021
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,300
casual observers wouldn't 
recognize what they're seeing. 

1022
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:57,700
The museums deserve particular 
mention because their fighting 

1023
00:52:57,700 --> 00:53:01,900
against historical amnesia, big 
pit National coal Museum in 

1024
00:53:01,900 --> 00:53:05,300
Plano event, takes visitors down
an actual mine equipped with 

1025
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:08,700
helmet and lamp experiencing, a 
tiny fraction of what working 

1026
00:53:08,700 --> 00:53:11,900
underground meant. 
The guides are often former 

1027
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:15,100
miners, who can explain from 
personal experience, what each 

1028
00:53:15,100 --> 00:53:17,100
section was for and how the work
was done. 

1029
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:21,000
They make the history immediate 
and real in ways that no amount 

1030
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:23,800
of reading can match. 
These museums serve, an 

1031
00:53:23,808 --> 00:53:25,700
important function Beyond 
education. 

1032
00:53:25,700 --> 00:53:29,400
They validate the experience of 
people whose working lives are 

1033
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:32,700
often dismissed as unimportant 
by those who benefited from 

1034
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:36,600
their labor. by preserving 
mining history and treating it 

1035
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:40,100
as worthy of Museum, quality 
presentation, they're making a 

1036
00:53:40,100 --> 00:53:42,800
statement that these lives 
mattered that, this work had 

1037
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:46,400
dignity, and that the sacrifices
made by mining communities 

1038
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:49,800
deserve recognition, and 
Remembrance The cultural Legacy 

1039
00:53:49,800 --> 00:53:52,700
persists in ways, that surprise 
people unfamiliar with Welsh 

1040
00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:55,700
history, the male voice choirs 
that remain active in Welsh 

1041
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:58,500
Valley, still sing with 
harmonies affected by miners, 

1042
00:53:58,500 --> 00:54:01,400
who found beauty and music after
spending days in industrial 

1043
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:04,100
noise. 
The brass bands that compete in 

1044
00:54:04,108 --> 00:54:07,400
National competitions, maintain 
Traditions, established a 

1045
00:54:07,400 --> 00:54:09,800
musical instruments. 
Provided one of the few sources 

1046
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:13,100
of entertainment and cultural 
expression of available to 

1047
00:54:13,100 --> 00:54:16,700
working class communities, Welsh
literature and poetry carry, 

1048
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:20,100
mining's influence in their DNA 
poets who grew up in mining 

1049
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:23,000
households, even if they never 
worked underground themselves, 

1050
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:27,300
right with a wenaas of hardship,
solidarity and the Dignity of 

1051
00:54:27,300 --> 00:54:31,600
manual labor, The working class 
in British literature owes much 

1052
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:35,000
to write as who emerge from 
mining communities, and brought 

1053
00:54:35,000 --> 00:54:37,800
their experience and 
perspectives to audience's. 

1054
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:40,500
Who've never considered such 
lives worthy of literary 

1055
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:43,600
attention. 
The political cultural of Wales 

1056
00:54:43,600 --> 00:54:47,300
reflects mining's Legacy and 
tangible ways the strong support

1057
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:48,400
for trade. 
Unions. 

1058
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:51,600
The emphasis on Collective 
action and the suspicion of 

1059
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:55,000
unchecked corporate power. 
These attitudes were forged in 

1060
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:57,700
mining communities that learned 
through bitter experience that 

1061
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:01,200
individual workers had no power 
against large organizations. 

1062
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:05,100
Collective action could force 
change the Labour party. 

1063
00:55:05,100 --> 00:55:07,900
Historic dominance in Welsh. 
Valleys stems directly from 

1064
00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:10,200
mining communities. 
Political Awakening during 

1065
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,000
industrial struggles. 
More subtly. 

1066
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:16,400
The values that sustained mining
communities Mutual support 

1067
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:20,200
Community solidarity emphasis on
education as a path to 

1068
00:55:20,208 --> 00:55:23,200
advancement continue to 
influence Welsh culture. 

1069
00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:27,800
Even as economic circumstances 
have changed entirely The 

1070
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:31,000
tradition of neighbors, helping 
neighbors during hardship of 

1071
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:34,500
communities rallying around 
families, facing difficulties of

1072
00:55:34,500 --> 00:55:37,700
viewing education, as communally
valuable rather than just 

1073
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:40,900
individually beneficial. 
These reflect Lessons Learned 

1074
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:44,800
when survival depended on 
community, cohesion For 

1075
00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:46,900
individuals with mining 
Heritage, the connection to this

1076
00:55:46,900 --> 00:55:50,600
history, often runs deep even 
when separated by Generations. 

1077
00:55:51,500 --> 00:55:53,100
People whose Grandparents were 
minors. 

1078
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:55,800
Carry stories passed down 
through families, creating 

1079
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:59,100
personal connections to have 
vanished world. these aren't 

1080
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:03,000
abstract historical facts, but 
family memory kept alive through

1081
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:06,500
photographs remembered 
conversations and the occasional

1082
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:10,400
piece of mining equipment as a 
family heirloom The Contemporary

1083
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,600
energy transition, the shift 
from fossil fuels to renewable 

1084
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:17,100
sources, has brought unexpected 
residents to mining history. 

1085
00:56:18,000 --> 00:56:21,900
Wales is now investing in wind 
farms, tidal power and solar 

1086
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:24,900
installations transitioning from
extracting energy from the 

1087
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:27,200
ground to harvesting it from 
natural forces. 

1088
00:56:28,300 --> 00:56:30,800
Some former mining communities 
are becoming centers for 

1089
00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:34,200
renewable energy, finding new 
purpose in energy production, 

1090
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:36,800
even as the energy sources 
change completely. 

1091
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:41,300
This transition carries Echoes 
of mining's lessons, the 

1092
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:43,800
importance of planning, for 
workers, displaced by industrial

1093
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:46,400
change, the need to support 
communities. 

1094
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:48,800
Economically dependent on single
Industries. 

1095
00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:51,800
The recognition that energy 
extraction has costs, 

1096
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:55,500
environmental, social, and 
human, that must be considered 

1097
00:56:55,500 --> 00:56:59,700
alongside economic benefits. 
These Lessons Learned painfully 

1098
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:03,500
through mining's, rise and fall,
informed current policy in ways 

1099
00:57:03,500 --> 00:57:05,600
that might have prevented some 
of the hardship. 

1100
00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:08,500
Mining communities experience if
they'd been applied earlier, 

1101
00:57:09,300 --> 00:57:11,800
Climate change, discussions 
often positioned, coal mining. 

1102
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:15,200
As a purely historical problem, 
the source of a mission that 

1103
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:20,000
created our current crisis, This
is true but incomplete, the 

1104
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:22,800
people who mined coal were not 
causing climate change through 

1105
00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:25,900
malice or ignorance. they were 
providing energy that 

1106
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:29,500
Civilization demanded working 
jobs that were available to the 

1107
00:57:29,500 --> 00:57:33,400
and feeding families, the only 
way they knew how Holding them 

1108
00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:36,400
responsible for climate change 
makes no more sense than blaming

1109
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:38,200
Oil Workers for petroleum 
dependence. 

1110
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:42,000
The responsibility lies with 
economic and political systems, 

1111
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:44,300
that created demand without 
considering long-term 

1112
00:57:44,300 --> 00:57:47,300
consequences. 
Understanding this distinction 

1113
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:50,300
matters because we're still 
creating new Industries and new 

1114
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:53,200
dependencies without fully 
considering their long-term 

1115
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:55,700
impacts. 
We're still asking workers to 

1116
00:57:55,700 --> 00:57:59,000
accept dangerous or harmful 
employment because Alternatives 

1117
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:02,000
don't exist, we're still 
building communities around 

1118
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:04,500
single industries that might 
vanish within a generation. 

1119
00:58:05,900 --> 00:58:08,000
As that created and destroyed 
coal. 

1120
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:11,200
Mining in new forms. 
Suggesting we haven't fully 

1121
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:14,800
learned the lessons that history
offers as you prepare for Sleep,

1122
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:18,000
comfortable in your warm bed, 
with electric light of available

1123
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:21,300
at the touch of a switch. 
It's worth holding one final. 

1124
00:58:21,300 --> 00:58:24,000
Thought about what those 
forgotten minds of whales, 

1125
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:26,900
actually represent, they 
represent human Ingenuity 

1126
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:30,600
applied to solving energy needs 
even when the solution came at 

1127
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:34,200
tremendous cost, They represent 
working class communities, 

1128
00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:38,300
creating culture, dignity, and 
solidarity, under conditions 

1129
00:58:38,300 --> 00:58:39,700
that were objectively. 
Terrible. 

1130
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:43,100
They represent the environmental
and human price of 

1131
00:58:43,108 --> 00:58:46,700
industrialization paid by people
who had little choice about the 

1132
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:50,200
work they did but maintain their
Humanity, despite circumstances 

1133
00:58:50,200 --> 00:58:53,900
designed to reduce them to Mere 
labor, the miners themselves, 

1134
00:58:53,900 --> 00:58:57,700
the men who descended Into 
Darkness day after day, the 

1135
00:58:57,700 --> 00:59:00,900
women who maintained households 
and communities and the children

1136
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:03,900
who started work before. 
They'd finished growing, these 

1137
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:06,300
weren't Extraordinary People. 
In the sense of being unusual, 

1138
00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:10,100
they were ordinary humans doing 
what humans do adapting to 

1139
00:59:10,100 --> 00:59:14,100
circumstances building lives in 
available spaces, creating 

1140
00:59:14,100 --> 00:59:17,300
meaning, despite hardship and 
persevering, because the 

1141
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:21,400
alternative was unacceptable. 
There is precisely what makes 

1142
00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:24,500
their history important, they 
demonstrate that normal. 

1143
00:59:24,500 --> 00:59:28,100
People, faced with difficult 
circumstances are capable of 

1144
00:59:28,100 --> 00:59:29,900
remarkable endurance and 
achievement. 

1145
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,800
The mining communities didn't 
just survive, they thrived 

1146
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:36,100
culturally creating music 
literature, and social 

1147
00:59:36,100 --> 00:59:38,700
institutions that enriched the 
broader culture. 

1148
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:42,200
They didn't just endure 
exploitation, they organized 

1149
00:59:42,200 --> 00:59:44,800
collectively and fought for 
better conditions establishing 

1150
00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:48,800
precedence that benefitted 
workers everywhere. for getting 

1151
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:51,700
of this history and make no 
mistake, it is being forgotten 

1152
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:55,700
outside of Wales represents a 
kind of cultural Amnesia that 

1153
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:59,000
impoverish us When we lose 
connection to the labor, that 

1154
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:02,300
created modern Comfort, we lose 
understanding of what that 

1155
01:00:02,300 --> 01:00:05,700
Comfort actually cost. 
When we forget the human price 

1156
01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:08,700
of energy and material Goods, 
we're more likely to treat them 

1157
01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:12,500
as cheap and disposable rather 
than recognizing their true cost

1158
01:00:12,500 --> 01:00:16,300
remembering doesn't mean 
romanticizing mining was brutal 

1159
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:19,200
dangerous work that nobody 
should have had to do in the 

1160
01:00:19,200 --> 01:00:22,600
conditions that existed. 
The hardships mining communities

1161
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:24,700
endured weren't character 
building challenges, but 

1162
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:27,900
unnecessary suffering, caused by
economic systems, that value 

1163
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:31,000
profit over human welfare. 
Progress meant improving 

1164
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:33,900
conditions until they became 
acceptable and eventually 

1165
01:00:33,900 --> 01:00:36,000
transitioning away from coal 
entirely. 

1166
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:39,600
But remembering does mean 
recognizing that the lives lived

1167
01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:42,600
in those valleys, the work done 
in those mines. 

1168
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:46,800
The communities in those towns. 
The struggles fought in those 

1169
01:00:46,800 --> 01:00:48,700
strikes. 
These things mattered. 

1170
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:52,300
They shaped the modern world, 
they established precedence for 

1171
01:00:52,300 --> 01:00:55,300
workers rights. 
They demonstrated human capacity

1172
01:00:55,300 --> 01:00:57,300
for endurance and Community 
solidarity. 

1173
01:00:57,300 --> 01:01:01,900
They created a culture that in 
riches are still the last deep 

1174
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:06,200
mining Wales closed in 2008, but
the history didn't end there, it

1175
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:09,100
continues in the landscape 
shaped by mining in the 

1176
01:01:09,100 --> 01:01:12,600
communities, still adapting to 
post industrial reality and in 

1177
01:01:12,600 --> 01:01:14,800
the cultural Traditions 
maintained by people who never 

1178
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:17,400
worked underground, but 
inherited mining's Legacy. 

1179
01:01:18,500 --> 01:01:21,800
Continues in the museums that 
preserve this history and the 

1180
01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:24,500
stories passed down through 
families and in the values that 

1181
01:01:24,500 --> 01:01:27,100
mining communities developed and
their descendants maintain. 

1182
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:29,400
And it continues in moments like
this. 

1183
01:01:29,400 --> 01:01:32,700
When someone comfortable and 
safe, takes time to consider 

1184
01:01:32,700 --> 01:01:35,600
what life was like for people 
who had neither Comfort nor 

1185
01:01:35,600 --> 01:01:37,600
safety, but built meaningful 
lives. 

1186
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,300
Anyway, by remembering their 
story, you're honoring their 

1187
01:01:41,300 --> 01:01:44,100
experience and keeping alive a 
history that matters more than 

1188
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,700
it might initially appear. 
The darkness beneath Welsh Hills

1189
01:01:47,700 --> 01:01:50,700
is empty. 
Now, the coal face is silent the

1190
01:01:50,700 --> 01:01:53,900
pit wheels still But the 
darkness gave us something 

1191
01:01:53,900 --> 01:01:57,500
Beyond Fuel and profit. 
It gave us examples of human 

1192
01:01:57,500 --> 01:02:00,500
resilience lessons about the 
cost of progress. 

1193
01:02:00,500 --> 01:02:03,400
Warning is about building 
communities around single 

1194
01:02:03,400 --> 01:02:06,600
Industries and demonstrations of
what people can achieve through 

1195
01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:08,800
Collective action and mutual 
support. 

1196
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:12,900
These are gifts worth receiving,
even as were grateful that the 

1197
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:15,400
particular conditions that 
created that have passed into 

1198
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:16,800
history. 
Sleep. 

1199
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:19,500
Well, knowing that the warmth 
and comfort. 

1200
01:02:19,500 --> 01:02:22,000
You enjoy tonight. 
Comes partly from energy sources

1201
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:24,000
that people risked, everything 
to extract. 

1202
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:27,900
Remember them with gratitude 
honor their struggles by 

1203
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:30,000
learning from them and carry 
forward. 

1204
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:32,900
The values they developed in 
darkness, solidarity, 

1205
01:02:32,900 --> 01:02:36,900
perseverance, dignity, and hope 
the minds are forgotten by many,

1206
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:38,800
but they need not be forgotten 
by you. 

1207
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:48,100
Imagine passing through a hefty,
wooden gate with iron hinges 

1208
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:50,700
that Creak like a long-time 
friend clearing their throat. 

1209
01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:54,500
A medieval Garden that has been 
waiting for centuries to reveal 

1210
01:02:54,500 --> 01:02:57,700
its secrets to you is something 
truly remarkable that you've 

1211
01:02:57,700 --> 01:03:01,800
just entered. 
It might be 1250 or 1350 here 

1212
01:03:01,800 --> 01:03:04,700
time seems to move more slowly. 
The air is centered with 

1213
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:06,900
lavender and damp Earth in each 
path. 

1214
01:03:06,900 --> 01:03:10,100
Seems to be whispering slow down
your safe. 

1215
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:13,500
Now, in an era known for plagues
Wars and the occasional Dragon 

1216
01:03:13,500 --> 01:03:15,600
sighting. 
Well, that last one was mostly 

1217
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:16,900
in the stories but you never 
know. 

1218
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:19,200
You might ask. 
Why anyone would bother 

1219
01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:22,700
designing elaborate Gardens the 
responses incredibly 

1220
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,600
straightforward humans, have 
always required breathing 

1221
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:29,600
spaces, medieval Garden's were 
meticulously planned Havens. 

1222
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:31,400
That could literally save your 
sanity. 

1223
01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:35,200
Not just lovely places. 
Take a moment to imagine life in

1224
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:37,900
the Middle. 
Ages your crammed into cities 

1225
01:03:37,900 --> 01:03:40,400
with dark narrow streets, that 
lets face. 

1226
01:03:40,400 --> 01:03:43,900
It smell like things, you'd 
rather not recognize you have to

1227
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:46,300
avoid suspicious puddles, Dodge 
horses. 

1228
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:49,400
And hope the person selling your
bread hasn't been experimenting 

1229
01:03:49,400 --> 01:03:51,200
with using sawdust, in stead of 
flour. 

1230
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:54,800
By Nightfall, your nervous 
system is more tightly wound 

1231
01:03:54,800 --> 01:03:57,900
than the drawbridge of a castle.
Imagine now, finding a secret 

1232
01:03:57,900 --> 01:04:01,300
garden in a castle Courtyard, or
Behind the Walls of a monastery.

1233
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:04,200
It's like walking into a warm 
kitchen after a thunderstorm. 

1234
01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:08,100
Suddenly the cobblestones that 
seemed to take a fence at your 

1235
01:04:08,100 --> 01:04:10,600
ankles are replaced by neat 
Pathways beneath your feet. 

1236
01:04:11,300 --> 01:04:14,100
Instead of flag snapping, 
urgently in the wind flowers, 

1237
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,800
not in soft breezes the only 
sounds are bees humming, their 

1238
01:04:17,808 --> 01:04:21,200
old working songs and the water 
trickles rather than rushes. 

1239
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,500
The need for specially designed 
areas to help people relax was 

1240
01:04:24,500 --> 01:04:26,700
recognized by medieval Garden 
designers. 

1241
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:28,500
Something we're still learning 
today. 

1242
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:32,200
They were using centuries of 
meticulous, observation about 

1243
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:35,500
what truly makes people feel at 
ease rather than psychology 

1244
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:38,900
textbooks which had not. 
Yet been created these Gardens 

1245
01:04:38,900 --> 01:04:40,900
are adhered to the enclosed 
Embrace concept. 

1246
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:45,600
Every Serene medieval Garden was
and circled by building's Hedges

1247
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:48,900
or walls, giving the impression 
that one was being held rather 

1248
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:51,600
than left open. 
You are entering a protective 

1249
01:04:51,600 --> 01:04:54,300
cocoon where the chaos of the 
outside world couldn't follow 

1250
01:04:54,300 --> 01:04:55,800
you. 
Not just a garden. 

1251
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:59,400
The enclosure was also useful. 
Medieval Gardens required 

1252
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,100
protection from straggling 
animals, think attempting to 

1253
01:05:02,108 --> 01:05:04,300
meditate while chasing a 
determined goat away. 

1254
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:07,200
Severe weather and the odd 
Bandit who might be more 

1255
01:05:07,200 --> 01:05:10,200
concerned with your turnips than
your spiritual health, the 

1256
01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:12,500
psychological impact. 
However, was even more 

1257
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:16,600
significant, your mind stops 
looking for far off dangers and 

1258
01:05:16,600 --> 01:05:19,500
becomes focused on the here. 
And now when you are unable to 

1259
01:05:19,508 --> 01:05:22,200
see past the garden's 
boundaries, every design 

1260
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:24,000
featured water as a key 
component. 

1261
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:28,200
Not tumbling waterfalls or 
flamboyant fountains which were 

1262
01:05:28,200 --> 01:05:30,600
added later when people felt 
that Leisure had to be more 

1263
01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:33,400
thrilling. 
Water in a medieval Garden 

1264
01:05:33,400 --> 01:05:36,500
flowed slowly. 
And purposefully rainwater could

1265
01:05:36,500 --> 01:05:39,700
be collected in a simple stone 
base in, which would serve as a 

1266
01:05:39,708 --> 01:05:42,100
drinking area for birds and a 
mirror for clouds. 

1267
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:45,400
Water flowed along raised beds 
in tiny channels. 

1268
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:49,100
Creating the softest sound 
imaginable, like rain on leaves,

1269
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:52,900
or a lullaby to the ground. 
The pathways themselves were 

1270
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:56,400
psychological engineering. 
Masterpieces medieval Garden 

1271
01:05:56,400 --> 01:05:58,100
paths were intended for 
wandering. 

1272
01:05:58,100 --> 01:06:01,200
In contrast to contemporary 
Gardens where paths frequently 

1273
01:06:01,200 --> 01:06:04,500
lead to designated locations. 
They were never hurried. 

1274
01:06:04,500 --> 01:06:07,900
But in Stead curved gently 
offering fresh views at every 

1275
01:06:07,900 --> 01:06:11,900
bend it may appear to be a rose 
bush, but as you approach it 

1276
01:06:11,900 --> 01:06:15,500
you'll find a tiny herb garden 
behind it which leads to a sunny

1277
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:18,500
area where you can sit and watch
butterflies compete for the best

1278
01:06:18,500 --> 01:06:21,000
flowers. 
These designs were hazard. 

1279
01:06:21,700 --> 01:06:24,700
Although they would have scoffed
at such a pretentious title, the

1280
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:27,500
first landscape therapists with 
the designers of medieval 

1281
01:06:27,500 --> 01:06:30,000
Garden's. 
They were just individuals who 

1282
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:34,900
realized that time Beauty safety
and gentle stimulation are all 

1283
01:06:34,900 --> 01:06:36,900
necessary for the human Spirit 
to unfold. 

1284
01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:41,000
A ton of time, you'll find that 
each component had a purpose as 

1285
01:06:41,000 --> 01:06:43,600
you get comfortable, exploring 
these Gardens during our journey

1286
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:46,000
together. 
The herbs weren't only used to 

1287
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:49,600
season suit depending on your 
needs, they release sense that 

1288
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:51,500
could increase energy or reduce 
anxiety. 

1289
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,400
In addition to being lovely, the
flowers used and forms were 

1290
01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:58,100
selected to soothe the weary 
eyes and promote the kind of 

1291
01:06:58,108 --> 01:07:01,600
gentle concentration that allows
your mind to relax, even the 

1292
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:04,000
upkeep of these Gardens was 
planned with tranquility and 

1293
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,900
mind in contrast to contemporary
Landscaping, which necessitates 

1294
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:10,200
loud, machinery. 
And last minute weekend labor, 

1295
01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:13,900
medieval Gardens developed. 
Their beauty gradually seasoned 

1296
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:18,100
by season pruning. 
Weeding watering all gentle 

1297
01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:21,300
repetitive tasks that allow your
thoughts to settle like sediment

1298
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:25,700
in a peaceful Pond became a kind
of moving meditation as you fall

1299
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:27,700
asleep. 
Tonight, picture yourself as the

1300
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:30,200
garden's. 
Caretaker as you check on young 

1301
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:33,800
seedlings, feel the morning dew,
on your fingertips, here, the 

1302
01:07:33,808 --> 01:07:36,900
gratifying of your blade cutting
overly eager herbs. 

1303
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:39,900
Imagine yourself sitting on a 
plain. 

1304
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:43,000
Wooden bench in the evening 
light watching the last piece of

1305
01:07:43,000 --> 01:07:45,600
the day, visit flowers that 
appear to Glow in the golden 

1306
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:49,500
hour in your fantasy, Medieval 
World your awakened to the sound

1307
01:07:49,500 --> 01:07:53,100
of bells, ringing throughout the
countryside, not the startling 

1308
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:57,000
clatter of contemporary life. 
But Soft bronze voices that have

1309
01:07:57,000 --> 01:07:59,000
been calling people to pray for 
centuries. 

1310
01:07:59,000 --> 01:08:01,100
You're now in a monastery 
Garden. 

1311
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:04,700
The Pinnacle of the art of 
tranquil design for good reason,

1312
01:08:04,700 --> 01:08:07,400
monastic communities, were the 
world's best gardeners during 

1313
01:08:07,400 --> 01:08:10,700
the Middle Ages. 
Through prayer meditation, what 

1314
01:08:10,700 --> 01:08:13,700
they refer to as Opus manual. 
The work of hands. 

1315
01:08:13,700 --> 01:08:17,000
These individuals have devoted 
their lives to discovering a 

1316
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:19,500
connection with God. 
They learned that certain 

1317
01:08:19,500 --> 01:08:22,000
physical settings could either 
help or hinder their spiritual 

1318
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:25,500
objectives and they Incorporated
these insights into the design 

1319
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:27,800
of their Gardens. 
As soon as you enter the 

1320
01:08:27,800 --> 01:08:30,300
monastery, you'll notice how 
different the atmosphere is from

1321
01:08:30,300 --> 01:08:33,899
the outside world. 
Not only is it quieter but the 

1322
01:08:33,899 --> 01:08:36,200
air itself seems to have 
acquired patience. 

1323
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:40,500
The garden unfolds in front of 
you, in sections, each serving, 

1324
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:42,899
a distinct function but all 
being bound together. 

1325
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:46,600
By the same overarching idea, 
everything in this place, is 

1326
01:08:46,600 --> 01:08:48,899
there to restore the health of 
the human soul. 

1327
01:08:48,899 --> 01:08:52,100
The physical Garden where 
therapeutic herbs are grown in 

1328
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:54,399
tidy. 
Raised beds is the first space 

1329
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:57,300
you can't cross. 
However, don't picture stare. 

1330
01:08:57,300 --> 01:09:01,100
All rows like the outdoor area 
of a contemporary farmacy an 

1331
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:04,600
artist of color texture. 
And scent is evident in the 

1332
01:09:04,600 --> 01:09:08,000
arrangement of these plants. 
Even their most utilitarian 

1333
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:09,700
plantings were beautiful to 
behold. 

1334
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:13,100
Because the monastery gardeners 
recognized that healing starts 

1335
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:17,500
with the census alongside tidy 
time, boarders chamomile, grows 

1336
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:21,100
in silvery green mountains in 
purple ranks, that appear to 

1337
01:09:21,100 --> 01:09:23,600
glitter in the morning. 
Light lavender stands at 

1338
01:09:23,600 --> 01:09:26,500
attention. 
Wherever it is permitted, mint, 

1339
01:09:26,500 --> 01:09:30,200
grows producing, cool, green 
carpets, that smell good 

1340
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,200
whenever you touch them. 
The real magic occurs when you 

1341
01:09:33,200 --> 01:09:36,100
discover that in fact, walking 
among these plants causes your 

1342
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:38,899
breathing to slow. 
Down the visual effect is 

1343
01:09:38,899 --> 01:09:42,399
calming certain sense have 
direct Pathways to the nervous 

1344
01:09:42,399 --> 01:09:44,600
system. 
A discovery made by medieval 

1345
01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:47,000
monks that modern Aroma 
therapists still catching up to 

1346
01:09:48,300 --> 01:09:50,100
True that lavender reduces 
anxiety. 

1347
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:54,800
In fact, Rosemary can help with 
mental Clarity, mint actually 

1348
01:09:54,800 --> 01:09:56,800
improves mood and AIDS 
indigestion. 

1349
01:09:56,800 --> 01:10:00,100
However they did more than 
simply cultivate these plants, 

1350
01:10:00,100 --> 01:10:03,200
they place them along the Garden
Path so that people would 

1351
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:05,700
naturally and unconsciously 
experience their benefits. 

1352
01:10:05,700 --> 01:10:08,900
It was not because medieval 
people lacked imagination, that 

1353
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:11,800
monastic Gardens were laid out 
according to rigid geometric 

1354
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:14,300
patterns. 
These geometric patterns 

1355
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:17,900
functioned as a kind of visual 
meditation your mind would 

1356
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:20,200
naturally settle into the same 
Serene Rhythm. 

1357
01:10:20,200 --> 01:10:23,600
If your, I followed the neat 
patterns squares within squares 

1358
01:10:23,600 --> 01:10:27,300
circles intersected by crosses 
and rectangles divided by 

1359
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:30,400
diagonal paths. 
Beyond Aesthetics, geometric 

1360
01:10:30,400 --> 01:10:32,200
garden. 
Design has a profoundly 

1361
01:10:32,200 --> 01:10:35,500
fulfilling quality, it is easier
for your internal state to 

1362
01:10:35,500 --> 01:10:38,300
achieve equilibrium when you're 
external environment is well, 

1363
01:10:38,300 --> 01:10:42,200
organized and balanced. 
Through daily practice the monks

1364
01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:45,300
were able to determine this. 
They discovered they could enter

1365
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:47,900
and stay in meditative States, 
more quickly and for longer 

1366
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:51,300
after spending hours in prayer 
and reflection in Garden's with 

1367
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,900
solid geometric underpinning, a 
well-off founded placed where 

1368
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:58,100
several paths met was the focal 
point of the majority of 

1369
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:01,100
Monastery Gardner's. 
This had symbolic and cycle 

1370
01:11:01,100 --> 01:11:05,800
signal to being pragmatic 
although access to water was 

1371
01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:08,900
undoubtedly crucial. 
It almost all spiritual 

1372
01:11:08,900 --> 01:11:10,700
Traditions. 
Water is a symbol of Life, 

1373
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:15,000
rebirth and purification. 
Having it at the center of the 

1374
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:18,200
garden, served as a conscious or
unconscious reminder to guests. 

1375
01:11:18,200 --> 01:11:21,400
That they were in a space 
devoted to Renewal the water 

1376
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:23,800
features were intended to 
stimulate your senses without 

1377
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:26,700
overpowering them, which is 
where the subtle Genius of 

1378
01:11:26,700 --> 01:11:28,700
medieval Garden designers was 
displayed. 

1379
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:33,200
Water trickling slowly from a 
carved spout, into a basin in a 

1380
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:35,900
basic Stone. 
Well could produce the softest 

1381
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:39,100
sound possible enough to drown 
out distracting sounds outside? 

1382
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:41,900
The garden walls, but not enough
to draw attention to itself. 

1383
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:44,800
In order to maximize 
psychological benefits, the 

1384
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:47,100
seating areas in the monastery 
Garden Gardens were positioned 

1385
01:11:47,100 --> 01:11:51,100
strategically Wooden benches 
were placed facing either West. 

1386
01:11:51,900 --> 01:11:56,200
For evening reflection as the 
day came to an end or east for 

1387
01:11:56,200 --> 01:11:58,300
morning meditation. 
In the light of the sunrise, 

1388
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:01,200
they were placed next to her 
beds where the scent would be 

1389
01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:04,600
most potent in the hottest hours
of the day or nestled in to 

1390
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:07,200
alcoves created by carefully. 
Trained fruit trees. 

1391
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:10,400
In one of these locations you 
would observe how the garden 

1392
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:12,900
seems to envelop you without 
making you feel crowded, 

1393
01:12:12,900 --> 01:12:16,400
although the surrounding Hedges 
or walls, provide, privacy and 

1394
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:19,500
security, they aren't so high 
that you feel confined. 

1395
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:23,300
As the Sun Passes overhead, you 
can see the sky. 

1396
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:26,500
Watch the clouds, move and take 
in the shifting patterns of 

1397
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,900
light and Shadow. 
It feels like a soft verdant hug

1398
01:12:29,900 --> 01:12:31,700
Monastery. 
Gardens maintenance. 

1399
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:34,200
Philosophy was a reflection of 
their spiritual mission. 

1400
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:38,100
Slowly and deliberately the work
was done as a kind of Prayer. 

1401
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:41,900
Reading was an opportunity to 
exercise patience and attention 

1402
01:12:41,900 --> 01:12:44,400
to detail. 
Not a task to be hurried 

1403
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:46,600
through. 
Watering was an opportunity to 

1404
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:49,200
observe and appreciate the needs
and growth of each individual 

1405
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:52,000
plant. 
An addition to providing basic 

1406
01:12:52,000 --> 01:12:55,800
plant care this method, produced
Gardens that exuded serenity, 

1407
01:12:56,700 --> 01:12:59,800
Spaces are quite a distinct 
energy quality when they are 

1408
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:02,700
maintained with love and 
meditation as a post to speed 

1409
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:05,900
and efficiency. 
This phenomenon is frequently 

1410
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:08,600
mentioned by contemporary 
visitors to restore Monastery 

1411
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:11,200
Gardens. 
There is an unmistakably Serene 

1412
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:13,900
quality to these areas that 
transcends, their aesthetic 

1413
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:16,900
appeal in ways we have, mostly 
forgotten the monks. 

1414
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:19,100
All so had an understanding of 
seasonal rhythms. 

1415
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:22,000
Their Guardians were planned to 
offer, various forms of 

1416
01:13:22,008 --> 01:13:24,400
aesthetic, appeal and 
practicality all year long. 

1417
01:13:25,500 --> 01:13:28,200
The delicate blossoms of fruit 
trees in the new green of fresh 

1418
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:31,900
herbs arrived with spring. 
Harvest to a plentiful and the 

1419
01:13:31,908 --> 01:13:34,400
center of blooming plants fill 
the air during the summer. 

1420
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:38,800
Autumn, brought vibrant foliage 
and the joy of collecting seeds 

1421
01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:42,400
for planting the following year.
With the sharp lines of the 

1422
01:13:42,400 --> 01:13:45,400
geometric design. 
Clearly visible and Evergreen 

1423
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,500
herbs offering patches of Life 
against the snow even winter had

1424
01:13:48,500 --> 01:13:51,500
its own Stern Beauty. 
Imagine how the light of the day

1425
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:54,800
gradually Fades and how the air 
cools and carries the mixed 

1426
01:13:54,800 --> 01:13:56,900
sense of herbs as you settle 
into evening prayer. 

1427
01:13:56,900 --> 01:14:00,500
In this Monastery Garden You 
discover that you have spent the

1428
01:14:00,500 --> 01:14:04,400
entire day in this verdant Haven
without ever feeling rushed 

1429
01:14:04,400 --> 01:14:08,000
anxious or out of sync with the 
cycles of life itself. 

1430
01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:11,300
When the bells ring wants more 
summoning, the community to 

1431
01:14:11,300 --> 01:14:14,300
Vespers your exchanging, your 
modest Monastery self for 

1432
01:14:14,308 --> 01:14:17,600
something far more, opulent this
morning, the castle Garden 

1433
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:19,400
intended for medieval 
aristocracy. 

1434
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:23,000
However, don't anticipate, the 
extravagant extravagance of 

1435
01:14:23,008 --> 01:14:26,500
latest centuries. 
Subtly sophisticated medieval 

1436
01:14:26,500 --> 01:14:29,300
Noble Gardens were designed to 
provide ideal setting for the 

1437
01:14:29,308 --> 01:14:32,900
kinds of Pursuits that kept her 
restorat sane amidst the demands

1438
01:14:32,900 --> 01:14:35,600
of political life. 
The unusual living quarters of 

1439
01:14:35,600 --> 01:14:38,000
medieval Aristocrats resembled a
goldfish Bowl. 

1440
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:41,800
From servants to rival, families
to visiting diplomats who 

1441
01:14:41,800 --> 01:14:45,100
reported back to foreign courts.
Everyone was continuously 

1442
01:14:45,100 --> 01:14:48,300
watching criticizing and 
analyzing their lives. 

1443
01:14:48,300 --> 01:14:51,800
There was hardly any privacy and
Leisure had to be carefully 

1444
01:14:51,800 --> 01:14:54,500
planned in between Court, 
rituals, tournaments, and the 

1445
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:57,600
never-ending negotiations that 
prevented kingdoms from falling 

1446
01:14:57,600 --> 01:15:00,800
into Anarchy, their Gardens, 
which were created, especially 

1447
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:03,200
to offer the kinds of tranquil 
experiences, that would be 

1448
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:06,200
practically impossible to find 
elsewhere in medieval Society, 

1449
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:08,500
turned into vital pressure 
valves. 

1450
01:15:08,500 --> 01:15:11,600
However, these were not merely 
enlarged, monastic, Gardens 

1451
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:15,200
Noble, Gardens needed to do more
than just impressed guests. 

1452
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:18,700
They also needed to offer useful
advantages and a real escape 

1453
01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:20,100
from the bustle of the outside 
world. 

1454
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,600
You can see how the garden areas
are shrewdly tucked in to areas 

1455
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:26,400
that might otherwise go unused. 
As you stroll through the 

1456
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:30,500
Castle's main Courtyard. 
Every inch of protected interior

1457
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:33,300
space was valuable because 
medieval castles were 

1458
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:36,200
constructed primarily for 
defense and then for comfort. 

1459
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:41,000
Working like puzzle solvers, the
garden designers created, lovely

1460
01:15:41,000 --> 01:15:43,900
Havens in small Courtyards with 
no military. 

1461
01:15:43,900 --> 01:15:47,000
Use a long walls and in strange 
Corners. 

1462
01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:50,200
One of the most clever features 
is what the medievals called, a 

1463
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:53,500
pleasant, basically a private 
outdoor space intended for 

1464
01:15:53,508 --> 01:15:57,200
leisure and small parties. 
Imagine a square or rectangular 

1465
01:15:57,200 --> 01:16:01,300
area surrounded by dense Hedges 
or low walls with thoughtfully, 

1466
01:16:01,300 --> 01:16:03,800
placed sight lines, that 
preserve views of the Castle's 

1467
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:06,700
most appealing features or far 
off Landscapes. 

1468
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:09,300
While obstructing views from the
crowded main Courtyards. 

1469
01:16:09,300 --> 01:16:12,600
These spaces were decorated to 
resemble outdoor living rooms 

1470
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:16,400
backrests and seating were 
provided by raised beds, which 

1471
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:19,600
were frequently topped with Turf
benches, which were essentially 

1472
01:16:19,600 --> 01:16:22,600
Earth and grass sofas that were 
surprisingly cozy and 

1473
01:16:22,600 --> 01:16:25,900
unmistakably different. 
Depending on when the gardens 

1474
01:16:25,900 --> 01:16:29,100
owner wanted to escape from 
public responsibilities wooden 

1475
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:31,800
benches, were positioned to 
benefit from morning, sunlight, 

1476
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:34,900
or afternoon shade Noble 
Gardens, plant selections, 

1477
01:16:34,900 --> 01:16:37,500
demonstrated a deep 
comprehension of social dynamics

1478
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:40,600
and psychology. 
Roses were important because of 

1479
01:16:40,608 --> 01:16:43,900
their symbolic, meaning in 
addition to their beauty roses, 

1480
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:47,600
stood for love Purity and the 
transient nature of Earthly 

1481
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:50,100
Beauty. 
According to the medievals who 

1482
01:16:50,100 --> 01:16:53,800
interpreted everything Roses 
were a continual reminder that 

1483
01:16:53,800 --> 01:16:56,800
there was Beauty and life worth 
stopping to appreciate like 

1484
01:16:56,800 --> 01:16:58,800
poetry growing right outside 
your window. 

1485
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:02,100
The way these roses were 
cultivated however was the truly

1486
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:05,400
ingenious aspect medieval 
gardeners trained roses as 

1487
01:17:05,400 --> 01:17:08,000
climbers and Ramblers. 
Weaving them through wooden 

1488
01:17:08,000 --> 01:17:11,700
Frameworks to create living 
walls and shaded alcoves in 

1489
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:15,000
contrast to Modern rose bushes 
that bloom once and then look 

1490
01:17:15,000 --> 01:17:16,500
rather ordinary for the rest of 
the year. 

1491
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:20,600
Picture yourself sitting beneath
an arbor with hundreds of tiny 

1492
01:17:20,600 --> 01:17:23,900
highly fragrant roses that 
formed a natural canopy above 

1493
01:17:23,900 --> 01:17:27,800
you and petals that occasionally
fell like fragrant snow in 

1494
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:30,600
castle, settings, herb garden 
for filled three functions. 

1495
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:35,100
They were useful, aesthetically 
pleasing, and instructive noble.

1496
01:17:35,100 --> 01:17:37,700
Families were supposed to know 
how to run the home cook and 

1497
01:17:37,700 --> 01:17:40,000
practice medicine. 
The herb garden offered 

1498
01:17:40,000 --> 01:17:42,100
practical and soothing 
opportunities for Hands-On 

1499
01:17:42,100 --> 01:17:45,100
learning. 
Identifying the various mints, 

1500
01:17:45,100 --> 01:17:47,800
which is surprisingly difficult,
and strangely, meditative 

1501
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:52,000
knowing, which herbs aid in 
digestion, or just taking in the

1502
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:54,000
complex sense, that changed 
throughout the day. 

1503
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:55,800
As plants. 
Released various aromatic 

1504
01:17:55,800 --> 01:17:58,600
compounds in response to 
temperature and Sun could all 

1505
01:17:58,600 --> 01:18:01,300
take up an afternoon. 
Although more or Nate than those

1506
01:18:01,300 --> 01:18:04,700
found in monasteries water 
features in Noble, guards were 

1507
01:18:04,700 --> 01:18:07,000
still created with psychological
comfort in mind. 

1508
01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:10,900
The family's coat of arms could 
be carved into a raised Stone 

1509
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:12,800
Basin. 
That was supplied with water 

1510
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:15,500
from the Castle's main Supply 
via a tiny Channel. 

1511
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:19,200
Although the visual effect was 
more advanced, the sound was 

1512
01:18:19,200 --> 01:18:22,500
still subdued because medieval 
people had not yet developed the

1513
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:24,400
noisy. 
Fountain Obsession that would 

1514
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:27,600
define later periods. 
These water features provided 

1515
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:30,300
focal points for casual 
get-togethers and reflection. 

1516
01:18:31,100 --> 01:18:34,000
Since medieval Aristocrats 
lacked modern day coffee shops, 

1517
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,700
and living rooms garden, water, 
features offered Serene, lovely 

1518
01:18:37,700 --> 01:18:40,200
settings in which challenging 
discussions could take place 

1519
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:43,500
without creating tension. 
Moving Waters seems to promote 

1520
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,700
honesty while discouraging 
conflict medieval Garden 

1521
01:18:46,700 --> 01:18:49,300
designers were well aware of 
this and took advantage of it. 

1522
01:18:49,308 --> 01:18:52,800
Unlike Monastery, Gardens where 
paths and courage solitary 

1523
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,600
meditation, Castle, Garden paths
were ideal for two, personal 

1524
01:18:56,600 --> 01:19:00,400
conversations wide enough for 
companions to walk side by side.

1525
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:04,200
But not so wide that the area 
felt formal or intimidating. 

1526
01:19:04,900 --> 01:19:07,500
The paths in Noble Garden's were
made for what we might call 

1527
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:10,400
Therapeutic strolling. 
These Pathways frequently 

1528
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:12,400
included. 
What medieval designers referred

1529
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:15,500
to as viewing mounts. 
Tiny man-made Hills made by 

1530
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:17,600
piling up dirt, and covering it 
with turf. 

1531
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,200
More significantly. 
Climbing to the top of a viewing

1532
01:19:21,200 --> 01:19:23,800
Mount offered a mild form of 
exercise, that might help 

1533
01:19:23,800 --> 01:19:26,100
release the tension that had 
built up from long days of 

1534
01:19:26,100 --> 01:19:28,500
sitting through Court ceremonies
or Council meetings. 

1535
01:19:28,500 --> 01:19:31,400
It also gave you a new 
perspective on the garden and 

1536
01:19:31,400 --> 01:19:33,600
the surrounding area Noble 
Gardens. 

1537
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:36,600
Displayed a remarkable level of 
sophistication in their seasonal

1538
01:19:36,600 --> 01:19:39,200
planning. 
In addition to ensuring that 

1539
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:42,500
there is always something lovely
or intriguing Garden designers. 

1540
01:19:42,500 --> 01:19:45,200
Planned planting schedules to 
ensure that the garden would 

1541
01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:48,900
offer a variety of psychological
advantages all year long The 

1542
01:19:48,900 --> 01:19:52,300
emphasis on Hope and rebirth. 
In Spring, plantings was ideal 

1543
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,100
for acclimating to the long 
gloomy, winter months. 

1544
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:58,700
When everyone was cooped up, 
inside the social activities 

1545
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:01,400
that were vital to aristocratic 
life was supported by the 

1546
01:20:01,400 --> 01:20:05,400
abundance and celebration that 
summer Garden's provided Plants 

1547
01:20:05,400 --> 01:20:07,600
in Autumn Garden's. 
Gave Nobles attempt to 

1548
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:10,200
preparation and achievement, 
which helped them adopt the 

1549
01:20:10,200 --> 01:20:12,400
planning, mentality needed to 
survive the winter. 

1550
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:15,800
What could be referred to as in?
Emergency relaxation features 

1551
01:20:15,800 --> 01:20:18,200
elements. 
Created a special to offer 

1552
01:20:18,200 --> 01:20:21,400
prompt stress relief during 
political crises were also 

1553
01:20:21,400 --> 01:20:23,100
present in medieval castle 
Gardens. 

1554
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:26,900
The maze or Labyrinth was a 
favorite, but not the difficult 

1555
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:30,900
puzzle, Mazes of later, eras, 
with their single paths, winding

1556
01:20:30,900 --> 01:20:33,700
an intricate patterns, but never
offering choice is or dead ends.

1557
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:36,600
Medieval labyrinths were 
intended to be walking. 

1558
01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:39,200
Meditations. 
When you needed to solve, 

1559
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:42,600
complicated problems, you could 
walk the Labyrinth and the 

1560
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:45,100
intricate pattern and rhythmic 
movement would frequently 

1561
01:20:45,100 --> 01:20:47,000
encouraged solutions to come to 
you organically. 

1562
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:50,300
Imagine yourself sitting on one 
of those Turf benches in your 

1563
01:20:50,300 --> 01:20:54,200
make-believe Castle Garden as 
evening draws near and the 

1564
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:56,800
center of plants that bloom at 
night starts to fill the air. 

1565
01:20:57,600 --> 01:20:59,800
Here, the meticulous design of 
the garden. 

1566
01:20:59,800 --> 01:21:02,400
Somehow absorbs, the political 
tensions of the day. 

1567
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:05,900
You can rest fully tonight 
surrounded by beauty that has 

1568
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:09,500
been specifically designed to 
Foster human piece, but tomorrow

1569
01:21:09,500 --> 01:21:12,600
will present new challenges. 
Your learning about the horses, 

1570
01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:16,100
conclusive or enclosed Garden. 
One of the most advanced 

1571
01:21:16,100 --> 01:21:18,000
inventions in medieval gardening
tonight. 

1572
01:21:18,800 --> 01:21:21,800
This was not just any walled 
area with plants rather. 

1573
01:21:21,800 --> 01:21:25,200
It was a thoughtfully planned 
setting intended to produce. 

1574
01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:28,200
What could be referred to as 
perfect psychological conditions

1575
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:31,000
for human flourishing. 
A thorough understanding of how 

1576
01:21:31,000 --> 01:21:33,600
environmental boundaries impact 
mental state led to the 

1577
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:35,600
development of the enclosed 
Garden concept. 

1578
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:39,300
People in the Middle Ages lived 
in constant, fear of danger, 

1579
01:21:39,300 --> 01:21:43,100
that might lurk outside of their
boundaries anywhere. 

1580
01:21:43,100 --> 01:21:46,300
At any time, there could be 
banned, its Untamed animals 

1581
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:50,700
hostile armies and unexplained 
illnesses every element of daily

1582
01:21:50,700 --> 01:21:54,500
life, including the layout of 
Serena areas was influenced by 

1583
01:21:54,500 --> 01:21:56,400
this persistent low-level 
anxiety. 

1584
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:59,900
Imagine yourself walking through
a small gate or doorway into an 

1585
01:21:59,900 --> 01:22:02,900
enclosed Garden. 
The changeover is purposeful and

1586
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,400
dramatic your surrounded by 
walls, that Define and Safeguard

1587
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:10,700
a smaller more manageable, 
Universe one moment and then you

1588
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:13,500
are in the open world with its 
boundless Horizons and possible 

1589
01:22:13,500 --> 01:22:16,000
dangers. 
The next Your nervous system 

1590
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:19,100
literally lets out a sigh of 
relief as a result of the 

1591
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:23,000
profound and instantaneous 
psychological shift, medieval 

1592
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:25,100
Garden designers. 
However, went beyond the basic 

1593
01:22:25,100 --> 01:22:27,900
enclosure, they realized that 
Walls by themselves. 

1594
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:31,500
Could feel more like prisons 
than like freedoms, making the 

1595
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:34,000
enclosure feel more like an 
Embrace than a prison was the 

1596
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:36,300
trick. 
They achieved this by paying 

1597
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:39,600
close attention to sight lines 
proportions and what we might 

1598
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:43,500
refer to as controlled openings 
a sense of protected space where

1599
01:22:43,500 --> 01:22:46,000
you could not be surprised or 
threatened was provided by the 

1600
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:49,600
walls of the most successful 
enclosed Gardens, which adhered 

1601
01:22:49,600 --> 01:22:51,600
to what contemporary 
environmental psychologists 

1602
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:54,300
refer to as the Prospect and 
refuge principle. 

1603
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:57,100
Though medieval designers would 
have simply referred to it as 

1604
01:22:57,100 --> 01:22:59,100
feeling safe while seeing 
Beauty. 

1605
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:02,200
However, the garden also 
featured thoughtfully, designed 

1606
01:23:02,200 --> 01:23:06,600
opportunities Sky views, far off
Landscapes or garden elements, 

1607
01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:09,200
that allowed your thoughts to 
roam without straying from the 

1608
01:23:09,208 --> 01:23:12,600
safeties Zone Gates or Windows 
in the walls that frame views 

1609
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:14,700
like living paintings. 
Could create these opportunities

1610
01:23:14,700 --> 01:23:18,900
picture yourself perched on a 
stone bench gazing, through an 

1611
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:21,700
arched aperture that ideally 
frames of view of the Castle's 

1612
01:23:21,700 --> 01:23:25,200
Towers or a far-off hillside. 
Your body stays securely 

1613
01:23:25,200 --> 01:23:28,100
contained, while your I can 
travel to these far off views 

1614
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:30,700
meeting the human need for 
spatial variety. 

1615
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:33,200
The enclosed Garden. 
Gardens plant choices were 

1616
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:37,200
Exquisite examples of sensory. 
Design each plant was picked for

1617
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:39,900
its ability, to enhance the 
garden, overall psychological 

1618
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:42,700
Ambience an Edition to its 
aesthetic value. 

1619
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:45,900
Lavender offered a soothing 
scent and delicate. 

1620
01:23:45,900 --> 01:23:48,500
Silver leaves that glistened in 
any kind of light. 

1621
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:52,400
The strong enlightening, Aroma 
of Rosemary, could clear mental 

1622
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:56,100
Haze and boost alertness without
making people anxious plants in 

1623
01:23:56,108 --> 01:23:58,700
the mint, family offered 
refreshing sense and cooling 

1624
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:01,200
effects that could help cool. 
Even the hottest summer days, 

1625
01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:04,600
what we might refer to as 
layered fragrances, plant 

1626
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:07,300
combinations, that release 
distinct sense at various times 

1627
01:24:07,300 --> 01:24:10,600
of day and in various weather 
conditions, were common in 

1628
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:14,300
medieval enclosed Gardens. 
The scent of wet herbs, may be 

1629
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:17,300
green and Dew in the morning. 
Mingled with the honey, sweet 

1630
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:21,700
Aroma of flowers, opening to the
sun aromatic plants such as a 

1631
01:24:21,700 --> 01:24:24,100
regular and time would release 
their strongest sense in the 

1632
01:24:24,108 --> 01:24:27,400
midday Heat. 
Lightning plants with their 

1633
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:31,000
enigmatic and frequently more 
complex sentence would emerge in

1634
01:24:31,000 --> 01:24:33,300
the evening. 
These Gardens Grand planning 

1635
01:24:33,300 --> 01:24:36,700
adhere to principles, that seem 
to work almost magically, the 

1636
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:39,800
walkways were both, intimately, 
intimate and sufficiently wide 

1637
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:42,600
for comfortable walking. 
Since you could never see the 

1638
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:45,800
entire Garden at once. 
They gently curved to evoke a 

1639
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,100
sense of Discovery, there was 
always something new to discover

1640
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:52,600
around every corner. 
However, everything happened at 

1641
01:24:52,600 --> 01:24:55,900
natural and secure pace and the 
curves were never abrupt enough 

1642
01:24:55,900 --> 01:24:59,200
to call surprise or fear in 
closed garden water management, 

1643
01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:02,800
reached new artistic Heights. 
Each drop of water could be 

1644
01:25:02,800 --> 01:25:06,200
meticulously regulated and 
synchronized because these were 

1645
01:25:06,200 --> 01:25:09,300
in closed spaces. 
In order to produce various 

1646
01:25:09,300 --> 01:25:12,600
sounds and visual effects 
throughout the garden, designers

1647
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,400
device systems that would allow 
water to move slowly through the

1648
01:25:15,400 --> 01:25:19,100
area appearing and disappearing.
You may first see water as a 

1649
01:25:19,100 --> 01:25:22,400
soft spring, that emerges from a
carved Stone facing one wall 

1650
01:25:22,400 --> 01:25:25,600
then follow its path. 
As it feeds various plant beds 

1651
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:29,100
via tiny channels before 
gathering in a central Basin to 

1652
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:32,400
reflect the sky and Light. from 
the first soft bubbling of the 

1653
01:25:32,400 --> 01:25:35,300
spring to the soft trickling 
through the channels to the 

1654
01:25:35,300 --> 01:25:38,400
almost silent filling of the 
last Basin, the sound of this 

1655
01:25:38,400 --> 01:25:42,100
water would change as it 
traveled the cycle, significance

1656
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:44,900
of what we might refer to as 
controlled Wilderness within 

1657
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:48,500
enclosed spaces, was also 
recognized by medieval designers

1658
01:25:49,300 --> 01:25:51,600
These gardeners featured 
sections where plants were 

1659
01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:54,500
permitted to grow in more 
organic patterns, despite their 

1660
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:58,200
meticulous planning and upkeep. 
Herbs that had been left to 

1661
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:01,700
self-seed and sprayed could be 
found in a corner, resulting in 

1662
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:04,400
patches. 
That felt wild and impromptu but

1663
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:08,500
were totally safe, a basic cycle
of humans, was met by this 

1664
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:10,400
harmony between naturalness and 
control. 

1665
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:13,800
We need a certain amount of 
surprise and natural beauty to 

1666
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:16,900
keep our minds active and 
interested, but we also need 

1667
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:18,900
order and predictability for 
security. 

1668
01:26:18,900 --> 01:26:22,900
Both were simultaneously offered
by enclosed Garden Gardens which

1669
01:26:22,900 --> 01:26:25,400
offered areas of delightful 
unpredictability along with 

1670
01:26:25,400 --> 01:26:29,000
general order and safety in 
close gardeners featured, a 

1671
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:30,300
specially, elaborate seating 
arrangements. 

1672
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:33,400
There were several seating 
options to accommodate various 

1673
01:26:33,400 --> 01:26:38,000
social settings and moods Cool 
isolated places to reflect were 

1674
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:41,800
provided by Stone benches, set 
into the walls, for Extended 

1675
01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:45,600
Stays wooden benches placed in 
bright spots, offered warmth and

1676
01:26:45,600 --> 01:26:48,000
comfort, the most private and 
cozy. 

1677
01:26:48,000 --> 01:26:49,900
Seating was provided by Turf 
benches. 

1678
01:26:49,900 --> 01:26:53,100
Those amazing earth and grass 
Creations from the Middle Ages 

1679
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:56,500
that were ideal for reading 
taking naps or having quiet 

1680
01:26:56,500 --> 01:26:58,700
discussions. 
The placement of the seating 

1681
01:26:58,700 --> 01:27:01,700
sections was done to capitalize 
on the various seasons and times

1682
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:04,400
of day. 
In order to enjoy the soft early

1683
01:27:04,400 --> 01:27:07,900
Sun morning seats faced East. 
The locations of the midday 

1684
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:10,700
seats were chosen to provide 
shade during the hottest time of

1685
01:27:10,700 --> 01:27:14,100
the day seats in the evening, 
face West to watch the sunset, 

1686
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:17,600
In order to harness any of 
available warmth from the Low 

1687
01:27:17,600 --> 01:27:21,600
Winter Sun, winter seats were 
placed in alkos facing south in 

1688
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:24,100
closed Gardens seasonal. 
Development was thoughtfully 

1689
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:26,600
planned to offer cycle support 
all year long. 

1690
01:27:27,400 --> 01:27:30,600
After enduring the harsh winters
of the Middle Ages people 

1691
01:27:30,600 --> 01:27:33,500
needed, hope, and renewal, which
spring planting offered. 

1692
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:36,900
Summertime designs. 
Offered celebration of Plenty, 

1693
01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:40,500
plants in autumnal Garden's. 
Conveyed a sense of preparation 

1694
01:27:40,500 --> 01:27:43,500
and harvest. 
Evergreen trees and intriguing. 

1695
01:27:43,500 --> 01:27:46,800
Architectural elements were 
included in the design to add 

1696
01:27:46,800 --> 01:27:49,100
Beauty and interest even during 
the winter months. 

1697
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,600
Most significantly medieval 
enclosed Guardians, were 

1698
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:55,300
intended to be places for what 
we might refer to as productive 

1699
01:27:55,300 --> 01:27:57,900
solitude. 
These were not places where you 

1700
01:27:57,900 --> 01:28:00,800
could hide from the outside 
world forever, but rather places

1701
01:28:00,800 --> 01:28:04,000
where you could temporarily 
withdraw, regain your emotional 

1702
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:07,000
and mental balance, and then 
resume your daily activities 

1703
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:08,900
with fresh vitality and 
perspective. 

1704
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:12,000
Imagine yourself falling asleep 
in your own little enclosed 

1705
01:28:12,000 --> 01:28:14,700
garden with walls. 
That feel protective rather than

1706
01:28:14,700 --> 01:28:18,000
limiting and breathing in air 
that is centered with herbs. 

1707
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:20,300
That have been carefully 
selected to encourage relaxation

1708
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:23,300
and tranquility. 
The boundaries of the garden, 

1709
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:26,500
create a perfect little world 
where you can just enjoy being 

1710
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:28,600
in an area, created, 
specifically for your 

1711
01:28:28,600 --> 01:28:30,600
well-being. 
When you wake up this morning, 

1712
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:34,300
you'll find something amazing. 
Centuries before the terms 

1713
01:28:34,300 --> 01:28:37,400
environmental aromatherapy, were
coined medieval. 

1714
01:28:37,400 --> 01:28:39,800
People were engaging in a highly
developed form of it. 

1715
01:28:40,600 --> 01:28:43,300
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, their 

1716
01:28:43,300 --> 01:28:46,000
Gardens were meticulously 
planned sensory experiences that

1717
01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:49,300
use the sense and qualities of 
plants to affect mental, 

1718
01:28:49,300 --> 01:28:53,600
physical and emotional states. 
Medieval Garden, designers, Drew

1719
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:56,400
inspiration from a fascinating 
blend of traditional knowledge 

1720
01:28:56,400 --> 01:29:00,200
passed down through the 
generations, key observation and

1721
01:29:00,200 --> 01:29:02,100
what they dubbed, the doctrine 
of signatures. 

1722
01:29:02,100 --> 01:29:06,000
The idea that a plants growth 
patterns sent or appearance 

1723
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:09,600
could reveal its medicinal uses 
their practical outcomes were 

1724
01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:12,600
frequently, remarkably effective
even though some of their 

1725
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:15,700
theories now, seemingly 
Antiquated an early morning. 

1726
01:29:15,700 --> 01:29:18,300
Stroll through a medieval herb 
garden would reveal what is 

1727
01:29:18,300 --> 01:29:21,600
essentially a living farmacy. 
But one that has been created 

1728
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:25,200
with a psychologist awareness of
human needs and an artist sense 

1729
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,900
of Aesthetics, every plant was 
placed to provide the greatest 

1730
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:30,800
possible therapeutic benefit to 
Garden. 

1731
01:29:30,800 --> 01:29:34,600
Visitors in addition to ideal 
growing conditions along, 

1732
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:37,100
Pathways where people would 
naturally brush against it 

1733
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:41,800
Camille was planted. 
It has tiny de Like flowers and 

1734
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:46,200
a sweet Apple like scent. 
All the medieval gardeners were 

1735
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:48,800
aware that the aroma of 
chamomile could reduce anxiety, 

1736
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:52,600
an encouraged sound sleep. 
They also recognize that the 

1737
01:29:52,600 --> 01:29:56,100
psychological impact was greater
than the scent was inadvertently

1738
01:29:56,100 --> 01:29:59,300
inhaled rather than 
intentionally Something about 

1739
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:02,200
finding a healing sent by 
accident is more potent than 

1740
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:05,300
actively seeking it out. 
In addition to its lovely purple

1741
01:30:05,300 --> 01:30:09,000
blooms and unique scent. 
Lavender was prized in medieval 

1742
01:30:09,000 --> 01:30:12,200
Gardens for its incredibly 
consistent calming properties. 

1743
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:16,100
The biochemistry of how 
lavenders Lena Liu and Lionel 

1744
01:30:16,100 --> 01:30:20,200
acetate compounds actually slow 
down nervous system activity was

1745
01:30:20,200 --> 01:30:23,200
unknown to Medieval people. 
But they were aware of the 

1746
01:30:23,200 --> 01:30:26,300
effects. 
In order to promote peaceful 

1747
01:30:26,300 --> 01:30:30,000
sleep, lavender was planted. 
Close to places where people sat

1748
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:33,300
along walkways that led to 
private areas and particularly 

1749
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:37,200
close to Windows in bedrooms, 
lavender's placement, in gardens

1750
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:39,800
demonstrated, a sophisticated 
understanding of scent, 

1751
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:43,500
dispersal Medieval gardeners 
planted lavender and sunny 

1752
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:45,800
locations. 
Where after noon heat would 

1753
01:30:45,800 --> 01:30:49,000
optimize its therapeutic 
benefits, because they knew that

1754
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:51,600
the plant releases its strongest
fragrance, during the warmest 

1755
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:53,900
part of the day. 
Additionally, they placed 

1756
01:30:53,900 --> 01:30:56,500
lavender bushes where people 
might unintentionally brush 

1757
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,100
against the wall strolling 
because they knew that bruised. 

1758
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:00,800
Lavender. 
Releases, even more scent, 

1759
01:31:00,800 --> 01:31:04,200
almost like a garden guardian. 
Rosemary was placed close to 

1760
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:07,200
Gates and entrances. 
So that its potent Carmen sent 

1761
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:10,700
could assist guests and shifting
from the organized state of 

1762
01:31:10,708 --> 01:31:13,100
everyday life. 
To the concentrated awareness 

1763
01:31:13,100 --> 01:31:14,900
required for appreciating a 
garden. 

1764
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:18,300
According to contemporary 
research, medieval people, 

1765
01:31:18,300 --> 01:31:20,700
thought, Rosemary improved, 
mental, Clarity and memory. 

1766
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:24,400
It is true that compounds found 
in Rosemary can enhance 

1767
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:25,900
alertness and cognitive 
function. 

1768
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:29,800
However, this is where the 
genius of medieval garden design

1769
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:32,400
was displayed. 
Rosemary was also planted 

1770
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:34,900
alongside soothing herbs like 
chamomile and lavender. 

1771
01:31:35,700 --> 01:31:38,100
The end effect was a 
well-balanced scent experience 

1772
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:41,000
that could improve mental 
Clarity without causing over 

1773
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,600
stimulation or anxiety. 
In these Gardens, you felt more 

1774
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:47,600
at ease and could think more 
clearly two things that are 

1775
01:31:47,600 --> 01:31:50,900
surprisingly hard to combine the
most adaptable medicinal plants 

1776
01:31:50,900 --> 01:31:52,900
and medieval Gardens came from 
the mint family. 

1777
01:31:52,900 --> 01:31:56,000
Various mints were used to 
achieve various physical and 

1778
01:31:56,000 --> 01:31:58,900
psychological effects. 
Without the potency of 

1779
01:31:58,900 --> 01:32:02,700
peppermint spearmint provided 
mild digestive support and a 

1780
01:32:02,700 --> 01:32:06,200
revitalizing mental boost. 
The sweeter softer Center of 

1781
01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:07,900
Apple. 
Mint was ideal for unwinding in 

1782
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:11,300
the evening, in the damp spots. 
Next to garden water features 

1783
01:32:11,300 --> 01:32:14,500
where its cooling qualities 
could intensify the revitalizing

1784
01:32:14,500 --> 01:32:18,000
effects of flowing water water, 
mint, flourished, medieval 

1785
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:21,000
gardeners also recognized a fact
that contemporary aromatherapy 

1786
01:32:21,000 --> 01:32:24,300
is rediscovering. 
Combinations of plants, rather 

1787
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:27,200
than individual species 
frequently produce the most 

1788
01:32:27,200 --> 01:32:30,400
potent, therapeutic fragrances 
in their Gardens. 

1789
01:32:30,400 --> 01:32:32,700
They established what? 
We might refer to as fragrance 

1790
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:35,100
neighborhoods. 
By assembling plants, whose 

1791
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:37,800
fragrances would complement one 
another and offer supplementary 

1792
01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:41,000
medicinal advantages. 
The standard calming Corner 

1793
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:44,000
might include rows for 
emotional, support chamomile for

1794
01:32:44,000 --> 01:32:47,600
mild sedation, lavender for 
anxiety relief and maybe a dash 

1795
01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:50,900
of mint for freshness. 
Because each plant releases a 

1796
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:53,400
different amount of fragrance 
and response to temperature and 

1797
01:32:53,400 --> 01:32:56,100
humidity changes. 
These plants would be arranged 

1798
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:58,800
so that they are distinct sense 
would naturally blend to create 

1799
01:32:58,800 --> 01:33:02,200
complex subtle scent 
experience's that could change 

1800
01:33:02,200 --> 01:33:05,800
throughout the day in medieval 
Garden's roses had uses far 

1801
01:33:05,800 --> 01:33:09,100
beyond Aesthetics, various types
were selected based on their 

1802
01:33:09,100 --> 01:33:12,300
distinct scents and purported 
impact on health and happiness 

1803
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:15,000
with their powerful complex 
scent. 

1804
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,900
Damask roses were thought to 
uplift the soul and fortify the 

1805
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:22,500
heart in difficult times. 
Albert, roses were believed to 

1806
01:33:22,500 --> 01:33:25,800
promote rational thinking and 
clear mental confusion because 

1807
01:33:25,800 --> 01:33:29,100
of their fresher cleaner scent. 
Roses were planted along 

1808
01:33:29,100 --> 01:33:31,500
Pathways that people might walk 
when resolving difficult 

1809
01:33:31,500 --> 01:33:35,000
emotions and medieval Rose 
Garden's were frequently created

1810
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:39,400
as emotional support systems. 
Perfect for processing and 

1811
01:33:39,400 --> 01:33:42,400
healing emotions was created by 
the combination of therapeutic 

1812
01:33:42,400 --> 01:33:45,200
fragrance. 
Lovely visual stimulation and 

1813
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:48,900
Mild physical exercise, medieval
Gardens seasonal, fragrance, 

1814
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:51,600
progression, was thoughtfully 
planned to promote mental 

1815
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:52,900
well-being? 
All year long. 

1816
01:33:53,600 --> 01:33:55,900
Fresh green fragrances that 
could alleviate winter 

1817
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:59,300
depression, and promote mental 
Rejuvenation with a focus of 

1818
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:03,500
spring gardens, early herbs such
as young Rosemary and mint. 

1819
01:34:03,500 --> 01:34:07,700
Offered a stringent energizing 
sense that might help dispel the

1820
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:09,900
mental sluggishness. 
That frequently accompanied the 

1821
01:34:09,908 --> 01:34:13,300
dark months with several plants 
blooming at once to create 

1822
01:34:13,300 --> 01:34:15,600
intricate multi-layered sent 
environments. 

1823
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:19,100
Some regards provided the most 
complete fragrance experience. 

1824
01:34:19,100 --> 01:34:22,900
As however these weren't 
overpowering sensory attacks 

1825
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:26,300
medieval gardeners recognized 
the value of restraint and 

1826
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:28,800
balance. 
There were peaceful spots with 

1827
01:34:28,800 --> 01:34:32,400
delicate sense and even the most
ornate summer garden places 

1828
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:36,100
where overstimulated senses 
could relax warming grounding 

1829
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:38,600
sense from Autumn Garden, 
Gardens could ease the cycle 

1830
01:34:38,600 --> 01:34:42,600
transition to Winter the rich 
complex sentence of late, 

1831
01:34:42,600 --> 01:34:46,600
blooming herbs, such as origana 
and Sage seemed to capture the 

1832
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:49,700
joy of harvest. 
These plants were frequently 

1833
01:34:49,700 --> 01:34:52,500
placed close to places where 
people could sit and think back 

1834
01:34:52,500 --> 01:34:55,300
on the events of the year or 
mentally getting ready for the 

1835
01:34:55,300 --> 01:34:59,000
reflective winter months. 
Medieval herb gardens or served 

1836
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:02,100
as therapeutic environments for 
their upkeep herb harvesting. 

1837
01:35:02,100 --> 01:35:05,600
Required methodical slow 
attention to timing, plant 

1838
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:07,300
conditions and appropriate 
methods. 

1839
01:35:08,100 --> 01:35:11,200
Spaces filled with concentrated 
fragrances from drying herbs 

1840
01:35:11,200 --> 01:35:15,700
could benefit from aromatherapy 
for weeks since Disturbed herb, 

1841
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:17,500
plants released their fragrances
as you worked. 

1842
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:20,300
Even weeding herb. 
Gardens was more enjoyable than 

1843
01:35:20,300 --> 01:35:23,100
other Garden maintenance. 
The significance of a personal 

1844
01:35:23,100 --> 01:35:26,000
connection to medicinal plants 
is another thing that medieval 

1845
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:29,400
people understood that we are 
still learning about They urged 

1846
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,900
Garden visitors to form bonds 
with individual plants learning 

1847
01:35:32,900 --> 01:35:35,800
about their unique growth, 
patterns best time to harvest 

1848
01:35:35,800 --> 01:35:39,300
them and distinctive scent 
patterns, the therapeutic 

1849
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:42,900
effects were enhanced by this 
individualized attention, the 

1850
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:45,700
benefits of a plant seemed to be
more potent when you know it. 

1851
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:48,500
Well, imagine yourself 
surrounded by carefully, 

1852
01:35:48,500 --> 01:35:51,500
selected and arranged plants. 
That will support your health as

1853
01:35:51,500 --> 01:35:53,900
evening, descends on your 
make-believe, medieval herb 

1854
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,000
garden. 
The delicate combination of 

1855
01:35:56,000 --> 01:36:00,000
sense permeates the air calming,
the stresses of the day and 

1856
01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:01,900
preparing your mind for a good 
night's sleep. 

1857
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:05,200
Every breath brings you 
compounds that have been used 

1858
01:36:05,200 --> 01:36:08,100
for thousands of years to help 
people, find health and peace. 

1859
01:36:08,100 --> 01:36:11,600
These compounds were arranged by
gardeners who realized that 

1860
01:36:11,600 --> 01:36:14,600
healing occurs most effectively 
in settings that are beautiful 

1861
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:17,200
and thoughtfully designed, 
you're studying one of the most 

1862
01:36:17,200 --> 01:36:19,700
intriguing facets of medieval 
gardening this morning. 

1863
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,200
The creation of spaces that have
the power to literally alter 

1864
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:26,400
human perception, through the 
use of geometric patterns, and 

1865
01:36:26,400 --> 01:36:29,700
symbolic designs. 
Plants were not arranged 

1866
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:32,300
haphazardly or in accordance 
with contemporary aesthetic 

1867
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:34,200
standards by medieval Garden 
designers. 

1868
01:36:34,200 --> 01:36:37,800
Their work was based on a deep 
understanding of how spiritual 

1869
01:36:37,800 --> 01:36:41,100
awareness and mental state are 
influenced by visual patterns. 

1870
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:43,000
In the world of the medieval 
people. 

1871
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:46,300
Everything was thought to have 
symbolic, meaning, rather than 

1872
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:50,000
being merely ornamental choices 
numbers shapes colors, and 

1873
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:53,500
spatial relationships were seen 
a stepping stones to a greater 

1874
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:56,400
comprehension of natural Harmony
and divine order. 

1875
01:36:57,500 --> 01:37:00,400
This symbolic language was 
employed by Garden designers to 

1876
01:37:00,400 --> 01:37:03,200
create areas that could lead 
guests to particular spiritual 

1877
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:06,300
encyclical States. 
You would instantly notice the 

1878
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:09,000
scents of balance and Justice. 
That seems to emanate from the 

1879
01:37:09,000 --> 01:37:11,000
layout itself. 
If you were to walk into a 

1880
01:37:11,000 --> 01:37:14,300
medieval Garden that was created
using sacred, geometric 

1881
01:37:14,300 --> 01:37:18,200
principles Pathways that follow 
mathematical proportions, found 

1882
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:20,700
in nature. 
The same ratios that are present

1883
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:24,800
in human bodies, flower petals 
and seashells would entice your 

1884
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:27,200
attention. 
Your mind would perceive these 

1885
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,400
patterns as essentially, 
reliable and harmonious, even if

1886
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:33,400
you are not familiar with the 
technical specifics, the square 

1887
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:36,400
formed by intersecting Pathways 
into four smaller. 

1888
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:38,900
Squares was the most popular 
geometric foundation for 

1889
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:42,500
medieval Gardens. 
The four elements earth air, 

1890
01:37:42,500 --> 01:37:46,400
fire and water before Seasons, 
the four, cardinal directions, 

1891
01:37:46,400 --> 01:37:49,800
and the four rivers of paradise 
mentioned in biblical texts were

1892
01:37:49,800 --> 01:37:52,300
all represented by this pattern,
which is known as a 

1893
01:37:52,300 --> 01:37:55,900
quadriparesis. 
Beyond its symbolic 

1894
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,400
significance. 
However, this design had useful 

1895
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:08,400
psychological effects 
quadripartite, The overall 

1896
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:11,800
pattern was easy for your mind 
to understand giving you a sense

1897
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:14,800
of control. 
However, there was space for 

1898
01:38:14,800 --> 01:38:16,500
variation and surprise within 
each. 

1899
01:38:16,500 --> 01:38:20,100
Quadrant human psychological 
needs appear to be well, served 

1900
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:23,200
by this blend of controlled 
variation and predictable 

1901
01:38:23,200 --> 01:38:25,800
structure. 
Geometrically designed Garden 

1902
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:28,200
Gardens had Pathways that were 
more than just ways to get from 

1903
01:38:28,200 --> 01:38:31,300
one place to another. 
They served as what we might 

1904
01:38:31,300 --> 01:38:35,400
refer, to as contemplation 
guides physical objects that by 

1905
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:38,600
merely walking could induce 
meditative States in your mind. 

1906
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:42,500
Special features such as a 
fountain and a special lovely 

1907
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:45,600
plant or a religious sculpture 
that encouraged pause and 

1908
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:48,900
contemplation were frequently 
used to Mark, the intersections 

1909
01:38:48,900 --> 01:38:51,100
where Pathways crossed medieval 
Garden. 

1910
01:38:51,100 --> 01:38:53,500
Designers realized something 
that contemporary meditation 

1911
01:38:53,500 --> 01:38:56,600
instructors of rediscovered. 
That beautiful visual 

1912
01:38:56,600 --> 01:38:59,000
stimulation. 
Coupled with repetitive rhythmic

1913
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:02,300
movement can create deeply 
calming and restorative Altered 

1914
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:05,200
States of consciousness. 
Became a kind of moving 

1915
01:39:05,200 --> 01:39:07,900
meditation to follow the 
geometric Paths of a medieval 

1916
01:39:07,900 --> 01:39:10,900
garden with their predictable, 
curves and intersections, 

1917
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,200
geometric, Gardens with circular
features had unique cycle. 

1918
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:17,800
Purposes. 
Curved alcoves round fountains 

1919
01:39:17,800 --> 01:39:20,500
and circular herb. 
Beds, offered visual respite 

1920
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:23,400
from the overall geometric 
Frameworks angular precision. 

1921
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:27,500
Most significantly, however, in 
medieval symbolic thinking 

1922
01:39:27,500 --> 01:39:30,000
circles, stood for wholeness 
Harmony and Perfection. 

1923
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:33,100
It was thought that 
incorporating circular elements 

1924
01:39:33,100 --> 01:39:35,900
into garden design. 
Would Aid guests in achieving 

1925
01:39:35,900 --> 01:39:38,100
spiritual integration and 
psychological wholeness. 

1926
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:41,300
What we might refer to as sacred
proportion systems. 

1927
01:39:41,300 --> 01:39:44,500
Mathematical relationships. 
Thought to reflect Divine 

1928
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:47,900
Harmony were incorporated into 
the most, elaborate medieval 

1929
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:51,800
Gardens the golden ratio which 
can be found in everything from 

1930
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:53,600
Nautilus shells to sunflower 
seed. 

1931
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:56,600
Spirals was frequently used to 
establish the connections 

1932
01:39:56,600 --> 01:39:59,600
between various Gardens 
sections, even when visitors 

1933
01:39:59,600 --> 01:40:01,400
were unable to consciously 
pinpoint. 

1934
01:40:01,400 --> 01:40:04,700
The reason these proportional 
systems produced Gardens that 

1935
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,200
felt enigmatically fulfilling to
experience. 

1936
01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:10,700
Your mind would react with a 
sense of calm and righteousness 

1937
01:40:10,700 --> 01:40:13,700
that seemed to come from the 
surroundings, rather than, from 

1938
01:40:13,700 --> 01:40:16,300
any deliberate effort on your 
part as your own move through, 

1939
01:40:16,300 --> 01:40:19,700
areas that felt harmonious and 
well-balanced geometric. 

1940
01:40:19,700 --> 01:40:23,900
Gardens featured equally complex
color schemes, based on observed

1941
01:40:23,900 --> 01:40:27,800
Psych, effects and symbolic 
association's medieval designers

1942
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:31,400
employed, what they dubbed, 
color harmonies, White flowers 

1943
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:34,200
were frequently planted in 
central areas or along main 

1944
01:40:34,200 --> 01:40:36,600
routes because they symbolized 
Purity and spiritual 

1945
01:40:36,600 --> 01:40:39,600
illumination. 
Red flowers were placed where 

1946
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:42,500
their emotional intensity could 
be appreciated without 

1947
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:44,600
overpowering. 
The Tranquil atmosphere of the 

1948
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:48,400
garden symbolizing both Earthly,
passion and divine love. 

1949
01:40:48,400 --> 01:40:51,700
Despite being comparatively 
uncommon in medieval Gardens 

1950
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:55,100
blue flowers were prized for 
their purported capacity, to 

1951
01:40:55,100 --> 01:40:57,800
Foster, introspection and 
spiritual understanding. 

1952
01:40:58,900 --> 01:41:01,900
They were frequently placed in 
peaceful Nooks or beside 

1953
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:03,700
walkways. 
That led to places of prayer 

1954
01:41:03,700 --> 01:41:06,800
where their calming Hue might 
assist guests and turning their 

1955
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,300
attention from Material worries,
to spiritual ones, keeping up 

1956
01:41:10,300 --> 01:41:13,400
geometric Gardens was a kind of 
spiritual exercise in and of 

1957
01:41:13,400 --> 01:41:16,200
itself. 
Regular patient attention was 

1958
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:18,800
necessary to maintain the 
patterns Clarity and accuracy. 

1959
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:21,900
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas frequently. 

1960
01:41:21,900 --> 01:41:24,400
Referred to their labor as a 
kind of meditation or prayer. 

1961
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:28,100
Replanting to maintain color 
Arrangements, reading to 

1962
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:31,400
preserve the clarity of planted 
patterns and trimming Hedges to 

1963
01:41:31,400 --> 01:41:34,100
maintain clean. 
Geometric lines all became 

1964
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:36,700
opportunity to practice. 
The kind of focused attention 

1965
01:41:36,700 --> 01:41:39,400
that medieval people associated 
with Spiritual Development 

1966
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:41,600
geometric. 
Guardians were designed with 

1967
01:41:41,600 --> 01:41:45,100
seasonal changes in mind to 
preserve the key patterns while 

1968
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:47,200
offering year-round diversity in
interest. 

1969
01:41:48,100 --> 01:41:51,200
The linear features of the 
garden such as the bulbs, placed

1970
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:54,100
along the edge of the pathways 
to produce, clear lines of color

1971
01:41:54,100 --> 01:41:56,300
could be highlighted with spring
planting. 

1972
01:41:57,400 --> 01:42:00,300
While keeping their fundamental 
boundaries, some are planting 

1973
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:03,000
could fill in the geometric 
shapes with a profusion of 

1974
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:05,500
growth. 
Even as their foliage changed 

1975
01:42:05,500 --> 01:42:07,400
color, plants that offered 
strong. 

1976
01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:10,000
Structural elements, could be 
found in Autumn Gardens. 

1977
01:42:10,600 --> 01:42:13,300
In order to maintain the 
geometric patterns, even when 

1978
01:42:13,300 --> 01:42:16,800
the majority of the plants were 
inactive, Winter Gardens relied 

1979
01:42:16,800 --> 01:42:19,300
on Hardscape components and 
Evergreen plants. 

1980
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:22,600
The psychological significance 
of what we might refer to as 

1981
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:25,500
pattern. 
Completion was also recognized 

1982
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:29,400
by medieval Garden designers, 
who produced geometric designs 

1983
01:42:29,400 --> 01:42:32,000
that encouraged guests to 
actively perceive the patterns, 

1984
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:34,500
rather than merely passively 
observing them. 

1985
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:38,400
The entire geometric pattern, 
may not be immediately apparent.

1986
01:42:38,400 --> 01:42:41,800
When you first enter a garden 
instead, you may need to 

1987
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:44,400
navigate through different 
sections and observe the area 

1988
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:47,200
from different perspectives 
before the entire pattern 

1989
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,500
becomes clear to you important 
psychological purposes were 

1990
01:42:50,500 --> 01:42:53,300
fulfilled by this gradual 
pattern recognition process. 

1991
01:42:53,300 --> 01:42:56,600
It was a gentle fulfilling 
puzzle with a clear solution 

1992
01:42:56,600 --> 01:43:00,100
that kept your mind active. 
Garden patterns could be fully 

1993
01:43:00,100 --> 01:43:03,600
comprehended and appreciated in 
contrast to the intricate and 

1994
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:06,500
frequently intractable issues of
every day medieval life. 

1995
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:09,700
A sense of emotional and 
intellectual relief, that was 

1996
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:12,300
hard to find elsewhere, was 
brought on by this experience of

1997
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:15,200
understanding and completion, 
the geometric Garden. 

1998
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:17,600
Designed symbolic meanings, also
gave guests. 

1999
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:20,800
What we might refer to, as 
contemplation Frameworks 

2000
01:43:20,800 --> 01:43:23,800
organized approaches to 
considering life's more profound

2001
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:26,700
issues. 
A garden that is themed around 

2002
01:43:26,708 --> 01:43:29,500
the number four could Inspire 
contemplation of the four 

2003
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:32,900
seasons of spiritual growth. 
The four stages of life or the 

2004
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:35,400
four virtues through garden 
design. 

2005
01:43:35,400 --> 01:43:38,000
These ideas were made tangible 
and approachable rather than 

2006
01:43:38,000 --> 01:43:42,000
being abstract philosophical 
Concepts, geometric Gardens Mays

2007
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:44,700
and elaborate features had 
specific psychological purposes 

2008
01:43:44,700 --> 01:43:48,000
since they could engender fear 
rather than Serenity. 

2009
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:51,100
True. 
Mazes with their numerous paths 

2010
01:43:51,100 --> 01:43:54,200
and dead ends were less 
prevalent in Serene medieval 

2011
01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:56,900
Garden Gardens. 
But because of their meditative 

2012
01:43:56,900 --> 01:44:00,600
properties, labyrinths single 
path patterns that wound in 

2013
01:44:00,600 --> 01:44:02,700
intricate. 
Yet, predictable ways toward a 

2014
01:44:02,700 --> 01:44:04,700
central goal were well like 
liked it. 

2015
01:44:04,700 --> 01:44:07,200
Took just the right amount of 
mental, focus, and Navigator, 

2016
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:10,700
Labyrinth keeping your conscious
mind busy while allowing deeper 

2017
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:14,700
levels of awareness to emerge. 
What medieval people referred to

2018
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:18,200
as contemplative prayer? 
And what we might recognize as a

2019
01:44:18,200 --> 01:44:21,200
type of walking meditation were 
made possible by the rhythmic 

2020
01:44:21,200 --> 01:44:23,600
movement and the visual interest
of the winding path. 

2021
01:44:23,600 --> 01:44:27,600
What medieval designers referred
to as Paradise features elements

2022
01:44:27,600 --> 01:44:30,800
created, especially to evoke the
biblical Garden of Eden or other

2023
01:44:30,800 --> 01:44:34,400
sacred Landscapes were found in 
the most ornate geometric 

2024
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:37,000
Gardens. 
These could include particular 

2025
01:44:37,000 --> 01:44:40,100
plant combinations mentioned in 
religious texts or fountains 

2026
01:44:40,100 --> 01:44:42,100
arranged to form the four rivers
of paradise. 

2027
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:45,900
However, even these highly 
symbolic components were 

2028
01:44:45,900 --> 01:44:49,100
incorporated into designs that 
placed more emphasis on 

2029
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:52,100
psychological calm, and comfort 
than on Purely symbolic 

2030
01:44:52,100 --> 01:44:54,300
accuracy. 
Observe how the Shadows 

2031
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:57,700
highlight the patterns that lead
your eye and mine to piece as 

2032
01:44:57,700 --> 01:45:00,800
evening, light starts to slope 
across your imagined, geometric 

2033
01:45:00,800 --> 01:45:03,600
Garden. 
Lines of light and Shadow reveal

2034
01:45:03,600 --> 01:45:06,600
mathematical relationships, that
appeared abstract during the day

2035
01:45:06,600 --> 01:45:09,500
serving as a reminder that the 
same principles that give 

2036
01:45:09,500 --> 01:45:12,900
flowers and seashells their 
beauty also influence the areas 

2037
01:45:12,900 --> 01:45:16,100
where people can find the most 
Tranquility as our tour of 

2038
01:45:16,100 --> 01:45:17,900
medieval Guardians. 
Comes to an end tonight. 

2039
01:45:17,900 --> 01:45:21,200
You find yourself sitting in a 
garden that reflects all we have

2040
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:24,300
learned together. 
Place where Noble sophistication

2041
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,900
meets Monastery, wisdom, where 
geometric Precision Embraces 

2042
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:30,900
natural beauty and where each 
element has been thoughtfully. 

2043
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:34,500
Chosen to Foster human piece, a 
surrounding Guardian, is a 

2044
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:37,200
representation of centuries 
worth of knowledge about what 

2045
01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:39,800
people require in order to 
flourish spiritually and 

2046
01:45:39,800 --> 01:45:42,200
emotionally. 
Despite lacking access to 

2047
01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:45,200
contemporary psychology 
textbooks and environmental 

2048
01:45:45,200 --> 01:45:47,700
science. 
Research, medieval Garden 

2049
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:50,900
designers, created methods and 
ideas that are still remarkably 

2050
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:53,500
successful. 
Today, the gardens were more 

2051
01:45:53,500 --> 01:45:56,700
than just lovely settings. 
They were therapeutic Havens, 

2052
01:45:56,700 --> 01:45:59,600
designed by individuals, who 
recognize the power of outward 

2053
01:45:59,600 --> 01:46:01,400
Beauty to alter inner 
experience. 

2054
01:46:01,400 --> 01:46:04,500
You can see how every element 
we've come across during our 

2055
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:07,000
exploration, fulfills several 
functions at once. 

2056
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,200
In addition to offering physical
security, the wall surrounding 

2057
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:13,900
these Gardens established 
psychological barriers, that 

2058
01:46:13,900 --> 01:46:17,000
help your mind focus on the Here
and Now, rather than constantly 

2059
01:46:17,000 --> 01:46:18,300
looking for threats in the 
future. 

2060
01:46:19,900 --> 01:46:22,600
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, the 

2061
01:46:22,600 --> 01:46:25,100
geometric Pathways lead your 
body through soft. 

2062
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:28,700
Rhythmic motion that naturally 
create meditative States, in 

2063
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:32,200
addition to producing beautiful 
sounds and visual interest, the 

2064
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:35,200
water features, we have found 
off the psychological advantages

2065
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:39,700
of being near flowing water. 
Such as enhanced Focus, lowered,

2066
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:42,800
stress hormones and that 
inexplicable feeling of 

2067
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:45,400
Rejuvenation that people seem to
experience when they are near 

2068
01:46:45,408 --> 01:46:48,000
Water. 
Despite their ignorance of 

2069
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:50,400
negative ions. 
And the neurological effects of 

2070
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:54,000
specific sound frequencies. 
Medieval people noticed that 

2071
01:46:54,000 --> 01:46:56,500
people felt better when they 
were near flowing water. 

2072
01:46:56,500 --> 01:47:00,000
So they plan their Garden's 
accordingly, perhaps the most 

2073
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:02,700
advanced knowledge of all can be
found in the plant choices, made

2074
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:06,000
for medieval Gardens. 
These gardeners were aware of 

2075
01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:09,600
the sense that could reduce 
anxiety enhanced mental Clarity 

2076
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:12,500
and facilitate the shift from 
wakefulness to sleep. 

2077
01:47:13,300 --> 01:47:15,900
They selected plants that would 
offer the appropriate sensory 

2078
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:18,300
experience as during the seasons
when people most needed them 

2079
01:47:18,300 --> 01:47:21,200
because they were aware of 
seasonal psychology, perhaps 

2080
01:47:21,200 --> 01:47:23,400
more significantly, though, 
medieval Garden designers, 

2081
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,000
recognized that pieces, more 
than simply the absence of 

2082
01:47:26,008 --> 01:47:28,700
stress or conflict. 
Something, we occasionally 

2083
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:31,200
overlooked in our contemporary 
World, true. 

2084
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:34,100
Peace is a positive state that 
must be actively created and 

2085
01:47:34,100 --> 01:47:36,300
maintained through careful, 
attention to environment 

2086
01:47:36,300 --> 01:47:40,300
relationships and daily 
practices medieval Gardens, were

2087
01:47:40,300 --> 01:47:43,600
intended to promote, peace each 
component combined to help 

2088
01:47:43,600 --> 01:47:46,500
guests transition from whatever 
state they were in to one of 

2089
01:47:46,508 --> 01:47:50,600
true, peace and rejuvenation. 
Without strain or effort, the 

2090
01:47:50,600 --> 01:47:52,800
shift occurred, gradually and 
organically. 

2091
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:56,300
Simply by spending time in a 
thoughtfully designed setting, 

2092
01:47:56,300 --> 01:47:59,000
you would find that your natural
ability for peace, would 

2093
01:47:59,000 --> 01:48:02,300
reassert itself, and that the 
tensions and worries of the day 

2094
01:48:02,300 --> 01:48:05,800
would dissolve as you entered. 
These Gardens medieval Garden, 

2095
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:08,400
maintenance ideas or contained. 
Timeless lessons. 

2096
01:48:08,400 --> 01:48:12,600
These areas were cared for with 
love patience and what the 

2097
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:14,600
medievals referred to as right 
intention. 

2098
01:48:15,400 --> 01:48:17,700
The desire to bring about 
healing and Beauty rather than 

2099
01:48:17,700 --> 01:48:21,400
efficiency or maximum output. 
The gardeners who cared for 

2100
01:48:21,400 --> 01:48:23,800
these areas were aware that 
their own mental States during 

2101
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:25,300
work, had an impact on the 
outcome. 

2102
01:48:26,100 --> 01:48:29,900
Compared to Gardens tended with 
meditative care Gardens tended 

2103
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:31,600
with hurried frustration felt 
different. 

2104
01:48:31,600 --> 01:48:36,000
This idea applies to all facets 
of creating tranquil spaces not 

2105
01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:38,600
just gardening. 
Beyond just physical 

2106
01:48:38,600 --> 01:48:40,700
Arrangements, the energy and 
intention. 

2107
01:48:40,700 --> 01:48:42,900
We put into any space making 
activity. 

2108
01:48:42,900 --> 01:48:46,300
Where there were setting up a 
room cooking or just planning 

2109
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:50,300
our daily schedule influences. 
The outcome important lessons 

2110
01:48:50,300 --> 01:48:52,800
about the interplay between 
structure and freedom will 

2111
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:57,100
imparted by medieval Garden's. 
They weren't wild unruly places 

2112
01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:59,400
but they also weren't strict or 
repressive. 

2113
01:48:59,400 --> 01:49:03,400
They offered Dependable Beauty 
well-defined boundaries and 

2114
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:06,500
predictable patterns but there 
was also space for growth 

2115
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:11,600
surprise and organic variation. 
Human psychological well-being, 

2116
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:14,800
appears to depend on this 
harmony between spontaneity and 

2117
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:18,300
order in our contemporary world.
We frequently vacillate between 

2118
01:49:18,300 --> 01:49:21,000
two extremes, either. 
We give up on structure, 

2119
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:24,600
completely and hope that freedom
alone will bring peace or we 

2120
01:49:24,600 --> 01:49:27,600
attempt to control every element
of our surrounding and schedule.

2121
01:49:28,300 --> 01:49:31,300
Medieval Gardens offer a 
compromise building pillars, 

2122
01:49:31,300 --> 01:49:33,200
that support. 
Rather than impede. 

2123
01:49:33,200 --> 01:49:35,000
Our innate ability to be happy 
and peaceful. 

2124
01:49:35,000 --> 01:49:38,100
Another Timeless lesson is 
provided by the seasonal 

2125
01:49:38,100 --> 01:49:40,600
awareness incorporated into 
medieval garden design. 

2126
01:49:41,400 --> 01:49:43,800
Recognizing that people have 
different needs at different 

2127
01:49:43,800 --> 01:49:46,500
times and Seasons. 
These Gardens were created to 

2128
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,000
offer a variety of gifts, 
throughout the year. after long 

2129
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:53,700
Winters, when people most needed
encouragement Spring Gardens 

2130
01:49:53,700 --> 01:49:57,400
provided hope and renewal Summer
Gardens, supported the active 

2131
01:49:57,400 --> 01:49:59,400
growing season with celebration 
and plenty. 

2132
01:50:00,300 --> 01:50:03,900
As the year came to a close 
Autumn Garden's provided a time 

2133
01:50:03,900 --> 01:50:05,400
for contemplation and 
preparation. 

2134
01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:09,000
During the reflective months, 
Winter Gardens, offered 

2135
01:50:09,000 --> 01:50:11,900
structure, and peaceful Beauty. 
The way we think about bringing 

2136
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:14,500
peace into our own lives, may 
change as a result of this 

2137
01:50:14,500 --> 01:50:16,800
seasonal approach to the 
surroundings and activities. 

2138
01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:20,700
We might learn to modify our 
peacemaking techniques to fit 

2139
01:50:20,700 --> 01:50:23,400
with seasonal, psychological 
needs, and natural rhythms, 

2140
01:50:23,400 --> 01:50:26,300
rather than relying on the same 
tactics to function, 

2141
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:27,800
consistently throughout the 
year. 

2142
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:31,000
Important insights can also be 
gained from the social aspects 

2143
01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:34,600
of medieval Gardens, these were 
places intended to Foster both 

2144
01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:37,600
community and Solitude, not just
private Havens. 

2145
01:50:37,600 --> 01:50:40,800
They offered gathering places 
where people could congregate in

2146
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:43,600
lovely, Serene surroundings as 
well as peaceful alcoves, where 

2147
01:50:43,608 --> 01:50:46,600
people could find time to 
themselves The Garden's 

2148
01:50:46,600 --> 01:50:49,500
demonstrated that fostering an 
environment free from stress and

2149
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:53,000
conflict is what true. 
Peace is all about not isolating

2150
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:55,500
oneself from others. 
Perhaps most importantly 

2151
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:58,900
medieval Garden showed that 
usefulness and Beauty A Partners

2152
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:02,400
rather than mutually exclusive 
every lovely feature in these 

2153
01:51:02,400 --> 01:51:05,200
Gardens had a functional 
function as well, whether it was

2154
01:51:05,200 --> 01:51:08,400
to improve growing, conditions, 
Supply, medicinal plants, 

2155
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:11,500
control water flow, or promote 
mental well-being, and people 

2156
01:51:12,900 --> 01:51:16,500
This combination of usefulness 
and Beauty offers ideas for how 

2157
01:51:16,500 --> 01:51:18,300
we could approach. 
All of our life's decisions 

2158
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:21,900
final worth passing down is 
provided by the timing. 

2159
01:51:21,900 --> 01:51:25,500
Prince Paul's ingrained in 
medieval garden design, Through 

2160
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:28,100
repeated, exposure to 
thoughtfully Designed sensory 

2161
01:51:28,100 --> 01:51:31,200
experiences these Gardens 
gradually and gradually worked 

2162
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:33,900
their calming Magic. 
They were intended to bring 

2163
01:51:33,900 --> 01:51:37,000
about the kind of profound 
long-lasting change that occurs 

2164
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:39,200
when people regularly spend time
in settings. 

2165
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:42,100
That encourage their best 
traits, rather than for 

2166
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:44,200
temporary solutions or instant 
transformation. 

2167
01:51:44,200 --> 01:51:46,000
Imagine yourself carrying 
forward. 

2168
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:48,400
The fundamental ideas we've 
learned as you get ready to 

2169
01:51:48,400 --> 01:51:51,600
leave, this fictional medieval 
garden and head back to your own

2170
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:55,900
time and place the significant 
of safety and enclosure the 

2171
01:51:55,900 --> 01:51:58,700
ability of natural beauty to 
alter mood and Consciousness. 

2172
01:51:58,700 --> 01:52:01,700
The importance of geometric 
order mixed with Organic 

2173
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:04,300
variety. 
And the fundamental human need 

2174
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:06,700
for areas created a specialty to
Foster peace. 

2175
01:52:06,700 --> 01:52:09,500
The medieval Garden Keepers, had
a profound understanding 

2176
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:12,800
establishing, peace and 
particular, locations is the 

2177
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:15,800
first step toward establishing 
peace globally, and people 

2178
01:52:15,800 --> 01:52:18,400
naturally become more peaceful. 
When they regularly have access 

2179
01:52:18,400 --> 01:52:22,300
to truly peaceful setting The 
garden's were investments in 

2180
01:52:22,300 --> 01:52:26,000
human potential areas created to
support individuals, and 

2181
01:52:26,000 --> 01:52:29,600
becoming the most Serene astute,
and affectionate version of 

2182
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:32,600
themselves. 
The center of medieval lavender,

2183
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:35,600
the sound of water. 
Gently trickling through Stone 

2184
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:39,100
channels and the Fulfillment 
that comes from spending time in

2185
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:42,500
places, created with unending 
attention to human flourishing 

2186
01:52:42,500 --> 01:52:45,500
should all accompany you as you 
drift off to sleep tonight. 

2187
01:52:46,600 --> 01:52:49,300
Even though these Gardens are 
only in our imaginations right 

2188
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:52,700
now, anyone who wants to bring 
Beauty order and peace to their 

2189
01:52:52,700 --> 01:52:55,500
own region of the world can 
always benefit from their 

2190
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,200
wisdom, some human experiences 
Beauty. 

2191
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:01,900
Peace, the healing power of 
well-kept gardens transcend, 

2192
01:53:01,900 --> 01:53:04,600
time and connect us across, 
centuries to the basic needs and

2193
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:08,000
joys that make us human these 
bells that called medieval 

2194
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:11,000
people to prayer ring One Last 
Time across your imagined 

2195
01:53:11,000 --> 01:53:13,000
landscape. 
But they are not calling you to 

2196
01:53:13,000 --> 01:53:16,100
any specific religious practice 
dreamsweet dreams in your 

2197
01:53:16,108 --> 01:53:43,800
peaceful garden. 
Jean on 20 plus all destined to 

2198
01:53:43,808 --> 01:53:47,300
become the immortal Madame. 
De pompadour arrived in a Paris.

2199
01:53:47,300 --> 01:53:48,800
That was both glittering and 
precarious. 

2200
01:53:48,800 --> 01:53:54,100
Born on December the 29th 1721. 
She occupied a curious social 

2201
01:53:54,100 --> 01:53:58,100
limbo, her father, Francois 
poisson drifted in and out of 

2202
01:53:58,100 --> 01:54:00,400
business success. 
While her mother, Louise 

2203
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:03,700
Madeline De La Motte cultivated 
ties among bankers and courtiers

2204
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:07,300
rumors insinuated that Jan's 
true, father might be a wealthy 

2205
01:54:07,300 --> 01:54:13,000
financier the Normandy, torn him
Whispers aside from infancy, she

2206
01:54:13,000 --> 01:54:16,000
received an education, far above
what most middle-class girls 

2207
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:19,300
could dream of learning, not 
only to read and write, but also

2208
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:23,800
to dance, sing and appreciate 
the subtlety of wit skills. 

2209
01:54:23,800 --> 01:54:25,200
That would later prove 
invaluable. 

2210
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:28,000
Her mother cherished. 
A prophecy from a fortune 

2211
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:31,100
teller, who claimed Jen would 
someday rule the heart of a king

2212
01:54:31,100 --> 01:54:33,900
store? 
This prophecy half in jest 

2213
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:37,500
guided her mother's Ambitions, 
she introduced Jan to private 

2214
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:41,500
tutors, who immersed, the girl 
in the nuances of theater music 

2215
01:54:41,500 --> 01:54:44,300
and the refined manners of 
Parisian salons. 

2216
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:48,200
The child became Adept at 
reciting verses Buy Racine or 

2217
01:54:48,200 --> 01:54:51,400
playing, harpsichord preludes. 
People teased that she might 

2218
01:54:51,400 --> 01:54:53,500
become a minor actress in the 
city's. 

2219
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:58,700
Comedic troops, instead fate had
something grander in store, at 

2220
01:54:58,700 --> 01:55:02,000
age, 9 Gene was placed briefly 
in the Earthly in Convent to 

2221
01:55:02,000 --> 01:55:05,000
polish her moral upbringing, 
Though, the real impetus behind 

2222
01:55:05,000 --> 01:55:07,200
this stage was to Shield her 
from a smallpox outbreak. 

2223
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:11,000
There in a stark room with stone
floors. 

2224
01:55:11,000 --> 01:55:14,300
She first confronted the gulf 
between the cheer of drawing 

2225
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:17,400
room society and The Bleak 
realities of illness and 

2226
01:55:17,400 --> 01:55:20,000
mortality. 
She survived with her health 

2227
01:55:20,000 --> 01:55:24,500
intact returning to secular for 
saw Life With A Renewed sense of

2228
01:55:24,500 --> 01:55:27,400
carpe diem. 
Her mother circle at not 

2229
01:55:27,400 --> 01:55:31,100
diminished on the contrary, they
believe Jan's brush with 

2230
01:55:31,100 --> 01:55:34,200
potential tragedy demanded that 
she enjoy the world's Pleasures 

2231
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:38,600
with heightened urgency. 
By adolescents, she graced the 

2232
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:42,900
occasional Suarez. 
A presence glowed, large 

2233
01:55:42,900 --> 01:55:47,100
expressive eyes. 
A lively intelligence and a 

2234
01:55:47,100 --> 01:55:48,400
measured confidence that the 
lied. 

2235
01:55:48,400 --> 01:55:51,100
Her youth one had to be careful 
though. 

2236
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:53,600
Ambition in a woman could be 
ridiculed or scorned. 

2237
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:58,000
So Jean cultivated an outward, 
modesty letting her Talent 

2238
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:01,700
speaks Softly. 
Through the dynamic swirl of 

2239
01:56:01,708 --> 01:56:03,600
paris's, Hope Bourgeois 
Gatherings. 

2240
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:06,700
She eventually met Charles 
Guillaume Loma D'Or. 

2241
01:56:06,700 --> 01:56:08,600
A relative of her rumored 
Patron. 

2242
01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:12,300
Father, This connection sparked 
talk of a suitable marriage. 

2243
01:56:13,200 --> 01:56:15,300
The match appealed to her 
mother, who hoped it would 

2244
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:18,900
secure Jam's Future? 
For her part jeans or in Charles

2245
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:20,900
a kind soul, if not a blazing 
passion. 

2246
01:56:21,800 --> 01:56:25,100
The Union in 1741 launched her 
into a comfortable life of 

2247
01:56:25,100 --> 01:56:28,500
reception and Mild amusements on
their estate near Paris. 

2248
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:32,700
Yet, the city's gravitational 
pull was strong Jan received 

2249
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:36,000
numerous invitationals to select
aristocratic cells, as people 

2250
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:38,100
quickly noticed her wit in 
conversation. 

2251
01:56:39,000 --> 01:56:41,900
She did not shy it from 
discussing art or drama North 

2252
01:56:41,900 --> 01:56:44,100
from gently. 
Critiquing certain aspects of 

2253
01:56:44,100 --> 01:56:48,000
courtly extravagant that slight 
dash of candle balanced by 

2254
01:56:48,000 --> 01:56:50,200
charm. 
Distinguished her from the 

2255
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:52,500
endless, parade of stiff 
self-conscious. 

2256
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:58,200
Ladies within months wurt there 
is a Madam detour whose presence

2257
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:02,300
of any Gathering. 
The contest of fokir introduced 

2258
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:06,100
her to more exclusive circles 
culminating in an opportunity to

2259
01:57:06,100 --> 01:57:10,900
attend a mask ball at Versailles
and 1745 celebrating the 

2260
01:57:10,900 --> 01:57:14,600
marriage of the dofa there. 
Among a crush of masked. 

2261
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:17,600
Revelers, she caught the eye of 
King Louis of the 15. 

2262
01:57:18,500 --> 01:57:22,100
The king reticent by nature 
found in her, a refreshing 

2263
01:57:22,100 --> 01:57:25,600
mixture of Grace and candle. 
While elaborate intrigues 

2264
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:29,100
swirled around him, this 
newcomer radiated sincerity, 

2265
01:57:29,100 --> 01:57:32,200
their brief conversation that 
evening was filled with an 

2266
01:57:32,200 --> 01:57:35,500
electricity that neither of them
could forget caught Watchers 

2267
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:38,800
speculated, but none predicted 
how swift the next moves would 

2268
01:57:38,800 --> 01:57:41,800
be. 
Madame Dettol was known naive 

2269
01:57:41,800 --> 01:57:45,200
made in She recognized the risk 
of courting Royal attention. 

2270
01:57:45,200 --> 01:57:49,800
The previous Royal favorite, The
Duchess to Chateau who had 

2271
01:57:49,800 --> 01:57:52,700
recently died, leaving an 
emotional Gap, in the King's 

2272
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,300
life, Yet stepping into that 
void threatened Scandal, 

2273
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:59,100
especially for a woman not of 
noble birth. 

2274
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:04,000
Still from behind her. 
Modulated Smiles, Jean sensed 

2275
01:58:04,000 --> 01:58:07,500
Destiny, aligning the prophecy. 
Her mother wants whispered 

2276
01:58:07,500 --> 01:58:10,500
returned to mine, she would rule
the heart of a king. 

2277
01:58:10,500 --> 01:58:14,900
She recognized that in a rigidly
stratified Society, becoming the

2278
01:58:14,900 --> 01:58:18,400
king's Confidant, might be her 
only path to real influence. 

2279
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:22,000
By the Year's End, a plan was 
set in motion. 

2280
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:25,800
The king's Valley, discreetly 
arranged, a meeting under the 

2281
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:27,600
veil of secrecy, they exchanged 
letters. 

2282
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:31,600
Her husband, outraged Fountain 
himself powerless, the monarchy,

2283
01:58:31,600 --> 01:58:35,400
overshadowed personal protest. 
In March 1745. 

2284
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:39,000
Louis the 15th arranged for her 
to be presented at court 

2285
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:41,800
formerly. 
The once lower Bourgeois Jeanne,

2286
01:58:41,800 --> 01:58:44,900
twinette was granted a title 
Marques de pompadour. 

2287
01:58:44,900 --> 01:58:49,200
It was a moment of metamorphosis
the fatherless child, the teased

2288
01:58:49,200 --> 01:58:52,100
girl, who studied the great 
playwrights now, stepped onto 

2289
01:58:52,100 --> 01:58:55,200
the grand stage of Versailles. 
The next decade would see her 

2290
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:58,800
orchestrate art, patronage 
political alliances and shape 

2291
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:03,000
the monarchies image yet behind 
the Gilded stereos a swirl of 

2292
01:59:03,008 --> 01:59:05,900
jealousy, rumor and heartbreak 
would dog. 

2293
01:59:05,900 --> 01:59:09,200
Her steps for now though, she 
embraced her new name. 

2294
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:11,700
Madame, de pompadour and 
prepared to navigate the 

2295
01:59:11,700 --> 01:59:17,200
Labyrinth of Royal favor. 1745 
when Jan Antoinette poisson made

2296
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:20,500
her debut as the newly minted 
Marquis De pompadour at 

2297
01:59:20,500 --> 01:59:23,600
Versailles, the Gilded corridors
were filled with admiration. 

2298
01:59:23,600 --> 01:59:27,800
She became the first Bourgeois 
to receive open recognition from

2299
01:59:27,800 --> 01:59:32,000
a French King elegant, but not 
aristocratic her every move Drew

2300
01:59:32,000 --> 01:59:34,600
scrutiny. 
Enemies whispered that she had 

2301
01:59:34,600 --> 01:59:37,900
been witched Louis, the 15th 
others admired her graceful 

2302
01:59:37,900 --> 01:59:41,600
bearing praising her Flawless 
manners and a cultivated charm 

2303
01:59:41,600 --> 01:59:43,900
that overshadowed even 
established duchesses. 

2304
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:46,700
The king himself. 
Displayed uncharacteristic 

2305
01:59:46,700 --> 01:59:50,300
devotion summoning her for 
private supplies, parading her 

2306
01:59:50,308 --> 01:59:53,200
at formal events and awarding 
her lavish apartment in the 

2307
01:59:53,208 --> 01:59:55,600
palace. 
Their Sai was a realm of 

2308
01:59:55,608 --> 01:59:59,500
Illusions behind mirrored halls 
and Polished marbles like 

2309
01:59:59,500 --> 02:00:03,100
Cutthroat rivalries the 
courtiers ephemeral in their 

2310
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:06,300
silks and powdered wigs circled 
Madame, de pompadour like 

2311
02:00:06,300 --> 02:00:09,600
vultures some attempted 
flattery, showering, her with 

2312
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:12,500
compliments in hopes of winning 
her intercession with the King, 

2313
02:00:12,500 --> 02:00:16,200
others, Plotted to throw her 
fearing, that her influence 

2314
02:00:16,200 --> 02:00:18,400
might reshape politics among 
these. 

2315
02:00:18,400 --> 02:00:20,200
Conspirators was the dolphin 
Circle. 

2316
02:00:20,200 --> 02:00:23,800
Along with older, aristocratic 
families, who scorned a mere 

2317
02:00:23,800 --> 02:00:26,200
commoner overshadowing them. 
Yet. 

2318
02:00:26,200 --> 02:00:29,900
Madame de pompadour remained 
unfazed, she had honed her 

2319
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:32,400
social instincts in the 
Bourgeois salons and her 

2320
02:00:32,400 --> 02:00:34,500
intellect soared Beyond mere 
Crooked Tree. 

2321
02:00:34,500 --> 02:00:37,900
She recognized that the surest 
path to security was to make 

2322
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:41,500
herself indispensable to Louis, 
the 15th, not merely as a 

2323
02:00:41,500 --> 02:00:44,800
bedfellow, but as a confidant. 
Counselor and orchestrator of 

2324
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:47,500
cultural life. 
She set about renovating her 

2325
02:00:47,500 --> 02:00:50,500
living quarters pointing them 
with some just tapestries 

2326
02:00:50,500 --> 02:00:53,400
elegant furniture and curated 
artworks. 

2327
02:00:53,400 --> 02:00:55,500
The effort wasn't me a 
self-indulgence. 

2328
02:00:56,400 --> 02:00:59,500
It mirrored her ambition to make
Versailles a beacon of refined 

2329
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:02,300
taste. 
She championed the cocoa 

2330
02:01:02,300 --> 02:01:04,800
aesthetic. 
Style that favored playful 

2331
02:01:04,800 --> 02:01:08,000
curves. 
Stell Hughes and Whimsical 

2332
02:01:08,000 --> 02:01:12,300
motifs under her patronage 
artists like Boucher and vanilla

2333
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:15,200
gained commission's for witty 
lighthearted painting's 

2334
02:01:15,200 --> 02:01:18,400
Horseland from the several 
Factory which he helped develop 

2335
02:01:18,400 --> 02:01:21,600
became a symbol of French 
craftsmanship prized across 

2336
02:01:21,600 --> 02:01:24,500
Europe. 
Synergy of her aesthetic sense 

2337
02:01:24,500 --> 02:01:27,800
with the monarchies resources, 
birthstone are in which the 

2338
02:01:27,800 --> 02:01:30,700
French Court style reigned 
Supreme among Europe's Elites, 

2339
02:01:31,500 --> 02:01:34,300
But Madame, de pompadour, did 
not confine herself to the Arts.

2340
02:01:34,300 --> 02:01:37,300
She also recognized the 
intricacies of diplomacy. 

2341
02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:41,300
France teetered between 
alliances with Spain Austria. 

2342
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:44,700
Another Powers. 
Meanwhile rival Britain loomed 

2343
02:01:44,700 --> 02:01:46,900
across the channel. 
Its Navy, menacing French, 

2344
02:01:46,900 --> 02:01:49,800
Colonial interests. 
Louis the 15th though. 

2345
02:01:49,800 --> 02:01:53,600
Well-intentioned often avoided 
direct policy making retreating 

2346
02:01:53,600 --> 02:01:55,200
to hunting or private 
amusements. 

2347
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:58,300
Pompadour stepped into that 
vacuum forging ties with 

2348
02:01:58,300 --> 02:02:01,100
ministers and ambassadors. 
She guided the choice of the 

2349
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:04,400
foreign minister favored, 
certain generals and mediated 

2350
02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:06,900
tensions at home critics 
scorned. 

2351
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:09,700
The idea of a woman, controlling
foreign policy, she brushed 

2352
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:12,900
aside their derision focusing on
forging alliances that might 

2353
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:17,800
bring stability this 1756. 
Diplomatic Revolution, aligning 

2354
02:02:17,800 --> 02:02:21,500
France with Austria bore her 
fingerprints, Although the 

2355
02:02:21,508 --> 02:02:24,000
subsequent Seven Years War 
turned disastrous for France, 

2356
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:27,300
won cannot dismiss her attempt 
to recalibrate alliance's in a 

2357
02:02:27,300 --> 02:02:29,200
fracturing Europe. 
As mistress. 

2358
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:32,200
She also faced the vulnerability
that her bedroom role might 

2359
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:35,200
weigh in Louis the 15th known 
for a roving. 

2360
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:38,000
I could have set her aside once 
novelty faded. 

2361
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:41,200
She addressed that possibility 
head on by establishing a deeper

2362
02:02:41,208 --> 02:02:44,100
emotional bond with him. 
She cultivated a warm 

2363
02:02:44,100 --> 02:02:46,300
companionship shared 
intellectual Pursuits. 

2364
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:50,200
And even managed his anxiety or 
indecision in state matters. 

2365
02:02:50,200 --> 02:02:54,200
Aware that physical intimacy 
might recede, she pivoted to 

2366
02:02:54,200 --> 02:02:57,700
become his loyal friend advising
on matters, ranging from 

2367
02:02:57,700 --> 02:02:59,700
building projects to Royal 
ceremony. 

2368
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:03,500
Over time, though, the Romantic 
spark diminished. 

2369
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:05,900
The emotional closeness, 
lingard. 

2370
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:10,100
If gossip circulated that her 
sexual influence had ended, she 

2371
02:03:10,100 --> 02:03:13,700
retained the king's trust 
ensuring her place as a fixture 

2372
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:16,600
of a quart. 
Amid the courts swirling, 

2373
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:19,700
intrigues, pompadour also 
championed philosophers and 

2374
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:24,100
writers Voltaire previously. 
Scorned, at Versailles found in 

2375
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:28,100
her a rare Ally, she admired his
wit and though cautious about 

2376
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:31,200
hurtley challenging the church 
or censorship she quietly 

2377
02:03:31,200 --> 02:03:33,900
facilitated. 
His projects did Heroes and 

2378
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:36,800
cyclopedic a compendium that 
threatened the old guard with 

2379
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:40,400
new ideas, all so benefitted in 
directly from her protective 

2380
02:03:40,400 --> 02:03:43,000
stance. 
She believed that the monarchy 

2381
02:03:43,000 --> 02:03:45,300
could remain stable while 
fostering Progressive, thought 

2382
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:49,500
an irony, perhaps, give them 
that future revolutionaries Drew

2383
02:03:49,500 --> 02:03:52,100
on such Enlightenment Works to 
Western Royal Authority. 

2384
02:03:53,000 --> 02:03:55,500
For her part pompadour no 
contradiction. 

2385
02:03:55,500 --> 02:03:58,600
She wanted a monarchy Polished 
by reason and aesthetic 

2386
02:03:58,600 --> 02:04:01,100
Brilliance. 
Not a stagnant Relic in the 

2387
02:04:01,108 --> 02:04:04,100
shadows health. 
Concerns began plaguing her, she

2388
02:04:04,100 --> 02:04:06,700
suffered from bouts of illness, 
like the exacerbated. 

2389
02:04:06,700 --> 02:04:10,000
By stress, the palace doctor's 
incompetent by the modern 

2390
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:12,700
standards. 
Offered only bleeding or tonics.

2391
02:04:12,700 --> 02:04:16,300
She pressed on orchestrating 
plays hosting literary salons 

2392
02:04:16,300 --> 02:04:18,400
and continuing to count the 
king. 

2393
02:04:19,400 --> 02:04:23,300
The year, 1757 brought a narrow 
brush with death for Louie the 

2394
02:04:23,300 --> 02:04:25,700
15th. 
Which consisted of an 

2395
02:04:25,700 --> 02:04:28,500
assassination attempt by 
Damien's, which rattled the 

2396
02:04:28,500 --> 02:04:32,200
monarchy. 
Pompadours unwavering presence 

2397
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:35,600
urging calm and punishing 
conspirators further. 

2398
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:39,300
Solidified her position she had 
become more than a mistress or a

2399
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:42,000
decorative figure. 
She was the monarchy's anchor of

2400
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:45,200
continuity, bridging personal 
comfort for the king and the 

2401
02:04:45,200 --> 02:04:49,200
broader cultural identity of the
era despite swirling rumor and 

2402
02:04:49,200 --> 02:04:52,000
envy. 
She pressed on aware that her 

2403
02:04:52,000 --> 02:04:54,500
star might dim at any moment. 
But determined to leave 

2404
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:57,000
illuminous, mark on, France's 
cultural and political 

2405
02:04:57,000 --> 02:05:01,100
landscape. 
As the 1750s advanced Madame de 

2406
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:03,500
pompadours Role in Versailles 
crystallized. 

2407
02:05:03,500 --> 02:05:06,900
She reigned as an unmatched 
patroness of the Arts and 

2408
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:09,600
showing that the palace no 
longer served solely as a symbol

2409
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:12,200
of absolute monarchy. 
But also as a stage for 

2410
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:15,400
Creative, brilliant, She 
championed painters like 

2411
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:19,000
Francois Boucher, whose pastoral
scene and playful mythologies, 

2412
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:21,800
perfectly suited, the rocket 
Coastal pompadour, adored 

2413
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:25,300
through her influence, tapestry 
workshops in Beauvais, and 

2414
02:05:25,300 --> 02:05:28,600
goblins, reached New, Heights, 
weaving, dreamlike Landscapes, 

2415
02:05:28,600 --> 02:05:32,200
that Grace royal salons yet, her
Artistry extended Beyond 

2416
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,700
commission's. 
She personally oversaw, color 

2417
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:38,400
schemes, interior, decorations, 
and table settings for State 

2418
02:05:38,400 --> 02:05:42,300
Banks. in an age, when women's 
influence was often restricted 

2419
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:45,100
to the domestic sphere, 
pompadour turned domestic 

2420
02:05:45,100 --> 02:05:47,300
Aesthetics into a grand, 
cultural statement 

2421
02:05:47,300 --> 02:05:52,000
simultaneously, she strengthened
ties with intellectuals Her 

2422
02:05:52,008 --> 02:05:55,600
critics changes of letters with 
Voltaire stand out though, she 

2423
02:05:55,608 --> 02:05:58,500
never fully endorsed his more 
radical critiques of religion or

2424
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:01,000
monarchy. 
She appreciated his wit and 

2425
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:03,400
recognized the advantage of 
having a famous pain on her 

2426
02:06:03,400 --> 02:06:05,800
side. 
The philosopher envied her 

2427
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:08,600
proximity to power while she 
admired his intellectual 

2428
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:11,700
boldness. 
Tales say she even facilitated 

2429
02:06:11,700 --> 02:06:14,000
voltaire's appointment as 
historiographer to Louis the 

2430
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,300
15th, though. 
Discreetly them all to avoid, 

2431
02:06:17,300 --> 02:06:20,200
conservatives accusing her of 
promoting subversive ideas. 

2432
02:06:21,100 --> 02:06:23,300
She treadmill carefully when 
dealing with Dido. 

2433
02:06:24,500 --> 02:06:27,200
The instructory tested the 
monarchy's tolerance so 

2434
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:29,700
pompadour approached its 
controversies with caution 

2435
02:06:29,700 --> 02:06:32,100
ensuring that while sensors 
barked. 

2436
02:06:32,100 --> 02:06:35,900
They rarely bit too deep. 
He saw France's future in a 

2437
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:39,300
delicate balance in lighting to 
thinking might modernize the 

2438
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:42,600
monarchy, but unbridled 
criticism could incite 

2439
02:06:42,600 --> 02:06:44,900
Rebellion. 
Her relationship with the King 

2440
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:48,400
evolved in tandem the early 
romantic further had called 

2441
02:06:48,400 --> 02:06:50,700
replaced by an affectionate 
friendship. 

2442
02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:54,600
Some courtiers quietly mocked 
that she no longer shared the 

2443
02:06:54,600 --> 02:06:57,500
Royal bed but had become 
headmistress of culture. 

2444
02:06:57,500 --> 02:07:01,400
Others believed she retained 
intangible intimacy beyond the 

2445
02:07:01,408 --> 02:07:04,400
Physical Realm. 
That anchored the king's trust, 

2446
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:08,600
she became the caretaker of his 
emotional well-being scheduling 

2447
02:07:08,600 --> 02:07:10,900
amusements to lighten his 
melancholic moods. 

2448
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:14,000
She also shielded him from 
certain Noble factions who 

2449
02:07:14,000 --> 02:07:15,900
stoked Conflict for personal 
gain. 

2450
02:07:16,800 --> 02:07:20,200
If the king found more fleeting 
conquests Madame de pompadour, 

2451
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,800
rarely intervened focusing on 
preserving her unique Bond. 

2452
02:07:24,800 --> 02:07:28,200
She possessed a surprise 
Serenity, underpinned by the 

2453
02:07:28,200 --> 02:07:32,600
conviction that her Mastery of 
conversation taste and sincerity

2454
02:07:32,600 --> 02:07:36,000
kept her indispensable. 
However, the Seven Years War 

2455
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:40,900
erupting in 1756 tested her 
position, the war, pitted 

2456
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:44,200
France, against Britain Prussia,
and other shifting alliances 

2457
02:07:44,200 --> 02:07:48,200
many pointed at her, for the 
Diplomatic Revolution alliances 

2458
02:07:48,200 --> 02:07:49,800
that had France supporting 
Austria. 

2459
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:53,600
The wars initial campaigns went 
poorly for France specialty 

2460
02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:57,300
overseas, where British fleets 
seized French colonies at home, 

2461
02:07:57,300 --> 02:08:01,100
taxes sword to fund failing 
armies and the populace grew 

2462
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:05,800
restive rival, courtiers pinned 
blame on pompadour accusing her 

2463
02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:09,700
of a mature in to fears in Grand
strategy, pamphleteers 

2464
02:08:09,700 --> 02:08:13,800
circulated, nasty caricatures 
depicting her in Throne, pulling

2465
02:08:13,800 --> 02:08:15,900
puppet strings while generals 
countdown. 

2466
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:20,200
She responded calmly urging the 
king to replace incompetent 

2467
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:22,000
ministers, and reorganized 
finances. 

2468
02:08:22,000 --> 02:08:25,700
But morale was low, the 
humiliations on the battlefield 

2469
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:29,800
tarnished, both the monarchies 
image and her own In this 

2470
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,700
crisis, she allied with the Duke
Deshler a capable Statesman, who

2471
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:37,000
shared her vision of stabilizing
foreign policy together. 

2472
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:40,400
They reformed, the Navy tried to
unify command and pursued new 

2473
02:08:40,400 --> 02:08:43,200
loans. 
The results took time these 

2474
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:45,100
measures slowed, the Hemorrhage 
of French fortunes. 

2475
02:08:45,100 --> 02:08:48,000
Meanwhile, she commissioned 
elaborate stage entertainments 

2476
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:51,600
within the Sai to maintain a 
veneer of opulence, hoping that 

2477
02:08:51,600 --> 02:08:54,800
even, as the war, raged the 
court sentence of refinement. 

2478
02:08:54,800 --> 02:08:58,300
Like the king's anxiety is 
critics referred to her, as 

2479
02:08:58,300 --> 02:09:02,000
frivolous yet, she steadfastly 
maintained that if the monarchy 

2480
02:09:02,000 --> 02:09:05,000
seemed to crumble from within 
the entire nation could become 

2481
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:07,400
disheartened. 
Rumors swirled that she 

2482
02:09:07,400 --> 02:09:10,200
occasionally wept in private, at
the walls, Mountain casualties 

2483
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:12,400
feeling guilt for the Diplomatic
shifts. 

2484
02:09:12,400 --> 02:09:14,200
That had set off the conflicts 
chain of events. 

2485
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:17,500
Others, insisted her tears were 
for the loss of her own 

2486
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:20,400
political clout. 
The truth, likely combine. 

2487
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,200
These facets as a woman 
possessing more influence than 

2488
02:09:23,208 --> 02:09:25,600
many Statesmen. 
She carried a heavy burden of 

2489
02:09:25,600 --> 02:09:28,400
accountability. 
Nonetheless, she pressed on with

2490
02:09:28,400 --> 02:09:32,400
unwavering composure, greeting 
ambassadors, politely offering 

2491
02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:35,600
them, the best French wines and 
deflecting barbs about lost 

2492
02:09:35,600 --> 02:09:38,600
battles with the impeccable 
politeness of a Hostess who 

2493
02:09:38,600 --> 02:09:41,900
would not let Gloom overshadow, 
the monarchy's Majesty, all the 

2494
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:45,200
while a health frayed she 
suffered from frequent 

2495
02:09:45,200 --> 02:09:47,700
migraines. 
Respiratory infections, and 

2496
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:51,700
perhaps, the early signs of 
tuberculosis, their size is damp

2497
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:53,400
corridors and unpredictable 
weather. 

2498
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:56,000
Hardly helped yet to preserve 
Her Image. 

2499
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:59,700
She rarely admitted weakness 
continuing to preside over 

2500
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:01,900
official, Gatherings, and 
Sumptuous gowns. 

2501
02:10:01,900 --> 02:10:05,800
A faint smile on her lips. 
She can fight it in a small 

2502
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:08,800
circle noting that though, her 
body felt battered. 

2503
02:10:09,600 --> 02:10:12,800
A spirit remained fiery, she was
no naive on Juneau, she 

2504
02:10:12,800 --> 02:10:15,100
recognized that. 
If her health collapsed, her 

2505
02:10:15,100 --> 02:10:18,300
enemies would swoop in 
reconfiguring the monarchy 

2506
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:21,000
circle of favorites. 
She needed to maintain her 

2507
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:24,100
integrity at least in public to 
prevent the flame of her 

2508
02:10:24,100 --> 02:10:27,200
Ambitions from fading. 
As the war continued into the 

2509
02:10:27,208 --> 02:10:31,100
early 1760s, the reputation of 
Madame de pompadour began to 

2510
02:10:31,100 --> 02:10:34,400
fade due to her. 
Numerous defeats many corners of

2511
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:38,100
their Sai whispered that the 
monarchy needed scapegoat for 

2512
02:10:38,100 --> 02:10:41,400
the lost battles and distant 
lands, like the humiliation in 

2513
02:10:41,400 --> 02:10:44,100
India, and Canada, and who 
better to blame than the 

2514
02:10:44,100 --> 02:10:46,200
Bourgeois mysterious turned 
stateswoman. 

2515
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:50,700
Meanwhile King Louis. 
The 15th had grown more taciturn

2516
02:10:50,700 --> 02:10:54,200
burdened by Gloom as reports 
from the front lines, showcased 

2517
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:57,300
it Fiasco. 
After Fiasco pompadour though 

2518
02:10:57,300 --> 02:10:59,500
refused to retreat Into 
Obscurity. 

2519
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:03,900
She believed her cultural Legacy
if not her foreign policies like

2520
02:11:03,900 --> 02:11:07,700
yet Salvage her name in history,
she threw herself into Grand 

2521
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:10,400
architectural projects. 
The petty Trianon. 

2522
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:13,400
For instance, took shape as a 
small Chateau in the palace's 

2523
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:18,600
grounds Officially, it was an 
expression of refined tastes an 

2524
02:11:18,600 --> 02:11:21,100
embodiment of the new 
neoclassical style that was 

2525
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:22,800
edging out. 
Rocco flamboyant. 

2526
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:27,200
Pompadour championed this shift,
instructing Architects to favor,

2527
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:30,700
Clarity proportion and a gentle 
grandeur. 

2528
02:11:31,400 --> 02:11:34,700
She oversaw Landscaping ensuring
the gardens offered a tranquil 

2529
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:36,900
Retreat, from their size, 
stifling pomp. 

2530
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:40,500
Those some courtiers mocked the 
expense amid a draining War. 

2531
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:43,300
She defended it as fostering 
National Artistry and 

2532
02:11:43,300 --> 02:11:46,300
craftsmanship. 
Indeed, her unwavering support 

2533
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:50,100
for several porcelain. 
Three Weavers and furniture 

2534
02:11:50,100 --> 02:11:53,400
makers kept them afloat, despite
war-induced Financial crises 

2535
02:11:53,400 --> 02:11:56,700
these actions, ironically 
preserved, France's Global 

2536
02:11:56,700 --> 02:12:00,700
reputation for luxury goods. 
Even as military fortunes waned,

2537
02:12:00,700 --> 02:12:03,900
a more private Pastime was her 
encouragement of scientific 

2538
02:12:03,900 --> 02:12:06,700
curiosity. 
She facilitated Gatherings where

2539
02:12:06,700 --> 02:12:09,800
mathematicians and natural 
philosophers demonstrated the 

2540
02:12:09,800 --> 02:12:14,300
latest theories on electricity 
or the Cosmos on rare nights. 

2541
02:12:14,300 --> 02:12:18,300
The king himself might wander in
feigning mild interest while she

2542
02:12:18,300 --> 02:12:20,400
asked pointed questions about 
planetary, orbits or 

2543
02:12:20,408 --> 02:12:24,100
experimental Contraptions. 
If Summit Court, founded absurd 

2544
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:25,500
for a mistress to delve into 
science. 

2545
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:28,700
She responded with an elegant 
rug Beauty. 

2546
02:12:28,700 --> 02:12:32,100
She believed encompassed 
knowledge too, though. 

2547
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:34,100
Never an Enlightenment radical. 
She saw. 

2548
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:36,900
No harm in letting conversation 
roam Beyond strict, Orthodoxy 

2549
02:12:36,900 --> 02:12:39,300
provided. 
It didn't undermine monarchy or 

2550
02:12:39,308 --> 02:12:41,400
faith. 
At her private dinners. 

2551
02:12:41,400 --> 02:12:43,500
One might overhear discussion of
Newton. 

2552
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:47,500
Echoes of voltaire's praise for 
Newtonian physics in speculation

2553
02:12:47,500 --> 02:12:50,500
is about whether the cosmos 
reflected God's Grandeur or 

2554
02:12:50,500 --> 02:12:54,700
reasons Supremacy, despite this 
glow of intellectual patronage. 

2555
02:12:55,500 --> 02:12:59,800
The war pounded on culminating 
in the Treaty of Paris 1763, 

2556
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:04,300
which sealed France's losses 
overseas, the king's morale sank

2557
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:06,500
further. 
As did public opinion of the 

2558
02:13:06,500 --> 02:13:10,200
monarchy executor offers had 
been gutted complicating. 

2559
02:13:10,200 --> 02:13:12,600
The monarchies ability to 
placate on rest at home. 

2560
02:13:14,100 --> 02:13:17,100
The Marquis faced renewed calls 
from influential dukes and 

2561
02:13:17,108 --> 02:13:21,400
princes to step aside. 
But each time Louis the 15th 

2562
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:24,900
reaffirmed, her presence. 
Telling critics quietly that her

2563
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:27,400
loyalty and Council were more 
precious than ephemeral 

2564
02:13:27,400 --> 02:13:30,300
scapegoats even. 
So her influence on foreign 

2565
02:13:30,300 --> 02:13:33,500
Economic Policy receded, 
somewhat seeding, space to 

2566
02:13:33,500 --> 02:13:35,300
ministers, like the Duke de 
Suisun. 

2567
02:13:36,000 --> 02:13:38,700
She recognized that sometimes 
stepping back could preserve her

2568
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:41,300
position in a monarchy grown 
suspicious of overreach. 

2569
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:45,100
A personal life, took a 
Bittersweet turn as well while 

2570
02:13:45,100 --> 02:13:48,100
she and Louis, the 15th, parted 
physically, there are emotional 

2571
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:51,700
bond in endured she oversaw some
discreet, new favorite for the 

2572
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:53,500
king. 
Ensuring they remained 

2573
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:55,800
overshadowed by her cereal and 
emotional role. 

2574
02:13:55,800 --> 02:14:00,200
This Arrangement caused outward 
Scandal like a mistress who 

2575
02:14:00,200 --> 02:14:03,100
arranged lesser Mistresses for 
the king to her. 

2576
02:14:03,100 --> 02:14:05,600
It was a strategy to maintain 
Unity. 

2577
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:08,200
She avoided Illusions about 
romance. 

2578
02:14:08,200 --> 02:14:11,700
She valued the monarchy 
stability has safety and the 

2579
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:15,400
King's contentment courteous, 
who smelled hypocrisy could do 

2580
02:14:15,400 --> 02:14:19,600
little bit Whisperer. 
Meanwhile exhaustion nodded her,

2581
02:14:19,600 --> 02:14:23,600
her health demands sword, she 
sought cures in Mineral baths. 

2582
02:14:23,600 --> 02:14:36,100
So to Fresh country, air or 
quack-quack, you might invite 

2583
02:14:36,100 --> 02:14:38,700
her enemies to Corner the King 
on good days. 

2584
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:42,000
She could host a modest dinner, 
entertaining ambassadors with 

2585
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:44,100
Ryan. 
Anecdotes about cultural Trifles

2586
02:14:44,100 --> 02:14:47,500
on terrible days. 
She lay bedridden instructing, 

2587
02:14:47,500 --> 02:14:51,400
maids to live Souls deliver 
urgent messages to or from the 

2588
02:14:51,400 --> 02:14:54,900
king's cabinet rumors circulated
that she might not outlive the 

2589
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:57,500
decade. 
Some courtiers rejoiced in that 

2590
02:14:57,500 --> 02:15:02,000
possibility. 
One morning in 1764 she traveled

2591
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:03,600
to Paris from medical 
consultation. 

2592
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:07,700
The city a buzz with new 
philosophic clubs, briefly 

2593
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:11,000
reminded her of simpler times 
long before she was Madame de 

2594
02:15:11,000 --> 02:15:14,000
pompadour, when she was just 
genetically, all, and by the 

2595
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:18,000
capitals vibrant sea Nostalgia, 
mingled with anxiety about her 

2596
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:22,700
fate, the doctors diagnosis was 
grim and advanced pulmonary 

2597
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:25,500
disease. 
Still resolve to return to their

2598
02:15:25,500 --> 02:15:27,700
SI. 
Determine not to show Mortal 

2599
02:15:27,700 --> 02:15:29,100
Frailty in front of her 
detractors. 

2600
02:15:29,100 --> 02:15:32,500
The monarchy demanded, the 
facade of unchanging Grace. 

2601
02:15:33,500 --> 02:15:38,600
In April 1764, her condition, 
deteriorated sharply her final 

2602
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:40,800
days, saw her writing letters to
Loyal friends. 

2603
02:15:40,800 --> 02:15:44,400
Expressing regret, not for her 
climb, but for the Heartbreak 

2604
02:15:44,400 --> 02:15:48,700
inflicted and the wars tragedies
the king uncharacteristically. 

2605
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:52,300
Emotional visited her. 
Bedside offering Comfort on 

2606
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:55,900
April 15th. 1764 Madame de 
pompadour died, at the age of 

2607
02:15:55,908 --> 02:15:59,500
42, the courts immediate 
response was a wave of mixed 

2608
02:15:59,500 --> 02:16:02,000
sentiment. 
Some courtiers were released 

2609
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:04,200
others stunned at the end of an 
era. 

2610
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:08,500
The king famously stoic, watched
her coffee in Levi, in the rain 

2611
02:16:08,500 --> 02:16:13,600
reportedly mustering every day. 
I lose a friend, the mistress 

2612
02:16:13,600 --> 02:16:16,900
who had soared from bourjois to 
the Apex of courtly power. 

2613
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:21,100
Now belong to history, leaving 
behind a legacy of cultural 

2614
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:24,700
Revival overshadowed by a 
disasterous war though. 

2615
02:16:24,700 --> 02:16:28,200
A femoral in Mortal form her 
imprint on France's art 

2616
02:16:28,200 --> 02:16:31,800
diplomacy and monarchical 
identity resonated long after 

2617
02:16:31,800 --> 02:16:34,700
her final breath. 
The news of the death of Madame 

2618
02:16:34,700 --> 02:16:38,100
de pompadour swept, through 
France's chattering classes, a 

2619
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:41,500
casket left side quietly, 
without the state honors, some 

2620
02:16:41,500 --> 02:16:43,900
believe. 
She deserved signifying, the 

2621
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:46,200
monarchies official reluctant to
over celebrate. 

2622
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:51,000
A mistress Yet Beyond The Palace
Gates, a more nuanced reaction 

2623
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:55,600
emerged, The Artisans of several
porcelain laid wreaths in her 

2624
02:16:55,600 --> 02:16:58,600
memory recalling that her 
patronage had elevated their 

2625
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:02,200
craft to Global renown. 
Playwrights in paris's bustling 

2626
02:17:02,200 --> 02:17:04,700
theaters acknowledged her 
crucial role in supporting 

2627
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:08,200
comedic and dramatic Works, 
especially those by authors who 

2628
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:10,100
previously found no foothold at 
court. 

2629
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:13,700
The city's literacy debated, 
whether she'd been a subversive 

2630
02:17:13,700 --> 02:17:16,700
Ally of Enlightenment, or 
merely, an opportunist, who 

2631
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:19,000
shielded radical writers from 
Duck censorship. 

2632
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:21,500
In the Years following her 
passing. 

2633
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:24,400
A swirl of Memoirs and Diaries 
from Court. 

2634
02:17:24,400 --> 02:17:26,600
Insiders added complexities to 
her portrait. 

2635
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:31,400
Some like the digestive branca 
insisted pompadour was cunning, 

2636
02:17:31,400 --> 02:17:35,100
but never malicious referencing 
times when she mediated petty 

2637
02:17:35,100 --> 02:17:37,000
feuds and sought to reduce Court
punishments. 

2638
02:17:37,000 --> 02:17:42,700
Others, such as the Commodore as
manipulative, citing how she 

2639
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:46,500
influenced Louis the 15th to 
ostracize certain ministers, the

2640
02:17:46,500 --> 02:17:48,600
truth, likely encompassed both 
dimensions. 

2641
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:52,000
A woman forging alliances to 
survive in, elaborate the power 

2642
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,900
occasionally stupid to Intrigue 
but also championing genuine. 

2643
02:17:55,900 --> 02:18:00,500
Reforms posthumously Voltaire 
Pender measured eulogy calling 

2644
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:02,700
her. 
The Luminaire who strove to 

2645
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:04,299
lighten the Gloom of a 
fractious. 

2646
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:07,600
Monarchy he didn't shy from 
acknowledging her mistakes, 

2647
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,500
particularly in foreign policy 
yet lorded. 

2648
02:18:10,500 --> 02:18:14,400
Her role in fueling the Arts. 
This balanced tribute resonated 

2649
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,200
with a segment of the population
that recognized how precarious 

2650
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:20,400
her place at courted. 
Bean pinned between satisfying, 

2651
02:18:20,400 --> 02:18:23,600
a Kings of ephemeral desires and
Wheeling real influence in a 

2652
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:26,799
male-dominated, sphere. 
In an Epoch dismissive of 

2653
02:18:26,799 --> 02:18:29,500
women's public roles. 
Her achievements were singular. 

2654
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:32,600
Over the subsequent. 
Decade the monarchy Advanced 

2655
02:18:32,600 --> 02:18:35,100
under new favorites and 
alliances Louis. 

2656
02:18:35,100 --> 02:18:38,900
The 15th though he took other 
Mistresses never found the same 

2657
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:42,200
Confidant dynamic. 
Madame du Barry. 

2658
02:18:42,200 --> 02:18:45,000
For instance, faced more direct 
contempt from the old 

2659
02:18:45,000 --> 02:18:49,500
aristocracy lacking pompadours, 
cultivated veneer pompadours 

2660
02:18:49,500 --> 02:18:53,600
circle of loyal, ministers, like
the Duke de schwarzel, tried to 

2661
02:18:53,600 --> 02:18:54,900
salvage. 
What they could from The 

2662
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:57,200
Diplomatic Fiasco's of the Seven
Years War. 

2663
02:18:57,900 --> 02:19:00,900
A few smaller successes in 
overseas, negotiations carried 

2664
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:04,900
an echo of her strategic vision.
Yet the monarchies standing with

2665
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:07,799
the populace. 
Remained tarnished, the costly 

2666
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:11,700
War had battered finance's. 
Sowing seeds for Deep Run, rest 

2667
02:19:11,700 --> 02:19:16,400
that would erupt decades later. 
As Time wore on Madame, de 

2668
02:19:16,400 --> 02:19:19,400
pompadours memory became 
entangled with criticisms of the

2669
02:19:19,400 --> 02:19:22,299
Osceola regime. 
Revolutionary pamphlets in the 

2670
02:19:22,308 --> 02:19:24,900
late 1780s. 
Brandished her name, as a symbol

2671
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:27,600
of courtly access. 
They painted her as one who 

2672
02:19:27,600 --> 02:19:31,400
indulgently rearranged finances 
for personal luxuries, she 

2673
02:19:31,400 --> 02:19:33,799
symbolized to the moral 
corruption. 

2674
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:36,900
That allowed a monarchy to 
Lavish wealth on a labor at 

2675
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:41,200
Pleasures while peasant starved.
The new ones that she was also a

2676
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:43,900
champion of Arts that she tried 
to moderate The monarchy's. 

2677
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:47,700
Stumbling got lost in the 
further of Revolution, by the 

2678
02:19:47,700 --> 02:19:51,200
1790s, anything associated with,
the monarchy was suspect. 

2679
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:54,200
And her carefully, curated 
style, were cocoa. 

2680
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:57,800
Extravagant became an emblem of 
the out of touch aristocrat. 

2681
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:01,500
Yet ironically some 
revolutionaries who rummage 

2682
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:04,200
through confiscated palaces, 
discovered references to her 

2683
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:07,800
philanthropic gestures, she had 
quietly funded orphanages, 

2684
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:12,400
assisted certain Scholars, the 
patronized hospitals, these acts

2685
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,400
showcased were a good gesture. 
Though overshadowed by the 

2686
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:19,400
general wave of anti-royalist 
sentiment by the 19th century. 

2687
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:23,300
A wave of new historians 
Revisited, her story portraying 

2688
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:26,700
her less as a villain and more 
as a reflection of monarchy's 

2689
02:20:26,700 --> 02:20:27,900
last attempts to remain 
relevant. 

2690
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:31,700
They cited her patronage as 
crucial in forging, a golden age

2691
02:20:31,700 --> 02:20:37,500
of decorative, Arts recognized, 
International brand by then 

2692
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:39,500
globally. 
Cherished was inextricably 

2693
02:20:39,500 --> 02:20:43,800
linked to her impetus cultural 
memory, thus sea sword, 

2694
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:47,500
biographers in the Victorian era
and ruled by the romance of 

2695
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:51,300
Royal courts depicted her, as a 
tragic figure, the beautiful 

2696
02:20:51,300 --> 02:20:55,000
mistress overshadowed by War in 
ill health, valiantly saving off

2697
02:20:55,000 --> 02:20:58,100
the monarchies declined. 
They relished dramatic details 

2698
02:20:58,100 --> 02:21:01,600
of her, elaborate Fashions, her 
signature pastel dresses, floral

2699
02:21:01,600 --> 02:21:05,100
motifs, and the pompadour 
hairstyle that ironically 

2700
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:08,600
endured in hairdressing law. 
Meanwhile critics from more 

2701
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:11,400
austere backgrounds in Dighton 
her for and tangling France. 

2702
02:21:11,400 --> 02:21:15,500
In Alliance is that backfired 
20th century scholarship with 

2703
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:18,500
its punctual for analyzing 
female agency. 

2704
02:21:18,500 --> 02:21:22,900
Has re-evaluated her as a 
political actor, leveraged the 

2705
02:21:22,900 --> 02:21:26,900
errors, constraints to carve out
real influence, Albeit 

2706
02:21:26,900 --> 02:21:30,100
overshadowed by system, not 
designed to respect or credit 

2707
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:32,900
her fully. 
In present day travelers to 

2708
02:21:32,900 --> 02:21:35,000
vessel often asked about Madame 
de pompadour. 

2709
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:38,300
Tour guides highlight the 
surviving Decor, she influenced 

2710
02:21:38,300 --> 02:21:41,900
certain pastel lacquered rooms 
or delicate vazas. 

2711
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:44,900
They mentioned how she nurtured 
the Rococo Styles. 

2712
02:21:44,900 --> 02:21:47,000
Final. 
Flourish Bridging the Brock 

2713
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:50,400
opulence of early years with 
subtle playful Elegance. 

2714
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:53,800
Museums occasionally Mount 
exhibits on her, cultural 

2715
02:21:53,800 --> 02:21:58,400
patronage her face captured in 
portraits by artists like Buche 

2716
02:21:58,400 --> 02:22:02,700
exudes a gentle confidence, that
transcends centuries for 

2717
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:04,300
admirers of 18th century 
history. 

2718
02:22:04,300 --> 02:22:07,800
She stands as a figure who in 
the swirl of monarchies 

2719
02:22:07,800 --> 02:22:11,000
extravagant and looming. 
Social tension found a way to 

2720
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:13,900
channel her intellect and 
Artistry in printing a 

2721
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:15,800
distinctive feminine mark on 
French heritage. 

2722
02:22:16,700 --> 02:22:20,300
As modern historians, re-examine
Madden de Pompa does life, they 

2723
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:23,000
continue to discover layers on 
mentioned in popular accounts. 

2724
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:26,500
A personal correspondence, 
scattered across archives and 

2725
02:22:26,500 --> 02:22:29,500
Paris and provincial Chateau 
reveals a woman who wrestled 

2726
02:22:29,500 --> 02:22:32,600
with theological questions. 
Contrary to the jaded depiction 

2727
02:22:32,600 --> 02:22:36,100
of her as purely secular. 
She wrote to a confidant about 

2728
02:22:36,100 --> 02:22:38,500
the tension between the pomp of 
Versailles and a spiritual 

2729
02:22:38,500 --> 02:22:42,800
yearning, confessing a sense of 
guilt at times but also belief 

2730
02:22:42,800 --> 02:22:45,800
that God might call individuals 
to serve in worldly spheres. 

2731
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:49,400
The spiritual Dimension, 
complicates stereotypes that she

2732
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:51,300
was solely driven by ambition or
vanity. 

2733
02:22:52,200 --> 02:22:55,200
Moreover Diaries from Palace 
servants shed light on her daily

2734
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:57,900
routines. 
She Rose early to handle letters

2735
02:22:57,900 --> 02:23:00,100
from provincial officials or 
meet with Artisans about 

2736
02:23:00,100 --> 02:23:02,500
furniture designs by 
mid-morning. 

2737
02:23:02,500 --> 02:23:06,400
She might be advising the King 
on which courtiers to promote by

2738
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:08,600
afternoon. 
She oversaw rehearsals of 

2739
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:12,000
comedic plays or small operas a 
respite for the war weary 

2740
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:14,800
monarchy in the evening. 
Private dinners with the King, 

2741
02:23:14,800 --> 02:23:18,400
wreath, in the flicker of candle
at chandeliers allowed, her to 

2742
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:20,100
glean insights into his 
anxieties. 

2743
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:23,800
She balanced each role with 
remarkable stamina, though, 

2744
02:23:23,800 --> 02:23:27,400
migraines and palpitations. 
Often tormented her A newly, 

2745
02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:29,600
discovered note from her lady, 
in waiting described. 

2746
02:23:29,600 --> 02:23:34,100
How after hosting a lavish ball 
pompadour, would retire behind 

2747
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:38,000
closed doors, pressing cold 
cloths, to her forehead, tears 

2748
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:40,600
of pain, slipping quietly as she
resolved. 

2749
02:23:40,600 --> 02:23:43,500
Not to betray weakness the 
following day in addressing her 

2750
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:46,100
romantically Azan. 
It's easy to assume her. 

2751
02:23:46,100 --> 02:23:49,400
Life was consumed by the king's 
attention yet, subtle 

2752
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:51,400
references. 
Suggest you want to harbored 

2753
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:53,200
affections for an unnamed Court 
musician. 

2754
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:56,300
Exchanging whispered confidence 
is in Corridor. 

2755
02:23:56,300 --> 02:24:00,600
Alcoves realizing the danger in 
such a dalliance she ended its 

2756
02:24:00,600 --> 02:24:04,100
swiftly to avoid Scandal leaving
behind a clue to her capacity 

2757
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:08,900
for self-denial. another rumored
flame was a philosopher, she 

2758
02:24:08,900 --> 02:24:12,100
corresponded with under a 
pseudonym, whether that was 

2759
02:24:12,100 --> 02:24:15,200
purely intellectual or tinged 
with romance remains debated, 

2760
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:19,000
The overriding truth is that she
recognized that enthralling the 

2761
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:22,600
king required keeping secrets 
she had to preserve the 

2762
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:25,300
monarchies Illusions. 
Even if that meant sacrificing 

2763
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:28,600
personal longing. 
Her sense of strategy and coping

2764
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:30,800
with the backstabbing 
environment remained striking. 

2765
02:24:31,700 --> 02:24:36,100
Carefully placed allies in minor
roles a Guard, Captain a chamber

2766
02:24:36,100 --> 02:24:40,000
in a bishop so that vital 
threads of Palace life, LED back

2767
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:42,700
to her. 
If a plot surfaced, she'd hear 

2768
02:24:42,700 --> 02:24:45,600
rumors early enough to steer the
king away or Quail conspirators,

2769
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:50,100
she likewise practice generosity
to those in need awarding small,

2770
02:24:50,100 --> 02:24:52,800
pensions to older, courtiers or 
assisting impoverished, 

2771
02:24:52,800 --> 02:24:55,800
Aristocrats with dowries. 
This generosity wasn't purely 

2772
02:24:55,800 --> 02:24:57,800
altruistic. 
It fostered, an environment 

2773
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:01,100
where in debted Souls recognized
her, as a pillar of stability 

2774
02:25:01,100 --> 02:25:04,800
for many at court. 
She assumed the role of a quiet,

2775
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:08,300
caretaker serving as a bridge 
between a distant monarchy and 

2776
02:25:08,300 --> 02:25:11,100
everyday crisis. 
In an era lacking official 

2777
02:25:11,100 --> 02:25:13,400
welfare. 
Her patronage served as an 

2778
02:25:13,400 --> 02:25:16,700
informal safety, net, the deeply
personal dimension of her 

2779
02:25:16,700 --> 02:25:19,200
existence was her unwavering 
Devotion to her daughter, 

2780
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:24,000
Alexander Green born before her 
ascendants at verse, I the child

2781
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:26,400
well-being weighed heavily on 
pompadours mine. 

2782
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:29,800
Alexandrian was placed in a 
Convent for education. 

2783
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:32,100
Occasionally visiting the 
palace. 

2784
02:25:32,900 --> 02:25:38,400
In 1754, alexandrine died 
unexpectedly of peritonitis the 

2785
02:25:38,400 --> 02:25:42,500
Heartbreak shattered, pompadour 
who wept in Consolidated, nearly

2786
02:25:42,500 --> 02:25:46,500
refusing to appear in public. 
The king not known for empathy 

2787
02:25:46,500 --> 02:25:49,600
attempted constellation, but her
grief. 

2788
02:25:49,600 --> 02:25:53,400
Lingard, some historians. 
Pinpoint this tragedy as a pivot

2789
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:56,600
in their relationship. 
Transforming her from a radiant 

2790
02:25:56,600 --> 02:25:59,500
figure, to one more 
introspective channeling energy,

2791
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:03,500
into cultural projects, She sold
them spoke of Alexandria and 

2792
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:06,300
publicly but references to 
Monash Perdue in her letters, 

2793
02:26:06,300 --> 02:26:09,000
allude to that. 
Maternal sorrow Beneath The Gold

2794
02:26:09,000 --> 02:26:12,100
Lace for sale. 
As the monarchy stumbled from 

2795
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:15,700
the Warfare goes Madame de. 
Pompadour composure, ironically,

2796
02:26:15,700 --> 02:26:19,400
stabilized, the king's morale. 
She orchestrated an unspoken 

2797
02:26:19,400 --> 02:26:22,800
Serenity within the palace walls
and showing that the presence of

2798
02:26:22,800 --> 02:26:26,700
Music gentle laughed after and 
well, executed ceremonies 

2799
02:26:26,700 --> 02:26:30,600
shielded Louis the 15th from 
glue though, critics called her 

2800
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:33,900
the minister of Pleasures. 
A more profound look reveals her

2801
02:26:33,900 --> 02:26:36,300
role as a caretaker for the 
monarchies emotional climate 

2802
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:40,700
that intangible labor, often 
relegated to women, ensured that

2803
02:26:40,708 --> 02:26:44,000
even in failing Wars, the 
monarchy projected continuity 

2804
02:26:44,000 --> 02:26:47,900
without her, the king might of 
succumb to paralyzing despair on

2805
02:26:47,900 --> 02:26:51,400
neglected governance entirely. 
She in effect became the 

2806
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:55,100
monarchies emotional pivot. 
When contemporary readers gauge 

2807
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:58,700
her significance, they must 
weigh the paradoxes a Bourgeois 

2808
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:01,200
woman who championed 
aristocratic extravagance. 

2809
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:05,200
A mistress who reconfigured 
diplomatic ties and an astute 

2810
02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:08,300
who contended with the brutality
of War, she was not without 

2811
02:27:08,300 --> 02:27:10,800
faults, certain decisions, 
sparked conflict. 

2812
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:13,800
And her loyalty to the monarchy 
overshadowed empathy for the 

2813
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:16,700
broader populace yet. 
One can see her, a formidable 

2814
02:27:16,700 --> 02:27:19,400
intelligence, navigating 
male-dominated, politics 

2815
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:22,800
championing, creativity and 
forging a personal brand that 

2816
02:27:22,800 --> 02:27:26,500
outlived her mortal years that 
blend of contradictory traits 

2817
02:27:26,500 --> 02:27:29,200
and answer as a figure to 
complex for simple. 

2818
02:27:29,200 --> 02:27:32,500
Judgments a testament to the 
nuanced roles, women could 

2819
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:35,300
occupy in a kingdom perched, 
precariously, on the brink of 

2820
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:37,400
his historical transformation 
today. 

2821
02:27:37,400 --> 02:27:41,500
Madame de pompadour endures as 
an emblem of 18th century 

2822
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:45,500
Elegance overshadowed, yet also 
illuminated by the monarchies of

2823
02:27:45,500 --> 02:27:49,600
eventual collapse in 1789. 
She died decades before the 

2824
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:52,500
French Revolution erupted, which
is surprising to some. 

2825
02:27:52,500 --> 02:27:56,000
But her story offers a lens into
the monarchy's Illusions and the

2826
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:59,300
flickers of modern sensibility 
stirring, beneath them, the 

2827
02:27:59,300 --> 02:28:02,500
Rococo style, she popularized 
with its playful curves, and 

2828
02:28:02,500 --> 02:28:06,400
pastel palette. 
Might seem superficial, but it 

2829
02:28:06,400 --> 02:28:09,000
signaled, a shift away from the 
heavy formality of earlier, 

2830
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:12,400
Baroque in championing 
intangible, Pursuits like music.

2831
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:14,900
Painting and philosophical 
discussion. 

2832
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:18,700
She partially laid a cultural 
groundwork that ironically 

2833
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:22,100
helped spread ideas that later 
questioned the monarchies 

2834
02:28:22,100 --> 02:28:25,700
absolute basis in the centuries.
After her demise her name popped

2835
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:29,000
up in unexpected places 
industrial producers of 

2836
02:28:29,000 --> 02:28:32,400
porcelain Inked, pompadour pink,
or pompadour blue. 

2837
02:28:32,400 --> 02:28:34,700
For delicate. 
Tableware dressmakers 

2838
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:37,200
resurrected the pompadour 
hairstyle in various 

2839
02:28:37,200 --> 02:28:41,000
reinterpretations, some tall and
powdered others, more subtle, 

2840
02:28:41,000 --> 02:28:44,000
but referencing that Flair she 
had for graceful display. 

2841
02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:47,300
Literally authors from belzak to
Nancy mitford. 

2842
02:28:47,300 --> 02:28:51,200
Explored her biography, each 
spinning Vantage points. 

2843
02:28:51,200 --> 02:28:55,100
Was she a cunning manipulate or 
a gentle care for an indecisive 

2844
02:28:55,100 --> 02:28:57,100
King? 
Tourists wandering. 

2845
02:28:57,100 --> 02:29:00,700
This I can still Glimpse spaces.
She wants and habited the 

2846
02:29:00,700 --> 02:29:03,900
private Apartments facing the 
garden's all the opera house she

2847
02:29:03,900 --> 02:29:07,400
influenced Guides were count how
she wants staged private 

2848
02:29:07,400 --> 02:29:10,500
theatricals their starring as 
comedic heroines. 

2849
02:29:10,500 --> 02:29:14,900
Coaxing, the king from his Stony
reticence, the wallpapers and 

2850
02:29:14,908 --> 02:29:18,800
color schemes faintly preserved,
reflect that pastel. 

2851
02:29:18,800 --> 02:29:22,800
Whimsy her official portrait by 
Boucher stands in the Wallace 

2852
02:29:22,800 --> 02:29:25,800
collection, in London, capturing
her with a book in hand, 

2853
02:29:25,800 --> 02:29:28,100
emphasizing her intellectual 
bent. 

2854
02:29:28,100 --> 02:29:32,400
Observers note the calm in her 
eyes, a subtle Pride, that 

2855
02:29:32,400 --> 02:29:34,800
defies the ephemeral nature of 
her courtly, status. 

2856
02:29:34,800 --> 02:29:37,300
Modern. 
Feminism appraises her 

2857
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:39,800
differently. 
She was no activist for women's 

2858
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:43,200
equality by present standards 
yet, she challenged conventional

2859
02:29:43,200 --> 02:29:45,800
boundaries. 
She effectively shaped policies 

2860
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:49,100
behind the scenes overshadowing,
many male, courtiers, whose 

2861
02:29:49,100 --> 02:29:52,900
official titles dwarfed, her own
She minted alliance's with 

2862
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:55,500
philosophers to protect free 
expression from Draconian 

2863
02:29:55,500 --> 02:29:58,700
sensors. 
She financed expansions in Fine 

2864
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:02,400
Arts and Manufacturing forging. 
A Synergy between monarchy and 

2865
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:06,600
commerce. while she did not end 
the patriarchal structure, a 

2866
02:30:06,600 --> 02:30:09,500
survival hinged on appeasing, it
her example reveals how 

2867
02:30:09,500 --> 02:30:12,900
determined intelligent woman 
could carve a realm of influence

2868
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:16,400
In that sense, she both 
reaffirmed and quietly 

2869
02:30:16,400 --> 02:30:19,500
subverted. 
The patriarchal monarchy Her 

2870
02:30:19,500 --> 02:30:22,600
ephemeral Presence overshadowed 
by new favorites after her 

2871
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:24,700
death. 
Underscores, the monarchies 

2872
02:30:24,700 --> 02:30:28,600
insatiable appetite for novelty 
yet, none repeated the unique. 

2873
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:32,100
Blend of artistry diplomacy and 
emotional guardianship. 

2874
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:34,200
She brought for a fleeting 
period. 

2875
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:38,900
She had a near ministerial role 
in shaping foreign alliances a 

2876
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:41,100
stance that no subsequent 
mistress or consort fully 

2877
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:44,900
replicated under Louis the 15th.
By the time of the Revolutionary

2878
02:30:44,900 --> 02:30:48,500
upsurge that entire system, the 
monarchy its falling courtiers, 

2879
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:53,500
its cycle of Mr. Aires to 
condemnation The memory of 

2880
02:30:53,500 --> 02:30:55,700
Madame de pompadour, both 
revered and reviled. 

2881
02:30:55,700 --> 02:30:58,700
Became part of the propaganda 
asked, Arnold describing an 

2882
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:01,700
outdated regime. 
A radiant, self-assurance in 

2883
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:05,000
official portraits, served as 
evidence of aristocratic 

2884
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:08,000
decadence, ironically, ignoring 
the fact that she hailed from 

2885
02:31:08,008 --> 02:31:10,700
the bourgeoisie For the average 
person. 

2886
02:31:10,700 --> 02:31:14,300
Rage stumbling upon her story. 
Immediate reaction might revolve

2887
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:16,600
around the gossip. 
A mistress of Versailles. 

2888
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:21,000
The icon of style, But deeper 
reflection uncovers a figure, 

2889
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:24,400
bridging bold, intelligence 
aesthetic, Brilliance and 

2890
02:31:24,400 --> 02:31:27,600
pragmatic survival in a quart, 
bent on devouring, the naive. 

2891
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:31,400
She was that improbable cultural
prime minister as some labeled 

2892
02:31:31,400 --> 02:31:34,400
her for forging a space in a 
male dominated environment. 

2893
02:31:35,300 --> 02:31:38,900
If at times she contributed to 
misguided policies or neglected 

2894
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:42,200
the plight of the lower classes 
such failings aligned with the 

2895
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:46,400
monarchy's broader blind spots 
in that sense her story reflects

2896
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:50,500
systemic complexities rather 
than personal ones alone but her

2897
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:53,200
narrative might evoke parallels 
with the art of balancing 

2898
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:57,200
professional demands personal 
identity and the swirl of public

2899
02:31:57,200 --> 02:31:59,600
scrutiny that go way deeper than
we all might imagine. 

2900
02:32:00,600 --> 02:32:04,100
She found ways to harness her 
adversity, lack of birth rank 

2901
02:32:04,100 --> 02:32:06,600
suspicion from Aristocrats to 
shape. 

2902
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:10,400
A remarkable trajectory whether 
we judge her kindly or harshly, 

2903
02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:13,600
she embodied the precarious 
dance of pleasing the powerful, 

2904
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:17,100
while forging, something new, a 
Synergy of intellectual tastes 

2905
02:32:17,100 --> 02:32:21,500
refined pleasures and aesthetic 
Transformations, that left 

2906
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:25,800
France, a Her adversaries wrote 
pamphlets, proclaiming her 

2907
02:32:25,808 --> 02:32:28,700
ephemeral. 
But ironically, she remains a 

2908
02:32:28,700 --> 02:32:31,800
Hallmark of that era, 
overshadowing some Royals and 

2909
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:35,900
cultural memory. ultimately, 
Madame, de pompadours life, 

2910
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:40,100
underscores a universal theme in
an environment where official 

2911
02:32:40,100 --> 02:32:43,200
power rests with men, An 
individual with vision, 

2912
02:32:43,200 --> 02:32:47,400
resilience, and strategic 
cunning can mold in age or be it

2913
02:32:47,400 --> 02:32:50,500
at personal cost. 
She gave French culture a final 

2914
02:32:50,500 --> 02:32:54,900
Rico Bloom before the wave of 
neoclassicism and eventually 

2915
02:32:54,900 --> 02:32:58,400
Revolution. 
Her touches on diplomacy and 

2916
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:01,700
arts overshadowed, though they 
might have been by War and 

2917
02:33:01,700 --> 02:33:03,700
scandal. 
Continue to invite 

2918
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:07,200
re-examination. 
And so for those who seek Nuance

2919
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:10,300
in history, her story remains a 
captivating Chronicle of 

2920
02:33:10,308 --> 02:33:15,600
ambition Grace heartbreak and a 
legacy that resonates long after

2921
02:33:15,600 --> 02:33:18,500
her heart ceased to beat within 
Versailles, gilded Labyrinth, 

2922
02:33:25,800 --> 02:33:28,900
Alexander Graham Bell was born 
into a world of silence and 

2923
02:33:28,900 --> 02:33:34,100
sound on March 3rd. 1847 in 
Edinburgh Scotland, while 

2924
02:33:34,100 --> 02:33:36,800
history remembers him primarily 
as the inventor of the telephone

2925
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:39,900
Bells relationship with sound 
began long before. 

2926
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,400
His famous invention, shaped by 
a family Legacy that would set 

2927
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:47,600
him on an unexpected path. 
His father, Alexander Melville 

2928
02:33:47,600 --> 02:33:51,900
was no ordinary man. 
A Pioneer in elocution and 

2929
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:54,200
speech. 
Correction the Elder belted 

2930
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:57,000
visible speech. 
A revolutionary system of 

2931
02:33:57,000 --> 02:33:59,600
phonetic symbols representing 
the position of the throat 

2932
02:33:59,600 --> 02:34:04,400
tongue and lips during speech. 
This ingenious method allowed 

2933
02:34:04,400 --> 02:34:06,900
the death to learn spoken 
language by mimicking. 

2934
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,000
These positions, the Bell 
household wasn't just a home. 

2935
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:13,600
It was a laboratory of human 
expression, where conversations 

2936
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:15,700
about valve formations and 
consonant. 

2937
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:18,700
Articulations were, as common as
discussions about the weather, 

2938
02:34:18,700 --> 02:34:22,700
what's really discussed is how 
young Alec as he was called, 

2939
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:26,300
Didn't initially share his 
father's fascination with 

2940
02:34:26,300 --> 02:34:29,700
speech, his early passions, 
centered on music and botany 

2941
02:34:29,700 --> 02:34:32,700
spending hours collecting and 
classifying plants around 

2942
02:34:32,700 --> 02:34:36,000
Edinburgh at 12 or wandering 
through the wheat fields near 

2943
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:39,400
his grandparents home. 
He invented a simple dehusking 

2944
02:34:39,400 --> 02:34:42,800
machine using rotating paddles. 
His first invention came not 

2945
02:34:42,800 --> 02:34:46,700
from sound but from Plants 
Bell's mother, Eliza Grace, 

2946
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:51,100
Simon's was progressively death,
she possessed remarkable musical

2947
02:34:51,100 --> 02:34:54,400
Talent. 
This Paradox a woman unable to 

2948
02:34:54,408 --> 02:34:58,000
fully hear who could still play 
piano beautifully created Bells,

2949
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:01,200
first understanding that sound 
existed beyond the ears alone. 

2950
02:35:02,000 --> 02:35:04,600
He discovered he could 
communicate with her by speaking

2951
02:35:04,600 --> 02:35:08,500
in low clear, Tone's, close to 
her forehead allowing her to 

2952
02:35:08,500 --> 02:35:12,400
feel the vibration of his voice.
An intimate form of 

2953
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:15,400
communication that taught him 
sound was as much physical as 

2954
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:18,000
auditory. 
The households connection to 

2955
02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:21,000
deafness deepened. 
When bells two brothers died of 

2956
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:24,300
tuberculosis leaving him. 
The sole surviving son. 

2957
02:35:25,400 --> 02:35:29,300
Few historians acknowledge the 
shadow, this tragedy cast Bell 

2958
02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:31,500
developed an almost 
superstitious belief that his 

2959
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:34,500
work with the deaf was somehow 
protective believing that by 

2960
02:35:34,500 --> 02:35:37,000
dedicating himself to helping 
those without hearing. 

2961
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:40,100
He might Escape the Fate that 
claimed his brothers. 

2962
02:35:41,100 --> 02:35:44,800
At 16, Bell began teaching music
and elocution at Western House 

2963
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:48,300
Academy in Elgin Scotland 
trading lessons for board while 

2964
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:51,300
continuing his education. 
Here encountered. 

2965
02:35:51,300 --> 02:35:54,200
James Bell, no relation who 
introduced him to electrical 

2966
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:56,700
science? 
Their experiments with a 

2967
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:58,700
homemade battery. 
And telegraphs sparked young, 

2968
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:01,000
Bells. 
Interest in electricity, though.

2969
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:03,100
He wouldn't connect it to sound 
for years to come. 

2970
02:36:04,000 --> 02:36:07,000
What's particularly fascinating,
is how Bell's early experiments 

2971
02:36:07,000 --> 02:36:09,700
were aimed at distance 
communication but at something 

2972
02:36:09,700 --> 02:36:13,100
far more fanciful, he and his 
brother Melville created. 

2973
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:16,100
A speaking Automotive, 
essentially attempting to build 

2974
02:36:16,100 --> 02:36:18,200
a machine that could produce 
human speech. 

2975
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:21,700
Sounds they managed to make 
their creation speak by using 

2976
02:36:21,700 --> 02:36:25,000
Bellows for lungs. 
A crude larynx made from Reed 

2977
02:36:25,000 --> 02:36:28,600
and a flexible leather mouth 
with movable lips and tongue. 

2978
02:36:29,300 --> 02:36:31,900
Simple sounds and even not a 
phrases like Mama. 

2979
02:36:32,900 --> 02:36:35,400
This forgotten experiment 
reveals Bells initial 

2980
02:36:35,400 --> 02:36:38,400
Fascination was not with 
transmitting human voices but 

2981
02:36:38,400 --> 02:36:43,900
manufacturing them artificially.
In 1863 belt turned 16 and took 

2982
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:47,700
a position as a pupil teacher of
elocution and music at Western 

2983
02:36:47,700 --> 02:36:52,100
House Academy in Elgin Scotland.
While their Bel-Red, the work of

2984
02:36:52,100 --> 02:36:54,900
German physicist. 
Hermann Von helmholtz, who had 

2985
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:57,500
conducted experiments 
demonstrating that electrical 

2986
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:00,600
currents could be used to 
simulate sound Bell. 

2987
02:37:00,600 --> 02:37:03,100
Couldn't read German and 
misinterpreted helmholtz's work 

2988
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:05,600
believe in the scientists to 
successfully. 

2989
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:09,400
Transmitted vowel sounds over 
wire using electricity this 

2990
02:37:09,400 --> 02:37:11,800
productive misunderstanding 
planted a sea that would 

2991
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:14,900
eventually grow into the 
telephone after his brothers 

2992
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:17,300
deaths Bells. 
Parents sought healthier 

2993
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:19,800
surrounding eventually settling 
on Canada. 

2994
02:37:19,800 --> 02:37:23,900
In 1870, the family made the 
Atlantic Crossing after Edward 

2995
02:37:23,900 --> 02:37:27,900
his second brother died from 
tuberculosis, this transition 

2996
02:37:27,900 --> 02:37:30,300
period is rarely highlighted 
yet. 

2997
02:37:30,300 --> 02:37:33,800
It was pivotal Bell was leaving 
behind, not just a country, but 

2998
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:36,500
an identity on the ship Crossing
to Canada. 

2999
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,900
He grew a beard to look older 
attempting to reinvent himself 

3000
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:42,700
in this new world. 
The man who arrived in North 

3001
02:37:42,700 --> 02:37:45,900
America was determined to 
escape, not just the tubercular 

3002
02:37:45,900 --> 02:37:48,900
area of Scotland but also the 
shadow of family tragedy. 

3003
02:37:49,800 --> 02:37:53,700
In 1871 Alexander, Graham Bell 
arrived in Boston. 

3004
02:37:53,700 --> 02:37:56,700
Not as The Confident, inventor 
history, often portrays. 

3005
02:37:56,700 --> 02:38:00,900
But as a man desperate for work,
his reputation as an expert, 

3006
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:04,200
invisible speech, had proceeded 
him and the Boston Board of 

3007
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:06,600
Education hired him to train 
teachers at the school for the 

3008
02:38:06,600 --> 02:38:09,200
deaf. 
Bell was not merely teaching a 

3009
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:11,100
method. 
He was challenging an entire 

3010
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:15,100
philosophy of death education. 
The American approach to deaf 

3011
02:38:15,100 --> 02:38:17,300
education at the time. 
Heavily favored sign language. 

3012
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:22,100
Bell influenced by his father's 
methods advocated for oralism, 

3013
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:25,100
teaching the deaf to speak and 
read lips a position. 

3014
02:38:25,100 --> 02:38:28,100
That would later earn him 
significant criticism from deaf 

3015
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:31,300
communities. 
This ideological battle shaped 

3016
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,300
Bells early years in America, 
and revealed his stubborn, 

3017
02:38:34,300 --> 02:38:36,500
willingness to Champion 
unpopular ideas. 

3018
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:38,900
A trait that would serve his 
inventing career. 

3019
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:42,400
Well, What's typically 
overlooked in Bells biography? 

3020
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:45,500
Is that he was perpetually broke
during these Boston years. 

3021
02:38:45,500 --> 02:38:49,000
He supplemented his teaching 
income by taking private pupils 

3022
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:52,300
often traveling hours by horse 
drawn streetcar between lessons 

3023
02:38:53,300 --> 02:38:55,800
One such journey in Winter 
nearly cost him his life when he

3024
02:38:55,808 --> 02:38:58,100
fell through ice. 
While crossing the Charles River

3025
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:01,500
as a shortcut Soaked and 
freezing barely reached his 

3026
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:04,500
destination where his students 
family had to throw him out 

3027
02:39:04,508 --> 02:39:07,900
before a roaring fire. 
Bell's private students included

3028
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:11,200
the children of Boston's Elite 
families giving him access to 

3029
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:13,900
Social Circles that would later 
provide crucial Financial 

3030
02:39:13,900 --> 02:39:17,000
backing for his inventions. 
Among these students was George 

3031
02:39:17,000 --> 02:39:19,700
Saunders whose father would 
become one of Bell's most 

3032
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:23,800
important Financial supporters. 
The Sanders home in Salem became

3033
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:27,100
Bell's second residence, where 
he was given attic space for 

3034
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:29,600
experiments. 
This Arrangement, not only 

3035
02:39:29,600 --> 02:39:32,900
provided convenience, but also 
enabled Bell's wealthy 

3036
02:39:32,900 --> 02:39:34,900
supporters to closely monitor 
their investment. 

3037
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:39,400
During this period Bell met 
Mabel Hubbard a student who had 

3038
02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:42,800
lost her hearing to scarlet 
fever at age 5 10 years, his 

3039
02:39:42,800 --> 02:39:46,200
Junior Mabel was bright and 
determined and came from a 

3040
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:47,600
wealthy and well-connected 
family. 

3041
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:50,200
Her father Garden, a green 
Hubbard. 

3042
02:39:50,200 --> 02:39:53,500
Was a prominent Boston lawyer 
and would later become Bell's 

3043
02:39:53,500 --> 02:39:55,400
business, partner, mayor and 
father in law. 

3044
02:39:56,300 --> 02:39:59,300
While their romance blossoms 
slowly, what's less known is 

3045
02:39:59,300 --> 02:40:01,500
that Bell? 
Initially hesitated to pursue 

3046
02:40:01,500 --> 02:40:04,300
Maybel worried that his work 
with the deaf might make her 

3047
02:40:04,300 --> 02:40:06,300
feel like a project rather than 
a partner. 

3048
02:40:07,100 --> 02:40:09,000
Bells teaching, methods were 
revolutionary. 

3049
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:12,300
But exhausting, he would spend 
hours with individual students, 

3050
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:15,300
placing their hands on his face 
to feel the vibration. 

3051
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:18,900
As he spoke moving their tongues
and lips with his fingers to 

3052
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:22,800
form correct positions. 
This intimate hands on approach,

3053
02:40:22,800 --> 02:40:26,200
yielded remarkable results, but 
drained him, physically and 

3054
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:30,300
emotionally After full days of 
teaching Bellwood Retreat, to 

3055
02:40:30,308 --> 02:40:33,500
his living quarters to conduct 
experiments with electricity and

3056
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:35,500
sound often working through the 
night. 

3057
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:39,000
Bells experimentation during 
this period, wasn't solely 

3058
02:40:39,000 --> 02:40:42,500
focused on Voice transmission. 
He was simultaneously developing

3059
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,800
a harmonic Telegraph. 
The device capable of sending 

3060
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:49,000
multiple Telegraph messages, 
concurrently over a single wire 

3061
02:40:49,000 --> 02:40:51,300
by using different musical 
tones. 

3062
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:54,800
This approach directly 
challenged Western Unions, 

3063
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:57,700
Telegraph Monopoly and attracted
Financial backing. 

3064
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:00,100
From those eager to break the 
company Stranglehold on 

3065
02:41:00,100 --> 02:41:03,100
communication. 
Rarely discussed is the fact 

3066
02:41:03,100 --> 02:41:06,100
that Bells unusual habit of 
combining disciplines often led 

3067
02:41:06,100 --> 02:41:09,100
to his breakthroughs, his 
understanding of the human voice

3068
02:41:09,100 --> 02:41:12,600
acquired through years of speech
training informed. 

3069
02:41:12,600 --> 02:41:14,200
His electrical experiments in 
ways. 

3070
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:15,900
Pure electricians could not 
match. 

3071
02:41:16,700 --> 02:41:19,000
While contemporaries like Thomas
Edison and Alicia gray, 

3072
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:20,600
approached communication 
technology. 

3073
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:24,000
From an electrical engineering 
perspective, Bell approached it 

3074
02:41:24,000 --> 02:41:26,400
through the lens of human 
anatomy and acoustics. 

3075
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:30,300
Bells research notes from this 
period reveal a man, constantly 

3076
02:41:30,300 --> 02:41:33,100
torn between commercial and 
humanitarian motivations. 

3077
02:41:33,100 --> 02:41:36,000
While he genuinely wanted to 
help the deaf communicate. 

3078
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:40,000
He also meticulously documented,
which ideas might be patentable.

3079
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:44,700
This pragmatic Duality 
humanitarian dreams backed by 

3080
02:41:44,700 --> 02:41:48,100
business Acumen helped Belle 
succeed where other idealistic 

3081
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:52,700
inventors failed in June 1875 
while experimenting with his 

3082
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:56,100
harmonic Telegraph Bell. 
And his assistant Thomas Watson 

3083
02:41:56,100 --> 02:42:01,300
discovered that a reed stuck in 
continued to transmit sound Bell

3084
02:42:01,300 --> 02:42:03,100
recognized the implications 
immediately. 

3085
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:06,700
If he could make continuous 
electrical current variant 

3086
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:09,900
intensity precisely as are 
varied in density during 

3087
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:13,500
soundtrack transmission. 
He could transmit speech This 

3088
02:42:13,500 --> 02:42:16,300
Epiphany came during a period 
when Belle was physically ill 

3089
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:19,900
and mentally exhausted from 
overworked, suggesting that his 

3090
02:42:19,900 --> 02:42:23,100
breakthrough emerged not despite
his fatigue, but perhaps because

3091
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:26,400
of it, his tired, mine Making 
Connections is disciplined. 

3092
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:29,900
Thinking might have missed The 
birth of the telephone wasn't 

3093
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:33,300
the triumphant Eureka moment. 
Often depicted in simplified 

3094
02:42:33,300 --> 02:42:36,800
histories, instead, it emerged 
through a series of incremental 

3095
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:41,200
advances false starts, and near 
misses that culminated in a 

3096
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:43,500
working device, through 
persistence rather than a single

3097
02:42:43,508 --> 02:42:48,800
Flash of Genius on March. 10th 
1876, Bella to the famous words,

3098
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:52,700
Mr. Watson, come here, I want to
see you through his experimental

3099
02:42:52,700 --> 02:42:57,000
device but the context of this 
moment is rarely explained Bell 

3100
02:42:57,000 --> 02:43:00,000
had accidentally spilled battery
acid on his clothes, and was 

3101
02:43:00,008 --> 02:43:03,100
calling for assistance, not 
deliberately testing the machine

3102
02:43:03,100 --> 02:43:06,800
Watson working in another room. 
Heard the call clearly through 

3103
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:08,600
the device and rushed to Bell's 
side. 

3104
02:43:09,300 --> 02:43:12,100
The first transmitted sentence 
in telephone history, was 

3105
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:14,200
essentially a workplace accident
report. 

3106
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:18,600
What's also frequently 
overlooked is how close Bell 

3107
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:20,000
came to losing his place in 
history. 

3108
02:43:20,800 --> 02:43:23,600
Just hours before Bell filed his
telephone patent on February 

3109
02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:28,600
14th. 1876, another inventor 
Elisha gray submitted. 

3110
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:31,500
A caveat a preliminary patent 
document for a similar device. 

3111
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:35,300
The ensuing priority battle 
would consume years of Bell's 

3112
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:38,700
life and mental energy, despite 
Bells eventual victory in the US

3113
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:41,200
Supreme Court. 
His victory was narrowly 

3114
02:43:41,200 --> 02:43:44,600
margined and surrounded by 
persistent allegations of patent

3115
02:43:44,600 --> 02:43:46,700
office. 
Corruption the telephones, early

3116
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:49,500
demonstrations revealed public 
skepticism about its 

3117
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:52,400
practicality. 
When Bell first exhibited his 

3118
02:43:52,400 --> 02:43:55,200
invention at the 1876 Centennial
Exhibition. 

3119
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:59,000
In Philadelphia, most visitors 
dismissed it as a clever parlor 

3120
02:43:59,000 --> 02:44:00,900
trick rather than a 
revolutionary communication 

3121
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:04,600
device Emperor, Dom Pedro. 
The second of Brazil provided 

3122
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:07,700
crucial validation when he tried
the device in a basement. 

3123
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:11,800
My God, it tours. 
This Royal endorsement, 

3124
02:44:11,800 --> 02:44:13,800
transformed public perception 
overnight. 

3125
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:17,200
Before journalists Frederick 
Gower popularized, the term 

3126
02:44:17,200 --> 02:44:20,400
telephone in his reporting. 
Bell preferred to refer to his 

3127
02:44:20,400 --> 02:44:22,500
device as an electrical speech 
machine. 

3128
02:44:23,400 --> 02:44:25,900
Builders like the term 
considering it in precise and 

3129
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:28,100
overly Greek. 
But eventually conceded to its 

3130
02:44:28,100 --> 02:44:32,100
popular usage demonstrating that
even the inventor couldn't 

3131
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:34,300
control all aspects of his 
Creations identity. 

3132
02:44:35,900 --> 02:44:38,000
The early telephone faced 
significant technical 

3133
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,300
limitations early models 
required users to both speak 

3134
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:43,000
into and listen through the same
piece. 

3135
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:45,900
Necessitating an awkward back 
and forth motion during 

3136
02:44:45,900 --> 02:44:48,400
conversations. 
The transmitter design was so 

3137
02:44:48,400 --> 02:44:52,000
inefficient that users often had
to shout to be heard and range 

3138
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:55,100
was severely limited Thomas 
Edison's later. 

3139
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:57,200
Carbon transmitter improvements 
significantly. 

3140
02:44:57,200 --> 02:45:00,600
Enhanced performance though. 
Belle resisted adopting Edison's

3141
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:02,500
technology due to their intense 
rivalry. 

3142
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:06,800
Bells demonstration before Queen
Victoria Osborne house in 

3143
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:10,800
January. 1878 was a carefully, 
choreographed publicity event. 

3144
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:14,900
Musicians were stationed at cows
and Southampton miles from the 

3145
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:17,700
Royal residence to play for the 
queen through the telephone 

3146
02:45:17,700 --> 02:45:20,100
line. 
The performance was successful. 

3147
02:45:20,100 --> 02:45:23,400
The court records indicate the 
queen found the sound quality 

3148
02:45:23,400 --> 02:45:27,300
adequate but unrefined 
nevertheless, a royal attention 

3149
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:30,000
guaranteed newspaper coverage 
throughout the British Empire 

3150
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:33,200
advancing Bells interests, while
he personally found the Royal 

3151
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:37,200
performance anxiety inducing The
telephone's early adoption 

3152
02:45:37,200 --> 02:45:40,000
wasn't driven by the business 
applications as Bell expected. 

3153
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:44,000
But by what we might today call 
in emergency services, police 

3154
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:46,300
stations and fire departments 
were among the early 

3155
02:45:46,300 --> 02:45:49,500
institutional adopters. 
Seeing the value in instant 

3156
02:45:49,500 --> 02:45:53,200
communication during crises 
doctors also quickly, embrace 

3157
02:45:53,200 --> 02:45:56,400
the technology allowing patients
to call for Urgent Care. 

3158
02:45:56,400 --> 02:45:59,900
A use case Bell have an 
anticipated but which provided 

3159
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:03,100
crucial early Revenue Bell. 
Grappled, with the business 

3160
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:06,200
aspects of his invention in the 
background though, often 

3161
02:46:06,200 --> 02:46:09,500
portrayed as a scientific 
genius, he was an indifferent 

3162
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:11,200
businessman. 
Who found commercial 

3163
02:46:11,200 --> 02:46:12,700
negotiations? 
Distasteful. 

3164
02:46:13,500 --> 02:46:17,100
His father-in-law Gardiner 
Hubbard management business 

3165
02:46:17,100 --> 02:46:19,600
affairs. 
Often making decisions, Bell 

3166
02:46:19,600 --> 02:46:22,200
disagreed with but felt 
powerless to oppose due to 

3167
02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:25,300
family Dynamics. 
When the Bell Telephone Company 

3168
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:29,700
was formed in July, 1877, 
Alexander Graham Bell was given 

3169
02:46:29,700 --> 02:46:32,900
only a small portion of the 
shares a financial Arrangement. 

3170
02:46:32,900 --> 02:46:35,100
He would later regret as the 
company's value. 

3171
02:46:35,100 --> 02:46:40,100
Skyrocketed, by 1878 Bell, was 
already growing disillusioned 

3172
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:42,400
with his creation's 
commercialization and the 

3173
02:46:42,408 --> 02:46:44,800
endless litigation surrounding 
it. 

3174
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:47,400
In a really quoted letter to his
parents. 

3175
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:50,500
He confessed, I have become 
rather tired of the telephone, 

3176
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:52,700
inventing. 
Something is so much more 

3177
02:46:52,700 --> 02:46:55,800
interesting than perfecting it. 
And now, when I see the 

3178
02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:59,300
telephone serving the common 
purposes of life, it loses very 

3179
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:01,100
much, its romance and wander to 
me. 

3180
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:04,900
This sentiment would eventually 
Drive Belle away from telephony,

3181
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:08,200
altogether toward new, 
scientific Pursuits with a 

3182
02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:10,400
thrill of Discovery could be 
experienced to Fresh. 

3183
02:47:11,600 --> 02:47:13,300
Behind Alexander Graham. 
Bell's. 

3184
02:47:13,300 --> 02:47:16,500
Public Persona is inventor and 
businessman existed. 

3185
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:19,800
A private life characterized by 
deep personal commitments and 

3186
02:47:19,800 --> 02:47:22,800
internal conflicts that rarely 
make it into standard histories.

3187
02:47:23,700 --> 02:47:27,600
His marriage to Mabel Hubbard in
1877, connected him to one of 

3188
02:47:27,608 --> 02:47:30,900
Boston's most influential 
families, but also placed him 

3189
02:47:30,900 --> 02:47:33,200
within a complex web of 
expectations and obligations, 

3190
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:34,900
that would shape the remainder 
of his life. 

3191
02:47:35,800 --> 02:47:38,300
Mabel was far more than the 
supportive wife historical 

3192
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:42,000
accounts, often reducer to 
intelligent educated at 

3193
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:45,600
Radcliffe College, then called 
the Harvard, Annex and fluent in

3194
02:47:45,608 --> 02:47:48,300
multiple languages. 
Despite her deafness, she 

3195
02:47:48,300 --> 02:47:51,900
managed, the family's finances, 
edited, Bells, scientific papers

3196
02:47:51,900 --> 02:47:54,500
and negotiated many of his 
business Arrangements. 

3197
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:58,300
The correspondence reveals that 
major decisions about Bells. 

3198
02:47:58,300 --> 02:48:01,400
Career were joint ventures with 
Maple often providing the 

3199
02:48:01,400 --> 02:48:04,100
Strategic Vision, while Belle 
supplied the technical 

3200
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:07,900
expertise, their home life had 
features rarely discussed in 

3201
02:48:07,900 --> 02:48:11,600
traditional accounts. 
Due to Mabel's deafness the Bell

3202
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:13,400
household operated under 
communication. 

3203
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:15,800
Protocols that visitors found 
unusual. 

3204
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,300
Family members and servants. 
Were trained never to speak to 

3205
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:22,700
Mabel from behind, always to 
face her directly in good light.

3206
02:48:23,400 --> 02:48:25,800
And to use specific gestures to 
gain her attention. 

3207
02:48:26,900 --> 02:48:29,800
Bell himself developed a private
sign language with Mabel 

3208
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:33,300
combining elements of 
conventional sign language with 

3209
02:48:33,300 --> 02:48:36,500
intimate gestures unique to 
their relationship. 

3210
02:48:37,500 --> 02:48:40,000
His private language allowed 
them to communicate across 

3211
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:42,600
crowded rooms and in situations 
where lip reading was 

3212
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,000
impossible. 
The bells had four children 

3213
02:48:45,000 --> 02:48:49,300
though only two daughters Elsie 
and Marion survived to adulthood

3214
02:48:50,600 --> 02:48:53,100
The deaths of their two sons in 
infancy affected. 

3215
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:56,200
Belle profoundly. 
Triggering intense periods of 

3216
02:48:56,208 --> 02:48:58,900
depression that occasionally 
halted, his scientific work 

3217
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:01,700
altogether. 
These episodes of mental health 

3218
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:04,100
struggle remain largely 
unexamined in Bell. 

3219
02:49:04,100 --> 02:49:06,900
Biographies yet. 
They significantly impacted his 

3220
02:49:06,900 --> 02:49:10,800
productivity and interests. 
During these dark periods, Belle

3221
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:13,100
would sometimes disappear for 
days into his laboratory. 

3222
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:16,900
Working obsessively on projects 
unrelated to commercial 

3223
02:49:16,900 --> 02:49:19,800
potential a form of therapy 
through invention. 

3224
02:49:20,700 --> 02:49:23,400
Bells relationship with the deaf
Community was far more 

3225
02:49:23,400 --> 02:49:26,700
complicated than most while he 
is remembered for his work in 

3226
02:49:26,700 --> 02:49:30,700
deaf, education Bells, strong, 
advocacy, for oralism, teaching 

3227
02:49:30,700 --> 02:49:33,600
the death to speak, rather than 
the new sign language and his 

3228
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:35,100
opposition to death into 
marriage. 

3229
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:37,600
Eventually, made him a 
controversial figure among death

3230
02:49:37,600 --> 02:49:40,000
activists. 
They viewed these positions as a

3231
02:49:40,000 --> 02:49:41,500
tax on Deaf culture and 
identity. 

3232
02:49:42,700 --> 02:49:45,700
What's rarely acknowledged is 
how Bell's position evolved with

3233
02:49:45,700 --> 02:49:48,200
age. 
Private journals from his later 

3234
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:51,400
years, showed growing ambivalent
about his early Hardline stance,

3235
02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:54,000
though, he never publicly 
reversed his position. 

3236
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:59,000
Bell's household on Connecticut,
Avenue in Washington, DC became 

3237
02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:01,300
an intellectual salon, 
frequented by scientists 

3238
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:05,000
politicians and artists after 
the family moved from Boston. 

3239
02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:08,700
These gatherings were carefully 
orchestrated by Mabel who used 

3240
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:11,300
these social connections to 
advance Bell's projects and 

3241
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:14,000
secure funding for his 
increasingly diverse scientific 

3242
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:16,800
interests. 
House contained, especially 

3243
02:50:16,800 --> 02:50:19,400
designed laboratory. 
Where bell would often Retreat 

3244
02:50:19,400 --> 02:50:23,200
during these parties emerging 
occasionally to demonstrate new 

3245
02:50:23,200 --> 02:50:27,700
experiments to impressed guests.
Financial anxiety, haunted Bell,

3246
02:50:27,700 --> 02:50:30,800
despite his apparent success, a 
continuous patent, litigation 

3247
02:50:30,800 --> 02:50:33,800
surrounding the telephone 
drained resources and bells 

3248
02:50:33,800 --> 02:50:36,500
habit of funding, elaborate 
scientific exploration's 

3249
02:50:36,500 --> 02:50:40,100
frequently, strained, the family
finance's Mabel imposed a strict

3250
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:43,700
allowance system on her husband 
controlling his access to funds.

3251
02:50:43,700 --> 02:50:46,300
When she felt his spending on 
scientific equipment became 

3252
02:50:46,300 --> 02:50:48,800
excessive. 
Their correspondents contains 

3253
02:50:48,800 --> 02:50:51,700
numerous instances of Belle, 
pleading for additional research

3254
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:55,500
funds while Mabel insisted on 
budgetary, discipline by the 

3255
02:50:55,508 --> 02:50:58,900
standards of his time bells. 
Personal habits, were eccentric 

3256
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:02,000
typically work through the night
and slept during daylight hours 

3257
02:51:02,000 --> 02:51:04,600
a schedule that calls for 
friction within the household, 

3258
02:51:04,600 --> 02:51:08,200
which insisted was essential to 
his creative process. 

3259
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:11,200
He was known to go days without 
changing clothes when absorbed 

3260
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:14,700
in an experiment, And household 
staff were instructed, never to 

3261
02:51:14,700 --> 02:51:17,400
clean, or rearrange his 
laboratory, no matter how 

3262
02:51:17,400 --> 02:51:21,300
chaotic it appeared Bell claimed
to have a topographic memory for

3263
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:23,000
the position of every tool and 
paper. 

3264
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:26,800
Bell's relationship with his 
famous father in law, Gardiner 

3265
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:29,900
Hubbard was complex and 
occasionally strained, while 

3266
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:32,000
Hubbard provided crucial 
business support and 

3267
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:34,400
connections. 
You also pushed Bell toward 

3268
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,100
commercial applications, when 
Bell preferred pure research. 

3269
02:51:37,100 --> 02:51:40,300
After one particularly heated, 
argument about the direction of 

3270
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:42,900
the Bell. 
Telephone Company Bell retreated

3271
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:45,900
to his Nova Scotia estate for 
nearly six months communicating 

3272
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:48,900
with Hubbard exclusively through
Mabel as intermediary. 

3273
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:52,500
As he aged Belle, developed 
various health problems, 

3274
02:51:52,500 --> 02:51:56,500
including diabetes and symptoms,
consistent with nurse senior. 

3275
02:51:57,100 --> 02:51:59,300
Appeared diagnosis for fatigue 
and anxiety. 

3276
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:01,800
Bell. 
Managed these conditions by 

3277
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:04,800
combining conventional medicine 
with the popular water, cures of

3278
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:08,500
the late 19th century. 
Bell became an advocate of Hydra

3279
02:52:08,500 --> 02:52:11,600
therapy. 
Installing, elaborate bathing 

3280
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:14,900
equipment in his home's and 
maintaining detailed journals 

3281
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:17,500
about the effects of various 
water treatments on his health 

3282
02:52:17,500 --> 02:52:21,000
and intellectual energy an 
aspect of his life, completely 

3283
02:52:21,000 --> 02:52:22,800
absent, from standard by 
biographies. 

3284
02:52:22,800 --> 02:52:26,200
Alexander Graham Bell's 
identification with the 

3285
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,700
telephone has overshadowed his 
remarkable range of other 

3286
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:32,000
scientific contributions. 
Some Visionary others, curious 

3287
02:52:32,000 --> 02:52:34,800
dead ends but all revealing a 
Restless intellect to the 

3288
02:52:34,808 --> 02:52:36,800
refused to be defined by single 
invention. 

3289
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,200
Bell's work on the photophone 
developed with his assistant, 

3290
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:45,400
Charles Sumner tainter, between 
1879 and 1880 represented. 

3291
02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:48,700
The first Wireless telephone 
Communication System, the device

3292
02:52:48,700 --> 02:52:52,300
transmitted sound on a beam of 
light, essentially the same 

3293
02:52:52,300 --> 02:52:54,900
principle behind fiber optic. 
Communication developed. 

3294
02:52:54,900 --> 02:52:57,500
Nearly a century later. 
Bell considered it. 

3295
02:52:57,500 --> 02:53:00,600
The greatest invention I have 
ever made greater than the 

3296
02:53:00,600 --> 02:53:03,200
telephone yet. 
The technology was ahead of its 

3297
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:07,500
time limited by contemporary 
light sources and detectors few 

3298
02:53:07,500 --> 02:53:10,700
people realize that when making 
a fiber optic called today, she 

3299
02:53:10,700 --> 02:53:15,500
using principles Bellion The 
realm of Aviation Bell, formed 

3300
02:53:15,500 --> 02:53:19,200
the aerial experiment 
Association in 1909, bringing 

3301
02:53:19,200 --> 02:53:23,100
together, Glenn, Curtis Thomas 
Selfridge, Casey Baldwin and 

3302
02:53:23,100 --> 02:53:25,600
Douglas McCurdy. 
This team created. 

3303
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:29,000
Several notable aircraft 
including the silver Dart which 

3304
02:53:29,000 --> 02:53:32,000
in 1909 made the first 
controlled powered flight in 

3305
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:34,800
Canada. 
Bells particular contribution 

3306
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:38,700
was, the tetrahedral, kite, 
unique design, using triangular 

3307
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:41,500
cells, that provided remarkable 
structural strength. 

3308
02:53:42,100 --> 02:53:45,200
He built increasingly large 
versions of eventually creating 

3309
02:53:45,200 --> 02:53:48,600
the Signet. 
Electric Heald enough to carry a

3310
02:53:48,600 --> 02:53:51,000
man. 
What's really mentioned, is how 

3311
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:54,000
Bell's obsession with these 
tetrahedral structures extended 

3312
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:58,000
Beyond flight Incorporated, the 
geometric pattern into Furniture

3313
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,500
lamps and even children's toys, 
he designed for his 

3314
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:04,300
grandchildren. 
Bell's work in genetics and 

3315
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:06,900
animal husbandry represents. 
Another largely overlooked 

3316
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:10,600
chapter It is a state in Nova 
Scotia, conducted extensive 

3317
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:14,100
breeding experiments with sheep 
meticulously documenting the 

3318
02:54:14,100 --> 02:54:17,900
inheritance of traits across 
Generations, his specific Focus 

3319
02:54:17,900 --> 02:54:20,300
was producing sheep with 
multiple nipples. 

3320
02:54:20,300 --> 02:54:24,700
Treated believed would allow 
used to nurse more Lambs in meat

3321
02:54:24,700 --> 02:54:28,300
production to efficiently. 
After nearly 30 years of 

3322
02:54:28,300 --> 02:54:31,100
selective breeding his 
successfully developed, a strain

3323
02:54:31,100 --> 02:54:34,000
of sheep where multiple nipples 
were consistently inherited. 

3324
02:54:34,000 --> 02:54:37,600
While this work never gained 
commercial application, his 

3325
02:54:37,600 --> 02:54:39,800
meticulous, records and 
anticipated principles of 

3326
02:54:39,808 --> 02:54:42,800
genetics, that would only be 
fully understood decades later. 

3327
02:54:42,800 --> 02:54:47,000
Environmental concerns occupied 
Bells later scientific work in 

3328
02:54:47,000 --> 02:54:50,600
ways that appear, surprisingly 
modern, In the 1910s. 

3329
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:54,500
He became concerned about 
deforestation and fossil fuel. 

3330
02:54:54,500 --> 02:54:58,400
Depletion writing the unchecked 
consumption of our natural 

3331
02:54:58,400 --> 02:55:01,400
resources will bring future 
generations to privation. 

3332
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:05,900
We can hardly imagine he expired
or experimented with award to or

3333
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:09,500
alternative energy sources 
including early solar collectors

3334
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:12,300
and alcohol based fuels. 
Derived from plant materials. 

3335
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:16,000
He even designed a distillation 
system that converted plant 

3336
02:55:16,000 --> 02:55:19,400
cellulose to ethanol for use, in
internal combustion engines 

3337
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:21,700
essentially, an early biofuel 
program. 

3338
02:55:22,500 --> 02:55:25,300
Belle's, work with the deaf, led
him to Medical innovations that 

3339
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:27,100
extended. 
Well beyond speech therapy. 

3340
02:55:27,900 --> 02:55:30,900
He developed an early metal 
detector, specifically to locate

3341
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:34,700
the bullet lodged in President 
James Garfield after his 1881 

3342
02:55:34,700 --> 02:55:37,400
assassination. 
While the device worked in 

3343
02:55:37,400 --> 02:55:40,500
laboratory tests, it failed in 
practice because the metal bed 

3344
02:55:40,500 --> 02:55:44,300
springs, in the president's bed 
created interference a factor. 

3345
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:46,700
The attending physicians hadn't 
disclosed to Belle. 

3346
02:55:46,700 --> 02:55:49,600
This experience sparked Bells 
interest in medical 

3347
02:55:49,600 --> 02:55:52,700
instrumentation, which led to 
his development of a vacuum 

3348
02:55:52,700 --> 02:55:54,800
jacket for patients with 
respiratory problems. 

3349
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:58,300
A predecessor to the iron lung. 
That would be fully developed 

3350
02:55:58,300 --> 02:56:01,500
decades later. 
In his Nova Scotia laboratory 

3351
02:56:01,500 --> 02:56:04,700
Belk conducted, extensive 
hydrophilic experiments. 

3352
02:56:04,700 --> 02:56:09,300
Culminated in the hd4k. 
Which set a world Marine speed 

3353
02:56:09,300 --> 02:56:14,600
record of 70.86 miles per hour. 
In 1919, a record that stood for

3354
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:18,000
two decades, This work was 
conducted in close collaboration

3355
02:56:18,000 --> 02:56:20,700
with Casey Baldwin and the two 
men developed. 

3356
02:56:20,700 --> 02:56:23,700
Several Innovative hold designs 
that influenced later Naval 

3357
02:56:23,700 --> 02:56:27,400
architecture Bell submitted 
designs for hydrofoil warships 

3358
02:56:27,400 --> 02:56:29,300
to the US Navy during World War 
1. 

3359
02:56:30,200 --> 02:56:34,400
But they never saw Construction.
Bells interest in sound led him 

3360
02:56:34,400 --> 02:56:37,700
to acoustical experiments that 
extended, well beyond telephony,

3361
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:40,700
he developed methods for 
recording sound vibrations. 

3362
02:56:40,700 --> 02:56:44,800
Visually allowing detailed 
analysis of speech patterns this

3363
02:56:44,800 --> 02:56:47,900
work evolved into teppo 
techniques for teaching the deaf

3364
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,200
to modulate their voices by 
watching these visual 

3365
02:56:50,200 --> 02:56:53,500
representations, a precursor to 
the speech visualization 

3366
02:56:53,500 --> 02:56:56,000
technology used in modern speech
therapy. 

3367
02:56:56,700 --> 02:56:59,800
He also conducted extensive 
research on how different 

3368
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:02,600
architectural materials and 
Designs affected soundtrack 

3369
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:05,400
transmission. 
Creating customized acoustic 

3370
02:57:05,400 --> 02:57:08,700
environments decades before 
acoustic engineering became a 

3371
02:57:08,700 --> 02:57:12,500
recognized discipline. 
Perhaps, most surprisingly Bell 

3372
02:57:12,500 --> 02:57:15,700
devoted considerable attention 
to desalination technology in 

3373
02:57:15,700 --> 02:57:19,100
his later years concerned about 
freshwater scarce City. 

3374
02:57:19,100 --> 02:57:23,100
He designed several solar 
distillation systems intended to

3375
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:26,800
provide drinking water, in arid 
Coastal Region's his vacuum. 

3376
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:30,100
Distillation design was 
particularly Innovative using 

3377
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:31,700
pressure. 
Differentials to reduce the 

3378
02:57:31,700 --> 02:57:33,300
energy required for water 
purification. 

3379
02:57:34,700 --> 02:57:36,500
Although it was never 
commercialized during his 

3380
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:38,900
lifetime version of bells 
approach. 

3381
02:57:38,900 --> 02:57:41,600
Later became standard in 
desalination plants worldwide. 

3382
02:57:42,700 --> 02:57:45,500
Throughout these diverse 
projects Bell maintained 

3383
02:57:45,500 --> 02:57:48,800
meticulous records, thousands of
pages of laboratory notes 

3384
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:52,700
diagrams and correspondence that
reveal the day-to-day workings 

3385
02:57:52,700 --> 02:57:56,200
of his experimental process. 
These documents show, Bell 

3386
02:57:56,200 --> 02:57:59,400
wasn't the solitary Genius of 
popular imagination but rather 

3387
02:57:59,400 --> 02:58:03,600
the central node in a network of
collaborators assistance and 

3388
02:58:03,600 --> 02:58:06,900
correspondence, who contributed 
significantly to his various 

3389
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:09,500
projects. 
Bell freely acknowledged. 

3390
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:12,300
These contributions in his 
private papers though. 

3391
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:14,900
Public Accounts often attributed
Innovation. 

3392
02:58:14,900 --> 02:58:18,300
Solely to him a simplification 
that distorted the collaborative

3393
02:58:18,300 --> 02:58:21,500
nature of his actual work. 
Among the most troubling yet 

3394
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:24,500
least discussed aspects of the 
legacy of Alexander Graham Bell.

3395
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:28,200
This is involvement with the 
eugenic movement, a connection 

3396
02:58:28,200 --> 02:58:30,800
that reveals the complex 
intersection of progressive 

3397
02:58:30,800 --> 02:58:34,300
scientific thinking and 
regressive social policies that 

3398
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:36,900
characterized much intellectual 
thought of his era. 

3399
02:58:38,300 --> 02:58:41,300
Bells interest in heredity began
innocently, through his work 

3400
02:58:41,300 --> 02:58:44,500
with the deaf. 
His statistical studies of deaf 

3401
02:58:44,500 --> 02:58:48,000
families documented patterns of 
deafness across generations and 

3402
02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:52,100
were published in 1883 as Memoir
upon the formation of a deaf 

3403
02:58:52,100 --> 02:58:55,400
variety of the human race. 
While the research methodology 

3404
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:58,700
was sound for its time bells, 
conclusions, and policy 

3405
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:01,500
recommendations have tarnished 
his legacy and deaf communities 

3406
02:59:01,500 --> 02:59:04,200
to this day. 
Belle became concerned that 

3407
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:06,000
congenital. 
Deafness might lead to the 

3408
02:59:06,008 --> 02:59:08,200
formation of a deaf variety of 
humans. 

3409
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,200
If deaf people can continue to 
marry other deaf people. 

3410
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:14,700
Common practice has shared 
language and culture, created, 

3411
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:17,400
natural social bonds. 
In what he viewed. 

3412
02:59:17,400 --> 02:59:20,800
As humanitarian concern, Bell 
advocated for laws, discouraging

3413
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:22,700
or prohibiting deaf people from 
marrying other. 

3414
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:26,400
Deaf people this position rooted
in his belief that deafness was 

3415
02:59:26,400 --> 02:59:29,100
a disability to be eliminated 
rather than a culture to be 

3416
02:59:29,100 --> 02:59:32,100
respected placed him. 
Squarely within the Eugenics 

3417
02:59:32,100 --> 02:59:34,500
movement, gaining momentum in 
America and Europe. 

3418
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:37,600
What's rarely examined as the 
profound conflict. 

3419
02:59:37,600 --> 02:59:42,400
This created in Bell's personal 
life, his wife Mabel was deaf, 

3420
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:45,300
but not congenitally. 
So she lost her hearing to 

3421
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:47,400
scarlet fever. 
And many of their clothes Social

3422
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:50,300
Circle included, deaf 
individuals who belt genuinely 

3423
02:59:50,300 --> 02:59:52,800
respected. 
Private letters, reveal his 

3424
02:59:52,800 --> 02:59:55,400
struggle reconciling, his 
scientific conclusions with his 

3425
02:59:55,400 --> 02:59:57,800
personal relationships, right? 
To a colleague. 

3426
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:00,100
I find myself in the 
uncomfortable position of 

3427
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:02,800
advocating publicly, what would 
have prevented my own marriage? 

3428
03:00:02,800 --> 03:00:06,300
Had it been law? 
Bell served on the board of 

3429
03:00:06,308 --> 03:00:09,700
scientific directors, for the 
Eugenics record office from 1912

3430
03:00:09,700 --> 03:00:13,300
to 1918 alongside prominent 
eugenicists like Charles 

3431
03:00:13,300 --> 03:00:16,900
Davenport and Harry Laughlin. 
However, his participation was 

3432
03:00:16,900 --> 03:00:19,900
marked by increasing discomfort 
with your Gorge organizations. 

3433
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:23,600
More extreme positions meeting 
minutes and correspondents, show

3434
03:00:23,600 --> 03:00:26,300
Bell repeatedly, objecting to 
proposals for Force 

3435
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:28,600
sterilization and immigration 
restrictions based on 

3436
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:31,300
pseudoscientific racial theories
though. 

3437
03:00:31,300 --> 03:00:32,900
He rarely made these objections 
public. 

3438
03:00:33,900 --> 03:00:36,000
Belle's position within the 
Eugenics movement was 

3439
03:00:36,000 --> 03:00:38,100
complicated. 
He endorsed the general 

3440
03:00:38,100 --> 03:00:41,100
principle that Society should 
encourage breeding from the fit 

3441
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:44,100
while discouraging reproduction 
among those with hereditary 

3442
03:00:44,100 --> 03:00:45,800
conditions. 
He considered detrimental. 

3443
03:00:46,600 --> 03:00:50,400
Yet he consistently opposed 
coercive methods writing in 

3444
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:53,100
1914. 
I believe in Eugenics, but not 

3445
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:56,600
Eugenics by compulsion this 
middle position satisfied. 

3446
03:00:56,600 --> 03:00:59,100
Neither Eugenics hardliners. 
Nor those who oppose the 

3447
03:00:59,108 --> 03:01:02,700
movement altogether, as the 
Eugenics movement, increasingly 

3448
03:01:02,700 --> 03:01:06,700
embraced racist ideology in the 
1910s bells, participation 

3449
03:01:06,700 --> 03:01:10,000
diminished his resignation from 
the Eugenics, record office. 

3450
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:13,800
In 1918, came after increasing. 
Disagreements with Davenport and

3451
03:01:13,800 --> 03:01:16,600
Lachlan over proposed. 
Immigration restrictions 

3452
03:01:16,600 --> 03:01:19,000
targeting Southern and Eastern. 
Europeans. 

3453
03:01:19,000 --> 03:01:23,600
Bells objections were based 
partly on scientific He 

3454
03:01:23,600 --> 03:01:25,500
questioned the methodology 
behind claims of racial 

3455
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:28,600
differences, in intelligence 
partly based on his personal 

3456
03:01:28,600 --> 03:01:31,000
experience with immigrants as 
colleagues and employees. 

3457
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:34,600
The evolution of bells thinking 
about heredity and human 

3458
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:37,600
Improvement is visible in his 
private papers but absent from 

3459
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:41,600
his public statements by the 
early. 1920s, he had largely 

3460
03:01:41,600 --> 03:01:44,300
abandoned the terminology of 
eugenics, in favor of human 

3461
03:01:44,300 --> 03:01:47,200
engineering a concept. 
He defined more broadly to 

3462
03:01:47,200 --> 03:01:51,400
include education nutrition and 
environmental factors alongside 

3463
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:54,100
heredity. 
This shift reflected growing 

3464
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:56,900
scientific understanding about 
the interaction between genetics

3465
03:01:56,900 --> 03:02:00,200
and environment though, Bell 
never publicly repudiated his 

3466
03:02:00,200 --> 03:02:04,100
early eugenic positions. 
Bells relationship with the deaf

3467
03:02:04,100 --> 03:02:06,300
Community remained complicated 
throughout his life. 

3468
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:11,000
While he dedicated significant 
resources to deaf education and 

3469
03:02:11,000 --> 03:02:14,300
consistently advocated for the 
integration of deaf people into 

3470
03:02:14,300 --> 03:02:17,300
mainstream Society. 
His opposition to death into 

3471
03:02:17,300 --> 03:02:20,600
marriage and his promotion of 
oralism over sign language were 

3472
03:02:20,600 --> 03:02:23,000
viewed by many deaf people as a 
tax on their community and 

3473
03:02:23,008 --> 03:02:25,400
culture. 
The National Association of the 

3474
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:28,100
deaf passed resolution's 
opposing, Bell's positions. 

3475
03:02:28,100 --> 03:02:31,900
As early as 1880, creating a 
rift that has persisted long 

3476
03:02:31,900 --> 03:02:34,800
after his death. 
What's particularly notable is 

3477
03:02:34,800 --> 03:02:37,700
how Bells, Eugenics views 
contradicted, his otherwise 

3478
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:41,500
Progressive social positions, he
supported women's suffrage. 

3479
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:44,400
Advocated for the education of 
indigenous peoples. 

3480
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:47,800
When such education was 
primarily assimilationist, And 

3481
03:02:47,800 --> 03:02:50,300
opposed racial segregation in 
the organizations. 

3482
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:53,700
He led These positions 
co-existed uneasily with his 

3483
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:57,200
Eugenics, work demonstrating, 
how even forward-thinking 

3484
03:02:57,200 --> 03:02:59,800
individuals of the period could 
Embrace, what would later be 

3485
03:02:59,800 --> 03:03:02,800
recognized as profoundly 
discriminatory ideas? 

3486
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:06,300
The complexity of bells 
engagement with Eugenics serves.

3487
03:03:06,300 --> 03:03:09,100
As a cautionary tale about how 
scientific Authority can be 

3488
03:03:09,108 --> 03:03:13,300
misapplied to social policy Bell
genuinely believed his positions

3489
03:03:13,300 --> 03:03:15,800
were both scientifically sound 
and humanely motivated. 

3490
03:03:15,800 --> 03:03:18,200
A reminder that ethical 
failures. 

3491
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:21,800
Often emerge not from malicious 
intent, but from incomplete 

3492
03:03:21,800 --> 03:03:24,200
understanding and unexamined 
assumptions. 

3493
03:03:24,200 --> 03:03:28,000
His legacy includes not just his
invention but also these 

3494
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:31,300
complicated moral positions 
which reveal the dangers of 

3495
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:34,800
applying scientific reasoning to
human diversity without 

3496
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:39,500
recognizing its intrinsic value.
Later in life, Alexander Graham 

3497
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:42,900
Bell retired to Bainbridge in 
baddeck on Cape Breton Island, 

3498
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:47,100
Nova Scotia pronounced been rear
Bell became an American citizen 

3499
03:03:47,100 --> 03:03:51,100
in 1882 but his name, meaning 
beautiful mountain in Scottish 

3500
03:03:51,100 --> 03:03:55,500
Gaelic showed his Scottish 
Heritage bell used this, 600 

3501
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:59,900
acre estate as his home lab and 
Community Center, not just a 

3502
03:03:59,900 --> 03:04:03,700
summer vacation, place Bells, 
original design of bay and brag 

3503
03:04:03,700 --> 03:04:04,900
for integrated living, and 
working. 

3504
03:04:04,900 --> 03:04:08,400
As rarely mentioned, the state 
comprised collaborator housing, 

3505
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:11,800
workshops for crafts, people, 
making his experimental 

3506
03:04:11,800 --> 03:04:15,000
equipment and sheep genetic 
research for facilities. 

3507
03:04:15,000 --> 03:04:17,400
In addition to the family, 
residence and lab building's 

3508
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:21,000
Beyond institutional 
constraints, Bells Community, 

3509
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:23,800
functioned practically as a 
self-contained research 

3510
03:04:23,800 --> 03:04:26,400
facility. 
Believing scientific progress 

3511
03:04:26,400 --> 03:04:29,100
required both seclusion for 
concentration and Community for 

3512
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:32,200
cooperation. 
Few biographies described Bells 

3513
03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:34,800
Bay and Brace schedule. 
He woke up late. 

3514
03:04:34,800 --> 03:04:39,400
Generally midday a lot and red 
letters and newspapers, his 

3515
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:40,700
experiments began in the 
evening. 

3516
03:04:40,700 --> 03:04:43,800
And lasted all night. 
Food was served at midnight and 

3517
03:04:43,800 --> 03:04:45,900
drinks were served all night by 
household staff. 

3518
03:04:45,900 --> 03:04:48,800
Despite difficulties with family
and guests. 

3519
03:04:48,800 --> 03:04:51,900
Following typical time. 
Tables Bell said his midnight 

3520
03:04:51,900 --> 03:04:54,700
schedule, allowed him to think 
freely without the distractions 

3521
03:04:54,700 --> 03:04:58,800
of the workday, the bay in break
Labs, technology was unusual for

3522
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:01,900
their remote location. 
Bell built his own electrical 

3523
03:05:01,900 --> 03:05:04,100
producing system to power. 
Modern technology in his 

3524
03:05:04,108 --> 03:05:06,300
workshops. 
Before rural electricity came to

3525
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:10,000
Nova Scotia, he established one 
of Canada's first private phone 

3526
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:11,300
lines from the estate to 
baddeck. 

3527
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:14,600
Most importantly, he created a 
dark room and photographic 

3528
03:05:14,600 --> 03:05:17,200
studio with cutting-edge 
equipment, believing that 

3529
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:20,100
rigorous visual documentation 
was essential for scientific 

3530
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:23,400
progress. 
Thousands of photos taken at 

3531
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:26,600
Bainbridge, provide, an 
unsurpassed visual record of his

3532
03:05:26,600 --> 03:05:28,900
later experiments in these 
later. 

3533
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:31,900
Years, Bells connection, with 
Bell, Telephone became more 

3534
03:05:31,900 --> 03:05:36,200
distant. 
He remained a stakeholder 

3535
03:05:36,200 --> 03:05:39,100
dissatisfaction with the 
company's Direction and had no 

3536
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:42,600
operational role. 
Belt sometimes gave brief 

3537
03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:44,700
approval when phone officials 
visited Bay in. 

3538
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:48,300
Bray to discuss new projects but
quickly switched to tetrahedral 

3539
03:05:48,300 --> 03:05:52,600
construction hydrofoils or sheep
farming for the old inventor, 

3540
03:05:52,600 --> 03:05:54,700
his name. 
Brand firm was almost Irrelevant

3541
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:57,900
in his final years. 
Belle became interested in 

3542
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:00,900
cancer research after his 
daughter's diagnosis. 

3543
03:06:02,300 --> 03:06:05,200
Despite his lack of medical 
experience, he invented a 

3544
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:07,900
cooling device to prevent cancer
growth by lowering tissue 

3545
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:11,200
temperature, cancer cells 
reproduce faster than normal 

3546
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:13,400
cells. 
Making them more susceptible to 

3547
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:17,200
temperature decline. 
This experiment failed, but is 

3548
03:06:17,200 --> 03:06:19,900
detailed notes, show his 
systematic approach even in 

3549
03:06:19,900 --> 03:06:25,700
unrelated Fields, Belle, 75 died
at Bainbridge on August 2nd, 

3550
03:06:25,700 --> 03:06:30,400
1922 of diabetes complications, 
which he had fought for years 

3551
03:06:30,400 --> 03:06:32,700
with little success. 
Given medical knowledge at the 

3552
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:35,500
time. 
Were the main cause Insulin 

3553
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:38,000
treatment became available only 
months before his death. 

3554
03:06:38,700 --> 03:06:41,700
He specified that his coffin be 
made from a state materials by 

3555
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:44,700
his Workshop, staff 
demonstrating, his scientific 

3556
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:46,400
approach to funeral 
arrangements. 

3557
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:51,100
On Bells Funeral de all phone 
service in the US and Canada was

3558
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:54,300
suspended for one minute, 
possibly the longest period of 

3559
03:06:54,308 --> 03:06:58,700
technological quiet in history. 
Unlike many innovators, Belle 

3560
03:06:58,700 --> 03:07:01,500
lived to see his main invention 
become a staple of modern 

3561
03:07:01,500 --> 03:07:04,900
civilization with over 14 
million telephones in use 

3562
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:08,400
worldwide by his death. 
Bell's, Legacy went beyond the 

3563
03:07:08,408 --> 03:07:11,900
phone early aircraft design, 
profited from his Aviation 

3564
03:07:11,900 --> 03:07:15,000
Innovations. 
His hydrofoil research, improved

3565
03:07:15,000 --> 03:07:18,200
Marine technology though. 
Controversial, his deaf 

3566
03:07:18,200 --> 03:07:21,900
educational, approaches, altered
education, even after his death 

3567
03:07:21,900 --> 03:07:25,300
architecture and engineering 
used, his tetrahedral structural

3568
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:30,300
principles, most crucially Bells
invention, combining systematic.

3569
03:07:30,300 --> 03:07:34,000
Experimentation with instinctual
leaps, set a paradigm for 

3570
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:36,700
Industrial Research that 
corporate Research, Laboratories

3571
03:07:36,700 --> 03:07:38,400
adopted throughout the 20th 
century. 

3572
03:07:39,200 --> 03:07:42,500
Bell Laboratories named for the 
telephone rather than the man 

3573
03:07:42,500 --> 03:07:45,800
Pioneer transistors and 
information theory that shape 

3574
03:07:45,800 --> 03:07:49,300
technology. 
Many of the tools laboratory 

3575
03:07:49,300 --> 03:07:53,100
supplies and personal things of 
Alexander, Graham Bell are at 

3576
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:55,000
the neighboring. 
Alexander Graham Bell, National 

3577
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:58,300
Historic Site. 
But the Bella state of being 

3578
03:07:58,300 --> 03:08:01,800
Bray is mainly intact. 
Instantaneous Global 

3579
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:05,200
Communication which Bell 
pioneered is his greatest 

3580
03:08:05,200 --> 03:08:07,900
Legacy. 
Every time of a voice crosses 

3581
03:08:07,900 --> 03:08:10,300
continents in milliseconds and 
knowledge pause over 

3582
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,900
telecommunications Networks. 
Sometimes wonder if my name will

3583
03:08:13,900 --> 03:08:16,300
be associated with the 
telephone, in the ages to come 

3584
03:08:16,300 --> 03:08:20,000
Bell Road to his wife. 
Instead of the technological 

3585
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:23,200
means we used, I want it to be 
remembered as the notion that 

3586
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:25,700
human speech is unaffected by 
distance. 

3587
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:30,100
Bell's Vision was extraordinary 
in this modest wish, and in 

3588
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:42,700
other aspects, Imagine trying to
comprehend 65,000 years, that's 

3589
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:45,600
roughly how long humans have 
called Australia home which 

3590
03:08:45,600 --> 03:08:47,600
means indigenous Australians 
were already ancient. 

3591
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:50,100
When the pyramids were built 
already had established 

3592
03:08:50,100 --> 03:08:52,300
cultures. 
When Rome was founded and had 

3593
03:08:52,300 --> 03:08:54,600
been telling their stories for 
tens of thousands of years. 

3594
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:58,500
Before anyone wrote down the 
Epic of Gilgamesh, The Journey 

3595
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:01,100
Begins in what indigenous 
Australians called The Dream 

3596
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:04,100
time, though that English word 
doesn't quite capture the 

3597
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:06,600
concept. 
It's not really about dreams or 

3598
03:09:06,600 --> 03:09:10,200
sleeping, but about a time when 
the world was being formed, when

3599
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:13,200
ancestral beings traveled across
the land, creating everything 

3600
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:16,100
you see today. 
These were Gods sitting on 

3601
03:09:16,100 --> 03:09:19,300
mountaintops, issuing commands. 
They were more like the land 

3602
03:09:19,300 --> 03:09:21,600
itself. 
Becoming conscious shaping 

3603
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,100
itself into existence through 
story and song. 

3604
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:27,200
Picture the continent as it 
might have appeared to those 

3605
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:30,100
first arrivals a place. 
So different from today's 

3606
03:09:30,100 --> 03:09:32,400
Australia that you'd barely 
recognize it. 

3607
03:09:33,500 --> 03:09:37,000
The climate was wetter. 
Vast Lakes covered areas that 

3608
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:40,000
now desert and megafauna roamed 
the landscape. 

3609
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:42,500
Like something from a natural 
history museum, come to life. 

3610
03:09:43,500 --> 03:09:46,000
There were giant. 
Wombats the size of small cars, 

3611
03:09:46,000 --> 03:09:48,700
marsupial lions. 
That would make today's big 

3612
03:09:48,700 --> 03:09:50,900
cats. 
Look modest and kangaroos that 

3613
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:54,600
stood. 10 feet tall. 
Australia was essentially a 

3614
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:58,100
continent-sized Wildlife Park 
featuring animals that Evolution

3615
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:01,400
had been tinkering with in 
isolation for millions of years.

3616
03:10:02,800 --> 03:10:04,200
People who arrive during the 
time. 

3617
03:10:04,200 --> 03:10:07,500
Came by sea, which tells you 
something remarkable about human

3618
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:10,700
ingenuity. 
They couldn't have walked even 

3619
03:10:10,700 --> 03:10:12,600
during ice ages. 
When sea levels dropped 

3620
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:15,400
dramatically, there was always 
water between Asia and 

3621
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:17,800
Australia. 
So these were taxed a dental 

3622
03:10:17,800 --> 03:10:19,900
Castaways washed up on random 
Shores. 

3623
03:10:19,900 --> 03:10:23,500
They were deliberate voyages who
looked at the ocean and decided 

3624
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:26,800
to see what lay Beyond it, 
making them possibly the world's

3625
03:10:26,800 --> 03:10:30,200
first true Mariners. 
What they found was a continent 

3626
03:10:30,200 --> 03:10:32,900
that required completely 
different survival strategies 

3627
03:10:32,900 --> 03:10:34,700
from anywhere. 
Human had lived before. 

3628
03:10:35,700 --> 03:10:38,200
His seasonal patterns they'd 
known in Asia, didn't apply 

3629
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:40,200
here. 
The plants and animals were 

3630
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:43,200
unlike anything, they'd 
encountered, traditional hunting

3631
03:10:43,200 --> 03:10:46,500
techniques needed adaptation. 
It was like being handed a 

3632
03:10:46,500 --> 03:10:48,600
cookbook written in an 
unfamiliar language for 

3633
03:10:48,600 --> 03:10:50,400
ingredients that didn't exist 
back home. 

3634
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:55,300
But humans are remarkably good 
at figuring things out and these

3635
03:10:55,300 --> 03:10:58,900
early Australians became experts
at reading a landscape that 

3636
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:00,500
seemed determined to keep it 
secrets. 

3637
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:04,200
They learned which plants were 
edible, which could be made 

3638
03:11:04,200 --> 03:11:06,700
edibles through careful 
preparation and, which should 

3639
03:11:06,700 --> 03:11:11,000
never be touched they discovered
that certain rocks when struck 

3640
03:11:11,000 --> 03:11:13,200
together produced better tools 
than others. 

3641
03:11:13,200 --> 03:11:17,000
They figured out that fire used 
strategically could transform 

3642
03:11:17,000 --> 03:11:19,200
the landscape into a more 
productive hunting ground. 

3643
03:11:20,100 --> 03:11:23,100
This last Innovation, the 
systematic use of fire to manage

3644
03:11:23,100 --> 03:11:26,500
the land was probably the most 
consequential decision in 

3645
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:29,800
Australian history. 
By burning specific areas of 

3646
03:11:29,800 --> 03:11:32,400
specific times. 
In indigenous Australians 

3647
03:11:32,400 --> 03:11:35,700
created a mosaic of different 
habitats encouraging certain 

3648
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:38,900
plants while discouraging 
others, making it easier to hunt

3649
03:11:38,900 --> 03:11:42,000
and essentially becoming the 
continents first environmental 

3650
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:45,700
managers, the Australia that 
Europeans would eventually 

3651
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:47,400
encounter was not pristine 
Wilderness. 

3652
03:11:47,400 --> 03:11:50,800
Untouched by human hands. 
It was a carefully cultivated 

3653
03:11:50,800 --> 03:11:54,500
landscape shaped by thousands of
years of deliberate management. 

3654
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:58,000
The Dreamtime stories that 
emerge from this period, were 

3655
03:11:58,000 --> 03:11:59,900
just entertainment or religious 
texts. 

3656
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:03,400
They were encyclopedias of 
practical, knowledge and coded 

3657
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:06,900
in narrative four. 
Story about an ancestral being 

3658
03:12:06,900 --> 03:12:09,600
traveling from Waterhole to 
water hole was also a survival 

3659
03:12:09,600 --> 03:12:12,100
map. 
The tale about animals behaving 

3660
03:12:12,100 --> 03:12:15,700
in certain ways contained 
observations about ecology and 

3661
03:12:15,700 --> 03:12:19,700
seasonal patterns. these stories
were technology passed down 

3662
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:22,200
through generations with the 
kind of precision that modern 

3663
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:24,600
people, reserved, for 
manufacturing specifications, 

3664
03:12:24,600 --> 03:12:27,500
different groups, developed 
different stories for different 

3665
03:12:27,500 --> 03:12:30,600
Landscapes, because Australia 
isn't one environment, but 

3666
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:33,900
dozens The tropical North had 
little in common with the 

3667
03:12:33,900 --> 03:12:36,900
temperate South. 
The coastal regions bore, no, 

3668
03:12:36,900 --> 03:12:38,200
resemblance to the Arid 
interior. 

3669
03:12:38,200 --> 03:12:41,200
Each environment, required its 
own body of knowledge. 

3670
03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:44,900
Its own set of stories, and its 
own understanding of how to live

3671
03:12:44,900 --> 03:12:49,500
sustainably in a specific place.
By the time European ships 

3672
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:52,300
appeared on the horizon 
indigenous Australian to 

3673
03:12:52,300 --> 03:12:55,500
developed hundreds of distinct 
cultures speaking more than two 

3674
03:12:55,500 --> 03:12:58,300
150 languages from multiple 
languages. 

3675
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:02,900
Imagine more linguistic 
diversity in one continent than 

3676
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:06,000
in all of Europe. 
These were primitive tribes 

3677
03:13:06,000 --> 03:13:07,700
waiting for civilization to 
arrive. 

3678
03:13:07,700 --> 03:13:11,000
They were sophisticated 
societies, with complex, social 

3679
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,500
structures, extensive trade 
networks, and bodies of 

3680
03:13:14,508 --> 03:13:16,600
knowledge that had been refined 
over millennia. 

3681
03:13:17,300 --> 03:13:20,700
The population was probably 
somewhere between 300,000 and a 

3682
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:24,300
million people though, estimates
vary because here's an important

3683
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:27,700
Point, indigenous Australians 
didn't live like Europeans. 

3684
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:31,000
They didn't build cities, 
construct permanent monuments, 

3685
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:33,500
or practice agriculture. 
In ways Europeans would 

3686
03:13:33,500 --> 03:13:37,300
recognize, this didn't mean they
were less Advanced, it meant 

3687
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:39,500
they developed a different kind 
of sophistication. 

3688
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:42,800
One based on deep ecological 
knowledge and sustainable 

3689
03:13:42,800 --> 03:13:45,700
resource use rather than 
environmental transformation. 

3690
03:13:47,100 --> 03:13:50,200
Chapter 2, the island continent 
in isolation. 

3691
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:55,700
While the rest of the world was 
writing history, building 

3692
03:13:55,700 --> 03:13:58,700
Empires, and generally making a 
fuss about civilization. 

3693
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:01,300
Australia. 
Remained largely separate from 

3694
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:04,600
these Global dramas. 
The continents isolation was so 

3695
03:14:04,600 --> 03:14:07,700
complete that it developed like 
a parallel universe where 

3696
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:11,000
Evolution took different paths 
and human societies followed 

3697
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:14,300
different trajectories this 
isolation produced some 

3698
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:17,700
wonderfully strange results. 
Mammals in Australia decided 

3699
03:14:17,700 --> 03:14:20,500
that the whole placental thing 
was overrated and stuck with the

3700
03:14:20,500 --> 03:14:24,100
marsupial approach carrying 
babies in pouches and generally 

3701
03:14:24,100 --> 03:14:25,600
doing mammalian life 
differently. 

3702
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:29,300
Plants evolved in Direction's 
that baffled, later, botanists 

3703
03:14:29,300 --> 03:14:32,900
entire ecosystems developed with
without any of the animals or 

3704
03:14:32,900 --> 03:14:34,700
plants that dominated other 
continents. 

3705
03:14:35,800 --> 03:14:38,600
For indigenous Australians, this
isolation meant their cultures 

3706
03:14:38,600 --> 03:14:42,000
evolved without the disruptions 
that characterized other parts 

3707
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:44,300
of the world. 
There were no invasions from 

3708
03:14:44,300 --> 03:14:47,900
distant Empires know wholesale, 
adoptions of foreign religions 

3709
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:51,200
and no waves of migration 
bringing new technologies or 

3710
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:55,100
diseases. 
Change happens, slowly driven by

3711
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:57,800
internal Dynamics, rather than 
external pressures. 

3712
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:01,600
This doesn't mean indigenous 
Australian societies were static

3713
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:03,400
or unchanging. 
That's a myth. 

3714
03:15:03,400 --> 03:15:05,700
That Europeans would later. 
Use to justify colonization 

3715
03:15:05,700 --> 03:15:10,600
cultures evolved, new practices 
emerged trade, routes shifted 

3716
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:12,400
and knowledge. 
Continued to accumulate. 

3717
03:15:13,300 --> 03:15:16,200
That the pace of change was 
different and the direction was 

3718
03:15:16,200 --> 03:15:19,100
oriented toward deepening, 
understanding of the land rather

3719
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:22,700
than transforming it. 
The coastal Aboriginal groups 

3720
03:15:22,700 --> 03:15:26,300
developed sophisticated phishing
techniques including fish traps.

3721
03:15:26,300 --> 03:15:30,000
That could be seen from space. 
Of stone Arrangements that 

3722
03:15:30,000 --> 03:15:33,600
channeled fish in to catching 
areas Inland groups created 

3723
03:15:33,600 --> 03:15:36,700
wells in the desert maintained 
complex, Water Management 

3724
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:39,900
Systems a new how to find 
moisture in the most unlikely 

3725
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:43,100
places. 
Northern groups traded with 

3726
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:46,400
Indonesian fishermen, who came 
seized to harvest, tropang, 

3727
03:15:46,400 --> 03:15:49,900
creating economic relationships,
that predated European contact 

3728
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:53,800
by centuries. 
The seasonal round the cyclical 

3729
03:15:53,800 --> 03:15:57,100
movement of groups through their
territories timed to coincide 

3730
03:15:57,100 --> 03:15:58,600
with the availability of 
different. 

3731
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:01,500
Resources was a Marvel of 
logistical planning. 

3732
03:16:02,300 --> 03:16:05,200
It required detailed knowledge 
of when specific plants would 

3733
03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:09,000
fruit when certain animals would
be most available and how to 

3734
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:11,700
arrange social Gathering. 
So that dispersed groups could 

3735
03:16:11,700 --> 03:16:15,200
come together for ceremonies 
marriages and the exchange of 

3736
03:16:15,200 --> 03:16:17,300
goods and knowledge. 
These gatherings were like 

3737
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:19,800
conferences where the latest 
Innovations were shared 

3738
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:23,400
alliances were confirmed and 
young people learned from 

3739
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:27,100
Elders, across multiple 
communities information, travels

3740
03:16:27,100 --> 03:16:30,800
Slowly by modern standards but 
reliably moving along trade 

3741
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:33,700
routes that connected groups 
separated by thousands of miles.

3742
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:38,600
The spiritual life of indigenous
Australians was Inseparable from

3743
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:41,400
their practical life, the 
Dreamtime wasn't ancient 

3744
03:16:41,400 --> 03:16:43,500
history. 
It was an eternal present 

3745
03:16:43,500 --> 03:16:46,300
constantly renewed through 
ceremony and song. 

3746
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:51,200
Initiation rituals were just 
social markers, but educational 

3747
03:16:51,200 --> 03:16:53,900
intensives where young people 
learn the Deep knowledge of 

3748
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:56,700
their culture. 
Sacred site were merely 

3749
03:16:56,700 --> 03:17:00,000
symbolic, but were actual places
where specific events and 

3750
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:03,500
creation occurred as real to 
indigenous Australians as 

3751
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:07,300
historical, battlefields are to 
Modern nation's Arts, served 

3752
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:10,100
multiple purposes, aesthetic 
expression, certainly. 

3753
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:14,400
But as mnemonic devices, 
territorial markers and records 

3754
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,900
of knowledge, Rock art sites 
across Australia contain images,

3755
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,300
tens of thousands of years old, 
making them some of Humanity's 

3756
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:25,200
oldest continuous artistic 
traditions. some paintings have 

3757
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:28,000
been maintained and renewed for 
so long that they represent 

3758
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:31,200
unbroken chains of cultural 
transmission, stretching back 

3759
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:34,300
into periods that European 
history, considers prehistoric, 

3760
03:17:34,300 --> 03:17:37,400
the boomerang probably 
Australia's most famous 

3761
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:41,200
contribution to World technology
existed in forms, ranging from 

3762
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:45,100
simple, throwing sticks to 
precisely, engineered returning 

3763
03:17:45,100 --> 03:17:47,900
boomerangs that required 
sophisticated understanding of 

3764
03:17:47,900 --> 03:17:52,400
aerodynamics, Different designs,
serve different purposes and the

3765
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:55,400
knowledge of how to make him use
them was specialized in value. 

3766
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:59,000
Language was treated with a 
reverence that modern society is

3767
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:02,900
reserved for sacred texts. 
Some languages had special forms

3768
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:06,200
used only for ceremonies others.
Had secret for capillaries, 

3769
03:18:06,200 --> 03:18:08,000
known only to initiated men or 
women. 

3770
03:18:08,900 --> 03:18:11,300
The Precision of indigenous 
languages in describing 

3771
03:18:11,300 --> 03:18:15,400
ecological relationships kinship
structures and temporal Concepts

3772
03:18:15,400 --> 03:18:17,700
often exceeded what English 
could express. 

3773
03:18:17,700 --> 03:18:21,600
Requiring borrowed terms when 
anthropologists tried to explain

3774
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:24,900
these Concepts to European 
audiences as the centuries 

3775
03:18:24,900 --> 03:18:27,400
rolled past. 
And remember we're talking about

3776
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:30,000
a time span, that makes the 
entire history of Western 

3777
03:18:30,000 --> 03:18:33,200
Civilization. 
Look like a weekend indigenous 

3778
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:36,100
Australian societies continued 
their steady existence. 

3779
03:18:36,100 --> 03:18:39,500
They weathered climate changes 
that turned Lakes into deserts 

3780
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:42,900
adapted to shifting, resources 
and maintained cultural 

3781
03:18:42,900 --> 03:18:46,200
continuity across time periods 
that saw Empires rise and fall 

3782
03:18:46,200 --> 03:18:52,000
in other parts of the world. 
Chapter 3, distant ships and 

3783
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:56,600
first encounters. 
By the 17th century. 

3784
03:18:56,600 --> 03:18:59,400
European ships had begun 
appearing in Australian Waters, 

3785
03:18:59,400 --> 03:19:03,100
like confused guests at a party.
They were invited to these were 

3786
03:19:03,100 --> 03:19:06,500
planned Voyages of Discovery so 
much as navigational accidents 

3787
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:09,500
ships, Bound for the Dutch East 
Indies, that had miscalculated, 

3788
03:19:09,500 --> 03:19:12,500
Portuguese vessels that might 
have visited, but left. 

3789
03:19:12,500 --> 03:19:15,100
No, clear records. 
And Chinese Traders whose 

3790
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:16,800
presence is suggested by 
artifacts. 

3791
03:19:16,800 --> 03:19:20,300
But remains historically 
ambiguous, the Dutch were the 

3792
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:23,200
first Europeans to definitely 
make contact though. 

3793
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:25,200
Contact might be too generous a 
word. 

3794
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:28,300
Dutch Navigators, touched 
various points along the 

3795
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:32,000
Australian coast between 1606 
and 1756. 

3796
03:19:32,000 --> 03:19:34,900
Took one, look at the Arid 
Landscapes, they encountered. 

3797
03:19:34,900 --> 03:19:38,100
And essentially decided the 
whole continent was not worth 

3798
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:41,700
the effort. 
They named it New Holland with 

3799
03:19:41,700 --> 03:19:44,800
all the enthusiasm of someone 
naming, a particularly boring 

3800
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:48,200
committee noted, the presence of
indigenous people without much 

3801
03:19:48,200 --> 03:19:51,600
interest and sailed away to find
places with more obvious 

3802
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:55,100
commercial potential, these 
early encounters were like, two 

3803
03:19:55,100 --> 03:19:57,400
people trying to have a 
conversation without sharing a 

3804
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,300
language context or basic 
understanding of what the other 

3805
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:02,900
wanted. 
Dutch Sailors, saw empty land 

3806
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:04,600
without the markers of 
civilization. 

3807
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:08,900
They recognized, no cities. 
No agriculture, no obvious. 

3808
03:20:08,900 --> 03:20:13,100
Well, Indigenous Australians saw
strange visitors, who clearly 

3809
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,300
had no idea how to survive in 
this country and would probably 

3810
03:20:16,300 --> 03:20:19,400
leave soon. 
The most famous of these early 

3811
03:20:19,400 --> 03:20:23,200
visitors was William dampier. 
An English pirate Explorer and 

3812
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:28,300
cereal exaggerator who visited 
the north west coast in 1,688. 

3813
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:33,200
And again in 1,699. 
Dampier's descriptions of 

3814
03:20:33,200 --> 03:20:36,100
indigenous, Australians were 
spectacularly uncharitable 

3815
03:20:36,100 --> 03:20:38,500
calling them the Miserables 
people in the world. 

3816
03:20:39,400 --> 03:20:42,800
This from a man whose career 
highlights included piracy and 

3817
03:20:42,800 --> 03:20:44,900
who survival skills. 
Apparently didn't include 

3818
03:20:44,900 --> 03:20:48,200
figuring out how to thrive in a 
desert climate without thousands

3819
03:20:48,200 --> 03:20:50,200
of years of accumulated, local 
knowledge. 

3820
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:53,800
But dampier's accounts 
circulated in England and 

3821
03:20:53,800 --> 03:20:56,400
Europe, creating Impressions 
that would influence later. 

3822
03:20:56,400 --> 03:21:00,000
Attitudes the irony is that the 
people dampier dismissed? 

3823
03:21:00,000 --> 03:21:02,900
As miserable had been living 
successfully in one of Earth's 

3824
03:21:02,900 --> 03:21:06,000
harshest, environments for 
Millennia while dampier needed. 

3825
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:09,000
Elaborate ships supplies from 
Europe and navigational 

3826
03:21:09,000 --> 03:21:13,000
instruments, just to visit 
briefly Then came James Cook in 

3827
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:16,800
1770 and suddenly the European 
got serious, about this land. 

3828
03:21:16,800 --> 03:21:19,900
They'd been ignoring Cook's 
Voyage along the east coast was 

3829
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:22,600
different from earlier visits 
because it was systematic 

3830
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,700
scientific and accompanied by 
artists and naturalist who 

3831
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:29,300
documented everything they saw. 
Joseph Banks. 

3832
03:21:29,300 --> 03:21:33,400
The Expeditions botanist was so 
excited by the new species. 

3833
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,500
He found that the expedition to 
First Landing site was named 

3834
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:39,900
Botany Bay in honor of his 
enthusiasm cooks and counters 

3835
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:43,200
with indigenous, Australians 
along the coast were mixed at 

3836
03:21:43,200 --> 03:21:45,500
some places. 
Local people showed curiosity 

3837
03:21:45,500 --> 03:21:48,900
about the visitors at others. 
They made it clear, the stranger

3838
03:21:48,900 --> 03:21:52,500
should leave There was a notable
incident at Botany Bay, where 

3839
03:21:52,500 --> 03:21:55,600
indigenous, men tried to drive 
the British way, which was both 

3840
03:21:55,600 --> 03:21:59,100
Brave and completely reasonable.
Given the armed foreigners had 

3841
03:21:59,100 --> 03:22:02,500
just shown up uninvited What 
cooking his crew didn't 

3842
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:04,900
understand was that they were 
meeting people with established 

3843
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:08,600
territories, complex societies 
and no particular interest in 

3844
03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,100
European trade goods or 
Christian salvation. 

3845
03:22:12,100 --> 03:22:15,000
The indigenous Australians who 
watched Cook's ship, sail passed

3846
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:18,400
weren't all struck by European 
technology. they were probably 

3847
03:22:18,400 --> 03:22:20,800
wondering what these people 
wanted and when they'd leave, 

3848
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,000
Cook's journals described in 
indigenous Australians more 

3849
03:22:24,000 --> 03:22:27,000
charitably than dampier had 
noting their apparent 

3850
03:22:27,000 --> 03:22:29,800
contentment and health. 
He observed that they seem to 

3851
03:22:29,800 --> 03:22:32,900
want nothing that Europeans 
possessed which banks found 

3852
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,400
remarkable. 
Here, were people who looked at 

3853
03:22:35,408 --> 03:22:39,300
European Goods, metal tools 
cloth, manufactured items, and 

3854
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:42,200
basically Shrugged. 
This should have suggested that 

3855
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:45,100
indigenous Australians had 
successful material cultures 

3856
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:47,500
that met their needs. 
But Europeans tended to 

3857
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:50,300
interpret it as evidence of 
primitive nurse rather than 

3858
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:53,500
cultural difference. 
The really consequential part of

3859
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:56,000
Cook's Voyage came when he 
sailed into possession Island 

3860
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:58,800
and one of history is more 
questionable, legal Maneuvers 

3861
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:02,100
claim the entire eastern coast 
of Australia for Britain under 

3862
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:05,300
the doctrine of Terra nullius 
land, belonging to No One. 

3863
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:08,700
This was not. 
So obviously the land belonged 

3864
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:11,100
to the hundreds of indigenous 
groups who had lived there for 

3865
03:23:11,100 --> 03:23:14,900
65,000 years. 
But European law had developed, 

3866
03:23:14,900 --> 03:23:17,700
convenient fictions, that 
allowed colonizers to ignore 

3867
03:23:17,700 --> 03:23:20,600
indigenous ownership. 
And Terra nullius was one of the

3868
03:23:20,600 --> 03:23:24,100
most pernicious. 
Chapter 4. 

3869
03:23:24,100 --> 03:23:26,700
The First Fleet and unwanted 
beginnings. 

3870
03:23:28,600 --> 03:23:31,200
Britain's decision to colonize 
Australia, had nothing to do 

3871
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:34,100
with the continents potential 
and everything to do with a 

3872
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:35,800
criminally overcrowded prison 
system. 

3873
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:38,300
After losing the American 
Revolution. 

3874
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:40,800
Britain suddenly lacked a 
convenient place to ship 

3875
03:23:40,800 --> 03:23:44,400
convicts an Australian 
colonization was essentially a 

3876
03:23:44,400 --> 03:23:47,500
massive exercise. 
In out of sight, out of mind, 

3877
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:53,400
criminal justice policy, The 
First Fleet 11 ships carrying 

3878
03:23:53,400 --> 03:23:58,300
about 1500 people including over
700 convicts, sailing to the 

3879
03:23:58,300 --> 03:24:01,200
other side of the world, to 
establish a colony in a place, 

3880
03:24:01,200 --> 03:24:05,600
in none of them had ever seen. 
The Voyage took eight months 

3881
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:08,400
which gives you plenty of time 
to contemplate Your Life 

3882
03:24:08,400 --> 03:24:10,500
Choices. 
These were not hardened 

3883
03:24:10,500 --> 03:24:13,400
criminals for the most part but 
people convicted of theft 

3884
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:16,800
poaching and other crimes that 
were more about poverty than 

3885
03:24:16,800 --> 03:24:19,800
violence. 
When the First Fleet arrived at 

3886
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:23,900
Botany Bay in January 1788 they 
discovered that cooks glowing 

3887
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:25,800
descriptions. 
Had been somewhat optimistic, 

3888
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:30,200
the bay was shallow exposed to 
wind and generally unsuitable 

3889
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:34,100
for settlement After a few days 
of looking around and probably 

3890
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:37,300
reconsidering their entire plan,
they moved North to Port 

3891
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:39,600
Jackson. 
What would become Sydney Harbour

3892
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:43,300
and on January 26th Arthur 
Philipp established the first 

3893
03:24:43,300 --> 03:24:45,200
European settlement on 
Australian soil. 

3894
03:24:46,000 --> 03:24:50,000
That date January 26th would 
eventually become Australia day 

3895
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:53,100
though, indigenous Australians 
understandably view it as 

3896
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:56,000
Invasion day. 
The beginning of dispossession 

3897
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:58,600
disease and cultural 
destruction. 

3898
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:02,200
It's a date that carries very 
different meanings, depending on

3899
03:25:02,200 --> 03:25:04,800
your perspective, which tells 
you something about how 

3900
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:09,000
complicated Australian history 
remains the early colony was a 

3901
03:25:09,000 --> 03:25:12,100
disaster waiting to happen with 
the emphasis on disaster. 

3902
03:25:13,000 --> 03:25:15,700
Britain had sent convicts and 
guards but not nearly enough 

3903
03:25:15,700 --> 03:25:19,700
Farmers supplies, or people who 
knew anything about agriculture.

3904
03:25:19,700 --> 03:25:23,800
In Australian conditions, the 
first crops failed supplies ran.

3905
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:27,100
Low people went hungry. 
Colony survived. 

3906
03:25:27,100 --> 03:25:29,600
Its first years, through a 
combination of desperate 

3907
03:25:29,600 --> 03:25:33,000
improvisation limited trade, 
within indigenous groups. 

3908
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:36,100
And Supply ships from Britain 
that arrived with frustrating 

3909
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:39,800
irregularity, In indigenous, 
people of the Sydney region the 

3910
03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:42,200
urination. 
Watch these newcomers with a 

3911
03:25:42,208 --> 03:25:45,300
mixed of curiosity, concern and 
growing alarm. 

3912
03:25:46,100 --> 03:25:48,700
But first there might have been 
hoped that the British would 

3913
03:25:48,700 --> 03:25:51,200
leave once they realized how 
unsuited they were to local 

3914
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:54,500
conditions. but as the 
settlement persisted and 

3915
03:25:54,500 --> 03:25:58,500
expanded it became clear these 
visitors intended to stay The 

3916
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:01,400
relationship between colonizers 
and Indigenous Australians, 

3917
03:26:01,400 --> 03:26:04,700
deteriorated quickly. 
The British sought empty land. 

3918
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:08,000
Ready for use indigenous 
Australian saw their territories

3919
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:11,100
being occupied, their resources 
being depleted and their way of 

3920
03:26:11,108 --> 03:26:14,800
life being threatened. 
Spears met muskets, traditional 

3921
03:26:14,800 --> 03:26:16,900
hunting grounds became British 
Farms. 

3922
03:26:16,900 --> 03:26:19,400
Sacred sites were cleared for 
buildings. 

3923
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:22,300
Smallpox hit Sydney's indigenous
population. 

3924
03:26:22,300 --> 03:26:25,400
In 1789, killing roughly, half 
the Europe people. 

3925
03:26:26,100 --> 03:26:28,800
Whether this was deliberately 
introduced as some historians 

3926
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:32,000
argue or accidentally 
transmitted remains debated, 

3927
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:34,400
either way. 
The impact was catastrophic 

3928
03:26:34,400 --> 03:26:37,600
European diseases against which 
indigenous Australians had. 

3929
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:40,600
No immunity would prove more 
deadly than European weapons 

3930
03:26:40,600 --> 03:26:44,000
over the following decades. 
Some indigenous people try to 

3931
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:47,900
work with the colonizers been 
along and you're a man learning 

3932
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:50,000
English and tried to bridge the 
cultural divide. 

3933
03:26:50,700 --> 03:26:53,800
He traveled to England making 
George the third and returned to

3934
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:55,300
Sydney, where in English 
clothes. 

3935
03:26:56,100 --> 03:26:58,100
But been a long story, didn't 
have a happy ending. 

3936
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:02,700
He eventually became a strange 
from both cultures to change to 

3937
03:27:02,700 --> 03:27:04,400
fully return to his previous 
life. 

3938
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:07,200
But never truly accepted by 
British Society. 

3939
03:27:07,200 --> 03:27:11,300
The Colony slowly stabilized and
grew more convicts. 

3940
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:15,200
Arrived free settlers began 
coming lured by land grants. 

3941
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,100
The British pushed further 
Inland and with each expansion 

3942
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,100
indigenous Australians were 
pushed off their traditional 

3943
03:27:22,100 --> 03:27:24,500
lands. 
Sometimes this happened through 

3944
03:27:24,500 --> 03:27:28,100
negotiation or coercion often, 
it happened through violence, 

3945
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:30,500
that Colonial authorities, 
preferred not to document to 

3946
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:33,800
care for carefully. 
By the early 1800s, the pattern 

3947
03:27:33,800 --> 03:27:36,400
was set. 
British settlements expanded 

3948
03:27:36,400 --> 03:27:40,100
along the coast and Inland in 
indigenous resistance met 

3949
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:43,100
military response, diseases 
spread through indigenous, 

3950
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:46,100
populations fast to the 
settlements themselves expanded.

3951
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:49,500
Britain began to realize that 
this prison Colony might 

3952
03:27:49,500 --> 03:27:51,600
actually become something more 
substantial. 

3953
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:57,100
Chapter 5. 
Wall gold, and the rush to claim

3954
03:27:57,100 --> 03:28:01,100
a continent. 
The transformation of Australia 

3955
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:04,000
from penal colony to economic 
Powerhouse happened. 

3956
03:28:04,000 --> 03:28:07,200
Fast of the anyone expected, and
it had a lot to do with sheep. 

3957
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:10,700
Specifically Merino sheep whose 
wool turned out to grow 

3958
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:15,400
exceptionally well in Australian
conditions. by the 1820s will 

3959
03:28:15,400 --> 03:28:18,900
exports were making certain 
colonists, very wealthy and 

3960
03:28:18,900 --> 03:28:21,900
suddenly Australia looked less 
like a Dumping Ground for 

3961
03:28:21,900 --> 03:28:24,700
criminals and more like an 
opportunity for ambitious 

3962
03:28:24,700 --> 03:28:28,300
settlers The land grants that 
Britain offered free settlers 

3963
03:28:28,300 --> 03:28:32,100
were generous to put it mildly, 
thousands of acres to anyone 

3964
03:28:32,100 --> 03:28:36,000
willing, to establish a farm, of
course, these grants completely 

3965
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:38,700
ignored that the land, belonged 
to indigenous groups who had 

3966
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:42,200
managed it for millennia. 
Colonial authorities operated 

3967
03:28:42,200 --> 03:28:45,700
under the convenient fiction of 
Terra nullius treating Australia

3968
03:28:45,700 --> 03:28:49,800
as empty land free for the 
taking. squatters settlers who 

3969
03:28:49,808 --> 03:28:52,800
simply moved onto land without 
official permission pushed the 

3970
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:55,600
boundaries of settlement even 
faster than colonial government 

3971
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:59,700
could keep track of They'd find 
good grazing land established 

3972
03:28:59,700 --> 03:29:02,200
sheep stations, and essentially,
dare the authorities to do 

3973
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:05,200
anything about it. 
Most of the time, the government

3974
03:29:05,200 --> 03:29:08,100
of eventually recognized these 
illegal settlements because 

3975
03:29:08,100 --> 03:29:09,800
stopping them would have 
required resources. 

3976
03:29:09,800 --> 03:29:12,400
The Colony didn't have for 
indigenous Australians. 

3977
03:29:12,400 --> 03:29:16,300
This expansion was catastrophic,
their traditional lands were 

3978
03:29:16,300 --> 03:29:19,300
taken for sheep stations. 
Water holes were monopolized by 

3979
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:22,100
pastoral stations hunting 
grounds were fence off. 

3980
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:25,500
When indigenous people continue 
to use their traditional 

3981
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:29,000
territories which they had every
right to do, they were treated 

3982
03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:32,000
as thieves and trespasses on 
their own land. 

3983
03:29:32,700 --> 03:29:36,100
Frontier violence escalated into
what historians now recognizes 

3984
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:39,300
guerrilla warfare. 
Indigenous groups conducted 

3985
03:29:39,300 --> 03:29:42,700
raids on pastoral stations, 
taking sheep and supplies. 

3986
03:29:43,400 --> 03:29:46,700
Settlers responded with punitive
Expeditions that often turned 

3987
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:49,500
into massacres. 
Colonial authorities, mostly 

3988
03:29:49,500 --> 03:29:51,900
looked the other way. 
And most of this violence went 

3989
03:29:51,900 --> 03:29:55,100
unrecorded, making it difficult 
to know the full extent of the 

3990
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:58,800
deaths. 
Then came 1851 and everything 

3991
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:02,300
accelerated. 
Gold was discovered first in New

3992
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:04,800
South Wales. 
And then in Victoria sparking 

3993
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:06,700
one of History's, great gold 
rushes. 

3994
03:30:07,600 --> 03:30:10,400
Suddenly Australia was flooded 
with Prospectors from around the

3995
03:30:10,400 --> 03:30:13,700
world. 
Chinese miners, American 49ers 

3996
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:17,100
who missed California's, Gold, 
Rush, British workers seeking 

3997
03:30:17,100 --> 03:30:19,400
fortune and adventurers from 
everywhere. 

3998
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:23,000
The gold rushes transformed. 
Australia's demographics and 

3999
03:30:23,000 --> 03:30:26,800
economy overnight Melbourne. 
Grew From a small town to a 

4000
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:28,300
substantial City within a few 
years. 

4001
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:30,700
The population doubled in a 
decade. 

4002
03:30:30,700 --> 03:30:34,200
Wealth poured in from the 
goldfields funding construction,

4003
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:37,000
Commerce, and the beginnings of 
an Australian identity. 

4004
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:39,800
That was less about being 
British and more about being 

4005
03:30:39,800 --> 03:30:42,700
Australian. 
The gold Fields were remarkably 

4006
03:30:42,700 --> 03:30:45,600
Democratic compared to most of 
19th century Society. 

4007
03:30:45,600 --> 03:30:49,600
Anyone could try their luck 
convicts who'd served their time

4008
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:52,200
free. 
Settlers indigenous Australians 

4009
03:30:52,200 --> 03:30:56,500
Chinese immigrants and people 
from every social class, your 

4010
03:30:56,500 --> 03:30:59,300
success depended on luck and 
determination rather than birth 

4011
03:30:59,300 --> 03:31:01,600
or connection. 
This created a rough 

4012
03:31:01,600 --> 03:31:04,200
egalitarianism that would 
influence Australian culture for

4013
03:31:04,200 --> 03:31:06,800
Generations. 
Of course, this democracy had 

4014
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:10,900
limits Chinese miners faced 
particular discrimination blamed

4015
03:31:10,900 --> 03:31:13,000
for everything from taking gold 
that should have gone to 

4016
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:15,000
European to undermine wage 
standards. 

4017
03:31:15,800 --> 03:31:18,500
Taxes and restrictions 
specifically targeted Chinese 

4018
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:21,400
miners revealing. 
That Australian egalitarianism 

4019
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:24,800
extended. 
Mainly to Europeans, indigenous 

4020
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:27,500
Australians were largely 
excluded from the goldfields 

4021
03:31:27,500 --> 03:31:30,500
pushed aside by The Rush of 
Prospectors flooding across 

4022
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:33,400
their territories. 
The Eureka Stockade incident in 

4023
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:36,700
1854, became one of the founding
myths of Australian democracy. 

4024
03:31:36,700 --> 03:31:40,600
Minors in Ballarat frustrated, 
by expensive license, and 

4025
03:31:40,600 --> 03:31:43,600
government corruption, built a 
stockade and raise a flag 

4026
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:47,900
soldiers, attacked killing about
30 miners in a brief violent 

4027
03:31:47,900 --> 03:31:50,800
confrontation. 
The Rebellion failed military 

4028
03:31:50,800 --> 03:31:54,100
but succeeded politically it led
to reforms that made the 

4029
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:57,300
colonies more democratic and 
became a symbol of Australian 

4030
03:31:57,300 --> 03:32:02,000
Independence and workers rights.
By the 1860s Australia had been 

4031
03:32:02,000 --> 03:32:05,600
transformed from a collection of
prison colonies to a prosperous 

4032
03:32:05,600 --> 03:32:09,500
growing Society. 
The convict era was ending the 

4033
03:32:09,500 --> 03:32:12,500
last convict ship arrived in 
Western Australia in 1868. 

4034
03:32:13,200 --> 03:32:15,300
Free immigration. 
Now, dwarfed forced 

4035
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:18,500
Transportation cities were 
growing industries were 

4036
03:32:18,500 --> 03:32:21,400
developing and the colonies were
gaining increasing autonomy. 

4037
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:25,100
From British rule, But this 
Prosperity came at a cost that 

4038
03:32:25,100 --> 03:32:28,800
wasn't equally distributed while
European settlers celebrated 

4039
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:31,800
growth and opportunity 
indigenous Australians face 

4040
03:32:31,800 --> 03:32:35,000
continuing dispossession, 
violence and population 

4041
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:37,400
collapse. 
Their numbers are decreased 

4042
03:32:37,400 --> 03:32:39,100
dramatically from pre-contact 
levels. 

4043
03:32:39,100 --> 03:32:42,900
Ravaged by disease violence and 
the destruction of traditional 

4044
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:48,300
ways of life. 
Chapter 6, making a nation from 

4045
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:53,500
six arguments. 
By the 1890s, Australia 

4046
03:32:53,500 --> 03:32:56,400
consisted of six separate 
colonies, New South Wales, 

4047
03:32:56,400 --> 03:33:00,000
Victoria Queensland, South 
Australia, Western Australia and

4048
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:04,500
Tasmania each with its own 
government laws and tendency to 

4049
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:06,900
view the others as rivals or 
inconvenience is. 

4050
03:33:07,900 --> 03:33:10,600
Getting them to agree to form a 
single nation, was like, trying 

4051
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:13,700
to organize, a family reunion 
where everyone thinks they 

4052
03:33:13,700 --> 03:33:16,300
should be in. 
Charge, the push for Federation 

4053
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:19,400
came from a mixed of practical 
needs and nationalist sentiment.

4054
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:22,100
The colonies needed to 
coordinate defense. 

4055
03:33:22,100 --> 03:33:26,300
There were periodic scares about
foreign powers especially Russia

4056
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:30,000
and later, Germany threatening 
Australian Waters, they needed 

4057
03:33:30,000 --> 03:33:33,000
to standardize Railway gauges, 
which were embarrassingly 

4058
03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:34,600
different across Colonial 
borders. 

4059
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:38,000
Meaning Goods had to be unloaded
and reloaded when Crossing from 

4060
03:33:38,000 --> 03:33:40,900
one colony to another. 
And there was a growing sense 

4061
03:33:40,900 --> 03:33:43,500
that Australians shared enough 
in common to deserve their own 

4062
03:33:43,500 --> 03:33:46,700
Nation rather than remaining a 
collection of British colonies. 

4063
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:49,400
The process of creating this 
nation involved. 

4064
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:53,900
A lot of arguing constitutional 
conventions, met debated, add 

4065
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:57,100
and met again. 
Representatives from each colony

4066
03:33:57,100 --> 03:34:00,700
lobbied for their interests. 
Small colonies about being, 

4067
03:34:00,700 --> 03:34:04,600
dominated by large ones, large 
colonies, resented, giving small

4068
03:34:04,600 --> 03:34:08,400
colonies equal representation. 
Everyone had opinions about 

4069
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:11,100
everything and getting six 
colonies to agree on 

4070
03:34:11,100 --> 03:34:13,700
constitutional language. 
Proved only slightly easier than

4071
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:16,400
actual nation. 
Building usually is One of the 

4072
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,100
key compromises involved 
creating a federal capital in 

4073
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:21,900
New South Wales to appease the 
most popular Colony. 

4074
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:26,200
But located at least 100 miles 
from Sydney to appease Victoria 

4075
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:28,700
which thoughts Sydney had too 
much influence already. 

4076
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:33,000
This eventually led to Canberra.
The purpose-built capital that 

4077
03:34:33,000 --> 03:34:34,800
would become famous for its 
planned layout. 

4078
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:37,700
Bureaucratic atmosphere, and 
ability to make. 

4079
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:40,300
Visitors, wonder why anyone 
thought building a city from 

4080
03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:42,500
scratch and sheep grazing, 
country was a good idea. 

4081
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:47,200
The Constitution that emerged in
1901 created a federal system 

4082
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:50,100
that borrowed heavily from both 
Britain and the United States, 

4083
03:34:50,100 --> 03:34:53,500
there would be a parliament with
two houses, a House of 

4084
03:34:53,500 --> 03:34:56,500
Representatives, based on 
population and a senate giving 

4085
03:34:56,508 --> 03:35:00,300
equal representation to each 
state executive power, would 

4086
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,300
rest with a prime minister and 
cabinet responsible to 

4087
03:35:03,300 --> 03:35:06,300
Parliament and the British 
monarch would remain head of 

4088
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:09,800
state represented by a governor 
general because cutting ties 

4089
03:35:09,800 --> 03:35:12,700
completely with Brickman, seemed
too radical for 1901. 

4090
03:35:13,600 --> 03:35:15,300
What the Constitution didn't 
address? 

4091
03:35:15,300 --> 03:35:18,800
At least not positively was 
indigenous Australians. 

4092
03:35:19,600 --> 03:35:24,600
Section 127 specifically 
excluded Aboriginal natives from

4093
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:26,300
being counted in the National 
census. 

4094
03:35:27,200 --> 03:35:30,400
Sectioned 51 gave the federal 
government power to make laws, 

4095
03:35:30,400 --> 03:35:33,500
about all people, accept the 
Aboriginal race. 

4096
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:37,800
This exclusion wasn't accidental
oversight, but deliberate policy

4097
03:35:37,800 --> 03:35:41,300
reflecting, prevailing beliefs 
that indigenous Australians were

4098
03:35:41,300 --> 03:35:44,000
a dying race. 
That would soon vanish entirely 

4099
03:35:44,000 --> 03:35:47,400
solving what colonizers viewed 
as the Aboriginal problem. 

4100
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:50,200
The other notable exclusion 
involved. 

4101
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:52,700
What would become known as the 
white Australia policy? 

4102
03:35:53,900 --> 03:35:57,100
The immigration restriction Act 
of 1901 was designed to keep 

4103
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:01,000
non-europeans especially Chinese
and Pacific, Islander people 

4104
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:05,400
from immigrating to Australia. 
It used dictation tests, that 

4105
03:36:05,400 --> 03:36:08,300
could be administered in any 
European language to exclude 

4106
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:11,500
unwanted immigrants. 
A system so transparently 

4107
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:14,600
discriminatory that it became a 
model for racist, immigration 

4108
03:36:14,600 --> 03:36:18,900
policies, elsewhere. 
Federation Day, January 1st, 

4109
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:22,500
1901 was celebrated with 
enthusiasm, by most white 

4110
03:36:22,500 --> 03:36:25,800
Australians, there were parades 
speeches and general 

4111
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:28,000
celebrations of the new 
Commonwealth of Australia. 

4112
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:31,700
For indigenous Australians, it 
was just another day in an 

4113
03:36:31,700 --> 03:36:34,500
ongoing dispossession. 
Now to be conducted by a federal

4114
03:36:34,500 --> 03:36:39,800
government, instead of colonial 
ones, Chapter 7, Wars, 

4115
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:42,700
depression and defining 
Australian identity. 

4116
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:47,900
The new Australian Nation barely
had time to settle into 

4117
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:52,000
existence before World War one 
came along and like a demanding 

4118
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:55,100
relative insisted Australia 
prove its maturity through 

4119
03:36:55,100 --> 03:36:58,700
military service. 
When Britain declared war in 

4120
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:01,800
1914, Australia was 
automatically at War 2. 

4121
03:37:01,800 --> 03:37:04,800
That's how the British 
Commonwealth worked and 

4122
03:37:04,800 --> 03:37:07,400
Australians volunteered in 
extraordinary numbers. 

4123
03:37:08,300 --> 03:37:11,800
The Australian and New Zealand. 
Army Corps, the anzacs landed at

4124
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:14,200
Gallipoli and turkey in April 
1915. 

4125
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:17,200
As part of a british-led 
campaign, That was supposed to 

4126
03:37:17,200 --> 03:37:19,000
knock the Ottoman Empire out of 
the war. 

4127
03:37:19,000 --> 03:37:22,100
Instead, it turned into an 
eight-month military disaster. 

4128
03:37:22,100 --> 03:37:25,700
Where Allied Forces were pinned 
on beaches and cliffs taking 

4129
03:37:25,700 --> 03:37:28,300
heavy casualties for no 
strategic gain. 

4130
03:37:29,300 --> 03:37:32,300
The campaign failed completely 
and something interesting 

4131
03:37:32,300 --> 03:37:35,300
happened in that failure 
Australians developed a national

4132
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:39,100
mythology. 
Anzac Day, April 25th became 

4133
03:37:39,100 --> 03:37:42,000
Australia's most important 
National commemoration, not 

4134
03:37:42,000 --> 03:37:46,100
celebrating Victory, but 
honoring sacrifice mate ship and

4135
03:37:46,100 --> 03:37:49,000
the Anzac Spirit of endurance 
under impossible conditions. 

4136
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:52,000
There's something distinctly 
Australian about choosing a 

4137
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:54,100
military defeat as your defining
national moment. 

4138
03:37:54,100 --> 03:37:57,700
Suggesting that how you handle 
adversity matters more than 

4139
03:37:57,700 --> 03:38:01,200
winning. 
Over 60,000 Australian soldiers 

4140
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:04,700
died in World War 1. 
Staggering number for a nation 

4141
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:08,200
of fewer than five million 
people hardly a town or suburb 

4142
03:38:08,200 --> 03:38:11,500
wasn't touched by grief. 
Warmer memorials went up in 

4143
03:38:11,500 --> 03:38:14,800
every Community listing names 
that often represented 

4144
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:17,100
significant percentages of local
young men. 

4145
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:21,300
The war changed Australia from a
collection of former colonies in

4146
03:38:21,300 --> 03:38:24,000
to a nation that had proven 
itself on the world stage 

4147
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:27,000
though, the price of that proof 
was heartbreakingly high. 

4148
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:31,000
The 1920s brought recovery and 
prosperity briefly. 

4149
03:38:31,800 --> 03:38:34,400
Australia's economy, grew cities
expanded. 

4150
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:39,600
And there was a sense that the 
worst was behind Then came 1929 

4151
03:38:39,600 --> 03:38:42,900
and the Great Depression it in 
Australia, particularly hard? 

4152
03:38:42,900 --> 03:38:45,700
Because the economy depended 
heavily on exports of wool and 

4153
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:50,400
wheat both of which collapsed in
value unemployment reached 30% 

4154
03:38:50,400 --> 03:38:54,000
people, queued for government 
relief that barely kept families

4155
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:58,400
fed Shanty towns Grande City. 
Outskirts the Great Depression 

4156
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:01,600
tested Australian institutions, 
and social cohesion, in ways 

4157
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:05,100
that would influence politics 
for Generations labor unions 

4158
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:07,600
gained strength. 
Pushing for better conditions 

4159
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:11,200
and greater economic equality 
Conservative forces worried 

4160
03:39:11,200 --> 03:39:14,900
about radicalism and communism. 
Political tensions, ran high 

4161
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:16,900
occasionally, spilling into 
violence. 

4162
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:20,100
Australia. 
Whether the depression without 

4163
03:39:20,100 --> 03:39:22,800
Revolution or dictatorship, 
which was something of an 

4164
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:24,900
achievement given what was 
happening in other parts of the 

4165
03:39:24,908 --> 03:39:28,500
world but the experience left 
lasting marks on Australian 

4166
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:31,800
Society, World War Two came 
along, just as Australia was 

4167
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:34,900
recovering from the depression. 
And this time, the threat was 

4168
03:39:34,900 --> 03:39:37,600
existential. 
When Japan entered the war 

4169
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:40,900
Australia, suddenly faced 
Invasion by a military power 

4170
03:39:40,900 --> 03:39:43,100
that was advancing rapidly 
through South East Asia. 

4171
03:39:43,900 --> 03:39:47,700
The fall of Singapore in 1942 
where British Promises of 

4172
03:39:47,700 --> 03:39:50,700
Defense collapsed and thousands 
of Australian soldiers were 

4173
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:54,300
captured marked a turning point 
in Australian strategic thinking

4174
03:39:54,300 --> 03:39:57,600
prime minister John, Curtin made
a famous declaration. 

4175
03:39:57,600 --> 03:40:00,800
That Australia would look to 
America, rather than Britain for

4176
03:40:00,808 --> 03:40:04,000
security explicitly 
acknowledging that Britain could

4177
03:40:04,000 --> 03:40:06,000
no longer protect its distant 
Dominion. 

4178
03:40:07,000 --> 03:40:09,500
American General, Douglas 
MacArthur made Australia, his 

4179
03:40:09,500 --> 03:40:13,100
headquarters for the Pacific 
War, American servicemen flooded

4180
03:40:13,100 --> 03:40:16,100
into Australian cities. 
The battle of the Coral, Sea 

4181
03:40:16,100 --> 03:40:17,900
stopped. 
Japanese Naval forces heading 

4182
03:40:17,900 --> 03:40:21,500
toward Australia, For the first 
time Australians face war in 

4183
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:24,700
their own region rather than 
fighting in distant European or 

4184
03:40:24,700 --> 03:40:28,400
middle eastern campaigns. 
The war accelerated Australia's 

4185
03:40:28,400 --> 03:40:31,500
transformation from British 
colony to independent nation, 

4186
03:40:32,500 --> 03:40:36,100
After 1945 there was no going 
back to assuming Britain would 

4187
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:37,600
handle defense and foreign 
policy. 

4188
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:41,200
Australia needed to develop its 
own International relationships.

4189
03:40:41,200 --> 03:40:44,400
Strengthen its military and 
think about its place in the 

4190
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:47,900
asia-pacific region rather than 
imagining itself as a distant 

4191
03:40:47,900 --> 03:40:52,300
Outpost of Europe. 
Chapter 8 post-war 

4192
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:53,800
transformation and cultural 
Awakening. 

4193
03:40:56,300 --> 03:40:59,500
The decades after World War Two 
saw Australia, transform more 

4194
03:40:59,500 --> 03:41:01,300
rapidly than in all its previous
history. 

4195
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:04,400
The government launched a 
massive immigration program 

4196
03:41:04,400 --> 03:41:06,600
under the slogan, populate or 
perish. 

4197
03:41:06,600 --> 03:41:10,100
Bringing over 2 million 
immigrants between 1945 and 

4198
03:41:10,100 --> 03:41:15,500
1947. 1965 The initial Focus was
on British immigrants but as 

4199
03:41:15,500 --> 03:41:19,200
numbers fell short Australia, 
expanded to accept displaced 

4200
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,800
persons from Europe. 
Polls ukrainians yugoslavs 

4201
03:41:22,800 --> 03:41:26,500
Greeks and Italians. 
This immigration challenged the 

4202
03:41:26,508 --> 03:41:28,900
white Australia policies 
assumptions without directly 

4203
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:31,500
confronting them. 
The Government tried to maintain

4204
03:41:31,500 --> 03:41:33,800
the policy while accepting 
Southern Europeans. 

4205
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:36,800
Who earlier Generations might 
not have considered properly 

4206
03:41:36,800 --> 03:41:39,400
White. 
Italian and Greek immigrants, 

4207
03:41:39,400 --> 03:41:43,100
faced discrimination were called
derogatory names and struggled 

4208
03:41:43,100 --> 03:41:46,500
for acceptance, but their 
presence began diversifying what

4209
03:41:46,500 --> 03:41:49,300
it meant to be Australian. 
These immigrants, changed 

4210
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:52,600
Australian food, culture, and 
cities suburbs. 

4211
03:41:52,600 --> 03:41:55,700
That had been relentlessly, 
British became multi-cultural 

4212
03:41:55,700 --> 03:41:58,300
neighborhoods. 
Coffee Culture, arrived, with 

4213
03:41:58,300 --> 03:42:01,200
Italian immigrants who are 
horrified by Australian coffee 

4214
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:03,900
habits. 
Greek restaurant, introduced 

4215
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:07,100
Australians to cuisine's beyond 
meat, Pie's and fish and chips. 

4216
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:10,800
European immigrants, brought 
different attitudes about food 

4217
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:14,200
family and Leisure that 
gradually influenced broad 

4218
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:18,000
Australian culture. 
The 1950s and 1960s were also 

4219
03:42:18,000 --> 03:42:20,700
when indigenous Australians 
began organizing more 

4220
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:24,000
effectively for civil rights. 
They had fought in both world 

4221
03:42:24,000 --> 03:42:27,200
wars worked in Industries, 
supporting the war effort and 

4222
03:42:27,200 --> 03:42:30,100
then returned to lives defined 
by discrimination and legal 

4223
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:33,200
restrictions in Queensland. 
And the Northern Territory 

4224
03:42:33,200 --> 03:42:36,700
indigenous workers on cattle. 
Stations lived under conditions,

4225
03:42:36,700 --> 03:42:38,900
barely distinguishable from 
servitude. 

4226
03:42:39,600 --> 03:42:42,900
In Southern States in indigenous
people faced segregation in 

4227
03:42:42,900 --> 03:42:44,900
housing, education, and public 
spaces. 

4228
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:50,000
A freedom rides of 1965 inspired
by American Civil Rights 

4229
03:42:50,000 --> 03:42:53,400
activism Source students from 
the University of Sydney travel 

4230
03:42:53,400 --> 03:42:57,100
through rural New South Wales. 
Wales documenting discrimination

4231
03:42:57,100 --> 03:43:00,600
and protesting segregation in 
swimming, pools in cinemas and 

4232
03:43:00,608 --> 03:43:03,700
other public spaces. these 
protests brought national 

4233
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:06,900
attention to inequalities that 
most Urban Australians preferred

4234
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:12,100
not to think about The real 
breakthrough came in 1967 with a

4235
03:43:12,100 --> 03:43:14,600
referendum, asking Australians 
to remove constitutional 

4236
03:43:14,600 --> 03:43:17,300
Provisions. 
Excluding indigenous Australians

4237
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,200
from the Census and prohibiting 
the federal government from 

4238
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:23,600
making laws for them. 
Over 90% voted. 

4239
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:26,900
Yes, one of the highest 
referendum results in Australian

4240
03:43:26,900 --> 03:43:29,300
history. 
It didn't immediately change 

4241
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:32,500
indigenous lives, but it 
represented a shift in National 

4242
03:43:32,500 --> 03:43:35,300
attitudes like, knowledgement 
that exclusion and 

4243
03:43:35,300 --> 03:43:39,200
discrimination had to end. 
The white Australia policies. 

4244
03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:42,200
Dismantling happened gradually 
through the 1960s and early 

4245
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:45,600
1970s. 
First restrictions eased 

4246
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:48,300
slightly, then exceptions 
multiplied. 

4247
03:43:49,000 --> 03:43:52,400
Finally in 1973 the whitlam 
government officially ended 

4248
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:56,000
racial discrimination in 
Immigration policy. this opened 

4249
03:43:56,000 --> 03:43:59,200
Australia to Asian immigration, 
fundamentally changing, the 

4250
03:43:59,200 --> 03:44:03,100
nation's demographic, trajectory
Vietnamese refugees arrived. 

4251
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:05,900
After the Vietnam War. 
Establishing communities that 

4252
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:09,700
enriched Australian Society. 
Asians skilled migration 

4253
03:44:09,700 --> 03:44:13,300
increased by the 1980s, 
Australia was receiving 

4254
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:17,100
immigrants, from every continent
transforming cities and to 

4255
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:20,500
genuinely Multicultural places. 
Sydney and Melbourne became 

4256
03:44:20,500 --> 03:44:23,500
among the world's, most diverse 
cities with neighborhoods, where

4257
03:44:23,500 --> 03:44:26,400
dozens of languages could be 
heard and restaurants 

4258
03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:29,100
representing cuisine's from 
every corner of the globe. 

4259
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:32,400
These changes were smooth or 
universally welcomed. 

4260
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:36,000
There were tensions racist, 
incidents, and political 

4261
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:38,000
movements resisting 
multiculturalism. 

4262
03:44:38,800 --> 03:44:42,200
Pauline Hanson's, One Nation 
party emerged in the 1990s. 

4263
03:44:42,200 --> 03:44:45,400
Arguing that Asian immigration 
threatened Australian identity. 

4264
03:44:46,500 --> 03:44:50,100
That these resistance movements 
represented minorities, most 

4265
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:52,000
Australians adapted to 
diversity. 

4266
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:54,600
Recognizing that 
multiculturalism wasn't 

4267
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:57,500
destroying Australian identity 
but creating a new version of 

4268
03:44:57,500 --> 03:44:59,800
it. 
The Arts flourished during this 

4269
03:44:59,800 --> 03:45:02,900
period. 
Australian Cinema experienced a 

4270
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:05,500
Renaissance with films that 
explored Australian themes and 

4271
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:12,500
Landscapes rock bands, like AC /
DC and IMX sieved International 

4272
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:15,500
success. 
Australian literature gained 

4273
03:45:15,500 --> 03:45:17,600
recognition Beyond simply being 
exotic. 

4274
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:19,900
British writing from the 
southern hemisphere. 

4275
03:45:20,900 --> 03:45:23,300
There was growing confidence 
that Australian culture could 

4276
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:26,900
stand on its own terms rather 
than constantly referencing 

4277
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:31,400
British or American models. 
Chapter 9, land rights 

4278
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:37,700
reconciliation and unfinished 
business. the 1970s and 1980s 

4279
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:40,300
saw indigenous Australians push 
harder for land, rights 

4280
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:44,400
recognition and 
self-determination The case that

4281
03:45:44,400 --> 03:45:48,300
changed, everything was Mila 
Puma Balco the govt land rights 

4282
03:45:48,300 --> 03:45:51,800
case where young people from our
Land Challenge mining on their 

4283
03:45:51,800 --> 03:45:54,000
traditional country. 
They lost in court. 

4284
03:45:54,000 --> 03:45:57,000
But the case generated national 
attention and political 

4285
03:45:57,000 --> 03:45:58,200
pressure, that could not be 
ignored. 

4286
03:45:59,600 --> 03:46:02,300
Prime minister, Gough, whitlam, 
responded by establishing the 

4287
03:46:02,300 --> 03:46:04,700
Aboriginal land Rights 
Commission which led to the 

4288
03:46:04,700 --> 03:46:07,400
Northern Territory land Rights 
Act of 1976. 

4289
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:11,500
This was the first legislation 
recognizing indigenous land 

4290
03:46:11,500 --> 03:46:14,200
ownership based on traditional 
connection rather than British 

4291
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,900
legal Concepts indigenous 
communities. 

4292
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:19,400
Could now claim unallocated 
Crown Land in the Northern 

4293
03:46:19,400 --> 03:46:21,700
Territory. 
If they could prove traditional 

4294
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:24,700
ownership, it was limited and 
didn't extend to the rest of 

4295
03:46:24,700 --> 03:46:27,000
Australia. 
But it established the principle

4296
03:46:27,000 --> 03:46:30,500
that Terra nullius was a fiction
and Indigenous land rights 

4297
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:34,000
existed. 
The real bombshell came in 1992 

4298
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:38,000
with the marble decision. 
Eddie marbo and Maryam man from 

4299
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:41,600
the Torres Strait Islands. 
Had been fighting since 1982 for

4300
03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:44,400
recognition that his people 
owned their traditional lands. 

4301
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:47,200
The high Court's decision in May
over V Queen's. 

4302
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,300
Land finally overturned 
terrorists ruling that native 

4303
03:46:50,300 --> 03:46:53,900
title existed and had survived 
British colonization, where 

4304
03:46:53,900 --> 03:46:56,600
indigenous people maintained 
continuous connection to land, 

4305
03:46:56,600 --> 03:46:59,900
this was revolutionary like 
discovering that the Legal 

4306
03:46:59,900 --> 03:47:02,400
Foundation of Australian land 
ownership had been built on 

4307
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:05,800
quicksand It didn't mean all of 
Australian land suddenly 

4308
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:08,800
reverted to indigenous ownership
but it meant that indigenous 

4309
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:11,600
people could claim native title 
where they could prove 

4310
03:47:11,600 --> 03:47:14,900
continuous connection and where 
the land hadn't been developed 

4311
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:17,000
or granted away under other 
legal processes. 

4312
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:21,900
The native title Act of 1993 
tried to create a framework for 

4313
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:25,200
recognizing these rights while 
protecting existing Property 

4314
03:47:25,200 --> 03:47:27,400
Owners. 
The result was complex 

4315
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:31,000
legalistic and often frustrating
for indigenous claimants, but it

4316
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:33,800
was still remarkable progress. 
Compared to the blanket denial 

4317
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:37,100
of indigenous rights that had 
characterized Australian law for

4318
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,300
two centuries. 
The stolen Generations issue 

4319
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:42,200
emerged into public 
Consciousness during this 

4320
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:45,000
period. 
For decades, Australian 

4321
03:47:45,000 --> 03:47:48,100
governments had systematically 
removed indigenous children from

4322
03:47:48,100 --> 03:47:50,500
their families. 
Under a simulation policies, 

4323
03:47:50,500 --> 03:47:53,800
placing them in institutions or 
with white families. 

4324
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:57,700
The idea was to breed out in 
indigenous, identity by raising 

4325
03:47:57,700 --> 03:48:01,000
children without connection to 
their culture, families or 

4326
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:05,000
communities. 
The 1997, bringing them home 

4327
03:48:05,000 --> 03:48:06,700
report. 
Documented, this practice in 

4328
03:48:06,700 --> 03:48:10,300
devastating detail. 
Tens of thousands of children, 

4329
03:48:10,300 --> 03:48:14,900
forcibly removed families 
destroyed cultures disrupted and

4330
03:48:14,900 --> 03:48:17,000
psychological trauma. 
That affected, not just 

4331
03:48:17,000 --> 03:48:20,000
individuals, but entire 
communities across Generations. 

4332
03:48:21,200 --> 03:48:24,500
The report recommended a formal 
apology, but prime minister, 

4333
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:28,300
John Howard refused arguing that
present generation, shouldn't 

4334
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:32,400
apologize for past actions. 
This refusal became increasingly

4335
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:36,500
controversial. 
In 2008, newly elected prime 

4336
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:39,800
minister Kevin Rudd, made a 
formal apology to the stolen 

4337
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:42,500
Generations, in Parliament 
acknowledging, the suffering 

4338
03:48:42,500 --> 03:48:44,400
caused by forced removal 
policies. 

4339
03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:48,600
It was an emotional moment. 
Many stolen generation survivors

4340
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:51,500
were present in Parliament, and 
the apology was broadcast 

4341
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:54,600
nationally. 
It didn't undo the harm, but it 

4342
03:48:54,608 --> 03:48:56,900
represented official 
acknowledgment of historical 

4343
03:48:56,900 --> 03:48:59,500
Injustice. 
Yet progressed on indigenous 

4344
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:01,900
issues, remained frustratingly, 
slow and uneven. 

4345
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:06,900
The Gap in life expectancy, 
Health outcomes, education and 

4346
03:49:06,900 --> 03:49:10,000
employment between indigenous 
and non-indigenous Australians 

4347
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:12,800
persisted despite numerous 
government programs. 

4348
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:17,000
Remote indigenous, communities 
face particular challenges, 

4349
03:49:17,000 --> 03:49:21,500
inadequate, Services, Limited, 
economic opportunities, and the 

4350
03:49:21,500 --> 03:49:23,700
ongoing impacts of historical 
dispossession. 

4351
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:28,200
Constitutional recognition of 
indigenous Australians, became a

4352
03:49:28,208 --> 03:49:31,300
long-running debate. the 
Constitution still contained 

4353
03:49:31,300 --> 03:49:34,800
Provisions from 1901, that it 
excluded or marginalized in 

4354
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:37,800
indigenous people, multiple 
proposals for constitutional 

4355
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:41,800
reform were debated designed and
discussed, Creating change that 

4356
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:44,800
satisfied, both indigenous 
communities and required 

4357
03:49:44,800 --> 03:49:48,000
referendum. 
Majorities proved, elusive the 

4358
03:49:48,000 --> 03:49:52,100
2017 alloro statement from the 
heart issued by indigenous, 

4359
03:49:52,100 --> 03:49:54,600
leaders called for 
constitutional reform 

4360
03:49:54,600 --> 03:49:56,100
establishing a voice to 
Parliament. 

4361
03:49:56,108 --> 03:49:59,600
A permanent indigenous advisory 
body, that would ensure 

4362
03:49:59,600 --> 03:50:03,700
indigenous communities had input
into policies affecting them The

4363
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:07,300
Proposal spark debate about 
constitutional change indigenous

4364
03:50:07,300 --> 03:50:10,200
representation and the 
relationship between indigenous 

4365
03:50:10,200 --> 03:50:12,600
and non-indigenous Australia 
that continues today. 

4366
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:17,400
Chapter 10, modern Australia, in
a changing world. 

4367
03:50:20,300 --> 03:50:24,200
As the 20th century ended, and 
the 21st began Australia, found 

4368
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:27,300
itself, navigating an identity 
that was increasingly complex. 

4369
03:50:27,300 --> 03:50:31,600
No longer simply British but not
quite willing to embrace being a

4370
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,800
Asian despite geography. 
Australia, occupied an 

4371
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:37,400
interesting middle ground, a 
western democracy in the 

4372
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,100
asia-pacific region with a 
population, becoming more 

4373
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:44,400
diverse with each passing year. 
Sydney Olympic in 2000, became a

4374
03:50:44,400 --> 03:50:47,500
showcase for this modern 
Australia. the opening ceremony 

4375
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:50,400
featured in indigenous 
performers, prominently, Cathy 

4376
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:53,900
Freeman, an indigenous athlete 
lit, the Olympic flame and later

4377
03:50:53,900 --> 03:50:57,000
on gold in the 400 meters while 
carrying both the Australian and

4378
03:50:57,000 --> 03:51:01,300
Aboriginal Flags It was a moment
of national pride that tried to 

4379
03:51:01,300 --> 03:51:03,300
bridge historical divisions 
though. 

4380
03:51:03,300 --> 03:51:05,800
Many noted that Olympic 
symbolism was easier than 

4381
03:51:05,800 --> 03:51:09,400
addressing substantive 
indigenous disadvantage, the 

4382
03:51:09,400 --> 03:51:12,400
Republic debates simmered 
throughout the 1990s and came to

4383
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:15,800
a head with a 1999 referendum. 
Asking Australians, if they 

4384
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:18,200
wanted to replace the British 
monarch with an Australian 

4385
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:20,700
president. 
The result was complicated, 

4386
03:51:20,700 --> 03:51:24,000
polls showed many Australian 
supported becoming a republican 

4387
03:51:24,000 --> 03:51:28,400
principle, but the specific 
model proposed where Parliament 

4388
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:31,700
would elect the president didn't
satisfy either monarchists or 

4389
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:33,600
Republicans, who wanted direct 
election. 

4390
03:51:33,600 --> 03:51:37,200
The referendum failed and 
Australia retained, Queen 

4391
03:51:37,200 --> 03:51:40,100
Elizabeth, the second, as head 
of state, a reminder that 

4392
03:51:40,100 --> 03:51:43,100
changing constitutional 
Arrangements requires more than 

4393
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:46,500
vague sentiment. 
Australia's economy transformed 

4394
03:51:46,500 --> 03:51:49,000
during these decades through a 
process, politely called 

4395
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:53,000
economic reform, but which 
involves significant pain for 

4396
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:56,800
many communities, manufacturing 
declined, as globalization 

4397
03:51:56,800 --> 03:52:00,700
shifted production to Asia, 
Mining boomed, as China's growth

4398
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:03,800
created, enormous demand for 
Australian iron ore, coal and 

4399
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:08,000
natural gas service, Industries 
expanded the economy, grew 

4400
03:52:08,000 --> 03:52:11,700
overall that the benefits were 
distributed equally with inner 

4401
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:14,600
city professional workers doing 
well, while outer suburban and 

4402
03:52:14,600 --> 03:52:17,000
Regional areas struggled with 
job losses and declining 

4403
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,500
service's. 
The mining boom of the 2000s and

4404
03:52:20,508 --> 03:52:23,700
2010s brought extraordinary 
wealth, particularly to Western 

4405
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:27,100
Australia where iron ore mines 
produced billions in export 

4406
03:52:27,100 --> 03:52:29,300
Revenue. 
This created an interesting 

4407
03:52:29,300 --> 03:52:32,200
Dynamic where mining companies 
and state governments grew Rich 

4408
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:34,500
while debates. 
Raged about whether enough 

4409
03:52:34,500 --> 03:52:37,200
wealth was being captured for 
broader public benefit through 

4410
03:52:37,200 --> 03:52:39,700
taxes, and royalties, climate 
change. 

4411
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:42,000
Became an increasingly divisive 
political issue. 

4412
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,300
Australia is particularly 
vulnerable to climate impact 

4413
03:52:45,300 --> 03:52:49,000
droughts become more severe 
bushfires, more frequent and 

4414
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,000
intense Coral, bleaching 
threatens, the Great Barrier 

4415
03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:54,900
Reef and Coastal communities 
face Rising Seas. 

4416
03:52:56,100 --> 03:52:58,700
Yet, Australia's economy. 
Depends heavily on coal and gas 

4417
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:01,900
exports creating political 
tensions between environmental 

4418
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:06,000
concerns and economic interests.
the Millennium drought of the 

4419
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:09,900
late 1990s through 2000s, hit 
South Eastern Australia, 

4420
03:53:09,900 --> 03:53:14,200
particularly hard, major cities 
implemented, water restrictions 

4421
03:53:14,200 --> 03:53:17,500
Farmers, watch crops, fail and 
debates about Water Management, 

4422
03:53:17,500 --> 03:53:21,600
dominated Politics, the drought 
of eventually broke, but it 

4423
03:53:21,608 --> 03:53:24,200
previewed challenges that 
climate change is expected to 

4424
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:28,700
intense of Then came the Black 
Saturday bush fires of 2009 in 

4425
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:30,800
Victoria. 
The deadliest bush fires in 

4426
03:53:30,800 --> 03:53:34,500
Australian history. 
Killing 173, people and 

4427
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:39,200
destroying thousands of homes. 
The fires generated their own 

4428
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:41,600
weather systems. 
Moved faster than people could 

4429
03:53:41,600 --> 03:53:45,600
flee and demonstrated the 
devastating potential of extreme

4430
03:53:45,600 --> 03:53:48,600
fire conditions combined with 
strong winds and record 

4431
03:53:48,600 --> 03:53:51,200
temperatures. 
Immigration remained, 

4432
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,200
contentious successive, 
governments struggled with 

4433
03:53:54,200 --> 03:53:56,000
Asylum. 
Seekers arriving by boat 

4434
03:53:56,000 --> 03:53:59,200
implementing increasingly harsh 
deterrence policies. 

4435
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:03,500
Offshore detention centres in 
nauru and Papua New Guinea, held

4436
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:06,100
Asylum, Seekers and conditions 
that Drew International 

4437
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:09,300
criticism. 
The political calculation was 

4438
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:12,900
that being perceived as tough on
borders, won more votes than 

4439
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:16,900
humanitarian, concerns cost 
revealing uncomfortable truths 

4440
03:54:16,900 --> 03:54:18,700
about Australian, political 
priorities. 

4441
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,800
Meanwhile Australia's 
relationship with China and grew

4442
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:24,200
more economically, important and
politically complicated. 

4443
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:28,500
China became Australia's largest
trading partner by far by buying

4444
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:31,300
Australian resources at scales, 
that drove economic growth. 

4445
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:35,500
But strategic concerns about 
China's rise in power, its 

4446
03:54:35,500 --> 03:54:38,700
treatment of ethnic minorities. 
And its increasingly assertive, 

4447
03:54:38,700 --> 03:54:42,800
foreign policy created tensions 
between economic interests and 

4448
03:54:42,800 --> 03:54:47,100
security concerns. 
The covid-19 pandemic in 2020 to

4449
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:50,500
2021 revealed both strengths and
limitations in Australian 

4450
03:54:50,500 --> 03:54:54,100
governments. border closures and
lockdowns contained the virus 

4451
03:54:54,100 --> 03:54:57,300
more successfully than in many 
countries, keeping death rates 

4452
03:54:57,300 --> 03:54:59,900
relatively low, But border 
policies. 

4453
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:02,200
Separated families. 
Locked into International 

4454
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:05,500
students and temporary residents
out of support systems and 

4455
03:55:05,500 --> 03:55:08,200
exposed inequalities in. 
Who could afford to whether 

4456
03:55:08,200 --> 03:55:11,700
extended lockdowns State border 
closures, previously, 

4457
03:55:11,700 --> 03:55:15,000
Unthinkable became routine with 
States protecting their 

4458
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:17,900
populations by restricting 
movement in ways that divided 

4459
03:55:17,900 --> 03:55:19,800
families and disrupted 
businesses. 

4460
03:55:19,800 --> 03:55:23,700
The pandemic revealed that 
Australian federalism designed 

4461
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:25,100
for an era of slow 
communication. 

4462
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:28,700
And transport could create as 
many problems as it solved in a 

4463
03:55:28,700 --> 03:55:31,600
crisis, requiring rapid 
coordinated response. 

4464
03:55:32,500 --> 03:55:35,400
The voice to Parliament 
referendum in 2023 asked to 

4465
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,100
Australians whether they 
supported constitutional change 

4466
03:55:38,100 --> 03:55:40,600
to establish an indigenous 
advisory body. 

4467
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:43,800
Despite initial polling showing 
support the referendum. 

4468
03:55:43,800 --> 03:55:47,900
Failed with many Australians 
voting for varied reasons, some 

4469
03:55:47,900 --> 03:55:51,200
of those constitutional change 
others, wanted practical action 

4470
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:55,000
instead of symbolic recognition 
and some were influenced by 

4471
03:55:55,000 --> 03:55:57,400
misinformation campaigns about 
what the voice would actually 

4472
03:55:57,400 --> 03:55:59,700
do. 
The referendum's failure 

4473
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:02,100
highlighted ongoing, challenges 
and Reconciliation. 

4474
03:56:03,100 --> 03:56:06,100
While most Australian supported 
indigenous rights in abstract, 

4475
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,600
terms building consensus for 
specific reforms, prove 

4476
03:56:09,600 --> 03:56:12,200
difficult. 
The gap between symbolic 

4477
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:15,600
recognition and substantive 
change remained frustratingly 

4478
03:56:15,600 --> 03:56:22,000
wide. chapter 11, the land 
itself, Australia's enduring 

4479
03:56:22,000 --> 03:56:27,100
character As we wind down this 
long journey through Australian 

4480
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:29,800
history, it's worth considering 
the land itself. 

4481
03:56:29,800 --> 03:56:33,800
This vast ancient continent that
has shaped everyone who has 

4482
03:56:33,800 --> 03:56:37,800
lived here from the first humans
who arrived, 65,000 years ago, 

4483
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:40,800
to the most recent immigrants 
stepping off a plane last week. 

4484
03:56:41,900 --> 03:56:45,200
Strayer is the flattest. 
Driest inhabited continent with 

4485
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:47,700
soils, among the oldest and 
least fertile on Earth. 

4486
03:56:48,400 --> 03:56:51,200
This isn't Prime agricultural 
land, that generously yields, 

4487
03:56:51,200 --> 03:56:53,800
whatever you plant. 
It's a landscape that demands 

4488
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:56,500
respect knowledge and 
adaptation. 

4489
03:56:57,400 --> 03:57:00,800
Indigenous Australians learn 
this over Millennia European 

4490
03:57:00,800 --> 03:57:02,900
settlers took longer and made 
more mistakes. 

4491
03:57:02,900 --> 03:57:07,000
Sometimes spectacular ones. 
The distance is almost 

4492
03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:09,200
incomprehensible to people from 
smaller countries. 

4493
03:57:09,200 --> 03:57:13,100
You can drive for hours days 
even and see nothing but 

4494
03:57:13,100 --> 03:57:16,800
scrubland the same eucalyptus 
trees stretching to every 

4495
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:19,900
Horizon. 
There's a reason Australians 

4496
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:22,200
measure distance and time rather
than kilometers. 

4497
03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:27,700
It's about four hours up. 
The road means more than its 350

4498
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:30,700
kilometers away. 
Because the real question is, 

4499
03:57:30,700 --> 03:57:33,700
how long you'll be driving 
through that emptiness yet? 

4500
03:57:33,700 --> 03:57:35,300
This emptiness isn't really 
empty. 

4501
03:57:35,300 --> 03:57:39,200
The Outback that looks Barren to
European eyes teams with life if

4502
03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:42,800
you know how to look lizards 
Sheltering under rocks, Birds 

4503
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:46,300
nesting in impossible, places 
and plants that survive years 

4504
03:57:46,300 --> 03:57:48,800
without rain and then burst into
bloom. 

4505
03:57:48,800 --> 03:57:52,300
When moisture finally comes 
Indigenous Australians could 

4506
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:55,400
read this landscape like 
Europeans read books seeing 

4507
03:57:55,400 --> 03:57:58,300
stories resources and knowledge 
in every feature. 

4508
03:57:59,600 --> 03:58:01,000
The coast tell a different 
story. 

4509
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:05,800
Lush green and where most 
Australians actually live over 

4510
03:58:05,800 --> 03:58:08,600
80% of the population. 
Clusters along the coastline, 

4511
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:11,800
particularly the eastern and 
South Eastern coasts. 

4512
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:15,100
Leaving the interior largely 
uninhabited except for mining 

4513
03:58:15,100 --> 03:58:18,500
operations and small towns 
connected by impossibly long 

4514
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:20,900
roads. 
This creates an odd situation 

4515
03:58:20,900 --> 03:58:22,900
where Australia is 
simultaneously. 

4516
03:58:22,900 --> 03:58:25,900
One of the most urbanized 
countries in the world and one 

4517
03:58:25,900 --> 03:58:28,400
with vast spaces where human 
presence is minimal. 

4518
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:31,600
The Great Barrier Reef 
stretching for over 2000 

4519
03:58:31,600 --> 03:58:34,800
kilometers along the Queensland 
Coast is the world's largest 

4520
03:58:34,800 --> 03:58:36,900
living structure visible from 
space. 

4521
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:40,700
It's a reminder that while the 
land is ancient and weathered, 

4522
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:43,800
The surrounding oceans are 
Dynamic and Alive. 

4523
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:47,600
The Reef faces existential 
threats from warming Waters, and

4524
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:50,900
ocean acidification. 
Making it a symbol of broader 

4525
03:58:50,900 --> 03:58:54,200
environmental challenges. 
Australian Wildlife. 

4526
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:57,400
Remains gloriously. 
Weird monotremes. 

4527
03:58:57,400 --> 03:59:00,500
Mammals that lay eggs exist. 
Nowhere else. 

4528
03:59:00,500 --> 03:59:03,100
Marsupials dominate. 
Where placental. 

4529
03:59:03,100 --> 03:59:04,100
Mammals. 
Rule elsewhere. 

4530
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:09,600
Venomous creatures, abound 
snake's, spiders jellyfish, and 

4531
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:12,500
even a venomous platypus because
apparently regular platter 

4532
03:59:12,500 --> 03:59:15,200
people were strange enough. 
Yet, for all the dangerous 

4533
03:59:15,200 --> 03:59:18,600
wildlife reputation. 
Australia is remarkably safe. 

4534
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:22,300
If you exercise basic Common 
Sense, unlike places with large 

4535
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:26,700
predators that actually hunt 
humans, The seasons run opposite

4536
03:59:26,700 --> 03:59:29,500
to the northern hemisphere which
creates ongoing calendar. 

4537
03:59:29,500 --> 03:59:31,900
Confusion Christmas happens in 
summer. 

4538
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:34,900
Requiring Australians to 
maintain European Traditions, 

4539
03:59:34,900 --> 03:59:38,100
like hot roast dinners in 
sweltering heat while knowing 

4540
03:59:38,100 --> 03:59:40,300
that singing about snow and 
winter wonderland is 

4541
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:44,200
geographically nonsensical Some 
things persist through cultural 

4542
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:46,800
inertia regardless of 
environmental fit. 

4543
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:51,500
Chapter 12, what Australia means
today? 

4544
03:59:54,100 --> 03:59:56,500
As you settle deeper into your 
pillow, let's consider what 

4545
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:58,700
Australia represents in the 
early 21st century. 

4546
03:59:58,700 --> 04:00:02,100
Not the tourist brochure version
with beaches, not for houses, 

4547
04:00:02,100 --> 04:00:05,600
but the more complex reality of 
a Nation, still working out what

4548
04:00:05,600 --> 04:00:08,100
it wants to be. 
Australia is one of the world's 

4549
04:00:08,100 --> 04:00:10,200
most successful Multicultural 
democracies. 

4550
04:00:11,100 --> 04:00:14,000
A place where people from every 
continent live together with 

4551
04:00:14,000 --> 04:00:16,400
generally less conflict than 
history might predict. 

4552
04:00:17,400 --> 04:00:21,100
Over 30% of Australians were 
born overseas and in cities like

4553
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:24,400
Sydney and Melbourne. 
That percentage approaches 40%. 

4554
04:00:25,300 --> 04:00:28,600
This diversity is now woven into
Australian identity, rather than

4555
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:31,500
threatening it. 
Though in individual incidents 

4556
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:33,500
of racism. 
Remind us that acceptance isn't 

4557
04:00:33,500 --> 04:00:36,600
Universal. 
The Australian sense of humor 

4558
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:39,300
self-deprecating ironic and 
slightly irreverent. 

4559
04:00:39,300 --> 04:00:42,200
All authority remains a defining
characteristic. 

4560
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,500
Australians instinctively 
deflate on paucity value 

4561
04:00:46,500 --> 04:00:50,000
authenticity, over pretension 
and using nicknames as signs of 

4562
04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:53,800
affection, This can sometimes 
frustrate visitors from more 

4563
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:56,800
formal cultures, but it creates 
a social environment where 

4564
04:00:56,800 --> 04:00:59,400
hierarchy is less rigid than in 
many societies. 

4565
04:01:00,700 --> 04:01:04,100
Makeshift that quintessentially,
Australian, concept values, 

4566
04:01:04,100 --> 04:01:07,400
loyalty, helping others and 
standing by your friends. 

4567
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,300
It emerged from the harsh 
conditions of early, colonial 

4568
04:01:11,300 --> 04:01:15,000
life where cooperation meant 
survival got reinforced through 

4569
04:01:15,000 --> 04:01:18,500
military experiences and now 
shapes everything from workplace

4570
04:01:18,500 --> 04:01:21,600
culture to political rhetoric. 
Though, makeshift has 

4571
04:01:21,600 --> 04:01:24,200
historically been quite 
masculine in its emphasis, 

4572
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:27,200
contemporary understanding has 
broadened to include more 

4573
04:01:27,200 --> 04:01:29,600
diverse forms of solidarity and 
Community Support. 

4574
04:01:30,600 --> 04:01:33,600
The tyranny of distance 
Australia's isolation from Major

4575
04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:36,500
World centers, has shaped 
National psychology in 

4576
04:01:36,500 --> 04:01:39,400
interesting ways. 
Australians are simultaneously 

4577
04:01:39,400 --> 04:01:42,800
provincial and Cosmopolitan, 
deeply attached to local places,

4578
04:01:42,800 --> 04:01:46,000
while being enthusiastic 
International Travelers, the 

4579
04:01:46,000 --> 04:01:48,500
distance creates a kind of 
Fortress mentality, sometimes, 

4580
04:01:48,500 --> 04:01:51,500
but also produces people who are
comfortable with Crossing 

4581
04:01:51,500 --> 04:01:55,000
cultural boundaries, bought 
occupy, an almost religious 

4582
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:58,000
place in Australian culture, 
Cricket Australian Rules, 

4583
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:02,400
Football rugby, league Rugby, 
Union, soccer, and countless 

4584
04:02:02,400 --> 04:02:05,300
other sports generate passion 
that can seem disproportionate 

4585
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:10,000
to outside his Sports service, 
social glue, creating shared 

4586
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:13,800
experiences and identities that 
bridge other division's state, 

4587
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:16,900
rivalries and sports are 
intense, but mostly good natured

4588
04:02:16,900 --> 04:02:20,600
except when they're not. 
The beach lifestyle, isn't 

4589
04:02:20,600 --> 04:02:23,800
tourist mythology, but genuine 
cultural practice for millions 

4590
04:02:23,800 --> 04:02:28,600
of coastal Australians. learning
to swim understanding, surf 

4591
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:32,100
conditions and spending summer 
days at the beach aren't luxury 

4592
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,400
activities, but normal parts of 
life Surf. 

4593
04:02:35,400 --> 04:02:38,300
Lifesaving Clubs a community 
institutions that combined 

4594
04:02:38,300 --> 04:02:40,900
sport, service and social 
connection. 

4595
04:02:42,000 --> 04:02:44,500
Australian English has evolved 
into its own dialect with 

4596
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:48,700
distinctive pronunciation 
vocabulary and idioms that can 

4597
04:02:48,700 --> 04:02:51,600
confound even native English 
speakers from other countries. 

4598
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:55,900
The tendency to abbreviate, 
everything arvo. 

4599
04:02:55,900 --> 04:02:59,200
For after noon, Servo for 
service station brekkie for 

4600
04:02:59,200 --> 04:03:02,600
breakfast combined with 
distinctive, slang creates a 

4601
04:03:02,608 --> 04:03:04,600
language. 
That is simultaneously familiar 

4602
04:03:04,600 --> 04:03:06,200
and foreign to other English 
speakers. 

4603
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:09,800
Yet underneath these cultural 
characteristics deeper 

4604
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:11,900
questions. 
Persist, what does 

4605
04:03:11,900 --> 04:03:15,300
reconciliation with indigenous 
Australians actually require 

4606
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:19,000
Beyond symbolic gestures? 
How does Australia balance its 

4607
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:21,800
Western political Traditions 
with its Asian geography? 

4608
04:03:21,800 --> 04:03:24,600
What responsibilities come with 
extraordinary? 

4609
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,000
Resource wealth in a world 
facing climate change. 

4610
04:03:27,000 --> 04:03:30,400
How do you maintain social? 
Cohesion, as diversity 

4611
04:03:30,400 --> 04:03:32,800
increases. 
These aren't questioned with 

4612
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:35,400
easy answers and different 
Australians are them 

4613
04:03:35,400 --> 04:03:38,400
differently. the Australian 
political system produces 

4614
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:43,400
stability, but sometimes at the 
cost of bold reform, Combination

4615
04:03:43,400 --> 04:03:46,900
of compulsory voting 
preferential voting and frequent

4616
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:48,800
elections. 
Means that politicians must 

4617
04:03:48,800 --> 04:03:52,300
appeal to median voters, 
creating pressure for Centrist 

4618
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:55,500
policies. 
This prevents extremism but can 

4619
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:58,300
also prevent necessary change 
when that change requires 

4620
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:00,900
short-term sacrifice for 
long-term benefit. 

4621
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:05,000
Indigenous disadvantage remains 
Australia's greatest domestic 

4622
04:04:05,000 --> 04:04:09,000
Challenge and moral failing. 
Despite Decades of programs 

4623
04:04:09,000 --> 04:04:13,400
policies and good intentions 
gaps in health, education and 

4624
04:04:13,400 --> 04:04:15,500
employment and incarceration 
rates. 

4625
04:04:15,500 --> 04:04:19,700
Persist until these gaps closed.
Australia cannot claim to have 

4626
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:23,300
truly reconciled with the 
Injustice of colonization and 

4627
04:04:23,300 --> 04:04:27,000
their continuing impacts. 
Epilogue. 

4628
04:04:27,900 --> 04:04:28,900
Stories. 
That continue. 

4629
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:34,500
As you drift towards sleep, 
remember that history isn't a 

4630
04:04:34,500 --> 04:04:36,800
story that ended it's one that 
continues. 

4631
04:04:36,800 --> 04:04:40,400
The Australia that exists today 
is dramatically different from 

4632
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:46,000
the one that existed in 1788 or 
1901 or even 1988 and the 

4633
04:04:46,000 --> 04:04:49,300
Australia that will exist in 
2018 will be different again 

4634
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:52,800
shaped by decisions being made 
now and challenges and not yet 

4635
04:04:52,800 --> 04:04:55,700
visible. 
Indigenous Australians after 

4636
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:59,300
surviving 65,000 years, 
including two centuries of 

4637
04:04:59,300 --> 04:05:02,500
dispossession and destruction 
continued to maintain cultural 

4638
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:06,300
Traditions revive languages and 
asserts to land and 

4639
04:05:06,300 --> 04:05:09,200
self-determination. 
Their story. 

4640
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:12,100
The longest continuous. 
Human story on Earth, didn't end

4641
04:05:12,100 --> 04:05:16,300
with colonization it adapted, 
persisted and continues. 

4642
04:05:17,400 --> 04:05:20,300
The Immigrant families who 
arrived from Europe, Asia Africa

4643
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:23,900
and the Americas creating new 
chapters in Australian history, 

4644
04:05:23,900 --> 04:05:27,200
bringing Traditions that in Rich
and complicate, what it means to

4645
04:05:27,200 --> 04:05:30,600
be Australian their children and
grandchildren will blend these 

4646
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:33,700
Traditions with Australian 
culture in ways that continue 

4647
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:36,400
the evolution that has 
characterized this continent for

4648
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:39,500
millennia. 
Environmental challenges from 

4649
04:05:39,500 --> 04:05:42,200
climate change to species 
extinctions to water. 

4650
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:45,600
Scarcity will require 
Australians to reconsider their 

4651
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:47,200
relationship with this ancient 
land. 

4652
04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:50,300
Perhaps this will create 
opportunities to learn from 

4653
04:05:50,300 --> 04:05:53,100
indigenous knowledge systems 
that sustained human life here 

4654
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:56,600
for thousands of generations 
without depleting resources that

4655
04:05:56,600 --> 04:05:59,500
support future Generations. 
The Great Barrier Reef 

4656
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:02,700
struggling under warming Seas 
reminds us that some losses 

4657
04:06:02,700 --> 04:06:06,300
might be irreversible without 
rapid action. the increasingly 

4658
04:06:06,300 --> 04:06:09,500
intense, Bushfire Seasons, warn 
that climate change isn't a 

4659
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:12,200
distant threat, but a present 
reality, requiring adaptation 

4660
04:06:12,200 --> 04:06:15,600
and mitigation The drought 
prone, Inland teaches that water

4661
04:06:15,600 --> 04:06:18,100
is precious and cannot be taken 
for granted. 

4662
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:22,300
Australia's Geographic position,
tucked below Asia in the 

4663
04:06:22,300 --> 04:06:25,300
southern hemisphere will 
continue shaping its strategic 

4664
04:06:25,300 --> 04:06:28,700
and economic future. 
The rise of Asia, particularly 

4665
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:32,200
China and India creates, both 
opportunities and challenges 

4666
04:06:32,200 --> 04:06:34,800
that will Define Australian 
foreign policy for Generations. 

4667
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:38,500
The Republican debate will 
resurface probably when Queen 

4668
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:41,800
Elizabeth the second's Reign 
ends forcing Australians to 

4669
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:45,500
reconsider what constitutional 
links to Britain mean in an era,

4670
04:06:45,500 --> 04:06:48,400
when Australian identity is 
evolved far beyond its Colonial,

4671
04:06:48,400 --> 04:06:52,600
Origins cities will continue 
growing sprawling across land 

4672
04:06:52,600 --> 04:06:56,000
that was recently farmland or 
bush creating environmental and 

4673
04:06:56,000 --> 04:07:00,100
infrastructure challenges that 
require Creative Solutions, the 

4674
04:07:00,100 --> 04:07:02,700
Australian dream of owning a 
detached house on a quarter. 

4675
04:07:02,700 --> 04:07:05,600
Acre block will become 
increasingly difficult as land 

4676
04:07:05,600 --> 04:07:09,100
prices, rise and dense, Dean 
increases technology will 

4677
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:13,300
transform work education and 
social Connections in ways. 

4678
04:07:13,300 --> 04:07:17,000
We can barely imagine just as 
previous generations, could not 

4679
04:07:17,000 --> 04:07:20,300
imagine how television air 
conditioning and the internet 

4680
04:07:20,300 --> 04:07:23,500
would reshape Australian life. 
Through all these changes. 

4681
04:07:23,500 --> 04:07:26,400
Something fundamental about 
Australia will probably persist 

4682
04:07:26,400 --> 04:07:30,000
the particular quality of light 
that is inspired artists for 

4683
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:32,400
Millennia, the distinctive 
accent and humor. 

4684
04:07:32,400 --> 04:07:36,200
The Casual approach to social 
hierarchy and the fierce 

4685
04:07:36,200 --> 04:07:38,700
attachment to place that 
characterizes both indigenous 

4686
04:07:38,700 --> 04:07:40,900
and settler Australians in 
different. 

4687
04:07:40,900 --> 04:07:46,000
But sometimes overlapping ways 
The story that began 65,000 

4688
04:07:46,000 --> 04:07:47,700
years ago. 
When the first humans crossed 

4689
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:49,800
the water to reach this 
continent continues. 

4690
04:07:50,400 --> 04:07:53,200
It has been a story of 
adaptation Survival conflict, 

4691
04:07:53,200 --> 04:07:55,100
creative activity and constant 
change. 

4692
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:58,200
It has included tragedies that 
should never be forgotten and 

4693
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:01,500
triumphs worth celebrating. 
It has been shaped by indigenous

4694
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:05,200
knowledge British colonization 
multi-cultural immigration. 

4695
04:08:05,200 --> 04:08:08,600
And countless, individual 
decisions, that accumulated in 

4696
04:08:08,600 --> 04:08:13,000
to historical forces as you fall
asleep tonight, your connected 

4697
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:16,600
to this, ongoing story, whether 
you're Australian yourself or 

4698
04:08:16,600 --> 04:08:21,000
simply someone interested in how
human societies evolve adapt and

4699
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:22,800
sometimes transcend, their 
Origins. 

4700
04:08:23,600 --> 04:08:26,000
Australia's history, like all. 
History isn't a collection of 

4701
04:08:26,008 --> 04:08:29,800
dates and facts but a web of 
human experiences choices and 

4702
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:33,800
consequences that continue 
resonating Through Time The Land

4703
04:08:33,800 --> 04:08:37,000
itself. 
Ancient weathered patient as 

4704
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:39,800
witnessed all of this and will 
witness, whatever comes next, 

4705
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:43,700
the stars that wheel overhead 
are the same stars that guided 

4706
04:08:43,700 --> 04:08:47,200
indigenous Navigators for 
thousands of generations that 

4707
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:50,500
confused early European, 
explorers and that now Mark, the

4708
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:53,300
southern sky for everyone who 
calls this continent home, 

4709
04:08:54,200 --> 04:08:56,100
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that history is 

4710
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:59,200
never truly finished. 
That every ending is also a 

4711
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:01,800
beginning and that the oldest 
inhabited continent on Earth 

4712
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:05,400
continues, its journey into an 
unknowable but fascinating 

4713
04:09:05,400 --> 04:09:07,700
future. 
Story of Australia. 

4714
04:09:07,700 --> 04:09:12,100
Like the best bedtime stories. 
Invites you to dream, not just 

4715
04:09:12,100 --> 04:09:13,900
of what was, but of what might 
be. 

4716
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:24,000
The spring of 1642 arrived with 
deceptive gentleness to the 

4717
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:27,600
Target domain, Nakamura 
yoshitaka third, son. 

4718
04:09:27,600 --> 04:09:30,700
Of a middle ranking Samurai 
watched as his father's funeral 

4719
04:09:30,700 --> 04:09:33,400
pyre Saint gray white smoke 
curling Towards the Sky. 

4720
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:38,100
At 18 Yoshino inherited, not 
wealth, or power, but 

4721
04:09:38,100 --> 04:09:41,800
obligation, the suffocating 
weight of family debt and 

4722
04:09:41,800 --> 04:09:45,000
service to Lord Maeda. 
His father sudden death from a 

4723
04:09:45,000 --> 04:09:47,000
wasting illness had left, the 
family in precarious 

4724
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:50,200
circumstances their stipend of 
150 koku. 

4725
04:09:50,200 --> 04:09:51,700
Barely sufficient for their 
station. 

4726
04:09:52,600 --> 04:09:55,200
Yoshitaka fingers. 
Trace the edge of his katanas, 

4727
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:58,300
lacquered sire, the sword 
represented both his Heritage 

4728
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:00,900
and his burden. 
A physical embodiment of the 

4729
04:10:00,900 --> 04:10:03,300
contradictions that defined 
Samurai existence. 

4730
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:07,300
While poets and foreign 
observers were maramonte sized, 

4731
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:09,700
the warrior class yoshitaka 
understood. 

4732
04:10:09,700 --> 04:10:13,700
A more complex reality, the age 
of Battlefield Glory, had faded 

4733
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:17,200
into peace time Administration. 
Yet the demands of Bushido 

4734
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:20,400
remained relentless The accounts
must be settled. 

4735
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:24,000
His mother Murda that evening 
laying out, Scrolls, detailing 

4736
04:10:24,000 --> 04:10:27,600
loans from local, Merchants her 
once elegant, kimono had been 

4737
04:10:27,600 --> 04:10:30,900
mended multiple times. 
Another quiet Testament to their

4738
04:10:30,908 --> 04:10:34,500
declining fortunes the Deimos 
Tax Collectors will not. 

4739
04:10:34,500 --> 04:10:38,800
Wait, because we grieve, This 
was the first harsh truth of 

4740
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:42,400
Samurai life in the Edo period, 
appearance is demanded Financial

4741
04:10:42,400 --> 04:10:45,100
sacrifice. 
Despite their, declining 

4742
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:48,700
fortunes, the Nakamura family 
was expected to maintain an 

4743
04:10:48,700 --> 04:10:52,700
image of dignified Prosperity. 
Their residents, a modest 

4744
04:10:52,700 --> 04:10:54,600
Compound on the periphery of 
kanazawa City. 

4745
04:10:54,600 --> 04:10:59,000
Required constant maintenance. 
A clothing while increasingly 

4746
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:01,300
threadbare needed to reflect 
their status. 

4747
04:11:01,300 --> 04:11:05,000
Any public display of financial 
hardship, would bring shame not 

4748
04:11:05,000 --> 04:11:07,100
just on their household, but on 
their lord. 

4749
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:10,800
Two days after the funeral 
yoshitaka presented himself, at 

4750
04:11:10,800 --> 04:11:14,300
the domain's administrative 
offices, the magistrate, a heavy

4751
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:17,400
set Samurai named hoshino, 
barely acknowledged him before 

4752
04:11:17,400 --> 04:11:21,100
signing his new duties you will 
supervise tax collection in the 

4753
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:25,700
southern Villages hoshino stated
flatly your fathers inadequacies

4754
04:11:25,700 --> 04:11:29,400
in this area have been noted the
Lord expects Improvement. 

4755
04:11:30,400 --> 04:11:32,100
Yoshi, Tucker's, chest 
tightened. 

4756
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:35,400
His father had often spoken of 
the impossible balance between 

4757
04:11:35,400 --> 04:11:38,800
extracting sufficient rice tax 
from Farmers, and ensuring, they

4758
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:42,100
had enough to survive until the 
next Harvest too harsh. 

4759
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:46,200
And The Villages would collapse 
from starvation two lenient and 

4760
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:48,400
a samurai would face censure 
from his superiors. 

4761
04:11:49,500 --> 04:11:52,000
The following week found 
yoshitaka riding through, muddy 

4762
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:53,800
Fields, toward the village of 
ushikata. 

4763
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:57,600
The planting of rice had 
commenced with peasant spending 

4764
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:00,600
double in the paddies, 
methodically pressing seedlings 

4765
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:03,400
into the flooded fields. 
Their labor would have 

4766
04:12:03,400 --> 04:12:05,800
eventually produce the rice that
formed the foundation of the 

4767
04:12:05,800 --> 04:12:08,700
Samurai economy. 
Each cocoa, theoretically enough

4768
04:12:08,700 --> 04:12:12,600
to feed one person for a year 
Unlike the Romantic tales that 

4769
04:12:12,600 --> 04:12:14,200
would later capture foreign 
imagination. 

4770
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:18,000
Yoshitaka daily life, involved 
endless administrative tasks. 

4771
04:12:18,000 --> 04:12:21,000
Inspecting rice fields, 
reviewing Village, head men's 

4772
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:23,100
records and resolving minor 
disputes. 

4773
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:25,600
The weight of his paired swords 
at his hips. 

4774
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:27,600
Served more as status symbols 
than weapons. 

4775
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:30,800
In these peaceful times, though.
He maintained rigorous training 

4776
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:34,700
each morning, The Village 
headman Jen, suitcase greeted, 

4777
04:12:34,700 --> 04:12:38,400
yoshitaka with practice, 
different bowing low, yet with a

4778
04:12:38,408 --> 04:12:42,200
certain weariness in his eyes, 
honorable samurai Sama. 

4779
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:47,200
We welcome you to our humble 
Village Over bowls of simple tea

4780
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:49,300
gensouki. 
Carefully explained the villages

4781
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:52,400
circumstances a late Frost to 
damaged early. 

4782
04:12:52,400 --> 04:12:55,800
Crops and several families were 
already supplementing their diet

4783
04:12:55,800 --> 04:12:59,400
with foraged mountain plants. 
The tax quoter, remains 

4784
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:02,500
Unchained. 
Yoshida stated reciting the 

4785
04:13:02,500 --> 04:13:05,800
official position. 
The diamonds responsibilities to

4786
04:13:05,800 --> 04:13:10,100
the Shogun cannot be neglected. 
Kensuke's weather face remained 

4787
04:13:10,100 --> 04:13:13,900
in passive, but yoshitaka noted,
the slight Tremor in his hands. 

4788
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:18,400
Of course, Samurai Sama. 
We understand our duty to the 

4789
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:22,700
Lord Later that night in the 
village headman spare room, 

4790
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:25,100
yoshitaka found himself unable 
to sleep. 

4791
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:28,400
The contrast between his 
family's Financial struggles and

4792
04:13:28,400 --> 04:13:31,100
the even greater Poverty of the 
farmers created. 

4793
04:13:31,100 --> 04:13:34,500
An uncomfortable dissonance both
were trapped in a system of 

4794
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:38,000
obligations, the farmers to the 
samurai, the samurai, to their 

4795
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:42,200
Lords, the Lords to the Shogun, 
and ultimately all to a rigid 

4796
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:45,200
social order that demanded 
perfect adherence to one's 

4797
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:48,800
assigned role, This was perhaps 
the greatest harshness of 

4798
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:51,600
Samurai, existence, the 
psychological weight of 

4799
04:13:51,608 --> 04:13:55,200
Perpetual obligation. 
Unlike the peasants who could 

4800
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:57,700
occasionally find Simple 
Pleasures and seasonal festivals

4801
04:13:57,700 --> 04:14:00,100
or family. 
Gatherings Samurai lived under 

4802
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:03,200
constant scrutiny. 
Every action reflected not just 

4803
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:06,800
on themselves, but on their 
lord, even in private moments, 

4804
04:14:06,800 --> 04:14:10,300
yoshitaka felt the invisible 
pressure of expected perfection.

4805
04:14:11,300 --> 04:14:14,800
A spring, gave way to Summer 
yoshitaka established a rhythm 

4806
04:14:14,800 --> 04:14:18,000
to his duties mornings began 
with sword practice. 

4807
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:20,500
The ritualized forms that 
connected him to Kit 

4808
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:24,300
generations, of Warriors passed.
Then came the administrative 

4809
04:14:24,300 --> 04:14:28,100
work inspections and the 
delicate balance of enforcing 

4810
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:29,700
Authority while avoiding 
cruelty. 

4811
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:33,500
He spent his evening studying 
Chinese Classics and calligraphy

4812
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:37,200
skills expected of an educated 
Samurai but increasingly 

4813
04:14:37,200 --> 04:14:39,400
disconnected from his daily 
responsibilities. 

4814
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:42,800
What historical accounts often 
overlooked was the profound 

4815
04:14:42,800 --> 04:14:45,000
isolation. 
Many Samurai experienced 

4816
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:48,900
Friendship across class lines 
was impossible relationships 

4817
04:14:48,900 --> 04:14:51,500
with fellow Samurai, were 
infused with competition and 

4818
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:54,100
even family, connections, 
remained formal, and reserved. 

4819
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:58,100
When yoshitaka younger brother 
fell ill that summer their 

4820
04:14:58,100 --> 04:15:01,600
conversations remained stiffly, 
proper emotional restraint and 

4821
04:15:01,600 --> 04:15:05,300
other requirement of this 
station, The Village headman Jen

4822
04:15:05,300 --> 04:15:09,500
suitcase greeted, yoshitaka with
practice, deference bowing low 

4823
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:11,900
yet with a certain weary in his 
eyes. 

4824
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:15,600
Honorable samurai Sama. 
We welcome you to our humble 

4825
04:15:15,600 --> 04:15:19,900
Village Over bowls of simple tea
gensouki. 

4826
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:23,600
Carefully explained the villages
circumstances a late Frost to 

4827
04:15:23,600 --> 04:15:26,400
damaged early. 
Crops and several families were 

4828
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:29,300
already supplementing their diet
with foraged mountain plants. 

4829
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:34,400
The tax quota remains unchanged,
yoshitaka stated reciting the 

4830
04:15:34,400 --> 04:15:37,500
official position. 
The diamonds responsibility is 

4831
04:15:37,508 --> 04:15:39,100
to the Showgun. 
Cannot be neglected. 

4832
04:15:40,400 --> 04:15:44,800
Genesis remained in passive, but
yoshitaka noted, the slight 

4833
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:48,200
Tremor in his hands, of course, 
Samurai Sama. 

4834
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:53,300
We understand our duty to the 
Lord Later that night in the 

4835
04:15:53,308 --> 04:15:56,600
village headman spare room, 
yoshitaka found himself unable 

4836
04:15:56,600 --> 04:15:58,700
to sleep. 
The contrast between his 

4837
04:15:58,700 --> 04:16:02,000
family's Financial struggles and
the even greater Poverty of the 

4838
04:16:02,008 --> 04:16:05,200
farmers created. 
An uncomfortable dissonance both

4839
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:08,000
were trapped in a system of 
obligations, the farmers to the 

4840
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:12,100
samurai, the samurai, to their 
Lords, the Lords to the Shogun, 

4841
04:16:12,100 --> 04:16:15,600
and ultimately all to a rigid 
social order that demanded 

4842
04:16:15,600 --> 04:16:19,500
perfect adherence to one's 
assigned role, This was perhaps 

4843
04:16:19,500 --> 04:16:22,400
the greatest harshness of 
Samurai, existence, the 

4844
04:16:22,400 --> 04:16:24,500
psychological weight of 
Perpetual obligation. 

4845
04:16:25,400 --> 04:16:28,100
Unlike the peasants who could 
occasionally find Simple 

4846
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:30,100
Pleasures and seasonal festivals
or family. 

4847
04:16:30,100 --> 04:16:32,800
Gatherings Samurai lived under 
constant scrutiny. 

4848
04:16:33,700 --> 04:16:36,800
Every action reflected not just 
on the cells but on their lord, 

4849
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:40,500
even in private moments, 
yoshitaka felt the invisible 

4850
04:16:40,500 --> 04:16:44,500
pressure of expected perfection.
A spring, gave way to Summer, 

4851
04:16:44,500 --> 04:16:48,900
yoshitaka established a rhythm 
to his duties, Mourning's began 

4852
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:51,700
with sword practice, the 
ritualized forms that connected 

4853
04:16:51,700 --> 04:16:54,400
him to Kit generations of 
Warriors paths. 

4854
04:16:55,000 --> 04:16:58,200
Then came the administrative 
work inspections and the 

4855
04:16:58,200 --> 04:17:01,100
delicate balance of enforcing 
Authority while avoiding 

4856
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:03,700
cruelty. 
He spent his evening studying 

4857
04:17:03,700 --> 04:17:07,600
Chinese Classics and calligraphy
skills expected of an educated 

4858
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:10,400
Samurai but increasingly 
disconnected from his daily 

4859
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:13,500
responsibilities. 
What historical accounts often 

4860
04:17:13,500 --> 04:17:15,200
overlooked was the profound 
isolation. 

4861
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:18,800
Many Samurai experienced 
Friendship across class lines 

4862
04:17:18,800 --> 04:17:22,000
was impossible relationships 
with fellow Samurai, were 

4863
04:17:22,000 --> 04:17:24,600
infused with competition and 
even family, connections, 

4864
04:17:24,600 --> 04:17:28,300
remained formal, and reserved. 
When yoshitaka younger brother 

4865
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:31,300
fell ill that summer their 
conversations remained stiffly, 

4866
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:34,500
proper emotional restraint and 
another requirement of their 

4867
04:17:34,500 --> 04:17:38,400
station, my family will go 
hungry because your kind delays 

4868
04:17:38,400 --> 04:17:41,000
payment, the merchant hissed, 
quite enough. 

4869
04:17:41,000 --> 04:17:44,300
That only yoshitaka could hear 
your precious honor does not 

4870
04:17:44,300 --> 04:17:48,700
feed children that night 
yoshitaka wrote in his journal. 

4871
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:51,500
About the incident questioning, 
the real meaning of Samurai 

4872
04:17:51,500 --> 04:17:54,700
honor historical accounts often 
presented Bushido as a 

4873
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:58,000
monolithic code when in practice
interpretations of varied 

4874
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:02,200
widely, Some Samurai emphasized,
loyalty of all others. 

4875
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:05,800
Prioritize righteousness, or 
personal Integrity, the ideal, 

4876
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:07,700
and reality seldom aligned 
neatly. 

4877
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:11,900
The Edo Soldier also exposed 
yoshitaka to the concept of 

4878
04:18:11,900 --> 04:18:14,000
performance that dominated 
Samurai. 

4879
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:17,600
Existence in public, they 
displayed unwavering stoicism 

4880
04:18:17,600 --> 04:18:20,000
and formality behind closed. 
Doors. 

4881
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:23,700
Many individuals sought released
through drinking sake, engaging 

4882
04:18:23,700 --> 04:18:26,600
in Forbidden relationships with 
quarters arms or visiting 

4883
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:30,700
licensed, pleasure districts. 
This Duality rigidly controlled 

4884
04:18:30,700 --> 04:18:33,100
public. 
Personas vs private desires 

4885
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:36,700
created psychological burdens 
rarely acknowledged in official 

4886
04:18:36,700 --> 04:18:41,000
histories One evening assigned 
to accompany, senior officials 

4887
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:44,600
to yoshiwara the famed, pleasure
District, yoshitaka witnessed 

4888
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:47,400
respected Samurai engaging in 
behavior. 

4889
04:18:47,400 --> 04:18:49,300
That contradicted, their daytime
dignity. 

4890
04:18:49,300 --> 04:18:53,500
The costs were exorbitant 
driving many deeper into debt. 

4891
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:56,700
Yes, social expectations made 
participation difficult to 

4892
04:18:56,700 --> 04:19:00,000
refuse. 
This is also Duty slurred a 

4893
04:19:00,000 --> 04:19:02,900
senior retainer gesturing, 
broadly at the ornate tea house,

4894
04:19:02,900 --> 04:19:06,600
we demonstrate our Lord's 
prosperity and power even here. 

4895
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:11,500
As Autumn deepened into winter 
tension, within the Entourage 

4896
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:16,000
grew factual, rivalries surface,
yoshitaka grew, increasingly 

4897
04:19:16,000 --> 04:19:20,000
conscious that connections 
rather than competence determine

4898
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:22,300
the allocation of administrative
positions. 

4899
04:19:22,300 --> 04:19:26,100
And the stipends, they commanded
his family lacked the necessary 

4900
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:28,300
political influence to secure 
advantageous. 

4901
04:19:28,300 --> 04:19:33,300
Appointments spring 1643 brought
Yoshi takas returned to kanazawa

4902
04:19:33,300 --> 04:19:36,600
the seat of the cargo domain 
where the imposing Castle 

4903
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:38,400
dominated. 
Both the landscape and the 

4904
04:19:38,408 --> 04:19:41,200
samurai cycle, unlike 
romanticized. 

4905
04:19:41,200 --> 04:19:44,700
Depiction in later art Castle 
life for Middle ranking Samurai 

4906
04:19:44,700 --> 04:19:49,000
like yoshitaka meant, cramped, 
quarters, constant scrutiny, an 

4907
04:19:49,000 --> 04:19:52,600
endemic political intrigue. 
The maida Clans administrative 

4908
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:54,500
headquarters. 
Occupied the middle Bailey's of 

4909
04:19:54,508 --> 04:19:57,800
the castle, where hundreds of 
Samurai managed, the domains 

4910
04:19:57,800 --> 04:20:00,800
Affairs yoshitaka had been 
reassigned to the finance 

4911
04:20:00,800 --> 04:20:03,700
office, a position that revealed
the precarious economic 

4912
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:07,700
foundations of Samurai life in 
Stark detail, These ledgers tell

4913
04:20:07,700 --> 04:20:11,500
the true story of our class 
explained Maury saiman yoshitaka

4914
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:14,000
Superior. 
The illusion of Samurai 

4915
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:16,300
Prosperity requires, 
increasingly Creative 

4916
04:20:16,300 --> 04:20:19,300
Accounting. 
The documents revealed, systemic

4917
04:20:19,300 --> 04:20:22,700
challenges, while Samurai, 
stipends, remained, fixed, and 

4918
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:26,200
quantities of rice, the cost of 
maintaining expected standards 

4919
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:29,700
of living steadily increased 
compounding the problem. 

4920
04:20:29,700 --> 04:20:32,600
Many Samurai lacked practical 
skills for the supplementary 

4921
04:20:32,600 --> 04:20:35,700
income as trade and manual. 
Labor were considered beneath 

4922
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:38,800
their dignity. 
My father died with 17 

4923
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:42,200
outstanding loans, yoshitaka 
confessed, one evening as they 

4924
04:20:42,200 --> 04:20:44,700
worked late. 
I've managed to settle only 

4925
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:47,500
three in the past year. 
Semen, nodded grimly. 

4926
04:20:48,400 --> 04:20:52,700
My situation differs only in the
number 22 loans spread across 

4927
04:20:52,700 --> 04:20:54,900
eight money lenders. 
The interest alone. 

4928
04:20:54,900 --> 04:21:00,000
Consumes a third of my stipend. 
This financial precariousness 

4929
04:21:00,000 --> 04:21:03,000
represented, one of the most 
persistent hardships of Samurai 

4930
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:04,600
existence during the air dopes 
period. 

4931
04:21:05,500 --> 04:21:08,200
Historical records show that by 
the mid-17th century. 

4932
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:13,000
Many Samurai households spent 80
to 90% of their income servicing

4933
04:21:13,000 --> 04:21:17,700
debt the situation created a 
paradoxical reality, legally 

4934
04:21:17,700 --> 04:21:20,500
privileged Warriors, who were 
effectively indentured, to 

4935
04:21:20,500 --> 04:21:24,100
townspeople Merchants a dynamic 
that generated simmering 

4936
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:27,800
resentment Yoshitaka daily 
routine, reflected, this 

4937
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:30,800
contradiction mornings began 
with martial training, 

4938
04:21:30,800 --> 04:21:33,400
maintaining skills for Wars that
never came. 

4939
04:21:33,400 --> 04:21:35,900
Followed, by hours of 
administrative work, that 

4940
04:21:35,900 --> 04:21:37,800
determine the actual value of 
his service. 

4941
04:21:37,800 --> 04:21:41,400
His education had emphasized 
classical Chinese, texts and 

4942
04:21:41,400 --> 04:21:44,300
swordsmanship, yet his duties 
required, a counting knowledge 

4943
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:46,500
and diplomatic skills. 
When interacting with wealthy 

4944
04:21:46,500 --> 04:21:49,300
merchants, who have announced 
the main projects, living 

4945
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:52,400
quarters in the castle District.
Reinforced, the rigid hierarchy 

4946
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:56,000
high ranking officials occupied 
spacious compounds with garden 

4947
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:58,400
and multiple buildings, middle 
ranking. 

4948
04:21:58,400 --> 04:22:02,600
Samurai like Yoshi takas family 
inhabited modest structures with

4949
04:22:02,600 --> 04:22:06,200
thin walls and minimal privacy. 
Despite these material 

4950
04:22:06,200 --> 04:22:09,000
differences all were Bound by 
the same behavioral 

4951
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:11,900
expectations, summer brought a 
personal challenge. 

4952
04:22:11,900 --> 04:22:15,100
That illuminated, another aspect
of Samurai hardship, the 

4953
04:22:15,100 --> 04:22:18,200
subordination of individual 
desire to family obligation. 

4954
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:22,600
Yoshitaka had developed an 
attachment to Asana Miyuki. 

4955
04:22:22,600 --> 04:22:26,500
Daughter of a fellow bureaucrat.
Their interactions limited to 

4956
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:29,900
formal occasions and charts. 
Encounters had revealed shared 

4957
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:32,500
interests in poetry and similar 
perspectives on duty. 

4958
04:22:33,200 --> 04:22:35,900
A marriage Alliance has been 
arranged his mother announced 

4959
04:22:35,900 --> 04:22:39,600
without Preamble and evening. 
The hoshino family has a 

4960
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,400
daughter of suitable age, their 
connection to the castle, 

4961
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:44,100
magistrate will benefit our 
position. 

4962
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:47,900
Personal preference held no way 
against strategic family. 

4963
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:51,200
Advancement, the emotional 
constraint required to accept 

4964
04:22:51,200 --> 04:22:54,400
such Arrangements represented 
another form of discipline 

4965
04:22:54,400 --> 04:22:58,400
expected of the Samurai class. 
Historical records, rarely 

4966
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:01,700
captured these private 
sacrifices focusing instead on 

4967
04:23:01,700 --> 04:23:05,400
the more visible demonstration 
of Samurai Society, the marriage

4968
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:08,700
negotiations proceeded through 
formal intermediaries with 

4969
04:23:08,700 --> 04:23:11,100
yoshitaka and his intended 
Hershey. 

4970
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:14,400
No, masako meeting only one in a
ritualized gathering before. 

4971
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:18,000
The agreement was finalized the 
financial Arrangements, nearly 

4972
04:23:18,000 --> 04:23:21,100
depleted the family's resources 
as an appropriate true. 

4973
04:23:21,100 --> 04:23:23,700
So and ceremonial exchanges were
non-negotiable social 

4974
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:27,400
requirements, regardless of 
actual affordability She seems 

4975
04:23:27,400 --> 04:23:30,600
kind of offered yoshitaka as 
brother each hero tempting 

4976
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:33,200
comfort. 
And the hoshino connection May 

4977
04:23:33,200 --> 04:23:36,400
secure your position when 
administrative poster reassign 

4978
04:23:36,400 --> 04:23:39,400
next year. 
The wedding itself held in late 

4979
04:23:39,400 --> 04:23:41,900
Autumn embodied. 
The understated aesthetic 

4980
04:23:41,900 --> 04:23:45,900
expected of Samurai ceremonies 
unlike Merchant celebrations 

4981
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:49,600
with their conspicuous, display 
Samurai, rituals emphasized, 

4982
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:52,800
restraint and tradition, the 
sake, sharing ritual, and 

4983
04:23:52,800 --> 04:23:56,400
exchange of vowels, lasted less 
than an hour with the bride and 

4984
04:23:56,400 --> 04:24:00,200
groom exchanging few words. 
Married life introduced 

4985
04:24:00,200 --> 04:24:02,700
yoshitaka to another dimension 
of Samurai hardship. 

4986
04:24:02,700 --> 04:24:06,600
The emotional austerity of 
family relationships, public 

4987
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:09,500
displays of affection were 
considered inappropriate with 

4988
04:24:09,500 --> 04:24:12,400
interactions governed by strict 
Protocols of respect and 

4989
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:16,000
obligation. masako, proved 
diligent in household management

4990
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:19,100
and properly deferential in 
company, but the emotional 

4991
04:24:19,100 --> 04:24:23,200
distance between them remained 
substantial my mother served my 

4992
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:26,800
father for 30 years ASCO 
explained when yoshitaka 

4993
04:24:26,800 --> 04:24:30,600
awkwardly attempted more 
personal conversation They 

4994
04:24:30,600 --> 04:24:33,800
exchanged perhaps 50 private 
conversations in all that time. 

4995
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:38,100
This is our way. 
Winter brought another layer of 

4996
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:40,100
challenge as illness. 
Swept through the castle. 

4997
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:44,000
District the samurai emphasis on
stoicism often extended to 

4998
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:47,600
physical discomfort With many 
delaying medical attention to 

4999
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:51,200
avoid appearing weak. 
When yoshitaka developed a 

5000
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:54,200
persistent coffin fever. 
He continued his duties until 

5001
04:24:54,200 --> 04:24:58,000
physically unable to stand The 
domain physician offered little 

5002
04:24:58,000 --> 04:25:01,000
effective treatment having been 
trained in traditional Chinese 

5003
04:25:01,000 --> 04:25:04,100
medicine and supplemented by 
limited Dutch medical knowledge 

5004
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:07,800
obtained through Nagasaki. 
Balance must be restored between

5005
04:25:07,800 --> 04:25:09,800
your internal elements. 
He pronounced. 

5006
04:25:09,800 --> 04:25:13,300
Prescribing bitter herbal 
concoctions and Moxie busty and 

5007
04:25:13,308 --> 04:25:16,200
treatments that left circular 
scars on your shoulders back. 

5008
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:21,000
Recovery took weeks during which
yoshitaka observed. 

5009
04:25:21,000 --> 04:25:23,300
Another harsh reality. 
Illness. 

5010
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:25,700
Brought neither reduced 
obligations nor Financial 

5011
04:25:25,700 --> 04:25:29,500
relief. 
The family's expenses continued 

5012
04:25:29,500 --> 04:25:32,900
unabated while his ability to 
perform his duties was 

5013
04:25:32,900 --> 04:25:36,000
compromised. 
Only the intervention of his new

5014
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:38,900
father-in-law prevented a 
reduction in his stipend during 

5015
04:25:38,900 --> 04:25:42,100
this period of reduced service. 
Summer brought a personal 

5016
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:44,900
challenge, that illuminated, 
another aspect of Samurai 

5017
04:25:44,900 --> 04:25:48,200
hardship, the subordination of 
individual desire to family 

5018
04:25:48,200 --> 04:25:51,500
obligation. 
Yoshitaka had developed an 

5019
04:25:51,500 --> 04:25:54,500
attachment to asano. 
Muki daughter of a fellow 

5020
04:25:54,500 --> 04:25:57,200
bureaucrat. 
Their interactions limited to 

5021
04:25:57,200 --> 04:26:00,800
formal occasions and counters 
had revealed shared interests, 

5022
04:26:00,800 --> 04:26:03,000
and poetry and similar 
perspectives on duty. 

5023
04:26:03,900 --> 04:26:06,600
A marriage Alliance has been 
arranged his mother announced 

5024
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:10,200
without Preamble and evening. 
The hoshino family has a 

5025
04:26:10,208 --> 04:26:13,100
daughter of suitable age, their 
connection to the castle, 

5026
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:14,700
magistrate will benefit our 
position. 

5027
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:18,500
Personal preference held no 
weight against strategic family 

5028
04:26:18,500 --> 04:26:21,000
advancement. 
The emotional constraint 

5029
04:26:21,000 --> 04:26:24,100
required to accept such 
Arrangements represented another

5030
04:26:24,100 --> 04:26:26,600
form of discipline expected of 
the Samurai class. 

5031
04:26:27,500 --> 04:26:30,200
Historical records rarely 
captured these private 

5032
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:33,800
sacrifices focusing instead on 
the more visible demonstrations 

5033
04:26:33,800 --> 04:26:36,100
of Samurai stoicism the 
marriage. 

5034
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,400
Negotiations proceeded through 
formal intermediaries with 

5035
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:41,800
yoshitaka and his intended 
hoshino. 

5036
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,200
Masako meeting only once in a 
ritualized gathering before the 

5037
04:26:45,200 --> 04:26:48,600
agreement was finalized The 
financial Arrangements nearly 

5038
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:51,600
depleted the family's resources 
as an appropriate true. 

5039
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:54,300
So and ceremonial exchanges were
non-negotiable, social 

5040
04:26:54,300 --> 04:26:59,100
requirements, regardless of 
actual affordability kind of 

5041
04:26:59,100 --> 04:27:02,600
offered yoshitaka as brother, 
each hero, tempting comfort and 

5042
04:27:02,600 --> 04:27:05,300
the hoshino connection May 
secure your position when 

5043
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:09,300
administrative poster reassigned
next year, the wedding itself 

5044
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:12,500
held in late Autumn embodied. 
The understated aesthetic 

5045
04:27:12,500 --> 04:27:15,900
expected of Samurai. 
Ceremony is unlike Merchant 

5046
04:27:15,900 --> 04:27:19,200
celebrations with their 
conspicuous display Samurai, 

5047
04:27:19,200 --> 04:27:21,300
rituals emphasized, restraint 
and tradition. 

5048
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:25,100
The site, sharing ritual, and 
exchange of vows lasted, less 

5049
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:28,700
than an hour with the bride and 
groom exchanging few words. 

5050
04:27:29,700 --> 04:27:32,300
Married life introduced 
yoshitaka to another dimension 

5051
04:27:32,300 --> 04:27:35,200
of Samurai hardship. 
The emotional austerity of 

5052
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:38,300
family relationships. 
Public displays of affection 

5053
04:27:38,300 --> 04:27:41,300
were considered inappropriate 
with interactions governed by 

5054
04:27:41,300 --> 04:27:45,500
strict Protocols of respect and 
obligation. masako proved 

5055
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:48,700
diligent in household management
and properly, differential in 

5056
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:51,100
company, but the emotional 
distance between them remains 

5057
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:56,100
substantial my mother served my 
father for 30 years ASCO 

5058
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:58,800
explained when yoshitaka 
awkwardly attempted more 

5059
04:27:58,800 --> 04:28:02,900
personal conversation They 
exchanged perhaps 50 private 

5060
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:05,800
conversations in all that time. 
This is our way. 

5061
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:09,800
Winter brought another layer of 
challenge as illness. 

5062
04:28:09,800 --> 04:28:13,100
Swept through the castle. 
District the samurai emphasis on

5063
04:28:13,100 --> 04:28:16,900
stoicism often extended to 
physical discomfort with many 

5064
04:28:16,900 --> 04:28:20,700
delaying medical attention to 
avoid appearing weak. when Yoshi

5065
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:24,100
Toca developed a persistent 
coffin fever, he continued his 

5066
04:28:24,100 --> 04:28:28,000
duties until physically unable 
to stand The domain physician 

5067
04:28:28,000 --> 04:28:30,800
offered little effective 
treatment having been trained in

5068
04:28:30,800 --> 04:28:34,100
traditional Chinese medicine and
supplemented by limited Dutch 

5069
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:36,100
medical knowledge obtained 
through Nagasaki. 

5070
04:28:36,900 --> 04:28:39,700
Balance must be restored between
your internal elements. 

5071
04:28:39,700 --> 04:28:42,500
He pronounced. 
Prescribing bitter herbal 

5072
04:28:42,500 --> 04:28:45,500
concoctions and Moxie busty and 
treatments that left circular 

5073
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:50,600
scars on yoshitaka back. 
Recovery took weeks during which

5074
04:28:50,600 --> 04:28:54,000
yoshitaka observed. 
Another harsh reality illness 

5075
04:28:54,000 --> 04:28:56,300
brought neither reduced 
obligations nor Financial 

5076
04:28:56,300 --> 04:29:00,300
relief. 
The family's expenses continued 

5077
04:29:00,300 --> 04:29:03,600
unabated while his ability to 
perform his duties was 

5078
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:06,700
compromised. 
Only the intervention of his new

5079
04:29:06,700 --> 04:29:09,600
father-in-law prevented a 
reduction in his stipend during 

5080
04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:13,400
this period of reduced service. 
Proceed carefully, wanders, 

5081
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,100
father in law, his men have 
connections, reaching to the 

5082
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:21,100
dimes, in a Chambers truth and 
Justice may not protect you this

5083
04:29:21,100 --> 04:29:22,800
represented. 
One of the most Insidious 

5084
04:29:22,800 --> 04:29:25,900
hardships of Samurai, existence,
the contradiction between 

5085
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:30,400
idolized Bushido values, and 
institutional realities, The 

5086
04:29:30,400 --> 04:29:33,200
virtues of honesty, 
righteousness, and loyalty were 

5087
04:29:33,200 --> 04:29:36,000
extended Doctrine. 
Yet frequently compromised in 

5088
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:38,900
practice. 
Those who adhere to rigidly to 

5089
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:42,000
principal often found their 
careers and sometimes lives cut 

5090
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:44,700
short. 
Yoshitaka investigation, 

5091
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:48,600
confirmed, systematic, fraud, 
rice, stipends, allocated to 

5092
04:29:48,600 --> 04:29:51,200
Samurai were being 
under-reported with the 

5093
04:29:51,200 --> 04:29:54,700
different sold at market prices 
and profits distributed among 

5094
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:57,500
senior officials. 
The scheme had operated for 

5095
04:29:57,500 --> 04:30:00,800
years generating substantial 
income for its participants 

5096
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:04,000
while effectively reducing the 
real value of stipends for 

5097
04:30:04,000 --> 04:30:08,000
retainers The evidence presented
a moral dilemma, that 

5098
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:11,200
exemplified the complex, ethical
landscape, Samurai navigated. 

5099
04:30:11,200 --> 04:30:15,000
Confrontation would likely end 
yoshitaka career and potentially

5100
04:30:15,000 --> 04:30:18,700
harm his extended family. 
Complicity would violate his 

5101
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:21,400
principles, but might position 
him to implement gradual 

5102
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:23,900
reforms. 
There are many forms of Courage,

5103
04:30:23,900 --> 04:30:27,100
same, and advised when consulted
Battlefield. 

5104
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:29,400
Valor requires only momentary 
resolve. 

5105
04:30:30,100 --> 04:30:32,400
Systemic reform demands 
patience, and strategic 

5106
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:35,800
compromise. 
Yoshitaka chose a middle path, 

5107
04:30:35,800 --> 04:30:39,200
presenting his findings as 
administrative, inefficiencies 

5108
04:30:39,200 --> 04:30:42,700
rather than deliberate fraud. 
His recommendations included 

5109
04:30:42,700 --> 04:30:45,400
procedural changes, that would 
make continued abuse more 

5110
04:30:45,400 --> 04:30:47,500
difficult without directly 
accusing. 

5111
04:30:47,500 --> 04:30:51,100
The perpetrators this approach 
reflected the reality that 

5112
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:53,800
Samurai Justice operated through
indirect methods. 

5113
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:57,100
As often as confrontational, the
resolution brought limited 

5114
04:30:57,100 --> 04:30:59,800
reforms, but positioned 
yoshitaka as pragmatically, 

5115
04:30:59,800 --> 04:31:03,400
trustworthy rather than 
Dangerously principled. 

5116
04:31:04,100 --> 04:31:06,500
By late Autumn, he had been 
reassigned to the Castle's 

5117
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:09,600
administrative officers, a 
lateral, move that removed him 

5118
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:12,700
from direct oversight of that 
Rice exchange, but maintained 

5119
04:31:12,700 --> 04:31:16,500
his State and stipend. 
This period brought personal 

5120
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:19,700
challenges that highlighted the 
emotional austerity of Samurai 

5121
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:22,900
life. 
His wife, masako suffered a 

5122
04:31:22,900 --> 04:31:24,400
miscarriage during her first 
pregnancy. 

5123
04:31:24,400 --> 04:31:27,100
A loss compounded by the 
cultural importance placed on 

5124
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:30,600
producing male heirs The 
couple's grief remained largely 

5125
04:31:30,600 --> 04:31:34,300
unexpressed confined by 
expectations of stoicism and 

5126
04:31:34,300 --> 04:31:38,100
emotional restraint, the winter 
of 1646 brought political 

5127
04:31:38,100 --> 04:31:42,100
turmoil to The kargil Domain 
Lord, Myers Health was faying 

5128
04:31:42,100 --> 04:31:45,000
and factions formed around 
potential successes for 

5129
04:31:45,000 --> 04:31:48,200
middle-ranking Samurai like 
yoshitaka such transitions 

5130
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:51,600
represented periods of acute. 
Vulnerability as established 

5131
04:31:51,600 --> 04:31:55,200
patreons, might fall from favor 
and administrative positions be 

5132
04:31:55,200 --> 04:31:58,200
reassigned. 
Every succession is a quiet, 

5133
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:01,600
Battlefield observed, an elderly
archived as they reviewed 

5134
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:05,500
historical records together. 
Lives and livelihoods are won or

5135
04:32:05,500 --> 04:32:07,400
lost without a single sword 
drawn. 

5136
04:32:08,500 --> 04:32:12,100
This reality, contradicted 
romantic Notions of Samurai as 

5137
04:32:12,100 --> 04:32:15,400
Warriors. 
Defined by Marshalls, during the

5138
04:32:15,400 --> 04:32:19,000
Edo period, political Acumen and
network cultivation, determined 

5139
04:32:19,000 --> 04:32:22,500
advancement, far more than 
combat skill, The truly harsh. 

5140
04:32:22,500 --> 04:32:25,200
Battles occurred in council 
chambers and Castle, corridors 

5141
04:32:25,200 --> 04:32:28,100
fort with carefully worded 
memorandum and strategic 

5142
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:31,300
alliances Yoshi. 
Takas positioning increasingly 

5143
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:34,500
precarious as his father. 
In law fell ill removing a key 

5144
04:32:34,500 --> 04:32:37,200
source of protection. 
The faction associated with 

5145
04:32:37,200 --> 04:32:39,100
ayashi nobuyuki gained 
influence. 

5146
04:32:39,100 --> 04:32:43,200
Yoshitaka found himself, a sign 
to increasingly marginal duties,

5147
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:46,400
a common tactic to isolate 
officials without cut the 

5148
04:32:46,400 --> 04:32:49,500
political Capital to resist. you
investigate reports of 

5149
04:32:49,500 --> 04:32:53,400
unlicensed sake brewing in the 
Eastern Villages announced the 

5150
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,800
magistrate an assignment clearly
beneath, your Tucker's Rank and 

5151
04:32:56,800 --> 04:33:01,000
experience, the matter requires 
immediate attention, the 

5152
04:33:01,000 --> 04:33:04,099
deliberate slight required. 
Careful navigation, refusing. 

5153
04:33:04,099 --> 04:33:07,200
The assignment would provide 
justification for formal censure

5154
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:10,300
accepting it. 
Passively would signal weakness 

5155
04:33:10,300 --> 04:33:14,400
and invite further. 
Marginalization Yoshitaka is 

5156
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:16,800
response, demonstrated the 
subtle resistance techniques 

5157
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:20,800
Samurai employed within rigid, 
hierarchical constraints. 

5158
04:33:20,800 --> 04:33:24,099
I'm honored by your confidence 
in a signing me this matter of 

5159
04:33:24,108 --> 04:33:27,300
domain Revenue. 
He replied riparo framing the 

5160
04:33:27,308 --> 04:33:30,000
punitive assignment as a 
financial tasks where the of 

5161
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:33,200
serious attention. 
I shall provide a comprehensive 

5162
04:33:33,200 --> 04:33:36,500
analysis of sake, taxation 
opportunities in my report. 

5163
04:33:37,599 --> 04:33:40,900
This method taking on the task 
while changing its importance. 

5164
04:33:40,900 --> 04:33:44,099
Showed a clever way of working 
within the bureaucracy, that is 

5165
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:47,000
often overlooked in his history,
which usually highlights more 

5166
04:33:47,000 --> 04:33:50,700
intense struggles, Similar 
technique allowed Samurai to 

5167
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:53,099
maintain dignity and agency 
within a pressive power 

5168
04:33:53,099 --> 04:33:56,099
structures. 
The assignment took yoshitaka to

5169
04:33:56,099 --> 04:33:58,300
remote Villages during the 
harshest winter months. 

5170
04:33:59,300 --> 04:34:02,000
Travel conditions exposed 
another physical hardship of 

5171
04:34:02,008 --> 04:34:05,599
Samurai Duty, the requirement to
maintain dignity and Authority 

5172
04:34:05,599 --> 04:34:09,000
despite extreme discomfort. 
Proper appearance remain, 

5173
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,599
non-negotiable regardless of 
circumstances with full formal 

5174
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:15,500
attire, required for the 
official functions even in 

5175
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:19,300
bitter cold, or sweltering Heat.
In the village of miyagawa 

5176
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:22,500
yoshitaka encountered a 
situation that exemplified the 

5177
04:34:22,500 --> 04:34:26,500
moral complexities of Samurai 
governance unlicensed sake 

5178
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:29,700
production in deed flourished. 
But investigation revealed, it 

5179
04:34:29,700 --> 04:34:32,000
had become an essential survival
strategy. 

5180
04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:35,599
Villagers exchanged homemade 
sake of vegetables, and fish 

5181
04:34:35,599 --> 04:34:38,500
protein with nearby communities,
After official, rice 

5182
04:34:38,500 --> 04:34:40,900
requisitions left. 
The them with inadequate Food 

5183
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:43,500
Supplies. 
Without this exchange children 

5184
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,300
would not survive, winter 
explained the village headmen 

5185
04:34:46,300 --> 04:34:48,700
kneeling formerly despite his 
obvious Terror at being 

5186
04:34:48,700 --> 04:34:51,300
discovered. 
We preserved in enough rice for 

5187
04:34:51,300 --> 04:34:53,800
taxation. 
The rice is made from militant 

5188
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:56,400
and other grains. 
The legal obligation was clear 

5189
04:34:56,400 --> 04:34:59,700
report the violation confiscated
equipment, and punished the head

5190
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:01,300
man for failing to prevent the 
activity. 

5191
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:04,300
Yet doing so would likely 
condemned families to 

5192
04:35:04,300 --> 04:35:08,800
malnutrition or worse? 
Extension between legal Duty and

5193
04:35:08,800 --> 04:35:11,200
humanitarian, concerns 
represented a recurring. 

5194
04:35:11,200 --> 04:35:14,800
Dilemma for conscientious 
officials, yoshitaka solution, 

5195
04:35:14,800 --> 04:35:16,900
demonstrated, the creative 
interpretation sometimes 

5196
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:20,300
employed within rigid systems. 
He documented the Sako 

5197
04:35:20,300 --> 04:35:23,800
production, but classified it as
a medicinal preparation, rather 

5198
04:35:23,800 --> 04:35:27,000
than an alcoholic beverage, a 
technical distinction that 

5199
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:29,000
placed it under different 
regulatory Frameworks. 

5200
04:35:29,000 --> 04:35:31,900
He then established a nominal 
licensing fee. 

5201
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:35,200
That legitimized the practice 
while generating token revenue 

5202
04:35:35,200 --> 04:35:38,700
for the domain, You've neither 
violated the Lord's Lord or 

5203
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:40,800
condemned. 
These people commented. 

5204
04:35:40,800 --> 04:35:43,700
His assistant impressed by the 
elegant compromise. 

5205
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:47,700
But such Solutions make powerful
enemies when they circumvent 

5206
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:51,599
expected Revenue. 
Indeed Upon returning to Canada 

5207
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:54,200
in early spring. 
Yoshitaka found his position 

5208
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:57,099
further, undermined. 
The documentation of his 

5209
04:35:57,099 --> 04:35:59,700
approach should be presented to 
senior officials as evidence of 

5210
04:35:59,700 --> 04:36:01,800
leniency incompatible with 
proper governance. 

5211
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:05,500
With that formal accusation, 
which would require specific 

5212
04:36:05,500 --> 04:36:08,500
evidence of wrongdoing. 
He was instead reassigned to the

5213
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:12,099
Castle's Armory a position that 
effectively removed him from 

5214
04:36:12,099 --> 04:36:15,000
administrative influence, the 
Armory assignment revealed, 

5215
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:17,400
another dimension of Samurai 
life, often overlooked in 

5216
04:36:17,400 --> 04:36:20,000
dramatic accounts, the 
incredible tedium. 

5217
04:36:20,000 --> 04:36:23,900
That characterized much of their
daily existence Yoshitaka 

5218
04:36:23,900 --> 04:36:25,500
duties. 
Now involved, Inventory 

5219
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:28,300
management of weapons, largely 
unused for Generations. 

5220
04:36:28,300 --> 04:36:31,700
Maintaining meticulous records 
of items that would likely never

5221
04:36:31,700 --> 04:36:34,700
leave storage. 
We prepare for battles that will

5222
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,599
never come noted, the elderly 
Samurai who supervised the 

5223
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:38,900
armory. 
Yet. 

5224
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:41,700
Neglecting Readiness would 
violate our fundamental purpose.

5225
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:46,700
This is our peculiar burden. 
This observation captured a 

5226
04:36:46,700 --> 04:36:50,500
central paradoxes of Edo period.
Samurai identity, their 

5227
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:52,700
theoretical function as 
Warriors, remained Central to 

5228
04:36:52,700 --> 04:36:55,900
their social position in 
self-conception yet. 

5229
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:59,300
Practical circumstances rarely 
called for martial application. 

5230
04:36:59,300 --> 04:37:03,200
The psychological toll of this 
disconnect maintaining combat 

5231
04:37:03,200 --> 04:37:05,800
redness for conflicts that 
peaceful governance, actively 

5232
04:37:05,800 --> 04:37:09,300
sought to prevent created a 
unique form of existential 

5233
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:12,000
strain. 
The positional, so placed your 

5234
04:37:12,000 --> 04:37:14,700
yoshitaka near Lower ranking, 
Samurai and foot soldiers. 

5235
04:37:14,700 --> 04:37:17,700
Whose economic circumstances 
were even more precarious than 

5236
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:20,400
his own. 
He's actually might have had 

5237
04:37:20,400 --> 04:37:22,500
Samurai status but lived in 
conditions. 

5238
04:37:22,500 --> 04:37:25,500
Barely distinguishable from 
peasant's with stipends 

5239
04:37:25,500 --> 04:37:27,000
insufficient for basic 
necessities. 

5240
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,599
My grandfather fought at second 
gahara with distinction, 

5241
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:33,700
confided one such Soldier during
inventory work. 

5242
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:37,000
Three generations later my 
children, go hungry. 

5243
04:37:37,000 --> 04:37:40,200
While I count, Spears and polish
armored that will never see 

5244
04:37:40,200 --> 04:37:42,900
combat. 
Summer, brought further, 

5245
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:46,000
personal challenges, when masako
finally conceived, again, after 

5246
04:37:46,000 --> 04:37:49,800
several years of marriage, the 
joy was tempered by anxiety. 

5247
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:53,099
The samurai, wives faced 
significant pressure to produce 

5248
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:56,700
male heirs, Medical Care, 
remained primitive with high 

5249
04:37:56,700 --> 04:37:58,900
maternal and infant. 
Mortality rates even among 

5250
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,400
privileged classes, yoshitaka 
circumstances, change 

5251
04:38:02,400 --> 04:38:04,900
dramatically in the Autumn of 
1647. 

5252
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:10,000
His son takahiro was born 
healthy and eventus stabilized, 

5253
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:12,300
his family position, despite his
political marginalization 

5254
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:15,300
Lineage continuation 
represented. 

5255
04:38:15,300 --> 04:38:18,800
A fundamental obligation 
fulfilled with private family, 

5256
04:38:18,800 --> 04:38:21,500
records showing increased 
ceremonial expenditures 

5257
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:25,000
celebrating the birth, despite 
their financial constraints. 

5258
04:38:25,800 --> 04:38:28,599
The name connection to our 
seventh generation ancestor 

5259
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:30,700
yoshida's mother noted 
approvingly. 

5260
04:38:30,700 --> 04:38:33,700
When the name ceremony was 
planned this maintains proper 

5261
04:38:33,700 --> 04:38:36,099
respect while ignoring our 
current circumstances. 

5262
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:40,200
He birth coincided with a major 
political shift of the domain 

5263
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:42,599
Lord. 
My dad died after a prolonged 

5264
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:45,500
illness and his son assumed 
leadership amid factional 

5265
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,200
maneuvering. 
Such transitions, typically, 

5266
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:51,099
resulted in administrative, 
restructuring creating 

5267
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:53,500
opportunities and dangers for 
officials throughout the 

5268
04:38:53,500 --> 04:38:56,400
hierarchy. 
What happened next Illustrated? 

5269
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:59,400
The opaque mechanics of Samurai 
advancement that formal 

5270
04:38:59,400 --> 04:39:02,000
history's. 
Often sanitized Hayashi 

5271
04:39:02,000 --> 04:39:04,800
nobuyuki, who had previously, 
marginalized yoshitaka? 

5272
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:08,599
Found himself overextended 
infection politics, having 

5273
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,000
Allied to openly with a losing 
faction Hayashi faced potential 

5274
04:39:12,000 --> 04:39:14,000
disgrace. 
But retained enough influence to

5275
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:16,500
require, careful handling rather
than outright dismissal. 

5276
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:20,599
You will be reinstated to 
administrative service the 

5277
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:23,700
castle magistrate informed 
yoshitaka without explanation. 

5278
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:27,300
The Northern District requires 
immediate attention, following 

5279
04:39:27,300 --> 04:39:29,000
irregularities, and tax 
collection. 

5280
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:32,800
Only later did yoshitaka learn 
the full context. 

5281
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:35,599
He had been selected 
specifically, because of his 

5282
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:39,000
previous conflict with higher, 
she his assignment involved 

5283
04:39:39,000 --> 04:39:41,900
investigating administrative 
Region's previously under high. 

5284
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:45,300
She's patronage with the 
unstated expectation that he 

5285
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:48,400
would document in proprieties, 
that could justify further 

5286
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:50,100
action against the decline 
official. 

5287
04:39:51,300 --> 04:39:55,200
This place yoshitaka in a common
Samurai dilemma advancement 

5288
04:39:55,200 --> 04:39:57,200
opportunities. 
Frequently arose through 

5289
04:39:57,200 --> 04:40:00,100
morally, ambiguous 
circumstances, conducting a 

5290
04:40:00,100 --> 04:40:02,300
genuine investigation would 
likely uncover actual 

5291
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:04,800
misconduct. 
Yet the motivation behind his 

5292
04:40:04,800 --> 04:40:07,000
appointment was political 
Revenge rather than 

5293
04:40:07,000 --> 04:40:10,300
administrative integrity. 
Proceed with methodical 

5294
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:12,600
correctness. 
Advised, his father-in-law now 

5295
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:14,300
recovered and cautiously 
supportive. 

5296
04:40:15,200 --> 04:40:17,400
Document. 
What exists without excessive 

5297
04:40:17,400 --> 04:40:20,500
enthusiasm or reluctance? 
The facts will serve their 

5298
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:22,400
purpose without your emotional 
involvement. 

5299
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:26,700
The Northern District inspection
revealed systemic abuses Village

5300
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:29,100
headmen had been pressured to 
report higher crop yields than 

5301
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:32,400
actually harvested creating tax 
obligations that forced 

5302
04:40:32,400 --> 04:40:35,100
communities into debt with 
domain connected money lenders, 

5303
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:39,000
the scheme generated substantial
revenue for its organizers while

5304
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:41,100
technically maintaining official
tax rates. 

5305
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:44,400
Yoshitaka has written report 
presented these findings. 

5306
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,900
With deliberate neutrality, 
documenting patterns without 

5307
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:51,800
speculating on authorization or 
beneficiaries, This approach 

5308
04:40:51,800 --> 04:40:54,700
comprehensive in detail but a 
restraining conclusion, 

5309
04:40:54,700 --> 04:40:58,100
exemplified the careful 
documentation techniques Samurai

5310
04:40:58,100 --> 04:41:00,900
officials developed and navigate
politically hazardous 

5311
04:41:00,900 --> 04:41:03,900
assignments, the reports 
consequences Illustrated, the 

5312
04:41:03,900 --> 04:41:05,600
often in direct nature of 
Samurai. 

5313
04:41:05,600 --> 04:41:08,600
Power struggles. 
No direct accusations were made 

5314
04:41:08,600 --> 04:41:11,500
against Hayashi, but three of 
his principal Associates were 

5315
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:16,000
reassigned to remote outposts. 
ayushi himself received health 

5316
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:19,500
retirement that maintain his 
stipend and status while 

5317
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:22,500
removing him from influence, a 
face-saving, Arrangement, 

5318
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:25,200
typical of how samurai 
governments manage problematic 

5319
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:29,300
officials to prominent for 
Public Disgrace, Yoshitaka 

5320
04:41:29,300 --> 04:41:32,000
handling of the investigation 
earned qualified approval from 

5321
04:41:32,000 --> 04:41:35,900
the new Administration. 
By early 1648, he had been 

5322
04:41:35,908 --> 04:41:38,200
appointed to a mid-level 
position in the Castle's 

5323
04:41:38,200 --> 04:41:41,200
Revenue, Office restored to 
administrative significance. 

5324
04:41:41,200 --> 04:41:44,600
But placed where his activities 
could be easily, monitored this 

5325
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:47,600
period, coincided with 
domain-wide economic reforms 

5326
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:50,700
that revealed broader structural
challenges, facing the samurai 

5327
04:41:50,700 --> 04:41:52,900
class. 
Increased agricultural 

5328
04:41:52,900 --> 04:41:55,700
productivity, had Paradox, 
actually reduced rice prices. 

5329
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:59,000
Decreasing the real value of 
fixed rights stipends, 

5330
04:41:59,800 --> 04:42:02,200
Simultaneously. 
The importation of luxury goods 

5331
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,500
through Nagasaki increased 
living expenses for status. 

5332
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:09,300
Conscious Samurai households, We
Face the contradiction of our 

5333
04:42:09,300 --> 04:42:12,200
position observed, a senior 
treasury official, during a 

5334
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:15,300
private discussion. 
We require Merchant wealth to 

5335
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:18,800
finance domain operations, yet, 
consider commercial activity 

5336
04:42:18,800 --> 04:42:21,500
beneath our dignity. 
We cannot sustain this 

5337
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:25,500
separation in definitely. 
Some domains had begun allowing 

5338
04:42:25,500 --> 04:42:29,100
Samurai to engage in limited 
side occupations, paper making 

5339
04:42:29,100 --> 04:42:32,100
umbrella construction. 
Scholarly tutoring that preserve

5340
04:42:32,100 --> 04:42:33,600
dignity while supplementing 
income. 

5341
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:38,100
Cargo remained conservative in 
this regard maintaining strict 

5342
04:42:38,100 --> 04:42:40,800
class separation that 
exacerbated Financial pressures 

5343
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:45,100
on middle and lower ranking 
Samurai yoshitaka family adapted

5344
04:42:45,100 --> 04:42:47,900
through careful economies that 
historical accounts, rarely 

5345
04:42:47,900 --> 04:42:52,200
emphasized, masako, personally, 
prepared, simple meals, rather 

5346
04:42:52,200 --> 04:42:54,100
than employing additional 
servants. 

5347
04:42:54,100 --> 04:42:57,500
Traditional gift exchanges were 
fulfilled with elegant, but 

5348
04:42:57,500 --> 04:42:59,900
inexpensive items. 
That prioritize tasteful 

5349
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:01,800
presentation over intrinsic 
value. 

5350
04:43:02,500 --> 04:43:04,900
Family heirlooms were 
strategically pawned during 

5351
04:43:04,900 --> 04:43:08,400
Financial emergencies then 
redeemed when stipend payments 

5352
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:11,200
arrived. 
The true skill of a samurai wife

5353
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:13,600
is invisible accounting. 
Masako explained to a new 

5354
04:43:13,608 --> 04:43:15,400
daughter-in-law. 
Joining a neighboring household.

5355
04:43:16,300 --> 04:43:18,800
Maintaining appearance with 
minimal resources is our 

5356
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:21,700
Battlefield. 
Some of brought a crisis that 

5357
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:25,800
tested Yoshi's, understanding of
Bushido, principals, his younger

5358
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,500
brother Ichiro, who had taken a 
position with a different branch

5359
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:31,300
of the Madeira Cloud became 
implicated in a gambling 

5360
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:34,300
Scanlon. 
While technically legal in 

5361
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:37,900
certain licensed venues gambling
represented a serious, breach of

5362
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:40,800
Samurai dignity. 
Particularly when it led to debt

5363
04:43:40,800 --> 04:43:44,400
or association with questionable
characters, the family. 

5364
04:43:44,400 --> 04:43:46,200
Ramifications were potentially 
severe. 

5365
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:49,000
Samurai households were 
considered, collectively 

5366
04:43:49,000 --> 04:43:52,200
responsible for members 
behavior, and disgrace could 

5367
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,900
affect advancement prospects for
multiple Generations, historical

5368
04:43:55,900 --> 04:43:59,200
records, show numerous cases 
where entire branches of Samurai

5369
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:01,600
families were downgraded in 
status due to individual 

5370
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:04,500
misconduct. 
He claims innocence, but admits 

5371
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,500
Presence at the gambling house, 
Yoshi Tucker's mother reported 

5372
04:44:07,500 --> 04:44:09,500
after meeting privately with 
each hero. 

5373
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:12,600
The Establishment is known to 
serve both Samurai and wealthy 

5374
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:17,100
merchants another complication 
Investigating discreetly 

5375
04:44:17,100 --> 04:44:19,400
yoshitaka discovered, a more 
complex situation. 

5376
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:22,500
Ichiro had, indeed, visited the 
establishment. 

5377
04:44:22,500 --> 04:44:25,500
But primarily to monitor the 
activities of a senior official 

5378
04:44:25,500 --> 04:44:28,500
suspected of sharing sensitive 
domain information, with 

5379
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:32,000
Merchant Finance years, the 
gambling participation had been 

5380
04:44:32,000 --> 04:44:33,700
a cover for this unauthorized 
surveillance. 

5381
04:44:34,800 --> 04:44:37,600
I sought to protect our Lord's 
interests at your own sister, 

5382
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:40,800
during a tense private meeting. 
If the information flow is 

5383
04:44:40,800 --> 04:44:43,400
confirmed. 
It constitutes a serious breach 

5384
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:45,200
of loyalty, deserving official 
attention. 

5385
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:49,300
The Dilemma exemplified the 
competing obligations that 

5386
04:44:49,300 --> 04:44:51,700
created moral complexity and 
Samurai life. 

5387
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:54,600
Family loyalty demanded 
protecting each Euro from 

5388
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,200
disgrace. 
Domain loyalty requires 

5389
04:44:57,200 --> 04:44:59,700
reporting potential, treasonous 
information sharing. 

5390
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:04,400
Personal Integrity, necessitated
honest assessment of a churros 

5391
04:45:04,400 --> 04:45:07,400
actual involvement. 
No single principle provided 

5392
04:45:07,400 --> 04:45:11,200
clear guidance yoshitaka family 
adapted through careful 

5393
04:45:11,200 --> 04:45:13,800
economies that historical 
accounts, rarely emphasized, 

5394
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:16,800
masako, personally, prepared, 
simple meals. 

5395
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:19,400
Rather than employing additional
servants. 

5396
04:45:19,400 --> 04:45:22,800
Traditional gift exchanges were 
fulfilled with elegant, but 

5397
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:25,200
inexpensive items. 
That prioritize tasteful 

5398
04:45:25,200 --> 04:45:27,000
presentation over intrinsic 
value. 

5399
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:30,100
Family heirlooms were 
strategically pawns during 

5400
04:45:30,100 --> 04:45:33,700
Financial emergencies then 
redeemed when stipend payments 

5401
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:36,500
arrived. 
The true skill of a samurai wife

5402
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:38,900
is invisible accounting. 
Masako explained to a new 

5403
04:45:38,908 --> 04:45:40,700
daughter-in-law. 
Joining a neighboring household.

5404
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:44,100
Maintaining appearance with 
minimal resources is our 

5405
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:46,900
Battlefield. 
Summer, brought a crisis that 

5406
04:45:46,900 --> 04:45:51,000
tested Yoshi's, understanding of
Bushido, principals, his younger

5407
04:45:51,000 --> 04:45:53,800
brother Ichiro, who had taken a 
position with a different branch

5408
04:45:53,800 --> 04:45:56,600
of the maid, a clan became 
implicated in a gambling 

5409
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:59,500
scandal. 
While technically legal in 

5410
04:45:59,508 --> 04:46:03,200
certain licensed venues gambling
represented a serious, breach of

5411
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:06,100
Samurai dignity. 
Particularly when it led to debt

5412
04:46:06,100 --> 04:46:08,400
or association with questionable
characters. 

5413
04:46:09,300 --> 04:46:11,500
The family ramifications were 
potentially severe. 

5414
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:14,200
Samurai households were 
considered, collectively 

5415
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:17,500
responsible for members 
behavior, in disgrace could 

5416
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:21,200
affect advancement prospects for
multiple Generations, historical

5417
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:24,400
records, show numerous cases 
where entire branches of Samurai

5418
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:26,900
families were downgraded in 
status due to individual 

5419
04:46:26,900 --> 04:46:29,800
misconduct. 
He claims innocence, but admits 

5420
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:32,800
Presence at the gambling house, 
Yoshi Tucker's mother reported 

5421
04:46:32,800 --> 04:46:34,700
after meeting privately with 
each hero. 

5422
04:46:34,700 --> 04:46:37,900
The Establishment is known to 
serve both Samurai and wealthy 

5423
04:46:37,900 --> 04:46:42,400
merchants another complication 
Investigating discreetly 

5424
04:46:42,400 --> 04:46:44,600
yoshitaka discovered, a more 
complex situation. 

5425
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:47,700
Ichiro had, indeed, visited the 
establishment. 

5426
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:50,700
But primarily to monitor the 
activities of a senior official 

5427
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:53,800
suspected of sharing sensitive 
domain information, with 

5428
04:46:53,800 --> 04:46:57,300
Merchant financiers, the 
gambling participation had been 

5429
04:46:57,300 --> 04:46:58,900
a cover for this unauthorized 
surveillance. 

5430
04:47:00,100 --> 04:47:03,000
I sought to protect our Lord's 
interests at your own assisted 

5431
04:47:03,000 --> 04:47:06,100
during a tense private meeting. 
If the information flow is 

5432
04:47:06,100 --> 04:47:09,100
confirmed, it constitutes a 
serious breach of loyalty, 

5433
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:13,200
deserving official attention. 
The Dilemma exemplified the 

5434
04:47:13,200 --> 04:47:16,200
competing obligations that 
created moral complexity in 

5435
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:19,500
Samurai life family. 
Loyalty demanded protecting each

5436
04:47:19,500 --> 04:47:22,500
Euro from disgrace. 
Domain loyalty requires 

5437
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:25,000
reporting potential, treasonous 
information sharing. 

5438
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:29,700
Personal Integrity, necessitated
honest assessment of a churros 

5439
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:32,700
actual involvement. 
No single principle provided 

5440
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:34,700
clear. 
Guidance, this approach 

5441
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,200
absorbing institutional failure 
personally while addressing the 

5442
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:41,100
specific problem. 
Discreetly exemplified the 

5443
04:47:41,108 --> 04:47:44,300
Practical compromises that 
characterized effective Samurai 

5444
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,700
Administration Historical 
accounts, often emphasize the 

5445
04:47:47,700 --> 04:47:51,200
dramatic examples of officials 
committing seppuku over matters 

5446
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:53,700
of principle. 
But daily governance more 

5447
04:47:53,700 --> 04:47:55,700
frequently involved. 
These nuanced, ethical 

5448
04:47:55,700 --> 04:47:59,500
calculations, the consequences 
were significant but measured 

5449
04:47:59,500 --> 04:48:02,900
yoshitaka received a formal 
reprimand and temporary. 

5450
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:07,000
Stipend reduction, a substantial
financial hardship but not a 

5451
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:10,300
career ending disgrace. the 
guilty official was reassigned 

5452
04:48:10,300 --> 04:48:13,800
to a remote post with without 
explicit accusation a 

5453
04:48:13,800 --> 04:48:16,300
face-saving Arrangement, that 
preserved family honor while 

5454
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:19,800
removing him from treasury 
access, You've gained a lost in 

5455
04:48:19,800 --> 04:48:23,700
equal measure observed OTA. 
Your reputation for solving 

5456
04:48:23,700 --> 04:48:26,700
problems with, without creating 
unnecessary disruption, grows, 

5457
04:48:26,700 --> 04:48:29,600
while your reputation for strict
protocol of forcement 

5458
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:32,700
diminishes, both have value in 
different circumstances. 

5459
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:38,600
By Spring of 1650, immediate 
crisis had passed, but the 

5460
04:48:38,600 --> 04:48:41,100
experience are deepened 
yoshitaka understanding of 

5461
04:48:41,100 --> 04:48:46,000
Samurai Duty Beyond simplified 
moral Frameworks, the Bushido, 

5462
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:48,400
principles taught to Children 
presented straightforward 

5463
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:53,500
virtues, loyalty, Integrity, 
encourage and benevolence yet, 

5464
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:56,800
practical application required 
constant balancing of competing 

5465
04:48:56,800 --> 04:49:01,600
obligations and recognition of 
systemic limitations this period

5466
04:49:01,600 --> 04:49:04,100
coincided with a personal 
Milestone, that further 

5467
04:49:04,100 --> 04:49:06,300
illuminated, the complex social 
expectations. 

5468
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:10,100
Governing Samurai, existence 
Yoshi Tucker's mother passed 

5469
04:49:10,100 --> 04:49:11,400
away. 
Following a brief illness 

5470
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:14,900
triggering elaborate mourning, 
protocols that strained Family 

5471
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:18,100
Resources despite their 
emotionally necessary function. 

5472
04:49:19,200 --> 04:49:21,700
The funeral and Memorial 
observances must reflect her 

5473
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:25,700
station and lineage consisted 
elderly relatives regardless of 

5474
04:49:25,700 --> 04:49:27,300
what Current financial 
circumstances. 

5475
04:49:28,800 --> 04:49:31,400
The death rituals revealed, 
another dimension of Samurai 

5476
04:49:31,400 --> 04:49:33,500
hardship. 
The requirement to maintain 

5477
04:49:33,500 --> 04:49:37,000
ceremonial propriety even during
periods of genuine grief. 

5478
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:40,600
Yoshitaka organized, the 
appropriate Buddhist ceremonies 

5479
04:49:40,600 --> 04:49:43,800
and maintained ritualized 
morning behaviors while 

5480
04:49:43,800 --> 04:49:46,600
continuing his administrative 
duties without interruption. 

5481
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,200
Public displays of emotional 
distress would have violated 

5482
04:49:50,200 --> 04:49:54,500
class expectations of stoicism 
by summer, a significant 

5483
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:58,700
political reorganization created
unexpected opportunity, the new 

5484
04:49:58,700 --> 04:50:00,800
dymo had observed 
administrative. 

5485
04:50:00,800 --> 04:50:03,500
Inefficiencies in ordered 
restructuring of several key 

5486
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:06,300
departments. 
Yoshitaka reputation for 

5487
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:09,000
effectively managing complex 
situations, led to his 

5488
04:50:09,000 --> 04:50:11,500
appointment over seeing 
agricultural development for the

5489
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:14,600
Northwestern region. 
A substantial promotion that 

5490
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:17,200
reflected the sometimes 
counterintuitive advancement 

5491
04:50:17,200 --> 04:50:21,000
patterns in Samurai bureaucracy.
Those who navigate difficulty 

5492
04:50:21,000 --> 04:50:24,400
intelligently become valuable 
during uncertainty explained 

5493
04:50:24,400 --> 04:50:25,800
OTA. 
When delivering news of the 

5494
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:28,900
appointment, Your recent 
challenges demonstrated 

5495
04:50:28,900 --> 04:50:32,200
pragmatic judgment. 
This quality has been noted. 

5496
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:35,900
The new position returned 
yoshitaka to rural 

5497
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:38,900
Administration, but with greater
Authority and at a specific 

5498
04:50:38,900 --> 04:50:40,800
mandate to increase. 
Agricultural productivity 

5499
04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:42,800
through infrastructure 
Improvement. 

5500
04:50:42,800 --> 04:50:46,100
This assignment reflected the 
evolving nature of Samurai 

5501
04:50:46,100 --> 04:50:49,300
governance, during the mid Edo 
period, when technical knowledge

5502
04:50:49,300 --> 04:50:51,700
and development expertise, 
increasingly complimented, 

5503
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:53,300
traditional administrative 
roles. 

5504
04:50:54,400 --> 04:50:57,600
Traveling through the region 
with agricultural Specialists 

5505
04:50:57,600 --> 04:51:00,800
yoshitaka encountered. 
Both the harsh realities of 

5506
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:03,900
rural poverty, and surprising 
Innovations developed by 

5507
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:04,800
farming. 
Communities. 

5508
04:51:04,800 --> 04:51:08,400
Traditional historical accounts,
often portrayed peasants as 

5509
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:11,300
simple and unchanging. 
But yoshitaka discovered 

5510
04:51:11,300 --> 04:51:14,400
sophisticated water management 
techniques and crop rotation, 

5511
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:17,400
strategies developed through 
generations of practical 

5512
04:51:17,400 --> 04:51:20,400
experimentation. 
Our grandfather's discovered, 

5513
04:51:20,400 --> 04:51:23,100
that alternating these fields 
between rice and soybeans 

5514
04:51:23,100 --> 04:51:26,700
increases yields for both 
explained and elderly farmer 

5515
04:51:26,700 --> 04:51:28,500
pointing to carefully maintained
paddies. 

5516
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:31,300
The land tells us what it needs 
if we observe carefully. 

5517
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:34,700
Incorporating this local 
knowledge into domain 

5518
04:51:34,700 --> 04:51:37,300
development plans, represented a
progressive approach that 

5519
04:51:37,300 --> 04:51:39,700
balanced, traditional 
hierarchical Authority with 

5520
04:51:39,700 --> 04:51:43,500
practical effectiveness. 
yoshitaka reports emphasize 

5521
04:51:43,500 --> 04:51:46,100
collaboration with Village 
leadership rather than, imposed 

5522
04:51:46,100 --> 04:51:49,400
directives a methodology that 
generated resistance from 

5523
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:52,300
traditional bound officials but 
support from the diamonds 

5524
04:51:52,300 --> 04:51:55,500
Progressive, advisors Autumn 
brought the construction of 

5525
04:51:55,500 --> 04:51:58,900
three new irrigation channels 
that dramatically improved water

5526
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:01,200
distribution to previously 
marginal farmland. 

5527
04:52:02,300 --> 04:52:05,500
The project success established 
yoshida's reputation as an 

5528
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:08,500
effective administrator capable 
of achieving measurable results.

5529
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:12,000
Secure enough in his authority 
to incorporate commoner 

5530
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:14,600
knowledge without compromising 
Samurai dignity. 

5531
04:52:14,600 --> 04:52:18,300
This period brought resolution 
to the long simmering issue with

5532
04:52:18,300 --> 04:52:21,500
his brother Ichiro. 
The senior official Ichiro had 

5533
04:52:21,508 --> 04:52:23,800
been monitoring was eventually, 
discovered selling information 

5534
04:52:23,800 --> 04:52:27,300
to Merchants interests. 
Rather than pursue personal 

5535
04:52:27,300 --> 04:52:30,300
recognition, the turo arranged 
for his information to reach 

5536
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:32,100
appropriate. 
Authorities through indirect 

5537
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:35,600
channels protecting both family 
reputation and his position. 

5538
04:52:36,800 --> 04:52:39,500
The essence of effective service
sometimes requires remaining 

5539
04:52:39,500 --> 04:52:42,500
unseen, it's your explained 
during a rare private 

5540
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:45,800
conversation between the 
brothers, our names matter less 

5541
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:47,600
than the domain stability and 
prosperity. 

5542
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:51,700
This philosophy prioritizing 
effective, outcome of the 

5543
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:54,700
personal recognition, 
represented a mature, 

5544
04:52:54,700 --> 04:52:57,800
understanding of Samurai service
that transcended simplistic 

5545
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:00,000
notion of Glory or individual 
honor. 

5546
04:53:00,000 --> 04:53:02,800
The brothers had arrived at 
similar conclusions through 

5547
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:06,400
different paths, finding meaning
in contributing to societal 

5548
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:09,800
function rather than personal 
advancement. as winter 

5549
04:53:09,800 --> 04:53:13,800
approached in 1650, yoshitaka 
reflected on his journey during 

5550
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:16,900
a rare moment of leisure 
watching his son, practice 

5551
04:53:16,900 --> 04:53:20,900
calligraphy with increasingly 
confident brushstrokes the harsh

5552
04:53:20,900 --> 04:53:24,600
reality of Samurai, existence 
Financial, precariousness, 

5553
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:27,500
political vulnerability, 
emotional constraint, and 

5554
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:31,500
administrative complexity 
remained, ever-present Yet, 

5555
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:34,600
Within These constraints, he had
found purpose in navigating 

5556
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,900
complexity with integrity and 
contributing to genuine 

5557
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:39,700
Improvement within an imperfect 
system. 

5558
04:53:40,700 --> 04:53:43,700
The Way of the Samurai is found 
in death, stated the famous 

5559
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:47,000
opening line of hagakure. 
The influential Samurai text, 

5560
04:53:47,000 --> 04:53:50,900
that would be written decades 
later yet yoshitaka experienced 

5561
04:53:50,900 --> 04:53:54,500
suggested a more nuanced truth 
that the essence of Samurai 

5562
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:57,800
identity lay not in dramatic 
moments of sacrifice but in the 

5563
04:53:57,800 --> 04:54:00,400
sustained discipline of balance 
and competing obligations 

5564
04:54:00,400 --> 04:54:04,600
maintaining dignity amid 
limitation and finding meaning 

5565
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:07,200
in service that transcended 
personal circumstance. 

5566
04:54:08,200 --> 04:54:11,300
A plum trees in the garden had 
survived another year their 

5567
04:54:11,300 --> 04:54:13,600
nulled branches preparing. 
For spring blossoms, that 

5568
04:54:13,600 --> 04:54:15,400
yoshitaka might or might not 
Witness. 

5569
04:54:16,300 --> 04:54:19,800
Like countless Samurai before 
and after him, he had found his 

5570
04:54:19,800 --> 04:54:23,200
path, not in Battlefield Glory, 
but in the quieter courage of 

5571
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:26,800
everyday Duty, the unvarnished 
reality, behind the Romantic 

5572
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:30,000
myths, that would eventually 
surround His Vanishing class. 

5573
04:54:30,900 --> 04:54:33,800
We will never know the Horizon 
of what is life continued to be 

5574
04:54:33,800 --> 04:54:41,100
but it was already a heart. 
In the waning days of Rome's. 

5575
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:44,700
Glory a young, Deacon named Leo 
quietly, ascended to prominence.

5576
04:54:44,700 --> 04:54:48,000
The Western Empire was in danger
of disintegrating in the year 

5577
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:51,600
for 40 instead of looking to 
senators or generals for advice 

5578
04:54:51,600 --> 04:54:55,500
Imperial officials, look to a 
Churchman That Emperor 

5579
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:58,700
valentinian the third's behest, 
Leo, journeyed to Gold to 

5580
04:54:58,700 --> 04:55:01,700
mediate a bitter feud between 
General edius Rome's. 

5581
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:05,000
Most powerful commander and the 
magistrate albinus, the 

5582
04:55:05,000 --> 04:55:07,900
emperor's decision to entrust 
this delicate mission to Leo 

5583
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,200
significant was the able Deacon 
had established a reputation for

5584
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:14,000
prudence and Authority Beyond 
ecclesiastical circles. 

5585
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:18,500
While Leon negotiated peace and 
Gaul fate intervened back, home,

5586
04:55:18,500 --> 04:55:21,500
Pope sixtus. 
The third died in Leo's absence 

5587
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:25,100
and on September, the 29th, 
4:40, the clergy and people of 

5588
04:55:25,108 --> 04:55:28,900
Rome unanimously elected, Leo, 
as Bishop of Rome, the news 

5589
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:31,200
reached him up, north the 
mediator would. 

5590
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:34,500
Now become the Supreme, pastor 
of the western church, Leo 

5591
04:55:34,500 --> 04:55:37,500
returned to a city in need of 
strong leadership, stepping into

5592
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:40,300
the role of Bishop of Rome. 
Later, generations would hail 

5593
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:42,800
him as Pope. 
Leo, the great, he carried, both

5594
04:55:42,800 --> 04:55:47,700
humility and resolve in the 44, 
was a city of contrasts still 

5595
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:51,300
adorned with Imperial marble and
Christian basilica's yet teeming

5596
04:55:51,300 --> 04:55:55,900
with destitute refugees from 
Barbarian invasions Leo threw 

5597
04:55:55,900 --> 04:55:58,400
himself into the work from the 
pulpit. 

5598
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:01,900
He preached, not only Doctrine 
but also charity, the organized 

5599
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:04,100
relief for those suffering from 
famine and War. 

5600
04:56:04,100 --> 04:56:07,600
Urging the faithful to practice,
mercy and arms, giving alongside

5601
04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:11,300
their fasts under his guidance. 
The church opened its granaries 

5602
04:56:11,300 --> 04:56:13,700
to feed the hungry in its 
monasteries to shelter, the 

5603
04:56:13,700 --> 04:56:16,900
homeless, Leo's compassion, in 
action, and him a fatherly 

5604
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:20,900
status among Roman's in a world 
where Empress taxed and Generals

5605
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:23,500
fought, it was the bishop of 
Rome who cared for the Widow and

5606
04:56:23,508 --> 04:56:26,500
orphan However, Leo was not a 
passive individual. 

5607
04:56:26,500 --> 04:56:29,700
He was equally a man of ideas 
and unwavering determination. 

5608
04:56:31,000 --> 04:56:34,100
As heresies sprouted amid. 
The turmoil of the times, Leo 

5609
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,800
responded with intellectual 
rigor and firm discipline, When 

5610
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:40,800
news came that certain priests 
and distant Aqua layer were 

5611
04:56:40,800 --> 04:56:44,100
tolerating the pelagian. 
Heresy, Leo swiftly ordered a 

5612
04:56:44,100 --> 04:56:47,700
synod to correct them in Rome. 
He discovered a secret sect of 

5613
04:56:47,708 --> 04:56:49,600
mannequin. 
Duelists, lurking in the 

5614
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:51,800
shadows. 
Like he refugees from the 

5615
04:56:51,800 --> 04:56:53,300
recently. 
Fallen African provinces. 

5616
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:58,200
The pope reacted decisively. 
He investigated preached fiery 

5617
04:56:58,200 --> 04:56:59,900
sermons against their false 
light. 

5618
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:02,700
And according to his 
contemporary Prosper of 

5619
04:57:02,700 --> 04:57:05,300
Aquitaine even burned their 
forbidden books. 

5620
04:57:06,000 --> 04:57:08,500
By 4:44. 
He declared the capital Clan's 

5621
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:11,400
to the mannequin. 
Contagion Such actions might 

5622
04:57:11,400 --> 04:57:14,800
seem harsh to modernize, but to 
Leo's mind, the very soul of 

5623
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:17,900
Rome was at stake. 
If the empire was crumbling, at 

5624
04:57:17,900 --> 04:57:20,300
least the faith must stand firm 
Leo's. 

5625
04:57:20,300 --> 04:57:23,100
Blend of compassion and 
Authority extended his influence

5626
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:24,600
beyond the usual spiritual 
Realm. 

5627
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:27,200
The Western Imperial court 
itself. 

5628
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:33,700
Acknowledged his leadership in 
June 4445, a remarkable decree, 

5629
04:57:33,700 --> 04:57:36,900
recognizing the Primacy of the 
bishop of Rome based on the 

5630
04:57:36,900 --> 04:57:39,300
merits of Peter. 
And the Dignity of the ancient 

5631
04:57:39,300 --> 04:57:43,100
capital Provincial Governors 
were even ordered to enforce 

5632
04:57:43,100 --> 04:57:46,700
papal summonses. 
A legal nod to Leo Supremacy 

5633
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,900
over Western Christendom. 
This feat was unprecedented. 

5634
04:57:50,800 --> 04:57:54,400
Once merely Primus into Paris 
first among equals of Bishops, 

5635
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:58,300
the bishop of Rome now held a 
recognized preeminence under Leo

5636
04:57:58,300 --> 04:58:00,300
stewardship, the very title of 
Pope. 

5637
04:58:00,300 --> 04:58:04,200
Once used broadly for any Bishop
became reserved exclusively for 

5638
04:58:04,200 --> 04:58:06,600
Rome's. 
Bishop the decline of the empire

5639
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:09,500
was sowing the seeds of the 
papacy's future Grandeur. 

5640
04:58:09,500 --> 04:58:13,200
Despite these accolades, Leo 
remained at heart a pastor. 

5641
04:58:13,200 --> 04:58:17,100
He corresponded with distant 
churches, arbitrating disputes 

5642
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:19,600
and Gaul and Spain as a trusted 
Father Figure. 

5643
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:23,100
He drew around him learned men 
like Prosper to assist in 

5644
04:58:23,100 --> 04:58:24,600
administration and 
correspondence. 

5645
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:29,100
Ever mindful of his exemplars 
and Peter, the Apostle Leo 

5646
04:58:29,100 --> 04:58:30,800
championed. 
The idea that the pope is 

5647
04:58:30,800 --> 04:58:34,300
Peter's are carrying the keys of
Spiritual Authority. 

5648
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,700
The ultimate test of this 
conviction was imminent, as the 

5649
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:41,900
mid-fifth century approached 
ominous Tiding, spread across 

5650
04:58:41,900 --> 04:58:46,400
the Alps, a storm was gathering 
in the north, the Huns led by a 

5651
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:48,200
warlord whose name was already 
spoken. 

5652
04:58:48,200 --> 04:58:50,100
In dread Whispers, were on the 
move. 

5653
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:53,900
Unbeknownst to Leo. 
Destiny was steering him. 

5654
04:58:53,900 --> 04:58:57,500
Toward a singular role, not only
as a teacher and Shepherd of 

5655
04:58:57,500 --> 04:58:59,900
souls. 
But as Rome's, protector in its 

5656
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:03,300
Darkest Hour, the stage was set 
for an encounter that would 

5657
04:59:03,300 --> 04:59:06,600
ReSound Through the Ages and the
humble Decon turned. 

5658
04:59:06,600 --> 04:59:09,800
Pope would soon be called upon 
to save an Empire, Pope Leo. 

5659
04:59:09,800 --> 04:59:12,500
The first was solidifying, his 
Spiritual Authority, while the 

5660
04:59:12,500 --> 04:59:15,600
Western Roman Empire around him,
was on the verge of collapse. 

5661
04:59:16,300 --> 04:59:19,400
By the mid 5th Century. 
Rome's Dominion, a trunk to a 

5662
04:59:19,400 --> 04:59:22,900
pathetic core little more than 
Italy and part of Gaul 

5663
04:59:22,900 --> 04:59:24,700
observers, noted of the western 
Realm. 

5664
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:28,500
The Grandeur of Caesar and 
Augustus was now a ghost haunted

5665
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:32,100
crumbling walls gone with a rich
provinces of North Africa? 

5666
04:59:32,100 --> 04:59:35,400
The vandals had seized Carthage.
Inn 439. 

5667
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:40,000
Cutting off Rome's, critical 
grain Supply Spanner and Gall 

5668
04:59:40,000 --> 04:59:42,900
were carved up by visigothic and
burgundy and King's who paid 

5669
04:59:42,900 --> 04:59:44,900
only token respect to the 
emperor. 

5670
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:48,500
A cross the sea. 
Britannia once a Roman diocese's

5671
04:59:48,500 --> 04:59:51,200
was abandoned to Wild 
Anglo-Saxon Warlords. 

5672
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:55,000
The Western Empire in Leo's time
was essentially an Italian 

5673
04:59:55,000 --> 04:59:58,400
Kingdom struggling to survive. 
Its Frontiers pressed on all 

5674
04:59:58,400 --> 05:00:01,700
sides by so called barbarians 
and its treasury drained. 

5675
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:06,000
City of Rome itself though. 
Still symbolically powerful was 

5676
05:00:06,000 --> 05:00:07,600
a mere shadow of its former 
self. 

5677
05:00:07,600 --> 05:00:11,500
The Imperial Court had long 
since relocated to Ravenna a 

5678
05:00:11,500 --> 05:00:15,700
marsh Gert City easier to defend
in Rome ancient monuments 

5679
05:00:15,700 --> 05:00:19,100
decayed even as new churches, 
Rose the populace, much 

5680
05:00:19,100 --> 05:00:22,400
diminished from a century ago 
lived in uneasy suspense 

5681
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:25,800
memories of the Visigoths sack 
of 410 still lingered like a 

5682
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:28,900
national trauma. 
Elderly Romans could recall the 

5683
05:00:28,900 --> 05:00:31,700
horror and Alex goth's. 
Breached the walls and looted, 

5684
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:35,500
the Eternal City for three days.
The cycle scar had not healed. 

5685
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:40,000
Now, four decades later rumors 
spread that even Fierce enemy 

5686
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:43,300
was approaching Italy's borders,
children, heard frightening, 

5687
05:00:43,300 --> 05:00:46,200
tales of the Hun with his 
ruthless Horsemen and felt their

5688
05:00:46,208 --> 05:00:49,800
parents anxiety. 
Many asked was history repeating

5689
05:00:49,800 --> 05:00:51,900
itself or Worse? 
Was this? 

5690
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:54,800
The end of Roman last? 
In the Palaces of Ravenna 

5691
05:00:54,800 --> 05:00:57,300
Emperor. 
Valentinian the third reigned in

5692
05:00:57,308 --> 05:01:01,300
name, but real power was 
precariously, balanced, the true

5693
05:01:01,300 --> 05:01:05,400
strongman was flavius atheist. 
The Magister militum master of 

5694
05:01:05,400 --> 05:01:08,800
soldiers famed for both his 
cunning and his controversial. 

5695
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:12,800
Alliance's had spent his youth 
as a hostage among the Huns even

5696
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:15,700
befriending their leaders 
hardened by that experience. 

5697
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:18,400
He knew Rome could not fight. 
All its enemies at once. 

5698
05:01:19,300 --> 05:01:23,000
With grim pragmatism Etc deals 
with some barbarians to fight 

5699
05:01:23,008 --> 05:01:26,500
others in 437. 
He formed an alliance with the 

5700
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:28,900
tiller's. 
Huns to demolish, The Burgundian

5701
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:33,300
Kingdom and Gaul eradicating it 
from its core Western Rome was 

5702
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,400
forced to play A desperate game 
of divided at impera, in order 

5703
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:40,500
to survive, by the late 4440 
80s, managed to fragile 

5704
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:44,000
Coalition, holding Gaul against 
the Visigoths and Italy against 

5705
05:01:44,000 --> 05:01:46,900
the ostrogoths. 
But the Huns, once his 

5706
05:01:46,900 --> 05:01:49,900
occasional allies were becoming 
an Ever greater threat. 

5707
05:01:50,800 --> 05:01:52,600
Easiest new attila's character 
too. 

5708
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:55,500
Well, the Hun King's Ambitions 
had no limit. 

5709
05:01:56,600 --> 05:01:59,800
The cultural fabric of the 
empire was also fraying the old 

5710
05:01:59,808 --> 05:02:03,200
Pagan aristocracy had mostly 
bowed to Christianity but not 

5711
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:06,100
always sincerely. 
Some clung to classical 

5712
05:02:06,100 --> 05:02:08,800
traditions and nostalgic dreams 
of Rome's passed. 

5713
05:02:08,800 --> 05:02:12,300
While the new reality a 
Christian Empire fighting for 

5714
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:16,500
its life, demanded a different 
ethos In this atmosphere 

5715
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:20,100
spiritual interpretations of 
Rome's, Misfortune flourished, 

5716
05:02:20,100 --> 05:02:24,300
many Christian Romans Leo, among
them viewed, the successive 

5717
05:02:24,300 --> 05:02:26,700
calamities as Divine 
chastisement for the Empire's 

5718
05:02:26,700 --> 05:02:29,800
sins. 
Was God using Barbarian Invaders

5719
05:02:29,800 --> 05:02:33,800
as a scourged to Humble Rome? 
The question was pondered in 

5720
05:02:33,800 --> 05:02:36,900
sermons and letters decades 
earlier sent Augustine had 

5721
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:39,700
written the city of God. 
After the 410 Sac explaining 

5722
05:02:39,700 --> 05:02:41,700
that Earthly Empires rise and 
fall. 

5723
05:02:41,700 --> 05:02:45,000
While the city of God endures 
Now, Augustine was gone. 

5724
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:48,900
He died in 4:30 as vandals 
besieged, his city of Hippo, but

5725
05:02:48,900 --> 05:02:51,600
his ideas lived on Pope Leo 
steeped. 

5726
05:02:51,600 --> 05:02:54,700
In such theology urged. 
His flock not to lose faith. 

5727
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:57,900
If the empire was crumbling 
perhaps it was all the more 

5728
05:02:57,900 --> 05:03:01,000
urgent to uphold Christian 
virtue in Unity by 4:50. 

5729
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:05,200
The Western Court was Rife with 
Intrigue and insecurity, Emperor

5730
05:03:05,200 --> 05:03:08,500
valentinian, never a strong 
ruler who was dominated first by

5731
05:03:08,500 --> 05:03:12,700
his formidable mother Galla 
placidia, And then by 80s. 

5732
05:03:13,400 --> 05:03:17,000
With placidia death in 450 and 
the empress owned, sister 

5733
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:21,000
Aurora, embroiled in Scandal, 
she had secretly appealed to 

5734
05:03:21,008 --> 05:03:23,400
Attila for help escaping an 
arranged marriage. 

5735
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:26,900
Offering him her hand and half 
the Empire as Dowry. 

5736
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:30,900
The dynasty itself seemed to 
teach her, When reports came 

5737
05:03:30,900 --> 05:03:34,000
that attard considered an 
Orioles plea and was mustering 

5738
05:03:34,000 --> 05:03:36,800
his forces. 
Panic swept, the Italian Elite 

5739
05:03:37,800 --> 05:03:40,700
tillers reputation as the 
scourge of God proceeded him. 

5740
05:03:41,400 --> 05:03:44,000
He'd already bullied the Eastern
Empire to paying enormous 

5741
05:03:44,000 --> 05:03:47,200
tribute and now we cast his 
Covetous gaze Westwood. 

5742
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:52,100
In the spring of 4:51, Attila 
marched into Gaul, The Showdown 

5743
05:03:52,100 --> 05:03:56,400
came on the catalani and planes 
near chalons their etios joined 

5744
05:03:56,400 --> 05:04:00,600
by Roman troops in various 
Federate allies Visigoths Franks

5745
05:04:00,600 --> 05:04:04,200
confronted the Huns in one of 
Antiquities great battles. 

5746
05:04:05,100 --> 05:04:08,900
Fight was brutal and indecisive 
attila's Advance was halted but 

5747
05:04:08,900 --> 05:04:12,800
not decisively crushed. 
Corpses, littered the plane and 

5748
05:04:12,800 --> 05:04:16,600
the visigothic King was slain in
The Fray but Attila lived to 

5749
05:04:16,600 --> 05:04:19,400
fight another day. 
The Battle of shallots instead 

5750
05:04:19,400 --> 05:04:22,800
of a clear Roman Victory, 
resulted in a pirates stalemate,

5751
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:26,100
that left the hunnic. 
Horde battered yet intact, Gaul 

5752
05:04:26,100 --> 05:04:27,500
had taken the brunt of attila's 
Roth. 

5753
05:04:27,500 --> 05:04:30,900
Giving Italy a moment of relief 
but the respite was fleeting. 

5754
05:04:31,700 --> 05:04:35,100
Late in Fall of 51 as winter 
fell and settling news reached 

5755
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:39,100
Rome Attila had regrouped. 
His forces beyond the outs, the 

5756
05:04:39,100 --> 05:04:42,500
Hun was far from Finnish. 
In fact, he was in raged it, 

5757
05:04:42,500 --> 05:04:45,100
thwarted his campaigning Gaul 
leaving his appetite for 

5758
05:04:45,100 --> 05:04:49,000
Conquest unsated Nori's offers, 
still stood as a convenient 

5759
05:04:49,000 --> 05:04:51,900
pretext. 
In attila's mine, the Dowry, he 

5760
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:55,300
demanded half of the Western 
Empire remained unpaid. 

5761
05:04:56,200 --> 05:04:59,200
Early the next year Scouts and 
refugees brought terrifying. 

5762
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:03,100
Reports Attila was Crossing into
Italy city after City. 

5763
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:06,000
In the northern provinces was 
falling to Fire and sword. 

5764
05:05:06,700 --> 05:05:10,800
The Specter that had loomed so 
long was now at hand, Rome's 

5765
05:05:10,800 --> 05:05:14,200
Darkest, Hour was approaching, 
even as its secular might was at

5766
05:05:14,200 --> 05:05:17,800
its weakest, the people's hopes 
increasingly turned to prayer. 

5767
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:21,500
And to the unassuming figure of 
Pope, Leo, whose courage and 

5768
05:05:21,500 --> 05:05:25,300
Faith would soon be tested as 
never before in the Gathering of

5769
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,600
the 450s Pope Leo. 
The first emerged as more than a

5770
05:05:28,600 --> 05:05:31,600
religious leader, he became the 
soul of a Dying Empire. 

5771
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:34,600
While Legions faltered and 
Emperor's dithered. 

5772
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:38,900
Leo, provided a different kind 
of strength, one rooted in faith

5773
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:41,900
and moral conviction. 
He often preached that Earthly 

5774
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:44,800
turmoils were transient but the 
spiritual battle for 

5775
05:05:44,800 --> 05:05:48,500
righteousness was eternal. 
Leo's unwavering faith in the 

5776
05:05:48,500 --> 05:05:51,100
unique function of his position 
fueled his confidence. 

5777
05:05:52,000 --> 05:05:55,200
As Bishop of Rome, he saw 
himself as a to Saint Peter. 

5778
05:05:55,200 --> 05:05:58,600
The Apostle Christ to charge 
with feeding his sheep. 

5779
05:05:59,500 --> 05:06:01,300
To Leo. 
The task was no mere on 

5780
05:06:01,300 --> 05:06:03,900
horrific. 
It was a living mandate in one 

5781
05:06:03,900 --> 05:06:06,100
letter. 
He wrote to deny the authority 

5782
05:06:06,100 --> 05:06:09,000
of the chair of Peter is to 
question the very foundation of 

5783
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:11,600
the church. 
He strove to live up to that 

5784
05:06:11,600 --> 05:06:13,600
High Calling convinced that in 
his leadership. 

5785
05:06:13,600 --> 05:06:17,700
The voice of the Apostles, 
echoed a new this conviction was

5786
05:06:17,700 --> 05:06:22,700
dramatically Vindicated in 451 
at the great Council of Church 

5787
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:25,700
Synod convened. 
Far to the east in Asia Minor to

5788
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:28,300
settle a theological crisis, 
Leo. 

5789
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:30,600
Could not attend in person 
troubles, in the west kept him 

5790
05:06:30,608 --> 05:06:33,700
in Rome, but he sent leggett's 
bearing, a document to authored,

5791
05:06:33,700 --> 05:06:37,900
the famous Tome of Leo, This 
Tome clearly defined, the Dual 

5792
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:41,400
nature of Christ, both fully God
and fully man, and was intended 

5793
05:06:41,400 --> 05:06:43,000
to guide. 
The council fathers, out of 

5794
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:46,700
contentious debate, As the 
Assembly of Bishops read Leo's 

5795
05:06:46,700 --> 05:06:49,300
words allowed a sudden Unity 
swept the hall. 

5796
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:52,900
According to the council 
records, the Bishops cried out 

5797
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:55,000
in unison. 
This is the faith of the 

5798
05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:57,600
father's Peter's spoken thus 
through Leo. 

5799
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:01,100
In that acclimation Leo's 
Authority was a film to an 

5800
05:07:01,100 --> 05:07:04,300
almost mystical way. 
It was as if some Peter himself 

5801
05:07:04,300 --> 05:07:08,600
had stood among the teaching 
through Leo's voice The Roman 

5802
05:07:08,600 --> 05:07:12,600
Pope's stature sword. 
He was now revered as Leo, the 

5803
05:07:12,600 --> 05:07:16,300
great a pillar of Orthodoxy and 
a figure of international renown

5804
05:07:17,000 --> 05:07:19,900
for Leo, personally, it was 
confirmation that his leadership

5805
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:24,700
carried not just human approval,
but Divine sanction, Back in 

5806
05:07:24,708 --> 05:07:27,800
Romeo leveraged this moral 
authority to bolster the city's 

5807
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:30,100
resolved. 
He preached frequently to his 

5808
05:07:30,100 --> 05:07:34,100
flock tailoring, his message to 
the tumultuous time in homilies,

5809
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:37,500
he called The Invasion threats a
test of faith drawing on 

5810
05:07:37,500 --> 05:07:41,200
scripture, he liked and Rome to 
the biblical of her, a mighty 

5811
05:07:41,200 --> 05:07:43,700
City that could be spared from 
destruction, if its people 

5812
05:07:43,700 --> 05:07:47,800
repented and turned to God. 
Urged public fasting and prayer 

5813
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:49,300
vigils. 
And it was said that the 

5814
05:07:49,300 --> 05:07:51,800
churches were filled day and 
night with supplicants crying 

5815
05:07:51,800 --> 05:07:54,900
for deliverance. 
The pope himself LED processions

5816
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:58,000
through the streets venerating 
relics of saints and imploring, 

5817
05:07:58,000 --> 05:08:00,400
Heavenly Aid to avert, The 
Scourge approaching Italy. 

5818
05:08:01,100 --> 05:08:03,400
To a population. 
Frightened by news of flaming 

5819
05:08:03,400 --> 05:08:06,100
towns in the north Leo's, calm 
and Resolute presence was a 

5820
05:08:06,108 --> 05:08:09,100
godsend. 
He told them, Muir God did not 

5821
05:08:09,108 --> 05:08:13,300
abandon Jonah's Nineveh. 
Norway abandoned Rome seat of 

5822
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:16,100
his Apostles. 
Such words gave hope to the 

5823
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:19,500
Hopeless Leo's influence 
extended, even into the Imperial

5824
05:08:19,500 --> 05:08:23,200
Palace. when Emperor valentinian
the third and his court 

5825
05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:26,000
vacillated on how to deal with 
attila's impending Onslaught 

5826
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:30,200
Leo, did not hesitate to offer 
counsel, Some accounts suggested

5827
05:08:30,200 --> 05:08:32,500
it was Leo who volunteered to 
personally meet the Hun. 

5828
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:36,500
A proposal that stunned the 
Imperial advisors others. 

5829
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:39,700
Say the idea originated from the
Emperor who realized that no 

5830
05:08:39,700 --> 05:08:42,700
general or Diplomat have the 
gravitas to face Attila on equal

5831
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:47,100
terms whereas the saintly Bishop
of Rome just might Regardless, 

5832
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:50,700
by the beginning of 452, 
everyone's attention was focused

5833
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:53,000
on Leo. 
Possibly the sole individual 

5834
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:55,000
capable of saving Rome from the 
abyss. 

5835
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:58,500
It was a heavy burden for a man 
of the cloth yet Leo. 

5836
05:08:58,500 --> 05:09:01,400
Prepared to shoulder it with the
same sense of Duty that had 

5837
05:09:01,400 --> 05:09:04,300
guided him all along. 
There was a profound symbolism 

5838
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,400
in Leo stepping forward. 
Here was a representative of 

5839
05:09:07,400 --> 05:09:10,700
Spiritual Authority, confronting
the might of worldly violence. 

5840
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:13,600
The Clash was not simply between
a pope and a warlord. 

5841
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:17,400
But between two World Views, one
of Faith, mercy and moral 

5842
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,600
suasion, and another of 
Conquest, fear and raw power 

5843
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,000
Leo. 
Understood this in Quiet Moments

5844
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:27,300
of prayer before his departure, 
he surely reflected on the 

5845
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:30,800
trials of parsley of the church,
he prayed at the tomb of Saint 

5846
05:09:30,800 --> 05:09:33,600
Peter in the Vatican, Basilica 
seeking courage. 

5847
05:09:34,300 --> 05:09:36,000
Tradition holds that Leo had a 
vision. 

5848
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,800
Their hearing the words. 
Peace be with you. 

5849
05:09:38,800 --> 05:09:42,700
I am with you as if spoken by 
Peter or an angel. 

5850
05:09:43,800 --> 05:09:46,600
Empowered by this. 
Reassurance, Leo arose, 

5851
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:50,100
determined to act. 
If Attila was indeed a Scourge 

5852
05:09:50,100 --> 05:09:52,700
Center's punishment, then, Leo 
would be the intercessor. 

5853
05:09:52,700 --> 05:09:56,100
Pleading for mercy on Rome's, 
behalf, the new Moses before the

5854
05:09:56,100 --> 05:09:59,400
Pharaoh or a David against 
Goliath armed only with faith. 

5855
05:10:00,400 --> 05:10:04,300
By the spring of 452, attila's 
forces had stormed into Northern

5856
05:10:04,300 --> 05:10:07,900
Italy and panic gripped. 
The land Emperor. 

5857
05:10:07,900 --> 05:10:10,800
Valentinian remained safely, 
behind ravenna's walls and 

5858
05:10:10,800 --> 05:10:13,600
general atheists lacking, an 
Army Strong Enough after the 

5859
05:10:13,600 --> 05:10:15,500
gaulish campaign could do 
little. 

5860
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:19,700
It was in this vacuum of secular
leadership that Leo's moment 

5861
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,000
arrived. 
The pope gathered a small 

5862
05:10:22,008 --> 05:10:25,000
delegation to accompany him 
among them, the former console 

5863
05:10:25,000 --> 05:10:29,900
Canadians and the ex prefect. 
Memos try gets distressed Romans

5864
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:31,700
who lent political weight to the
Embassy. 

5865
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:34,100
But there was no question who 
led it. 

5866
05:10:35,000 --> 05:10:37,100
Dressed, not in armor, but in 
simple clerical. 

5867
05:10:37,100 --> 05:10:39,400
Robes. 
Leo, set out Northwood 

5868
05:10:39,400 --> 05:10:42,000
determined to confront the 
unconfirm. 

5869
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:45,800
As he left the gates of Rome 
citizens, wept and cheered him 

5870
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:48,600
in equal measure. 
Praying for his success fearing 

5871
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:51,700
for his safety. 
Behind him trailed an austere 

5872
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:55,300
retina of priests and deacons 
carrying holy relics and perhaps

5873
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:58,600
gifts for the hunting. 
It was an unprecedented sight. 

5874
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:02,100
The Vicar of Christ riding forth
to meet the terror of the world.

5875
05:11:02,900 --> 05:11:06,600
The sun baked Italian roads 
ahead were uncertain, but Leo's 

5876
05:11:06,600 --> 05:11:10,200
purpose was clear in his heart 
burned, both the courage of a 

5877
05:11:10,200 --> 05:11:11,800
lion and the compassion of a 
shepherd. 

5878
05:11:12,600 --> 05:11:15,800
Whatever happened on this 
journey Rome's fate and Leos 

5879
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:18,600
Legacy would forever intertwined
on that fateful day. 

5880
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:22,300
When Faith stood face-to-face 
with Fury while Leo Advance. 

5881
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:24,600
North Attila the Hun drove his 
War. 

5882
05:11:24,600 --> 05:11:27,900
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

5883
05:11:27,900 --> 05:11:30,200
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

5884
05:11:30,200 --> 05:11:32,600
attila's world a world of vast 
open. 

5885
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:37,300
The vast steps echoed with 
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a

5886
05:11:37,300 --> 05:11:39,400
destiny, forged in Blood and 
superstition. 

5887
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:42,400
Attila was no ordinary, 
Barbarian Chieftain. 

5888
05:11:42,400 --> 05:11:48,400
He styled himself as something 
far grander, even Cosmic Alleged

5889
05:11:48,400 --> 05:11:51,700
circulated among his people that
are sacred weapon had fallen 

5890
05:11:51,700 --> 05:11:54,400
into attila's hands. 
The sword of Mars. 

5891
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:56,800
A humble Shepherd, the story 
went. 

5892
05:11:57,800 --> 05:12:01,400
Discovered, an ornate sword in a
field, revealed by the blood of 

5893
05:12:01,408 --> 05:12:04,600
Olympic heifer. 
He presented it to Attila who 

5894
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:08,000
exalted in the fine. 
Believing it a gift from the war

5895
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:11,900
God who wrote Romans identified 
as Mars Attila took it as a sign

5896
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:14,800
of divine favor. 
He thought he'd been appointed 

5897
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:17,800
ruler of the whole world and 
that through the sword of Mars 

5898
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:19,700
who premacy and all wars was 
assured to him. 

5899
05:12:20,700 --> 05:12:23,200
So write to the historian, 
Jordan is echoing. 

5900
05:12:23,200 --> 05:12:26,300
The accounts of attila's 
contemporaries armed with this 

5901
05:12:26,300 --> 05:12:30,100
Talisman and unshakable 
self-confidence Attila saw 

5902
05:12:30,100 --> 05:12:32,000
himself as an instrument of 
Godly Wrath. 

5903
05:12:32,700 --> 05:12:36,900
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 
Indeed, later Romans would call 

5904
05:12:36,900 --> 05:12:41,000
him flagellum day, the scourge 
of God believing that he was a 

5905
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:42,500
punishment for the sins of human
kind. 

5906
05:12:43,300 --> 05:12:46,500
Under attila's command, the 
hunnic Empire reached its Zenith

5907
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:49,500
from The Plains of Hungary 
across the Danube and into 

5908
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:54,400
Germany United, a confederation 
of Huns, Alan's ostrogoths and 

5909
05:12:54,400 --> 05:12:56,100
other tribes through Charisma 
and fear. 

5910
05:12:56,100 --> 05:13:00,000
He became Soul, ruler in 445 
after allegedly murdering his 

5911
05:13:00,000 --> 05:13:02,200
brother. 
Blair, an act, that removed the 

5912
05:13:02,200 --> 05:13:06,300
last check on his power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 

5913
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:09,400
also a shrewd strategist. 
He realized that Brute Force 

5914
05:13:09,400 --> 05:13:12,700
alone wouldn't sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy in 

5915
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:14,800
psychological warfare were 
equally potent. 

5916
05:13:16,000 --> 05:13:19,600
Throughout the 440s Attila 
alternated, devastating military

5917
05:13:19,600 --> 05:13:22,000
campaigns with calculated 
negotiations. 

5918
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:25,600
He extorted the Eastern Roman 
Empire for gold year after year.

5919
05:13:25,600 --> 05:13:30,500
First 700 pounds then 2100 
pounds annually, after he 

5920
05:13:30,500 --> 05:13:34,100
battered their armies in 447 
Eastern Emperor. 

5921
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:37,700
Theodosius the second preferred 
paying off the Huns to facing 

5922
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:39,800
them. 
In battle a policy that enriched

5923
05:13:39,800 --> 05:13:42,500
tiller immensely by the year 
450. 

5924
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:44,100
Attila's. 
Treasuries were brimming with 

5925
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,000
tribute and his Warriors had 
gained, seasoned experienced 

5926
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:50,700
from numerous skirmishes and 
sieges despite ruling over such 

5927
05:13:50,700 --> 05:13:53,000
wealth. 
Attila led a simple life by 

5928
05:13:53,000 --> 05:13:58,200
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 
Roman envoys who visited his 

5929
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:00,500
encampment were astonished by 
his austerity. 

5930
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:03,600
The historian priscus who dined 
with the tiller during a 

5931
05:14:03,608 --> 05:14:06,700
diplomatic Mission recorded. 
That, while lavish food on 

5932
05:14:06,700 --> 05:14:09,800
Silver platters, was served to 
guests, Attila himself in 

5933
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:12,800
nothing, but meat offer. 
Wooden trencher he drank from a 

5934
05:14:12,800 --> 05:14:15,000
wooden cup, whereas his 
Lieutenant sipped wine from 

5935
05:14:15,000 --> 05:14:18,600
gleaming goblets of gold. his 
clothes were plain and clean 

5936
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:22,500
devoid of the jewels that 
adorned other Chiefs Such 

5937
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:24,900
discipline, both impressed and 
unnerved the Romans. 

5938
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:27,600
It's suggested a man of 
unwavering determination 

5939
05:14:27,600 --> 05:14:32,100
unaffected by decadence or 
distraction, a leader capable of

5940
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:35,200
instilling unwavering loyalty by
empathizing with the struggles 

5941
05:14:35,200 --> 05:14:38,400
of his followers. 
Attila also had a Mercurial 

5942
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:40,200
temper and could be mercilessly 
cruel. 

5943
05:14:40,200 --> 05:14:43,500
But he tempered Terror with 
moments of calculated Mercy or 

5944
05:14:43,500 --> 05:14:46,100
humor keeping even his closest 
followers guessing. 

5945
05:14:47,200 --> 05:14:49,700
Patillas worldview was steeped 
in Omen and prophecy. 

5946
05:14:50,400 --> 05:14:53,300
Priscus noted that Attila 
consulted seers and believed in 

5947
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:57,100
predictions about his lineage. 
One prophecy purportedly, left 

5948
05:14:57,100 --> 05:15:00,400
him momentarily. 
Somber it foretold that disaster

5949
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:05,000
would eventually befall the Huns
not in his lifetime but such 

5950
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:07,900
dark musings were rare more 
often. 

5951
05:15:07,900 --> 05:15:10,500
Attila projected, absolute 
confidence in his divinely, 

5952
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:14,300
sanctioned mission of Conquest, 
even co-opted Romijn Mystique 

5953
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,500
for his ends. 
A chilling tale from Milan 

5954
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:20,600
illustrates this. 
When Attila captured that proud 

5955
05:15:20,600 --> 05:15:24,500
Italian city in 452, he came 
across a fresco in the palace 

5956
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,100
that depicted past Roman 
emperors Seated on the throne, 

5957
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:30,300
which triumphed over the 
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 

5958
05:15:30,300 --> 05:15:33,200
prostrate of their feet. 
Conveying a sense of Imperial 

5959
05:15:33,200 --> 05:15:38,100
arrogant, The scene of Imperial 
arrogance in Rage him Attila 

5960
05:15:38,100 --> 05:15:40,900
immediately summoned an artist 
and ordered a new mural painted.

5961
05:15:41,700 --> 05:15:44,500
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5962
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:48,200
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

5963
05:15:48,200 --> 05:15:51,700
bags of gold in tribute, Grim 
satisfaction. 

5964
05:15:51,700 --> 05:15:55,900
A tiller essentially declared 
his reversal of Fortune Rome's 

5965
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:58,800
days of Victory were over. 
It was now The Barbarians turned

5966
05:15:58,800 --> 05:16:01,300
to rule. 
Whether or not the story is 

5967
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:03,200
apocryphal that captures, 
attila's mindset. 

5968
05:16:03,200 --> 05:16:07,000
He was deliberately crafted an 
image to Romans and to his 

5969
05:16:07,000 --> 05:16:10,700
people that the Hun was the new 
Master of the world and roams 

5970
05:16:10,700 --> 05:16:14,200
proud Eagles would bow to the 
rider of the steps while Leo 

5971
05:16:14,200 --> 05:16:16,900
Advance North Attila the Hun 
drove his War. 

5972
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:20,300
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

5973
05:16:20,300 --> 05:16:22,400
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

5974
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:27,600
his world, a world of vast open,
The vast steps echoed with 

5975
05:16:27,600 --> 05:16:31,000
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a
destiny, forged in Blood and 

5976
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:33,800
Superstition. 
Attila was no ordinary, 

5977
05:16:33,800 --> 05:16:36,800
Barbarian Chieftain. 
He styled himself as something 

5978
05:16:36,800 --> 05:16:42,500
far grander, even Cosmic Legend 
circulated among his people that

5979
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:45,200
are sacred weapon had fallen 
into attila's hands. 

5980
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:49,100
The sword of Mars. 
Humble Shepherd, the story went.

5981
05:16:49,900 --> 05:16:53,800
Discovered, an ornate sword in a
field, revealed by the blood of 

5982
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:56,900
Olympic heifer. 
He presented it to a tiller who 

5983
05:16:56,900 --> 05:17:00,100
exalted in the fine. 
Believing it a gift from the 

5984
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:02,200
war. 
God who Romans identified as 

5985
05:17:02,200 --> 05:17:05,100
Mars Attila took it as a sign of
divine favor. 

5986
05:17:05,100 --> 05:17:08,800
He thought he'd been appointed 
ruler of the whole world and 

5987
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,500
that through the sword of Mars 
Supremacy and all wars was 

5988
05:17:11,500 --> 05:17:14,100
assured to him. 
So write to the historian, 

5989
05:17:14,100 --> 05:17:16,800
Jordan is echoing. 
The accounts of attila's 

5990
05:17:16,800 --> 05:17:20,300
contemporaries armed with this 
Talisman and unshakable 

5991
05:17:20,300 --> 05:17:23,600
self-confidence Attila saw 
himself as an instrument of 

5992
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:26,300
Godly Wrath. 
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 

5993
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:31,600
Indeed, later Romans would call 
him flagellum day, the scourge 

5994
05:17:31,600 --> 05:17:34,500
of God believing that he was a 
punishment for the sins of human

5995
05:17:34,500 --> 05:17:38,800
kind under attila's command, the
hunnic Empire reached its Zenith

5996
05:17:38,800 --> 05:17:41,800
from The Plains of Hungary 
across the Danube and into 

5997
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:46,800
Germany United, a confederation 
of Huns, Alan's ostrogoths and 

5998
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:48,400
other tribes through Charisma 
and fear. 

5999
05:17:48,400 --> 05:17:52,300
He became Soul, ruler in 445 
after allegedly murdering his 

6000
05:17:52,300 --> 05:17:55,300
brother bleda, an act, that 
removed the last check on his 

6001
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:58,600
power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila, was 

6002
05:17:58,600 --> 05:18:01,800
also a shrewd strategist. 
He realized that Brute Force 

6003
05:18:01,800 --> 05:18:04,700
alone would not sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 

6004
05:18:04,700 --> 05:18:07,200
Encyclical Warfare were equally 
potent. 

6005
05:18:08,300 --> 05:18:11,900
Throughout the 440s Attila 
alternated, devastating military

6006
05:18:11,900 --> 05:18:14,300
campaigns with calculated 
negotiations. 

6007
05:18:14,300 --> 05:18:17,900
Extorted the Eastern Roman 
Empire for gold year after year.

6008
05:18:17,900 --> 05:18:21,900
First 700 pounds then 2100 
pounds annually. 

6009
05:18:21,900 --> 05:18:26,400
After he battered their armies 
in 447 Eastern Emperor. 

6010
05:18:26,400 --> 05:18:30,100
Theodosius the second preferred 
paying off the Huns to face them

6011
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:34,200
in battle a policy that enriched
tiller immensely by the year 

6012
05:18:34,200 --> 05:18:35,500
450. 
Attila's. 

6013
05:18:35,500 --> 05:18:38,100
Treasuries were brimming with 
tribute and his Warriors had 

6014
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:40,600
gained, seasoned experienced 
from numerous skirmishes and 

6015
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:43,300
sieges despite ruling over such 
wealth. 

6016
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:47,600
Attila led a simple life by 
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 

6017
05:18:49,100 --> 05:18:52,100
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

6018
05:18:52,100 --> 05:18:55,100
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

6019
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:57,700
with the tiller during a 
diplomatic Mission recorded 

6020
05:18:57,700 --> 05:19:00,500
that, while lavish food on 
Silver platters was served to 

6021
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:02,500
guests. 
Attila himself ate nothing but 

6022
05:19:02,500 --> 05:19:04,900
meat off. 
A wooden trencher he drank from 

6023
05:19:04,900 --> 05:19:07,800
a wooden cup whereas his lift 
tennis to wine from gleaming 

6024
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:10,900
goblets of gold. 
His clothes were plain and clean

6025
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:14,700
devoid of the jewels. 
That adorned are the Chiefs such

6026
05:19:14,700 --> 05:19:17,200
discipline, both impressed and 
unnerved the Romans. 

6027
05:19:17,200 --> 05:19:21,400
It suggested a man of unwavering
determination unaffected by 

6028
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:24,800
decadence or distraction, a 
leader capable of instilling 

6029
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:27,600
unwavering loyalty by 
empathizing with the struggles 

6030
05:19:27,600 --> 05:19:30,700
of his followers. 
Attila also had a Mercurial 

6031
05:19:30,700 --> 05:19:34,000
Tempo and could be mercilessly 
cruel but he tempered Terror 

6032
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:37,100
with moments of calculated Mercy
or humor keeping even his 

6033
05:19:37,100 --> 05:19:40,800
closest followers guessing. 
Attila's worldview was steeped 

6034
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:44,100
in Oman and prophecy. 
Friskis noted that Attila 

6035
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,100
consulted, Sears and believed in
predictions about his lineage. 

6036
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:50,300
One prophecy purportedly, left 
him momentarily. 

6037
05:19:50,300 --> 05:19:54,200
Somber it foretold that disaster
would eventually befall the Huns

6038
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:59,100
not in his lifetime, but such 
dark musings were rare. 

6039
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:02,300
More often a tiller projected, 
absolute confidence in his 

6040
05:20:02,300 --> 05:20:04,200
Divine Lee sanctioned mission of
Conquest. 

6041
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:07,500
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 
for his ends. 

6042
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:10,700
A chilling tale from Milan 
illustrates this. 

6043
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:15,400
When Attila captured that proud 
Italian city in 4502, he came 

6044
05:20:15,408 --> 05:20:18,200
across a fresco in the palace 
that depicted past Roman 

6045
05:20:18,200 --> 05:20:21,100
emperors Seated on the throne 
which triumphed over the 

6046
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:23,600
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 
prostrated at their feet. 

6047
05:20:23,600 --> 05:20:26,100
Conveying a sense of Imperial 
arrogant. 

6048
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:29,400
The scene of Imperial arrogance 
in raged him. 

6049
05:20:29,400 --> 05:20:32,700
Attila immediately summoned an 
artist and ordered a new mural 

6050
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:35,300
painted. 
In this revisionist artwork, 

6051
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:38,700
Attila sat on the throne while 
cringing Roman emperors. 

6052
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:43,400
Knelt before him pouring out 
bags of gold and tribute With 

6053
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:45,700
grim satisfaction. 
A tiller essentially declared 

6054
05:20:45,700 --> 05:20:49,300
his reversal of Fortune Rome's 
days of Victory were over. 

6055
05:20:49,300 --> 05:20:51,500
It was now The Barbarians turned
to rule. 

6056
05:20:52,200 --> 05:20:54,600
Whether or not the story is 
apocryphal that captures, 

6057
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:57,700
attila's mindset. 
He was deliberately crafting an 

6058
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:01,300
image to Romans and to his 
people that the Hun was the new 

6059
05:21:01,300 --> 05:21:04,600
Master of the world and Rome's 
proud Eagles, would bow to the 

6060
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:07,900
rider of the steps. 
In the sultry, August of 4:52 

6061
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:10,600
Northern Italy. 
They crushed under the Huns 

6062
05:21:10,600 --> 05:21:14,200
heal, the Huns trampled Fields 
left Villages empty and filled 

6063
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:16,300
the air with thick smoke from 
burnt towns. 

6064
05:21:17,400 --> 05:21:20,700
Down the ancient via Emilia a 
strange procession made its way 

6065
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:22,000
against this tide of 
Destruction. 

6066
05:21:23,000 --> 05:21:26,100
Pope Leo for first mounted. 
Perhaps on a sturdy mule or 

6067
05:21:26,100 --> 05:21:29,700
horse, led a small band of 
envoys and clergy steadily 

6068
05:21:29,700 --> 05:21:33,200
Northwood, each mile brought new
evidence of attila's Wrath, 

6069
05:21:33,200 --> 05:21:37,600
charred Farms Stars refugees 
huddled by the roadside entails 

6070
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:42,300
of unspeakable, Carnage Leo's. 
Heart must have been heavy, Yeti

6071
05:21:42,300 --> 05:21:45,000
pressed on radiating. 
A calm conviction, that 

6072
05:21:45,000 --> 05:21:48,400
bewildered those who met him. 
There are accounts of peasants 

6073
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:51,500
kneeling as he passed as if 
sensing that, this man carried 

6074
05:21:51,500 --> 05:21:53,200
The Last Hope of Rome on his 
shoulders. 

6075
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:56,700
Clad in the simple, white 
garments of a bishop Leo cutting

6076
05:21:56,700 --> 05:22:00,900
in Congress on a Battlefield. 
It to the desperate Italians. 

6077
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:03,600
The sight of the unarmed Pope 
heading toward the Invader, 

6078
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:07,400
inspired a flicker of faith. 
If anyone could appeal to 

6079
05:22:07,400 --> 05:22:09,600
attila's Mercy, perhaps it was 
this saintly man. 

6080
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:13,100
Meanwhile Attila had pitched 
camp near the mincio river. 

6081
05:22:13,100 --> 05:22:16,800
Not far from where it flows. 
Into the great Poe the summer 

6082
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:19,600
heat and disease in his ranks 
urged him to conclude business 

6083
05:22:19,600 --> 05:22:22,300
quickly. 
Rome Beckham just over the 

6084
05:22:22,300 --> 05:22:24,800
horizon. 
Attila sent Scouts ahead toward 

6085
05:22:24,800 --> 05:22:28,300
the capitol who returned with 
curious news, the city's Gates 

6086
05:22:28,300 --> 05:22:30,200
were still shot. 
No Army in night. 

6087
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:33,700
Instead, a delegation of high 
ranking Romans was coming to 

6088
05:22:33,700 --> 05:22:36,200
parley. 
Attila agreed to receive the 

6089
05:22:37,000 --> 05:22:39,900
believed that a quick 
negotiation could secure both a 

6090
05:22:39,900 --> 05:22:43,600
hefty Ransom and Nori's hand, 
which would allow him to claim 

6091
05:22:43,600 --> 05:22:46,900
victory without further 
Bloodshed or perhaps he relished

6092
05:22:46,900 --> 05:22:50,100
making Rome. 
Prostrate itself either way a 

6093
05:22:50,100 --> 05:22:53,700
meeting was arranged on the open
plain Attila ordered his Water, 

6094
05:22:53,700 --> 05:22:58,000
Tent prepared with appropriate 
pomp, the hunk bustled banners 

6095
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:02,000
in blazing with dragon motifs, 
fluttered horses made and rings 

6096
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:05,300
of leather tent stretched to the
Horizon battle scarred 

6097
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:07,400
Warrior's. 
Curious about the Roman Pope 

6098
05:23:07,400 --> 05:23:09,900
gathered at a respectful 
distance when the invoice 

6099
05:23:09,900 --> 05:23:13,800
arrived. 
He came in state, Leo flanked by

6100
05:23:13,800 --> 05:23:17,400
the ex console. 
A vienes, an ex prefecture and 

6101
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:19,300
attended by a train of priests 
bearing. 

6102
05:23:19,300 --> 05:23:23,100
Processional crosses and icons. 
To attila's Warriors. 

6103
05:23:23,100 --> 05:23:27,200
The scene was a novel site 
Romans without weapons carrying 

6104
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:29,900
only strange symbols and moving 
with solemn purpose. 

6105
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:33,800
Under the bright Sky, Pope Leo, 
and Attila the Hun. 

6106
05:23:33,800 --> 05:23:37,800
Finally came face-to-face, the 
moment was historic the 

6107
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:41,600
soft-spoken, Holy Father, and 
the scourge of Nations, despite 

6108
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,700
being in his early 60s, Leo 
stood with dignified bearing, 

6109
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:48,800
Tiller. 
A middle-aged man of middling 

6110
05:23:48,800 --> 05:23:51,800
height with a man with a broad 
chest and weathered face 

6111
05:23:51,800 --> 05:23:54,100
regarded. 
The pope intently Attila was 

6112
05:23:54,108 --> 05:23:56,900
known for his habit of rolling. 
His Fierce eyes to intimidate 

6113
05:23:56,900 --> 05:23:59,800
those in front of him. 
One might imagine he attempted 

6114
05:23:59,800 --> 05:24:04,000
the same on Leo yet. 
Leo, did not flinch clad in 

6115
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:06,900
simple, robes. 
The pope met The Barbarians with

6116
05:24:06,900 --> 05:24:10,800
steady compassionate eyes and 
observer described Leo at their 

6117
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:14,500
encounter as Fearless as one 
who, trusts not in himself. 

6118
05:24:14,500 --> 05:24:18,700
Putting God Patilla who had 
terrorized tens of thousands. 

6119
05:24:18,700 --> 05:24:23,200
Now encountered a man who showed
no fear The conversation that 

6120
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:27,900
unfolded has been lost to time. 
No transcript exists but through

6121
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:31,800
various accounts and a dose of 
imagination we can reconstruct 

6122
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:35,000
its tenor. 
First the Roman envoys likely 

6123
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,900
offered formal salutations Avi 
anus experienced in. 

6124
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:42,200
Diplomacy probably spoke Attila 
most noble leader of the Huns. 

6125
05:24:42,200 --> 05:24:45,800
We come on behalf of the Senate 
and people of Rome They might 

6126
05:24:45,808 --> 05:24:49,700
have offered gifts, chests of 
gold or jeweled goblets tokens 

6127
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:54,100
of Rome's esteem or desperation.
Attila listened in patiently, 

6128
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:56,400
then Pope Leo addressed, the 
warlord. 

6129
05:24:57,900 --> 05:25:00,800
Unlike the perfume senators of 
the East who had graveled before

6130
05:25:00,800 --> 05:25:05,000
Attila in past embassies Leo's 
voice was neither fanatic or 

6131
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:07,900
cowering. 
He spoke plainly demonstrating 

6132
05:25:07,900 --> 05:25:10,900
both grave, respect and 
Authority through an interpreter

6133
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:14,400
for Attila who understood Latin 
only a little Leo appeal to 

6134
05:25:14,408 --> 05:25:17,200
humanity in the hunt. 
He acknowledged, attila's 

6135
05:25:17,200 --> 05:25:19,900
Victory is you have been the 
instrument of divine Justice 

6136
05:25:19,900 --> 05:25:22,800
punishing. 
The sins of the land such words.

6137
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:26,200
Crediting God for attila's 
Success may have intrigued the 

6138
05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:30,300
superstitious King, Leo 
continued, perhaps urging Attila

6139
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:32,700
to show Mercy now that his 
mission of chastisement was 

6140
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:35,400
fulfilled. 
He might have invoked the fate 

6141
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:37,900
of conquerors who fail to temper
Justice, with Mercy. 

6142
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:42,600
Certainly, Leo reminded a tiller
of the transients of mortal 

6143
05:25:42,600 --> 05:25:45,600
life. 
One chronicler imagined Leo 

6144
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:49,600
saying we are all Mortals O King
sooner or later we returned to 

6145
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:52,100
dust seek. 
Not the farthest spilling of 

6146
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:54,900
innocent blood but earn 
Everlasting Glory by sparing 

6147
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:58,700
Rome, Attila responded. 
Brusly one can picture his 

6148
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:02,400
scowling Visage as he listed his
demands Through The Interpreter,

6149
05:26:02,400 --> 05:26:05,900
he likely thundered, that 
honoria the imperial princess 

6150
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:08,700
who had appealed to him, he 
handed over at once with her 

6151
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:12,600
rightful inheritance, the Dowry 
he claimed He may have also 

6152
05:26:12,600 --> 05:26:16,100
demanded an annual tribute of 
gold from Rome to replace what 

6153
05:26:16,100 --> 05:26:17,600
the Eastern Empire had stopped 
paying. 

6154
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:22,200
Tiller was a managed to 
dictating terms yet, even as he 

6155
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:26,300
spoke something Nord at him here
was this unarmed priest calmly 

6156
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:29,900
rebutting the scourge of God. 
Leo answered until his demands 

6157
05:26:29,900 --> 05:26:32,000
firmly. 
The emperor could not yield his 

6158
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:36,100
sister as a bride for that 
matter was already settled, the 

6159
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:39,800
noria had been punished for her 
rash offer as for tribute Leo, 

6160
05:26:39,800 --> 05:26:43,000
likely pleaded that Italy was 
spent and ravaged there was 

6161
05:26:43,008 --> 05:26:46,300
little left to give Perhaps he 
offered what he could from the 

6162
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:49,200
church's treasury. 
Emphasizing that further 

6163
05:26:49,200 --> 05:26:52,500
Devastation would only bring 
diminishing returns, a starved 

6164
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:56,600
plague-ridden land would profit,
no conqueror as the negotiation 

6165
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:58,500
seesaw. 
Attila's temper might have 

6166
05:26:58,500 --> 05:27:01,900
flared, but each time Leo 
responded with steady reasoning 

6167
05:27:01,900 --> 05:27:06,100
and moral exaltation, He 
reminded Attila of alaric's. 

6168
05:27:06,100 --> 05:27:10,600
Fate the gotha died, soon, after
taking Rome, was it truly wise 

6169
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:12,100
to risk the same anger of 
Heaven. 

6170
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:15,500
Attila's, Pagan priests in his 
retinue exchange nervous 

6171
05:27:15,500 --> 05:27:17,700
glances. 
They too had heard the stories, 

6172
05:27:17,700 --> 05:27:22,000
The Hermit King, despite his 
bravado, felt a chill at that 

6173
05:27:22,000 --> 05:27:23,900
very moment. 
According to the later, Legend 

6174
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:28,100
miraculous Vision sealed the 
outcome Attila suddenly fell 

6175
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:31,400
silent eyes widening at a point 
above Leo's head. 

6176
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:35,900
To his astonishment, he beheld, 
what seemed to be too towering 

6177
05:27:35,900 --> 05:27:39,600
figures in the air. 
Saintly men, clad in armor, one 

6178
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:41,800
carrying a sword that blazed in 
the sunlight. 

6179
05:27:41,800 --> 05:27:46,000
The spectral Warrior's who were 
visible only to Attila glared at

6180
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:48,100
him. 
As if to say, do not touch this 

6181
05:27:48,100 --> 05:27:52,200
man or this city. 
Paul, the Deacon a writer from 

6182
05:27:52,208 --> 05:27:55,400
centuries, later would identify 
the Warrior's as the apostles 

6183
05:27:55,400 --> 05:27:58,000
Peter and Paul who had come from
Heaven to protect Rome. 

6184
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:02,000
Attila, who believed in Omens 
felt a stab of fear. 

6185
05:28:02,000 --> 05:28:06,300
Was this a Divine warning? 
Whether one credits the miracle 

6186
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:10,400
or not, something stirred in 
Attila he who had never lost a 

6187
05:28:10,400 --> 05:28:12,900
negotiated Advantage suddenly 
softened. 

6188
05:28:13,600 --> 05:28:19,100
Fierce light in his eyes dimmed.
tiller, the untamable gazed at 

6189
05:28:19,100 --> 05:28:22,400
Pope Leo's peaceful face and 
found no enemy there, only a 

6190
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:26,500
beseeching father figure In that
instant, the dynamic shifted. 

6191
05:28:27,300 --> 05:28:30,200
Attila erased a hand signaling 
an end to the debate, he 

6192
05:28:30,200 --> 05:28:33,500
announced his decision, the Huns
would withdraw, he would spare 

6193
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:36,200
Rome. 
The Roman envoys must have 

6194
05:28:36,200 --> 05:28:39,100
suppressed a deep sense of 
relief upon hearing those words.

6195
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:42,700
Terms were likely agreed upon 
perhaps a one-time payment of 

6196
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:43,900
gold. 
So certainly a promise that 

6197
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:47,200
honorius issue would be dropped.
Attila made a final 

6198
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,300
pronouncement half warning, half
concession, tell your Emperor. 

6199
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:52,300
This this piece is not 
permanent. 

6200
05:28:52,300 --> 05:28:55,700
If Rome wishes to remain safe, 
let it remember to give a 

6201
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,800
tiller. 
What is atlas It was merely a 

6202
05:28:58,800 --> 05:29:02,300
show of strength to maintain the
status quo, Leo, inclined, his 

6203
05:29:02,300 --> 05:29:03,400
head. 
Accepting the conditions, 

6204
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:05,600
whatever they were, and offered 
a blessing. 

6205
05:29:05,600 --> 05:29:10,500
The meeting was over, Attila had
yielded against all expectation.

6206
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:13,900
The Pope in his party, turned 
back toward Rome carrying the 

6207
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:16,900
almost unbelievable news behind 
them. 

6208
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:19,300
Artillery retired to his Camp 
pensive. 

6209
05:29:19,300 --> 05:29:21,800
The sun was dipping low as the 
two groups. 

6210
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:25,700
Parted ways Roman chroniclers 
later rejoiced that no sword was

6211
05:29:25,700 --> 05:29:28,200
drawn that day. 
No blood spilled. 

6212
05:29:28,200 --> 05:29:31,000
A battle had been won by words 
and faith alone. 

6213
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:34,700
Attila's chiefs were astonished 
some protested. 

6214
05:29:34,700 --> 05:29:37,600
Shall the mighty Attila? 
Be turned back by a preachers 

6215
05:29:37,600 --> 05:29:41,500
tongue. but others, those who 
knew of the worsening supplies 

6216
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:45,100
in The Whispers of plague were 
secretly glad They feared a 

6217
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:46,600
doomed. 
Assault on Rome, as much as any 

6218
05:29:46,600 --> 05:29:50,200
Roman did. 
In the privacy of his tent that 

6219
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:51,800
night. 
Attila brooded. 

6220
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:56,100
Perhaps he felt an unaccustomed 
twin of admiration for Leo or 

6221
05:29:56,100 --> 05:29:58,200
perhaps simply relief that he 
could Retreat without testing 

6222
05:29:58,200 --> 05:30:01,300
Rome's, cursed fate. 
Either way, the decision was 

6223
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:04,800
made. 
By Dawn, the hunnic banners were

6224
05:30:04,800 --> 05:30:07,500
pointed North. 
The scourge of God began his 

6225
05:30:07,500 --> 05:30:10,800
March out of Italy. 
Pope Leo, the first had a 

6226
05:30:10,800 --> 05:30:14,000
unimaginable feat. 
He gazed into the eyes of the 

6227
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:16,800
most feared man on Earth causing
him to Blink. 

6228
05:30:17,600 --> 05:30:21,800
Rome was saved at least for That
season Rafael's, famed Fresco in

6229
05:30:21,808 --> 05:30:24,500
the Vatican painted. 
Over a thousand years later 

6230
05:30:24,500 --> 05:30:29,300
dramatizes, the legend Pope Leo 
depicted Serene on Horseback 

6231
05:30:29,300 --> 05:30:32,600
raises a hand to order. 
Tiller while above the pope two 

6232
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:36,800
Warrior Saints, brandish swords 
in the sky, This artistic 

6233
05:30:36,800 --> 05:30:39,900
fantasy captures, the essence of
how contemporaries and posterity

6234
05:30:39,900 --> 05:30:43,800
viewed, the encounter, in 4:52, 
a turning point where the tide 

6235
05:30:43,800 --> 05:30:47,700
of Destruction miraculously 
halted at the gates of Romeo 

6236
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:51,300
saved, Rome on that fateful day,
near Mantua not through the use 

6237
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:53,400
of force. 
But through the strength of his 

6238
05:30:53,400 --> 05:30:56,500
character and faith, The 
aftermath of the meeting was 

6239
05:30:56,500 --> 05:31:00,300
immediate and profound as words 
sprayed that Attila had turned 

6240
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:03,200
back. 
A wave of incredulous, Joy swept

6241
05:31:03,200 --> 05:31:07,400
through Italy, in Rome, anxious 
citizens waiting for news could 

6242
05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:11,000
scarcely believe it. 
The city and their lives had 

6243
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:14,400
been spared. 
Many attributed to use this 

6244
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:17,900
entirely to divine intervention.
Thanks to Leo's sanctity. 

6245
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:22,100
The pope status reached 
unprecedented, Heights Rome 

6246
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:24,800
welcome to him back as part of a
trio, the father of the 

6247
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:28,100
Fatherland, a title. 
No humble Churchman had ever 

6248
05:31:28,100 --> 05:31:31,100
held the relief. 
Romans, truly deserve to call 

6249
05:31:31,100 --> 05:31:34,300
Leo. 
Magnus the Great Historians 

6250
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:37,900
Through the Ages have debated 
wire, tiller withdrew some near 

6251
05:31:37,900 --> 05:31:40,600
contemporary observers. 
Like the chronicler Prosper of 

6252
05:31:40,600 --> 05:31:44,300
Aquitaine insisted that it was 
Leo's personal impact on Attila 

6253
05:31:44,300 --> 05:31:47,600
that made the difference. 
That the Hun was so impressed by

6254
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:50,800
the holy man's courage and 
eloquence that he simply gave up

6255
05:31:50,800 --> 05:31:53,700
his designs. 
Another source the historian 

6256
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:57,000
priscus who knew attila's Court.
First hand offered a more 

6257
05:31:57,008 --> 05:31:59,800
pragmatic rationale. 
Attila's men were growing 

6258
05:31:59,800 --> 05:32:02,400
afraid. 
They were called how Alaric had 

6259
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:05,800
died after sacking Rome. 
And they urge to not to invite a

6260
05:32:05,800 --> 05:32:09,000
similar curse, modern Scholars 
point to Logistics and disease. 

6261
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:13,000
Indeed a later Chronicle suggest
that at that very time, plague 

6262
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:15,600
was ravaging. 
Attila's Army and supplies were 

6263
05:32:15,600 --> 05:32:18,400
running perilously low. 
While the Eastern Emperor 

6264
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:21,100
marcion had dispatched troops to
Harry's, Homeland. 

6265
05:32:22,100 --> 05:32:25,600
Surrounded by illumines sickness
and Camp hostile forces 

6266
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:28,400
Gathering elsewhere and the 
psychological weight of Rome 

6267
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,500
spiritual clout. 
Tiller likely calculated that 

6268
05:32:31,500 --> 05:32:32,900
discretion out. 
Wade, Valor. 

6269
05:32:33,400 --> 05:32:35,400
Whatever mix of motives won a 
signs. 

6270
05:32:35,400 --> 05:32:40,300
The result is indisputable 
Attila suddenly retreated and he

6271
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,300
never returned. 
The scourge of God had scourged 

6272
05:32:43,300 --> 05:32:46,300
enough Leo's. 
Triumph, however, was not a 

6273
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:48,000
permanent Deliverance in new as 
much. 

6274
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:51,700
According to ancient accounts, 
Attila sent a message upon his 

6275
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:55,000
departure threatening to return 
unless anoria handed over her 

6276
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,200
inheritance. 
Tiller made this gesture to save

6277
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:00,800
face, but in reality, he had 
lost his chance. 

6278
05:33:01,900 --> 05:33:05,900
The following year in 453 Attila
the Hun tragically passed away 

6279
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:07,200
on the eve of his latest 
wedding. 

6280
05:33:07,200 --> 05:33:10,500
Feast the legendary conqueror 
succumb, not on the battlefield 

6281
05:33:10,500 --> 05:33:13,800
but in his marital bed, 
reportedly bursting, a blood 

6282
05:33:13,808 --> 05:33:17,400
vessel and choking on his blood 
after heavy drinking His bride 

6283
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:21,300
ildiko, awoke to a corpse the 
superstitious saw Divine Justice

6284
05:33:21,300 --> 05:33:24,900
in this in glorious end with 
attila's death, the unity of the

6285
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:29,100
hunnic Empire perished, his 
son's coral and within a decade,

6286
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:31,700
the Hun ceased to be a major 
threat. 

6287
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:35,500
Roman survived. 
Attila however, the lifespan of 

6288
05:33:35,500 --> 05:33:39,800
the Western Roman Empire was 
short in 4555 just three years 

6289
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:42,400
after Leos and counter with the 
tiller Rome faced. 

6290
05:33:42,400 --> 05:33:46,600
Another deadly Menace, Ken Sarah
King of the vandals sailed his 

6291
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:48,900
Fleet from North Africa and 
landed at Austria. 

6292
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:52,600
This time there was no massive 
Barbarian host at the gates but 

6293
05:33:52,600 --> 05:33:56,200
a naval Invasion improve Allen. 
The third had been assassinated 

6294
05:33:56,200 --> 05:34:00,400
political chaos. 
Reigned once again Leo filled 

6295
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:04,500
the void unarmed and accompanied
by his clergy he went out to 

6296
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:08,100
meet Rick employing the same 
courage and moral he had with 

6297
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:10,600
the tiller, The Vandal was a 
different man. 

6298
05:34:10,600 --> 05:34:14,000
However, and negotiations 
yielded only a partial success. 

6299
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:17,700
Canceriq agreed not to burn the 
city or Massacre its 

6300
05:34:17,700 --> 05:34:20,600
inhabitants, but he would 
plunder and plunder. 

6301
05:34:20,600 --> 05:34:25,400
He did for two weeks in June 
4:55, the vandals methodically 

6302
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:29,500
looted Rome Treasures of Ages, 
the Temple of Jupiter's. 

6303
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:32,200
Gilded roof in the spoils. 
Titus had taken from Jerusalem, 

6304
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:34,400
were carted off to Vandal 
Africa. 

6305
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:37,000
Leo, could not prevent this 
humiliation. 

6306
05:34:37,900 --> 05:34:40,200
Nonetheless, even against 
begrudging restraint was 

6307
05:34:40,200 --> 05:34:43,500
attributed to Leo's influence. 
The Pope in trees, at least 

6308
05:34:43,500 --> 05:34:47,100
spare the Flames, the massive 
basilicas of Saint, Peter and 

6309
05:34:47,100 --> 05:34:49,200
Saint. 
Paul were terrified citizens had

6310
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:52,400
flocked for Sanctuary were left 
intact by hands. 

6311
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:55,700
This mitigation counted as 
another testimony to Leo's 

6312
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,200
clout. 
Once more, the secular 

6313
05:34:58,200 --> 05:35:01,700
authorities had utterly failed. 
And once more, it was Leo and 

6314
05:35:01,700 --> 05:35:05,700
Leo alone, who stood as Rome's, 
protector Pope Leo, the first 

6315
05:35:05,700 --> 05:35:08,400
lived on for a few more years 
after these tumultuous events, 

6316
05:35:08,400 --> 05:35:11,700
darling, and force 61, he was 
buried as a hero in Rome. 

6317
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:14,400
His two adorned with the 
inscription defender of the 

6318
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:17,400
city. 
His legacy only grew with time 

6319
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,600
in ecclesiastical history, Leo 
is remembered for his 

6320
05:35:20,600 --> 05:35:23,400
theological contributions. 
The Tome of Leo and the 

6321
05:35:23,408 --> 05:35:26,900
strengthening of papal Primacy. 
But in popular memory, it was 

6322
05:35:26,900 --> 05:35:27,900
the day. 
He saved. 

6323
05:35:27,900 --> 05:35:31,100
Rome that truly made him a 
legend over the centuries. 

6324
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:34,100
The story of Leo and Attila 
acquired an almost mythical 

6325
05:35:34,100 --> 05:35:36,900
aura. 
Medieval writers, embroidered it

6326
05:35:36,900 --> 05:35:39,300
freely. 
The Apparition of Saints Peter 

6327
05:35:39,300 --> 05:35:42,700
and Paul threatening, Attila 
hinted at him, pull the deacons 

6328
05:35:42,700 --> 05:35:45,200
8th Century account, became a 
staple of the tale. 

6329
05:35:45,800 --> 05:35:49,500
Artists immortalized, the scene,
apart from Raphael's Renaissance

6330
05:35:49,500 --> 05:35:53,400
Fresco, earlier the Baroque 
sculptor elgadi carved a grand 

6331
05:35:53,400 --> 05:35:56,800
relief in Saint Peter's itself 
showing Leo backed by Heavenly 

6332
05:35:56,800 --> 05:36:00,100
figures driving away the Hun. 
Such images reinforced The 

6333
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:02,000
Narrative. 
That Rome was saved, not by 

6334
05:36:02,000 --> 05:36:04,700
human might but by divine 
intervention Channel, Through 

6335
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:07,500
Leo, the Great. 
Yet, for all the embellishment, 

6336
05:36:07,500 --> 05:36:11,500
the core truth endures and Rings
down the ages in a moment of 

6337
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:14,600
existential Peril when the 
material defenses of ancient 

6338
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:18,200
civilization had failed one 
man's moral courage, prevailed 

6339
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,800
Leo's encounter with the tiller 
stands as Testament to the power

6340
05:36:21,800 --> 05:36:24,200
of persuasion, over the sword 
and a faith over fear. 

6341
05:36:25,000 --> 05:36:28,100
It highlights the shifting world
of the 5th Century as the 

6342
05:36:28,108 --> 05:36:30,900
Western Empire crumbled. 
The Spiritual Authority of the 

6343
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:32,600
church was rising to fill the 
void. 

6344
05:36:33,300 --> 05:36:35,400
Leos success. 
With the tiller wasn't just a 

6345
05:36:35,400 --> 05:36:38,300
lucky diplomatic coup. 
It was a sign of the new Epoch 

6346
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:41,300
Dawning in the centuries that 
followed the fall of Rome. 

6347
05:36:41,300 --> 05:36:45,200
The Last Emperor would be 
deposed in force 76, just 24 

6348
05:36:45,200 --> 05:36:49,200
years after Leo's, Stan, and the
Bishops of Rome now firmly 

6349
05:36:49,200 --> 05:36:52,100
called. 
Pope's would increase in roles 

6350
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,100
of Civic leadership, protectors 
and power Brokers in the 

6351
05:36:55,108 --> 05:36:59,100
remnants of Empire. 
Leo had set the example, he 

6352
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,600
showed that a pope could Marshal
not armies, but something 

6353
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:06,800
perhaps equally compelling moral
suasion unity and hope in the 

6354
05:37:06,808 --> 05:37:10,000
face of despair. 
In separating myth from reality,

6355
05:37:10,000 --> 05:37:13,700
modern historians, acknowledge 
the Practical factors that led 

6356
05:37:13,700 --> 05:37:16,700
to attila's retreat, hunger 
disease, and strategic 

6357
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:19,600
considerations, but they also 
acknowledge that Leo's 

6358
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:23,000
diplomatic mission was crucial. 
Without it Attila might have 

6359
05:37:23,008 --> 05:37:25,600
lingered long enough to sacrum 
before those factors fully 

6360
05:37:25,600 --> 05:37:29,100
unraveled his campaign. 
Leo gave Attila a face-saving, 

6361
05:37:29,100 --> 05:37:31,100
exit and a spiritual scare to 
boot. 

6362
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:35,800
That was enough. 
In the summer of 4 to 22 and 

6363
05:37:35,800 --> 05:37:38,800
unlikely savior in a plane, 
classic save the Eternal City 

6364
05:37:38,800 --> 05:37:41,300
from annihilation. 
For the generation that 

6365
05:37:41,300 --> 05:37:42,900
witnessed it. 
They could be no doubt. 

6366
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:45,300
Hopefully the first had saved 
Rome. 

6367
05:37:45,300 --> 05:37:47,700
It was a bright spot in an age 
of collapse. 

6368
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:51,800
A story retold with gratitude 
and all To this day, when one 

6369
05:37:51,800 --> 05:37:54,800
stands in Saint Peters and looks
up at the marble relief of Leo 

6370
05:37:54,800 --> 05:37:57,100
driving away. 
Atilla one is reminded of the 

6371
05:37:57,100 --> 05:37:59,800
power of courage and Faith to 
alter the course of history. 

6372
05:38:00,700 --> 05:38:03,300
In Leo's voice, the echo of an 
Empire's Spirit. 

6373
05:38:03,300 --> 05:38:07,400
And the promise that even in 
history is darkest chapters, a 

6374
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:11,500
single steadfast Soul, can shine
brightly enough power of to turn

6375
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:13,200
back. 
The tide of Destruction if only 

6376
05:38:13,208 --> 05:38:16,000
for a moment and occasionally, 
that moment is All That 

6377
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:19,400
civilization needs to survive 
the sun set on the west and 

6378
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:22,800
Roman Empire, not with a single 
cataclysm, but through Decades 

6379
05:38:22,800 --> 05:38:26,900
of slow decay, Pope Leo. 
The first however, had already 

6380
05:38:26,900 --> 05:38:30,000
sealed his place in the annals 
of survival, diplomacy and 

6381
05:38:30,008 --> 05:38:33,100
faith. 
As Rome's, political fabric 

6382
05:38:33,100 --> 05:38:36,100
crumbled, Leo's influence 
continued to expand. 

6383
05:38:36,100 --> 05:38:40,800
Even in death in 461, his legacy
was carried on by popes who 

6384
05:38:40,800 --> 05:38:43,700
modeled themselves, not just 
after Saint Peter but after 

6385
05:38:43,700 --> 05:38:48,300
Leo's blend of spiritual fervor 
and diplomatic Steel, His tomb 

6386
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:50,700
in the Old Saint Peter's. 
Basilica became a shrine not 

6387
05:38:50,700 --> 05:38:53,300
only of theological memory, but 
of civic pride. 

6388
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:57,000
A place Romans could point to 
and say this man, stood when 

6389
05:38:57,000 --> 05:39:01,300
others fled The 5th Century saw 
chaos, fragmentation and loss 

6390
05:39:01,300 --> 05:39:05,300
Italy became a patchwork of 
Gothic rulers, gold drifted, 

6391
05:39:05,300 --> 05:39:08,500
toward Frankish hands and Africa
became a vandal Kingdom. 

6392
05:39:09,300 --> 05:39:12,400
Yet, the institutional Church 
remained remarkably cohesive. 

6393
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:17,100
This was in part Leo's doing His
letters had established a paper 

6394
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,200
administrative style that 
reached Bishops, far, beyond the

6395
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:24,100
crumbling Empire's borders, his 
toe had crystallized christology

6396
05:39:24,100 --> 05:39:27,800
for centuries to come his 
sermons preserved copied and 

6397
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:30,900
studied continued to nourish 
Christian identity in a 

6398
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,300
post-imperial world. 
Yet the story of Leo's meeting 

6399
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:37,500
with the tiller, can continue to
evolve, not just in church 

6400
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:40,300
memory. 
But in public imagination, the 

6401
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,300
miracle whether historically 
accurate or not resonated 

6402
05:39:43,300 --> 05:39:47,200
deeply, In a world of collapsing
order, the myth of a Shepherd, 

6403
05:39:47,200 --> 05:39:49,000
confronting the wolf and turning
him away. 

6404
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:52,900
Felt true than any Dusty 
Chronicle artists poets 

6405
05:39:52,900 --> 05:39:55,600
theologians and even Emperors 
clung to this narrative. 

6406
05:39:56,300 --> 05:40:00,400
Leo's courage became archetypal 
echoed in later eras, when popes

6407
05:40:00,400 --> 05:40:03,400
would stand up to Kings 
Emperors, or even fascist 

6408
05:40:03,400 --> 05:40:06,000
regimes. 
Meanwhile, attila's name lived 

6409
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:11,100
on in Darker Legend. 
Although Attila died in 415 or 

6410
05:40:11,100 --> 05:40:15,400
453 add under anti-climactic 
circumstances, drunken bleeding 

6411
05:40:15,400 --> 05:40:17,400
on his wedding night, his Empire
soon. 

6412
05:40:17,400 --> 05:40:21,200
Dissolved, afterward his sons 
quarreled over the remnants, the

6413
05:40:21,200 --> 05:40:24,600
cohesion of the hunnic, tribes 
of vanished, By the end of the 

6414
05:40:24,600 --> 05:40:27,000
5th Century, the Huns were no 
longer a power. 

6415
05:40:27,008 --> 05:40:31,100
Not even a memory in the lands 
they once terrorized in some 

6416
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:34,500
parts of Europe, parents no 
longer warn children about the 

6417
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:39,100
Huns, the threatened passed yet.
Leo's Voice still echoed from 

6418
05:40:39,100 --> 05:40:42,200
pulpits. 
Over time, Rome transitioned 

6419
05:40:42,200 --> 05:40:45,400
from the capital of a political 
Empire to the symbolic heart of 

6420
05:40:45,408 --> 05:40:48,100
Christendom. 
This transformation was neither 

6421
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:51,200
inevitable nor easy. 
It took figures like Leo 

6422
05:40:51,200 --> 05:40:55,300
Resolute, theologically sharp 
and diplomatically fearless to 

6423
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:58,300
steer the city from Imperial 
ruin toward a ecclesiastical 

6424
05:40:58,300 --> 05:41:02,400
prominent One could argue that 
the Papal States medieval 

6425
05:41:02,400 --> 05:41:05,800
Christendom and even the Vatican
City of today, trace a straight 

6426
05:41:05,800 --> 05:41:08,200
line from Leo's model of papal 
leadership. 

6427
05:41:08,200 --> 05:41:10,900
He proved the church could not 
only survive, political 

6428
05:41:10,900 --> 05:41:15,300
collapse, it could redefine 
power entirely The sculpture in 

6429
05:41:15,300 --> 05:41:18,400
Saint Peter's Basilica by 
Alessandro algardi completed in 

6430
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:21,200
the 17th century. 
Immortalizes, the scene with 

6431
05:41:21,200 --> 05:41:25,400
drama Leo raises his hand and 
Angelic Warriors bare down from 

6432
05:41:25,400 --> 05:41:29,000
the heavens upon Attila Frozen 
in all it is theatrical. 

6433
05:41:29,000 --> 05:41:33,100
Yes, but theater with purpose, 
it reminds viewers that history 

6434
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:35,900
has made, not only through 
armies and battles, but through 

6435
05:41:35,900 --> 05:41:39,900
moments of extraordinary, moral 
courage, That was Leo's gift to 

6436
05:41:39,900 --> 05:41:43,500
his age and ours, a vision of 
Spiritual Authority that was not

6437
05:41:43,500 --> 05:41:46,700
passive, not withdrawn, but 
deeply engaged in the mess of 

6438
05:41:46,708 --> 05:41:50,000
human affairs. 
In the end, the dailyo saved 

6439
05:41:50,000 --> 05:41:52,300
Rome was not about political 
negotiation alone. 

6440
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:56,300
It was a cultural Pivot Point 
demonstrated that Faith could 

6441
05:41:56,300 --> 05:41:59,100
influence diplomacy. 
That courage didn't necessitate 

6442
05:41:59,100 --> 05:42:02,900
a sword and that time's 
defending civilization could be 

6443
05:42:02,900 --> 05:42:06,600
achieved by a single man with 
unwavering conviction, bravely, 

6444
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:13,700
stepping into the depths of 
Darkness, Nikola Tesla's boyhood

6445
05:42:13,700 --> 05:42:17,100
in the small village of smelly, 
an nestled in the rural reaches 

6446
05:42:17,100 --> 05:42:20,300
of the Austrian Empire. 
Now Croatia was as far removed 

6447
05:42:20,300 --> 05:42:22,500
from the noise of modern 
Contraptions as one might 

6448
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:25,500
imagine. 
It even amid this pastoral 

6449
05:42:25,500 --> 05:42:28,200
backdrop Tesla found ways to 
indulge his curiosity. 

6450
05:42:29,200 --> 05:42:33,000
His father milutin was an 
orthodox priest often occupied 

6451
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:36,400
by religious duties, but he also
possessed a serious Library 

6452
05:42:36,400 --> 05:42:38,700
where young Nicholas snuck away 
to read. 

6453
05:42:38,700 --> 05:42:42,200
In fact, Tesla frequently, 
credited, these secretive 

6454
05:42:42,200 --> 05:42:45,400
Explorations for sparking, his 
fascination with science. 

6455
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:49,400
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 
resourceful and gifted woman 

6456
05:42:49,400 --> 05:42:52,900
crafted household tools with her
hands granting Tesla. 

6457
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:56,800
First hand look at the interplay
between imagination and utility.

6458
05:42:57,600 --> 05:43:01,200
One story that rarely gets 
retold overshadowed perhaps by 

6459
05:43:01,200 --> 05:43:04,600
Granda, anecdotes involved a 
small wooden water wheel. 

6460
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:08,400
He built at age 9 determined to 
harness, the churning stream 

6461
05:43:08,400 --> 05:43:11,800
that ran behind his home. 
Tesla carved, rough paddles, 

6462
05:43:11,800 --> 05:43:15,200
from scavenge Driftwood, an 
improvised and axle from a 

6463
05:43:15,200 --> 05:43:18,300
broken carpart. 
While the contrivance was crude,

6464
05:43:18,300 --> 05:43:22,900
it worked sought of it sputtered
and jammed more often than its 

6465
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:25,900
fun, but this half success 
taught him, the power of 

6466
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:29,100
redirecting Natural Forces even 
as a child. 

6467
05:43:29,100 --> 05:43:32,600
He recognized that nature house,
tremendous energy just waiting 

6468
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:35,500
to be tapped. 
It was also, during these early 

6469
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:38,000
years, that Tesla started 
experiencing a cute 

6470
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:41,400
visualizations later. 
He described how bright flashes 

6471
05:43:41,400 --> 05:43:44,100
before his eyes would conjure 
Vivid images of objects. 

6472
05:43:44,100 --> 05:43:47,800
He hadn't even witnessed before 
this phenomenon, which he called

6473
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:51,800
his mind's eye sometimes 
unsettled people around him, but

6474
05:43:51,800 --> 05:43:54,900
it had a silver lining. 
Whenever an idea flickered 

6475
05:43:54,900 --> 05:43:57,900
through his Consciousness. 
He could examine its details in 

6476
05:43:57,900 --> 05:44:01,400
these mental pictures rotating 
and refining them before he ever

6477
05:44:01,400 --> 05:44:04,900
set pen to paper. 
This unique ability, often 

6478
05:44:04,900 --> 05:44:08,300
minimized in popular accounts, 
shaped his inventive process. 

6479
05:44:08,300 --> 05:44:12,600
Of course, not all was a 
delicate as a Schoolboy, Tesla, 

6480
05:44:12,600 --> 05:44:15,300
nursed, a rebellious streak and 
low throughout memorization. 

6481
05:44:16,200 --> 05:44:18,900
His teacher wants, scolded him 
for insisting that the Earth was

6482
05:44:18,900 --> 05:44:22,200
a giant magnet telling, the 
class that Tesla was letting his

6483
05:44:22,200 --> 05:44:25,600
imagination run wild. 
The teacher was unaware of how 

6484
05:44:25,600 --> 05:44:28,900
close Tesla was to the truth, 
nor how that minor humiliation 

6485
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:31,200
inspired him to study, magnetism
more thoroughly. 

6486
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:33,600
Some say the seeds of his 
future. 

6487
05:44:33,600 --> 05:44:38,500
AC motor began here in the 
tension between Authority and 

6488
05:44:38,500 --> 05:44:42,500
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 
and spare moments. 

6489
05:44:42,500 --> 05:44:45,300
The young Tesla found 
camaraderie with friends who 

6490
05:44:45,300 --> 05:44:47,500
joined in his experiments like 
building. 

6491
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:50,900
Hand cranked contractions were 
trying to talk through Tin Can 

6492
05:44:50,900 --> 05:44:55,700
telephones yet if a Contraption 
faildo Tesla, vanished into 

6493
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:59,300
introspection recalculating. 
Every step in his mind. 

6494
05:45:00,100 --> 05:45:03,700
In those hours, no one could pry
him away from his Reflections. 

6495
05:45:03,700 --> 05:45:06,900
It was as if he was lost in that
luminous in a workshop. 

6496
05:45:07,700 --> 05:45:09,900
Despite bouts of quiet 
withdrawal. 

6497
05:45:09,900 --> 05:45:11,800
Tesla still lived in a 
household. 

6498
05:45:11,800 --> 05:45:15,300
That valued performance. 
Specially rhetorical Flair. 

6499
05:45:16,000 --> 05:45:18,700
His father believed in the power
of eloquence and would often 

6500
05:45:18,700 --> 05:45:22,400
deliver stirring orations. 
Perhaps this is how Tesla 

6501
05:45:22,400 --> 05:45:24,500
learned to present radical ideas
with poise. 

6502
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:28,200
He also gleaned from his mother,
the virtue of patient tinkering 

6503
05:45:28,200 --> 05:45:31,300
an aspect overshadowed by 
stories of His Brilliant. 

6504
05:45:31,300 --> 05:45:35,100
Flashes of insight though, 
untrained formerly Duke's 

6505
05:45:35,100 --> 05:45:38,000
improvisational skills, showed 
him that great inventions need 

6506
05:45:38,000 --> 05:45:40,900
not come from Grand. 
Laboratories they could begin at

6507
05:45:40,900 --> 05:45:43,800
a humble table or by the 
Riverside as long as one had the

6508
05:45:43,800 --> 05:45:46,400
drive to see them through. 
By the time he reached out 

6509
05:45:46,400 --> 05:45:49,400
lessons, Tesla had devoured 
nearly every science book in his

6510
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:51,800
father's Library. 
He immersed himself in 

6511
05:45:51,800 --> 05:45:54,800
electricity magnetism and 
mechanical wonders. 

6512
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:59,400
His Fascination growing with 
each page, later at night, when 

6513
05:45:59,400 --> 05:46:02,000
the household slept, and a 
single kerosene lamp. 

6514
05:46:02,000 --> 05:46:05,800
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 
mold over New Concepts, making 

6515
05:46:05,800 --> 05:46:07,400
mental notes on how to apply 
them. 

6516
05:46:08,100 --> 05:46:10,700
He never just read he scouted 
for Clues. 

6517
05:46:11,700 --> 05:46:14,400
Bit of knowledge layering onto 
his mental designs. 

6518
05:46:14,400 --> 05:46:18,400
These experiences and smil Jan 
form, the Bedrock of a lifetime 

6519
05:46:18,400 --> 05:46:22,000
of invention while the world 
would one day witness testers, 

6520
05:46:22,000 --> 05:46:24,700
theatrical experiments and 
transformative discoveries. 

6521
05:46:24,700 --> 05:46:28,700
It All Began beside a murmuring 
Creek and within the hush of a 

6522
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:33,300
modest Library there free from 
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 

6523
05:46:33,300 --> 05:46:37,300
value of curiosity, observation 
and sustained, determination. 

6524
05:46:38,200 --> 05:46:41,300
It was in this unassuming 
domain, where wooden water 

6525
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:44,700
wheels sputtered and a boy's 
imagination soared that the 

6526
05:46:44,700 --> 05:46:46,600
seeds of an extraordinary 
Destiny. 

6527
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:50,800
First took Route, perhaps most 
telling his formative years, 

6528
05:46:50,800 --> 05:46:53,900
cemented in Tesla, a lifelong 
pattern of introspection and 

6529
05:46:53,900 --> 05:46:57,100
experimentation the young 
inventor, not only absorbed 

6530
05:46:57,100 --> 05:47:01,200
Knoll Village, he reinvented it 
in his imagination for him. 

6531
05:47:01,208 --> 05:47:05,400
Smilin was not a Backwater, it 
was a secluded incubator for 

6532
05:47:05,400 --> 05:47:09,600
unexplored possibilities. 
Tesla's departure from home was 

6533
05:47:09,600 --> 05:47:12,200
spurred by academic Pursuits 
that beckoned him to larger 

6534
05:47:12,200 --> 05:47:15,000
Arenas. 
Eventually Landing him at the 

6535
05:47:15,000 --> 05:47:18,700
Austrian Polytechnic in grass. 
The environment there, demanded 

6536
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:22,200
rigor, which suited Tesla's 
capacity for total immersion? 

6537
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:25,700
He sank his teeth into 
mathematics physics and 

6538
05:47:25,700 --> 05:47:29,200
mechanics with a feverish 
intensity professors noted, his 

6539
05:47:29,200 --> 05:47:32,200
uncanny ability to answer 
complex theoretical questions 

6540
05:47:32,200 --> 05:47:35,300
without referencing textbooks. 
A result of his extraordinary 

6541
05:47:35,300 --> 05:47:40,100
mental visualization, However, 
the spark that truly lit. 

6542
05:47:40,100 --> 05:47:44,500
His imagination was the direct 
current DC electrical Machinery.

6543
05:47:44,500 --> 05:47:48,400
In the school's Labs 
conventional wisdom suggested DC

6544
05:47:48,400 --> 05:47:51,100
was the future of power. 
But Tesla found its 

6545
05:47:51,100 --> 05:47:54,800
inefficiencies, maddening 
observing, how DC motors 

6546
05:47:54,800 --> 05:47:56,600
generated Sparks and wasted 
energy. 

6547
05:47:56,600 --> 05:48:00,600
He questioned how nobody noticed
a better pathway when one 

6548
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:02,900
Professor pronounced that 
harnessing alternating current 

6549
05:48:02,900 --> 05:48:05,800
AC at scale was an 
impossibility. 

6550
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:09,900
Tesla resisted, the urge to 
argue instead, he spent late 

6551
05:48:09,900 --> 05:48:13,000
nights in his boarding room 
sketching out rotating magnetic 

6552
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:15,500
fields in his head if he does 
off at all. 

6553
05:48:15,500 --> 05:48:19,300
It was with diagrams dancing 
across his eyelids despite his 

6554
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:22,900
academic prowess Tesla stinting,
grass did not end smoothly 

6555
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:26,500
exhaustion and perhaps an 
underlying rebellious streak 

6556
05:48:26,500 --> 05:48:29,500
contributed to friction with 
University administrators. 

6557
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:33,600
Who once rigged an experiment to
demonstrate a refined method for

6558
05:48:33,600 --> 05:48:36,700
measuring electric resistance, 
when the apparatus Short 

6559
05:48:36,700 --> 05:48:40,600
Circuit, Tesla found himself 
facing the wrath of a professor,

6560
05:48:40,600 --> 05:48:43,300
outraged by unorthodox 
experimentation. 

6561
05:48:44,000 --> 05:48:47,400
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 
out leaving conventional 

6562
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:51,500
Academia behind. 
From grads, Tesla moved to other

6563
05:48:51,500 --> 05:48:54,700
opportunities, including a brief
and often overlooked period in 

6564
05:48:54,700 --> 05:48:57,800
Marburg. 
Now maribor Slovenia there, a 

6565
05:48:57,800 --> 05:49:01,100
shadow seemed to fall over him 
separated from the camera of 

6566
05:49:01,100 --> 05:49:03,800
classmates. 
Grappled with bouts of anxiety, 

6567
05:49:03,800 --> 05:49:07,600
without structured lab access 
Tesla turned to solitary 

6568
05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:10,600
experiments tinkering with 
leftover scraps of metal and 

6569
05:49:10,600 --> 05:49:13,500
wire yet. 
The Gloom of isolation Nord at 

6570
05:49:13,508 --> 05:49:17,200
him and he eventually returned 
home for a spell, his confidence

6571
05:49:17,200 --> 05:49:21,500
rattled but not shattered. 
It was in Budapest or working at

6572
05:49:21,500 --> 05:49:25,000
The Budapest telephone exchange.
The Tesla began to regain his 

6573
05:49:25,000 --> 05:49:27,200
footing. 
In frenetic Works Space. 

6574
05:49:27,200 --> 05:49:30,100
He was tasked with improving the
nascent telephone systems 

6575
05:49:30,100 --> 05:49:33,000
design. 
One lesson circulated story 

6576
05:49:33,000 --> 05:49:36,300
details, how Tesla, once 
clambered onto a rooftop to 

6577
05:49:36,300 --> 05:49:39,300
adjust overhead Line's the 
lightning flashes, giving him 

6578
05:49:39,300 --> 05:49:43,100
new ideas about high frequency, 
current colleague's regarded him

6579
05:49:43,100 --> 05:49:45,500
as eccentric competent 
crucially. 

6580
05:49:45,500 --> 05:49:48,900
There was during a routine walk 
through Budapest city park that 

6581
05:49:48,900 --> 05:49:51,900
the notion of the rotating 
magnetic field crystallized in 

6582
05:49:51,900 --> 05:49:54,400
his mind. 
Inspired by a poem. 

6583
05:49:54,400 --> 05:49:58,200
He recited aloud Tesla. 
Abruptly stopped drew a stick 

6584
05:49:58,200 --> 05:50:01,400
from the ground and began 
tracing swirling diagrams in the

6585
05:50:01,400 --> 05:50:03,900
dirt. 
He explained to His companion. 

6586
05:50:03,900 --> 05:50:07,200
How two or more alternating 
currents out of phase, could 

6587
05:50:07,200 --> 05:50:11,300
induce a rotating field capable 
of spinning a motor that Eureka 

6588
05:50:11,300 --> 05:50:12,600
moment. 
Set the course for his next 

6589
05:50:12,600 --> 05:50:15,500
inventions. 
It was an unveiling of practical

6590
05:50:15,500 --> 05:50:19,100
AC Concepts in the most 
unassuming of settings, Far From

6591
05:50:19,108 --> 05:50:22,800
Any official laboratory shortly.
After Tesla found himself with 

6592
05:50:22,800 --> 05:50:25,500
an opportunity in Paris working 
for the Continental Edison 

6593
05:50:25,500 --> 05:50:27,800
Company. 
His tasks involved 

6594
05:50:27,800 --> 05:50:31,400
troubleshooting installations of
Edison's DC Systems, the very 

6595
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:35,700
technology that had vexed him 
back at Graz even so the job 

6596
05:50:35,700 --> 05:50:38,700
introduced him to real world 
engineering challenges from 

6597
05:50:38,700 --> 05:50:42,800
power outages to generate 
malfunctions by day Tesla, 

6598
05:50:42,800 --> 05:50:45,600
tackle these issues becoming 
something of a specialist and 

6599
05:50:45,600 --> 05:50:48,200
diagnosing electrical breakdowns
by night. 

6600
05:50:48,200 --> 05:50:51,900
He refined sketches of his AC 
motor desperately, wishing for 

6601
05:50:51,900 --> 05:50:55,600
the chance to build a prototype.
The interplay between The Daily 

6602
05:50:55,600 --> 05:50:58,400
Grind of DC, Hardware 
maintenance, and the nightly 

6603
05:50:58,400 --> 05:51:01,900
pursuit of a sea Innovation. 
Lent, Tesla's life are peculiar 

6604
05:51:01,900 --> 05:51:05,700
Duality an unresolved tension 
between the present and what he 

6605
05:51:05,700 --> 05:51:08,600
believed the future should be 
well, though, overshadowed by 

6606
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:12,200
the high drama of late years, 
These formative experiences 

6607
05:51:12,200 --> 05:51:15,700
taught Tesla resilience, he 
learned how to negotiate limited

6608
05:51:15,700 --> 05:51:19,000
resources, how to observe the 
smallest anomalies and 

6609
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:22,200
mechanical performance. 
And how to coax Visions from his

6610
05:51:22,200 --> 05:51:26,600
mind into workable sketches. 
More importantly, his confidence

6611
05:51:26,600 --> 05:51:30,500
in the feasibility of AC power 
solidified even as he undertook 

6612
05:51:30,500 --> 05:51:33,700
the tedium of dc-based 
assignments, the world around 

6613
05:51:33,700 --> 05:51:35,900
him might have regarded a sea as
a flight of fancy. 

6614
05:51:35,900 --> 05:51:38,600
But in his eyes it was the 
rightful heir to the electrical 

6615
05:51:38,600 --> 05:51:40,500
Throne waiting for its moment to
shine. 

6616
05:51:41,800 --> 05:51:45,800
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 
United States in 1884 has often 

6617
05:51:45,800 --> 05:51:49,900
been romanticized, yet, a host 
of lesson, known details in Rich

6618
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:52,400
that narrative. 
He arrived in New York, with 

6619
05:51:52,400 --> 05:51:54,900
next to nothing carrying a 
letter of introduction to 

6620
05:51:54,900 --> 05:51:57,200
Thomas, Edison from his former 
employer in Paris. 

6621
05:51:58,000 --> 05:52:00,700
The letter supposedly claimed 
Tesla was an exceptional 

6622
05:52:00,700 --> 05:52:04,400
engineer who would produce 
wonders in popular, Italian, 

6623
05:52:04,400 --> 05:52:09,500
counter frames, Tesla and Edison
as instant Rivals, but in truth,

6624
05:52:09,500 --> 05:52:13,500
their relationship began with 
cautious, respect Edison 

6625
05:52:13,500 --> 05:52:16,400
recognized test Tesla's 
competence right away and put 

6626
05:52:16,400 --> 05:52:19,200
him to work on projects, deemed 
two, intricate or menial for 

6627
05:52:19,200 --> 05:52:21,800
others. 
There's a story one, not widely 

6628
05:52:21,800 --> 05:52:24,600
circulated, the Tesla fixed to 
defective shipboard. 

6629
05:52:24,600 --> 05:52:28,600
Lighting system saving Edison's 
company from contract penalties,

6630
05:52:29,300 --> 05:52:30,900
Tesla. 
Never used it as Leverage. 

6631
05:52:31,700 --> 05:52:36,100
Still Edison noticed intrigued 
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 

6632
05:52:36,100 --> 05:52:41,100
He assigned him to redesign DC, 
generators Tesla toiled day. 

6633
05:52:41,100 --> 05:52:43,600
And night, confident, his 
improvements would prove their 

6634
05:52:43,600 --> 05:52:46,800
worth and they did. 
But when he sought remuneration 

6635
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:50,400
misunderstandings piled up, it 
wasn't a single dispute. 

6636
05:52:50,400 --> 05:52:54,800
Over a massive bonus, more, a 
pattern of unkept promises and 

6637
05:52:54,800 --> 05:52:58,900
blurred expectations. 
By early 1885 the veneer of 

6638
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:02,500
cordiality evaporated and Tesla 
left Edison's employee. 

6639
05:53:03,500 --> 05:53:05,500
That was the Genesis of a 
rivalry later. 

6640
05:53:05,500 --> 05:53:09,400
Amplified by newspapers driven 
more by conflicting Technologies

6641
05:53:09,400 --> 05:53:13,100
than personal hatred, Financial 
troubles, beset test, Tesla, 

6642
05:53:13,100 --> 05:53:16,100
almost immediately with fewer 
acquaintances in New York. 

6643
05:53:16,100 --> 05:53:18,600
He found himself digging ditches
for two dollars a day. 

6644
05:53:18,600 --> 05:53:23,100
It might have been that physical
labor under a harsh Sun, that 

6645
05:53:23,100 --> 05:53:26,100
sharpened his resolve. 
He told a friend that while his 

6646
05:53:26,100 --> 05:53:28,800
body dug ditches, his mind was 
Far Away. 

6647
05:53:28,800 --> 05:53:33,100
Tort describing a elliptical 
arcs of thought where some might

6648
05:53:33,100 --> 05:53:36,600
have fallen into despair. 
Tesla saw an interval to refine 

6649
05:53:36,600 --> 05:53:39,800
his intended path. 
That path led to the formation 

6650
05:53:39,800 --> 05:53:41,700
of Tesla electric light and 
Manufacturing. 

6651
05:53:41,700 --> 05:53:45,800
His first entrepreneurial 
venture in America, he secured 

6652
05:53:45,800 --> 05:53:49,000
backers, who at first promised 
to let him develop Arc Lighting 

6653
05:53:49,000 --> 05:53:51,300
systems and eventually his 
prized AC Motors. 

6654
05:53:51,300 --> 05:53:55,000
However, once Tesla delivered an
efficient Arc lighting solution,

6655
05:53:55,000 --> 05:53:59,100
those investors showed no 
interest in AC Capitol wanted 

6656
05:53:59,100 --> 05:54:01,900
quick returns not imaginative 
leaps. 

6657
05:54:01,900 --> 05:54:05,500
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 
pushed out to the very company 

6658
05:54:05,500 --> 05:54:08,900
bearing, his name This episode 
left him, wary of business 

6659
05:54:08,900 --> 05:54:11,900
Partnerships and taught him. 
That investors valued immediate 

6660
05:54:11,900 --> 05:54:15,500
profit over long-term Vision. 
Undeterred, Tesla began to 

6661
05:54:15,500 --> 05:54:18,200
demonstrate his, a sea motor 
concept and smaller lecture 

6662
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:20,300
halls around the city. 
One venue. 

6663
05:54:20,300 --> 05:54:23,400
The back room of a modest 
Manhattan building had an 

6664
05:54:23,400 --> 05:54:27,500
audience of barely 20 people. 
But among them was Alfred s 

6665
05:54:27,500 --> 05:54:29,900
Browne. 
The Westin Union superintendent 

6666
05:54:29,900 --> 05:54:34,800
who recognized Tesla's potential
another backer Charles Peck also

6667
05:54:34,800 --> 05:54:39,000
attended Together, they formed a
partnership with Tesla pledging 

6668
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:43,000
to support his AC technology. 
These unglamorous sessions laid 

6669
05:54:43,000 --> 05:54:45,200
vital groundwork for Tesla's 
next breakthrough. 

6670
05:54:45,200 --> 05:54:49,400
Soon with Newfound supporters, 
Tesla established a laboratory 

6671
05:54:49,400 --> 05:54:53,900
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 
Amid coils of wire and 

6672
05:54:53,900 --> 05:54:57,200
improvised setups. 
He tinkered relentlessly the 

6673
05:54:57,200 --> 05:54:58,900
space was cramped but offered 
freedom. 

6674
05:54:59,700 --> 05:55:02,500
The constructed prototypes of 
the polyphase, AC motor 

6675
05:55:02,500 --> 05:55:05,800
painstakingly refining them 
until they could run smoothly 

6676
05:55:05,800 --> 05:55:08,500
under load. 
Maintaining a consistent 

6677
05:55:08,500 --> 05:55:10,800
rotating. 
Magnetic field was one Challenge

6678
05:55:10,800 --> 05:55:14,000
and showing it didn't damage the
apparatus over time was another 

6679
05:55:14,800 --> 05:55:18,800
Tesla, tackled each, obstacle 
systematically relying on mental

6680
05:55:18,800 --> 05:55:22,600
simulations before any real 
world tests, one anecdote from 

6681
05:55:22,600 --> 05:55:24,800
this period. 
Recounts Tesla experimenting 

6682
05:55:24,800 --> 05:55:27,700
with high-speed turbines that 
let out unnerving wines. 

6683
05:55:28,500 --> 05:55:32,400
Passes by grew weary prompting 
multiple visits from the local 

6684
05:55:32,400 --> 05:55:34,800
fire brigade, after neighbors, 
complained of Sparks. 

6685
05:55:35,600 --> 05:55:39,300
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 
would apologize earnestly. 

6686
05:55:39,300 --> 05:55:41,700
Then resumed his adjustments. 
The moment they left. 

6687
05:55:42,700 --> 05:55:45,800
Such episodes highlight his 
tendency to live almost entirely

6688
05:55:45,800 --> 05:55:49,300
in his realm of ideas, paying 
little heed to outside alarm. 

6689
05:55:49,300 --> 05:55:52,600
While public fascination with 
the electricity, was on the rise

6690
05:55:52,600 --> 05:55:55,000
spurred by the novelty of 
electric light's. 

6691
05:55:55,000 --> 05:55:58,300
Most industrialists, still 
viewed a sea with caution. 

6692
05:55:59,200 --> 05:56:02,400
Tesla's goal was not simply to 
make a sea Motors feasible, but 

6693
05:56:02,400 --> 05:56:05,000
to persuade key players that 
this technology was reliable 

6694
05:56:05,000 --> 05:56:09,000
safe and profitable. 
Each small success in his lab 

6695
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:11,700
bolstered. 
His resolve inching him closer 

6696
05:56:11,700 --> 05:56:15,100
to a grand future shaped by 
alternating current truly 

6697
05:56:15,100 --> 05:56:19,400
Unstoppable. 
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 

6698
05:56:19,400 --> 05:56:22,900
unveil his AC motor to the world
and the venue was the American 

6699
05:56:22,900 --> 05:56:24,500
Institute of electrical 
engineers. 

6700
05:56:25,700 --> 05:56:28,500
While typical accounts highlight
the significance of this event. 

6701
05:56:28,500 --> 05:56:31,400
Few explore the hushed. 
Excitement that filled that 

6702
05:56:31,408 --> 05:56:34,900
lecture hall, attendees 
included, professors journalists

6703
05:56:34,900 --> 05:56:38,200
and Industrial Titans. 
All a buzz with talk of a new 

6704
05:56:38,208 --> 05:56:41,800
era in electrical distribution. 
Some were openly skeptical 

6705
05:56:41,800 --> 05:56:44,500
others arrived hoping to witness
the demise of what they 

6706
05:56:44,500 --> 05:56:48,600
considered an Impossible Dream. 
Tesla walked onto the stage with

6707
05:56:48,600 --> 05:56:51,800
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 
motor and discussing its 

6708
05:56:51,800 --> 05:56:55,100
principles with methodical 
Precision, crucial in the 

6709
05:56:55,100 --> 05:56:57,800
audience, Sac, George 
Westinghouse, who had embraced 

6710
05:56:57,800 --> 05:57:02,300
AC for power transmission. 
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and

6711
05:57:02,300 --> 05:57:04,800
the Elegance in his motor 
Westinghouse. 

6712
05:57:04,800 --> 05:57:08,000
Quickly reached out in 
negotiations, he purchased 

6713
05:57:08,000 --> 05:57:10,400
Tesla's patents for a 
substantial sum and promised 

6714
05:57:10,400 --> 05:57:13,400
royalties for every horse power 
generated by his inventions. 

6715
05:57:13,400 --> 05:57:17,100
While mainstream retellings 
mentioned, the deal, the Nuance 

6716
05:57:17,100 --> 05:57:19,800
of their discussions shaped by 
Tesla's vision for future 

6717
05:57:19,800 --> 05:57:23,500
expansion of AC off often 
remains overlooked With 

6718
05:57:23,500 --> 05:57:26,600
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 
moved into a well-resourced 

6719
05:57:26,600 --> 05:57:29,800
facility in Pittsburgh to refine
his designs for commercial 

6720
05:57:29,800 --> 05:57:32,600
production. 
The cultural shift from his 

6721
05:57:32,600 --> 05:57:35,300
Liberty Street lab to an 
industrial setting was Stark. 

6722
05:57:35,900 --> 05:57:39,400
Tesla sought perfect Synergy of 
frequency and voltage, while 

6723
05:57:39,400 --> 05:57:42,700
corporate Engineers focused on 
standardized Parts despite 

6724
05:57:42,700 --> 05:57:45,100
tension, seeing his Motors mass 
produced. 

6725
05:57:45,100 --> 05:57:48,100
Thrilled him. 
He was elated when AC systems 

6726
05:57:48,100 --> 05:57:50,700
lit, parts of the 1893 World 
Columbian. 

6727
05:57:50,700 --> 05:57:54,300
Exposition in Chicago, 
showcasing a cityscape, a glow 

6728
05:57:54,300 --> 05:57:57,600
with alternating current 
courtesy of Westinghouse and 

6729
05:57:57,600 --> 05:57:59,700
Tesla. 
A lesser known interlude 

6730
05:57:59,700 --> 05:58:03,300
occurred when Tesla visited 
Niagara Falls to her. 

6731
05:58:03,300 --> 05:58:07,100
They the planned hydroelectric 
station standing at the brink of

6732
05:58:07,100 --> 05:58:10,300
the Thundering Cascade. 
He reportedly Muse that 

6733
05:58:10,300 --> 05:58:13,800
harnessing, such power would 
reflect Humanity's harmony with 

6734
05:58:13,800 --> 05:58:17,500
nature when it went on line, 
delivering electricity. 

6735
05:58:17,500 --> 05:58:20,200
As far as Buffalo, it proved 
Aces potency. 

6736
05:58:20,200 --> 05:58:23,800
Yet the war of the currents 
fueled by Edison's campaign 

6737
05:58:23,800 --> 05:58:27,300
labeling, AC, dangerous cast 
Shadows on these achievements. 

6738
05:58:28,000 --> 05:58:30,900
Edison's allies staged gruesome 
demonstrations. 

6739
05:58:30,900 --> 05:58:35,100
Electrocuting animals to 
highlight Aces hazards, Tesla 

6740
05:58:35,100 --> 05:58:37,800
though offended voided. 
Direct public attacks. 

6741
05:58:37,800 --> 05:58:41,400
Instead, he showcased Aces 
safety and flamboyant ways. 

6742
05:58:41,400 --> 05:58:44,500
Passing high frequency. 
Currents through himself to like

6743
05:58:44,500 --> 05:58:49,300
Lambs, Newspapers seized on 
these spectacles, Tesla disliked

6744
05:58:49,300 --> 05:58:51,900
theatrics for mere hype but saw 
them as necessary to shift 

6745
05:58:51,900 --> 05:58:56,200
perception, Tesla's finances, 
briefly soared his arrangement 

6746
05:58:56,200 --> 05:58:59,100
with Westinghouse promised 
substantial gains as AC spread. 

6747
05:58:59,100 --> 05:59:02,500
However, Westinghouse soon faced
Financial strain from the 

6748
05:59:02,500 --> 05:59:04,600
Niagara project and Market 
fluctuations. 

6749
05:59:04,600 --> 05:59:07,000
When Bankers threatened, the 
Westinghouse company. 

6750
05:59:07,000 --> 05:59:11,000
Tesla made a dramatic Choice who
released Westinghouse from the 

6751
05:59:11,000 --> 05:59:15,200
heavy royalty agreement. 
Some theaters altruism others, 

6752
05:59:15,200 --> 05:59:18,300
suspect, that he believed 
broader, AC adoption would bring

6753
05:59:18,300 --> 05:59:19,800
even greater wealth down the 
line. 

6754
05:59:19,800 --> 05:59:22,600
Either way, this decision cost 
him. 

6755
05:59:22,600 --> 05:59:26,400
Millions that shifted test 
Tesla's partnership with Western

6756
05:59:26,400 --> 05:59:29,100
house. 
Meanwhile, his growing celebrity

6757
05:59:29,100 --> 05:59:32,400
pushed him to chase in your 
ideas fascinated by a high 

6758
05:59:32,400 --> 05:59:33,900
frequency currents and wireless 
power. 

6759
05:59:33,900 --> 05:59:36,700
He had debt that AC power 
distribution, was only a 

6760
05:59:36,700 --> 05:59:39,400
starting point. 
His pivot from danger to 

6761
05:59:39,400 --> 05:59:42,800
Visionary signal, the door of a 
new phase yet, the transition 

6762
05:59:42,800 --> 05:59:46,900
was uneasy industry leaders 
wanted market-ready products not

6763
05:59:46,900 --> 05:59:51,700
Grand at Tesla. 
Ever the dreamer to break down 

6764
05:59:51,700 --> 05:59:56,000
trees This Clash set the stage 
for his most audacious projects,

6765
05:59:56,000 --> 05:59:59,100
some of which risk isolated him 
from commercial backers. 

6766
05:59:59,100 --> 06:00:03,700
Even so, as a sea quietly became
the worldwide, standard Tesla's 

6767
06:00:03,700 --> 06:00:05,700
decisive role, could not be 
denied. 

6768
06:00:06,400 --> 06:00:09,900
He had toppled the seemingly 
immovable dies, regime and paved

6769
06:00:09,900 --> 06:00:13,400
the road for an era defined by 
alternating current a feat that 

6770
06:00:13,400 --> 06:00:16,000
left him eager to explore even 
more Uncharted Terrain. 

6771
06:00:16,800 --> 06:00:19,900
These winds fueled Tesla's. 
Restless imagination propelling,

6772
06:00:19,900 --> 06:00:24,700
further innovation, By the 
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 

6773
06:00:24,700 --> 06:00:27,700
reputation as an inventor who 
might rewrite the laws of nature

6774
06:00:27,700 --> 06:00:30,200
with each new contrivance in 
truth. 

6775
06:00:30,200 --> 06:00:34,200
His methods combined meticulous 
trial and error with knights of 

6776
06:00:34,200 --> 06:00:37,700
solitary reflection. 
He fashioned Advanced coils to 

6777
06:00:37,700 --> 06:00:41,200
produce high-voltage high 
frequency, alternating currents,

6778
06:00:41,200 --> 06:00:43,900
creating dramatic arts of 
artificial lightning. 

6779
06:00:44,600 --> 06:00:46,900
While crowds flocked to watch 
his public lectures in 

6780
06:00:46,900 --> 06:00:50,600
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 
Restless longing for a place 

6781
06:00:50,600 --> 06:00:53,300
where he could attempt even 
bigger experiments unencumbered 

6782
06:00:53,300 --> 06:00:57,100
by City constraints. 
That desire took him to Colorado

6783
06:00:57,100 --> 06:01:00,300
Springs in 1899 perched at a 
higher altitude. 

6784
06:01:00,300 --> 06:01:03,100
With thinner are helped 
facilitate certain high voltage 

6785
06:01:03,100 --> 06:01:05,700
tests. 
The remote location was an ideal

6786
06:01:05,700 --> 06:01:09,100
Laboratory. he set up shop at 
the edge of town building, a 

6787
06:01:09,100 --> 06:01:12,300
structure equipped with a tall, 
Mast jutting above the roofline 

6788
06:01:12,900 --> 06:01:15,900
local spoke in hushed tones 
about lightning machines and 

6789
06:01:15,900 --> 06:01:19,200
Eerie after dark glows, some 
worried about potential 

6790
06:01:19,200 --> 06:01:21,600
catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

6791
06:01:21,600 --> 06:01:24,300
about the lanky figure who 
wandered fields at odd hours 

6792
06:01:24,300 --> 06:01:26,900
studying the interplay of 
natural lightning. 

6793
06:01:27,600 --> 06:01:31,700
Inside that Workshop Tesla, 
probed Frontiers that mainstream

6794
06:01:31,700 --> 06:01:35,000
scientists had scarcely 
imagined, he fixated on the 

6795
06:01:35,008 --> 06:01:37,700
Resonance of Earth so I honest 
fear believing signals could be 

6796
06:01:37,700 --> 06:01:41,000
beamed wirelessly across vast 
distances if property tuned. 

6797
06:01:41,000 --> 06:01:44,700
According to diary entries he 
meticulously recorded Every 

6798
06:01:44,700 --> 06:01:48,500
Spark, every flash, every year, 
splitting crack of artificial 

6799
06:01:48,500 --> 06:01:51,600
Thunder on occasion. 
He produced such intense 

6800
06:01:51,600 --> 06:01:55,700
discharges that the crackle 
could be heard for Miles, One 

6801
06:01:55,700 --> 06:01:57,900
account claims that he caused 
the local power stations 

6802
06:01:57,900 --> 06:02:02,100
generated to overheat prompting,
a short lived blackout ever the 

6803
06:02:02,108 --> 06:02:06,300
polite, guest Tesla apologized, 
then resumed tinkering in 

6804
06:02:06,300 --> 06:02:10,400
Colorado, Tesla crystallized, 
his Grand Vision a system of 

6805
06:02:10,408 --> 06:02:13,200
Global Wireless communication 
and power distribution. 

6806
06:02:13,200 --> 06:02:18,000
The townspeople hearing rumors 
of free electricity speculated, 

6807
06:02:18,000 --> 06:02:21,200
he might Supply Power at no cost
Tesla's goals. 

6808
06:02:21,200 --> 06:02:24,300
However, were subtler. 
He pictured networks of towers 

6809
06:02:24,300 --> 06:02:26,700
resonating with the Earth's 
natural electrical charge 

6810
06:02:26,700 --> 06:02:28,700
carrying. 
Voice or energy anywhere. 

6811
06:02:28,700 --> 06:02:31,700
This concept was a precursor to 
technologies. 

6812
06:02:31,700 --> 06:02:35,100
That would surface decades later
from Radio Transmissions to 

6813
06:02:35,100 --> 06:02:38,600
radar and Beyond yet life in 
Colorado was more than just 

6814
06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:42,300
experiments and thunderous arcs.
Tesla occasionally, mingled with

6815
06:02:42,308 --> 06:02:45,500
the locals regaling, them with 
Tales of Europe and his early 

6816
06:02:45,500 --> 06:02:49,100
exploits in New York. 
Despite his eccentric schedule 

6817
06:02:49,100 --> 06:02:53,200
he possessed impeccable manners,
one story recounts how he gave a

6818
06:02:53,200 --> 06:02:56,500
personal demo of Wireless lamps 
to a bewildered blacksmith who 

6819
06:02:56,500 --> 06:02:59,600
later insisted Tesla was pulling
electricity from thin air. 

6820
06:03:00,600 --> 06:03:04,300
Such encounters spurred Legends 
of Tesla as a Wizarding science 

6821
06:03:04,300 --> 06:03:08,200
with something like sorcery. 
Still financing these colossal 

6822
06:03:08,200 --> 06:03:12,800
tests drain Tesla's resources 
his main backer JP Morgan had 

6823
06:03:12,800 --> 06:03:14,500
initially supported the wireless
project. 

6824
06:03:14,500 --> 06:03:17,200
Like Liam. 
Anticipating a monopoly on 

6825
06:03:17,200 --> 06:03:20,700
Global Information. 
But once Morgan realized Tesla's

6826
06:03:20,700 --> 06:03:23,500
schemes, were far, more 
ambitious and riskier the mere 

6827
06:03:23,500 --> 06:03:26,400
Wireless telegraphy his 
enthusiasm cooled. 

6828
06:03:27,100 --> 06:03:30,400
Tesla pressed on convinced one 
decisive demonstration would 

6829
06:03:30,400 --> 06:03:33,100
open funding floodgates that 
breakthrough. 

6830
06:03:33,100 --> 06:03:36,700
However, remained elusive 
newspapers, Amplified rumors 

6831
06:03:36,700 --> 06:03:39,400
about Tesla's activities. 
Some claiming he was attempting 

6832
06:03:39,400 --> 06:03:41,700
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

6833
06:03:41,700 --> 06:03:44,600
Tesla did speculate about 
extraterrestrial intelligence. 

6834
06:03:44,600 --> 06:03:48,900
His real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless The Lure headlines. 

6835
06:03:48,900 --> 06:03:51,700
While fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

6836
06:03:51,700 --> 06:03:56,100
financial pressures eventually. 
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 

6837
06:03:56,100 --> 06:04:00,600
close the Colorado lab in 1900, 
he left with crates of notes and

6838
06:04:00,600 --> 06:04:04,000
undiminished Zeal convinced, he 
could still bring Wireless power

6839
06:04:04,000 --> 06:04:07,600
to the masses. 
The townspeople Left Behind the 

6840
06:04:07,600 --> 06:04:09,600
memory of glowing skies and 
royalty. 

6841
06:04:09,600 --> 06:04:13,400
Static, lingard a testament to 
the spectacular possibilities 

6842
06:04:13,400 --> 06:04:17,100
that science could conjure. 
For Tesla, Hurst Colorado, 

6843
06:04:17,100 --> 06:04:20,800
Springs became a pivotal chapter
approving ground that fortified 

6844
06:04:20,800 --> 06:04:23,200
his belief in the Limitless 
potential of electrical 

6845
06:04:23,200 --> 06:04:25,500
residents. 
It was there, he most clearly 

6846
06:04:25,500 --> 06:04:29,400
Force saw a connected World 
boundless by wires than by the 

6847
06:04:29,400 --> 06:04:31,200
atmospheric and Earthling 
energy. 

6848
06:04:31,200 --> 06:04:35,400
Harness in hindsight Colorado 
was the Overture to his next 

6849
06:04:35,400 --> 06:04:37,000
attempt at Global 
electrification. 

6850
06:04:37,000 --> 06:04:40,200
An attempt that would manifest 
in the Towering outline of 

6851
06:04:40,208 --> 06:04:41,900
warden cliff on Long Island 
Shores. 

6852
06:04:43,000 --> 06:04:46,300
Upon returning to New York, 
Tesla Consolidated, his findings

6853
06:04:46,300 --> 06:04:49,800
from Colorado Springs into an 
audacious new Venture, the 

6854
06:04:49,800 --> 06:04:53,700
wardenclyffe Tower project With 
financing from JP Morgan 

6855
06:04:53,700 --> 06:04:55,500
initially obtained. 
Under the premise of 

6856
06:04:55,500 --> 06:04:58,300
groundbreaking Wireless 
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 

6857
06:04:58,300 --> 06:05:01,400
in Shoreham Long Island. 
Overlooking the Atlantic. 

6858
06:05:02,400 --> 06:05:05,700
Construction began in 1901 the 
looming structure. 

6859
06:05:05,700 --> 06:05:09,400
Stood nearly Monday 187 ft. 
High topped by bulbous metal 

6860
06:05:09,400 --> 06:05:13,000
Dome and extended deep below 
ground through a network of iron

6861
06:05:13,000 --> 06:05:15,900
rods many. 
Observers had no idea what to 

6862
06:05:15,908 --> 06:05:19,700
make of it. 
Slur ever, enigmatic, preferred 

6863
06:05:19,700 --> 06:05:22,600
sweeping claims about sending 
both signals and energy across 

6864
06:05:22,600 --> 06:05:25,400
continents. 
What often goes unappreciated is

6865
06:05:25,400 --> 06:05:27,700
How Deeply Tesla believed in the
underlying physics. 

6866
06:05:28,500 --> 06:05:31,500
His notes show that Warden Cliff
wasn't limited to broadcasting 

6867
06:05:31,500 --> 06:05:33,800
Telegraph signals, he intended 
it. 

6868
06:05:33,800 --> 06:05:36,800
As the first of many 
transmitters, all resonating 

6869
06:05:36,800 --> 06:05:40,100
with Earth's natural, electrical
cavities to convey messages, or 

6870
06:05:40,100 --> 06:05:43,400
even power to any matching 
receivable worldwide in his 

6871
06:05:43,400 --> 06:05:45,800
mind. 
It wasn't fantasy, it was a 

6872
06:05:45,808 --> 06:05:48,100
logical leap from the high 
voltage experiments. 

6873
06:05:48,100 --> 06:05:51,700
He had run in Colorado Springs. 
However, the timing was not in 

6874
06:05:51,700 --> 06:05:55,400
his favor in the same year that 
Warden Cliffs skeletal form. 

6875
06:05:55,400 --> 06:05:58,900
Emerged from the Treetops. 
Guly Elmo, Marconi successfully 

6876
06:05:58,900 --> 06:06:01,100
conducted the first 
transatlantic, radio, 

6877
06:06:01,100 --> 06:06:05,100
transmission reporters hailed, 
Marconi as a giant in wireless. 

6878
06:06:05,100 --> 06:06:09,800
Communication Tesla, outraged 
pointed out that his own patents

6879
06:06:09,800 --> 06:06:11,200
on. 
Alternating current and related 

6880
06:06:11,200 --> 06:06:13,200
Technologies. 
Predated Marconi's work. 

6881
06:06:14,100 --> 06:06:16,800
Nevertheless, the public and 
financiers were smitten with 

6882
06:06:16,800 --> 06:06:19,800
Marconi's simpler, more 
immediately marketable setup. 

6883
06:06:20,800 --> 06:06:24,000
Morgan's patients were thin. 
Why bankroll Tesla's? 

6884
06:06:24,000 --> 06:06:26,300
Massive Tower. 
If Marconi is apparatus suffice 

6885
06:06:26,300 --> 06:06:29,800
for long distance. 
Signaling Warden, Cliff still 

6886
06:06:29,800 --> 06:06:33,200
incomplete hemorrhaged money. 
The crew building at dwindled, 

6887
06:06:33,200 --> 06:06:36,100
salaries went on paid and Tesla 
found himself. 

6888
06:06:36,100 --> 06:06:39,400
Pleading for fresh Capital. 
Each conversation with Morgan 

6889
06:06:39,400 --> 06:06:42,800
ended in Thurston demands for 
tangible proof which Tesla 

6890
06:06:42,800 --> 06:06:46,100
couldn't produce fast enough 
desperate for funds. 

6891
06:06:46,100 --> 06:06:51,100
Tesla tried licensing, auxiliary
invention's turbines pumps and 

6892
06:06:51,100 --> 06:06:52,800
even a plan to harness 
geothermal heat. 

6893
06:06:53,700 --> 06:06:56,800
But investors questioned his 
broader intentions where he 

6894
06:06:56,800 --> 06:07:00,100
might have pivot their money 
into the tower as Financial 

6895
06:07:00,100 --> 06:07:03,300
constraints tightened Warden, 
Clefairy remained, a half 

6896
06:07:03,308 --> 06:07:07,300
realized vision. 
By 1905, the site was 

6897
06:07:07,300 --> 06:07:11,400
effectively deserted the tower, 
a silent Monument to Tesla's 

6898
06:07:11,400 --> 06:07:14,900
Ambitions and the shifting tides
of investor faith during these 

6899
06:07:14,900 --> 06:07:18,000
Bleak years. 
Tesla's public Persona grew more

6900
06:07:18,000 --> 06:07:20,900
eccentric, journalists 
occasionally interviewed him 

6901
06:07:20,900 --> 06:07:25,300
only to hear about proposals for
death Rays or atmospheric power 

6902
06:07:25,300 --> 06:07:28,400
rumors circulated that he was 
becoming a recluse. 

6903
06:07:29,300 --> 06:07:32,900
Yet, his mind State agile. 
Continuing to churn out 

6904
06:07:32,900 --> 06:07:36,100
possibilities. 
He saw solar energy as a future 

6905
06:07:36,100 --> 06:07:38,000
Mainstay though. 
Few listened. 

6906
06:07:38,700 --> 06:07:41,400
The industrial World seemed 
enthralled by of oil and coal. 

6907
06:07:42,200 --> 06:07:45,300
While Tesla's musings about sun,
powered engines, Drew smirks 

6908
06:07:45,300 --> 06:07:49,000
Warden, Cliff was never fully 
operational and the newspapers. 

6909
06:07:49,000 --> 06:07:52,000
Offered little sympathy some 
newspapers, ridiculed him 

6910
06:07:52,000 --> 06:07:54,900
portraying him as an unrealistic
idea list others. 

6911
06:07:54,900 --> 06:07:58,400
Barely mentioned his name 
focusing instead on Marconi's 

6912
06:07:58,400 --> 06:08:04,100
ongoing successes Sting of being
overshadowed was palpable Tesla 

6913
06:08:04,100 --> 06:08:06,800
clung to the belief that one day
the world would recognize the 

6914
06:08:06,800 --> 06:08:11,300
practicality of Wireless power. 
Indeed, later generations would 

6915
06:08:11,300 --> 06:08:13,700
adapt many of his principles for
radio and Beyond. 

6916
06:08:14,600 --> 06:08:17,500
But in his time, the towers 
failure, left him saddled with 

6917
06:08:17,500 --> 06:08:20,500
debt and weighed down by public 
skepticism even. 

6918
06:08:20,500 --> 06:08:22,600
So Tesla didn't abandon 
optimism. 

6919
06:08:22,600 --> 06:08:26,000
He often spoke as if Warden 
Cliff had simply been delayed, 

6920
06:08:26,000 --> 06:08:30,500
not canceled in private, he 
refined sketches of improved 

6921
06:08:30,500 --> 06:08:34,400
transmitters reimagine, the 
towers design and kept dreaming 

6922
06:08:34,400 --> 06:08:37,300
of a worldwide grid of resonant 
stations. 

6923
06:08:37,300 --> 06:08:40,500
He believed that the planet 
itself with its vast. 

6924
06:08:40,500 --> 06:08:43,400
Electrical potential could be 
turned into a conduit of 

6925
06:08:43,400 --> 06:08:46,500
universal energy. 
The fact that Society was not 

6926
06:08:46,500 --> 06:08:50,000
ready, did little to, dampen his
conviction despite setbacks 

6927
06:08:50,000 --> 06:08:53,400
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 
crept into later technological. 

6928
06:08:53,400 --> 06:08:56,500
Revolution's Wireless 
communication would evolve in 

6929
06:08:56,500 --> 06:08:59,300
Leaps and Bounds though. 
Powered by the more conventional

6930
06:08:59,300 --> 06:09:02,600
means Concepts like Global 
connectivity and broadcast 

6931
06:09:02,600 --> 06:09:06,300
energy dismissed in Tesla's day,
surface decades, afterward in 

6932
06:09:06,300 --> 06:09:08,900
varying forms. 
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 

6933
06:09:08,900 --> 06:09:12,400
century Tesla faced only 
mounting bills evaporating 

6934
06:09:12,400 --> 06:09:14,500
capital and a tower rusting 
away. 

6935
06:09:14,600 --> 06:09:17,600
On Long Island. 
The Heartbreak of warden. 

6936
06:09:17,600 --> 06:09:21,000
Cliff marked a turning point 
leaving Tesla to operate mostly 

6937
06:09:21,000 --> 06:09:25,300
on the margins of an industry. 
Hid once revolutionized As the 

6938
06:09:25,300 --> 06:09:27,100
20th century marched on the 
world. 

6939
06:09:27,100 --> 06:09:29,100
Tesla had done so much to 
illuminate. 

6940
06:09:29,100 --> 06:09:33,300
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he
championed became the backbone 

6941
06:09:33,300 --> 06:09:37,100
of modern infrastructure yet, 
Tesla himself slipped from the 

6942
06:09:37,100 --> 06:09:40,000
spotlight, He moved between New 
York hotels. 

6943
06:09:40,000 --> 06:09:44,100
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 
behind public interviews, grew 

6944
06:09:44,100 --> 06:09:47,700
sparse when he did speak. 
He mentioned theories of beam 

6945
06:09:47,700 --> 06:09:50,700
weapons, whether manipulation 
and advanced propulsion. 

6946
06:09:50,700 --> 06:09:53,700
So intrigued. 
Even as some question, his grasp

6947
06:09:53,700 --> 06:09:58,100
on reality, But his notebooks to
the extent, they survive reveal 

6948
06:09:58,100 --> 06:10:01,400
how these ideas built on earlier
experiments rather than mere 

6949
06:10:01,400 --> 06:10:04,400
Whimsy. 
A lesser known facet of Tesla's 

6950
06:10:04,400 --> 06:10:06,100
later. 
Life was his nightly ritual of 

6951
06:10:06,108 --> 06:10:10,300
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,
Observers saw a solitary figure 

6952
06:10:10,300 --> 06:10:14,600
scattering seeds by Lamplight 
but Tesla found solace and 

6953
06:10:14,600 --> 06:10:17,800
caring for these birds. 
Claiming a special bond with one

6954
06:10:17,800 --> 06:10:21,500
white pigeon in particular, It 
may have seemed an odd Pastime 

6955
06:10:21,500 --> 06:10:24,900
for a renowned inventor yet. 
It reflected a familiar pattern.

6956
06:10:25,800 --> 06:10:27,300
Tesla's. 
Deep empathy for natural, 

6957
06:10:27,300 --> 06:10:32,100
phenomena creatures included. 
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged

6958
06:10:32,100 --> 06:10:35,500
over the origins of radio. 
Tesla had filed patents before 

6959
06:10:35,500 --> 06:10:38,800
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 
Marconi was lauded for bringing 

6960
06:10:38,800 --> 06:10:40,600
Wireless transmission into the 
mainstream. 

6961
06:10:41,800 --> 06:10:44,100
The legal entanglements, dragged
on for years. 

6962
06:10:44,900 --> 06:10:49,500
In 1943, the US Supreme Court, 
finally recognized Tesla's 

6963
06:10:49,500 --> 06:10:52,200
priority for peace, certain 
critical radio patents. 

6964
06:10:52,900 --> 06:10:55,600
Though, this Vindication arrived
too late to alter his financial 

6965
06:10:55,600 --> 06:10:58,200
Straits. 
He was never able to capitalize 

6966
06:10:58,200 --> 06:11:01,300
on the official ruling nor did 
it quell, The public's 

6967
06:11:01,300 --> 06:11:03,700
Association of radio primarily 
with Marconi. 

6968
06:11:04,500 --> 06:11:07,500
Tesla spent his final stretch of
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 

6969
06:11:07,500 --> 06:11:11,200
Though, short on funds, he still
scrolled ideas on scraps of 

6970
06:11:11,208 --> 06:11:14,600
paper. 
Proposing cosmic ray engines and

6971
06:11:14,600 --> 06:11:17,700
new power methods. 
Visitors who managed to see him 

6972
06:11:17,700 --> 06:11:21,700
like him animated and eloquent. 
Speaking in polished tones About

6973
06:11:21,700 --> 06:11:25,000
harnessing the energy of the Sun
or channeling power from the 

6974
06:11:25,000 --> 06:11:28,700
Earth's magnetic field. 
He believed that a teleforce 

6975
06:11:28,700 --> 06:11:31,700
beam could end War by making 
National borders in penetrable. 

6976
06:11:32,400 --> 06:11:35,400
To many, he's Notions sounded 
impossible yet. 

6977
06:11:35,400 --> 06:11:37,500
Tesla's track record. 
Left room to wonder. 

6978
06:11:38,400 --> 06:11:43,700
When he passed away on January, 
7th, 1943 in room, 3327, he left

6979
06:11:43,708 --> 06:11:46,400
behind boxes of documents that 
soon, became the subject of 

6980
06:11:46,400 --> 06:11:49,800
intense scrutiny authorities 
seized some of his papers 

6981
06:11:49,800 --> 06:11:52,600
fuelling Rumours of hidden 
Innovation, or weapons to 

6982
06:11:52,600 --> 06:11:54,200
dangerous for public 
consumption. 

6983
06:11:54,200 --> 06:11:58,100
Conspiracy theories. 
Flourished, while the reality 

6984
06:11:58,100 --> 06:12:01,800
likely involved routine, 
security concerns the secrecy 

6985
06:12:01,800 --> 06:12:05,900
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy
It became hard to disentangle 

6986
06:12:05,900 --> 06:12:08,500
fact from folklore over the 
decades. 

6987
06:12:09,300 --> 06:12:11,800
Tesla standing in popular 
Consciousness swung wildly 

6988
06:12:11,800 --> 06:12:16,200
Edison's name overshadowed his 
for a time especially in school 

6989
06:12:16,200 --> 06:12:20,100
textbooks only later did your 
movements rise to credit Tesla 

6990
06:12:20,100 --> 06:12:23,500
for his revolutionary 
contributions, to AC power radio

6991
06:12:23,500 --> 06:12:27,800
technology and more modern 
Engineers scientists and curious

6992
06:12:27,800 --> 06:12:31,100
lay people and covered his 
patents and writings marveling 

6993
06:12:31,100 --> 06:12:34,900
at how he'd anticipated entire 
fields of inquiry from robotics 

6994
06:12:34,900 --> 06:12:38,500
to wireless communication. 
His pioneering theories on 

6995
06:12:38,500 --> 06:12:41,200
residents and frequency. 
Also, informed aspects of modern

6996
06:12:41,200 --> 06:12:44,200
electronics, though, that debt 
was seldom acknowledged until 

6997
06:12:44,200 --> 06:12:49,400
much later in daily life. 
Tesla's true genius shines in 

6998
06:12:49,408 --> 06:12:52,700
the simplest of ways. 
Flick, a light switch and you 

6999
06:12:52,708 --> 06:12:54,100
reap. 
The benefits of alternating 

7000
06:12:54,100 --> 06:12:58,500
current use wireless devices and
you operate on a principal Tesla

7001
06:12:58,500 --> 06:13:00,000
believed could reach across the 
planet. 

7002
06:13:01,100 --> 06:13:04,400
Synergy envisioned between 
inventor nature and the 

7003
06:13:04,400 --> 06:13:07,200
Unstoppable. 
March of progress remains a 

7004
06:13:07,200 --> 06:13:09,900
potent, reminder of how one 
brilliant mind can shape hole 

7005
06:13:09,900 --> 06:13:14,900
Heroes Tesla's story is above 
all a study in perseverance and 

7006
06:13:14,900 --> 06:13:16,900
Paradox. 
He shunned, the pursuit of 

7007
06:13:16,908 --> 06:13:19,500
wealthy at needed Capital to 
materialize his dreams. 

7008
06:13:19,500 --> 06:13:22,500
He relished public 
demonstrations yet often worked 

7009
06:13:22,500 --> 06:13:27,100
Alone lost in interior worlds. 
He was both lauded and dismissed

7010
06:13:27,100 --> 06:13:30,500
recognized as a key figure in an
electrifying, the modern world 

7011
06:13:30,500 --> 06:13:32,600
yet. 
Branded at times as an 

7012
06:13:32,600 --> 06:13:36,100
eccentric, on the fringes of 
acceptable science even. 

7013
06:13:36,100 --> 06:13:39,500
So he left an imprint rivaled by
few long. 

7014
06:13:39,500 --> 06:13:43,000
After his death, the harm of AC 
power lines, the glow of 

7015
06:13:43,000 --> 06:13:47,200
electric lamps and the chirp of 
Wireless signals Echo, Tesla's 

7016
06:13:47,200 --> 06:13:49,300
influence. 
He never saw the breadth of his 

7017
06:13:49,300 --> 06:13:52,400
Triumph in person, yet. 
The future, he glimpsed was Not 

7018
06:13:52,400 --> 06:13:55,400
Mere fantasy. 
It was an inevitable extension 

7019
06:13:55,400 --> 06:13:57,600
of the forces, he harnessed so 
elegantly. 

7020
06:13:58,500 --> 06:14:01,100
And though the man himself 
passed in relative, obscurity 

7021
06:14:01,100 --> 06:14:04,900
his ideas still crackle with a 
Vitality that defies the 

7022
06:14:04,900 --> 06:14:06,700
boundaries of time and 
Imagination.