The Surprising Ways Our Ancestors Slept | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome back my tired potatoes 
tonight. 

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We are traveling through the 
strangest and most forgotten 

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corners of human sleep history. 
You're about to discover that 

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almost everything. 
You think you know about a 

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proper night of rest is wrong. 
So, feel free to follow if you 

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haven't already, and if this 
type of content changes, any 

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problems, you experience with 
sleep, let us know how your day 

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was down below in the comments 
and what it is for you. 

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I always feel thrilled to see 
where everyone chimes in from 

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now. 
Sit back, get cozy and let's get

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this show on the road. 
Sure, a world where sleeping 

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eight hours straight would seem 
bizarre and unnatural. 

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Imagine climbing into bed, 
knowing you will wake in the 

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middle of the night, not from 
insomnia, but because that is 

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simply how sleep works. 
For most of human history, this 

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was normal the eight hours sleep
block. 

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You can consider natural is 
actually a recent invention and 

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tonight, you will learn how our 
ancestors really. 

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Slept your line in a wooden bed 
in a stone Cottage, somewhere in

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England. 
The year is 1423 outside. 

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Your shuttered window of 
November winds scrapes across 

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thatched, roofs and rattles 
through bear. 

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Oak branches inside Darkness 
presses against every surface. 

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No, streetlights exist. 
No neighbors, television. 

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Glows, blue through curtains. 
The only light comes from Embers

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dying in your heart. 
You finished supper two hours. 

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After Sunset, you ate pottage 
thick with turnips and barley 

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and you wiped your wooden bowl 
with dark bread. 

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Your family move through evening
tasks by Rush light your 

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daughter, carded wool your son 
carved, a new axle Peg for the 

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cart. 
You mended a tear in your 

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heaviest cloak. 
Nobody spoke much conversation 

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costs, energy and winter 
demands, you can serve 

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everything. 
When the rush lights burn too 

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low to be useful, everyone 
climbed the ladder to the 

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sleeping Loft. 
You pulled off your day clothes 

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and draped them over the ladder 
rail. 

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You kept on your long linen, 
under shift. 

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The bed is wide enough for four 
people stuffed with straw that 

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crackles. 
When you move three wool blanket

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and one sheepskin cover you your
wife lies on your left, your two

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children, share The Far Side, 
your breath make small clouds in

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the Frigidaire. 
Close your eyes. 

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Sleep arrives within minutes. 
Your body knows this Rhythm the 

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way, it knows hunger and thirst.
This is your first sleep. 

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It will last about four hours, 
the concept of first sleep. 

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And second sleep appears 
throughout historical documents 

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from ancient times. 
Through the early 19th century 

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references, show up in medieval 
prayer books in depositions from

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16th century court, cases in the
Diaries of colonial, America's. 

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And in the novels of Charles, 
Dickens, For thousands of years.

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Humans naturally divided their 
Knight into two distinct sleep 

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periods separated by an hour or 
more of quiet wakefulness. 

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Historian. 
Roger Iker, you spent 16 years 

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researching sleep patterns in 
pre-industrial societies. 

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He examined legal depositions, 
medical texts letters and 

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literature from across Europe 
and America. 

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He found over 2000 references to
segmented sleep. 

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People mentioned their first 
sleep and second sleep as 

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casually as we mentioned, 
breakfast and lunch. 

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A 15th century medical texts 
readers that the time between 

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first and second, sleep is ideal
for scholarly study. 

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A 16th century prayer. 
Manual includes special prayers 

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meant to be said during the 
watching out between sleeps an 

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18th century doctors Journal 
notes that the ARB between 

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sleeps as when many patients 
report their dreams most 

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vividly, In your medieval 
Cottage, you sleep deeply for 

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those first, four hours, your 
body temperature drops. 

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Your breathing slows, your 
muscles, fully relaxed. 

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Around midnight you drift up 
from Deep Sleep into lighter 

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sleep. 
Then into wakefulness. 

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This is not insomnia. 
This is normal. 

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This is the watching our, you 
open your eyes complete darkness

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surrounds you you hear your wife
breathing beside you. 

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You hear your son shifted 
position under the blankets. 

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You hear the wind and the faint.
Settling sounds of the cottage 

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Timbers you feel warm. 
Despite the cold air on your 

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face. 
The straw beneath you has 

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compressed into a nest shaped 
exactly to your body. 

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Your mind is calm, but alert, 
you are not anxious. 

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You're not checking invisible 
clocks or calculating hours of 

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sleep remaining. 
You simply exist in this quiet. 

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Darkness Your thoughts drift in 
gentle directions, you remember 

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the way your daughter laughed 
when the pig escaped yesterday. 

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You think about needing to 
repair the chicken coop door 

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before the next storm? 
You wonder if your cousin will 

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visit before Christmas this is 
the hour, when many people 

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prayed, Not formal prayers 
necessarily, but quiet 

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conversations with God in the 
Darkness. 

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This is when people reflected on
dreams, they had during first 

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sleep. 
This is when married couples 

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talked in low voices about how 
old matters or simply late 

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together in the darkness, you 
might rise and use the chamber 

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pot. 
You might poke the fire Embers 

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and add another log. 
You might drink water from The 

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Jug near the bed, but mostly you
lie, still and let your mind 

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wander in peaceful Direction's. 
Your body is rested from the 

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first sleep. 
You feel no pressure to 

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immediately return to sleep. 
The darkness is not your enemy. 

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The wakefulness is not a problem
to be solved after about an hour

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drowsiness returns naturally 
your thoughts grow dreamiere, 

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your breathing deepens your eyes
closed within minutes. 

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You slip back into sleep. 
This is your second sleep, it 

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will last, until dawn Secondly, 
is different from first sleep, 

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it contains more dreaming. 
Your body has already completed.

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The Deep restorative sleep, it 
needed during the first phase. 

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Now your brain processes 
memories and emotions your 

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dreams during Second sleep. 
Are often more Vivid and strange

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than firstly dreams, you dream 
of flying over your village, you

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dream of your grandmother who 
died three Winters ago? 

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You dream of finding a purse 
full of silver coins in the 

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woods. 
When you wake it Dawn you feel 

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genuinely rested. 
You have slept seven or eight 

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hours. 
Total divided into two natural 

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segments with a peaceful our 
between. 

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This pattern matches your body's
innate rhythms your ancestors. 

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Slept this way. 
Your grandchildren will sleep 

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this way. 
Everyone, you know sleeps this 

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way. 
Nobody calls it a disorder. 

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Nobody sells remedies for waking
in the night. 

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Nobody worries. 
They are sleeping wrong. 

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This is simply how humans sleep.
You are a traveler. 

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Now, the year is 1500 and 68. 
You're walking through the 

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German Countryside on your way 
to the next Market town. 

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The spring Sun is setting behind
you, your feet. 

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Ache your leather, pack weighs 
heavy on your shoulders. 

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You have perhaps 10 miles left 
to walk, and darkness is coming 

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fast. and in appears around the 
bend, it is a two-story Timber 

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building with a thatched roof 
and small Windows glowing yellow

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with firelight smoke rises from 
the chimney. 

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You smell cooking meat relief, 
floods through you. 

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Sleeping Outdoors is dangerous 
and cold wolves proud. 

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These forests Bandits, watch the
roads, an in means safety and 

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warmth. 
You push open the heavy door 

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heat and noise, hit you 
immediately. 

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The common room is crowded with 
Travelers. 

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Local farmers, and the 
innkeepers family. 

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Fire Roars in the massive half. 
Trestle tables. 

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Fill the center of the room. 
Someone is playing a badly. 

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Tuned fiddle. 
Dog's fight over scraps in the 

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corners. 
Children run between tables. 

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The smells of wood smoke 
roasting pork and Too Many 

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unwashed Bodies packed together.
You pay The Innkeeper three 

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coins. 
This buys you supper a place by 

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the fire and a spot in the 
common sleeping room. 

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The Innkeeper does not ask your 
name, you do not ask. 

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His anonymity is safer for 
everyone. 

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You sit on a bench at the end of
one table and eat the food 

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place. 
Before you pork belly, turnips 

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coarse bread and waterdale. 
You eat quickly. 

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Others are your portion. 
After supper people, begin 

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arranging themselves for Sleep, 
the common room serves, as 

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sleeping quarters, The Innkeeper
and his family. 

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Retired to a private room behind
the half everyone else spreads 

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out, wherever they can find 
Space, benches become beds 

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floor. 
Space becomes valuable people. 

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Negotiate positions, based on 
status and payment level, you 

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paid the middle rate. 
This means you get floor space 

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near the half but not directly 
beside it. 

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The wealthy merchants who 
arrived on Horseback, claims the

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best bench. 
The two monks, traveling to the 

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monastery, gets spaces, close to
the wall, the laborers, headed 

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to the next town for Harvest 
work. 

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Sleep near the door. 
Three women traveling together, 

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with out male protection, sleep 
in the corner, farthest from 

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everyone else. 
Status and gender. 

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Determined sleeping Arrangements
more than comfort. 

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You unroll your cloak and create
a cushion from your pack. 

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You lie down on the hard floor. 
All around you, people settle in

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for the night the merchant 
snores already. 

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One of the monks prays quietly, 
the labor has passed around a 

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flask and Whisper crude jokes. 
The women murmur together, 

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keeping watch on each other, the
fire burns down, Darkness, grows

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thick, the noise gradually 
decreases bodies shift and 

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settle breathing deepens, but 
complete silence Never Comes. 

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This is communal sleeping. 
Privacy does not exist. 

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Quiet does not exist. 
You share the night with 

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strangers. 
Someone gets up to use the privy

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outside someone else. 
Coughs repeatedly the dog's pace

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and resettle one of the women's 
snores with impressive, volume, 

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the merchant sleep, talking 
drifts across the room. 

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You hear fragments about wool 
prices and dishonor. 

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Suppliers. 
Outside and owl calls, a cart 

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rumbles passed on the road. 
The inside creeks in the wind 

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you sleep, despite the noise 
humans are adaptable creatures. 

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Our ancestors slept in 
conditions, we would find 

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impossible. 
They slept through conversations

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through snoring through animals,
moving nearby, through 

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temperature, changes and 
discomfort. 

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They had no choice. 
Privacy was a luxury. 

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Most people never experienced 
even in private homes, communal,

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sleeping was standard. 
Entire families. 

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Shared one bed. 
Servants slept in the kitchens 

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or hallways apprentices slept in
workshops children were packed 

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together in Lofts and attics 
houses were small fuel was 

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expensive. 
Shared sleeping meant shared 

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warmth, a London, household in 
1590, consisted of a merchant, 

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his wife, five children, three 
apprentices, two servants, and 

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his elderly mother. 
They lived in a four-room house.

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The merchant and his wife, 
shared a bed with their youngest

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children. 
The older children slept 

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together in the Loft, the 
apprentices sled on pallet in 

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the workshop. 
The servants slept in the 

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kitchen, the mother had a narrow
cock near the half 11 people in 

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four rooms. 
Nobody thought this unusual 

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shared sleeping created its own,
social rules. 

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You learn to ignore sounds and 
movements you learned to sleep 

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lightly enough to wake if real 
danger threatened but deeply 

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enough to actually rest. 
You learned which positions 

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minimized disturbance to others,
you learn to time your trips to 

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the chamber pot for moments when
others were also awake in the 

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end. 
You wake during your watching 

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our between first and second 
sleep others, wake to this is 

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normal. 
You hear low conversations? 

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Someone adds wood to the fire. 
The laborers, share bread, they 

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saved from supper. 
One of the monks begins praying 

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again, the sounds are quiet and 
respectful. 

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Everyone understands the Rhythm,
nobody objects to the 

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wakefulness, you lie, still, and
think tomorrow you will reach 

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the market town, you will sell 
your goods, you will buy new 

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supplies, you will begin the 
journey home. 

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Your thoughts drift to your 
family. 

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Your wife is managing the 
household alone. 

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Your children are helping with 
spring planting. 

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They are sleeping in the Loft 
right now in the bed you will 

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share. 
They are warm and safe. 

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This thought comforts, you 
drowsiness returns you slip back

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into second sleep. 
The communal breathing and 

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shifting of bodies become White 
Noise. 

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You dream of home. 
When dawnlight filters through 

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the shutters you wake naturally 
others. 

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Awaking too the in returns to 
noise and activity, gather your 

233
00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:03,100
things eat a piece of bread and 
step back onto the road. 

234
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,000
Communal sleeping was not 
intimate. 

235
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,100
It was practical bodies 
generated Heat. 

236
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,700
Multiple people in one space. 
Meant fewer rooms to heat. 

237
00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:17,300
Shared sleeping saved fuel 
saved, space saved money. 

238
00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:21,000
Our ancestors accepted this 
Arrangement without question. 

239
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,400
They had no concept of needing 
separate rooms or privacy for 

240
00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:26,600
sleep. 
That notion would arrive much 

241
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:29,100
later with industrialization and
increased wealth. 

242
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:32,600
You're lying on the ground. 
The year is 8,000 years ago. 

243
00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:35,600
You're somewhere in what will 
eventually be called Scotland? 

244
00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,800
But right now it is simply the 
cold Northern edge of the world.

245
00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:41,700
You live in a settlement of 
perhaps 30 people. 

246
00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:45,000
You're dwelling, is a circular 
Stone structure with a roof of 

247
00:12:45,008 --> 00:12:47,500
turf and driftwood a central 
half. 

248
00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:50,300
Keeps the interior slightly 
warmer than the brutal wind 

249
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:52,800
outside. 
Your bed is a rectangular 

250
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,100
depression dug into the Earth 
and floor along the wall. 

251
00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:58,300
The depression is lined with 
flat stones and filled with 

252
00:12:58,300 --> 00:13:01,300
dried, Heather and grass, two, 
large Stones frame. 

253
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:04,500
The head of your sleeping space 
creating a Windbreak A third 

254
00:13:04,508 --> 00:13:07,100
Stone separates, your sleeping 
area from your neighbor's 

255
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:09,800
sleeping area. 
The arrangement provides minimal

256
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:13,100
privacy and maximum shared 
warmth July on this bed. 

257
00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:17,400
In animal skins, dear Hyde 
covers, you seal skin serves as 

258
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:20,500
your underlayer The Heather 
Beneath You smells faintly of 

259
00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:24,400
Summer even though winter grips,
the world outside, the stone 

260
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,300
walls radiate, cold the turf 
roof drips. 

261
00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:30,400
Occasionally, when rain finds 
his way through, this bed, is 

262
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,400
not comfortable by modern 
standards, but it is yours. 

263
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:35,700
It is warmer than the open 
ground. 

264
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,200
Keeps you alive. 
This is how sleep began humans. 

265
00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:42,900
Have always needed to separate 
themselves from the cold Earth. 

266
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:46,000
We have always sought insulation
and protection during our 

267
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:49,100
vulnerable sleeping hours. 
The evolution of the bed tells 

268
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:52,500
the story of human Ingenuity and
the slow accumulation of comfort

269
00:13:52,500 --> 00:13:54,600
move forward. 
Several thousand years. 

270
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:58,200
You're now in ancient Egypt your
wealthy enough to own a proper 

271
00:13:58,208 --> 00:14:00,500
bed frame. 
It is made from dark would 

272
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:04,700
probably Ebony or Cedar, the 
frame sits about a foot off the 

273
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,400
floor on legs carved to resemble
lion. 

274
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,800
Paws the sleeping surface, 
slopes slightly with the head 

275
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,600
higher than the feet, no 
mattress exists. 

276
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,800
You sleep directly on woven 
Reed, mats stretched across the 

277
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,000
frame. 
Your pillow is made of wood. 

278
00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:23,000
It is not designed for softness.
It is designed to elevate your 

279
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,000
head and protect your elaborate 
hairstyle. 

280
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:27,900
The wooden pillow is curved to 
create your neck. 

281
00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:31,500
It is decorated with images of 
household Gods who are meant to 

282
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:34,800
protect you during sleep. 
When you lie down the pillow 

283
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:38,900
feels impossibly hard your neck 
complains but your hair remains 

284
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:41,600
perfect. 
Egyptian beds were status 

285
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,800
symbols poor people. 
Slept on Reed. 

286
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,400
Mats on the floor. 
Middle class, people slept on 

287
00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:48,400
simple. 
Wooden frames wealthy. 

288
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:51,300
People slept on frames with 
elaborate carvings and inlays. 

289
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:54,000
The Pharaoh slept on beds 
covered in Gold. 

290
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,900
Leaf, the bed, you owned 
announced your place in society 

291
00:14:56,900 --> 00:15:00,000
as clearly as your clothing or 
home move forward again. 

292
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:04,200
You're now in ancient Rome, your
moderately wealthy, your bed is 

293
00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:06,900
called a Lexus. 
It is made from bronze or wood 

294
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:09,500
and stands higher off the ground
than Egyptian beds. 

295
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:13,300
The frame includes a headboard 
and footboard leather straps, 

296
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:15,200
crisscross the frame to support 
the mattress. 

297
00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:19,400
The mattress itself is a cloth 
sack stuffed with wool feathers 

298
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,100
or reads. 
Depending on your wealth wool is

299
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:26,200
best read to cheapest feathers. 
A luxurious you lie on this 

300
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,800
mattress under wool, blankets, 
linen sheets exist but are 

301
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,900
expensive Most people sleep 
directly on the mattress. 

302
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:35,100
You have a pillow stuffed with 
soft wool. 

303
00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:38,000
The pillow is an innovation. 
Your ancestors would have ended.

304
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:42,400
It actually provides comfort in 
stead of just elevation Romans 

305
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,300
took their beds. 
Seriously they used beds not 

306
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:48,700
just for sleeping, but for 
dining for receiving guests and 

307
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,400
for dying. 
Important Romans died in their 

308
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:54,600
beds, surrounded by family and 
the bed became part of the 

309
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,800
funeral ritual. 
Your bed was where you conducted

310
00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:01,100
much of your private life. 
Medieval Europe, transformed the

311
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:04,100
bed again. 
You're now a minor Noble in 13th

312
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:06,700
century France. 
Your bed is a massive, wooden 

313
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:08,900
structure that dominates your 
sleeping chamber. 

314
00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:14,400
The frame is 7 feet long and six
feet wide four carved posts rise

315
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:17,100
from the corners supporting a 
wooden canopy overhead. 

316
00:16:17,900 --> 00:16:20,400
Heavy wool, curtains. 
Hang from the canopy on all four

317
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:22,600
sides. 
When you close the curtains, 

318
00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:26,500
your bed becomes a room within a
room, the mattress is a linen. 

319
00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:29,600
Sack stuffed with straw over 
this lies a feather mattress 

320
00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:32,800
thinner than you might imagine 
but softer than pure straw, 

321
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:37,100
linen sheets cover the mattress 
wool blanket and a fur coverlet 

322
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:40,400
provide warmth Several pillows 
stuffed with down support your 

323
00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:42,600
head. 
This bed cost more than most 

324
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,900
peasants earned in a year. 
The wood was carved by skilled 

325
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:48,200
Craftsmen. 
The curtains were woven by 

326
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:51,000
professional Weavers. 
The feathers were plucked by 

327
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:55,000
hand and carefully cleaned. 
This bed is not just Furniture. 

328
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:58,600
It is well made visible. 
It is inheritance. 

329
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:01,200
You will pass your children. 
It is security. 

330
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:03,100
You can sell. 
If time has become desperate, 

331
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:07,700
The curtains serve multiple 
purposes, they block drafts in 

332
00:17:07,700 --> 00:17:10,500
your stone chamber. 
They provide privacy when guests

333
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:12,800
visit your home, they create 
Darkness for sleeping. 

334
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:15,700
They trap heat from your body 
and keep you warmer than open 

335
00:17:15,700 --> 00:17:18,700
air would allow when you close 
those curtains at night. 

336
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:21,599
You enter a private world 
separate from household 

337
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:24,599
activities. 
But those curtains also pose, 

338
00:17:24,599 --> 00:17:27,900
danger people occasionally 
suffocate, in heavily curtained 

339
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:30,600
beds. 
Carbon dioxide builds up in the 

340
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:33,700
enclosed space. 
Several medieval texts, warned 

341
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:36,100
against closing bed, curtains to
tightly one. 

342
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:39,800
Medical Treatise from 1432, 
specifically, advises, keeping 

343
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,400
at least one curtain, partially 
open to allow fresh air 

344
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:46,400
circulation. 
By the 16th century wealthy 

345
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:50,100
Europeans competed to own the 
most elaborate beds for poster, 

346
00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:54,200
beds grew taller, carving more 
intricate Fabrics, grew more 

347
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:58,100
expensive, some beds stood, nine
feet tall with tops decorated, 

348
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:01,900
with carved, figures painted 
panels, and gilded finials. 

349
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:04,700
These beds were architectural 
statements. 

350
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:07,800
They announced that you had 
arrived socially, Queen 

351
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:10,400
Elizabeth, the first owned, 
multiple elaborate beds, that 

352
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:13,500
traveled with her, when she 
moved between palaces each bed. 

353
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:17,200
Required a wagon for transport 
each bed took a full day to 

354
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:19,500
assemble. 
The beds were draped with silk 

355
00:18:19,500 --> 00:18:21,500
and velvet. 
The posts were carved and 

356
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:24,500
painted the mattresses were 
stuffed with a finest down. 

357
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:27,700
Elizabeth used her beds as 
diplomatic tools. 

358
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:31,300
Sometimes giving them as gifts 
to favored Nobles, Common 

359
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:35,600
People, slept very differently. 
A typical English farmer in 1600

360
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:38,200
owned a simple wooden bed stead 
with a straw mattress. 

361
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:42,500
The frame sat low to the ground.
No, curtains hung from Posts, 

362
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:46,200
because no posts existed. 
A single wool blanket provided 

363
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:48,600
warmth. 
The pillow was a cloth sack 

364
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:50,300
filled with chaff or wool 
scraps. 

365
00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:54,600
The bed occupied one corner of 
the single room Cottage everyone

366
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,600
saw it, everyone knew who slept 
there, many poor families owned,

367
00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:01,500
no bed at all. 
They slept on straw pallets laid

368
00:19:01,500 --> 00:19:04,000
on the floor. 
Children, slept in Lofts on 

369
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,300
loose, straw servants, slept 
wherever they could find Space. 

370
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:11,500
The bed as a universal piece of 
furniture is a relatively recent

371
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:14,000
development. 
The 17th century brought. 

372
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,500
The first upholstered beds? 
Padding appeared on headboards. 

373
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:21,200
Mattresses grew thicker. 
Spiral Springs were invented in 

374
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,400
1857, revolutionizing mattress 
comfort. 

375
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:27,400
Coil springs. 
Distributed weight more evenly 

376
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:31,300
than wrote or leather straps. 
The modern mattress industry was

377
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:35,200
born by 1900 middle class. 
Families could afford metal, bed

378
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,900
frames with spring mattresses. 
These beds were mass produced in

379
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:41,500
factories. 
They cost a fraction of handmade

380
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:44,100
wooden beds. 
They were lighter and easier to 

381
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:46,300
move. 
They did not Harbor insects the 

382
00:19:46,300 --> 00:19:49,000
way wooden joints. 
Did they represented modernity 

383
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,100
and progress? 
Your bed tonight is the product 

384
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:57,000
of 8,000 years of human effort, 
the box spring beneath you the 

385
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,900
foam or coil mattress above 
that. 

386
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:03,200
Fitted sheet, that stays in 
place, the pillows designed by 

387
00:20:03,208 --> 00:20:06,700
Engineers for optimal neck, 
support the comforter filled 

388
00:20:06,700 --> 00:20:10,100
with synthetic, fibers lighter 
and warmer than any wool, this 

389
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:12,000
bed would Astound your 
ancestors. 

390
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,200
They would think you slept like 
royalty. 

391
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,400
You're awake between sleeps 
again. 

392
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:21,100
But this time, you're in 1700 
and 1332 your living in a 

393
00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:23,800
middling household. 
In Amsterdam, you share a bed 

394
00:20:23,808 --> 00:20:27,200
with your husband, in a private 
chamber, your children sleep. 

395
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,500
In the adjacent room, your 
maid-servant sleeps down stairs 

396
00:20:30,500 --> 00:20:33,200
near the kitchen. 
The house is dark except for 

397
00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:34,700
moonlight filtering through the 
window. 

398
00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:37,900
You wake naturally. 
After your first sleep, your 

399
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:40,700
husband wakes, too. 
This is your watching our 

400
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:43,300
together. 
You do not like a can candle can

401
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:46,100
candles are expensive. 
The Moonlight is sufficient. 

402
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:49,000
You lie on your backs and talk 
quietly. 

403
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,800
You discuss your daughter's 
upcoming marriage, you discuss 

404
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:55,800
the new trading Venture. 
Your husband is considering you 

405
00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:58,000
discuss, whether the maid 
servant is stealing food. 

406
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,300
You discuss your mother's 
Failing health. 

407
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,300
These are intimate 
conversations, impossible during

408
00:21:03,300 --> 00:21:06,000
daylight hours. 
When children interrupt and 

409
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,800
servants over here, the watching
our belongs to married couples. 

410
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:14,400
1659 ballad from England 
specifically references. 

411
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,800
This practice The Ballad 
describes a husband and wife 

412
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:22,200
talking between sleeps about 
household matters. 1700 doctors 

413
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,200
guide to marriage suggest using 
the watching our for gentle 

414
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,200
conversation between spouses. 
The hour between sleeps was 

415
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,500
understood to be valuable time 
for connection, but the watching

416
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:32,900
our was not just for 
conversation. 

417
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:36,900
Many people Rose from bed. 
During this time, they performed

418
00:21:36,900 --> 00:21:40,200
small tasks. 
They tended fires, they checked 

419
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,600
on children. 
They used chamber pots, they 

420
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,100
prayed they thought they simply 
existed in the quiet. 

421
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:48,900
Darkness, you rise from your bed
in Amsterdam. 

422
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:51,200
You put on a heavy robe against 
the cold. 

423
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:53,000
You go down stairs to the 
kitchen. 

424
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,300
The coals in the Hearth are 
still glowing. 

425
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:58,600
You add small sticks and blow 
gently until Flames appear. 

426
00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:01,900
You warm your hands. 
You drink water from The Jug. 

427
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:05,300
You feel peaceful and calm. 
This hour is yours alone. 

428
00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:09,500
historical records show, people 
doing various activities during 

429
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:14,200
their watching our a 1590 Court 
deposition from England, 

430
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,800
describes a neighbor, who 
visited another neighbor during 

431
00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:20,300
the watching our They sat by the
fire and talked for an hour 

432
00:22:20,308 --> 00:22:23,400
before returning to their 
respective beds, both parties 

433
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:25,500
treated this as completely, 
normal behavior. 

434
00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:29,800
A 1643 diary from colonial 
America mentions using the 

435
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:34,100
watching our to read scripture 
by candlelight. 1700 medical 

436
00:22:34,100 --> 00:22:37,400
texts from France recommends 
using the watching our for 

437
00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:41,000
meditation and prayer. 
A 1680 English household manual 

438
00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:43,800
suggests checking doors and 
windows during the watching our 

439
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:45,700
to ensure they are properly 
secured. 

440
00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,500
Some people use the watching our
for more creative Pursuits. 

441
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,200
A few historical accounts 
mention composing poetry during 

442
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,000
nighttime wakefulness. several 
musicians described working out 

443
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:01,500
Melodies during the watching our
One seven team 10 letter from a 

444
00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:03,600
Dutch painter. 
Describes visualizing paintings 

445
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:05,500
during the quiet hour between 
sleeps. 

446
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:09,400
The watching, our was also prime
time for Crime, thieves knew 

447
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,600
that many people were awake 
between sleeps court records 

448
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:15,000
from across Europe, detail, 
burglaries and salts that 

449
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:16,500
occurred during these nighttime 
hours. 

450
00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:20,500
The watching, our was not always
peaceful but for most people the

451
00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:23,700
watching our provided something 
increasingly rare as centuries 

452
00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:26,500
progressed. 
It provided uninterrupted, quiet

453
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:30,300
time for thought and reflection.
No, work demanded attention. 

454
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:34,400
No social obligations pressed. 
No children needed supervision. 

455
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,200
He was simply awaken Darkness 
with your own thoughts. 

456
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:39,900
You stand by your kitchen, half 
in Amsterdam. 

457
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:41,500
Fire. 
Crackle. 

458
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:43,700
Softly outside. 
You hear occasional? 

459
00:23:43,700 --> 00:23:47,000
Sounds a cat yowls, a cart 
rumbles. 

460
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,500
Past the nightwatch calls the 
hour. 

461
00:23:49,500 --> 00:23:53,200
The sounds do not disturb you. 
They are the familiar sounds of 

462
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,700
night in a city, your mind 
wanders. 

463
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:58,100
You think about your childhood 
in the countryside. 

464
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,300
You think about your father who 
died last year, you think about 

465
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:03,200
the herb garden? 
You want to plant in Spring? 

466
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,500
Your thoughts are not anxious or
racing. 

467
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:07,800
They drift like leaves on slow 
water. 

468
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,900
After perhaps 45 minutes, you 
feel drowsiness returning your 

469
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:14,400
bank. 
The fire, you climb the stairs. 

470
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:16,500
You slip back into bed beside 
your husband. 

471
00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:19,100
He's already asleep his 
breathing deep. 

472
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:22,700
And even you pull the blankets 
over yourself within minutes, 

473
00:24:22,700 --> 00:24:27,000
you fall back into second sleep.
This pattern of segmented, sleep

474
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,400
with a watching our between was 
Universal across Europe and 

475
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:32,700
colonial America until the late 
1800s. 

476
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:36,200
Then something changed the 
watching, our began to 

477
00:24:36,208 --> 00:24:39,000
disappear. 
You're still in amps down, but 

478
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:42,500
the year is now 1895 your 
standing on a street corner at 

479
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:45,900
night above you a new gas 
Street, Lamp hisses, and glows, 

480
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:49,300
the light is Harsh and bright. 
Nothing like firelight or 

481
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:51,800
candles. 
It turns the night into an 

482
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:55,100
artificial Twilight. 
You can see clearly for 100 feet

483
00:24:55,100 --> 00:24:58,700
in every direction. 
Shadows are sharp and black. 

484
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:02,000
The natural darkness of night 
has been conquered. 

485
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:04,700
This is the beginning of the end
for segmented. 

486
00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:09,800
Sleep, when humans could control
Darkness, everything changed the

487
00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:12,500
watching, our could not survive,
the arrival of artificial light,

488
00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:17,100
gas lighting arrived in European
cities during the early 1800s by

489
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:20,300
mid-century major streets in 
London, Paris Amsterdam and 

490
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:23,500
other cities glowed with gas 
lamps, The lamps allowed 

491
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:26,500
extended business hours, 
factories could run night, 

492
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:27,900
shifts. 
Shops stayed. 

493
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:30,300
Open later, entertainment, 
venues offered evening 

494
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:33,400
performance is night became 
colonized by Commerce and 

495
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:36,100
productivity. 
Electric lighting arrived in the

496
00:25:36,108 --> 00:25:39,200
1880s. 
It was brighter cleaner and more

497
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,400
reliable than gas. 
Thomas, Edison, demonstrated his

498
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:46,000
practical light bulb in 1879 
within 20 years. 

499
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:48,700
Electric lights were spreading 
through wealthy homes and 

500
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:51,100
businesses. 
The conquest of Darkness 

501
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:54,900
accelerated your back in your 
Amsterdam home, the year is 

502
00:25:54,900 --> 00:25:57,600
1910, your house has electric 
lights. 

503
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,700
Now, when evening comes you do 
not like candles or tend oil 

504
00:26:00,700 --> 00:26:04,700
lamps, you simply turn a switch.
Brilliant, light floods, the 

505
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:08,500
room instantly, you can read 
comfortably, you can sew without

506
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:10,600
straining. 
Your eyes, you can work on 

507
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,300
accounts. 
Well past Sunset, your evening 

508
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:17,000
routine has shifted later. 
Dinner happens at 8 of 6. 

509
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:20,900
You stay up reading until 11. 
The electric light makes you 

510
00:26:20,900 --> 00:26:23,900
feel less tired than you 
actually are your body's natural

511
00:26:23,900 --> 00:26:26,500
response to Darkness has been 
hijacked by artificial 

512
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:29,200
brightness. 
When you finally go to bed, you 

513
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,500
fall asleep quickly, but 
something is different. 

514
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,700
You sleep through the night 
without waking know, watching 

515
00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,200
our interrupts, your sleep, you 
sleep in one long block from 11 

516
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,200
at night until 7 in the morning.
You think this is better. 

517
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:44,300
You think sleeping through the 
night is a sign of good health, 

518
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,900
you are wrong. 
What is actually happening is 

519
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:50,100
that artificial light, is 
suppressing your melatonin 

520
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:53,400
production the bright electric 
lights in your evening are 

521
00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:56,300
telling your brain that day has 
not ended your circadian. 

522
00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:58,900
Rhythm is being overridden, your
natural sleep. 

523
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:00,900
Pattern is being forcibly 
Consolidated. 

524
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,600
The Industrial Revolution 
accelerated, this change factory

525
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,600
work demanded. 
Reliable timing Shift work. 

526
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:09,900
Required workers to sleep during
specific hours. 

527
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:14,600
The watching our had no place in
an industrial economy, workers 

528
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:16,800
needed to sleep efficiently and 
wake on command. 

529
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,300
Segmented. 
Sleep was reframed as a 

530
00:27:19,308 --> 00:27:21,900
disorder. 
Medical texts from the late 

531
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:25,900
1800s and early 1900s. 
Reveal this shift, a 1700 

532
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,600
doctor's guide described 
segmented sleep as normal and 

533
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,500
healthy. 
An 1850 medical texts still 

534
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:35,600
mentioned the watching our as a 
natural occurrence. but by 1900,

535
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:39,300
medical, literature described 
nighttime, waking as insomnia 

536
00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:44,300
required treatment The change 
happened, remarkably fast within

537
00:27:44,300 --> 00:27:47,500
three generations, the watching 
our went from Universal Human 

538
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:51,400
Experience to medical problem. 
People who woke between sleeps 

539
00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:54,800
were diagnosed with Sleep 
Disorders, doctors, prescribed 

540
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,400
set of patent, medicine's 
promised uninterrupted, sleep. 

541
00:27:59,100 --> 00:28:01,700
The pharmaceutical industry 
discovered, a profitable New 

542
00:28:01,700 --> 00:28:05,100
Market. 
You are now in 1930, you live in

543
00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:08,100
an American city. 
Your apartment is blazing with 

544
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:12,100
electric light, your radio plays
evening programs until midnight.

545
00:28:12,100 --> 00:28:16,100
Your neighborhood is never truly
dark street, lights glow. 

546
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:21,200
All night, neon signs advertised
products, car headlights, sweep 

547
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:23,700
through your windows. 
Darkness has been eliminated. 

548
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,100
You work. 
A standard nine-to-five job. 

549
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:28,900
Your employer expects you to 
arrive at exactly 9 in the 

550
00:28:28,908 --> 00:28:31,200
morning. 
Being late is unacceptable. 

551
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:34,200
This means you must wake at a 
specific time, regardless of 

552
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,800
your sleep cycles and alarm 
clock forces you from sleep at 

553
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:42,000
7, you had no choice about when 
to, wake the economy decided for

554
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,000
you. 
You drink coffee to feel alert 

555
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:47,100
coffee consumption. 
Skyrocketed during the 20th 

556
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,400
century humans needed. 
Chemical assistance to override 

557
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,900
their natural sleep rhythms 
coffee became the fuel, that 

558
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:57,600
powered industrial society. 
Without coffee, the modern sleep

559
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,300
schedule would be impossible to 
maintain your evening, 

560
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:03,500
entertainment, keeps you awake. 
You listen to radio programs. 

561
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:06,800
You read magazines, you attend 
movies, you socialize, with 

562
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:10,300
friends, you go to bed at 
midnight and wake up at 7:00, 7 

563
00:29:10,300 --> 00:29:13,600
hours of sleep in one block. 
This is your new normal. 

564
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:15,900
You have never heard of 
segmented, sleep. 

565
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:18,500
If you wake in the middle of the
night, you worried that 

566
00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:21,300
something is wrong with you. 
The concept of eight hours of 

567
00:29:21,300 --> 00:29:24,100
continuous sleep. 
Became the gold standard Sleep 

568
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:28,000
Experts recommended it doctors 
prescribed it employers 

569
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:30,700
expected, it. 
Anyone who deviated was 

570
00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:34,200
considered unhealthy the natural
human sleep pattern had been 

571
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:37,900
completely forgotten within one 
century but some people never 

572
00:29:37,900 --> 00:29:40,900
adjusted, they continued waking 
during the night. 

573
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:44,000
They lay awake for an hour 
feeling, anxious, and broken. 

574
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,000
They tried sleeping pills. 
They tried warm milk. 

575
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:50,100
They tried counting sheep. 
Nothing worked because nothing 

576
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:53,100
was actually wrong with them. 
Their bodies were simply trying 

577
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:55,500
to follow the ancient pattern 
modern sleep. 

578
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:59,100
Researchers began, rediscovering
segmented, sleep in the 1990s. 

579
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,900
Cycling, atrest Thomas Fair 
conducted experiments with 

580
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:04,700
subjects. 
Lived without artificial light 

581
00:30:04,700 --> 00:30:07,500
after dark. 
Within weeks their sleep 

582
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:11,300
naturally divided into two 
segments separated by a quiet 

583
00:30:11,300 --> 00:30:14,600
hour of wakefulness. 
The watching our returned when 

584
00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:17,800
artificial light was removed. 
This research revealed that 

585
00:30:17,808 --> 00:30:21,200
Consolidated. 8-hour, sleep is 
not actually natural for humans.

586
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,300
It is a recent adaptation forced
by artificial, lighting and 

587
00:30:25,300 --> 00:30:29,300
Industrial scheduling. 
For 99% of human history, we 

588
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:33,000
slept in two segments, the 
watching our was our Birthright.

589
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,500
You're lying in your bed right 
now tonight. 

590
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:41,300
The year is 2026. 
Your bedroom is probably dark or

591
00:30:41,300 --> 00:30:43,400
nearly dark. 
Your mattress is probably 

592
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:45,800
comfortable. 
Your room is climate controlled 

593
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,700
to a pleasant temperature. 
You're probably alone in your 

594
00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,000
bed or sharing it with only one 
other person. 

595
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,400
You have privileges. 
Your ancestors, could not 

596
00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:56,000
imagine your bedroom is a 
private Sanctuary. 

597
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,700
It belongs only to you and 
possibly your partner. 

598
00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:00,700
No servants. 
Sleep on the floor. 

599
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:02,500
No, children. 
Share your bed. 

600
00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:06,400
No Travelers crowd in for 
warmth, the door closes the 

601
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,500
space becomes yours. 
This level of privacy is 

602
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:13,400
historically unprecedented for 
the vast majority of humans your

603
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:15,500
mattress cost hundreds or 
thousands of dollars. 

604
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:19,200
It was engineered by Specialists
using materials your ancestors. 

605
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:23,600
Never encountered memory foam, 
molds to your body coils 

606
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:25,000
distribute your weight 
perfectly. 

607
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,600
The surface is neither too firm 
nor too soft the mattress 

608
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:33,700
remembers its shape after you 
rise this mattress will last a 

609
00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:35,300
decade or more before needing 
replacement. 

610
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,100
Your pillows are. 
Similarly, engineered down 

611
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:40,400
alternative, Phil, cooling, gel 
layers. 

612
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,700
Ergonomic shapes designed to 
support your neck at the optimal

613
00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:45,400
angle. 
You probably own multiple 

614
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,500
pillows. 
Some people own 10 or more, an 

615
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:51,400
entire industry exists to help 
you achieve perfect, pillow, 

616
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:54,400
height and firmness. 
Your bedding is a Marvel of 

617
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:58,000
textile technology sheets with 
thread counts that would baffle 

618
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,500
medieval Weavers comforters 
filled with synthetic fibers 

619
00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:05,000
warmer than goose down mattress,
protectors that breathe while 

620
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:07,800
blocking moisture. 
Duvet covers in colors, your 

621
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,100
ancestors, never saw. 
You probably change these sheets

622
00:32:11,100 --> 00:32:13,400
weekly and wash them in a 
machine that cleans better than 

623
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:16,400
any human hand scrubbing. 
Your bedroom temperature is 

624
00:32:16,408 --> 00:32:18,700
controlled by Central Heating or
air conditioning. 

625
00:32:18,700 --> 00:32:22,100
You set the thermostat to your 
preferred temperature, the 

626
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:25,100
climate, in your sleeping space 
remains constant regardless of 

627
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:28,300
whether outside. 
This would seem like sorcery to 

628
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:30,800
someone from any earlier 
Century, your windows. 

629
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,700
Probably have blinds or curtains
that block external light. 

630
00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:38,000
You can control exactly how dark
your room becomes Some people 

631
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,300
use blackout curtains to create 
total darkness. 

632
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,200
Others prefer. 
Gentle ambient light, the choice

633
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:45,800
is yours. 
Your ancestors had no choice. 

634
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:48,700
Darkness came when the sun set 
and left. 

635
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:51,500
When the sun rose, many people 
also control. 

636
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:54,500
Sound White Noise, machines, 
Master traffic and neighbor 

637
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:56,600
noise. 
Earplugs, block snoring 

638
00:32:56,600 --> 00:33:00,100
Partners, sound dampening 
curtains, reduced Street, Sounds

639
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:02,800
apps. 
Play rain sounds or ocean waves.

640
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,600
You curate your sleeping 
environment with Precision. 

641
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:07,500
Your ancestors could not 
conceive. 

642
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:10,900
Your sleeping schedule, is 
theoretically yours to choose 

643
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:12,200
you. 
Set your alarm. 

644
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,800
You decide. 
When to go to bed, you can 

645
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:18,200
control your sleep timing more 
than any factory worker in 1930.

646
00:33:19,100 --> 00:33:22,400
But you really have control or 
have new Masters, replace the 

647
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:26,700
old ones, your smartphone sits 
on your nightstand, it probably 

648
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:29,300
served as your entertainment 
until minutes before you try to 

649
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:31,700
sleep. 
The blue light from its screen. 

650
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:33,300
Suppress your melatonin 
production. 

651
00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:37,800
Your brain received signals that
day had not ended your natural. 

652
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:40,800
Drowsiness was postponed. 
You probably checked email 

653
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:43,800
before bed, you probably 
scrolled through social media. 

654
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:48,000
You probably watched videos or 
read news articles, these 

655
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:51,000
activities activated your brain.
In ways incompatible with 

656
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:53,600
approaching sleep. 
Your ancestors spent their 

657
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:57,000
evenings in relative calm. 
You spend yours in a state of 

658
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,700
mild stimulation when you 
finally turn off your phone and 

659
00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:04,500
try to sleep your brain needs 
time to downshift, but you feel 

660
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:07,500
pressured to fall asleep. 
Quickly, you have work tomorrow.

661
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:10,500
You need your 8 hours. 
You have been taught that good 

662
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:13,800
sleepers, fall asleep, within 15
minutes, and sleep, through 

663
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:16,800
until morning. 
Any deviation signals are 

664
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:18,800
problem. 
If you wake during the night, 

665
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:22,699
you probably feel anxious. 
You check the time you calculate

666
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:25,400
hours of sleep remaining. 
You worry about being tired 

667
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:28,199
tomorrow, you try to force 
yourself back to sleep. 

668
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,900
The more you try, the more awake
you become, you have probably 

669
00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:35,000
done this many times. 
What if that nighttime waking is

670
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:37,500
not a problem? 
What if your body is simply 

671
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:39,000
trying to follow its natural 
pattern? 

672
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,000
What if the watching our is 
calling to you across the 

673
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:45,300
centuries? 
Modern sleep, research suggests 

674
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:48,500
that some people who struggle 
with insomnia might actually be 

675
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:51,100
experiencing their bodies 
natural, inclination towards 

676
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:54,000
segmented sleep. 
When they stop fighting the 

677
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,900
nighttime wakefulness and 
instead accepted as normal their

678
00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:00,100
anxiety decreases, they rest 
better. 

679
00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:03,000
Even while awake, they return to
sleep more easily. 

680
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,000
This does not mean you should 
immediately try to adopt 

681
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,900
segmented sleep. 
Modern Life does not accommodate

682
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:11,100
easily. 
Your alarm will still ring at 

683
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,500
the same time, regardless of how
you slept your work schedule 

684
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,600
does not care about your natural
rhythms, you must function in 

685
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:20,900
the world as it exists. 
But understanding the history of

686
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:23,200
sleep can change how you think 
about nighttime waking? 

687
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:26,000
If you wake up at 3 in the 
morning and cannot immediately 

688
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,900
returned to sleep, you might 
remember that your ancestors 

689
00:35:28,900 --> 00:35:30,400
would have welcomed this quiet 
hour. 

690
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,600
They would have prayed or 
thought, or talked quietly with 

691
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,000
their Partners. 
They would not have felt broken 

692
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,900
or disordered. 
You might choose to Simply lie 

693
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:41,200
in peaceful Darkness rather than
fighting for sleep. 

694
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:44,600
You might read by dim light for 
half an hour, you might 

695
00:35:44,608 --> 00:35:48,600
practice, gentle meditation, you
might use this unexpected quiet 

696
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:50,700
time as a gift, rather than a 
curse. 

697
00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:53,800
The watching our might return to
you, not as a schedule. 

698
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:57,500
But, as an occasional visitor, 
your back in that, medieval 

699
00:35:57,500 --> 00:36:00,700
cottage from the beginning, your
experience in the first sleep, 

700
00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:03,400
again, the watching our and the 
second sleep. 

701
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:07,800
This pattern connected you to 
Natural rhythms, you went to bed

702
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:10,400
when darkness fell because you 
had no reason to stay awake. 

703
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:13,200
You woke when your body 
completed, its first sleep 

704
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:17,000
cycle, you rested peacefully 
during the watching our, he 

705
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,700
slept again until dawn, your 
sleep was not perfect. 

706
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:23,300
You are often cold, your bed was
uncomfortable by modern 

707
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:25,600
standards. 
He shared your sleeping space 

708
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:28,100
with family members, you had no 
privacy. 

709
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:32,000
You probably suffered from 
various aches and pains life was

710
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,300
physically harder. 
Sleep reflected, that hardness. 

711
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:39,100
But your sleep all, so held 
qualities, modern sleepwalks, 

712
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:41,400
you had no anxiety about sleep 
itself. 

713
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:45,200
You did not lie, awake worrying,
about the next day, you did not 

714
00:36:45,208 --> 00:36:47,500
check clocks. 
You did not calculate hours, 

715
00:36:47,500 --> 00:36:50,900
remaining. you slept when you 
were tired and woke when you 

716
00:36:50,908 --> 00:36:53,900
were arrested the watching our 
gave you quiet time that 

717
00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:57,400
belonged to no one but yourself 
and perhaps your family Compare 

718
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,600
this to Modern sleep, you have 
comfort Beyond medieval 

719
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:03,000
imagination. 
Your bed is a Marvel. 

720
00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,700
Your room is perfectly 
temperature-controlled. 

721
00:37:05,700 --> 00:37:08,700
You have privacy and quiet. 
You have eliminated. 

722
00:37:08,700 --> 00:37:12,300
Most physical discomforts. 
These are genuine improvements. 

723
00:37:13,100 --> 00:37:16,200
But you also have anxiety or 
ancestors, never experienced. 

724
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,500
You worry about getting enough 
sleep, you track your sleep with

725
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:23,300
devices, you read articles about
sleep hygiene, you try 

726
00:37:23,300 --> 00:37:26,200
supplements and special pillows 
and white noise machines. 

727
00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:30,400
Sleep has become a performance. 
You must optimize the pressure 

728
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:33,700
to sleep, perfectly creates the 
very anxiety that prevents good 

729
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:36,100
sleep. 
You have also lost the watching 

730
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:39,100
our that quiet time between 
sleeps disappeared. 

731
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:42,200
When artificial light arrived, 
you no longer have a natural 

732
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:45,500
pause in your night. 
You sleep in one block or you 

733
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:48,500
suffer from insomnia, There is 
no middle ground. 

734
00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:51,800
The watching our has been 
medicalized out of existence, 

735
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:55,300
modern research suggests the 
watching our served important 

736
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:58,700
psychological functions. 
It provided time for the brain 

737
00:37:58,700 --> 00:38:01,700
to process emotions and memories
from first sleep dreams. 

738
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:06,100
It allowed natural meditation, 
without formal practice, it gave

739
00:38:06,100 --> 00:38:08,400
people a sense of calm control 
over their nights. 

740
00:38:09,300 --> 00:38:11,600
The force consolidation of 
sleep, might have eliminated, 

741
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,100
something valuable some sleep 
researchers. 

742
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:16,700
Now recommend that people 
experiencing nighttime waking 

743
00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:18,600
should embrace it rather than 
fight it. 

744
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:21,700
They suggest getting up. 
If you cannot return to sleep 

745
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:24,800
within 20 minutes, they 
recommend gentle activities like

746
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,300
reading or meditation. 
They advise accepting the 

747
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:31,000
wakefulness As Natural rather 
than treating it as failure. 

748
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:35,300
This advice essentially 
recreates the watching our the 

749
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,200
history of sleep teaches us that
there is no single correct way 

750
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,800
to sleep. 
Humans have slept in countless 

751
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,100
different Arrangements, across 
cultures and centuries. 

752
00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:45,100
We have slept in groups and 
alone. 

753
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:48,700
We have slept in two segments, 
or one we have slept on the 

754
00:38:48,700 --> 00:38:52,100
ground and in the elaborate 
beds, we have adapted to harsh, 

755
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:53,600
conditions, and comfortable 
ones. 

756
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:57,000
Sleep is flexible and resilient.
What matters? 

757
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,800
Most is not matching some 
idealized sleep schedule. 

758
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,200
What matters is finding sleep 
patterns that work for your body

759
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,800
and your life. 
If you naturally wake during the

760
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,700
night, you might honor that as 
the watching our rather than 

761
00:39:08,700 --> 00:39:12,600
fighting it if you sleep best. 
In one long block, you can 

762
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:15,100
celebrate that consolidation as 
a modern adaptation. 

763
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:19,100
If you occasionally nap, during 
the day, you can view that as 

764
00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:23,100
continuing ancient rest 
patterns. your ancestors, slept 

765
00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:26,700
under conditions, you would find
intolerable, They shared beds 

766
00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:28,900
with strangers in flea-infested 
ins. 

767
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:31,800
They huddled together for warmth
and drafty Cottages. 

768
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:34,800
They woke to Darkness and cold 
every single morning. 

769
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,500
They had no control over their 
sleeping environment. 

770
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:41,200
Yet they slept humans are 
remarkably good at sleeping 

771
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,800
despite challenges you sleep in 
historically, unprecedented 

772
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:47,300
comfort. 
You have advantages beyond their

773
00:39:47,308 --> 00:39:49,600
imagining. 
You also have modern stresses, 

774
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:53,300
they never faced. 
Blue light exposure, 24-hour 

775
00:39:53,300 --> 00:39:56,300
news Cycles work, emails 
arriving at all hours. 

776
00:39:56,300 --> 00:39:58,500
The pressure to be perpetually 
productive. 

777
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:01,600
These are real obstacles to good
sleep, but they are not 

778
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:04,700
insurmountable understanding 
sleep history, reminds you. 

779
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:07,600
That sleep problems are often 
social and environmental, rather

780
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:10,900
than personal failings. 
Struggle to sleep. 

781
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:14,000
You're not broken your dealing 
with conditions that clash with 

782
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:17,900
human biology, artificial light 
extends your day beyond natural 

783
00:40:17,900 --> 00:40:19,600
limits. 
Work schedules. 

784
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:22,700
Ignore your circadian. 
Rhythms digital devices 

785
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:24,800
stimulate your brain. 
When it should be calming. 

786
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:28,900
The modern world was not 
designed to support good sleep, 

787
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:31,900
but you can make choices that 
move, you closer to natural 

788
00:40:31,900 --> 00:40:34,600
sleep patterns, you can dim 
light in the evening. 

789
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,000
You can avoid screens before 
bed. 

790
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,600
You can keep your bedroom, cool,
and dark, you can accept 

791
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:44,500
nighttime waking as potentially 
normal rather than automatically

792
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:47,400
disordered. 
Small changes can honor the 

793
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:49,900
Sleep wisdom, your ancestors 
developed, over thousands of 

794
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:52,300
years. 
The beds, we sleep in are the 

795
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:54,100
product of 8, Millennia of human
innovation. 

796
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,000
The sleep schedules. 
We follow are the product of two

797
00:40:58,000 --> 00:40:59,500
centuries of industrial 
pressure. 

798
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:03,900
Neither is inherently right or 
wrong both reflect specific 

799
00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:07,600
historical circumstances. 
You get to choose which elements

800
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:10,500
of sleep history to embrace and 
which to leave behind. 

801
00:41:11,300 --> 00:41:14,200
Your ancestors would Marvel at 
your mattress and your climate 

802
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:16,600
control. 
They would envy your privacy and

803
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,000
your soft sheets. 
They would be baffled by your 

804
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:22,300
anxiety, about sleep itself. 
They would wonder why you fight.

805
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:25,100
So hard against the watching. 
Our, they would probably think 

806
00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:28,500
you sleep like royalty, but 
worried like pulpas tonight. 

807
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:31,300
As you lie in your comfortable 
bed, you carry all of this 

808
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:34,000
history with you. 
Your body remembers segmented 

809
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:35,700
sleep. 
Even if your mind has forgotten 

810
00:41:35,700 --> 00:41:39,200
your muscles, understand 
communal warmth, even as you 

811
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,000
value, privacy, your eyes 
responded darkness. 

812
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:45,100
In the same way, your ancestors 
designs, did your connected 

813
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:47,900
across, centuries to everyone 
who ever lay down to rest, 

814
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:51,300
Sleep. 
Well, my tired potatoes, if you 

815
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:54,100
wake during the night, remember 
the watching our and let 

816
00:41:54,100 --> 00:41:56,000
yourself rest in darkness 
without worrying. 

817
00:41:56,000 --> 00:42:00,300
Your ancestors kept vigil in the
space between sleeps and so can 

818
00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:03,400
you and if you enjoyed this 
quiet Journey Through Time, 

819
00:42:03,400 --> 00:42:07,100
consider subscribing so we can 
explore more forgotten corners 

820
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:09,100
of History together. 
Good night. 

821
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:20,300
Imagine Baltimore in 1895, when 
the city's Waterfront hummed 

822
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:23,700
with the sounds of Industry, an 
immigrant voices mixed with the 

823
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:27,600
calls of Street vendors, selling
everything from fresh oysters to

824
00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:31,100
yesterday's newspapers. 
The are carried the smell of 

825
00:42:31,108 --> 00:42:35,600
cold, smoke horse manure, and 
the Briny Tang of the Chesapeake

826
00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:38,800
Bay. 
Into this world on February, 

827
00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:43,700
6th, George Herman, Ruth, Junior
was born above his father's 

828
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:47,500
Saloon on Frederick Street in a 
neighborhood that polite Society

829
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:49,200
preferred to pretend didn't 
exist. 

830
00:42:49,200 --> 00:42:52,300
The Baltimore Waterfront 
District, wasn't the kind of 

831
00:42:52,300 --> 00:42:54,900
place where childhood dreams was
supposed to flourish. 

832
00:42:55,700 --> 00:42:58,400
It was rough loud and 
unforgiving. 

833
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,000
A place where kids grew up fast 
or didn't grow up at all. 

834
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:06,000
Young George's, parents, Kate, 
and George senior. 

835
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:09,800
Ran a combination Saloon and 
boarding house, which meant 

836
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:12,400
their home was always filled 
with the sounds of adult 

837
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:16,200
conversations the clink of 
glasses and the occasional 

838
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:17,900
argument. 
That Spilled Out onto the 

839
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:20,400
cobblestone streets for a small 
boy. 

840
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:22,900
In this environment, normal 
supervision was nearly 

841
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:26,700
impossible. 
Kate Ruth was often ill weakened

842
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:29,100
by the demands of running, a 
business and bearing eight 

843
00:43:29,100 --> 00:43:31,900
children, only two of whom would
survive infancy. 

844
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:36,200
George senior worked from dawn 
until late into the night 

845
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:41,000
managing a business that catered
to Dock Workers Sailors and the 

846
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,900
sort of customers who didn't ask
too many questions about the 

847
00:43:43,900 --> 00:43:47,100
quality of the whiskey young. 
George found himself, largely 

848
00:43:47,100 --> 00:43:50,700
raising himself on those 
Baltimore streets by the time he

849
00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:53,700
was seven, he was spending more 
time in the alleys and corners 

850
00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:56,800
of the Waterfront than in 
school, he'd skip classes to 

851
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:59,600
hang around the docks. 
Watching Longshore men unload 

852
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:02,300
cargo from ships, that had 
traveled from places, he could 

853
00:44:02,300 --> 00:44:06,700
barely imagine Sometimes he'd 
steal fruit from vendor carts, 

854
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:08,400
not always because he was 
hungry. 

855
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:11,900
But because the thrill of not 
getting caught was more exciting

856
00:44:11,900 --> 00:44:15,000
than anything happening in a 
classroom, the trouble started 

857
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:19,700
small, true and see petty theft,
the kind of Mischief that City 

858
00:44:19,700 --> 00:44:22,000
police generally ignored. 
When it came from water to front

859
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:27,200
kids, but it escalated, George 
had energy, that seemed to 

860
00:44:27,208 --> 00:44:31,000
vibrate through his small frame 
and inability to sit. 

861
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:34,700
Still that drove his teachers to
distraction on the rare 

862
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:36,400
occasions. 
He showed up to school. 

863
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,800
He needed to be moving doing and
challenging himself in ways that

864
00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:44,800
the rigid structure of turn of 
the century education couldn't 

865
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:47,900
accommodate his parents. 
Watched their sons trajectory 

866
00:44:47,900 --> 00:44:50,200
with the kind of helpless 
concern that comes from being 

867
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:52,200
too overwhelmed to intervene 
effectively. 

868
00:44:53,100 --> 00:44:55,800
Kate's illness? 
Worsened the saloon demanded 

869
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:59,000
constant attention. 
There are other surviving child 

870
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:01,500
George's younger sister, Mary 
required care. 

871
00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:05,300
Something had to give and that 
something turned out to be young

872
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:07,300
George's presence in their daily
lives. 

873
00:45:07,300 --> 00:45:10,600
In 1902, when George was just 
seven years old. 

874
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:13,700
His parents made a decision that
would alter the course of 

875
00:45:13,708 --> 00:45:17,200
American Sports history, though,
they certainly didn't know it at

876
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:20,000
the time. 
They signed papers declaring him

877
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:23,900
incorrigible and committed him 
to send Mary's Industrial school

878
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:27,800
for boys, he Reformatory and 
orphanage, run by the Catholic 

879
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:31,000
severe and brothers on the 
outskirts of Baltimore, you 

880
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:32,700
might pick picture this moment 
as traumatic. 

881
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:36,400
A young boy, torn from his 
family and sent away to an 

882
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,200
institution. 
But the truth was more 

883
00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:42,100
complicated. 
George would later describe his 

884
00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:44,200
arrival at Saint Mary's, not as 
a punishment. 

885
00:45:45,100 --> 00:45:47,700
But as the first real stability,
he'd ever known. 

886
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,000
The Reformatory had rules, yes, 
but it also had structure 

887
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:55,400
regular meals and adults who 
actually paid attention to what 

888
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:59,100
the boys were doing. 
Sent Mary's was enormous housing

889
00:45:59,100 --> 00:46:02,300
over 800 Boys on a campus that 
sprawled across industrial 

890
00:46:02,300 --> 00:46:06,500
Baltimore's Western Edge. 
The buildings were imposing red 

891
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:08,900
brick structures that looked 
like they'd been designed to 

892
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:11,100
remind young boys of their 
insignificance. 

893
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:14,800
But within those walls George 
discovered something that had 

894
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:17,200
been missing from his chaotic 
life on Frederick Street. 

895
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:20,500
Predictability every day at 
Saint Mary's. 

896
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:24,900
Followed the same Rhythm wake at
6 morning, prayers breakfast 

897
00:46:24,900 --> 00:46:29,100
classes in Reading Writing and 
arithmetic after noon. 

898
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:32,500
Session's learning trades 
shoemaking tailoring and 

899
00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:37,400
printing more prayers dinner 
evening, Recreation, lights out.

900
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:41,800
For a boy whose previous life 
had been defined by chaos and 

901
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:44,700
uncertainty. 
This routine, was surprisingly 

902
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:48,200
comforting, like finally, 
hearing a Melody after years of 

903
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:52,400
nothing but noises in brothers, 
who ran the school were stirred,

904
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:55,100
but not cruel. 
They believed in discipline, 

905
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,300
hard work and the Redemptive 
power of the Catholic faith. 

906
00:46:58,300 --> 00:47:02,800
They all believed in baseball 
Behind the main buildings. 

907
00:47:02,800 --> 00:47:05,600
Saint Mary's maintained several 
baseball diamonds. 

908
00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:08,300
Where boys could play nearly 
every day where the permitting. 

909
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:12,100
This was where George Herman 
Ruth would discover the game 

910
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:14,800
that would define his existence 
picture. 

911
00:47:14,800 --> 00:47:17,300
Those baseball fields at St. 
Mary's on a late spring 

912
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:20,600
afternoon with the sun beginning
its slow, descent behind 

913
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:24,600
Baltimore Skyline. 
The grass kept reasonably well 

914
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,600
by Boys, assigned to 
groundskeeping duties stretched 

915
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:30,700
out and a shade of green that 
looked almost luminous in the 

916
00:47:30,700 --> 00:47:33,700
Golden Light. 
The base paths were hard packed 

917
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:36,400
dirt, worn, Smooth by hundreds 
of running feet. 

918
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,800
The smell of leather gloves. 
Worn soft, with use, mixed with 

919
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:43,900
the earthy Center of infield 
dust kicked up by sliding 

920
00:47:43,900 --> 00:47:46,000
Runners. 
This was where young George 

921
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:49,100
found his calling, though, he 
didn't recognize it as such at 

922
00:47:49,100 --> 00:47:53,500
first Base baseball at Saint. 
Mary's wasn't a formal Sport 

923
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:55,400
with scholarships and 
professional Scouts. 

924
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:59,900
It was Recreation a way to burn 
off the Restless energy of 

925
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:02,800
hundreds of boys who needed 
something to do, besides 

926
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:05,000
contemplating, their various 
failures. 

927
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:06,700
That had led them to a 
Reformatory. 

928
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:09,800
At first, George was just 
another kid, trying to figure 

929
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:13,000
out where he fit in the rotating
cast of games, that seem to run 

930
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:15,500
continuously from Spring through
fall. 

931
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:21,100
Saint Mary's had multiple teams 
organized by age and ability and

932
00:48:21,100 --> 00:48:24,500
boys cycled through different 
positions based on who showed up

933
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:27,800
and who was serving detention 
for some infraction of the 

934
00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:31,200
school's numerous rules. 
George tried catching first 

935
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:35,100
squatting behind a home plate 
with a rudimentary mask and 

936
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:38,400
chest protector that offered 
minimal protection against foul 

937
00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:41,800
tips, and wild pitches. 
He discovered, he liked being in

938
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:45,600
the middle of every play calling
pitches though the pictures 

939
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:47,900
often ignored him and 
occasionally throwing out 

940
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:50,900
Runners who were foolish enough 
to test his arm, but it was 

941
00:48:50,900 --> 00:48:53,100
pitching that truly captured his
imagination. 

942
00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:57,200
One after noon, when the regular
picture for his team was sick in

943
00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:59,200
the infirmary, George 
volunteered. 

944
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:03,000
He'd watched pitchers enough to 
understand the basic mechanics, 

945
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:06,200
the wind up the stride and the 
follow through. 

946
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:10,300
What he discovered when he told 
the rubber for the first time? 

947
00:49:10,300 --> 00:49:12,800
Was that throwing a baseball? 
Hard was one of the most, 

948
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:17,000
satisfying physical experience 
is he'd ever encountered the 

949
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:20,500
ball left, his left hand, he was
naturally left handed which was 

950
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:22,800
still considered vaguely 
suspicious in turn of the 

951
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:25,700
century America. 
And sailed toward home plate 

952
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:29,500
with surprising velocity, The 
batter swung and missed. 

953
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:33,500
George felt something click into
place like a puzzle piece. 

954
00:49:33,500 --> 00:49:36,200
He hadn't known was missing. 
Suddenly completing a picture 

955
00:49:36,200 --> 00:49:39,300
over the following months and 
years George through and 

956
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:41,400
through. 
And through he developed, 

957
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:45,100
calluses on his fingers from 
gripping, the balls raised seams

958
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:49,400
his left shoulder ached, most 
evenings a dull throb that felt 

959
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:51,200
like achievement rather than 
injury. 

960
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,800
He studied the older pictures at
Saint, Mary's watching how they 

961
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:59,600
varied their speeds, how they 
used the batter's expectations 

962
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:03,100
against him and how they worked.
Both sides of the plate to keep 

963
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:06,900
hitters off balance, brother, 
Mathias butley a the school's 

964
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:09,900
prefect of discipline and 
unofficial athletic director. 

965
00:50:09,900 --> 00:50:13,100
Noticed the skinny kid who 
seemed to live on the baseboard 

966
00:50:13,100 --> 00:50:18,600
diamond Micaiah was an imposing 
figure over six feet tall and 

967
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,000
built like the longshoremen 
George remembered from the 

968
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:23,900
Waterfront. 
But unlike the rough men of 

969
00:50:23,900 --> 00:50:26,900
Baltimore's. 
Docks Matthias combined physical

970
00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:29,800
presence with genuine interest 
in the boys, under his 

971
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,900
supervision Matthias took George
under his wing in a way that the

972
00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:35,700
boys actual father never had he 
taught him. 

973
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:39,100
Not just baseball mechanics but 
also, the mental aspects of the 

974
00:50:39,100 --> 00:50:41,600
game. 
How to read a batter's stance 

975
00:50:41,600 --> 00:50:45,500
how to recognize when someone 
was guessing fastball and how to

976
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:49,500
use the Umpire Strike Zone to 
his advantage More importantly, 

977
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:52,800
Matthias gave George something. 
He'd rarely experienced 

978
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:56,300
consistent attention from an 
adult who believed he might 

979
00:50:56,300 --> 00:51:00,000
actually amount to something as 
George moved through his teenage

980
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:03,600
years, at Saint, Mary's cycling 
in and out of the institution as

981
00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:05,400
his father. 
Periodically tried to bring him 

982
00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:07,200
home before, inevitably sending 
him back. 

983
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:11,600
Baseball became his constant. 
The game didn't care about his 

984
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,500
rough background or his trouble 
with authority, or his inability

985
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:18,500
to sit, still in a classroom. 
Baseball rewarded, his natural 

986
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:22,500
athleticism, his surprising 
coordination and his competitive

987
00:51:22,500 --> 00:51:25,200
fire that burned, hot enough to 
make him practice long after 

988
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:27,700
other boys had gone inside by 
his mid-teens. 

989
00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:31,000
George had developed a 
reputation that extended Beyond 

990
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:34,300
Saint Marys walls. 
Local amateur teams would 

991
00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:37,600
sometimes recruit Saint Mary's 
players for weekend games and 

992
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:40,200
George's names, started 
appearing in the sports pages of

993
00:51:40,200 --> 00:51:44,000
Baltimore newspapers. 
Usually just aligned onto noting

994
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:47,400
that the Saint Marys pitcher had
struck out, a dozen batters in 

995
00:51:47,408 --> 00:51:50,800
some industrial League matchup. 
He was still raw, still 

996
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:54,500
learning, still prone to the 
kind of wildness both on and off

997
00:51:54,508 --> 00:51:57,600
the field that made him. 
Small taneously, exciting and 

998
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:01,600
unpredictable. 
Something was emerging in the 

999
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:05,500
lanky teenager with the round 
face and surprisingly quick 

1000
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:08,300
reflexes. 
Talent that would soon. 

1001
00:52:08,300 --> 00:52:11,200
Catch the attention of people 
who recognize potential when 

1002
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:16,100
they saw it on a crisp February 
morning in 1914, 19 year old 

1003
00:52:16,108 --> 00:52:19,400
George Herman Ruth signed his 
first professional baseball 

1004
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:22,700
contract with the Baltimore 
Orioles of the international 

1005
00:52:22,700 --> 00:52:25,900
league. 
The contract paid him, 600 

1006
00:52:25,900 --> 00:52:29,200
dollars for the season which was
more money than Georgia ever 

1007
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:32,700
imagined having. 
To put that in perspective, the 

1008
00:52:32,700 --> 00:52:36,100
average American worker at the 
time and less than 400 dollars 

1009
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:39,800
annually. 
George was suddenly in probably 

1010
00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:43,000
well-paid the Oriels owner and 
manager. 

1011
00:52:43,000 --> 00:52:46,000
Jack Dunn, had watched George 
pit for Saint Marys and saw 

1012
00:52:46,000 --> 00:52:47,500
something that went beyond me a 
skill. 

1013
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:51,400
He saw a young man with a left 
arm that could make baseballs do

1014
00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:55,000
things that divide easy 
explanation combined with an 

1015
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:58,000
enthusiasm for the game that 
bordered on childlike Joy. 

1016
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:01,500
Done became George's legal 
guardian. 

1017
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:04,900
A formality required because 
George was still technically 

1018
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:08,300
under Saint Marys jurisdiction. 
And the other player started 

1019
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:11,100
calling the newest addition to 
the team Dunn's new baby. 

1020
00:53:11,100 --> 00:53:14,400
The nickname stuck, though, it 
would be shortened and 

1021
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:18,100
transformed in the years ahead. 
But, for now, George was just 

1022
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:20,400
trying to figure out how to be a
professional baseball player, 

1023
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:23,100
which turned out to involve a 
lot more than just throwing 

1024
00:53:23,100 --> 00:53:26,200
strikes. 
Professional baseball in 1914. 

1025
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:28,400
Bore little resemblance to the 
modern game. 

1026
00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:30,200
You might watch on a lazy summer
evening. 

1027
00:53:31,100 --> 00:53:34,900
Teams, traveled by train staying
in modest hotels where players 

1028
00:53:34,900 --> 00:53:37,900
doubled up in rooms that were 
stuffy and summer and frigid in 

1029
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:40,800
winter. 
Uniforms were heavy wool, that 

1030
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:43,800
absorbed sweat and never quite 
dried out during long road 

1031
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:46,900
trips. 
Gloves were thin leather Affairs

1032
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:50,500
that offered minimal protection 
and players who didn't learn to 

1033
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:54,200
catch the ball properly ended up
with broken fingers that never 

1034
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:57,500
quite healed, right? 
George threw himself into this 

1035
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,600
life with the same enthusiasm. 
He brought to everything else, 

1036
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:04,600
he loved the trains, the hotels 
and the constant motion from 

1037
00:54:04,600 --> 00:54:08,000
City to City. 
After years of institutional 

1038
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:11,500
confinement at Saint Marys. 
The freedom of professional 

1039
00:54:11,500 --> 00:54:15,100
baseball in toxicated, he could 
stay up late. 

1040
00:54:15,100 --> 00:54:18,500
Eat what he wanted and spent his
money on whatever Court, his 

1041
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:22,700
fancy usually food. 
As George had developed an 

1042
00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:24,100
appetite. 
That is teammates found 

1043
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:27,000
simultaneously impressive and 
slightly alarming. 

1044
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,400
His pitching developed rapidly 
under professional coaching, 

1045
00:54:31,100 --> 00:54:34,000
George learned to add a 
curveball to his fastball giving

1046
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,300
him two pitches that worked off 
each other beautifully. 

1047
00:54:36,300 --> 00:54:40,300
The curve would start at a 
batters shoulder and break down 

1048
00:54:40,300 --> 00:54:43,800
across the plate while his 
fastball came in straight in 

1049
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:46,200
hard. 
Batters had to choose what they 

1050
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:49,200
were looking for and George was 
getting good enough at reading 

1051
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:52,400
swings that he usually guessed 
right about what they chose him.

1052
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,700
But George's time with the 
Orioles was briefed, the team 

1053
00:54:55,700 --> 00:54:59,300
was struggling financially, a 
common problem for minor league 

1054
00:54:59,300 --> 00:55:04,200
clubs, and by July Jack dunard 
sold, his best young pitcher to 

1055
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,500
the Boston, Red Sox for a sum 
that seemed enormous at the 

1056
00:55:07,508 --> 00:55:10,000
time, but would later look like 
one of History's. 

1057
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:14,600
Great bargains, George Herman, 
Ruth, just five months into his.

1058
00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:16,600
Professional career was heading 
to the major leagues. 

1059
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:20,700
Boston in 1914 was a baseball 
City in a way that's hard to 

1060
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:24,400
imagine today. 
The Red Sox played their home 

1061
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:27,700
games at Fenway Park, which had 
opened just two years earlier 

1062
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:32,000
and still smelled a fresh paint 
and optimism. the park was 

1063
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:35,100
intimate with fan setting close 
enough to the field that you 

1064
00:55:35,100 --> 00:55:37,800
could hear them commenting on 
your pitching mechanics between 

1065
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:41,100
deliveries George spent most of 
his first season, shuttling 

1066
00:55:41,100 --> 00:55:43,800
between Boston and their minor 
league affiliate in Providence 

1067
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:48,300
Rhode Island The Red Sox weren't
sure what they had in this rough

1068
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:51,800
edged kid from Baltimore. 
He could clearly pitch his 

1069
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:53,800
statistics left, no doubt about 
that. 

1070
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:58,800
But he was also undisciplined 
prone to Breaking curfew and 

1071
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:01,600
possessed of an appetite for 
nightlife that worried his more 

1072
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:05,500
conservative managers the 1915. 
Season marked George's 

1073
00:56:05,500 --> 00:56:08,600
emergence, as one of baseball's 
Premier left-handed pitchers. 

1074
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:13,400
He won 18 games posted an earned
run average that placed him 

1075
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:16,400
among the League's best and 
helped pitch the Red Sox into 

1076
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:19,500
the World Series. 
In the fall classic against the 

1077
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:23,200
Philadelphia Phillies George 
appeared in one game pitching. 

1078
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:25,600
Well enough that his manager, 
trusted him with important 

1079
00:56:25,600 --> 00:56:29,600
Innings boss and won the 
championship, a 19 year old 

1080
00:56:29,600 --> 00:56:32,800
George Herman Ruth received his 
first World Series ring. 

1081
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:36,600
He celebrated with the 
enthusiasm, you'd expect from a 

1082
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:39,900
teenager who gone from a 
Baltimore Reformatory to the 

1083
00:56:39,900 --> 00:56:42,800
Pinnacle of professional sports 
in just over a year. 

1084
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:47,300
The parties lasted for days and 
George's capacity for both 

1085
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:50,300
celebration and Recovery became 
legendary among his teammates, 

1086
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:54,900
the next few seasons established
a pattern, George would pitch 

1087
00:56:54,900 --> 00:57:02,300
brilliantly, winning 23 games in
1916 and 24 in 1917. while 

1088
00:57:02,300 --> 00:57:05,500
simultaneously testing every 
Rule and boundary is managers 

1089
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:09,800
tried to impose He disappear 
after Games showing up the next 

1090
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:13,100
day with mysterious bruises and 
implausible explanations. 

1091
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:17,500
He'd missed team trains. 
Forcing managers to find him 

1092
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:20,900
from his paycheck, he'd argue 
with umpires fight, with 

1093
00:57:20,900 --> 00:57:24,300
opposing players, and generally 
behave, like someone who had 

1094
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:27,100
never quite internalized 
society's expectations for 

1095
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:29,600
professional Behavior yet. 
He kept winning. 

1096
00:57:30,300 --> 00:57:34,100
In the 1916 World Series against
the Brooklyn Robin's, George 

1097
00:57:34,100 --> 00:57:38,200
pitched, 14, Innings of shutout.
Baseball in game 2 setting a 

1098
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:40,500
world series record that would 
stand for decades. 

1099
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:44,400
The Red Sox won again, giving 
George's second Championship 

1100
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:48,100
Ring before his 22nd birthday, 
but something else was happening

1101
00:57:48,100 --> 00:57:50,700
during these Seasons. 
Something that would ultimately 

1102
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:53,400
prove more significant than his 
pitching achievements. 

1103
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:57,000
When George wasn't on the mound,
he'd occasionally play, Outfield

1104
00:57:57,000 --> 00:58:00,200
or fill in at first base and 
when he played these positions, 

1105
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:03,100
he got to bat more than the once
every four days schedule that 

1106
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:06,800
pitchers followed when George 
batted remarkable things happen,

1107
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:09,500
the ball would leave his bat 
with the sound that was 

1108
00:58:09,508 --> 00:58:13,300
different from normal contact. 
A sharp crack that seemed to 

1109
00:58:13,308 --> 00:58:17,000
carry its own Echo, the ball 
would rise on trajectories that 

1110
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:19,700
looked almost leisurely Until 
you realize how far they were 

1111
00:58:19,700 --> 00:58:22,700
traveling. 
Home runs in the dead ball era 

1112
00:58:22,700 --> 00:58:25,900
were rare but George was hitting
them with alarming regularity. 

1113
00:58:25,900 --> 00:58:30,800
Whenever his managers, let him 
swing the bat by 1918, Red Sox 

1114
00:58:30,800 --> 00:58:32,800
management faced, an unusual 
problem. 

1115
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:36,000
Their best picture was also 
potentially their best hitter. 

1116
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:41,300
George appeared in, 95 games 
that season pitching in only 20 

1117
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:44,300
of them, he won 13 games on the 
mound. 

1118
00:58:44,300 --> 00:58:47,100
While simultaneously leading the
American League with 11, home 

1119
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:50,900
runs a total that would have 
been unremarkable in later eras,

1120
00:58:50,900 --> 00:58:54,400
but was extraordinary for the 
time, the baseball world was 

1121
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:57,200
beginning to recognize that 
George Herman Ruth might be 

1122
00:58:57,200 --> 00:59:01,100
something unprecedented, not 
just a great player, but someone

1123
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:04,500
who was redefining, what great 
could mean picture Boston's 

1124
00:59:04,500 --> 00:59:08,900
Fenway Park in late? 
1919 as Autumn settled over, New

1125
00:59:08,900 --> 00:59:12,000
England, and the baseball season
wound toward its conclusion. 

1126
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:17,200
George Herman Ruth. 
Now, 24 years old, had just 

1127
00:59:17,200 --> 00:59:21,900
completed his most remarkable 
season yet. 29, home runs 

1128
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:25,800
shattering. 
Every previous record for a 

1129
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:28,800
single season. 
He'd effectively stopped 

1130
00:59:28,800 --> 00:59:32,800
pitching playing almost 
exclusively as an outfielder or 

1131
00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:35,900
he could bat every day. 
Rather, than once, every four 

1132
00:59:35,900 --> 00:59:39,100
games, the Red Sox owner, Harry 
Frazee, watched this 

1133
00:59:39,100 --> 00:59:43,500
transformation with mixed 
feelings on one hand, Ruth's 

1134
00:59:43,500 --> 00:59:45,600
hitting had made him. 
Arguably the most exciting 

1135
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:48,900
player in baseball. 
On the other hand Frazee was 

1136
00:59:48,900 --> 00:59:52,800
primarily a theatrical producer 
who bought the Red Sox almost on

1137
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:56,000
a whim and the team was losing 
money faster than crazy. 

1138
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:58,000
Could generate it from his 
Broadway Investments. 

1139
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:01,500
Meanwhile, in New York, the 
Yankees were baseball's also ran

1140
01:00:01,500 --> 01:00:05,400
franchise They shared the Polo 
Grounds, with the Giant's 

1141
01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:09,000
playing second, Fiddle in their 
own City and consistently 

1142
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:11,600
finishing somewhere in the 
middle of the American League. 

1143
01:00:11,600 --> 01:00:15,900
Standings, Yankees ownership 
wanted to change this Dynamic 

1144
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:17,900
and they had the financial 
resources. 

1145
01:00:17,900 --> 01:00:21,600
That phrase he desperately 
needed the negotiation happened 

1146
01:00:21,600 --> 01:00:25,500
quietly over Diner meeting in 
Manhattan restaurants where the 

1147
01:00:25,508 --> 01:00:28,600
wealthy discussed business deals
over State's and bourbon. 

1148
01:00:29,700 --> 01:00:33,600
Phrase needed cash to finance. 
His theatrical Productions and 

1149
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:36,000
pay off debts that were 
threatening to sink both his 

1150
01:00:36,000 --> 01:00:40,100
baseball and Broadway 
Enterprise's Yankees owners. 

1151
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:42,600
Wanted the player who was 
transforming baseball from a 

1152
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:46,000
game of singles and stolen bases
into something far. 

1153
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:50,500
More dramatic on December 26th. 
1919 the day after Christmas 

1154
01:00:50,500 --> 01:00:53,800
when most Americans, were still 
digesting holiday meals and 

1155
01:00:53,808 --> 01:00:56,800
exchanging gifts. 
The news broke. 

1156
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:00,100
The Boston Red Sox had sold 
George Herman. 

1157
01:01:00,100 --> 01:01:02,800
Babe. 
Ruth to the New York Yankees for

1158
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,600
100,000 dollars in Cash. 
Plus a loan of 300,000 dollars, 

1159
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:08,800
secured by a more on Fenway 
Park. 

1160
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:12,500
The reaction in Boston range 
from disbelief to Fury. 

1161
01:01:12,500 --> 01:01:16,600
Newspaper, editorials, condemned
crazy for sacrificing baseball. 

1162
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,100
Success to finance his 
theatrical ambitions. 

1163
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:23,800
Fans gathered outside Fenway 
Park in the December cold, some 

1164
01:01:23,800 --> 01:01:27,100
crying others, threatening to 
never attend another Red Sox 

1165
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:29,700
game. 
The term curse hadn't yet, 

1166
01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:32,500
entered the vocabulary but the 
sense that something 

1167
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:36,500
fundamentally wrong had occurred
was palpable George himself 

1168
01:01:36,500 --> 01:01:38,900
learned about the trade from 
reporters who called his 

1169
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:41,700
apartment waking him from an 
afternoon nap. 

1170
01:01:42,600 --> 01:01:45,400
His initial reaction was less 
emotional than practical. 

1171
01:01:46,300 --> 01:01:49,000
Immediately called the Yankees 
owner to renegotiate his 

1172
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:51,600
contract recognizing that his 
new team. 

1173
01:01:51,600 --> 01:01:54,100
Clearly valued him more than his
old one had. 

1174
01:01:55,100 --> 01:01:58,900
The Yankees agreed to double his
salary, making George Herman 

1175
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:02,600
Ruth, baseball's highest paid 
player at 20,000 dollars per 

1176
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:05,900
year. 
New York in January 1920 felt 

1177
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:07,100
like a different planet from 
Boston. 

1178
01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:12,800
The city was louder Brasher and 
more chaotic more like the 

1179
01:02:12,800 --> 01:02:16,200
Baltimore Waterfront of George's
childhood than the relatively 

1180
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:18,300
restrained environment of New 
England. 

1181
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:21,200
Broadway. 
Blazed with, electric lights. 

1182
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:25,800
Jazz music poured from basement 
clubs and prohibition had just 

1183
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:28,600
taken effect. 
Which meant speakeasies were 

1184
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:31,000
opening faster than authorities.
Could shut them down. 

1185
01:02:31,000 --> 01:02:34,200
George took to New York, the way
a duck takes to water. 

1186
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:37,300
He discovered that the city's 
nightlife suited, his 

1187
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:41,600
temperament perfectly after 
games, he'd hit the clubs, order

1188
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:45,400
enormous meals, charm, 
Showgirls, and generally behave 

1189
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:47,200
like someone who had been let 
out of a cage. 

1190
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:48,800
He hadn't realized he'd been 
living in. 

1191
01:02:49,500 --> 01:02:53,600
His appetites for food, drink, 
female company, and general 

1192
01:02:53,600 --> 01:02:58,000
revelry became as legendary as 
his home runs but what really 

1193
01:02:58,000 --> 01:03:01,200
mattered happened at the Polo 
Grounds between the chalk lines.

1194
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:05,100
George's first season in New 
York redefined what was possible

1195
01:03:05,100 --> 01:03:08,700
in baseball. 
He hit 54 home runs nearly 

1196
01:03:08,700 --> 01:03:13,200
doubling his previous record To 
put this in perspective, no 

1197
01:03:13,200 --> 01:03:14,500
other player in the American 
League. 

1198
01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:18,100
Hit more than 19. 
Georgia alone hit more home runs

1199
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:21,900
an entire teams combined, the 
style of these home runs 

1200
01:03:21,900 --> 01:03:25,300
captivated audiences in ways 
that the technical Excellence of

1201
01:03:25,300 --> 01:03:27,900
pitching. 
All the Strategic complexity of 

1202
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:32,500
manufacturing runs, never could 
When George connected with a 

1203
01:03:32,500 --> 01:03:35,900
pitch, the ball didn't just 
clear the fence it soared into 

1204
01:03:35,908 --> 01:03:37,700
territories. 
That seemed to violate the 

1205
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:41,400
normal physics of baseball. 
Balls landed in distant 

1206
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:45,500
bleachers, bounced onto the 
streets, outside stadiums, and 

1207
01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:49,200
occasionally vanished in 
entirely, presumably captured by

1208
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:52,400
fans as souvenirs worth more 
than the price of admission 

1209
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:55,300
newspapers. 
Struggled to describe what Ruth 

1210
01:03:55,300 --> 01:03:58,200
was doing. 
Sports writers exhausted. 

1211
01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:01,200
Their vocabulary is trying to 
convey the Ark of his home runs.

1212
01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:04,200
The power in his swing and the 
childlike. 

1213
01:04:04,200 --> 01:04:06,500
Joy he displayed while rounding 
the bases. 

1214
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:12,000
They started calling him, the 
Bambino, the Sultan of Swat and 

1215
01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:15,100
simply The Babe names that 
captured, both his dominance, 

1216
01:04:15,100 --> 01:04:18,300
and the affection that found for
this, oversized personality 

1217
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:22,700
Yankees recognized that they had
something unprecedented and they

1218
01:04:22,700 --> 01:04:24,700
began planning to build their 
own stadium. 

1219
01:04:25,500 --> 01:04:29,100
The Polo Grounds belong to the 
Giants and Yankees ownership. 

1220
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:32,000
Wanted a venue. 
They controlled one designed to 

1221
01:04:32,008 --> 01:04:34,000
Showcase their most valuable 
asset. 

1222
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:37,800
The planning and construction 
would take time, but the vision 

1223
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:40,800
was clear. 
A cathedral to baseball and 

1224
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:44,100
specifically to the particular 
brand of baseball that Babe Ruth

1225
01:04:44,100 --> 01:04:46,900
represented. 
Imagine standing outside Yankee 

1226
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:50,400
Stadium on opening day. 
April 18th 1923. 

1227
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:54,700
The structure Rising before you 
represents the largest baseball 

1228
01:04:54,700 --> 01:04:58,300
stadium ever built over 58,000 
seats. 

1229
01:04:58,300 --> 01:05:01,300
Arrayed in three Decks that 
seemed to reach toward the 

1230
01:05:01,300 --> 01:05:04,300
clouds. 
Started along the roof features 

1231
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:07,300
ornamental copper work that 
catches the spring sunlight. 

1232
01:05:08,000 --> 01:05:12,300
The grass looks impossibly green
maintained by groundskeepers who

1233
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:13,800
treat the field like a golf 
course. 

1234
01:05:14,600 --> 01:05:16,100
This is the house that Ruth 
built. 

1235
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:19,000
Though, technically it was built
for Ruth. 

1236
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:22,500
The Stadium's design reflected, 
its primary purpose. 

1237
01:05:22,500 --> 01:05:28,200
Showcasing Babe Ruth's home runs
the right field fence to just 

1238
01:05:28,200 --> 01:05:32,900
295 feet from home plate. 
A distance that seemed designed 

1239
01:05:32,900 --> 01:05:35,400
specifically for ruthless 
left-handed swing. 

1240
01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:39,000
The dimensions were 
asymmetrical, reflecting The 

1241
01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:42,000
Irregular plot of land in the 
Bronx where the Yankees had 

1242
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:45,500
chosen to build, but those are 
symmetries worked in Ruth's 

1243
01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:47,900
favor Ruth. 
Christen, the new stadium in the

1244
01:05:47,908 --> 01:05:51,000
most appropriate way possible, 
with a home run in the first 

1245
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:53,500
game. 
A three-run shot that gave the 

1246
01:05:53,500 --> 01:05:55,400
Yankees a lead. 
They never relinquished. 

1247
01:05:56,300 --> 01:05:58,800
The newspapers the next day 
declared that Ruth had 

1248
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:02,000
consecrated, the new venue and 
the nickname, the house, that 

1249
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:06,500
Ruth built appeared in print for
the first time the 1923 season 

1250
01:06:06,500 --> 01:06:10,800
marked the Yankees first World 
Series Championship with Ruth 

1251
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:14,200
batting 0.368 in the full 
classic against the New York 

1252
01:06:14,200 --> 01:06:16,900
Giants. 
After nearly a decade of 

1253
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:20,500
championships with the Red Sox 
Ruth, had finally delivered a 

1254
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,900
title to his new team, 
validating the enormous 

1255
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:27,100
investment. 
The Yankees had made in a next 

1256
01:06:27,100 --> 01:06:29,600
several years established a 
pattern that would define the 

1257
01:06:29,600 --> 01:06:33,300
Yankees for Generations. 
Ruth would put up statistics 

1258
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:38,000
that seemed to belong in fantasy
rather than reality in 1927. 

1259
01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:42,600
He hit 60, home runs a total so 
absurd that it would stand as 

1260
01:06:42,600 --> 01:06:45,000
the single season record for 34 
years. 

1261
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:49,100
His teammates particularly Lou, 
Gehrig batting behind him in the

1262
01:06:49,100 --> 01:06:52,400
lineup benefited from the 
attention pitchers, paid to Ruth

1263
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,900
forming what sports writers 
called Murderers Row. 

1264
01:06:55,900 --> 01:06:59,000
But Ruth's impact, extended 
Beyond statistics. 

1265
01:06:59,000 --> 01:07:02,600
He transformed baseball from a 
regional interests into a 

1266
01:07:02,600 --> 01:07:05,600
national Obsession. 
Radio, broadcasts carried, 

1267
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:07,100
Yankees games across the 
country. 

1268
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:11,600
With Ruth's at-bats, creating a 
sense of anticipation that built

1269
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,600
with each pitch. 
Movie newsreels featured, Ruth's

1270
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:19,200
home, runs showing audiences in 
Small Town Theaters what this 

1271
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:22,100
Larger than Life figure was 
doing in New York children 

1272
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:25,100
Across America started, 
imitating, Ruth's distinctive, 

1273
01:07:25,100 --> 01:07:28,700
swing the big leg kick the 
powerful hip rotation, and the 

1274
01:07:28,708 --> 01:07:31,100
follow through that lifted his 
back foot off the ground. 

1275
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:35,200
Youth baseball, team shifted, 
their emphasis from Bunting and 

1276
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:39,000
bass running to swinging for the
fence's fundamentally changing, 

1277
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:42,100
how the game was taught. 
Ruth was creating a new 

1278
01:07:42,108 --> 01:07:45,200
generation of Baseball fans who 
viewed home runs, not as 

1279
01:07:45,200 --> 01:07:48,200
occasional pflughs, but as the 
ultimate expression of the 

1280
01:07:48,200 --> 01:07:53,500
sport, the money, followed the 
success, Ruth salary increased 

1281
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:57,600
to 80,000 dollars by 1930, 
making him better paid than 

1282
01:07:57,600 --> 01:08:00,500
president Herbert Hoover. 
When someone pointed out this 

1283
01:08:00,500 --> 01:08:03,200
disparity Ruth, reportedly 
replied. 

1284
01:08:03,200 --> 01:08:06,800
That he'd had a better year than
Hoover equipped that captured 

1285
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:10,400
both his ego and the genuine 
affection felt for him. 

1286
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:14,900
Even during the Depression early
years off, the field, Ruth's 

1287
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:18,200
lifestyle became his legendary 
as his hitting he'd order room 

1288
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:20,800
service meals, designed for four
people and eat them alone. 

1289
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:24,700
He'd stay out until dawn, 
Charming, reporters and fellow 

1290
01:08:24,700 --> 01:08:28,200
revelers with stories told in 
his distinctive, gravelly voice.

1291
01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:31,100
He'd show up to the stadium 
looking like, he'd slept in his 

1292
01:08:31,100 --> 01:08:35,200
clothes, which he sometimes had.
And then proceeded to hit home 

1293
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:37,600
runs that left fans. 
Wandering of dissipation somehow

1294
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:40,800
improved, his performance, his 
managers despaired of 

1295
01:08:40,800 --> 01:08:43,899
controlling him. 
Ruth would violate curfews 

1296
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:46,800
skipped, team meetings, and 
generally behave like someone 

1297
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:48,399
for whom normal rules, didn't 
apply. 

1298
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,500
In 1925, his lifestyle caught up
with him. 

1299
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:55,800
He collapsed during spring 
training with what newspapers, 

1300
01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:58,399
politely called the belly. 
Ache heard around the world. 

1301
01:08:59,300 --> 01:09:02,399
Though the reality involved 
combination of overeating during

1302
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:05,500
King and general excess, that 
landed him in the hospital for 

1303
01:09:05,500 --> 01:09:09,899
weeks that season Ruth's worst 
in the majors served as a 

1304
01:09:09,899 --> 01:09:13,300
warning. 
He hit just 25 home runs and the

1305
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:17,600
Yankees finished in 7th place. 
Ruth recognized that even his 

1306
01:09:17,600 --> 01:09:21,600
prodigious Talent had limits and
he moderated his behavior enough

1307
01:09:21,600 --> 01:09:25,899
to bounce back in 1926 with 47 
home runs and a return to the 

1308
01:09:25,899 --> 01:09:29,300
World Series, the late 1920s, 
and early, 1930s. 

1309
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:32,700
Mark, the peak of Ruth's 
dominance, he won homerun 

1310
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:34,899
titles. 
Led the league in runs batted 

1311
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:38,100
in, and posted batting averages 
that would have been impressive.

1312
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,800
Even without the power numbers, 
the Yankees won championships, 

1313
01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:46,300
in 1927, 1928 and 1932 with 
Ruth. 

1314
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:50,600
As their Undisputed centerpiece,
the 1932 World Series against 

1315
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:53,500
the Chicago Cubs produced. 
What would become Ruth's most 

1316
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:57,700
famous moment The called shot in
game 3. 

1317
01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:02,000
With the score tied and cubs 
players and fans, heckling him 

1318
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:04,400
mercilessly Ruth step to the 
plate. 

1319
01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:08,900
He pointed toward the center 
field bleachers, or at the Cubs 

1320
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:12,100
pitcher, or maybe he was just 
gesturing, generally, depending 

1321
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:15,100
on which account you believe and
then hit the next pitch. 

1322
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:17,900
Exactly. 
Where he didn't indicated a 

1323
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:21,400
majestic home, run that silent 
Wrigley Field whether Ruth 

1324
01:10:21,400 --> 01:10:24,100
actually called his shot remains
debated by historians. 

1325
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:27,300
What's under denial? 
Is that the moment perfectly 

1326
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:31,100
captured who Ruth was confident 
to the point of arrogance 

1327
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:33,800
theatrical and capable of 
backing up? 

1328
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:37,100
Even his most outrageous 
gestures with actual performance

1329
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:41,300
The legend mattered more than 
the literal truth and the legend

1330
01:10:41,300 --> 01:10:44,400
was that Ruth had promised a 
home run and then delivered it 

1331
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:47,400
exactly. 
As advertised as evening settles

1332
01:10:47,400 --> 01:10:49,200
around you and your tea grows 
cooler. 

1333
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:52,800
Let's pause to consider what. 
Babe Ruth was actually like as a

1334
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:55,600
person separate from the legend 
that grew up around his 

1335
01:10:55,600 --> 01:10:58,900
accomplishments. 
Ruth, stood, six foot two, which

1336
01:10:58,900 --> 01:11:03,000
was tall for his ERA with a 
barrel chest, spindly legs and a

1337
01:11:03,008 --> 01:11:06,900
face that photographers 
described as lived in He wasn't 

1338
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:10,300
conventionally handsome, but his
features conveyed warmth and 

1339
01:11:10,300 --> 01:11:12,900
openness that made people 
instinctively like him. 

1340
01:11:12,900 --> 01:11:16,700
His nose had been broken, 
multiple times testimony to his 

1341
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:19,800
rough upbringing an occasional 
propensity for bar fights in his

1342
01:11:19,800 --> 01:11:22,600
younger days. 
His voice was surprisingly high 

1343
01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:25,500
in Gravely the result of years 
of cigars and whiskey. 

1344
01:11:26,700 --> 01:11:30,500
When he laughed which was often,
it was a full body experience 

1345
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:34,100
that started in his belly and 
emerged as a sound that friends 

1346
01:11:34,100 --> 01:11:38,100
described as infectious. 
People who met Ruth invariably 

1347
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:42,100
commented on his energy? 
He couldn't sit still constantly

1348
01:11:42,100 --> 01:11:45,500
fidgeting moving and looking for
the next thing to engage as 

1349
01:11:45,500 --> 01:11:48,700
attention, Ruth's relationship 
with children revealed a side of

1350
01:11:48,708 --> 01:11:52,800
his personality that the public 
is specially loved He'd spend 

1351
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:55,500
hours signing autographs for 
kids who waited outside 

1352
01:11:55,500 --> 01:11:58,500
stadiums, never seeming to Tire 
of the attention. 

1353
01:11:59,800 --> 01:12:02,500
When he visited Children's 
Hospitals, which he did 

1354
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:05,500
regularly. 
Usually, without inviting press 

1355
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,900
coverage, he'd sit with sick 
kids telling them stories and 

1356
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:12,400
making them laugh. 
These visits weren't publicity 

1357
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:16,600
stunts, Ruth genuinely enjoyed 
making children happy and ways 

1358
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:19,000
that suggested he was trying to 
give them experiences. 

1359
01:12:19,000 --> 01:12:20,900
He'd never had in his own 
difficult childhood. 

1360
01:12:20,900 --> 01:12:26,000
His generosity was legendary and
what indiscriminate Ruth would 

1361
01:12:26,000 --> 01:12:29,700
tip waiters 50 dollars for 
bringing him a sandwich hand, 

1362
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:33,800
100.00 bills to doorman and Loan
money to teammates who he would 

1363
01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:38,200
never pay him back. 
This large yes, was in entirely 

1364
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:41,500
ultra-stick Ruth, enjoyed the 
feeling of power that came from 

1365
01:12:41,500 --> 01:12:45,100
being able to help others, but 
it also reflected a genuine 

1366
01:12:45,100 --> 01:12:47,800
disinterest in accumulating 
wealth for his own sake. 

1367
01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:51,600
His first marriage to a woman 
named Helen Woodford who made 

1368
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:55,400
met while playing in Boston at 
ended tragically when Helen died

1369
01:12:55,400 --> 01:12:59,600
in a house fire in 1929. 
Ruth, 3, marry married, almost 

1370
01:12:59,600 --> 01:13:03,100
immediately to a former actress 
and model named Claire Hodgson. 

1371
01:13:03,100 --> 01:13:06,300
Who brought a stabilizing 
influence that Ruth's life had 

1372
01:13:06,300 --> 01:13:10,000
previously lacked. 
Claire, managed Ruth finances, 

1373
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:14,000
organized his schedule, and 
generally try to impose order on

1374
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,100
the chaos that naturally. 
Surrounded him, Claire also 

1375
01:13:17,100 --> 01:13:19,300
brought her daughter. 
Julia into Ruth's life. 

1376
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:23,100
And Ruth embraced fatherhood 
with the same enthusiasm, he 

1377
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,600
brought to everything else. 
He played catch with Julia in 

1378
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:29,800
the backyard of their apartment 
building teacher to hit off a 

1379
01:13:29,800 --> 01:13:32,600
batting tee, and tell her 
stories about his games. 

1380
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:35,700
That always made him seem just 
slightly more heroic than he 

1381
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:39,100
actually had been Ruth's 
relationship with Lou Gehrig. 

1382
01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:41,600
His longtime teammate was 
complicated. 

1383
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:46,600
The two men were opposites in. 
Almost every way, Ruth loud, and

1384
01:13:46,600 --> 01:13:49,700
undisciplined, Gary quiet and 
methodical. 

1385
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:53,200
They produced One of baseball's 
most productive lineup 

1386
01:13:53,200 --> 01:13:56,600
combinations, but personally 
they maintained a distance that 

1387
01:13:56,600 --> 01:13:59,000
occasionally erupted into 
outright hostility. 

1388
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:04,000
A falling out in the early 1930s
reportedly over a comment. 

1389
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:08,100
Claire Ruth made about gearing's
mother resulted in years with 

1390
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:10,000
the two. 
Barely spoke despite playing on 

1391
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:13,900
the same team as Ruth age. 
His body began showing the 

1392
01:14:13,900 --> 01:14:16,600
accumulated effects of Decades 
of excess. 

1393
01:14:17,300 --> 01:14:21,000
His once powerful legs thinned, 
making him slower in the 

1394
01:14:21,000 --> 01:14:25,700
Outfield and on the base paths. 
His reflexes while still 

1395
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:28,800
exceptional no longer allowed 
him to catch up to the fastest 

1396
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:31,600
pitches. 
By the mid-1930s. 

1397
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:35,000
It was becoming clear that even 
Babe Ruth couldn't hit forever. 

1398
01:14:35,000 --> 01:14:39,200
The Yankees with typical 
corporate efficiency began 

1399
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:41,900
planning for a future without 
their greatest star. 

1400
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:45,900
Their acquired younger 
outfielders, gave Ruth fewer 

1401
01:14:45,900 --> 01:14:49,200
plate appearances and generally 
treated him like a depreciating 

1402
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:51,800
asset rather than the man who'd 
built their Dynasty. 

1403
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:55,300
Ruth wanted to manage believing 
his baseball, knowledge and 

1404
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:57,300
personality would make him an 
effective leader. 

1405
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:02,100
Yankees management disagreed, 
seeing Ruth's lack of discipline

1406
01:15:02,100 --> 01:15:04,600
as disqualifying him from a 
position that required 

1407
01:15:04,600 --> 01:15:07,900
organization and restraint in 
1935. 

1408
01:15:07,900 --> 01:15:11,400
The Yankees sold Ruth to the 
Boston Brave's where he was 

1409
01:15:11,400 --> 01:15:14,500
promised to play a manager role 
that never quite materialized. 

1410
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:18,700
Instead Ruth found himself 
playing for a terrible team 

1411
01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:21,600
struggling to connect with 
pitchers, that would have been 

1412
01:15:21,600 --> 01:15:23,300
routine out just a few years 
earlier. 

1413
01:15:24,200 --> 01:15:28,500
His body after years of abuse 
was finally giving out Ruth's 

1414
01:15:28,500 --> 01:15:31,700
final games as a player were 
simultaneously, sad and somehow 

1415
01:15:31,700 --> 01:15:36,000
fitting. 
In Pittsburgh on May 25th 1935 

1416
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:40,300
he hit three home runs in a 
single game, The Last of which 

1417
01:15:40,300 --> 01:15:43,800
cleared the right field, stands,
Forbes field, and landed outside

1418
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:46,900
the stadium. 
First Fair ball ever hit 

1419
01:15:46,900 --> 01:15:50,200
completely out of that Park. 
It was a reminder of what Ruth 

1420
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:53,800
had been a final flash of the 
power that had defined his 

1421
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:56,500
career. 
Six days later Ruth played his 

1422
01:15:56,500 --> 01:16:00,100
last game. 
He went hitless looked slow and 

1423
01:16:00,100 --> 01:16:03,200
old and left the field knowing 
his playing career was over. 

1424
01:16:04,000 --> 01:16:09,100
He officially retired on June 
2nd 1935 ending a 22-year career

1425
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:11,200
that had transformed American 
Sports. 

1426
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:14,300
The years after retirement were 
difficult for Ruth in ways that 

1427
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:17,700
his playing career never had 
been He defined himself through 

1428
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:21,000
baseball for so long that 
existence without the daily 

1429
01:16:21,000 --> 01:16:23,000
rhythm of games, left him 
feeling unmoored. 

1430
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:26,400
The Yankees never offered him, 
the managerial position, he 

1431
01:16:26,400 --> 01:16:28,800
covered it. 
And other teams was similarly 

1432
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:31,300
uninterested in hiring someone, 
they viewed as two, 

1433
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:35,300
undisciplined to lead Ruth tried
various Ventures, he coached 

1434
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:38,200
briefly for the Brooklyn. 
Dodgers appeared, in exhibition 

1435
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:41,400
games and took roles in 
Hollywood films, that required 

1436
01:16:41,400 --> 01:16:44,800
him to essentially play himself.
But none of these activities 

1437
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:47,600
filled, the void that baseball's
absence had created. 

1438
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:51,400
He was like a shark that needs 
to keep moving to breathe. 

1439
01:16:51,400 --> 01:16:54,900
Except now, the water had been 
drained from his tank, he 

1440
01:16:54,900 --> 01:16:56,200
remained popular with the 
public. 

1441
01:16:56,200 --> 01:16:59,200
His name still capable of 
drawing crowds were every 

1442
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:02,500
appeared. 
He attended charity events, sign

1443
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:06,000
autographs, and tell stories 
about his playing days that grew

1444
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:07,300
more embellished with each 
retelling. 

1445
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:13,000
The real Babe Ruth was gradually
being replaced by the legend, a 

1446
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:16,900
process that Ruth himself seemed
to encourage World War. 2 gave 

1447
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:21,100
Ruth A Renewed sense of purpose.
He participated in war Bond, 

1448
01:17:21,100 --> 01:17:24,400
drives visited, military 
hospitals and played in 

1449
01:17:24,400 --> 01:17:26,600
exhibition, games designed to 
boost morale. 

1450
01:17:27,400 --> 01:17:29,400
Soldiers. 
Who'd grown up, idolizing Ruth 

1451
01:17:29,400 --> 01:17:33,100
got to meet their hero and Ruth 
seemed genuinely moved by their 

1452
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:36,400
appreciation. 
These interaction suggested that

1453
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:40,400
Ruth's importance transcended 
baseball, he'd become a symbol 

1454
01:17:40,400 --> 01:17:44,000
of American vitality and 
confidence that resonated during

1455
01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:48,800
wartime on April, 27th of 1947 
the Yankees retired, Ruth's 

1456
01:17:48,800 --> 01:17:52,000
number 3, making it the first 
number ever retired. 

1457
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:57,100
In baseball over, 50,000 fans, 
packed Yankee stadium, for Babe 

1458
01:17:57,100 --> 01:17:59,800
Ruth day. 
Celebrating the man who had made

1459
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:03,000
the venue famous Bruce already 
ill. 

1460
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:06,200
With throat cancer, though the 
public didn't know it yet spoke 

1461
01:18:06,200 --> 01:18:09,000
briefly to the crowd in a voice 
ravaged by disease. 

1462
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:13,800
Famous photograph from that day 
shows Ruth leaning on a bat for 

1463
01:18:13,800 --> 01:18:18,200
support his body Wasted by 
Illness but his presence. 

1464
01:18:18,200 --> 01:18:22,500
Still commanding the cancer 
progressed rapidly Ruth spent 

1465
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:26,800
much of 1948 in and out of 
hospitals undergoing treatments 

1466
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:29,300
that were primitive by modern 
standards and largely 

1467
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:31,900
ineffective. 
He lost weight dramatically. 

1468
01:18:31,900 --> 01:18:35,800
His once powerful frame reduced 
to something that friends 

1469
01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:40,000
described as heartbreaking to 
witness, But even in Decline, 

1470
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:43,400
Ruth maintained, the essential 
qualities that had defined him 

1471
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:47,500
optimism humor, and a refusal to
complain about his 

1472
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:52,100
circumstances. 
On August, 16th, 1948, Babe Ruth

1473
01:18:52,100 --> 01:18:56,100
died at age 53. 
His body lay in state at Yankee 

1474
01:18:56,100 --> 01:19:00,000
Stadium, where over 100,000 
people filed past to pay their 

1475
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:03,100
respects. 
The line stretched for blocks 

1476
01:19:03,100 --> 01:19:07,000
filled with people of all ages. 
Who wanted one final moment with

1477
01:19:07,000 --> 01:19:08,500
the man. 
Who'd give them so many 

1478
01:19:08,500 --> 01:19:11,500
memories. 
The funeral itself was held at 

1479
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:15,400
Saint Patrick's Cathedral in 
Manhattan with over 6,000 people

1480
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:19,600
inside and thousands more on the
streets outside Ruth was buried,

1481
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:21,800
at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in, 
Hawthorne New York. 

1482
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:26,300
His grave became and remains one
of the most visited sights in 

1483
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:30,200
American Sports. 
Pilgrimage destination for fans 

1484
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:33,600
who want to connect with 
baseball's passed now as you 

1485
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:36,200
settle deeper into your blankets
and perhaps close your eyes, 

1486
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:43,300
consider what Ruth left behind. 
His lifetime statistics 714 home

1487
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:46,200
runs a punk, through two batting
average. 

1488
01:19:46,200 --> 01:19:51,100
And 200213 runs batted in were 
records that would stand for 

1489
01:19:51,100 --> 01:19:54,400
decades. 
But numbers alone don't capture 

1490
01:19:54,400 --> 01:19:58,100
his impact Ruth, transformed 
baseball, from a sport played 

1491
01:19:58,100 --> 01:20:02,000
primarily in small markets to a 
truly national phenomenon. 

1492
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:06,800
Before Ruth, baseball struggled 
to compete with boxing and horse

1493
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:10,400
racing for public attention. 
After Ruth baseball was 

1494
01:20:10,400 --> 01:20:14,700
unquestionably, America's game a
status, it would maintain for 

1495
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:17,700
the better part of a century. 
He changed how the game was. 

1496
01:20:17,700 --> 01:20:21,100
Played shifting emphasis from 
small ball tactics to 

1497
01:20:21,100 --> 01:20:25,200
power-hitting, Managers, who had
spent careers teaching bunts and

1498
01:20:25,208 --> 01:20:29,200
hidden run plays, suddenly found
themselves encouraging batters 

1499
01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:32,700
to swing for the fences. 
The entire architecture of 

1500
01:20:32,708 --> 01:20:36,600
offense was rebuilt around the 
home, run a change that Ruth is 

1501
01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:39,200
essentially accomplished 
single-handedly Ruth. 

1502
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:42,000
Proved that athletes could be 
celebrities in ways previously 

1503
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:43,700
reserved for actors and 
politicians. 

1504
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:47,800
His salary, negotiations set 
precedents for athlete 

1505
01:20:47,800 --> 01:20:51,000
compensation. 
His endorsement deals, created a

1506
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:54,300
template for how sports stars 
could leverage Fame into wealth.

1507
01:20:55,000 --> 01:20:58,400
His life style while excessive 
demonstrated that public 

1508
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:01,400
figures, could survive Scandal 
through sheer Charisma and 

1509
01:21:01,408 --> 01:21:04,300
performance. 
The cultural impact extended 

1510
01:21:04,300 --> 01:21:08,800
Beyond Sports Ruth became a 
symbol of American possibility. 

1511
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:12,600
The idea that someone from the 
worst circumstances could rise 

1512
01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:14,600
to the absolute Pinnacle of 
success. 

1513
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:18,700
His story resonated, especially 
during the Depression years, 

1514
01:21:18,700 --> 01:21:22,300
when Americans needed Heroes, 
who proved that the system could

1515
01:21:22,300 --> 01:21:25,600
still work that talent and 
determination could still 

1516
01:21:25,600 --> 01:21:28,400
overcome poverty and limited 
opportunity. 

1517
01:21:28,400 --> 01:21:31,500
Ruth's relationship with 
children created a template for 

1518
01:21:31,500 --> 01:21:34,100
how sports stars interact with 
young fans. 

1519
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:38,300
The image of Ruth visiting sick,
children signing endless, 

1520
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:41,500
autographs and treating kids 
with genuine affection. 

1521
01:21:42,300 --> 01:21:44,800
Established expectations for 
athlete behavior. 

1522
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:48,500
That persist today. 
Every modern athlete, who visits

1523
01:21:48,500 --> 01:21:52,800
a children hospital is in some 
way following the path through 

1524
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:56,600
created his flaws were as 
legendary as his achievements 

1525
01:21:56,600 --> 01:22:00,300
and paradoxical those flaws made
him more, beloved rather than 

1526
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,900
less. 
American appreciated that Ruth 

1527
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,200
enjoyed his success. 
That he indulged appetites 

1528
01:22:07,200 --> 01:22:09,100
rather than pretending. 
They didn't exist. 

1529
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,200
There was something honest about
Ruth's successes that stood in 

1530
01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:16,700
stark contrast to the carefully,
managed public images that other

1531
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:19,600
celebrities cultivated the 
Yankees Dynasty. 

1532
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,800
That Ruth created continued for 
decades after his retirement. 

1533
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:26,800
the team won championships 
through the 1950s and Beyond, 

1534
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:30,500
but all of those successes built
on the foundation, Ruth had 

1535
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:33,600
established The financial 
resources that allowed the 

1536
01:22:33,608 --> 01:22:36,600
Yankees to acquire the best 
players came from the revenue 

1537
01:22:36,600 --> 01:22:40,000
streams Rutherford created. 
The winning tradition that 

1538
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:44,400
attracted top talent originated.
In Ruth's championship teams, 

1539
01:22:44,400 --> 01:22:48,900
baseball itself evolved in 
Ruth's image, Stadiums built 

1540
01:22:48,900 --> 01:22:51,600
after Yankee Stadium 
Incorporated features designed 

1541
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:53,000
to Showcase home. 
Run hitters. 

1542
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:57,500
Rule changes that increase to 
fence and Home Run production 

1543
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:00,500
reflected in Florence on what 
fans wanted to see. 

1544
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:03,000
The entire aesthetic of 
baseball. 

1545
01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:06,500
The emphasis on power, the 
celebration of individual 

1546
01:23:06,500 --> 01:23:09,800
achievement within a team 
context and the tolerance for 

1547
01:23:09,800 --> 01:23:13,700
colorful personality is all 
traced back to Ruth's example. 

1548
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:17,700
Modern athlete, earning enormous
salary is negotiating 

1549
01:23:17,700 --> 01:23:20,100
endorsement deals, and living 
public lives. 

1550
01:23:20,100 --> 01:23:23,600
That blur the line between 
sports and entertainment are 

1551
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:25,600
following paths that Ruth 
pioneered. 

1552
01:23:26,400 --> 01:23:29,200
He proved that athletic 
Excellence could generate wealth

1553
01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:31,400
and fame that transcended. 
The sport itself. 

1554
01:23:32,400 --> 01:23:35,900
Every athlete, who becomes a 
brand who leverages sporting 

1555
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:40,000
success into broader cultural 
influence, owes something to the

1556
01:23:40,000 --> 01:23:43,500
template Ruth created as your 
eyelids, grow heavy here and the

1557
01:23:43,508 --> 01:23:46,900
days concerns Fade Into the 
comfortable darkness of evening.

1558
01:23:47,700 --> 01:23:51,300
Let's Trace how Ruth's influence
continues to Ripple through 

1559
01:23:51,300 --> 01:23:55,200
American culture. 
Even now decades after his 

1560
01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:58,400
death, walk into any youth, 
baseball game on a Saturday 

1561
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:02,400
morning, and you'll see Ruth's 
Legacy in action, kids stepped 

1562
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:05,800
to the plate and take Mighty 
swings trying to hit home runs, 

1563
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:07,600
rather than simply making 
contact. 

1564
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:11,500
Parents in the stands, cheer 
loudest for the ball that clears

1565
01:24:11,500 --> 01:24:14,100
the fence even though a 
well-placed single might be 

1566
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:18,000
tactically superior. 
This emphasis on power over 

1567
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:22,000
Precision on the dramatic over 
the Practical flows directly 

1568
01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:24,900
from Ruth's transformation of 
baseballs Aesthetics. 

1569
01:24:24,900 --> 01:24:30,100
The number 3 retains and sacred 
in baseball history appears on 

1570
01:24:30,100 --> 01:24:33,000
replica jerseys. 
Won by fans, who were born until

1571
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:37,300
decades after Ruth died. 
His fans may not know Ruth's 

1572
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,400
actual statistics might not be 
able to name a single team, he 

1573
01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:43,400
played against that, they know 
the name and understand that 

1574
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:46,100
wearing, it connects them to 
something important in baseball 

1575
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:49,900
story, baseball cards, featuring
Ruth's image remain among the 

1576
01:24:49,900 --> 01:24:53,900
most valuable collectibles in 
sports with pristine examples, 

1577
01:24:53,900 --> 01:24:58,500
selling for millions of dollars.
The t206 Honus Wagner card is 

1578
01:24:58,500 --> 01:25:02,100
famous for its Rarity. 
Ruth cards are valuable because 

1579
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:04,300
of who he was and what he 
represented. 

1580
01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:08,000
Collectors aren't just buying 
cardboard and ink. 

1581
01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:10,900
There are acquiring pieces of 
the moment when Sports became 

1582
01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:15,900
Central to American culture, the
story is about Ruth, some truth.

1583
01:25:15,900 --> 01:25:19,800
Some embellished some entirely 
fabricated former mythology that

1584
01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:22,200
serves baseball. 
The way ancient myths, served 

1585
01:25:22,200 --> 01:25:27,300
earlier civilizations, the 
called shot, 60, home runs in 

1586
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:31,200
1927 the promised to hit a 
homerun for a sick child and 

1587
01:25:31,200 --> 01:25:34,600
then delivering on that promise.
These stories teach lessons 

1588
01:25:34,600 --> 01:25:38,500
about confidence, performance 
under pressure and the rewards 

1589
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:43,300
that come from daring greatly 
Yankee Stadium rebuilt in 2009. 

1590
01:25:43,300 --> 01:25:46,000
But incorporating design 
elements that deliberately Echo,

1591
01:25:46,000 --> 01:25:49,500
the original remains a shrine to
Ruth even though he never played

1592
01:25:49,500 --> 01:25:52,600
in the new version. 
Fans visiting the State stadium 

1593
01:25:52,600 --> 01:25:55,300
for the first time make 
pilgrimages to Monument Park. 

1594
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:58,900
Where a plaque commemorates, 
Ruth's achievements in language 

1595
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:00,600
that borders on religious 
reference? 

1596
01:26:01,500 --> 01:26:04,800
The stadiums Dimensions, still 
favored left handed power 

1597
01:26:04,800 --> 01:26:08,500
hitters, a design choice that 
acknowledges, Ruth's continuing 

1598
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:11,600
influence on how the Yankees 
think about constructing their 

1599
01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:15,000
roster, the phrase routhier has 
entered. 

1600
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:18,100
The English language is Magic of
meaning, exceptionally, large, 

1601
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:21,000
or powerful. 
When a slugger hits, a 

1602
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:24,400
particularly long home run, 
announces describe it as Ruthie 

1603
01:26:24,400 --> 01:26:27,000
and when a player achieves 
something that seems to 

1604
01:26:27,008 --> 01:26:30,300
transcend, normal, boundaries 
Sports, writers invoke Ruth's 

1605
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:33,800
name. 
This linguistic, immortality the

1606
01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:37,500
transformation of a person into 
an adjective, is reserved for 

1607
01:26:37,508 --> 01:26:40,200
the very few. 
Whose impact genuinely changes 

1608
01:26:40,200 --> 01:26:44,000
how we understand their field 
modern players, who at 40 or 50 

1609
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:47,000
home runs in a seasoned by 
comparison to Ruth. 

1610
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:49,800
Even though the game they're 
playing is dramatically 

1611
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:51,600
different from the one Ruth 
dominated. 

1612
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,800
Pictures throw harder now. 
Feels a more athletic stadiums 

1613
01:26:55,800 --> 01:26:58,900
are larger and the scientific 
understanding of hitting 

1614
01:26:58,900 --> 01:27:04,100
mechanics as advanced enormously
Yet Ruth Shadow stretches across

1615
01:27:04,100 --> 01:27:07,500
all these changes, his 
achievements, serving as the 

1616
01:27:07,500 --> 01:27:09,600
standard against which power is 
measured. 

1617
01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:14,000
The curse of the Bambino, the 
superstitious belief that Boston

1618
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,100
sale of Ruth to New York, 
cursed, the Red Sox franchise, 

1619
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:22,000
rt6 years, demonstrates, Ruth's 
cultural penetration Beyond pure

1620
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:24,900
sport. 
The fact that rational adults 

1621
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:28,000
could believe that a player 
transaction in 1920, affected 

1622
01:27:28,000 --> 01:27:32,400
game, outcomes and 2004 shows 
How Deeply Ruth embedded himself

1623
01:27:32,400 --> 01:27:34,300
in baseball's narrative 
structure. 

1624
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:39,200
When the Red Sox, finally, won 
the World Series in 2004 

1625
01:27:39,200 --> 01:27:42,400
breaking, the alleged curse 
became as important to the 

1626
01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:44,000
story. 
As the actual athletic 

1627
01:27:44,000 --> 01:27:47,200
achievement Hollywood. 
Has repeatedly tried to capture 

1628
01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:49,600
Ruth on film with varying 
degrees of success. 

1629
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:54,000
The challenge has always been 
that Ruth's life was almost too 

1630
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:58,000
eventful to packed with incident
and achievement to fit into 

1631
01:27:58,000 --> 01:27:59,700
conventional narrative 
structures. 

1632
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:03,100
How do you dream a tie? 
Someone who actually lived 

1633
01:28:03,100 --> 01:28:06,900
larger than most fictional 
characters the attempts continue

1634
01:28:06,900 --> 01:28:10,900
each generation, trying to 
explain Ruth to audience's who 

1635
01:28:10,900 --> 01:28:13,300
live in increasingly different 
worlds from the one. 

1636
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:17,000
He inhabited children who will 
play baseball in 2015, will 

1637
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,000
still learn Ruth's name and 
still hear stories about the 

1638
01:28:20,000 --> 01:28:23,400
Bambino who hit balls over 
buildings and eight hot dogs by 

1639
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:26,400
the Dozen. 
The details May blur in the 

1640
01:28:26,408 --> 01:28:29,300
context May fade, but the 
essential story. 

1641
01:28:29,300 --> 01:28:32,900
Paul boy makes good through 
natural talent in a repressible 

1642
01:28:32,900 --> 01:28:36,800
personality remains as 
compelling as ever baseball. 

1643
01:28:36,800 --> 01:28:39,600
Historians continued to debate, 
Ruth's place in the sports 

1644
01:28:39,600 --> 01:28:42,200
Pantheon, Was he the greatest 
player ever? 

1645
01:28:42,200 --> 01:28:45,900
Or does that honor belong to 
Willie Mays or Barry Bonds or 

1646
01:28:45,900 --> 01:28:49,000
Mike Trout? 
These debates miss the point. 

1647
01:28:49,000 --> 01:28:51,700
Ruth's important isn't about 
being the best. 

1648
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:54,800
In some objective sense, it's 
about being the most 

1649
01:28:54,800 --> 01:28:58,400
transformative, the player who 
changed, not just, how baseball 

1650
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:01,400
was played, what baseball meant 
to American culture. 

1651
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:06,000
Now as you drift towards sleep, 
let's consider perhaps Ruth's 

1652
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:10,400
most important Legacy one that 
statistics can't capture and 

1653
01:29:10,400 --> 01:29:13,000
that has nothing to do with 
championships or records. 

1654
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:17,800
Ruth gave people joy and he did 
it with an enthusiasm that was 

1655
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:20,900
itself. 
Joyful to witness watch footage 

1656
01:29:20,900 --> 01:29:24,900
of Ruth hitting home runs grainy
silent film that nevertheless 

1657
01:29:24,900 --> 01:29:26,800
conveys his obvious pleasure in 
the act. 

1658
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:31,800
After connecting with a pitch he
doesn't admire his work or pose 

1659
01:29:31,800 --> 01:29:35,500
for cameras. 
He simply runs a surprisingly 

1660
01:29:35,500 --> 01:29:38,500
graceful Trot to give in his 
bulk with a smile at suggests. 

1661
01:29:38,500 --> 01:29:40,900
He sees his delighted as the 
fans in the stands. 

1662
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:43,800
Baseball was for Ruth, genuinely
fun. 

1663
01:29:43,800 --> 01:29:45,800
And his enjoyment was 
contagious. 

1664
01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:48,900
This might seem trivial but 
think about what? 

1665
01:29:48,900 --> 01:29:53,400
Ruth offered to Americans during
his Peak years, the 1920s 

1666
01:29:53,400 --> 01:29:57,400
brought prosperity for some But 
anxiety for many as traditional 

1667
01:29:57,400 --> 01:30:00,800
social structures, gave way to 
modernity is uncertain toes. 

1668
01:30:01,600 --> 01:30:06,000
The 1930s brought economic 
catastrophe with unemployment 

1669
01:30:06,000 --> 01:30:10,100
foreclosures and the genuine 
fear that American democracy, 

1670
01:30:10,100 --> 01:30:14,800
might not survive. 
Through all of this Ruth played 

1671
01:30:14,800 --> 01:30:17,500
baseball with the 
unselfconscious joy of a child 

1672
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:21,100
reminding people that pleasure 
and Delight remained possible. 

1673
01:30:21,100 --> 01:30:24,900
Even indifferent times his home 
runs weren't just athletic 

1674
01:30:24,900 --> 01:30:27,200
achievements. 
They were permission slips for 

1675
01:30:27,200 --> 01:30:31,000
celebration. 
When Ruth connected with a pitch

1676
01:30:31,000 --> 01:30:34,500
and the bull sword into 
impossibly distant seats fans, 

1677
01:30:34,500 --> 01:30:36,300
could forget their troubles for 
the second. 

1678
01:30:36,300 --> 01:30:39,800
It took the ball to travel. 
They could rise from their seats

1679
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:44,300
cheer without inhibition and 
share a moment of uncomplicated 

1680
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:46,400
happiness with thousands of 
strangers. 

1681
01:30:46,400 --> 01:30:49,900
Ruth never pretended to be a 
role model in the modern sense. 

1682
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:55,300
He drank he ate to excess he 
carousels and he made no 

1683
01:30:55,300 --> 01:30:57,000
particular effort to hide any of
it. 

1684
01:30:58,200 --> 01:31:01,500
Yet somehow this honesty about 
his appetites, made him more 

1685
01:31:01,500 --> 01:31:05,800
rather than less appealing. 
American's understood that Ruth 

1686
01:31:05,800 --> 01:31:09,400
was flawed, but they all 
recognized that his flaws were 

1687
01:31:09,400 --> 01:31:12,900
human scale. 
The kind that anyone might have,

1688
01:31:12,900 --> 01:31:15,300
if they suddenly found 
themselves wealthy and famous 

1689
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:19,200
the relationship between Ruth 
and Baseball fans was genuinely 

1690
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:22,400
reciprocal. 
He loved their attention fed off

1691
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:25,500
their energy and performed 
better when stadiums were packed

1692
01:31:25,500 --> 01:31:29,200
and roaring. 
Fans in turn loved him, not just

1693
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:32,200
for what he did, but for how 
obviously he loved doing it. 

1694
01:31:33,400 --> 01:31:36,900
This Mutual affection created a 
bond that transcended, the usual

1695
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:40,900
relationship between athlete and
spectator Ruth generosity with 

1696
01:31:40,900 --> 01:31:44,500
his time particularly toward 
children, reflected his 

1697
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:47,500
understanding that his Fame 
created opportunities to bring, 

1698
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:51,000
happiness to others. 
When he visited a sick child in 

1699
01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:54,500
a hospital, signing a base ball 
and telling stories he was 

1700
01:31:54,500 --> 01:31:57,200
giving that child, something 
more valuable than memorabilia. 

1701
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:00,300
he was giving them a story that 
they could tell for the rest of 

1702
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:03,500
their lives, a moment when they 
mattered to someone important, 

1703
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:07,500
his teammates, even those who 
found his behavior exasperating 

1704
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:11,500
Generally loved him because Ruth
treated baseball as play rather 

1705
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:14,900
than work. 
In an era when most professional

1706
01:32:14,900 --> 01:32:18,500
athletes approach their Sport 
with grim, seriousness Ruth, 

1707
01:32:18,500 --> 01:32:22,500
maintain the perspective that 
baseball was fundamentally a 

1708
01:32:22,500 --> 01:32:24,900
game. 
This attitude didn't make him 

1709
01:32:24,900 --> 01:32:29,500
less competitive Ruth hated 
losing, but it kept him from the

1710
01:32:29,500 --> 01:32:32,200
bitterness that consumed players
who couldn't separate this 

1711
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:33,700
self-worth from their 
performance. 

1712
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:38,000
The Joy Ruth in bodied extended 
to his appreciation for his own 

1713
01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:40,800
success. 
He didn't pretend to be humble 

1714
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:42,400
or act like his achievements 
were. 

1715
01:32:42,400 --> 01:32:46,300
Merely the product of hard work.
Ruth understood that he had 

1716
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:50,600
extraordinary talent and he 
celebrated that Talent openly. 

1717
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:55,100
This self-awareness and lack of 
false, modesty was in its own 

1718
01:32:55,100 --> 01:32:58,700
way refreshing. 
Ruth knew he was special and he 

1719
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:02,100
saw no reason to pretend 
otherwise a sleep approaches and

1720
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:03,900
the story wines toward its 
clothes. 

1721
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:08,400
Consider what Ruth teaches us 
about living fully, His life 

1722
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:12,000
wasn't long, 53 years is less 
than many of us will have. 

1723
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:16,500
But it was completely lived. 
He experienced more, pleasure, 

1724
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:21,400
more success, more Acclaim, and 
yes, more access than most 

1725
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:23,300
people could fit into twice that
time. 

1726
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:26,500
He never seemed to wander if he 
deserved his success. 

1727
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:30,000
He simply enjoyed it. 
While it lasted in your last 

1728
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:33,200
moments of wakefulness Pick 3 
Yankee Stadium on a late Summer 

1729
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:36,100
Afternoon. 
The sun casting Long Shadows 

1730
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:39,500
across the infield as another 
generation of players takes 

1731
01:33:39,500 --> 01:33:42,900
batting practice. 
The crack of the bat, Echoes off

1732
01:33:42,900 --> 01:33:45,800
the stands that distinctive 
sound that has remained 

1733
01:33:45,800 --> 01:33:48,200
unchanged for over a century 
somewhere. 

1734
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,000
In those stands, sits a 
grandfather, taking his grandson

1735
01:33:51,000 --> 01:33:54,600
to his first baseball game. 
The boys attention wanders. 

1736
01:33:54,600 --> 01:33:59,800
It's the seventh inning and the 
game has been slow. then the 

1737
01:33:59,808 --> 01:34:02,900
home team, Slugger steps to the 
plate, and the grandfather 

1738
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:06,700
leans, close to his grandson's 
ear, he tells him about another 

1739
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:12,200
Slugger, First and maybe the 
greatest a man who hit balls so 

1740
01:34:12,200 --> 01:34:13,200
far. 
They seem to leave the 

1741
01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:15,700
atmosphere. 
The boy listens. 

1742
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:19,100
Not entirely sure if grandpa is 
telling a story or accounting 

1743
01:34:19,100 --> 01:34:21,600
history. 
The Slugger connects with a 

1744
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:25,300
pitch and the ball Rises on a 
trajectory that every fan in the

1745
01:34:25,300 --> 01:34:30,100
stadium recognizes instantly. 
It clears the fence by 50 feet 

1746
01:34:30,100 --> 01:34:34,400
Landing somewhere in the distant
bleachers, the grandfather leaps

1747
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:37,500
to his feet, his knees hurt but 
he doesn't care. 

1748
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:42,100
The grandson jumped up beside 
him caught up in the moment even

1749
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:44,400
though he doesn't fully 
understand what he's witnessing.

1750
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:48,100
This is Ruth's final gift. 
The one that keeps giving 

1751
01:34:48,100 --> 01:34:51,700
decades after his death. 
The shared experience of 

1752
01:34:51,700 --> 01:34:55,600
baseball's most dramatic moment,
the home run, that makes 

1753
01:34:55,600 --> 01:34:59,300
strangers into a community. 
That transforms an afternoon 

1754
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:03,300
into a memory that connects 
Generations through the simple 

1755
01:35:03,300 --> 01:35:05,600
Act of watching, someone hit a 
ball with a stick. 

1756
01:35:05,608 --> 01:35:08,000
Every home run hit in every 
stadium. 

1757
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:11,500
In America carries an echo of 
the ones Ruth hit in stadiums. 

1758
01:35:11,500 --> 01:35:14,700
That no longer exist. 
Watched by fans who have long 

1759
01:35:14,700 --> 01:35:19,400
since passed away, The game 
evolves rules change and players

1760
01:35:19,400 --> 01:35:23,500
get stronger and faster. 
But the fundamental Thrill The 

1761
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:27,200
Bull Rising against the sky 
arcing toward the fence and 

1762
01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:31,100
landing in a distant section. 
While fans, Roar remains exactly

1763
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:33,000
what it was. 
When Ruth Did It For the First 

1764
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:36,500
Time, Ruth's story reminds us 
that supports matter, not 

1765
01:35:36,500 --> 01:35:38,800
because they're important in 
some of objective sense. 

1766
01:35:39,600 --> 01:35:42,800
But because they give us ways to
connect with each other with our

1767
01:35:42,808 --> 01:35:45,100
past and with the parts of 
ourselves. 

1768
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:49,000
That remember how to play The 
boy from Baltimore who learned 

1769
01:35:49,000 --> 01:35:52,700
to pitch on Reformatory Fields, 
never forgot that baseball was 

1770
01:35:52,700 --> 01:35:56,600
supposed to be fun and he spent 
his entire career trying to 

1771
01:35:56,600 --> 01:35:59,700
share that fun. 
With anyone who would watch, he 

1772
01:35:59,700 --> 01:36:02,400
succeeded beyond anything, his 
younger self could have 

1773
01:36:02,400 --> 01:36:05,100
imagined. 
The orphan who felt unwanted 

1774
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:08,900
became the most beloved figure 
in American Sports. the 

1775
01:36:08,900 --> 01:36:11,600
undisciplined kid, who couldn't 
follow rules, became the man, 

1776
01:36:11,600 --> 01:36:15,200
who rewrote them, the player who
was sold by one team for money 

1777
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:18,100
became the Catalyst for a Danish
tea, that redefined Sports 

1778
01:36:18,100 --> 01:36:22,500
Excellence, but perhaps most 
importantly, The child who grew 

1779
01:36:22,500 --> 01:36:25,600
up with out much joy, became the
man who created it for Millions.

1780
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:29,100
Every time someone's face, 
lights up watching a home run. 

1781
01:36:29,100 --> 01:36:32,300
Every time, a kid imitates, a 
power swing in a backyard. 

1782
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:34,700
Every time. 
Baseball brings people together 

1783
01:36:34,700 --> 01:36:37,000
and shared celebration. 
Babe Ruth. 

1784
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:38,800
Is there still playing the game 
he loved? 

1785
01:36:39,400 --> 01:36:42,200
Still inviting everyone to join 
him in the simple pleasure of 

1786
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:45,200
hitting a ball as far as 
possible and then running around

1787
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:49,000
some bases while people cheer as
you drift into sleep, you might 

1788
01:36:49,000 --> 01:36:53,100
dream of Summer afternoons and 
the crack of a wooden bat of 

1789
01:36:53,100 --> 01:36:57,900
balls Rising against Blue Skies 
of a round-faced man with a huge

1790
01:36:57,900 --> 01:37:01,200
smile, circling the bases while 
a stadium full of strangers, 

1791
01:37:01,200 --> 01:37:05,500
becomes for a moment, a 
community United in joy. 

1792
01:37:06,600 --> 01:37:09,800
These dreams can connect you to 
millions of others who have 

1793
01:37:09,800 --> 01:37:12,500
found comfort and excitement in 
the same images. 

1794
01:37:12,500 --> 01:37:17,200
The same stories and the same 
fundamental human desire to 

1795
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:19,800
witness excellence and sharing 
celebration. 

1796
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:22,400
Babe Ruth, lived more than 90 
years ago. 

1797
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:26,500
But his gift Remains the 
reminder that life is meant to 

1798
01:37:26,500 --> 01:37:29,800
be fully lived. 
That Talent should be celebrated

1799
01:37:29,800 --> 01:37:34,100
rather than hidden and that Joy 
shared multiplies while Joy 

1800
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:36,600
hoarded disappears. 
Sleep. 

1801
01:37:36,600 --> 01:37:40,000
Well, knowing that somewhere 
right now someone is hitting a 

1802
01:37:40,000 --> 01:37:44,200
home run and for that moment 
they are Babe Ruth and Babe Ruth

1803
01:37:44,200 --> 01:37:46,500
lives. 
Again, the boy from Baltimore 

1804
01:37:46,500 --> 01:37:50,400
found his way home and in doing.
So he helped millions of us find

1805
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:54,300
hours on baseball diamonds in 
Stadium seats. 

1806
01:37:54,300 --> 01:37:58,100
In the stories, we tell about 
the ones who came before and in 

1807
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:00,100
the simple shared pleasure of 
watching. 

1808
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:02,000
Someone do something 
extraordinary. 

1809
01:38:09,700 --> 01:38:13,300
Now shut your eyes and visualize
yourself floating slowly through

1810
01:38:13,300 --> 01:38:16,100
centuries of History until you 
gently land in. 

1811
01:38:16,100 --> 01:38:21,800
What is now Iraq Soca 2100 BC e?
The smell is what hits you 

1812
01:38:21,800 --> 01:38:27,200
first, not the site, baking 
bread river water and yes a lot 

1813
01:38:27,208 --> 01:38:30,500
of livestock Welcome to the 
first real neighborhood in 

1814
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:33,900
Civilization where people made 
the decision to settle down and 

1815
01:38:33,900 --> 01:38:36,400
stop aimlessly wandering around 
like lost tourists. 

1816
01:38:37,500 --> 01:38:40,300
Like Chris new Freight is a two 
rivers that would make any real 

1817
01:38:40,300 --> 01:38:44,100
estate agent cry with delight. 
These rivers are not just any 

1818
01:38:44,100 --> 01:38:46,300
rivers. 
They are the ancient world's 

1819
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:48,700
version of having fresh 
groceries, delivered to your 

1820
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:52,300
door and Amazon delivery. 
This area was known to the 

1821
01:38:52,300 --> 01:38:55,700
Mesopotamians as the land 
between Rivers, which sounds far

1822
01:38:55,700 --> 01:38:57,400
more poetic in their language 
than it does. 

1823
01:38:57,400 --> 01:39:00,500
When you're trying to explain it
to a dinner party guests, you 

1824
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:02,900
may be asking yourself. 
Why anyone would decide to live 

1825
01:39:02,900 --> 01:39:04,300
in? 
What is effectively a massive 

1826
01:39:04,300 --> 01:39:07,300
flood plain? 
Imagine having soil, that is so 

1827
01:39:07,300 --> 01:39:09,300
dark and Rich that with a little
encouragement. 

1828
01:39:09,300 --> 01:39:13,300
You could probably grow tomatoes
every year when these Rivers 

1829
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:16,600
flood, they leave behind a thick
layer of the most Fertile Mud on

1830
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:18,900
the planet. 
It took the rest of us, 

1831
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,100
Millennia, to realize what the 
locals are discovered. 

1832
01:39:21,100 --> 01:39:24,500
Sometimes the greatest things in
life, have a small mess 

1833
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:27,200
associated with them. 
You wouldn't recognize the 

1834
01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:29,800
cities that arising all around 
you from contemporary urban 

1835
01:39:29,800 --> 01:39:32,500
planning. 
This place lacks tidy Suburban 

1836
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:36,900
grids and straight lines, rather
visualize organic growth. 

1837
01:39:36,900 --> 01:39:41,800
Akin to a coral reef composed of
human ambition and mud bricks. 

1838
01:39:42,500 --> 01:39:45,500
Narrow streets, wind between 
houses like old hiking trails 

1839
01:39:45,500 --> 01:39:48,300
and houses clustered together as
if they are having a 

1840
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:49,800
never-ending neighborhood. 
Conversation. 

1841
01:39:49,800 --> 01:39:53,000
Another thing that strikes you 
as being very Antiquated is the 

1842
01:39:53,000 --> 01:39:56,900
lack of electrical hums acquired
of engines and the absence of 

1843
01:39:56,900 --> 01:39:58,400
any traffic that resembles 
Russia. 

1844
01:39:58,400 --> 01:40:02,600
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

1845
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:06,100
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

1846
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:07,900
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

1847
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:11,000
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

1848
01:40:11,000 --> 01:40:13,600
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

1849
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:17,300
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

1850
01:40:18,200 --> 01:40:21,100
First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history is what 

1851
01:40:21,108 --> 01:40:24,200
you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

1852
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:26,900
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

1853
01:40:26,900 --> 01:40:30,100
encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

1854
01:40:30,100 --> 01:40:33,200
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

1855
01:40:33,200 --> 01:40:36,600
eats When your neighbor's goat 
keeps eating your Bali? 

1856
01:40:36,600 --> 01:40:38,200
How do you keep things from 
going? 

1857
01:40:38,200 --> 01:40:41,600
Completely out of control? 
As you will see, the answer 

1858
01:40:41,600 --> 01:40:45,100
combines a remarkable amount of 
Ingenuity practicality and what 

1859
01:40:45,100 --> 01:40:47,700
can only be called the first 
bureaucracy in history? 

1860
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:51,900
Yes, people work was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

1861
01:40:51,900 --> 01:40:53,300
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

1862
01:40:53,300 --> 01:40:56,100
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

1863
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:58,800
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

1864
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,800
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

1865
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:05,200
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

1866
01:41:05,200 --> 01:41:08,800
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

1867
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:11,700
comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

1868
01:41:11,700 --> 01:41:14,800
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

1869
01:41:14,800 --> 01:41:17,900
amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

1870
01:41:17,900 --> 01:41:21,800
not require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

1871
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:25,600
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

1872
01:41:25,600 --> 01:41:28,400
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what? 

1873
01:41:29,100 --> 01:41:31,800
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

1874
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:34,500
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

1875
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:36,900
schedule. 
The Mesopotamian said glancing 

1876
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:39,700
at their rushing Rivers, the end
of effect is a network of 

1877
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:41,200
watery. 
Highways that would make the 

1878
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:43,200
roads of ancient Rome appear 
straightforward. 

1879
01:41:44,000 --> 01:41:47,100
Individual fields are directly 
irrigated by water flowing. 

1880
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,400
From the main rivers into 
primary canals secondary 

1881
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:54,100
channels and smaller ditches. 
It's similar to having running 

1882
01:41:54,100 --> 01:41:56,900
water but it goes to your barley
patch rather than your kitchen 

1883
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:00,300
sink in addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing. 

1884
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:03,800
If this system fails, the city 
is a hole loses lunch. 

1885
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:06,900
In addition to water pressure, 
massive collaboration is needed 

1886
01:42:06,900 --> 01:42:10,400
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which is never been done before 

1887
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:13,500
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

1888
01:42:13,500 --> 01:42:16,500
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbors crops are 

1889
01:42:16,500 --> 01:42:18,500
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

1890
01:42:18,500 --> 01:42:21,100
Upstream to construct a damn, 
without taking Downstream 

1891
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:24,100
residents in to account. 
People must look beyond their 

1892
01:42:24,100 --> 01:42:26,500
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

1893
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:28,100
For the first time in human 
history. 

1894
01:42:28,100 --> 01:42:30,500
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

1895
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:34,000
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

1896
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:38,300
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B insists

1897
01:42:38,300 --> 01:42:41,700
is irrigation ditch was there 
first and farmer, a accuses 

1898
01:42:41,700 --> 01:42:43,000
farmer. 
B of stealing water. 

1899
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,900
Someone has to resolve. 
The inevitable conflicts 

1900
01:42:45,900 --> 01:42:49,200
presenting, the first middle 
management in history since 

1901
01:42:49,200 --> 01:42:51,600
clipboards, won't be invented 
for several thousand years. 

1902
01:42:51,600 --> 01:42:54,600
These water managers are more 
than just bureaucrats with 

1903
01:42:54,600 --> 01:42:57,700
clipboards they combine elements
of weather, forecasting, 

1904
01:42:57,700 --> 01:43:01,500
engineering diplomacy and 
refereeing they must comprehend.

1905
01:43:01,500 --> 01:43:04,900
Not only the flow of water but 
also human thought crop growth 

1906
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:08,500
and how to stop Neighbors from 
igniting generation long feuds. 

1907
01:43:08,500 --> 01:43:12,300
The good news is that it does 
work, your witnessing thousands 

1908
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:14,800
of people successfully, 
arranging their daily schedules 

1909
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:19,100
around common resources, every 
year, the Harvest arrives, the 

1910
01:43:19,100 --> 01:43:22,100
fields, turn green at the 
appropriate time and the 

1911
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:25,100
irrigation ditches run. 
According to plan, when the 

1912
01:43:25,100 --> 01:43:28,000
irrigation schedule becomes 
complicated, everyone is 

1913
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:31,300
contributing labor water rights 
and a willingness to not 

1914
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,300
strangle their neighbors. 
It's like watching a huge 

1915
01:43:34,300 --> 01:43:36,400
Antiquated version of a 
neighborhood potluck. 

1916
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:39,700
Except instead of bringing 
casserole's, this system's 

1917
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:42,200
success has a significant impact
on human society. 

1918
01:43:43,100 --> 01:43:45,100
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

1919
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:47,500
consistently produce more food 
than they were required for 

1920
01:43:47,500 --> 01:43:50,200
survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

1921
01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:52,300
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

1922
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:56,300
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

1923
01:43:56,300 --> 01:43:59,000
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

1924
01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:02,300
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

1925
01:44:02,308 --> 01:44:05,900
qualified administrator's come 
to be It's how you get people 

1926
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:08,200
who don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

1927
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:11,000
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

1928
01:44:11,000 --> 01:44:14,300
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

1929
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:16,900
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

1930
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:20,600
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

1931
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:22,300
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

1932
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:25,400
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

1933
01:44:25,400 --> 01:44:28,400
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

1934
01:44:28,400 --> 01:44:31,200
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you continue 

1935
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:33,300
your leisurely, exploration of 
this ancient world. 

1936
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:36,500
They have established. 
What may be the first startup 

1937
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:40,700
culture in history, complete 
with competition creativity and 

1938
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:43,100
the occasional spectacular 
failure from which everyone 

1939
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:46,100
gains knowledge, for example, 
metalworking. 

1940
01:44:46,100 --> 01:44:48,800
You see people who have 
discovered that they can create 

1941
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:52,200
bronze, a more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

1942
01:44:52,200 --> 01:44:55,900
they have ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

1943
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:58,500
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

1944
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:02,100
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

1945
01:45:02,100 --> 01:45:05,300
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

1946
01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:07,700
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

1947
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:11,400
transport and copper from 100 of
miles away because they are 

1948
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:14,000
necessary. 
They require individuals who 

1949
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:17,000
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

1950
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:20,600
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

1951
01:45:20,600 --> 01:45:23,700
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

1952
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:27,000
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

1953
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:30,100
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

1954
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:33,500
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

1955
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,100
best metal. 
Is build reputations and people 

1956
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:39,000
begin to request tools made by 
particular Artisans. 

1957
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:42,900
So you have brand recognition, 
it's the Antiquated version of 

1958
01:45:42,900 --> 01:45:45,900
Yelp, reviews, except of posting
them online. 

1959
01:45:45,900 --> 01:45:48,500
People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

1960
01:45:48,500 --> 01:45:50,200
harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

1961
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:54,100
However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

1962
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:57,600
rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

1963
01:45:57,600 --> 01:45:59,100
is being created by these 
individuals. 

1964
01:45:59,100 --> 01:46:02,900
They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

1965
01:46:02,900 --> 01:46:04,600
between people who have 
different needs. 

1966
01:46:04,600 --> 01:46:07,600
How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

1967
01:46:07,600 --> 01:46:11,000
resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

1968
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:14,500
Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

1969
01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:17,100
grow barley. 
The toolmaker needs copper for 

1970
01:46:17,100 --> 01:46:19,400
his next project. 
Not barley, but he wants 

1971
01:46:19,400 --> 01:46:22,300
payment. 
In order to trade up north, the 

1972
01:46:22,300 --> 01:46:24,300
copper Trader needs wool. 
Not barley. 

1973
01:46:24,300 --> 01:46:27,000
The shepherd needs barley, but 
he has wool. 

1974
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:30,200
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

1975
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:32,700
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

1976
01:46:32,700 --> 01:46:34,100
through their irrigation 
channels. 

1977
01:46:34,100 --> 01:46:37,200
They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

1978
01:46:37,200 --> 01:46:38,900
value to move throughout the 
community. 

1979
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:42,700
In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

1980
01:46:42,708 --> 01:46:45,400
Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

1981
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:46,900
next project with the copper 
Trader. 

1982
01:46:47,700 --> 01:46:50,100
Toolmaker agrees to make your 
plow right away. 

1983
01:46:50,100 --> 01:46:53,600
It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

1984
01:46:53,600 --> 01:46:57,800
And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

1985
01:46:57,800 --> 01:47:00,100
straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

1986
01:47:00,100 --> 01:47:02,400
this system, not just any 
writing. 

1987
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:05,500
But every day, useful, writing 
that can document who is 

1988
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:09,300
responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

1989
01:47:09,300 --> 01:47:12,700
when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, your

1990
01:47:12,700 --> 01:47:15,100
witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

1991
01:47:15,100 --> 01:47:18,300
contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

1992
01:47:18,300 --> 01:47:21,200
The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

1993
01:47:21,200 --> 01:47:24,900
earliest business documents ever
created purchase orders. 

1994
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:29,000
Tax records, loan agreements, 
employment contracts, and 

1995
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:33,200
inventory lists All of it is 
here compressed into clay with 

1996
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:35,800
marks in the shape of wedges 
that symbolize the beginning of 

1997
01:47:35,800 --> 01:47:39,100
bureaucracy, indeed, you are 
also witnessing the development 

1998
01:47:39,100 --> 01:47:41,700
of accounting. 
All of these promises 

1999
01:47:41,700 --> 01:47:44,600
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

2000
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:47,000
community must be monitored by 
someone. 

2001
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:51,100
Even though the early accountant
worked by Lamplight with clay, 

2002
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,800
tablets and Reed styluses rather
than in contemporary offices 

2003
01:47:54,800 --> 01:47:57,800
with computers, they were 
addressing the same issues that 

2004
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:00,400
accountants do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

2005
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:04,100
Solutions is astounding They're 
creating economic systems from 

2006
01:48:04,100 --> 01:48:06,700
the ground up and learning by 
trial and error. 

2007
01:48:06,700 --> 01:48:10,400
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

2008
01:48:10,400 --> 01:48:13,100
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

2009
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:15,600
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

2010
01:48:15,600 --> 01:48:17,500
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

2011
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:21,000
exploration of this ancient 
world, these Mesopotamians 

2012
01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:23,700
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

2013
01:48:23,700 --> 01:48:26,700
issues like trade and irrigation
their, aiming for something 

2014
01:48:26,700 --> 01:48:30,200
greater something that appeals 
to the basic human need to build

2015
01:48:30,200 --> 01:48:33,200
monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

2016
01:48:33,200 --> 01:48:36,600
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

2017
01:48:36,600 --> 01:48:40,100
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

2018
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:43,200
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

2019
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:46,300
building is an understatement. 
These are assertion 

2020
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:49,700
proclamations and Architectural 
justification for human 

2021
01:48:49,700 --> 01:48:52,700
potential. 
People say, we can move 

2022
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:55,700
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

2023
01:48:55,708 --> 01:48:59,200
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

2024
01:48:59,200 --> 01:49:01,700
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

2025
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:04,300
Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

2026
01:49:04,300 --> 01:49:06,900
site for a large ziggurat. 
No trucks. 

2027
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:09,700
Cranes or mechanized equipment 
are present. 

2028
01:49:09,700 --> 01:49:13,200
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

2029
01:49:13,200 --> 01:49:16,800
power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

2030
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:21,400
willpower the planning however, 
is what really sets it apart to 

2031
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:24,300
prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

2032
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:26,400
debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

2033
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:29,900
bricks they will need to obtain 
the raw materials, how many 

2034
01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:33,600
workers are needed, how to feed 
all of those workers where they 

2035
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:36,900
will sleep and how to coordinate
their efforts, your witnessing a

2036
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:38,700
level of project management that
won't be seen. 

2037
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:41,700
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

2038
01:49:41,700 --> 01:49:45,600
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

2039
01:49:45,600 --> 01:49:49,500
Chains Banning the entire Known 
World, the ziggurat Builders are

2040
01:49:49,500 --> 01:49:52,200
effectively managing the Biggest
construction company in the 

2041
01:49:52,200 --> 01:49:55,200
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you, 

2042
01:49:55,200 --> 01:49:57,400
the workers themselves are not 
slaves. 

2043
01:49:57,400 --> 01:50:00,900
Considerate, the most complex 
community service project in the

2044
01:50:00,900 --> 01:50:03,200
world, they are citizens 
carrying out. 

2045
01:50:03,208 --> 01:50:07,000
Their civic duties seasonal 
workers and skilled artists. 

2046
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:10,100
People don't donate their time 
to building projects that 

2047
01:50:10,100 --> 01:50:13,100
benefit everyone during the 
agricultural offseason and the 

2048
01:50:13,108 --> 01:50:14,500
fields. 
Don't need to be tended. 

2049
01:50:14,500 --> 01:50:18,000
This desire to create something 
greater than anyone person could

2050
01:50:18,000 --> 01:50:20,000
on their own, has a very human 
quality. 

2051
01:50:20,700 --> 01:50:23,700
In addition to their utilitarian
functions as temples. 

2052
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:27,200
Administrative hubs and grain 
storage facilities, the 

2053
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:30,800
ziggurats are also symbolic Look
what we can do when we work 

2054
01:50:30,800 --> 01:50:33,000
together. 
Look how high we can reach. 

2055
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:36,700
They say, surprisingly, complex 
engineering is needed, the 

2056
01:50:36,700 --> 01:50:39,600
builders must comprehend. 
The structural Integrity weight 

2057
01:50:39,600 --> 01:50:43,400
distribution, and composition of
the soil, they create methods 

2058
01:50:43,400 --> 01:50:46,900
for building sturdy foundations.
In muddy, ground avoiding water 

2059
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:49,900
damage and guaranteeing that the
structure will endure for many 

2060
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:52,400
generations. 
These are not archaic 

2061
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:56,000
individuals, fumbling through 
building projects rather they 

2062
01:50:56,000 --> 01:50:58,700
are demonstrating. 
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 

2063
01:50:58,700 --> 01:51:00,700
resolving intricate engineering 
problems. 

2064
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:03,600
Consider the challenge of 
producing millions of identical 

2065
01:51:03,600 --> 01:51:06,100
bricks. 
To guarantee uniformity 

2066
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:09,600
throughout large production runs
they create standardized molds, 

2067
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:12,900
quality assurance, protocols, 
and drying methods. 

2068
01:51:12,900 --> 01:51:15,300
They determine the ideal brick 
size. 

2069
01:51:15,300 --> 01:51:18,200
Is that strike a balance between
handling ease and structural 

2070
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:20,200
strength? 
They develop production 

2071
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:22,800
techniques for assembly lines. 
That will not be used again 

2072
01:51:22,800 --> 01:51:25,800
until the Industrial Revolution.
Even more impressive than the 

2073
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:27,800
engineering is the coordination.
That is needed. 

2074
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:31,200
Consider overseeing a project in
which some employees are 

2075
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:33,600
producing bricks. 
Others are moving them and 

2076
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:35,300
still. 
Others are arranging them in 

2077
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:36,900
progressively. 
Intricate designs as the 

2078
01:51:36,900 --> 01:51:41,200
building Rises, everyone needs 
to be motivated, supervised and 

2079
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:44,800
in sync, it's similar to 
conducting an orchestra except 

2080
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:47,200
that hundreds of construction 
workers are used in place of 

2081
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:50,800
musicians and architecture that 
will Outlast Empires is used in 

2082
01:51:50,800 --> 01:51:53,100
place of music. 
You come across something that 

2083
01:51:53,100 --> 01:51:56,100
may appear less dramatic than 
enormous construction projects, 

2084
01:51:56,100 --> 01:51:59,100
but is actually far more 
revolutionary as you can 

2085
01:51:59,100 --> 01:52:01,600
continue your peaceful journey 
through this amazing 

2086
01:52:01,600 --> 01:52:04,200
civilization. 
You're seeing the beginning of 

2087
01:52:04,200 --> 01:52:08,900
formal education mathematics and
what we might call science the 

2088
01:52:08,900 --> 01:52:11,400
point at which humans started to
think methodically about 

2089
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:13,900
thinking itself. 
Something extraordinary is 

2090
01:52:13,900 --> 01:52:17,600
taking place in tiny buildings, 
dotted across the cities, young,

2091
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:19,200
adults, and children are 
congregating. 

2092
01:52:19,300 --> 01:52:22,000
To learn rather than to labor 
and workshops or fields. 

2093
01:52:22,700 --> 01:52:24,900
The lessons they are learning at
the first schools in history 

2094
01:52:24,900 --> 01:52:27,300
will have a lasting impact on 
human civilization. 

2095
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:30,300
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

2096
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:32,700
children. 
This is formal education, 

2097
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:35,400
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

2098
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:37,100
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

2099
01:52:38,000 --> 01:52:40,200
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

2100
01:52:40,200 --> 01:52:43,400
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

2101
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:45,400
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

2102
01:52:46,100 --> 01:52:48,500
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

2103
01:52:48,500 --> 01:52:50,600
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

2104
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:53,900
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

2105
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:55,300
mathematics being developed 
here. 

2106
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:58,500
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

2107
01:52:58,508 --> 01:53:02,400
nearly contemporary geometric 
principles, place value, 

2108
01:53:02,400 --> 01:53:05,300
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

2109
01:53:05,300 --> 01:53:08,600
utilized by architects today. 
They're finding abstract 

2110
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:11,400
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

2111
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:13,800
applications, not just counting 
things. 

2112
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:17,400
What's amazing though is that 
they're using a number system 

2113
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:22,000
based on 60 rather than 10 
They're thinking in Basics 60 

2114
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:24,400
while you're counting on your 
fingers and working with powers 

2115
01:53:24,400 --> 01:53:27,200
of 10. 
This sounds really strange Until

2116
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:30,500
you realize that 60 is more 
divisible by numbers than 10 is.

2117
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:32,800
For many mathematical 
operations. 

2118
01:53:32,800 --> 01:53:34,600
Their system is actually more 
adaptable. 

2119
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:37,500
It's similar to learning that a 
better wheel was created. 

2120
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,900
But 1,000 of years later were 
still using the subpar one. 

2121
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:43,800
There is more to this. 
Mathematical sophistication than

2122
01:53:43,800 --> 01:53:47,100
meets the eye, the same 
individuals who divided circles 

2123
01:53:47,100 --> 01:53:50,500
into 360 Degrees. 
Yes, that's where that 

2124
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:53,100
originates are. 
Also conducting astronomical 

2125
01:53:53,100 --> 01:53:55,500
observations which call for 
exact measurement and 

2126
01:53:55,500 --> 01:53:59,100
documentation They're making 
calendars that line agricultural

2127
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:02,400
activities with astronomical 
events, tracking the Motions of 

2128
01:54:02,408 --> 01:54:06,300
planets and forecasting. 
Eclipses, it is truly astounding

2129
01:54:06,300 --> 01:54:08,800
how much astronomical knowledge 
is being amassed here. 

2130
01:54:08,800 --> 01:54:11,900
These observers have discovered 
that there are recurring 

2131
01:54:11,900 --> 01:54:13,500
patterns in the movements of the
planets. 

2132
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:17,200
They can predict, when Venus 
will show up as An Evening Star,

2133
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:20,900
as a Morning Star, they have 
developed mathematical models to

2134
01:54:20,900 --> 01:54:24,500
forecast, astronomical events, 
an identified as a diele 

2135
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:27,300
constellations. 
Most impressive though, is the 

2136
01:54:27,300 --> 01:54:30,300
way their tackling these issues.
They are searching for 

2137
01:54:30,300 --> 01:54:33,500
underlying patterns, formulating
hypotheses and testing 

2138
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,200
predictions in addition to 
merely Gathering observations. 

2139
01:54:37,100 --> 01:54:39,900
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

2140
01:54:39,900 --> 01:54:43,000
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

2141
01:54:43,000 --> 01:54:45,400
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

2142
01:54:45,400 --> 01:54:47,900
Mathematics. 
Students are learning how to 

2143
01:54:47,900 --> 01:54:51,600
evaluate court cases write 
poetry in accordance with formal

2144
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:54,700
guide, lines and comprehend 
historical precedence. 

2145
01:54:54,700 --> 01:54:57,300
In the classroom, they are 
discovering that knowledge 

2146
01:54:57,300 --> 01:55:00,400
itself can be methodically 
arranged classified and passed 

2147
01:55:00,400 --> 01:55:02,100
down from one generation to the 
next. 

2148
01:55:02,100 --> 01:55:05,700
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

2149
01:55:05,700 --> 01:55:08,200
today. 
For the first time in history, 

2150
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:11,500
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

2151
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:14,900
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

2152
01:55:14,900 --> 01:55:17,300
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

2153
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:21,100
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

2154
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:23,600
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

2155
01:55:23,600 --> 01:55:26,300
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

2156
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:30,900
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding, People whose job it 

2157
01:55:30,900 --> 01:55:33,200
is to think about abstract 
problems, begin to draw 

2158
01:55:33,200 --> 01:55:35,300
connections between various 
fields of knowledge. 

2159
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:39,000
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

2160
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:42,000
geometric principles. 
The astronomer learns that 

2161
01:55:42,008 --> 01:55:44,800
natural events can be predicted 
by mathematical models. 

2162
01:55:44,800 --> 01:55:48,000
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

2163
01:55:48,000 --> 01:55:50,500
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

2164
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:53,900
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

2165
01:55:53,900 --> 01:55:57,000
travels and become accustomed to
the mild routine of this amazing

2166
01:55:57,000 --> 01:55:59,400
Society. 
You're about to learn that 

2167
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:01,300
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

2168
01:56:01,300 --> 01:56:04,500
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

2169
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:08,300
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

2170
01:56:08,300 --> 01:56:11,100
typical Mesopotamian family 
wakes up as the small Highway 

2171
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:14,000
Windows of their house, letting 
the first of the day. 

2172
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:17,500
First thing that strikes, you is
how different their everyday 

2173
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:20,400
worries are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly similar, 

2174
01:56:21,300 --> 01:56:23,800
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

2175
01:56:23,800 --> 01:56:26,100
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the households grain 

2176
01:56:26,100 --> 01:56:28,500
supplies. 
The father is going over his 

2177
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:31,300
to-do list, in his head, 
including, which irrigation 

2178
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:35,000
channels require upkeep, which 
tools require repair and which 

2179
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:37,400
neighbors he needs to work 
within preparation for the 

2180
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:39,400
Harvest. 
Their kids are getting ready for

2181
01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:42,600
school and yes, they probably 
whine about it as much as kids 

2182
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:44,600
do. 
Young and little claims. 

2183
01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:46,700
He already knows enough 
mathematics to assist with the 

2184
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:50,200
family business and little 
shamat refuses to practice her 

2185
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:54,000
knee form writing exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

2186
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:55,900
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

2187
01:56:55,900 --> 01:56:59,300
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

2188
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:01,300
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

2189
01:57:01,300 --> 01:57:05,100
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

2190
01:57:05,100 --> 01:57:07,400
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

2191
01:57:07,400 --> 01:57:11,000
grain for breakfast. 
The father uses a filing system 

2192
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:14,000
that arranges data in ways that 
any contemporary office worker 

2193
01:57:14,000 --> 01:57:15,700
would recognize when he looks 
through his business. 

2194
01:57:15,700 --> 01:57:18,700
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

2195
01:57:18,700 --> 01:57:23,300
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

2196
01:57:23,300 --> 01:57:25,600
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

2197
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:27,700
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

2198
01:57:27,700 --> 01:57:30,700
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

2199
01:57:30,700 --> 01:57:33,100
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

2200
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:35,800
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

2201
01:57:35,800 --> 01:57:38,200
giving the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

2202
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:41,500
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

2203
01:57:41,500 --> 01:57:43,900
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

2204
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:46,700
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

2205
01:57:46,700 --> 01:57:50,400
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

2206
01:57:50,400 --> 01:57:53,100
are served by the distribution 
system that provides them with 

2207
01:57:53,100 --> 01:57:56,600
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

2208
01:57:56,600 --> 01:57:58,600
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

2209
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:02,400
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

2210
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:05,200
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

2211
01:58:05,200 --> 01:58:07,100
fields are the source of the 
food. 

2212
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:10,300
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship when the 

2213
01:58:10,300 --> 01:58:13,400
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

2214
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:17,300
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

2215
01:58:17,300 --> 01:58:19,300
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

2216
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:22,800
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

2217
01:58:22,800 --> 01:58:25,600
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

2218
01:58:25,600 --> 01:58:27,400
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

2219
01:58:27,400 --> 01:58:29,600
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

2220
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:32,800
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both a place of 

2221
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:36,400
residence and a business. 
She is handling family, finances

2222
01:58:36,400 --> 01:58:39,700
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

2223
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:42,100
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

2224
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:45,700
She's teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

2225
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:48,800
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

2226
01:58:48,800 --> 01:58:50,800
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

2227
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:53,600
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

2228
01:58:53,600 --> 01:58:56,500
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

2229
01:58:56,500 --> 01:58:59,900
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

2230
01:58:59,900 --> 01:59:03,200
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

2231
01:59:03,200 --> 01:59:07,100
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

2232
01:59:07,100 --> 01:59:09,800
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

2233
01:59:09,800 --> 01:59:12,900
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

2234
01:59:12,900 --> 01:59:15,600
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

2235
01:59:15,600 --> 01:59:18,600
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

2236
01:59:18,600 --> 01:59:22,000
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

2237
01:59:22,000 --> 01:59:24,100
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

2238
01:59:24,100 --> 01:59:26,900
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

2239
01:59:26,900 --> 01:59:30,300
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

2240
01:59:30,300 --> 01:59:31,900
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

2241
01:59:31,900 --> 01:59:36,000
agriculture, Commerce and social
organization, there may be games

2242
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:39,500
storytelling or music. 
After supper, another 

2243
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:43,100
revolutionary idea is that 
people have Leisure Time Human 

2244
01:59:43,100 --> 01:59:45,700
culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

2245
01:59:45,700 --> 01:59:48,600
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

2246
01:59:48,600 --> 01:59:51,400
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

2247
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:54,500
In addition, to sleeping off the
days labor, the family is 

2248
01:59:54,500 --> 01:59:57,300
refueling for tomorrow's 
involvement, in Humanity's first

2249
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:01,000
complex Urban living experiment.
They will awaken tomorrow. 

2250
02:00:01,000 --> 02:00:04,000
And once more play a part in 
preserving the systems that 

2251
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:08,000
enable thousands of people to 
coexist in harmony prosperity 

2252
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:11,400
and productivity, one of the 
most remarkable accomplishments 

2253
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:15,000
of Mesopotamian civilization is 
revealed, as you delve deeper 

2254
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:18,600
into this ancient world, they 
managed to manage sizeable 

2255
02:00:18,600 --> 02:00:20,500
diverse populations without 
everything. 

2256
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:22,200
Collapsing in Anarchy and 
conflict. 

2257
02:00:23,200 --> 02:00:26,100
And they accomplished this by 
combining religious Authority, 

2258
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:28,800
common sense and what can only 
be called the first 

2259
02:00:28,800 --> 02:00:30,700
all-encompassing legal system in
history. 

2260
02:00:30,700 --> 02:00:34,200
Imagine the difficulties. 
These people encountered, there 

2261
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:37,400
are thousands of people each 
with their own goals, passions, 

2262
02:00:37,400 --> 02:00:39,300
and unavoidable conflicts with 
their neighbors. 

2263
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:42,800
You have competing religious, 
Traditions diverse ethnic 

2264
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:47,000
groups, economic classes and the
inherent human propensity for 

2265
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:48,700
short-sightedness and 
selfishness. 

2266
02:00:49,700 --> 02:00:52,500
How do you design a system that 
accomplishes goals while 

2267
02:00:52,500 --> 02:00:54,400
maintaining a reasonable level 
of satisfaction? 

2268
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:57,500
For all the complexity of the 
Mesopotamian solution, is 

2269
02:00:57,500 --> 02:01:01,300
elegant at the, top is a king 
who represents both religion and

2270
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:03,900
politics. 
His authority has a weight that 

2271
02:01:03,900 --> 02:01:07,700
purely political power could not
match because he is not only 

2272
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:11,400
making executive decisions, but 
his channeling, the will of the 

2273
02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:13,900
Gods. 
The king is expressing Divine 

2274
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:16,400
will when he issues a lawn, not 
just his own preferences. 

2275
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:19,400
However, this is not a tyrants 
capricious rule. 

2276
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:23,800
The king's Authority is limited 
by custom religious law and the 

2277
02:01:23,800 --> 02:01:26,500
pragmatic requirement to retain 
the backing of the different 

2278
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:31,000
factions that sustained Society.
Priests Merchants Artisans and 

2279
02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:34,300
farmers, who, truly govern, the 
society will find a way to 

2280
02:01:34,300 --> 02:01:36,800
replace a king who continuously 
makes poor choices. 

2281
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:38,800
So he won't hold the position 
for long. 

2282
02:01:38,800 --> 02:01:41,700
You have an advanced 
administrative structure beneath

2283
02:01:41,700 --> 02:01:45,200
the king that would Astound any 
contemporary bureaucrat tax 

2284
02:01:45,200 --> 02:01:48,700
collection, irrigation 
management, trade regulation, 

2285
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:52,400
military organization, and legal
disputes are all handled by 

2286
02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:55,100
officials. 
Every administrative level has 

2287
02:01:55,100 --> 02:01:57,500
cleared duties and 
accountability to both Superior 

2288
02:01:57,500 --> 02:02:00,800
and subordinate authorities. 
Perhaps their most remarkable 

2289
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:02,900
governmental Innovation is the 
legal system. 

2290
02:02:02,900 --> 02:02:06,700
They create these individuals 
draft thorough, legal codes that

2291
02:02:06,700 --> 02:02:10,700
aim to cover every potential 
conflict or offense, nearly 300 

2292
02:02:10,700 --> 02:02:13,000
laws. 
Ranging from business disputes 

2293
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:16,200
to marriage contracts to 
property rights are included in 

2294
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:17,900
the publicly visible Code of 
Hammurabi. 

2295
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:21,300
However, the sophistication of 
these laws is even more 

2296
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:23,200
impressive than their 
comprehensive nurse. 

2297
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:26,400
They distinguish between various
property types and social 

2298
02:02:26,400 --> 02:02:28,700
classes. 
They make a distinction between 

2299
02:02:28,700 --> 02:02:32,500
acts and deliberate crimes. 
Instead of just exacting 

2300
02:02:32,500 --> 02:02:35,300
retribution, they offer 
proportionate penalties meant to

2301
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:36,700
bring the world back into 
balance. 

2302
02:02:37,600 --> 02:02:40,100
To a degree that would be 
Progressive in many societies. 

2303
02:02:40,100 --> 02:02:43,100
Thousands of years later, they 
defend the rights of women 

2304
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:47,300
children and even slaves. 
Unprecedentedly a professional 

2305
02:02:47,300 --> 02:02:50,800
judicial system is needed to 
enforce these laws records. 

2306
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:53,700
That keep track of court rulings
judges who are knowledgeable 

2307
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:56,600
about the law and court 
procedures that guarantee Fair 

2308
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:59,000
Hearings. 
Your witnessing, the emergence 

2309
02:02:59,000 --> 02:03:02,500
of jurisprudence the belief that
disagreements can be settled by 

2310
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:05,900
Logic and facts rather than 
solely by the person with the 

2311
02:03:05,908 --> 02:03:08,100
most military might or political
clout. 

2312
02:03:08,100 --> 02:03:11,000
Most significantly, though, this
legal system is open to the 

2313
02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:13,700
public the laws of visible to 
everyone, because they are 

2314
02:03:13,708 --> 02:03:16,600
engraved in stone. 
This indicates that people are 

2315
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:19,600
aware of their rights 
expectations, and the 

2316
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:22,600
repercussions of different 
behaviors law, ceases to be 

2317
02:03:22,608 --> 02:03:24,200
arbitrary and becomes 
predictable. 

2318
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:27,000
For the first time in human 
history, this government is 

2319
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:29,100
backed by an equally Advanced 
Tax system. 

2320
02:03:29,100 --> 02:03:33,200
There are set rates collection 
processes and even Provisions 

2321
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:36,600
for tax relief during hard times
as opposed to just taking 

2322
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:37,600
whatever the king. 
Wants. 

2323
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,100
People are aware of their 
obligations when they are due 

2324
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:44,300
and what they get in return 
including Public Works, projects

2325
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:47,200
military protection, 
infrastructure, upkeep, and 

2326
02:03:47,208 --> 02:03:50,000
judicial Services. 
The result is something that can

2327
02:03:50,000 --> 02:03:51,800
be identified as the rule of 
law. 

2328
02:03:51,800 --> 02:03:54,800
A system that treats people 
fairly and accordance with 

2329
02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:57,800
established standards offers 
procedures for settling 

2330
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:00,900
conflicts. 
Amicably and fosters incentives 

2331
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:03,700
for collaboration rather than 
conflict is probably more 

2332
02:04:03,700 --> 02:04:07,200
desirable than perfect Justice, 
which is probably unachievable 

2333
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:11,100
stability, is the outcome due to
their reasonable confidence in 

2334
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:13,200
the stability of the legal and 
social framework. 

2335
02:04:13,200 --> 02:04:16,700
People are able to make 
long-term plans because they 

2336
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:19,000
believe they will be able to 
reap the rewards when those 

2337
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:21,900
projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

2338
02:04:21,900 --> 02:04:24,100
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

2339
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:28,000
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

2340
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:31,900
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects that take

2341
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:35,400
generations to complete are all 
made possible by the stability 

2342
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:38,500
which in turn lays the 
groundwork for everything else. 

2343
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:41,900
We've been investigating. 
Without governmental structures 

2344
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:45,300
that can uphold continuity and 
Order over decades or even 

2345
02:04:45,300 --> 02:04:47,600
centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

2346
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:50,000
As you continue, your 
exploration of ancient 

2347
02:04:50,000 --> 02:04:52,400
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

2348
02:04:52,400 --> 02:04:55,800
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

2349
02:04:55,800 --> 02:04:59,600
profoundly spiritual but not in 
a way that separates the sacred 

2350
02:04:59,600 --> 02:05:01,700
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

2351
02:05:01,700 --> 02:05:04,400
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

2352
02:05:04,400 --> 02:05:08,200
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

2353
02:05:08,200 --> 02:05:10,600
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

2354
02:05:11,400 --> 02:05:15,100
However, this is a faith that 
sanctifies, practical activity 

2355
02:05:15,100 --> 02:05:18,900
and finds the Divine in human 
achievement, not the kind of 

2356
02:05:18,900 --> 02:05:21,500
spirituality that demands 
people, reject the material, 

2357
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:25,600
world Mesopotamian gods are 
strikingly human-like but in the

2358
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:28,800
most positive sense, they are 
individuals with preferences 

2359
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:32,400
knowledge and continuous 
engagement in worldly matters 

2360
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:35,200
rather than impersonal abstract 
ideals. 

2361
02:05:36,100 --> 02:05:39,000
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

2362
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:40,700
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

2363
02:05:42,100 --> 02:05:44,800
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

2364
02:05:44,800 --> 02:05:49,100
irrigation rule over freshwater 
and wisdom makes perfect sense. 

2365
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:52,500
Since passion and conflict are 
essential components of The 

2366
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:56,200
Human Experience in Nana's for 
both Love and War. 

2367
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:59,500
The most fascinating thing. 
About these Gods though is how 

2368
02:05:59,500 --> 02:06:02,000
they serve as examples of the 
kind of collaboration that 

2369
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:05,700
enables civilized life. 
The myths, describe God's 

2370
02:06:05,700 --> 02:06:09,100
cooperating, on Cosmic building 
projects, exchanging resources 

2371
02:06:09,100 --> 02:06:12,600
and expertise, and reaching 
mutually beneficial agreements. 

2372
02:06:13,600 --> 02:06:15,900
People who take part in 
religious rituals are not only 

2373
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:18,300
worshiping. 
They are also honing the social 

2374
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:21,300
skills necessary to maintain the
smooth operation of their own 

2375
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:23,900
communities. 
Each city is dominated by 

2376
02:06:23,900 --> 02:06:25,600
temples. 
That are much more than just 

2377
02:06:25,600 --> 02:06:28,400
places of worship. 
There are combination of social 

2378
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:32,600
service agencies educational 
institutions and economic hubs. 

2379
02:06:33,300 --> 02:06:36,300
In addition, to carrying out 
rituals the priests who work in 

2380
02:06:36,308 --> 02:06:40,100
these temples also, oversee 
agricultural States on 

2381
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,900
educational institutions, care 
for libraries and offer welfare 

2382
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:47,100
assistance to members of the 
community who are struggling a 

2383
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:50,100
society, where religious life 
supports rather than contradicts

2384
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:51,700
the values required for 
successful. 

2385
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:54,800
Urban living is the result of 
this remarkable Fusion of 

2386
02:06:54,808 --> 02:06:56,500
spiritual and practical 
functions. 

2387
02:06:57,500 --> 02:07:00,000
A good worshiper. 
Possesses the same qualities as 

2388
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:02,900
a good neighbor. 
Such as honesty, dependability 

2389
02:07:02,900 --> 02:07:05,800
and a willingness to help out 
with Community projects. 

2390
02:07:06,600 --> 02:07:09,100
There is no conflict between 
serving the community and the 

2391
02:07:09,100 --> 02:07:13,200
gods, or between being Pious and
succeeding in business, the 

2392
02:07:13,200 --> 02:07:16,000
religious calendar organizes 
daily life in ways that promote 

2393
02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:20,300
economic activity, rather than 
interfere with it. religious 

2394
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:23,600
celebrations, take place during 
agricultural Seasons, offering 

2395
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:26,700
opportunities for communal, 
Gatherings, when people have the

2396
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:30,300
means and Leisure to take part, 
In addition to providing funds 

2397
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:33,200
for Public Works projects. 
The religious mandate to 

2398
02:07:33,200 --> 02:07:35,800
support. 
Temple operations, establishes a

2399
02:07:35,800 --> 02:07:37,800
social safety. 
Net that supports people during 

2400
02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:41,300
trying times, most 
significantly, this religious 

2401
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:44,500
system offers purpose and 
meaning that transcends Personal

2402
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:48,200
Achievement or failure, 
Contributors to the construction

2403
02:07:48,200 --> 02:07:50,900
of a ziggurat are not merely 
taking part in a building 

2404
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:53,200
project. 
There are also helping to 

2405
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,200
construct a monument that will 
benefit their Community for many

2406
02:07:56,200 --> 02:07:58,800
generations and a place of 
worship for the Gods. 

2407
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:02,000
Maintaining the irrigation 
channels is more than just 

2408
02:08:02,000 --> 02:08:04,800
routine maintenance. 
It's a way to contribute to the 

2409
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:08,600
divine order that sustains life 
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 

2410
02:08:08,600 --> 02:08:11,300
When it has this sense of 
purpose, the merchant 

2411
02:08:11,300 --> 02:08:14,400
facilitating trade between 
distant cities, the farmer 

2412
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:17,400
producing food, that feeds the 
community, and the Craftsman. 

2413
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,400
Crafting, beautiful objects are 
all part of the divine plan, 

2414
02:08:20,400 --> 02:08:23,700
that creates civilization out of
wilderness, abundance out of 

2415
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:28,000
scarcity and order out of chaos.
However, this spirituality is 

2416
02:08:28,000 --> 02:08:31,200
also incredibly useful. 
Though, the methods of 

2417
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:35,000
consultation reading Omens 
interpreting dreams and 

2418
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:38,300
examining the patterns of oil on
water require careful 

2419
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:39,800
observation and logical 
analysis. 

2420
02:08:39,800 --> 02:08:42,900
The gods are consulted on 
everything from military 

2421
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:46,100
campaigns to business, Endeavors
to marriage decisions. 

2422
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:49,600
To kill intelligence and 
religious wisdom complement 

2423
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:53,000
rather than contradict one. 
Another, the end result is a 

2424
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:55,100
society in which individuals 
accept personal responsibility 

2425
02:08:55,100 --> 02:08:58,800
for their contributions to the 
welfare of the community while 

2426
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:01,200
feeling supported by forces 
greater than themselves. 

2427
02:09:02,500 --> 02:09:05,300
Despite staying rooted in the 
pragmatic demands of everyday 

2428
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:06,800
life. 
They feel that their work has 

2429
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:10,200
Cosmic significance. 
Spirituality is not an escape 

2430
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:13,500
from Human achievement, but 
rather an enhancement of it, you

2431
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:16,500
start to understand how all of 
these inventions work together 

2432
02:09:16,500 --> 02:09:19,900
to form something far greater 
than the sum of their individual

2433
02:09:19,900 --> 02:09:21,700
Parts. 
As you carry on your cozy, 

2434
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:23,800
exploration of this amazing 
civilization. 

2435
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:28,400
You'll seeing the emergence of 
networking effects which are the

2436
02:09:28,400 --> 02:09:31,400
processes by, which various 
developments reinforce one 

2437
02:09:31,400 --> 02:09:34,100
another to cause a sharp 
acceleration of human progress. 

2438
02:09:34,100 --> 02:09:37,800
Think about how Mesopotamian 
Society Has Changed by writing 

2439
02:09:37,800 --> 02:09:40,800
in every other way. 
Because Engineers can document 

2440
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:43,100
effective techniques and learn 
from past mistakes. 

2441
02:09:43,100 --> 02:09:46,800
The irrigation system becomes 
much more sophisticated, once 

2442
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:50,400
information can be permanently 
recorded because precedence can 

2443
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:53,600
be documented and consulted 
legal systems become more 

2444
02:09:53,600 --> 02:09:57,700
Equitable and consistent because
contracts can specify precise 

2445
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:00,500
terms and conditions. 
Trade becomes more complicated 

2446
02:10:00,500 --> 02:10:03,800
because knowledge can be 
systematically transmitted and 

2447
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:08,300
preserved, education become more
effective, however, writing all.

2448
02:10:08,300 --> 02:10:11,200
So, opens up new possibilities 
that no one had foreseen. 

2449
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:14,500
You can learn mathematics. 
Once you can record numbers, 

2450
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:18,000
astronomical science can be 
produced when observations can 

2451
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,000
be preserved, chemistry and 
medicine can be developed. 

2452
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:24,700
Once experiments are documented,
Every advancement creates 

2453
02:10:24,700 --> 02:10:27,400
opportunities for even more 
advancements in, unpredictable 

2454
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:29,900
ways. 
In the realm of Economics, the 

2455
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:33,600
networking effect is the same. 
Once food production is stable, 

2456
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:37,300
some people can focus on crafts,
you can create better tools and 

2457
02:10:37,300 --> 02:10:38,900
methods. 
Once you have talented artists 

2458
02:10:38,900 --> 02:10:42,500
with improved tools, 
agricultural productivity can be

2459
02:10:42,500 --> 02:10:45,700
increased freeing up, even more 
workers for specialized labor. 

2460
02:10:46,500 --> 02:10:49,400
Every Improvement increases the 
likelihood and ease of the 

2461
02:10:49,400 --> 02:10:52,400
subsequent Improvement the 
social Innovations, have an 

2462
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:55,600
equally strong Network. 
You can start projects that need

2463
02:10:55,600 --> 02:10:57,300
long-term planning and 
coordination. 

2464
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:00,900
Once you have an efficient 
governance system, People gain 

2465
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:04,300
confidence in group action, 
after large-scale, projects are 

2466
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:07,300
completed successfully, people 
are willing to invest in, even 

2467
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:10,100
more ambitious projects, once 
they have faith in group efforts

2468
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:15,200
in ways that exponentially speed
up progress, success, breeds 

2469
02:11:15,200 --> 02:11:17,200
success. 
The Mesopotamians are 

2470
02:11:17,208 --> 02:11:19,600
experiencing the fascinating 
discovery that human 

2471
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:22,000
communities. 
Can generate value that far, 

2472
02:11:22,000 --> 02:11:24,400
surpasses, what individuals 
could produce working alone. 

2473
02:11:25,200 --> 02:11:27,500
Your witnessing, what? 
Contemporary economists, refer 

2474
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:29,400
to as increasing returns to 
scale. 

2475
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:32,600
Every new member of society 
increases the productivity 

2476
02:11:32,600 --> 02:11:35,600
security, and ability of 
everyone else to accomplish 

2477
02:11:35,600 --> 02:11:38,700
their objectives, the networking
of technology is equally 

2478
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:41,300
impressive. 
Mining transportation and trade 

2479
02:11:41,300 --> 02:11:43,700
networks, are all necessary for 
the production of bronze. 

2480
02:11:43,700 --> 02:11:47,100
In addition, to metallurgy The 
effectiveness of the entire 

2481
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:49,700
system increases with each 
advancement in any of these 

2482
02:11:49,700 --> 02:11:52,600
areas mining is more productive 
with better tools. 

2483
02:11:52,600 --> 02:11:54,800
Raw materials are less 
expensive. 

2484
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:58,100
When transportation is more 
efficient access to better 

2485
02:11:58,100 --> 02:12:01,100
quality inputs, is made possible
by expanded trade networks. 

2486
02:12:01,100 --> 02:12:04,600
However, the cultural networking
effect may be the most 

2487
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:07,700
significant, People start to 
have bigger dreams after 

2488
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,000
realizing that prosperity and 
security can be achieved through

2489
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:13,800
human effort. 
They are more inclined to trust 

2490
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,400
strangers and engage in larger 
communities. 

2491
02:12:16,400 --> 02:12:18,500
Once they realize that 
collaboration can produce 

2492
02:12:18,500 --> 02:12:21,400
outcomes that are impossible for
individuals to accomplish alone.

2493
02:12:22,100 --> 02:12:24,400
They are more inclined to rely 
on others for products and 

2494
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:26,800
services that they could 
potentially produce themselves. 

2495
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:29,100
Once they have seen the 
advantages of specialization, 

2496
02:12:29,100 --> 02:12:32,100
this is a revolutionary change 
in culture. 

2497
02:12:33,000 --> 02:12:35,400
People are choosing to become 
interdependent in stead of 

2498
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:37,700
self-sufficient for the first 
time in human history. 

2499
02:12:37,700 --> 02:12:41,100
They're coming to the conclusion
that working together is more 

2500
02:12:41,100 --> 02:12:43,000
advantageous than relying on 
other people. 

2501
02:12:43,000 --> 02:12:46,400
They're risking everything that 
humans societies can be more 

2502
02:12:46,400 --> 02:12:48,200
than short-term convenience 
alliances. 

2503
02:12:48,200 --> 02:12:51,500
You're seeing networking effects
that extend beyond the borders 

2504
02:12:51,500 --> 02:12:53,700
of specific cities or 
geographical areas. 

2505
02:12:54,800 --> 02:12:57,000
Mesopotamia. 
Innovations in Florence events 

2506
02:12:57,000 --> 02:13:00,500
throughout the ancient world, by
way of trade routes, diplomatic 

2507
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:04,800
contacts and migration patterns.
Greek philosophy is shaped by 

2508
02:13:04,800 --> 02:13:06,900
the mathematical ideas created 
in Babylon. 

2509
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:10,800
Roman law is influenced by the 
legal precepts developed in her.

2510
02:13:11,500 --> 02:13:14,300
From Egypt to India, population 
growth is made possible by 

2511
02:13:14,300 --> 02:13:17,700
Mesopotamian agricultural, 
Innovations, your witnessing. 

2512
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:20,200
The emergence of what 
contemporary academics refer to 

2513
02:13:20,200 --> 02:13:24,200
as World Systems networks of 
influence and interaction that 

2514
02:13:24,200 --> 02:13:26,900
link. 
Far-flung Society is and enable 

2515
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:30,200
Innovations to proliferate well 
beyond their original locations.

2516
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:34,300
For the first time, human 
advancement turns into a 

2517
02:13:34,308 --> 02:13:37,400
Cooperative Endeavor in which 
several civilizations, cooperate

2518
02:13:37,400 --> 02:13:41,600
often, unknowingly to address 
shared problems, you are left 

2519
02:13:41,608 --> 02:13:43,800
with a deep respect for the 
accomplishments of these 

2520
02:13:43,800 --> 02:13:47,000
extraordinary people, as our 
leisurely tour of Ancient 

2521
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:49,700
Mesopotamia. 
Comes to an end, you return to 

2522
02:13:49,708 --> 02:13:53,000
the Comforts of the present with
a fresh perspective on how much 

2523
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:56,300
we owe these pioneers of the 
past, the Golden Age of 

2524
02:13:56,300 --> 02:13:59,400
witnessed was golden. 
Not because it was Flawless, but

2525
02:13:59,400 --> 02:14:02,200
because it was the first time 
that Humanity had successfully 

2526
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:06,100
attempted to build sophisticated
societies that boosted rather 

2527
02:14:06,100 --> 02:14:10,800
than depleted human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

2528
02:14:10,800 --> 02:14:12,600
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

2529
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:15,100
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

2530
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:18,600
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions were 

2531
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:20,500
coincidental or short-term 
fixes. 

2532
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:24,100
Thousands of years later, we are
still using modified version of 

2533
02:14:24,100 --> 02:14:27,300
the institutions systems and 
ways of thinking they 

2534
02:14:27,300 --> 02:14:28,700
established because they were so
successful. 

2535
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:32,200
Your building on the foundation 
is established by these ancient 

2536
02:14:32,200 --> 02:14:35,900
Pioneers each time you use 
mathematics, read a written 

2537
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:39,700
contract engage in Democratic 
governance or profit from 

2538
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:42,700
specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

2539
02:14:42,700 --> 02:14:45,600
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

2540
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:49,100
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

2541
02:14:49,100 --> 02:14:51,600
look beyond their immediate 
survival, when they have 

2542
02:14:51,600 --> 02:14:54,100
incentives to work together, 
rather than engage in 

2543
02:14:54,108 --> 02:14:56,700
destructive competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

2544
02:14:56,708 --> 02:14:59,300
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

2545
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:02,900
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

2546
02:15:02,900 --> 02:15:06,000
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

2547
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:08,800
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

2548
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:12,000
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

2549
02:15:12,000 --> 02:15:15,200
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

2550
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:18,600
It involves creating systems 
that are both robust enough to 

2551
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:21,900
offer security and adaptable 
enough to Foster creativity. 

2552
02:15:21,900 --> 02:15:25,800
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

2553
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:29,100
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

2554
02:15:29,100 --> 02:15:32,600
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

2555
02:15:32,600 --> 02:15:36,500
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

2556
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,000
writing. 
The spirit of ancient 

2557
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,100
Mesopotamia endures every time 
individuals decide to work 

2558
02:15:42,100 --> 02:15:45,600
together, rather than fight 
every time someone lends their 

2559
02:15:45,600 --> 02:15:47,600
expertise to projects bigger 
than themselves. 

2560
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:50,900
And every time communities make 
investments in infrastructure 

2561
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:54,200
that will benefit coming 
Generations even though the city

2562
02:15:54,200 --> 02:15:57,200
is now covered in desert sand, 
and the irrigation channels are 

2563
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,900
dry, the human ability to bring 
order out of chaos, abundance 

2564
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,500
out of scarcity and meaning out 
of life's. 

2565
02:16:03,500 --> 02:16:06,300
Basic materials, still flows 
like those ancient Rivers 

2566
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:09,200
between the Tigris and 
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 

2567
02:16:09,200 --> 02:16:11,600
that you're a part of a story 
that started with the first 

2568
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:15,700
cities and goes on with every 
technological advancement, Every

2569
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:19,400
Act of human cooperation and 
every instance in which people 

2570
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:23,400
decide to build rather than 
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age

2571
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:24,900
serves. 
As a reminder that our best 

2572
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:27,100
times are never truly over. 
Rather. 

2573
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,300
They are always just getting 
started and are waiting to be 

2574
02:16:30,308 --> 02:16:33,500
shaped by the next generation of
people who prepared to cooperate

2575
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:36,900
in order to achieve common 
goals, the same mathematical 

2576
02:16:36,900 --> 02:16:39,700
patterns that the ancient 
astronomers found still govern 

2577
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:41,299
the way the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

2578
02:16:42,500 --> 02:16:45,799
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

2579
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:49,299
something bigger than personal 
survival is still as strong as 

2580
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:53,400
the fires in those old bronze 
workshops and tomorrow, we carry

2581
02:16:53,400 --> 02:16:54,500
on the work. 
They started. 

2582
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,500
The never-ending optimistic 
Endeavor of creating 

2583
02:16:57,500 --> 02:17:01,500
civilizations deserving of human
potential in both minor and 

2584
02:17:01,500 --> 02:17:04,200
major ways. 
Sweet dreams fellow time 

2585
02:17:04,200 --> 02:17:06,799
traveler take comfort. 
In the fact that you are a part 

2586
02:17:06,808 --> 02:17:10,000
of the greatest success story in
human history, one that is still

2587
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:13,900
being written one day at a time 
by people who recognize that the

2588
02:17:13,900 --> 02:17:17,400
greatest monuments we can erect.
Are those that enable others to 

2589
02:17:17,400 --> 02:17:19,500
rise just a little bit of their 
own potential. 

2590
02:17:19,500 --> 02:17:23,100
Imagine those old voices carried
on the Wind during The Quiet 

2591
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,200
Moments before sleep really sets
in. 

2592
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:28,600
Farmers in Mesopotamia 
discovered that a flood plain 

2593
02:17:28,600 --> 02:17:30,600
could become a paradise if they 
banded together. 

2594
02:17:31,400 --> 02:17:34,299
The artists who realized that 
specialized work, could Elevate,

2595
02:17:34,299 --> 02:17:36,299
simple, survival to creative 
success. 

2596
02:17:36,299 --> 02:17:41,100
The administrators demonstrated 
that at its best bureaucracy is 

2597
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:43,400
just structured to serve the 
interests of the community. 

2598
02:17:43,400 --> 02:17:47,000
Even though there's ziggurat as 
Fallen apart, their wisdom can 

2599
02:17:47,000 --> 02:17:48,799
still be heard in every Public 
Library. 

2600
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:52,299
Contemporary Hospital, an 
infrastructure project, that 

2601
02:17:52,299 --> 02:17:55,400
enhances the lives of people, 
the Builders of never met. 

2602
02:17:56,100 --> 02:17:59,600
Even though their cuneiform 
tablets are now Museum artifacts

2603
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:02,700
their belief that knowledge 
should be shared and preserved 

2604
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:06,000
endures in every book website 
and classroom where new 

2605
02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:09,200
information is learned their 
understanding that abundance 

2606
02:18:09,200 --> 02:18:12,600
comes from cooperation, rather 
than competition is evident in 

2607
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:16,799
every successful Business, 
Partnership community garden and

2608
02:18:16,799 --> 02:18:20,000
instance where neighbors choose 
to support one another rather 

2609
02:18:20,000 --> 02:18:23,600
than compete. 
The irrigation channels they dug

2610
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:26,900
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

2611
02:18:26,907 --> 02:18:29,700
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

2612
02:18:29,700 --> 02:18:31,500
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

2613
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:35,299
That chaos conflict and scarcity
are not necessary for human 

2614
02:18:35,299 --> 02:18:39,000
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

2615
02:18:39,000 --> 02:18:43,500
enough food and enough, security
enough purpose, enough Beauty to

2616
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:47,200
make life worthwhile. 
If we are patient creative and 

2617
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:50,200
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

2618
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:52,700
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

2619
02:18:52,700 --> 02:18:56,299
people, but also the quiet 
assurance that the same 

2620
02:18:56,299 --> 02:19:00,200
inventive collaborative spirit, 
that created the first cities is

2621
02:19:00,200 --> 02:19:01,900
still creating a better world 
today. 

2622
02:19:02,700 --> 02:19:05,900
Every tiny deed of compassion, 
every instance of putting 

2623
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:09,200
empathy ahead of judgment and 
every contribution to a cause 

2624
02:19:09,200 --> 02:19:11,400
greater than yourself keeps the 
good work going. 

2625
02:19:12,200 --> 02:19:14,900
Spontaneous, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

2626
02:19:14,900 --> 02:19:16,500
destination. 
Stories. 

2627
02:19:16,500 --> 02:19:19,400
Mostly aspect is that it isn't 
yet over it. 

2628
02:19:19,400 --> 02:19:22,100
Persists, in every heart, that 
selects cooperation over 

2629
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:26,700
rivalry, hope over fear and 
building over destruction, rest 

2630
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:28,299
easy. 
Knowing that you are both the 

2631
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:31,000
inheritor of their wisdom and a 
part of its continuous 

2632
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:33,700
development. 
Maybe you will hear the soft 

2633
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,400
splatter of old irrigation 
channels in your dreams, 

2634
02:19:36,400 --> 02:19:38,799
delivering vital water to 
Gardens. 

2635
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:41,799
That will reopen tomorrow, good 
night, civilisation Builder, 

2636
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:45,100
good night. 
Ancient dream are Good night 

2637
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:47,700
participant in the world's 
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 

2638
02:19:47,700 --> 02:19:51,400
The patient optimistic Endeavor 
to build a world that lives up 

2639
02:19:51,400 --> 02:19:54,600
to our highest hopes as a 
reminder, that some things 

2640
02:19:54,600 --> 02:19:58,800
beauty truth and the human 
capacity for Wonder really are 

2641
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:01,300
Eternal. 
The stars that led, those early 

2642
02:20:01,300 --> 02:20:05,200
astronomers continue to shine 
down on you in the same Timeless

2643
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:07,100
patterns. 
They found get enough. 

2644
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:11,100
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 

2645
02:20:11,108 --> 02:20:14,100
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful
task of bringing the world 

2646
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:17,400
closer to the paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

2647
02:20:17,400 --> 02:20:26,700
long ago. 
You've seen the paintings, 

2648
02:20:26,700 --> 02:20:29,500
haven't you? 
They're sweeping canvases where 

2649
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:31,300
Pirates, stand heroically at the
helm. 

2650
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:35,000
Their coats billowing, in 
convenient wins their ships 

2651
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:38,700
cutting cleanly through 
Cooperative Seas, the sunset 

2652
02:20:38,700 --> 02:20:42,700
always seems to hit just right, 
casting everything in Amber and 

2653
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:45,100
gold. 
Even the Cannons look, polished 

2654
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:48,400
these images settled into, 
popular imagination, like 

2655
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:53,500
sediment, building up layers of 
misconception over Centuries by 

2656
02:20:53,500 --> 02:20:57,100
the time Hollywood added its own
mythology, the distance between 

2657
02:20:57,100 --> 02:21:01,000
perception and Truth had become 
a chasm real pirate ships 

2658
02:21:01,000 --> 02:21:04,200
smelled nothing like the Ocean 
Spray and Adventure your mind 

2659
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:06,700
conjures. 
They smelled like bodies that 

2660
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:11,100
hadn't bathed in months, like 
bilgewater thick with rat, 

2661
02:21:11,100 --> 02:21:15,500
droppings like salted meat going
quietly rancid in the tropical 

2662
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:17,200
heat. 
The vessels themselves. 

2663
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:20,500
Bore little resemblance to The 
Majestic ships of fiction. 

2664
02:21:21,300 --> 02:21:24,400
Most pirates operated from 
captured Merchant vessels, 

2665
02:21:24,400 --> 02:21:27,900
functional and glamorous 
workhorses of the sea. 

2666
02:21:27,900 --> 02:21:31,600
These weren't purpose-built 
warships, with Grand figureheads

2667
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:34,800
and gleaming brass. 
They were reconfigured cargo 

2668
02:21:34,800 --> 02:21:39,200
haulers, their holds emptied of 
sugar or tobacco and hastily 

2669
02:21:39,200 --> 02:21:42,300
converted into living spaces, 
for Crews that often numbered 

2670
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:46,700
over. 100 men, your mental image
probably includes a Captain's 

2671
02:21:46,700 --> 02:21:49,400
Quarters filled with maps and 
mysterious instruments. 

2672
02:21:49,400 --> 02:21:52,200
Perhaps a compass mounted in 
polished wood. 

2673
02:21:52,200 --> 02:21:57,500
The reality was far more cramped
even successful pirate captains 

2674
02:21:57,500 --> 02:22:01,800
like Blackbeard or Bartholomew 
Roberts occupied spaces, barely 

2675
02:22:01,800 --> 02:22:03,900
larger than a modern walking 
closet. 

2676
02:22:04,800 --> 02:22:07,600
These rooms held everything 
needed for navigation, 

2677
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:10,900
record-keeping and the 
uncomfortable business of 

2678
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:14,700
maintaining authority over. 
Men who had explicitly rejected,

2679
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:18,600
conventional hierarchy, the 
Romantic notion of pirates as 

2680
02:22:18,600 --> 02:22:22,400
Freedom seeking Rebels contains 
a grain of truth but it's a 

2681
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:24,900
truth surrounded by a hard shell
of desperation. 

2682
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:28,600
Most men turned to piracy not 
because they yearned for 

2683
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:30,900
adventure. 
But because every other option 

2684
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:34,100
looked worse, The Merchant 
Marine worked Sailors to 

2685
02:22:34,100 --> 02:22:36,900
exhaustion for wages that barely
covered survival. 

2686
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:41,900
The Royal Navy was even more 
brutal with flogging for minor 

2687
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:45,500
infractions and rations. 
That would constitute criminal 

2688
02:22:45,500 --> 02:22:48,500
neglect by any Modern Standard. 
So yes. 

2689
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:52,000
Piracy offered Freedom, the 
freedom to potentially die of 

2690
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:55,700
disease, violence or drowning. 
But at least on your own terms 

2691
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:59,300
it was the freedom of having 
nothing left to lose which is 

2692
02:22:59,300 --> 02:23:02,000
quite different from the freedom
you imagine while comfortable in

2693
02:23:02,000 --> 02:23:05,000
your bed, the tales that 
survived emphasized, the 

2694
02:23:05,000 --> 02:23:08,600
treasure the successful raids 
and the narrow escapes. 

2695
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:11,800
They didn't dwell on the weeks 
of tedious sailing between 

2696
02:23:11,800 --> 02:23:16,100
targets the constant hunger or 
the way tropical heat turned the

2697
02:23:16,108 --> 02:23:19,800
below deck spaces into airless. 
Ovens history has a way of 

2698
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:24,000
editing out the boring Parts, 
the uncomfortable parts and the 

2699
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:26,000
parts. 
That would make terrible stories

2700
02:23:26,000 --> 02:23:28,400
at a Tavern. 
Even the treasure itself looked 

2701
02:23:28,400 --> 02:23:31,300
different than you'd think. 
Forget the overflowing chests of

2702
02:23:31,308 --> 02:23:34,300
gold to Bloons. 
Most pirate, plunder, consisted 

2703
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:39,000
of practical, Goods, cloth, 
tools, food and medicine. 

2704
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,200
These items could be sold or 
traded, but they didn't 

2705
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:43,900
photograph well for history 
books. 

2706
02:23:43,900 --> 02:23:46,700
So, we remember the exceptions 
in stead of the rule. 

2707
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:50,900
When pirates did capture actual 
currency it was usually divided 

2708
02:23:50,900 --> 02:23:53,900
immediately. 
No one trusted anyone enough to 

2709
02:23:53,900 --> 02:23:58,900
leave in a communal chest, the 
Democracy that existed aboard, 

2710
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:01,800
pirate ships and it did exist in
a limited form. 

2711
02:24:01,800 --> 02:24:05,400
Wasn't the noble experiment, 
inequality, that some accounts 

2712
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:09,200
suggest it was a practical 
necessity, born from Mutual 

2713
02:24:09,200 --> 02:24:12,300
distrust. 
When you've gathered together 

2714
02:24:12,300 --> 02:24:16,500
men willing to break every law 
of sea and state, you can't 

2715
02:24:16,500 --> 02:24:18,800
exactly govern through appeals 
to Authority. 

2716
02:24:20,000 --> 02:24:23,400
The articles that cruise signed 
the rules, their agreed to 

2717
02:24:23,400 --> 02:24:27,600
follow were contracts, written 
in self-interest enforced, by 

2718
02:24:27,608 --> 02:24:30,300
the knowledge that betrayal 
meant being marooned on some 

2719
02:24:30,300 --> 02:24:34,100
empty stretch of sand as you 
stand at the dock in Port Royal 

2720
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:37,400
or Nassau preparing to board 
your pirate vessel for the first

2721
02:24:37,400 --> 02:24:40,400
time. 
Take one last look at Solid 

2722
02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:42,100
Ground. 
Breathe. 

2723
02:24:42,100 --> 02:24:45,100
The air that doesn't reach of 
unwashed humanity and spoiled 

2724
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:48,500
provisions. 
In just a few hours, you'll 

2725
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:51,200
understand what even the most 
desperate men, sometimes jump 

2726
02:24:51,200 --> 02:24:54,800
ship at the first opportunity. 
Choosing the uncertain mercy of 

2727
02:24:54,808 --> 02:24:56,500
a jungle island over another 
day. 

2728
02:24:56,500 --> 02:25:00,100
At Sea, the hatch leads down 
into darkness, that seems to 

2729
02:25:00,100 --> 02:25:03,800
have texture and thickness. 
Your eyes are just slowly 

2730
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:07,500
revealing a space that triggers 
something Primal in your modern 

2731
02:25:07,500 --> 02:25:09,900
brain. 
The part that Rebels against 

2732
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:14,000
confinement, that needs personal
space, like it needs oxygen. 

2733
02:25:14,900 --> 02:25:17,700
You're looking at the gun deck 
which doubles as living quarters

2734
02:25:17,700 --> 02:25:20,200
from most of the crew the 
ceiling. 

2735
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:23,900
If you can call it that hang so 
low that you can't stand fully 

2736
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:26,800
upright. 
You'll spend your time here in a

2737
02:25:26,800 --> 02:25:29,700
permanent Crouch or Seated, on 
whatever surface, you can claim.

2738
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:33,800
Hammock swing in rows so close 
together that when one man turns

2739
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:37,500
three others, feel it, There's 
no such thing as a private 

2740
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:40,400
moment here. 
Sleep comes in fragments 

2741
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:44,000
interrupted by someone's elbow 
in your ribs, someone else's 

2742
02:25:44,000 --> 02:25:48,800
feet in your face, the constant 
Symphony of snoring and coughing

2743
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:52,400
and the wet sound of men 
spitting to back out juice 

2744
02:25:52,400 --> 02:25:54,500
toward buckets, they can't see 
in the dark. 

2745
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:58,200
You're a signed space amounts to
roughly the dimensions of a 

2746
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:02,100
modern yoga mat. 
In this area, you'll sleep store

2747
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,200
your possessions, if you have 
any and exist for whatever 

2748
02:26:05,200 --> 02:26:06,800
hours, you're not actively 
working. 

2749
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:12,100
There are no lockers no Foot 
Lockers and nothing resembling 

2750
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:15,500
storage. 
What you own you keep on your 

2751
02:26:15,500 --> 02:26:18,800
person or risk losing to the 
Casual theft that flows through 

2752
02:26:18,800 --> 02:26:23,400
the ship like humidity the air 
itself feels borrowed recycled 

2753
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:26,700
through too many lungs. 
In calm weather with the hatches

2754
02:26:26,700 --> 02:26:28,600
open. 
You get some circulation. 

2755
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:32,500
But when storms blow in and 
everything must be battened down

2756
02:26:32,500 --> 02:26:35,800
the atmosphere below, deck 
transforms into something nearly

2757
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:38,400
solid. 
The smell of unwashed bodies 

2758
02:26:38,400 --> 02:26:42,400
mingles with the sweet wrote 
stench of the bilge where water 

2759
02:26:42,400 --> 02:26:45,600
to Filthy, to be called water 
sloshes with every movement of 

2760
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:49,200
the ship. 
Men vomit men relieve themselves

2761
02:26:49,200 --> 02:26:52,100
in buckets that don't always 
make it topside before spilling 

2762
02:26:52,100 --> 02:26:54,200
and Men. 
Bleed from injuries and 

2763
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:56,000
infections that never quite 
heal. 

2764
02:26:56,000 --> 02:26:59,500
In this environment, the 
darkness rarely lift completely 

2765
02:27:00,400 --> 02:27:04,100
Candles and lanterns pose fire 
hazards that terrify even the 

2766
02:27:04,100 --> 02:27:07,200
bravest Pirates. 
So like below deck comes 

2767
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:12,100
grudgingly in small measures you
navigate mostly by feel and 

2768
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:16,100
memory learning the location of 
every beam that might crack your

2769
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:19,300
skull and every protrusion that 
might catch your shins. 

2770
02:27:20,200 --> 02:27:22,400
Your body becomes a map of 
bruises. 

2771
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:26,200
The deck Beneath You stays 
perpetually damn water? 

2772
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:29,700
Seeps through the planking above
especially in Heavy Seas. 

2773
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:33,500
The would never fully dries. 
Never stops sweating. 

2774
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:35,400
Its moisture in to the enclosed 
space. 

2775
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:39,500
This wetness breeds mold that 
climbs the walls in abstract 

2776
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:42,900
patterns fuzzy, colonies. 
That spread across any surface 

2777
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:46,400
that stay still long enough. 
The mold gets into your clothes,

2778
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:50,300
into your lungs, and into the 
bread that constitutes half your

2779
02:27:50,300 --> 02:27:54,700
diet, personal hygiene exists, 
only as a concept, something 

2780
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:58,700
remembered from life for sure. 
There's no fresh water for 

2781
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:02,300
washing bodies or clothes. 
The salt water alternative 

2782
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,100
leaves your skin sticky, and 
your garments stiff. 

2783
02:28:05,100 --> 02:28:09,000
With dried brine men, develop 
their own particular odors 

2784
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:11,900
signatures you learn to identify
in the dark. 

2785
02:28:12,700 --> 02:28:17,000
Some smell of sweat and tobacco.
Others, carry the sweetest of 

2786
02:28:17,000 --> 02:28:21,600
infection, the rot of teeth gone
bad and the sour notes of 

2787
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:25,100
digestive problems that played 
anyone eating the ship standard 

2788
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:29,700
fare privacy dissolves into 
something quite a luxury from 

2789
02:28:29,700 --> 02:28:32,600
another life. 
You urinate over the side in 

2790
02:28:32,600 --> 02:28:34,700
full view of anyone. 
Who cares to look? 

2791
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:37,400
Death occasion, happens in the 
heads. 

2792
02:28:37,400 --> 02:28:41,600
Small platforms that extend from
the bow where you hang suspended

2793
02:28:41,600 --> 02:28:44,400
over the ocean while Wave Splash
Up From Below. 

2794
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:50,000
In rough weather using the heads
requires genuine, courage, men 

2795
02:28:50,000 --> 02:28:52,600
of have been washed overboard 
during these vulnerable moments.

2796
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:56,300
And the crews laughed at such 
deaths, carries a nervous Edge 

2797
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:59,100
and acknowledgment that it could
happen to anyone. 

2798
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:03,500
The noises never stop. 
Wood creeks and conversation 

2799
02:29:03,500 --> 02:29:06,800
with the sea a language of 
groans and shrieks as the ship 

2800
02:29:06,808 --> 02:29:11,200
flexes and bends ropes. 
Singing the wind sails crack 

2801
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:15,700
like whips when they catch gusts
wrong water slaps, the hull in 

2802
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:17,200
rhythms that change with the 
weather. 

2803
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:21,200
And Underneath It All the human 
sounds coughing. 

2804
02:29:21,200 --> 02:29:24,800
Arguing and the occasional sobb 
from someone who hasn't yet 

2805
02:29:24,800 --> 02:29:29,000
learned to cry silently sleep. 
When it comes feels less, like 

2806
02:29:29,000 --> 02:29:32,000
rest and more like 
unconsciousness claimed by 

2807
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:35,000
force. 
Your body learns to find what 

2808
02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:38,800
ever position, the hammer allows
and learns to ignore the swaying

2809
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:43,100
that never fully stops. 
Dreams mix with reality and 

2810
02:29:43,100 --> 02:29:46,300
confusing ways. 
You wake uncertain, whether you 

2811
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:50,600
actually slept or merely closed 
your eyes for a few minutes, the

2812
02:29:50,600 --> 02:29:54,000
line between day and night blurs
into something measured only by 

2813
02:29:54,000 --> 02:29:58,200
shifts on Deck by the bells. 
That Mark the watches, your 

2814
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,100
hammock itself becomes intensely
personal territory. 

2815
02:30:01,100 --> 02:30:04,900
The only thing in this crowded 
hell belongs exclusively to you.

2816
02:30:05,900 --> 02:30:09,700
Men of killed over hammock 
disputes over accusations of 

2817
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:12,200
theft, regarding the simple 
piece of canvas. 

2818
02:30:13,000 --> 02:30:17,100
When not in use hammocks role 
into tight bundles, that serve 

2819
02:30:17,100 --> 02:30:20,800
as pillows as seats or as any 
surface needed in the moment. 

2820
02:30:21,800 --> 02:30:26,400
They smell like, whoever lost in
them like sweat and salt and the

2821
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:30,600
particular quality of Dreams had
in impossible, circumstances the

2822
02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:33,500
ship's, cook a position. 
Usually given to someone two 

2823
02:30:33,500 --> 02:30:36,200
injured for harder, labor 
presides, over a galley. 

2824
02:30:36,200 --> 02:30:38,800
That wouldn't qualify as a 
kitchen in any modern sense. 

2825
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:41,900
It's a fire contained in a 
brick-lined box. 

2826
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:46,400
Jealously guarded, never quite 
trusted around this Flame, the 

2827
02:30:46,400 --> 02:30:50,600
entire cruise nutrition revolves
in depressing, circles your 

2828
02:30:50,600 --> 02:30:54,100
breakfast, if you can call it 
that consists of hard tack and 

2829
02:30:54,100 --> 02:30:55,400
whatever liquid might be 
available. 

2830
02:30:56,300 --> 02:30:59,300
The heart attack arrives as the 
square of baked flour. 

2831
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:03,900
And water designed to last for 
months without spoiling this 

2832
02:31:03,900 --> 02:31:08,200
longevity comes at a cost, the 
biscuits emerge from Storage 

2833
02:31:08,200 --> 02:31:12,000
hard, enough to crack teeth 
permeated with weevils that add 

2834
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:15,900
unexpected protein, You learned 
to tap them against the table, 

2835
02:31:15,900 --> 02:31:19,900
first to dislodge the larger 
insects, but the eggs and larvae

2836
02:31:19,900 --> 02:31:23,500
remain to the structure. 
Eventually used to stop checking

2837
02:31:23,500 --> 02:31:25,900
the choice. 
Become simple, eat. 

2838
02:31:25,900 --> 02:31:29,300
The weevils will go hungry the 
technique for consuming heart 

2839
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:30,800
attack evolves through 
necessity. 

2840
02:31:31,500 --> 02:31:33,400
Some men. 
Soak it in whatever beverage 

2841
02:31:33,400 --> 02:31:38,100
they possess beer when available
increasingly stale water as the 

2842
02:31:38,100 --> 02:31:41,800
voyage wears on. 
The soaking, softens the 

2843
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:43,500
biscuit, into something 
chewable. 

2844
02:31:43,500 --> 02:31:47,400
But transforms the texture into 
a paste that is gray and 

2845
02:31:47,400 --> 02:31:51,300
uninviting. 
Others prefer to nor at it dry 

2846
02:31:51,300 --> 02:31:55,400
working their way through like 
beavers attacking a particularly

2847
02:31:55,400 --> 02:31:59,400
stubborn log. 
The process takes time provides 

2848
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:02,300
something to do during empty 
hours and keeps the jaw 

2849
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:05,100
occupied. 
If not satisfied, midday brings 

2850
02:32:05,100 --> 02:32:08,500
the main meal, a generous term 
for what arrives in your bowl, 

2851
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:12,600
salt, pork forms the foundation 
of this Feast, meet preserved in

2852
02:32:12,608 --> 02:32:15,000
brine. 
So concentrated it would stop a 

2853
02:32:15,000 --> 02:32:17,700
modern heart. 
The preservation Works 

2854
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:21,000
technically, the pork doesn't 
rot in the traditional sense. 

2855
02:32:21,000 --> 02:32:25,300
Instead, it leaves a kind of 
immortality becoming something 

2856
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:29,700
that resembles meat in only the 
most abstract way, The salt 

2857
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:34,100
content requires dilution, but 
freshwater is too precious to 

2858
02:32:34,100 --> 02:32:37,800
waste on making food. 
Palatable, you eated as his each

2859
02:32:37,800 --> 02:32:41,100
bite and assault on your taste 
buds, your body crying out for 

2860
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:44,400
any flavor that isn't salt. 
The cook boils the pork with 

2861
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:47,500
dried peas when supplies. 
Allow creating a stew, that 

2862
02:32:47,508 --> 02:32:50,700
achieves a consistency somewhere
between liquid and solid. 

2863
02:32:51,700 --> 02:32:55,500
Chunks of meat or what used to 
be meat floating gray water 

2864
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:59,100
alongside peas. 
That refused to fully soften, no

2865
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:02,800
matter how long they boil, 
Sometimes onions, make an 

2866
02:33:02,800 --> 02:33:06,500
appearance, precious additions 
from the last port already 

2867
02:33:06,500 --> 02:33:09,100
sprouting green shoots in their 
storage Nets. 

2868
02:33:09,800 --> 02:33:13,500
These vegetables, get added hole
and remove the same way, 

2869
02:33:13,500 --> 02:33:16,500
flavoring the broth without 
actually being consumed. 

2870
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:20,700
They'll be used again tomorrow 
and the day after and they 

2871
02:33:20,700 --> 02:33:23,100
dissolve into the general 
nutritional sadness. 

2872
02:33:23,100 --> 02:33:25,700
Protein variety comes from 
whatever. 

2873
02:33:25,700 --> 02:33:29,200
The sea provides flying fish, 
sometimes land on Deck, 

2874
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:32,800
overnight gifts, you collected 
Dawn and eat raw or barely 

2875
02:33:32,800 --> 02:33:35,300
cooked. 
They taste like anything other 

2876
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:40,800
than salt pork, which makes them
delicious by default. in 

2877
02:33:40,800 --> 02:33:44,400
tropical waters, larger caches 
occasionally supplement, the 

2878
02:33:44,400 --> 02:33:50,000
diet Gerardo tuna and shark when
desperate But fishing requires 

2879
02:33:50,000 --> 02:33:54,500
time, the crew rarely has, and 
storms can last for days without

2880
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:57,900
allowing anyone to cast a line, 
the drinking situation 

2881
02:33:57,900 --> 02:34:01,600
deteriorates, faster than the 
food ships, carry water in, 

2882
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:03,700
wooden barrels that leak and 
breed algae. 

2883
02:34:04,400 --> 02:34:08,100
Fresh water turns green within 
weeks developing a taste that 

2884
02:34:08,108 --> 02:34:11,200
preparation can't eliminate. 
You drink it anyway. 

2885
02:34:11,200 --> 02:34:14,400
Holding your breath, trying not 
to think about what you're 

2886
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:17,000
swallowing. 
Beer last longer, the alcohol, 

2887
02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:20,400
providing some protection 
against contamination, but beer 

2888
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:22,400
requires space, that could hold 
other cargo. 

2889
02:34:23,200 --> 02:34:26,600
Most Crews run out within the 
first month at Sea when the beer

2890
02:34:26,600 --> 02:34:30,100
vanishes and the water becomes 
truly undrinkable, you face 

2891
02:34:30,100 --> 02:34:31,900
choices. 
That would horrify your modern 

2892
02:34:31,900 --> 02:34:35,500
self. 
Some men drink sea water knowing

2893
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:38,600
it will kill them. 
Slowly preferring slow deaths to

2894
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:42,600
the torture of thirst. 
Others catch rainwater in sales 

2895
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:47,200
and buckets drinking it, tapping
and tasting of canvas grateful 

2896
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:49,600
for anything that doesn't burn 
the throat going down. 

2897
02:34:50,700 --> 02:34:53,700
The lucky ships capture prizes 
that include fresh Provisions, 

2898
02:34:53,700 --> 02:34:56,900
briefly interrupting the 
downward spiral into 

2899
02:34:56,900 --> 02:35:01,100
malnutrition, scurvy arrives. 
Like a quiet passenger boarding 

2900
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:03,900
with the crew but making its 
presence known only gradually. 

2901
02:35:04,500 --> 02:35:07,700
Your gums begin to bleed. 
When you bite the hardtack, your

2902
02:35:07,700 --> 02:35:11,900
skin bruises at the slightest, 
touch, purple flowers, blooming 

2903
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:16,300
across your arms and legs Old 
Wounds, reopen, refusing to heal

2904
02:35:16,300 --> 02:35:20,000
teeth loosen in their sockets. 
And you learn to chew, 

2905
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:22,800
carefully, afraid of swallowing.
Something that should stay 

2906
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:25,100
attached. 
Cure exists. 

2907
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:29,200
Citrus fruit, fresh vegetables. 
Anything containing What We Now 

2908
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:32,100
call Vitamin C? 
But knowledge doesn't equal 

2909
02:35:32,100 --> 02:35:34,700
access and ships at Sea. 
Have no green. 

2910
02:35:34,700 --> 02:35:38,100
Grocers the cycle weight of food
monotony, shouldn't be 

2911
02:35:38,108 --> 02:35:40,300
underestimated. 
Humans. 

2912
02:35:40,300 --> 02:35:43,600
Crave Variety in their diet, the
way they crave air and water. 

2913
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:49,600
Same meal day after day week 
after week becomes a form of 

2914
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:54,100
sensory deprivation. 
Your mind Rebels against it, but

2915
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:58,200
your body needs fuel. 
So you eat The ACT transforms 

2916
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:00,900
from pleasure into purely 
mechanical necessity. 

2917
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:05,400
You shovel the tasteless protein
into your mouth swallow without 

2918
02:36:05,400 --> 02:36:09,300
savoring and count it as another
small victory that you survived 

2919
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:12,600
to eat again, successful raids, 
bring temporary relief. 

2920
02:36:13,200 --> 02:36:18,000
Captured ships sometimes carry 
Delicacies sugar rice, proper 

2921
02:36:18,000 --> 02:36:21,600
bread, that hasn't fossilized. 
And alcohol in varieties Beyond 

2922
02:36:21,600 --> 02:36:24,700
basic beer. 
These prizes, get consumed 

2923
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:28,000
immediately, crew members 
gorging themselves, sick, after 

2924
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:31,300
months of deprivation. 
There's no saving for later. 

2925
02:36:31,300 --> 02:36:34,000
No, rationing for sensible 
distribution. 

2926
02:36:34,000 --> 02:36:39,200
The psychology of scarcity 
overrides reason you eat because

2927
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:42,700
it is there because tomorrow it 
won't be because this might be 

2928
02:36:42,700 --> 02:36:45,200
your only chance to taste 
something that doesn't make you 

2929
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:47,100
hate. 
The act of eating the bell, 

2930
02:36:47,100 --> 02:36:50,000
sound at four in the morning, 
pulling you from whatever 

2931
02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:53,900
half-sleep, you manage to 
achieve, You'll watch begins 

2932
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:56,700
now. 
Four hours of Labor before a 

2933
02:36:56,700 --> 02:36:59,100
brief respite, then four more 
hours. 

2934
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:03,900
This Rhythm continues without 
pause without weekends without 

2935
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:07,500
holidays. 
The sea recognizes no Sabbath 

2936
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:11,600
your hands soft and uncalled at 
the start transformed within 

2937
02:37:11,600 --> 02:37:13,800
days. 
Ropework tears. 

2938
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:17,600
The skin from your palms leaving
raw patches that crack and bleed

2939
02:37:17,600 --> 02:37:20,300
with each new. 
Task the hemp lines, that 

2940
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:23,700
control the sails weigh more 
than you expect made heavier by 

2941
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:26,900
spray and rain. 
Hauling them requires the 

2942
02:37:26,900 --> 02:37:28,700
coordinated effort of multiple 
men. 

2943
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:32,300
Everyone pulling in Rhythm 
shoulders straining and backs 

2944
02:37:32,300 --> 02:37:36,900
protesting The sales themselves 
demand constant attention, they 

2945
02:37:36,900 --> 02:37:40,800
tear in storms, develop weak 
spots from Sonic exposure and 

2946
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:42,800
required patches and repairs 
that happen. 

2947
02:37:42,800 --> 02:37:46,000
A loft swaying on yards, high 
above the deck. 

2948
02:37:46,900 --> 02:37:50,900
Climb the ratlines Rope ladders 
that lead up the masked with 

2949
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:53,400
hands that shake from exhaustion
and fear. 

2950
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:58,400
The higher you go, the more the 
ship's movement amplifies, what 

2951
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:02,300
feels like gentle rolling a deck
level becomes violent swinging 

2952
02:38:02,300 --> 02:38:05,100
at the cross trees. 
You hook, your elbows through 

2953
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:08,100
the rigging, use your thighs to 
grip the yard and try to thread 

2954
02:38:08,100 --> 02:38:09,800
a needle with fingers that won't
stop. 

2955
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:13,100
Trembling pumping the bilge 
ranks among the worst regular 

2956
02:38:13,100 --> 02:38:17,000
duties water, constantly, seeps 
into the ship's lowest point 

2957
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,900
mixing with waste and creating a
soup that must be removed to 

2958
02:38:20,900 --> 02:38:22,400
prevent the vessel from 
foundering. 

2959
02:38:23,800 --> 02:38:27,600
The pump handles required, two 
men working in tandem pushing 

2960
02:38:27,600 --> 02:38:30,800
and pulling in a rhythm that 
must be maintained for hours. 

2961
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:35,400
The smell that rises from below 
defies, description, human 

2962
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:40,100
waste, rotting food, dead, rats,
all of it, marinating in 

2963
02:38:40,100 --> 02:38:43,700
saltwater, and darkness, You 
breathe through your mouth which

2964
02:38:43,700 --> 02:38:44,900
helps until you taste. 
What? 

2965
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,200
You're smelling scraping 
Barnacles and Marine growth from

2966
02:38:48,200 --> 02:38:50,400
the hull happens. 
Whenever the ship beaches for 

2967
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:54,400
creating The Vessel must be 
tilted on its side, exposing the

2968
02:38:54,400 --> 02:38:56,700
underwater surface to Air and 
sunlight. 

2969
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:01,100
He weighed into the surf with 
scrapers attacking the layers of

2970
02:39:01,100 --> 02:39:05,400
accumulated life, that slow the 
ship's progress Barnacles cut, 

2971
02:39:05,400 --> 02:39:10,700
like razors your shins and 
forearms collect new scars, thin

2972
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:12,700
lines that burn with salt 
exposure. 

2973
02:39:12,700 --> 02:39:16,600
The work continues until every 
inch of Hull gleams. 

2974
02:39:16,600 --> 02:39:20,600
Relatively clean a process that 
takes days and leaves, you 

2975
02:39:20,600 --> 02:39:22,700
wondering if piracy might 
actually be easier than 

2976
02:39:22,700 --> 02:39:26,600
legitimate sailing maintenance. 
Never ends because Decay never 

2977
02:39:26,600 --> 02:39:29,000
stops. 
Salt are corrodes metal. 

2978
02:39:29,000 --> 02:39:33,600
Requiring constant rust removal 
and oiling wood, dries and 

2979
02:39:33,600 --> 02:39:37,100
splits needing tar and caulking 
to maintain water tight 

2980
02:39:37,100 --> 02:39:40,300
integrity. 
Ropes Fray and must be replaced 

2981
02:39:40,300 --> 02:39:45,200
or spliced sails were thin and 
require patching the ship exist 

2982
02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:48,700
in a state of controlled 
deterioration and your labor. 

2983
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:52,500
Simply slows, the inevitable 
collapse standing watch involves

2984
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:56,100
more than passive observation, 
your expected to spot other 

2985
02:39:56,100 --> 02:39:59,500
vessels before they spot you to 
notice changes in weather. 

2986
02:39:59,500 --> 02:40:03,000
While this still time to react 
and to hear anything unusual in 

2987
02:40:03,000 --> 02:40:07,100
the ship's constant voice, this 
requires a kind of meditation. 

2988
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,100
Stained attention that fights 
against boredom and exhaustion. 

2989
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:15,000
Your eyes, scan the Horizon in 
patterns, looking for The 

2990
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:17,400
Telltale Interruption of a 
distant sale. 

2991
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:21,600
The dark line that indicates an 
approaching School loading and 

2992
02:40:21,600 --> 02:40:25,000
securing cargo, whether a 
legitimate Goods or plunder 

2993
02:40:25,000 --> 02:40:29,000
demands knowledge of weight 
distribution and balance, stack 

2994
02:40:29,000 --> 02:40:32,800
it wrong and the ship lists 
dangerously tie it down in 

2995
02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:36,800
properly and it shifted in rough
Seas, potentially punching 

2996
02:40:36,800 --> 02:40:40,000
through the hole from inside, 
you learn these lessons, by 

2997
02:40:40,000 --> 02:40:44,100
watching by listening to men, 
with Decades of experience, and 

2998
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:47,200
by occasionally making mistakes 
that resulted in injuries and 

2999
02:40:47,200 --> 02:40:50,900
screamed Corrections combat, 
when it comes brings, its own 

3000
02:40:50,900 --> 02:40:53,400
exhausting, demands preparing 
the ship. 

3001
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:56,200
For battle means clearing the 
decks of anything that might 

3002
02:40:56,200 --> 02:40:59,700
become a projectile. 
When hit wetting down, surfaces 

3003
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:03,600
to prevent fire, Distributing 
weapons, and loading cannons. 

3004
02:41:04,500 --> 02:41:09,000
The actual fighting last minute,
but requires hours of setup and 

3005
02:41:09,000 --> 02:41:13,600
potentially days of recovery. 
The guns themselves weigh tons 

3006
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:16,700
their recoil controlled by ropes
that must be maintained and 

3007
02:41:16,700 --> 02:41:19,600
checked. 
Firing them requires, precise 

3008
02:41:19,600 --> 02:41:23,200
choreography, swap, the barrel 
load, the powder Ram. 

3009
02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:27,100
It home had the shot Prime, the 
touch hole aim, as well as a 

3010
02:41:27,100 --> 02:41:30,600
moving platform allows fire and 
immediately begin the sequence 

3011
02:41:30,600 --> 02:41:34,300
again, while smoke obscures 
everything annoys damages, your 

3012
02:41:34,300 --> 02:41:37,500
hearing permanently the few 
hours between watches, don't 

3013
02:41:37,500 --> 02:41:40,500
provide true rest. 
You're expected to help with 

3014
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:44,800
whatever emergency arises, all 
hands to shorten sale in a 

3015
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:48,600
sudden storm everyone to the 
pumps when a leaks brings and 

3016
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:52,800
the full crew to chase down a 
potential prize sleep. 

3017
02:41:52,800 --> 02:41:56,900
Become something stolen in small
increments, never quite enough, 

3018
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:01,100
never quite deep enough to truly
restore your depleted reserves 

3019
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:05,500
your body adapts. 
Because it must Muscles develop 

3020
02:42:05,500 --> 02:42:08,800
in strange patterns 
overdeveloped in your arms and 

3021
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:12,200
shoulders and strong in your 
core from constant balance 

3022
02:42:12,200 --> 02:42:16,100
adjustments. you lose weight, 
despite the physical labor 

3023
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:20,600
because the food can't match the
caloric expenditure your face 

3024
02:42:20,600 --> 02:42:24,600
becomes weathered skin darkening
and roughening under constant 

3025
02:42:24,600 --> 02:42:29,900
sun and salt spray You age years
in months, the work literally 

3026
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:33,700
wearing you down grinding away 
at your physical reserves like 

3027
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:37,200
waves against Rock. 
The barometer drops though, most

3028
02:42:37,200 --> 02:42:39,600
crew members don't need 
instruments to sense the change.

3029
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:43,800
The are gains weight pressing 
against your skin in ways that 

3030
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:48,600
trigger ancient warnings. 
Birds vanish from the sky, the 

3031
02:42:48,600 --> 02:42:52,400
water takes on a strange. 
Flatness an oily quality. 

3032
02:42:52,400 --> 02:42:56,800
That precedes chaos. 
When the storm hits, it arrives 

3033
02:42:56,800 --> 02:43:01,800
with personality with what feels
like deliberate malice. when 

3034
02:43:01,800 --> 02:43:05,000
screams through the rigging a 
sound that drowns out shouted 

3035
02:43:05,000 --> 02:43:08,900
orders, You watch men's mouths 
move without hearing words, 

3036
02:43:08,900 --> 02:43:12,400
responding to gestures and long 
practice routine. 

3037
02:43:13,100 --> 02:43:15,500
The deck Beneath Your Feet tilts
at angles, that seemed 

3038
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:19,000
impossible that should capsize 
The Vessel but somehow don't 

3039
02:43:19,000 --> 02:43:23,600
waves no longer look like water.
They become moving walls, dark 

3040
02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:26,900
mountains, that rise beside the 
ship, their peaks torn into 

3041
02:43:26,908 --> 02:43:29,200
spray by the wind. 
One moment. 

3042
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,700
You're in a valley between 
swells, surrounded by water. 

3043
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,200
On all sides, unable to see 
anything. 

3044
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:39,800
But ocean, the next moment, the 
ship climbs new glimpse, a 

3045
02:43:39,800 --> 02:43:42,800
horizon that curves wrong that 
shows you how small and 

3046
02:43:42,800 --> 02:43:44,400
temporary or wooden world. 
Really. 

3047
02:43:44,400 --> 02:43:47,200
Is the rain doesn't fall it 
attacks. 

3048
02:43:47,200 --> 02:43:50,800
Horizontally each drop hitting 
like a tiny fist. 

3049
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:55,200
You're soaked instantly and the 
water temperature depends 

3050
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:57,300
entirely on what ocean you're 
Crossing. 

3051
02:43:58,100 --> 02:44:02,200
Tropical storms drench you in 
bath, warm rain, that provides 

3052
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:06,100
no relief from the Heat. 
Northern tempests, introduce you

3053
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:09,800
to cold that penetrates through 
clothes and skin settling into 

3054
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:12,800
your bones. 
Making your hands too, stiff to 

3055
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:15,100
properly grip, the lines. 
You're supposed to be managing 

3056
02:44:15,100 --> 02:44:17,300
below deck becomes 
uninhabitable. 

3057
02:44:18,300 --> 02:44:21,000
Ships motion transforms from 
rocking to Violent. 

3058
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:24,000
Thrashing. 
Hammock swing wildly throwing 

3059
02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:27,900
men against walls in each other.
Anyone with a weak stomach and 

3060
02:44:27,900 --> 02:44:31,300
that's most people in conditions
like this vomits until they have

3061
02:44:31,300 --> 02:44:35,000
nothing left, then continues 
with dry heaves, that crack 

3062
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:38,000
ribs. 
The smell of sick, mixes with 

3063
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,400
the general stench, adding 
another layer to an already 

3064
02:44:41,400 --> 02:44:45,000
unbearable atmosphere. 
You chose to stay topside 

3065
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:47,800
despite the danger because at 
least there you can breathe. 

3066
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:50,300
Securing yourself becomes 
Paramount. 

3067
02:44:51,300 --> 02:44:54,000
Safety lines, get rigged across 
the deck, and you clip in with 

3068
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:58,000
whatever, you can find a rope 
around your waist a quick knot 

3069
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:01,400
that you pray holds. 
Men, who don't take this 

3070
02:45:01,400 --> 02:45:05,000
seriously disappear over the 
side there, one moment and gone,

3071
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:08,700
the next swallowed, by the dark 
water, without ceremony or 

3072
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:12,100
chance of rescue. 
The C doesn't return, bodies in 

3073
02:45:12,108 --> 02:45:16,200
these conditions, it keeps What 
It Takes the sales must come 

3074
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:19,900
down before they shred or worse,
before they drive the ship 

3075
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:22,700
under. 
Furling canvas in a storm 

3076
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:26,400
requires climbing into 
conditions that test sanity, the

3077
02:45:26,400 --> 02:45:29,300
wind tries to pluck you from the
rigging like fruit from a tree 

3078
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:33,800
the sail fabric whips and cracks
capable of breaking bones. 

3079
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:37,100
If it catches you wrong, you 
work with hands, that have no 

3080
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:41,700
feeling left fingers, moving on 
autopsy instincts, muscle memory

3081
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:44,500
executing tasks. 
Your conscious mind is too 

3082
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:48,400
terrified to direct lightning 
turns night into day and 

3083
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,900
stuttering intervals. 
Each flash revealing the chaos 

3084
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:56,400
and Stark detail men, struggling
with ropes officers, pointing 

3085
02:45:56,400 --> 02:45:59,800
towards some new crisis water 
washing across the deck in 

3086
02:45:59,800 --> 02:46:01,900
quantities. 
That seem impossible to drain 

3087
02:46:01,900 --> 02:46:05,900
before the next wave arrives. 
The Thunder follows close enough

3088
02:46:05,900 --> 02:46:09,500
that you feel it in your chest. 
A physical force that competes 

3089
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:13,100
with the wind for dominance. 
The ship's Timbers, scream under

3090
02:46:13,100 --> 02:46:15,300
the stress. 
He hear them flex. 

3091
02:46:15,300 --> 02:46:18,700
And grown sounds that suggest 
imminent breakup. 

3092
02:46:19,400 --> 02:46:21,800
That make you certain. 
This is the wave that finally 

3093
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:24,100
does it. 
The one that cracks the spine 

3094
02:46:24,100 --> 02:46:27,500
and sends everyone down. 
But the vessel holds together 

3095
02:46:27,500 --> 02:46:30,100
through engineering, you don't 
understand through 

3096
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:33,500
craftsmanship, you've never 
properly appreciated and through

3097
02:46:33,508 --> 02:46:37,000
what starts to feel like 
Supernatural stubbornness, how 

3098
02:46:37,000 --> 02:46:38,900
has passed without any sense of 
time. 

3099
02:46:38,900 --> 02:46:42,000
You work, you survive and you 
work some more. 

3100
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:47,100
Exhaustion becomes absolute, a 
state Beyond, tiredness beyond 

3101
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:49,200
anything. 
You've previously experienced 

3102
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:52,300
your body operates on some 
Reserve fuel. 

3103
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:55,700
You didn't know existed drawing 
from stores that will leave you 

3104
02:46:55,700 --> 02:46:59,600
depleted for days afterward, 
when the storm finally passes, 

3105
02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:04,000
and they always do eventually 
the world looks scraped clean 

3106
02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:08,100
Raw. 
The sea settles into swells that

3107
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:10,000
would terrify you in normal 
times. 

3108
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:12,400
But now seem gentle by 
comparison. 

3109
02:47:13,400 --> 02:47:17,400
Sunlight returns with obscene 
cheerfulness, Illuminating, the 

3110
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:19,400
damage that must be assessed and
repaired. 

3111
02:47:20,300 --> 02:47:24,100
The deck is littered with 
debris, torn wrote, broken spas 

3112
02:47:24,100 --> 02:47:27,700
and sometimes personal items 
that belong to men who are no 

3113
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:31,300
longer aboard, the human cost 
reveals itself in the aftermath 

3114
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:35,800
you count faces realize whose 
missing and try not to think too

3115
02:47:35,800 --> 02:47:40,000
hard about the gaps in the crew.
Injuries surface is adrenaline, 

3116
02:47:40,000 --> 02:47:44,900
Fades broken bones, deep cuts 
and burns from ropes, that move 

3117
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:47,400
too fast. 
Ship surgeon. 

3118
02:47:47,400 --> 02:47:50,700
If you have one, makes his 
rounds with the limited supplies

3119
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:54,300
available doing what he can, 
which often amounts to Simply 

3120
02:47:54,300 --> 02:47:57,000
confirming that someone will 
probably survive, or definitely 

3121
02:47:57,000 --> 02:48:00,000
won't you sleep, then wherever 
you collapse. 

3122
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:03,600
The deck works fine, a coil of 
rope becomes a pillow. 

3123
02:48:03,608 --> 02:48:07,800
Your body doesn't care about 
Comfort or propriety it demands 

3124
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:10,100
unconsciousness and takes it by 
force. 

3125
02:48:10,100 --> 02:48:14,300
Toilets showers clean water 
flowing from taps. 

3126
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:18,100
These conveniences exist in your
memory but no, where in your 

3127
02:48:18,100 --> 02:48:20,800
current reality. 
The morning routine. 

3128
02:48:20,800 --> 02:48:24,600
You took for granted dissolves 
into crude approximation you 

3129
02:48:24,600 --> 02:48:26,700
wake with a mouth. 
That tastes like something died 

3130
02:48:26,700 --> 02:48:29,800
in it. 
Teeth coated in film and gums, 

3131
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:32,100
tender from the beginning stages
of scurvy. 

3132
02:48:32,900 --> 02:48:36,700
There's no toothbrush. 
No toothpaste, and no mouthwash.

3133
02:48:37,600 --> 02:48:40,400
Some men chew on frayed rope 
ends to clean their teeth. 

3134
02:48:40,400 --> 02:48:44,000
He practiced that removes some 
debris while adding interesting 

3135
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:48,300
Splinter's bathing happens in 
the ocean if at all you strip 

3136
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:50,800
down and jump overboard when the
ship has become calmed and the 

3137
02:48:50,800 --> 02:48:52,700
water looks relatively short 
free. 

3138
02:48:53,500 --> 02:48:57,100
The Saltwater leaves, your skin 
sticky in your hair stiff, but 

3139
02:48:57,100 --> 02:48:59,600
at least you've removed some of 
the accumulated Grime. 

3140
02:48:59,600 --> 02:49:02,900
The process requires timing and 
luck. 

3141
02:49:03,700 --> 02:49:06,600
Jump when the ship is moving and
you'll never catch up. 

3142
02:49:07,300 --> 02:49:10,400
Swim too far from the hull and 
you become baked for things that

3143
02:49:10,400 --> 02:49:14,200
see you as food. 
The crew keeps watch, but their 

3144
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:17,700
attention spans waiver and being
forgotten while trading water 

3145
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:19,500
ranks. 
Among the more terrifying Ways 

3146
02:49:19,500 --> 02:49:21,900
to Die. 
Your clothes, transformed into 

3147
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:26,700
biological experiments. 
Sweat, salt water, dirt and 

3148
02:49:26,700 --> 02:49:29,400
Thyme combined to create 
garments that could probably 

3149
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:32,900
stand up on their own. 
Washing them properly requires 

3150
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:36,800
fresh water, that doesn't exist.
So you rinse them in seawater 

3151
02:49:36,800 --> 02:49:41,600
that doesn't really clean just 
redistributes the fill Fabric 

3152
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:46,500
develops, its own ecosystem. 
Lice fleece and other parasites.

3153
02:49:46,500 --> 02:49:48,700
That treat your body as their 
personal territory. 

3154
02:49:48,700 --> 02:49:53,600
You scratch constantly creating 
new wounds that don't heal 

3155
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:58,000
cleanly and that sometimes 
become infected privacy for 

3156
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:02,100
bodily functions exist. 
Only in concept, everyone knows 

3157
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:04,600
when you're constipated because 
they've watched you struggle in 

3158
02:50:04,600 --> 02:50:07,600
the heads for 20 minutes. 
Every one here is when you have 

3159
02:50:07,600 --> 02:50:11,300
diarrhea that special misery 
intensified by having to hang 

3160
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:14,600
your exposed rear end over the 
ocean while you're intestine 

3161
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:19,000
stage a revolt. 
Dignity gets left at Port along 

3162
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:20,700
with every other civilized 
Comfort. 

3163
02:50:20,700 --> 02:50:24,300
Medical Care would be laughable 
if the consequences weren't so 

3164
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:26,700
serious. 
The ship's surgeon learned his 

3165
02:50:26,700 --> 02:50:30,000
trade through apprenticeship and
experience, not formal 

3166
02:50:30,000 --> 02:50:34,400
education, his toolkit includes 
saws ramputi, needles for 

3167
02:50:34,408 --> 02:50:37,400
stitching and alcohol for 
sterilization though. 

3168
02:50:37,400 --> 02:50:40,400
More of the alcohol ends up 
consumed and used for cleaning 

3169
02:50:40,400 --> 02:50:43,300
wounds. 
Anesthesia means getting drunk 

3170
02:50:43,300 --> 02:50:45,600
enough to pass out or biting 
down on leather. 

3171
02:50:45,600 --> 02:50:49,100
While someone does something 
horrible to your body infections

3172
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:52,700
run rampant in these conditions,
a small cut becomes a major 

3173
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:59,100
crisis, The wound readons swells
and begins weeping pus. fever 

3174
02:50:59,100 --> 02:51:02,600
sets in and you shake under 
blankets that don't exist while 

3175
02:51:02,600 --> 02:51:06,400
your crewmates debate, whether 
you'll survive Some infections 

3176
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:10,000
resolve on their own, the body's
immune system winning battles 

3177
02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:14,000
without assistance others 
progress to gangrene, to sepsis 

3178
02:51:14,000 --> 02:51:18,800
to death. that comes slowly and 
painfully while everyone watches

3179
02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:22,500
and tries not to think about 
their own vulnerability, climate

3180
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:25,200
control, amounts choosing 
whether to suffer below deck or 

3181
02:51:25,208 --> 02:51:29,100
above In tropical heat, both 
options, feel like punishments 

3182
02:51:29,100 --> 02:51:32,000
below deck. 
The air temperature rises until 

3183
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:35,300
breathing becomes labor until 
swept pause from your body 

3184
02:51:35,300 --> 02:51:37,300
faster than you can replace the 
fluids. 

3185
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:40,100
Above deck the sun attacks from 
overhead. 

3186
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:43,300
While the deck reflects heat 
upward cooking you from both 

3187
02:51:43,300 --> 02:51:46,100
directions. 
There's No Escape no air 

3188
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:49,700
conditioning and no fan beyond 
what the win provides cold 

3189
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:51,400
climates bring opposite 
miseries. 

3190
02:51:52,200 --> 02:51:55,000
Ship offers, no heating beyond 
the galleys fire, which must be 

3191
02:51:55,000 --> 02:51:58,000
carefully managed to avoid 
burning down your own shelter. 

3192
02:51:58,000 --> 02:52:01,900
You layer what clothes you have,
but the dampness defeats 

3193
02:52:01,900 --> 02:52:05,500
insulation. 
The cold settles into your bones

3194
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:10,400
into your joints, making 
movement, painful making sleep 

3195
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:15,100
impossible, despite exhaustion. 
Men huddled together for warmth.

3196
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:20,100
Passed caring about personal 
space or dignity entertainment. 

3197
02:52:20,100 --> 02:52:23,600
Consists of whatever you can 
create from nothing, some men, 

3198
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:27,400
carve scrimshaw etching designs 
into whales teeth or bone when 

3199
02:52:27,408 --> 02:52:32,300
available Others tell stories 
the same Tales recycled until 

3200
02:52:32,300 --> 02:52:35,500
everyone knows them by heart, 
but keeps listening because the 

3201
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:39,500
alternative is silent. 
Card games happen with decks, so

3202
02:52:39,500 --> 02:52:41,400
warn the marking's barely 
register. 

3203
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:45,400
Dice made from bone rattling 
Corners during off-watch hours. 

3204
02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:49,700
Gambling provides distraction. 
Even when you're betting things,

3205
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:52,600
you don't actually own the 
isolation from normal. 

3206
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:55,500
Human society changes. 
You in ways, you don't notice 

3207
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:59,300
until much later. 
Your social skills, atrophy. 

3208
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:02,900
Your ability to converse about 
anything beyond ships and 

3209
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:06,200
sailing diminishes. 
You forget what it's like to 

3210
02:53:06,200 --> 02:53:09,600
speak with women with children, 
with anyone who doesn't smell 

3211
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:14,000
like bilgewater and Desperation 
The ship becomes your entire 

3212
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:18,800
world and that world is brutally
small populated by the same 

3213
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:23,400
faces, the same conversations 
and the same complaints repeated

3214
02:53:23,400 --> 02:53:26,700
until they lose, meaning news 
from Land arrives months late. 

3215
02:53:26,700 --> 02:53:30,300
If at all You have no idea 
what's happening in the wide 

3216
02:53:30,300 --> 02:53:33,400
world. 
War start and end without your 

3217
02:53:33,400 --> 02:53:36,300
knowledge. 
Family members die and you're 

3218
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:38,500
not there. 
You won't even hear about it 

3219
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:40,500
until some random encountering 
port. 

3220
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:45,300
The isolation is mental, as much
as physical a cutting off from 

3221
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:48,000
the flow of normal life. 
That leaves you adrift in more 

3222
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:51,500
than the oceanic scents, the 
Articles get read aloud before 

3223
02:53:51,500 --> 02:53:55,800
you sign a moment of unexpected 
formality on a vessel dedicated 

3224
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:59,200
to lawlessness. 
The document outlines rules your

3225
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:03,600
expected to follow punishments 
for violation and the system by 

3226
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:06,600
which decisions get made. 
You listen carefully. 

3227
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,300
Because this social contract is 
the only thing preventing 

3228
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:12,600
absolute chaos. 
Every man gets a vote on major 

3229
02:54:12,600 --> 02:54:16,300
decision where the hunt for 
prizes, where the to attack a 

3230
02:54:16,300 --> 02:54:18,500
particular Target and how to 
divide plunder. 

3231
02:54:19,400 --> 02:54:22,500
This democracy emerges not from 
Progressive political Theory, 

3232
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:26,900
but from practical necessity. 
When you've assembled a crew of 

3233
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:30,300
men who've already rejected 
conventional Authority, you 

3234
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:33,200
can't exactly rule through 
aristocratic privilege. 

3235
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:37,000
The captain holds power only as 
long as the crew believes his 

3236
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:41,900
effective fail, too many times, 
and your voted out replaced by 

3237
02:54:41,908 --> 02:54:43,600
someone, the men think might do 
better. 

3238
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:47,500
The quartermaster serves as the 
cruise representative, the 

3239
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:49,500
balanced against the captain's 
Authority. 

3240
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:54,100
He distributes food settles 
disputes and generally ensures 

3241
02:54:54,100 --> 02:54:56,500
that the captain doesn't get too
comfortable with power. 

3242
02:54:57,600 --> 02:55:00,600
This position requires 
diplomatic skills and the 

3243
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:04,300
ability to fight because 
sometimes disputes get settled 

3244
02:55:04,300 --> 02:55:08,600
with fists rather than words. 
He watched these Dynamics play 

3245
02:55:08,600 --> 02:55:11,600
out and see how carefully, the 
successful quartermaster's 

3246
02:55:11,600 --> 02:55:15,500
navigate between crew, concerns 
and operational Necessities. 

3247
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:19,600
Combat brings its own rules, 
explicitly stated in the 

3248
02:55:19,600 --> 02:55:23,400
Articles cowardice in battle 
means death or marooning. 

3249
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:26,100
Deserting your station gets you 
flogged. 

3250
02:55:26,100 --> 02:55:30,300
If the crew feels merciful. 
These harsh punishments, reflect

3251
02:55:30,300 --> 02:55:33,200
the reality that everyone 
survival depends on everyone 

3252
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:36,400
else doing their job. 
One man running during a fight 

3253
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:40,100
can Cascade into total defeat 
and can get the entire crew 

3254
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:43,700
killed or captured and hanged. 
The division of plunder follows.

3255
02:55:43,700 --> 02:55:48,400
Predetermined formulas, the 
captain gets extra shares as do 

3256
02:55:48,400 --> 02:55:52,200
the quartermaster the surgeon 
and the master gunner, anyone 

3257
02:55:52,200 --> 02:55:54,800
with specialized skills that 
benefit, the whole crew. 

3258
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:58,600
But even the captain's portion 
rarely exceeds two or three 

3259
02:55:58,600 --> 02:56:01,100
shares, while, common Sailors, 
get one. 

3260
02:56:01,700 --> 02:56:05,300
This relative equality stands in
stark contrast to Merchant and 

3261
02:56:05,300 --> 02:56:08,900
Naval vessels where officers 
might turn, 50 times what 

3262
02:56:08,900 --> 02:56:12,700
ordinary seaman make injuries 
sustained in battle qualify for 

3263
02:56:12,700 --> 02:56:15,408
compensation. 
Another aspect deterred in the 

3264
02:56:15,416 --> 02:56:20,500
Articles lost and I here's your 
payment lost a leg, here's a 

3265
02:56:20,500 --> 02:56:23,500
larger sum these amounts get 
paid before the general division

3266
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:27,100
of plunder recognizing that the 
crew owe something to men who 

3267
02:56:27,100 --> 02:56:29,500
sacrifice body parts for the 
common Enterprise? 

3268
02:56:30,500 --> 02:56:32,700
The system. 
Acknowledges risk and tries to 

3269
02:56:32,700 --> 02:56:35,400
compensate accordingly, though. 
No amount of money. 

3270
02:56:35,400 --> 02:56:37,700
Truly repays. 
Losing a limb in the 17th 

3271
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:40,500
century punishment for violation
happened. 

3272
02:56:40,500 --> 02:56:44,900
Swiftly in publicly Steal from a
crewmate and you might receive 

3273
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,900
Moses law. 39 lashes 
administered by the person who 

3274
02:56:48,900 --> 02:56:53,100
stole from the entire crew 
assembled to watch partly to 

3275
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:56,200
witness Justice. 
Being done and partly to remind 

3276
02:56:56,200 --> 02:56:58,800
themselves of the consequences 
of breaking the rules. 

3277
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:04,300
The whip Cuts deep drawing 
blood, leaving scars, that Mark,

3278
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:07,500
you as someone who couldn't be 
trusted marooning serves as the 

3279
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:10,700
ultimate punishment. 
Reserved for the worst offenses,

3280
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:15,000
The Condemned man gets left on a
small island or beach with a 

3281
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:17,000
pistol. 
Containing one shot a small 

3282
02:57:17,000 --> 02:57:19,400
amount of water and essentially 
no food. 

3283
02:57:20,200 --> 02:57:23,600
The single bullet carries 
symbolic weight, it's for ending

3284
02:57:23,600 --> 02:57:25,800
your own suffering. 
When starvation becomes 

3285
02:57:25,800 --> 02:57:29,000
unbearable, or for a very slim 
chance at hunting something 

3286
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:32,500
edible Either way, it's probably
your last bullet. 

3287
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:36,900
Most marooned men, die, slowly 
alone. 

3288
02:57:37,800 --> 02:57:41,100
With plenty of time to 
contemplate, their mistakes, the

3289
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:44,000
social structure Flexes in ways 
that would confuse someone from 

3290
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:47,500
conventional Society. 
Men who might be deadly enemies?

3291
02:57:47,500 --> 02:57:51,900
In Port Works side by side at 
Sea United by common purpose and

3292
02:57:51,900 --> 02:57:55,300
shared risk. 
Racial hierarchies matter less 

3293
02:57:55,300 --> 02:57:58,600
here than in the legitimate 
World, black Pirates, serve 

3294
02:57:58,600 --> 02:58:01,300
alongside white ones with a 
rougher quality that wouldn't 

3295
02:58:01,300 --> 02:58:05,200
Exist Elsewhere. this isn't 
enlightened tolerance so much as

3296
02:58:05,208 --> 02:58:09,900
practical, indifference The seed
doesn't care about skin color 

3297
02:58:09,900 --> 02:58:14,000
and neither do men focused on 
survival and profit women. 

3298
02:58:14,000 --> 02:58:17,100
Occasionally sailed with pirate 
Crews, though they typically 

3299
02:58:17,100 --> 02:58:20,100
disguise themselves as men to 
avoid the complications, their 

3300
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:24,600
presence would create. 
Few who became known and Bonnie 

3301
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:28,900
Mary Reed, a legendary status 
partly because they were so 

3302
02:58:28,900 --> 02:58:31,800
rare. 
Most Crews, maintained explicit 

3303
02:58:31,800 --> 02:58:34,900
rules against bringing women 
aboard knowing that sexual 

3304
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:37,700
tension could destroy the 
fragile, cohesion that kept 

3305
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:40,200
everyone alive. 
Drinking happens in 

3306
02:58:40,200 --> 02:58:42,500
enthusiastically. 
Whenever alcohol becomes 

3307
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:46,100
available the Articles might 
limit consumption during active 

3308
02:58:46,100 --> 02:58:49,600
operations, but once plunder is 
secured and divided the 

3309
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:52,900
celebrations begin Men, drink 
themselves. 

3310
02:58:52,900 --> 02:58:56,900
Unconscious fight each other for
entertainment and engaging, 

3311
02:58:56,900 --> 02:58:58,900
contests of strength and 
stupidity. 

3312
02:58:59,900 --> 02:59:03,000
The release of tension that's 
been building for weeks, comes 

3313
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:07,100
out in explosions of drunken and
excess that sometimes result in 

3314
02:59:07,100 --> 02:59:10,200
injuries or deaths, that didn't 
need to happen, religious 

3315
02:59:10,200 --> 02:59:15,000
practice varies by individual. 
Some men, pray regularly asking 

3316
02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:17,600
forgiveness for their sins while
planning to commit more. 

3317
02:59:18,500 --> 02:59:22,400
Others abandoned Faith entirely 
deciding that if God exists, 

3318
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:25,500
he's clearly not paying 
attention to their corner of the

3319
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:29,000
ocean. 
A few become superstitious 

3320
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:33,800
developing, elaborate rituals 
around whether signs Lucky 

3321
02:59:33,800 --> 02:59:38,300
Charms and ominous portends. 
The ship accumulates its own 

3322
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,700
mythology. 
Stories of ghosts and curses 

3323
02:59:41,700 --> 02:59:43,900
that get embellished with each 
retelling. 

3324
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:48,000
For all the misery, men kept 
choosing this life, they signed 

3325
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:50,400
articles. 
They went to see and they risked

3326
02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:53,100
everything for what amounts to a
lottery ticket in blood. 

3327
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:56,700
Understanding why requires 
looking at what they were 

3328
02:59:56,700 --> 02:59:58,900
running from the Merchant 
Marine? 

3329
02:59:58,900 --> 03:00:03,100
The supposedly legitimate 
alternative worked Sailors, just

3330
03:00:03,100 --> 03:00:05,600
as hard for a fraction of the 
potential reward. 

3331
03:00:06,700 --> 03:00:10,300
Merchant captains operated under
company rules, that prioritized 

3332
03:00:10,300 --> 03:00:14,000
profit over Humanity. 
Sailors might go months without 

3333
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:17,100
pay their wages, held back to 
prevent desertion. 

3334
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:21,100
Food on Merchant vessels was 
often worse than pirate, Fair, 

3335
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:24,300
rationed more strictly and 
distributed more. 

3336
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:29,300
Unfairly The promise of steady 
employment rang Hollow when that

3337
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:33,100
employment meant slow starvation
and brutal discipline, the Royal

3338
03:00:33,100 --> 03:00:36,100
Navy presented itself as 
honorable service, but delivered

3339
03:00:36,100 --> 03:00:37,900
something closer to a floating 
prison. 

3340
03:00:39,000 --> 03:00:42,600
Gangs roamed port cities, 
kidnapping men in to service 

3341
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:46,000
against their will. 
Once aboard a naval vessel, you 

3342
03:00:46,000 --> 03:00:49,100
belong to the crown until death 
or disability released you. 

3343
03:00:49,900 --> 03:00:51,700
Desertion meant hanging. 
If caught. 

3344
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:56,500
Pay was theoretical delivered 
years late, if at all. 

3345
03:00:57,400 --> 03:01:01,600
Officers treated common Sailors 
as Expendable resources in the 

3346
03:01:01,608 --> 03:01:04,800
Articles of War authorized 
flogging for offenses, as minor 

3347
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:08,800
as failing to touch your hat to 
a superior officer on Land 

3348
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:12,200
employment options for 
uneducated, unskilled men, 

3349
03:01:12,200 --> 03:01:15,100
centered around hard labor, for 
subsistence wages. 

3350
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:19,700
You might work as a doc hand, a 
farm labourer, or a street. 

3351
03:01:19,708 --> 03:01:23,100
Sweeper jobs that wore your body
down while keeping you 

3352
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:24,700
perpetually on the edge of 
poverty. 

3353
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:28,600
The social Mobility that modern 
people take for granted simply 

3354
03:01:28,600 --> 03:01:31,500
didn't exist. 
Born poor you died. 

3355
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,800
Poor and so did your children, 
piracy offered an alternative. 

3356
03:01:34,800 --> 03:01:37,800
However, brutal. 
You might die. 

3357
03:01:37,800 --> 03:01:39,800
Yes. 
But you might also become 

3358
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:42,700
wealthy. 
More importantly, you lived free

3359
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,900
of the constant humiliation, 
that defined working class 

3360
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:50,100
existence in the 17th century. 
No employer could cheat you out 

3361
03:01:50,108 --> 03:01:53,000
of wages. 
No Aristocrat could beat you for

3362
03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:54,600
failing to show proper 
deference. 

3363
03:01:55,300 --> 03:01:57,900
The only Authority you answered 
to was the collective will of 

3364
03:01:57,908 --> 03:02:01,900
men in the same situation. 
Men would help to elect men who 

3365
03:02:01,900 --> 03:02:05,200
could be replaced if they became
to radical the gambling aspect 

3366
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:08,700
to tracked it a certain 
personality type men, who 

3367
03:02:08,700 --> 03:02:11,800
preferred a short exciting life 
to a long miserable one. 

3368
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:16,300
The treasure fantasies might be 
exaggerated but successful raids

3369
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:20,000
did happen. 
Ships carrying sugar Indigo and 

3370
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:25,000
silver got captured and sold the
proceeds divided, among the crew

3371
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:27,500
could equally years of wages 
from legitimate work. 

3372
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:31,300
Even the ordinary raids, the 
ones that netted only cloth and 

3373
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:34,900
tools provided income that beat 
anything available through legal

3374
03:02:34,900 --> 03:02:37,700
means. 
The thrill of combat call to men

3375
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:40,300
who found ordinary life, 
unbearably dull. 

3376
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:43,900
Modern society has plenty of 
outlets for this. 

3377
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:48,800
Impulse extreme sports action, 
movies and video games. 

3378
03:02:48,800 --> 03:02:51,500
That simulate danger with out, 
delivering consequences. 

3379
03:02:51,500 --> 03:02:55,900
The 17th century offered limited
substitutes. 

3380
03:02:55,900 --> 03:03:00,300
You could fight in actual Wars 
at actual risk or you could 

3381
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,700
waste away in some quiet Village
knowing you'd never test 

3382
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:06,800
yourself against anything more 
challenging than a stubborn. 

3383
03:03:06,800 --> 03:03:10,900
Mule the Multicultural nature of
pirate Crews provided refuge for

3384
03:03:10,900 --> 03:03:14,600
men who didn't fit elsewhere. 
Escapes slaves found acceptance.

3385
03:03:14,600 --> 03:03:16,700
They'd never know in colonial 
society. 

3386
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:20,800
Religious by Nora's fleeing. 
Persecution could practice their

3387
03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:25,000
faith without interference or 
abandoned Faith entirely without

3388
03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:30,600
judgement Men who sexuality made
them out, cast on land found 

3389
03:03:30,600 --> 03:03:33,200
communities that cared more 
about competence than 

3390
03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:36,000
conformity. 
The ship became a kind of 

3391
03:03:36,000 --> 03:03:39,900
floating Sanctuary for everyone.
Conventional Society rejected. 

3392
03:03:39,900 --> 03:03:42,400
The stories. 
Of course helped recruitment 

3393
03:03:42,400 --> 03:03:46,300
Tales of successful Pirates. 
Circulated through taverns and 

3394
03:03:46,308 --> 03:03:49,300
dockyards growing more 
impressive with each retelling. 

3395
03:03:50,100 --> 03:03:53,700
Young men heard about Henry, 
Morgan retiring wealthy about, 

3396
03:03:53,700 --> 03:03:57,600
Blackbeard, commanding fear, and
respect, and about ships, loaded

3397
03:03:57,600 --> 03:03:59,900
with treasure waiting for 
someone brave enough to take 

3398
03:03:59,900 --> 03:04:02,300
them. 
These stories glossed over the 

3399
03:04:02,300 --> 03:04:05,300
disease, the violence, and the 
high probability of death. 

3400
03:04:05,900 --> 03:04:09,100
But they sold the dream, 
effectively, the alternative to 

3401
03:04:09,100 --> 03:04:11,100
piracy for many men was 
starving. 

3402
03:04:11,100 --> 03:04:14,500
Slowly while watching their 
family starve to When your 

3403
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:17,600
children are hungry, your 
legitimate work, can't feed 

3404
03:04:17,600 --> 03:04:19,900
them. 
The moral calculations shift 

3405
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:23,300
Stealing become survival 
violence. 

3406
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:26,500
Becomes a tool for securing 
resources that Society has 

3407
03:04:26,500 --> 03:04:30,800
denied you through legal means. 
The romanticization came later 

3408
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:33,600
applied by people who weren't 
facing those choices. 

3409
03:04:33,600 --> 03:04:36,100
So, yes, the conditions, abort 
pirate. 

3410
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:39,100
Ships were terrible. 
But they were terrible in ways 

3411
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:42,100
that men fleeing other terrible 
situations could accept. 

3412
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:46,800
At least here, the suffering 
came with agency with the 

3413
03:04:46,800 --> 03:04:50,500
possibility of reward and with 
the Dignity of having chosen 

3414
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:53,800
this path, rather than having it
forced upon you by birth or 

3415
03:04:53,800 --> 03:04:57,600
circumstance, not every hour at 
Sea involves crisis or labor. 

3416
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:01,200
The ship sometimes finds itself 
in what Sailors called the 

3417
03:05:01,208 --> 03:05:05,200
doldrums regions where wind 
disappears and the ocean becomes

3418
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:07,700
glass. 
The sails hang limp. 

3419
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:11,600
The Vessel drifts rather than 
sails time. 

3420
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:15,500
Expands strangely, you stand at 
the rail during these calm 

3421
03:05:15,500 --> 03:05:19,300
moments watching the water. 
Surface reflects the sky. 

3422
03:05:19,300 --> 03:05:22,600
So perfectly that the Horizon 
becomes ambiguous and uncertain.

3423
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:27,100
Flying fish break through 
occasionally silver arcs that 

3424
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:29,100
catch sunlight before splashing 
down. 

3425
03:05:30,200 --> 03:05:32,500
Below the surface. 
If you look carefully you can 

3426
03:05:32,500 --> 03:05:37,000
sometimes see shapes moving. 
Dolphins sharks and things. 

3427
03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:40,900
You can't quite identify the 
sunset in tropical waters. 

3428
03:05:40,900 --> 03:05:43,300
Paints the sky and colors that 
seem invented. 

3429
03:05:44,000 --> 03:05:45,500
That looked too Vivid to be 
real. 

3430
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:50,700
Orange bleeds into pink, pink 
into purple and purple into deep

3431
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:53,000
blue that eventually blackened 
into night. 

3432
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:59,000
The Stars emerge, not gradually.
But in sudden multitudes more 

3433
03:05:59,000 --> 03:06:03,600
stars than you've ever seen from
land where lights and Haze 

3434
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:08,000
obscure, the full display. 
The Milky Way sprawls across the

3435
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,700
darkness, a river of light that 
ancient people thought. 

3436
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:15,400
Connected Heaven and Earth on 
clear nights, you can navigate 

3437
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:19,000
by stars, though. 
You probably don't know how The 

3438
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:21,700
older Sailors do though. 
Men who learned Celestial 

3439
03:06:21,700 --> 03:06:25,000
navigation through years of 
observation, who can tell you 

3440
03:06:25,000 --> 03:06:28,800
what that bright point is, which
constellation is rising, and 

3441
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:31,300
what it all means for your 
position and Prospects. 

3442
03:06:31,900 --> 03:06:33,400
Their knowledge feels like 
magic. 

3443
03:06:34,600 --> 03:06:38,100
Kurt language written across the
sky, phosphorescent in the 

3444
03:06:38,108 --> 03:06:41,700
water, creates different wonders
Disturbed, the ocean at night 

3445
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:45,300
and it closed green like 
Disturbed fireflies. 

3446
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:49,500
Have infiltrated the sea The 
ship's wake Trails luminessence 

3447
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:52,600
behind it. 
A path of light that Fades, but 

3448
03:06:52,600 --> 03:06:56,800
never completely disappears. 
Men, trailing their hands in the

3449
03:06:56,800 --> 03:06:59,600
water, watch the glow swirl 
around their fingers 

3450
03:06:59,600 --> 03:07:03,200
momentarily, distracted from 
hunger, and discomfort by 

3451
03:07:03,200 --> 03:07:06,600
something beautiful, birds 
sometimes land on the rigging 

3452
03:07:06,600 --> 03:07:09,000
exhausted. 
Migrants following routes 

3453
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:12,000
between continents, they rest 
for hours or days? 

3454
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:16,100
Eyeing, the crew wearily 
grateful for the solid perch. 

3455
03:07:16,100 --> 03:07:20,700
Even if its moving That presence
means land exists somewhere in 

3456
03:07:20,700 --> 03:07:23,800
some direction though. 
How far and which way remains 

3457
03:07:23,800 --> 03:07:28,200
unclear When they finally gather
strength to continue you watch 

3458
03:07:28,200 --> 03:07:30,000
them, go with something like 
Envy. 

3459
03:07:30,600 --> 03:07:33,300
The ship develops its own 
rhythms patterns, you learn to 

3460
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:36,600
read the way it moves in 
different wave conditions and 

3461
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:39,400
the sounds that mean 
everything's normal versus the 

3462
03:07:39,400 --> 03:07:43,100
ones that signal problems. 
You become attuned to these 

3463
03:07:43,100 --> 03:07:46,400
signals, without conscious 
thought waking from sleep. 

3464
03:07:46,400 --> 03:07:49,700
When something changes, even if 
you can't immediately identify 

3465
03:07:49,700 --> 03:07:53,100
what triggered your awareness 
conversations during quiet, 

3466
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:55,000
time's reveal more than you'd 
expect. 

3467
03:07:56,000 --> 03:07:59,100
Men who seem brutal in action 
show unexpected depth when 

3468
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:02,600
discussing philosophy religion 
and the nature of Justice. 

3469
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:06,700
The crew includes former 
Scholars, faild, businessman, 

3470
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:09,800
priests who lost their faith and
soldiers. 

3471
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:13,700
Tired of following orders their 
stories emerge in fragments, 

3472
03:08:13,700 --> 03:08:17,700
never told completely always 
colored by what they want you to

3473
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:20,900
believe music happens. 
When someone has the energy and 

3474
03:08:20,900 --> 03:08:26,000
inclination, Fiddle appears from
storage or a flute or just 

3475
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:28,100
voices, singing songs that 
everyone knows. 

3476
03:08:29,100 --> 03:08:32,400
Sea shanty serve. 
As work songs, The rhythms, 

3477
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:35,900
coordinating labor. 
Quiet songs, speak to 

3478
03:08:35,900 --> 03:08:39,600
loneliness, to Holmes, left 
behind and to women who probably

3479
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:43,500
aren't waiting anymore. 
The Melodies carry across the 

3480
03:08:43,500 --> 03:08:45,900
water. 
And you wonder if anyone on 

3481
03:08:45,900 --> 03:08:49,300
distant ships, hears them, if 
the Sound reaches fish swimming,

3482
03:08:49,300 --> 03:08:53,000
far below, you think about home 
during these moments, though. 

3483
03:08:53,000 --> 03:08:56,900
Home might not welcome you back.
Piracy carries a death sentence.

3484
03:08:56,900 --> 03:09:01,700
In most jurisdictions going, 
home means risking capture trial

3485
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:03,700
and to dance at the end of a 
rope. 

3486
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:07,600
Some men plan to retire to 
remote colonies where their past

3487
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:11,100
won't follow others seem to have
accepted that, this life will 

3488
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:14,500
end at Sea one way or another, 
and that's fine because there's 

3489
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:16,200
nothing pulling them towards 
Shore. 

3490
03:09:16,200 --> 03:09:19,600
Any way, the ocean itself 
becomes familiar ways that seem 

3491
03:09:19,600 --> 03:09:22,600
impossible. 
You learn to read the water to? 

3492
03:09:23,200 --> 03:09:26,100
Distance in the waves and to 
interpret the color and movement

3493
03:09:26,100 --> 03:09:28,300
in ways that predict weather and
currents. 

3494
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:30,900
This knowledge doesn't come from
books. 

3495
03:09:30,900 --> 03:09:34,400
It accumulates through 
observation through mistakes 

3496
03:09:34,400 --> 03:09:37,400
that teach painful lessons and 
through listening to men who 

3497
03:09:37,400 --> 03:09:41,200
survived long enough to become 
experts in the quietest moments 

3498
03:09:41,200 --> 03:09:43,900
when your watch, has you 
standing alone while others 

3499
03:09:43,900 --> 03:09:45,300
sleep, you can confront 
yourself. 

3500
03:09:46,200 --> 03:09:50,100
The person you were on land, the
person you might have become and

3501
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:52,000
the person you've turned into 
out here. 

3502
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:55,300
They're all present. 
Somehow separate. 

3503
03:09:56,000 --> 03:09:59,600
You've done things, you never 
imagined doing you've survived 

3504
03:09:59,600 --> 03:10:01,400
situations, that should have 
killed you. 

3505
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:04,900
You've become someone your 
former self wouldn't recognize 

3506
03:10:04,900 --> 03:10:08,000
and you're not entirely. 
Sure how to feel about that 

3507
03:10:08,000 --> 03:10:10,900
transformation. 
The Stars wheel overhead 

3508
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:13,100
indifferent to your 
contemplation. 

3509
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,800
Ship creeks and murmurs in its 
sleep, the Ocean Breathes, 

3510
03:10:17,800 --> 03:10:21,200
swells rising and falling in 
patterns older than human 

3511
03:10:21,200 --> 03:10:24,700
memory. 
And you stand there, temporary 

3512
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:28,200
and small stealing This Moment 
of Peace, before the next 

3513
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:32,300
Crisis, demands your attention 
and the Machinery of survival 

3514
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:43,000
grinds forward again. 
Imagine standing on a rocky 

3515
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,500
Shore, somewhere in 9th century.
Scandinavia watching The 

3516
03:10:46,500 --> 03:10:48,600
Morning, Mist. 
Roll off the water like breath 

3517
03:10:48,600 --> 03:10:52,600
from some sleeping giant. 
The air smells of salt and pine,

3518
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:56,700
resin smoke from cooking fires, 
and the earthy Center of sheep 

3519
03:10:56,700 --> 03:11:00,400
will being carded for spinning. 
This is a world where every 

3520
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:04,500
natural phenomenon has a story. 
Every storm, a personality, 

3521
03:11:04,500 --> 03:11:10,300
every Sunrise, a small victory 
of light over chaos. in this 

3522
03:11:10,300 --> 03:11:12,900
Northern realm, the gods were 
not distant, Cosmic 

3523
03:11:12,900 --> 03:11:17,200
administrators sitting on clouds
passing judgment They were 

3524
03:11:17,200 --> 03:11:20,400
neighbors with complicated, 
personal lives, prone to making 

3525
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:23,000
questionable, decisions and 
occasionally needing help from 

3526
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:27,000
humans to get out of trouble. 
Thor wasn't just the Thunder 

3527
03:11:27,000 --> 03:11:29,700
God. 
He was that strong friend, who'd

3528
03:11:29,700 --> 03:11:32,700
help you move furniture and 
accidentally break your door 

3529
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:34,900
frame. 
While being genuinely apologetic

3530
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:38,100
about it. 
Odin was the mysterious Uncle 

3531
03:11:38,100 --> 03:11:41,700
who showed up unexpectedly with 
cryptic advice that only made 

3532
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:46,200
sense years later. the Norse 
Cosmos was structured like a 

3533
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:51,000
great tree, Idris Elba and if I 
mispronounce this or any other 

3534
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:55,300
words, please Grill me down 
below so I can learn Now, where 

3535
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:58,500
was I? 
Oh yes, the world. 

3536
03:11:58,500 --> 03:12:03,600
Ash Whose branches and Roots, 
connected nine different Realms,

3537
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:07,900
it was less a scientific model 
and more a poetic way of 

3538
03:12:07,908 --> 03:12:10,100
understanding how everything fit
together. 

3539
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:17,700
The gods lived in Asgard humans,
in midgard, Giants in high and 

3540
03:12:17,700 --> 03:12:20,700
various other beings occupied 
the remaining worlds. 

3541
03:12:21,600 --> 03:12:24,200
Death wasn't a single 
destination, but several 

3542
03:12:24,200 --> 03:12:28,300
depending on how you died and 
which deity claimed you. 

3543
03:12:29,200 --> 03:12:33,100
Warriors might feast in Valhalla
others might find themselves in 

3544
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:37,300
Hell's Hall which despite the 
similar name to the Christian 

3545
03:12:37,300 --> 03:12:41,700
concept was more like a quiet 
somewhat dreary retirement 

3546
03:12:41,700 --> 03:12:43,500
community than a place of 
Torment. 

3547
03:12:44,500 --> 03:12:46,900
Life in the Norse, World 
revolved around practical 

3548
03:12:46,900 --> 03:12:49,700
concerns that made theological 
disputes, seem somewhat 

3549
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,400
academic. 
You needed your crops to grow 

3550
03:12:52,400 --> 03:12:56,400
your ships to return safely. 
Your children to survive in for 

3551
03:12:56,400 --> 03:12:59,600
infancy and your neighbors, not 
to start feuds, that would 

3552
03:12:59,600 --> 03:13:03,700
consume Generations. 
The gods were approached with 

3553
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:07,400
the same practical mindset. 
You honored them not out of 

3554
03:13:07,400 --> 03:13:10,600
abstract devotion but because 
maintaining good relationships 

3555
03:13:10,600 --> 03:13:13,700
with powerful beings seemed like
sensible risk management. 

3556
03:13:14,600 --> 03:13:17,400
Religious practice happened 
everywhere and nowhere in 

3557
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:20,200
particular. 
There were no Grand temples in 

3558
03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:24,800
early Scandinavia, no Priestly 
hierarchy and no holy books to 

3559
03:13:24,808 --> 03:13:29,700
consult. instead religion happen
at boundary Stones, marking 

3560
03:13:29,700 --> 03:13:33,600
property lines, that sacred 
Grove's where particular trees 

3561
03:13:33,600 --> 03:13:37,200
had witnessed enough history to 
become witnesses to Oaths and at

3562
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:41,900
Natural Springs where offering 
disappeared Into Darkness, Your 

3563
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:44,600
average Norse farmer was 
simultaneously, landowner 

3564
03:13:44,600 --> 03:13:48,400
priest, judge, and storyteller. 
Performing whatever, rituals 

3565
03:13:48,400 --> 03:13:51,100
seemed appropriate for the 
occasion without requiring 

3566
03:13:51,100 --> 03:13:53,100
approval, from religious 
authorities. 

3567
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:57,000
The sacred and the mundane 
braided together like threads in

3568
03:13:57,000 --> 03:14:00,100
tablet, weaving. 
You might sacrifice to Thor 

3569
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:03,700
before a journey, but you all so
checked your ship for leaks and 

3570
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:06,900
packed adequate supplies. 
You honored the land spirits 

3571
03:14:06,900 --> 03:14:10,600
that inhabited fields and 
forests, but you also rotated 

3572
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:14,800
crops and managed woodlots. 
This wasn't hypocrisy or shallow

3573
03:14:14,800 --> 03:14:18,300
belief, it was practical wisdom 
that recognized both 

3574
03:14:18,300 --> 03:14:20,600
Supernatural and natural forces 
shaped out. 

3575
03:14:20,600 --> 03:14:24,600
Comes Stories about the gods, 
served multiple purposes Beyond 

3576
03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:26,400
entertainment during Long Winter
nights. 

3577
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:30,600
They were Educational Tools to 
teaching moral lessons legal 

3578
03:14:30,600 --> 03:14:33,000
precedents. 
Explaining why certain Customs 

3579
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:37,100
existed psychological Frameworks
for processing complex, 

3580
03:14:37,100 --> 03:14:40,400
emotions. 
And social bonding experience is

3581
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:44,000
that connected communities 
across Generations. when your 

3582
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:47,900
grandfather told stories, his 
grandfather had told him, you 

3583
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:51,600
were participating in something 
older than memory, connecting to

3584
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:53,600
a tradition that stretched back 
before. 

3585
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:55,400
Anyone could remember when it 
started. 

3586
03:14:56,400 --> 03:14:58,200
The Norse relationship with 
fate. 

3587
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:02,200
The concept of word was 
simultaneously, fatalistic and 

3588
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:05,500
empowering. 
The future was set woven by the 

3589
03:15:05,508 --> 03:15:09,300
norns, who sat at igles Roots, 
spinning Destiny like thread. 

3590
03:15:10,400 --> 03:15:14,100
Yet, how you met that fate? 
The courage and honor you 

3591
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:18,000
displayed facing inevitable 
outcomes remained entirely 

3592
03:15:18,000 --> 03:15:21,200
within your control. 
It was like knowing your flight 

3593
03:15:21,200 --> 03:15:24,600
will eventually land, but still 
being responsible for how you 

3594
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:29,600
conduct yourself during the 
journey magic sedan existed in 

3595
03:15:29,600 --> 03:15:32,200
this world as a practical craft,
though. 

3596
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:35,700
It carried complicated. 
Social implications, women 

3597
03:15:35,700 --> 03:15:39,300
primarily practiced, the most 
powerful forms, which involved 

3598
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:42,500
going into trance's and 
communicating with spirits to 

3599
03:15:42,500 --> 03:15:44,200
gain knowledge or influence of 
events. 

3600
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:48,500
Men who practiced these Arts 
face social stigma because the 

3601
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:52,100
practice involved a kind of 
passive receptivity that 

3602
03:15:52,100 --> 03:15:55,000
contradicted masculine ideals of
direct action. 

3603
03:15:55,800 --> 03:15:58,600
It was one of those cultural 
quirks that seemed from the 

3604
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:01,900
outside but make perfect sense 
within the systems internal 

3605
03:16:01,900 --> 03:16:04,800
logic. 
Death rituals in pre-christian 

3606
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:08,000
and Avia reflected beliefs about
the afterlife. 

3607
03:16:08,000 --> 03:16:10,100
Continuation of Earthly 
existence. 

3608
03:16:11,300 --> 03:16:13,800
The dead were buried or burned 
with possessions. 

3609
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:17,300
They'd need in the next World, 
weapons jewelry. 

3610
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:21,700
And sometimes even ships for 
high status individuals, but 

3611
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:25,400
they were also buried with 
everyday items, Combs gaming 

3612
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:28,800
pieces and cooking equipment. 
The afterlife apparently 

3613
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:31,200
involved. 
Both heroic feasting and quiet 

3614
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:34,200
evenings playing board games, 
which honestly sounds more 

3615
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:35,600
appealing than many 
alternatives. 

3616
03:16:36,700 --> 03:16:39,600
This was a world where time 
moved in Cycles rather than 

3617
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:43,800
lines with a past and future 
existed, simultaneously in the 

3618
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:46,900
present and where gods and 
humans, shared the same 

3619
03:16:46,900 --> 03:16:50,300
fundamental nature and face 
similar challenges. 

3620
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:54,100
The universe would eventually 
end in Ragnarok. 

3621
03:16:54,800 --> 03:16:57,800
A Twilight of the gods that 
would consume everything in Fire

3622
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:01,300
and flood. 
But from those ashes, the new 

3623
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:04,700
world would emerge and the cycle
would begin again. 

3624
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:10,600
Even destruction was just 
transformational not finality in

3625
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:14,700
this intricate web of belief 
practice and worldview. 

3626
03:17:14,700 --> 03:17:19,200
Christianity was about to 
arrive, but it didn't come as a 

3627
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:23,500
conquering Army sweeping away 
everything before it It came as 

3628
03:17:23,500 --> 03:17:27,100
a persistent, whisper a new 
Melody, gradually finding 

3629
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:31,400
harmony with older songs. 
Slow tide that transformed the 

3630
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:33,900
landscape. 
So gradually that people barely 

3631
03:17:33,900 --> 03:17:36,700
noticed until everything had 
changed. 

3632
03:17:37,500 --> 03:17:41,300
The first Christians, your Norse
ancestors encountered were 

3633
03:17:41,300 --> 03:17:43,800
probably not impressive, 
evangelist with compelling 

3634
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:47,300
theological arguments. 
They were more likely slaves 

3635
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:49,400
captured during raids on 
Christian lands. 

3636
03:17:49,400 --> 03:17:53,800
Monks who washed up on shores 
after shipwrecks, or Merchants, 

3637
03:17:53,800 --> 03:17:56,600
who made the sign of the cross 
before business deals and seemed

3638
03:17:56,600 --> 03:18:01,000
oddly unwilling to swear, Oaths,
by Thor, or Odin picture a 

3639
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:03,700
trading Port somewhere, in 
Denmark, around 800 CE. 

3640
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:07,100
Where the air smells like tar? 
From ship maintenance. 

3641
03:18:07,100 --> 03:18:12,600
Dried fish hanging in warehouses
and exotic spices from Byzantine

3642
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:14,200
markets. 
Here. 

3643
03:18:14,200 --> 03:18:18,100
Norse traders who travel to 
Christian land in Treasure or 

3644
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:21,200
England might wear small. 
Cross pendants alongside their 

3645
03:18:21,200 --> 03:18:25,400
Thor's hammers, not from Deep 
conviction, but because it 

3646
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:28,200
seemed to help business dealings
with Christian merchants. 

3647
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:33,100
religion in this context was 
less about exclusive truth 

3648
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:37,300
claims and more about social 
lubrication making potentially 

3649
03:18:37,300 --> 03:18:41,700
hostile strangers willing to 
trade fairly These early 

3650
03:18:41,700 --> 03:18:45,000
encounters with Christianity 
were often bewildering for most 

3651
03:18:45,000 --> 03:18:47,400
people. 
The religion seemed to have some

3652
03:18:47,400 --> 03:18:51,200
appealing features eternal life 
in a paradise that sounded 

3653
03:18:51,200 --> 03:18:53,900
considerably more comfortable 
than most Norse afterlife 

3654
03:18:53,908 --> 03:18:56,400
options. 
A God, who apparently loved 

3655
03:18:56,400 --> 03:18:59,900
everyone regardless of their 
social status and a moral 

3656
03:18:59,900 --> 03:19:02,900
framework that theoretically 
protected the weak from the 

3657
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:07,000
strong But it also had some 
deeply strange requirements from

3658
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:10,900
a Norse perspective. 
Christianity, demanded exclusive

3659
03:19:10,900 --> 03:19:14,600
worship of a single God which 
seemed simultaneously arrogant 

3660
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:17,500
and impractical. 
Why would you put all your eggs 

3661
03:19:17,500 --> 03:19:21,100
in one Cosmic basket when you 
could maintain relationships 

3662
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:25,400
with multiple powerful beings? 
The Norse approach had always 

3663
03:19:25,408 --> 03:19:27,800
been more portfolio 
diversification than 

3664
03:19:27,800 --> 03:19:31,500
monotheistic commitment. 
You honored Thor for protection 

3665
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:36,100
Fray for fertility. 
Odin for wisdom and various land

3666
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:40,200
Spirits for local concerns. 
Limiting yourself to a single 

3667
03:19:40,200 --> 03:19:42,200
deity. 
Seemed like terrible risk 

3668
03:19:42,200 --> 03:19:44,900
management. 
The Christian prohibition on 

3669
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:48,700
violence was particularly 
puzzling in a society where 

3670
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:51,900
honor and reputation could only 
be maintained through 

3671
03:19:51,900 --> 03:19:53,600
willingness to fight when 
challenge. 

3672
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:58,600
How could you survive? 
Let alone Prosper if you turn 

3673
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:01,900
the other cheek every time 
someone insulted you or your 

3674
03:20:01,900 --> 03:20:05,000
family. 
The Norse legal system was built

3675
03:20:05,000 --> 03:20:08,200
around the assumption that 
people would pursue feuds to 

3676
03:20:08,200 --> 03:20:12,300
restore honor after offenses. 
Christianity's emphasis on 

3677
03:20:12,300 --> 03:20:15,200
forgiveness threatened to 
unravel the entire social 

3678
03:20:15,200 --> 03:20:17,600
fabric. 
Yet, some aspects of 

3679
03:20:17,600 --> 03:20:21,300
Christianity resonated with 
Norse values in unexpected ways.

3680
03:20:21,300 --> 03:20:25,600
Christ sacrifice had elements of
the heroic death that Norse 

3681
03:20:25,600 --> 03:20:29,000
culture celebrated his 
willingness to endure suffering 

3682
03:20:29,000 --> 03:20:31,700
for others, echoed. 
The warrior, ethos that prized 

3683
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:35,900
courage over survival The 
Christian emphasis on fate and 

3684
03:20:35,900 --> 03:20:39,400
Divine Providence wasn't so 
different from Norse beliefs 

3685
03:20:39,400 --> 03:20:41,200
about weird, and the Norms 
weaving. 

3686
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:44,400
And the promise that the meat 
would inherit the Earth had 

3687
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:47,800
obvious appealed to thralls and 
poor farmers, who occupied the 

3688
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:50,400
bottom of Scandinavian social 
hierarchies. 

3689
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:54,600
The early as conversions in 
Scandinavia often happen through

3690
03:20:54,600 --> 03:20:58,100
personal relationships rather 
than theological persuasion. 

3691
03:20:58,900 --> 03:21:02,400
A Norse Trader might convert to 
Christianity because it helped 

3692
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:04,100
him do business in Christian 
ports. 

3693
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:07,500
Then gradually find himself 
actually believing the teachings

3694
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:09,500
he'd initially adopted for 
practical reasons. 

3695
03:21:10,800 --> 03:21:13,500
Slave from Ireland or England 
might maintain Christian 

3696
03:21:13,500 --> 03:21:17,200
practices in captivity and his 
Norse Masters children. 

3697
03:21:17,200 --> 03:21:20,200
Might grow curious about this 
religion that seemed to provide 

3698
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:22,700
such Comfort to someone in 
Desperate circumstances. 

3699
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:26,300
Some conversions were more 
cynical. 

3700
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:30,800
Kings and yals recognized that 
Christian Kingdoms in Europe had

3701
03:21:30,800 --> 03:21:33,400
developed centralized power 
structures that made them 

3702
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,600
wealthy and formidable. 
Christianity seemed to come 

3703
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:41,200
packaged with literacy Advanced 
Administration and diplomatic 

3704
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:43,500
connections to powerful Southern
kingdoms. 

3705
03:21:44,400 --> 03:21:47,400
Converting to Christianity might
be worth it purely for the 

3706
03:21:47,408 --> 03:21:49,200
political and economic 
advantages. 

3707
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:53,100
Regardless of personal belief, 
the Christian missionaries who 

3708
03:21:53,100 --> 03:21:56,400
have eventually arrived in 
Scandinavia with deliberate. 

3709
03:21:56,400 --> 03:22:00,600
Evangelical, intentions 
discovered that converting Norse

3710
03:22:00,600 --> 03:22:03,300
people required considerable 
cultural translation. 

3711
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:07,400
They couldn't simply condemn 
everything about Norse, religion

3712
03:22:07,400 --> 03:22:10,000
as demonic without losing their 
audience entirely. 

3713
03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:14,300
Instead the most successful 
missionaries looked for points 

3714
03:22:14,300 --> 03:22:17,800
of connection ways to present, 
Christianity as fulfilling 

3715
03:22:17,800 --> 03:22:21,700
rather than contradicting, nor 
spiritual yearning, these 

3716
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:24,500
missionaries, learn to work 
within existing Norse Frameworks

3717
03:22:24,500 --> 03:22:26,500
even while trying to transform 
them. 

3718
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:30,300
They presented Christ as the 
ultimate warrior king who 

3719
03:22:30,300 --> 03:22:33,300
defeated death itself through 
heroic sacrifice. 

3720
03:22:33,900 --> 03:22:36,900
They described Heaven using 
imagery that Norse people would 

3721
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:41,900
find appealing, feasting 
reunions with loved ones and 

3722
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:45,800
escape from cold and hardship. 
The trade, the Christian God has

3723
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:50,000
more powerful than Odin or Thor,
able to control the same Natural

3724
03:22:50,000 --> 03:22:52,500
Forces. 
But with greater Authority and 

3725
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:55,200
consistency. 
The Norse response to these 

3726
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:57,900
missionary efforts was neither 
immediate acceptance, nor 

3727
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:00,800
violent rejection. 
Something more complicated. 

3728
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:05,000
People hedged their bets 
attending Christian Services 

3729
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:07,200
while still making offerings to 
the old gods. 

3730
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:10,300
They baptized their children 
while still telling stories 

3731
03:23:10,300 --> 03:23:13,400
about Thor's Adventures. 
They built churches next to 

3732
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:16,800
Sacred Grove's, apparently, 
assuming the different Divine 

3733
03:23:16,800 --> 03:23:19,500
Powers could co-exist. 
If given appropriate space. 

3734
03:23:20,600 --> 03:23:23,900
This period of duel religious 
practice created, some genuinely

3735
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:27,600
odd hybrid Situation's 
archaeological, evidence shows 

3736
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:32,100
Christian crosses decorated with
Norse, artistic, motifs, Thor's,

3737
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:36,300
hammers, modified to look more 
cross like and burial practices 

3738
03:23:36,300 --> 03:23:40,400
that mixed Christian and Pagan 
elements with cheerful disregard

3739
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:44,700
for theological consistently. 
People seem to approach religion

3740
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:48,700
with pragmatic flexibility, 
taking what seemed useful from 

3741
03:23:48,700 --> 03:23:52,200
Christianity, while retaining 
practices that had served their 

3742
03:23:52,208 --> 03:23:55,800
ancestors for Generations. 
The smell of this changing 

3743
03:23:55,800 --> 03:24:00,200
World, mixed old and new, and 
distinctive ways incense from 

3744
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:03,100
Christian rituals. 
Drifted through Halls that still

3745
03:24:03,100 --> 03:24:07,100
smelled of Mead and roasted meat
from traditional Feasts. 

3746
03:24:07,700 --> 03:24:10,100
Church bells rang out across 
Landscapes. 

3747
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:13,700
Where sacred Groves? 
Still stood a trees hung with 

3748
03:24:13,700 --> 03:24:19,000
offerings in rough Woolen robes.
Walked paths where vulvas female

3749
03:24:19,000 --> 03:24:22,400
Sears had once traveled from 
Farm to farm performing 

3750
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:25,800
prophecies and Magic. 
This religious Borderland where 

3751
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:30,300
Christianity and Norse paganism,
coexisted in uneasy proximity 

3752
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:36,500
would persist for Generations, 
it was messy inconsistent and 

3753
03:24:36,500 --> 03:24:39,600
probably theologically 
unsatisfying to True Believers 

3754
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:44,500
on either side. but it was so 
deeply human reflecting how 

3755
03:24:44,500 --> 03:24:47,700
people actually navigate 
religious change, not through 

3756
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:51,400
sudden conversion experiences or
violent ruptures but through 

3757
03:24:51,400 --> 03:24:55,600
gradual adaptation selective 
adoption and the slow 

3758
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:58,800
transformation of meaning that 
happens when new ideas and 

3759
03:24:58,800 --> 03:25:03,200
counter old patterns of life, 
The conversion of Scandinavia 

3760
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:07,000
accelerated dramatically when 
kings decided Christianity, 

3761
03:25:07,000 --> 03:25:09,300
serve their political interests,
though. 

3762
03:25:09,300 --> 03:25:12,500
This process looks less like 
Spiritual Awakening and more 

3763
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:15,100
like medieval corporate 
restructuring with religious 

3764
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:18,400
branding. 
Take Olaf trig vasson who became

3765
03:25:18,400 --> 03:25:22,900
king of Norway in 995. 
He'd spent years in England and 

3766
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:26,600
had converted to Christianity 
there, probably with genuine 

3767
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:30,300
belief mixed, with political 
calculation when he returned to 

3768
03:25:30,300 --> 03:25:32,700
claim the Norwegian Throne. 
He brought Christian 

3769
03:25:32,700 --> 03:25:35,600
missionaries and a conviction 
that religious uniformity would 

3770
03:25:35,600 --> 03:25:39,200
strengthen royal power. 
His conversion methods were 

3771
03:25:39,200 --> 03:25:44,500
let's call them assertive, 
Olaf's approached to evangelism 

3772
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:48,900
involved, showing up at Regional
assemblies, things with armed, 

3773
03:25:48,900 --> 03:25:52,000
retainers and offering local 
leaders, a straightforward 

3774
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:56,700
Choice, convert to Christianity 
or face immediate consequences 

3775
03:25:56,700 --> 03:25:59,000
that range from exiled to 
execution. 

3776
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:04,000
He destroyed Pagan temples 
through sacred Idols into fjords

3777
03:26:04,000 --> 03:26:07,700
and generally, demonstrated that
Christianity had the backing of 

3778
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:11,400
overwhelming military force. 
It was the Medieval equivalent 

3779
03:26:11,400 --> 03:26:15,100
of a hostile corporate takeover 
where the new management makes 

3780
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:18,100
it clear that everyone will 
adopt the new corporate culture 

3781
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:22,200
or find employment elsewhere. 
The funny thing about this 

3782
03:26:22,200 --> 03:26:25,300
forced conversion approach was 
how often it backfired. 

3783
03:26:25,900 --> 03:26:29,800
Olaf had managed to alienate so 
many powerful people that he 

3784
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,100
eventually died in battle 
against a coalition of his 

3785
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:35,100
enemies and Norway promptly 
returned to paganism. 

3786
03:26:35,100 --> 03:26:38,100
Like someone reverting to their 
natural hair color after an 

3787
03:26:38,100 --> 03:26:41,400
unsuccessful die job. 
Religious change, imposed 

3788
03:26:41,400 --> 03:26:44,400
through violence alone, rarely 
sticks, because it creates 

3789
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:46,300
resentment rather than 
conviction. 

3790
03:26:47,000 --> 03:26:50,500
But Olaf's, namesake Olaf, 
Haroldson, latest and Olaf 

3791
03:26:50,500 --> 03:26:53,800
learned from these mistakes. 
When he became king a generation

3792
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:58,100
later, His approach was more 
sophisticated, combining 

3793
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:01,100
military pressure with economic 
incentives and genuine 

3794
03:27:01,100 --> 03:27:04,200
missionary work. 
He brought in trained priests 

3795
03:27:04,200 --> 03:27:07,500
who could actually explain 
Christian theology rather than 

3796
03:27:07,500 --> 03:27:11,300
just demanding submission. 
He built churches that doubled. 

3797
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:14,900
His administrative centers. 
Making Christianity practically 

3798
03:27:14,900 --> 03:27:17,900
useful for governance. 
He offered tax breaks to 

3799
03:27:17,908 --> 03:27:19,800
converts and made Christian 
baptism. 

3800
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,400
A requirement for full 
participation in legal 

3801
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:27,400
proceedings, this Olaf also died
violently, it turns out that 

3802
03:27:27,400 --> 03:27:30,400
aggressive religious reform 
combined with heavy taxation 

3803
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:35,100
made him unpopular, regardless 
of his methods, but his legacy 

3804
03:27:35,100 --> 03:27:39,600
endured, After his death 
Miracles were reported at his 

3805
03:27:39,600 --> 03:27:42,300
Shrine. 
He was declared a saint and 

3806
03:27:42,300 --> 03:27:44,400
suddenly Norway had its own. 
Holy figure. 

3807
03:27:44,400 --> 03:27:45,800
Who happened to be a warrior 
king. 

3808
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:50,200
It was brilliant, religious 
marketing, Christianity, 

3809
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:52,700
repackaged with a Norse Hero at 
its Center. 

3810
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:57,200
Someone who understood honor and
courage and dying gloriously in 

3811
03:27:57,200 --> 03:27:58,800
battle. 
In Denmark. 

3812
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:02,400
King, Harold, blue tooth. 
Yet, that's where your wireless 

3813
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:05,000
technology. 
Got its name, converted around 

3814
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:09,100
965 and commissioned the jelling
stones. 

3815
03:28:09,100 --> 03:28:11,800
Massive Rune stones. 
That announced his 

3816
03:28:11,800 --> 03:28:14,100
accomplishment in bringing 
Christianity to Denmark. 

3817
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:18,600
The Stone's combined traditional
Norse art styles, with Christian

3818
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:22,200
symbolism, creating a visual 
representation of cultural 

3819
03:28:22,200 --> 03:28:25,000
synthesis. 
Harold, understood that 

3820
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:28,900
successful conversion, required,
making Christianity feel Norse 

3821
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:31,800
rather than foreign. 
Wrapping new beliefs in 

3822
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:35,800
familiar, aesthetic forms. 
Sweden took longer to convert 

3823
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:39,100
partly because centralized royal
power developed more slowly 

3824
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:41,800
there. 
Missionaries, working in Sweden,

3825
03:28:41,800 --> 03:28:44,900
face the challenge of converting
a more decentralized Society, 

3826
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:48,900
where no single King could 
impose religious uniformity from

3827
03:28:48,900 --> 03:28:51,600
above. 
This meant more Grassroots of 

3828
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:56,200
evangelism, Monaco Sheen with 
local leaders and more instances

3829
03:28:56,200 --> 03:28:59,800
of Christianity adapting, to 
existing social structures 

3830
03:28:59,800 --> 03:29:04,400
rather than transforming them 
whole sale. the most successful 

3831
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:07,500
missionaries in Sweden, tended 
to be those who show genuine 

3832
03:29:07,500 --> 03:29:11,200
respect for Norse culture while 
presenting Christianity as its 

3833
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:15,000
fulfillment, they learned Old 
Norse, participated in local 

3834
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:18,800
life and found ways to present 
Christian teachings using nor 

3835
03:29:18,800 --> 03:29:22,000
storytelling traditions They 
discovered that you couldn't 

3836
03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:25,000
insult someone's ancestors and 
their centuries old traditions 

3837
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:27,700
and then expect them to embrace 
your religion. 

3838
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:32,400
Persuasion required building 
relationships, demonstrating 

3839
03:29:32,400 --> 03:29:35,500
that Christianity enhanced 
rather than rejected North 

3840
03:29:35,500 --> 03:29:39,700
identity. 
Iceland conversion in 1,000 CE, 

3841
03:29:39,700 --> 03:29:43,300
showcased a uniquely nor 
solution to religious conflict. 

3842
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:47,300
The island was tearing itself 
apart as Christian and Pagan 

3843
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:49,200
factions moved towards Civil 
War. 

3844
03:29:50,100 --> 03:29:53,700
Rather than fight their greed, 
to let the law speaker, a kind 

3845
03:29:53,708 --> 03:29:57,500
of Chief legal expert, decide 
Iceland's religious future. 

3846
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:01,300
He spent a day and night under 
his cloak, considering the 

3847
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:03,400
problem, then announced his 
decision. 

3848
03:30:04,700 --> 03:30:07,800
Iceland would be officially 
Christian, but people could 

3849
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:10,900
still practice Pagan rites 
privately if they wished. 

3850
03:30:11,700 --> 03:30:15,000
It was religious compromise. 
At its most pragmatic choosing 

3851
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:17,200
social piece over theological 
purity. 

3852
03:30:18,100 --> 03:30:20,600
This political decision didn't 
immediately change. 

3853
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:24,700
Icelandic hearts and minds, but 
it created the framework for 

3854
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:28,600
gradual transformation. 
Once Christianity, became the 

3855
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:32,400
official religion, it 
controlled, education literacy, 

3856
03:30:32,400 --> 03:30:36,000
legal proceedings, and social 
advancement. 

3857
03:30:37,100 --> 03:30:39,600
Over time. 
Being Christian shifted from 

3858
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:44,100
political compliance to cultural
norm to genuine belief, though, 

3859
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:47,700
the process took Generations. 
The missionaries themselves came

3860
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:50,000
from diverse backgrounds with 
varying approaches. 

3861
03:30:50,800 --> 03:30:53,300
Some were aristocratic younger 
sons, who entered? 

3862
03:30:53,300 --> 03:30:56,200
The church as a career rather 
than from Deep vocation. 

3863
03:30:56,200 --> 03:30:59,200
Others were genuinely devoted 
monks. 

3864
03:30:59,200 --> 03:31:02,100
Who volunteered for what was 
considered dangerous from tier 

3865
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:04,900
work? 
Fewer Scandinavians who 

3866
03:31:04,900 --> 03:31:08,500
converted while traveling abroad
and returned as missionaries to 

3867
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:11,400
their own people. 
Bringing Insider knowledge that 

3868
03:31:11,400 --> 03:31:14,300
made the more effective 
evangelists these missionaries 

3869
03:31:14,300 --> 03:31:17,300
face practical challenges that 
often outweighed theological 

3870
03:31:17,300 --> 03:31:20,400
ones, Scandinavia, as climate 
was harsh. 

3871
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:24,100
Communications were difficult 
and learning Old Norse was 

3872
03:31:24,100 --> 03:31:26,800
complicated by the lack of 
written materials. 

3873
03:31:26,800 --> 03:31:30,200
Early missionaries often 
depended on local Hospitality, 

3874
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:33,600
making them vulnerable to the 
very people they were trying to 

3875
03:31:33,600 --> 03:31:36,000
convert. 
They needed to prove 

3876
03:31:36,000 --> 03:31:40,800
Christianity's practical value, 
providing literacy mediating 

3877
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:44,400
disputes and offering 
connections to wider European 

3878
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:47,200
networks. 
While gradually introducing 

3879
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:50,900
theological Concepts that might 
take years for people to fully 

3880
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:53,500
understand the smell of this 
missionary. 

3881
03:31:53,500 --> 03:31:58,000
Era was distinctive incense from
Mass mixing with wood smoke from

3882
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,800
long house fires, parchment and 
ink in newly established, 

3883
03:32:01,800 --> 03:32:06,100
scripture and the distinctive 
scent of fresh human Timber as 

3884
03:32:06,100 --> 03:32:09,200
churches Rose next to ancient 
sacred sites. 

3885
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:13,500
Church, bells introduced new 
sounds to Landscapes where 

3886
03:32:13,500 --> 03:32:17,000
previously only natural noises 
and human voices marked time. 

3887
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:21,400
Latin chants, echoed in places 
where previously only Old Norse 

3888
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:23,800
poetry and everyday conversation
had been heard. 

3889
03:32:24,800 --> 03:32:28,200
As Christianity took root in 
Scandinavia, something. 

3890
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:30,400
Fascinating happened to the old 
myths. 

3891
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:33,800
They didn't simply disappear or 
get violently suppressed. 

3892
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:38,000
Instead the underwent a 
Transformations as complex as 

3893
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:42,100
any mythological, shapeshifting 
emerging in new forms that 

3894
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:44,900
served new purposes while 
retaining Echoes of their 

3895
03:32:44,900 --> 03:32:48,500
ancient power. 
The monks, who first wrote down 

3896
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:52,500
Norse mythology faced a 
delightful Paradox, they were 

3897
03:32:52,500 --> 03:32:55,000
Christian Scholars, who 
theoretically shouldn't preserve

3898
03:32:55,000 --> 03:32:57,100
Pagan myths yet? 
They were also. 

3899
03:32:57,100 --> 03:32:59,800
The only people with literacy 
and the cultural interest to 

3900
03:32:59,800 --> 03:33:02,500
record the stories before they 
vanished entirely. 

3901
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:07,100
Their solution was to become 
creative, editors preserving the

3902
03:33:07,100 --> 03:33:09,500
myths while subtly 
christianizing their 

3903
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:14,400
interpretation. 
Take the pros edit by Icelandic 

3904
03:33:14,400 --> 03:33:17,100
scholar, snorri sturluson in the
13th century. 

3905
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:21,300
Snorri was Christian but he 
recognized that understanding 

3906
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:24,000
traditional Norse poetry 
required knowledge of the old 

3907
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:27,500
myths. 
His solution was in genius, he 

3908
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:31,200
presented the Norse gods as 
ancient human Kings, who had 

3909
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:34,100
been mistakenly worshiped as 
debt is due to their remarkable 

3910
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:36,700
abilities. 
It was humorism. 

3911
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:39,700
The theory that God's were 
actually historical figures who 

3912
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:44,000
had been deified and it allowed 
snorri to preserve details. 

3913
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:47,400
Mythological knowledge while 
maintaining that Christianity 

3914
03:33:47,400 --> 03:33:51,300
was correct and paganism had 
been based on misunderstanding, 

3915
03:33:52,500 --> 03:33:55,500
This interpretation required, 
some creative theological 

3916
03:33:55,500 --> 03:33:59,200
gymnastics. 
Snorri trace the easier the 

3917
03:33:59,200 --> 03:34:02,900
Norse gods back to Troy after 
its fall, making them 

3918
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:06,100
descendants of classical 
civilization rather than 

3919
03:34:06,100 --> 03:34:08,600
independent Scandinavian 
deities. 

3920
03:34:09,600 --> 03:34:12,400
It was like creating an 
elaborate backstory that 

3921
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:16,400
connected Norse mythology to the
broader historical narrative, 

3922
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:21,200
Christianity recognized turning 
Odin from a god into a very 

3923
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:25,200
impressive Ancient King, who led
his people North from Asia. 

3924
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:29,800
The funny part is that snorri 
preserved far more authentic, 

3925
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:33,500
mythological detail than he 
probably should have his goal 

3926
03:34:33,500 --> 03:34:35,400
was simply Christian 
apologetics. 

3927
03:34:36,300 --> 03:34:39,900
He couldn't resist the stories, 
narrative power, their poetic 

3928
03:34:39,900 --> 03:34:42,900
complexity, and their 
psychological insight. 

3929
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:47,400
Reading the prose Edda, you can 
almost feel him enjoying the 

3930
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:50,800
myths even while explaining why 
they were technically incorrect 

3931
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:54,600
from a Christian perspective. 
Other Christian writers, took 

3932
03:34:54,600 --> 03:34:56,400
different approaches to the old 
stories. 

3933
03:34:56,400 --> 03:35:00,300
Some portrayed, the Norse gods 
as demons who deceived humans 

3934
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,800
into worship casting mythology 
as a tragic history of 

3935
03:35:03,800 --> 03:35:07,800
Supernatural manipulation, This 
interpretation allowed for 

3936
03:35:07,800 --> 03:35:10,400
detailed mythological 
description, while clearly 

3937
03:35:10,400 --> 03:35:11,700
condemning the beliefs 
themselves. 

3938
03:35:12,800 --> 03:35:17,700
The demons were real, just evil 
rather than Divine and their 

3939
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:20,600
stories served as cautionary. 
Tales about the consequences of 

3940
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:25,200
worshiping false powers Still 
others saw in Norse mythology 

3941
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:29,200
dim reflections of Christian 
truth as if the Pagan passed. 

3942
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:33,700
Had contained prophetic glimpses
of Revelation to come Odin 

3943
03:35:33,700 --> 03:35:36,700
self-sacrifice hanging on 
yggdrasil for nine nights to 

3944
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:38,900
gain wisdom. 
Became a prefiguration of 

3945
03:35:38,908 --> 03:35:42,500
Christ's crucifixion. 
Boulders death at the hands of 

3946
03:35:42,508 --> 03:35:45,800
treachery and his eventual 
return after Ragnarok, echoed 

3947
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:49,500
Christ death and Resurrection. 
These parallels allowed 

3948
03:35:49,500 --> 03:35:52,700
Christians to acknowledge the 
myths, spiritual depth, while 

3949
03:35:52,700 --> 03:35:56,500
supporting them to the Christian
narrative, the most significant 

3950
03:35:56,500 --> 03:35:58,800
re-interpretation involved 
Ragnarok itself. 

3951
03:35:58,800 --> 03:36:03,400
This Cosmic catastrophe, where 
gods and Giants would destroy 

3952
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:07,200
each other, and the world would 
burn had always been Central to 

3953
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:10,400
Norse cosmology. 
Christian interpreters 

3954
03:36:10,400 --> 03:36:14,000
recognized its similarity to 
apocalyptic Christian traditions

3955
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:17,700
and recasted it as a pagan 
prophecy of The Last Judgement. 

3956
03:36:18,700 --> 03:36:22,000
The new world emerging from 
Ragnarok, ashes, became Heaven, 

3957
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:25,100
Boulders return became Christ, 
second coming. 

3958
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:29,500
And the entire Norse eschatology
was retrofitted into a Christian

3959
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:33,000
framework. 
This reinterpretation changed 

3960
03:36:33,000 --> 03:36:36,800
the myths, meaning in subtle 
ways, originally Ragnarok 

3961
03:36:36,800 --> 03:36:39,700
represented, the inevitable 
Triumph of entropy and Chaos. 

3962
03:36:39,700 --> 03:36:43,000
The recognition that even Gods 
cannot prevent eventual 

3963
03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:46,300
destruction. 
It was cosmological pessimistic.

3964
03:36:46,300 --> 03:36:49,000
But ethically empowering Since 
everything ends. 

3965
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,200
Anyway, what matters is how you 
conduct yourself in the 

3966
03:36:52,208 --> 03:36:55,400
meantime. 
The Christian reinterpretation, 

3967
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:58,900
transform this into a story 
about sins consequences and 

3968
03:36:58,900 --> 03:37:02,300
redemptions promise. 
Changing the emotional valence 

3969
03:37:02,300 --> 03:37:05,200
from tragic acceptance. 
To Hopeful expectation. 

3970
03:37:05,200 --> 03:37:08,700
Local folklore underwent similar
Transformations. 

3971
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:12,900
The land of tear land spirits 
that inhabited natural features 

3972
03:37:12,900 --> 03:37:17,400
became associated with trolls 
and hidden people still present 

3973
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:21,200
but now classified as natural 
creatures rather than object of 

3974
03:37:21,200 --> 03:37:24,000
worship. 
The elves of Norse Traditions 

3975
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:27,600
split into two categories. 
Some became Angels or Saints 

3976
03:37:27,600 --> 03:37:32,900
While others became associated 
with demons and dark magic. the 

3977
03:37:32,900 --> 03:37:36,100
Norms who wove fate, became 
analogous to God's Providence, 

3978
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:40,300
their weaving re-interpret as a 
divine plan, rather than an 

3979
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:44,600
impersonal Cosmic Force, 
interestingly, some of the most 

3980
03:37:44,600 --> 03:37:47,800
powerful nor theaters simply 
merged with Christian figures, 

3981
03:37:48,600 --> 03:37:51,900
Thor's protective role was often
transferred to Saint Michael who

3982
03:37:51,900 --> 03:37:56,000
fought demons with similar 
martial, Effectiveness freya's, 

3983
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,200
association with fertility and 
prosperity found new expression 

3984
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:03,300
in prayers, to the Virgin, Mary,
and various agricultural Saints.

3985
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:07,800
Odin's connection to wisdom, and
poetry was partially absorbed 

3986
03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:10,500
into the cult of saints 
associated with learning and 

3987
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:13,500
eloquence. 
The Practical rituals of Norse, 

3988
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:15,600
paganism. 
Underwent equally creative 

3989
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,200
reinterpretation. 
The custom of drinking rounds, 

3990
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,200
in memory of the Gods, became a 
Christian practice of toast to 

3991
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:26,000
Christ and various Saints. 
The midwinter sacrifice and 

3992
03:38:26,000 --> 03:38:29,700
feast became July of eventually 
Christmas maintaining its 

3993
03:38:29,700 --> 03:38:33,300
association with light returning
during the darkest season while 

3994
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:37,100
completely changing. 
Its theological meaning spring 

3995
03:38:37,100 --> 03:38:40,800
fertility rites were reframed as
Easter celebrations. 

3996
03:38:41,500 --> 03:38:44,600
Keeping the timing and some 
customs while attaching them to 

3997
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:48,000
Christ, Resurrection. 
Even the runic alphabet, which 

3998
03:38:48,000 --> 03:38:50,100
had been imbued with magical 
significance. 

3999
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:54,400
In Pagan times was partially 
christianized Christians 

4000
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:57,200
continued using runes for 
inscriptions but sometimes 

4001
03:38:57,200 --> 03:39:00,100
included crosses and Christian 
prayers alongside traditional 

4002
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:04,200
runic formulas. 
The sigurd stones in Sweden 

4003
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:08,200
provide perfect examples 
memorial stones carved with both

4004
03:39:08,200 --> 03:39:11,500
the Legendary Dragon Slayer 
sigurd and Christian prayers for

4005
03:39:11,500 --> 03:39:14,100
the Dead. 
Creating visual syntheses. 

4006
03:39:14,100 --> 03:39:16,500
That would have seemed 
contradictory to theological 

4007
03:39:16,500 --> 03:39:19,700
purists but made perfect sense 
to people living through 

4008
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:23,700
cultural transition. 
The skalds professional Norse 

4009
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:27,800
poets face particular challenges
in this era of reinterpretation.

4010
03:39:28,700 --> 03:39:31,600
their traditional verse forms, 
relied heavily on Kennings 

4011
03:39:31,600 --> 03:39:35,500
elaborate metaphorical phrases 
that often referenced Pagan 

4012
03:39:35,500 --> 03:39:39,200
mythology, How do you compose in
traditional Norse? 

4013
03:39:39,200 --> 03:39:42,700
Poetry when half your 
metaphorical vocabulary refers 

4014
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:45,500
to God's, your supposedly no 
longer allowed to mention? 

4015
03:39:47,100 --> 03:39:50,700
The solution was to keep using 
the old Kennings while adding 

4016
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:54,900
disclaimers that these were just
poetic conventions not actual 

4017
03:39:54,900 --> 03:39:57,400
beliefs. 
It was like using Greek 

4018
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,700
mythological references in 
Modern English. 

4019
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:03,300
Everyone understood the cultural
references without thinking, 

4020
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:07,300
Zeus actually existed. 
What emerge from this period of 

4021
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:10,600
reinterpretation, was a uniquely
hybrid tradition. 

4022
03:40:10,600 --> 03:40:14,000
That was neither purely 
Christian, nor purely Norse but 

4023
03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:17,600
something new The myths 
survived, not in their original 

4024
03:40:17,600 --> 03:40:21,100
context, but in transformed 
versions that serve different 

4025
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:22,800
purposes for different 
communities. 

4026
03:40:23,700 --> 03:40:25,400
Scholars. 
Preserved them as historical, 

4027
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:27,600
Curiosities and poetic 
resources. 

4028
03:40:28,500 --> 03:40:31,600
Common People remembered them as
entertaining stories about the 

4029
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:34,500
past. 
Christian, theologians use them 

4030
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:38,100
as examples of human religious. 
Instincts groping toward truth 

4031
03:40:38,100 --> 03:40:40,700
before Revelation provided 
clarity. 

4032
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:44,400
This creative reinterpretation 
meant that Norse, mythology, 

4033
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:47,800
never completely died even as 
Christianity triumphed. 

4034
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:53,400
Instead it was preserved in 
Amber fossilized in texts and 

4035
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:56,300
transformed into folklore 
waiting for later. 

4036
03:40:56,300 --> 03:41:00,200
Generations, to ReDiscover and 
once again re-interpret for 

4037
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:03,500
their own purposes. 
The myths of survival, 

4038
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:06,900
ironically depended on their 
enemies, becoming their 

4039
03:41:06,900 --> 03:41:10,700
recorders and translators. 
The transformation of Norse 

4040
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:14,000
religious practice was perhaps, 
even more profound than the 

4041
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:17,500
reinterpretation of myths. 
Because it changed how people 

4042
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:20,900
move through the rhythms of 
daily and seasonal life, how 

4043
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,600
they marked births and deaths 
and how they structured time 

4044
03:41:24,600 --> 03:41:29,000
itself. 
Before Christianity, your Norse 

4045
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:32,200
ancestors organized, their year 
around agricultural cycles and 

4046
03:41:32,200 --> 03:41:35,900
seasonal festivals that had 
religious significance but also 

4047
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:39,200
practical purposes. 
The midwinter celebration 

4048
03:41:39,200 --> 03:41:42,600
brought communities together 
during the darkest coldest time 

4049
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:45,400
of year reinforcing social 
bonds. 

4050
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:47,600
When isolation might otherwise 
lead to despair. 

4051
03:41:48,800 --> 03:41:52,100
Spring festivals marked the 
return to agricultural work with

4052
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:56,100
rituals and fertility of fields 
and livestock Harvest 

4053
03:41:56,100 --> 03:41:59,500
celebrations gave thanks for 
successful crops while preparing

4054
03:41:59,500 --> 03:42:03,100
for Winter's challenges. 
Christianity didn't eliminate 

4055
03:42:03,100 --> 03:42:05,700
these seasonal rhythms, that 
would have been both in 

4056
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:09,200
Practical and unnecessary. 
But it gradually reframed them 

4057
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:11,100
within a Christian Liturgical 
Calendar. 

4058
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:15,500
Timing often remained identical,
but the meaning and Associated 

4059
03:42:15,500 --> 03:42:19,800
practices shifted midwinter 
became Christmas celebrating 

4060
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:22,600
Christ's birth, rather than 
honoring various gods and 

4061
03:42:22,600 --> 03:42:24,500
Spirits associated with the 
season. 

4062
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:29,200
The Spring Festival became 
Easter focusing on Resurrection 

4063
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:32,500
rather than agricultural, 
renewal though, the themes of 

4064
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:37,300
Life returning after death, when
incompatible This transformation

4065
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:40,900
happened gradually with 
considerable overlap between old

4066
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:44,000
and new practices. 
For Generations, people 

4067
03:42:44,000 --> 03:42:48,000
celebrated Christian holy days, 
while maintaining Customs that 

4068
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:52,200
had originated in Pagan 
contexts, they might attend mass

4069
03:42:52,200 --> 03:42:55,000
at the new wooden church. 
Then go home to traditional, 

4070
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:57,900
feasting that looks suspiciously
similar to pre-christian 

4071
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:01,200
celebrations. 
Foods smelled. 

4072
03:43:01,200 --> 03:43:04,400
The same. 
Roasted meat fresh bread, 

4073
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:08,400
fermented drinks. 
Even if the prayers before 

4074
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:11,900
eating a change, Personal life 
cycle. 

4075
03:43:11,900 --> 03:43:14,700
Rituals underwent particularly 
significant changes. 

4076
03:43:15,600 --> 03:43:18,700
pre-christian nor Society had 
marked births with naming 

4077
03:43:18,700 --> 03:43:22,100
ceremonies where the father 
officially recognized, the child

4078
03:43:22,100 --> 03:43:25,400
and sponsors gave gifts 
establishing social 

4079
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:29,700
relationships in inheritance 
rights, Christianity, introduced

4080
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:32,800
baptism which served similar 
social functions. 

4081
03:43:33,600 --> 03:43:37,000
Establishing the child's 
identity, creating Godparent 

4082
03:43:37,000 --> 03:43:40,800
relationships integrating the 
new person into the community 

4083
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:45,100
but within a framework of 
spiritual rebirth, an original 

4084
03:43:45,100 --> 03:43:49,400
sin, that was distinctly 
Christian. the petition ceremony

4085
03:43:49,400 --> 03:43:52,600
itself often retained a Norse 
elements, despite its Christian 

4086
03:43:52,600 --> 03:43:56,000
meaning The ritual washing 
paralleled earlier. 

4087
03:43:56,000 --> 03:43:59,100
Customs of sprinkling newborns 
with water while naming them. 

4088
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:02,800
The giving of gifts by 
godparents Echo, traditional 

4089
03:44:02,800 --> 03:44:06,200
gift-giving by sponsors, even 
the timing sometimes 

4090
03:44:06,200 --> 03:44:09,700
accommodated Norse preferences. 
Some Christian communities 

4091
03:44:09,700 --> 03:44:12,500
allowed delayed baptism. 
So families could choose 

4092
03:44:12,500 --> 03:44:15,800
auspicious occasions, according 
to traditional Reckoning though.

4093
03:44:15,800 --> 03:44:19,300
The church officially preferred 
immediate baptism to protect the

4094
03:44:19,300 --> 03:44:22,500
child's soul. 
Coming of Age, transitions or 

4095
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:26,300
evolved pre-christian, nor 
Society had marked the 

4096
03:44:26,300 --> 03:44:29,900
transition to adult hood through
various serums and tests that 

4097
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:32,800
demonstrated capability for 
adult responsibilities 

4098
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:36,300
Christianity. 
Introduced confirmation where 

4099
03:44:36,300 --> 03:44:40,900
young people publicly a received
full status as church members, 

4100
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:45,000
the underlying function marking 
the passage from childhood to 

4101
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:48,500
Adult Community membership 
remained similar even as the 

4102
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:52,700
ritual forms and stated purposes
changed marriage practices, 

4103
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:57,000
showed perhaps the most complex 
blending of older new Norse 

4104
03:44:57,000 --> 03:44:59,400
marriage had primarily been a 
property Arrangement between 

4105
03:44:59,400 --> 03:45:02,000
families with elaborate 
negotiations. 

4106
03:45:02,000 --> 03:45:05,800
Over bride price and Dowry 
sealed with Oaths before 

4107
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:08,100
Witnesses and celebrated with 
feasting. 

4108
03:45:09,000 --> 03:45:11,700
Christianity introduced. 
The idea that marriage was a 

4109
03:45:11,708 --> 03:45:13,900
Sacrament with spiritual 
significance. 

4110
03:45:13,900 --> 03:45:18,900
Requiring a church blessing, and
theoretically into soluble, 

4111
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:23,300
except through death. 
In practice Norse marriage, 

4112
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:26,400
Customs, gradually absorbed 
Christian elements rather than 

4113
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:30,000
being replaced wholesale. 
The negotiations and property 

4114
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:33,300
Arrangements continued. 
But now a church ceremony 

4115
03:45:33,300 --> 03:45:36,800
preceded or followed the 
traditional festivities. the 

4116
03:45:36,808 --> 03:45:40,500
bride still worn, North style 
dress and jewelry but might also

4117
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:45,200
wear Christian symbols, Still 
included traditional foods and 

4118
03:45:45,200 --> 03:45:47,600
drinks. 
But now began with Christian 

4119
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:50,500
prayers. 
It was syncretism in action. 

4120
03:45:51,200 --> 03:45:54,100
Each tradition borrowing 
elements from the other until 

4121
03:45:54,100 --> 03:45:56,900
distinguishing original from 
adopted became nearly 

4122
03:45:56,900 --> 03:46:00,000
impossible. 
Death rituals experience the 

4123
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,900
most dramatic transformational, 
because Christianity and Norse 

4124
03:46:03,900 --> 03:46:07,100
paganism had fundamentally 
different ideas about what 

4125
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:10,000
happened after death and how the
living should relate to the 

4126
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,000
Dead. 
Pre-christian Norse funerary 

4127
03:46:13,000 --> 03:46:16,000
practices involved. 
Elaborate grave Goods, ship 

4128
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:20,000
burials for elite individuals, 
and sometimes cremation to 

4129
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:21,800
speed. 
The deceased Journey to the 

4130
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:24,900
afterlife. 
These practices reflected 

4131
03:46:24,900 --> 03:46:28,500
beliefs that the dead continued 
existing informs that resembled 

4132
03:46:28,500 --> 03:46:31,900
Earthly life. 
Christian burial was radically 

4133
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:34,500
simpler. 
The body went into the ground 

4134
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:39,100
oriented East-West with few or 
No Grave Goods because material 

4135
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:42,300
possessions had no value in the 
spiritual afterlife to come. 

4136
03:46:43,400 --> 03:46:46,800
Funeral Service focused on 
prayers for the soul rather than

4137
03:46:46,800 --> 03:46:48,500
equipping the deceased for their
Journey. 

4138
03:46:49,300 --> 03:46:52,200
Church, graveyards replaced, 
traditional burial, mounds and 

4139
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:55,200
family plots. 
Relocating the dead from their 

4140
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:57,400
own lands to communal Christians
base. 

4141
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:00,500
This transition was painful for 
many families. 

4142
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:05,000
The old practice is of provided 
Comfort through their implicit 

4143
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:08,000
promise that loved ones. 
Continue to existing in 

4144
03:47:08,000 --> 03:47:11,300
recognizable form. 
The elaborate preparations 

4145
03:47:11,300 --> 03:47:15,800
provisioning, the grave with 
food, tools and treasures, gave 

4146
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:19,200
mourners concrete actions, to 
perform ways to demonstrate 

4147
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:21,300
continuing care for the 
deceased. 

4148
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:27,400
Christian burial seemed Stark by
comparison stripping away, these

4149
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:30,500
comforting rituals and leaving 
only prayers and faith in an 

4150
03:47:30,500 --> 03:47:32,800
invisible afterlife. 
Yet. 

4151
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:35,800
Christianity offered its own 
consolations that gradually 

4152
03:47:35,800 --> 03:47:39,800
became meaningful to converts. 
The promise of eventual 

4153
03:47:39,800 --> 03:47:43,100
Resurrection provided hope that 
relationships severed by death 

4154
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:47,000
would be restored. 
The idea that social hierarchies

4155
03:47:47,000 --> 03:47:49,800
didn't persist into the 
Afterlife, meant that even 

4156
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:52,800
slaves and poor Farmers could 
hope for a better existence 

4157
03:47:52,800 --> 03:47:56,400
after death. 
The regular prayers for the dead

4158
03:47:56,400 --> 03:47:58,500
maintained. 
A connection between living and 

4159
03:47:58,500 --> 03:48:01,500
deceased that paralleled older 
practices of remembering 

4160
03:48:01,500 --> 03:48:04,700
ancestors. 
Gradually hybrid practices 

4161
03:48:04,700 --> 03:48:08,800
emerged that satisfied, both 
Christian requirements and Norse

4162
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:12,600
emotional needs. people might 
bury their dead in church, 

4163
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:15,900
graveyards according to 
Christian rights while still 

4164
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:19,500
leaving small offerings at the 
graves Technically a Christian 

4165
03:48:19,500 --> 03:48:21,600
practice but flavored with older
habits. 

4166
03:48:22,500 --> 03:48:25,300
They might have masses said for 
the deceased while also telling 

4167
03:48:25,300 --> 03:48:28,700
stories about their ancestors in
ways that kept them present in 

4168
03:48:28,700 --> 03:48:31,200
communal. 
Memory blending Christian into 

4169
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:34,900
session with Norse ancestor 
veneration. the physical 

4170
03:48:34,900 --> 03:48:38,900
landscape of ritual, also 
transformed Pre-christian, 

4171
03:48:38,900 --> 03:48:44,200
sacred sites Grove's Springs. 
Stone circles mountain peaks, 

4172
03:48:44,200 --> 03:48:47,100
either were christianized 
through the addition of crosses 

4173
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:50,500
and small chapels or became 
forbidden, places associated 

4174
03:48:50,500 --> 03:48:55,200
with demons and trolls. 
Churches rose on former sacred 

4175
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:57,600
sites. 
Sometimes deliberately claiming 

4176
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:01,600
these spaces for Christianity 
other times, simply because 

4177
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:04,700
these locations are always been 
Community gathering places, 

4178
03:49:04,700 --> 03:49:06,800
regardless of religious 
significance. 

4179
03:49:07,500 --> 03:49:10,500
The architecture of early North 
churches, reflected cultural 

4180
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:13,100
synthesis. 
Built using traditional 

4181
03:49:13,100 --> 03:49:16,600
Scandinavian woodworking 
techniques Often by the same. 

4182
03:49:16,600 --> 03:49:18,900
Craftsmen who built longhouses 
and ships? 

4183
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:21,900
These stave churches 
Incorporated, Christian 

4184
03:49:21,900 --> 03:49:25,900
architectural, elements like 
cruciform layouts and Western 

4185
03:49:25,900 --> 03:49:29,300
facing entrances while 
maintaining distinctively Norse 

4186
03:49:29,300 --> 03:49:33,100
aesthetic character. 
Their carved portals included 

4187
03:49:33,100 --> 03:49:36,100
both Christian symbols and 
traditional interlace patterns 

4188
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:39,200
dragons. 
That might be demonic or might 

4189
03:49:39,200 --> 03:49:42,000
Simply Be familiar. 
Decorative Motif stripped of 

4190
03:49:42,008 --> 03:49:44,900
their original meaning. 
The smell in side. 

4191
03:49:44,900 --> 03:49:47,300
These new churches. 
Mixed imported and local 

4192
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:50,400
elements. 
Incense and candle wax from 

4193
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:54,500
Christian liturgy fresh Timber 
from Norse building Traditions, 

4194
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:57,100
wool and leather from 
congruentsss clothing. 

4195
03:49:57,100 --> 03:50:01,700
And the earthy smell of dirt 
floors, The sound shifted to 

4196
03:50:01,700 --> 03:50:06,700
Latin chanting replaced Old 
Norse poetry church bells marked

4197
03:50:06,700 --> 03:50:10,900
time in stead of natural rhythms
and horns. but underneath these 

4198
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,600
new sounds familiar voices, 
speaking Norse discussed 

4199
03:50:14,600 --> 03:50:17,200
Community Affairs in the same 
building where they prayed in 

4200
03:50:17,200 --> 03:50:20,900
Latin What emerged was a 
distinctively Norse 

4201
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:24,300
Christianity, neither identical 
to Continental, European 

4202
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:27,900
practice, nor simply paganism 
with a Christian veneer. 

4203
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:32,900
It was something genuinely new 
created by communities adapting 

4204
03:50:32,900 --> 03:50:36,300
to changing circumstances while 
maintaining continuity with 

4205
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:39,400
their past. 
The transformation was neither 

4206
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:42,900
simple replacement or pure 
synthesis but a complex 

4207
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:47,300
negotiation between competing 
values, practical accommodations

4208
03:50:47,300 --> 03:50:50,700
and genuine changes in belief 
that occurred over multiple 

4209
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:54,300
Generations. even as 
Christianity became dominant 

4210
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:58,500
across, Scandinavia, Pockets of 
pagan practice persisted for 

4211
03:50:58,500 --> 03:51:01,000
centuries. 
In remote areas where Royal 

4212
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:05,000
Authority was weak missionary, 
presents limited and traditional

4213
03:51:05,000 --> 03:51:10,000
ways, deeply rooted in landscape
and Community memory. picture a 

4214
03:51:10,000 --> 03:51:14,300
small farming Valley in Inland 
Norway or Sweden around 1100, 

4215
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:19,200
several Generations After 
official conversion The nearest 

4216
03:51:19,200 --> 03:51:21,200
church is half a day's Journey 
away. 

4217
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:25,900
Priest visits irregularly and 
daily life remained by 

4218
03:51:25,900 --> 03:51:29,800
agricultural cycles and weather 
patterns that can nothing for 

4219
03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:31,400
Christian. 
Liturgical calendars. 

4220
03:51:32,300 --> 03:51:35,500
Here people might dutifully 
attend Easter and Christmas 

4221
03:51:35,500 --> 03:51:39,400
services when possible, but they
also maintain older practices 

4222
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:41,900
that their families have 
performed for longer than anyone

4223
03:51:41,900 --> 03:51:44,700
can remember. 
These last pagans were 

4224
03:51:44,700 --> 03:51:48,000
necessarily defined Rebels, 
making conscious theological 

4225
03:51:48,000 --> 03:51:51,200
choices, often. 
They were simply rural people 

4226
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:54,500
maintaining Traditions that 
worked that connected them to 

4227
03:51:54,500 --> 03:51:58,200
place ancestors, and that 
provided meaning, and structure 

4228
03:51:58,200 --> 03:52:01,300
to lives, far from Power 
centers, where religious 

4229
03:52:01,300 --> 03:52:05,700
uniformity was being enforced. 
They sacrificed to land Spirits,

4230
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:09,100
not because they rejected 
Christianity, but because their 

4231
03:52:09,100 --> 03:52:12,800
grandfather's grandfather had 
done so and the crops seemed to 

4232
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:16,100
grow better when you honored the
beings who inhabited the fields 

4233
03:52:16,900 --> 03:52:19,700
The Sami people of Northern 
Scandinavia, maintain their 

4234
03:52:19,700 --> 03:52:23,500
indigenous spiritual practices. 
Longest partly because their 

4235
03:52:23,500 --> 03:52:27,600
lifestyle is reindeer, herders, 
kept the mobile and difficult to

4236
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:31,300
systematically convert and 
partly because their beliefs 

4237
03:52:31,300 --> 03:52:34,100
were so thoroughly integrated 
with their relationship to the 

4238
03:52:34,100 --> 03:52:36,200
land. 
That changing religion would 

4239
03:52:36,200 --> 03:52:40,200
have required changing their 
entire way of life, Christian 

4240
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:42,500
missionaries working among the 
Sami discovered that 

4241
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,500
conventional Evangelical 
approaches designed for settled 

4242
03:52:45,500 --> 03:52:48,100
agricultural. 
Communities simply didn't work 

4243
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:51,000
with people whose spirituality 
was Inseparable from their 

4244
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:54,800
nomadic patterns, an intimate 
knowledge of Arctic Wilderness 

4245
03:52:54,800 --> 03:52:57,300
in Iceland. 
The situation was particularly 

4246
03:52:57,300 --> 03:53:00,600
interesting because the 
compromise conversion of 1,000 

4247
03:53:00,600 --> 03:53:03,900
CE had explicitly allowed 
private Pagan practice to 

4248
03:53:03,900 --> 03:53:07,600
continue. this created a 
Century's long period where 

4249
03:53:07,600 --> 03:53:11,200
people publicly conformed to 
Christianity while privately 

4250
03:53:11,200 --> 03:53:14,200
maintaining older Traditions 
creating a cultural 

4251
03:53:14,200 --> 03:53:17,300
schizophrenia that was probably 
psychologically uncomfortable, 

4252
03:53:17,300 --> 03:53:22,100
but practically manageable 
Icelandic sargas written. 

4253
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:25,800
During this period, reflect this
tension portraying pre-christian

4254
03:53:25,800 --> 03:53:28,400
ancestors with admiration. 
While acknowledging 

4255
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:32,100
Christianity's. 
Truth trying to honor the past 

4256
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:34,100
without endorsing its religious 
framework. 

4257
03:53:35,400 --> 03:53:38,900
The last explicitly Pagan 
temples were probably destroyed 

4258
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:42,300
by the late 11th century, but 
informal, sacred sites. 

4259
03:53:42,300 --> 03:53:46,300
Persisted much longer. 
Certain Grove Springs and 

4260
03:53:46,300 --> 03:53:48,900
mountains retained their holy 
character in local 

4261
03:53:48,900 --> 03:53:51,000
Consciousness. 
Even after Christianity, 

4262
03:53:51,000 --> 03:53:54,300
officially claimed them. 
People might cross themselves 

4263
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:57,500
before approaching these places.
While also leaving small 

4264
03:53:57,500 --> 03:54:00,200
offerings, combining Christian 
protection. 

4265
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:02,700
With older practices of 
propitiating. 

4266
03:54:02,700 --> 03:54:05,500
Local Powers. 
It was spiritual insurance 

4267
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:07,700
covering all bases. 
Just in case. 

4268
03:54:08,500 --> 03:54:10,700
Folk magic and Superstition 
preserved. 

4269
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:13,400
Fragments of pagan belief 
informs, that were technically 

4270
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:17,400
compatible with Christianity. if
you squinted and didn't examine 

4271
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:21,400
them too closely, The Golder 
chanting used in Norse. 

4272
03:54:21,400 --> 03:54:25,300
Magic simply became folk healing
charms, that invoked Christian 

4273
03:54:25,300 --> 03:54:29,700
Saints in stead of pagan gods. 
The runes lost their Divine 

4274
03:54:29,700 --> 03:54:32,200
association's. 
But retained their use in 

4275
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:34,200
protective amulets and folk 
remedies. 

4276
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:38,400
The belief in Hidden people and 
land vetere was reframed as 

4277
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:40,100
Superstition rather than 
religion. 

4278
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:44,600
Allowing it to persist as 
colorful folklore rather than a 

4279
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:47,000
condemned. 
Practice women, particularly 

4280
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:49,500
older women. 
In rural areas became the 

4281
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:53,200
primary keepers of these 
Borderland traditions Their 

4282
03:54:53,200 --> 03:54:56,500
knowledge of healing herbs. 
Midwifery weather prediction and

4283
03:54:56,500 --> 03:55:00,200
fake magic often retained 
connections to pre-christian 

4284
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:03,200
practices, even after 
generations of Christianity. 

4285
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,300
They weren't necessarily 
consciously preserving paganism,

4286
03:55:07,300 --> 03:55:11,100
but their practical knowledge 
came packaged with ritual 

4287
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:15,100
elements and spiritual 
understandings that had roots in

4288
03:55:15,100 --> 03:55:18,500
older World Views. 
The church's response to these 

4289
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:22,000
persistent Pagan elements, 
oscillated between violence, 

4290
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:24,600
oppression and pragmatic, 
accommodation. 

4291
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:29,500
During periodic reform movements
authorities would crack down on 

4292
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:32,800
folk practices, threatening 
severe, penalties, for anyone 

4293
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:36,500
caught, making offerings to 
stones or trees, performing, 

4294
03:55:36,500 --> 03:55:39,600
Pagan flavored magic or 
Consulting Sears. 

4295
03:55:40,800 --> 03:55:43,500
Other times the church, 
essentially looked the other way

4296
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:47,000
recognizing that rural 
population would maintain 

4297
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:51,200
certain Traditions regardless of
official policy and deciding 

4298
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:54,200
that nominal Christianity. 
With focal elements was better 

4299
03:55:54,200 --> 03:55:56,100
than driving people into open 
Rebellion. 

4300
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:01,000
Some clergy even participated in
this accommodation learning to 

4301
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:04,100
distinguish between practices. 
They considered genuinely 

4302
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:07,100
dangerous to souls and harmless 
Customs. 

4303
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,100
That could be tolerated or even 
christianized through 

4304
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:13,700
reinterpretation. 
A rural priest might privately 

4305
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:17,300
disapprove of his parishioners 
leaving milk offerings at fairy 

4306
03:56:17,300 --> 03:56:20,700
Mounds, while publicly focusing 
his preaching on more pressing 

4307
03:56:20,700 --> 03:56:23,000
moral issues like violence and 
Theft. 

4308
03:56:23,900 --> 03:56:27,200
The memory of the old ways was 
also preserved through the skull

4309
03:56:27,200 --> 03:56:30,700
dick tradition, which continued 
for centuries after conversion. 

4310
03:56:31,600 --> 03:56:35,300
Schools needed to understand 
traditional mythology to compose

4311
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:39,600
proper verse. so they maintain 
detailed knowledge of pagan 

4312
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:43,600
beliefs and stories, even while 
personally being Christian, This

4313
03:56:43,600 --> 03:56:46,600
created an interesting 
situation, where the most 

4314
03:56:46,608 --> 03:56:50,100
sophisticated, preservers of 
Norse mythology, were often 

4315
03:56:50,100 --> 03:56:53,700
monks and Priests who recorded 
these stories as literary 

4316
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:55,600
Heritage rather than living 
religion. 

4317
03:56:57,200 --> 03:57:00,200
The Saga tradition performed. 
Similar preservative work. 

4318
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:03,400
Saga. 
Writers working mostly in 

4319
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:06,700
Iceland during the 13th and 14th
Centuries with thoroughly 

4320
03:57:06,700 --> 03:57:10,300
Christian but wrote extensively 
about their Pagan ancestors with

4321
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:13,600
sympathy and admiration. 
They portrayed these early 

4322
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:18,000
icelanders as Noble, honorable 
people who simply hadn't yet 

4323
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:21,200
received. 
Christian Revelation the sargas 

4324
03:57:21,200 --> 03:57:24,200
became a way of honoring 
ancestral culture while 

4325
03:57:24,200 --> 03:57:26,000
maintaining proper Christian 
identity. 

4326
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:30,000
You could admire your Pagan 
great, great, grandfather's, 

4327
03:57:30,000 --> 03:57:33,600
courage, and cleverness without 
endorsing his religious beliefs.

4328
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:38,300
This selective remembering 
created a romanticized vision of

4329
03:57:38,300 --> 03:57:42,100
the Pagan past that probably 
bore only, partial resemblance, 

4330
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:46,700
to historical reality. 
The sargas emphasized heroic 

4331
03:57:46,700 --> 03:57:49,900
values. 
Dramatic conflicts and colorful 

4332
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:52,100
personalities. 
While downplaying, the more 

4333
03:57:52,100 --> 03:57:55,700
mundane aspects of Norse 
paganism They preserved memory 

4334
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:58,600
of the old gods, primarily as 
characters in entertaining 

4335
03:57:58,600 --> 03:58:02,300
stories rather than as deities, 
who'd actually been worshiped. 

4336
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:06,300
Was like remembering Greek 
mythology, culturally important 

4337
03:58:06,300 --> 03:58:10,300
aesthetically valued but no 
longer religiously believed. 

4338
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,400
By the 14th century. 
Explicitly Pagan practice had 

4339
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:17,400
essentially disappeared from 
Scandinavia though. 

4340
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:20,400
The process had taken centuries 
longer than official conversion 

4341
03:58:20,400 --> 03:58:24,300
dates suggested. what remained 
were cultural habits 

4342
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:28,600
storytelling Traditions place 
names that referenced old gods 

4343
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:33,000
and a Landscapes, still marked 
by ancient sacred sites, even if

4344
03:58:33,000 --> 03:58:35,600
there are original meaning had 
been forgotten or transformed, 

4345
03:58:36,800 --> 03:58:39,800
The last person in Scandinavia 
to genuinely worship. 

4346
03:58:39,800 --> 03:58:43,000
Odin or Thor, probably died 
sometime in the late Middle, 

4347
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:47,200
Ages in some remote location 
without anyone recording the 

4348
03:58:47,200 --> 03:58:51,300
moment or recognizing its 
historical significance, It was 

4349
03:58:51,308 --> 03:58:54,900
an undramatic ending to a 
religious tradition that had 

4350
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:56,700
sustained Norse people's for 
millennia. 

4351
03:58:57,400 --> 03:58:59,500
Not a violent suppression or 
dramatic. 

4352
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:02,900
Final Stand. 
But simply the quiet death of 

4353
03:59:02,900 --> 03:59:06,700
the last practitioner in a world
where everyone else had moved 

4354
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:10,000
on. 
Yet in another sense, Norse 

4355
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:14,500
paganism, never entirely died. 
It survived in folk Customs 

4356
03:59:14,500 --> 03:59:17,300
whose Origins were forgotten in 
stories. 

4357
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:21,600
Parents told children on winter 
nights in the names of weekdays 

4358
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:24,900
that still on a Thor and Freya 
and in the landscape itself 

4359
03:59:24,900 --> 03:59:28,900
where every feature seemed to 
carry memory of older meanings 

4360
03:59:30,400 --> 03:59:33,600
the old ways didn't disappear so
much as they dissolved into the 

4361
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:37,300
cultural substrate. 
Becoming part of how norstein 

4362
03:59:37,300 --> 03:59:40,000
did people understood themselves
even after their religious 

4363
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:42,000
framework had completely 
changed. 

4364
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:45,800
As you settled deeper into your 
blanket and the night grows 

4365
03:59:45,800 --> 03:59:49,300
quieter around you, let's 
explore how this ancient 

4366
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:53,100
religious transformation 
continues to echo through Modern

4367
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:56,700
life in ways you probably never 
notice unless someone points 

4368
03:59:56,700 --> 03:59:59,900
them out. 
Every Thursday, you honor Thor, 

4369
03:59:59,900 --> 04:00:02,600
every Friday, Freya, gets her 
due. 

4370
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:05,700
These weekday names are fossils.
From a time. 

4371
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:08,800
When these deer teas were 
actively worshiped preserved in 

4372
04:00:08,800 --> 04:00:11,800
language long after their 
religious significance, vanished

4373
04:00:12,500 --> 04:00:15,600
it's one of History's Pleasant 
ironies that the most secular 

4374
04:00:15,600 --> 04:00:18,700
Act, King your calendar to see 
what day it is. 

4375
04:00:18,700 --> 04:00:22,500
Perpetually honors gods that 
Christians spent centuries 

4376
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:26,000
trying to eliminate from memory.
The Christmas tree in your 

4377
04:00:26,008 --> 04:00:28,500
living room. 
If you have one has roots that 

4378
04:00:28,500 --> 04:00:31,300
stretch back to pre-christian, 
Nordic traditions of bringing 

4379
04:00:31,300 --> 04:00:35,100
Evergreen boughs indoors, during
midwinter a way of celebrating 

4380
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,000
life's persistence through the 
darkest season. 

4381
04:00:39,200 --> 04:00:42,200
The custom survived 
christianization by being 

4382
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:46,200
reinterpreted as a symbol of 
Crisis, eternal life, but its 

4383
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:48,900
Origins lie. 
In older practices of honoring 

4384
04:00:48,900 --> 04:00:53,200
Nature's resilience Your holiday
decorations, connect you to 

4385
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:57,600
ancestors who stood and Frozen 
forests and Marvel that some 

4386
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:01,200
trees remained green even when 
everything else seemed dead. 

4387
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:05,000
The literary Legacy of this 
conversion is extraordinary. 

4388
04:01:06,000 --> 04:01:09,800
Preservation of Norse mythology 
through Christian, scribes means

4389
04:01:09,800 --> 04:01:12,900
we know more about Norse 
religion than we do about most 

4390
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:15,500
other pre-christian, European 
belief systems. 

4391
04:01:16,200 --> 04:01:20,100
If medieval monks have written 
down the editors and sagas we'd 

4392
04:01:20,100 --> 04:01:23,200
have only fragmentary 
archaeological evidence and 

4393
04:01:23,200 --> 04:01:26,200
would need to reconstruct Norse,
beliefs through guests, work and

4394
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:28,900
comparison with other Germanic 
traditions. 

4395
04:01:29,700 --> 04:01:33,600
The irony is delicious 
Christianity's, Triumph ensured 

4396
04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:36,100
the survival of detailed 
knowledge about the religion. 

4397
04:01:36,100 --> 04:01:40,000
It replaced this preserved 
mythology has had an outsized 

4398
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:44,200
influence on Modern fantasy 
literature film, and popular 

4399
04:01:44,200 --> 04:01:48,800
culture Every time you encounter
elves, dwarves, trolls or 

4400
04:01:48,808 --> 04:01:52,800
dragons in fantasy fiction, your
experiencing Concepts that were 

4401
04:01:52,800 --> 04:01:56,100
filtered through Norse tradition
and preserved by Christian 

4402
04:01:56,100 --> 04:01:58,600
scribes. 
J, R. 

4403
04:01:58,600 --> 04:02:02,100
R Tolkien Drew heavily on Norse 
mythology for Middle-earth 

4404
04:02:02,700 --> 04:02:06,500
Creating a fantasy world that 
was essentially a love letter to

4405
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:09,600
the literature produced during 
Christianity's absorption of 

4406
04:02:09,600 --> 04:02:13,900
Norse culture. 
The Lord of the Rings exists 

4407
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:16,900
because snores in decided to 
write down the myths. 

4408
04:02:16,900 --> 04:02:20,400
He'd learned centuries earlier. 
Modern Navy. 

4409
04:02:20,400 --> 04:02:24,000
And identity, still draws 
heavily on Norse Heritage even 

4410
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:26,400
in Nations that have been 
Christian for a millennium, 

4411
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:30,700
Norway's Constitution invoke his
historical continuity with 

4412
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:34,400
Viking age kingdoms. 
Iceland sense of cultural 

4413
04:02:34,400 --> 04:02:38,700
distinctiveness emphasizes Saga 
literature and the preserved Old

4414
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:42,500
Norse language. 
Sweden's tourism industry. 

4415
04:02:42,500 --> 04:02:45,400
Sells Viking experience 
alongside Lutheran Churches. 

4416
04:02:46,200 --> 04:02:49,400
This isn't a contradiction. 
It's the long-term result of 

4417
04:02:49,408 --> 04:02:53,100
that medieval synthesis where 
Christian faith and Norse 

4418
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,300
cultural identity. 
Learn to co-exist in the same 

4419
04:02:56,300 --> 04:02:59,400
communities. 
The physical landscape of 

4420
04:02:59,400 --> 04:03:03,000
Scandinavia still Bears marks of
this religious transformation? 

4421
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:07,200
Stave churches that combine 
Norwood working Traditions with 

4422
04:03:07,200 --> 04:03:10,400
Christian architecture.the 
Norwegian Countryside. 

4423
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:13,400
Their dragon headed roof 
ornaments, and interlace 

4424
04:03:13,400 --> 04:03:16,800
carvings creating visual Bridges
between the Pagan past, and 

4425
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:20,600
Christian present. 
Rune stones, that mixed 

4426
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:23,100
Christian crosses with 
traditional North, artistic 

4427
04:03:23,100 --> 04:03:27,600
motifs, stand in fields, and 
along roadsides permanent 

4428
04:03:27,600 --> 04:03:29,400
records of that transitional 
period. 

4429
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:31,800
When people were figuring out 
how to be both Christian and 

4430
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:34,600
Norse. 
Place names across Scandinavia 

4431
04:03:34,600 --> 04:03:38,100
preserved memory of pagan, 
sacred sites and mythological 

4432
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,900
associations towns and features 
named for Thor. 

4433
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:44,800
Odin and freyja are as common in
Sweden. 

4434
04:03:44,800 --> 04:03:48,500
Norway and Denmark, as towns 
named for Saints. 

4435
04:03:49,300 --> 04:03:53,300
Every map is a limp CEST where 
Christian geography overlays but

4436
04:03:53,300 --> 04:03:55,700
doesn't completely erase 
earlier, religious meanings. 

4437
04:03:56,900 --> 04:04:00,700
When modern Scandinavians give 
directions or discuss locations,

4438
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:04,400
they're constantly invoking a 
landscape that was sacred long 

4439
04:04:04,400 --> 04:04:08,200
before Christianity arrived. 
The folk Traditions that 

4440
04:04:08,200 --> 04:04:12,100
survived christianization have 
become valued cultural heritage 

4441
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:14,500
rather than embarrassing Pagan 
residue. 

4442
04:04:15,100 --> 04:04:19,100
Midsummer celebrations across 
Scandinavia ostensibly Christian

4443
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:23,000
festivals of Saint John's Eve. 
Retained Pagan elements in their

4444
04:04:23,000 --> 04:04:27,200
emphasis on fertility, seasonal,
transition and connection to 

4445
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:32,000
Nature's rhythms, The Christmas 
goat of Scandinavian tradition, 

4446
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:36,200
which seems random to outside, 
his connects to pre-christian 

4447
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:39,800
Winter celebrations. 
These Customs are now treasured 

4448
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:42,800
as authentic cultural 
expressions rather than 

4449
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:47,400
condemned as Pagan survivals. 
The modern Revival of Norse 

4450
04:04:47,400 --> 04:04:49,800
paganism. 
Various forms of heathenry or 

4451
04:04:49,808 --> 04:04:52,500
assert true. 
Represents an interesting twist 

4452
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:56,200
in the story, contemporary 
pagans attempt to reconstruct, 

4453
04:04:56,200 --> 04:04:59,300
Norse religious practice, but 
there were working primarily 

4454
04:04:59,300 --> 04:05:02,500
from sources written by 
Christians, preserve through 

4455
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:06,200
Christian institutions and 
interpreted through centuries of

4456
04:05:06,200 --> 04:05:09,300
Christian cultural influence. 
They're trying to recover 

4457
04:05:09,300 --> 04:05:11,400
something that was already 
transformed. 

4458
04:05:11,400 --> 04:05:15,500
By the time, it was recorded 
It's like trying to restore a 

4459
04:05:15,500 --> 04:05:17,900
painting when all you have a 
descriptions written by people 

4460
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:20,800
who disagreed with the original 
artist's vision. 

4461
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:24,900
This Modern Norse paganism is 
simultaneously, a return to 

4462
04:05:24,908 --> 04:05:28,700
pre-christian, religion, and a 
completely new creation because 

4463
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:31,200
you can't actually step into the
same river twice. 

4464
04:05:32,100 --> 04:05:34,800
The Contemporary people 
attempting to worship Odin and 

4465
04:05:34,800 --> 04:05:37,800
Thor live in a world shaped by 
centuries of Christianity, 

4466
04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:43,400
scientific rationalism and 
modern values. their paganism is

4467
04:05:43,400 --> 04:05:46,400
necessarily different from what 
their ancestors practiced, 

4468
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:49,600
filtered, through all the 
intervening history that makes 

4469
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:53,500
direct reconstruction 
impossible, The academic study 

4470
04:05:53,500 --> 04:05:57,400
of Norse mythology and Viking 
age culture has exploded in 

4471
04:05:57,400 --> 04:06:01,700
recent decades partly driven by 
popular interest partly by 

4472
04:06:01,700 --> 04:06:04,700
improved archaeological 
techniques and partly by 

4473
04:06:04,700 --> 04:06:07,500
recognition that Norse 
contributions to European 

4474
04:06:07,500 --> 04:06:09,500
culture deserve serious 
attention. 

4475
04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:13,300
Universe is offer courses on Old
Norse. 

4476
04:06:13,300 --> 04:06:16,900
Literature museums Mount. 
Exhibitions on Viking Age, 

4477
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:20,700
religion and Scholars published 
details studies of conversion 

4478
04:06:20,700 --> 04:06:23,900
processes. 
The medieval Christians who 

4479
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:26,100
preserved these myths, while 
trying to replace them. 

4480
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:30,500
Inadvertently created materials 
for a thriving modern field of 

4481
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:34,200
historical study. 
Popular cultures endless 

4482
04:06:34,200 --> 04:06:38,100
fascination with Vikings ensures
that Norse mythology, remains 

4483
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:40,800
commercially viable and 
culturally relevant. 

4484
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:45,600
Marvel's Thor films introduced 
Norse gods to Global audiences. 

4485
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:48,700
Who've never heard of the 
editors video games. 

4486
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:52,200
Let players explore Viking age 
worlds, with varying degrees of 

4487
04:06:52,200 --> 04:06:56,100
historical accuracy. 
Television series dramatized 

4488
04:06:56,100 --> 04:07:00,600
Norse, religion and Society for 
entertainment value. this pop 

4489
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:04,300
culture engagement is often 
historically dubious but it 

4490
04:07:04,300 --> 04:07:08,500
keeps Norse mythology alive in 
contemporary imagination in ways

4491
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:12,300
that purely academic 
preservation never could the 

4492
04:07:12,300 --> 04:07:15,900
conversion of Navy also provides
historical lessons about how 

4493
04:07:15,900 --> 04:07:19,200
religious change actually 
happens, which is rarely through

4494
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:22,300
the dramatic confrontations or 
sudden Revelations that make 

4495
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,800
good stories. 
Real conversion is Missy and 

4496
04:07:25,800 --> 04:07:30,000
gradual and involves generations
of people maintaining seemingly 

4497
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:33,500
contradictory beliefs while 
slowly shifting toward new 

4498
04:07:33,500 --> 04:07:36,700
Frameworks. 
It's not Conquest, but 

4499
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:41,700
negotiation, not replacement but
transformation, not either all, 

4500
04:07:41,700 --> 04:07:45,300
but both and until eventually 
the both becomes just an and the

4501
04:07:45,300 --> 04:07:50,500
and becomes invisible. 
This process offers insights for

4502
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:53,100
understanding contemporary 
religious change, and cultural 

4503
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:57,100
transformation. when you see 
modern societies grappling with 

4504
04:07:57,100 --> 04:08:01,200
secularization immigration or 
other forces that challenge 

4505
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:04,100
traditional religious 
Frameworks, you're watching 

4506
04:08:04,108 --> 04:08:06,600
patterns similar to those that 
played out in medieval, 

4507
04:08:06,600 --> 04:08:10,800
Scandinavia the specifics 
differ, but the underlying 

4508
04:08:10,800 --> 04:08:15,000
Dynamics help people balance 
inherited identity with new 

4509
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:20,000
influences, how institutions 
adapt to maintain relevance how 

4510
04:08:20,000 --> 04:08:23,200
meaning making systems of evolve
while claiming continuity. 

4511
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:28,600
These patterns, repeat across 
different contexts, The Norse 

4512
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:31,500
experience also demonstrates 
that cultural loss and cultural 

4513
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:34,800
survival aren't simple as its 
yes. 

4514
04:08:34,800 --> 04:08:37,100
Norse. 
Paganism as a living religious 

4515
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:39,000
traditional, essentially 
disappeared. 

4516
04:08:39,900 --> 04:08:44,200
But Norse culture mythology 
values and identity survived in 

4517
04:08:44,208 --> 04:08:46,800
transformed versions that remain
vital to today. 

4518
04:08:46,800 --> 04:08:51,200
The conversion was 
simultaneously an ending and a 

4519
04:08:51,200 --> 04:08:57,200
continuation, a loss, and again,
a death, and a metamorphosis. 

4520
04:08:58,700 --> 04:09:01,700
Trying to classify it as purely 
positive or negative. 

4521
04:09:01,700 --> 04:09:05,600
Misses the complexity of how 
human cultures actually evolved.

4522
04:09:06,300 --> 04:09:09,000
As our journey through this 
religious transformation, draws 

4523
04:09:09,000 --> 04:09:12,400
to a close. 
Imagine standing once more on 

4524
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:17,400
that Rocky, Northern Shore. 
But now in our own time, The are

4525
04:09:17,400 --> 04:09:21,400
still smells of salt and pine 
but now church bells mix with 

4526
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:25,400
those Eternal rhythms. 
The landscape that once held 

4527
04:09:25,400 --> 04:09:29,500
only Pagan sacred sites, now 
contains churches but those 

4528
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:31,900
churches often stand where the 
sacred sites. 

4529
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:35,900
Once stood occupying space, that
was wholly long before 

4530
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:39,400
Christianity arrived. 
The northern lights flicker 

4531
04:09:39,400 --> 04:09:41,900
overhead. 
The same Aurora that your 

4532
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:44,500
distant ancestors saw and 
interpreted through their own 

4533
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:47,800
religious Frameworks. 
They might have seen by Frost 

4534
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:51,200
the Rainbow Bridge to Asgard all
the valkyrie's. 

4535
04:09:51,200 --> 04:09:53,600
Riding through the sky 
Gathering, the heroic dead. 

4536
04:09:54,800 --> 04:09:57,500
Later generations, saw them as 
natural phenomena. 

4537
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,600
Beautiful, but devoid of 
religious meaning explained by 

4538
04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:06,300
science rather than myth. 
Yet the lights themselves were 

4539
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:09,400
made unchanged. 
It's only human interpretation 

4540
04:10:09,400 --> 04:10:12,600
that shifts. 
This continuity of landscape 

4541
04:10:12,600 --> 04:10:15,200
combined, with transformation of
meaning capture something 

4542
04:10:15,200 --> 04:10:18,600
essential about the conversion. 
We've been exploring The 

4543
04:10:18,600 --> 04:10:22,900
physical world remained the 
same, the sky, see forests and 

4544
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:26,500
mountains that witnessed Pagan 
rituals also witnessed Christian

4545
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,800
prayers. 
What changed was the language 

4546
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:32,500
people used to describe their 
relationship with this world. 

4547
04:10:32,500 --> 04:10:36,600
The stories they told to explain
their place in it and the 

4548
04:10:36,600 --> 04:10:39,400
rituals they performed to 
connect with powers Beyond 

4549
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:42,400
themselves. 
The conversion of Scandinavia 

4550
04:10:42,400 --> 04:10:46,200
wasn't unique Christianity, 
spread across most of Europe, 

4551
04:10:46,200 --> 04:10:50,400
through similar processes of 
negotiation adaptation and 

4552
04:10:50,400 --> 04:10:55,000
gradual transformational But the
Norse experience is particularly

4553
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:58,200
well documented, because 
literacy arrived in Scandinavia,

4554
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:00,600
roughly simultaneously with 
Christianity. 

4555
04:11:00,600 --> 04:11:03,500
Meaning we have unusually 
detailed records of the 

4556
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:05,300
transition from people who live 
through it. 

4557
04:11:06,500 --> 04:11:09,700
The icelanders in particular, 
had reasons to preserve detail 

4558
04:11:09,700 --> 04:11:13,200
accounts of their past because 
their society was so thoroughly 

4559
04:11:13,200 --> 04:11:16,600
organized around memory 
genealogy and historical 

4560
04:11:16,600 --> 04:11:19,800
precedent. 
What makes this story worth 

4561
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:22,400
pondering? 
As you drift towards sleep, is 

4562
04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:25,500
its reminders that all the 
things we consider permanent and

4563
04:11:25,500 --> 04:11:28,900
unchangeable who wants new and 
contested. 

4564
04:11:29,900 --> 04:11:33,200
Christianity, which now seems to
many Europeans. 

4565
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:36,500
Like an eternal part of their 
cultural heritage was once 

4566
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:40,100
foreign and strange. 
The Norse paganism that seems 

4567
04:11:40,100 --> 04:11:44,500
exotic and distant to us, was 
once ordinary daily practice as 

4568
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:47,400
normal and unremarkable is 
checking your phone is today. 

4569
04:11:48,400 --> 04:11:51,500
This recognition can be 
simultaneously unsettling and 

4570
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:55,700
liberating unsettling because it
suggests that our own certainty 

4571
04:11:55,700 --> 04:12:00,000
might someday seem as quaint and
outdated as beliefs about Odin 

4572
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:01,900
and Thor now appear to most 
people. 

4573
04:12:02,800 --> 04:12:05,300
Liberating because it 
demonstrates that humans have 

4574
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:09,000
always navigated religious and 
cultural change have always 

4575
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,200
found ways to honor their past 
while adapting to their present 

4576
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:14,700
and have always created. 
Meaning in whatever 

4577
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:18,400
circumstances they found 
themselves the people who live 

4578
04:12:18,400 --> 04:12:21,100
through Scandinavia is 
christianization once so 

4579
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:23,600
different from us. 
They worried about their 

4580
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:26,400
children's Futures. 
Try to honor their parents 

4581
04:12:26,400 --> 04:12:30,100
memories sought meaning in their
daily work and attempted to 

4582
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:32,400
understand forces beyond their 
control. 

4583
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:36,800
They face change, they didn't 
necessarily want or choose but 

4584
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:39,600
had to accommodate. 
They tried to preserve what 

4585
04:12:39,600 --> 04:12:42,700
seemed valuable from their 
Heritage while adopting what 

4586
04:12:42,700 --> 04:12:44,400
seemed useful from new 
influences. 

4587
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:49,000
Some of them resisted change 
stubbornly, clinging to old ways

4588
04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:52,000
until they died. 
Others embraced Christianity 

4589
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:56,100
enthusiastically perhaps too. 
Eager to abandon Traditions, 

4590
04:12:56,100 --> 04:13:00,500
their ancestors at valued. 
Most probably fell somewhere in 

4591
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:03,700
between hedging their bets 
keeping what they could of the 

4592
04:13:03,700 --> 04:13:07,400
old while accepting what seemed 
inevitable about the new and 

4593
04:13:07,400 --> 04:13:10,000
creating hybrid practices that 
satisfied. 

4594
04:13:10,000 --> 04:13:13,900
Neither Pagan purists nor 
Christian reformers but worked 

4595
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:17,500
for people living ordinary lives
in extraordinary times. the 

4596
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,300
monks who preserved Norse 
mythology while simultaneously, 

4597
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:24,300
working to replace, it were 
engaged in an act of profound 

4598
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:29,800
cultural generosity whether they
recognize it or not, By writing 

4599
04:13:29,800 --> 04:13:32,900
down stories about God's. 
They didn't believe in, they 

4600
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,100
gave future Generations, the 
gift of knowing their own past 

4601
04:13:36,100 --> 04:13:39,300
with unusual clarity. 
They couldn't have known that 

4602
04:13:39,300 --> 04:13:42,400
their careful transcriptions 
would someday Inspire fantasy. 

4603
04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:46,800
Novels academic, dissertation 
and contemporary pagan, 

4604
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:49,700
reconstructions. 
They were just trying to be 

4605
04:13:49,700 --> 04:13:51,500
thorough scholars in their own 
time. 

4606
04:13:52,300 --> 04:13:55,200
What survived from pre-christian
Scandinavia survived? 

4607
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:58,600
Because someone thought it was 
worth preserving even when that 

4608
04:13:58,600 --> 04:14:01,400
preservation happened through 
institutional structures, 

4609
04:14:01,400 --> 04:14:06,300
dedicated to replaceing the very
beliefs being recorded This 

4610
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,300
Paradox suggests something 
important about how cultural 

4611
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:12,300
memory works. 
We don't preserve the past 

4612
04:14:12,300 --> 04:14:14,500
through isolation and refusal to
change. 

4613
04:14:14,500 --> 04:14:18,500
We preserve it through creative 
transformation, through finding 

4614
04:14:18,500 --> 04:14:21,800
new context for old meanings, 
and through recording, and 

4615
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:25,000
reinterpreting, so that each 
generation can engage with what 

4616
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:28,100
came before in ways that make 
sense for their own 

4617
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:32,100
circumstances. 
The northern lights continue 

4618
04:14:32,100 --> 04:14:34,400
their silent dance, overhead 
caring. 

4619
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:37,300
Nothing about human 
interpretations, changing 

4620
04:14:37,300 --> 04:14:40,600
nothing about their behavior 
regardless of whether Observer C

4621
04:14:40,600 --> 04:14:43,600
by Frost or atmospheric 
electrical phenomena. 

4622
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:48,200
This indifference of the natural
world to human meaning making is

4623
04:14:48,200 --> 04:14:52,000
oddly comforting. beneath all 
our religious Frameworks 

4624
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:56,500
mythological systems and 
competing truth claims the 

4625
04:14:56,500 --> 04:15:02,300
world's simply is Starz Wheeling
overhead Tides advancing and 

4626
04:15:02,300 --> 04:15:06,900
retreating and Seasons cycling 
through their Eternal patterns. 

4627
04:15:07,800 --> 04:15:09,300
Yet. 
We are meaning making creatures 

4628
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:12,700
who cannot simply experience the
world without interpreting it. 

4629
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:17,800
We need stories to explain why 
things are as they are rituals 

4630
04:15:17,800 --> 04:15:21,700
to Mark important Transitions, 
and communities bound together 

4631
04:15:21,700 --> 04:15:26,700
by shared beliefs and practices.
Religion in all its forms 

4632
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:29,200
emerges from these fundamental 
human needs. 

4633
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:32,200
The conversion of Scandinavia 
didn't change. 

4634
04:15:32,200 --> 04:15:35,400
These needs it changed how 
people satisfied them. 

4635
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:38,900
As you drift towards sleep, you 
might find yourself thinking 

4636
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:42,000
about your own religious, or 
spiritual framework, whatever 

4637
04:15:42,000 --> 04:15:44,600
form it takes. 
Where did it come from? 

4638
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:47,500
What earlier? 
Traditions influenced it? 

4639
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:51,200
What Transformations occurred 
between its Origins and its 

4640
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:54,300
current form. 
How might it continue evolving. 

4641
04:15:55,200 --> 04:15:58,900
These aren't questions that 
require answers to night they're

4642
04:15:58,900 --> 04:16:01,600
simply worth pondering. 
Letting them drift through your 

4643
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:04,900
Consciousness like the Northern 
Lights drift across the Arctic 

4644
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:07,700
sky. 
The story of Christianity 

4645
04:16:07,700 --> 04:16:11,500
transforming Norse mythology, 
reminds us that spiritual 

4646
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:13,600
certainty is often 
retrospective. 

4647
04:16:14,500 --> 04:16:16,900
It looks solid and permanent 
only, when we're Looking 

4648
04:16:16,908 --> 04:16:20,600
Backward at it. 
To the people living through it.

4649
04:16:20,600 --> 04:16:26,000
Religious change felt uncertain,
contested an incomplete. 

4650
04:16:26,000 --> 04:16:29,600
They couldn't see the neat 
narrative Arc, that historians 

4651
04:16:29,600 --> 04:16:31,300
would later impose on their 
experience. 

4652
04:16:32,300 --> 04:16:35,000
They were just trying to figure 
out how to live faithfully and 

4653
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:38,100
changing circumstances making 
their best guesses about 

4654
04:16:38,100 --> 04:16:40,100
ultimate things. 
While managing immediate 

4655
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:45,000
concerns like crops whether and 
family relationships This is 

4656
04:16:45,008 --> 04:16:48,100
ultimately a deeply human story 
about how people navigate 

4657
04:16:48,100 --> 04:16:51,000
between honoring their past and 
adapting to their present. 

4658
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:55,300
Between inherited identity and 
chosen belief and between what 

4659
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:56,400
they're told, they should 
believe. 

4660
04:16:56,400 --> 04:17:00,400
And what their lived experience 
teachers them, the specifics or 

4661
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:03,900
Norse and Christian and medieval
but the underlying patterns are 

4662
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:07,400
Universal and Timeless. 
Imagine waking in a small 

4663
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:11,500
Icelandic Farmhouse, sometime in
the 13th century, centuries 

4664
04:17:11,500 --> 04:17:15,200
After official conversion, but 
in a world still saturated with 

4665
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:19,100
memory of the old ways, The 
morning, light is pale and thin,

4666
04:17:19,100 --> 04:17:22,500
its winter, and full daylight 
winter for hours yet. 

4667
04:17:23,300 --> 04:17:26,600
You pull on layers of wool 
against the cold, eat porridge 

4668
04:17:26,600 --> 04:17:30,200
that taste of salt and butter 
and perhaps attend a brief 

4669
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:32,800
morning prayer that your 
Christian household maintains 

4670
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:35,700
his daily practice. 
But as you go about your 

4671
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:39,500
morning, tasks, feeding animals,
checking on supplies preparing 

4672
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:42,600
for the days work. 
You also pour a small amount of 

4673
04:17:42,600 --> 04:17:45,400
milk on the ground. 
Near Barn, a gesture, your 

4674
04:17:45,408 --> 04:17:48,100
grandmother torch. 
You maintaining a relationship 

4675
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:50,300
with the hidden people who share
this land. 

4676
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:54,900
You're not being hypocritical or
confused, your simply honoring, 

4677
04:17:54,900 --> 04:17:57,200
both the Christian framework, 
that structures, your 

4678
04:17:57,208 --> 04:18:00,600
communities formal, religious 
life, and the older practice, is

4679
04:18:00,600 --> 04:18:03,900
that connect you to this 
specific place and your family's

4680
04:18:03,900 --> 04:18:07,000
history within it? 
This is how most religious 

4681
04:18:07,000 --> 04:18:11,200
transformation actually looks 
not the dramatic confrontations 

4682
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,100
and decisive moments that make 
it into official histories. 

4683
04:18:14,100 --> 04:18:18,500
But the quiet daily negotiations
between inherited, practice and 

4684
04:18:18,500 --> 04:18:21,800
adopted belief. 
The Practical accommodations 

4685
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:25,200
that let people maintain 
continuity with their past while

4686
04:18:25,200 --> 04:18:29,300
adapting to their present. 
The monastery bells ring across 

4687
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:33,000
the valley, a relatively new 
sound in this ancient landscape,

4688
04:18:33,000 --> 04:18:36,700
but one that now marks time and 
calls the faithful to prayer. 

4689
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:40,600
Yet the mountains that Echo, 
these bells of the same 

4690
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:44,700
mountains that heard older 
invocations, and the stones that

4691
04:18:44,700 --> 04:18:48,500
support the church absorbed 
prayers to different powers, for

4692
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:50,900
centuries before Christianity 
arrived. 

4693
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:54,500
The landscape holds all these 
layers of meaning, without 

4694
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:58,300
contradiction accepting human 
interpretations, while remaining

4695
04:18:58,300 --> 04:19:01,900
fundamentally itself. 
By the time you finish your 

4696
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:03,800
morning routine and look toward 
the days work. 

4697
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:06,700
Your operating in multiple time 
frames, simultaneously. 

4698
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:11,000
You're a Christian Living in the
13th century, according to the 

4699
04:19:11,000 --> 04:19:13,400
religious framework, your 
community as adopted. 

4700
04:19:14,100 --> 04:19:16,600
You're also an air to tradition 
stretching back before 

4701
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:20,400
Christianity arrived. 
Carrying practices and memories.

4702
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:24,300
Your ancestors developed over 
Generations, your simultaneously

4703
04:19:24,300 --> 04:19:28,200
new and ancient Christian and 
Norse traditional and 

4704
04:19:28,200 --> 04:19:30,800
innovative. 
This layered identity isn't 

4705
04:19:30,800 --> 04:19:35,600
confusion its richness, it's the
natural result of living in a 

4706
04:19:35,600 --> 04:19:38,900
culture where change happens 
slowly enough that people could 

4707
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:43,000
maintain multiple Frameworks 
simultaneously, where conversion

4708
04:19:43,000 --> 04:19:47,000
was a process rather than an 
event and where the new didn't 

4709
04:19:47,000 --> 04:19:49,000
require complete abandonment of 
the old. 

4710
04:19:49,900 --> 04:19:53,300
As you finally step outside into
the pail Northern morning, 

4711
04:19:53,300 --> 04:19:56,800
breathing air, that carries the 
sharpness of approaching winter.

4712
04:19:56,800 --> 04:19:59,700
Your walking in a world that has
been profoundly. 

4713
04:19:59,700 --> 04:20:02,600
Transformed while remaining 
recognizably itself. 

4714
04:20:04,400 --> 04:20:07,800
Conversion of Scandinavia to 
Christianity changed everything 

4715
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:10,400
about how people understood 
their relationship to the. 

4716
04:20:10,400 --> 04:20:14,600
Divine yet changed remarkably 
little about the daily rhythms 

4717
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:17,800
of Life shaped by climate 
geography and agricultural 

4718
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:21,100
necessity. 
This is the quiet, Miracle of 

4719
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:23,900
cultural transformation, that it
can be simultaneously, 

4720
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:26,200
revolutionary and barely 
noticeable. 

4721
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:30,500
That people can undergo profound
changes in worldview while 

4722
04:20:30,500 --> 04:20:34,300
maintaining practical continuity
in their daily lives and that 

4723
04:20:34,300 --> 04:20:37,600
new religious Frameworks can 
take root without completely 

4724
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:39,700
destroying. 
The cultural soil from which 

4725
04:20:39,700 --> 04:20:44,700
earlier Traditions grew, Rest 
now and let these stories of 

4726
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:47,000
conversion and transformation 
drift through your 

4727
04:20:47,000 --> 04:20:50,500
Consciousness, like snow falling
on Ancient stones. 

4728
04:20:51,100 --> 04:20:53,500
The world you wake to tomorrow 
will be different from the 

4729
04:20:53,500 --> 04:20:56,100
medieval North. 
We've been exploring, but it 

4730
04:20:56,108 --> 04:20:58,900
will bear the marks of these 
Transformations and countless 

4731
04:20:58,900 --> 04:21:02,100
others like them. 
Every morning is simultaneously 

4732
04:21:02,100 --> 04:21:05,800
new and old every culture 
simultaneously changing and 

4733
04:21:05,800 --> 04:21:08,500
continuous. 
And every person simultaneously 

4734
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:10,900
are to the past and creator of 
the future. 

4735
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,600
The northern lights continue 
their dance indifferent to human

4736
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:18,600
interpretations. 
But somehow enriched by all the 

4737
04:21:18,600 --> 04:21:21,200
meanings, we've projected onto 
the cross millennia. 

4738
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:26,200
May your sleep, be as peaceful 
as that indifference as rich as 

4739
04:21:26,200 --> 04:21:29,200
those accumulated meanings, and 
as continuous. 

4740
04:21:29,200 --> 04:21:32,300
As those ancient patterns 
cycling endlessly through the 

4741
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:35,700
Arctic night, Sleep. 
Well, knowing that 

4742
04:21:35,700 --> 04:21:39,500
transformation and continuity 
aren't opposites but Partners in

4743
04:21:39,500 --> 04:21:43,000
the endless dance of human 
culture adapting to change, 

4744
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:45,500
while maintaining connection to 
his deepest roots. 

4745
04:21:50,300 --> 04:21:54,300
Hello my tired friends. 
Tonight, we are going back to a 

4746
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:57,100
time before harbors and 
Compasses and sales snapping in 

4747
04:21:57,100 --> 04:21:59,300
Ocean wind. 
We're going to the very 

4748
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:02,600
beginning when humans first 
realized they could move across 

4749
04:22:02,600 --> 04:22:04,900
water without drowning. 
And when that realization 

4750
04:22:04,900 --> 04:22:07,800
changed everything about how we 
understood our world. 

4751
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,700
Before we had cities or written 
language, or metal tools, we had

4752
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:15,100
boats the story of how we 
learned to float is older than 

4753
04:22:15,100 --> 04:22:18,000
almost any other human 
technology and it began. 

4754
04:22:18,000 --> 04:22:20,800
Not with grand designs, but with
simple observation and 

4755
04:22:20,800 --> 04:22:24,100
desperate, need your standing at
the edge of a river in, what 

4756
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:26,000
will someday be called the 
Fertile Crescent? 

4757
04:22:26,000 --> 04:22:30,500
The year is roughly 8,000 before
the Common Era, the water moves 

4758
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:33,000
past you with that particular 
sound rivers make when they are 

4759
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:35,300
full and confident and going 
somewhere important. 

4760
04:22:36,300 --> 04:22:38,400
Your people have been following 
this River for three 

4761
04:22:38,400 --> 04:22:41,400
generations. 
Now, you know its moods, you 

4762
04:22:41,400 --> 04:22:44,700
know, when it floods and when it
shrinks back into itself, you 

4763
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:48,100
know which fish swim near the 
surface at dawn and which plants

4764
04:22:48,100 --> 04:22:49,500
grow thick along the Muddy 
Banks? 

4765
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:52,200
But you have never been to the 
other side. 

4766
04:22:52,200 --> 04:22:56,700
The river is too wide to throw a
stone of cross, two deep to 

4767
04:22:56,700 --> 04:23:00,400
Wade, too fast to swim without 
being called Downstream into 

4768
04:23:00,400 --> 04:23:03,400
water's. 
You do not recognize On the far 

4769
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:05,700
Bank, you can see fruit trees 
heavy with something, your 

4770
04:23:05,700 --> 04:23:08,600
people have never tasted. 
You can see birds nesting in 

4771
04:23:08,608 --> 04:23:11,100
numbers that would feed your 
family for a moon cycle, 

4772
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:13,200
everything you want is over 
there. 

4773
04:23:13,200 --> 04:23:16,600
Everything you need is here. 
Someone in your group, has been 

4774
04:23:16,608 --> 04:23:20,300
watching, logs in the water. 
This Is Not Unusual logs, float,

4775
04:23:20,300 --> 04:23:23,900
past every few days, torn, from 
Upstream, Banks, during storms. 

4776
04:23:23,900 --> 04:23:27,200
But this person has been 
watching differently, not just 

4777
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:28,800
seeing them, but thinking about 
them. 

4778
04:23:28,800 --> 04:23:32,600
One morning after a night of 
heavy rain, a massive tree trunk

4779
04:23:32,600 --> 04:23:35,300
comes down the river. 
It moves slower than the water 

4780
04:23:35,300 --> 04:23:37,300
around. 
It turning slightly as it 

4781
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:40,600
catches on rocks and sand bars. 
Three people from your group 

4782
04:23:40,600 --> 04:23:42,800
weighed out to where the water 
reaches their chests. 

4783
04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:46,600
They grab the log, they pull it 
to shore, then they do something

4784
04:23:46,600 --> 04:23:48,200
that has never been done before 
in. 

4785
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:50,800
Exactly this way, they climb 
onto it. 

4786
04:23:50,800 --> 04:23:54,400
The log rolls, they fall off, 
they try again. 

4787
04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:59,200
The log rolls, they fall off by 
midday six, people are 

4788
04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:02,600
attempting, this strange new 
game like evening someone Figure

4789
04:24:02,608 --> 04:24:05,300
out that if you life flat on 
your belly and your way to cross

4790
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:07,300
the wood, the log becomes more 
stable. 

4791
04:24:07,300 --> 04:24:11,200
You are not that person, you're 
watching from Shore, you're the 

4792
04:24:11,200 --> 04:24:13,700
one who notices that when they 
flash their hands and kick their

4793
04:24:13,700 --> 04:24:16,000
feet. 
The log moves forward not 

4794
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:18,500
quickly, not gracefully not 
forward. 

4795
04:24:19,500 --> 04:24:23,000
The next day someone ties. 
Two logs together using Vine, 

4796
04:24:23,000 --> 04:24:26,600
the lashing is crude but 
functional the double log does 

4797
04:24:26,600 --> 04:24:28,700
not roll. 
You can sit on it without 

4798
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:30,900
falling. 
You can use a branch to push 

4799
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:33,600
against the river bottom and 
move yourself through shallow 

4800
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,600
water within a week. 
Your group has created something

4801
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:40,500
that looks less like a log and 
more like a platform 5 logs 

4802
04:24:40,500 --> 04:24:43,200
bound together, side by side 
wide enough. 

4803
04:24:43,200 --> 04:24:45,400
That three adults can sit 
without tilting it. 

4804
04:24:46,200 --> 04:24:48,900
Stable enough that someone can 
stand, if they keep their knees 

4805
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:52,700
bent and their weight centered. 
This is not a boat, not yet. 

4806
04:24:53,500 --> 04:24:56,500
But it is the great, great 
grandmother of every boat that 

4807
04:24:56,500 --> 04:25:00,200
will ever exist. 
Archaeologists call these bundle

4808
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:03,100
rocks, they appear in the 
material record of cross 

4809
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:05,000
multiple. 
Continents at roughly the same 

4810
04:25:05,000 --> 04:25:08,200
time, period. 
The specimens found in Peru date

4811
04:25:08,200 --> 04:25:11,200
to approximately 7,000 years 
before the Common Era. 

4812
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:14,600
The examples from the Persian 
Gulf region might be older still

4813
04:25:15,400 --> 04:25:17,700
You push your raft into the 
current on a morning when the 

4814
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:19,700
air smells like rain, but the 
sky is clear. 

4815
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:24,200
The water is cold it seeps up 
through the gaps between logs 

4816
04:25:24,200 --> 04:25:28,800
and soaks into your clothing. 
The raft sits low with only a 

4817
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:31,500
hands with between the top of 
the logs and the river surface. 

4818
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:33,700
You have a long pole cut from 
straight. 

4819
04:25:33,700 --> 04:25:37,100
Would you push it down into the 
riverbed and feel the mud? 

4820
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:40,700
Give way beneath the tip. 
You push harder, the raft moves 

4821
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:43,500
forward, one body length. 
He pulled the poll up and 

4822
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:47,700
planted again push move, pull 
plant. 

4823
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:52,800
The Rhythm becomes automatic 
halfway across the river, the 

4824
04:25:52,800 --> 04:25:56,500
bottom drops away. 
Your poll finds, no, purchase 

4825
04:25:56,500 --> 04:25:58,800
you pull it up and lay across 
your lap. 

4826
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:02,400
The current takes you 
Downstream, you do not panic. 

4827
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:06,400
You have expected this you have 
watched the river long enough to

4828
04:26:06,400 --> 04:26:10,000
know, it will push you toward 
the far bank if you let it The 

4829
04:26:10,000 --> 04:26:13,500
raft spins slowly. 
You see your Camp from an angle?

4830
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:16,800
You've never seen it before, you
see the curve of the river 

4831
04:26:16,800 --> 04:26:19,200
valley. 
You see the tree line and the 

4832
04:26:19,200 --> 04:26:22,500
smoke from morning fires and the
shape of people standing at the 

4833
04:26:22,500 --> 04:26:24,900
water's edge? 
Watching you drift away from 

4834
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:28,000
everything familiar. 
Then the bottom comes back. 

4835
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:31,400
Your poll finds mud. 
You push towards sure. 

4836
04:26:31,400 --> 04:26:35,300
The raft scrapes onto a sandbar 
with a sound like wooden 

4837
04:26:35,300 --> 04:26:38,900
breathing, you step onto land 
that your answer's of never 

4838
04:26:38,900 --> 04:26:41,500
touched. 
You walked to the fruit trees. 

4839
04:26:41,500 --> 04:26:45,800
The fruit tastes like, honey and
sunlight and the future when you

4840
04:26:45,808 --> 04:26:48,800
return to your people with your 
arms full of food, they ask you 

4841
04:26:48,800 --> 04:26:51,400
the question that humans have 
been asking about boats, ever 

4842
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:53,600
since they asked how far you 
could go. 

4843
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:57,900
The bundle rafts spreads across 
human cultures, faster than 

4844
04:26:57,900 --> 04:27:02,300
agriculture, fast, and pottery, 
faster than cloth. 

4845
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:05,900
The design appears in 
dependently on every continent 

4846
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:09,900
where people live near water the
Euros people on Lake Titicaca 

4847
04:27:09,900 --> 04:27:14,400
still build these rafts today 
using tutorial reads Their 

4848
04:27:14,400 --> 04:27:16,900
construction methods are likely 
identical to methods used. 

4849
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:21,600
10,000 years ago, the logic is 
universal things that float can 

4850
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:23,800
be tied together. 
Things tied together. 

4851
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:26,900
Can hold weight weight 
distributed across floating 

4852
04:27:26,900 --> 04:27:28,700
things can carry people over 
water. 

4853
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:31,500
This is engineering at its most 
fundamental. 

4854
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:35,400
This is humans, looking at a 
problem and solving it with 

4855
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:37,800
whatever materials happen to be 
within Arms Reach. 

4856
04:27:38,600 --> 04:27:42,500
But wooden reads deteriorate, 
they rot in water, they come 

4857
04:27:42,500 --> 04:27:44,900
apart. 
When lashing loosens, they work 

4858
04:27:44,900 --> 04:27:47,000
for crossing rivers, but not for
traveling Rivers. 

4859
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,900
They work for fishing close to 
shore, but not for following 

4860
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,400
coastlines. 
They work for getting across but

4861
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:54,900
not for coming back. 
You need something better. 

4862
04:27:54,900 --> 04:27:58,000
You need something that can be 
shaped instead of just bundled, 

4863
04:27:58,000 --> 04:28:00,800
you need to stop tying things 
together and start making things

4864
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:03,800
whole your standing in a forest 
in what will someday. 

4865
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:07,000
Be northern Europe? 
The years approximately 6,000 

4866
04:28:07,000 --> 04:28:10,200
before the Common Era, you're 
looking at a pine tree that fell

4867
04:28:10,200 --> 04:28:13,800
during the winter lightening 
struck at the crown and split it

4868
04:28:13,800 --> 04:28:16,100
down to the roots. 
Half, the tree is still 

4869
04:28:16,100 --> 04:28:18,900
standing, half lies on the 
ground in front of you. 

4870
04:28:19,700 --> 04:28:22,900
Fall in half is longer than five
people lying, head to toe 

4871
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:25,800
thicker than your torso. 
At the base, the wood is solid. 

4872
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:29,500
The bark is still attached 
inside the split, you can see 

4873
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,900
the pale flesh of the trees 
still damp with sap, you have 

4874
04:28:32,908 --> 04:28:34,700
been thinking about boats for 
two seasons. 

4875
04:28:34,700 --> 04:28:37,800
Now, your people have bundle 
rafts, but they come apart. 

4876
04:28:37,800 --> 04:28:42,800
The Reeds, get waterlogged, the 
vine stretch and snap, you spend

4877
04:28:42,800 --> 04:28:46,000
more time repairing rafts than 
using them, but this tree is one

4878
04:28:46,000 --> 04:28:48,000
piece solid. 
All the way through. 

4879
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:51,500
If you could make it Hollow, it 
would float with nothing to come

4880
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:53,600
untied. 
If you could make it curved 

4881
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:56,100
inside like a bowl, it could 
hold people without letting 

4882
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:58,800
water in. 
You do not have metal tools. 

4883
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:01,800
Metal has not been invented yet 
in your corner of the world. 

4884
04:29:01,800 --> 04:29:05,400
What you have is Stone sharp 
stones that can be chipped into 

4885
04:29:05,408 --> 04:29:08,000
edges stone. 
That can be haft onto wooden 

4886
04:29:08,000 --> 04:29:11,200
handles stone that holds an edge
just long enough to be useful 

4887
04:29:11,200 --> 04:29:15,100
before it needs resharpening. 
You also have fire, you build a 

4888
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:18,500
small fire on top of the log. 
You feed it, carefully you do 

4889
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:22,700
not want flames, you want coals 
red, coals that sit in one place

4890
04:29:22,700 --> 04:29:25,500
and burn downward into the wood 
instead of spreading outward 

4891
04:29:25,500 --> 04:29:28,700
along the bark. 
The wood begins to char the 

4892
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:32,300
charcoal layer goes soft, you 
scrape it away with a flat stone

4893
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:34,700
you scrape until you reach 
hardwood again. 

4894
04:29:34,700 --> 04:29:38,300
Then you build another small 
fire in the scraped Halo more, 

4895
04:29:38,300 --> 04:29:40,700
coals, more Charming, more 
scraping. 

4896
04:29:41,500 --> 04:29:44,500
This is not quick work. 
This is the kind of work 

4897
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:48,400
measured in weeks, you burn, and
scrape burn and scrape. 

4898
04:29:48,400 --> 04:29:52,900
The Halo grows deeper the shape 
starts to emerge, not a perfect 

4899
04:29:52,900 --> 04:29:56,800
shape, not a planned shape, a 
shape that follows the grain of 

4900
04:29:56,800 --> 04:29:58,800
the wood and the patience of 
Fire. 

4901
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:02,200
The passer canoe is the oldest 
known boat in the world. 

4902
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:06,000
It was found in the Netherlands 
and dates to be between 8,000 

4903
04:30:06,000 --> 04:30:09,000
and 7,500 years before the 
Common Era. 

4904
04:30:09,700 --> 04:30:12,800
The canoe is 3 meters long and 
44 centimeters wide. 

4905
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:16,600
It was made from a single Scotch
pine log, using the burn and 

4906
04:30:16,600 --> 04:30:18,800
scraped method. 
The wood has been preserved in 

4907
04:30:18,800 --> 04:30:20,900
peat. 
Bog conditions for nearly 10,000

4908
04:30:20,900 --> 04:30:23,500
years. 
When archaeologists examined the

4909
04:30:23,500 --> 04:30:27,900
pesku under magnification, they 
found toolmarks Stone tool 

4910
04:30:27,900 --> 04:30:30,000
marks. 
The pattern of scraping is 

4911
04:30:30,000 --> 04:30:33,100
visible in the child would 
grain, someone made this boat 

4912
04:30:33,100 --> 04:30:35,200
using the same technique you're 
using right now. 

4913
04:30:35,200 --> 04:30:39,200
Someone burned and scraped for 
weeks to create a Halo that 

4914
04:30:39,200 --> 04:30:42,400
could hold one person and a 
fishing Spear and nothing else. 

4915
04:30:42,400 --> 04:30:46,600
Your canoe takes 20 days to 
complete when you're finished. 

4916
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:49,100
The log has been transformed 
into something that looks almost

4917
04:30:49,100 --> 04:30:51,700
intentional. 
The Halo runs most of the length

4918
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:54,200
of the trunk. 
The walls are thick enough to be

4919
04:30:54,200 --> 04:30:57,700
strong, but thin enough to be 
light, the bottom is rounded, 

4920
04:30:57,700 --> 04:31:00,900
the ends are blunt. 
He dragged it to the water on a 

4921
04:31:00,908 --> 04:31:02,800
path of rollers made from small 
logs. 

4922
04:31:02,800 --> 04:31:06,200
Four people help you. 
The canoe is heavy but 

4923
04:31:06,200 --> 04:31:10,200
manageable when you push it into
the lake, it floats the Halo 

4924
04:31:10,200 --> 04:31:12,600
stays dry. 
The wood sits in the water, like

4925
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:16,100
it was always meant to be there.
You climb in carefully, the 

4926
04:31:16,100 --> 04:31:20,500
canoe rocks. 
You freeze its steadies you sit 

4927
04:31:20,500 --> 04:31:22,600
on the bottom with your legs 
crossed and your weight 

4928
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:24,900
centered. 
You pick up a paddle made from a

4929
04:31:24,900 --> 04:31:26,900
flat piece of wood lash to a 
handle. 

4930
04:31:27,500 --> 04:31:31,100
You dip one, side into the water
and pull the canoe moves 

4931
04:31:31,100 --> 04:31:32,900
forward. 
It does not spin. 

4932
04:31:32,900 --> 04:31:36,400
It does not drift sideways, it 
goes where you point it. 

4933
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:40,500
This is different from a raft, 
this is controlled movement. 

4934
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:42,900
This is intention made, 
physical. 

4935
04:31:42,900 --> 04:31:46,600
You can go across the lake or 
along the shore line or straight

4936
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:49,000
into the wind. 
You can carry more weight than 

4937
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:51,400
yourself. 
You can bring home enough, fish 

4938
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:55,000
to feed your entire group but 
more importantly you can come 

4939
04:31:55,000 --> 04:31:57,700
back. 
The Dugout canoe becomes the 

4940
04:31:57,700 --> 04:32:01,300
dominant watercraft design for 
the next six thousand years. 

4941
04:32:02,500 --> 04:32:06,200
Examples appear in Africa. 
Asia Europe, the Americas and 

4942
04:32:06,200 --> 04:32:09,800
Oceania. 
Some are small like yours some 

4943
04:32:09,800 --> 04:32:13,300
massive. 
The Maori Waka Tower Walker 

4944
04:32:13,300 --> 04:32:15,100
news. 
From New Zealand could be 40 

4945
04:32:15,100 --> 04:32:17,600
meters long and hold up to 8 
Warriors. 

4946
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:22,300
Those massive canoes started the
same way yours did with fire and

4947
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:26,600
stone and patient. 
Scraping Scandinavian bog finds 

4948
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:29,400
reveal an evolution in technique
early. 

4949
04:32:29,400 --> 04:32:33,700
Canoes are rough later on 
showing the sophisticated tool 

4950
04:32:33,700 --> 04:32:37,100
marks. 
By 4,000 years before the Common

4951
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:41,300
Era, humans in northern Europe 
are using Stone ads to shape the

4952
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:43,400
interior walls to even 
thickness. 

4953
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:46,600
They are carving decorative 
patterns along the gunnels. 

4954
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:50,500
They're creating vessels that 
not just functional but 

4955
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:53,400
beautiful. 
You teach the fire and scrape 

4956
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,400
method to your children. 
They teach it to their children.

4957
04:32:56,400 --> 04:32:59,700
The knowledge spreads along 
waterways and coastlines 

4958
04:32:59,700 --> 04:33:02,600
different cultures developed 
different refinements. 

4959
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:06,099
Some people discover that if you
make the prowl pointed in stead 

4960
04:33:06,099 --> 04:33:09,099
of blunt, the canoe moves 
through water with less 

4961
04:33:09,099 --> 04:33:12,000
resistance. 
Some people figure out that if 

4962
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:14,700
you make the side slightly 
higher, you can travel in 

4963
04:33:14,700 --> 04:33:16,700
rougher conditions without 
taking on water. 

4964
04:33:16,700 --> 04:33:20,500
In the Pacific Northwest 
indigenous, people's take the 

4965
04:33:20,500 --> 04:33:22,400
Dugout design to extraordinary 
levels. 

4966
04:33:22,400 --> 04:33:26,200
They use cedar trees that grow 
wide enough to yield canoes 

4967
04:33:26,200 --> 04:33:30,099
capable of Ocean Travel. 
They heat and bend the wood to 

4968
04:33:30,099 --> 04:33:33,099
wide the beam. 
They had carved figureheads that

4969
04:33:33,099 --> 04:33:35,300
serve both spiritual and 
practical purposes. 

4970
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:39,800
These canoes can navigate open 
ocean swells and carry entire 

4971
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:43,200
families with their possessions,
across hundreds of miles of 

4972
04:33:43,200 --> 04:33:46,200
water. 
The oldest known canoe in 

4973
04:33:46,200 --> 04:33:47,900
Africa. 
Comes from the defunct in 

4974
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:51,599
Nigeria, it dates to 
approximately 6,000 years before

4975
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:55,099
the Common Era. 
Like the pest canoe, it was made

4976
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:59,099
using fire and simple tools. 
Unlike the pest canoe, it is 

4977
04:33:59,099 --> 04:34:03,000
much larger two and a half 
meters long, 70 centimeters, 

4978
04:34:03,000 --> 04:34:06,500
wide built to carry multiple 
people and cargo Through 

4979
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:10,099
swampland Rivers, where 
crocodiles outnumber humans. 

4980
04:34:10,900 --> 04:34:13,200
You're getting older. 
Now, your children have 

4981
04:34:13,200 --> 04:34:16,400
children, your original canoe is
still in use. 

4982
04:34:16,400 --> 04:34:20,000
The word is dark. 
And with age, the interior walls

4983
04:34:20,000 --> 04:34:23,599
are smooth from years of wear. 
Small cracks of appeared near 

4984
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:27,000
the proud but they do not leak. 
The boat has become part of your

4985
04:34:27,000 --> 04:34:30,300
family's identity. 
People know you as the fire boat

4986
04:34:30,300 --> 04:34:33,800
maker, the person who figured 
out how to trap air inside wood.

4987
04:34:34,700 --> 04:34:38,099
One day your oldest grandchild 
asks you why you made the Halo, 

4988
04:34:38,099 --> 04:34:40,400
the shape? 
It is, you realize you do not 

4989
04:34:40,400 --> 04:34:43,599
have a good answer, you may made
it the way it wanted to be made.

4990
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:47,500
You followed the woods grain? 
Stopped when the walls fell 

4991
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,099
right? 
But your grandchild wants to 

4992
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:53,000
understand the principles. 
Why this shape works. 

4993
04:34:53,000 --> 04:34:56,099
And other shapes do not, you 
spend an afternoon trying to 

4994
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:58,300
explain something you learned 
through doing rather than 

4995
04:34:58,300 --> 04:35:01,800
thinking You talked about how 
the rounded bottom makes the 

4996
04:35:01,800 --> 04:35:04,700
canoe stable. 
How the curved sides keep water 

4997
04:35:04,700 --> 04:35:08,000
from pouring in when the boat 
rocks, how the pointed ends cut 

4998
04:35:08,000 --> 04:35:09,400
through water. 
Instead of pushing it. 

4999
04:35:09,400 --> 04:35:13,000
This conversation is important. 
This is the moment when 

5000
04:35:13,000 --> 04:35:15,599
boat-making stops being 
accidental and starts being 

5001
04:35:15,599 --> 04:35:19,200
intentional, This is when humans
begin to understand the physics 

5002
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:21,599
of floating without having words
for physics, yet. 

5003
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:24,800
You're standing in a marsh and 
southern Mesopotamia. 

5004
04:35:24,800 --> 04:35:29,300
The year is approximately 5,000.
Before the Common Era, the water

5005
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:32,599
here does not flow like a river.
It spreads out in Shallow pools 

5006
04:35:32,599 --> 04:35:34,700
and channels that change with 
the seasons. 

5007
04:35:35,400 --> 04:35:37,000
Reads grow taller than your 
head. 

5008
04:35:37,000 --> 04:35:40,300
The mud is black and Rich and 
smells like decomposing 

5009
04:35:40,300 --> 04:35:43,000
vegetation. 
Your people do not have forests,

5010
04:35:43,000 --> 04:35:46,000
your people do not have logs 
thick, enough for Dugout canoes,

5011
04:35:46,000 --> 04:35:50,500
what you have is, reads millions
of reads, more reads than you 

5012
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,599
could have harvest in 100 
lifetimes reads float. 

5013
04:35:53,599 --> 04:35:57,500
You have known this since 
childhood, every child who plays

5014
04:35:57,500 --> 04:36:00,800
in these marshes, build small, 
Reed boats by accident, while 

5015
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:02,599
Gathering stalks for basket 
making. 

5016
04:36:02,599 --> 04:36:07,599
But those play boats fall apart 
the Reed separate water gets in,

5017
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:10,400
they work for a few minutes and 
then they stopped working. 

5018
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:13,300
The Breakthrough comes from 
watching how your people make 

5019
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:18,099
floor, mats the type bundling, 
the systematic wrapping, the way

5020
04:36:18,099 --> 04:36:21,599
each read is laid parallel to 
the next and bound at regular 

5021
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:23,200
intervals. 
So the whole thing holds 

5022
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:26,000
together underweight. 
You gather reads in the early 

5023
04:36:26,000 --> 04:36:28,200
morning when they're wet with 
Dew and flexible. 

5024
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:31,800
You need hundreds of them, you 
sort them by length and 

5025
04:36:31,800 --> 04:36:35,400
thickness, you lay them in 
parallel bundles about as thick 

5026
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:38,300
as your leg. 
Then you take smaller reads and 

5027
04:36:38,300 --> 04:36:41,200
weave them around the bundle at 
intervals, pulling tight, 

5028
04:36:41,200 --> 04:36:45,900
creating a bound cylinder, that 
cannot separate you make six of 

5029
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:48,800
these cylinders, each one is 
longer than you at all. 

5030
04:36:48,800 --> 04:36:52,200
You lay them side by side, you 
lash them together. 

5031
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:55,500
Using more read chord. 
The result looks like a golden 

5032
04:36:55,500 --> 04:36:57,300
raft. 
That curves slightly Upward at 

5033
04:36:57,300 --> 04:37:00,700
both ends because that is how 
the reads naturally want to lie.

5034
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:04,200
The marsh Arabs of Southern 
Iraq. 

5035
04:37:04,200 --> 04:37:07,300
Still build these boats today, 
they call them shoes. 

5036
04:37:07,300 --> 04:37:10,800
The design has not changed in 
7,000 years. 

5037
04:37:10,800 --> 04:37:13,099
The construction method is 
identical. 

5038
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:17,400
The materials are identical. 
These boats appear in cylinder, 

5039
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:21,200
seals and cuneiform records from
Sumerian cities, they appear in 

5040
04:37:21,200 --> 04:37:23,700
Assyrian. 
Palace reliefs, they appear in 

5041
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,500
the Epic of Gilgamesh where the 
character Usher. 

5042
04:37:26,500 --> 04:37:29,900
Now be uses a reed boat to Ferry
Gilgamesh across the Waters of 

5043
04:37:29,900 --> 04:37:32,700
death. 
Your Reed boat floats high on 

5044
04:37:32,700 --> 04:37:35,500
the water much higher than a 
bundle Wrath. 

5045
04:37:36,200 --> 04:37:38,700
The boundaries create air 
pockets that give buoyancy 

5046
04:37:38,700 --> 04:37:41,300
without weight. 
You can stand on this boat 

5047
04:37:41,300 --> 04:37:44,500
without its syncing, you can 
jump on it without breaking it. 

5048
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:47,900
The reads are flexible enough to
bend with the waters movement, 

5049
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,800
but bound tightly enough. 
Not to come apart. 

5050
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:53,900
You push out into the marsh 
using a long pole. 

5051
04:37:53,900 --> 04:37:58,099
The bottom is soft mud. 
The pulse sinks deep but 

5052
04:37:58,099 --> 04:38:00,400
provides enough resistance to 
propel you forward. 

5053
04:38:01,200 --> 04:38:05,099
Small fish scatter in front of 
the boat waterbirds lift off 

5054
04:38:05,099 --> 04:38:07,200
from Reed. 
Clusters, and circles, overhead 

5055
04:38:07,200 --> 04:38:10,800
before landing again behind you.
The boat handles differently 

5056
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:15,000
than a Dugout canoe it rides on 
top of the water in it. 

5057
04:38:15,800 --> 04:38:18,300
It catches the wind in a strong 
Breeze. 

5058
04:38:18,300 --> 04:38:20,099
You can feel it. 
Trying to turn sideways. 

5059
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:23,700
You learn to angle your poll to 
compensate, you'll learn to read

5060
04:38:23,700 --> 04:38:25,599
the water surface for current 
directions. 

5061
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:28,599
You learn that the boat moves 
fastest, when you poll on 

5062
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:33,200
alternating sides, instead of 
just pushing from one side, Read

5063
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:36,400
boats have one significant 
advantage over wooden dugouts. 

5064
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:39,900
There are absurdly easy to 
repair when reads get 

5065
04:38:39,908 --> 04:38:43,000
waterlogged or damaged you, cut 
them out and weave in fresh 

5066
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:45,500
ones. 
The boat never gets old because 

5067
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:49,200
you are constantly replacing 
parts of it. your boat is 

5068
04:38:49,200 --> 04:38:52,500
simultaneously, seven years old 
and seven days old depending on 

5069
04:38:52,508 --> 04:38:56,900
which reads you are looking at, 
in Egypt, read boats, follow a 

5070
04:38:56,900 --> 04:38:59,700
different design. 
The Nile gives you Papyrus and 

5071
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:03,400
of marsh reads. 
Papyrus stalks are thicker and 

5072
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:06,099
more rigid. 
The Egyptians bundle them into 

5073
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:10,500
boat-shaped forms with high 
curved prowse and Stearns these 

5074
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:13,700
Papyrus boats appear in Egyptian
artists as early as the 

5075
04:39:13,700 --> 04:39:17,599
pre-dynastic period, before the 
unification of Upper and Lower 

5076
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:21,400
Egypt around 3,100 years before 
the Common Era. 

5077
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:25,300
The tomb of tea at saqqara 
contains relief carving showing 

5078
04:39:25,300 --> 04:39:28,800
Papyrus boat Construction. 
The images are details enough 

5079
04:39:28,800 --> 04:39:31,300
that modern boat Builders of use
them as instructions. 

5080
04:39:31,300 --> 04:39:35,300
The stalks are laid and bound 
with Papyrus cord. 

5081
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:37,800
The bundles are lashed together 
in layers. 

5082
04:39:37,800 --> 04:39:41,400
Creating a thick Hull. 
The ends are pulled upward and 

5083
04:39:41,400 --> 04:39:44,600
bound tightly to create the 
distinctive curved shape. 

5084
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:49,800
Thor hired, two replicas Papyrus
boats in the 20th century, 

5085
04:39:49,800 --> 04:39:52,800
Common Era. 
Test, whether ancient vessels 

5086
04:39:52,800 --> 04:39:57,600
could make transoceanic voyages.
The first boat, ra 1st, 

5087
04:39:57,600 --> 04:39:59,200
partially succeeded, in crossing
the Atlantic. 

5088
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:01,700
Before. 
The stern came apart, due to 

5089
04:40:01,700 --> 04:40:05,000
construction errors. 
The second boat R2. 

5090
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:08,600
Completed the Crossing from 
Morocco to Barbados, in 57 days,

5091
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:12,100
the design worked, the materials
worked. 

5092
04:40:12,100 --> 04:40:15,800
The concept of Papyrus boats 
being seaworthy enough for ocean

5093
04:40:15,800 --> 04:40:18,800
travels validated. 
But you're not thinking about 

5094
04:40:18,800 --> 04:40:22,000
Ocean Travel. 
You're thinking about fishing in

5095
04:40:22,000 --> 04:40:25,600
a marsh, you're thinking about 
moving, cargo from one seasonal,

5096
04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:28,900
Camp to another, you're thinking
about the way your children can 

5097
04:40:28,900 --> 04:40:32,900
learn to build these boats with 
minimal instruction because the 

5098
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:35,500
process is intuitive your 
daughter. 

5099
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:38,300
Learns to make Reed boats by 
watching you for three days. 

5100
04:40:38,300 --> 04:40:42,700
And then building, one herself, 
hers is smaller than yours. 

5101
04:40:42,700 --> 04:40:46,600
She makes mistakes. 
She binds the reads to Loosely 

5102
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:48,700
in some places and too tightly 
in others. 

5103
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:53,800
The shape is irregular but it 
floats it holds her weight, it 

5104
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:57,500
moves when she pulls it. 
She is 12 years old and she is 

5105
04:40:57,508 --> 04:40:59,700
made a functional watercraft 
from plant. 

5106
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:04,400
She harvested this morning. 
This is the power of reboot 

5107
04:41:04,400 --> 04:41:06,100
technology. 
It is accessible. 

5108
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:10,400
It does not require specialized 
tools, it does not require rare 

5109
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:13,300
materials. 
It does not require years of 

5110
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:16,100
training anyone who can weave a 
basket. 

5111
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:18,300
Can theoretically, build a reed 
boat? 

5112
04:41:18,300 --> 04:41:22,100
The learning curve is gentle, 
the disadvantage becomes 

5113
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:25,000
apparent over time. 
Reed boats are temporary. 

5114
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:28,200
They last won season, maybe two,
if you maintain them obsessively

5115
04:41:28,200 --> 04:41:31,900
the Reed's wrote. 
They become waterlogged, they 

5116
04:41:31,900 --> 04:41:33,100
lose boyance. 
See. 

5117
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:37,100
Cannot leave a read about in the
water for months and expect it 

5118
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:40,000
to still work. 
You must pull it ashore after 

5119
04:41:40,000 --> 04:41:43,900
each use, you must dry it. 
You must inspect it for damage. 

5120
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:47,500
Some cultures solve this problem
by treating Reed boats as 

5121
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:50,200
disposable. 
You build one, when you need it 

5122
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:54,200
you use it for a few weeks or 
months when it stops working 

5123
04:41:54,200 --> 04:41:56,600
you, let it decompose back into 
the marsh and build. 

5124
04:41:56,600 --> 04:42:00,000
Another, the time investment is 
low enough that this approach 

5125
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:03,200
makes sense Three days to build 
a boat that lasts. 

5126
04:42:03,200 --> 04:42:06,700
Three months is a reasonable 
trade, other cultures, focus on 

5127
04:42:06,700 --> 04:42:10,800
extending Reed, boat lifespan. 
They coat the reads with bitumen

5128
04:42:10,800 --> 04:42:14,500
and natural tar that seats up 
from the ground in places like 

5129
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:18,000
Mesopotamia. 
The bitumen waterproofs, the 

5130
04:42:18,000 --> 04:42:23,500
Reeds and slows decomposition. 
Archaeological sites in Iraq. 

5131
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:26,700
Have found bitumen coated. 
Reed fragments the date back. 

5132
04:42:26,700 --> 04:42:30,800
6,000 years. 
The bitumen preserved the reads.

5133
04:42:30,800 --> 04:42:33,100
Well enough that you can still 
see the weaving pattern. 

5134
04:42:33,100 --> 04:42:36,600
You try the bitumen method you 
collect the tar. 

5135
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:39,800
From a seat, near your village. 
You heated until it becomes 

5136
04:42:39,800 --> 04:42:42,700
liquid, you paint it onto your 
boat's Hull. 

5137
04:42:42,700 --> 04:42:46,600
Using a flat stick, the hot 
bitch human soaks into the Reeds

5138
04:42:46,600 --> 04:42:49,400
and hardens. 
As it cools, the boat becomes 

5139
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:52,300
darker heavier and much more 
waterproof. 

5140
04:42:52,300 --> 04:42:57,100
It still needs to be dried after
use but the Reed's last twice as

5141
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:01,300
long before needing replacement,
Smell of bitumen, becomes 

5142
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:05,000
associated with water, travel in
your culture when people return 

5143
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,900
from River Journeys, they smell 
like heated, tar, children 

5144
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:11,600
playing at boat, buildings, 
smear themselves with mud and 

5145
04:43:11,608 --> 04:43:15,300
pretend it is bitumen. 
Sent becomes nostalgic. 

5146
04:43:16,100 --> 04:43:19,100
Generations, later your 
descendants will smell bitumen 

5147
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:21,900
and think of their great 
grandparents, who have reads 

5148
04:43:21,900 --> 04:43:25,400
into floating platforms, read 
boat culture, produces 

5149
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:28,900
specialized knowledge about 
plants you learn which reads are

5150
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:32,200
strongest, which ones have the 
right amount of flex, which 

5151
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:35,600
ones, resist rot better. 
You learn that reads. 

5152
04:43:35,600 --> 04:43:38,800
Harvested in late summer, a more
durable than retail harvested in

5153
04:43:38,800 --> 04:43:40,900
early spring. 
You learn that? 

5154
04:43:40,900 --> 04:43:43,400
Larger diameter stalks are 
better for the outer layers, 

5155
04:43:43,400 --> 04:43:45,600
while smaller stalks are better 
for the inner core. 

5156
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:50,000
This knowledge spreads along 
trade routes people from 

5157
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:51,900
different marshes, compared 
techniques. 

5158
04:43:52,700 --> 04:43:55,600
Someone discovers that mixing 
different Reed, species in 

5159
04:43:55,600 --> 04:43:58,700
specific, ratios creates, boats 
with Better Properties. 

5160
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:02,300
Someone else figures out that if
you soak certain reads in water 

5161
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:04,700
before bundling them, they bind 
more tightly. 

5162
04:44:05,700 --> 04:44:08,700
The accumulated wisdom of Reed 
boat building becomes a body of 

5163
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:12,300
knowledge that requires years to
fully learn but even as Reed 

5164
04:44:12,300 --> 04:44:16,000
boats become more sophisticated,
they remain limited, they are 

5165
04:44:16,000 --> 04:44:17,700
perfect for marshes and calm 
Rivers. 

5166
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:21,800
They work reasonably well on 
Lake's, adequate for protected, 

5167
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:25,600
Coastal Waters, But they are not
designed for Open Water. 

5168
04:44:25,600 --> 04:44:29,400
They cannot handle large waves, 
they cannot travel long 

5169
04:44:29,400 --> 04:44:32,800
distances, they cannot carry 
truly heavy cargo. 

5170
04:44:34,200 --> 04:44:36,300
For those tasks, you need a 
different approach. 

5171
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:40,600
You need to stop thinking about 
bundles and Hollows, you need to

5172
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:43,800
start thinking about assembled 
structures, you need to invent 

5173
04:44:43,800 --> 04:44:46,200
planks. 
You're standing on the bank of 

5174
04:44:46,200 --> 04:44:50,600
the Nile in Egypt. 
The year is approximately 3,500 

5175
04:44:50,600 --> 04:44:54,200
years before the Common Era. 
The river flows, north with that

5176
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:57,300
steady Nile persistence that is 
defined Egyptian life. 

5177
04:44:57,300 --> 04:45:00,900
Since the first settlements. 
The water is brown with silt. 

5178
04:45:00,900 --> 04:45:05,200
The air smells like fish and wet
mud and distant grainfields. 

5179
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:08,700
Your people have been building 
boats from Papyrus for 

5180
04:45:08,700 --> 04:45:11,600
Generations. 
But Papyrus, boats are limited. 

5181
04:45:11,600 --> 04:45:13,800
They work for moving up and down
the river. 

5182
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:17,100
They work for fishing and 
transport but they are slow. 

5183
04:45:17,100 --> 04:45:21,100
Moving cargo Upstream means 
pulling against the current for 

5184
04:45:21,100 --> 04:45:24,300
days, your arms, ache. 
Just thinking about it. 

5185
04:45:25,500 --> 04:45:28,400
Then someone notices something 
obvious something. 

5186
04:45:28,400 --> 04:45:30,100
So obvious. 
That you wonder why? 

5187
04:45:30,100 --> 04:45:32,800
No one thought of it before the 
wind blows South. 

5188
04:45:32,800 --> 04:45:36,400
The river flows. 
North These two facts have been 

5189
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:40,100
true, your entire life, you have
never questioned them, there is 

5190
04:45:40,108 --> 04:45:43,900
permanent as the sun rising in 
the east. but now, someone is 

5191
04:45:43,900 --> 04:45:46,700
looking at those two facts and 
seeing possibility instead of 

5192
04:45:46,708 --> 04:45:49,900
just weather, if the wind blows 
South, then you want to go 

5193
04:45:49,900 --> 04:45:53,500
south, you could let the wind 
push you instead of fighting the

5194
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:56,600
current with poles, you would 
need something for the winter. 

5195
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:58,700
Push against something light 
enough. 

5196
04:45:58,700 --> 04:46:01,300
Not to sink the boat, but large 
enough to catch enough winter 

5197
04:46:01,300 --> 04:46:04,800
matter. 
First sale is probably a woven 

5198
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:07,300
Reed mat. 
The same kind of matte people 

5199
04:46:07,300 --> 04:46:09,900
use for roofing and walls and 
sleeping platforms. 

5200
04:46:09,900 --> 04:46:13,900
Someone props it up, right on a 
Papyrus boat using two poles as 

5201
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:17,500
supports the winter catch, is it
the boat moves backward? 

5202
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:21,600
This is unexpected the person, 
adjusts the mat angle. 

5203
04:46:21,600 --> 04:46:25,800
Trees again, the boat moves 
sideways, more adjustment more 

5204
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:28,300
testing. 
Eventually the boat moves in the

5205
04:46:28,300 --> 04:46:31,600
intended Direction. 
This is one of those discoveries

5206
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:34,900
that seems simple in retrospect,
but represents a genuine 

5207
04:46:34,900 --> 04:46:38,400
cognitive breakthrough. 
Humans have been using winter 

5208
04:46:38,400 --> 04:46:41,800
dry clothes and Wintergreen and 
cool houses for thousands of 

5209
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:44,700
years. 
But using wind for propulsion 

5210
04:46:44,700 --> 04:46:47,800
requires, thinking about wind as
a force, that can be directed 

5211
04:46:47,800 --> 04:46:50,800
and controlled, rather than just
experience. 

5212
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,000
The earliest, direct evidence of
Egyptian sales comes from 

5213
04:46:55,000 --> 04:46:57,700
painted, pottery and 
hieroglyphics, dating to the 

5214
04:46:57,700 --> 04:47:02,500
nacada period, roughly 3,500 
years before the Common Era. 

5215
04:47:03,300 --> 04:47:06,800
The images show boats with 
single rectangular sales mounted

5216
04:47:06,800 --> 04:47:09,400
on masts. 
The masts are short and 

5217
04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:11,200
positioned near the center of 
the boat. 

5218
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:15,000
The Sails are wide relative to 
their height, creating a square 

5219
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:17,100
shape that maximizes surface 
area. 

5220
04:47:17,100 --> 04:47:23,600
You build your first sales The 
Dugout is more stable than a 

5221
04:47:23,608 --> 04:47:26,200
Papyrus boat and less likely to 
tip. 

5222
04:47:26,200 --> 04:47:29,800
When the sale catches wind, You 
last two poles together to 

5223
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:32,900
create a mask. 
You either rectangular sale, 

5224
04:47:32,900 --> 04:47:36,200
from linen, strips the weaving 
takes six days. 

5225
04:47:37,200 --> 04:47:39,600
The sale needs to be tight 
enough to hold its shape. 

5226
04:47:39,600 --> 04:47:43,400
But flexible enough to Billow 
with wind, you step the masked 

5227
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:46,000
by wedging it into a notch, 
carved into the boat's Keel. 

5228
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:49,400
The master is not tall. 
It reaches about twice your 

5229
04:47:49,400 --> 04:47:53,300
height, when you're sitting, You
attach the sails top Edge to a 

5230
04:47:53,300 --> 04:47:57,200
horizontal yard, pole, you tie 
lines to the yard Zen so you can

5231
04:47:57,200 --> 04:48:00,500
raise and lower the sail. 
You tired additional lines to 

5232
04:48:00,500 --> 04:48:03,300
the bottom corners of the sale. 
So you can control the angle. 

5233
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:09,000
First time you nearly capsized, 
the wind fills, the sail faster 

5234
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:11,000
than you expect. 
The boat tip. 

5235
04:48:11,000 --> 04:48:13,900
Sharply, you release the control
lines in panic. 

5236
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:18,600
The sale spills wind and the 
boat steady your breathing hard.

5237
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:21,100
You're also grinning you try 
again. 

5238
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:25,000
This time you're ready for the 
force, you lean, your weight to 

5239
04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:28,700
the opposite side, when the wind
hits the boat moves forward, it 

5240
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:30,800
moves faster than you have ever 
moved on water. 

5241
04:48:30,800 --> 04:48:35,100
The boat cuts through ripples 
small, waves, Splash against the

5242
04:48:35,100 --> 04:48:37,100
hole. 
The wind makes a sound in the 

5243
04:48:37,100 --> 04:48:40,500
fabric like breathing. 
This is not paddling or pulling.

5244
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:42,700
This is not powered by your 
muscles. 

5245
04:48:42,700 --> 04:48:46,500
Your sitting still and the boat 
is moving the river flows. 

5246
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:50,200
North beneath you at its usual 
Pace but you're going south 

5247
04:48:50,200 --> 04:48:53,700
against that current or twice, 
the river's speed your stealing,

5248
04:48:53,700 --> 04:48:57,200
the wind's energy, and turning 
it into motion, the Egyptians 

5249
04:48:57,200 --> 04:48:59,100
perfect. 
This technology over the next 

5250
04:48:59,100 --> 04:49:01,900
1000 Years. 
The evidence appears in two 

5251
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,400
paintings boat models and actual
ship. 

5252
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:09,600
Remains the sail designs become 
more sophisticated The Mask get 

5253
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:13,600
taller, the rigging gets more 
complex by the time of the Old 

5254
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:16,200
Kingdom. 
Egyptians are building sailing 

5255
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:18,600
ships, large enough to transport
stone blocks. 

5256
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:23,900
Weighing hundreds of tons Khufu 
ship discovered in a sealed pit 

5257
04:49:23,900 --> 04:49:28,800
near the Great Pyramid dates to 
approximately 2,500 years before

5258
04:49:28,800 --> 04:49:33,400
the Common Era. 
The ship is 43 meters long and 6

5259
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:36,600
meters wide. 
It was built from Lebanon, cedar

5260
04:49:36,600 --> 04:49:38,900
planks assembled, with mortise 
and Tenon joints. 

5261
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:43,300
No nails were used the planks 
were shaped and fitted so 

5262
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:46,300
precisely that the seams were 
watertight without caulking. 

5263
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:50,400
The Khufu ship had a mass 
socket, though, the Mast itself 

5264
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:53,800
was not found. 
The socket size and position 

5265
04:49:53,800 --> 04:49:55,700
indicate the ship carried a 
sale. 

5266
04:49:56,400 --> 04:49:59,800
The ship also had multiple 
rowing stations, this dual 

5267
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:03,600
propulsion system gave sale as 
options when the wind blew 

5268
04:50:03,600 --> 04:50:08,100
favorably you sailed When the 
wind died or blue from the wrong

5269
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:12,100
direction, you rode, when you 
needed precise maneuvering, you 

5270
04:50:12,100 --> 04:50:15,800
used both your learning to read,
wind the way you want to learn 

5271
04:50:15,808 --> 04:50:18,600
to read. 
Water currents, wind has moods. 

5272
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:23,300
Morning, wind on the Nile tends 
to be gentle by midday it 

5273
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:27,000
strengthens. 
In late after noon, it sometimes

5274
04:50:27,000 --> 04:50:30,300
dies completely. 
You learned to plan Journeys, 

5275
04:50:30,300 --> 04:50:34,200
around these patterns you leave 
at dawn using polls or paddles 

5276
04:50:34,200 --> 04:50:37,900
by mid-morning. 
You raise the sail, like 

5277
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:41,500
evening, your lowering it again,
and looking for a place to beach

5278
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:44,200
the boat. 
Window Direction, matters more 

5279
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:47,500
than wind strength. 
A Gentle Wind from directly 

5280
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:51,000
behind you is more useful than a
strong wind from the side? 

5281
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,500
You learn to angle the sail to 
catch quartering winds. 

5282
04:50:54,500 --> 04:50:58,200
You learn that if the wind is 
coming from slightly ahead, you 

5283
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:01,100
can angle the boat in the sale 
in ways that still produce 

5284
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:04,300
forward motion. 
The physics are complicated, but

5285
04:51:04,300 --> 04:51:06,700
the practice becomes intuitive 
with repetition. 

5286
04:51:07,700 --> 04:51:11,600
The technical term is tacking. 
The Egyptians may not have had a

5287
04:51:11,608 --> 04:51:13,900
word for it, but they understood
the principle. 

5288
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:17,700
By sailing at an angle to the 
wind and then switching to the 

5289
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:19,900
opposite angle. 
You can make progressing Against

5290
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:23,200
the Wind. 
It is in direct, it takes longer

5291
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:27,800
but it works Egyptian boats 
evolved specialized features for

5292
04:51:27,800 --> 04:51:30,100
sale sailing. 
The holes become narrower and 

5293
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:33,500
longer reducing water 
resistance, the bow and Stern 

5294
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:35,700
arrays to prevent waves from a 
board. 

5295
04:51:36,500 --> 04:51:39,600
Steering laws are mounted at the
stern, giving Helmsman better 

5296
04:51:39,600 --> 04:51:43,300
control multiple rowers. 
A positioned along the side to 

5297
04:51:43,300 --> 04:51:47,100
supplement sale power when 
needed The paintings in the Tomb

5298
04:51:47,100 --> 04:51:50,800
of Menna a scribe who lived 
around 3,400 years ago. 

5299
04:51:50,800 --> 04:51:54,200
Show both Papyrus boats and 
wooden sailing vessels. 

5300
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:58,700
The Papyrus boats have simple, 
rectangular sales, The Wooden 

5301
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:01,200
Ships have more elaborate 
rigging with multiple control 

5302
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:05,200
lines The artistic detail is 
precise enough that modern boat.

5303
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:09,200
Builders can identify specific 
design features, the angle of 

5304
04:52:09,208 --> 04:52:13,400
the yard, the placement of stays
supporting, the masked a method 

5305
04:52:13,400 --> 04:52:17,300
of furling sails were not in, 
use, you grow old with sailing, 

5306
04:52:17,300 --> 04:52:21,200
your hands, develop, calluses in
new places from handling lines, 

5307
04:52:21,200 --> 04:52:24,400
your eyes learn to spot, wind on
Water by watching. 

5308
04:52:24,400 --> 04:52:28,100
Ripple patterns, you develop 
opinions about sail shape and 

5309
04:52:28,108 --> 04:52:31,100
Mast height that other Sailors 
find either insightful or 

5310
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:33,800
tedious depending on their own 
experience level. 

5311
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:37,000
Your grandchildren takes sailing
for granted. 

5312
04:52:37,000 --> 04:52:39,800
They have never known a time. 
When people could not harness 

5313
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:43,400
wind, they have never pulled a 
boat Upstream for days until 

5314
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:45,800
their shoulders screamed to 
them. 

5315
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:49,300
Sailing is just what boats. 
Do the innovation has become 

5316
04:52:49,300 --> 04:52:54,000
ordinary, but you remember You 
remember the first time a sale 

5317
04:52:54,000 --> 04:52:56,700
pulled a boat against the 
current with no effort from 

5318
04:52:56,700 --> 04:52:59,500
anyone aboard? 
You remember thinking that 

5319
04:52:59,500 --> 04:53:02,000
humans had stolen something from
the gods? 

5320
04:53:02,600 --> 04:53:04,600
Wind was supposed to be 
uncontrollable. 

5321
04:53:05,600 --> 04:53:09,500
Wind was supposed to be a force 
you endured or hid from and now 

5322
04:53:09,500 --> 04:53:12,500
wind was something you could 
trap and use and direct toward 

5323
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:15,900
your own purposes. 
Sailing technology spreads from 

5324
04:53:15,908 --> 04:53:17,800
Egypt to other Maritime 
cultures. 

5325
04:53:17,800 --> 04:53:20,700
The minoan on Crete to building 
sailing ships. 

5326
04:53:20,700 --> 04:53:23,700
By 200500 years before the 
Common Era. 

5327
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:27,800
The Phoenicians Master 
long-distance Sailing by 1,000 

5328
04:53:27,800 --> 04:53:31,300
years before the Common Era. 
The Greeks, the Romans and the 

5329
04:53:31,300 --> 04:53:34,900
carthaginians all developed 
their own variations on sale 

5330
04:53:34,900 --> 04:53:38,300
design and rigging, but the 
basic principle Remains the 

5331
04:53:38,300 --> 04:53:40,500
Same. 
You catch wind in fabric. 

5332
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:45,000
The wind pushes the fabric, the 
fabric is attached to a boat, 

5333
04:53:45,000 --> 04:53:49,100
the boat moves, this simple 
chain of cause and effect, 

5334
04:53:49,100 --> 04:53:53,000
enables human exploration trade,
migration and Empire across 

5335
04:53:53,000 --> 04:53:56,700
bodies of water that were 
previously too vast across using

5336
04:53:56,700 --> 04:53:59,900
muscle power alone. 
You have invented something that

5337
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:04,300
will be refined but never 
fundamentally replaced. 10,000 

5338
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:07,600
years from now, people will 
still be using sales, the 

5339
04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:10,200
materials will change, the 
designs will become 

5340
04:54:10,200 --> 04:54:14,200
unrecognizable sophisticated but
the core concept of catching 

5341
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:16,100
wind to move. 
Boats will endure, because it is

5342
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:19,600
based on a physics truth that 
does not change with culture or 

5343
04:54:19,600 --> 04:54:22,300
technology. 
The wind always blows. 

5344
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:27,000
The question is whether you know
how to use it, you're sitting in

5345
04:54:27,000 --> 04:54:31,800
a wooden boat, on a calm lake. 
The year is approximately 4,000 

5346
04:54:31,800 --> 04:54:35,000
years before the Common Era. 
The location is what will 

5347
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:38,700
someday be Northern Germany. 
The water is so still that you 

5348
04:54:38,700 --> 04:54:42,400
can see clouds reflected on its 
surface, the boat rocks. 

5349
04:54:42,400 --> 04:54:45,900
Gently you can hear birds 
calling from the Reed beds, 

5350
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:49,500
along the shore, you hold a 
paddle It carved from a single 

5351
04:54:49,500 --> 04:54:53,400
piece of Ash wood, the blade is 
flat and oval shaped. 

5352
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:57,100
The handle is round where you 
grip it and flattens into the 

5353
04:54:57,100 --> 04:55:01,300
blade in a smooth taper. 
The wood has been smoothed with 

5354
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:06,300
Sand and Stone until there are 
no splinters it feels alive in 

5355
04:55:06,300 --> 04:55:09,400
your hands. 
Paddling is the oldest form of 

5356
04:55:09,400 --> 04:55:11,200
boat propulsion that requires 
tools. 

5357
04:55:12,200 --> 04:55:16,500
Before paddles people use their 
hands before hands, they 

5358
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:20,100
probably kick their feet. 
But hands and feet are 

5359
04:55:20,100 --> 04:55:23,100
inefficient. 
They create Splash without much 

5360
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:27,700
forward, push a paddle extends, 
your reach and multiplies your 

5361
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:30,400
Force. 
You hold the paddle on one side 

5362
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:32,900
of the boat. 
You lean forward, and place the 

5363
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:37,000
blade in the water ahead of you,
you pull back the blade catches 

5364
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:41,400
water, the water resists, the 
boat moves forward, you lift, 

5365
04:55:41,400 --> 04:55:46,100
the blade out Lean Forward again
and repeat the Rhythm becomes 

5366
04:55:46,100 --> 04:55:53,000
automatic reach plant pull lift,
reach plant pull lift. 

5367
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:56,900
This is stroke mechanics. 
The power comes from your torso 

5368
04:55:56,900 --> 04:56:00,900
rotation, not just your arms, 
you twist from your core, your 

5369
04:56:00,900 --> 04:56:04,000
shoulders, follow your arms are 
mostly just connections between 

5370
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:06,700
your body and the paddle when 
you get the motion right. 

5371
04:56:06,700 --> 04:56:09,900
You can paddle for hours without
exhausting yourself, but there 

5372
04:56:09,900 --> 04:56:12,700
is a problem. 
Every stroke on one side, pushes

5373
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,900
the boat forward but also turns 
its slightly away from that 

5374
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:18,500
side. 
After five Strokes the boat is 

5375
04:56:18,500 --> 04:56:21,000
angling. 
Off course you switch sides. 

5376
04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:24,900
Now you are correcting the turn 
but also creating a new turn in 

5377
04:56:24,900 --> 04:56:28,600
the opposite direction. 
You zigzag across the water in 

5378
04:56:28,600 --> 04:56:32,300
an inefficient pattern. 
Someone solves This by figuring 

5379
04:56:32,300 --> 04:56:35,000
out the J. 
Stroke at the end of each pull, 

5380
04:56:35,000 --> 04:56:37,800
you twist the paddle blade and 
push it slightly outward. 

5381
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:41,300
This creates a small corrective 
force that counteracts the 

5382
04:56:41,300 --> 04:56:43,600
turning effect. 
With practice. 

5383
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:47,100
You can paddle on one side 
indefinitely while maintaining a

5384
04:56:47,100 --> 04:56:49,900
straight course. 
The technique takes weeks to 

5385
04:56:49,900 --> 04:56:52,500
learn properly but once 
mastered, it feels natural. 

5386
04:56:53,400 --> 04:56:56,400
Archaeological evidence for 
paddles appear, surprisingly 

5387
04:56:56,400 --> 04:57:01,400
early. 7,000 year old paddle was
found at a Neolithic site in 

5388
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:04,300
Yorkshire, England. 
Paddle is complete and 

5389
04:57:04,308 --> 04:57:06,900
functional. 
The wood grain runs lengthwise 

5390
04:57:06,900 --> 04:57:10,100
for strength. 
The blade width is optimized for

5391
04:57:10,100 --> 04:57:13,000
the paddlers arms pan. 
Someone, who understood 

5392
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:16,500
hydrodynamics made this tool 
your teaching your daughter to 

5393
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:18,900
paddle. 
She's 11 years old and strong 

5394
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:21,700
for her age. 
She understands the basic motion

5395
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:24,000
but she is not getting the Torso
rotation. 

5396
04:57:24,000 --> 04:57:26,100
She's pulling with her arms 
alone. 

5397
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:29,700
You can see her shoulders tent 
singing she will Tire quickly 

5398
04:57:29,700 --> 04:57:32,000
this way. 
You place your hands over hers. 

5399
04:57:32,000 --> 04:57:34,200
On the paddle, you guide her 
through the motion. 

5400
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:37,500
You exaggerate the Torso twist 
so she can feel it. 

5401
04:57:37,500 --> 04:57:43,000
Reach plant, pull Lyft. 
Again again. 

5402
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:46,500
She starts to get it. 
Her Strokes become more 

5403
04:57:46,500 --> 04:57:48,800
powerful, the boat moves fast 
faster. 

5404
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:52,000
She looks surprised at how much 
easier it becomes when you use 

5405
04:57:52,000 --> 04:57:54,000
your whole body in stead of just
your arms. 

5406
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:57,700
By the end of the afternoon, she
can paddle for 20 minutes 

5407
04:57:57,700 --> 04:58:01,700
straight without stopping. 
She cannot paddle well yet, her 

5408
04:58:01,700 --> 04:58:04,800
technique still needs refinement
but she has learned the 

5409
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:07,700
fundamental principle. 
The paddle is not a tool you 

5410
04:58:07,708 --> 04:58:10,600
push against water with the 
paddle is a tool. 

5411
04:58:10,600 --> 04:58:14,300
You use to pull yourself through
water with then someone invents 

5412
04:58:14,300 --> 04:58:17,400
the oar An or is different from 
a paddle in one. 

5413
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:20,300
Critical way, an aura is 
attached to the boat. 

5414
04:58:20,300 --> 04:58:23,500
The attachment point is called a
fulcrum or all lock. 

5415
04:58:24,100 --> 04:58:27,100
This seemingly Small Change, 
Alters everything about how 

5416
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:31,100
water propulsion works. 
With a paddle, you hold the tool

5417
04:58:31,100 --> 04:58:34,700
and push it against water. 
With an ore, the boat holds the 

5418
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:36,300
tool and you push it against 
water. 

5419
04:58:36,300 --> 04:58:40,400
The mechanical advantage 
changes, you can generate more 

5420
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,400
Force because you are pushing 
against a fixed point in stead 

5421
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:47,600
of just pulling through space. 
The earliest evidence of oars 

5422
04:58:47,600 --> 04:58:50,200
comes from Mediterranean and 
near Eastern sights. 

5423
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:53,000
Dating to roughly 3,000 years 
before the Common Era. 

5424
04:58:53,900 --> 04:58:56,700
The azer than paddles, the 
blades abroader. 

5425
04:58:57,300 --> 04:59:00,200
The handles show where patterns 
from rubbing against fulcrum 

5426
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:02,500
points. 
These are not paddles that 

5427
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:04,400
someone accidentally used as 
Wars. 

5428
04:59:04,400 --> 04:59:07,700
These are purpose-built tools 
for specific rowing technique. 

5429
04:59:08,500 --> 04:59:11,500
You try rowing for the first 
time on a boat, designed for it.

5430
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:15,200
The boat has notches carved into
the gunnels on both sides, 

5431
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:17,700
wooden pins, fit into these 
notches. 

5432
04:59:17,700 --> 04:59:21,600
The oars rest against the pins. 
You sit facing backward with 

5433
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:23,300
your back to the direction of 
travel. 

5434
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:27,400
This feels wrong initially. 
You cannot see where you're 

5435
04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:29,500
going. 
You hold one or in each hand. 

5436
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:32,900
The handles are behind you. 
The blades are ahead of you. 

5437
04:59:32,900 --> 04:59:36,700
On either side of the boat you 
lean forward, the all blades 

5438
04:59:36,700 --> 04:59:38,500
lift out of the water and swing 
forward. 

5439
04:59:38,500 --> 04:59:42,400
You pause with the blades 
hovering above the surface then 

5440
04:59:42,400 --> 04:59:45,400
you drop them in and pull your 
whole body compresses. 

5441
04:59:45,400 --> 04:59:48,800
The oars bite water. 
The boat surges forward. 

5442
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:52,000
This is different from paddling.
This is stronger. 

5443
04:59:52,000 --> 04:59:55,300
The force you generate is 
transmitted through the oars 

5444
04:59:55,300 --> 04:59:58,600
through the full Chrome points 
directly into the boat's Hull. 

5445
04:59:58,600 --> 05:00:02,200
Nothing is lost to the flex of 
your arms or the wobble of a 

5446
05:00:02,200 --> 05:00:05,300
handheld tool. 
The boat responds instantly to 

5447
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:07,800
your effort. 
The York Spring boat Found in 

5448
05:00:07,800 --> 05:00:11,100
Denmark and dating to 
approximately 200300 years 

5449
05:00:11,100 --> 05:00:14,700
before the Common Era shows 
sophisticated understanding of 

5450
05:00:14,700 --> 05:00:19,500
all mechanics, the boat has 20 
or locks, 20 rows, could sit 

5451
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:21,300
shoulder to shoulder and pull in
unison. 

5452
05:00:21,300 --> 05:00:24,300
The all locks are positioned to 
give each rower optimal 

5453
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:26,400
leverage. 
The boats design accounts for 

5454
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:28,200
the force vectors generated by 
20. 

5455
05:00:28,200 --> 05:00:31,700
O's pulling simultaneously. 
Rowing requires coordination in 

5456
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:35,300
ways that paddling does not. 
When you paddle, you work 

5457
05:00:35,300 --> 05:00:38,600
independently, when you row with
others, you must synchronize. 

5458
05:00:38,600 --> 05:00:42,200
If you pull while the person 
behind you is recovering the 

5459
05:00:42,200 --> 05:00:45,000
oars Clash. 
If you pull out of rhythm, the 

5460
05:00:45,000 --> 05:00:48,600
Bots motion becomes jerky and 
inefficient you learn to row by 

5461
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:50,700
counting the person at the front
sets. 

5462
05:00:50,700 --> 05:00:56,700
The pace, the count out loud. 
One, two, one, two on one you 

5463
05:00:56,700 --> 05:01:01,200
Lean Forward on two, you pull. 
The counting continues until 

5464
05:01:01,200 --> 05:01:04,600
everyone is moving together. 
Eventually the counting becomes 

5465
05:01:04,600 --> 05:01:07,200
unnecessary. 
You can feel the rhythm through 

5466
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:10,600
the boats movement and the 
presence of other rowers around 

5467
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:14,100
you the Greeks and Romans 
develop rowing into a military 

5468
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:16,700
science. 
Try reams of Warships, powered 

5469
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:19,600
by 170, row as a range in three 
tiers. 

5470
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:22,800
Yours are different lengths 
depending on which tier the 

5471
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:27,900
rower occupies The timing must 
be precise, a single Rowe out of

5472
05:01:27,900 --> 05:01:30,600
sink and the ores of multiple 
other people. 

5473
05:01:30,600 --> 05:01:33,900
The Romans trained professional 
rowing, Crews, who can maintain 

5474
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:37,500
maximum speed for extended 
periods, but you are not in a 

5475
05:01:37,508 --> 05:01:40,600
tree Rheem, you're in a small 
fishing boat with two or 

5476
05:01:40,600 --> 05:01:44,600
positions, your son, rose with 
you, you've wrote together so 

5477
05:01:44,600 --> 05:01:46,900
many times that, you know, 
longer need to call make 

5478
05:01:46,900 --> 05:01:49,400
consciously. 
You both Lean Forward at the 

5479
05:01:49,408 --> 05:01:53,100
same moment, you both drop the 
blades at the same angle, you 

5480
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:56,900
both pull with the same Force. 
The boat moves in a straight 

5481
05:01:56,908 --> 05:01:58,500
line. 
Without either of you making 

5482
05:01:58,500 --> 05:02:01,300
steering adjustments. 
This is the difference between 

5483
05:02:01,300 --> 05:02:04,100
rowing and paddling. 
Paddling is individual. 

5484
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:07,400
Rowing is collective. 
Paddling is intuitive. 

5485
05:02:07,400 --> 05:02:11,200
Rowing is learned. 
Paddling Works in tight spaces 

5486
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:14,100
and shallow watering Works in 
open water. 

5487
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:16,500
And rough conditions, where 
power matters, more than 

5488
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:20,300
maneuverability. 
Egyptian boats often, combine 

5489
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:22,700
both. 
The Khufu ship had rowing 

5490
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:26,400
positions and a sale mask. 
Sailors would row when wind was 

5491
05:02:26,400 --> 05:02:30,600
unavailable and sail, when wind 
was favorable, this hybrid 

5492
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:33,900
approach gives maximum 
flexibility, you'll never 

5493
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:36,100
dependent on a single propulsion
method. 

5494
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:42,100
If the wind dies you Roe, if 
your arms Tire, you say sale, if

5495
05:02:42,100 --> 05:02:45,800
you need to navigate a narrow 
channel, you paddle, The 

5496
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,400
mechanics of each method 
produced different wear patterns

5497
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:51,100
on the body. 
Paddlers, develop thick muscles 

5498
05:02:51,100 --> 05:02:55,100
in their backs and shoulders 
roast powerful, legs and cores 

5499
05:02:55,100 --> 05:02:58,600
because proper rowing technique 
involves pushing with legs while

5500
05:02:58,600 --> 05:03:02,200
pulling with arms. 
Sailors developed grip, strength

5501
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:05,600
from handling lines and the 
ability to maintain balance on 

5502
05:03:05,600 --> 05:03:08,700
moving platforms. 
You have done all three for 

5503
05:03:08,700 --> 05:03:11,500
enough years that your body 
shows all three patterns. 

5504
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:13,900
Your shaped by the boats you 
have. 

5505
05:03:13,900 --> 05:03:17,500
Used your calluses tell the 
story of every propulsion 

5506
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:19,600
method. 
You have mastered your right 

5507
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:22,500
hand has paddle. 
Calluses, your left has rope 

5508
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:26,300
burns from sail, handling, your 
lower back, has the deep muscle 

5509
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:29,600
development that comes from 
years of rowing, your grandson 

5510
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:33,200
asks, you which method is best? 
You tell him the question is 

5511
05:03:33,200 --> 05:03:37,000
wrong, there is no best method. 
There is only the method that 

5512
05:03:37,000 --> 05:03:40,300
fits the situation. 
You paddle in narrow Rivers, 

5513
05:03:40,300 --> 05:03:41,800
where the boat must change 
direction. 

5514
05:03:41,800 --> 05:03:45,400
Constantly, you Row in open 
water when maintaining speed 

5515
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:47,800
matters. 
You sail, when the wind blows 

5516
05:03:47,800 --> 05:03:50,200
true and you want to arrive 
without exhaustion. 

5517
05:03:51,000 --> 05:03:53,700
The best boat, Builders 
understand all three methods, 

5518
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:56,300
they design boats that. 
Can accommodate different 

5519
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:59,500
propulsion types. 
Depending on conditions, The 

5520
05:03:59,500 --> 05:04:02,900
boat you fish from has paddled 
positions all locks and a mask 

5521
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:05,600
socket. 
It is ready for anything, it 

5522
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:08,500
does not care which method you 
choose, it will move. 

5523
05:04:08,500 --> 05:04:12,100
However, you tell it to move. 
This flexibility is what allows 

5524
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:15,200
boats to spread across every 
culture that has access to 

5525
05:04:15,200 --> 05:04:18,200
water. 
The basic design principles 

5526
05:04:18,200 --> 05:04:22,300
transfer across environments. 
You can paddle a Dugout canoe in

5527
05:04:22,300 --> 05:04:25,500
a jungle River or a skin kayak 
in Arctic Waters. 

5528
05:04:25,500 --> 05:04:29,600
You can row a wooden boat in the
Mediterranean or a reed boat in 

5529
05:04:29,600 --> 05:04:32,200
Peru. 
You can sail up Papyrus boat on 

5530
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:34,800
the Nile or a sewn plank boat in
the Indian Ocean. 

5531
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:38,100
The mechanics of moving through 
water, a universal. 

5532
05:04:38,100 --> 05:04:40,700
The implementations are 
culturally specific. 

5533
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:45,600
But the underlying physics never
changes you push against water 

5534
05:04:45,600 --> 05:04:48,600
and water pushes back the 
harder. 

5535
05:04:48,600 --> 05:04:52,400
You push the faster you move, 
the more efficiently, you push 

5536
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:56,400
the father, you go before 
exhaustion your standing on a 

5537
05:04:56,408 --> 05:05:00,300
beach at dawn, the year is 
approximately 200500 years 

5538
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:03,500
before the Common Era. 
The location is the Eastern 

5539
05:05:03,500 --> 05:05:07,000
Mediterranean Coast. 
The sea is calm. 

5540
05:05:07,000 --> 05:05:11,600
Gulls wheel overhead, making 
their harsh morning calls the 

5541
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:13,800
smell of salt and kelp is 
strong. 

5542
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:16,800
Your people have been fishing 
these waters for Generations. 

5543
05:05:16,800 --> 05:05:20,400
You know, this stretch of Coast 
intimately, you know, where the 

5544
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:24,300
rocks are, you know, which coves
have the best shellfish, you 

5545
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,100
know, the names of every 
Landmark visible from Shore. 

5546
05:05:27,100 --> 05:05:31,100
But today you're going farther 
to your going Beyond sight of 

5547
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:33,400
land. 
This is not an adventure. 

5548
05:05:33,400 --> 05:05:36,900
This is not exploration. 
This is economics. 

5549
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:40,600
Fish are more plentiful in 
deeper water, larger fish, 

5550
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:44,400
better, fish, fish that will 
trade for three times what 

5551
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:48,200
Coastal fish bring? 
But getting to Deep Water means,

5552
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:52,000
losing sight of land. 
And losing sight of land, means 

5553
05:05:52,000 --> 05:05:53,600
you need a way to find your way 
back. 

5554
05:05:53,600 --> 05:05:57,900
You have no Compass compasses 
will not be invented for 

5555
05:05:57,900 --> 05:06:02,700
thousands of years, you have no 
charts nautical, charts, require

5556
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:05,500
literacy and standardized 
measurements that do not exist 

5557
05:06:05,500 --> 05:06:09,300
yet in your culture. 
What you have is observation and

5558
05:06:09,300 --> 05:06:14,000
memory, you watch the sunrise 
you note, its exact position 

5559
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:17,500
relative to the Headland to the 
north, the sun rises in the 

5560
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:19,300
East. 
This is reliable. 

5561
05:06:19,300 --> 05:06:22,700
The sun will set in the west. 
This is equally reliable. 

5562
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:25,800
As long as the sun is visible, 
you can maintain General 

5563
05:06:25,800 --> 05:06:28,700
orientation. 
You push your boat into the surf

5564
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:32,000
and rope past the breakers. 
The shore grows smaller behind 

5565
05:06:32,000 --> 05:06:33,900
you. 
The landmarks you use for 

5566
05:06:33,900 --> 05:06:36,900
navigation, shrink The Headland 
becomes less. 

5567
05:06:36,900 --> 05:06:39,800
Distinct eventually. 
You can barely make out the 

5568
05:06:39,800 --> 05:06:43,100
fishing village where you live. 
You Row for what feels like an 

5569
05:06:43,100 --> 05:06:49,200
hour maybe longer Time is hard 
to judge on water, you stop and 

5570
05:06:49,200 --> 05:06:52,500
let the boat drift. 
You drop a weighted line. 

5571
05:06:52,500 --> 05:06:56,900
The weight does not hit bottom. 
You're in water too deep for 

5572
05:06:56,900 --> 05:06:58,800
your line to measure. 
This is good. 

5573
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:01,200
This is where the large fish 
live. 

5574
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:05,400
You catch three fish larger than
any you of course, in shallow 

5575
05:07:05,400 --> 05:07:08,000
water. 
The fishing is everything you 

5576
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:10,600
hoped But now you have a 
problem. 

5577
05:07:10,600 --> 05:07:14,200
You need to get back and you're 
not entirely certain which 

5578
05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:17,200
direction back is, you study the
water. 

5579
05:07:17,200 --> 05:07:20,700
The sea is not featureless, 
there are patterns. 

5580
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:24,700
If you know how to look for them
long, slow swells run from west 

5581
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:26,800
to east. 
These are predictable 

5582
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:30,500
wind-driven waves run at a 
slight angle to the swells. 

5583
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:33,800
Combining these two directions 
gives you a rough sense of 

5584
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,600
orientation. 
You look at the sky clouds are 

5585
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:40,300
building over land. 
They always build over land 

5586
05:07:40,300 --> 05:07:43,600
during afternoon Heating. 
The Direction with the most 

5587
05:07:43,600 --> 05:07:47,200
Cloud buildup must be East where
the coast is, you cannot see the

5588
05:07:47,200 --> 05:07:50,100
coast, but you can see evidence 
of the coast in the cloud 

5589
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:54,300
formation patterns, you wrote 
toward the clouds after what 

5590
05:07:54,300 --> 05:07:57,500
might be half an hour, you see 
birds, not just seagulls but 

5591
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:02,800
smaller birds landbirds, these 
birds do not fly far from Shore 

5592
05:08:02,800 --> 05:08:06,800
where you see landbirds land is 
near you. 

5593
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:10,300
Wrote The Birds the coast 
appears as a thin line. 

5594
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:14,300
Then the line resolves in to 
recognizable features you are 

5595
05:08:14,308 --> 05:08:17,800
north of your village. 
Father North, the new intended, 

5596
05:08:17,800 --> 05:08:21,200
the current must have pushed you
during the fishing, but your 

5597
05:08:21,200 --> 05:08:24,900
close enough to correct Euros, 
South along the coast and you 

5598
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:29,400
recognize your home Beach. 
This is navigation. not with 

5599
05:08:29,400 --> 05:08:32,800
instruments, but with 
accumulated knowledge, You have 

5600
05:08:32,808 --> 05:08:35,800
learned to read water and sky 
and birds and clouds. 

5601
05:08:35,800 --> 05:08:39,700
You have learned that the world 
gives constant subtle signals 

5602
05:08:39,700 --> 05:08:42,400
about location and direction. 
If you pay attention to them, 

5603
05:08:43,100 --> 05:08:46,600
Polynesian Navigators perfect. 
These techniques over thousands 

5604
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:49,500
of years, they develop systems 
for reading. 

5605
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:52,700
Ocean swells that allow them to 
navigate thousands of miles 

5606
05:08:52,700 --> 05:08:56,200
without instruments. 
They memorize star positions at 

5607
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:59,100
different times of year. 
They study bird Behavior 

5608
05:08:59,100 --> 05:09:02,800
patterns, they learn which 
clouds indicate Islands Beyond 

5609
05:09:02,800 --> 05:09:06,000
the Horizon. 
The stick charts of the Marshall

5610
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:08,800
Islands are physical 
representation of navigation 

5611
05:09:08,800 --> 05:09:10,900
knowledge. 
The charts are made, from 

5612
05:09:10,900 --> 05:09:13,500
coconut fronds and shells, the 
sticks. 

5613
05:09:13,500 --> 05:09:17,400
Represent ocean swells the 
shells represent Islands. 

5614
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,800
The charts are not maps. 
In the western sense, they are 

5615
05:09:20,808 --> 05:09:24,400
teaching tools, they helped 
navigate his memorize wave 

5616
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:27,900
patterns around Island chains. 
European explorers. 

5617
05:09:27,900 --> 05:09:31,500
When they first encounter 
Polynesian navigation, do not 

5618
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:34,800
believe it is possible. 
How can someone navigate across 

5619
05:09:34,800 --> 05:09:37,700
2000 miles of open ocean with 
out instruments? 

5620
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:41,200
The Polynesian Navigators do 
exactly that. 

5621
05:09:41,200 --> 05:09:45,600
They do it, reliably, they do it
in conditions that would leave 

5622
05:09:45,600 --> 05:09:47,800
European Sailors completely 
lost. 

5623
05:09:48,600 --> 05:09:50,400
You are not a Polynesian 
Navigator. 

5624
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:52,400
You are a coastal. 
Fishermen. 

5625
05:09:52,400 --> 05:09:54,300
Pushing slightly beyond your 
comfort zone? 

5626
05:09:55,100 --> 05:09:57,400
But you are learning the same 
fundamental skills. 

5627
05:09:57,400 --> 05:10:01,500
You're learning that navigation 
is about pattern recognition and

5628
05:10:01,500 --> 05:10:05,400
inference rather than precise 
measurement, you teach your 

5629
05:10:05,400 --> 05:10:09,100
daughter to read water, you 
teacher that swells indicate, 

5630
05:10:09,100 --> 05:10:12,500
deep water, while chop indicates
shallow water or nearby land, 

5631
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:15,900
you teacher that watercolor 
changes over different bottom 

5632
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:18,200
types. 
Dark blue water is deep. 

5633
05:10:18,200 --> 05:10:22,000
Green water is shallow. 
Groundwater means, River 

5634
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:24,200
outflow. 
Like Bluewater means sound 

5635
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:27,600
bottom, she learns to navigate 
by keeping the sun on her left 

5636
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,300
shoulder in the morning and her 
right shoulder in the afternoon 

5637
05:10:30,300 --> 05:10:33,500
when traveling north. 
She learns that wind direction. 

5638
05:10:33,500 --> 05:10:37,800
Changes through the day. 
In predictable patterns morning.

5639
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:40,200
Wind comes from offshore 
evening. 

5640
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:43,800
Wind comes from onshore. 
These patterns are not absolute 

5641
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:45,400
but they are reliable enough to 
use. 

5642
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:49,800
You teach her to read, clouds 
clouds that stay in one place 

5643
05:10:49,800 --> 05:10:51,900
while other clouds move indicate
land. 

5644
05:10:52,800 --> 05:10:55,500
The land Heats and create 
updrafts that generate 

5645
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:59,700
stationary, clouds, clouds with 
dark, bottoms, indicate, rain 

5646
05:10:59,700 --> 05:11:03,800
over distant water shows as a 
gray curtain between sea and 

5647
05:11:03,808 --> 05:11:07,700
sky. 
She learns to read birds terns 

5648
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:11,200
and gulls Feed close to shore. 
If you see them in large, 

5649
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:14,600
numbers land is near. 
If you see patrols and 

5650
05:11:14,600 --> 05:11:18,200
shearwaters, you're in open. 
Ocean far from Shore. 

5651
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:22,300
If you see land birds flying out
to sea in the morning, they're 

5652
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:23,900
going to feed on offshore 
Islands. 

5653
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:27,800
If you see them flying back in 
the evening, follow them, they 

5654
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:31,400
are going home, the Vikings 
develop a reputation for 

5655
05:11:31,400 --> 05:11:34,700
navigation skill that exceeds 
what their instrument technology

5656
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:37,200
should allow. 
They cross the North Atlantic 

5657
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:40,700
regularly, they established 
settlements in Iceland and 

5658
05:11:40,700 --> 05:11:43,000
Greenland, they reached North 
America. 

5659
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:47,700
All of this with navigational 
tools that consists primarily of

5660
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:49,600
sun, compasses, and careful 
observation. 

5661
05:11:50,600 --> 05:11:54,800
The sun Compass is a simple 
device, a vertical pin cast to 

5662
05:11:54,800 --> 05:11:57,800
Shadow on a wooden disc marked 
with Direction indicators. 

5663
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:02,900
As the sun moves across the sky,
the shadows position changes. 

5664
05:12:02,900 --> 05:12:07,200
By comparing the shadow position
to known positions at certain 

5665
05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:11,000
times of day. 
You can determine Direction The 

5666
05:12:11,000 --> 05:12:14,200
device only works when the sun 
is visible, but in Northern 

5667
05:12:14,200 --> 05:12:18,000
latitudes during summer, the sun
is almost always visible. 

5668
05:12:18,900 --> 05:12:22,300
You do not have a son Compass 
but you have a similar system. 

5669
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:27,200
You have a stick mounted in your
boat at noon, the sticks Shadow 

5670
05:12:27,200 --> 05:12:31,600
Points, North in mourning, the 
shadow points, Northwest in 

5671
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:35,400
evening, it points Northeast. 
You have used this stick often 

5672
05:12:35,400 --> 05:12:38,000
enough that you can estimate the
time of day based on Shadow 

5673
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:40,800
position. 
This is practical astronomy. 

5674
05:12:40,800 --> 05:12:44,400
You're not calculating, 
Celestial positions or plotting 

5675
05:12:44,400 --> 05:12:46,800
orbits. 
You're using the Sun as a 

5676
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:49,400
directional reference because 
the sun's movement is 

5677
05:12:49,400 --> 05:12:53,100
predictable The sophistication 
comes not from complex 

5678
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:56,700
mathematics, but from careful 
observation over many years. 

5679
05:12:57,900 --> 05:13:00,200
You learn to combine multiple 
navigation. 

5680
05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:03,400
Cues simultaneously. 
You check the sun position. 

5681
05:13:03,400 --> 05:13:05,500
You watch. 
The swell Direction. 

5682
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:09,800
You note the cloud formations 
You observe bird Behavior. 

5683
05:13:09,800 --> 05:13:12,900
No single queue is perfectly 
reliable. 

5684
05:13:13,800 --> 05:13:17,200
But when multiple cues agree, 
you can trust the combined 

5685
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:19,600
information. 
Bad weather moves. 

5686
05:13:19,600 --> 05:13:23,400
Many cues. 
When clouds cover the sky, you 

5687
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:27,200
cannot use the Sun. 
When wind generates confused 

5688
05:13:27,200 --> 05:13:30,900
Seas, you cannot read swell 
Direction clearly When 

5689
05:13:30,900 --> 05:13:35,800
visibility drops, you cannot see
birds or clouds or land, you 

5690
05:13:35,800 --> 05:13:39,800
must rely on dead reckoning, the
estimate speed and time and 

5691
05:13:39,800 --> 05:13:42,100
calculate approximate distance 
traveled. 

5692
05:13:42,100 --> 05:13:44,900
The calculations are rough but 
better than nothing. 

5693
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:47,400
You develop a feel for boat 
speed. 

5694
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:50,700
You can estimate how fast you're
moving by watching the water 

5695
05:13:50,700 --> 05:13:54,200
flow, past the hull. 
Fast enough to create a small 

5696
05:13:54,200 --> 05:13:58,000
bow wave means about five miles 
per hour, slow enough, that the 

5697
05:13:58,000 --> 05:14:01,100
boat barely displaces water 
means about two miles per hour. 

5698
05:14:01,900 --> 05:14:04,600
these estimates are approximate,
but consistent enough to be 

5699
05:14:04,608 --> 05:14:09,400
useful, develop a feel for wind 
strength, light wind means, 

5700
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:13,600
gentle propulsion, Strong wind 
means you should Reef the sail 

5701
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:16,800
to reduce area. 
Dangerous wind means you should 

5702
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:19,300
lower the sail completely and 
row or drift. 

5703
05:14:20,200 --> 05:14:22,800
The boundaries between these 
categories are not precise. 

5704
05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:25,300
They are judgment calls based on
experience. 

5705
05:14:26,200 --> 05:14:29,400
Your daughter asks how, you 
know, when to turn back, you do 

5706
05:14:29,400 --> 05:14:32,600
not have a good answer, you 
know, based on some combination 

5707
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:37,000
of time elapsed distance, 
traveled fish caught weather 

5708
05:14:37,000 --> 05:14:40,100
conditions and something you can
only describe as intuition. 

5709
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:43,400
The intuition comes from doing 
this often enough that the 

5710
05:14:43,400 --> 05:14:46,900
calculations happen 
subconsciously, Sometimes you 

5711
05:14:46,908 --> 05:14:49,500
make mistakes, everyone makes 
mistakes. 

5712
05:14:49,500 --> 05:14:52,100
You end up farther from home 
than intended. 

5713
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:56,000
You arrive at the wrong Beach, 
you miss your Harbor and fog, 

5714
05:14:56,000 --> 05:14:59,400
and have to wait offshore until 
visibility improves these 

5715
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:01,000
mistakes. 
Teach you what not to do. 

5716
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:05,100
Next time, navigation skill is 
built from accumulated errors, 

5717
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:09,100
more than accumulated successes,
the older you get the fewer 

5718
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:13,100
mistakes you make. not because 
you become infallible but 

5719
05:15:13,100 --> 05:15:16,200
because you learn your 
limitations You know, which 

5720
05:15:16,200 --> 05:15:18,800
conditions you can handle and 
which conditions you should 

5721
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:22,000
avoid. 
You develop the humility to turn

5722
05:15:22,000 --> 05:15:23,700
back when the weather looks 
uncertain. 

5723
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,400
You develop the confidence to 
push forward when conditions are

5724
05:15:27,408 --> 05:15:30,000
favorable. 
This knowledge is not written 

5725
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:34,600
down, writing systems exist in 
some parts of the world by now, 

5726
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:38,600
but not in yours. 
This knowledge exists in stories

5727
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:43,200
and teaching and demonstration 
you pass it to your children by 

5728
05:15:43,200 --> 05:15:45,400
taking them on fishing trips and
pointing things out. 

5729
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:49,200
A pass it to their children. 
The same way the information 

5730
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,300
chain remains unbroken for 
centuries your old. 

5731
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:55,600
Now the boats you built as a 
young adult of long since rotted

5732
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:57,400
away or being broken up for 
firewood. 

5733
05:15:57,400 --> 05:16:00,600
The grandchildren you taught to 
paddle a teaching their own 

5734
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:03,500
grandchildren. 
You spend most a sitting near 

5735
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:05,300
the harbor watching, boats, come
and go. 

5736
05:16:05,300 --> 05:16:10,600
The boats are different now, 
larger more sophisticated, The 

5737
05:16:10,600 --> 05:16:13,400
coastal fishing boat you used as
being replaced by trading 

5738
05:16:13,400 --> 05:16:16,300
vessels that make runs to other 
Villages up and down the coast. 

5739
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:20,100
The Papyrus boats have been 
supplemented by Wooden Ships 

5740
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:22,900
with proper hulls and multiple 
sails. 

5741
05:16:23,700 --> 05:16:27,300
The technology has advanced even
within your lifetime, but the 

5742
05:16:27,300 --> 05:16:31,400
basic principles remain 
unchanged boats float because 

5743
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:35,900
they displace water boats move 
because people push them boats 

5744
05:16:35,900 --> 05:16:38,200
navigate, because people read 
the world around them. 

5745
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:41,500
There are assignments and 
elaborations do not alter these 

5746
05:16:41,500 --> 05:16:44,400
fundamental truths. 
You think about what boats have 

5747
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:47,300
made possible? 
When you were young, your people

5748
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:49,100
traded only with the neighboring
Village. 

5749
05:16:49,100 --> 05:16:52,100
A half-day walk inland. 
Now, you have trade 

5750
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,300
relationships with communities, 
two days up the coast. 

5751
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:58,700
You have seen Goods that 
originated from places you will 

5752
05:16:58,700 --> 05:17:01,500
never visit. 
Pottery Styles, you do not 

5753
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:04,700
recognize metal tools made from 
technique. 

5754
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:08,300
Your people do not possess. 
Fabric died colors. 

5755
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:10,400
That do not occur in local 
plants. 

5756
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:14,900
All of this movement, all of 
this exchange, all of this 

5757
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:18,900
cultural mixing it happens 
because boats allow people to 

5758
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:23,300
travel farther and faster than 
walking permits Rivers, become 

5759
05:17:23,300 --> 05:17:28,500
highways coastlines become trade
routes Islands, become connected

5760
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:31,100
networks and stead of isolated 
communities. 

5761
05:17:32,300 --> 05:17:34,500
The archaeological record shows 
the impact? 

5762
05:17:35,400 --> 05:17:38,000
Before. 
Boats human settlements cluster 

5763
05:17:38,000 --> 05:17:42,200
in small areas after boats 
settlement spread along 

5764
05:17:42,200 --> 05:17:45,600
waterways tray Goods appear 
hundreds of miles from their 

5765
05:17:45,600 --> 05:17:48,400
origin points. 
Pottery from one culture, 

5766
05:17:48,400 --> 05:17:50,600
appears in archaeological layers
of another culture. 

5767
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:54,800
Stone from specific, quarries 
shows up in distant locations, 

5768
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:58,500
these material signatures prove 
that people were moving and 

5769
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:01,100
trading and connecting across 
distances that would be 

5770
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:04,800
impractical by foot. 
The repeater people spread 

5771
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:08,400
across the Pacific starting 
around, 3,000 years before the 

5772
05:18:08,400 --> 05:18:12,600
Common Era. the island hopped 
from New Guinea to Fiji Tonga 

5773
05:18:12,600 --> 05:18:16,900
and Samoa the journey covered 
thousands of miles of open 

5774
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:19,300
ocean. 
The Lapita did this using 

5775
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:22,400
Outrigger canoes and 
sophisticated navigation skills.

5776
05:18:22,400 --> 05:18:25,500
Their distinctive Pottery 
appears a cross this entire 

5777
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:28,300
range. 
The pottery Styles evolved 

5778
05:18:28,300 --> 05:18:31,200
regionally but retained enough 
similarity to prove cultural 

5779
05:18:31,200 --> 05:18:34,600
connection without boats. 
The Pacific Islands. 

5780
05:18:34,600 --> 05:18:39,700
Remain isolated with boats, they
become a dispersed civilization 

5781
05:18:40,800 --> 05:18:42,400
The technology enables the 
culture. 

5782
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:47,200
Culture refines the technology, 
the feedback loop drives 

5783
05:18:47,200 --> 05:18:50,400
expansion, you watch a trading 
ship being loaded. 

5784
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:53,600
The ship is longer than 10 
people laid end-to-end. 

5785
05:18:54,500 --> 05:18:57,600
The hull is made from planks 
carefully shaped and fitted. 

5786
05:18:58,300 --> 05:19:01,900
The sale is woven linen that has
been treated with oil, to make 

5787
05:19:01,900 --> 05:19:04,800
it more durable. 
The rigging is complex enough 

5788
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:07,000
that it takes three people to 
manage it properly. 

5789
05:19:07,000 --> 05:19:10,400
This ship will carry grain down 
the coast to a village that 

5790
05:19:10,400 --> 05:19:14,400
grows mostly fish and dates. 
It will return with dried fish 

5791
05:19:14,400 --> 05:19:18,500
and baskets of dates and 
probably some pottery from a 

5792
05:19:18,500 --> 05:19:21,300
third location where skilled 
crafts people trade. 

5793
05:19:21,300 --> 05:19:25,200
Their work for food The ship 
makes this run twice a month 

5794
05:19:25,200 --> 05:19:28,400
during good weather. 
The economic impact is larger 

5795
05:19:28,400 --> 05:19:31,400
than the physical cargo. 
The ship creates relationships. 

5796
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:36,800
It creates, dependency it 
creates a web of obligation and 

5797
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:40,100
exchange that binds distant 
communities together. 

5798
05:19:40,100 --> 05:19:43,000
Your grandson owns part of this 
ship. 

5799
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:46,700
He is a merchant now. 
He stopped fishing years ago 

5800
05:19:46,700 --> 05:19:49,400
after realizing that moving 
other people's Goods was more 

5801
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:51,000
profitable than catching his 
own. 

5802
05:19:51,800 --> 05:19:55,600
He speaks three dialects. 
You can calculate exchange rates

5803
05:19:55,600 --> 05:19:58,600
in his head, he knows which 
goods are scarce in, which 

5804
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:01,200
locations and how to profit from
that scarceness. 

5805
05:20:01,900 --> 05:20:04,000
None of this would be possible 
without boats. 

5806
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:08,200
The entire economic structure 
depends on the ability to move 

5807
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:11,500
cargo across water. 
The boats are not the economy 

5808
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:14,800
but they enable the economy. 
They are the infrastructure on 

5809
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:19,400
which everything else builds You
think about Warfare 2 your old 

5810
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:22,500
enough, to remember the raid 
from the northern Village armed.

5811
05:20:22,500 --> 05:20:26,600
Men arrived by boat Before Dawn.
They moved along the coast 

5812
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:31,000
quietly, they landed at the 
Village Beach and attacked while

5813
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:34,500
most people were still asleep. 
They stole grain and tools and 

5814
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:37,300
several young women. 
They were gone before any 

5815
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:40,300
organized resistance could fall.
Boats. 

5816
05:20:40,300 --> 05:20:44,500
Make raids like this possible. 
For boats enemies must approach 

5817
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:48,300
on foot through known parvez. 
There is warning time, there is 

5818
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:51,600
opportunity for defense with 
boats enemies. 

5819
05:20:51,600 --> 05:20:54,000
Can appear anywhere along a 
coast at any time. 

5820
05:20:54,700 --> 05:20:57,300
The defense of problem becomes, 
much more complex. 

5821
05:20:58,200 --> 05:21:01,700
The response to boat based 
raiding is to develop boat-based

5822
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:04,700
defense, your village. 
Now maintains a watch boat 

5823
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:08,600
crewed by young men who take 
turns staying alert. when 

5824
05:21:08,600 --> 05:21:11,400
strange boats are spotted the 
watch boat alerts The Village 

5825
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:16,500
when necessary the watch boat 
intercepts this changes social 

5826
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:21,800
structure, it creates a warrior 
class It creates hierarchies, it

5827
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:27,300
creates political complexity. 
Cities develop a natural Harbor 

5828
05:21:27,300 --> 05:21:30,700
locations. 
The cities that control Harbors 

5829
05:21:30,700 --> 05:21:34,200
control trade. 
The cities that control, trade 

5830
05:21:34,200 --> 05:21:37,800
accumulate wealth. 
Cities that accumulate wealth 

5831
05:21:37,800 --> 05:21:40,700
build walls, and temples and 
administrative buildings. 

5832
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:44,200
Civilization as a recognizable 
phenomenon. 

5833
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:47,500
Seems to correlate with water 
access the greater early 

5834
05:21:47,500 --> 05:21:51,800
civilizations all develop along 
rivers or coasts Egypt on the 

5835
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:56,200
Nile Mesopotamia between the 
Tigris and Euphrates the Indus 

5836
05:21:56,200 --> 05:21:59,200
Valley Civilization along the 
Indus River the Chinese 

5837
05:21:59,200 --> 05:22:00,800
dynasties along the Yellow 
River. 

5838
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:04,900
This is not coincidental water 
provides Transportation, 

5839
05:22:04,900 --> 05:22:09,600
irrigation, and food. 
But transportation might be the 

5840
05:22:09,600 --> 05:22:14,100
most important water allows 
ideas and goods and people to 

5841
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:16,300
move in ways that Overland 
travel does not. 

5842
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:19,900
On a road, can carry may be 400 
pounds. 

5843
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:24,600
A small boat can carry ten times
that a large boat can carry 

5844
05:22:24,600 --> 05:22:28,300
hundreds of times that Economic 
efficiency is obvious. 

5845
05:22:28,300 --> 05:22:31,000
Your great granddaughter, asked 
you what it was like before 

5846
05:22:31,000 --> 05:22:34,600
boats, you do not have a good 
answer, you're not old enough to

5847
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:37,800
remember before boats boats, 
have been part of your world 

5848
05:22:37,800 --> 05:22:41,200
since before you formed memories
but you have heard stories from 

5849
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:44,100
the elders, who raised you, they
spoke of a time when the 

5850
05:22:44,100 --> 05:22:47,100
opposite Riverbank was foreign 
territory when the village 

5851
05:22:47,100 --> 05:22:48,800
across the lake. 
Might as well have been on the 

5852
05:22:48,800 --> 05:22:52,500
moon when the entire world 
consisted of the territory you 

5853
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:54,800
could reach on foot in a Long 
Day's walking. 

5854
05:22:55,500 --> 05:22:58,400
That world was smaller not 
physically smaller, but 

5855
05:22:58,400 --> 05:23:02,600
experientially smaller. 
The number of people you could 

5856
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:04,200
meet in your life, time was 
limited. 

5857
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:08,600
The number of places you could 
visit was constrained the amount

5858
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:11,000
of new information you could 
encounter was finite. 

5859
05:23:11,900 --> 05:23:15,400
Boats expanded that world. 
Not just for you. 

5860
05:23:15,400 --> 05:23:19,500
But for every human culture that
adopted them, the expansion was 

5861
05:23:19,500 --> 05:23:22,800
not always positive. 
Boats, brought, Raiders and 

5862
05:23:22,800 --> 05:23:26,200
diseases, and invasive species 
along with trade goods and new 

5863
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:28,600
ideas. 
But the expansion was 

5864
05:23:28,600 --> 05:23:32,200
transformative, you tell your 
great granddaughter, that boats 

5865
05:23:32,200 --> 05:23:35,100
are one of the most important 
inventions humans ever made. 

5866
05:23:36,000 --> 05:23:38,900
More important than agriculture 
because boats in able 

5867
05:23:38,900 --> 05:23:42,600
agricultural products to reach 
markets, more important than 

5868
05:23:42,600 --> 05:23:47,300
writing, because boats carry the
materials writing requires more 

5869
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,700
important than metalworking 
because boats transport metals 

5870
05:23:50,700 --> 05:23:53,400
and finished Metal Goods. 
She looks skeptical. 

5871
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:58,100
She has grown up with boats. 
He takes them for granted. 

5872
05:23:58,100 --> 05:24:01,400
The way you take breathing for 
granted, they are just there. 

5873
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:05,400
They have always been there. 
The idea that the world could 

5874
05:24:05,400 --> 05:24:10,200
function without them seem 
strange, you try to explain you 

5875
05:24:10,200 --> 05:24:12,400
tell it to imagine her world 
without boats. 

5876
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:16,400
No trade goods from up the coast
no fish from deep water. 

5877
05:24:16,400 --> 05:24:21,500
No raids from northern enemies. 
No trading Expeditions, no 

5878
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:25,400
family visits to the Island 
community, her world becomes 

5879
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:30,200
very small, very quickly. 
She starts to understand the 

5880
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:31,800
boats are invisible 
infrastructure. 

5881
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:35,900
They are so fundamental to how 
her Society functions that she 

5882
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:39,700
never consciously thinks about 
them, but remove them, and 

5883
05:24:39,700 --> 05:24:42,800
everything changes. 
This is the legacy of those 

5884
05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:46,700
first experimental rafts. 
Those crude log bundles, that 

5885
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:50,500
barely floating those early. 
Dugout canoes scraped out with 

5886
05:24:50,500 --> 05:24:55,000
fire and Stone Those Reed boats.
Woven in marshes, those first 

5887
05:24:55,000 --> 05:24:57,600
sails catching wind each 
Innovation. 

5888
05:24:57,600 --> 05:25:01,300
Built on the previous one each 
Improvement, expanded, what was 

5889
05:25:01,308 --> 05:25:04,300
possible. 
A progression was not linear 

5890
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:07,800
different cultures, develop 
different solutions to the same 

5891
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:12,900
problems, but the trajectory was
consistent boats became larger 

5892
05:25:12,900 --> 05:25:17,400
fast faster. 
More capable more reliable by 

5893
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:20,200
the time of the Common Era. 
Humans are building ships 

5894
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:23,900
capable of Crossing oceans. 
The Roman grain chips that 

5895
05:25:23,900 --> 05:25:27,200
Supply Rome can carry 1,000 tons
of cargo. 

5896
05:25:27,800 --> 05:25:31,900
The Chinese treasure ships of 
the 1500s Common Era are among 

5897
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:33,600
the largest Wooden Ships ever 
built. 

5898
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:37,800
The European Age of Exploration 
Maps, the entire world using 

5899
05:25:37,800 --> 05:25:39,800
progressively refined sailing 
ships. 

5900
05:25:40,800 --> 05:25:43,700
But all of it traces back to 
someone noticing that logs 

5901
05:25:43,700 --> 05:25:46,500
float. 
Someone thinking that floating 

5902
05:25:46,500 --> 05:25:49,800
logs could hold weight. 
Someone figuring out how to tie 

5903
05:25:49,800 --> 05:25:52,100
logs together. 
Someone discovering that 

5904
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:54,500
hallowed wood works better than 
bundled logs. 

5905
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:58,100
Someone experimenting with reeds
and finding they work too. 

5906
05:25:58,100 --> 05:26:02,200
Someone seeing a mat catch wind 
and realizing wind could be 

5907
05:26:02,200 --> 05:26:04,700
useful. 
Someone attaching a blade to a 

5908
05:26:04,708 --> 05:26:08,200
stick and calling it a paddle. 
Someone attaching a paddle to a 

5909
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,400
boat and calling it and all 
someone combining all these 

5910
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:15,000
elements into vessels that could
cross Horizon's, you're not 

5911
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:17,000
responsible for any of these 
Innovations. 

5912
05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:20,300
You came along thousands of 
years too late, but you have 

5913
05:26:20,308 --> 05:26:22,900
spent your life using the 
technology these Innovations 

5914
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:25,600
created. 
You have built boats, you have 

5915
05:26:25,608 --> 05:26:28,300
sailed boats. 
You have taught boat skills to 

5916
05:26:28,300 --> 05:26:30,800
younger generation. 
You are part of the continuity. 

5917
05:26:30,800 --> 05:26:34,000
The Sun is setting. 
Now, the harbor is quieting. 

5918
05:26:34,000 --> 05:26:36,800
The trading ship is finished, 
loading and will depart with the

5919
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:39,100
Morning Tide. 
The fishing boats have returned 

5920
05:26:39,100 --> 05:26:42,200
and been pulled onto the beach. 
The watch boat crew is changing 

5921
05:26:42,200 --> 05:26:45,700
shifts, everything is routine, 
everything is ordinary. 

5922
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:48,200
But ordinary is extraordinary 
when you think. 

5923
05:26:48,200 --> 05:26:52,500
About it, the simple fact that 
boats exist, the simple fact 

5924
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:54,900
that humans figured out how to 
move across water. 

5925
05:26:54,900 --> 05:26:58,800
The simple fact that this 
technology spread and evolved 

5926
05:26:58,800 --> 05:27:02,700
and enabled civilization as we 
understand it, None of this was 

5927
05:27:02,700 --> 05:27:05,500
inevitable. 
It required observation 

5928
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:11,200
experimentation Innovation 
teaching, and refinement, across

5929
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:14,500
thousands of years. 
And countless cultures, you head

5930
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:17,800
home as the last Light, Fades, 
your joints ache. 

5931
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:19,900
Your eyes are not what they used
to be. 

5932
05:27:20,800 --> 05:27:22,300
But you can still hear the 
water. 

5933
05:27:22,300 --> 05:27:26,400
You can still smell the salt. 
You can still remember the 

5934
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:30,500
feeling of a boat moving beneath
you and wind filling a sale and 

5935
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:34,000
the endless possibility of the 
Horizon, you have drifted. 

5936
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:37,900
Through 10,000 years of humans 
learning to float tonight. 

5937
05:27:38,700 --> 05:27:42,100
From the first tentative log 
Riders to The Confident Sailors 

5938
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:45,600
catching wind you followed. 
The story is fundamentally about

5939
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:48,800
humans, refusing to let water 
stop them from going where they 

5940
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:51,600
wanted to go. 
If you found this interesting 

5941
05:27:51,600 --> 05:27:54,900
like tired dumpling's, you might
consider subscribing. 

5942
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:58,800
More history. 
Waits in the archive, more quiet

5943
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:01,900
Voices From the Past, ready to 
walk you through their worlds 

5944
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:05,800
and sleep arrives, but that 
decision is entirely yours to 

5945
05:28:05,800 --> 05:28:08,000
make. 
The boats are still out there. 

5946
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:12,600
The wind still blows the water, 
still flows and somewhere, 

5947
05:28:12,600 --> 05:28:16,200
probably right now. 
Someone is figuring out a better

5948
05:28:16,200 --> 05:28:28,700
way to move across at all sleep.
Well, Imagine yourself sitting 

5949
05:28:28,700 --> 05:28:32,300
in a cozy Chair by a crackling 
fire, ready to hear about a man 

5950
05:28:32,300 --> 05:28:33,700
who never meant to be 
Scotland's. 

5951
05:28:33,700 --> 05:28:36,500
Greatest folk hero, William 
Wallace didn't come into the 

5952
05:28:36,508 --> 05:28:39,600
world with a crown on his head 
or a plan for the battlefield in

5953
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:42,600
his hand. 
He was born around 1270 as the 

5954
05:28:42,600 --> 05:28:44,600
second son of a minor Scottish 
Noble. 

5955
05:28:44,600 --> 05:28:47,100
This meant that he was going to 
live a quiet life. 

5956
05:28:47,100 --> 05:28:51,600
That history tends to forget You
might picture young William 

5957
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:54,200
growing up in renfrewshire and 
getting into the usual. 

5958
05:28:54,200 --> 05:28:56,900
Kinds of trouble that boys do 
like climbing trees. 

5959
05:28:56,900 --> 05:29:00,200
He shouldn't tracking mud 
through his mother's, clean 

5960
05:29:00,200 --> 05:29:02,000
Hall, and learning to swing a 
sword. 

5961
05:29:02,000 --> 05:29:03,900
That was still too heavy for a 
skinny arms. 

5962
05:29:03,900 --> 05:29:07,100
Malcolm Wallace is father, owns 
some land around elderly. 

5963
05:29:07,100 --> 05:29:10,000
It was enough to make them 
respectable but not enough to 

5964
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:12,300
make them Rich. 
It's like being the family that 

5965
05:29:12,300 --> 05:29:14,500
lives on a quiet street, but has
the nicest house. 

5966
05:29:14,500 --> 05:29:17,400
It's not like living in a castle
but it's nice. 

5967
05:29:17,400 --> 05:29:20,700
It wasn't William's birth or his
money that set him apart. 

5968
05:29:20,700 --> 05:29:24,800
It was the time he was born, he 
was born and raised in Scotland 

5969
05:29:24,800 --> 05:29:27,900
during a time when things were 
really bad King, Alexander the 

5970
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,200
third died in 1286 leaving 
behind a mess. 

5971
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:33,600
That would make today's family. 
Inheritance fight seem like 

5972
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:36,900
polite dinner conversations, the
Scottish nobles were fighting 

5973
05:29:36,900 --> 05:29:38,200
over. 
Who should be the next king? 

5974
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:41,600
Like, kids fighting over the 
last piece of cake, but this 

5975
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:44,700
cake was a whole Kingdom. 
Edward the first of England came

5976
05:29:44,700 --> 05:29:47,700
along, he was a subtle as a 
sledgehammer, and his patient as

5977
05:29:47,700 --> 05:29:50,900
a Hungry, Cat watching a mouse 
hole, Ed Would saw the political

5978
05:29:50,900 --> 05:29:54,300
chaos in Scotland and thought 
this looks like a great chance 

5979
05:29:54,300 --> 05:29:58,600
to add another kingdom to my 
collection in 1296, when William

5980
05:29:58,600 --> 05:30:01,800
was probably in his mid-twenties
and more interested in taking 

5981
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:05,300
care of his family's land than 
in politics, Edward decided to 

5982
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:08,000
invade Scotland with the same 
excitement as someone moving 

5983
05:30:08,000 --> 05:30:10,100
furniture around in a house that
wasn't theirs. 

5984
05:30:10,100 --> 05:30:12,500
The Invasion wasn't just a 
military Victory. 

5985
05:30:12,500 --> 05:30:15,800
It was a planned humiliation. 
Edward, took away Scotland 

5986
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:19,000
symbols of Independence like a 
tourist taking home a huge 

5987
05:30:19,000 --> 05:30:21,500
souvenir. 
He took the stone of Destiny 

5988
05:30:21,500 --> 05:30:24,000
away. 
He put English officials in 

5989
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:26,400
charge of Scottish Affairs and 
acted like the worst kind of 

5990
05:30:26,400 --> 05:30:28,000
micromanaging boss you've ever 
had. 

5991
05:30:28,000 --> 05:30:31,200
Except this boss was in charge 
of your whole country. 

5992
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:35,400
For William who lived in the 
Scottish lowlands, Edward's job.

5993
05:30:35,400 --> 05:30:37,600
Probably felt like having 
strangers move into his 

5994
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:39,400
neighborhood and tell him how to
paint his fence. 

5995
05:30:39,400 --> 05:30:42,600
The new English rulers made, 
people pay taxes, set their own 

5996
05:30:42,600 --> 05:30:45,400
rules and didn't care about 
Scottish Customs any more than 

5997
05:30:45,400 --> 05:30:48,700
you would care about a crumpled 
grocery list every day was full 

5998
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:51,400
of small annoyances and big 
problems that built up over 

5999
05:30:51,400 --> 05:30:53,800
time. 
Like pressure in a kettle, you 

6000
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:57,000
can almost picture William going
about his business, managing his

6001
05:30:57,000 --> 05:31:00,400
smallest states, dealing with 
English, tax collectors, and 

6002
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,500
watching English soldiers, 
Swaggart through Scottish towns.

6003
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,700
You can also picture him feeling
that special kind of anger that 

6004
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:08,700
comes from being told, you're 
not good enough to run your own 

6005
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:11,200
Affairs, he wasn't planning a 
revolution yet. 

6006
05:31:11,200 --> 05:31:14,800
He was just a man watching his 
country, slowly Fade Away under 

6007
05:31:14,800 --> 05:31:17,300
the rules of someone else. 
But here's the thing about 

6008
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:20,700
quiet, people who reach their 
breaking point when they Finally

6009
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:22,600
lose it. 
They don't just make noise. 

6010
05:31:22,600 --> 05:31:25,400
They write history. 
William Wallace was about to 

6011
05:31:25,400 --> 05:31:28,300
learn that the heroes who are 
most afraid to act are the ones 

6012
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:31,200
who make the biggest difference 
because they reach a point where

6013
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:34,100
they can't stand to watch any 
more his change from a small 

6014
05:31:34,100 --> 05:31:37,400
landowner to a famous Rebel was 
still to come like a storm 

6015
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:40,300
gathering on the horizon. 
You might be wondering what 

6016
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:42,600
makes a fairly peaceful land 
owner into Scotland's. 

6017
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:45,300
Most famous Rebel like most 
turning points in life. 

6018
05:31:45,300 --> 05:31:47,700
The answer came down to 
something very personal and 

6019
05:31:47,700 --> 05:31:51,700
annoyingly small William Wallace
was called to testify in May 

6020
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:55,700
1297 before William Hessel rig, 
the English, Sheriff of Lanark 

6021
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:58,500
historians, still argue about 
why this happened. 

6022
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,700
Just like people argue about 
what really happened at a family

6023
05:32:01,708 --> 05:32:05,400
reunion years ago. 
Imagine this, you have to meet 

6024
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:08,200
with someone who embodies 
everything you've come to hate 

6025
05:32:08,200 --> 05:32:11,600
about, your current situation 
hazelrig was one of those 

6026
05:32:11,600 --> 05:32:14,300
English officials who like to 
remind Scots that they were now 

6027
05:32:14,300 --> 05:32:16,700
subjects instead of citizens of 
their own country. 

6028
05:32:16,700 --> 05:32:19,400
He was like every annoying 
interaction you've ever had with

6029
05:32:19,400 --> 05:32:21,800
the government, but this 
bureaucrat could have you killed

6030
05:32:21,800 --> 05:32:24,600
if he wanted to. 
Depending on which story you 

6031
05:32:24,600 --> 05:32:26,700
believe what happens next is 
different. 

6032
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:28,600
However they all end the same 
way. 

6033
05:32:28,600 --> 05:32:32,200
He is dead and Wallace's 
suddenly Scotland's Most Wanted 

6034
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:34,300
man. 
Some people say it started 

6035
05:32:34,300 --> 05:32:36,600
because of taxes. 
Others say it was because of 

6036
05:32:36,600 --> 05:32:39,800
land disputes and still others 
say it had to do with a woman 

6037
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:42,700
Wallace cared about the 
Specifics, don't matter as much 

6038
05:32:42,700 --> 05:32:46,600
as the outcome. 
William Wallace crossed a line 

6039
05:32:46,600 --> 05:32:48,500
that couldn't be uncrossed in a 
fit of rage. 

6040
05:32:48,500 --> 05:32:51,700
It wasn't the same as 
accidentally breaking a vase. 

6041
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:53,500
At someone's house to kill an 
English Sheriff. 

6042
05:32:53,500 --> 05:32:56,500
This was like setting fire to a 
police station in the Middle 

6043
05:32:56,500 --> 05:32:58,900
Ages. 
There was no way to explain it 

6044
05:32:58,900 --> 05:33:01,400
away. 
No way to say sorry and no way 

6045
05:33:01,408 --> 05:33:04,100
to go back to your quiet life of
managing, Estates and 

6046
05:33:04,108 --> 05:33:07,600
complaining about taxes Wallace 
was with about 30 friends in 

6047
05:33:07,608 --> 05:33:10,200
Lanark that day and all of a 
sudden they were all criminals 

6048
05:33:10,200 --> 05:33:12,500
like the most important crime 
spree in history. 

6049
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,600
But here's where the story gets 
interesting while this didn't 

6050
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:18,500
Panic or run away to hide in the
highlands like smart criminals 

6051
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:21,800
would have instead, he did 
something that surprised 

6052
05:33:21,800 --> 05:33:25,700
everyone even himself. 
He began to get more followers 

6053
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:29,100
words, spread through Scotland 
faster than gossip in a small 

6054
05:33:29,108 --> 05:33:32,400
town, William Wallace had 
finally stood up to the English.

6055
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:35,600
You need to know how badly 
people wanted to hear this kind 

6056
05:33:35,600 --> 05:33:38,100
of news for months. 
Scott had been watching, 

6057
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:41,200
foreigners changed their 
country, ignore their traditions

6058
05:33:41,200 --> 05:33:44,300
and other kill their leaders. 
Send them into Exile or work 

6059
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:46,700
with the Occupiers then out of 
nowhere. 

6060
05:33:46,700 --> 05:33:49,600
There was this minor nobleman 
who seemed to have made up his 

6061
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,100
mind, that he would rather be a 
dead Rebel than a living 

6062
05:33:52,100 --> 05:33:55,300
collaborator Wallace found out. 
He was good at something he'd 

6063
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:58,400
never done before getting people
to fight when it seemed like 

6064
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:02,000
there was no hope. 
Men began to arrive at his Camp 

6065
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:05,100
Farmers, brought pitchforks, 
young nobleman brought swords 

6066
05:34:05,100 --> 05:34:08,300
Craftsman, brought Hammers, and 
a lot of people brought nothing 

6067
05:34:08,300 --> 05:34:10,200
but anger and a desire to use 
it. 

6068
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:13,800
It was like watching a snowball 
roll down a hill, but this one 

6069
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:16,900
was picking up Scott's who were 
armed and angry at the same 

6070
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:18,300
time. 
The English government was 

6071
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:21,200
having its own bad day at work. 
One minute, they're running a 

6072
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:23,600
conquered territory, like any 
other occupying force. 

6073
05:34:23,600 --> 05:34:27,000
And the next minute, some nobody
from renfrewshire has killed a 

6074
05:34:27,000 --> 05:34:29,500
sheriff and become a magnet for 
all the unhappy Scots in the 

6075
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:31,700
lowlands. 
Edward, the first was not the 

6076
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:33,300
kind of King who liked 
surprises. 

6077
05:34:33,300 --> 05:34:36,700
Like this within a few weeks 
Wallace had gone from being a 

6078
05:34:36,700 --> 05:34:39,600
wanted criminal to the head of a
group that was starting to look 

6079
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:42,600
a lot like a rebellion. 
He was probably learning faster 

6080
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:44,400
than he wanted. 
That there is a big difference 

6081
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:47,900
between being angry enough to 
kill a sheriff and being ready 

6082
05:34:47,900 --> 05:34:50,400
to lead a war against the 
strongest military force in 

6083
05:34:50,400 --> 05:34:52,700
Britain. 
But sometimes life doesn't give 

6084
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:54,300
you enough time to get ready for
the part. 

6085
05:34:54,300 --> 05:34:57,500
You have to play imagine trying 
to explain to someone while you 

6086
05:34:57,500 --> 05:35:00,000
chose to fight the medieval 
version of the Pentagon with a 

6087
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:03,400
Group of farmers Craftsmen and 
younger sons who couldn't 

6088
05:35:03,400 --> 05:35:06,600
inherit their father's land. 
This was basically William 

6089
05:35:06,600 --> 05:35:09,000
Wallace's situation in the 
summer of 1297. 

6090
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:12,200
If he had been the type of 
person to make smart choices 

6091
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:15,000
Scottish history would have been
much shorter and less 

6092
05:35:15,008 --> 05:35:17,900
interesting Wallace had 
accidentally become the leader 

6093
05:35:17,900 --> 05:35:19,600
of what military historians 
politely. 

6094
05:35:19,600 --> 05:35:23,100
Call an asymmetric conflict 
which is academic speak for 

6095
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:27,400
David vs Goliath, except Goliath
has professional soldiers and 

6096
05:35:27,400 --> 05:35:30,300
David has a lot of people who 
are really really angry. 

6097
05:35:31,300 --> 05:35:34,100
The English army that was coming
to Scotland was everything, a 

6098
05:35:34,100 --> 05:35:37,100
medieval military force was 
supposed to be well, trained. 

6099
05:35:37,100 --> 05:35:41,300
Well equipped experience in 
conquest and led by commanders, 

6100
05:35:41,300 --> 05:35:44,200
who knew what they were doing. 
On the other hand, Wallace's 

6101
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:46,700
Army looked like, what happens 
when you tell people at a bar 

6102
05:35:46,700 --> 05:35:49,100
that drinks a free and then give
them guns and stead of beer. 

6103
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:51,900
Most of his followers had never 
been in a real battle. 

6104
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:55,200
Many didn't have the right armor
and their plan was to hit the 

6105
05:35:55,200 --> 05:35:57,500
English with whatever you've got
until they go away. 

6106
05:35:58,400 --> 05:36:00,100
It wasn't a very promising 
situation. 

6107
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:03,600
Wallace did have two advantages 
that weren't obvious right away.

6108
05:36:04,400 --> 05:36:07,800
First, his men were fighting for
their homes, which is a strong 

6109
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:09,300
motivation that is hard to 
match. 

6110
05:36:09,300 --> 05:36:12,000
When you're a professional 
Soldier fighting for someone 

6111
05:36:12,000 --> 05:36:15,300
else's goals Wallace, also had a
natural understanding of what we

6112
05:36:15,308 --> 05:36:17,300
now. 
Call guerrilla warfare, though, 

6113
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:19,400
he probably would have called it
practical fighting. 

6114
05:36:19,400 --> 05:36:22,000
This is the second and maybe 
more important. 

6115
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:25,000
Point Wallace didn't want to 
fight the English in formal 

6116
05:36:25,000 --> 05:36:27,600
pitched battles were better 
training and Equipment would win

6117
05:36:27,600 --> 05:36:31,200
in Stead. 
He kept his troops moving, they 

6118
05:36:31,200 --> 05:36:34,500
attacked English supply lines 
quickly, then vanished before 

6119
05:36:34,500 --> 05:36:37,500
reinforcements could get there. 
They made life hard for the 

6120
05:36:37,508 --> 05:36:39,900
occupying forces who were trying
to control a hostile 

6121
05:36:39,900 --> 05:36:42,800
Countryside. 
Imagine being pecked to death by

6122
05:36:42,800 --> 05:36:45,700
ducks in the Middle Ages. 
But these ducks had soared. 

6123
05:36:45,700 --> 05:36:48,400
The English commanders. 
Had been trained in traditional 

6124
05:36:48,400 --> 05:36:51,300
Warfare, but they were up 
against an enemy that didn't 

6125
05:36:51,300 --> 05:36:54,600
follow the rules of War. 
Wallace's troops would attack a 

6126
05:36:54,600 --> 05:36:56,600
Garrison disappear into the 
countryside. 

6127
05:36:56,600 --> 05:36:59,400
And then reappear, somewhere 
else, like the most dangerous 

6128
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:04,300
game of whack-a-mole in the 
world by September 1297 Wallace 

6129
05:37:04,300 --> 05:37:05,700
had caught the eye of Andrew 
Murray. 

6130
05:37:05,700 --> 05:37:08,500
Another young Scottish Noble, 
who was leading his own 

6131
05:37:08,500 --> 05:37:10,800
rebellion in the north when they
worked together. 

6132
05:37:10,800 --> 05:37:13,400
They made something that scared 
English commanders. 

6133
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:15,300
A lot more than two, angry, 
Scots groups. 

6134
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:18,800
They made a unified resistance 
with real strategic 

6135
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:21,400
coordination. 
The partnership worked because 

6136
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:23,700
Wallace and Murray were a 
perfect match for each other 

6137
05:37:23,700 --> 05:37:28,200
more brought Noble connections, 
and political legitimacy while 

6138
05:37:28,200 --> 05:37:30,900
Wallace brought charm and a 
growing reputation for making 

6139
05:37:30,900 --> 05:37:33,900
English soldiers. 
Very nervous, they were part of 

6140
05:37:33,900 --> 05:37:36,800
a Scottish resistance, that 
hadn't existed since Edwards 

6141
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:39,500
Invasion, it looked like, it 
might actually do something 

6142
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:42,700
besides get its members killed, 
the English government used, the

6143
05:37:42,700 --> 05:37:45,500
tried and true method of sending
a huge Army to fix the problem 

6144
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:48,500
by using over Force. 
The Earl of Surrey was sent 

6145
05:37:48,500 --> 05:37:50,900
North with orders. 
That probably came down to find 

6146
05:37:50,900 --> 05:37:52,700
these troublemakers and show 
them. 

6147
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:54,600
Why Rebellion is not a good 
career choice. 

6148
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:58,500
What SRI didn't fully appreciate
was that he was about to face an

6149
05:37:58,500 --> 05:38:01,200
opponent who had spent months 
learning how to turn military 

6150
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:03,100
disadvantages into tactical 
opportunities. 

6151
05:38:03,100 --> 05:38:06,300
Wallace had been studying. 
The English army like a chess 

6152
05:38:06,300 --> 05:38:09,800
player studies and opponent's 
best moves looking for patterns 

6153
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:11,800
and weaknesses. 
That someone willing to try 

6154
05:38:11,800 --> 05:38:14,200
something new. 
Could take advantage of no one 

6155
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:17,500
knew at the time, but the stage 
was set for what would become 

6156
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:19,600
the most famous battle in 
Scottish history. 

6157
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:25,300
September 11th 1297 began like 
any other day, but it would soon

6158
05:38:25,300 --> 05:38:28,000
become one of the most famous 
dates in Scottish history. 

6159
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:30,600
The people who woke up that 
morning had no idea. 

6160
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:33,000
They were about to see something
that would be talked about for 

6161
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:36,800
hundreds of years. 
The Earl of Surrey led the 

6162
05:38:36,800 --> 05:38:39,200
English army which was camped on
the south side of the river 

6163
05:38:39,200 --> 05:38:41,600
forth near Sterling, they could 
see what looked like a 

6164
05:38:41,608 --> 05:38:44,600
medium-sized Scottish force on 
Abby Craig across the water. 

6165
05:38:44,600 --> 05:38:47,700
If you've ever had to choose 
between the safe choice and the 

6166
05:38:47,700 --> 05:38:50,600
dramatic choice. 
You can understand how sarri 

6167
05:38:50,600 --> 05:38:52,800
felt that morning. 
The safest thing to do was to 

6168
05:38:52,800 --> 05:38:55,400
cross the river at the Ford 
several miles Upstream. 

6169
05:38:55,400 --> 05:38:58,200
This would give his whole Army 
time to get ready before 

6170
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:01,100
fighting the Scots. 
The dramatic Choice was to cross

6171
05:39:01,100 --> 05:39:04,100
at Stirling Bridge which was so 
narrow that his troops would 

6172
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:07,000
have to cross in small groups. 
Making them easy targets, 

6173
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:09,700
Surrey, picked the bridge 
because he was sure of himself 

6174
05:39:09,700 --> 05:39:13,200
since he had never lost a battle
to Scottish Rebels to be fair to

6175
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:15,800
him, this probably seemed like 
the right choice because his 

6176
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:19,200
army was bigger better trained 
and better armed, what could 

6177
05:39:19,208 --> 05:39:21,800
possibly go wrong with crossing 
a narrow bridge to attack 

6178
05:39:21,800 --> 05:39:24,500
Farmers with pitchforks, Wallace
and Moray. 

6179
05:39:24,500 --> 05:39:27,300
Who were watching from Abby. 
Craig were probably feeling the 

6180
05:39:27,300 --> 05:39:30,800
mix of fear and excitement that 
comes with putting everything 

6181
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:34,100
you have on a single desperate 
bet they'd carefully placed 

6182
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:37,100
their troops, but Their whole 
plan depended on the timing 

6183
05:39:37,100 --> 05:39:40,000
being just right. 
If they went too early, the 

6184
05:39:40,000 --> 05:39:41,800
English army would go back 
across the bridge. 

6185
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:44,800
If they waited too long, they 
would be too many English 

6186
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:47,900
soldiers to deal with, you can 
picture Wallace watching English

6187
05:39:47,900 --> 05:39:51,000
soldiers, march across the 
bridge in neat lines, counting 

6188
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:54,000
heads, and trying to figure out 
the exact moment when there 

6189
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:56,600
would be enough enemies across 
for the attack to be worth it. 

6190
05:39:56,600 --> 05:40:00,100
But not so many that his troops 
would be overwhelmed. 

6191
05:40:00,100 --> 05:40:03,700
It was like, trying to time 
jumping onto a moving train if 

6192
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:06,300
you missed by a second, in 
either direction the whole thing

6193
05:40:06,300 --> 05:40:08,900
goes wrong. 
Wallace gave the signal when the

6194
05:40:08,908 --> 05:40:11,900
English had gotten about half of
their army across from the 

6195
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:14,200
Scottish point of view. 
What happened next was the best 

6196
05:40:14,200 --> 05:40:17,600
kind of chaos, the Scots charged
down from Abby, Craig. 

6197
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:20,000
With all the anger of people who
had been waiting months for this

6198
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:22,300
chance. 
They hit the English forces at 

6199
05:40:22,300 --> 05:40:25,000
the worst possible time when 
they were spread out along the 

6200
05:40:25,000 --> 05:40:28,100
bridge and couldn't move. 
Wallace's plan was brilliant 

6201
05:40:28,100 --> 05:40:30,800
because it turned the English 
army strength into weaknesses. 

6202
05:40:30,800 --> 05:40:33,500
It didn't matter that they were 
better trained if there wasn't 

6203
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:37,000
enough space to use it. 
They had better gear but it 

6204
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:38,900
didn't help them when they 
couldn't get into battle. 

6205
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:42,000
For nation's then numerical 
Advantage, didn't matter when 

6206
05:40:42,000 --> 05:40:44,500
only a small part of their 
troops could fight at any given 

6207
05:40:44,500 --> 05:40:47,300
time. 
The narrow bridge turned into a 

6208
05:40:47,300 --> 05:40:50,600
trap in of a way to get across 
Scottish forces, had the upper 

6209
05:40:50,600 --> 05:40:53,400
hand and were moving quickly. 
While English soldiers, were 

6210
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:56,000
stuck between them and their own
Army which was still trying to 

6211
05:40:56,000 --> 05:40:58,400
cross behind them. 
People who had already crossed, 

6212
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:00,300
couldn't go back without 
fighting their own 

6213
05:41:00,300 --> 05:41:03,200
reinforcements and people who 
were still waiting to cross 

6214
05:41:03,200 --> 05:41:05,600
couldn't help without making the
traffic worse. 

6215
05:41:05,600 --> 05:41:07,300
Sorry. 
Watched as his well-planned, 

6216
05:41:07,300 --> 05:41:10,100
military Mission turned into, 
what looked like a very costly 

6217
05:41:10,100 --> 05:41:12,300
disaster. 
The Earl of Surrey had probably 

6218
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:15,900
fought and dozens of battles but
he'd never seen anything like 

6219
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:19,500
this. carefully planned attack 
turned into a nightmare of 

6220
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:23,000
medieval traffic management, the
English lost, thousands of men, 

6221
05:41:23,000 --> 05:41:26,300
including Hugh de cressingham, 
Scotland's treasurer Scott, 

6222
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:28,700
celebrated his death, with the 
same kind of excitement. 

6223
05:41:28,700 --> 05:41:32,200
They usually save for big 
holidays Wallace and Maureen had

6224
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:34,600
done something that seemed 
impossible just hours before. 

6225
05:41:35,400 --> 05:41:37,700
They had beaten a professional 
English army with a group of 

6226
05:41:37,700 --> 05:41:40,300
rebels that most military 
experts would have thought was a

6227
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:42,200
joke. 
The winner Sterling Bridge 

6228
05:41:42,200 --> 05:41:44,600
showed that, the English weren't
as safe and Scotland as everyone

6229
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:47,500
thought, and it made William 
Wallace famous all over Britain.

6230
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:51,100
Probably not in the way he had 
when he decided to kill the 

6231
05:41:51,100 --> 05:41:53,600
sheriff of Lanark. 
William Wallace found out, that 

6232
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:56,600
being a famous military hero is 
very different from being a 

6233
05:41:56,600 --> 05:41:59,900
minor landowner after the battle
of Stirling Bridge people, in 

6234
05:41:59,900 --> 05:42:02,100
Scotland started to look at him,
like he might have answers to 

6235
05:42:02,100 --> 05:42:03,900
questions. 
He had never thought of before. 

6236
05:42:03,900 --> 05:42:07,100
Like what do we do now that 
we've shown we can beat the 

6237
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:10,900
English and how do we run a 
country when half of it is still

6238
05:42:10,900 --> 05:42:13,500
occupied Wallace? 
Was smart enough to know that 

6239
05:42:13,500 --> 05:42:15,900
beating one English army? 
Didn't mean Scotland was free, 

6240
05:42:15,900 --> 05:42:19,500
even though the victory had made
him feel great, it meant that 

6241
05:42:19,500 --> 05:42:21,000
England would send a bigger 
Army. 

6242
05:42:21,000 --> 05:42:24,300
Probably led by someone much 
better than the Earl of Surrey 

6243
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:27,000
who had gone home to tell Edward
the house, how he had lost a 

6244
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:28,700
battle against some farmers who 
were acting up? 

6245
05:42:28,700 --> 05:42:30,800
Sadly. 
And Andrew Murray was hurt at, 

6246
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:34,000
Sterling bridge and died. 
Soon after this meant that 

6247
05:42:34,000 --> 05:42:36,300
Wallace had to deal with the 
political Fallout from their 

6248
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:38,100
success. 
Mostly on his own. 

6249
05:42:38,100 --> 05:42:40,800
This was like winning the 
lottery and then finding out you

6250
05:42:40,800 --> 05:42:42,500
have to run the whole financial 
system yourself. 

6251
05:42:42,500 --> 05:42:45,900
It sounds, exciting and Theory, 
but it's a lot harder in 

6252
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:48,300
practice Wallace was made 
guardian of Scotland. 

6253
05:42:48,300 --> 05:42:51,400
Which sounded great but came 
with duties that no one had told

6254
05:42:51,408 --> 05:42:54,700
him about, he was now supposed 
to run parts of Scotland, talk 

6255
05:42:54,700 --> 05:42:57,800
to other countries set up 
defenses against the inevitable 

6256
05:42:57,800 --> 05:43:01,700
English retaliation and somehow 
turn a successful Rebellion into

6257
05:43:01,700 --> 05:43:04,800
a working government. 
Wallace's life was probably at 

6258
05:43:04,800 --> 05:43:08,600
its most strange during the 
winter of 1297 to 1298. 

6259
05:43:09,500 --> 05:43:12,500
In just a few months, he went 
from being a wanted criminal to 

6260
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:16,700
the de facto ruler of Scotland. 
Now, he had to figure out how to

6261
05:43:16,700 --> 05:43:19,000
do the job. 
He spent time trying to get the 

6262
05:43:19,000 --> 05:43:20,800
world to recognize Scotland's 
Independence. 

6263
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:24,600
He sent people to France and 
Rome like someone in the Middle 

6264
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:27,400
Ages, trying to get their 
startup noticed by big investors

6265
05:43:27,400 --> 05:43:29,500
Edward. 
The first was reacting the way 

6266
05:43:29,500 --> 05:43:32,500
you would expect a man to react 
after seeing his men lose a 

6267
05:43:32,500 --> 05:43:34,100
battle to people. 
He thought were barely more 

6268
05:43:34,100 --> 05:43:37,200
civilized than sheep. 
People called Edward Longshanks 

6269
05:43:37,200 --> 05:43:40,400
because he was tall and Hammer 
of the Scots because he didn't 

6270
05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:44,000
want Scotland to be free, he saw
the loss at Sterling Bridge, as 

6271
05:43:44,000 --> 05:43:47,300
a personal insult that needed to
be fixed right away in a big way

6272
05:43:47,300 --> 05:43:49,300
Wallace. 
Probably expected. 

6273
05:43:49,300 --> 05:43:52,700
And feared the English response,
Edward, put together an army 

6274
05:43:52,700 --> 05:43:56,800
that was bigger and better 
organized and led by him instead

6275
05:43:56,800 --> 05:44:00,000
of subordinates who might make 
tactical mistakes, that would 

6276
05:44:00,000 --> 05:44:03,200
make him look bad. 
This time, smart positioning and

6277
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:05,700
good timing, wouldn't be enough 
to beat out better numbers and 

6278
05:44:05,700 --> 05:44:08,600
Equipment Wallace worked for 
months to get Scotland, ready 

6279
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:11,400
for what was coming but he 
didn't have many resources in 

6280
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:14,300
knew that his last victory was 
as much about English mistakes 

6281
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:16,700
as Scottish. 
Brilliance, he couldn't count on

6282
05:44:16,700 --> 05:44:18,500
his enemies to make the same 
mistakes twice. 

6283
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:21,900
Especially, since they were now 
being led by a king who had 

6284
05:44:21,900 --> 05:44:25,200
personally conquered Wales and 
had no plans to let Scotland 

6285
05:44:25,200 --> 05:44:28,000
slip out of English control. 
Wallace had a problem that was 

6286
05:44:28,000 --> 05:44:31,400
almost impossible to solve how 
do you protect a country with 

6287
05:44:31,400 --> 05:44:35,400
few resources from an enemy. 
With almost unlimited ones, it 

6288
05:44:35,400 --> 05:44:37,500
was like trying to keep a 
wildfire from getting to your 

6289
05:44:37,508 --> 05:44:41,000
house with just a garden hose. 
And your willpower Wallace was 

6290
05:44:41,008 --> 05:44:44,300
very determined, but 
determination alone isn't enough

6291
05:44:44,300 --> 05:44:47,600
to stop professional armies by 
the summer of 1298. 

6292
05:44:47,600 --> 05:44:50,700
It was clear that Scotland was 
about to be invaded in a way. 

6293
05:44:50,700 --> 05:44:53,400
That would make Edwards last 
Conquest look like a warm up 

6294
05:44:53,400 --> 05:44:56,400
Wallace had done the impossible 
once but now he had to do it 

6295
05:44:56,400 --> 05:44:59,700
again in much worse conditions 
with everyone watching to see if

6296
05:44:59,708 --> 05:45:02,500
the hero of Sterling Bridge 
could pull off another miracle. 

6297
05:45:02,500 --> 05:45:05,400
Some one who had never asked to 
carry the weight of a whole 

6298
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:08,300
country's hopes was now aware 
that this time clever tactic 

6299
05:45:08,300 --> 05:45:11,400
might not be enough Wallace, 
probably dreaded the summer of 

6300
05:45:11,400 --> 05:45:13,400
1298. 
Since it would be the time of 

6301
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:15,400
Reckoning after his victory at 
Sterling Bridge. 

6302
05:45:15,400 --> 05:45:18,600
Edward the first to put together
an army that was bigger more 

6303
05:45:18,600 --> 05:45:21,400
professional. 
Better supplied and led by a 

6304
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:23,900
king who saw military failure. 
As a personal challenge to his 

6305
05:45:23,900 --> 05:45:26,700
ability Wallace was in the 
position of trying to do a 

6306
05:45:26,700 --> 05:45:29,500
miracle again, which is hard to 
do even when things are going 

6307
05:45:29,508 --> 05:45:32,700
well, the Tactical advantages 
that made Sterling Bridge 

6308
05:45:32,700 --> 05:45:35,000
Possible. 
English overconfidence, good, 

6309
05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:38,300
terrain, and perfect timing. 
We're not available for a second

6310
05:45:38,300 --> 05:45:40,500
performance. 
Edward wasn't going to lead his 

6311
05:45:40,500 --> 05:45:43,200
army across a narrow bridge, 
into a trap that had been set up

6312
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,900
just for them this time. 
The Battle of Falkirk on July 

6313
05:45:46,900 --> 05:45:51,000
22nd 1298 was not like the 
Battle of Stirling Bridge 

6314
05:45:51,000 --> 05:45:54,400
Wallace, didn't attack, an enemy
that was disorganized and stuck 

6315
05:45:54,400 --> 05:45:56,800
in an impossible situation 
instead. 

6316
05:45:56,800 --> 05:46:00,300
He faced a coordinated attack by
professional soldiers, who had 

6317
05:46:00,300 --> 05:46:03,300
learned from the mistakes of 
their predecessors Edward's 

6318
05:46:03,300 --> 05:46:04,800
Army. 
Had heavy Cavalry, professional 

6319
05:46:04,800 --> 05:46:07,000
infantry. 
And Welsh longbowmen who could 

6320
05:46:07,000 --> 05:46:10,500
kill Scottish soldiers from far 
away which made close combat 

6321
05:46:10,500 --> 05:46:13,500
tactics, useless Wallace. 
Had put his troops in defensive,

6322
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:16,800
formations called chill troms, 
which were basically Circles of 

6323
05:46:16,808 --> 05:46:19,600
men with Spears pointed out, 
like medieval porcupines. 

6324
05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:23,100
This was a good way to stop 
Cavalry Charges and at first, 

6325
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:25,400
the English Knights couldn't get
through these walls of spear 

6326
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:27,600
points. 
But Edward had brought those 

6327
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:30,700
longbowmen from Wales for just 
this kind of thing, Harrow 

6328
05:46:30,700 --> 05:46:33,600
started to fall on the Scottish 
formation with deadly, accuracy 

6329
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:36,900
and Spears aren't very good at 
defending against things that 

6330
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:40,300
come from above the shill 
trumps, which had successfully 

6331
05:46:40,300 --> 05:46:42,600
fought off. 
Cavalry attacks, the game, easy 

6332
05:46:42,600 --> 05:46:45,400
targets for Archers, who could 
hit the from a distance that No,

6333
05:46:45,408 --> 05:46:48,500
Scottish weapons could reach. 
You can imagine Wallace watching

6334
05:46:48,500 --> 05:46:50,800
his carefully. 
Planned defenses, fall apart in 

6335
05:46:50,800 --> 05:46:53,700
the storm of arrows and 
realizing that this battle was 

6336
05:46:53,700 --> 05:46:56,100
going to be very different from 
the one at Stirling Bridge 

6337
05:46:56,100 --> 05:46:58,300
instead of using traditional 
tactics. 

6338
05:46:58,300 --> 05:47:01,200
That worked well for the Scots, 
the English learned to use their

6339
05:47:01,200 --> 05:47:05,000
technological advantages. 
The loss at Falkirk was complete

6340
05:47:05,000 --> 05:47:07,600
and very discouraging Wallace's 
Army. 

6341
05:47:07,600 --> 05:47:10,000
Didn't just lose. 
It was no longer able to fight 

6342
05:47:10,000 --> 05:47:12,300
Wallace. 
Barely made it out alive, but 

6343
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:15,900
thousands of Scots died. 
After Sterling Bridge people 

6344
05:47:15,900 --> 05:47:19,500
called The Man Scotland savior 
but now he was on the run. 

6345
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:22,800
Again, this time without an army
to lead and no clear way to 

6346
05:47:22,800 --> 05:47:25,400
build one, back up. 
After full Kirk Wallace, stepped

6347
05:47:25,400 --> 05:47:28,800
down, as guardian of Scotland, 
he probably realized that he was

6348
05:47:28,800 --> 05:47:32,100
no longer useful as a regular 
military leader, the Nobles who 

6349
05:47:32,100 --> 05:47:34,900
had backed him started looking 
for other options such as 

6350
05:47:34,900 --> 05:47:37,800
talking to Edward, instead of 
continuing a fight, that seemed 

6351
05:47:37,800 --> 05:47:41,000
more and more pointless Wallace.
On the other hand couldn't or 

6352
05:47:41,000 --> 05:47:42,600
wouldn't accept that. 
Scotland's fight for 

6353
05:47:42,600 --> 05:47:45,900
independence was over. 
Instead of going into Exile or 

6354
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:48,700
trying to make peace with 
Edward, he spent the next few 

6355
05:47:48,700 --> 05:47:52,100
years acting as a diplomat and a
guerrilla fighter, he tried to 

6356
05:47:52,100 --> 05:47:55,100
get support from other countries
for Scottish independence, while

6357
05:47:55,100 --> 05:47:57,200
also attacking English positions
in Scotland. 

6358
05:47:58,100 --> 05:48:00,800
This was probably the most 
frustrating time in Wallace's 

6359
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:03,000
life. 
He was well known in Europe as 

6360
05:48:03,000 --> 05:48:04,600
the man who had beaten in 
English army. 

6361
05:48:04,600 --> 05:48:07,500
But being famous, doesn't mean, 
you can get help from the 

6362
05:48:07,500 --> 05:48:08,800
military. 
It was easy. 

6363
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:11,800
Foreign courts to meet with the 
famous William Wallace, but 

6364
05:48:11,800 --> 05:48:14,100
giving him troops or money. 
To fighting gland, was a more 

6365
05:48:14,108 --> 05:48:16,400
complicated political decision 
Wallace. 

6366
05:48:16,400 --> 05:48:18,700
Spent time in France, where 
people treated him with the 

6367
05:48:18,708 --> 05:48:21,100
respect due to someone who had 
embarrassed the king of England.

6368
05:48:21,100 --> 05:48:23,600
However, he didn't get much real
help. 

6369
05:48:23,600 --> 05:48:26,400
He went to roam to get the pope 
support for Scottish 

6370
05:48:26,400 --> 05:48:28,800
independence, which is like 
trying to get the world to 

6371
05:48:28,800 --> 05:48:32,400
recognize a political cause The 
war went on in Scotland without 

6372
05:48:32,400 --> 05:48:34,400
him though. 
Other leaders joined the fight 

6373
05:48:34,400 --> 05:48:37,800
and sometimes they won and 
sometimes they lost Wallace. 

6374
05:48:37,800 --> 05:48:40,200
Had become more of a symbol than
an active participant in his 

6375
05:48:40,200 --> 05:48:43,400
country's struggle, which was 
probably not how he had imagined

6376
05:48:43,400 --> 05:48:45,800
his career would go, when he 
killed the sheriff of Lanark. 

6377
05:48:45,800 --> 05:48:49,600
When he finally got back to 
Scotland around, 1303 he found a

6378
05:48:49,600 --> 05:48:52,400
country that had been fighting 
for years and was getting more 

6379
05:48:52,400 --> 05:48:55,600
and more tired of it. 
Edward strategy of constant 

6380
05:48:55,600 --> 05:48:57,900
pressure and harsh. 
Retaliation was working. 

6381
05:48:57,900 --> 05:49:01,500
The Scottish resistance was 
weakening and many nobles were 

6382
05:49:01,500 --> 05:49:03,700
starting to think that giving up
was better than more 

6383
05:49:03,700 --> 05:49:05,800
destruction. 
Wallace. 

6384
05:49:05,800 --> 05:49:08,400
On the other hand was, still 
committed to a cause that was 

6385
05:49:08,408 --> 05:49:11,200
starting to look hopeless. 
William Wallace had become 

6386
05:49:11,200 --> 05:49:13,900
something more and less than 
what he had to be by the year 

6387
05:49:13,900 --> 05:49:16,500
1305. 
He was no longer the leader of 

6388
05:49:16,500 --> 05:49:19,600
Scotland's resistance that job 
had gone to other people who 

6389
05:49:19,600 --> 05:49:22,500
were better at dealing with the 
complicated politics of medieval

6390
05:49:22,500 --> 05:49:24,700
warfare. 
But he had become something that

6391
05:49:24,700 --> 05:49:26,500
could be more dangerous to 
English interests. 

6392
05:49:26,500 --> 05:49:29,200
A simple of Scottish 
independence that couldn't be 

6393
05:49:29,208 --> 05:49:32,100
beaten by normal. 
Military means, Edward Divine 

6394
05:49:32,100 --> 05:49:35,200
knew, how powerful symbols could
be, which is why he made such a 

6395
05:49:35,200 --> 05:49:37,800
big deal out of taking Scottish 
regalia, like the stone of 

6396
05:49:37,808 --> 05:49:41,800
Destiny after he conquered the 
country, it was easier to move a

6397
05:49:41,800 --> 05:49:44,100
stone to Westminster Abbey than 
to stop a living legend. 

6398
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:47,900
William Wallace's Freedom meant 
that Scottish resistance could 

6399
05:49:47,900 --> 05:49:50,600
always start up again. 
It was probably only a matter of

6400
05:49:50,608 --> 05:49:53,800
time before Wallace was caught 
near Glasgow on August 1305. 

6401
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:57,200
He had been working without a 
solid base of support depending 

6402
05:49:57,200 --> 05:50:00,200
on a network of allies who were 
getting more and more pressure 

6403
05:50:00,200 --> 05:50:03,200
from English authorities, the 
man who had once LED armies was 

6404
05:50:03,200 --> 05:50:06,200
now forced to move quietly 
through the countryside where 

6405
05:50:06,200 --> 05:50:08,200
anyone who helped him was in 
great danger. 

6406
05:50:08,200 --> 05:50:10,600
The way. 
The English reacted to Wallace's

6407
05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:13,200
capture showed how much Edward 
the first had been bothered by 

6408
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:16,100
this small, Scottish landowner 
who didn't want to accept. 

6409
05:50:16,100 --> 05:50:18,800
Defeat Wallace wasn't just 
killed as a rebel. 

6410
05:50:19,400 --> 05:50:22,200
He was put on trial and punished
in a way that would destroy not 

6411
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,600
only the man, but also the 
symbol he had become Wallace was

6412
05:50:25,600 --> 05:50:28,700
charged with treason but this 
was legally murky because he had

6413
05:50:28,700 --> 05:50:32,100
never sworn loyalty to Edward. 
The trial wasn't so much about 

6414
05:50:32,100 --> 05:50:35,000
finding out who was guilty as it
was about making a public 

6415
05:50:35,000 --> 05:50:37,900
spectacle to show, how pointless
it was to fighting English rule.

6416
05:50:38,600 --> 05:50:42,100
Edward wanted Wallace's death to
be a warning to anyone else who 

6417
05:50:42,100 --> 05:50:45,100
might want to do the same thing 
Wallace was put to death in 

6418
05:50:45,100 --> 05:50:49,500
London on August 23rd. 1305. 
In the kind of cruel way that 

6419
05:50:49,500 --> 05:50:51,600
medieval authorities used to 
punish people. 

6420
05:50:51,600 --> 05:50:55,100
They wanted to make examples of 
the execution was meant to be as

6421
05:50:55,100 --> 05:50:58,500
public and scary as possible to 
show what happened to people who

6422
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:00,300
went against English rule in 
Scotland. 

6423
05:51:00,300 --> 05:51:03,300
But Edward that I made a mistake
that many rulers of made in the 

6424
05:51:03,308 --> 05:51:05,700
past. 
He thought that killing a symbol

6425
05:51:05,700 --> 05:51:08,800
would destroy what it stood for 
Wallace's execution, on the 

6426
05:51:08,800 --> 05:51:12,000
other hand, turned him from a 
failed Rebel into a martyr for 

6427
05:51:12,000 --> 05:51:14,800
Scottish independence. 
He was more of a threat to 

6428
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:18,400
English interest after died. 
The when he was alive, William 

6429
05:51:18,400 --> 05:51:21,600
Wallace's story didn't end when 
he died, it became something 

6430
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:24,700
that was part History. 
Part Legend and completely 

6431
05:51:24,700 --> 05:51:27,300
Scottish Robert. 
The Bruce took up the cause of 

6432
05:51:27,300 --> 05:51:29,900
Scottish independence, a few 
years after Wallace was killed. 

6433
05:51:30,700 --> 05:51:32,700
He eventually reached the goal 
that Wallace had died. 

6434
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:36,100
Fighting for Bruce's, success 
was built on the resistance that

6435
05:51:36,100 --> 05:51:39,200
Wallace had started and the 
inspiration that his death gave 

6436
05:51:39,200 --> 05:51:42,300
him Wallace became a symbol of 
not only Scottish independence, 

6437
05:51:42,300 --> 05:51:45,500
but also the idea that regular 
people could stand up to 

6438
05:51:45,500 --> 05:51:48,900
powerful forces over the years. 
His story was told again and 

6439
05:51:48,900 --> 05:51:52,600
again, with more details, added 
made more romantic and changed 

6440
05:51:52,600 --> 05:51:54,700
to fit the political needs of 
different times. 

6441
05:51:55,600 --> 05:51:59,100
But the main idea stayed the 
same a man who chose to fight 

6442
05:51:59,100 --> 05:52:01,400
instead of giving up the irony 
of William. 

6443
05:52:01,400 --> 05:52:04,900
Wallace's Legacy is that he was 
a quiet landowner who never 

6444
05:52:04,900 --> 05:52:08,300
meant to lead her Rebellion but 
he ended up inspiring rebellions

6445
05:52:08,300 --> 05:52:10,500
and movements for Independence 
all over the world. 

6446
05:52:10,500 --> 05:52:14,000
His life served as a paradigm of
how personal bravery could 

6447
05:52:14,000 --> 05:52:17,100
confront seemingly 
insurmountable Authority and his

6448
05:52:17,100 --> 05:52:20,500
demise Illustrated how martyrdom
could possess greater political 

6449
05:52:20,500 --> 05:52:22,400
significance than military 
Triumph. 

6450
05:52:22,400 --> 05:52:25,200
When you hear the name Wallace 
today, your hearing about a 

6451
05:52:25,200 --> 05:52:27,400
person who is somewhere between 
history and Legend. 

6452
05:52:28,200 --> 05:52:31,400
He is both what really happened 
in medieval Scotland and what 

6453
05:52:31,400 --> 05:52:33,100
people have needed, that history
to mean. 

6454
05:52:33,100 --> 05:52:36,300
The man who killed the sheriff 
of Lanark because he couldn't 

6455
05:52:36,300 --> 05:52:39,900
stand for an occupation had 
become immortal in the same way 

6456
05:52:39,900 --> 05:52:41,900
that would have shocked and 
probably amused him. 

6457
05:52:41,900 --> 05:52:45,200
The most, his story reminds us 
that sometimes the heroes who 

6458
05:52:45,200 --> 05:52:48,000
don't want to be heroes and 
never plan to change history. 

6459
05:52:48,000 --> 05:52:51,300
End up leaving the biggest marks
on it, this is because they 

6460
05:52:51,300 --> 05:52:54,100
reach a point where they can't 
stand to watch anymore and 

6461
05:52:54,100 --> 05:52:57,100
decide to do something about it.
No matter what the consequences.